GIFT OF NEW AND COMPLETE STATISTICAL G-AZETTEEK UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, FOUNDED ON AND COMPILED FROM OFFICIAL FEDERAL AND STATE RETURNS, SEVENTH NATIONAL CENSUS. BY BICHARD SWAINSON FISHER, M.D., AUTHOR OF THE " BOOK OF THE WORLD ;" THE " PROGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES ;" A " STATISTICAL ACCOUNT OF AMERICA," ETC., ETC. ; ALSO, LITERARY EDITOR OF " COLTON s AMERICAN ATLAS;" AND EDITOR OF THE "AMERICAN RAILWAY GUIDE." NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY J. H. COLTON, No. 86 CEDAR STREET. 1853. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1853, by J. H. COLTON, in the Clerk s Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. N. Y. STEREOTYPE ASSOCIATION, J , PUDNEY & KCSSELL, Printers, 201 William Street. 79 John Street, N T. EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS, ETC MADE USE OF IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS WORK. bttsh bushel cap capital co. county cr creek C. H. court-house dist district dwell dwelling fr. col free colored hund hundred isl island lat latitude long. . longitude manuf. manufacture m mile mtn mountain par parish pop population p. b post borough p. c per centum p. o post office p. v post village pt port R. R railroad r river si slaves sq. m square miles sta station t town ter territory v village Ula Alabama flrk Arkansas Calif. California Col Columbia Conn Connecticut Del Delaware Flor Florida Ga Georgia Ind Indian Ind Indiana III Illinois la Iowa Ky Kentucky La Louisiana Me Maine Mass Massachusetts Md Maryland Mich Michigan Minn Minnesota Miss Mississippi Mo Missouri JV. Eng New England N, Hamp New Hampshire N. Jer New Jersey JV. Mex New Mexico JV. Y. New York JV*. Car North Carolina J\T. West... .. North- West Nebr Nebraska Ohio Ohio Oreg Oregon Penn Pennsyh R. I. Rhode Island S. Car South Carolina Tenn Tennessee Tex Texas Utah Utah Verm Vermont Virg Virginia Wash Washington Wise Wisconsin U. S United States %* Where no date is affixed to statistics, they must be understood as referring to the year 1850 thej-ear of the statistical series used as the basis of the work. %* The distances of places from the capitals of the several States, unless otherwise expressed, are by direct lines. When distances are given by railroad, canal, post-road, or river, it is so ex pressed. 235125 A STATISTICAL ACCOUNT UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. THE United States, a confederacy of sovereign States, and the most influential republic of the world, occupies the middle portion of North America. This confederation, consisting originally of thirteen States, but now of thirty-one States, the federal district, and several territorial append ages, lies between the parallels of 24 and 49 north latitude, and the meridians of 10east and 48 west from Washington, or 67 and 125 from Greenwich, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and from the British colonies on the north, to the republic of Mexico and the great Gulf on the south. The whole extent of this boundary is now definitely settled by treaty.* The greatest width of this country, from east to west, is 2,900 miles, and the greatest depth, from north to south, 1,730 miles. Its area may be estimated at 3,260,000 square miles, including California, Texas, etc. , recently acquired. It has a frontier of about 10,000 miles, of which 4,400 is sea-coast, and 1,500 lake-coast. The territory of the United States is traversed by two principal chains of mountains, the Alle- ghanies on the east side, and the Rocky Mountains on the west. These divide the country into three distinct regions : the Atlantic slope, the valley of the Mississippi, and the declivity from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. The ALLEGHANIES are less a chain of mountains than a long plateau, crested with several chains of mountains or hills, separated from each other by wide and elevated valleys. East of the Hudson the mountains are chiefly granitic, with rounded summits, often covered at their tops with bogs and turf, and distributed in irregular groups without any marked direction. Some peaks of the Green Mountains, in Vermont, and the White Mountains, in New Hampshire, rise to the height of 5,000 to 6,400 feet above the sea. After passing the Hudson, the structure of the mountains seems to change. In Pennsylvania and Virginia they assume the form of long parallel ridges, varying in height from 2,500 to 4,000 feet and occupying a breadth of one hundred miles. In North Carolina, the highest culmination is 6,476 feet; but in the northern part of Georgia and Alabama, where they terminate, they again lose the form of continuous chains, and break into groups of isolated mountains, touching at their base, some of which attain a considerable elevation. The ROCKY MOUNTAINS are on a much grander scale than the Alleghanies. Their base is 300 miles in breadth, and their loftiest summits, covered with everlasting snow, rise to the height of 10 to 14,000 feet. These vast chains may be considered as a continuation of the Cordilleras of Mexico. They are distant from the Pacific Ocean from 5 to 600 miles, but between them and the coast several minor ranges intersect the country, of which the Maritime Range is the most conspicuous. The immense valley included between these two ranges of mountains is intersected by the Mis sissippi River, which runs, from north to south, all through the United States. The country west of the Mississippi, with little exception, is yet a wilderness, inhabited by roving bands of Indians, and beyond the limits of the organized States the whites have scarcely a settlement ; but the country east of that river is thickly populated, and in the highest state of cultivation. The most remarkable feature in the face of the country is the low plain, from 50 to 100 miles wide, which extends along the Atlantic coast. Beyond this plain the land rises toward the interior till it ter minates in the Alleghanies. The rest of the country east of the Mississippi is agreeably diversified * The treaties relative to these boundaries are, 1. Treaty of Paris, 1783. 2. Treaty of London, 1794. 3. Louisiana Treaty, 1S03. 4. Treaty of Ghent. 1814. 5. Convention of London, ISIS and 1S28. 6. Florida Treaty, 1819. 7. Treaty with Mex ico, 1828. 8. Treaty with Russia, 1S24. 9. Ashburton Treaty, 1S42. 10. Texas Annexation Resolutions, 1S45. 11. Oregon Treaty, 1846. 12. Treaty of Guadalupe, 1848. 5 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. with hills and valleys, plains and mountains. The soil of the low country, except on the banks of creeks and rivers, is sandy, and comparatively unproductive ; but the remainder has a strong, fertile soil, capable of supporting a dense population. The Pacific section is a highly varied country, abounding in wild and majestic scenery, and traversed by magnificent rivers. Much, however, of its interior is desert, and will probably never be inhabited by civilized man. The great California desert, indeed, is one of the dreariest regions of the world, the solitude being relieved only by a few oases in the neighborhood of streams, or on the borders of its numerous lakes ; on these alone is there even an aboriginal population. The shores of the United States are washed by three seas : the Atlantic Ocean, on the east, the Gulf of Mexico, on the south, and the Pacific Ocean, on the west. The principal bays and sounds on the Atlantic border are Passamaquoddy Bay, which lies between the State of Maine and the British province of New Brunswick ; Massachusetts Bay, between Cape Ann and Cape Cod ; Long Island Sound, between Long Island and the coast of Connecticut ; Delaware Bay, which sets up between Cape May and Cape Henlopen, separating the States of New Jersey and Delaware ; Chesa peake Bay, which communicates with the ocean between Cape Charles and Cape Henry, extending in a northern direction for 200 miles, through the States of Virginia and Maryland; Albemarle Sound, and Pamlico Sound, on the coast ofNorth Carolina. There are no large bays or sounds on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. On the Pacific coast, however, there are several excellent bays-, but the principal and only one necessary to mention is the Bay of San Francisco, in the State of California. It is one of the finest bays in the world, ahd capable of containing the navies of all the European powers at one time. With the exception of Michigan and Champlain, none of the great lakes of North America lie wholly within the territory of the United States ; the rest are on the northern boundary, where they form a connected chain, extending through a distance of more than 1 ,200 miles. The first in the chain is Lake Superior, the largest body of fresh water on the globe. Few persons are really aware of the magnitude of these great lakes ; they are truly inland seas, and navigation is as dangerous, and subjected to all the vicissitudes which are connected with the navigation of the Baltic, the Black Sea, or the Mediterranean. The following is a tabular statement of the extent of these fresh water seas, with the mean depth of their waters, and their elevation above the sea. Names. Mean Length. Mean Breadth, Area. Mean Depth. Elev. above the Sea. Lake Superior 400 miles 80 miles 82,000 sq. m 900 feet 596 feet. Michigan 320 " 70 " 22,400 " Huron 240 " 80 " 20,400 " Green Bay 100 " 20 " 2,000 " Erie 240 " 40 " 9,600 " Ontario ISO " 35 " 6,300 " St. Clair ... . 20 " 14 ". 360 1.000 " 5T8 1,000 " 5TS " 1,000 " 578 " 84 " 565 " 500 " 232 " 20 " . .. 570 " Lake Champlain, lying between Vermont and New York, is 128 miles long, and from 1 to 16 miles wide, and discharges its waters through the Sorel into the St. Lawrence. It is computed that the lakes contain above 14,000 cubic miles of water a quantity more than five-sevenths of all the fresh water on the earth. The extent of country drained by the lakes, from the north-western angle of Superior to the St. Lawrence, including also the area of the lakes themselves, is estimated at 335,515 square miles. The principal rivers of the United States may be divided into four classes. First, the Mississippi and its wide-spread branches, which drain the waters of the whole country included between the Alleghany and Rocky Mountains ; second, the rivers east of the Alleghany Mountains, which, rising from their eastern declivity, water the Atlantic plain, and hence flow into the ocean ; third, the system of rivers flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, which may be subdivided into those flowing from the southern slope of the Alleghanies, and those having their source in the north-western highlands of Texas ; and, fourth, those streams on the west of the Rocky Mountains, which flow into the Pacific Ocean. The Mississippi rises west of Lake Superior, in latitude 47 47 north, amid lakes and swamps, dreary and desolate beyond description ; and after a south-east course of about 500 miles, reaches the Falls of the St. Anthony, where it descends perpendicularly 16 feet, and where are numerous rapids. From these falls it pursues at first a south-easterly, and then a southerly direction ; and, after forming the boundary between Iowa, Missouri, and Arkansas, on the west, and Wisconsin, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Mississippi, on the east, passes through Louisiana, and discharges itself through a delta of many mouths into the Gulf of Mexico. It is nearly 3,200 miles in length, and is navigable, with few obstructions, to the Falls of St. Anthony. Its principal tributaries from the east are 1. The Wisconsin, which joins it between the paral lels of 42 and 43 north latitude ; 2. The Illinois, a navigable river, which joins it near latitude UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 38 40 north; 3. The Ohio, which is itself formed by the junction of the Alleghany and Monon- gahela rivers at Pittsburg. It flows in a south-westerly direction for 945 miles, separating the north-western States from Virginia and Kentucky, and falls into the Mississippi in 37 north lati tude. The chief tributaries of the Ohio are the Wabash, the Cumberland, and the Tennessee, which last is formed of several streams from the western parts of Virginia and the Carolinas, which unite a little west of Knoxville, in the State of Tennessee, and runs at first south-west into Alabama, where it turns and runs north-west, through Tennessee into Kentucky, and joins the Ohio 10 miles below the mouth of the Cumberland ; and 4. The Yazoo, which rises in the northern part of the State of Mississippi, and, running south-west, joins the Mississippi 100 miles above Natchez. The tributaries from the west are 1. The Minnesota, or St. Peter s, which joins it about nine miles below the Falls of St, Anthony, after a south-east course of several hundred miles ; 2. The Des Moines, which joins it near the parallel of 40 north latitude, after a south-easterly course of more than 800 miles ; 3. The Missouri, which is formed by three branches, called Jefferson s, Madison s, and Gallatin s rivers, all of which rise and unite in the Rocky Mountains. The whole length, from the highest point of Jefferson s River, to the confluence with the Mississippi, is, by actual course, about 2,500 miles, and to the Gulf of Mexico nearly 4,000 miles ; during the whole of which distance there is no cataract or considerable impediment to the navigation, except at Great Falls, which are above 2,000 miles from the Mississippi. At these falls the river descends, in the distance of 18 miles, 362 feet. The principal tributaries of the Missouri are the Yellow Stone, which rises in the Rocky Mountains, and joins it after a north-easterly course of 600 miles ; the Nebraska, or Platte, which rises also in those mountains, and, after an easterly course of 800 miles, joins the Missouri in latitude 41 north; and the Kansas, which joins it near latitude 39 north, after an easterly course of more than 600 miles ; 4. The Arkansas, which rises in the Rocky Mountains, and pursuing a south-easterly course, forms, for some distance, the boundary between the Indian Territory and Texas ; after which its course lies principally in the State of Arkansas, till it joins the Mississippi in 34 north latitude. Its length is more than 1,300 miles; 5. The Red River, which also rises in the Rocky Mountains, below Sante Fe, and, after a south-easterly course of more than 1.000 miles, falls into the Mississippi in latitude 31 north. The principal rivers east of the Alleghanies are 1. The Connecticut, which rises in the highlands separating the United States from Canada, and running southerly, divides New Hampshire from Vermont, and passing through Massachusetts and Connecticut, falls into Long Island Sound. It is navigable for sloops for fifty miles to Hartford, and by means of canals and other improvements, has been rendered passable for boats 250 miles farther ; 2. The Hudson, which rises west of Lake Champlain, and pursuing a southerly course of more than 300 miles, falls into the Bay of New York, after receiving numerous affluents. It is navigable for ships to Hudson, 130 miles, and for sloops and steamboats to Troy, 40 miles farther. It is connected with Lakes Champlain, Erie, and Ontario by means of canals from Albany, and with the Delaware by a canal from Rondout ; 3. The Delaware, which rises in New York, and flowing southerly, separates Pennsylvania from New York and New Jersey, and falls into Delaware Bay, after a course of 300 miles. It is navigable for ships of the line 40 miles, to Philadelphia, and for sloops 35 miles farther, to the head of the tide at Trenton Falls ; 4. The Susquehanna. which also rises in New York, and, pursuing a southerly zig-zag course through Pennsylvania, falls into the head of Chesapeake Bay, near the north-east corner of Maryland. During the last 50 miles the navigation is obstructed by an almost continued series of rapids; 5. The Potomac, which rises in the Alleghanies, and, after forming, during its whole course, the boundary between Maryland and Virginia, falls, into Chesapeake Bay. It is navigable for ships of the largest dimensions to Washington, the federal capital, about 200 miles from the ocean ; but in the upper part of its course there are numerous obstacles, many of which, however, have been overcome by canals ; 6. James River, which rises in the mountains, and falls into the southern part of Chesapeake Bay ; and 7. The Savannah, which forms the dividing line between South Carolina and Georgia, and falls into the Atlantic in latitude 32 north. It is navi gable for large vessels to Savannah, 17 miles ; and for boats to Augusta, 130 miles farther. The principal rivers which rise south of the Alleghanies, and fall into the Gulf of Mexico, are 1. The Appalachicola, which discharges itself into Apalachee Bay, in Florida. It is formed by the union of the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, the former of which rises in the northern part of Georgia, and flowing south, receives the Flint at the south-west extremity of the State. During the latter part of its course, the Chattahoochee forms the boundary between Georgia and Alabama ; 2. The Mobile, which discharges itself into Mobile Bay. It is formed by two large rivers, the Ala bama and Tombigbee, which unite near latitude 31 north, after having pursued each a separate course of many hundred miles. There is another system of rivers flowing into the Gulf from the T UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.. highlands of northern Texas, consisting of the Sabine, Trinity, Brazos, etc., which need only be mentioned here, as the geography of Texas will be minutely described elsewhere. The rivers flowing from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, consist of 1. The Columoia, which rises near latitude 55 north, and running south-west, falls into the ocean in latitude 46 15 , after a course of 1,500 miles. Its principal tributaries are Clark s River, Lewis River, and the Multno- mah or Willamette, all of which join it on its left bank. This river was discovered in 1792, and settlements were made in the neighborhood by Americans in 1810. The mouth of the river is ob structed by flats, but vessels of 300 tons can ascend to the distance of 125 miles, and large sloops farther ; 2. The Sacramento and San Joaquin, emptying into the Bay of San Francisco ; 3. The Buenaventura, rising in the coast range of the California Mountains, empties into Monterey Bay; 4. The Colorado, and River Gila (which separates Mexico from the United States), flow from the mountains near Santa Fe, and would, if not received by the Gulf of California, empty into the Pacific ; they belong, however, to the same system of rivers. The government of the United States is a federal democratic republic. It is based on the consti tution of 1787, and amendments thereto. The electors of the most numerous branch of the several State Legislatures are qualified electors in the States respectively for all elective officers of the general government. All legislative powers are vested in Congress, which consists of a Senate and House of Repre sentatives. The " House of Representatives" is composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, and in number in accordance with the population of each, and iu order to ascertain the number each State is entitled to, a census is taken every ten years, excluding from the enumeration for this object two-thirds of the slaves, and all Indians not taxed. Each State is entitled to at least one representative. Vacancies are filled by intermediate elections. The House chooses its speaker and other officers. No person under twenty-five years of age, who has been less than seven years a citizen of the United States, and who is not a resident of the State electing him, is qualified for representative. The constitution provided for a specific number of representatives from each State to compose the House until the ascertainment of the population under the census of 1790 ; but since then legisla tion has decennially fixed the number to be elected. From the 3d March, 1793, the apportionment was one representative to every 33,000 of the representative population; after 1803, one to every 33,000 also ; after 1813, one to every 35,000 ; after 1823, one to every 40,000 ; after 1833, one to every 47,000; after 1843, one to every 70,680; and after 3d March, 1853, 233 representatives to be di vided pro rata to the several States. The following table shows the number of representatives to which each State has been entitled since the establishment of the government : States. 1787. 1793. 1803. 1813. 1823. 1S33. 18-13. 1853. Maine _.._.._.._.. 7.. 8 . . 7.. 6 New Hampshire 3.. 4 . . 5.. 6.. 6.. 5.. 4 . . 3 Massachusetts.. . 8 . . 14 . . 17 . . 20 . . 13 . . 12 . . 10 . . 11 Ehode Island .. 1 . . 2 . . 2 . . 2.. 2.. 2.. 2.. 2 Connecticut 5.. 7.. 7.. 7.. 6.. 6.. 4.. 4 Vermont .. 2.. 4.. 6.. 5.. 5.. 4.. 3 New York 6 . . 10 . . 17 . . 27 . . 34 . . 40 . . 34 . . 33 New Jersey .... 4.. 5.. 6.. 6.. 6.. 6.. 5.. 5 Pennsylvania.. . 8 . . 13 . . 18 . . 23 . . 26 . . 23 . . 24 . . 25 Delaware 1.. 1.. 1.. 2.. 1.. 1.. 1.. 1 Maryland 6.. 8.. 9.. 9.. 9.. 8.. 6.. 6 Virginia 10 . . 19 . . 22 . . 23 . . 22 . . 21 . . 15 . . 13 North Carolina.. 5 . . 10 . . 12 . . 13 . . 13 . . 13 . . 9 . . 8 South Carolina.. 5.. 6.. 8.. 9.. 9.. 9.. 7.. 6 Georgia 3.. 2.. 4.. 6.. 7.. 9.. 8.. 8 Alabama _..__.._.._.. 3.. 5.. 7.. 7 In addition to these representatives from States, the House admits a delegate from each organized Territory, who has the right to debate on subjects in which his Territory is interested, but can not vote. California has two members by a special act. The " Senate" consists of two members from each State, elected by the Legislatures thereof respectively for six years. One-third the whole body is renewed biennially, and if vacancies hap pen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the executive of such State makes a temporary appointment until the next meeting of the Legislature, which fills such vacancy. Senators must be at least thirty years old, must have been citizens of the United States for nine years, and be residents of the State by which chosen. Each senator has one vote. The Vice-president of the United States is ex officio President of the Senate, but a president pro tern- pore is elected by and from among the Senators, who, in the absence of the president, acts in his stead. States. 1787. 1793. J803. 1813. 1823. 1833. 1843 1853. Mississippi .. .. .. .. 1 .-. 2.. 4.. 5 Louisiana .. .. .. .. 3.. 3.. 4.. 4 Tennessee .. .. 3.. 6.. 9 . . 13 .. 11 .. 10 Kentucky .. 2.. 6 . . 10 . . 12 . . 13 . . 10 . . 10 Ohio _.._.._.. 6 .. 14 .. 19 .. 21 .. 21 Indiana _.._.._.._.. 3.. 7.. 10.. 11 Illinois _.._.._.._.. i.. 3.. 7.. 9 Missouri _.._.._.._.. i.. 2.. 5.. 7 Arkansas .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.. 2 Michigan .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.. 4 Florida .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.. 1 Texas .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.. 2 Iowa .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.. 2 "Wisconsin .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.. 3 California ...... .. .. .. .. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. The constitutional government went into operation on the 4th March, 1789, but a quorum of the first Congress, which met at the city of New York, was not formed until the 6th April, nor was the first president of the United States inaugurated before the 30th April. The following is a complete list of sessions of Congress held up to the present time : Cor.- g gress. * (1st. 1st-! 2d. 3d. , (1st. 2d l 2d. o,, j 1st. 3d 1 2d. An ( 1st. 4th 1 2d. 1st. 5th { 2d. (3d. ., ( 1st ion. Comme .. 6 April, ..... 4 Jan., 6 Dec., ....24 Oct., .... 5 Nov., .... 2 Dec., 3 Nov., .... 7 Dec., 5 " ....15 May, 13 Nov., 3 Dec., need. 1789.. 1790.. 1790.. 1791 Termina ....29 Sept., 12 Aug., .... 8 Mar., 8 May, ted. 1789.. 1790.. 1791.. 1792. . ....176 ....221 .... 88 ...198 Con gress. 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22d 23d 24th- 25th- 26th- 27th- 2Sth 29th 30th 31st 32d 33d Session. (1st i 2d Comme . 8 Dec., . 2 " need. 1821 1822. 1823. 1824 Terminated. 8 May, 1822 Days of Duration. 157 3 Mar., 1823. 27 Mav, 1824. 3 Mar., 1825 92 179 SS ;ist 1st . 1 " . 6 * 1792.. 1793 .... 2 Mar., 9 June, 1793. . 1794.. 1795 . ....118 ....190 121 1825 22 Mav, 1826 169 90 176 93 2d 1st 2d . 4 . 3 " . 1 " 1826. 1827. 1828 3 Mar., 1827. 2(5 May, 1828. . 3 Mar., 1829 1794.. 1795 . . 1796.. . . . . 3 Mar., 1 June, .... 3 Mar., 1796.. 1797.. ....178 .... 89 1829. 1830. 1831. 1832 31 May, 1830. 3 Mar., 1831 14 July, 1832. ... . 3 Mar., 1833 176 88 ... ..223 91 1797.. 1797.. 1798.. 1799.. ....10 July, . . . .16 " . . . . 3 Mar., 14 May, 1797.. 1798.. .... 57 246 [ 2d 6 " !lst 5 " 1799.. 1800.. .... 91 ....165 2d &:::: 1st..... i ist . . . .. 2d 3d . 3 " . 2 " . 1 " . 7 " . 5 . 4 Sept., . 4 Dec., 1S33. 1834. 1S35. 1836. 1837. 1837 1833. 1839 30 June 1834 211 6th j 2d ; 17 Nov., 7 Dec., 1800.. 8 Mar., 1801 . . 107 3 Mar., 1835. 4 July, 1836. 3 Mar., 1S37. 16 Oct., 1S37. 9 July, 1838. 3 Mar 1839 ";;;"s9 .. 43 218 91 1801 . . 1802.. .. 3 May, .... 3 Mar., 1802.. 1803.. . . .148 .... 88 7th j 1 ^; 6 " ( 1st ....17 Oct., 5 Nov., .... 2 Dec., .... 1 " 1S03.. 1S04.. 1807 . . 1808.. 1809.. 1809 ....27 ....3 " ....21 April, .... 3 Mar., ....25 April, .... 3 Mar., 28 June, ... 1 May, 1804.. 1805.. ....163 119 1806.. ....141 1807.. 1808.. 1809.. 1809 .... 93 ....183 .....117 38 1st 2 " . 21 Julv, 1840 233 (1st. llth < 2d ...26 Oct., .... 7 Nov., ...22 May, 27 Nov., 2d . 7 " 1840. 1841. 1841. 1842. 3 Mar., ISll. 13 Sept., 1841. 31 Aug., 1S42. 3 Mar., 1843. 87 106 263 SS 196 (1st 2d .31 Mav, 6 Dec., 1810.. 1811.. 1812.. 1813.. 1S13.. 1814.. 1815.. 1816. . 1817.. ....156 .... 91 ....246 ....122 .... 71 ....134 ....165 ....149 92 : 3d w::::: 1st j 2d .. . 5 " . 4 " . 2 " . 1 " . 7 " ( 3d. ( 1st 12th 1 2d . 1st. 13th -4 2d 3 Dec., .... 4 Nov., ....2 " ....24 May, 6 Dec. 1810.. 1811.. 1812.. 1813.. 1813 . .... 3 Mar., 6 July, . . . . 3 Mar., 2 Aug., ...18 April, 1843 17 June, 1844 1844. 1845. 1846 3 Mar., 1845. 10 Aug., 1846. 3 Mar., 1847 91 253 87 list ilst ,2d 1 s 2d . 6 " . 4 " . 3 " . 2 . 1 " 6 " 1847. 1848. 1849. 1850. 1851 . 1852. 1853. 1854; 14 Aus:., 1848. 3 Mar., 1849. 30 Sept., 1850. 3 Mar., 1851 . 31 Aug. 1852. 3 Mar., 1853 252 S9 301 91 274 88 (3d. j 1st L4th i 2d . ( 1st 19 Sept., .... 4 Dec., ....2 " 1 " 1814.. 1815.. 1816.. . . . . 3 Mar., 30 April, ... 3 Mar., 1817.. 1818.. 1819.. ...30 April, .... 3 Mar., 15 May, ISIS . 151 -,, ] 1st. 16th j 2d ....16 Nov., .... 6 Dec., ....13 Nov., 1819.. 1820.. ....108 162 (1st tad..; . 5 " . 4 1S54. 1820.. ... 3 Mar., 1821.. ....111 3 Mar., 1855. 89 Besides its ordinary legislative capacity, the Senate is vested with certain judicial functions, and its members constitute a High Court of Impeachment. No person can be convicted by this court unless on the finding of a majority of Senators, nor does judgment extend further than to removal from office and disqualification. Representatives have the sole power of impeachment. The Executive Power is vested in a President, who is elected by an Electoral College, chosen by popular vote, or by the Legislature of the State, the number of electors being equal to the number of Senators and Representatives from the States to Congress. His term of office is four years, but he is eligible for re-election indefinitely. The electors forming the college are themselves chosen in the manner prescribed by the laws of the several States. A majority of the aggregate number of votes given is necessary to the election of President and Vice-president, and if none of the can didates has such a majority, then the election of President is determined by the House of Repre sentatives, and that of the Vice-president by the Senate, from among the three candidates having the highest number of electoral votes, and in doing so, the vote is taken by States, the representa tives of each State having only one vote, which must, of course, be determined by a majority of their number. No person can be President or Vice-president who is not a native-born citizen, of the age of thirty-five years, and who has been a resident of the United States for fourteen years. The President is commander-in-chief of the army and navy, and of the militia when in the service of the Union. With the concurrence of two- thirds of the Senate, he has the power to make treaties, appoint civil and military officers, levy war, conclude peace, and do all that rightly belongs to the executive power. He has a veto on all laws passed by Congress, but so qualified, that notwithstand ing his disapproval, any bill becomes a law on its being afterward approved of by two-thirds of both houses of Congress. The President has a salary of $25,000 per annum, and " the white house" at Washington for a residence during his official term. The Vice-president is ex-officio President of the Senate; and in case of the death, resignation, or other disability of the President, the powers and duties of that office devolve upon him for the remainder of the term for which the President had been elected. This provision of the constitution, for the first time since the founda tion of the government, came into operation in 1841, on the demise of the late lamented General Harrison, who died 4th April, just one month after his inauguration, when John Tyler, the Vice- president, succeeded. Vice-president Fillmore also succeeded President Taylor under this provi- UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. The " Attorneys-general," who are considered as forming a part of the Cabinet, and who are the constitutional advisers and defendants of the government, are generally men of the greatest acquire ments in their profession. The gentlemen who have held this office are enumerated in the annex ed list : Attorneys- general Salary $4,000 per Annum. Edmund Randolph, Fa.. 26 Sept., 1789 William Bradford, Pa... 27 Jan., 1794 Charles Lee, Va 10 Dec., 1795 Levi Lincoln, Mass 5 Mar., 1801 Eobert Smith, Md 2 " 1805 John Breekenridge, JTy. . 23 Dec., 1806 Caesar A. Rodney, !>.. 21 Jan., 1807 William Pinckney, Md..\\ Dec., 1S11 Eichard Eush, Pa 10 Feb., 1814 William Wirt, Md. 16 Dec., 1817 John M Ph. Berrien, Ga. 9 Mar., 1829 Eoger B. Taney, Md..... 1 831 Benj. F. Butler, N.Y.... .25 Dec., 1835 Felix Grundy, Tenn. 1 Sept., 1838 Henry D. Gilpin, Pa.. ..11 Jan., 1840 John J. Criltenden, Ky. . 5 Mar., 1841 Hugh S. Legare". & C.. . .13 Sept., 1841 John Nelson, Md 1 July, 1843 John T. Mason, Va 5 Mar., 1845 Nathan Clifford ]847 Isaac Toucey, Ct. 1848 Eeverdy Johnson, Md. . . 6 Mar., 1S49 J. J. Crittenden, Ky 20 July, 1850 Caleb Cushing, Mass.. . . 5 Mar., 1853 The judicial powers of the United States are vested in a Supreme Court, and in such other infe rior courts as Congress may from time to time establish. The present judicial establishment con sists of a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, and District Courts. The " Supreme Court," the highest judicial tribunal of the Union, is composed of a Chief- Justice and eight Associate Justices, the Attorney-general, a Reporter, and Clerk. This court is held in Washington, and has one session annually, commencing on the first Monday in December. The Supreme Court has exclusive jurisdiction in all controversies of a civil nature where a State is a party, except between a State and its citizens, and except, also, between a State and citizens of other States or aliens in which latter case it has original but not exclusive jurisdiction. It has exclusively all such jurisdiction of suits and proceedings against ambassadors or other public ministers, or their domestics or domestic servants, as a court of law can have or exercise consist ently with the law of nations ; and original, but not exclusive jurisdiction of all suits brought by ambassadors or other public ministers, in which a consul or a vice-consul is a party. It has appellate jurisdiction from final decrees and judgments of the circuit courts in cases where the matter in dispute, exclusive of costs, exceeds the sum or value of 2,000 dollars, and from final decrees and judgments of the highest courts of the several States in certain cases. It has power to issue writs of prohibition to the District Courts, when proceeding as Courts of Admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; and writs of mandamus in cases warranted by the principles and usages of law to any courts appointed or persons holding office under the authority of the United States. The trial of issues in fact in the Supreme Court in all actions at law against citizens of the United States is by jury, A final judgment or decree in any suit, in the highest court of law or equity of a State in which a decision in the suit could be had, where is drawn in question the validity of a treaty or statute of, or any authority exercised under the United States, and the decision is against their validity ; or where is drawn in question the validity of a statute of, or an authority exercised under any Jtate, on the ground of their being repugnant to the constitution, treaties, or laws of the United Jtates, and the decision is in favor of their validity ; or where is drawn in question the construction of any clause of the constitution, or of a treaty or statute of, or commission held under the United States, and the decision is against the title, right, privilege, or exemption, specially set up or claimed by either party, under such clause of the constitution, treaty, statute, or commission, may be re-examined, and reversed or affirmed, in the Supreme Court of the United States, upon a writ of error, the citation being signed by the Chief Justice, or Judge, or Chancellor of the court rendering or passing the judgment or decree complained of, or by a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, in the same manner, and under the same regulations, and the writ has the same effect, as if the judgment or decree complained of had been rendered or passed in a Circuit Court ; and the proceeding upon the reversal is also the same, except that the Supreme Court, in stead of remanding the cause for a final decision, may, at their discretion, if the cause shall have been once remanded before, proceed to a final decision of the same, and award execution. But no other error can be assigned or regarded as a ground of reversal in any such case, than such as appears on the face of the record, and immediately respect the before-mentioned questions of valid ity or construction of the said constitution, treaties, statutes, commissions, or authorities, in dispute. Chief-Justices of the Supreme Court Salary $5,000 per Annum. John Jay. N.Y. 26 Sept., 1789 John Eutledsre, & C..... 1 July, 1795 William Cushing, Mass.. 27 Jan., 1796 Oliver Ellsworth, Ct..... 4 Mar., 1796 John Jay, Jf. Y. 19 Dec., 1800 John Marshall, Va 27 Jan., 1801 Eoger B. Taney, Md 28 Dec., 1S35 The " Circuit Courts" are held by a Justice of the Supreme Court assigned to the Circuit and by the Judge of the District in which the Court sits conjointly. The United States is divided into 12 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. nine judicial Circuits, in each of which a Court is held twice a year. The Circuits are as follows : I. Maine, N. Hampshire, Massachusetts, and R. Island. II. Vermont, Connecticut, and New York. III. New Jersey and Pennsylvania. IV. Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. VI. North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. VII. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan. VIII. Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri. IX. Mississippi and Arkansas. V. Alabama, Louisiana, and Kentucky. The States of Florida, Texas, Iowa, Wisconsin and California have not yet been attached to any circuit ; but the District Courts have the power of Circuit Courts. There is a local Circuit Court held in the District of Columbia by three judges specially appointed for that purpose. The Chief- Justice of that court sits also as District Judge of that District. The Circuit Courts of the United States have original cognizance, concurrent with the courts of the several States, of all suits of a civil nature, at common law, or in equity, where the matter in dispute exceeds, exclusive of costs, the sum or value of 500 dollars, and the United States are plaintiffs or petitioners, or an alien is a party, or the suit is between a citizen of the State where the suit is brought and a citizen of another State. They have exclusive cognizance of all crimes and offenses cognizable under the authority of the United States (except where the laws of the United States otherwise direct), and concurrent jurisdiction with the District Courts of the crimes and offenses cognizable therein. But no person can be arrested in one district for trial in another, in any civil action, before a Circuit or District Court. No civil suit can be brought, before either of said courts, against an inhabitant of the United States, by any original process, in any other district than that whereof he is an inhabitant, or in which he shall be found at the time of serving the writ; and no District or Circuit Court has cognizance of any suit to recover the contents of any promissory note, or other chose in action, in favor of an assignee, unless a suit might have been prosecuted in such court to recover the said contents, if no assignment had been made, ex cept in cases of foreign bills of exchange. The Circuit Courts have appellate jurisdiction from final decrees and judgments of the District Courts, in all cases where the matter in dispute exceeds the sum or value of fifty dollars. They also have jurisdiction of certain cases, which may be removed into them before trial from the State courts. But no District Judge (sitting in the Circuit Court) can give a vote in any case of appeal, or error, from his own decision, but may assign the reasons of such his decision. The trial of issues in fact in the Circuit Courts, in all suits, except those of equity and of admiralty and mar itime jurisdiction, is by jury. The " District Courts" are held respectively by a district judge alone. Each State is one district for the purposes of holding District or Circuit Courts therein, with the exception of New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and California, each cf which is divided into two districts, and of Alabama, Tennessee, and Iowa, each of which are divided into three districts. There are besides these, Territorial Courts, which are temporary, and lose that character whenever a Territory becomes a State. Each court has a clerk, a public attorney or prosecutor, and a marshal all of which are ap pointed by the President of the United States, with the exception of the clerks, who are appointed by the courts severally. The District Courts of the United States have, exclusively of the courts of the several States, cognizance of all crimes and offenses that are cognizable under the authority of the United States, committed within their respective districts, or upon the high seas, where no other punishment than whipping, not exceeding thirty stripes, a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars, or a term of im prisonment not exceeding six months, is to be inflicted, and also have exclusive original cognizance of all civil causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, including all seizures under the laws of impost, navigation, or trade, of the United States, where the seizures are made on waters which are navigable from the sea by vessels of ten or more tons burthen, within their respective dis tricts, as well as upon the high seas, saving to suitors, in all cases, the right of a common-law remedy, where the common law is competent to give it ; and also have exclusive original cognizance of all seizures on land, or other waters than as aforesaid, made, and of all suits for penalties and forfeitures incurred, under the laws of the United States. And they also have cognizance, concur rent with the courts of the several States, or their circuit courts, as the case may be, of all causes where an alien sues for a tort only in violation of the law of nations, or a treaty of the United States. They also have cognizance, concurrent as last mentioned, of all suits at common law, where the United States sue, and the matter in dispute amounts, exclusive of costs, to the sum or value of one hundred dollars They also have jurisdiction, exclusively of the courts of the several States, of all suits against consuls or vice-consuls, except for offenses above the description aforesaid. 13 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. The " Attorneys-general," who are considered as forming a part of the Cabinet, and who are the constitutional advisers and defendants of the government, are generally men of the greatest acquire ments in their profession. The gentlemen who have held this office are enumerated in the annex ed list : Attorneys- general Salary $4,000 per Annum. Edmund Randolph, Fa William Brad ford, Pa. Charles Lee, Va Levi Lincoln, Mass... Kobert Smith, Md John Breckenridge, Ky Caesar A. Eodney, Del. "William Pinckney, Md Richard Rush, Pa ..26 Sept., 1789 .27 Jan., 1794 .10 Dec., 1795 . 5 Mar., 1801 . 2 " 1805 .23 Dec., 1806 .21 Jan., 1807 .11 Dec., 1811 .10 Feb., 1814 William Wirt, Md. 16 Dec., 1817 John M Ph. Berrien, Ga. 9 Mar., 1829 Roger B. Taney, Md 1831 Benj. F. Butler, N.Y.... .25 Dec., 1835 Felix Grundy, Tenn. 1 Sept., 1838 Henry D. Gilpin, Pa.. ..11 Jan., 1840 John J. Crittenden, Ky.. 5 Mar., 1841 Hugh S. Legare. & a. . .13 Sept., 1841 John Nelson, Md 1 July, 1843 John Y. Mason, Va Nathan Clifford Isaac Toucey, Ct. Reverdy Johnson, Md.. J. J. Crittenden, Ky Caleb Cushing, Mass... 5 Mar., 1845 ]847 1848 6 Mar., 1849 20 July, 1850 5 Mar., 1S53 The judicial powers of the United States are vested in a Supreme Court, and in such other infe rior courts as Congress may from time to time establish. The present judicial establishment con sists of a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, and District Courts. The " Supreme Court," the highest judicial tribunal of the Union, is composed of a Chief-Justice and eight Associate Justices, the Attorney-general, a Reporter, and Clerk. This court is held in Washington, and has one session annually, commencing on the first Monday in December. The Supreme Court has exclusive jurisdiction in all controversies of a civil nature where a State is a party, except between a State and its citizens, and except, also, between a State and citizens of other States or aliens in which latter case it has original but not exclusive jurisdiction. It has exclusively all such jurisdiction of suits and proceedings against ambassadors or other public ministers, or their domestics or domestic servants, as a court of law can have or exercise consist ently with the law of nations ; and original, but not exclusive jurisdiction of all suits brought by ambassadors or other public ministers, in which a consul or a vice-consul is a party. It has appellate jurisdiction from final decrees and judgments of the circuit courts in cases where the matter in dispute, exclusive of costs, exceeds the sum or value of 2,000 dollars, and from final decrees and judgments of the highest courts of the several States in certain cases. It has power to issue writs of prohibition to the District Courts, when proceeding as Courts of Admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; and writs of mandamus in cases warranted by the principles and usages of law to any courts appointed or persons holding office under the authority of the United States. The trial of issues in fact in the Supreme Court in all actions at law against citizens of the United States is by jury, A final judgment or decree in any suit, in the highest court of law or equity of a State in which a decision in the suit could be had, where is drawn in question the validity of a treaty or statute of, or any authority exercised under the United States, and the decision is against their validity ; or where is drawn in question the validity of a statute of, or an authority exercised under any Jtate, on the ground of their being repugnant to the constitution, treaties, or laws of the United Jtates, and the decision is in favor of their validity ; or where is drawn in question the construction of any clause of the constitution, or of a treaty or statute of, or commission held under the United States, and the decision is against the title, right, privilege, or exemption, specially set up or claimed by either party, under such clause of the constitution, treaty, statute, or commission, may be re-examined, and reversed or affirmed, in the Supreme Court of the United States, upon a writ of error, the citation being signed by the Chief Justice, or Judge, or Chancellor of the court rendering or passing the judgment or decree complained of, or by a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, in the same manner, and under the same regulations, and the writ has the same effect, as if the judgment or decree complained of had been rendered or passed in a Circuit Court ; and the proceeding upon the reversal is also the same, except that the Supreme Court, in stead of remanding the cause for a final decision, may, at their discretion, if the cause shall have been once remanded before, proceed to a final decision of the same, and award execution. But no other error can be assigned or regarded as a ground of reversal in any such case, than such as appears on the face of the record, and immediately respect the before-mentioned questions of valid ity or construction of the said constitution, treaties, statutes, commissions, or authorities, in dispute. Chief-Justices of the Supreme Court Salary John Jay, N. T. 26 Sept., 1789 John Kutled.se, S. C. 1 July, 1795 William dishing, Mass.. 27 Jan., 1796 The " Circuit Courts" are held by a Justice of the Supreme Court assigned to the Circuit and by the Judge of the District in which the Court sits conjointly. The United States is divided into 12 Oliver Ellsworth, Ct 4 Mar., 1796 John Jay, N. Y. 19 Dec., 1800 John Marshall, Va. 27 Jan., 1S01 ,000 per Annum. Roger B. Taney, Md 28 Dec., 1S35 UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. nine judicial Circuits, in each of which a Court is held twice a year. The Circuits are as follows : I. Maine, N. Hampshire, Massachusetts, and K. Island. II. Vermont, Connecticut, and New York. III. New Jersey and Pennsylvania. IV. Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia. VI. North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. VII. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan. VIII. Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri. IX. Mississippi and Arkansas. V. Alabama, Louisiana, and Kentucky. The States of Florida, Texas, Iowa, Wisconsin and California have not yet been attached to any circuit ; but the District Courts have the power of Circuit Courts. There is a local Circuit Court held in the District of Columbia by three judges specially appointed for that purpose. The Chief- Justice of that court sits also as District Judge of that District. The Circuit Courts of the United States have original cognizance, concurrent with the courts of the several States, of all suits of a civil nature, at common law, or in equity, where the matter in dispute exceeds, exclusive of costs, the sum or value of 500 dollars, and the United States are plaintiffs or petitioners, or an alien is a party, or the suit is between a citizen of the State where the suit is brought and a citizen of another State. They have exclusive cognizance of all crimes and offenses cognizable under the authority of the United States (except where the laws of the United States otherwise direct), and concurrent jurisdiction with the District Courts of the crimes and offenses cognizable therein. But no person can be arrested in one district for trial in another, in any civil action, before a Circuit or District Court. No civil suit can be brought, before either of said courts, against an inhabitant of the United States, by any original process, in any other district than that whereof he is an inhabitant, or in which he shall be found at the time of serving the writ ; and no District or Circuit Court has cognizance of any suit to recover the contents of any promissory note, or other chose in action, in favor of an assignee, unless a suit might have been prosecuted in such court to recover the said contents, if no assignment had been made, ex cept in cases of foreign bills of exchange. The Circuit Courts have appellate jurisdiction from final decrees and judgments of the District Courts, in all cases where the matter in dispute exceeds the sum or value of fifty dollars. They also have jurisdiction of certain cases, which may be removed into them before trial from the State courts. But no District Judge (sitting in the Circuit Court) can give a vote in any case of appeal, or error, from his own decision, but may assign the reasons of such his decision. The trial of issues in fact in the Circuit Courts, in all suits, except those of equity and of admiralty and mar itime jurisdiction, is by jury. The " District Courts" are held respectively by a district judge alone. Each State is one district for the purposes of holding District or Circuit Courts therein, with the exception of New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, and California, each of which is divided into two districts, and of Alabama, Tennessee, and Iowa, each of which are divided into three districts. There are besides these, Territorial Courts, which are temporary, and lose that character whenever a Territory becomes a State. Each court has a clerk, a public attorney or prosecutor, and a marshal all of which are ap pointed by the President of the United States, with the exception of the clerks, who are appointed by the courts severally. The District Courts of the United States have, exclusively of the courts of the several States, cognizance of all crimes and offenses that are cognizable under the authority of the United States, committed within their respective districts, or upon the high seas, where no other punishment than whipping, not exceeding thirty stripes, a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars, or a term of im prisonment not exceeding six months, is to be inflicted, and also have exclusive original cognizance of all civil causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, including all seizures under the laws of impost, navigation, or trade, of the United States, where the seizures are made on waters which are navigable from the sea by vessels of ten or more tons burthen, within their respective dis tricts, as well as upon the high seas, saving to suitors, in all cases, the right of a common-law remedy, where the common law is competent to give it ; and also have exclusive original cognizance of all seizures on land, or other waters than as aforesaid, made, and of all suits for penalties and forfeitures incurred, under the laws of the United States. And they also have cognizance, concur rent with the courts of the several States, or their circuit courts, as the case may be, of all causes where an alien sues for a tort only in violation of the law of nations, or a treaty of the United States. They also have cognizance, concurrent as last mentioned, of all suits at common law, where the United States sue, and the matter in dispute amounts, exclusive of costs, to the sum or value of one hundred dollars They also have jurisdiction, exclusively of the courts of the several States, of all suits against consuls or vice-consuls, except for offenses above the description aforesaid. 13 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. The trial of issues in fact, in the District Courts, in all causes, except civil causes of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, is by jury. An act of the 18th of December, 1812, requires the district and territorial judges of the United States to reside within the districts and territories, respectively, for which they are appointed ; and makes it unlawful for any judge, appointed under the authority of the United States, to exer cise the profession or employment of counsel or attorney, or to be engaged in the practice of the law. And any person offending against the injunction or prohibition of this act. shall be deemed guilty of misdemeanor. Appeals are allowed from the District to the Circuit Courts in cases where the matter in dispute, exclusive of costs, exceeds the sum in value of $50, and from the Circuit Courts to the Supreme Court in cases where the matter in dispute exceeds the sum or value of $ 2,000 ; and in some cases where the inconvenience of attending a court by a justice of the upreme Court is very great, the District Courts are invested with Circuit Court powers. The appointment of all judges of the United States is made by the President, by and with the advice of the Senate ; and the judges hold their sev-eral offices during good behavior, and can be removed only on impeachment. Their compensation is fixed by law, and can not be diminished during their period of office. GENERAL STATISTICS OP THE UNITED STATES. I. STATISTICS OF POPULATION, ETC., ETC. 1. Statement of the Extent, Population, Industry, and Wealth of each State and of the United States, on the 1st June, 1850. Area in Popu ation. Manufac States and Territories. Square White Cok red. to >quare luring Es Cultiva Census Free. Slave. . Miles. tablb-irts tion. Alabama Arkansas . 50,722 52,198 426,486 162,189 2,293 608 342.S92 47 100 771.671 209 897 15.2 1,022 41.964 $228.204.332 188,981 272,306 33 201 39.841 .025 Columbia District . Connecticut Delaware 60 4,674 2,130 38,027 363,099 71,169 9.973 7,693 IS 073 3,687 22% 51.687 370.792 91 532 861.4 79.3 427 3,913 264 22,445 22.161,872 14,018,874 155,707,980 Florida 59,268 47,211 924 89 309 87 444 Georgia Illinois 58,000 55405 521,572 846 035 2,931 5 435 381,682 906,1 S5 15.6 . 1,407 51,759 354,425,714 Indiana 33809 977,628 10 788 156,2(io.0l >6 Indian Ter 187 171 4.326 93,896 202,650.264 Iowa Kentucky 50,914 37.680 191.879 761.417 335 10007 210 981 192,214 982 405 3.7 482 14,805 23.714,638 Louisiana 46,431 255,491 17 462 244 609 301,628.456 Maine . 80000 581 813 1 356 13.422 233,998.764 Maryland 9,356 417,943 74723 90368 5S3 034 3,6>2 122.777,571 Massachusetts 7,800 56243 985,450 395 i;97 9,064 2 557 994.514 126.1 9.637 34,23.) 573.342.286 Minnesota Ter. . . . 83,000 47 156 6,038 295 718 39 qqn 6,077 .0 1.979 5 34,089 157 59.787.255 Missouri 67 380 592 004 2 618 87 4^2 12.8 866 33,960 228.951.130 Nebraska Ter New Hampshire .. New Jersey New Mexico Ter . . New York North Carolina. .. North-West Ter . . Ohio 136,700 9.280 8.320 210,744 46,000 45,000 587,564 39964 317.456 465.513 61,530 3,048,325 553.028 1 955 108 520 23,820 17 49,069 27,463 25 319 ~222 288.548 317,976 489.555 61.547 3,097.394 869,039 34.2 60.0 .2 67.6 19.3 3,030 3.301 4,374 23.823 2.523 54,458 29.229 23,905 170.621 56,916 137,247,707 103,652.835 200.00ii.000 5,1 74.471 1,080,209,218 226,800,472 Oregon Ter 341 463 13 88 10,550 143,887 504,726,120 Pennsylvania . . . Rhode Island .... South Carolina. .. Tennessee Texas 46,000 1.360 24.500 45.600 237 321 2,258,463 143.875 274,567 756,753 154 034 53.323 3.670 8.956 6,401 3S4.9S4 239,460 13.294 2,311,786 147.545 668.507 ,002,614 .0 50.2 108.0 27.2 21.9 51 22,036 1,144 1,473 2,7s9 1.164 127,577 5.3S5 29.969 72,710 5.063.474 722.4S6.120 80.508.794 288.257.694 201,246.656 Utah Ter. 187 923 11 330 .8 3<>7 12,198 52,740,473 Vermont Virginia 10,212 61 352 313,402 894 800 718 Ki QQO 314,120 .0 30.0 16 1,835 926 29.687 986,083 92.205,049 Washington Ter. . . Wisconsin . 53 9 9 4 304 758 23.1 4,433 77.013 430,701,082 5.6 1,273 20,177 42.056,595 14 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Census White Years. Persons. 1790 8,172,464 1800 4,304,489 1810 5,862.004 2. Progressive Movement of Population. Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. Free. Slave. . 59.466 697,897 Total Pop. White. ... 3929.827 ... Free Col. Slaves. Total. .108,395 893,057 .186,446 1,191,364 .233.524 1.538,098.... .819.599 2,009,043 .386,292 2,487,356 .428,661 3,204,089 3. Origin of the Fret ^.Native Place of Origin. Pop. Dist. of Columbia.. 82,236 Virginia 1 260,982 5 3d5 941 35.7 82.2 . 27.9 . 35.00 ... 7,289,814 36.2.... ... 9,638,191 34.2.... 12 866 020 a3. 9 .. 92.2 33.4 36.45 .. 25.2 29.1 33.12 36.8 30.6 . ...33.48 1820 7,866,569 1830 10 582 060 1S40 14,189,705 I860 ..19,630,738 ...17,069,453 34.7.... ...23,263,488 38.3.... Population of 1850. Population. Place of Origin. Pop. Tennessee 826 690 .. 20.8 23.8 32.67 .. 10.9 2S.8 36.28 Place of Origin. Pop. Oregon 3 175 Place of Origin. Pop. M-iine 584 310 New Hampshire 371 ,469 Kentucky 859 407 Utah . 1,331 North Carolina .... 839,825 South Carolina 443,639 Georgia 525 6 20 Ohio 1,514 885 New Mexico . 58,421 Massachusetts S94.S13 Ehode Island . 145 941 Michigan 153,057 Indiana ... 633.117 Natives of the Ter ritories, but resid ing in other parts of the Union 949 Connecticut 447 544 Florida 25.297 Alabama 320.930 Illinois 389 507 New York 2,698,414 Missouri 315,428 New Jersey 518,810 Pennsylvania 2,266,727 Mississippi 172,473 Louisiana 160,253 Wisconsin 66.790 Total 17,737,573 Mexico 13,317 Delaware 104,316 Texas 51,641 California 6,698 Maryland . .. 523,393 Arkansas 74,122 B. Foreign Holland 9,848 Minnesota . 1,334 England 278,675 Population. Sweden 3,559 Ireland 961,719 Turkey . 106 Prussia . 10,549 Central America ... 141 South America 1,543 West Indies 5,772 Sandwich Islands . . 583 Other countries 8,214 Total 2,210,839 Scotland 70 550 Italy 3 645 Sardinia 34 Wales 29.868 Austria . . 946 Greece 86 Germany 573,225 Switzerland 13,358 Eussia 1,414 China 758 France 54,069 Asia 377 Spain 3,113 Norway 12 678 Africa 551 British America .... 147,711 wn. Total 39,154 , Insane, and Idiotic, 1! nber of each Class. Colored Persons. Portugal 1,274 Belgium 1 313 Denmark 1,838 C. Origin Unkno Jeaf and Dumb, Blind .4. Absolute NUE Vliite Persons. , 350. 4. j i Ma Deaf and Dumb 5,1 Blind 4, Insane 7,( Idiotic 8, ( Whi > Free. Sla le. Fern. Male. Fern. Male. )27 4,058 78 65 276.... >19 3,478 239 255 562 597 7.459 144 177 117.... J76...... 5,954 234 202 585.... J3. Eatio of each Class to the aggregate Population. Colored Persons. te. Aggregate of Fem. each Class. .... 213 9,717 .... 649 9,702 .... 174 15,768 .... 455 15,706 Fr- s. Slaves. Total. Total number. Deaf and Dumb. .. 9,091... Blind 7,997... one to p. c. Number. One to p. c. Number. One to 2,151... 0.04.... 143... 3,032... 0.03... 489... 6.552... 2,445... 0.04.... 494... 877. .. 0.11. .. 1,211. .. 2,645... p. c. Number, one to p. c. 0.01... 9,723.. 2,385.. 0.04 0.03... 9,702.. 2,390.. 0.04 Insane 15.156. . . Idiotic 14,230... 1,290... 0.07.... 321... 1,350... 0.01... 291... 11,010... 1,374... 0.07.... 436... 994... 0.10. .. 1,040.. . 8,080... ... 15.768.. 1,470.. 0.06 0.03... 15,706.. 1,476.. 0.06 Total 46,474 420 0.22 1,057 0.09 50,899 455 0.21 1,394 311 0.32 3,031 5. Pauperism, 1850. Number of paupers who received support within the year ending June 1st, 1850 native 66,434, and foreign 68,538 total 134,972. Number of paupers who were receiving support on the 1st June, 1850 native 13,473, and foreign 13,437 total 50,353. Total cost of pauper support within the year specified $2,954,806. The following exhibit shows the number and cost of paupers to each of the States, within the year 1850 : States. Michigan Indiana . Illinois .. States. Maine . . . N. Hamp. Verm. . . . Mass Eh. Island Conn N. York . N. Jersey Paupers. Cost. 5.503.. $151,664 3.600.. 157,351 3.R54.. 120,462 15.777.. 392,715 2.560.. 45.837 2.337.. 95.624 59.855.. 817,336 . 2,392.. 93,110 States. Paupers. Penn 11,551. Delaware . 697. Maryland . 4,494. Virginia.. 5,118. N.Carolina 1,931. S.Carolina 1,642. Georgia .. 1,036 Florida... 76. Cost. $232,133 17,730 71,668 151.722 60,085 48,337 27,820 987 States. Paupers. Alabama.. 863. Miss 260. La 423. Texas 7 . Arkansas . 105. Tennessee. 1.005. Kentucky. 1,126. Ohio 2,513. Missouri . . Iowa Wisconsin. Paupers. 1,190.. 1,182.. 797., 2,977., 135., 666., Cost. $27,556 57,560 45,213 53.243 5,353 14,743 Cost $17,559 18,132 39,806 438 6,883 30,930 57.543 95,250 6. Criminal Statistics. Whole number of persons convicted of crime within the year ending June 1, 1850 native 13,000, and foreign 14,000 total 27,000. Whole number in prison on the 1st June of the same year native 4,300, and foreign 2,460 total 6,700. 15 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. II. STATISTICS OF RELIGION. 1. Statistics of Churches. States. No. of Ch s. Accommo dation. Value of Ch. Property. States. No. of CU s. Accommo dation. Value of Cli. Property. Maine 851 304477 $1 712 152 910 275 979 754542 New Hampshire 602 233 892 1 401 586 27S 104 080 1 782 470 Vermont 664 226.444 1,213.196 Texas 164 54,495 200,535 Massachusetts 1,430 632.908 10,205 2S4 Arkansas 185 39 930 89315 Rhode Island 221 98.736 1,252 900 Tennessee 1 939 606 695 1,208 876 Connecticut 719 305.249 3 554 894 Kentucky 1,818 570 033 2 260 098 New York .. 4,084 1 896,229 21 132 707 Ohio 3890 1 447 632 5 765 149 New Jersey 807 344 933 3 540 436 Michigan 362 118892 723 200 Pennsylvania 8,509 1,566,413 11,551,885 Indiana 1,947 689 330 1.512,485 Delaware 180 55.741 340 345 Illinois 1,167 479 078 1,476 335 Maryland 909 390,265 3,947 884 Missouri 773 241 139 1 55S 590 Virginia 2,836 834691 2 849 176 148 37 759 177 400 North Carolina 1,678 558,204 889,393 Wisconsin 244 78.455 350,600 South Carolina 1,163 453,930 2,140,346 California 23 9 600 258 300 Georgia 1,723 612 892 1 269 159 Florida . 152 41 170 165 400 Total 36 Oil 13 849 896 86 416 639 Alabama 1,235 388,605 1,183,078 2. Statistics of Religious Denominations. Denominations. Churches Accomrnoda tions. Value of Property. Denominations. No. of Churches Accommoda tions. Value of Property. Baptist 8 791 8 130 878 $10 931 382 831 $1 1 2 1 84. 4440 OAT Christian 812 296 050 845 810 4 584 2 040 316 14 369 SS9 Congregational 1,674 795 177 7 973 962 1 112 gQQ 50 8 973 833 Dutch Reformed 324 181 986 4 096 730 15 5 070 108 100 Episcopal 1,422 625.213 11,261 ^970 Tunker 52 85075 46 025 Free 361 108,605 252,255 Union 619 213 552 690 065 Friends 714 282 823 1,709 867 243 137 367 3 268 122 German Reformed 327 156,932 965,880 Universalist 494 205 462 1 767015 Jewish 31 16575 371 600 Minor Sects 325 115 347 741 980 Lutheran 1 203 531 100 2 867 886 Mennonite 110 29,900 94,245 Total 36 Oil 13 849 896 86 416 639 Methodist 12.467 4,209,333 14,636,671 N. B. The above tables do not include the church statistics of the District of Columbia and the Territories. III. AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 1. A Statement showing the number of Acres of improved and unimproved Land, in Farms, the cash value thereof, and the average cash value per Acre, in each State and Territory. States and Territories. Acres of im- Acres of unim Total Cash val. of land Average farms. unimproved. per acre. Maine 2 039 596 2 515 797 4 555 393 $54 861 748 $12 C4 New Hampshire 2 ?51 488 1 140 926 3 392 414 55 945 997 Vermont 2 601 409 1 524 413 4 125 822 63 367 227 15 36 Massachusetts 2,133 436 1 222 576 8 356 012 109 076 347 32 50 Rhode Island 856487 l97451 553 938 17 070 802 30 S 9 Connecticut 1 768 178 615 701 2 383 879 72 726 4 ? 2 30 50 New York 12 408 968 6 710 120 19 119 088 554 546 642 29 00 New Jersey 1 767991 984 955 2 752 946 120 237 511 43 67 Pennsylvania 8 628 619 6 294 728 14 923 347 407 876 099 27 33 Delaware 580 62 375 28 956 144 18 880 031 19 75 Maryland 2,797,905 1 836 445 4 634 350 87178545 IS 81 District of Columbia 16267 11 187 27 454 1 730 460 63 08 Virginia 10360 135 15 792 176 26 IS^ll 21 6 401 441 8 27 North Carolina 5,453.977 15 543 010 20 996 9S7 67 801 766 3 23 South Carolina 4,072651 12 145 049 16 217 700 82431 684 5 OS Georgia 6,378 479 16 442 900 22 821 379 95 753 445 4 19 Florida 849 049 1 236 240 1 585 289 6 323 109 8 99 Alabama 4 435 614 7 702 067 12 137 681 64 323 224 5 30 Mississippi 3 444 358 7 046 061 10 490 419 54 78 634 5 22 Louisiana 1 590 025 8 939 018 5 529 043 13 71 Texas 639 107 14 454 669 15 093 776 Arkansas 781 531 1 816 684 2 593 215 15 265 45 5 83 Tennessee 5 175 173 13 808 849 18 984 022 97 851 212 5 16 Kentucky 11 36S 270 10 972 478 22 340 748 1 Vt 330 2fi2 6 91 Ohio 9 851 493 8 146 000 17 997 493 19 93 Michigan 1 9^9 110 2 454 780 11 83 Indiana 5 046 543 7 746 879 10 66 Illinois 5 039 545 6 997 867 12 037 412 96 1^3 290 7 99 Missouri 2 933 425 6 794 245 9 732 670 63 225 543 6 50 Iowa -. 824 682 1 911 382 2 736 064 16 657 567 6 09 Wisconsin 1 045 ? 499 1 931 159 2 976 658 28 5^8 563 9 58 California 62 324 3 831 571 8 893 895 8 874 041 99 Minnesota Territory 5 035 23846 28 881 161 948 5 61 Oregon do 132 857 299 951 432 808 2 849 170 6 53 Utah do 16 333 80 516 46 849 311 799 6 65 New Mexico do 166 201 124 370 290 571 1 653 952 5 69 Aggregate 118,457,622 184,621,348 303,078,970 3,270,733,093 v. 10 79 10 UNITED STATES Ofl AMERICA. 2. Statement of the Food Crops for the Year ending 1st June, 1850. States and " Territories." Wheat, bushels. Rye, bushels. Ind. Corn. bushels. Oats, bushels. Barley, bushels. B k wheat, bushels. Rice, pounds. Peas and Beans, bushels. Potatoes. Irish, bushels. Sweet, bushels. 80 5,623 508,015 52,172 65.443 208,993 3,497 1.813,671 5,095.709 4,337.469 6,986,428 757,226 5,475.204 4,741.795 1,428,453 1,323,170 788,149 2,777.716 998,184 187,991 1,177 201,711 157,433 335,505 6,243 879 1,000 200 ~~ 60 Maine New Hampshire. 296.259 185.658 535,955 31,211 49 41 .762 13,121,498 1,601.190 15,367.691 482.511 4,494.081) 17.370 11,232.616 2,130,102 1,066,277 1,083,534 1,027 294.044 137.990 417 41,689 199,639 1,619,831 2,140,822 14,487,351 4,9-25,889 6,214.458 9,414.575 2.981.652 1.530,581 4,286,131 17,328 1,401 211,493 107.702 196,516 102,916 183,117 176,233 481,021 26,409 600.893 4,148.182 1,255.578 4,805,160 8.066 226,014 5.509 458.930 229.563 43,790 53,750 1,152 17,261 9,606 475 3,108 8,047 89,163 415,073 425,718 105.871 78.792 83.364 44,268 19.916 81,253 125 106 210 1,750.056 1,573.670 2,032,396 2,345,490 539.201 1,9:55,048 17,858,400 8.759.704 19,835,214 3,145,542 11.104,631 65,230 35,254,319 27,941,051 16,271,454 30,080,099 1,996,809 23,754,048 22,446,552 10,266,373 5.926,611 8,893.939 52,276,223 58,675.591 59,078.695 5,641,420 52,964,363 57,646,984 36,214,537 8,656,799 1,988,979 12,236 16,725 2.918 9,899 365,411 2,181.037 973.381 2,307,734 1,165.146 215,232 1.258.73S 26.552,814 3,378.063 21,583.156 604,518 2,242.151 8.134 10,179,045 4.052.078 2,322.155 8,820.044 66.586 2,965.697 1,503,28> 89.637 173,883 656.183 7,703,086 8,201,311 13.472,742 2,866,056 5^655,014 10,087,241 5,278,079 1,524,345 3,414,672 30,582 65,146 10,900 5 151,731 70,256 42,150 112.3S5 18,875 19,099 3,585.059 6.492 165,584 56 745 75 25.437 2,735 4.583 11,501 3,958 229 4,776 177 2,737 95.343 354,358 75.249 45,483 110.795 9,631 25.093 209.692 9,712 1,216 VT99 5 5.1(57.016 104.523 65265 209.819 105,895 1.245 229,297 3,183,955 878,934 2,193,692 8,615 103,671 378 214,S9S 16,704 283 250 55 348 1,121 3 59 175 19,427 16,097 638,064 472.917 149,740 184,504 23,641 52,516 79,878 515 ~332 100 17,154 5,465,868 159,930,613 38,950,691 1,075,090 2,311,252 2 719.856 4,425,349 87.916 63,179 253,854 5,683 700 500 205.541 70,856 104.649 43,709 6,846 19,090 741,636 14,174 55.231 4,120 12,816 7,754 521,531 1,534.252 1,026,900 1,142,011 135,359 892.701 1,072,757 161,732 179,332 285,738 869,321 202,574 60,168 74,254 35,773 82.814 46.017 4,775 20,657 2.292 10.002 6,566 289 15,688 3,436.040 4,304,919 4,951,014 3,535,334 651,029 2.689.7-25 15,398,362 3,207.236 5.980,732 240,542 764,939 28.292 1,316.933 620.318 136,494 227,379 7,828 246,001 201,482 95i632 93,548 193,832 1,067,844 1.492,487 5.057,769 2,359,897 2,033,337 2,514.861 939,006 276,120 1,402,077 9,292 21,145 91.326 43,96,8 3 Massachusetts .. Ehode Island... Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania . . . Delaware Maryland Dis. "of Columbia. Virginia North Carolina.. South Carolina . . Georgia Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Arkansas . Tennessee Kentucky Ohio Michigan Indiana Illinois Missouri Iowa Wisconsin California Minn. Territory. Oregon Territory Utah Territory.. New Mex. Ter. . Aggregate.... 100,503,899 14.1 88. 639 ^92.326.61 <> 146.567.S79 8,956.916 215.312,710 9.219.975 65.796.793 33.259,196 3. Statement of Live-Stock in the several States, for the year ending 1st June, 1850. States and Territories. Horses. Asses and mules. Milch cows. Working oxen. Other cattle. Sheep. Swine. Value of live-stock. Maine 41,721 34.233 61,067 42,216 6.1 68 26.879 447,014 63.955 850.398 13,852 75,684 824 272,403 143,693 97,171 151,331 10,848 128,001 115,460 89,514 75.419 60,197 270,636 815,632 463,397 58,506 314.299 267,653 225,299 55 19 218 34 1 49 963 4,089 2,259 791 5.644 57 21.480 25.259 37.483 57,379 5.002 59,895 54,547 44,849 12,364 11,559 75.303 65^09 3,423 70 6,599 10573 41,667 754 156 1,666 14 420 825 8,654 133,556 94,277 146.128 130,099 23,693 85,461 931,324 118,736 530,224 19,248 86,859 813 317,619 221,799 193,244 334.223 72,876 227,791 214.231 105.576 214,758 93,151 250,456 247,475 544,499 99,676 284,554 294,671 230,169 45,704 64,339 4,280 607 9,427 4.861 10,635 83,893 59,027 48,577 46,611 8.189 46.983 178.909 12,070 61,527 9.797 84,135 104 89.513 37.309 20.507 73.236 5.794 66.961 83,435 54,968 49,982 34,239 86,255 62,074 65,381 55.350 40,221 76,156 112,168 21,892 42,8ol 4,780 655 8.1 14 5.266 12,257 125,890 114,606 154,143 83,284 9,375 80,226 767.406 80,455 562,195 24,166 98,595 123 669.137 434,402 563,935 690.019 182,415 433,263 436.254 414,798 636,805 165.320 414.051 442.763 749,067 119,471 389,891 541,209 449,173 69,025 76.293 253,599 740 24,188 2,489 10,085 451.577 384.756 1,014,122 188.651 44.296 174,131 3,453,241 160,488 1,822,357 27.503 177,902 150 1,310.004 595.249 235,551 560.435 23.311 371.380 304.929 110,333 99,098 91,256 811.591 1,102.121 3,943.929 746,435 1,122.493 894,043 762.511 149.960 124,892 17,574 80 15,382 3.262 877,271 54,598 63,487 66,296 81,119 19,509 76,472 1,018,252 250.370 1.040,866 56,261 352,911 1,635 1.830.743 1.812,813 1.065,503 2,163,617 209,453 1.904,540 1,532,734 597.301 683.514 836,727 8,104,300 2,361,163 1,964.770 205.847 2.253,776 1,915.910 1.702,625 323.247 159.276 2,776 734 80,235 914 7,314 $9,705,726 8,871.901 12.643.228 9.647,710 1.532,637 7,467,490 73,570,499 10,679,291 41,500.053 1.849.281 7,997,634 71,648 33,656,659 17,717,647 15,060,015 25,728,416 2.880,058 21,690,112 19,40a.662 11,152,275 10,266,880 6.647,969 29.978,016 29.591,387 44,121,741 8,008,734 22.478,555 24,209,258 19,392,580 3,639.275 4,897,335 3,351,058 92,859 1,876.189 546.968 1,494,629 Massachusetts Ehode Island ... New York New Jersey Delaware Maryland . ... District of Columbia Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida Alabama ... Mississippi . Louisiana Texas Arkansas Tennessee Kentucky Ohio Michigan Illinois Missouri 33.536 30,179 21,719 860 8,046 2,429 5,079 California Minnesota Territory Utah Territory New Mexico Territory Aggregate 4,335,358 559.229 6.392.044 1,699,241 10,268,856 21,721.814 30,316,603 543,960,420 17 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. fj ill II . if s ~H Pfefl4 r^r-Tr^ r-Tr-r I I I s I <* I I I i , , 1 t- 0r-i d I <N~OEf I O rH rji L~ CO 00 Mr* -I O M rH * " , ,11 , d i^cfof rH-rfOO r niiiir s rr ot i 1-1*1 i.i 8B i in iii 5 | i S8 liiiini n ill III I 8 I ,|g"l"SS ilSSsiillll | , SI a>ao-<finriv}<onnrfe* srfr-T I oT-i z-*"o ^H *? of f I I C* CO r-t rH n CD ao 1 - ot Oi ^ t^- ~. . > ~ u ^ Z^ ~ /- ~ *~ I * "" =} * r ^ ^ -^ l ^ ^^ S % S ""^ C S is 3 i t i S ^li 1 i * i S S* " S S3 1 & IS ^ ^ "" i i 1C l-^ * 00_ rH CC r-l i-H "*,**< * O r-l C< i-T-^ci o" I I S i? ^ S S i g i? S * c5 ?; R fj ^ & y ?, - - - ~ - ~ - 13 J2 5! } to S ^ f- ^ 3 * K is !B M ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 5 K * ^ S S S ,y S UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. 5. Statement of the Products of Animals for the year ending 1st June, 1850. States and Territories. \VOOI, pounds. Butter, pounds. Cheese, pounds. Value of *ni malsslauglit. States and Terrritories. Wool, pounds. Butter, pounds. Cheese, pounds. Value of ani- nals slaught. Maine 1 364 034 9 43 811 2 434 454 $1 646 773 109 897 683069 1 957 1 458 990 N. Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island. Connecticut .. 1,108.476 3,400:717 855,136 129,692 497454 6.977,056 12 137.980 8,071, 371 995670 5 498 119 3196563 8.720,834 7,088 142 316,508 5 363 277 1,552.873 1,861.336 2,500,924 667,486 2 202 266 TVxas Arkansas Tennessee . . . Kentucky Ohio 131,374 182,595 1,364,378 2.297.403 10 196 371 2,326,556 1.854,239 8,139,585 9,887,523 34 449 379 94,619 30,088 177.681 213.954 20 819 542 1,106,032 1,162,913 6.401,765 6:462,598 7 439 243 New York.... New Jersey. . . Pennsylvania. 10,071.301 375,396 4,481,570 79.766,094 9.487.210 39,878 418 49,741.413 365,756 2 505 034 13.573.983 2,638:552 8,219 484 Michigan Indiana Illinois 2,043 283 2,610,287 2,150 113 7,065,878 12,881,535 12 526 543 1,011.492 624,564 1 278 225 1,328.327 6,567,935 4 972 286 Delaware .... Maryland Dist.ofCoIum. Virginia N, Carolina. . . S. Carolina . . . 57.768 480,226 525 2,860,765 970,738 487,233 990 019 1,055.308 3,806.160 14,872 11.089.359 4,146.290 2.981,850 4 640 559 3,187 3.975 1,500 436,298 95,921 4,970 46 976 373,665 1,954,800 9.038 7,503,006 5.767,856 1,302,637 6 339 762 Missouri Iowa Wisconsin . . . California Minn. Ter Oregon Terr.. 1,627,164 373.898 253,963 5.520 85 29.686 9 222 7,834,359 2,171,188 3,633,750 705 1,100 211,464 83 309 203572 209,840 400,283 150 36,980 30 998 3,367,106 821,164 920,178 100,173 2,840 164,530 67 985 Florida Alabama Mississippi . . . 23,247 657,118 559,619 371,498 4,008.811 4,346,234 18,015 31,412" 21,191 514,685 4,823,485 3,636,582 NewMex.Ter. Affgregate.. 32,901 52.789,174 111 313,266,962 5.848 105,535,219 82,125 109,485,757 6. Absolute and Relative Movement of Stock, Products, etc., 1840 and 1850. Stock, products, etc. Horses 1840, I 4,335,669 head V 14,971,586 19,311,374 " 26,301,293 " 35.802,114 pounds 84,823,272 bushels 18,646.567 " 877.531,875 " 123071.341 " 4.161,504 " 7.291,743 " 80,841.422 pounds 219,163,319 " 790.479,275 " j- 155,110,809 I 95,252 tons 10,248.108 " 1,238,502 pounds J 108,298,060 bushels 124,734 gallons 61,552 pounds [ 29,023,380 dollars 1850. ( 4,335,358 head* . Decennial Movement; incr. 558,918 head or 12.9 p incr. 3,388,555 " or 22.6 incr. 2,410,440 " or 12.4 incr. 4,015,315 " or 15.3 incr. 16,987,060 pounds or 47.4 incr. 15.680,6-27 bushels or 18.5 deer. 4,456.928 " or 23.9 incr. 214,794.737 " or 56.9 incr. 23,496,538 " or 19.9 incr. 1,005,512 or 24.1 incr. 1.665,173 or 22.8 incr. 134,471,288 pounds or 166.3 de<:r. 19,410.673 or 8.9 incr. 196,970,325 " or 24.9 incr. 126,720,077 " or 81.6 deer. 56,301 tons or 58.1 incr. 3,590,471 " or 35.3 incr. 2,257.527 pounds or 182.2 j- deer. 4,242.071 bushels or 3.9 incr. 96.506 gallons or 77.3 deer. 50,709 pounds or 82.3 . j- deer. 1.541,981 dollars or 5.8 er o H tt u 1C { u H it U U U R a u a <i u H Asses and mules Milch cows 1 559,229 " * . ( 6.392.044 " 1 1.699,241 " Working oxen Other cattle . f 10,268,856 " 21,721.814 " 30 SI 6 608 " Sheep 8 wine. Wool 52 789 174 pounds Wheat 100 503 809 bushe s Rye 14 188 639 " Indian corn 592 326 612 " Oats 146 567 879 " Barley 5,167,016 8,956.916 " 215.312,710 pounds 199.752,646 987.449.6dO " ( 34.249,886 " 1 247,581,000 " {33,294 tons 1.799 " 7,715.961 pounds . 13,83^,579 tons 3,496,029 pounds . j 65,796,793 bushels . \ 38,259,196 221, 240 gallons 10,843 pounds . | 27,481,399 dollars .. Buckwheat,.. . Rice Tobacco . . . Cotton. Sugar cane * maple Hemp dew-rotted . . . " water-rotted . . Flax... Hay Hops Potatoes Irish " sweet Wine Silk cocoons Value of home-made manufactures . . . IV. STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURES. 1. General Statistics. The entire capital invested in the various manufactures in the United States on the st June, 1850 not including any establishments producing less than the annual value of $500 amounted in round numbers to f 530,000,000 Value of raw material, fuel, etc,, used during the preceding year $ 550,000,000 Number of persons employed j Qrn AAQ Aggregate cost of labor i". 7. ."I." .7. ."."." $240,000,000 Value of articles consumed $1,020,300,000 The total capital invested in manufactures in 1840, was $267,726,579, and hence the manufac turing capital of the Union has duplicated in the succeeding decade. * In the census of 1850, all horses, asses, and mules in cities are omitted, and those only or mainly employed in agri- UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 2. Statistics of the Principal Manufactures. STATES. COTTON GOODS. WOOLEN GOODS. 55 5.9 if = 1 c SB 1 1 1 SB fj I 1 INo. of estRb in operation. I I 3 1 1} c Value of entire products. Maine - 12 44 9 213 158 128 86 21 208 12 24 27 28 18 35 12 2 ~3 33 8 8 2 1 $3,329,700 10,950.500 202,500 28,455,630 6,675.000 4,219.100 4,176,920 1,483.500 4,528,925 460.100 2,236,000 1,908,900 1,058,800 857.200 1,736,156 80,000 651,900 38,000 16.500 669,600 239,000 297,000 43,000 102,000 85,000 $1,573,111 4,839,429 114,415 11,289,309 3,484,579 2,500,062 1,985,973 666,645 3,152,530 312,068 1,165,579 828,375 531,903 295,971 900,419 30,000 237,081 21,500 8,975 297,500 180,907 237,060 28,220 86,446 67,000 3,739 12,122 241 28,730 10,875 6,186 6,320 1,712 7,663 838 3,022 2,963 1,619 1,019 2,272 95 715 36 31 891 402 401 ~95 155 144 $2,596,356 8,830,619 196,100 19,712,461 6,447,120 4,257,522 3,591,989 1,109,524 5.322,262 538,439 2,120,504 1,486,384 831,342 748,338 2,135,044 49,920 382,260 30,500 16,637 510,624 273,439 394,700 44,200 142,900 100,000 36 61 72 119 45 149 249 41 380 8 38 121 1 1 4 25 130 15 33 16 1 1 9 1 $467,600 2,437,700 886,300 9,089,342 1.013,000 3,773, 95t 4,459,370 494,274 3,005,064 148,500 244,000 392,640 18,000 68,000 8,000 10,900 249,820 870,220 94,000 171.545 154,500 20,000 10,000 31,225 ~~700 $495,940 1,267,329 830,684 8,671,671 1,463,900 3,325,709 3,838,292 548,367 3,282,718 204.172 165,568 488,899 13,950 30,392 10,000 1,675 205,287 578,423 43,402 120,486 115,367 16,000 3.500 32,630 1,630 624 2127 1,393 11,130 1,758 5,488 6,674 898 5,726 140 362 668 30 78 8 17 318 1,201 129 246 178 25 25 2 $ 753,300 2,127,745 1,579,161 12.770,565 2,381,825 6,465,216 7,030,604 1,164,446 5,321,866 251,010 295,140 841,013 23,750 88,750 15,000 6,310 318,819 1,111,027 90,242 205,802 206,572 56,000 13,000 87,992 2,400 Rhode Island tiew York Virginia South Carolina Florida Alabama Louisiana Texas Arkansas Tennessee Kentucky Ohio Michigan Indiana Illinois Missouri Wisconsin California District of Columbia Total 1,094 4,501.031 4,835.056 92,286 61,869,184 1,559 28,118,650 25,755,988 39,252 43,207,555 MALT AND SPIEITUOUS LIQUOKS. STATES. apital in vested. Quantities and kinds of grain, etc., consumed. Hands empl d Quantities of liquor produced. Bushels of barley. Busliels of corn. Bushels of.Bushels rye. of oats. Bushels of apples. Hhds.of mola s. hops. Barrels of ale, etc , Gallons of whisky and high wines. Gallons of rum. Maine $17,000 7,000 457,500 17,000 15,500 ,585.900 409,655 ,719,960 247,100 100,915 21,930 3,475 7,150 500 8,500 168.895 66,125 298.900 1,262,974 334,950 303,40 139,42 19.50 98,70 7,30 3,00 12,00 8,a34,25 2,500 80,000 12,500 2,06-2,250 103,700 550,105 76,900 20,000 10,000 65,650 3,000 124.440 330,950 118,150 98,000 32,030 91,020 1,000 5,000 3,787,19f 19,400 20,000 1,647,266 254,000 1,483,555 166,100 250,700 64,650 18,100 20,150 551,350 258,400 309,200 3,588,140 1,417,990 703.500 212,300 51,150 29,900 2,000 26^600 20,000 990,067 58,400 517,180 54,300 62,680 4,700 "2^500 30,520 5,480 24,900 281,750 48,700 48,700 19,150 7,200 9,200 12,900 6,707 24,790 460 450 1,500 z 19.500 1,000 2,200 60,940 409,700 51,200 5^000 2,000 55,130 10 24,500 10 25 1 29 6 2 581 42 263 25 14 10 18 5 g 131 9 20 1,380 197 911 126 123 75 33 15 2 8 274 159 179 1,033 287 274 98 19 98 21 3 5 5,487 800 25,800 3,900 644,700 34,750 189,581 26,380 5,500 3,000 19,500 120,000 130,000 9,231,700 1,250.530 6,548,810 787,400 879,440 153,030 4"3,900 60,450 1,491,745 657,000 939,400 Il,8o5,150 4,639,900 2,315,000 690,900 160,600 127,000 42,000 220,000 3,786,000 1,200 2,488,800 1,500 3,000 6,500,500 Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Maryland.. Virginia . . . North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Alabama Louisiana Kentucky Tennessee . . . Missouri. . 31 178 18 30 16 28 44,850 96,943 11,005 27,925 10,320 31,320 300 1,350 Ohio . Indiana Illinois .. - Michigan Iowa Wisconsin New Mexico Ter. . Utah Territory . . Dist. of Columbia Total 11,067,671 2,143,927 56,517 526,840 61,675 1,294 1,177,924 ! 42,133.955 20 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Statistics of the Principal Manufactures (continued). STATES. PIG IRON. CAST IRON. WKOUGHT IRON. i j p. invested. S] ll 3 C No. of estab in operation. 1 s- o ll l If > I Value of entire products. - z 1 Value of raw material used. Value ofentire products. O > a > Maine New Hampshire Vermont Massachusetts . . Rhode Island . . Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania. .. Delaware < 11 18 10 ISO if 89 S $214,000 2.00( 62.500 469,OOC 225,600 605,000 967,000 8,570,425 1,420,000 513,800 25,000 26,000 $14,939 4,900 40,175 185,741 289,225 321.027 332,707 3,732,427 560,725 153,307 27,900 25,840 $36.616 6,001 68,000 295,123 415,600 597,920 560,544 6,071,513 1,056,400 521,924 12,500 57,300 25 26 26 68 20 60 323 45 320 13 16 54 5 $150,100 232,700 290,720 1,499,050 428,800 580,800 4,622,482 593.250 3,422,924 373,500 859,100 471,160 11,500 185,700 35,000 $112,570 177,060 160,603 1,057,904 258,267 351.369 2,393,768 301,048 2,372,467 153,852 259,190 297,014 8,341 29,128 11,950 $265,000 371,710 460,831 2,235,635 728,705 981,400 5.921.9SO 686,430 5,354.881 267,462 685,000 674,416 12,867 87,683 46,200 2 e 6 1 is Co D8 81 17 89 1 J , $4,000 62,700 610,300 208,000 529,500 1,131,300 1,016,843 7,620,066 15.000 780,650 791,211 103,000 9,200 $5,600 66,194 221,194 111.750 858,780 838,314 320,950 5,488,391 19,500 439,511 591,448 28,114 5,986 $10,400 163,986 428,320 222.400 667.560 1,423.968 629,273 8,902,907 55,090 771,431 1,264,995 66,980 15,384 Maryland Virginia North Carolina . South Carolina . Georgia. . . Florida Alabama 8 11,000 6,770 22,500 10 8 8 2 216,625 100,000 255,000 16,000 102,085. 50,370 75.300 8,400 271,12fi 117,400 312,500 55,000 1 2,500 8,000 7,500 Mississippi . . Louisiana .... Texas Arkansas .... Tennessee. . .. Kentucky .... Ohio . . 21 85 1 a 5 1 1,021,400 924,700 1,503,000 15,000 72,000 65,000 619,000 15^000 254,900 260,152 630,037 14,000 24,400 15,500 97,367 8,250 676,100 604,037 1,255,85(1 21,000 58.000 70,200 314,600 27,000 16 20 183 63 14 29 6 3 15 1 2 139,500 502,200 2,063,650 195,450 82,900 260,400 187,000 5,500 116,350 5,000 14,000 90,035 295,533 1,199,790 91,865 66,918 172.330 133,114 2.524 86,930 8,530 18,100 264,325 744,316 3,069,350 279,697 149, 30 441,185 336,495 8.500 216.195 29,740 41,696 4 11 8 i 755,050 176,000 620,800 17,000 42,100 385,616 180,800 604,493 4,425 24,509 670,618 299,700 1,076,192 11,760 68,700 Michigan Indiana Illinois Missouri Iowa . Wisconsin California D. of Columbia. Total 77 7,346,425 ,005,289 2,748,777 1,391 7,416,361 0,346,355!25,1 08,155 22 4,495,220 9,698,109 6,747,074 V. INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. RAI LR OAD S, ETC. In no other particular can the prosperity of a country be more strikingly manifested than by the perfection of its roads and other means of internal communication. The system of railroads, ca nals, plank-roads, post-routes, river navigation, and telegraphs possessed by the United States, presents an indication of its advancement in power and civilization more wonderful than any other feature of its progress. In truth, the country in this respect occupies the first place among the nations of the world. The primary design of nearly all the great lines of railway in the United States has been to con nect the sea-coast with the distant interior ; to effect which object it was necessary to cross the Alleghanies, which intersect every line of travel diverging to the West from the great commercial cities of the sea-board. The following are some of the vast enterprises which have been undertaken to accomplish this great purpose, which have either been finished or are in such a state of progress as leaves no doubt of their being brought to a successful issue within a few years : First. The railroads connecting Portland, the commercial capital of Maine, with the British provinces, and through their public works, the St. Lawrence River and the lakes, with the West ern States of the Union. Second. The railroads from Boston westward, connecting at Albany with the roads of Central New York, and, by the more northern route, traversing New Hampshire and Vermont, continuing toward the West by the Ogdensburg Railroad, and bringing Montreal, the chief commercial city of Upper Canada, into communication with the capital of New England. Third. The New York and Erie Railroad, extending from New York city to Lake Erie, and intended to form a part of a continuous line from the Hudson to the Mississippi a project likely to be effected within the ensuing ten years. Fourth. The Pennsylvania Central Railroad, from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, with numerous diverging branches, to points north and south of the general direction. This great route will reach St. Louis by a nearly due west course through Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. The Pennsyl vania section will be completed about the end of 1853. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Fifth. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, one of the most magnificent works of the day, passes from Baltimore, through Maryland and Virginia, to Wheeling, on the Ohio. At the latter point it will form a connection with the system of roads traversing the West and North-west. Sixth. The roads proposed to be constructed under authority of Virginia, and already com menced, intended to establish communication between tide-water and the interior, and south western parts of that State, and to continue the same through Tennessee to the Mississippi. Seventh. The several lines of railroad from Charleston and Savannah, penetrating South Caro lina and Georgia, concentrating in north-eastern Alabama, and reaching the level region of the Mississippi by the valley of the Tennessee River. These roads, by their western continuation, Trill intersect lines running to every important point between the mountains and the Mississippi River. Eighth. The Mobile and Ohio Railroad, from the Mexican gulf to the mouth of the Ohio, and the Illinois Central Railroad to the lakes, a distance in a straight line of about 1,100 miles. It will be seen at a glance that the leading idea in all these vast enterprises was to overcome the barrier presented by this chain of mountains, to a direct and unrestricted intercourse between the sea-board and the West, and to supply the want of those natural channels of commerce, navigable rivers, extending into the section we desire to reach. The enormous aggregate of expense of the numerous works specified above, undertaken with this one object, and their importance as public improvements, may be estimated from the following brief notice of the New York and Erie Rail road, which occupies the third place in our preceding enumeration : The longest continuous line of railroad in the world, and that in the construction of which the greatest natural obstacles have been overcome, is that which extends from the Hudson River, through the southern counties of New York, to Lake Erie. Its length is 469 miles, and it has branches of an additional length of 68 miles. Nearly its whole course is through a region of mountains. The bridges by which it is carried over the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers, and other streams, and the viaducts upon which it crosses the valleys that intercept its route, are among the noblest monuments of power and skill to be found in our country. The most of these works are of heavy masonry ; but one of them is a wooden bridge, 187 feet in height, with one arch, the span of which is 275 feet. One of the viaducts is 1,200 feet long, and 110 feet high. The aggregate cost of this important work was $23,580,000, and the expense of construction was $42,338 per mile. The following table presents, in a convenient form, some of the principal facts connected with railroads in the United States on the 1st January, 1852 and 1853. 1852. Miles of rail- Miles of rail- States, etc. road com- road in course Total, pleted. of construction. Maine 815 127 442 New Hampshire .. 489 47 536 Vermont." 380 59 439 Massachusetts 1,089 67 1,156 Ehodelsland 50 32 82 Connecticut 547 261 808 New York 1,826 745 2,571 NewJersey 226 Ill 337 Pennsylvania 1,146 774 1,920 Delaware 45 11 56 Maryland 376 125 501 Virginia 478 818 1,296 North Carolina.... 249 385 634 South Carolina 340 298 638 Georgia 754 229 983 Florida Alabama 121 190 811 Mississippi 93 273 366 Louisiana 63 63 Texas 32 32 Tennessee 112 748 860 Kentucky 93 414 507 Ohio 828 1,892 2,720 Michigan 427 427 Indiana 600 915 1,515 Illinois 176 1,409 1.535 Missouri 515 515 Wisconsin 20 421... .. 441 10,843 10,898 21,741 1853. States. Ho. of miles in No. of miles in operation. progress. Maine ............ 894 ............ 111.... Total. New Hampshire.. 500 ............ Vermont ......... 427 ............ Massachusetts ____ 1.140 ............ Rhodelslaud ..... 50 ............ Connecticut ...... 627 ............ 505 542 427 66... ...1,206 82 ........... 82 198 ......... 825 New York ....... 2,123 ............ 924 ............ 3,047 NewJersey ....... 254 ............ 85 ............ 339 Pennsylvania ..... 1,244 ............ 908 ............ 2,147 Delaware ........ 16 ............ 11 ............ 27 Maryland ........ 521 ............ ............ 521 Virginia .......... 624 ............ 610 ............ 1,284 North Carolina ... 249 ............ 248 ............ 497 South Carolina.... 599 ............ 296 ........ 895 Georgia .......... 857 ............ 691 ............ 1,548 Florida ........... 23 ............ ..... 23 Alabama ......... 286 ............ 728 ....... 964 Mississippi ........ 95 ............ 875 ............ 970 Louisiana ......... 63 ............ 200 ......... 263 Texas ............ 82 ............ ............ 32 Tennessee ........ 185 ............ 509 ............ 694 Kentucky ........ 94 ............ 661 .......... 755 Ohio ............. 1 .385 ............ 1,755 ............ 3,140 Indiana .......... 755 ............ 979 ............ 1,734 Michigan ......... 427 ............ ............ 427 Illinois ........... 296 ............ 1,772 ............ 2,068 Missouri .......... ............ 515 ............ 515 Wisconsin... . 50 ....... 470 ............ 520 Total 18,266 12,681 25,947 Measures are in progress for establishing railroads in California, with the object of connecting San Francisco with some of the principal towns of the State ; and no doubt, ere the lapse of many years, that important division of the Union will be in possession of as large a proportion of these facilities for travel and business as her population and resources require. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. From the brief sketch of American railroads should not be excluded some mention of several projects which are not only closely connected with the interests of the United States, but possess something of national importance. The first of these, in point of vastness of design, is the enter prise of building a railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. The routes proposed in this great work are almost as numerous as the persons who claim the merit of having first sug gested and brought forward the scheme of thus completing the chain of railroad connection between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the Union. No scientific survey of any route west of the fron tier of Missouri has been made, but it is not probable that any could be found that would bring the line of travel between the Mississippi and the ocean within the limit of 1,600 miles. The natural obstacles to be overcome are the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, the deserts between the Missouri and the former chain, and those of the great basin, the flying sands, and the want of timber. Further explorations may lead to the discovery of means to overcome these difficulties. Should the cost not exceed the average of Western roads, it would form no ob jection to the enterprise, since it would be only about $32,000,000, or only twenty-five per cent, more than has been expended upon the Erie Railroad less than fifty per cent, greater than the aggregate expenditure upon the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and not two-thirds of that incurred by the State of Massachusetts on. her railroads. The only question, then, affecting the probabil ity of the construction of the Pacific Railroad is that of practicability. This can only be determined by thorough surveys of some or all of the routes proposed, from the valley of the Rio Grande, the Arkansas, the Missouri, and the Upper Mississippi. If this road were completed, and the route continued westward by steamship to Calcutta, it would reduce the time required for the circuit of the globe, by the American overland route, to 93 days, as follows : from New York to San Francisco, 4 days ; to Hong-Kong, 25 days ; to Calcutta, 6 days ; to Bombay, 13 days ; to England, 35 days ; to New York, 10 days. Total, 93 days. Another project for connecting, by the means of cheap and rapid conveyance, the two coasts of our confederacy, which deserves, as it has received, very great attention, is the proposition to build a railroad across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in Mexico. Its feasibility is established. The length of the road, according to the report of the surveyors, will be 166 miles from sea to sea ; but only about 80 miles from the head of navigable water on either side. The cost of the road, with all the necessary equipments, station-houses, etc., is estimated at $7,848,000. The time expected to be required for its construction is three years. With this connecting link of communication completed, the voyage from New Orleans to San Francisco will be performed in eight or nine days. For the purpose of comparison, the subjoined statement has been prepared, showing the number of miles of railroads, with their costs, according to the most generally received authorities in all the countries of Europe in which those improvements have been introduced : COUNTRIES. Miles. Aggregate cost. Cost p. mile. Great Britain and Ireland 6S90 $1 218 000 000 $177 000 German States, including Prussia and Austria 5,332 325,875,000 61 000 France 1 018 238 905 000 254 000 Belgium 532 46.288,000 49 000 Russia 200 15 000 000 75000 Italy 170 15,000,000 88,000 14,142 1,859,068,000 131,300 By these statistics it is made to appear that the average cost of European railroads was $131,300 per mile. The average cost of American railroads completed previous to the commencement of the present year was $34,307 per mile. The excess of expenditure, therefore, in the construction of European roads over those in the United States, is $95,993 per mile, or about 280 per cent. ; but it may be remarked that the average cost of construction in the United States of all the roads does not exceed $27,300 per mile ; so that the actual excess is $103,000 per mile. The foregoing statements develop the striking fact that the United States possess an extent of railroad nearly equal to that of the rest of the world combined ; and, at our present rate of pro gression, we are likely, in a few years, far to exceed it. UNITED STATES OF- AMERICA. VI. COMMEKCIAL STATISTICS. 1. Statistical View of the Commerce of the United States, exhibiting the Value of Exports to and Imports from each Foreign Country, and the Tonnage of American and Foreign Vessels arriving from and departing to each foreign country, during the year ending June 30, 1850. COUNTRIES. COMMERCE. NAVIGATION. VALUE OF EXPORTS. AMERICAN TONNAGE. FOREIGN TONNAGE. Domestic produce. Foreign pro duoe. Total. Value of im ports. Entered the U. States. Cleared from the U. States Entered the U. States. Cleared from the U. States. Russia $666.435 70.645 668,580 98.176 165,874 8671140 4,320,780 2,188,101 180,533 364.335 97,014 2,168.857 64,686.959 3,021740 1.025,031 186 307 75.329 502.613 143,219 171.984 502776 3.612.802 4,641,451 3,116,840 16,934.791 1,015.486 269.377 2.517 43405 12,575 605.659 3,256,362 20.524 16,817 4,530.256 816,062 172,978 136,874 14.421 47,043 1,567,166 50.577 170,764 45,664 1,179.893 204,397 1,211,007 1,498791 57,225 970.619 678,462 2,723.767 718.331 60.024 1,297.133 258.939 1,485,961 6L934 22,256 315.463 730,932 169.025 24,414 $198.506 27,991 51,610 1,166 20,706 114 818 885,742 416.564 262,952 56,683 5,425 375403 4.210,271 183,679 42.693 60,482 39.051 156,846 16^551 22.663 178.644 1,289,370 501,374 1.724,915 158.155 18,291 1.382 2,200 28.558 96,855 . 5.065 1.450 460.041 93,591 5,236 6.527 2.152 2.167 239,904 13.024 86,136 23,468 312.111 53,344 139,181 514.036 12.967 285,600 340,008 473 347 346311 1.518 125,588 16.789 119,256 50,442 13.321 28.334 20,837 10,511 $864,941 98636 720.190 99342 186.580 981,958 5,206,522 2,604.665 443,485 421,018 102.439 2 543.760 68.897.230 3,205.419 1,067,724 246.789 114,380 659.459 143,219 188,535 525,439 3.791.446 5,930,821 3,618.214 18.659.706 1,173641 287,668 2.517 44.787 14,775 634.217 3,353.217 25.589 18267 4,990.297 909.653 178.214 143.401 16573 49210 1.807,070 63.601 256.900 69,132 1,492,004 257,741 1.350.188 2,012.827 70.192 1,256,219 1,018.470 3.197.114 1,0 64,642 61542 1.422.721 275.728 1,605,217 67934 72,698 328784 759.266 189.862 34.925 $1,511.572 27.469 1,032.117 2.193 527 267,459 8,787,874 1,686.967 444,404 530.146 71,048 2,404,954 72 118.971 2,746.670 293.783 44.269 11354 2,865.016 72,206 178.690 14.591 1.126.968 4,285,470 1,358,992 497 25.835.170 1,702.855 75,684 12.551 10,005 380.181 1,702.214 85.223 1.336.866 10.292.398 2.067.866 339,763 114,729 16,328 2,105,077 822,629 205 467,601 801,023 1,544.771 2,135,366 261,459 591.992 1,920,247 9,324.429 2,653,877 1.796,877 170,753 6,593,462 9,417 86,659 402,599 524,722 4.618 64,474 26 12,877 240 8,391 449 396 12.940 23.331 2.751 17,884 3,689 22.964 8892 23,033 489.839 18.906 10,022 2,334 168 23,537 773 4386 2,738 69.302 889,755 122 55,465 1,223 106,307 8.560 2,859 618 1,224 359 17.538 12,827 2,173 10,259 249.307 41,768 2,768 1.586 1,050 31,417 1833 6,701 803 4.398 6,076 44,690 22,585 8.540 104.176 11.536 846 62.965 13,930 90 14.510 5.K 21.969 993 945 8.531 1,101 331 9,267 39,065 5,048 649 2,454 602 19,375 21,156 14.968 4070 9,288 4,932 21.428 440.582 15.759 10.014 7.650 2.665 29.389 1,912 841 4.225 11.642 93.883 919,515 4.137 2.157 75,293 917 114,589 14,158 11.227 905 1,334 13.706 9,867 647 3,165 254.018 30,744 2,976 4,132 908 1,886 3.326 7,791 2.537 5^968 2,689 47,981 20,518 8,290 101,753 8,509 887 58,113 16,107 867 41,279 10,332 17,830 1,039 8,843 1,365 6,213 8,492 2,642 299 31,623 33,787 2,121 23,554 45 592 956 65,664 3,978 11,967 3^48 123 5,756 421,530 55,026 77,507 290 236 615 904 49,230 447,372 1,695 17,434 333,426 32,637 10,215 4,627 98 266 4,779 22,894 1,215 1,176 83,030 8,074 5,018 336 1,717 9,511 7,399 7,871 2,205 429 6,289 36,<>39 653 5,295 2,708 1,280 9,363 13,081 1,185 18,369 1,808 7,445 2,586 384 1,891 828 4,195 458 3,990 1,887 9,822 382 3,232 2,690 68,016 200 22,753 3,320 161 864 4,068 269,078 17,276 22,972 806 456 2,138 1,932 2,537 39,071 456,527 12,420 8,793 521,112 428 17,616 8,676 211 1,008 98 762 180 10,583 34,297 1,376 2,592 29,703 8,103 7,531 1,379 161 611 1,633 6,300 960 6^89 8,127 30,104 1,722 6,237 2,697 370 3,569 9,260 1,167 25,383 7,340 8,106 ~m 549 ~631 1,477 1,185 11,970 866 Prussia Sweden and Norway Swedish West Indies Danish West Indies Hanover Holland Dutch East Indies Dutch West Indies Dutch Guiana Belgium England Scotland Ireland Gibraltar Malta British East Indies Cape of Good Hope Mauritius Honduras British Guiana British West Indies Canada Newfoundland .... Falkland Islands British American Colonies Other British possessions France on the Atlantic France on the Mediterranean . . . French West Indies Miquelon and French Fisheries . French Guiana Bourbon French possessions in Africa Spain on the Atlantic Spain on the Mediterranean Tenerifife and other Canaries. . . Manilla and Philippine Islands. Cuba Other Spanish West Indies .... Portugal Madeira Fayal and other Azores Cape de Verde Italy Sicily Sardinia Tuscany Ionian Islands . Trieste and other Austrian ports. Turkey Hayti Mexico Central America New Grenada Venezuela Bolivia.. . Brazil Argentine Republic . Cisalpine Republic Chili. Peru China Liberia West Indies generally South America generally Europe generally Asia generally Africa generally South Sea Islands Equador Sandwich Islands All other places Total L36.946.912 14.951.808 151.898.720 78.138.318 2.573,016 632,788 1,775,628 1,728,214 24 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 2. Statement of the Commerce of each State, from July 1, 1849, to June 30, 1850. VALUE OF EXPORTS. VALUE OF IMPORTS. STATES. DOMESTIC PRODUCE. FOREIGN PRODUCE. Total of American & [n A.meriran In Foreign . . In Ameri foreign vessels. vessels. Total. In American vessels. ve-eir Total. vessels. vessels. Total. produce. Maine $1,135.99S $400.820 $1,536.818 $14,564 $5,530 $20.094 $1,556.912 $609.155 $247.256 $856,411 N. Hamp. . . . 2,835 5,887 8.722 205 205 8.927 19,962 29,117 49,079 Vermont 404.749 404,749 26.157 26,157 43.906 463,092 463.092 Massachus ls. 7,000,103 1,253,370 8,253.473 1,898.497 529,793 2,428,290 10,680.763 22,106.011 8,268,673 30.374.684 Rhode Island 205.969 330 206.299 9,966 9,966 215265 251,708 6595 258.303 Connecticut. . 241.262 241.262 668 668 241.930 311.927 60.463 372.390 New York... 33,934,4u9 7,568,391 41,502,800 7,086,687 4,123,302 11,209,989 52,712.789 88,147,721 22,975.803 111,123,524 New Jersey . 1.655 1.655 1.655 1,494 1,494 Pennsylvania 3,428,150 621,314 4,049,464 363,225 88,917 452,142 4,501,606 10,795,462 1,270,692 12,066,154 Delaware . , . Maryland . . . DisUofCol... 4,657,185 72.175 1,932,296 8.213 6,589.481 80,388 250.861 200 127,011 377,872 200 6,967,353 80.588 5,529,682 59.219 594,519 600 6,124,201 59.819 Virginia 2,365,241 1,047,917 3,413,158 2,488 2,488 3,415!646 172.878 253 721 426.599 N.Carolina.. 259.616 156.885 416,501 416.501 179.249 144.443 323.692 8. Carolina . . 6,467,201 4.979 691 11.446 892 400 508 908 11.447,800 1,313.658 620,127 1,933.785 Georgia 2.622,152 4.929,791 7.551.943 7,551,943 306.883 330.081 636.964 Florida 1,113978 1.493990 2.607.968 15,656 _^ 15,656 2,623.624 30.241 65,468 95.709 Alabama 4.601,515 5,943,343 10 544.858 10.544.858 103,134 757,228 865,362 Louisiana . .. 20,927,751 16,770,526 37,698,277 328.930 78,143 407,073 38,105,350 8,107,929 2,652,570 10,760,499 Mississippi.. . Tennessee . . . 27.966 ~ 2L966 Missouri 359643 359.643 Ohio 117,989 99,543 217,532 100 100 217,632 398.999 183.505 582.504 Kentucky . . . 190.987 190,987 Michigan 57.232 74.813 132.046 _ 132.045 144.102 144,102 Illinois 1,232 16,437 17649 ___ 17,699 7,783 7.922 15,705 Texas 24,958 24,958 24,958 14,652 10,998 25,650 California . . . __ _ . n Oregon Total.... 89,616,742 47,330,170 136.946.912 9.998,299 4.953.509 14.951.808151,898,720 139.657,0431 38,481,275 178,138,310 3. Statement of the Navigation of each State. STATES. TONNAGE ENTERED UNITED STATES. TONNAGE CLEARED FROM U. STATES. AMERICAN. FOREIGN. TOTAL. AMERICAN. FOREIGN. TOTAL. Maine No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. 253 9 330 1,345 100 109 4,137 352 ~295 7 69 140 163 47 56 40 524 178 ~97 18 3 140 53,309 3.572 86.828 339.508 17.847 22.580 1,502,290 100,009 70,427 1.260 12.190 19,185 52,711 11,883 7,518 11.914 175,969 21,628 1.040 101 174 2,732 19 79 3,832 17 185 143 2 88 38 142 71 89 112 874 136 89,877 7.472 12.607 271.941 2.075 11.572 775.430 1,601 32,361 29,161 154 18,775 9.115 44,205 45.134 10,462 84.106 174,884 18,243 1,293 110 504 4,077 119 188 7,969 17 537 438 9 157 188 305 118 95 152 898 314 143.186 11.044 99.435 611.449 19,922 34.152 2,277.720 1.601 132,370 99,588 1,414 30.965 28.300 96,916 57.017 17.980 96.020: 350,853 89,871 585 322 1,149 94 87 3,610 1 309 359 8 187 212 205 58 60 76 493 137 111.123 682 81,073 272,278 16.770 17.515 1,411,557 150 81,276 89,296 1.520 42.091 30,739 72.222 21,039 10,022 32.268 211,800 15,485 1,046 102 20 2,757 16 69 3,693 10 170 162 2 98 62 170 83 42 106 350 131 91.014 7,531 1.783 274.674 1.705 9.802 737,539 981 30,342 37,523 200 23,367 11.493 52.830 51.524 12.134 80.717 158,137 18,322 1,631 107 342 3.906 110 156 7,303 11 479 ~521 10 2S5 274 375 141 102 182 843 268 202.137 8,213 82,856 546,952 18.475 27,317 2,149.096 1.131 111,618 126.819 1.720 65,458 42,232 125.052 72,563 22.156 112.985 369,931 33,807 New Hampshire.. Vermont Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland D. of Columbia... Virginia . . . North Carolina. . . . South Carolina. . . . Georgia Florida Alabama Louisiana Mississippi Tennessee Missouri Ohio Kentucky Michigan Illinois . 7,254 6,690 494 47,950 394 4 13 355 49.709 648 3.177 82,914 491 22 16 495 56.963 7,338, 3,671 130,864 112 4 8 303 7.982 1,043 591 104,266 390 5 12 320 46,719 998 3.017 75,862 502 9 15 623 54.701 2.041 3,608 180,128 Texas -. California Oregon Total 2.573,016 8.412 10,100 1,775,623 18,512 4.348,639 8,379 2.632,788 9,816 1,728,214 18.195 4,361,002 25 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 4. Statement exhibiting a condensed view of the Tonnage of the several Districts of the United States on the 3Qth of June, 1850. DISTRICTS. Registered tonnage. Enrolled and licensed tonnage. Total tonnage of each district DISTRICTS. Registered 1 tonnage. j Enrolled and licensed tonnage. Total tonnage of each district. Ions Mini . .Mlis Tons nd >*;tlis. Passamaq y Me. 10,530 73 9.454 73 19.985 51 Vienna M yl d 15.478 01 15,478 01 Machias ... " 2.267 65 19,d50 67 21,318 37 Snow Hill... " 9,511 51 9,511 51 Fr man sB. " 1.643 21 30.525 27 32.168 48 St. Mary s... " 2,184 91 2,184 91 Penobscot.. " 5.713 40 81.237 38 36,950 78 Town Creek " 2,226 81 2,226 81 Belfast " 13.869 79 31,725 48 45,595 32 Annapolis .. " 2,3-23 17 2,323 17 Bangor " 9,362 31 15.9 6 49 25, 26S 80 Georgetown D.ofC. 2,796 19 14,214 42 17,010 61 Waldoboro . 38,483 13 57.847 25 96.830 38 Alexandria . Virg. 2,887 31 5,850 49 8,737 80 "Wiscasset.. " 6.024 41 12217 08 18,241 49 Norfolk " 10,542 10 13,592 79 24,134 89 Bath " 76,608 65 27.tl7 25 103 625 90 Petersburg . " 948 76 1,759 27 2,708 08 Portland... " 60,8(14 43 26,197 86 86.502 34 Richmond.. " 3,160 80 5,297 40 8,453 25 Baco ... " 1,570 00 1,153 30 2,723 30 York town . . M 4,806 70 4,806 70 Kennebunk " 9,101 34 2.247 82 11,349 21 Tappahan k. " 503 26 5,320 93 5,824 24 York " 1.361 45 1 361 45 Accomac O.H. " __ 4,082 75 4,082 75 Portsmouth. N. II. 14,978 92 8.117 41 23.096 38 East River . . " 4,868 61 4,863 61 Burlington . Verm. 4,530 32 4530 32 Yeocomico.. " 3,233 90 3,238 90 Newburyp t. Mass. 16,213 57 7,048 29 23,261 86 Cherrystone. " 1,232 08 1,232 03 Ipswich " 578 39 578 39 Wheeling .. " 5,933 70 5,9:33 70 Gloucester . " 2,873 08 19,601 00 22,474 08 Wilmington. N.Car. 9,123 51 6,074 76 15,198 32 Salem " 20,316 74- 8,599 34 23.916 13 Newbern.... " 1,518 32 3,6S9 25 5,207 57 Beverly.... 3.173 04 3.173 04 Washington. * 1,097 61 4,605 49 5,703 15 Marblehead. " 1,349 11 5,493 31 6 842 42 Edentori .... " 127 07 1,018 09 1,145 16 Boston " 270,510 09 5J.177 17 32:1,687 26 Camden " 1,269 11 10,678 88 11,948 04 Plymouth . . " 8.966 88 6755 31 10.722 24 Beaufort " 613 69 1,645 79 2,259 53 Fall River.. " 2.251 08 10,8511 76 13.101 84 Plymouth ... " 1,183 88 1,144 54 2,323 47 N. Bedford. " 119.026 45 8.933 69 127.960 09 Ocracoke " 1,423 15 1,453 15 Barnstable . " 5,52it 32 85.581 67 91.102 04 Charleston . . S.Car. 15,377 48 17,915 10 33,292 53 Edgartown. " 5,464 26 2.145 28 7,609 54 Georgetown. " 1,749 19 1,030 31 2,779 50 Nantucket . " 25,S37 80 8.174 83 29.012 63 Beaufort " Providence. R. I. 9.177 14 7.534 64 16,711 78 Savannah . . . Geor. 10,437 16 9,293 67 19,730 83 Bristol " 11,247 12 1.951 27 13.198 39 Sunbury " Newport ... " 5,644 as 4.934 21 10,578 54 Brunswick . . " 533 81 533 81 Middletown. Conn. 95 55 12,033 72 12129 32 Hard wick... " N. London . " 23,364 23 17.120 62 40,484 85 St. Mary s ... " 491 48 933 87 1,425 40 Stonington.. " 13.188 47 6,724 03 19.912 50 Pcnsacola . . . Flor. 1,221 11 572 63 1,798 74 N. Haven . . " 4,994 65 10.736 70 15.731 40 St. Augustine " Fairfleld ... " 868 35 13.960 27 24.828 62 St. Mark s... " 353 07 353 07 Champlain . N. Y. 2,745 74 2,745 74 St. John s ... 309 72 309 72 Backett s H r. " 8.123 57 8,123 57 Apalachicola " 2,050 36 2,050 36 Oswego " 22,404 78 22,404 78 Key West ... " 4,415 46 2,350 09 6,765 55 Niagara.... 732 73 732 73 Mobile Ala. 7,403 67 16,753 88 24,157 60 Genesee " 1,036 74 1,036 74 Pearl River.. Miss. 1,367 34 1,367 34 Oswegatchie " 1.985 34 1.935 34 Vicksburg ... " 460 28 460 23 Buffalo Cr. . " 39,679 00 39,679 00 New Orleans. La. 83,668 55 165,040 49 248,709 09 Bag Harbor. 10,953 68 4,211 69 15.165 42 Teche " 1,380 71 1,380 71 Greenport. . " 4.236 29 4.319 46 8.555 75 Nashville . . . Tenn. 3,776 05 3,776 05 New York.. " 441,336 76 394.230 80 835,867 61 Louisville . . . Ky. 14,820 19 14.820 19 C. Vincent.. " 2.496 92 2.496 92 St. Louis Miss. 28,907 47 28,907 47 Cold Spring. " 2.376 40 1,478 90 3,855 35 Chicago Ilk 21,242 17 21,242 17 Perth Amboy N. J. 133 69 21,950 82 22,084 56 Cuyahoga . . . Ohio _ 35,315 84 35,315 84 Bridgetown. " 14.472 24 14.472 24 Sandusky ... " 7,323 49 7,328 49 Burlington.. " 7.578 67 7,578 67 Cincinnati... " _ 17.1S8 80 17,188 80 Camden " 9.569 32 9,569 "32 Miami _ 2.629 20 2,629 20 Newark " 77 58 6,551 05 6,628 63 Detroit Mich. 36,893 89 36,893 89 L. Egg Har. " 6,182 75 6,182 75 Michilim kinac " 1,250 55 1,250 55 G. Egg Har. " 14,084 14 14,084 14 Galveston . . Tex. 415 92 2,892 88 3,308 85 Philadelphia Penn. 64,205 10 142.292 72 206.497 82 Saluria " 588 52 538 52 Presque Isle " 7,870 31 7,870 31 Astoria Oreg. 1,063 43 1,063 43 Pittsburg ... 44571 30 44571 30 San Francisco Calif. 15,285 12 2,306 65 17,591 77 Wilmington. Del. 1,651 68 7,808 70 7.259 14 9,460 43 Point Isabel. Tex. 401 35 274 28 675 63 Baltimore. . . M yl d 90,669 82 5S .349 51 149!()19 38 Total 1,585,711 22 1,949,743 01 3,535,454 23 Oxford " 12.343 46 12,343 46 5. The general Statement of Tonnage Accounts from June 30, 1849, to June 30, 1850. Registered tonnage. Aggregate tonnage. RegUter d tonnage. Aggregate tonnage. 1850. To amount of tonnage sold to foreigners in the year ending" 30th June, 1850 To amount of tonnage condemned as un- seaworthv in the year . . 13,467 4,666 23,724 1,585,711 13,467 6,753 84,748 3,535,454 50,175 June SOth, 1849. By balance of tonnage, per statement, rendered for the year ending 30lh June, 1849. 1,433,941 157,612 81,016 3,884,015 272,215 81,016 3,349 June 80A, 1850. Bv amount of tonnage built, registered, enrolled, and licensed in the year 1850 By this amount, being an increase of the To amount of tonnage lost at sea in the year ending 30th June, 1850 SWh June. To balance, as appears by general state ment of tonnage (marked A) To this difference in the enrolled ton nage, which is presumed arises from transfer to the account of registered. . . By this amount, being an increase of the licensed tonnage under 20 tons 1,627,570 3,640,599 1,627,570 3,640,599 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 6. A comparative View of the registered and enrolled Tonnage of the United States, showing the Tonnage employed in the Whale Fishery ; also, the proportion of the enrolled and licensed Tonnage employed in the Coasting Trade, Cod Fishery, Mackerel Fishery, and Whale Fish ery, from 1815 to 1850, inclusive. fear*. Registered ton nage. Enrolled and li- censed tonnage. Total tonnage. Rpgis d tonnage in whale lish ry Proportion of the enrolled and licensed tonnage employed in the Coasting trade 1 Cod fishery. Macnnsh y. | ^ Tons and 9nths. 1815 854,294 74i 513.833 04 1,368,127 78 435.066 87 26,570 33 1,229 92 1816 800,759 63 571,458 85 1,372.218 53 479,979 14 37,869 30 1,163 00 1817 809.724 70! 590,1 S6 6b 1,399.912 41 4.874 41 481.457 92 53,990 26 349 92 1818 606,088 64 619.095 51 1.225,154 20 16,134 77 503.140 37 58,551 72 614 63 1819 612,930 44 647,821 17 1,260,751 61 31,700 40 523.556 20 65,044 92 _ 686 35 1820 619,047 53 661,118 66 1,280,166 24 35,391 44 539,080 46 60,842 55 1,053 66 1821 619,896 40 679.062 30 1,298,958 79 26,070 83 559,435 57 51,351 49 1,924 40 1822 628.150 41 696.548 71 1,321,699 17 45,449 42 573.080 02 58,405 35 3,133 50 1823 639.920 76 696,644 87 1,336,565 63 89.918 13 566,408 88 67,621 14 585 37 1824 669.972 60 719,190 37 1,389,163 02 33,165 70 589,233 01 68,419 00 180 08 1825 700,787 08 722,323 69 1,423,110 77 35,379 24 587,273 07 70,626 02 1826 737.978 15 796.210 68 1,534,189 83 41,757 32 666.420 44 63,761 42 226 83 1827 747,170 44 873,437 34 1,620.607 78 45,653 21 732.937 65 74.048 81 828 94 1828 812.619 34 928,772 52 1,741,891 87 54,621 08 758,922 12 74,947 74 180 34 1829 650.142 83 610.654 88 1.260,797 81 57.284 38 508,858 10 101,796 78 1830 .. 576,675 33 615,311 10 1,191,776 43 38.911 82 516,978 18 61.554 57 35,973 38 792 87 1831 620,451 92 647.394 32 1,267,846 29 82,315 79 539,723 74 60,977 81 46,210 80 481 82 1832 686.9S9 77 752,460 39 1.439,450 21 72.868 84 649,627 40 54,027 70 47.427 72 37747 1833 750,126 72 856,123 22 1,606,149 94 101.158 17 744,198 60 62,720 70 48.725 43 478 89 1834 857,438 42 901,468 67 1,753.907 14 108,060 14 783.618 65 56,403 70 61,082 11 364 16 1835 8S5,S2t 60 939,118 49 1,824,940 14 97.640 00 792.301 20 72,374 18 64.443 11 1836.... 897,774 51 984,328 14 1,882,102 65 144,680 50 873,023 21 63,307 37 64.424 25 1,573 26 1837 810,447 29 1,086,238 40 1,896,685 69 127,241 81 956,980 60 80,551 89 46,810 90 1,894 86 1888 822.591 86 1,173,047 89 1,995,639 8 > 119,6 29 89 1,041,105 18 70,064 00 56.649 16 5,229 55 1839 834.244 54 1,262,234 27 2,096,473 81 131.845 25 1,153.551 80 72.258 63 85,983 87 439 69 1840.. . 899,764 74 1,280,999 35 2,180,764 16 136,926 64 1,176.694 46 76,035 65 28,269 19 1841.... 845,803 42 1,184,940 90 2,130,744 37 157.405 17 1,107.067 88 66,551 84 11.321 13 . 1842 975,358 74 1,117,031 90 2,090,390 69 151.612 74 1,045,753 39 54,804 02 16,096 83 377 31 1843 1,009.305 01 1,149,297 92 2,158,601 93 152.374 89 1,076,155 59 61,224 25 11,775 70 142 33 1844 1,068,764 91 1,211,330 11 2,230,095 07 163.293 63 1,109,614 44 85,224 77 16,170 66 320 14 1845.. 1,095,172 44 1,821,8-29 57 2,417,002 06 190.695 65 1,190.898 27 69.825 66 21,413 16 206 92 1846.... 1,131,286 49 1,431.798 82 2,562,084 81 186,930 16 1,289,870 89 72,516 17 36,463 16 439 58 1847 1,241,312 92 1,597,732 80 2,a39,045 77 193.858 72 1,452,623 35 70,177 52 31.451 13 1848 1.360,886 85 1,793,155 00 3,154.041 85 192,176 90 1,620,988 16 82.651 82 43,558 78 432 75 1849 1.438,941 53 1,895.073 71 3,334,015 29 180,186 29 1,730,410 84 42.970 19 73,853 78 1850.... 1.585,711 22 1,949,743 01 3,535,454 23 146.016 71 1,755,796 42 85,646 30 58,111 94i 7. A Statement of the Number of Vessels built in the several States, and the Aggregate Ton nage of each for the year ending 30th June, 1850. STATES. CLASS OF VESSELS. Total number of res- eels built. 1 11 1 Ships. Brigs. Schooners. Sloops and canal boats. Steamers. Maine 127 8 51 5 8 26 1 7 ~16 1 1 1 75 19 7 4 1 1 5 1 2 2 115 2 46 5 27 50 85 39 12 125 27 23 2 2 8 16 T 4 6 2 3 8 8 9 112 17 107 3 8 ~2 3 8 11 6 6 1 2 1 82 8 31 1 4 5 5 3 4 84 5 1 16 3 1 326 10 1 121 14 47 224 57 185 16 150 8 84 83 5 2 3 24 84 5 13 81 14 1 2 91,211 73 6,914 82 77 41 35.836 14 3,587 15 4.819 79 58,342 78 6,201 68 21,409 93 1.843 82 15,964 80 288 17 8.534 09 2,651 59 683 82 79 75 113 66 1,592 33 6,460 69 1.853 82 1,691 21 5.214 62 2,061 63 105 54 122 42 New Hampshire Khode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland District of Columbia Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Florida Alabama. Tennessee Kentucky ... Missouri Illinois Ohio Michigan Texas Oregon Total 247 117 547 290 159 1,360 272,218 54 27 UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. 8. Statement showing the Number and Class of Vessels built, and the Tonnage thereof, in the several States and Territories of the United States from 1815 to 1850 inclusive. CL 188 OF VE88] 115. i F *c^ .S .0 L YEARa Ships. Brigs. Schooners. Sloop* and canal boats. Steamers. 1-3 n 5 H s l I 1815 136 224 eon 274 1 314 154624 39 1816 .. . . 7fi -ion 1 403 131 668 04 1817 1 073 86 393 37 1818 53 85 400 332 898 82421 20 1819 KQ 242 850 79 817 86 1820 . . 1K9 534 47 784 01 1821 43 89 040 127 507 55 856 01 1822 <vt iq-) 168 623 75346 93 1823 -ICK 15 622 75 007 57 1824 56 156 077 166 26 781 90 939 00 1825 K(- 1Q7 KQQ 168 35 994 114997 25 1826 .. . 107 097 45 1 0|2 126438 35 1827 00 934 104342 67 1828 fo 108 4.74 196 33 884 98 375 58 1829 . . 14S 43 785 77 098 65 1830 lift 37 637 58 094 24 1831 72 95 416 94 34 711 85.962 68 1832 Iqo IJQ KCQ 122 100 1 065 144539 16 1833 144 -1QK 65 1 188 161 626 36 1834 98 94 496 180 68 937 118.330 37 1835 25 50 302 100 30 507 46.238 52 1836 . no 65 164 124 890 113,627 49 1887 67 72 507 168 135 949 122.987 22 1838 66 79 501 153 90 898 113,135 44 1839 83 89 439 122 125 858 120.98S 34 1840 Q7 10Q 378 224 64 872 118309 23 1841 114 101 310 157 78 782 118,893 71 1842 116 91 273 404 137 1 021 129,083 64 1843. 53 34 138 173 79 482 63.617 77 1844 73 47 204 279 163 766 103,537 29 1845 124 87 322 342 163 1038 146.018 02 1846 . . 100 164 576 355 225 1 420 18S,203 93 1847 151 168 689 392 198 1,598 243,732 67 1848 254 174 701 547 175 1,851 318.075 54 1849 198 148 623 370 208 1,547 256.577 47 1850 247 117 547 290 159 1,360 272,218 54 VII. STATEMENT OF THE DUTIES, EEVENUES, AND PUBLIC EXPENDITURES DURING THE YEARS ENDING 30-TH JUNE, 1849 AND 1850. From customs $28,346,738 82 From sales of public lands. 1,688,959 55 From miscellaneous sources 1,038,649 13 Total receipts $31,074,347 50 Avails of stocks, treasury notes, etc., issued $28,588,750 00 Balance in treasury 1st July, 1848 & 1849 153,53460 1850. $39,668,686 42 1,859,894 25 1,S47,218 33 $43,375,798 90 $4,045,950 00 2,189,964 28 Total means $59,816,632 10 $49,606,713 18 EXPENDITURES. 1849. 1850 Civil list. .. ..$2,865,61588 $3,042,77007 Foreign intercourse 7,972,S32 01 4,838,594 76 Miscellaneous 3,179,192 66 6,958,360 24 Interior department 3,400,524 87 War department 17,290,936 68 9,401,239 16 Navv department 9,869,818 20 7,923,313 18 Public debt 16,453,272 39 7,437,366 41 Total expenditures $57,631,667 82 $43,002,168 69 Balances 1st July 49 & 50 $2,184,964 2S $6,604,544 49 VIII. STATEMENT OF THE PUBLIC DEBT 80-TH NOVEMBER, 1850. DENOMINATION OF DEBT. Rate per cent. When redeemable. Amount. Principal and interest of old funded and unfunded debt. Treasury notes of 1812 and Yazoo scrip On presentation $119,585 98 Debt of the cities of the District of Columbia, assumed per act 30th May, 1S36 Outstanding treasury notes issued previous to 22d July, 1346, payable or fundable Outstanding treasury notes issued under act 26th June, 1846, payable or fundable Outstanding treasury notes issued under act 2Sth Jan. 1847, payable or fundable Stock issued for treasury notes 1837 1^43 under act 28th Jan 1847 5i c $60|000 per annum On presentation On presentation On presentation 1st January, 1868 900,000 00 139,011 64 25,850 00 44,700 00 154.328 00 Loan of 15th April, 1842 ft 31st Dec.. 1862 8,198,686 03 " 3d March. 1843 f> 1st July, 1853 6.468,231 35 " 22d July, 1846 ft 12th Nov., 1856 4,999.149 46 " 28th Jan., 1847 ft 1st Jan., 1868 27.135,122 00 " 31st March, 1848 6 1st July, 1 868 15,740,000 00 Mexican indemnity stock . . . 5 9th Aug., 1851 303,573 92 Total debt per statement 1st December, 1850 UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. ^ -J Si tO iK -1 O CS IO ~ 4^. 4*- C JO O vf- -I f. 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S -r i V- 1 ?5 oo 5o gc i-i -< !-* 888SSS=5^S88i5BSSSS88^IIlSfei2S!SSS*:5f2fe5lS :0 - 1 tc V. to Jc " i M. bt if."^ O 4>." p 4- co is ~< so co to hf. -- - < |iSiiiiiii f! o co H- to 1 . i C-. --o tc y - i -o V - ic 4! -- cs to O * t" 1 - 5 c PP . .~-.r /- /- /- - ?" .- -P .-"-^Pr DHOMOVV(l^*4OtDOO$>lKS< I Is UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. X, STATISTICS OF COINAGE. 1. Deposits for Coinage, at the Mint of the United States and its Branches, in the Year 1850. 2. Coinage of the Mint of the United Stales and its Branches, in the Year 1850. GOLD. Coins of U.S., old stand. Foreign Coins $9,996 1,303,740 3(5.938,314 113,110 $38,365,160 1,989,041 $40,304,201 Denominations. Pieces. Value. Denominations, Pieces. Value. $32,026,200 47,500 1,341,500 150,700 244,150 82,280 GOLD. Doub. Eagles Eagles Half Eagles.. Quar. Eagles Dollars Total Gold . . COPPKR. Cents 1,311.261 348.951 172,n32 858,219 511, 301 $26,225.220 00 3,489,510 00 860,160 00 895,542 50 511,301 00 Gold& Copper 7,268,420 47,500 2,683,0(10 602,800 2,441,500 1,045,000 United Slates Bullion.. Foreign Bullion . ... SILVER. Dollars Half Dollars.. Quar. Dollars . Dimes Total of Gold 8ILVKK. United States Bullion. . Foreign Bullion Foreign (Joins Total of Silver Total $269,258 143,192 1,526,596 2,701,764 4,426,844 39,812 $31,981,783 50 44,268 44 199 56 Half Dimes . . Total Half Cents . . Total Copper 14,588,220 $33,892,301 4,566,656 $44,467 50 3. Coinage of the Mint of the United States, from 1792, including the Coinage of the Branch Mints, from the Commencement of their Operations, in 1838. Year*. Gold. Silver. Copper. TVHOLK COINAGE. Mo. of Pieces. Viilue. 1793-95 $71,485 00 102,727 50 103,422 50 206,610 00 213.285 00 817,760 00 422,570 00 423.810 00 258,377 50 258,642 50 17(1,367 50 824,505 00 437,495 00 284,665 00 169,375 00 501.435 00 497,905 00 290,436 00 477.140 00 77,270 00 8,175 00 242,940 00 258,615 00 1,819,030 00 189,325 00 SS,9SO 00 72,425 00 93,200 00 166,385 00 92,245 00 131,565 00 140.145 00 295,717 60 643,105 00 714,270 00 798,435 00 978,550 00 3,954,270 00 2,lb6,175 00 4,135,700 00 1,148,305 00 1,809,595 00 1,355,885 00 1,675,302 50 1,091,597 50 1,834,170 60 8,108,797 50 2,230 00 3,756,447 50 4.034,177 00 20,221,385 00 3,775,512 50 9,007.761 50 31,981,733 50 $370,688 80 79,077 50 12,591 45 880.291 00 423,515 00 224,296 00 74.75S 00 58.843 00 87,118 00 100,340 50 149.388 50 471,319 00 597.448 75 684.300 00 707,376 00 638,773 50 608.340 00 814.029 50 620,951 50 561,687 50 17,308 00 28.575 75 607,783 50 1,070,454 50 1,140,000 00 601.680 70 825,762 45 805,806 50 896.550 00 1,752,477 00 1.564.583 00 2,002.090 00 2.869,200 00 1.675,600 00 1,994,578 00 2,495,400 00 3.175,600 00 2.679.000 00 2.759,000 00 3,415.002 00 3,443,003 00 3,606.100 00 2.096,010 00 2,333.243 00 2.189,296 00 1.726,703 00 1,132,750 00 2.882.750 00 8,834.75!) 00 2.235.550 00 1,873.200 00 2,558,580 00 2,374.450 00 2,040.050 00 2,114,950 00 1,866,100 00 $11,373 00 10,324 40 9,510 34 9,797 00 9,106 68 29,279 40 13,628 37 84,422 88 25,208 03 12,844 94 18,483 48 5,260 00 9,652 21 13,090 00 8,001 53 15,660 00 2,495 95 10,755 00 4,180 00 8,578 80 28,209 82 89,484 00 81,670 00 26,710 00 44,075 60 3,890 00 20,723 89 12,620 00 14,926 00 16,344 25 28,557 32 25,636 24 16,580 00 17,115 00 83,603 60 23,620 00 28,160 00 19,151 00 89,4S9 00 23,100 00 55,583 00 53,702 00 31.2S6 61 24,627 00 15,973 67 23,883 90 24,283 20 23,987 52 88.948 04 41,208 00 61,836 69 64,157 99 41,984 32 44,467 50 1,834,420 1,219.370 1,095,165 1,368,241 1,365.681 8,837,972 1,571.390 8.615.869 2,780.830 2.046.839 2.260.361 1,815,409 2.731,345 2,935,888 2,861,834 8,056,418 1,649,570 2,761,646 1.755,331 1,833,859 69,867 2.888,135 5,163,967 5,537,084 5,074,723 6.492,509 3.139,249 8,818,788 2,166.485 4,786.894 6,178,760 5,774,434 9,097,845 6,196,853 7,674,501 8.857.191 11.792,284 9.128,887 10.307.790 11,637,648 15.996 342 13.719.333 18.010,721 15,780,811 11,811.594 10,558,240 8,811,968 11,743,153 4,640,582 9,051,834 1.806.196 10,133,515 15,392.344 12.649,790 12,666.659 14,588,220 $458,541 80 192,129 40 125,524 29 545,698 00 645.906 63 571.885 40 610,956 37 516,075 83 870,698 53 371.827 94 883,289 4S 801,084 00 1,044,595 96 982,055 00 884,752 53 1,155.868 50 1,108,740 95 1,115,219 50 1,102,275 50 642,535 80 20,488 00 56,785 57 647.267 50 1,846,064 50 1,425,325 00 1.864,786 20 1,018,977 45 915.509 89 967,975 00 1.858.297 00 1,735,894 00 2,110.679 25 3,024,342 32 1,741.381 24 2,306.875 50 3,155.620 00 3,923,473 60 3,401,( 55 00 3.765,710 00 7,3?8423 00 5.668,667 00 7,764.900 00 3,299 898 00 4,2< 6.540 00 3,576.467 61 S.4 26,632 50 2,240,321 17 4.190,754 40 11.967.830 70 7,687.767 52 5.668,595 54 6,633:965 00 22.657,671 69 5,879,720 49 11,164,695 82 33,892,801 00 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 . . 18i 15 1806 1807 1808 lSd9 1810 1811 1812 1813 , 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 . . 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 . . . 1829 1830 . . 1831 1832 1833 ... 1834 1835 1836 1837 . . 1888 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 ... 1850 Total $117,330,935 00 $77,447,564 90 $1,296,21 102 870,586,129 $195 074 710 92 80 STATISTICAL GAZETTEER OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AAR ACK AARONSBUBG, p. v., Centre co., P&MI. : on Elk cr., 51 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Pop. 226. AABOJI S RUN, p. o., Montgomery co., Ky. : on a small tributary of Licking r., 49 m. E. Frankfort. ABBERVILLE, p. v., La Fayette co., Misa. : 156 m. N. N.W. Jackson. ABBEVILLE district, S. Cor. Situate W., and contains 960 sq. m. The Savannah washes its S. W. and the Saluda its N. E. borders, while numerous streams, tributary to these rivers, drain the interior. The surface is agreeably variega ted by hill and dale, and a considerable part of the soil is rich and fertile. The products are chiefly Indian corn and cot ton. Farms 1,814 ; manuf. 156 ; dwell. 2,391, and pop. wh. 12,693, fr. col. 863, si. 19,262 total, 32,318. Capital : Abbeville. Public Works: Abbeville Branch R. K. ABBEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Henry co. Ala. : on a branch of Yattayabba cr., 86 m. S. W. Montgomery ; it contains a C. H. and other public buildings. The " Abbeville Ban ner" is issued weekly. Pop. 827. ABBEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Abbeville dist., & Car. : near the centre of the district, 90 m. W. Columbia : it contains a C. H., a jail, an arsenal, a magazine, and several stores. The " Abbeville Banner" is issued weekly. A branch of the Greenville and Columbia R. R. terminates at this point ABBEVILLE, p. v., Vermillion par., La. : on W. side Ver- million r., 169 m. W. S. W. of Baton Rouge. ABBEYVILLE, p. v., Medina co., Ohio : 109 m. N. E. Co lumbus. ABBOT, t, and p. o., Piscataquia co., Me. : on Piscataquis r., 54 m. N. Augusta. ABBOTT S CREEK, p. o., Davidson co., N.Oar. : on a cr. of the same name, 94 m. W. Raleigh. ABBOTTSTOWN, p. v., Adams co., Perm. : on Beaver cr., 42 m. S. 8. W. Harrisburg. ABBOTTSVILLE, p. v., Darke co., Ohio : 94 m. W. Colum bus. ABB S VALLEY, p. o., Tazewell co., Virg. : at the head of Tug fork of Sandy r., 223 m. W. S. W. Richmond. ABERDEEN, p. v., Monroe co., Miss. : W. side Tombigbee r., 142 m. N. E. Jackson. Two newspapers, the " Monroe Democrat," and the " Independent," are issued weekly. ABERDEEN, p. v., Brown co., Ohio : on Ohio r., opposite Maysville, Ky., 86 m. 8. 8. W. Columbus. Pop. 807. ABERFOIL, p. v., Macon co., Ala. : on a head cr. of Pea r., 84 m. E. S. E. Montgomery. ABE SPRING, p. o., Calhoun co., Ftor. : 71 m. S. W. Tal- ABINQDON, p. v., Lake co., III. : on Des Plaines r., 208 m. N. E. Springfield. ABINQDON, p. v., Harford co., Md. : on W. side Bush cr., 87 m. N. N. E. Annapolis. , p. v., and cap. Washington co., Virg. : on a cr. of Holston r., 252 m. W. 8. W. Richmond. It contains the county buildings, several factories and stores, and about 800 dwellings. Two newspapers, the "Democrat" and " Virginian," are issued weekly. ABINGTON, p. v., Windham co., Conn. : 8. of and near Mashamugit br. of Quinnebaug r., 42 m. E. N. E. Hart ford. ABINGTON, p. t, "Wayne co., Ind. : on W. bank of E. fork of White r., 56 m. E. Indianapolis. ABINGTON, t and p. v., Plymouth co., Mass. : on Old Colony R. R., 19 m. S. Boston. The people are chiefly en gaged in shoemaking. Pop. 5,269. ABINGTON, p. t, Montgomery co., Penn. : 94. m. E. Har risburg. ABINGTON CENTRE, p. v., Lucerne co., Penn. : (see WA- VBRLY). ABOITE, t and p. T., Allen co., Ind. : on Aboite cr. of Little r., 96 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. ABRAHAMTOWN, p. v., Marion co., Flor. ABRAM S PLAINS, p. o., Granville co., N. Car. : 48 m. N. Raleigh. ABSCOTA, p. v., Calhoun co., Mich. : 83 m. S. Lansing. ABSECUM, p. v., Atlantic co., N. Jer. : on Absecum cr., 2 m. above the bay, and 61 m. S. S. W. Trenton. ACADKMIA, p. v., Knox co., Tenn. : on Bullrun cr. of Clinch r., 153 m. W. Nashville. ACADEMIA, p. v., Juniata co., Penn. : 31 m. W. Harris- burg. ACADEMT, p. o., Ontario co., N. T. : 180 m. W. Albany. ACCATINK, p. v., Fairfax co., Virg. : 93 m. N. Rich mond. ACCIDENT, p. v., Alleghany co., Md. : on Toughiogeny r., 2 m. below Pennsylvania line, and 168 m. W. N. W. An napolis. ACCOMAO county, Virg. Situate on E. shore of Chesa peake Bay, and contains 430 sq. m. Several islands in the adjacent waters belong to this county. Surface level, and soil mostly sandy. Corn and oats are the chief products, and some small quantity of cotton is grown. Farms 1,007 ; manuf. 17 ; dwell. 2,540, and pop. wh. 9,742, fr. col. 3,161, si. 4,987 total, 17,890. Capital : Accomac C. H. ACCOMAO COURT-HOUSE, p. v., and cap. Accomac co., Virg : near the centre of the peninsula, so called DBUM- MONUSTOWN. ACCORD, p. v., Ulster co., JV. K : on Rondout cr., 64 m. S. S. W. Albany. ACHOR, p. v., Columbiana co., Ohio : 132 m. E. N. E. Co lumbus. ACKWORTH, p. v., Cobb co., Ga. : 92 m. N. W. Milledge- ville. ACKWOBTH, t and p. v., Sullivan co., N. ffamp. : on N. side of Cold r., and 86 m. W. Concord. Pop. 1,251. 81 ACQ ADD ACQITACKANONCK, t. and p. v., Passaic co., 2f. Jer. , at head of navigation of Passaic r., 61 m. N. E. Trenton. ACQUINTON, p. v., King William co., Virg. ACBA, p. v., Greene co., N. Y. : 87 m. S. S. W. Albany. ACTON, p. t, York co., Me. : near the head waters of Sal mon Falls r., 80 m. S. W. Augusta. Pop. 1,859. ACTON, t and p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : on N. of Stow r., 23 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,605. ACTON COENEB, p. o., York co., Me. : 83 m. S. "W. Au gusta. ADA, t and p. v., Kent co., Mich. : at the junction of Thorn Apple and Grand rivers, 48 m. W. S. "W. Lansing. ADAIES, p. v., Nachitoches par., La. : on a cr. of Spanish Lake, 148 m. W. N. W. Baton Kouge. ADAIB county, Ky. Situate S. centrally, and contains 440 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Green and Cumberland rivers. Surface hilly and broken ; soil various, but of av erage fertility. Wheat, com, oats, and tobacco are the prin cipal products, and some cotton. Farms 1,010 ; manuf. 19 ; dwell. 1,513, and pop. wh. 2,288, fr. col. 108, el. 1,707 total, 9,898. Capital: Columbia. ADAIB county, Mo. Situate N. E., and contains 560 sq. m. Drained by the head waters of numerous rivers flow ing to the Mississippi, and by Chariton r., which passes thrbugh it Surface level, and chiefly prairie or bottoms : soils fertile. Farms 326 ; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 883, and pop. wh. 2,283, fr. col. 8, si. 51 total, 2,342. Capital : Kirks- vffle. ADAIB county, la. Situate S. W., and contains 576 sq. m. Taken from Pottowottamie in 1851. ADAIBSVILLE, p. v., Cass co., Ga. : on N. W. of county, and 133 m. N. W. Milledgeville. ADAIRSVILLE, p. v., Logan co., Ky. : on E. side Whip- poorwill cr., 164 m. W. 8. W. Frankfort ADAMS county, HI. Situate W. on Mississippi r., and con tains 760 sq. m. Drained by Bear cr. and several streams tributary to the Illinois. Surface level or undulating chiefly prairie: soils very rich, producing wheat, Indian corn, oats, etc., abundantly, and some tobacco. Farms 2,294 ; manuf. 118 ; dwell. 4,459, and pop. wh. 26,370, fr. col. 138 total, 26,508. Capital: Quincy. ADAMS county, Ind. Situate N. E., and contains 336 sq. m. It is drained in the N. by St. Mary s r., and in the S. by the Wabash. Surface generally level, but near the riv ers undulating, mostly covered with timber. Soil marly clay, and very fertile, producing large quantities of wheat, Indian corn, and hay ; and horses, cattle, and hogs are ex ported. Farms 576 ; manuf. 11 ; dwell. 1,002, and pop. wh. 5,789, fr. col. 8 total, 5,797. Capital : Decatur. ADAMS county, la. Situate S. W., and contains 432 sq. m. Taken from Pottowottamie in 1851. ADAMS county, Miss. Situate S. W. on Mississippi r., and contains 448 sq. m. Drained by the Homochito r. and oth er streams. Surface moderately hilly, except in the neigh borhood of the river, where there are extensive alluvial tracts. Indian corn and cotton are the principal pro ducts. Farms 136 ; manuf. 15 ; dwell. 900, and pop. wh. 3,952, fr. col. 255, si. 14,415 total, 18,622. Capital : Wash ington. Public Works : Natchez and Malcolm R. E. ADAMS county, Ohio. Situate S. on Ohio r., and contains 560 sq. m. Drained chiefly by Brush cr. Surface some what hilly, and the soils of average fertility. The principal products are wheat, Indian corn, and oats. Iron ore of fine quality is found in this county. Farms 1,509 ; manuf. 26 ; dwell. 3,205, and pop. wh. 18,828, fr. col. 55 total, 18,883. Capital: West Union. ADAMS county, Penn. Situate S., and contains 528 sq. m. Drained by Conewaga cr. and the head waters of Mo- nocacy r. Surface uneven, and soils fertile. Wheat, In dian corn, and oats are the chief products. Farms 1,902 ; manuf. 124; dwell. 4,386, and pop. wh. 25,426, fr.col. 555 total, 25,981. Capital: Gettysburg. ADAMS county, Wise. Situate centrally, and contains 2,376 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Wisconsin r., which runs through it. Surface undulating and well wooded with a soil of great fertility. Farms ; dwell. 40, and pop. 187. Capital: ADAMS, p. v., Irwin co., Ga. : 86 m. S. Milledgeville. ADAMS, t and p. v., Berkshire co., Mcuts. : on Hoosic T., 191 m. N. N. W. Boston. Pop. 6,172. ADAMS, t and p. v., Hillsdale co,, Mich. : 62 m. S. Lansing. ADAMS, p. v., Adams co., HI. : 84 m. W. Springfield. ADAMS, t and p. v., Jeflerson co., N. Y. : on Sandy cr., 146 m. W. N. W. Albany. The Watertown and Eome E. E. runs by the village. Pop. of t 3,106. ADAMS, t and p. v., Seneca co., Ohio: on a cr. of San- dusky r., 84 m. N. Columbus. Pop. 1,416. ADAMS, p. v., and cap. Sauk co., Wise. : on Baraboo r.,42 m. N. W. Madison. ADAMS, p. v., Walworth co., Wise. : 61 m. S. E. Madison. ADAMS BASIN, p. v., Moiiroe co., & Y. : on Erie Canal, 198 m. W. Albany. ADAMSBUBG, p. v., Westmoreland co., Penn. : on a cr. of Youghiogeny r., and near the Pennsylvania E. E., 146 m. W. Harrisburg. Pop/307. ADAMSBUBG, p. v., Gasconade co., Mo. : on Au Bceuf r., 36 m. E. Jeflerson City. ADAMS CENTBE, p. v., Jefferson co., 2f. Y. : 144 m. W. Albany. ADAMS MILLS, p. o., Pulaski co., Ky. : 81 m. S. E. Frank fort. ADAMS MILLS, p. v., Muskingum co., Ohio: on Ohio Ca nal, 61 m. W. Columbus. % ADAMS EUN, p. o., Colleton dist, & Car. ADAMSTOWN, p. v., Frederick co., Md.: on Monocacy r., 59 m. N. W. Annapolis. ADAMSTOWN, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. : at the head of Conestoga cr., 43 m. E. Harrisburg. ADAMSVILLE, p. v., Franklin co., Mass. : 79 m. W. Boston. ADAMSVILLE, p. v., Cass co., Mich. : on Christiana r., 68 m. S. W. Lansing. ADAMSVILLE, p. v., Muskingum co., Ohio : 59 m. E. Co lumbus. ADAMSVILLE, p. v., Crawford co., Perm. : 216 m. N. W. Harrisburg. ADAMSVILLE, p. v., Morgan co., Ky. : 98 m. E. Frankfort. ADAMSVILLE, p. y., M Nairy co., Tenn. : 119 m. S. W. Nashville. ADAMSVILLE, p. v., Newport co., R. I. ADAMSVILLE, p. v., Washington co., N. Y. : 48 m. N. Al bany. ADABIO, p. v., Eichland co., Ohio : 69 m. N. N. W. Co- lumbus. ADDISON county, Verm. Situate W. on Lake Cham- plain, and contains 724 sq. m. Drained by Otter cr. and Mad and White rivers. Surface finely variegated by hill and dale. In the E. it is mountainous, and the soils good, especially those near the lake and rivers. A beautiful white marble is quarried at Middlebury. Wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes are the chief products. Farms 2,292 ; manuf. 157 ; dwell. 4,679, and pop. wh. 25,426, fr. col. 108 total, 26,549. Capital: Middlebury. Public Works : PvUtland and Burlington E. E. ADDISON, p. v., Washington co., Wise. : 54 m. E. Madison. ADDISON, p. v., Du Page co., JU. : 168 m. N. W. Spring field. ADDISON, t and p. v., Steuben co., N. Y. : on Canisteo r., 179 m. W. S. W. Albany. Pop. 3,721. ADDISON, p. v., Gallia co., Ohio : on Ohio r., 89 m. S. E. Columbus. ADDISON, t. and p. v., Somerset co., Penn. : on the Youghi ogeny r., 2 m. from State line, and 138 m. W. S. W. Harris burg. ADDISON, t. and p. v., Addison co., Verm. : near Lake Champlain, and 46 m. W. N. W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,279 ADDISON POINT, p. o., Washington co., M. ADE ALA ADELINE, p. v., Ogle co., HI. : on Leaf r., a tributary of Rock r., 179 ra. N. Springfield. ADELL, p. v., and cap. Dallas co., la. : on Raccoon cr. of Des Moines r., 132 m. W. Iowa City. ADELPUI, p. v., Eoss co., Ohio : on a cr. of Scioto r., 37 m. S. S. W. Columbus. ADIRONDACK, p. v., Essex co., 2f. T. : near the sources of Adirondack r., 1,800 feet above the ocean, and famous for the deposits of magnetic iron ore in its vicinity; 95 m. N. N. W. Albany. ADIRONDACK mountains, N. Y. : a cluster of mountains S. W. of Lake Champlain. Mt. Marcy, one of the peaks, is 5,467 feet high, and there are others ranging from 3,000 to 5,000 feet. In general altitude they are little inferior to the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and, like them, abound with the most magnificent scenery. ADIRONDACK river, 2f. Y. : one of the head branches of the Hudson r., rising in the Adirondack mts. It is about 20 miles long, and flows through lakes Henderson and San- ford, which are 1,900 feet above the ocean. ADMIRALTY INLET, Oreg. : an inlet or natural canal of Puget s Sound, in the N. W. part of the Territory, and emptying into the Straits of San Juan do Fuca. ADOLPH, p. v., Chatham co., N. Car. ADRIAN, p. v., and cap. Lenawee co., Mich. : at the junc tion of Beaver cr. and Raisin r., and on the Southern E. R., 86 m. S. E. Lansing. It is a flourishing village, with sev eral mills and factories. Two newspapers are issued, the " Watch-Tower," weekly, and the " Family Favorite," monthly. Pop. of t 3,009. ADRIANCE, p. v., Dutchess co., 2f. Y.: on the Hopewell settlement, 79 m. S, Albany. AGAMENTICUS mountain, Me. : three elevations in York co., 4 m. from the sea, and a noted landmark. The high- eat summit has an elevation of 673 feet. AGAWAJK, p. v., Hampden co., Mass. : on W. side of Con necticut r., 74 m. W. Boston. It has several mills and fac tories. AGENCY CITY, p. v., Wapello co., la. : 61 m. S. W. Iowa City. AGNEW S MILLS, p. o., Yenango co., Penn. : 168 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Ai, p. T., and cap. Fulton co., Ohio : 132 m. N. W. Co lumbus. AID, t and p. v., Lawrence co., Ohio : on Symmes cr., 92 m. S. S. W. Columbus. Pop. 884. AIKEN, p. v., Barnwell disk, S. Car. : on S. side Shaw s cr. of Edisto r., 54 m. S. W. Columbia, and on the line of the S. Car. E. E., 120 m. W. Charleston. Pop. 800. AIKIN S STORE, p. o., Montgomery co., Ark. : 67 m. -W. S. W. Little Eock. AIR MOUNT, p. o., Clark co., Ala. : 102 m. W. S. W. Mont gomery. AKRON, p. v., Erie co., & T. : on Muddy cr., 364 m. W. Albany. AKRON, p. v., and cap. Summit co., Ohio: on Little Cuy- ahoga r., at the junction of the Ohio and Erie, and Ohio and Pennsylvania Canals, and at the terminus of the Akron branch of Pittsburg and Cleveland E. E. The village has numerojf industrial establishments and considerable trade. Two newspapers, the "Summit Beacon," and the "Free Democratic Standard," are issued weekly. Pop. 3,226. ALABAMA, t. and p. v., Genesee co., N. Y.: 240 m. W. Al bany, on Tonawanda cr., which, in the N. W. part of the town, furnishes a feeder to the Erie Canal. Pop. 2,054. ALABAMA river, Ala. : is formed by the union of the Coosa and Tallapoosa, and flowing S. W., it unites with Tombigbee r., forming Mobile r., 48 m. above Mobile Bay. It affords, in connection with its branches, a great line of interior navigation. THE STATE OF ALABAMA. ALABAMA is bounded on the north by Tennessee, on the east by Georgia and Florida, on the south by Florida and the Gulf of Mexico, and on the west by Mississippi, and extends generally between latitudes 31 and 35 north, and longi tudes 85 10 and 88 31 west from Greenwich, or 8 OS and 11 29 from Washington ; a narrow strip, however, extends south beyond the main body of the State between Florida and Mississippi, reaching the Gulf of Mexico, which it strikes in about 30 10 . Its length from north to south, excluding the strip of land above mentioned, is 228 miles, and its breadth varies from 146 miles on the north line to 210 on the south line ; and the area of the State is 50,722 square miles. The north-eastern part of Alabama, being traversed by several ridges of the Alleghanies, which terminate in this State, is decidedly mountainous, but presents nowhere any considerable elevations. South of this mountain region the surface has a general declivity toward the Gulf of Mexico, first descending gradually from mountains to high hills, and then sinking to a vast plain, scarcely broken except by gentle swells ; and the more southern portion is a dead level, but little above the water surface of the ocean. The southern half of the State consists of extensive prairies and pine-barrens, interspersed with alluvial river bottoms of great fertility ; and the lands of the centre and north are generally covered with a good if not a very rich and productive soil. In the valley of the Tennessee, which occupies so large an area in the northern part of the State, alluvion is the prevailing formation ; and the rich bottom-lands of this region are extensive, and form one of the richest agricultural districts within the limits of the State. With the exception of the Tennessee, which takes a circular sweep through Northern Alabama, but receives no con siderable tributary on its southern side, all the rivers flow into tho Gulf of Mexico ; nearly the whole surface, indeed, is drained into one single channel, the Mobile Eiver, which by several large arms gathers up the waters of the whole south ern slope, except those of a comparatively small tract in tho south-east. The Chattahooch.ee although a large stream, and washing the eastern border for more than a hundred miles, receives only a few inconsiderable streams from this State ; and the Choctawhatchee, Conecuh, and Perdido are, in point of size, secondary rivers. The Mobile, the great river of Alabama, is formed by the junction of two large rivers, tho Alabama and Tombigbee, 50 miles above Mobile Bay. A few miles below its junction it gives out a large branch, called the Tensaw, which receives also an arm from tho Alabama, and roaches Mobile Bay at Blakely. The Tombigbee, or Western Branch of the Mobile, is formed by the confluence of two large streams, the Tombigbee Proper from Mississippi, and the Black Warrior from Northern Alabama. It admits ves sels drawing five or six feet of water to St. Stephens, 93 miles from the bay, and steamboats to Tuscaloosa, on the Black Warrior, 285 miles, and to Columbus, on the Tombigbee Proper, in Mississippi, about 300 miles. The length of this river, by its tortuous channel, is about 450 miles, and it is boatable almost to its sources. The Alabama, or Eastern Branch, is navigable for vessels of six feet draft to Claiborne, 60 miles above its junction with the Tombigbee; 150 miles farther, to the mouth of the Cahawba, it has four or five feet of water, and to the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa, of which it is formed, it has in the shallowest parts three feet of water. Steamboats ascend it to Montgomery, 800 miles by the course of the river, and even to Wetumpka, on the Coosa, several miles above. Tho Cooea and Tallapoosa both have their rise in Georgia. The navigation of all these rivers, however, is interrupted during the season of low water in the summer months, and at best affords only a precarious means of transport for merchandise. The sea-coast of Alabama extends only from the Perdido to the western line of the State, a distance of some 60 miles, but it contains Mobile Bay, one of the largest and deepest basins on the Gulf, and the great outlet of the navigable wa- E 33 ALABAMA. ters of the State. This fine sheet of water is about 30 miles long, and from three to 18 miles broad, and the main en trance has 15 feet of water at low tide, but vessels of more than eight or nine feet draft cannot approach nearer than 10 or 11 miles from Mobile City, except at high water. Smaller vessels may go hence to New Orleans by an inland chan nel through Pascagoula Sound, a long, narrow lagoon, lying between a range of low sand-islands and the mainland. Perdido Bay, on the south-eastern edge of the State, is of little consequence to commerce, and is, moreover, difficult of access, on account of the sand-bars and islands which block its entrance to the sea. Alabama has great mineral resources. The whole central region is underlaid with vast beds of iron ore, or occupied by coal measures of great thickness and extent. The coal found here is of a highly bituminous character, and well adapted for steamboats and factories, and being in juxtaposition with the iron ores, will greatly facilitate the progress of mining industry. The country in this region is also well wooded, fertile, and easily attained from all directions^and in the succession of events must eventually become of great importance to the whole South. Bloomeries and rolling mills, with other establishments for manufacturing iron, have already been erected, and the products of these have become both extensive and valuable. The principal seats of these operations are on the Cahawba and Coosa rivers. Besides coal and iron, Alabama yields lead ore, manganese, several descriptions of ochres, limestone, and marbles, and in the north-eastern section gold in considerable quantities has been collected. Lead ore, or galena, is found in the limestone formation, chiefly in Benton County : it is a pure sulphuret and granular, closely attached to the rock, and passes it in irregular bunches. The carbonate is also found, and in its neighborhood there are veins of calx spar and sulphate of barytes. Manganese occurs also in the limestone region, and has been used in the manufacture of chloride of lime. The ochres occur chiefly near Bucksville, and the red ochre found here is sufficiently rich to be used as an ore of iron. The marbles found in this State occur most plentifully on the Cahawba, and many of the beds afford specimens of great beauty : some are gray, with red veins ; others are red and yellow, and specimens with greenish veins are not uncom mon. There ia also a buff-colored marble, filled with organic remains, and beds of white crystalline marble, clouded with red, occur. Black marble is also abundant. The compactness and thickness of these formations are such as to elicit a favorable opinion of their value, and cause them to be looked upon with great interest in connection with the industrial resources of the State. The resources of Alabama, however, have never been thoroughly examined ; but there can be little doubt, taking the present knowledge of its mineral deposits as an index, that the researches now being instituted, will result in further and more valuable disclosures of a vast wealth of mineral within its borders, and be the means of placing the State in the first rank of mineral-producing districts. The soil, climate, and vegetation of Alabama vary with the position and elevation of its several parts. In the north, where mountain is the prevailing feature, the soil is but moderately fertile, but in the intervales there is much that cannot be excelled. The climate is here moderate, and the vegetation hardy : it is the region of the cereals, and a fine grazing country. The central parts of this State, less elevated and undulating, are well watered, and in the river-bottoms the land is extremely rich and productive. The valley of the Alabama is one of the most fertile regions of the Union. In the south the climate is very warm, the soils rich, but with great exceptions, and the principal growths of a tropical char acter. The sugar-cane has been found to succeed well in the extreme southern strip between Florida and Mississippi, and indigo was formerly raised in considerable quantities; rice, also, grows well in the alluvial bottoms near the Gulf; but cotton, which thrives throughout the State, is the great agricultural staple. The natural growths and animals are in no way different from those of the neighboring States on the Gulf of Mexico. The most common of animals is the deer and the country abounds in turkeys, partridges, geese, ducks, and various other species of smaller game ; aud fish in abundance may be taken in the rivers andT^ays. Alabama was comprised within the limits of Georgia until 1802, when that State ceded her lands west of Chattahoochee river to the United States ; and in 1817 Alabama was separated from Mississippi, and erected into a Territory ; in 1820 it was admitted into the Union as an independent State. In 1810 the population was scarcely 10,000, but since then its growth has been extremely rapid, there having been a constant tide of immigration, chiefly planters, from the Atlantic States, In 1820 it contained 127,901 inhabitants; in 1S30, 309,527; in 1840, 590,756; and in 1850, 771,671, of which 426,507 were white persons, 2,272 free colored, and 342,892 slaves. In 1&50 the State was divided into two districts, the " Northern" and the " Southern." The Northern District com prised the counties of Benton, Blount, Cherokee, De Kalb, Fayette, Franklin, Hancock, Jackson, Jefferson, Lauderdale, Lawrence, Lewistown, Madison, Marion, Marshall, Morgan, St. Clair, and Walker ; and the Southern District, the coun ties of Autauga, Baldwin, Barbour, Bibb, Butler, Chambers, Choctaw, Clarke, Coffee, Conecuh, Coosa, Covington, Dale, Dallas, Green, Henry, Lowndes, Macon, Marengo, Mobile, Monroe, Montgomery, Perry, Pike, Pickens, Eandolph, Eua- sell, Shelby, Sumter, Talladega, Tallapoosa, Tuscaloosa, "VYilcox, and Washington. The 18 counties in the north con tained 214,666 inhabitants, of which 151,690 were whites, 495 free colored, and 62,481 slaves ; and the 34 counties in the south, 557,005, of which 274,817 were whites, 1,777 free colored, and 280,411 slaves. Deaf and dumb, in the whole State, 211 ; blind, 308 ; insane, 245, and idiotic, 505. Alabama is principally engaged in agricultural pursuits ; but it has also an increasing manufacturing interest, and a nourishing commerce. Its principal agricultural staples are cotton and sugar ; and its chief manufactures are coarse cotton fabrics, iron, machinery, agricultural implements, carriages, etc. The statistics of its various interests in 1850 were as follows : Occupied Lands, etc. Improved lands, 4,435,614 acres, and unimproved, 7.702,067 acres, valued at $64,323,224. Number of farms, 41,964. Value of farming implements and machinery, $5,125,663. Live Stock. Horses, 120,001 ; asses and mules, 59.895 ; milch cows, 227,291 ; working oxen, 66,961 ; other cattle, 433,26-3 ; sheep, 371,880; and swine, 1,904,540 valued at $21,690,112. Products. Wheat, 294,044 bushels; rye, 17,261; Indian corn, 28,754,048; oats, 2,965,697; barley, 3,958 ; buckwheat, 348 ; peas and beans, 892,701 ; Irish potatoes, 246,001 ; sweet potatoes, 5,475.204 bushels ; rice, 2,311,252 pounds ; tobac co, 164,990 pounds ; ginned cotton, 564,429 bales of 400 pounds ; hay, 32,6S5 tons ; clover seed, 138 bushels, and other grass seed, 547 ; hops, 276 pounds ; water-rotted hemp, 70 tons ; flax, 3,841 pounds ; flaxseed, 67 bushels ; maple sugar, 643 pounds; cane sugar, 8,242 hogsheads of 1,000 pounds ; molasses, 83,428 gallons ; wine, 220 gallons ; value of products of orchard, $15,408, and of market-gardens, $84,821; beeswax and honey, 897,021 pounds; silk cocoons, 167 pounds; wool, 657,118 pounds ; butter, 4,008,811, ana cheese, 81, 412 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered, $4,823,485. Home-made manufactures were valued at $1,934,120. Manufactures. Aggregate capital invested, $00,000,000 ; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $00,000.000; average number of hands employed, 00,000 males, 00,000, and females, 00,000 ; average monthly cost of male labor, 34 ALABAMA. $000,000, and of female labor, $00,000 ; annual value of products, $00,000,000. The whole number of manufacturing establishments, producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, was 1,022 in the north, 341, and in the south, 6S1; and of these, 12 were cotton factories, using 5,208 bales of cotton ; 10 were engaged in manufacturing castings, 3 in the manufacture of pig-iron, and 1 in that of wrought iron. Capital employed in cotton factories, $651,900; value of all raw material, $237,081 ; average number of bands 346 males, and 369 females ; wages, per month to males, $4,053, and to females, $2,946; value of products for the year, $382,260, the products being 3,081,000 yards sheeting, etc., and 790,000 Ibs. yarn. Capital employed in cast-iron manufacture, $216,625 ; value of raw material, $102,085 ; hands employed, 212^ at average wages $30 05 per month ; castings made, 1,915 tons ; value of all products, $271,126. The other depart ments of iron making the manufactures of pig iron and wrought iron are comparatively insignificant; of the first, 522 tons were manufactured ; and of the latter, 100 tons during the year. The remaining branches of the industrial pursuits of Alabama are generally such as are required in an agricultural country. In Mobile, and some of the larger interior towns, however, there are large mechanic and machine shops, carriage factories, etc. Foreign Commerce and Navigation Exports.- Domestic produce, in American vessels, $4,601,515, and in foreign vessels, $5,943,343, or a total of $10,544,858. Imports in American vessels, $108,134, and in foreign vessels, $757,228, or a total of $865,362. Shipping employed in the foreign carrying trade : Entrances, 152 vessels, and 96,020 tons, with crews of 4,284 men, and 217 boys; of which, 40 vessels and 11,914 tons, with crews of 431 men and 13 boys, American; and, Clearances, 1S2 vessels, and 112,985 tons, with crews of 4,639 men and 281 boys of which, 76 vessels, and 32,268 tons, with crews of 933 men and 41 boys, American. Mobile is the only port open to the foreign trade. Shipping owned within the state, 24,157 tons of which, 1,405 tons, is registered " permanent," and 5,993 tons registered " tempo rary;" 16,003 tons is enrolled and licensed "permanent," and 751 tons is "licensed under 20 tons." The shipping navigated by steam is 12,028 tons, chiefly employed on the rivers. During the year, three schooners of 113 tons were built. The following table will exhibit the movement of foreign commerce in this State, from 1818 to 1851 : Years. 1818 Exports. $96 857 Imports. Years. Exports. . . . $1,693,953 . Imports. $233,720 Years. 1840 .... Exports. ..$12,854,694 Imports. $574,651 1819 50906 1830 . . . . . . 2,294,954 144,823 1841 .... . . 10,981,271 530,819 1820 96 636 1831 2,413,894 224,435 1842 .... . 9,965,675 363,871 1S21 1832 2 736 387 107,787 1843 ... . 11,157,460 360,655 1822 ... . . . 209,748 . 36,421 1833 . . . ... 2,527,961 265,918 1844 .... . 9,907,654 442,818 1823 1824 ... 200,387 . 460 727 125,770 91 604 1834 . . . 1835 . . . . . . 5,670,797 . . . 7,574,692 895,361 525^955 1845 1846 .... . 5,260,317 259,607 1825 692 635 113 411 1^36 . . . . . . 11,184,166 651.618 1847 .... . 9,054,580 390,161 1 *>27 112 179 554 1837 9 671,401 .. . 609.385 1848 11 927,749 419,396 18 ? 7 1 376 364 201 909 1838 . . . . . . 9,688,244 524,543 1849 . 12,823,725 657.147 1COQ 1 1 Q9. S5Q 171 QflQ 1839 1850 . . . 10,544,858 . 865,362 Internal Trade and Commimication.Tlie greater part of Alabama as yet depends on wagons over common earth roads, for the transportation of its productions and supplies; and those places distant from the rivers and railroads are consequently almost isolated from the commercial world. The river navigation, however, is extensive, in its various courses measuring at least 2,000 miles. The great body of the products of the State find their way to Mobile, the commer cial emporium ; some are shipped by the Chattahoocheo, for Apalachicola, and some but in a smaller degree by Ten nessee River, to the Ohio, whence they are conveyed to New Orleans by the Mississippi, or by way of the Illinois Canal and the great lakes to a northern market. The cotton crop, passing in these various channels, may be estimated at one seventh the whole by the Chattahoochee, one sixteenth by the Tennessee, and the remainder by the system of rivers centering at Mobile Bay. The progress of the State in building railroads is as yet limited ; the great line from Mobile to the Ohio Eiver is completed within Alabama, and is progressing in Mississippi ; the Tuscumbia and Decatur Railroad, now merged into the Charleston and Memphis Railroad, crosses the State in the north ; the Alabama and Tennessee River Railroad, 209 miles long, extends from Selma to Guntersville ; the Montgomery and West Point Railroad is 86 miles long, and there are several other important lines chartered, and some in progress : these have been of comparatively small benefit ns yet, but when opened for commerce, and their exterior connections built, the effect they will have in stimulating pro duction and consumption, will be felt in every direction the latent mineral wealth of the State will be disentombed, the fine cotton lands on the rivers will be entered and cultivated, mechanic trades will be demanded everywhere, and the whole country will experience a beneficial change in its material welfare. Besides, these avenues of commerce, Alabama has two canals, the " Muscle Shoals Canal," and the " Huntsville Canal ;" the former 35} miles long from Florence, along the north bank of the Tennessee, and designed to overcome the obstruction caused by the shoals ; and the latter extend ing from Triana on the Tennessee, 16 miles, to Huntsville. Banks. In January, 1350, there was one bank in the State the Bank of the State of Alabama with branches at the principal points. Its aggregate condition, as published in the General Bank returns by the Federal Government, is exhibited in the following figures : Assets loans and discounts, $2,116,591 ; stocks, $71,018 ; real estate, $152,601 ; other investments, $1,229,201 ; due by other banks, $928,209 ; notes of other banks, 16,029, and specie, $1,307,392 ; and liabili ties capital, $1,500,000; circulation, $2,553,868; deposits, $1,216,319; due other banks, $20,740; and other liabilities, $395,124. Government. The Constitution provides that every white male citizen of the United States twenty-one years of age, resident of the State one year, and in the county, city, or town three months next preceding, may vote for the election of all constitutional officers. The executive power is vested in a Governor, who is chosen by a plurality of votes for two years ; he must be at least thirty years of age, a citizen of the United States, and have resided in the State four years. The General Assembly consists of a Senate and House of Representatives : the Senate of 33 members, elected for four years, one half biennially, and the House of 100 members, elected for two years. The qualifications extend only to age and res idence. The Assembly meets in Montgomery on the second Monday in November every second year, commencing 1S27. The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, with a Chief Justice and two associate Justices, a Reporter, Attorney General, and Clerk ; a Court of Chancery, with separate chancellors for the three districts of the State ; nine Circuit Courts, each with a Judge., Solicitor, etc. ; County, or Probate Courts, etc. The judges of the Supreme and Chancery Courts are elected by joint vote of both houses of the legislature for six years- The Supreme Court has appellate juris- ALA ALB diction only, and holds its sessions at the capital, annually, on the first Monday of January and June, for the hearing and determining points of law taken by appeal or writ of error from the Chancery, Circuit, and Probate Courts. The volumes of reported decisions are 37 in number. For chancery legislation the State is divided into 3 Divisions and 37 Districts, in each of which at least one court is held annually. Circuit courts have jurisdiction in all civil and criminal cases in the State, and hold two sessions (spring and fall), in each county annually. In Mobile county criminal jurisdic tion has been transferred to the Special City court of Mobile, which holds three terms each year, and has concurrent jurisdiction with the Circuit Courts, except in real actions. The judges of probate are also clerks of the court and re gisters of deeds for their respective counties. Alabama, under the law regulating the distribution of Eepresentatives to Congress, has a delegation of seven members. finances. On the 31st December, 1849, the foreign debt of the State amounted to $6,693,838 98, and the domestic debt to $1,845,220 99 total debt $8,539,109 97. The annual liabilities of the State are interest on debt $418,627 70, and the estimated current expenses of the government $97,678 total $516,305 70. The immediate means of the treasury on the 1st Nov., 1849, were balance from former dates $538,792 44, taxes for 1850 $487,987 48, and interest on $1,100,000 U. S. 6 per cent, stock owned by the State $66,000 total $1,092,779 92, from which deduct annual disbursements, and the balance will be $596,474 22, of which $438,016 is the amount of notes of the State bank in the treasury. The real balance then is $178,458 22, which sum is morever liable for $60,000, appropriated for the rebuilding of the State House, burnt in Dec., 1849. The State has resources besides the U. S. stock, and the treasury balance above alluded to, amounting to $1,766,907 64, its interest in the State bank, etc., all which may be applied to the discharge of the public debt. Religious Denominations. The statistics of the principal denominations, according to their own returns in 1850, were as follows : Presbyterians, 85 churches, 52 ministers, and 4,280 members ; Protestant Episcopal, 18 churches, 23 ministers, and 718 members ; Methodist Episcopal, 573 ministers, and 48,091 members ; Baptists, 516 churches, 302 ministers, and 36,421 members ; Koman Catholics, 11 churches, 20 ministers, and 9,000 members, etc. The Protestant Episcopal Church is under the Bishop of Alabama, and the Eoman Catholic Church under the Bishop of Mobile, the see of the latter including also West Florida. Besides these, the minor churches are all more or less in existence. Education. Alabama has not been unmindful of the education of its citizens, and has many highly efficient educa tional establishments. Besides its primary and common schools, academies, etc., which are comparatively numerous, there are the University of Alabama, at Tuscaloosa, founded in 1833 ; La Grange College, founded in 1830 ; Spring Hill College, founded in 1830 ; Howard College, at Marion, founded in 1841, and others of various distinction. The Univer sity had in 1850, 9 teachers, 107 alumni, of which 16 were ministers, and 91 students and a library of 7,123 volumes; the college at La Grange had 6 teachers, 111 alumni, and 70 students and a library of 3,700 volumes ; the college at Spring Hill had 12 teachers and 70 students and a library of 4,000 ; and Howard College had 5 teachers and 70 students and a library of 2,450 volumes. At Marion is also located the Howard Theological Institution, under Baptist auspices, and there are Law and Medical Schools attached to the University. Periodical Press. The whole number of periodicals published in Alabama is 61, of which 21 are whig and 23 dem ocratic in their policy, and 18 are devoted to literature, science, religion, etc. ; 6 are issued daily, 4 tri-weekly, 1 semi- weekly, 49 weekly, and 1 semi-monthly. The circulation of the daily papers is in the aggregate 9,177 copies ; of the tri weekly 550 copies ; of the semi-weekly copies ; of the weekly 24,120 copies, and of the semi-monthly 750 copies making in the aggregate about 4,230,441 copies annually. MONTGOMERY is the State capital. ALACHTJA county, Flor. Situate E. centrally, and contains about 1,800 sq. m. Surface varied, but mostly level, and drained by head sources of Santa F6 r. and other streams. There are several lakes in the S. and E. portions, which communicate with St. John s r. Soil highly congenial to all Southern staples. Farms 233; dwell. 274, and pop. wh. 1,617, fr. col. 1, si. 906 total, 2,524 Capital : New- nansville. ALACHTIA savannah, Flor. : situate N. W., in E. Flor., and comprises a fine savannah, about 50 m. in circumfer ence, without a tree or bush, but encircled with hills, cov ered with forests and orange groves on a very rich soil. The ancient Alachua Indian town stood on the borders of this savannah, but the Indians removed on account of the unhealthiness of the locality. ALAIEDON, p. v., Ingham co., Mich. : on a cr. of Grand r., 12 m. S. E. Lansing. Pop. 420. ALAMO, p. v., Montgomery co., Ind. : on a branch of Sugar cr., 42 m. W. N. W. Indianapolis. ALAMO, t. and p. v., Kalamazoo co., Mich. : on a cr. of Kalamazoo r., 46 m. "W. S. "W. Lansing. ALAMODE, p. o., Eeynolds co., Mo. : 118 m. S. S. E. Jef ferson City. ALAMTTTCHA, p. v., Lauderdale co., Miss. : 92 m. E. Jack son. ALANTmrs GROVE, p. o., Gentry co., Mo. : 161 m. N. W. Jefferson City. ALAPAHA, p. v., Lowndes co., Ga. : 210 m. S. Milledge- ville. ALAPAHA river, Ga. : a branch of Suwannee r., rising in Dooly co., and haying a S. E. and S. course to the junction n Hamilton co., Flor. : it is navigable for boats throughout it* whole length of 112m. ALAQTTA, p. v., "Walton, co., Flor. : on a cr. so called, 114 in. W. Tallahassee. ALAKKA, p. v., Macon co., N. Car. : 276 m. "W. S. "W. Ea- leigh. ALATAMAHA river, Ga. : a navigable stream, formed by the union of the Ockmulgee and Oconee rivers. After a course of about 100 m. from the junction, flowing hi a gentle stream through forests and plains, it empties through sev eral mouths into Alatamaha Sound, 60 m. S. W. of Savan nah, and thence passes to the Atlantic Ocean. It is navi gable on both branches for about 300 m. for boats of 30 tons. The bar at the mouth has 14 feet of water at low tide. ALATAMAHA sound, Ga. : an arm of the Atlantic, which receives the Alatamaha r. It contains a number of beauti ful islands, which are celebrated for the production of the long staple cotton called Sea Island cotton. ALBA, p. v., Bradford co., Penn. : 108 m. IS. by E. Har- risburg. ALBANY county, N. T, Situate N. centrally on Hudson r., and contains 515 sq. m. Drained by Normanskill, Vlamanskill, Haivankrauskill, and Coeyman s cr. : the Mo- hawk lies on the N. border. Surface uneven in some places hilly : soils mostly sandy, but near the rivers highly fertile. Iron, limestone, etc., abound, and there are sul phur springs. Farms 2,903 ; manuf. 393 ; dwell. 12,747, and pop. wh. 92,110, fr. col. 1,169 total, 93,279. Capital : Al bany. Public Works : Champlain Canal ; Albany and Schenectady E. E. ; Albany and Binghampton E. E. ; ex tensive docks, etc. ALBANY, p. city and cap. Albany co., N. Y., and legisla tive capital of the State of New York : on W. side Hudson r., 376 m. N. N. E. Washington, lat. 42 39 03" N., long. 3 16 59" E. from Washington, or 73 44 49" W. from ALB ALB Greenwich. Pop. 59,771. The portion of the city on the river is built on a low flat, but beyond this the surface rises rapidly to an elevation of about 200 feet. The older part of the town is irregularly laid out, and several of the streets are narrow. The newer portions, however, are spa cious and handsome, and contain fine shops and dwelling- houses. The public buildings, except the Exchange, are located on the heights, and have a commanding position, overlooking the vicinity. Among these, the Capitol, State House, and City Hall, are the most conspicuous. The Capitol is a large stone building, 115 feet long and 90 broad, fronting east on a fine park. It contains accommodations for the Senate and Assembly, the State Library, and nu merous apartments for the use of the government. Tho State House, a fine marble building, is situate on the E. Bide of the Park square, and accommodates the executive and administrative officers of the State ; and the City Hall, an edifice of similar material, also on the same side of the Park, contains the municipal offices. The Exchange is a large granite building at the foot of State-street. The oth er public bnildings are the Albany Academy, the Medical College, the State Normal School, and numerous benevo lent and literary institutions. The old State House, on the 8. side of State-street, is now used as a depository for the geological collection made by the State surveyors. The city contains between 60 and 70 churches, of various de nominations, many of which are substantial and elegant structures ; the streets are well lighted with gas, and wa ter is supplied through iron pipes. There are five daily papers issued in Albany, namely, the "Argus" (dem.), the "Evening Journal" (whig), the "At las" (dem.), the "State Register" (whig), and the "Ex press" (neutral) ; and the four first of these issue also weekly editions. The " Knickerbocker," the " Dutchman," and the " Freeholder," are issued weekly ; these are neu tral in politics, and devoted chiefly to general nows and lit erature. All these papers are ably conducted, and enjoy a wide reputation. The manufactures of Albany are extensive and various : it has numerous iron works, carriage factories, type foun- deries, oil-cloth factories, sawing and planing machines, malting houses, and has long been famous for its breweries. The trade of the city is also large, and its commercial con nections with the north and west give employment to thousands of its inhabitants, as merchants, store-keepers, laborers, etc. Albany is the chief entrepot of a vast internal commerce : ite situation for such a purpose is unsurpassed. The Hud son washes ita shores, and it has connection by canal with Lake Champlain, a long line of interior counties, and with the Great West through Buffalo. Eailroads also extend hence to all points, and collect and distribute many million dollars worth of property annually. The railroads center ing at Albany are the Hudson Kiver E. E., the Harlem Extension E. E., the "Western, from Boston, several others from the direction of Canada, the great northern chain ex tending to Buffalo, and a line is about being built to Bing- hampton, on the Susquehannah, which will open to the city the mineral treasures of Pennsylvania, and a large extent of fertile country intervening. In the season of navigation, there are also several daily lines of steamers to and from New York, and on an ave rage 3,000 or 4,000 persona are daily carried between the two places, while innumerable sloops, canal boats, and tow- boats transport millions of tons of merchandize and pro duce constituting the material of its vast commerce. Al bany was originally a trading post of the Dutch, and dates as such from 1623. It was successively known as Beaver- vryk and Wilhelmstadt ; but after the capitulation, in 1664, It obtained the name of Albany, in honor of the Duke of York and Albany, the proprietary of the colony. In 1686 It was chartered as a city. p. v., Baker co., Ga. : on W. side of Flint r., 118 I m. S. S. W. Milledgeville. A branch of the Brunswick and Florida E. E. from Thomasville to this point is projected. ALBANY, p. v., Whitesides oo., HI. : on E. bank of Mis sissippi r., 188 m. N. N. W. Springfield. ALBANY, p. v., Delaware o., Ind. : on Mississinawa r., 60 ro. N. E. Indianapolis. ALBANY, t. and p. o., Carroll co., JT. Samp. : on Swift r., 52 m. N. by E. Concord. Pop. 455. ALBANY, p. v., Caddo par. La. : 198 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. ALBANY, p. v., and cap. Clinton co., Ky. : on Spring cr. of Obey s r., 116 m. S. Frankfort. ALBANY, p. v., Green co., Wise. : 82 m. S. S. W. Madison. ALBANY, t. and p. o., Oxford co., Me. : on Crooked r., 48 m. "W. Augusta. Pop. 747. ALBANY, p. v., Tnscarawas eo., Ohio : SS m. E. by N. Co lumbus. ALBANY, p. v., Henry co., Teim. : ou S. fcrk of Obion &, 92 m. W. Nashville. ALBANY, t. and p. o., Berks co., Perm. : 58 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. ALBANY, t. and p. v., Orleans co., Verm. : 32 m. N. by E. Montpelier. Pop. 1,051. ALBANY, v., Linn co., Oreg. Ter. : on E. side of Willa mette r., 20 m. S. Salem. ALBEMARLE county, Virg. Situate centrally on the E. base of Blue Eidge, and contains 704 sq. m. James r. washes its southern border, and the interior is chiefly drained by Albemarle r. and the head waters of the Eivan- na. Surface diversified, and the soils good. Wheat, In dian corn, and tobacco are the chief products. Farms 935 ; manuf. 102 ; dwell. 2,022, and pop. wh. 11,876, fr. col. 586, si. 13,338 total, 25,800. Capital : CharlotteviUe. PuMe Works : Virginia Central E. E. and James Eiver Canal. ALBEMARLE, p. v., Carroll co., Miss. : 87 m. N. by E. Jack son. ALBEMARLE, p. v., and cap. Stanley co., & Oar. : 88 m. W. by N. Ealeigh. ALBEMARLE, p. v., Assumption par., La. : 46 m. S. by E. Baton Eouge. ALBEMAKLE sound, N". Car. : an arm of the Atlantic, ex tending 60 m. inland, and is from 4 to 15 m. wide, receiving the waters of Eoanoke and Chowan rivers. It communi cates with Chesapeake Bay by a canal through the Dismal Swamp, and with Pamlico Sound and the ocean, by nar row inlets. ALBERTSON S, p. o., Duplin co., N". Car. : 69 m. S.E. Ealeigh. ALBIA, p. v., and cap. Monroe co., la. : on a cr. of Des Moines r., 78 m. S. W. Iowa City. ALBION, p. v., and cap. Edwards oo., HI. : 142 m. 8. E. Springfield. ALBION, p. v., Providence co., R. I. : 18 m. W. Providence. ALBION, p. v., and cap. Noble co., Ind. : on the N. side of Elkhart r., 120 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. ALBION, t. and p. o., Kennebec co., Me. : 21 m. N. E. Au gusta. Pop. 1,604. ALBION, t. and p. v., Dane co., Wtec. : 28 m. S. E. Madison. ALBION, t. and p. v., Calhoun co., Mich. : at the junction of the forks of Kalamazoo r., and on the line of the Michigan Central E. E., 96 m. W. Detroit ; it is a flourishing village, and has considerable trade. Pop. of 1 1,666. ALBION, p. v., and cap. Orleans co., N. T. : or. Erie ca nal, 217 m. W. Albany. It contains a C. H., jail, and other co. buildings, and a convenient landing. The Eochester, Lockport, and Niagara Falls R. E. passes through the village. Three newspapers are issued weekly the " Dem ocrat," the " Eepublican," and the " American." Pop. 2,400. ALBION, t and p. v., Ashland co., Ohio : 68 m. N. by E. Columbus. ALBION, p. v., Erie co., Penn. : 214 m.W.N.W. Harrisburg. ALBRIGHT S, p. o., Des Moines co., la. ; 49 m. S. Iowa City. ALBRIGHTSVILLE, p. v., Carbon co., Perm. : 70 m. N. E. Harrisburg. 37 ALB ALL ALBUQUERQUE, p. v., Bernallillo co., N. Mex. : on E. side of Eio Grande, 76 m. S. Santa Fe. ALBUEGH, t. and p. v., Grand Isle co., Verm. : on the Vermont Central K. K. Top. 1,568. ALBURGE peninsula, Verm. : a tr angular tongue of land, projecting from Canada into Lake Champlain. The sur face is low and level, and the soil fertile. The narrow wa ters dividing it from the mainland, are spanned by fine bridges to accommodate the railroads from the opposite shores, which here form a union. ALBURGU SPRINGS, p. o., Grand Isle co., Verm. : a fa mous mineral spring is found here, the waters of which are said to be efficacious in scrofulous affections. ALCONA county, Mich. Situate N. E. on Lake Huron, and contains 682 sq. m. Drained by Au Sable and Nene- Jau rivers and their tributaries. A new co. since 1850. ALCOVE, p. o., Fond du Lac co., Wise. : 80 m. N. E. Mad ison. ALDEN, p. v., M Henry co., HI. : 244 m. N. E. Springfield. ALDEN, t. and p. v.. Erie co., N. Y. : on a branch of Buf falo cr., 254 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,520. ALDENVILLE, p. v., Wayne co., Penn. : on a tributary of N. branch of Lackawaxen cr., 121 m. N. E. Harrisburg. It contains a large hemlock tannery, belonging to the daughter of the Hon. Zadock Pratt, which employs a capital of $200,000, and tans annually 50,000 sides of sole-leather. An extensive trade of lumber is carried on. Pop. about 4SO. ALDER CREEK, p. o., Oneida co., W. Y. : 106 m. W. N. W. Albany. ALDIE, p. v., London co., Virg. : on a branch of Goose cr., 98 m. X. Richmond. ALERT, p. v., Butler co., Ohio: 93 m. W. by S. Colum bus. ALEXANDER county, HI. Situate in the extreme S. on Mississippi r. at the junction of the Ohio, and contains 22! sq. m. Drained by creeks flowing into the Mississippi and Cash rivers. Surface various : in the N. "W. are immense bottoms backed by high bluffs, and in the E. prairies. The S. portion is subject to overflow, and contains a large lake, called Horse-shoe Lake. Soils fertile and productive. Farms 202 ; manuf. 8 ; dwell. 455, and pop. wh. 2.4C4, fr. col. 20 total, 2,484. Capital: Thebes. Public Works: Illinois Central R. R., and extensive embankments. ALEXANDER county, N. Car. Situate N. W. centrally, and contains 420 sq. m. Drained by creeks tributary to Catawba and Yadkin rivers. Surface varied pleasantly, and soils of ordinary fertility. Farms 633 ; manuf. 4 ; dwell 827, and pop. wh. fc653, fr. col. 24, si. 543 total, 5,220. Capital : Taylorsville. ALEXANDER lake, Conn. : a small lake in Killingly town ship, one m. long and half a m. wide : called by the In dians Mashapaug. It is very deep. ALEXANDER, t. and p. v., Washington co., He. : 126 m. E. by N. Augusta. Pop. 544. ALEXANDER, p. v., Burke co., Ga. : 92 m. E. Milledge- ville. ALEXANDER, p. v., Putnam co., Virg. : 240 m. "W. by N. Richmond. ALEXANDER, t. and p. v., Genesee co., N: Y. : on Buffalo and Rochester R. R., 293 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,927. ALEXANDERSVILLE, p. v., Montgomery co., Ohio: on the Miami canal, 42 m. W. S. W. Columbus. ALEXANDRIA county, Virg. Situate N. E. on Potomac r., and contains about 40 sq. m. This county, until 1846, form ed a portion of the District of Columbia. Surface uneven, and soils generally thin. Farms 94; manuf. 89; dwell. 1,484, and pop. wh. 7,213, fr. col. 1,413, si. 1,382 total, 10,008. Capital : Alexandria. Public Works : Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and Orange and Alexandria R. R. ALEXANDRIA, p. v., and cap. Rapides par. La. : on Red r., below the lower rapids. It contains a C. H., jail, and other co. buildings, and has considerable trade, being the great cotton dep&t of the Red r. Two newspapers, the 88 "Red River Republican," and the "Western Democrat," are issued weekly. ALEXANDRIA, p. v., Clark co., Mo. : on the S. side DCS Moincs r., 2 m. from its mouth, and 130 m. N. by E. Jef ferson City. ALEXANDRIA, t. and p. o., Grafton co., N. Ramp. : 29 m. N. W. Concord. ALEXANDRIA, t. and p. v., Jefferson co., N. Y. : on St Lawrence r., 166 m. N. W. Albany. ALEXANDRIA, p. v., Licking co. Ohio : 33 m. E. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 349. ALEXANDRIA, p. v., Huntingdon co., Penn. : 86 m. "W. Harrisburg. ALEXANDRIA, p. v.JDe Kalb co., Tenn. : on a cr. of Cum- berland r., 42 m. E. Nashville. ALEXANDRIA, p. city, sea-port, and cap. Alexandria co., Virg. : on Potomac r., 106 m. N. Richmond. The river is here deep enough for the largest ships. The port has con siderable commerce. Tonnage in 1850, 8,738 tons. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal terminates here also the Alexandria and Orange R. R. The "Alexandria Gazette" is issued daily and tri-weekly, and the " Southern Church" man," an Episcopal paper, weekly. Pop. 8,795. ALEXANDRIA, p. v., Benton co., Ala. : 5 m. S. W. Jack sonville, and 98 m. N. by E. Montgomery. ALEXANDRIA, p. v., Madison co., Ind. : 42 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. ALEXANDRIA, p. v., and cap. Campbell co., Ky. : 58 m. N. N. E. Frankfort. ALEXANDRIA CENTRE, p. o., Jefferson CO., N~. Y. : 147 m. N. W. Albany. ALEXANDRIAN A, p. v. v Mechlenburg co., W. Car. : 132 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. ALFONT, p. v., Madison co., Ind. : on Indianapolis and Bellefontaine R. R., 23 m. N. E. Indianapolis. ALFORD, t. and p. v., Berkshire co., Mass. : on Green r., 112 m. W. Boston. ALFORDSVILLE, p. v., Robeson co., A T . Car. : 78 m. S. 8. W. Raleigh. ALFRED, t., p. v., and cap. York co., Me. : on Mousum r., 73 m. S. W. Augusta. ALFRED, t. and p. v., Alleghany co., Ni Y. : on Erie E. E., 325 m. from Piermont, on Hudson r. Pop. 2,679. ALGIERS, p. v., Jefferson par., La. : on the W. bank of the Mississippi, opposite New Orleans. The N. 0. Opelousas and Texas R. R. has its E. terminus here. Belleville and Mac- donough adjoin it ; the whole neighborhood is well settled. ALGANSEE, t. and p. v., Branch county, Mich. : 75 m. 8. Lansing. Pop. 609. ALGOMA, t. and p. v., Winnebago county, Wise. : 83 m. N. N. E. Madison. Pop. 702. ALGONAC, t. and p v., St. Clair co., Mich. : 98 m. E. Lan sing. ALGONQUIN, p. o., Houghton co., Mich. : 365 m. N. W. Lansing. ALGONQUIN, p. v., M Henry co., Itt. : on Fox r., 168 m. . E. Springfield. ALHAMBRA, p. v., Madison co., HI. (formerly LOWKT- VILLE) : 73 m. S. S. W. Springfield. ALIANCK, v., Stark co., Ohio : at the intersection of the Cleveland and Pittsburg, and the Ohio and Pennsylvania R. Rs., 58 m. from Cleveland, and 82 from Pittsburg. ALIDA, p. v., Stephenson co., Itt. : 6 m. W. Pekitonica r., and 161 N. Springfield. ALISONIA, p. v., Franklin co., Tenn. : at the head waters of Duck r., and on the line of the Nashville and Chattanoo ga R. R., and also at the junction of the M Minnville and Manchester R. R. ALLAMUCHY, p. v., Warren co., N. Jer. : 38 m. N. Trenton. ALLANDALE, p. v., Habersham co., Ga. : 98 m. N. Mil- ledgeville. ALLATOONA, p. v., Cass co., Ga. : on a cr. of Etowah r. and 108 m. N. W. Milledgeville. The Western and Atlan- ALL ALL tic II. E. intersects it 32 m. from Atlanta, and 100 m. from Cbattanooga. ALLEGAN county, Mich. Situate W. on Lake Michigan, and contains 832 sq. m. Drained by Kalamazoo river and its tributaries, and Black r. Surface varied elevated to ward the E. : soils sandy, or sand mixed with clay, with rich alluvial valleys along the rivers. Timber abundant. Farms 270 ; manuf. 36 ; dwell. 997, and pop wh. 5,120, fr. col. 5 total, 5,125. Capital: Allegan. ALLEGAN, t., p. v., and cap. Allegan co., Mich. : on Kala mazoo r., at the head of navigation. The " Allegan Kecord" is published weekly. ALLEGHANY county, Md. Situate extreme N. W., and contains 1,050 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of N. branch of Potomac r. and by Monongahela r. Surface mountain ous, with broad valleys : soils fertile : coal and iron in pro fusion. Farms 892 ; mannf. 24 ; dwell. 3,850, and pop. wh. 21,633, fr. col. 412, si. 724 total, 22,769. Capital : Cum berland. PulliG Works: Baltimore and Ohio E. E. ; Ches apeake and Ohio Canal, and several railroads from Cum berland to coal mines. ALLEGHANY county, N. T. Situate S. "W., and contains 1,185 sq. m. Drained by Genesee r., which flows through the county. Surface finely variegated, the Genesee valley being bounded by ranges of table land, which extend N. and S. : soils highly fertile, and famed for the quality of their cereal products. Bog iron abounds, and there is a spring from which Seneca oil is obtained. Farms 3,173 ; manuf. 291 ; dwell. 6,968, and pop. wh. 87,683, fr. col. 125 total, 37,808. Capital: Angelica. Public Works: Gene- see Valley Canal ; New York and Erie E. E. ; Buffalo and New York City E. E. ALLEGHANY county, Penn. Situate "W., and contains 1,022 Bq. m. Drained by Monongahela and Alleghany rivers, which, uniting near the centre of the county, form the Ohio r. Surface hilly and wooded, but fertile to a high degree. It is the centre of the W. iron region. Farms 3,729 ; manuf. ] ,290 ; dwell. 22,551, and pop. wh. 134,827, fr. col. 3,463 to-^ tal, 138,290. Capital: Pittsburg. Public Works: Penn sylvania E. E. ; Ohio and Pennsylvania E. E. ; Steuben- ville E. E. ; Pennsylvania Canal, etc. ALLEGHAXY county, Virg. Situate centrally among the Alleghanies, and contains 520 sq. m. Drained by the head waters of James r. Surface varied, and in some parts rug ged ; but in the valleys of the rivers the soils are rich and very productive. There are within the county several min eral springs and much picturesque scenery. The products are wheat and oats, with some tobacco. Farms 21 6 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 464, and pop. wh. 2,763, fr. col. 58, si. 694 total, 8,515. Capital: Covington. ALLEGHANY, t. and p. v., Cattaraugus co., JV. Y. (formerly BURTON) : on the New York and Erie E. E., 408 m. W. N. TV. New York. ALLEGHANY, p. city, Alleghany co., Penn. : opposite Pitts- burg, of which it is a suburb. Three papers are published here the " Euterprize," daily ; " Freedom s Friend," daily and weekly ; and the " News," weekly. Pop. 21,261. ALLEGHANY BRIDGE, p. v., M Kean co., Penn. : 129 m. N. W. Harrisburg. ALLEGHANY mountains (called also, APPALLACHIAN) con stitute a long range, varying from 50 to 200 m. in breadth, and extend from Catskill Mountain in N. York, through Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, N. Carolina, into Alaba ma. Their course is N. E. and S. W., parallel with the At lantic Ocean, at a distance from it of from 60 to 150 m. These mountains consist of a number of parallel ridges, known as the Blue Eidge, Laurel Mountain, Cumberland Mountain, etc., and vary in elevation from 600 to 2,500 feet, forming the great watershed between the Atlantic slope and the Mississippi valley. Extensive valleys or glades lie be tween the several ridges, in which is found much fine land, although generally of a rough and nigged aspect. They abound in rocks and mineral deposits, as iron, coal, etc. ; and at their eastern base considerable gold has been col lected. ALLEGHANY river : a large stream, forming one of the great constituents of the Ohio r. : it rises on the "W. side of the Alleghany mts. in Pennsylvania, about 30 m. E. of Lake Erie, and, running first N. W., into New York, then bend ing S. W., re-entering Pennsylvania, through which it has a devious course to Pittsburg, where it is joined by Mo nongahela r., and the united streams constitute the Ohio. The Alleghany has a steady current, and is navigable for boats to Hamilton, 260 m. above Pittsburg. Its banks are fertile, and for about 150 m. from the junction have ridges of white oaks and chestnuts, with some patches of poor pitch pines, interspersed with tracts of good land and low mead ows. The waters are always clear and limpid, whatever may be the state of the weather. ALLEMAKEE county, la. Situate in N. E. corner, and contains 720 sq. m. Drained by Upper Iowa, Yellow, and other rivers, tributaries of the Mississippi, which forms the E. border. Farms 2 ; dwell. 152, and pop. 777. Capital : Lansing. ALLEMANCE county, N. Car. Situate N. middle, and con tains 576 sq. m. "Watered by Haw r. and its creeks, Great Allamance, etc. Surface pleasantly varied, and soils of average fertility. "Wheat, corn, oats, tobacco, and cotton are the chief products. Farms 923 ; manuf. 38 ; dwell. 1,516, and pop. wh. 7,924, fr. col. 324, si. 3,196 total, 11,444. Capital: Graham. ALLEMANCE, p. v., Guilford co., N. Car. : on Great Alle- mance cr., 66 m. W. Ealeigh. ALLEN county, Ind. Situate N. E., and contains 672 sq. m. The county is well watered, and has numerous fine mill-streams. Little r. and Aboite r. rise in the W., and, uniting, fall into the AVabash ; and the St. Joseph s and St. Mary s, from Ohio, unite at Fort Wayne, and form the Mau- mee, which falls into Lake Erie. These were . formerly navigable at high water, but are now only used for milling. Bee cr., Crooked cr., and Cedar cr., afford also considerable power. Surface level, and well timbered. Soils excellent ; near the streams a sandy loam, and in the interior, clay, in termixed with marl. In the N. "W". are numerous oak- openings, or barrens. Farms 1,300; manuf. 127; dwell. 3,097, and pop. wh. 16,817, fr. col. 102 total, 16,919. Cap ital : Fort "Wayne. Public Works : "Wabash and Erie Canal : several railroads are projected. ALLEN county, Ky. Situate S. centrally, and contains 510 sq. m. Drained by numerous tributaries of Green r., which bounds it on the N. Surface level or undulating, and soils of average fertility. The chief products are In dian corn, oats, wheat, and tobacco, and some cotton. Farms 740; manuf. 7; dwell. 1,249, and pop. wh. 7,389, fr. col. 39, si. 1,314 total, 8,742. Capital: Scottsville. Pub lic Works : Nashville and Lexington E. E. ALLEN county, Ohio. Situate N. W., and contains 380 sq. m. Drained chiefly by the branches of Auglaize r. Sur face elevated and rolling ; soils very fertile. Wheat and Indian corn are the principal products. Timber is abun dant. Farms 1,146 ; manuf. 50 ; dwell. 2,070, and pop. wh. 12,085, fr. col. 24 total, 12,109. Capital : Lima. Pub lic Works : Miami Canal, and Ohio and Indiana E. E. ALLEN, t. and p. o., Alleghany co., 2f. Y. : 216 m. W. S. W.Albany. Pop. 355. ALLEN, p. v., Cumberland co., Penn. : 28 m. S. W. Har risburg. ALLEN CENTRE, p. o., Alleghany co., IT. Y. : 216 m. W. S. W. Albany. ALLEN CENTRE, p. o., Union co., Ohio : 30 m. W. N. W. Columbus. ALLENDALE, v., Bergen co., 2f. Jer. : on Eamapo and Pat terson E. E., 9 m. N. Patterson. ALLENDALE, p.v., Greene co., Ky. :1\ m. S.S.W. Frankfort. ALLENDALE, p. v., Barnwell disk, 8. Car. : 89 m. S. S. W. Columbia. ALL ALV ALLEN S, p. o., Miami co., Ohio : 66 m. W. Columbus. ALLEN S BRIDGE, p. o., Marion dist., S. Car. : SO m. E. Columbia. ALLENSBUBGIT, p. v., Highland co., Ohio: 58 m. S. "W. Columbus. ALLEN S FBESH, p. o., Charles co., Md. : on the cr. of the same name, 42 m. S. S. W. Annapolis. ALLEN S GEOVE, p. o., Walworth co., Wise. : 49 m. S. E. Madison. ALLEN S GEOVE, p. o., Scott co., la. : 46 m. E. Iowa City. ALLEN S HILL, p. o., Ontario co., N. Y. ; 181 m. W. Al bany. ALLEN SPEINGS, p. v., Allen co., Ky. : near Sulphur fork of Big Barren r., 102 m. S. W. Frankfort. ALLEN S SETTLEMENT, p. o., Claiborne par., La. ; at the head of Crow s cr., 193 m. N. E. Baton Kouge. ALLEN S STATION, p. o., Hancock co., Tenn. : 194 m. E. Nashville. ALLENSTOWN, t. and p. v., Merrimac co., N. Ramp. : on Buncook r., 10 m. S. E. Concord. Pop. 562. ALLENSVILLE, p. v., Alleghany co., N. Y. : 218 m. "W. Albany. ALLENSVILLE, p. v., Switzerland co., Ind. : 86 m. S. E. Indianapolis. ALLENSVILLE, p. v., Todd co., Ky. : on Elk fork of Eed r., a tributary of the Cumberland, 151 m. S. W. Frankfort. ALLENSVILLE, p. v., Vinton co., Ohio : 46 m. S. S. E. Co lumbus. ALLENSVILLE, p. v., Mifflin co., Penn. : 42 m. N. "W. Har- risburg. ALLENTON, p. v., Wilcox co., Ala. : on Pine Barren cr., 49 m. S. "W. Montgomery. ALLENTON, p. v., "Washington co., E. I. : 28 m. S. S. W. Providence. ALLENTOWN, p. v., Monmouth co., N. Jer. : 12 m. E. by N. Trento.n. ALLENTOWN, p. v., Allen co., Ohio: 61 m. N. W. Colum bus. ALLE-NTOWN, p. v., and cap. Lehigh co., Perm. : on S. side of Lehigh r., T8 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. It is beautifully situate on an elevation in the midst of a well cultivated, pleasant, and populous country. It contains, besides the county buildings, a bank, several handsome churches, an academy, and eight schools, and a number of flourishing mills; and its trade is considerable. Six newspapers are published here five weekly, and one semi-monthly: the " Lehigh Reporter" (neutral) ; the " Allentown Democrat ;" the " Lehigh Patriot" (whig) ; the " Unabhcengiger Repub- likaner" (dem.) ; and tho " Friedensbothe" (neutral), are issued weekly; and the "Youth s Friend," every second week. Pop. 3,780. ALLIGATOE, p. v., and cap. Columbia co., Flor. (formerly LANCASTEE) : 9T m. E. S. E. Tallahassee. ALLIGATOB, p. v., Crittenden co., Ky. : 192 m. "W. Frank fort. ALLIGATOR, p. v., St. Mary s par., La. : 52 m. S. S. W. Baton Rouge. ALLISON, p. v., Logan co., Ky. : 148 m. S. W.JFrankfort. ALLISONVILLE, p. v., Marion co., Ind. : on the Indianapo lis and Peru R. R., 11 m. N. Indiana. ALLOW AY, p. v., "Wayne co., N. Y. : on the E. side of the outlet of Canandaigua Lake, 179 m. "W. Albany. ALLOW AYSTOWN, p. v., Salem co., N . Jer. : on Alloway s cr. of the Delaware, 60 m. S. S. W. Trenton. ALLSBOBOUGH, p. v., Franklin co., Ala. : 169 m. N. W. Montgomery. ALMIBANTE, p. v., "Walton co., Flor. : on Yellow Water r, 146 m. "W. N. "W. Tallahassee. ALMOND, p. v., Portage eo., Wise. : 92 m. N. Madison. ALMOND, t. and p. v., Alleghany co., N. Y. : on Canisteo r., and on the N. Y. and Erie R. R., 194 m. "W. Albany. ALMONT, t. and p. v., Lapeer co., Mich. : 61 m. E. Lan- eing. 40 ALNA, t. and p. v., Lincoln eo,, Me. : on Sheepscot r 31 m. S. E. Augusta. Pop. y!6. ALPENA county, Midi. Situate N. E. on Lake Huron, and contains 576 sq. m. : a new county since 1S50. ALPHA, p. v., Greene co., Ohio: 58 m. W, Columbus. ALPINE, p. v., Chattooga co., Ga. : 152 m. N. W. Mil- ledgeville. ALPINE, p. v., Clark co., Ark. : 70 m. S. W. Little Rock. ALPINE DEPOT, p. o., Morgan co., Virg. : on Baltimore and Ohio R. R., 148 m. N. Richmond. ALPS, p. o., Rensselaer co., N. Y. : 21 m. E. by S. Al bany. ALQTTINA, p. v., Fayette co., Ind. : 60 m. E. by S. Indian apolis. ALSTEAD, t. and p. v.. Cheshire co., 2f. ffamp. : on Cold r., 39 m. E. Concord. Pop. 1,425. ALSTON, p. v., Fairfield dist., S. Car. .- 33 m. N. Columbia. AT.TAMONT, p. v., and cap. Grundy co., Tenn. : centre of co., 72 m. E. S. E. Nashville. ALTAMONT, v., Alleghany co., Mel. : a station on the Bal timore and Ohio R. R., 224 m. W. Baltimore. ALTA SPRINGS, p. o., Limestone co., Too. . 126 m. N. Austin City. ALTAY, p. v., Steuben co., N. Y. : 170 m. W. Albany. ALTHOUSE S St., Berks co., Penn. : on Philadelphia and Reading R. R., 66 m. W. N. "W. Philadelphia. ALTO, p. o., Howard co., Ind. : 46 m. N. Indianapolis. ALTO, t. and p. o., Fond du Lac co., Wise. : on E. branch of Rock r., 61 m. N. N. W. Madison. Pon. 630. ALTO, p. v., Louisa co., Virg. : 46 m. N. "W. Richmond. ALTON, t. and p. v., Kent co., Mich. : 58 m. W. N. "W. Lansing. ALTON, t and p. city, Madison co., HI. : on Mississippi r., 3 m. above the mouth of the Missouri. It possesses great commercial advantages, and will probably become an im portant railroad terminus. Bituminous coal is abundant near the city. It is the largest place on the river above St Louis. Shurtliff College and other institutions of a high character are located here ; and there is also a weekly pa per, the " Telegraph and Review," issued. The Chicago and Mississippi R. R. terminates here, and other Railroads are projected. Pop. 12,000. ALTON, p. v., Franklin co., Ohio : on a branch of Scioto r., 10 m. "W. Columbus. ALTON, p. v. and cap. Denton co., Tex. : between Hick ory cr. and Elm fork of Trinity r., 208 m. N. N. W. Austin City. ALTON, p. v., Penobscot co., Me. ALTON, t. and p. v., Belknap co., N. ffamp. : on a bay of Lake "Winnepiseogee, 22 m. N. N. E. Concord. The Co- checo R. E. passes through the village, 27 m. N. W. from Dover. Pop. of 1 1,795. ALTON, p. v., Wayne co., 2T. Y.: on the Ridge Road, 169 m. W. Albany. ALTON HILL, p. o., Macon co., Tenn. : 216 m. E. S. E. Nashville. AL.TOONA, p. v., Blair co., Penn. : on Pennsylvania E. E., 131 m. W. Harrisburg. ALUM BANK, p. o., Bedford co., Penn. : 86 m. W. S. W. Harrisburg. ALUM CREEK, p. o., Delaware co., Ohio : on a cr. of the same name, tributary to the Scioto r., 23 m. N. Colum bus. ALTJMROCK, p. o., Alleghany co., Virg. : 149 m. W. Rich mond. ALrM R0N, p. o., Monroe co., Ohio: on a cr. of the same name, flowing to the Ohio r., 106 m. E. S. E. Columbus. ALUM SPRINGS, p. o., Rockbridge co., Virg. : 111 m. W. Richmond. ALVAN, p. v., Jefferson co., Penn. : 122 m. W. N. W. Har risburg. ALVIRA, p. v., Lycoming co., Penn. : 66 m. N. W. Har risburg. ALV AMS ALVISO, v., Santa Clara co., Calif. : on Guadalupe r., 48 m. S. Vallego. AMACETTA, p. v., Wayne co., Virg. : 263 m. W. Bieh- mond. AMAGANSETT, p. v., Suffolk co., JV. Y. : near tl/e E. ex tremity of Long Island, on the Atlantic, 181 m. S. E. Al bany. AMANDA, p. v., Greenup co., Ky. : 168 m. E. N. E. Frank fort. AMANDA, t. and p. v., Fairfield co., OMo : on Clear cr., 26 m. S. E. Columbus. Pop. 1,536. AMANDAVILLE, p. v., Elbert co., Get. : 83 m. N. by E, Milledgeville. AMAZON, p. v., Madison co., la. : 131 m. W. by S. Iowa City. AMBER, p. v., Onondaga co., 2f. Y. : near Otisco Lake, 126 m. W. by N. Albany. AMBERSON S VALLEY, p. o., Franklin co., Penn. : 58 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. AMBLER S MILLS, p. o., Louiea co., Virg. : 46 m. "W. N. W. Richmond. AMBOY, p. v., Lapeer co., Mich. : 73 m. E. by N. Lan sing. AMBOY, t. and p. o., Oswego co., N. Y.: on Salmon and Scriba creeks, 123 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1 132. AMBOY, p. v., Ashtabula co., OMo: 163 m. N. E. Co lumbus. AMBOY CENTRE, p. o., Oswego co., N. Y. : 124 m. W. Al bany. AMELIA county, Virg. Situate in the S. E. on Appomat- tox r., and contains 298 sq. m. Drained by the tributaries of the Appomattox. Surface level or undulating, and the soils originally rich and productive. The staples are corn and tobacco. Farms 354 ; raanuf. 5 ; dwell. 568, and pop. wh. 2,794, fr. col. 157, si. 6,819 total, 9,770. Capital: Amelia C. H. AMELIA, p. v., Clermont co., OMo: 109 m. S. W. Co lumbus. AMILIA IBLA.ND, Nassau co., Flor. : between St. Mary s Sound and Nassau r. Fernandina, a village at its N". ex tremity, was formerly cap. of the co., and had considerable commerce, but is now almost deserted. AMELIA, p. v., and cap. Amelia co., Virg. : on Richmond and Danville R. R., 36 m. W. Richmond. It contains the usual county offices, and several factories. AMENIA, t. and p. v., Duchess co., N. Y. : on Housatonic r. The Harlem R. R. passes through it 88 m. N. New York City, and in a valley between Taghkannic and Fishkill mts., 62 m. S. by E. Albany. Marble, magnetic iron ore, and mineral springs are found in the township. Pop. 2,229. AMENIA UNION, p. v., Duchess co., N. Y. : 67 m. S. by E. Albany. AMERICA, p. r., Wabash co., Ind. : on S. co. line, 78 m. N. N. "W. Indianapolis . A proposed R. R. from Kokomo to the Wabash, will intersect it. AMERICAN river. (Rio d* loa Americanos), Calif. : a trib utary of Sacramento r., famous for its golden sands. It rises in many branches on the W. slope of the Sierra Nora- da, and disembogues opposite Sacramento City. AMERICUB, p. v. and eap. Sumter co., Ga. : on a cr. of Flint r., and on the line of the South-western R. R., 91 m. 8. W. Milledgerille. AMEKICUS, p. v., Tippecanoe co., Tnd. : on Wabash r. and canal, 61 m. N. N. W. Indianapolis. AMES, t and p. o., Montgomery co., 2f. Y. : 51 m. W. N. W. Albany. AMESBURY, t. and p. v., Essex co., Mass. : on N. side Merrimac r., 87 m. N. E. Boston. Considerable manufac tures, favored by an immense water-powor, are carried on, and vessels of large tonnage are built on the Powow, a trib utary of the Merrimac. The Eastern R. R. passes through the E. part of the town. Pop. 3,143. AJUJESVILLE, p. v., Boone co., 111. : on a branch of Eock F r., 178 m. N. E. Springfield, and on the Galena and Chicago Union R. R. AMESVILLE, p. v., Ulster co., N. Y. AMESVLLLB, p. T., Athens co., Ohio : 89 m. S. E. Colum bus. AMHERST county, Virg. Situate centrally at the base of Blue Ridge, and contains 418 sq. m. Drained by Pedlar cr. and Tye r., affluents of James r., which washes its S. boundary. Surface elevated and much varied by hill and dale. Soils good, and very productive of wheat, Indian corn, oats, and tobacco. Farms 728 ; dwell. 1,127, and pop. wh. 6,353, fr. col. 393, si. 5,953 total, 12,699. Capital : Amherst C. H. Public Works : James River Canal. AMHERST, t. and p. v., Hancock co., Me. : 72 m. E. N. E. Augusta. Pop. P2fi.) AMIIERST, t. and p. v., Hampshire co., Mass. : 73 m. W. Boston ; is the seat of Amherst College, one of the best educational establishments in the Union. Pop. 3,052. AMHERST, t., p. v., and cap. Hillsboro co., N. Ilamp. : on Souhegan r., a branch of the Merrimac, 24 m. S. S. W. Con cord. Pop. 1,613. AMHERST, t. and p. v., Lorain co., OMo : 108 m. N. N. E. Columbus, and on the Cleveland and Sandusky R. P.1,400. AMHERST, p. v. and cap. Amherst co., Virg. : 84 m. W. Richmond, on Buffalo cr. of James r. AMICALOLA, p. v., Lumpkin co., Ga. : 92 m. N. W. Mil- ledgeville. AMISSVILLE, p. v., Eappahannock co., Virg. : on S. side of Hedgeman s r., 86 m. N. N. W. Richmond. AMITIE river, Miss, and La. : rises in Mississippi, and flows S. and S. E. 100 m. to Lake Maurepas, uniting at Gal- veston with the Iberville. AMITE county, Miss. Situate S. W. on State line, and con- tarns 860 sq. m. Drained by the branches of Amit6 r. Sur face, except near the streams, uneven, and the soil inferior. Cotton, . Indian corn, and rice are the staple products. Farms 510 ; manuf. 1 ; dwell. 660, and pop. wh. 3,641, fr. col. 3, si. 6,050 total, 9,694. Capital : Liberty. AMITTSVILLE, p. v., Monongalia co., Virg. : 194 m. N. W. Richmond. AMITY, t. and p. v., Aroostook co., Me. : 132 m. N. E. Au gusta. The monument at the sources of the St. Croix lies at the N. E. corner of the town. Pop. 256. AMITY, p. v., Clark co., Ark. : 78 m. S. W. Little Rock. AMITY, p. v., Johnson CO., Ind. : 19 m. S. S. E. Indranap- olis. AMITY, p. v., Orange co., N. Y. : on a branch of Willkill r., near S. State line, 98 m. S. Albany. AMITY, p. v., Washington co., Penn. : 193 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. AMITYVILLE, p. v., Suffolk co., 2T. Y. : 161 m. S. E. Al bany. AMMONIA, p. T., Shelby co., Term.: 171 m. W. 3. W. Nashville. AMMOXOOSUC (Upper) river, 2T. JTamp. : rises N. of White mts., and, passing N. E., approaches the Androscoggin r. ; and thence turning S. W., flows on to tho Connecticut Its length is about 50 m., and the valley through which it flows from 7 to 8 m. wide and 20 m. long. The scenery of the neighboring country is beautiful. AMMONOOSUC (Lower) river, 2T. Samp. : rises W. of the White mts., and, after a course of 50 miles, falls into the Connecticut, at Haverhill, by a mouth 100 yards wide. The valley of the river is about half a mile wide, and about 6 or 7 m. from tho Notch of the White mts. has a fall of some 50 feet, cut through a mass of stratified granite. AMOSKEAQ, p. v., Hillsboro eo., Ji. Hamp. : 17 m. S. E. Concord, on Merrimac r., at the Falls, where the descent is 54 feet in a mile and a half, and around which there is a canal. The vil. has considerable manufactures, and a newspaper, is issued weekly. AMSTERDAM, t. and p. v., Montgomery co., N. Y. : on the Mohawk r., 33 m. W. Albany. The vil. is on the N. side 41 AMS AND of the r., and a station on the Utica and Schenectady R. E. The " Intelligencer," a newspaper published here, is is sued weekly. Pop. of t. 4,123. AMSTERDAM, p. v., Jefferson co., Ohio: 121 m.E. by N. Columbus. AMSTERDAM, p. v., Cass co., Ind. : on the Wabash r., 68 m. N. W. Indianapolis. AMSTERDAM, p. v., Botetourt co., Virg. : 122 m. "W. Eich- mond. ANACOSTIA, p. o., Washington co., D. O. : on the cr. of the same name, 4 m. N. E. Washington. ANADARCO, p. v., Rusk co., Tex, : 262 m. N. E. Austin City. ANAIIUAC, p. v., Liberty co., Ten. : on the E. side of Gal- veston Bay, 210 m. E. by S. Austin City. ANALOMINK, p. v., Cherokee co., Tex. (formerly BRANCH- TOWN) : 184 m. N. E. Austin City. ANAMOSA, p. v. and cap. Jones co., la. : 32 m. N. N. E. Iowa City. AN AND ALE, p. v., Butler co., Penn. : 162 m. W. Harris- burg. ANANDALB, p. v., Fairfax co., Virg. : 92 m. N. Eich- mond. ANAQUASSCOOK, p. v., Washington co., N. Y. : 38 m. N. by E. Albany. ANASTATIA island, Flor. : situate on the E. coast, and is 18 m. long, and 1| broad. At its N. end, in lat. 29 50 , and long. 4 29 W. from Washington, is a signal tower, well known to seamen. ANCIENT, p. o., Dane co., Wise. ANCRAM, t. and p. v., Columbia co., 2T. Y. : 49 m. S. E. Albany, on Ancram and Punch creeks, on the former of which are extensive iron works iron ore, as also galena, being plentiful in the vicinity. Pop. 1,570. ANCRAM LEAD-MINE, p. v., Columbia co., N. T. : on Punch cr., where there are considerable quantities of galena. ANDALUSIA, p. v. and cap. Covington co., Ala. : 72 m. S. Montgomery. ANDALUSIA, p. v., Rock Island co., Hi. : 126 m. N. W. Springfield. ANDALUSIA, Bucks -co., Perm.: 92 m. E. Harrisburg. ANDERSON county, Ky. Situate N. centrally, and contains 240 sq. m. Drained by Salt r. and its creeks, and Ken tucky r., which washes its E. border. Surface various chiefly undulating, and soils good, producing Indian corn, wheat, etc., and some small quantity of tobacco and cotton. Farms 420 ; mannf. 37 ; dwell. 8S3, and pop. wh. 4,948, fr. col. 30, si. 1,282 total, 6,260. Capital : Lawrenceburg. ANDERSON district, & Car. Situate N. W., and contains 780 sq. m. ; lying between the Savannah and Saluda, it is well drained by a number of the large tributaries of these rivers. The surface is undulating, and the soils very pro ductive. The chief products are Indian corn, wheat, and tobacco, and an abundance of live stock is owned in the district. Farms 1,986 ; manuf. 66 ; dwell. 2,440, and pop. wh. 13,871, fr. col. 90, si. 7,514 total, 21,475. Capital : Anderson. Public Works : Anderson Branch of Green ville and Columbia E. E., etc. ANDERSON county, Tenn. Situate E. centrally, and con tains 750 sq. m. Drained by Clinch r. and its creeks, and the head streams of the S. fork of Cumberland r. Surface uneven sometimes hilly and broken, but soils of an aver age fertility, producing wheat, corn, oats, and tobacco. Farms 698 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 1,091, and pop. wh. 6,391, fr. col. 41, 81. 506 total, 6,938. Capital : Clinton. ANDERSON county, Tex, Situate N. E. centrally, between Trinity and Neches rivers, and contains about 800 sq. m. Drained by Caddo, Brushy, Walnut, Hurricane, StilTs, and Ionic creeks of the Neches, and Cat-fish, Lake, Keacheye, and Parker s creeks of Trinity. Surface various, elevated In the middle, and sloping E. and W. Soils rich, and pro ductive of sugar and cotton. Farms 206 ; dwell. 375, and pop._wh. 2,284, fr. coL , si. 600 total. 2,884. Capital : Palestine. 42 ANDERSON, p. v., Clark co., Ill, : 108 m. W. Springfield. ANDERSON, t., p. v., and cap. Madison co., Ind.. : on S. side of White r., 36 m. N. E. Indianapolis, and on the In dianapolis and Bellefontaine R. E., where it is intersected by the Eichmond and Newcastle Extension E. E. The " Anderson Gazette" is issued weekly. ANDERSON, p. v., Warren co., N, Jer. : 56 m.N. Trenton. ANDERSON, p. v., Walker co., Ga. : 172 m. N. W. Mil- ledgeville. ANDERSON, p. v. and cap. Anderson dist., S. Car. : 110 m. W. N. W. Columbus. A branch of Greenville and Co lumbia E. E. terminates here, and it is probable that a rail road will be built westward through Eabun Gap, toward the Tennessee lines. The "Anderson Gazette" is issued week ly, and the " Farmer and Planter" monthly. ANDERSON, p. v. and cap. Grimes co., Tex. : on Hollands cr. of the Navasota r., 132 m. E. Austin City. ANDERSONBUBQH, p. v., Perry co., Penn. : 32 m. N. W. Harrisburg. ANDERSON EIVER, p. o., Spencer co., Ind. : on a r. so called, flowing to the Ohio r., 122 m. S. S. W. Indianapolis. ANDERSON S MILLS, p. o., Butler co., Penn. : 168 m. W. Harrisburg. ANDERSON S STORE, p. o., Caswell co., N. Car. : 68 m. N. W. Raleigh. ANDERSON S STORE, p. o., M Nairy co., Tenn. : 118 m. W. S. W. Nashville. ANDERSON S STOBE, p. o., Morgan co., Ohio : 58 m. E. by S. Columbus. ANDERSONVILLE, p. v., Franklin co., Ind. : on a cr. of White Water r., 49 m. E. by S. Indianapolis. ANDERSONVILLE, p. v., Anderson dist., S. Car. : on Sen eca cr., at its junction with Savannah r., 120 m. W. by S. Columbia. ANDES, t. and p. v., Delaware co., W. T. : on Papacton branch of Delaware r., 71 m. S. S. W. Albany. ANDESVILLE, p. v., Perry co., Penn. : 28 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. ANDORA, p. v., Philadelphia co., Penn. : 93 m. W. Har risburg. ANDOVEK, p. v., Tolland co., Conn. : 18 m. E. Hartford. ANDOVER, p. T., Henry co., HI. : on N. side of Edward s r., 102 m. N. N. W. Springfield. ANDOVER, t. and p. o., Oxford co., Me. : on Ellis r., of the Androscoggin, 46 m. W. N. W. Augusta. Pop. 701. ANDOVER, t. and p. o., Essex co., Mass. : 21 m. N. Bos ton, on the S. W. side of Merrimac r. It is noted as the seat of a Theo. Seminary and other educational establish ments ; and has numerous manufactures. Pop. 6,748. ANDOVER, t. and p. o., Merrimac co., N. Hamp. : on Blackwater r., 23 m. N. W. Concord, or by the Northern E. E., which passes through it, 28 m. Pop. 1,220. ANDOVER, p. v., Sussex co., N, Jer. : 27 m. N. Trenton. ANDOVER, t. and p. v., Alleghany co., Jf. Y. : 216 m. W. S. W. Albany, or 358 m. W. N. W. from New York by Erie E. R., which passes through it. Pop. 1,476. ANDOVER, t. and p. v., Ashtabula co., Ohio : 163 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 963. ANDOVER, t. and p. v., Windsor co., Verm. : on the head waters of Williams river, at the E. base of the Green Mountains, 69 m. S. Montpelier. Pop. 725. ANDREW county, Mo. Situate N. W. on Missouri r., and contains 433 sq. m. Drained by Nodaway r. and the forks of Little Platte r. Surface level, mostly prairie, and the soils very productive. Farms 873; manuf. 5; dwell. 1,377, and pop. wh. 8,758, fr. col. 13, si. 662 total, 9,433. Capi tal : Savannah. ANDREW, p. v. and cap. Jackson co., la. : 5 m. N. of Macoquetais r., and 58 m. E. N. E. Iowa City. A newspa per, the " Western Democrat," is issued weekly. ANDREW CHAPEL, p. o., Madison co., Tenn. : 121 m. W. by S.Nashville. ANDREWS, p. v., Morrow co., Ohio : 51 m. N. Columbus. AND ANT ANDREWS, p. o., Spottsylvania co., Ylrg. : 46 m. N. Rich- mond. ANDROSCOGGIN river, Me. : is formed by the junction of Magalloway r., and the outlet of Lake Umbagog, in New Hamp., in which State it has a S. course of about 40 m. After entering Maine, it takes a serpentine course, first, E., then S., and finally E., for about 100 m., when it runs over Pejepskeag Falls, and joins the Kennebec at Merry-meet ing Bay, 6 m. above Bath, and 18 m. from the sea : its whole course is about 150 m. The confluent streams from this bay is sometimes called the Sagadahock. ANGELICA, t, p. v., and cap. Allegheny co., N. T. : on An gelica cr. of Genesee r., 221 m. W. by S. Albany. It con tains the county buildings, a bank, the " Alleghany County Bank," and several churches ; and a newspaper, the " An gelica Reporter," is issued weekly. Pop. 1,592. ANGELINA county, Tex. Situate E. between Neches and Angelina rivers, and contains about 1,320 sq. m. Drained by Caney, King s, Buck, Shawnee, and other creeks of the Neches, and by Durazno, Poffer, and others of Angelina r. Surface beautifully varied the watershed running parallel and near to Angelina r. Soils fertile, and produce cotton and sugar largely. Farms 88 ; dwell. 166, and pop. wh. 945, fr. col. 24, si. 196 total, 1,165. Capital : Marion. ANGELINA river, Tex. : a considerable stream in E. Tex as falling into Neches r. 2 m. below Bevelport ANGLKY S BRANCH, p. o., Barnwell dist., & Car. : 69 m. S. by W. Columbia. ANGOLA, t., p. v., and cap. Steubcn co., Ind. : 142 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. ANGOLA, p. v., Lake co., III. : 184 m. N". N. E. Spring field, and 6 m. below the Wisconsin State line. ANGOLA, p. v., Erie co., N. Y. : 264 m. W. Albany. ANGOSTURA, p. v., Pike co., Ind. : about 130 m. S. S. W. Indianapolis. ANGOLA, p. v., Sussex co., Del. ANGOLA, p. o., Onslow co. 3 N. Car. : 92 m. S. E. Ra- leigh. ANNAPOLIS CITY, port of entry and p. o. ; co. seat., Anne Arundel co., and cap. of the State of Maryland ; on W. side of Severn r., 3 m. from its entrance into Chesapeake Bay, and distant 38 m. E. N. E. of Washington, D. C. Lat. 3SO 68 50" N., long. 760 29 26" W., from Greenwich, 32 40" E. from Washington. In 1830 the population was 2,623, in 1840 2,792, and in 1850 3,011 wh. 1,774, fr. col. 585, and el. 652. The government removed from St. Mary s, the old capital, to Annapolis, then called Providence, 1689. Annap olis is regularly laid out, its streets diverging from the State House and Episcopal church, as from two principal centres. The State House is a substantial building ; in this the old Congress held some of its sessions, and the Senate Chamber, in which Washington resigned his commission to that au gust body, has been preserved unaltered. The State library contains about 25,000 volumes. The city has a market- house, a bank (the Farmer s Bank of Maryland), a theatre and about 420 dwellings, many of which are elegant and spacious. St. John s College, formerly a branch of the Uni versity, is located here ; it was founded in 1784, and in 1850 1 6 professors, 30 students, 150 alumni, 8 of whom were ministers, and a library containing 3,292 volumes. The public consists of two newspapers, the "Maryland Repub- hcan," and the "Free Press," issued weekly, together cir culating 1,200 copies. Shipping owned in the collection district of Annapolis, on the 1st June, 1850, was 2,323 tons, of which 336 was navigated by steam power. Some small manufactures are carried on, and the coasting trade hence, is on a liberal scale. The city communicates with the in terior lines of travel by the Annapolis and Elkridge R. R., 21 m. in length, diverging from it in a N. W. direction to a junction with the Washington Branch R. R., at a point 18 m. from Baltimore, 22 m. from Washington. ANNAPOLIS, p. v., Jefferson co., Ohio: 122 m. E. by N Columbus. ANNAPOLIS JUNCTION, p. o., Anne Arundel co., Md. : 21 m. N. W. Annapolis. ANN ARBOR, t., p. v., and cap. Washtenaw co.. Mich. : on both sides of Huron r., and on the line of Central R. R., 37 m. W. Detroit and 51 m. E. S. E. Lansing. It is the seat of the University of Michigan, and an important point of in ternal trade. There is a bank here ; and two newspapers, the "Michigan Argus" and the "Washtenaw Whig," are issued weekly. Pop. 4,870. ANNE ARUNDEL county, Md. Situate W. shore, and con tains 6-78 sq. m. Drained by creeks running to Patapsco, Sever n, and West rivers. Surface is generally undulating, with some broken spots and swamps. Soils vary from sandy to clayey loam ; iron, copper, etc., abundant, and marl found in several parts. Tobacco is largely grown in fact, is the principal staple. Farms 1,295 ; manuf. 156 ; dwell. 3,712, and pop. wh.l 6,542, fr. col. 4,602, si. 11,249 to tal, 32,393. Capital: Annapolis. Public Works: Annapo lis and Elkridge R. R. In 1851 Howard co. was erected from Anne Arundel. ANNAWAIKA, p. v., De Kalb co., Ala. : 150 m. N. N. W. Montgomery. ANNISQUAM, p. v., Essex co., Mass. : 32 m. N. W. Boston. ANNIN CREEK, p. v., McKean co., Penn.: on a cr. so named, 138 m. N. W. Harrisburg. ANNVILLE, t. and p. o., Lebanon co., Penn. : on Swatara cr., 18 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. ANSELM, p. v., Gallia co., Ohio : 88 m. S. E. Columbus. ANSON county, N. Car. Situate S. on State line, and con tains 760 sq. m. Drained by Yadkin r. and tributaries. Surface somewhat uneven, and the soils of a good quality, producing wheat, Indian corn, and cotton. Cotton is its great staple. Farms 675 ; manuf. 32 ; dwell. 1,166, and pop. wh. 6,556, fr. col. 101, si. 6,832 total, 13,489. Capital : Wadesboro. ANSON, t. and p. o., Somerset co., Me. : on W. bank of Kennebec r., 31 m. N. Augusta. Pop. S4S. ANSONIA, p. v., New Haven co., Conn. : on Naugatuck R. R., 16 m. N. Bridgewater. A station on Naugatuck R. R., 16 m. N. Bridgeport. ANTESTOWN, p. v., Blair co., Penn. : 86 m. W. Harrisburg. ANTHONY, p. v., Delaware co., Ind. : 49 m. N. E. Indian apolis. ANTHONY S CEEEK, p. v., Greenbrier co., Virg. : on a cr. so called, 178 m. W. Richmond. ANTHONY S NOSE : is the extreme point of a hill called the Klips, on the N. side of Mohawk r., and which forms a re markable similitude to a magnificent proboscis, 300 or 400 feet in length. ANTHONY S NOSE: on the S. side of Breakneck Hill, on the E. bank of the Hudson. It is a promontory of the Highlands, 877 feet above the river, having a resemblance to the human feature, indicated by its name. There is an other similar formation below West Point, at the S. extrem ity of the Highlands. ANTHONY SHOALS, p. o., Elbert co., Ga. : 86 m. N. N E. Milledgeville. ANTHONY S VILLAGE, p. v., Kent co., B. I. : 14 m. S. S.W. Providence. ANTI BANK, p. o., Hinds co., Miss. ANTIETAM creek, Md.: a fine stream of the Potomac, running through Washington co., Md. ANTIM county, Mich. Situate N. W. on Lake Michigan, and contains 648 sq. m. A new county since 1850. ANTIOCH, p. v. Troop co., Ga. : 108 m. W. Milledgeville. ANTIOCH, p. v., Lake co., III. : 182 m. N. N. E. Spring- fldd. ANTIOCH, p. T., Contra Costa co., Calif. : 18 m. S. Vallejo. ANTIOCH, p. v., Pickena co., Ala.: 106 m., W. N. W. Montgomery. ANTIOCH, p. v., Monroe co., Ohio. : 102 m. E. by S. Co lumbus. Pop. 107. ANTIOCH, p. v., Gibson CD., Tenn. : 127 m. W. Nashville. 43 ANT ARE ANTIOCH, p. v., York disk, & Car, : 47 m. X. Columbia. ANTOIN, p. v., Clark co., Ark. : on Antoin cr., 78 ra. S. TV, Little Rock. ANTRIM, t and p. o., Shiawassee co., MicJh : on Look ing-glass r., 26 m. E. Lansing. Pop. 2S2, ANTRIM, t and p. o., Hillsborough co., N". Ifamp.: on Contoocook r., 25 m. S. TV. Concord. Pop. 1>14S. ANTRIM, p. v., Guernsey co., Ohio. : 81 m. E. Columbus. ANTRIM, p. v., Alleghany co., Penn. : 152 m. TV. Harris- burg. ANTWERP, t, and p. o., Jefferson co., tf. Y.: on In dian r., 146 m. N. TV. Albany. The Watcrtoxvn and Pots dam E. E. passes through it. Pop. 8,665. ANTWERP, p. v., Paulding co., Ohio. : 122 m. N. TV. Co lumbus. ANVIL, p. v., Clarke co., Ark. : 8 m. S. TV. Little Eock. AONIA, p. v., TVilkes co., Get. : 58 m. N. N. E. Millcdge- ville. APOLLO, p. v., Armstrong co., Penn. : 152 m. TV. by N. Ilarrisburg. AppALAcmcoLA river: is formed by the union of the Chattahooeb.ee and Flint rivers, on the S. confines of Geor gia; after which, flowing between E. and TV. Florida, it falls into the Gulf of Mexico, E. of Cape Escondilla. It is wide and deep, the tide running up for 60 m. The estuary (Apalache Bay) forms a fine harbor, but its entrance at low water is only 3 fathoms deep. The Appalachicola and its branches drain a basin having an area of nearly 20,000 sq. m. APPALACHTCOLA, p. v., port, and cap., Franklin co., flor. : on a bluff at the TV. side of the entrance to Apalachicola r., 62 m. S. TV. Tallahassee. The harbor is deep enough for large vessels, and the port has considerable coasting trade. The tonnage in 1850 was 2,050 tons, all navigated by steam, and chiefly employed on the river. In the foreign trade 17,132 tons cleared, and 12,196 tons entered in the same year. A newspaper, the " Commercial Advertiser," ia is sued weekly. The village occupies a plot one mile square, and is regularly lakl out. It contains the county buildings, and has numerous substantial warehouses and dwellings. APPALACHIN, p. v., Tioga co., N. Y. : 138 m. TV. S. TV. Albany. APPANOOSE county, la. Situate S. middle on State line, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Chariton r. and branch es. Surface undulating, chiefly prairie and soils fertile. Farms 153 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 521, and pop. wh. 3,124, fr. col. 7 total, 8,131. Capital : Centreville. APPKRSON S, p. o., Charles City co., Virg. : 22 m. S. E. Eichmond. APPLE CREEK, p. o., Cape Girardeau co., Mo. : on a cr. of the- Mississippi so called, 157 m. E. S. E. Jefferson City APPLE CREEK, p. o., TVayne co., Ohio : on a cr. so called, 78 m. N. E. Columbus. APPLE GROVE, p. v., York co., Penn. : 32 m. S. E. Ilar risburg. APPLE GROVE, p. o., Morgan co., Ala. : 146 m. N. N. TV. Montgomery. APPLE GROVE, p. v., Polk co., 2nd. : 112 m. TV. by N. TV. Iowa City. APPLE GROVE, p. v., Meigs co., Ohio: 85 m. S. E. Co lumbus. APPLETON, p. v., Licking co., Ohio : 41 m. E. by N. Co lumbus. Pop/42. APPLETON, p. v., Perry co. III. : 111 m. S. Springfield. APPLETON, p. v., TVinnebago co., Wise. : 82 m. N. by E. Madison. APPLING county, Ga. Situate S. E., and contains 1,120 m. Drained by Ocmulgee and Alatamaha rivers in the N., and the tributaries of Santilla r. in the S. Surface level, de clining to S. E. : soils sandy and light. Farms 313 ; dwell. 410, and pop. wh. 2,521, fr. col. 24, si. 404 total, 2,949. Cap ital: HolmesYille. APPLING, p. v. and cap., Columbia co., Ga. : on Great Kiokee cr., 63 m. E. by N. Milledgeville. APPLING, p. v., Jefferson co., N. Y. : 149 m. TV. N. TV. Albany. APPOMATTOX county, Virg. Situate centrally between James and Appomattox rivers, and contains 320 sq. m. Drained chiefly by Appomattox r. and several tributaries of James r. Surface level and soils of good quality. Farms 602 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 7S5, and pop. wh. 4,210, fr. col. 184, si. 4,799 total, 9,193. Capital : Clover Hill. APPOMATTOX river, Virg. : is a branch of James r., which it joins 60 m. above its mouth, and is navigable to the falls 20 m. above the junction ; and, by means of a canal-boat, navigation is extended 80 m. farther up. APPOQUINIMINK, hund., Newcastle co., >.: area 78,078 acres and pnp. 3,327. AQUASCO, p. v., Prince George s co., Md. : on TV. side Patnxent r., 28 m. S. S. TV. Annapolis. AQUEDUCT, p. v., Westmorland co., Penn. : 123 m. TV. Ilarrisburg. AQUEDUCT, sta., Dauphin co., Penn. . on Pennsylvania E. E., IS m. E. Ilarrisburg. AQUIA, p. v., Stafford co., Virg.: on N. side of cr. so called, 4 m. from its confluence with Potomac r., 61 m. N. Eichmond. AQUIA CREEK LANDING, Stafford co., Virg. : the N. ter minus of the Eichmond, Frederic, and Potomac E. E. Steamers from "Washington connect the northern and south ern lines of railroads distance 55 m. AQUILLA, p. v., Franklin co., Ga. : 89 m. N. N. E. Mil ledgeville. AQUONE. p. o., Macon co., W. Car. ; 273 m. W. S. W. Ea- leigh. ARANSAS, p. v., Eefugio co., Tex. : 192 m. S. Austin City. ARARAT, p. o., Patrick co., Virg. : 174 m. S. W. Eich mond. ARATOR, p. v., Pettis co., Mo. : on a cr. of south fork of Missouri r., 49 m. W. Jefferson City. AREA, p. v., Eandolph co., Virg. : 168 m. N. W. Eich mond. ARBACOOCHEE, p. v., Eandolph [co., Ala. : 75 m. N. E. Montgomery. AEBUCKLE, p. v., Mason co., Virg.: 162 m. W. by N. Eichmond. ARCADIA, p. v., Bienville par., La. : 177 m. N. TV. Baton Eouge. ARCADIA, t. and p. v.. Wayne co., N. Y. : on Meed cr., 191 m. W. Albany. The v. lies on the Erie Canal. ARCADIA, p. v., Morgan co., III. : on N. county line, 36 TO. W. Springfield. ARCADIA, p. v., Washington co., R. I. : 28 m. S. S. W. Providence. ARCADIA, p. v., Madison co., Mo. : on a cr. of St. Fran cois r., 106 m. S. E. Jefferson City. ARCADIA, p. v., Sullivan co., Tenn. : 121 m. E. Nashville. ARCHER, t. and p. o., Harrison co., Ohio : 98 m. E. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 876. ARCHIBALD, p. o., Luzerne co., Penn. : 92 m. N. E. Har- risburg. ARCOLA, p. v., Loudon co., Virg. : in S. E. extremity of co.. 92 m. N. Eichmond. ARCOLA, p. v., Warren co., JV. Car. : 4& m. N. N. E. Ea- leigh. ARCOLA, p. r., Lake co., Oliio : 151 m. N. N. E. Columbus. The iron works of the village are extensive, and it is other wise flourishing. ARENA, t. and p. v., Iowa co., Wiso. : on the S. side Wis consin r., 31 m. W. by N. Madison. Pop. 402. ARENAC county, Mich. Situate E. on Saginaw Bay, and contains 504 sq. m. Drained by Eifle, Pine, and other streams. A new co. since 1S50. ARENDTSVILLE, p. v., Adams co., Penn. : 42 m. S. S. "W. Harrisburg. ABE ARK AREXZVILLK, p. v., Cass co,, III. : on a cr. of Illinois r., 49 ra. W. Springfield. ARGENTINE, t. and p o., Genesee co,, Mich. : on Shia wassee r., 36 m. E. Lansing. Popi 436. ARGO, p. v., Carroll co., III. t 152 m. N. N. W. Springfield, AKGO, p. T., Hall co,, 6a* : 93 m. N. Milledgeville. ARGO, p. T,, Crawford co., Mo, : in the N. W. corner co., on a branch of Bourbease cr. of Maramec r., 54 m. E. Jef ferson City. ARGOSVILLB, p. v., Schoharie co., N. Y. : 42 m. "W. Al* bany. ARGUS, p. T., Montgomery co., Ala. : 21 m, S. E. Mont* gomery. AKGYLE, t. and p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : on W side Pen- obscot r., 69 m. N. E. Augusta. Pop. 838. ARGYLE, p. T., Lafayette, co., Wise. : on Peketonica r., 86 m. S. W. Madison. ARGYLE, p. v., Cumberland co., .2V. Car. : 42 m. S. Raleigh. ARGYLE, p. v., Jefferson co., Mo. : 94 m, E. by S. Jeffer son City. ARGYLB, t. and p. v., "Washington co., W. T, : on Moses- kill, 33 m. N. Albany. Pop. 3,274. ARGYLE, p. v,, M Donough co., III. : 70 m. N. "W. Spring field. ARIEL, p. v., Marion dtst., S. Car. : 80 m. E. Columbia. ARIEL, p. v., Wayne co., Penn. : 102 m. N. E. Harrisburg. AKISPE, p. T., Bureau co., IU. : 103 m. N. Springfield. ARK, p. v., De Kalb co., Get. : 74 m. N. W. Milledgeville. ARKADKLPHIA, p. v. and cap. Clark, co., Ark. ; 79 m. S. W. Little Rock. AKKANSAS county, Ark. Situate E. on Arkansas r., near its entrance into the Mississippi r., and contains 960 sq. m. Drained by a number of creeks, tributaries of Arkansas r., and of White r., which latter forms its N. E. border. Sur face generally level, low, and subject to inundation. West ward it rises somewhat, and here commences " Grand Prai rie," a fine, fertile country. Farms 153 ; dwell. 323, and pop.wl!. 1,695, fr. col. 12, si. 1,533 total, 3,245. Capital : Arkansas Post. ARKANSAS POST, p. v. and cap. Arkansas co., Ark.: on the N. side of Arkansas r., 52 m. from its confluence with Mississippi r. It is the oldest town in the State, having been founded by the French in 1685. ARKANSAS river : one of the principal tributaries of the Mississippi r. It rises in the Eocky mts., near the sources of the Del Norte, about lat. 40 N., and falls into the Mississippi, 400 m. above Eed r., m lat. 33 40 . Its whole length is 2,170 m., of which 1,980 are navigable. It sur passes all the rivers of the middle region of the U. S. in the gracefulness and regularity of its windings, and the beauty and luxuriance of the cotton-wood groves that adorn its banks. In spring floods, steamboats can ascend it near ly to its source : the channel is broad, and the navigation is safe, unobstructed by rocks, shoals, or rapids. The shores, as far W. as Little Rock, are unhealthy, large tracts on both sides being covered with lakes and stagnant pools. The country is a dead level, and there the drainage is imper fect. On the Great Prairie, that commences immediately above the port, and extends for 90 m. up the country, the climate becomes more healthy, and this tract is thoroughly ventilated; but in the closely-wooded bottoms the air is heavy and inelastic, and the mosquitos very troublesome. Still further up, the climate and country improve. Isear the sources of the river, silver has been found ; and the soil of the districts through which the river flows is so saturated with salt, that the waters are strongly impregnated and rendered unfit for drinking. Independent of the too saline quality of the water, the vast proportion of red mold which is carried away by the current, produces a similar disquali fying effect as to its uses for general purposes. Arkansas Kiver has been called the " Paradise of Savages," from the number of wild animals that are continually wandering along its banks. ARKANSAS (Little) river: a tributary of Arkansas r. It rises in the deep sand alluvial district, and crosses the traders route from Missouri to Santa F, and falls into the Arkan sas Proper, 1,700 m. from its junction with the Mississippi r., in lat. 32 30 N., and long. 9S W. THE STATE OF AEKANSAS. ARKAKSAS is bounded on the north by Missouri, on the east by Tennessee and Mississippi, on the south by Louisiana, and on the west by the Indian Territory and Texas ; and extends generally between the latitudes 33 and 36 30 north, and the longitudes 89 30 and 94 30 west from Greenwich, or 12 23 and 17 2S west from Washington. Its length from north to south is 242 miles, and its breadth from east to west varies from 170 miles on the south line to 25S miles on the 36th parallel, where it is widest. The area of the State is 52,198 square miles. The surface of Arkansas presents great variations in its configuration. Along tho Mississippi River, which demarks its boundary on the east, and for 30 to 50 miles inland, the country is low and widely interspersed with lakes and swamps, and with inconsiderable exceptions, is annually overflowed by the floods of tho Mississippi, Arkansas, and St. Francis. In regard to the country west of the Mississippi, says Col. Lon-g, it is proper to observe, that the broad valley of the Lower Mississippi, which is terminated to the north by the hilly country, connected with a continuous rocky bar, or reef, traversing the beds both of the Mississippi and the Ohio, about 12 miles above their junction, and denominated the Grand Chain of those rivers respectively, and which stretches southward, interrupted by a single hill, or ridge, elevated more Uian a few feet above the reach of the highest floods ; that this entire valley region, once probably an arm or estuary of the ocean, and inhabited by the monsters of the deep, but long since reclaimed by the immense alluvion precipitated over the Grand Chain, in cataracts incomparably more grand and stupendous than that of Niagara, a-nd borne thither on the backs of countless floods, is one- continued and almost boundless flat, broken only by a multiplicity of water courses, lagoons, and bayous, some of them tributary to tho Mississippi, and others supplied from it, and exhibits an as pect variegated rather than embellished by the inequalities just mentioned, together with countless swamps, slashes, stagnant pools, etc. Across this valley there are as yet no passes by land secure from frequent and protracted interrup tions, occasioned by overflows from the rivers by which it is traversed, nor is there any encouraging prospect that roada can be hereafter constructed to any tolerable advantage, except in a very few instances. The country through wh-idi the St. Francis River passes is one continuous swamp. Tho surface presents, in ordi nary timos, an alternating appearance of lakes, bayous, cypress lands, and marshy ground : the lakes free from any growth of timber, except of cypress, growing in the water close to the banks, and the bayous, also free from timber, but frequently lying in broad and deep valleys, wooded not less thickly than tho high ground, and containing comparatively little undergrowth. The valleys are in many cases inundated to the depth of 15 or 20 feet, or even more. The ponds are mostly filled with very large cypress trees, growing in the water, where its depth does not exceed 3 or 4 feet, except in time of overflow. The marshy ground is filled with trees of immense size, principally gum and sycamore, in the lower places, and white oak and hickory in those that are a little higher and dryer, having occasionally brakes of cane very thickly set, and frequently rising to the height of 20 a-nd 30 feet, and of proportionate diameter. Farther west the surface rises, and toward the centre of the State becomes moderately hilly, and farther west still it 45 ARKANSAS. rises into the Ozark Mountains. There are numerous and extensive prairies interspersed throughout, but much of the land is well wooded, and in many places it is covered with a heavy forest. Of the highlands that have been called the Ozark or Masserne Mountains, our knowledge is very imperfect. They consist of several low ridges, irregular in their direction, and seldom rising to an elevation of more than 1,500 or 2,000 feet. They appear to be composed chiefly of secondary rocks, limestones, clay slates, and sandstones, traversed in many places by dykes of greenstone, granite, and sienite. Those portions of this region which have been examined are found to be rich in metallic minerals, of which iron and lead, copper and zinc exist in great profusion. Coal and salt also abound ; and there are valuable thermal and sulphurous springs. The Hot Springs of the Washita are remarkable for their high temperature, but are not powerfully impregnated with any mineral substances ; they burst forth in great numbers and volume in a small valley lying between two lofty ridges of sandstone, and vary in temperature from 105 to 151 JFahr. There are said to be more than seventy of these springs, several rising from the bed of a small stream which flows through the valley, and others issuing from the bounding ridges, at various heights. The "Washita oilstones, or novaculites, so much esteemed, are found in this region. The climate of Arkansas is temperate, but subject to sudden and frequent variations ; and the whole country is ex posed to the effect of the cold north winds which render the central portions of the United States so cheerless in the winter season. The same winds traverse southward to the equator, and are known in the Gulf of Mexico as the " north ers," the terror of seamen navigating that sea. Yet in the spring, summer, and fall the seasons are highly propitious to agriculture, and here cotton, Indian corn, and, in fact, all the great staples of the country find the climate highly con genial. The soils vary from the most sterile to the most fertile, and on the margins of all the rivers the productiveness is unbounded. On most of these the soil is a rich alluvion deposited from the washings of the floods, deep and wide, covering millions of acres. Back from the rivers the soil becomes more and more sterile, and in many parts it is unfit for culture, either from scarcity of water or from metallic impregnation. The principal growths are pines, cypresses, syca mores, and oaks, according to the formation, and on the prairies, which are extensive, is that rank grass for which this description of land is so famous. On the whole, Arkansas has many advantages for agriculture, and it has many dis advantages. "Where the latter, however, exist they are fully compensated for by the abundance of its minerals. It is also well stocked with wild animals, as the buffalo, deer, elk, beaver, otter, rabbit, raccoon, wild cat, catamount, wolf, bear, etc., which are valuable for their skins, and there is also a plentiful supply of wild turkeys, geese, quails, and other species of birds. The State is traversed or washed by several of the largest rivers in America. The Mississippi bathes its eastern front for more than 350 miles by its windings, but affords no sites suitable for large towns in the present condition of the country. The Arkansas, one of the largest tributaries of the Mississippi, traverses the whole breadth of the State through its centre by a very tortuous course of about 1,530 miles, and is navigable during the greater part of the year far above its western limits. The Red River flows through the south-western corner, which is thus rendered accessible to steamboats. All Qie other rivers, some of which are of great magnitude, empty themselves into these three, affording navigable facilities to almost every quarter of the State. The St. Francis is a large and full river, rising in the eastern highlands of Missouri. Its channel, however, is much obstructed by numerous rafts or jams of fallen trees, and above and below the northern boundary its waters are dispersed in such a manner as to render the navigation intricate and difficult. The " Spread," as it is called by the inhabitants, extends for the space of about 50 miles, with a width in some parts of 20 miles, and is attributed to the earthquake of 1811, at which time a large tract of country sunk considerably below its former level, and the waters of the rivers were dissipated in numerous lakes and branches. The White River has its sources in the south western part of the State, and passes into Missouri, whence it soon returns, reaching the Mississippi in a general south-easterly course. Its length is not less than 600 miles ; and although at present it is choked up in many places by accumulations of drift-wood, steamboats ascend it as far as Balerville, 260 miles, and on the removal of these obstructions will be able to ascend it 200 miles farther. The White River receives several large tributaries from Missouri, of which the Big Black, a navigable stream, is the principal ; the Cache and Little Red River have their courses wholly within this State. The Arkansas receives no considerable tributary. The Washita, a noble river running through a fertile and beautiful region, drains nearly the whole southern part of the State : rising near the western border, it flows nearly parallel with the White River and the Arkansas, first east, and then south-east, and is navigable upward of 350 miles from its mouth. The Little Missouri, the Saline, the Bayou Bartholomew, the Bayou Bceuff, and the Bayou Ma9on, are its principal tributaries. Arkansas formed a part of French Louisiana, and subsequently and until 1819, a portion of Missouri Territory. At the latter date it was erected into a separate territory, under its present name. In 1S36 it was admitted into the Union as an. independent State. The progress of its population was comparatively slow from 1820 to 1840 ; but since as shown by the last census the progress compares well with the most progressive of the States. In 1SOO it contained only 1,052 inhabitants, chiefly settled near the mouth of the Arkansas River, and consisting of Frenchmen, whose progenitors settled Arkansas Post, the oldest white settlement of the country. In 1820 the population was 14,273 ; in 1S30, 30,338 ; in 1840, 97,5T4, and in 1S50, 209,639, of which 162,068 were white persons, 589 free colored persons, and 46,982 slaves. Deaf and dumb, 89; blind, SI; insane, 63; and idiotic, 102. The State was, at the latter date, divided into 51 counties, as follows : Arkansas, Ashley, Benton. Bradley, Carroll, Chicot, Clark, Conway, Crawford, Crittenden, Dallas, Desha, Drew, Franklin, Fulton, Greene, Hempstead, Hot Springs, Independence, Izard, Jackson, Jefferson, Johnson, Lafayette, Law rence, Madison, Marion, Mississippi, Monroe, Montgomery, Newton, Perry, Philips, Pike, Poinsett, Polk, Pope, Prairie, Pulaski, Randolph, St. Francis, Saline, Scott, Searcy, Sevier, Union, Van Buren, Washington, Washita, White, and Yell. Arkansas is almost wholly occupied in agricultural pursuits ; its manufactures are merely in their inception, whether as to diversity or number of establishments; nor has it the advantage of a seaward commerce. The statistics afforded by the census of 1850, and other official reports, exhibit the condition of the State to be as follows : " Occupied Lands, etc. Improved lands, TS1,531 acres, and unimproved lands. 1,816,684 acres, valued at $15,265,245. Number of farms, 17,753. Value of farming implements and machinery, $1,601.296. Live Stock. Horses, 60,197 ; asses and mules, 41,559 ; milch cows, 93,151 ; working oxen, 34,239 ; other cattle, 165.320 ; sheep, 91,256; swine, 836,727 valued at $6,647.969. Product*. Wheat, 199,639 bushels ; rye, 8,047 ; Indian corn, 8,893,939 ; oats, 656,1^3 ; barley, 177 ; buckwheat, 1.5; peas and beans, 285,738 ; Irish potatoes, 193,832 ; sweet potatoes, 788,149 bushels ; rice, 63,179 pounds ; tobacco, 218,936 pounds ; ginned cotton, 65,346 bales of 400 pounds; hay, 3,977 tons; clover seed, 90 bushels, and other grass seed, 436 ; hops, 15T pounds; water-rotted hemp, 15 tons ; flax, 12J291 pounds; flaxseed, 321 bushels; maple sugar, 9,330 pounds; molasses, 46 ARKANSAS 18 gallons; wine, 35 gallons; value of products of orchards, $40,141, and of market-garden products, $17,150; beeswax and honey, 192,338 pounds ; silk coccoons, 38 pounds ; wool, 182,595 pounds ; butter, 1,584,239, and cheese, 30,088 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered, $1,162,913. Home-made manufactures were valued at $633,217. Manufactures. Aggregate capital invested, $0,000,000 ; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $000,000 ; average number of hands employed, 0,000 ; males, 0,000, and females, 000 ; average monthly cost of male labor, $00,000, and of female labor, $0,000 ; annual value of products, $000,000. The whole number of manufacturing establishments, producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, was 271 ; and of these three were cotton factories, employing a capital of $16,500, and using 170 bales of cotton annually, valued at $8,975 ; hands employed, 13 males and IS females ; entire monthly cost of male labor, $190, and of female labor, $106 ; annual product, 81,200 pounds yarn, valued at $16,637. The remaining and most numerous of the industrial pursuits of Arkansas, are those incident to all agricultural States, or such as are immediately needed, as carriage-makers, blacksmiths, tanners, etc. The distribution of manufac tures in this State is very unequal ; of the counties, 15 have no manufacturing establishments, 17 have less than five, 7 have five and less than ten, 7 have ten and less than fifteen, 2 have fifteen and less than twenty, and 3 have twenty and upward. Commerce, Internal Communication, etc. Arkansas has no direct intercourse with foreign countries. Its export staples are carried to New Orleans for shipment, and most of its supplies are drawn from the same quarter. On all the great rivers steamboats ply regularly, and in sufficient numbers for the present wants of the population. Few of the roads are good, being chiefly earth tracks, almost impassable in wet weather. No railroads exist throughout the State, but there are several projected, and the spirit of enterprise appears to be alive on the subject. The initial point of the system projected is Helena, on the Mississippi, whence a direct line will be built to Little Eock, the capital, with an ex tension from that point to the lied River to meet the Texas roads pointing east, and another extension by way of Van Buren and Fort Smith, to be ultimately carried into the Indian territory, this latter being a part and parcel of the Great Southern Pacific Kailroad. From these trunk lines branches will be built tapping the principal valleys, and giving to each section of the State facilities of direct railroad communication with the Mississippi rivers, and New Orleans the nat ural outlet of Arkansas products ; a railroad is also projected from the main trunk west of "White Kiver northward through the fine agricultural and mineral region of Northern Arkansas and Southern Missouri. Banks. " No bank or banking institution shall be hereafter (1847) incorporated or established in this State." None are now in operation, and the old " State Bank" has for some time been in liquidation. Government, In accordance with the State Constitution, adopted 4th January, 1830, every free -white male citizen of the United States, 21 years old, and a citizen of Arkansas for six months next before the election, may vote in the district or county in which he resides. The Legislature consists of a Senate of 25 members, and a House of Representa tives of 75 members. Senators must be at least 30 years of age, inhabitants of the State for one year before the election, and of the district at the time, and are chosen for four years. Representatives must be at least 25 years of age, resident in their counties, and are chosen for two years. The governor is elected by a plurality of votes ; he must be 30 years of age, a native born citizen of the United States, and have resided in the State four years, and is chosen for four years (but is not eligible more than eight in any twelve years). His veto to any bill passed is negatived by a subsequent ma jority vote of each house. In case of his disability or death, first the President of the Senate, and after him the Speaker of the Representatives, becomes governor to the end of the term. The Secretary of State, auditor, and treasurer, are elected by joint vote of the two houses. The Legislature .meets at the Capital biennially. Arkansas, under the law regulating the distribution of Representatives to Congress, has a delegation of two] members. The judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, which has a chief and two associate justices, an attorney, clerk, and reporter ; six circuit courts, each with a judge and attorney, and county courts, etc. The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction only, except in particular cases pointed out by the Constitution. It holds two terms annually, in April and October, at the seat of government. The justices are elected by the General Assembly, by joint ballot, for eight years. Circuit courts have original jurisdiction over all criminal cases not expressly provided for otherwise by law, and exclusive original jurisdiction of all crimes amounting to felony at common law; and original jurisdiction of all civil cases which are not cognizable before justices of the peace ; and in all matters of contract where the sum in controversy is over $100. Two terms are held annually in each circuit. The judges and prosecuting attorneys are elected by the people, the former for four years, and the latter for two years. The justices of the peace in each county form a county court, and have exclusive jurisdiction in civil cases below $100. The justices are elected in towns for two years. Finances. The whole revenue for the biennial period 1849-50, amounted to $329,615 54, and the whole amount re ceived into the treasury from all sources, was $495,194 84. The total paid out amounted to $433,975 08, leaving a balance of various accounts of $61,219 76. The State debt consists of bonds issued to the State Bank, and which are unre deemed ; these consist of 6 per cents., amounting to $936,000, due 1868, and accumulated interest thereon, $519,480; and 5 per cents., $39,000, due 1887, and interest, $17,062 50 or a total of debt and interest, $1,506,562 50, on which the annual accruing interest is $90,131 80. The total value of taxable property in the State in 1850, was $34,995,885, on which in that year a tax of $93,540 was levied. Religious Denominations. The principal denominations in this State, according to statistics published by their own bodies in 1850, exhibited the following statements of their relative strength : Baptists, 6 associations, 78 churches, 49 ministers, and 2,509 members ; Methodists, 60 traveling, 4 superannuated, and 153 local preachers, and 12,151 members ; Roman Catholic, 7 churches, and 12 other stations, 6 ministers, and about 3,000 members ; Protestant Episcopal, 2 clergy. The Roman Catholics are under the Bishop of Little Rock, and the Protestant Episcopalians under the missionary Bishop of Arkansas. The Presbyterians are numerous, but in consequence of the statistics of this denomination being included in synods, not co-extensive with the State, it is impossible to assess the apportionment due to Arkansas separately. Schools and Education. Although Arkansas has had advantages to foster education equal to any others of the new States, her improvident legislators have not improved them. There are but few common schools in the State. In each township the 16th section is given by Congress for the support of schools, and the revenue arising from leases of salt springs, and from estrays sold, forms part of the school fund. There are academies and high schools in Little Rock, Fayetteville, Washington, Camden, and some other places. There is no State College, although Congress granted to the State seventy-two sections of land (2,592 acres) for the purpose of founding an institution of learning : this, by a law of the Legislature of 1849, and in utter defiance of the intentions of Congress, was distributed among the counties. The only effort to establish a college has been made by the Roman Catholics. In 1850 the Legislature granted them a charter 47 ARK ASTT for the College of St. Andrews, near Fort Smith, in Crawford county. The college has a pr.-sid- >nt am! five professors, and its course of studies embraces all the branches taught in the best institutions. The Ecc-lesi;>>ti;-!,l Seminary is located on the college grounds, and is considered one of the finest edifices in the Union. St. Mary s Academy, for youn< ladies at Little Rook, is also a Catholic institution. Periodical Press. In all the State there are but 14 periodicals 13 are issued weekly, and one at a period of two weeks. The aggregate circulation of the weekly papers is only 7,250 copies, or 377,000 copies annually. Of the whole number of papers, three are Whig in politics, and five Democratic, the remaining sLx being devoted to literature, religion, and various other subjects. Many single counties in New York and Ohio contribute more to literature than the whole of this State. " Arkansas, with all that nature has done for her, is far behind her neighborg in improvements, population, and general prosperity. It is a source of humiliation to make these acknowledgments ; but the truth should be told, though the heavens fall" Such was the language of the Committee on Arkansas Railroads, at the New Orleans Convention, in 1S51, and such must be the response of every intelligent resident of the State. With her increase of population, and reviving prosperity, however, it is to be hoped that so magnificent a State, one so richly endowed and so blessed with a propitious climate and soil, will take heed and redeem itself from the just opprobrium of the enlightened among them selves, and of the world that is observant of their progress. LITTLE ROCK is the State capital. ABKPQET, p. v., Steuben co., N. T. : on Canisteo r., 218 m. W. by S. Albany. AEKVILLE, p. v., Delaware co., 2f. T. : 57 m. S. W. Al bany. AEKWBIGHT, t. and p. v., Chautauque co., N. T. : 396 m. W. by S. Albany. Pop. 1,283. ARLINGTON, p. o., Hancock co., Oldo : 83 m. N. N. W. Columbus. ARLINGTON, t. and p. v., Bennington co., Verm. : on Green r. and Battenkill, 89 m. S. S. W. Montpelier. Fine marble abounds in the t. Top. 1,084. ARLINGTON, p. v., Bureau co., III. : 110 m. N. Springfield. ABMADA, p. v., Macomb co., Mich. : on the N. branches of Clinton r., 84 m. W. Lansing. ARMAGH, p. v., Indiana co., Perm. : in S. E. comer of co., 128 m. W. Harrisburg. AEMENIA, p. v., Scriven co., Ga. : 110 m. E. S. E. Mil- ledgeville. AEMIESBUEG, p. v., Parke co., Ind. : on E. side of Ver- million r., 66 m. W. Indianapolis. ARMINGTON, p. v., Tazewell co., Itt. : in the S. E. corner of co., 42 m. N, by E. Springfield. ABMSTEONG county, Penn. Situate "W. middle, and con tains 575 sq. m. Drained by several tributaries of Alle- ghany r., which runs through it. Surface somewhat hilly, but agreeably diversified. Soils of average fertility, pro ducing principally wheat and oats. Farms 1,612 ; manuf. 93 ; dwell. 5,052, and pop. wh. 29,431, fr. col. 129 total, 29,560. Capital: Kittaning. ARMSTEONG, p. v., Wabash co., III. : on a cr. of Wabash r., 142 m. S. E. Springfield. ARMSTRONG ACADEMY, p. o., Choctaw Nation, Ind. Ter. ARMSTRONG MILLS, p. o., Belmont co., Ohio : 108 m. E. Columbus. AEMTJCHEE, p. v., Floyd co., Ga. : on the W. side of Ar- muchee cr. of Oostanaula r., a tributary of Coosa r., 144 m. N. W. Milledgeville. ARNEYTOWN, p. v., Burlington co., 2T. Jar. : 15 m. S. E, Trenton. ABNHEIM, p. v., Brown co., Ofiio : 82 m. S. S. W. Colum bus. Pop. 61. ABNOLDSBUBG, v., Gilmer co., Virg. : 216 m. W. by N. Richmond. ABNOLDTON, p. v., Ulster co., N. Y. : 58 m. S. Albany. ABNOLDTON, p. v., Campbell co., Virg. : 102 m. W. S. W. Richmond. AENON, p. v., Wills co., IU. : 5 m. from Indiana State line, and 146 N. E. Springfield. ABOOSTOOK county, Me. Situate N. and N. E,, and con tains about 6,800 sq. m. Drained by the Woolastook, Alla- gash, Aroostook of the St. John, and Mattawamkeag of the Penobscot. Numerous lakes and isolated hills are spread over the county. This is the largest county of the State, but is peopled only in its S. E. portion. Wheat, oats, and potatoes are the chief products. Farms 1,228; manuf. 59 ; 48 dwell. 2,038, and pop. wh. 12,529, fr. col. 6 total, 12,536. Capital: Houlton. ABOOSTOOK, p. v., Aroostook co., Me. ABOOSTOOK river, Me. : rises in the N. part of the State, its head waters being separated from those of Penobscot r. by a stretch of highlands. Its course is circuitous, general ly easterly, until it falls into St. John s r. on the New Bruns wick line, in lat. 40 05 N. The lands on this river are fertile, and produce the finest qualities of gram and grasses. Its length is upward of 100 m. ABBINGTON, p. y., Williamson, co., Tenn. : 18 m. S. Nash ville. AEEOWOOD, p. v., Spartanburg dist., S. Car. : 72 m. N.N. W. Columbia. ABEOW ROCK, p. o., Saline co., Mo. : on S. bank of Mis souri r., 54 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. AEEOWSMTTHS, p. o., Defiance co., Ohio: 104 m. N. W. Columbus. AESENAL, p. o., Alleghany co., Penn. : 19 m. W. Harris- burg. AETHUBSBURG, p. v., Duchess co., N. Y. : 76 m. 8. by E. Albany. AETIIUETON, p. v., M Henry co., Itt.: 178 m. N. E. Springfield. ARTIC, p. v., De Kalb co., Ind. : 122 m. N. E. Indian apolis. ASBURY, p. v., La Salle co., III. : in the N. E. part of the co., a mile W. of Rock r. and 134 m. N. N. E. Spring field. ASBITEY, p. v., Fayette co,, Ala. : on the E. side of Loox- apatJlla cr., 126 m. N. W. Montgomery. ASBUBY, p. v., Warren co., W. Jer. : 41 m. N. Trenton. ASBUEY, p. v., Perry co., Ohio: 47 m. E. S. E. Columbus. ASBURY, p. v., Montgomery co., Tenn. : 52 m. W. N W. Nashville. ASBURY, p. v., Troup co., Ga. : 102 m. W. Milledgeville. ASCENSION parish, La. Situate S. W. of E. Dist., on both sides of Mississippi r., and contains 280 sq. m. Drained W. by tributaries of Grand r., and E. by those of Amitie, etc. Surface low and level, subject to inundation, from which it is partially protected by l&vees or embankments. Oranges, figs, peaches, etc., grow in profusion : cotton and sugar are th5 staple products. Farms 157 ; dwell. 755, and pop. wh. 3,339, fr. col. 147, si. 7,266 total, 10,752. Capi tal: Donaldsonville. ASCUTNEY mountain, Verm. : situate in the towns of Windsor and Wethersfield. It is chiefly composed of gran ite, and is almost destitute of vegetation. Its elevation above the Connecticut r. is 3,116, and above the ocean, 3,320 feet. Its ascent is steep and rugged. ASIIAPOO FERRY, p. o., Colleton dist., S. Car. : 108 m. S. E. Columbia. ASHBOEOUGH, p. v., and cap. Randolph co., N. Car. : 69 m. W. Raleigh. ASIIBUENHAM, t. and p. o., Worcester co., Mass. : a hilly ASH AST district, drained by tributaries of the Connecticut and Mer- rinnio, 48 m. W. N. W. Boston. Pop. 1,875. ASHBCKNHAM DEi fiT, p. o., Worcester co., Mass.: on the Vertnont and Massachusetts B. R., 11 m. N. TV. Fitchburg. ASHBY, p. v., Coles co., III. : 74 E. Springfield. ASHBY, t. and p. o., Middlesex co., Mass. : 44 m. N. "W. Boston, on a branch of Nashua r. Top. 1,218. APIIBYSBURG, p. v., Hopkins co., Ky. : 122 m. TV. by S. Frankfort. ASIIE county, N. Car. Situate N. "W. extreme, and con tains 760 sq. m. Drained by New r. of the Great Kana- wha, and other streams. Surface, an elevated plateau, be tween Blue Kidge and Stony Mountain : soils good. Farms 1,253 ; manuf. 3 ; dwell. 1.407, and pop. wh. 8,096, fr. col. 86, si. 5,951 total, 8,777. Capital : Jefferson. ASH CREEK, p. o., Oktibbeha cr., Miss. : 107 m. N. E. Jackson. ASHEKT, p. o., Hancock co., Ohio : 70 m. N."W. Columbus. ASHFIELD, t. and p. o., Franklin co., Mass. : in S. "W. part of co., 162 m. W. Boston. ABIIFOKD, t and p. o., Windham co., Conn. : 29 m. E. Hartford. Pop. 1,291. ASHFORD, t. and p. v., Cattaraugus co., IT. T. : on S. side of Cattaraugus or., 264 m. W. by S. Albany. Pop. 1,658. ASH GROVE, p. o., Green co., Mo. : 132 m. S. by W. Jef ferson City. ASH GROVE, p. o., Iroquois co., III. : 109 m. N. E. Spring field ARUTPITN, p. v., "Washington co., Wise. : 76 m. E. by N. Madison. ASHLAND county, Ohio. Situate N. centrally, and con tains 342 sq. m. It occupies the watershed between Lake Erie and the Ohio r. Drained in the S. by the branches of Walhonding r., and in the N. by those of Vermillion and Black rivers. Surface rolling, and soils rich and produc tive. Farms 2,235 ; manuf. 71 ; dwell. 4,123 % and pop. wh. 23,789, fr. col. 3 total 23,792. Capital : Ashland. ASHLAND, p. v., "Wapello co., la. : 61 m. S. S. W. Iowa City. ASHLAND, p. v., Forsyth co., Get. : 98 m. N. N. TV. Mil- ledgeville. ASHLAND, Franklin co., Ky. : the late home of HENRY CLAY, the statesman of the Union; H ni. S. E. Lexington. ASHLAND, p. v., Union co., Ky .. 163 m. W. Frankfort, ASHLAND, t. and p. v., Greene co., N. Y. : 44 m. S. TV. Albany. Pop. 1,289. ASHLAND, p. v., Wayne co., Tenn. : on the S. side of Buf falo r., 69 m. S. TV. Nashville. ASHLAND, p. v., Middlesex co., Mass.: 46 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. of 1. 1,304. ASHLAND, p. v., De Soto par., La. : 188 m. W. N. W. Baton Eouge. ASHLAND, p. v., Bertie co., N. Car. : 89 m. E. by N. Ea- leigh. ASHLAND, p. v., Henry co., Incl. : 22 m. E. by N. Indian apolis. ASHLAND, p. v., and cap. Ashland co., Ohio: 72 m. N. N. E. Columbus. Pop. of v. 1,264. The " Ashland er" (whig), and the " Ohio Union" (dem.), are published weekly. ASHLAND, p. v., Wayne, co., Penn. : 132 m. N. E. Harris- burg. ASHLAND FURNACE, p. v., Cambria co., Penn. : 94 m. W. Ilarrisborg. ASHLEY county, Ark. Situate S. E. on State line, and contains 660 sq. m. Drained by creeks falling into the Bayou Bartholomew, on the E., and Spline and Waehita rivers on the W. Surface level prairie, and fertile. Farms 173 ; dwell. 269, and pop. wh. 1,409, fr. col. 5, si. 644 total, 2,058. Capital : Ashley C. II. ASHLEY, p. v., Carroll co., Ark. : 132 m. N. N. W. Little Eock. ASHLEY, p. v., Pike co., Mo. : on a branch of Indian cr., 69 m. N. E. Jefferson City. G ASHLEY, v., Delaware co., Ohio : on Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati E. E., 31 m. N. Columbus. ASHLEY FALLS, p. v., Berkshire co., Mass.: 122 m. W. Boston. ASIILEYVTLLE, p. v., Hampden co., Mass. : 86 m. W. Boston. ASH EIDGE, p. o., Brown co., Ohio : 84 m. S. S. W. Co lumbus. ASH EIDGE, p. o., Pulaski co., III. : 180 m. S. Springfield. ASH EUN, p. o., Pendleton co., Ky. : 49 m. N. N. E. Frankfort. Asn SPRING, p. o., Harrison co., Tex.: 312 m. N.E. Austin City. ASHTABULA county, Ohio. Situate N. E. on Lake Erie, and contains 1,020 sq. m. Drained by Conneaut cr. and the Ashtabula and Grand rivers, which fall into Lake Erie, and by several creeks, affluents of Chenango cr., which flows toward the Ohio. Surface elevated and rolling, and soil generally fertile. Farms 2,243 ; manuf. 251 ; dwell. 5,306, and pop. wh. 28,719, fr. col. 41 total 28,766. Capital : Jef ferson. Public Works : Cleveland, Painesville, and Ash- tabula E. E. ASHTABULA, t. and p. v., Ashtabula co., Ohio : on Ash- tabula r., near its entrance into Lake Erie, 171 m. N. E. Columbus. It is a place of commercial activity, both as a shipping port and railroad dep6t, being on the line of the Lake Shore E. E. ; and contains several fine warehouses and stores. Two newspapers, the " Sentinel" and the " Tel egraph," are issued weekly. Pop. of v. 821, of t. 2 ? 177. ASHTON, p. o., Dane co., Wise. ASUTON, p. v., Clark co., Mo. : 130 m. N. N. E. Jefferson City. ASHTON S, p. o., Shelby co., Tex. : 182 m. E. by N. Aus tin City. ASIITON S MILLS, p. o., Frederick co., Virg. : 118 m. N. Eichmond. ASHUELOT river, N. Hamp. : situate chiefly in Cheshire co. It has its source in a pond in Washington, and thence has a southerly course to Keene, where it receives a con siderable tributary, and another joins it at Swanzey. From the latter point its course is S. W. to the Connecticut, which it joins 3 m. above the State line. ASHVILLE, p. v., and cap. St. Clair co., Ala. : on S. side of Canoe cr. of Coosa r., 93 m. N. Montgomery. ASHVILLE, p. v., Pickaway co., Ohio : 23 m. S. Columbus. ASHVILLE, p. v., Holmes co., Miss. : 56 m. N. Jackson. ASHVILLE, p. v., and cap. Buncombe co., Jf. Car. : on French Broad r., 218 m. W. Ealeigh. Two newspapers, he " Ashville Messenger" and the " Ashville News," both whig in politics, are published weekly. ASHWOOD, v., Tensas par., La. : 102 m. N. N. W. Baton Eouge. ASHWOOD, p. v., Maury co., Tenn. : 33 m. S. S. W. Nash ville. ASPEN GROVE, p. o., Pittsylvania co., Virg. : near Ban nister r. of the Dan, 102 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. ASPEN WALL, p. o., Charlotte co., Virg. : 46 m. S. W. Richmond. ASSABET, p. o., Middlesex co., Mass. : on the r. of same name, 33 m. N. W. Boston. ASSUMPTION parish, La. Situate S. W. of the State, and contains 396 sq. m. Drained by Bayou La Fourche, and other streams. Surface low and marshy, subject to inunda tion. Soils rich and fertile, producing corn, cotton, and sugar. Farms 520 ; dwell. 926, and pop. wh. 5,170, fr. col. 27, si. 5,341 total 10,538. Capital : Napoleonville. ASSUMPTION, p. v., and cap. Assumption par., La. : on W. side Bayou La Fourche, 38 m. S. Baton Eouge. ASSYRIA, p. v., Barry co., Mich. : 32 m. S. W. Lansing. ASTORIA, p. v., Wright co., Mo. : on a branch of Gascon ade r., 84 m. S. Jefferson City. A.STORIA, p. v., Fulton co., Itt. : on a run of Sugar cr., 6 m. N. W. Illinois r. and 57 m. W. N. W. Springfield. 49 AST ATT ASTORIA, p. v., Queen s co., Jf. Y. : on Hallett s Cove, a bay of the East r., near Hellgate, 132 m. S. Albany. Many New York merchants reside here, and are accommodated by reg ular steamboat navigation. ASTORIA, p. v., Clatsop co., Oreg. : on S. side Columbia r., 8 m. from its mouth. It is a port of entry, and was for merly a noted trading post, founded in 1811 by John J. Astor, the modern Croesus, and even at the present time is little more. There are many more eligible places than this for both foreign and internal commerce near the mouth of the river. ASYLUM, t. and p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : on the S. W. side of Susquehannah r., 98 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. Wy- alusing Falls are in this town. ATCHAFALAYA, p. v., Point Coupee par., La. : 42 m. N. "W. Baton Rouge. ATOHAFAYALA river, La. : an outlet of the Mississippi r., from which it separates 2 m. below the mouth of Eed r., in 31 2V N. lat., and 90 40 W. long., and hence has a course S., through Louisiana, upward of 14T m. to the bay of the same name on the Gulf coast. It receives in its course the Plaquemine, another outlet of the Mississippi The navi gation is obstructed by rafts. ATCHISON county, Mo. Situate in N. W. corner of State, on Missouri r., and contains 5SO sq. m. Drained by the Nishnabatona, the Nodoway, and the head waters of Big and Little Tarkio rivers. Surface prairie, and exceedingly fertile. Farms 188 ; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 291, and pop. wh. 1,641, fr. col. 7, si. 30 total, 1,678. Capital : Linden. ATHENS county, Ohio. Situate S. E. on Ohio r., and con tains 468 sq. m. Drained by Hocking r. and its tributaries. Surface somewhat hilly and broken, but the soils are very fertile. Limestone, iron ore, and bituminous coal are abun dant, and salt wells have been successfully operated in sev eral districts. Farms 1,372 ; manuf. 60 ; dwell. 3,120, and pop. wh. 18,119, fr. col. 96 total, 18,215. Capital : Athens. Public Works : Hocking Canal, Belpr6 E. R., etc. ATHENS, p. v., and cap. Izard co., Ark. : on N. side of White r., 94 m. N. Little Rock. ATHENS, p. v., and cap. Limestone CO., Ala. : on a cr. of Tennessee r., 166 m. N. Montgomery. ATHENS, p. v., and cap. Clark co., Get. : on "W". bank of Oconee r., 57 m. N. Milledgeville. It is the seat of tte Uni versity of Georgia, and is connected by R. R. with Savan nah and Charleston. Four newspapers are published weekly the " Athens Whig," the " Athens Banner" (dem.). the " Home of Mirth," and the " American Mechanic." ATHENS, p. v., Menard co., III. : 3 m. E. of Sangamon, r. and 11 m. N. Springfield. ATHENS, p. v., Fayette co., Ey.: on a small branch of Kentucky r., 33 m. E. S. E. Frankfort. ATHENS, p. o., Claiborne par., La. : 212 m. N. W. Baton Rouge. ATHENS, t. and p. v., Somerset co., Me. : on a tributary of Kennebec, r., 33 m. N. Augusta. Pop. 1,466. ATHENS, p. v., Monroe co., Miss. : on a small tributary of Little Tombigbee r., 152 m. N. E. Jackson. ATHENS, t. and p. o., Calhoun co., Midi. : on a tributary of St. Joseph s r., 59 m. S. W. Lansing. Pop. 532. ATHENS, p. v., and cap. Gentry co., Mo. : 162 m. 1ST. W. Jefferson City. ATHENS, p. v., Clark co., Mo. : on S. W. side of Des Moines r., 140 m. N. Jefferson City. ATHENS, t. and p. v., Greene co., XT. Y.: on W. side of Hudson r., opposite the city of Hudson, between which there is a steam ferry, 36 m. S. Albany. The v. is a place of considerable business, and numerous sloops ply to and from N. York City ; and the Albany and Troy steamboats make it a stopping place. Pop. 2,986. ATHENS, t., p. v., and cap. Athens co., Ohio : on the N. bank of Hocking r., 62 m. S. E. Columbus. It is the seat of the Ohio University, and contains numerous handsome buildings. The Cincinnati and Belpr6 R. E. passes 50 through it. A branch of the State Bank is located here, and a newspaper, the " Athens Messenger," is issued week ly. Pop. of v. 898, of t. 2,361. ATHENS, t. and p. v., Bradford co., Penn. : at the junc tion of Chemung r. with the Susquehanna, 121 in. N. Har risburg. The North Branch Canal terminates here. Pop. of village 706. ATHENS, p. v., and cap. M Minn co., Tenn. : on Eastan- alla cr., and the East Tennessee and Georgia E. R., 53 m. N. Dalton. A newspaper, the "Athens Post," is issued weekly. ATHENS, p. v., and cap. Henderson co., 7r. (formerly ALFRED) : on a branch of Cedar cr., 222 m. N. N. W. Austin City. ATHENS, p. v., Caroline co., Virg. : 38 m. N. Richmond. ATHENS, f. and p. o., Windham co., Verm. : 78 m. S. Montpelier. ATHENSVILLE, p. v., Greene co., III. : on Apple cr., in the N. E. corner of the co., 42 m. S. W. Springfield. ATHENSVILLE, sta., Delaware co., Penn.: on Columbia E. R., 9 m. W. Philadelphia. ATHOL, t. and p. o., Worcester co.. Mass. : on Miller s cr., 61 m. W. N. W. Boston. Pop. 2,033. ATHOL, t, and p. o., Warren co., W. Y. : on a tributary of Hudson r., 62 m. N. N. W. Albany. Pop. 1,590. ATHOL DEPOT, p. o., Worcester co., Mass. : on the Ver mont and Massachusetts R. R., 30 m. W. Fitchburg and 88 from Boston. ATKINSON, t and p. v., Piscataquis co., Me. : on S. side of Piscataquis r., 64 m. N. N. E. Augusta. Pop. S95. ATKINSON, t and p. o., Eockingham co., N. JIamp. : 23 m. S. E. Concord. Pop. 600. ATKINSON S MILLS, p. o., Mifflin co., Penn. : 58 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. ATLANTIC county, JV! Jer. Situate S. E. on Atlantic Ocean, and contains 548 sq. m. Drained by Great and Little Egg Harbor rivers, and lined on the coast by nu merous low islands, forming shallow bays and inlets. Sur face level, and soils light and sandy. Farms 327 ; manuf. 62 ; dwell. 1,5S4, and pop. wh. 8,750, fr. col. 210, si. 1 total, 8,961. Capital : May s Landing. ATLANTA, p. v., De Kalb co., Ga. : at the junction of the Georgia, Western, and Atlantic and the Macon and West ern railroads an important dej 6t of internal commerce. Distance to Augusta 171 m. and to Charleston 308 m. ; to Savannah 292 m. ; to Montgomery, Ala., 175 m. ; to Chatta nooga 104m. ; to Nashville 291 m., and to Knoxville 263 m. by E. E. A newspaper, the " Atlanta Intelligencer," is is sued weekly. Pop. 4,812. ATLAS, p. v., Pike co., III. : 63 m. W. by S. Springfield, on the E. side, near Snycartee Slough, which is navigable for steamboats to this point in high flood. ATSION, p. v., Burlington co., N . Jer. ATTALA county, Miss. Situate centrally, and contains 720 sq. m. Drained by the head branches of Pearl and nu merous creeks of Big Black r. Surface undulating, and the soils fertile. Indian corn, rice, tobacco, and cotton are the chief products. Farms 1,336 ; manuf. 44 ; dwell. 1.431, and pop. wh. 7,578, fr. col. 9, si. 3,412 total, 10,999. Capital : Kosciusko. ATTALAVILLE, p. v., Attala co., Miss. : 56 m. N. N. W. Jackson. ATTAPULGI S, p. v., Decatur co., Go-. : on W. side of Flint r., 172 m. S. S. W. Milledgeville. ATTICA, p. v., Fountain co., Ind. : on the S. E. side of Wabash r., 66 m. N. W. Indianapolis. ATTICA, p. v., Greene co., Wise. : 38 m. S. W. Madison. ATTICA, p. v.,Wyomingco., W. Y. : on Buffalo and Roches ter E. R., 32 m. E. Buffalo, and 258 m. W. Albany. The village has considerable trade, and carries on manufactures of several kinds. A weekly newspaper, the " Wyoming County Mirror," is published here, and circulates about 800 copies. ATT AUG ATTICA, p. v., Seneca co., Ohio : in S. E. corner of co., 72 m. N. Columbus. ATTICA CENTKE, p. o., "Wyoming co., N. Y. : 253 m. W. Albany. ATTICA, p. v., Lenawee co., Mich. : 73 m. S. E. Lansing. ATTLEBOROUGH, t. and p. o., Bristol co., Mast. : on Paw- tucket r., 38 m. S. W. Boston. The Boston and Providence K. R. passes through the town. Pop. 4,200. ATTLEBOROUGH, p. Y., Bucks co., Penn. : 21 m. N. N. E. Philadelphia and 100 E. Harrisburg. ATTLEBUKT, p. T., Duchess co., K Y. : 58 m. S. S. E. Al bany. ATWATER, p. v., Portage co., Ohio: on Cleveland and Pittsburg R. R., 50 m. S. S. E. Cleveland and 113 m. E. N. E. Columbus. ATWOOD, p. T., De Kalb co., Ala. : 152 m. N. E. Mont gomery. AuiiBEBXAUBBH, p. o., Fulton co., Ind. : 8 m. N. Indian apolis. AUBURN, p. v., Macoa co., Ala. : on Montgomery and "West Point R. R., 60 m. "W. by N. Montgomery. AUBURN, p. v., Gwinnett co., Get. : 54 m. N. W. Milledge- ville. AUBURN, p. v., Sangamon co., III. : on Sugar cr., 15 m. S. by W. Springfield. AUBURN, p. v., and cap. De Kalb co., Ind. : on Eel r., 126 m. N. E. Indianapolis. AUBURN, p. v., Mahaska co., la. : 64 m. "W. by S. Iowa City. AUBURN, p. v., Wake co., 2i. Car. AUBURN, t. and p. v., Fond du Lac co., Wise. : on Rod man r., 80 m. N. E. Madison. AUBURN, p. T., Cumberland co., Me. AUBURN, p. v., "Worcester co., Mass. : 42 m. "W. Boston. AUBURN, p. T., Oakland co., Mich. : 78 m. E. by S. Lan sing. AUBURN, p. v., Hinds co., Miss. : 24 m. W. by S. Jackson, AUBURN, p. T., Lincoln co., Mo. : 72 m. N. E. Jefferson City. AUBURN, p. v., and cap. Placer co., Calif. : on E. bank on the N. fork of American r., 6 m. above its confluence with the S. fork. AUBURN, p. T., Rockingham co., W. Hamp. Pop. 810. AUBURN, p. v., and cap. Cayuga co., N. Y. : at the outlet of Owasco Lake, and on the Rochester and Syracuse R. R., 174 ra. W. Albany. It is the site of a State Prison, which occupies an area of 500,000 sq. ft., inclosed by a stone wall 4 ft. thick. The discipline of this prison is very strict, and the convicts are kept to hard labor. The Presbyterians have a theological seminary at Auburn, and there are also several flourishing academies. The "Journal" and the " Advertiser" are published daily ; the " Cayuga New Era," the " Cayuga Chief," and the " Northern Christian Advo cate," weekly, and the " Masonic Union," monthly. Nu merous manufactures are carried on. Pop. 9,548. AUBURN, p. v., Schuylkill co., Penn. : on Philadelphia and Reading R. R., 83 m. N. "W. Philadelphia. AUBURN, t and p. v., Geauga co., Ohio : on Chagrine r., 136 m. N. E. Columbus. AUBURW, p. v., Fauquier co., Virg. : 80 m. N. N. W. Richmond. AUBURN, p. v., Cannon co., Tenn. : 47 m. W. S. "W. Nash- Tille. AUBTTRN FOUR CORNERS, p. o., Susquchanna co., Penn. : in S. E. part of co., 108 m. N. E. Harrisburg. AUCILLA, p. T., Jefferson co., Flor. : on the r. of the same name, 26 m. S. "W. Tallahassee. AUDRAIN county, Mo. Situate E. middle, and contains 1,220 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Salt r. Surface level or undulating, and soils excellent, producing the cereals abundantly and some tobacco. Farms 417; manuf. 10; dwell. 498, and pop. wh. 3,048, fr. col. 1, si. 457 total 8,506. Capital: Mexico. AUDUBON county, la. Situate S. "W., and contains 576 sq. m., taken from the Pottowottamie in 1851. AUDUBON, p. Y., Montgomery co., III. : 42 m. S. E. Spring field. ATTDTTBON, p. v., Hardeman co., Tenn. : on a cr. of Big Hatchee r., 134 m. W. S. W. Nashville. AUGERONA, p. v., Jackson co., Virg. : 218 m. W. N. "W. Richmond. AUGLAIZE county, Ohio. Situate N. "W., and contains 396 sq. m. Drained by Auglaize r. and its tributaries. Surface undulating, and soil moderately fertile. Farms 1,393; manuf. 30 ; dwell. 2,020, and pop. wh. 11,251, fr. col. 87 total 11,338. Capital : Wapaukonnetta. Public Works: Miami Canal, etc. AUGLAIZE, p. v., Van "Wert co., Ohio: on Little Auglaize r., 98 m. "W. N. W. Columbus. AUGUSTA county, Virg. Situate centrally between Blue Ridge and Great North Mountain, and contains 860 sq. m. Drained by the head waters of Shenandoah and James rivers. Surface picturesquely varied, and soils fertile. There are several medicinal springs in the county. Wheat, Indian corn, and oats are the chief products, and cattle raising is much engaged in. Farms 1,264; manuf. 181; dwell. 3,207, and pop. wh. 19,024, fr. col. 533, si. 5,053 total 24,610. Capital: Staunton. Public Works: Virginia Central R. R., etc AUGUSTA, p. v., Benton co., Flor. : 160 m. S. E. Talla hassee. AUGUSTA, p. city, and cap. Richmond co., Ga. : on Sa vannah r., and at the intersection of the South Carolina, the Georgia, and the Burke County railroads. It is an im portant commercial point, and the depot of an extensive and fertile country, the produce of which, cotton, tobacco, etc., is sent down to Charleston, 137 m., by R. R., and to Savannah by the Savannah r. The city is well laid out, and has many spacious stores and dwellings. The public build ings are a City Hall, County Court House and Jail, a thea tre, arsenal, hospital, and numerous churches. The " Sen tinel" and " Constitutionalist" are published daily, and have also tri-weekly and weekly editions ; the " Republic" is is sued tri-weekly and weekly, and there are two monthly publications issued the " Southern Medical Journal" and the " Southern Cultivator." AUGUSTA, p. v., Jackson co., Ark. : 44 m. E. N. E. Little Rock. AUGUSTA, p. v., Hancock co., III. : in S. E. corner of co., 78 m. W. by N. Springfield. AUGUSTA, p. v., Marion co., Ind. : in N. W. corner of co., 12 m. N. W. Indianapolis. AUGUSTA, p. v., Des Moines co., la. : on the Chicagua or Skunk r., 61 m. S. S. E. Iowa City. AUGUSTA, p. v., Bracken co., Ky. : on the S. bank of the Ohio r., 66 m. N. E. Frankfort. It is the seat of Augusta College, a Methodist establishment, founded in 1S25. AUGUSTA, t., p. city, and cap. Kenncbec co., Me., and cap ital of the State of Maine: on both sides of Kennebec r., at the head of steamboat navigation, 43 m. from the ocean. Lat. 44 18 43" N., and long. 69 50 W. from G., or 7 12 E. from W., and distant 595 m. N. E. Washington. A fine bridge, 520 feet long, connects the two parts of the v., which is regularly laid out, and rises gradually from the shores of the river. It contains the State House, Insane Hospital, the co. buildings, a U. S. Arsenal, and numerous churches and school-houses, many of which are elegant structures. The State Hou?e is located half a mile 8. of the v. The build ing is of white granite, and has spacious halls for the legis lature and executive officers. Four newspapers are pub lished weekly, the " Kennebec Journal" (whig), the " Age" (dem.), the "Maine Farmer" (agric.), and the "Gospel Banner." The Kennebec and Portland R. R. terminates here, connecting the v. with Portland and other Nevr England cities, and steamboats ply regularly between this place and the principal north Atlantic ports. Pop. 8,225 51 AUG AVO AUGUSTA, p. v., and cap. Perry co., Miss. : on Leaf cr., a branch of Pascagoula r., 100 m. S. E. Jackson. AUGUSTA, p. v., St. Charles co., Mo. : 80 m. E. by N. Jef ferson City. AUGUSTA, p. T., Sussex co., N. Jer. : 62 m. N. Trenton. AUGUSTA, p. v., Oneida co., N. Y. : on Shanandoah cr., 90 m. W. by N. Albany. AUGUSTA, t. and p. v., Carroll co., Ohio : on a tributary of Sandy cr., 114 m. E. by N. Columbus. Pop. 1,297. AUGUSTA, t. and p. o., Northumberland co., Pen/n. : on E. bank of Susquehanna r., 33 m. N. Harrisburg. AUMAN S HILL, p. o., Montgomery co., JV. Car. : 78 m. S. "W. Ealeigh. AURARIA, p. v., Lumpkin co., Ga. : on a branch of Chat- tahoochee r., 108 m. N. W. Milledgeville. Gold is found in the vicinity, and hence its name. AURELIA, p. v., "Washington co., Ohio : in N. W. part of co., on Duck cr., 86 m. E. by S. Columbus. AURELIUS, t and p. v., Cayuga co., N. Y. : between the outlets of Cayuga and Owasco lakes, 148 m. "W. Albany. AURIESVILLE, p. T., Montgomery co., JV; Y. : on the S. bank of the Mohawk, and on the Erie Canal, 42 m. "W. N. "W. Albany. AURORA, p. Y., Marshall co., Ala. : on a cr. of Locust fork of Black "Warrior r., 121 m. N. Montgomery. AURORA, p. v., Kane co., HI. : on E. side of Fox r., 122 m. N. E. Springfield. The "Aurora Branch" of Galena and Chicago Union E. E. terminates here, and an extension continues the road to the Illinois r. at La Salle. AURORA, p. v., Dearborn co., Ind. : on Ohio r., 108 m. S. E. Indianapolis. It is a place of considerable business and commercial activity. A newspaper, the "Western Com mercial," is issued weekly. AURORA, p. v., Marshall co., Ky.: 216 m. W. by N". Frankfort. AURORA, t and p. v., Hancock co.. Me. : 90 m. E. Augusta. AURORA, p. v., Cayuga co., N. Y.: on the E. bank of Cayuga Lake, and a steamboat station on the Cayuga and Susquehanna route. Pop. 600. AURORA, t. and p. v., Portage co., Ohio : in N. W. cor ner of co., 126 m. E. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 823. Au SABLE river, N. Y. : rises near the sources of Hudson r., and empties into Lake Champlain. in the S. part of Clin ton co. It has two main branches, which unite at Au Sablo Forks village. Its falls afford extraordinary water-power. Immediately below the lower falls at Birmingham the river passes through a chasm for the distance of 2 m., the walls of which are perpendicular rocks from 75 to 150 feet high, and from 50 to 65 apart at the top. Au SABLE, p. v., Kendall co., Itt. : on Au Sable r., a branch of the Illinois r., 130 m. N. E. Springfield. Au SABLE, v., Essex co., 2f. Y. : 105 m. N. Albany. The " Au Sable Gazette" is published weekly. Au SABLE FORKS, p. o., Essex co., XT. Y. : at the junction of the forks of Au Sable r., 126 m. N. Albany. AUSTERLITZ, p.v., Kent co., Mich. : 57 m. W. by N. Lansing. AUSTERLITZ, t. and p. v., Columbia co., JV. Y. : on Green r., a branch of the Housatonic, 31 m. S. S. E. Albany. Pop. 1,874. AUSTIN county, Ten. Situate S. E., centrally, on Brazos r., and contains about 1,100 sq. m. Drained by Caney, Piney, and Mill creeks from the "W., and Fishpond Spring and others from the E., tributaries of Brazos r. ; also by creeks of San Bernardo r., which bounds it "W. Surface generally level, in the N. undulating, and along the streams heavily timbered. The prairies are extensive and the soils very fertile. Farms 230 ; dwell. 432, and pop. wh. 2,286, fr. col. 6, si. 1,549 total 3,841. Capital: Bellville. AUSTIN, p. v., Atchison co., Mo. : 212 m. N. "W. Jefferson City. AUSTIN, p. v., Eoss co., Ohio : 51 m. S. Columbus. AUSTIN, p. v., and cap. Tunica co., Mss. : 168 m. N. Jackson. AUSTIN, p. city and cap. Travis co., Tex. : and capital of the State of Texas, on N. side of Colorado r., about 200 m. from the Gulf, and 1,420 m. S. "W. "Washington. It is as yet a mere village, but is rapidly improving. Pop. about 1,500 Two newspapers, the "State Gazette," and the "South western American," are issued weekly. AUSTINBURG, p. v., Ashtabula co., Ohio : on N. side of Black r., 159 m. N. E. Columbus. AUSTIN S FERRY, p. o., Grainger co., Tenn. : 176 m. E Nashville. AUSTIN S LAKE, p. o., Kalamazoo co., Mich. : 66 m. S. "W Lansing. AUSTINVTLLE, p.v., Wythe co., Virg.; on Cripple cr.,206 m. W. S. "W. Eichmond. ACTAUGA county, A la. Situate centrally on Alabama r., end contains 1,152 sq. m. Drained by Autauga, Mulberry, and other creeks of the Alabama ; Ockmulgee cr. of Ca- tawba r., etc. Surface varied in places broken and rough. Soils of average fertility ; very rich on the streams. Pro ducts corn and cotton. Farms 711 ; manuf. 61 ; dwell. 1,114, and pop. wh. 6,274, fr. col. 19, si. 8,730 total 15,023. Cap ital: Kingston. Public Works: Selma and Tennessee River E. E. AUTAUGAVILLE, p. v., Autauga co., Ala. : 18 m. "W. N. W. Montgomery. AVA, p. v., Winnebago co., HI. : 3 m. N. of Peketonica r, 172 m. N. N. E. Springfield. AVA, p. v., Oneida co., 2f. Y. : 100 m. W. N. "W. Albany. AVALANCHE lake, N. Y.: & small body of water, between ML M Intyre and Mt. M Martin, in Essex co.: it is ele vated 2,900 feet above tide, and is consequently the highest water in the State. It is tributary to the Hudson. AVERT, p. v., Monroe co.. la. : 86 m. S. S. W. Iowa City. AVERT, p. v., Jo Daviesa co., HI. : 181 m. N. "W. Spring- field. AVERYSBOROUGH, p. v., Cumberland co., & Car. : on the E. side of Cape Fear r., 30 m. S. Ealeigh. AVERT S CREEK, p. o., Buncombe co., 2i. Car. : on a cr. BO called, 228 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. AVERY S GORE, p. o., Franklin co., Verm. : 52 m. N. by W. Montpelier. AVILLA, p. v., Noble co., Ind. : 118 m. N. by E. Indianap olis. AVISTON, p. v., Clinton co., HI. : 81 m. S. Springfield. AVOYELLES parish, La. Situate E. of "W. Dist., having the Wachita, Bed Eiver, and Bayou Atchafalaya on its E. border, and contains 1,200 sq. m. Drained by numerous tributaries of the border rivers. Surface low and swampy near the rivers, and subject to inundations; but in the W. more elevated, and the soils fertile, producing excellent cot ton. Farms 398 ; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 792, and pop. wh. 4,066, fr. col. 99, si. 5,161 total 9,326. Capital: Marksville. Avo, p. v., Patrick co., Virg. : 162 m. S. W. Eichmond. AVOCA, p. v., Livingston co., Itt.: on N. fork of Yer- million r., 92 m. N. E. Springfield. AVOCA, p. v., Fond du Lac co., Wise.: 82 m. N. E. Madison. AVOCA, p. v., Jefferson co., Mo. : 89 m. "W. by S. Jeffer son City. AVOCA, p. v., Steuben co., N. Y. : on Conhocton r., 212 m. "W. by S. Albany, and a station on the Buffalo, Corning, and New York E. E. AVON, t. and p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : 10 m. "W. of Hartford, and a station on New Haven and Northampton 11. E., 37 m. N. New Haven. Pop. 1,995. AVON, p. v., St. Genevieve co,, Mo. : 122 m. E. S. E. Jef ferson City. AVON, t. and p. v., Eock co., Wise. : on Sugar cr., 86 m. S.Madison. Pop. 558 AVON, t. and p. v., Franklin co., Me. : on Sandy r., 38 m. N. W. Augusta. AVON, t. and p. o., Ionia co., Mich. : 32 m. "W. N. W. Lansing. AVO BAK AVON, t. and p. v., Livingston CO., N. Y. : 162 in. W Albany. Pop. 2,807. AVON, t. and p. v., Lorain co., Ohio : on Lake Erie, 114 m. N. N. E. Columbus. AVONDALH, p. v., Chester co., Penn. : 66 m. S. E. Har risburg. AVON LAKB, p. o., Lorain co., Ohio : 116 m. N. N. E. Columbus. AXEVILLE, p. T., Cattaraugus co., 2f. T. : 213 m. W. by B. Albany. AYERSVILLE, p. v., Defiance co., Olrio : 132 m. N. W. Columbus. ATERSVILLE, p. v., Stokes co., N. Car. : 112 m. W. N. W. Ealeigh. AYLETTES, p. o., King William co., Virg. : 25 m. N. E. Eichmond. AZALIA, p. v., Bartholomew co., Ind. : on E. side of E. fork of White r., 48 m. S. S. E. Indianapolis. AZTALAN, p. v., Jefferson co., Wise. : 2T m. E. by S. Madison. B. BABCOCK HILL, p. o., Oneida co., N. Y. : 88 m. W. N. W. Albany. BABCOCK S GROVE, p. o., Du Page co., Itt. : 160 m. N. N. E. Springfield. BABYLON, p. v., Suffolk co., N. Y. : on Great South Bay, 142 m. S. S. E. Albany a pleasant and fashionable sum mer resort. BACHELOR S GROVE, p. o., Eock co., Wise. : 37 m. S. by E. Madison. BACHELOR S HALL, p. o., Pittsylvania co., Virg. : 118 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. BACHELOR S HOME, p. o., Lee co., Virg. : 296 m. W. by 8. Eichmond. BACHELOR S EETREAT, p. o., Pickens co., Car. : 119 m. N. W. Columbia. BACIIMAN S MILLS, p. o., Carroll co., Md. : at the head of Big Pipe cr., 56 m. N. W. Annapolis. BACK CREEK, Md. : a large cr. of Elk r., which, with the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, forms a navigable pas sage across the neck of the peninsula BACK CREEK VALLEY, p. o., Frederick co., Virg. : in the valley of Back cr., a tributary of Potomac r., 128 m. N. by W. Eichmond. BACK EIVER, Md. : a large inlet of Chesapeake Bay, E. of Susquehanna r. BACON S CASTLE, p. o., Surry co., Virg. : 51 m. S. E. Eich mond. BAD AXE county, Wise. Situate E. of Mississippi r., and contains 720 sq. m. Drained by Kickapoo, Bad Axe, and Eaccoon rivers. Surface generally level, with large bot toms on the Mississippi : soils deep and rich. Erected since 1850. BAD AXE, p. v., Bad Axe co., Wise. : on Bad Axe r., a tributary of the Mississippi, 98 m. W. by N. Madison. BADGER, p. o., Fond du Lac co., Wise, : 70 m. N. E. Madison. BAGDAD, p. v., Smith co., Tenn. : 52 m. E. N. E. Nash ville. BAGDAD, p. v., Lafayette co., Mo. : 98 m. W. by N. Jef ferson City. BAHAMA CHANNEL, or Gulf of Florida, the narrow sea between the coast of the United States and the Bahama Islands, 135 m. long and 46 in mean breadth. The currents here are most violent, and vessels are frequently wrecked in passing through this strait. BAILEYSBURGH, p. v., Perry co., Penn. : on the line of the Pennsylvania E. E., 23 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. BAILEY S CREEK, p. o., Osage co., My. : on a creek so called, falling into the Missouri r., 24 m. E. Jefferson City. BAILEY CREEK, p. o., Tioga co., Penn. : 105 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. BAILEY S FOUR CORNERS, p. o., Greene co., Jf. Y. : 38 m S. S. W. Albany. BAILEY VILLK. t. and p. v., Washington co., Me. : on St. Croix r., immediately S. of the outlet of Schoodic Lakes, 126 m. E. by N. Augusta. Pop. 431. BAINBRIDGE, p. v., Macon co., Ala.: 52 m. E. Mont gomery. BAINBRIDGE, p. v., and cap. Decatur co., Ga. : on E. side of Flint r., 160 m. S. S. W. Milledgsville. BAINBRIDGE, p. v., Putnam co., Ind. : on Walnut fork of Eel r., 40 m. W. Indianapolis. BAINBRIDGE, p. v., Williamson co., III. : on a branch of Big Muddy r., 142 m. S. by E. Springfield. BAINBRIDGE, p. v., Christian co., Ky. : 170 m. W. S. W- Frankfort. BAINBRIDGE, t. and p. v., Berrien co., Midi. : 102 m. W. S. W. Lansing. BAINBRIDGE, p. v., Eoss co., Ohio : on S. side Paint cr., a tributary of the Scioto r., and near the falls, 54 m. S. by W. Columbus. A branch of the Cincinnati. Hillsboro , and Parkersburg E. E. terminates here. BAINBRIDGE, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. : on the N". E. bank of Susquehanna r., 17 m. S. E. Harrisburg. BAINBRIDGE, t, and p. v., Chenango co.. N. Y. : on Sus quehanna r., 96 m. W. by S. Albany. Pop. 3,338. BAINBRIDGE, p. v., Eobertson co., Tenn. : 28 m. N. by W. Nashville. BAIEDSTOWN, p. v., Oglethorpe eo., Ga. : 46 m. N. Mil- ledgeville. BAITING HOLLOW, p. v., Suffolk co.. N. Y. : 152 m. S. E. Albany. BAKER county, Ga. Situate S. W., and contains 1,296 sq. m. Drained by Chickasawatchie cr. and Ichawaynoch- away r., tributaries of Flint r., which traverses it in a N. E. and S. W. direction. Surface various mostly level, and the soil sandy, but productive for cotton. Farms 444; manuf. 12 ; dwell. 755, and pop. wh. 4,355, fr. col. 0, si. 3,765 total 8,120. Capital : Newton. BAKER S, p. o., Washington co., Ky. : 42 m. S. W. Frank fort. BAKER S, p. o., Champaign co., OMo : 5S m. W. Columbus. BAKER S CORNERS, p. o., Walworth co., TFi.sc. : 56 m. E. by S. Madison. BAKER S FALLS, A 7 ! Y. : on Hudson r., 52 m. aboTe Al bany. The descent is 76 feet in 60 rocl. BAKERSFIELD, t. and p. v., Franklin co., Verm. : on a Branch of Missi&que r., 40 m. N. by W. Montpelier. 1,523. BAKER S ISLAND : a small island in the Atlantic, off the coast of Maine. BAKER S ISLAND.: a small island off the Massachusetts coast, 5 m. E. N. E. Salem. There is a lighthouse on the N. end. BAKER S EIVER, W. JTamp. : a considerable stream, form ed of two brandies the N. branch from Moosheloc mts., and the S. branch from the town of Orange ; after their union, the river has a S. E. course to the Pemegewaset r., .nto which it falls. BAKER S EUN, p. o., Hardy co., Virg. : on a cr. so called, L46 m. N. W. Eichmond. BAKERSTOWN, p. v., Alleghany co., Penn. : 162 m. W. larrisburg. BAKERSVILLE, p. v., Litchfield co., Conn.: 82 m. W. lartford. BAKEBSVILLE, p. v., Coshocton co., Ohio: 62 m. E. N. E, Columbus. BAKERSVILLE, p. v., Washington co., Md. : on the E. side Marsh cr., 94 m. W. N. W. Annapolis. BAKERSVILLE, p. v., Somerset co., Penn. : 128 m. W. S. W. larrisburg. BAKERSVILLE, p. v., Tancey co., 2T. Car. : on Cane cr. of Nolichucky r., 198 m. W. Ealeigh. BAL BAL BALDWIN county, Ala. Situate S. W. on Mobile Bay, and contains 2,180 sq. m. Drained by numerous creeks and tributaries of the bay, Alabama r., and Perdido r. The coast on the Gulf of Mexico is lined by long sand islands, which also inclose Mobile Bay from the sea. Surface near the coast a sand plain, but the land rises inland. Soils, ex cept on the streams, poor. Cotton is the chief product. Farms 121; manuf. 38; dwell. 397, and pop. wh. 2,100, fr. col. 96, si. 2,218 total 4,414. Capital: Blakely. Pub lic Works : Girard and Mobile R. It. (proposed). BALDWIN county, Ga. Situate centrally, and contains 329 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Oconce r., which traverses from N. "W. to S. E. Surface uneven, and the soil of average fertility Indian corn and cotton being the chief products. Farms 240; manuf. 3; dwell. 647, and pop wh. 3,522 fr. col. 24, si. 4,602 total 8,148. Capital: Mil ledgeville. Public Tlw-fo ; Milledgeville and Gordon E.E., and Eatonton E. E. BALCONY FALLS, p. o., Eookbridge co., Virg. : 113 m. W. Eichmond, on James r., at the passage of the Blue Ridge, and the W. terminus of James River Canal. The river is here narrow, and crossed by a feeder dam, and the scenery highly picturesque. BALD CREEK, p. o., Tancey co., N. Car.: on a cr. so ealled, 192 m. W. Raleigh. BALD EAGLE, p. o., Bath co., Ky. : 58 m. E. Frankfort. BALD EAGLE, p. o., York co., Penn. : 32 m. S. by E. llar- risburg. BALD EAGLE MOUNTAINS, Penn. : on the confines of Huntingdon and Centre counties, and N. E. of Juniata r., about 80 m. "W. Ilarrisburg. Bald Eagle, or Sinking Spring Yalley, lies at the E. base on the edge of Bedford county, and is 5 m. wide. It is remarkable for a phenomenon called the " Swallows," which absorb several large streams, and discharge them again after a subterranean passage of sev eral miles. BALD EAGLE EIVER, Penn. : rises in Centre co., and runs N. E. to the W. branch of Susquehannah r. after a course of 60 miles. BALD HEAD, Me. : a headland on the S. W. side of Wells Bay, lat. 43, and long. 80 35 W. from Greenwich. BALD HEAD, Jf. Car. : a cape at the S. W. end of Smith s island, at the mouth of Cape Fear r. A lighthouse is erect ed here, 24 m. N. N. TV. from Frying-pan Shoal, lat. 33 51 , and long. 78 18 W. from Greenwich. BALD HILL, p. o., Museogee co., Ga. : 96 m. TV. S. W. Milledgeville. BALD HILL, p. o., Norfolk co.. Mass. : 22 m. S. S. TV. Boston. BALD MOUNT, p. o., Lucerne co., Penn. : 82 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. BALD MOUNTAIN, p. o., Oakland co., Mich. BALDWIN, p. v., Chemung co., 2f. Y. : 156 m. TV. S. TV. Albany. BALDWIN, p. v., Butler co., P&iin. : 173 m. TV. N. TV. Harrisburg. BALDWINSVILLE, p. v., Worcester co., Mass. : on the line of the Vermont and Massachusetts E. R., 21 m. TV. Fitch- burg, and 71 from Boston. BALDWINSVILLE, p. v., Onondaga co., W. Y. : on the N. W. side of Oswego r., 138 m. W. by N. Albany. A newspa per, the " Onondaga Gazette," is issued weekly. BALD-WINVILLE, p. v., Edgar co., HI. : 114 m. E. Spring field. BALIZE, or North-east Pass of the delta of the Mississippi r.. 100 m. below New Orleans. It is the principal ship pas sage to and from the Gulf of Mexico. BALIZE, p. v., Plaquemine par., La. : on the pass of the eame name, 158 m. S. by E. Baton Rouge. BALLARD county, Ky. Situate W. on the Ohio and Mis sissippi rivers, and contains 372 sq. m. Drained by the Humphrey, Willow, and Mayfield creeks. Surface rugged, but soils fertile, producing grain in abundance, with tobacco 54 and some cotton. Farms 483 ; manuf. 7 ; dwell. 775, and pop. wh. 4,628, fr. col. 26, si. 842 total 5,496. Capital: Blandville. Public Works: Mobile and Ohio R. R. BALLAKD S BRIDGE, p. o., Chowan co., .A 7 ". Car. : 138 m. E. N. E. Raleigh. BALLAEDSVILLE, p. v., Oldham co., Ky. : on S. E. line of co., 26 m. W. N. W. Frankfort. BALLARDSVILLE, p. v., Boone co., Virg. : on E. side of Guyandotte r., 252 m. W. Richmond. BALLARD VALE, p. o., Essex co., J/as.. BALLENGER S, p. o., Tipton co., Ind. : 37 m. N. Indianap olis. BALLEW S FERRY, p. o., Calcasieu par., La. ; on E. side of Sabine r., 152 m. W. by 8. Baton Rouge. BALL GROUND, p. o., Cherokee co., Ga. : 104 m. N. by W. Milledgeville. BALL PLAY, p. o., Monroe co., Tenn. : 158 m. E. by S. Nashville. BALL S POND, p. o., Fairfield co. Conn. : 54 m. S. W. Hartford. BALLSTON CENTRE, p. v., Saratoga co., Jf. Y. : 24 m. N. N. TV. Albany. BALLSTON SPA, p. v., and cap. Saratoga co., N. Y. : on a small branch of Kayaderosseras cr., 27 m. N. N. W. Alba ny. It is much celebrated for its mineral springs, and is the most fashionable summer resort in the Union. Rail roads connect it with Troy, Schenectady, and Albany, south ward, and with Whitehall, etc., northward. Two newspa pers, t-he " Ballston Democrat," and " Ballston Journal," are issued weekly. BALLSTOWN, p. v., Eipley co., Ind. : 56 m. S. E. Indian apolis. BALLSVTLLE, p. v., Powhatan co., Virg. : on Deep cr. of James r., 38 m. W. Eichmond. BALTIMORE county, Md. Situate N. E., and contains C31 sq. m. Drained by Patapsco, Gwinn s, Jones, and Great Gunpowder Falls rivers. Surface uneven and varied. Soils thin and rocky, but fertile. Timber abundant, as also iron, copper, and other minerals, with building atone of va rious kinds. Farms 1,655 ; manuf. 2,569 ; dwell. 30,065, and pop._wh. 175,358, fr. col. 28,570, si. 6,718 total 210,646, Capital: Baltimore. Public Works: Baltimore and Ohio E. E. ; Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore E. R. ; Bal timore and Susquehanna E. E., with Westminster Brancn ; and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. A E. E. also runs from Westchester, Pa., direct to Baltimore (in progress). BALTIMORE CITY, sea-port, p. city, and cap. Baltimore co., Md. : on the N. side Patapsco r., 14 m. from its entrance into Chesapeake Bay, and 204 m. from the Atlantic Ocean, by ship channel, and 28 m. N. Annapolis ; lat. 39 17 23", and long. 24 E. Washington. The city is pleasantly situated on a slightly undulating ground, and some of the elevations in the vicinity command fine views. As laid out, it includes four miles square, and is built around the bay. The streets are regular and spa cious, the buildings mostly of brick, and some of them ex hibiting beautiful architectural combinations. Jones Falls, a small stream from the N., divides the city into two parts, and over it are erected several handsome stone and wooden bridges. The harbor of Baltimore is capacious and safe, and con sists of an inner basin and an outer harbor the latter at Fell s Point, and accessible to the largest ships. The en trance is commanded by Fort M Henry. The principal public buildings are the City Hall, the County Court House, the State Penitentiary, County Prison and House of Eefuge, the Eoman Catholic Cathedral, the finest in the Union, and numerous buildings devoted to collegiate, academic, and other literary and educational purposes. The monuments of Baltimore, and its nume rous fountains, are distinguishing features in the adornments of the city. The population, in 1S50, amounted to 169,054 souls, of BAL BAN which 140,666 were whites, 25,442 fr. col., and 2,946 si. The total value of real and personal estate was $80,231,960, and the taxes raised, $617,994, of which $381,509 was city tax. Baltimore has 4 colleges, 67 academies and private schools, and 71 primary and public schools. The Univer sity, St. Mary s College, and Washington Medical College, are the principal collegiate institutions. There are 99 churches of all denominations, of which 6 are Baptist, 10 Episcopal, 3 German Eeformed, 8 Lutheran, 42 Methodist, 4 Presbyterian, 8 Eoman Catholic, and 8 others not speci fied. The public press consists of 6 daily, 4 tri-weekly, 10 weekly, 1 semi-monthly, and 2 monthly periodicals and newspapers ; and of these 6 are religious, 1 agricultural, 1 musical, and 1 colonization ; the remainder are devoted to politics and general news. The industrial employments of the citizens are various and extensive. There are 2,243 establishments ; the man ufacturing capital invested, $6,541,922 ; males employed, 15,442; females employed, 5,044 ; raw material consumed, $9,444,244 ; monthly cost of labor, $459,441 ; annual pro ducts, $20,416,511 ; of these establishments, 71 are blacksmith, 356 boot and shoe, 111 cabinet ware, 120 cigar, 238 cloth ing, 26 coach and carriage, 10 brass founding, 13 iron found ing, 10 gunsmith, 12 machine, 10 piano-forte, 17 printing and publishing, 24 sail-making, 21 ship-building, 13 ship- joiner, 16 ship-smith, 31 silver-smith, etc., 19 stove, 15 weav ers, 21 wheelwright, and 10 whitesmith the remainder va rious, and of common interest. As a commercial city Baltimore ranks next to New Or leans among the southern ports. It has an immense inland trade, which will be greatly increased when the lines of communication are completed to a junction with those of Ohio and other western States. In 1850, the principal re ceipts from the interior for consumption and export, were : Cumberland coal, 146,645 tons, and anthracite, 160.000 tons ; wheat, 2,600,000 bushels (about 1,750,000 bushels taken by millers, and 859,000 bushels shipped) ; Indian corn, 3,000,000 bushels ; oats, 450,000 bushels, and considerable lots of rye, barley, peas, and beans; beef, pork, and bacon; tobacco, 41,S33 hhds. ; wool, 500,000 Ibs., etc., etc. ; the inspections of flour amounted to 896,592 barrels ; of corn meal, to 46,000 barrels ; and of rye flour, to 5,441 barrels ; of leather, to 413,974 sides. Flour and tobacco, however, are the two great staples of Baltimore, and well has it been designated as " the greatest market for tobacco in the United States, and the principal flour market in the world." Its coastwise trade is also very extensive, and the shipping of BaltTmore is found in every port from Passamaquoddy Bay to the Eio Grande ; the lumber of Maine, and the cotton and sugar of the Gulf States are brought here in vast quantities, as are also the various manufactures and merchandises of the in termediate Atlantic ports ; in 1850, 25,000 bales cotton were landed from southern ports, and 63,000,000 feet of lumber from Bangor and other ports of Maine. The shipping owned in the collection district, of which Baltimore is the port, amounted on the 1st of June, 1850, to 140,019 tons, of which was registered 90,670 tons ; enrolled and licensed 57,612 tons, and licensed under 20 tons 737 tons ; and of the enrolled and licensed tonnage, 13,115 tons, navigated by steam-power. In 1849-50, 66 vessels, of an aggregate bur den of 11,683 tons, were built in the port district. The Bal timore clippers are pronounced to be the perfection of naval architecture; and they are no less fitted for trade than for privateering, in which capacity they made a great figure in the last war with England. Boston, New York, and New Orleans are the only sea board ports of the Union, the foreign commerce of which exceeds that of Baltimore. In 1849-50, the entrances amounted to 438 vessels and 99,5S8 tons, and the clear ances to 521 vessels and 126,819 tons; and the value of mer chandise imported was $6,124,201, and of that exported, $0),9o7,353. The great bulk of the foreign commerce of Baltimore is carried on with the States of South America and the West India colonies, and the continent of Europe. With the British ports in Europe the connection is very limited. There are 10 banks in Baltimore, with an aggregate capital of $7,101,051. The circulation in 1850 amounted to $2,073,578, discounts to $10,925,106, and deposits to $3,648,819, and the amount of specie on hand to $2,113,758. There are also a number of insurance companies and sav- ngs institutions. The city is bountifully supplied with pure and wholesome water from public springs and fountains ; these are inclosed by circular railings, and covered by small, open templets, consisting of columns supporting a dome, which are highly ornamental. The city, however, derives its great supply from an elevated part of Jones Falls, from which the wa ter is conducted through an aqueduct to a reservoir on Cal- vert-street, whence it is distributed in pipes. The lines of travel diverging from Baltimore, are: the Baltimore and Philadelphia E. E., 97 m. long; the Balti more and Susquehannah E. E., extending to Ilarrisburg, Pa. ; and the Baltimore and Ohio E. E., with a branch E. K. to Washington ; and lines of steamships or sail-vessels ply to Philadelphia, Norfolk, and other Atlantic ports. These great routes of communication unite the city with every part of the Union, and insure a rapid and certain transit to its ever-increasing trade. Baltimore was first laid out as a town in 1729, and in 1765 it contained only 50 houses. It was chartered as a city in 1797. Since this period us increase has boen constant, and its prosperity material. BALTIMORE, p. v., Warren co., 2nd. : on W. side of Wa- bash r., 72 m. W. N. W. Indianapolis. BALTIMORE, hund., Sussex co., Del. : facing on the ocean. Area 52,210 acres, and population 2,301. BALTIMORE, p. v.. Fairfield co., Ohio. : on both sides of Miami Canal. 20 m. E. S. E. Columbus. Pop. 492. BALTIMORE, p. v., Barry co., Mich, : 32 m. W. by S. Lan sing. BANCROFT county, la. Situate N. W., and contains 432 sq. m., taken from Pottowottomee in 1851. BANCROFT, p. v., Hampshire co., Mass.: 118 m. W Boston. BANGOR, t, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Penobscot co., Me. : at the head of navigation on the Penobscot r., 30 m. N. by E. from Belfast Bay, and 60 from the sea. Lat. 44 47 50" N., and long. 68 47 W. from Greenwich. Pop. 14,432. Kenduskeag r. divides the city into two parts, which are connected by bridges ; a mile above the city it has a fall which affords mill-power. The harbor is spa cious, and at tide is dep enough for the largest vessels. The principal staple of trade is timber. The Bangor Theo logical Seminary, and other good schools, are located here ; and the periodical press consists of two daily papers, the " Mercury" and the " Whig and Courier," and four weekly papers, two of which are editions of the daily papers, and the others, the " Democrat" and the " Jeffersonian." Churches of all denominations are numerous. There is a E. E. extending hence to Old Town, and another, the Kennebec and Pen obscot E. E., will afford, when finished, a direct E. E. com munication southward. Steamboats ply regularly to and from the river villages, and also to and from Boston and Portland. Bangor was incorporated as a town in 1791, and was chartered as a city in 1834. Just above the city, a bridge. 1,320 .feet long, spans the Penobscot, connecting Bangor with Orrington. BANGOR, t and p. v., Franklin co., N. Y. : on a tributary of Salmon r , 152 m. N. N. W. Albany. The Northern E. E. passes through it 63 m. W. House s Point, and 55 E. Og- densburg. Pop. 2,160. BANK LICK, p. o., Kenton co., Ey. : 62 m. N. Frank fort. BANKSTON, p. v., Choctaw co., Miss. : 82 m. N. by E. Jackson. 55 BAN BAR BANKSVILLE, p. v., Fairfield co., Conn. : 58 m. S. W. Hartford. BANKTOX, p. v., Saline co., III. : between the middle and S. forks of Saline cr., 156 m. S. S. E. Springfield. BANNER, p. o., Kane co., HI. : 159 m. N. N. E. Spring field. BANNER, p. o., Lafayette co., Miss. : 134 m. N. Jackson. BANNERMAN, p. o., New Hanover co., N. Car. : 110 m. S. by E. Ealeigh. BANTAM, p. o., Clermont co., Ohio : 102 m. S. TV. Colum bus. BANTAM FALLS, p. o., Litchfleld co., Conn. : 86 m. W. Hartford. BAPTIST MISSION, p. o., Cherokee Nation, Ind. Ter. BAPTISTOWN, p. v., Hunterdon co., N. Jer : 29 m. W. N. W. Trenton. BAPTIST VALLEY, p. o., Tazewell co., Virg. : 248 m. W. by S. Richmond. BABABOO, p. v., Sauk co., Wise. : on S. side Baraboo r., 83 m. N. by W. Madison. BARBER S, p. o., Columbia co., Flor. BARBER S CORNERS, p. o., Will co., III. : 143 m. N. N. E. Springfield. BARBER S CREEK, p. o., Jackson co., Ga. : 60 m. N. Mil- ledgeville. BARBER S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Isle of Wight co., Virg. : 64 m. S. E. Richmond. BARBERSVILLE. p. v., Jefferson co., Ind. : 76 m. S. E. In dianapolis. BARBOUR county, Ala. Situated S. E. on Chattahoochee r., and contains 980 sq. m. Drained by numerous creeks of Chattahoochee r., the head waters of Choctawatchie r., and Pea r., which forms its W. border. Surface undulat ing, and the soils generally fertile. Corn and cotton are the staple products. Farms 1,325 ; manuf. 39 ; dwell. 2,306, and pop. wh. 12,842, fr. col. 10 ; si. 10,780 total 23,632. Capital: Clayton. BARBOUR county, Virg. Situate N. W., and contains 3SO sq. m. Drained by the numerous creeks forming the E. fork of Monongahela r. Surface much diversified, some what rough, and soils rich, producing wheat, corn, oats, and tobacco abundantly. Maple sugar is made largely. Farms 1,075 ; dwell. 1,467, and pop. wh. 8,671, fr. col. 221, si. 113 total 9,005. Capital: Phillippa. BARBOUR, p. v., Choctaw co., Ala.: 118 m. W. Mont gomery. BARBOUR S MILLS, p. o., Lycoming co., Penn. : 86 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. BARBOURSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Knox co., Ky. : on N. side Cumberland r., 112 m. S. E. by S. Frankfort. BARBOURSVILLE, p. v., Cabell co., Virg. : on N. bank of Guyandotte r., 260 m. W. by N. Eichmond. BARBOURSVILLE, p. v., Orange co., Virg. : 64 m. N. W. Richmond, near the line of the Central E. E, BARBOURSVILLE, p. v., Delaware co., 2f. Y. : 96 m. W. S. W. Albany. BARCELONA, p. v., Chautauque co., JV. Y.: on Lake Erie, 298 m. W. Albany, and on the Buffalo and State Line E. E. It is a port, and place of considerable business. BARCLAY, p. v., Whitesides co., III. BARCLAYSVILLE, p. v., Cumberland co., .A 7 ! Car. BARDSTOWN, p. v., and cap. Nelson co., Ky. : on E. side of Beech fork of Salt r., 42 m. S. W. Frankfort. It is the eite of St. Joseph s College, a Catholic institution. BARESVILLE, p. o., Monroe co., Ohio : 108 m. E. Columbus. BAREVILLE, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. BARGAINTOWN, p. v., Atlantic co., N. Jer. : 56 m. S. by E. Trenton. BARGES, p. o., Butler co., Ala. : on Pine Barren cr., 4S m. 8. W. Montgomery. BARHAMSVILLE, p. v., New Kent co., Virg.: 40 m. E. Richmond. BAR HARBOR, p. o., Hancock co., Me. : 98 m. W. Augusta. 56 BARING, t. and p. v., Washington co., Me. : on St. Croix r.. 133 m. E. by N. Augusta. The Calais and Baring E. R., 6 m. long, connects it with Calais. Pop. 330, BARKER S SEITLEMEST, p. v., Barbour co., Virg. : 172 m. N. W. Eichmond. BAKKERSVILLE, p. v., Saratoga co., N. Y. BARKERSVILLE, p. v., Marion co., la,. : 88 m. "W. by S. Iowa City. BARKHAMSTEAD, t. and p. o., Litchfield co., Conn.: on a branch of Farmington r., 2-t m. N. W. Hartford. Pop. 1,525. BARK EIVEB, t. and p. o., Jefferson co., Wise. : 31 m. E. Madison. BARKSDALE, p. o., Halifax co., Virg. : on a cr. of Eoan- oke r., 98 m. S. W. Eichmond. BARLOW, L and p v., Washington co., Ohio: 78 m. E. S. E. Columbus. Pop. 1,062. BARNARD, t. and p. o., Windsor co., Verm. : on tributaries of White and Queechee rivers, 83 m. S. Montpelier. P.l,fi47. BARNARDSVILLE, p. v., Eoane co., Tenn. : on S. side of Tennessee r., 124 m. E. by S. Nashville. BARNBOROUGII, p. v., Gloucester co., JV 7 ! Jer. BARNEGAT, v., Dutchess co., N. Y. : on E. side of Hudson r., 4 m. S. of Poughkeepsie, and 78 m. S. Albany. Noted for its lime. BARNEGAT, p. v., Ocean co., W. Jer. : 56 m. S. E. Trenton. BARNEGAT BAY AND INLET, JV 7 ; Jer. : a long, narrow bay, separated from the ocean by Island Beach and Squam Beach, and having its entrance southward by an inlet of the same name. It is 20 m. long, and from 1 to 4 m. wide, and receives several considerable creeks, of which Metede- cunk r., at its N. extremity, is the largest. BARNERVILLE, p. v., Schoharie co., A1 Y. : 38 m. W. by S. Albany. BARNES, p. o., Richland co., OMo. : 58 m. N. by E. Co lumbus. BARNES CORNERS, p. o., Lewis co., N. Y. : 123 m. N. W. Albany. BARNES CROSS EOADS, p. o., Dale co., Ala. : 90 m. S. E. Montgomery. BARNESVILLE, p. v., Pike co., Ala. : 42 m. S. S. E. Mont gomery. BARNESVILLE, p. v., Montgomery co., Ga. : 73 m. S. E. Milledgeville. BARNESVILLE, p. v., Belmont co., Ohio: 96 m. E. by N. Columbus. BARNET, t. and p. v., Caledonia co., Venn. : on W. side Connecticut r., 27 m. E. Montpelier. The Connecticut and Passumpsic Elvers E. E. passes through it, 51 m. N. of White River Junction, and 9 m. S. St. Johnsbury. P. 2,521. BARNEYS, p. o., Philips co., Ark. BARNHART S ISLAND, A 7 : Y. : the most northerly of the St. Lawrence r. islands, belonging to the United States. BARNIIART S MILLS, p. o., Butler co., Penn. : 170 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. BARN ISLAND (GREAT), 2f. Y. : lies in the East r. N. of Hell Gate, 147 m. S. by E. Albany, and is about 2 m. in cir cuit. LITTLE BARN ISLAND lies to the N. E., and is separ ated from the above by a narrow channel called Little Hell Gate, and at the confluence of Harlem r. with East r. BARNSTABLE county, Mass. Situate S. E., and contains about 335 sq. m. This county includes the whole of Cape Cod, and is a sandy, unproductive region. Farms 7S9; manuf. 423; dwell. 6,532, and pop. wh. 35,153, fr. col. 123 total 35,276. A great portion of the male inhabitants de rive their living from the fisheries or other maratime em ployments. Capital: Barnstable. BARNSTABLE, t., p. v., sea-port, and cap. Barnstable co., Mass. : on Barnstable Bay, 62 m. S. E. Boston. Tonnage of the port 91,102 tons, chiefly employed in the fisheries. The Lay opens on Cape Cod Bay, and at its bar has from 6 to 7 feet water. Pop. 4,902. BARNSTEAD, t. and p. v., Belknap co., N. Jlamp. : on Suncook r., 18 m. N. E. Concord. Pop. 1,848. BAR CAS BAR* WELL district, & Car. Situate S. \V., and contains 1,160 sq. in., lying between the Savannah and the South Edisto rivers. Drained by tho Salkawatchie, and the trib utaries of the two first named rivers. There are several sulphur springs in the district. Surface undulating and in clining to tho S. W. ; and the soils fertile. Indian corn, rice, and cotton are the principal products. Farms 1,558; manuf. 85; dwell. 2,460, and pop. wh. 1 2,2S9, fr. col. 311. I. 14,008 total 26,COS. Capital : Baruwell. Public Works : South Carolina K. II. BARNWELL, p. v., and cap. Barnwell disk, S. Car. : on Turkey cr., near Salkahatchie r., 57 m. S. S. W. Columbia. BARRACKSVILLE, p. v., Marion co., Virg. BARRE, t. and p. v., Worcester co., Mass. : on Ware r., 56 m. W. Boston. Two newspapers, the " Barrc Patriot and the " Barre Gazette," are issued weekly. Pop. 2,976. BARRE, t. and p. v., Washington co., Venn. : on Onion r., 8 m. S. by E. Montpelier. The town furnishes fine building granite : the State House at Montpelier is con structed of material furnished from its quarries. Pop. 1,8^5. BARRE CENTRE, p. o., Orleans co., If. Y. : 226 m. W. Al bany. BARREN county, Ky. Situate S. centrally, and contains 546 sq. m. Drained by the head waters of Big Barren, an arm of Green r. Surface uneven, and sometimes roll ing, and soils of average fertility, producing largely tobacco and the cereals. Farms 1,813; manuf. 33; dwell. 2,667, and pop. wh. 15,543, fr. col. 113, si. 4,584 total 20,240. Capital: Glasgow. Public Works: Nashville and Lex ington R. R. BARREN, p. o., Harrison co., Ind. : 112 m. S. Indianapolis. BARREN, p. o., Williamson co., Tenn. : 22 m. S. Nashville. BARREN CREEK SPRINGS, p. o., Somerset co., Md. : on N. Bide Barren cr. of the Nanticoke, 55 m. S. E. Annapolis. BARREN GROVE, p. o., Bureau co., III. : 54 m. N. Snrin"-- fleld. BARREN- HILL, p. o., Montgomery co., Penn. : 92 m. E. by S. Harrieburg. BARREN HILL, p. o., Henry co., Tenn. : 8S m. W. by N. Nashville. BARREN PLAIN, p. o., Robertson co., Tenn. ; 26 m. N. Nashville. BARKEN RIDGE, p. o., Yanzant co., Tex. : 288 m. N. N. E. Austin City. BARREN rivers, (Bio and LITTLE), Ky. : tributaries of Green r. BARRETTSYILLE, p. v., Lumpkin co., Ga. : 106 m. N. W. Milledgeville. BARREVILLE, p. v., M Henry co., m. : on W. side Fox r., 188 m. N. E. Springfield. BARRINGTON, p. v., Cook co.. IE. : in N. W. part of co., 182 m. N. E. Springfield. BARRINGTON, t. and p. v., Strafford co., 2f. Ilamp. : 28 m. E. Concord. The "Devil s Den," a curious cave with several large chambers, exists under this town one of the chambers is 60 feet long, 10 to 15 feet high, and 8 wide. It has also numerous small lakes, the outlets of which afford water power. Pop. 1,754. BARRINGTON, t. and p. v., Yates co., N. Y. : on E. side of Crooked Lake, 176 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,556. BARRINGTON, t. and p. v., Bristol co., It. 1. : S m. E. S. E. Providence. Pop. T95/ BARR S STORE, p. o., Macoupin co., III. ; 42 m. S. W. Springfield. BARRY county, Mich. Situate W. centrally, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Thorn Apple r., a tributary of Grand r., and in the S. by streams flowing to the Kalamazoo. Surface undulating, well timbered, and soils fertile. Farms 733; manuf. 26; dwell. 1,037, and pop. wh. 5,033, fr. col. 39 total 5,072. Capital: Hastings. BARRY county, Mo. Situate S. W. on the State line, and contains 650 sq. m. Drained E. by tributaries of White r. aad W. by tire head waters of Neosho r. of the Arkansas! Surface undulating; in the W. and middle hilly and broken. Timber abundant. Farms 3S9; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 544, and pop. wh. 3,317, fr. col. 0, si. 150 total 3,467. Capital: Cassville. BARRY, t. and p. v., Schuylkill co., Penn. : on Deep cr. of the Susquchanna, 44 m. N. E. Ilarrisburg. BARRY, p. v., Pike co., III. : 78 m. W. Springfield. BARRY, p. v., Lawrence co., Ark. : 113 m. N. N. E. Lit tle Rock. BARRY, p. v., Frederick co., Md. : 62 m. W. N. W. An napolis. BARRY, p. v., Jackson co., Mich. : on Sandstone cr., and on the line of tho Michigan Central R. R., 30 m. S. Lan sing. BARRY, p. v., Clay co., Mo. : 136 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. BARRY, p. v., Cuyahoga co., Ohio: 126 m. N. N. E. Co lumbus. BARRY S BRIDGE, p. o., Lunenburg co., Virg.: 66m. S. W. Richmond. BARRYTON, p. v., Choctaw co. (formerly cap. Washington co.), Ala. : on Oka Tappah cr. of Tombigbee r., 113 in. W. S. W. Montgomery. BARRYTOWN, p. v., Duchess co., N. Y. : on E. side of Hudson r., 45 m. S. Albany. BARRYVILLE, p. v., Sullivan co., N. Y. : 98 m. S. W. Al bany. BARRYVILLE, p. v., Stark co., Ohio : 112 m. N. W. Co lumbus. BART, t. and p. o., Lancaster co., Penn : at tho head of Octarara cr., 48 in. E. Ilarrisburg. Pop. 3,838. BARTER BROOK, p. o., Augusta co., Virg.: 98 m. W. Richmond. BARTHOLOMEW county, Ind. Situate S., and contains 405 sq. m. The principal streams are Driftwood r., Flat Rock cr., and Clifty cr., which have extensive bottoms. Surface hilly and broken in the W., but elsewhere level or undulating. In the bottoms the soil is a rich alluvion mix ed with disintegrated limestone and gravel ; tho hilly parts have a clay soil. Every part of the county is well adapted to agriculture. Farms 1,249; manuf. 49; dwell. 2,149, and pop. wh. 12,346, fr. col. 82 total 12,428. Capital : Co lumbus. PulliG Works: Madison and Indianapolis R. R., and the Columbus and Jeffersonville R. R. BARTHOLOMEW, p. o., Drew co., Ark. : on E. side Bayou Bartholomew, 104 m. S. E. Little Rock. BARTLETT, t. and p. v., Coos co., N. ffamp. : on Saco r., at the foot of the White mts., 68 m. N. E. Concord. P. 761. BARTLETT, p. v., Washington co., Ohio : 76 m. S. E. Co lumbus. BARTON, t. and p. r., Tioga co., Jv7 Y. : on the Susque- hanna and Chemung rivers, 128 m. W. S. W. Albany. BARTON, t. and p. v., Orleans co., Venn. : on Barton r., 36 m. N. E. Montpelier. Pop. 987. BARTON, p. v., Lowndes co., Miss. : 128 m. N. E. Jack son. BARTON, p. v., Washington co., Wise. : 76 m. E. N. E. Madison. BARTON HILL, p. o., Schoharie co., Jf. Y. : 38 m. W. Al bany. BARTON S CREEK, p. o., Dickson co., Tenn.: 42 m. W. Nashville. BARTON S LANDING, p. o., Orleans co., Verm. BARTONSVILLE, p. Y., Monroe co., Penn. : 112 m. N. E. Ilarrisburg. BARTONSYILLE, p. v., Windham co., Verm. : 92 m. S. Montpelier. BASAN, p. o., Meigs co., Ohio: 84 m. S. E. Columbus. BASCOBEL, p. v., Jackson co., Ga. : 74 m. N. by W. Mil- ledgeville. BASCOM, p. o., Seneca co., Ohio : 80 m. N. N.W. Columbus. BASK LAKE, p. o., Washtenaw co., Mich. : 46 m. S. E. Lansing. 57 BAS BAT BASIIAM S GAP, p. o., Morgan co., Ala. : 148 m. N. by "W. Montgomery. BASHA-M S MILLS, p. o., Johnson co., Ark. : 82 m. TV. by N. Little Rock. BASUI, p. v., Clark co., Ala. : 98 m. S. "W. Montgom ery. BASIN KNOB, p. o., Johnson co., Mo. : 102 m. TV. by N. Jefferson City. BASKENRIDGE, p. v., Somerset co., N. Jer. : 42 m. N. by E. Trenton, memorable for the capture of Gen. Lee by the English in the Revolutionary War. BASNETTVILLE, p. v., Marion co., Virg. BASS LAKE, p. o., I);ge co., Wise. BASS RIVER HOTEL, p. o., Burlington co., N. Jer. : 57 m. 6. E. Trenton. BASTUOP county, Tex. Situate S. TV. on Colorado r., and contains about 1,400 sq. m. Drained by numerous creeks of the Colorado, which traverses the county from N. "W. to S. E. Surface generally elevated and undulating in the N. some low hills. The streams arc fringed with heavy timber, between which are small and beautiful prairies. Soils a deep black mold mixed with sand. Indigo and wild grapes grow spontaneously, and the lands are highly favorable for cotton. Farms 219 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 377, and pop. wh. 3,180, fr. col. 0, si. 919 total 4,099. Capital ; Bastrop. BASTEOP, p. v., and cap. Morehause par., La. : on W. side of Bayou Bartholomew, 162 m. N. by W. Baton Rouge. BASTROP, p. v., and cap. Bastrop co., Tea?. : on N. side Rio Colorado, 26 m. E. S. E. Austin City. It is the centre of a rich agricultural country, and has great advantages as an interior commercial village. BATAVIA, p. v., Kane co., J21. : on the Aurora branch of the Galena and Chicago Union R. R., 36 m. W. Chicago, and 194 m. N. N. E. Springfield. BATAYIA, t., p. v., and cap. Genesee co., JV 7 ! Y. : on Tona- wanda cr., 226 m. W. Albany. Several railroads terminate at and pass through the place ; and there are two newspa pers, the " Republican Advocate" (whig), and the " Spirit of the Times" (dem.), issued weekly. It is a neat village, and has considerable trade. Pop. oft. 4.461. BATAVIA, t and p. v., Branch co., Mich. : on Southern Michigan R. R., 60 m. S. Lansing. Pop. 724. BATAVIA, p. v., and cap. Clermont co., Ohio : on the N. bank of the E. fork of Little Miami r., 88 m. S. TV. Colum bus. The "Clermont Sun" (dem.), and the "Clermont Courier" (whig), are published weekly. The village has some manufactures. BATAVIA KILL, p. o., Delaware co., N. T. : 77 m. S. TV. Albany. BATEMAN S STOEE, p. o., Houston co., Get. : 42 m. S. S. W. Milledgeville. BATES county, Mo. Situate S. TV. on State line, and con tains 780 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Osage r. Sur face undulating principally prairie, and soils A r ery fertile. Timber plentiful on the rivers. Farms 472 ; dwell. 626, and pop. wh. 3,520, fr. col. 8, si. 140 total 3,668. Capital: Batesville. BATESVILLE, p. v., and cap. Independence co., Ark. : on left bank of White r., 78 m. N. N. E. Little Rock. BATESVILLE, p. v., Habersham co., Ga. : 133 m. N. by TV. Milledgeville. BATESVILLE, p. v., Guernsey co., Ohio: 92 m. E. Colum bus. BATESVILLE. p. v., and cap. Bates co. (formerly Harmo ny Mission), Mo. : on N. bank of Osage r., 126 m. TV. Jef ferson City. BATH county, Ky. Situate N. E., and contains 260 sq. m. Drained by Slate and other creeks, tributaries of Lick ing r., which forms its E. Border. Surface occasionally hilly with much level or rolling lands ; and the soils very fertile. The chief products consist of the cereals and to bacco. Farms 1,018 ; raanuf. 23 ; dwell. 1,595, and pop. 58 wh. 9,477, fr. col. 102, si. 2,535 total 12,114. Capital. Owingsville. BATII county, Virg. Situate centrally among the Alle- ghanies, and contains 756 sq. m. "Watered by the head streams of James r., flowing E., and of Greenbrier, flowing TV. to the Ohio. It is an elevated hilly country, and con tains a number of medicinal springs. Soils very fertile in the valleys, producing grain, and feeding thousands of cat tle and sheep. Farms 261; manuf. 17; dwell. 410. and pop. wh. 2,436, fr. col. 43, si. 947 total 3,426. Capita-l: Bath C. U. BATII, p. v., Franklin co., Ind. : (see MIXEBVILLE). BATH, p. v., and cap. Mason co., Itt, : on the E. bank of Illinois r., 38 m. N. TV. Springfield. BATH, t., p. c., and sea-port, Lincoln co., Me. on TV. bank of Kennebec r., 12 m. from the ocean, and 28 S. Au gusta. It is one of the principal commercial towns of the State, and is largely engaged in ship-building. Tonnage, 103,626 tons, of which 76,606 tons are employed in foreign commerce. A branch of the Kennebec and Portland R. R., 9 m. long, connects the place with the general railroad sys tem of the U. S. Six newspapers are published here the "Northern Tribune" (whig), tri-weekly and weekly; the "Eastern Times" (dem.) ; the ""Weekly Mirror" (neutral), and the " Sagadahock Review" (neutral), weekly ; and the " Journal of Education," semi-monthly. Pop. 8,020. BATII, p. v., Beaufort co., N. Car. : on a cr. of Pamlico Sound, 12S m. E. Raleigh. BATH, t. and p. o., Grafton co., N. IJamp. : on Ammo- noosuc r., at its confluence with Connecticut r., 69 m. N. N. E. Concord. At the v. the Ammonoosuc is crossed by a bridge 350 feet long. Pop. oft. 1,514. BATII, t, p. v., and cap. Steuben co., N. Y. : on the Con- hocton r., 173 m. TV. S. W.Albany. The "Steuben Cou rier" (whig), the " Farmer s Advocate," and " Steuben Democrat" (dem.), are published weekly. The village is an important station on the Buffalo, Corning, and New York City R. R., and has a large number of flourishing flour and saw mills. Pop. of t. 6,185. BATH, t. and p. v., Summit co., Ohio: on a cr. of Cuya- hoga r., 108 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1,400. BATH, p. v., Northampton co., Penn. : 90 m. E. N. E. Ilarrisburg. BATH, p. v., and cap. Bath co., Virg. : 132 m. TV. N. TV. Richmond. The village is noted for its medicinal springs : the Warm Spring at this place has a temperature of 96 Fahr., and about 6 m. S. TV. are hot springs, the tempera ture being 112 ; these are much visited by invalids. BATH ALUM, p. v., Bath co., Virg. BATII SPRING, p. o., Decatur co., Tenn. BATON ROUGE, EAST, parish, La. Situate on the E. bank of Mississippi r., and contains 288 sq. m. The lands are well drained by numerous streams, tributaries of Amitie r., which borders it E. Surface slightly elevated above flood mark. Soils productive of corn, cotton, and sugar. Farms 287, dwell. 1,044, and pop. wh. 5,347, fr. col. 279, si. 6,851 total 11,977. Capital: Baton Rouge. BATON ROUGE, WEST, parish, La. Situate W. side of Mississippi, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by creeks and bayoux falling into Bayou Atchafalaya, which borders it S. and TV. Surface low, level, and subject to inundation, except along the streams where the land is slightly ele vated. Cotton is the principal production. Farms 1?8; dwell. 392, and pop. wh. 1,818, fr. col. 102, si. 4,350 total 6,270. Capital : West Baton Rouge. BATON ROUGE, p. v., and cap. East Baton Rouge par., La., and cap. of the State of Louisiana: on E. bank of Mis sissippi r., 245 m. from its mouth, and 1,120 S. W. Washing ton. It is the site of an U. S. barracks, and contains the State House, the Louisiana Penitentiary, county offices, and other handsome public and private dwellings. It is mostly built upon an elevated plain, some 25 or 80 feet above the river, the business portion being at the foot of the bluff. Tba BAT BEA " Baton Kouge Gazette," and " Democratic Advocate," are published weekly. Pop. 4,262, BATON KOUGE, C. II., p. v., and cap. West Baton Rouge, La. : on the W. side of the Mississippi r., immediately oppo site Baton Rouge. BATON EOUGE, p. v., Chester dist., S. Car. : 62 m. N. Co lumbia. BATTAHATcniE river, Ala. and Miss. : a tributary of Tom- bigbee r. it rises in Alabama, and after a course of 70 m. disembogues in Monroe co., Miss. BATTEN KILL, a tributary of the Hudson r. from Vermont. It has a course of about 50 m., in which it furnishes many excellent mill sites, and falls into the Hudson below Fort Miller Bridge. BATTENVILLE, p. v., "Washington co., W. T. : 38 m. N. E. Albany. BATTLEBOROUGH, p. v., Edgecomb co., W. Car. : 46 m. E. by N. Raleigh. BATTLE CREEK, p. v., Calhoun co., JlEcTi. : at the junction of Battle cr. and Kalamazoo r., 42 m. S. W. Lansing. The Michigan Central R. R. intersects the v. 120 m. W. Detroit. BATTLE CKEEK, p. o., Marion co., Tenn. BATTLE CREEK, Mich. : the largest branch of Kalamazoo r. It is about 40 m. long, and furnishes many good mill sites. BATTLEFIELD, p. o., Lauderdale co., Miss. : 88 m, E. Jackson. BATTLE GROUND, p. o., Tippecanoe co., Ind. : on the "W. side Tippecanoe r., 66 m. N. "W. Indianapolis. Famous as the scene of General Harrison s victory over the Indians. BAUMSTOWN, p. v., Berks co., Penn. : 52 m. E. by N. Har- risburg. BAVINGTON, p. o., Washington co., Perm.: 192 m. W. Ilarrisburg. BAXTER S, p. o., Muskingum co., Ohio : 50 m.~W. Columbus. BAY, p. o., Pope co., III. : on Big Bay cr., 188 m. S. 3. E. Springfield. BAY HUNDRED, p. o., Talbot co., Md. : on E. side of East ern Bay of the Chesapeake, 23 m. S. E. Annapolis. BAY MOUNT, p. o., Greene co., Tenn. : 132 m. E. Nash ville.. BAYOU CHICOT, p. v., St. Landry par., La. : 66 m. W. N. W. Baton Rouge. BAYOU GOULA, p. v., Iberville par., La. : 22 m. W. by S. Baton Rouge. BAYOU PIERRE, p. o., Caddo par., La. : 172 m. N. "W. Ba ton Rouge. BAYOU RAMOIS, p. o., St. Mary s par., La. : 58 m. S. W. Baton Rouge. BAYOU ROUGE, p. o., Avoyelles par., La. : 53 m. N. W. Baton Rouge. , BAY S BOTTOM, p. o., Gallia co., Ohio : 98 m. S. E. Co lumbus, Pop. 1,302. BAZETT, p. o., Navarre co., Tex. : on the W. side of Trin ity r., 210 m. N. N. E. Austin City. BAZETTA, t and p. v., Trumbull co., Ohio: 145 m. N. E. Columbus. BEACH BRANCH, p, o., Beaufort dist., S. Car. : 11 2 m. S. Columbia. BEACH GROVE, p. a, Lucerne co., Penn. : 102 m. N. E. Harrisburg. BEACH HAVE*, p. v., Lucerne co., Penn. : 98 m. N. E. Harrisburg. BEACH HILL, p. o., Ulster co., N. Y. : 72 m. S. Albany. BEACH LAND, p. o., Chattooga co., Ga, : 162 m. N. W. Milledgeville. BEALE S MILLS, p. o., Juniata co., Penn. : 84 m. "W. Ilar risburg. BEALLBVTLLE, p. v., Washington co., Penn. : 203 m. W. by 8. Harrisburg. BEALLSVILLE, p. v., Monroe co., Ohio: 104 m. E. Co lumbus. BBAJISVJLLE, p, v., Darke co., Ohio: 92 m. W. Columbus. BEAN BXOSSOM, p. o., Brown co., Ind. : on a cr. so called, 38 m. S. Indianapolis. BEAN S STATION, p. o., Grainger co., Tenn. : 1S8 m. E. by N. Nashville. BEANTOWN, p. v., Charles co., Md. : 38 m. S. W. Anna polis. BEAR BRANCH, p. o., Duplin co., N. Car. : 52 m. S. S. E. Raleigh. BEAR BRANCH, p. o., Ohio co., Ind. : 86 m. S. E. Indian apolis. BEAR CREEK, p. o., Jay co., Ind. : on a cr. so called, a tributary of Wabash r., 62 m. E. N. E. Indianapolis. BEAR CREEK, p. o., Montgomery co., III. : 46 m. S. Spring field. BEAR CREEK, p. o., Cedar co., Mo. : on a cr. so called, a tributary of Sac r. of the Ossage, 60 m. S. W. Jefferson City. BEAB CREEK, p. o., Poweslriek co., la. : 46 m. W. Iowa City. BEAR CREEK, p. o., Lucerne co., Penn. : 86 m. N. E. Har risburg. BEAR CREEK, p. o., Montgomery co., Ohio. : 82 m. W. Columbus. BEAR CREEK, p. o., Sauk co., Wise. : 48 m. W. by N. Ma dison. BEAR CREEK, p. o., Pickens co., Ala.: 124 m. N. W. Montgomery. BEAR CREEK, p. o., Sabine co., Tex. : 246 m. E. Austin City. BEARD S BLUFF, p. o., Marshall co., Ala. : 132 m. N. Montgomery. BEARDSTOWN, p. v., and cap. Cass co., III. : on E. sido of the Illinois r., 48 m. W. by N. Springfield. BEARDSTOWN, p. v., Perry co., Tenn. : 78 m. S. W. Nash- rille. BEAR GAP, p. o., Northumberland co., Penn. : 72 m. N. Ilarrisburg. BEARMONT, p. o., Schuylkill co., Penn. : 52 m. E. N. E. Ilarrisburg. BEAR RANGE, p. o., Autauga co., Ala.: 28 m. N. W. Montgomery. BEARSVILLE, p. v., Ulster co., W. Y. : 69 m. S. S. E. Albany. BEARTOWN, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. : 48 m. S. E. Har risburg. BBAR WALLOW, p. o., Barren co., Ky. : 108 m. S. by W. Frankfort. BEASELEY, p. o., Jefferson co., Flor. BHATIE S BLUFF, p. o., Madison co., Miss. : 32 m. N. by E. Jackson. BEATTIE S FORD, p. o., Lincoln co., 2f. Car. : 142 m. W. by S. Raleigh. BEATTY S BRIDGE, p. o., Bladen co., Jf. Car. : 84 m. S. Raleigh. BHATY S MILLS, p. o., Marion co., Virg. BEATYSTOWN, p. v., Warren co., N. Jer, : on Muscone- teong cr., at the W. base of Schooley s mt., 52 m. N. Tren ton. BEAUFORT county, 2T. Car. Situate E. on Pamlico and Pungo rivers, and contains 670 sq. m. Surface flat, and subject to inundation. Cotton and rice the staples. Farms 594: manuf. 73; dwell. 1,663, and pop. wh. 7,668, fr. col. 904, si. 5,249 total 13,816. Capital: Washington. BEAUFORT district, S. Car. Situate in S. W. corner of the State, and contains 1,120 sq. m. Facing S. E. on the Atlantic, and lying between the Savannah and Cambahee rivers, and drained by their tributaries and the Coosawat- chie r. The coast is lined with a numlu r of islands, tho largest of which are Hilton Head, St. Helena, and Port Royal, which form a number of canals and inlets, Surface low and marshy, and soil generally sandy. The chief pro- ducts are Indian corn, rice, and cotton. Farms 842 ; manuf. 18 ; -dwell. 1,885, and pop. wh. 5,945, fr. col. 5S1, si. 32,279 total 38.805. Capital : Coosawatchie. BEAUFORT, p. v., sea-port, and cap. Cartaret co., JV; Car. ; 50 BEA BED 126 m. E. S. E. Ealeigh. The harbor is spacious and safe, and admits vessels drawing 14 feet water, entrance being had by Old Topsail Inlet, 11 m. N. W. Cape Lookout, The port has a good commerce, and the shipping belonging to the district in 1S50 was 2,250 tons, chiefly coasters. On Bogue Point, at the entrance of the harbor, stands .Fort Macon. BEAUFORT, p. v., Franklin co., Ho. : 58 m. E. Jefferson City. BEAUFORT, p. v., sea-port, and cap. Beaufort dist., S. Car. : on the W. side of Port Royal r., an inlet of the Atlantic, 16 m. from the sea and 156 S. Columbia. The harbor is good, but on account of a bar at the mouth, vessels of more than 11 feet draft are prevented entrance. It has little or no commerce, and the site is unhealthy. BEAUMONT, p. o., Lucerne co., Penn. : 72 m. N. E. Har- risbung. BEAUMONT, p. v., and cap. Jefferson co., Tex. : on the W. bank of Nechos r., 28 m. above its entrance into Sabine Bay, and 224 m. E. by S. Austin City. BEAA ER county, Penn. Situate W., and contains 3S2 sq. m. Drained by Beaver r. and the Ohio, which flows through it. Surface uneven, sometimes hilly, but soils fertile. Coal and iron are abundant. Farms 1,841 ; manuf. 186; dwell. 4,564, and pop. wh. 26,444, fr. col. 245 total 26,689. Cap ital: Beaver. Public Works: Cleveland and Pittsburg E. E., Ohio and Pennsylvania E. E., Beaver and Erie Canal, etc. BEAVER, t and p. v., Pike co., Ohio : on the line of the Cincinnati, Hillsboro , and Parkersburg E. E., 62 m. S. by E. Columbus. Pop. 520. BEAVER, p. v., Anderson co., Teat. : 216 m. N. E. Austin OKy. BEAVER, p. v., and cap. Beaver co., Penn. : at the con fluence of Big Beaver r. with the Ohio r., 30 m., by the river course, below Pittsburg, and 1ST m> W. Ilarrisbnrg. Two newspapers, the " B. Argus," and the " Western Star" (whig), arc issued weekly. Pop. 2,550. BEAVER, p. v., Boone co., III. : on a cr. of Eock r., 164 m. N. by E. Springfield. BEAVER BROOK, p. o., Sullivan co., Jf. Y. : 121 m. S. S. W. Albany. BEAVER CREEK, p. v., Bond co., IU. : on Beaver cr. of Kaskaskia r., 72 m. S. by E. Springfield. BEAVER CREEK, p. o,, Pulaski co., Ind. : on a cr. of Tip- pecanoe r., 81 m. N. N. "W". Indianapolis. BEAVER CREEK, p. o., Washington co., Md. : on a cr. of Antietam r., 74 m. N. W. Annapolis. BEAVER CREEK, p. o., Campbell co., Virg. : 98 m. W. by S. Eichmond. BEAVER DAM, p. o., Kosciusko co., Ind. : 105 m. N. In dianapolis. BEAVER DAM, p. o., Union co., N. Car. : 116 m. S. W. Ealeigh. BEARER DAM, p. o., Goochland co., Virg. : 21 m. W. Eichmond. BEAVER DAM, p. o., Dodge co., Wise. : 51 m. N. E. Mad ison. BEAVER DAM, p. o., Allen co., Ohio : 89 m. N. W. Co lumbus. BEAVER DAM, p. o., Clark co., Miss. : 98 m. E. by S. Jackson. BEAVER DAM DEP6T, p. o., Hanover co., Virg. : on the line of the Virginia Central E. E., 40 m. (28 m. direct) N. W. Eichmond. BEAVER DAM FORKS, p. o., Tipton co., Tenn.: 158 m. W. S. W. Nashville. BEAVER DAM SPRINGS, p. o., Hickman co., Tenn. : 42 m. B. W. Nashville. BEAVER DAMS, p. o., Chemung co., N. Y. : 162 m. W. S. W. Albany. BEAVER ISLAND, p. o., Michilimackinac co., Mich.: 212 m. N. N. W. Lansing. The Beavers are a cluster of islands 60 at the entrance of Lake Michigan. The largest. Big Beaver, contains about 25,000 acres, and is now in possession of a band of Mormons, under the direction of Strang, one of the most eminent advocates of the church. BEAVER KILL, p. o., Sullivan co., N. Y. : on a cr. of same name, tributary to the Papacton Branch of Delaware r., 74 m. S. S. W. Albany. BEAVER MEADOW, p. o., Chenango co., W. Y. : 101 m. W. Albany. BEAVER MEADOWS, p. o., Carbon co., Penn. : in the an thracite coal region of the Lehigh r., 78 m. N. E. Harris- burg. Pop. 525. BEAVER PONDS, p. o., Montgomery co., Ky. : 60 m. E. by S. Frankfort. BEAVER EIDOE, p. o., Knox co., Tenn. : 153 m. E. by S. Nashville. BEAVER EUIN, p. o., Union co., Ark. : 108 m. S. Little Eock. BEAVER SPRINGS, p. o., Union co., Penn. : 52 m. N. W. Harrisburg. BEAVERTOWN, p. v., Union co., Penn. : 59 m. N. W. Harrisburg. BEAVER VALLEY, p. o., Columbia co., Penn. : 57 m. N. E. Ilarrisburg. BECKET, t. and p. v., Berkshire co., Mass. : on the Green mountain range, 104 m. W. Boston. Pop. Ij^S. BECKET S STORE, p. o., Pickaway co., Ohio : 25 m. S. Co lumbus. BECKETSVILLE, p. v., Tallapoosa co., Ala. : 32 m. N. E. Montgomery. BECKHAMSVILLE, p. v., Chester dist., S. Car. : on the W. side of Wateree r., 44 m. N. Columbia. BECKLEY, p. o., Ealeigh co., Virg.: 267 m. W. Eich mond. BECKVILLE, p. v., Carroll co., Miss. : 74 m. N. Jackson. BEDFORD county, Penn. Situate S. middle, arid con tains 982 sq. m. Drained by the head waters of Eaystown Branch of Juniata r., and several tributaries of the N. branch of Potomac r. Surface mountainous, with extensive and fertile valleys. Iron and bituminous coal abound. Farms 1,875; manuf. 117; dwell. 3,896, and pop.-wh. 22,687, fr. col. 415 total 23,052. Capital: Bedford. BEDFORD county, Tenn. Situate centrally, and contains 680 sq. m. Drained by Duck r. of I he Tennessee and its tributary creeks. Surface finely variegated with hill and dale, with abundance of timber, and the soils generally fer tile. Farms 986; manuf. 28; dwell. 2,754, and pop. wh. 15,938, fr. col. 71, si. 5,508 -total 21,512. Capital: Shelby- ville. Public Works: Nashville and Chattanooga E. E., and branch to Shelbyville. BEDFORD county, Virg. Situate at the E. base of the Blue Eidge, between James and Staunton rivers, the in terior being drained principally by creeks falling into the latter. It contains about 600 sq. m. Surface generally hilly, sometimes mountainous, and soils very fertile, pro ducing Indian com, oats, tobacco, etc., abundantly, The " Peaks of Otter" overlook it from the west. Farms 1,364; manuf. 16; dwell. 2,396, and pop. wh. 15,556, fr. col. 463, si. 10,061 total 26,080. Capital: Liberty. Public Works: Virginia and E. Tennessee E. E. BEDFORD, p. v., and cap. Lawrence co., Ind. : between the E. fork of White r. and Salt r., 3 m. from the junction, and 64 m. S. S. W. Indianapolis E. E. ; is a place of some importance. The New Albany and Salem E. E. passses through it N. and S., and the Cincinnati and St. Louis E. E. E. and W. A branch of the State bank is legated here. BEDFORD, p. v., and cap. Trimble co., Ky. : 38 m. N. W. Frankfort. A mile from the v. is an Epsom salts spring surcharged with sulphur, and near it accommodations are provided for invalid visitors. BEDFORD, t. and p. v., Calhoun co., Mieh. : on Kalamazoo r., 46 m. S. W. Lansing. The Michigan Central E. E. pass es through the S. part of the t., 124 m. W. Detroit. P. 747. BED BEL BEDFORD, t. and p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : on Shaw- Bheen r., 15 m. N. W. Boston. Top. 975. BEDFORD, t. and p. v., Hillsborough co., N. Ifamp. : on Merrimac r., IS m. P. Concord. The t. has good water- power and furnishes various minerals. Pop. 1,006. BEDFORD, p. v., and cap. Westchester co., .A 7 ". Y. : 122 m, S. Albany. Top. 8,909. BEDFORD, t. and p. v., Cuyahoga co., Ohio: on Tinker s cr., 12S m. :N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1,854. BEDFORD, t., p. T., and cap. Bedford co., Penn. ; on Roys* town branch of Juniata r., 94 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. It is pleasantly situate in the midst of a mountain valley, and is celebrated for its mineral springs. Three newspapers, the " B. Gazette" (dem.), the " Jackson Democrat," and the " Democratic Inquirer" (whig), are published weekly. The accommodations for visitors are ample and superior. BEDFORD STATION, p. o., "Westchester co., N. Y, : on the line of the Harlem R. R., 42 m. N. New York City. BEDI, p. o., Grimes co., Teas. : 132 m. E. Austin City. BEE BRANCH, p. o., Pettis co., Mo. : 66 m. TV. by N. Jef ferson City. BEECH BLUFF, p. o., Dallas co., Ark. : 64 m. S. E. Little Rock. BEECH CREEK, p. o., Clinton co., Penn. : 92 m. N. N. W. Ilarrisburg. BEECH FORK, p. o., "Washington co., Ky. : on a creek of Salt r. so called, 45 m. S. "W. Frankfort. BEECH GROVE, p. o., Rush co., Ind. ; 42 m. E. S. E. In dianapolis. BEECH GROVE, p. o., Philips co., Ark. : 89 m. E. by S. Little Rock. BEECH GROTE, p. o., Coffee co., Tenn. : 48 m. S. E. Nash ville. BEECH ISLAND, p. o., Edgefleld dist., S. Car. : 58 m. "W. Columbia. BEECH LAND, p. o., Licking co., Ohio : 32 m. E. N. E. Columbus. BEECH LAND, p. o., Union co., Ark, : 112 m. S. S. E. Lit tle Rock. BEECH WOODS, p. o., "Warren co., Penn. : 184 m. N. "W. Ilarrisburg. BEECHY MIRE, p. o., Union co., Ind. : 70 m. E. by S. In dianapolis. BEEHIVE, p. o., Clinton co., Mo. : on Smith s fork of Little Platte r., 138 m. N. "W. Jefferson City. BEEKMAN, t. and p. v., Duchess co., If. Y. : on Fishkill r., a tributary of Hudson r., 87 m. S. Albany. Pop. 1.585. BEEKMAN S MILLS, p. o., Somerset co., W. Jer. : 22 m. N. by E. Trenton. BEEKMANTOWN, t. and p. o., Clinton co., & Y.: on Lake Champlain, 140 m. N. Albany. In the W. part of the town are the lakes Chazy and Chateaugua, the sources of the r. of the same name. Pop 3,384. BEELER S STATION, p. o., Marshall co., Virg. : 240 m. N. W. Richmond. BEE LINE, p. o., Allegan co., Mich. : 60 m. W. Lansing. BEEMERVILLE, p. v., Sussex co., IT. Jer. : IS m. N. Tren ton. BEE RIDGE, p. o., Knox co., Mo. : 112 m. N. Jefferson City. BEESLEY S POINT, p. o., Cape May co., M Jer. : 93 m. S. Trenton. BEETOWW, p. r., Grant co., Wise. : 69 m. W. by S. Mad ison. BEETREE, p. o., Kershaw dist., S. Car. : 39 m. N. E. Co lumbia. BEGLEY S, p. o., Perry co., Ky. : 122 m. S. E. Frankfort. BELAIR, p. o., Richmond co., Ga. : on the line of the Georgia R. R., 11 m. W. Augusta, and 68 m. E". N. E. Mil- ledgeville. BEL-AIR, p. v., and cap. Harford co., Md. : between Winter s and Bynham s Runs, 89 m. N. Annapolis. A newspaper, the " Gazette," is issued weekly. The country in the vicinity comprises one of the finest agricultural dis tricts of the State. BELAIR, p. o., Lancaster dist., S, Car. : 68 m. N. by E. Co lumbia. BELCHKE, p. o., Washington co., N, Y. : 42 m. N. by E. Albany. BELCHERTOWN, t. and p. T., Hampshire co., llctss. : 68 m. W. by S. Boston. BELDEN, p. Y., M Henry oo., HI. : 189 m. N. E. Spring field. BELEW S CREEK, p. o., Stokes co., N. Car. : 108 m. W. N. W. Raleigh. BELFAST, t., p. c., seaport, and cap. Waldo co., Me. : at the head of Belfast Bay, on the W. side of Penobscot r., 30 m. from the ocean, and 37 m. E. Augusta. The harbor is spacious, and sufficiently deep for the largest Teasels. The principal exports are lumber and fish. Ship-building is ex tensively engaged in : in 1S50, 32 vessels, and 6,215 tons, were built. The shipping belonging to the district amounts to 45,595 tons, chiefly employed in the coasting trade, and the cod and mackerel fisheries. There are two newspapers published here, the " State Signal," and the " Republican Journal," both democratic, and issued weekly. It has reg ular communication by steamboat with the ports north and south. Pop, 5,052. BELFAST, t. and p. v., Alleghany co., N. Y. : on Genesee r., 233 m. W. by S. Albany. The Genesee Valley Canal here leaves the river, and passes S. W. np the valley of Black cr. BELFAST, p. v., Clermont co., Ohio : 93 m. S. W. Colum bus. BELFAST, p. v., Northampton co., Penn. : 99 m. E. by N. Ilarrisburg. BELFAST, p. o., Marshall co., Tenn. : 56 m. S. Nashville. BELFORD, p. o., Nash co., Jf. Car. : on Swift cr., 46 m. E. by N. Raleigh. BELGRADE, t. and p. v., Kennebec co., Me. : 10 m. N. Au gusta. The town is almost surrounded by beautiful lakes, the outlets of which, in their course to the Kennebec, fur nish extensive mill-power. The Androscoggin and Ken nebec R. R. traverses the eastern edge of the town ; 67 m. N.E. Portland, and 15 S. W. Waterville. BELGRADE MILLS, p. v., Kennebec co., Me. : at the outlet of one of the lakes on the edge of the town of Belgrade 1 6 m. N. Augusta. BULKNAP county, A 7 ! Ifamp. Situate N. E., and contains 434 sq. m. Drained by Suncook and Winnipiseogee rivers, the Merrimac, and several creeks of Winnipiseogee Lake and Great Bay. Surface various, and soils moderately fer tile. Farms 2,438; manuf. 163; dwell. 3,436, and pop. wh. 17,693, fr. col. 2S- total 17,721. Capital : Gilford. Pub lic Works: Boston. Concord, and Montreal R. R., and Cocheco Valley R. R. BELL county, Tea?. Situate centrally on Little r., of the Brazos, and contains about 900 sq. m. Surface well drain ed, and soils fertile. Erected since 1850. BELL, p. v., Highland co., Ohio : 59 m. S. W. Columbus. BELL, p. v., and cap. Bell co., Tea-. : on Little r. of the Rio Brazos, 64 m. N. N. E. Austin City. BELL AIR, p. v., Crawford co., III. : on N. fork of Em- barras r., 104 m. E. S. E. Springfield. BELL AIR, p. o., Cooper co., Mo. : 84 m. W. by N. Jeffer son City. BELL AIR, p. o., Belmont co., Ohio : 114 m. E. Columbus. BELL BROOK, p. o., Greene co., Ohio: 58 m. W. by S. Co- umbus. BELLE CENTRE, p. o., Logan co., Ohio: 54 m. N. W. Co- umbus. BELLEFONTAINE, p. v.. Choctaw co., Miss. : 112 m. N. N. E. Jnckson. BELLEFONTAINE, p. v., and cap. Logan co., Ohio : 52 m. N. W. Columbus. It is an important centre, and has a flourishing business. Railroads pass through the village, 61 BEL BEL N. and S., and E. and W. A newspaper, the " L. Gazette," is published weekly. BELLEFONTE, p. v., and cap. Jackson co., Ala. : on Paint Eock cr. of the Tennessee r., 156 m. N. by E. Montgomery. A newspaper, the " Jackson County Democrat," is issued weekly. BELLEFONTE, p. v., Pulaski co., Mo. : on the E. side of Gasconade r., 59 m. S. Jefferson City. BELLEFONTE, p. v., and cap. Centre co., Penn. : on Spring cr. of Bald Eagle r., 68 m. N. W. Harrisburg. It is exten sively engaged in the iron trade, and has a connection by canal with West Branch Canal. Three newspapers, the " C. Berichter," and the " C. Democrat" (dem.), and the "Democratic Whig," are issued weekly. Pop. 2,913. BELLEFOUNTAIN, p. v., Columbia co., Wise. : 38 m. X. E. Madison. BELLEFOUNTAIN, p. v., Mahaska co., la. : on the S. side of Des Moines r., 70 m. W. S. W. Iowa City. BELLE HAVEN, p. o., Accomac co., Virg. : 112 m. E. by N. Richmond. BELLE ISLE, p. o., Onondaga co., N. Y. : 136 m. W. by N. Albany. BELLEMONT, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. : 42 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. BELLEMONTE, p. v., St. Louis co., Mo. : 114 m. E. by N. Jefferson City. BELLE OMBRE, p. Y., Ballard co., Ky. : 240 m. W. by S. Frankfort, BELLE POLNT, p. o., Boone co., la. : 132 m. W. by N. Iowa City. BELLE POINT, p. o., Delaware co., Ohio : 27 m. N. Co lumbus. BELLE PRAIRIE, p. o., Hamilton co., III. : 148 m. S. S. E. Springfield. BELLE RIVER, p. o., St. Clair co., Mich. : 111 m. E. Lan sing, on the r. so called, which falls into St. Clair r. after a course of upward of 50 m. BELLE VEKNON, p. o., Wyandott co., Ohio: 66 m. N. by "W". Columbus. BELLE VERNON, p. o., Fayette co., Penn. : 153 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. BELLEVIEW, p. o., Talbot co., Ga. : 87 m. W. by S. Mil- ledgeville. BELLEVUTW, p. o., Rusk co., Teas. : 216 m. N. E. Austin City. BELLEVTEW, p. v., Calhoun co., III. : on a beautiful prairie on the E. side of Bay cr., 69 m. W. S. W. Spring field. BELLEVTEW, p. v., Christian co., Ey. : 174 m. "W. by S. Frankfort BELLEVTEW, p. v., Lebanon co., Penn. : 83 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. BELLEVIEW, p. o., and cap. Bossier par., La. : on E. side of Lake Bodeau, 210 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. BELLEVILLE, p. Y., Conecuh co., Ala. : at the head of Murder cr. of Conecuh r., 78 m. S. W. Montgomery. BELLEVILLE, p. Y., Desha co., Ark. : 118 m. S. E. Little Rock. BELLEVILLE, p. v., Hendricks co., Ind. : 21 m. W. S. W. Indianapolis. BELLEVILLE, p. v., and cap. St. Clair co., III. : on Rock- land cr., 92 m. S. by W. Springfield. The site is elevated, and the surrounding country highly fertile. Three news papers are published here the " B. Advertiser" (dem.), the " Zeitung," a German paper (dem.), and the " Illinois Re publican" (whig). The village is one of the most flourish ing of the interior. BELLEVILLE, p. Y., "Wayne co., Mich. : 76 m. E. S. E. Lansing. BELLEVILLE, t. and p. Y., Essex co., N. Jr. : on W. side Passaic r., along which it extends 3 m., 57 m. N. E. Tren ton. It has fine milling facilities and considerable manu factures. Pop. 3,513. 62 BELLEVILLE, p. v., Jefferson co., Jf. Y. : 168 m. W. N. W- Albany. It is situate on the Sackett s Harbor Branch R. R, BELLEVILLE, p. o., Richland co., Ohio: on the S. side of Clear fork of Walhonding r., 50 m. N. by E. Columbus, and on the line of the Columbus and Lake Erie R. R., 47 m. N. Newark. BELLEVILLE, p. Y., Mifflin co., Penn. : 62 m. N. W. Har risburg. BELLEVILLE, p. o., Roane co., Tenn.: 112 m. E. by S, Nashville. BELLEVILLE, p. v., "Wood co., Virg. : on E. side of Ohio r., 12 m. S. Parkersburg, and 256 W. N. W. Richmond. BELLEVILLE PORT, p. v., Essex co., Mass. : 36 m. N. by E. Boston.^ BELLEVUE, p. v., Huron co., Ohio : 80 m. N. by E. Co lumbus. BELLEVTTE, t. and p. v., Eaton co., Mich. : on Battle cr., 32 m. W. S. W. Lansing. Pop. 769. BELLEVUE, p. v., Jackson co., la. : on W. bank of Missis sippi r., 58 m. N. E. Iowa City. It is a place of considerable commercial activity. BELLEFAIR MILLS, p. o., Stafford co., Virg.: 58 m. N. Richmond. BELLINGHAM, t. and p. v., Norfolk co., Mass. : on Charles r., 32 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 1,281. BELL MOUNT, p. o., Somerset co., Md. : 76 m. S. E. An napolis. BELLOWS FALLS, p. v., Windham co., Verm. : on the W. side of the Connecticut r., at the falls so called, 78 m. S. by E. Montpelier. There is a canal around the falls, which prolongs the navigation of the r. Much picturesque scenery surrounds the v. ; it is more celebrated, however, as a rail road centre, than for any peculiar industry. BELL PLAIN, p. o., Marshall co., III.: 86 m. N". by E. Springfield. BELL POINT, p. o., Giles co., Virg. : 182 m. W. by S. Richmond. BELLPORT, p. v.. Suffolk co., 2T. Y. : near Fire Place Bay, 138 m. S. S. E. Albany. BELLSBUKGH, p. v., Dickson co., Tenn.: on S. side of Harpeth r., a tributary of Cumberland r., 25 m. W. Nash- Yille. BELL S CROSS ROADS, p. o., Louisa co., Virg. : 42 m. N. W. Richmond. BELL S LANDING, p. o., Monroe co., Ala. : on E. side of Alabama r., 76 m. S. W. Montgomery. BELL S MINES, p. o., Crittenden co., Ky. : 192 m. W. by S. Frankfort. BELL S STORE, p. o., Fairfield dist., S. Car.: 37 m. N. Columbia. BELL S VALLEY, p. o., Rockbridge co., Virg. : 118 m. "W". by N. Richmond. BELL YALE, p. o., Orange co., N. Y. : 85 m. S. by W. Albany. BELLVILLE. p. v., Hamilton co., Flor.: 78 m. E. Talla hassee. BELLVILLE, p. v., and cap. Austin co., Teas. : on Piney fork of Brazos r., 78 m. E. by S. Austin City. BELMONT county, Ohio. Situate E. on the Ohio r., and contains 536 sq. m. The interior is drained by Wheeling, M Mahon s, and Captina creeks, and contains the sources of several of the tributaries of Muskingum r. Surface ele vated, hilly, and broken, but soils good. Farms 2,552; manuf. 185 ; dwell. 5,823, and pop. wh. 33,766, fr. col. 834 total 34,600. Capital: St. Clairsville. Public Works: Central Ohio R. R. BELMONT, p. o., Sumter co., Ala. : 3 m. W. Tombigbee r., and 99 W. by N. Montgomery. BELMONT, p. o., Pike co., III. : 69 m. "W. by S. Spring field. BELMONT, p. o., Crawford co., Ark. : 123 m. W. N. "W. Little Rock. BELMONT, p. o., Gonzales co., Tex. : 61 m. S. Austin City. BEL BEN BELMONT, t. and p. v., Waldo co., Me. : 33 m. E. by N. Augusta. BKLMONT, p. o., Panola co., Miss. : on N. "W. side of Tallahatchie r., 119 m. N. by E. Jackson. BELMONT, p. o., Belmont co., Ohio: 103 m. E. Colum bus. Pop. 105. BELMONT, p. y., Newberry disk, 8. Car. : on N. E. side of Little r., 57 m. N. W. Columbia. BELMONT, p. r., Fayette co., Tenn. : on a head cr. of Loosahatchie r., 148 m. W. S. W. Nashville. BELMONT, p. o., Loudon co., Virg.: Ill m. N. Eich- mond. BELOIT, t. and p. v., Rock co., Wise. : on both sides of Eock r., at the junction of Turtle cr., 42 m. S. by E. Mad ison. It has several mills, machine-shops, and a prosper ous college, and numbers about 3,000 inhabitants. The "Beloit Journal" (whig) is issued weekly. A branch of the Galena and Chicago Union E. E. extends to Beloit. In the vicinity are many of those mounds which abound in the West. Pop. 2,730. BELPRE, t and p. v., Washington co., Ohio : on the Ohio r., opposite Parkersburg, 87 m. E. S. E. Columbus. The t. occupies a beautiful meadow, as its French name implies. Blennerhasset Island, the rendezvous of Aaron Burr and his co-patriots, lies a little below the v. Belpre, from its position, will hereafter become an important railway centre it is the point at which the Cincinnati, Hillsboro , and Parkersburg E. E. will meet with the North-western E. E., a branch of the Baltimore and Ohio E. E., by which a di rect route from Cincinnati to Baltimore, 547 m. long, will be effected. Pop. %623. BELTSVILLE, p. v., Prince George s co., Md. : on Wash ington branch of Baltimore and Ohio E. E., 27 m. W. S. W. Baltimore, and IS W. by N. Annapolis. BELVIDEBE, p. v., and cap. Boone co., III. : on N. branch of Kishwaukee r., and on the line of the Galena and Chica go Union E. E., 78 m. W. Chicago, and 193 m. N. N. E. Springfield. It is a nourishing town of some 2,000 inhab itants. BELVTDERE, t. and p. T., Lamoelle co., Verm. : on a branch of Lamoelle r., at the W. base of the Green mts., 83 m. N. Montpelier. Pop 256. BELVIDERE, p. v., and cap. Warren co., JVI Jer. : on the E. side of Delaware r., 45 m. N. N. W. Trenton, and on the Belvidere and Delaware E. E. It is destined to become an important entrep6t of commerce between Philadelphia and N. W. New Jersey. Two newspapers, the " Warren Jour nal" (dem.), and the " Warren Intelligencer" (whig), are issued weekly. BEM, p. o., Greene co., Wise. : 26 m. S. by W. Madison. BEMAN S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Sampson co,, JV. Car. : 62 m. S. E. Raleigh. BEMIS CREEK, p. o., Cambria co., Penn. : 103 m. W. Har- risburg. BEMCS HEIGHTS, p. v., Saratoga co., If. Y.: on W. side of Hudson r., 22 m. N. Albany. Noted in history as the scene of warlike operations in the Eevolutionary War. BENBROOK S MILLS, p. o., Izard co., Ark. : 87 m. N. Little Eock. BENDERSVTLLH, p. r., Adams co., Penn. : 33 m. S. W. Harmburg. BENDT S LANDHTG, p. o., Tyler co., Tex. : 194 m. E. by S. Austin City. BENEDICT, p. v., Charles co., Md. : on W. side Patuxent r., 32 m. S. by W. Annapolis. BENELA, p. o., Chickasaw co., Mifs. : 133 m. N. E. Jack son. BENEYOLA, p. T., Washington co., Md. : 46 m. N. W. Annapolis. BENEVOLA, p. Y., Pickens co., Ala. : 117 m. W. N. W. Montgomery. BENEZETTE, p. o., Elk co., Penn. : 128 m. W. K W. Har- risburg. BENFORD S STORE, p. o., Somerset co., Penn. : 123 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. BENGAL, t. and p. v., Clinton co.,Mich. : on Stony cr. of Grand r., IS m. N. W. Lansing. Pop. 1 43. BENHADEN, p. o., Wakulla co., Ftor. : 26 m. S. W. Talla hassee. BENICTA, p. v., and cap. Solano co., Calif. : on N. W. side of Suisun Bay, 4 m. E. Vallejo. BENNETTSBURG, p. v., Tompkins co., N. Y. : 172 m. W. by S. Albany. BENNETT S CORNERS, p. o., Madison co., N. Y. ; 110 m. W. by N. Albany. BENNETT S CORNERS, p. o., Jackson co., Midi. : 85 m, S. W. Lansing. BENNETT S CREEK, p. o., Steuben co., N~. Y. : 209 m. W. by S. Albany. BENNETT S FERRY, p. o., Jackson co., Tenn. : 54 m. E. by N. Nashville. BENNETT S MILLS, p. o., Lewis co., Virg. : 187 m. N. W. Eichmond. BENNETT S EIVER, p. o., Fulton co., Ark. : 113 m. N. Lit tle Eock. BENNETTS VILLE, p. v., St. Clair co., Ala. : 100 m. N. Mont gomery. BENNETTSVILLE, p. v., Chenango co., N. Y. : 101 m. W. Albany. BENNETTSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Marlborough dist., S. Oar. : 97 m. N. E. Columbia. BENNETTSVILLE, p. v., Clark co., Ind. : 91 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. BENNINGTON county, Verm. Situate S. W. on the State line, and contains 612 sq. m. Drained in the W. by Hoosic r. and Batten Kill, in the E. by West and Deerfield rivers. Surface traversed by mountains. Lead and iron abound, and also quarries of beautiful marble. Lands better adapt ed to grazing than tillage, although in the W. there are several fertile valleys. Farms 1,397; manuf. 147; dwell. 3,404, and pop. wh. 18,512, fr. col. 77 total 18,589. Cap. ital : Manchester. Public Works : Western Vermont E. E. ; Bennington Branch E. E. ; and the Bennington and New York E. E. BENNINGTON, p. v., Hillsborough co., N. Hamp. : 23 m. S. W. Concord. BENNINGTON, p. v., Marion co., la. : on N. side of Dea Moines r., 88 m. W. by S. Iowa City. BENNINGTON, t. and p. v., Wyoming co., N. Y. : on Cay- uga and Tonawanda creeks, 253 m. W. Albany. P. 2,406. BBNNINGTON, p. v., Shiawassee co., Mich. : on N. side of Looking-glass r., 23 m. N. E. Lansing. BENNINGTON, t and p. v., Morrow co.. Ohio : 83 m. N. by E. Columbus. Pop. 1,265. BENNINGTON, p. v., Switzerland CO., Ind. : 90 m. S. E. Indianapolis. BENNINGTON, t. and p. v., Bennington co., Verm. : on a branch of Hoosic r., 93 m. S. by W. Montpelier. It has several mills, furnaces, and factories ; and two newspapers, the " State Banner" (whig), and the " Vermont Gazette" (dem.), published weekly. A branch of the Western Ver mont E. E. comes to the v- from N. Bennington. P. 3, J23. BENNINGTON CENTRE, p. o., Bennington co., Verm. ; 99 m. S. by W. Montpelier. BENSON, p. v., Hamilton co., Jf. Y. : on Sacandaga r., 52 m. N. W. Albany. BENSON, t. and p. v., Eutland co., Verm. : on Lake Champlain, 54 m. S. W. Montpelier. Pop. 1,305. BENSON S LANDING, p. o., Eutland co., Venn. : 56 m. S. W. Montpelier. The lake is here about a mile wide. BENT CREEK, p. o., Appomattox co., Vir. : 72 m. W. by S. Eichmond. BENTIVOGLIO, p. o., Albemarle co., Virg. : 66 m. W. by N. Eichmond. BENTLEY S CORNERS, p. o., Jefferson co., N. Y.: 142 m. N. W. Albany. BEN BER BENTLEY CREEK, p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : 113 m. N. by E. Harmburg. BENTLEYVILLE, p. v., "Washington co., Penn. : 288 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. BENTON county, Ala. Situate N. E., and contains 1,080 sq. m. Drained by the head waters of Tallapoosa r. and several creeks of Coosa r. Surface generally elevated, level, or undulating. Well wooded on the streams; and soils highly fertile, producing wheat. Indian corn, and cotton. Gold is found within this county. Farms 1,227; manuf. 81 ; dwell. 2,188, and pop. wh. 13,397, fr. col. 3, si. 8,763 total 17.163. Capital: Jacksonville. BENTON county, Ark. Situate N. W. corner, and con tains 1,020 sq. m. Drained by the head streams of White and Illinois riverg, the latter a tributary of Arkansas r. Surface hilly and broken. Soils indifferent. Farms 295; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 572, and pop. wh. 3,508, fr. col. 1, si. 201 total 3,710. Capital: Bentonville. BEVTON county, Flor. Situate W. of E. Florida, on the gulf, being bounded E. by Withlacoochee r. Drained by a number of streams falling to the sea. Surface flat. Soils adapted to rice, cotton, and sugar. Farms 82 ; dwell. 113, and pop. wh. 604, fr. col. 0, si. 322 total 926. Capital : Mclendez. BENTON county, Ind. Situate N. W., and contains 360 sq. m. Big and Little Pine creeks, which fall into the Wabash and Sugar cr., a tributary of the Illinois, drain the greater part of the county. Surface level or undulating, and mostly prairie. Wheat, Indian corn, and oats are the staple growths . Mt. Nebo and Mt. Gilboa, are noted mounds in the N. part of the county. Farms 149 ; dwell. 180, and pop. wh. 1,144, fr. col. total 1,144. Capital: Ox ford. BENTON county, la. Situate centrally, and contains 720 sq. m. Drained by Cedar r. and its creeks. Surface level or undulating prairie chiefly, and very productive. Farms 67 ; dwell. 121, and pop. wh. 672, fr. col. total 672. Capital: Vinton. BENTON county, Minn. Situate E. side of Mississippi, and contains about 3,000 sq. m. Drained by numerous tributaries of the Mississippi. Surface varied, and many lakes. Timber of all kinds plentiful. Farms 20 ; manuf. 1 ; dwell. 71, and pop. wh. 416, fr. col. 2 total 418. Cap ital: SaukEapida. BENTON county, Mo. Situate W. centrally, and contains 680 sq. m. Drained by Osage r. and its tributaries. Sur face rolling in some parts hilly and well timbered ; prairie covers three-fourths of the whole. The soils are exceed ingly fertile, and produce abundantly wheat, Indian corn, and tobacco, with some cotton. Farms 510 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 789, and pop wh. 4,546, fr. col. 9, si. 460 total, 5,115. Capital: Warsaw. BENTON county, Oreg. Situate W. between the Pacific Ocean and the Willamette r., and drained chiefly by Mary s r., and other tributaries of the Willamette. Mt. Snelling, near the centre of the co., is the loftiest eminence. Soils along the Willamette valley exceedingly fertile, and the water- power afforded by that stream of great value. Contains 16,000 sq. m. Farms 110 ; manuf. 1 ; dwell. 149, and pop. wh. 810, fr. col. 4 total, 814. Capital: Marysville. BENTON county, Tenn. Situate N. W., and contains 380 sq. m. Drained by Big Sandy and other creeks of Tennes see r., which lies on the E. border. Surface level or undu lating, and soils generally fertile, producing abundantly grain and tobacco. Farms 706 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 984, and pop. wh. 5,931, fr. col. 21, si. 363 total, 6,315. Capital : Camden. Public Works: several E. E s. are projected, centering at Camden ; one from Nashville, one to Holly Springs, and one westward, via Dresden, to the Mississippi. BENTON, p. v., Lowndes co., Ala. : 28 m. S. W. Mont gomery. BENTON, p. v., and cap. Saline co., Ark. : on N. Bide of Ealine r., 24 m. S. W. Little Eock. 64 BENTON, p. v., Elkhart co., Ind. : on N. E. side of Elk- hart r., 120 m. N. Indianapolis. EINTON, p. v., and cap. Franklin co., III. : on E. side of Big Muddy r., 126 m. S. by E. Springfield. The "B. Stand ard" (whig) is issued weekly. BEHTON, p. T., and cap. Marshall co., Ky. : on N. E. side Clark s r., 212 m. W. by S. Frankfort. BENTON, p. T.. and cap. Yazoo co., J/m. : at the head of a cr. of Big Black r., 31 m. N. by W. Jackson. BENTON, p. v., Washtenaw co., Mich. : 51 m. S. E. Lan sing. BENTON, p. v., and cap. Scott co., Mo. : 6 m. W of Missis sippi r., and 168 m. S. E. Jefferson City. BENTON, t. and p. v., Grafton co., 2T. ITamp. : 59 m. N. by W. Concord. The Boston, Concord, and Montreal E. E. crosses the t. 73 ro. from Concord. Pop. 478. BENTON, t. and p. o., Yates co., N. Y. : 192 m. W. Al bany. The p. o. is located at Bellona. Pop. 3,456. BENTON, p. Y., Holmes co., Ohio : 76 m. N. E. Columbus. BENTON, p. v., Columbia co., Penn. : 62 m. N. by E. Har- risburg. BENTON, p. v., and cap. Polk co., Ttnn. : on the N. E. side of Tocco r., a little E. of its junction with the Hiwaasje r., 138 m. E. S. E. Nashville. BENTON, p. T., Iowa co., Wise. : 37 m. W. Madison. BENTON CENTRE, p. o., Yates co., Jf. Y. : 194 m. W Albany. BENTON EIDQE, p. o., Hancock co., Ohio : 76 m. N. W Columbus. BENTON S PORT, p. o., Yan Buren co., la.: on the E. side Des Moines r., 6fl m. 8. by W. Iowa City. BENTONSVILLE, p. T., Johnson co., N. Car. : 21- m. S. E. Ealeigh. BENTONVILLE, p. v., Fayette co., Ind. : 54 m. E. by S. Indianapolis. BENTONVILLE, p. v., Adams co., Ohio. : 76 m. S. by W. Columbus. BENTONVILLE, p. v., Coffee co., Ala. : 73 m. S. Mont gomery. BENTONVILLE, p. v., Warren co., Virg. : 102 m. N. by W. Richmond. BENTONVILLE, p. v., and cap. Benton co., Ark. : at the head of Sugar cr. of Neosho r., 156 m. N. W. Little Eock. BENVENUE, p. o., Dauphin co., Penn. : 13 m. N. Harris- burg. BENZINGER, t. and p. o., Elk co., Penn. : 123 m. N. W. Harrisburg. BEREA, p. v., Cuyahoga co., Ohio : at the falls of E. branch of Eocky r., 118 m. N. E. Columbus. The Cleve land, Columbus, and Cincinnati E. E. passes through the village, 12 m. S. W. Cleveland. BEREA, p. v., Granville co., 2f. Car. BERGEN county, N. Jer. Situate N. E. on Hudson r., and contains 356 sq. m. Drained by Hackensack, Saddle, and Eamapo rivers: surface various. The Palisades, facing the Hudson, are in Bergen county. Soils moderately fer tile, producing grain and potatoes. Farms 1,128; manuf. 71 ; dwell. 2,606, and pop. wh. 13,094, fr. col. 1,590, si. 41 total, 14,725. Capital : Hackensack. Public Works : Ea mapo and Paterson E. E. BERGEN, t., p. v., and cap. Hudson co., N. Jer. : on Ber gen Hill, 48 m. N. E. Trenton. The t. was settled by the Danes as early as 1616. Pop. 2,758. BERGEN, t. and p. v., Genessee co., N. Y. : on Black cr., 217 m. W. Albany. The Buffalo and Eochester E. E. passes through the place. BERGEN IRON WORKS, p. o., Ocean co., N. Jer. BERGEN POINT, p. v., Hudson co., N. Jer. : the S. extrem- ty of the co., between Newark Bay and the Kills. BERGER S STORE, p. o., Pittsylvania co., Virg.: 122 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. BERGIIOLTZ, p. o., Niagara co., N. Y. : 256 m. W. Albany. BERKELEY county, Virg. Situate N. E. on Potomac r., BER BET and contains 390 sq. m. Drained by Back cr. and other streams. Surface uneven and broken, and soil stubborn. Wheat, corn, and oats are the staple products. Farms 570 ; manuf. 81 ; dwell. 1,663, and pop. wh. 9,566, fr. col. 249, si. 1,956 total, 11, T71. Capital : Martinsburgh. Public Works : Baltimore and Ohio R. E. BERKLEY, t. and p. v., Bristol co., Mass. : on Taunton r., 49 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 90S. BERKLEY, p. v., Madison co., Ala.: 169 m. N. Mont gomery. BERKLEY, p. v., "Washita co., Ark. : 72 m. S. by E. Little Eock. BERKELEY SPRINGS, p. v., and cap. Morgan co., Virg. BERKS county, Perm. Situate S. E., and contains 1,020 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Schuylkill r., which passes through it. Surface diversified ; mountains in N. W., and the soils generally fertile ; coal and iron abundant. Agri cultural staples, wheat, corn, and rye. Farms 4,780; manuf. 1,286; dwell. 12,931, and pop wh. 76,576, fr. col. 558 total, 77,129. Capital: Beading. Public Works: Philadelphia and Eeading E. E. ; Schuylkill Navigation ; and Union Canal. BERKSHIRE county, Mass. Situate "W". on State line, and contains 1,400 sq. m. Drained by Housatonic and Hoosic rivers. Surface broken, being traversed by Green mts. : soils moderately fertile, and capable of cultivation to the hill tops. Farms 2,897 ; manuf. 387 ; dwell. 8,638, and pop. wh. 48,332, fr. col. 1,259 total, 49,591. Capital : Lenox. Public Works : Housatonic E. E. ; "Western E. E. ; Pitte- fleld and North Adams E. E. ; Troy and Boston E. E., etc. BERKSHIRE, p. v., Kane co., III. : 163 m. N. E. Spring field. BERKSHIRE, p. v., Tioga CO., N T. : 142 m. W. N. "W. Albany. BERKSHIRE, t. and p. v., Delaware co., Ohio: 23 m. N.by E. Columbus. Pop. 1,555. BERKSHIRE, p. v., Gwinnett co., Go,. : 75 m. N. "W. Milledgeville. BERKSHIRE, t. and p. v., Franklin co., Verm. : on Missis- que r., 48 m. N. Montpelier. Pop. 1,956. BERKSHIRE VALLEY, p. v., Morris co., 2f. Jer. : on Eock- away r., 61 m. N. Trenton. BERLIN, p. v., Sumter co., Ala. : 123 m. W. Montgomery. BERLIN, p. v., Clinton co., Ind. : 40 m. N. "W. Indianapolis. BERLIN, t. and p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : 12 m. S. W. Hartford. The New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield E. E. passes through the t., 25 m. N. New Haven. Pop. 1,868. BERLIN, t. and p. v., Marquette co., Wise. : on Fox r., 78 m. N. N. E. Madison. Pop. 1,052. BERLIN, p. v., Sangamon co., III. : on the Sangamon and Morgan E. E., 16 m. W. Springfield. BERLIN, p. v., Worcester co., Md. : near the head of Trap cr., 78 m. S. E. Annapolis. BERLIN, t. and p. v., Worcester co., Mass. : on a branch of Assabet r., 32 m. W. by N. Boston. Pop. 866. BERLIN, p. v., Coos co., JV. JIamp. : on a branch of Am- monoosuc r., 84 m. N. Concord. The Atlantic and St. Law rence E. E. passes through the town, 97 m. N. W. Portland. BERLIN, t and p. v., Eensselaer co., W. Y. : on Little Hoosic r., 22 m. E. Albany. Pop. 205. BERLIN, t. and p. v., Holmes co., Ohio : 74 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1,452. BERLIN, p. v., Somerset co., Penn. : 117 m. W. S. W. Harrisburg. BERLIN, p. v., Marshall co., Term. : about 8 m. S. Duck r., and 42 S. Nashville. BERLIN, p. v., Southampton co., Virg. : 51 m. S. by E. Eichmond. BERLIN, t and p. v., Washington co., Verm. : on Onion r., 4 m. S. by W. Montpelier. The Vermont Central E. E. traverses the t. above and below Montpelier. Pop. 1,507. BERLIN CENTRE, p. v., Mahoning co., Ohio : 129 m. N. E. Columbus. I BERLIN CROSS EOADS, p. o., Jackson co., Ohio : 65 m. S. S. E. Columbus. BERLIN FALLS, p. o., Coos co., N. ffamp. : on Andros- coggin r., 87 m. N. by E. Concord. BERLINVILLE, p. v., Erie co., Ohio : 97 m. N. N. E. Columbus. BERMUDIAN, p. v., Adams co., Perm. : 21 m. S. by W. Harrisburg. BERNADOTTE, p. v., Fulton co., Itt. : on Spoon r., 57 m N. W. Harrisburg. BERNALILLO county, N. Hex. Situate centrally on the Eio Grande, by the tributaries of which it is drained. Farms 164 ; dwell. 1,634, and pop. wh. 7,749, fr. col. 2 total, 7,751. Capital: BernalUlo. BERNARDSTOWN, t. and p. v., Franklin co., Mass. : on W. side of Connecticut r., 76 m. W. by N. Boston. The Brat- tleborough Branch of Vermont and Massachusetts E. E., and the Connecticut Eiver E. E. form a junction in this locality. Pop. 937. BERNE, t. and p. v., Albany co., N. T. : 17 m. W. Alba ny, on Fox s cr. of Sohoharie cr. Pop. 8,441. BERNE, p. v., Monroe co., Ohio : 103 m. E. by S. Colum bus. BERNHARD S BAY, p. v., Oswego co., N. T. : 41 m. W. N. W. Albany. Pop. 3,441. BERNVILLE, p. v., Berks co., Penn. : on W. side Schuyl kill r., 51 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. BERRIEN county, Mich. Situate S. W. corner, and con tains 576 sq. m. Drained by Pawpaw, St. Joseph, and Ga- lien rivers. Surface various : the valleys have a rich loamy soil, and timber grows heavily. Farms 690 ; manuf. 64 ; dwell. 2,126, and pop. wh. 11,178, fr. col. 239 total, 11,417. Capital: Berrien Spring. Public Works: Central Michi gan E. E. BERRIEN SPRINGS, p. v., and cap. Berrien co., Mich. BERRY, p. o., Dane co., Wise. BERRYSBTJRG, p. v., Dauphin co., Penn. : 31 m. N. Har risburg. BERRY S FERRY, p. o., Livingston co., Ky. : on Ohio r., opposite Golconda, 209 m. W. by S. Frankfort. BERRY S LICK, p. o., Butler co., Ey. : 132 m. S. W. Frank fort. BERRY S MILL, p. o., Union co., Ky. : 172 m. W. by S. Frankfort. BERRYSVILLE, p. v., Knox co. Ind. : 97 m. S. W. Indian apolis. BERRYTON, p. v., Cass co., Itt. : on a cr. of Sangamon r., 29 m. N. W. Springfield. BERRYVILLE, p. v., and cap. Clarke co., Virg. : 111 m. N. by W. Eichmond. BERSHEBA, p. v., Henry co., Ga. : 66 m. W. by N. Mil ledgeville. BERTIE county, N. Car. Situate N. E. on Albemarle Sound, and contains 680 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Chowan and Eoanoke rivers, the latter of which bounds it S. Surface low and marshy, and the soils productive of Indian corn and cotton. The pineries are valuable for naval stores. Farms 542 ; manuf. 50 ; dwell. 1,070, and pop. wh. 5,344, fr. col. 313, si. 7,194 total, 12,851. Capital: Windsor. BERTRAND, t. and p. v., Berrien co., Mich. : on St. Joseph r., 98 m. S. W. Lansing. BERWICK, p. v., Warren CO., III. : on W. fork of Spoon r., 83 m. N. W. Springfield. BERWICK, p. v., Seneca co., Ohio : 83 m. N. by W. Columbus. BERWICK, p. v., Columbia co., P&nn. : on Susquehanna r., 63 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. Pop. 486. BERZELIA, p. v., Columbia co., Ga. : on the line of the Georgia E. E., 21 m. W. Augusta, and 63 m. E. by N. Milledgeville. BESTLAND, p. o., Essex co., Virg. : 51 m. N. E. Eieh- mond. BETHANY, t. and p. v., New Haven co., Conn. : on W. BET BIG Bide of Connecticut r., 27 m. S. S. W. Hartford. Pop 914. BETHANY, p. v., Panola co., Tex. : 292 m. N. E. Austin City. BETHANY, t. and p. v., Genesee co., N. Y. : on Little Tonawanda and Black creeks, 229 m. W. Albany. The Buffalo and New York City E. K. passes through. P.1,004. BETHANY, p. v., Butler co., Ohio. : 89 m. W. S. W. Co lumbus. BETHANY, p. v., and cap. "Wayne co., Penn. : on Dyberry cr., 123 m. N. E. Harrisburg. BETHANY, p. v., Brooke co., Virg. : 252 m. N. "W. Eich- mond. BETHANY, p. v., and cap. Harrison co., Mo. : on Big cr. of the W. fork of Grand r., 153 m. N. W. Jefferson City. BETHANY CHUECH, p. o., Iredell co., 2f. Car, : 117 m. "W. Raleigh. BETHANIA, p. v., Stokes co., 2f. Car. : 100 m. W. by N. Ealeigh. BETHANIA, v., Lancaster co., Penn. : 43 m. E. by S Harrisburg. Has a printing and book-binding establish ment and other manufactures, and about 40 dwellings. BETHEL, p. v., Fairfleld co., Conn, : 53 m. S. W. Hart ford, and on the Danbury and Norwalk E. E., 19 m. N. Norwalk. BETHEL, p. v., Glynn co., Ga. near the mouth of Alata- maha r., 153 m. S. E. Milledgeville. BETHEL, p. v., Morgan co., III. : on the line of the Sanga- mon and Morgan E. E., 45 m. W. Springfield. BETHEL, p. v., Bath co., Ky. : 69 m. E. Frankfort. BETHEL, t. and p. v., Oxford co., Me. : on the Androscog- gin r., 43 m. W. Augusta, and on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence E. E., 70 m. from Portland. Pop. 2,253. BETHEL, p. v., Shelby co., Mo.: 92 m. N. Jefferson City. BETHEL, p. v., "Wayne co., Ind. : 69 m. E. Indianapolis. BETHEL, t. and p. v., Sullivan co., N. Y. : on branches of Delaware r., 113 m. S. "W. Albany. Pop, 2,087. BETHEL, p. v., Clermont co., Ohio : 86 m. S. "W. Indian apolis. BETHEL, p. v., Berks co., Perm. : 51 m. E. Harrisburg. BETHEL, p. v., York dist,, S. Car. : 79 m. N. Columbia. BETHEL, t. and p. v., Windsor co., Verm. : on White r., 29 m. S. by W. Montpelier. The t. contains a valuable soapstone quarry. The Vermont Central E. K. passes through the t., 39 m. from Windsor. Pop. 1,730. BETHEL, p. v., Mercer co., Virg. : 208 m. W. Eichmond. BETHESDA, p. v., Williamson co., Tenn. : 24 m. S. Nash ville. BETHLEHEM, t. and p. v., Litchfield co., Conn. : 31 m. W. Hartford. Pop. 815. BETHLEHEM, p. v., Sumter dist., S. Car. : 41 m. E. Co lumbia. BETHLEHEM, p. v., Clarke co., Ind. : 87 m. S. S. E. In dianapolis. BETHLEHEM, t. and p. v., Grafton co., N. ffamp. : on Ammonoosuc r., 72 m. N. by W. Concord. Pop. 952. BETHLEHEM, p. v., Gilmer co., Virg. : 213 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. BETHLEHEM, t. and p. v., Hunterdon co., N. Jer. : 37 m. N. by W. Trenton. Pop. 2,746. BETHLEHEM, p. v., Marshall co., Hiss. : 168 m. N. Jackson. BETHLEHEM, t. and p. v., Albany co., N. Y. : on Nor- manskill, etc., 5 m. S. Albany. Pop. 4,102. BETHLEHEM, p. v., Columbus co., Ala. : 63 m. E. by N. Montgomery. BETHLEHEM, t. and p. v., Northampton co., Perm. : on Lehigh r., at the mouth of Manokicy cr., 83 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. Settled by the Moravians in 1741, and still" one of their principal localities. Pop. 1,516. BETHLEHEM CENTRE, p. v., Albany co., N. Y. BETHMOXT, p. v., Orange co., N. Car.: 48 m. N. W. Ealeigh. BETTSVILLE, p. v., Seneca co., Ohio: on a branch of Sandusky r., 85 m. N. by W. Columbus. BEULAH, p. o., Johnson co., N. Car. : 23 m. E. Ealeigh. BEVANS, p. v., Sussex co., N. Jer. : 89 m. N. Trenton. BEVERLY, p. v., Adams co., III. : 73 m. W. Springfield. BEVERLY, p. v., Burlington co., N. Jer. BEVERLY, t., p. v., and sea-port, Essex co., Mas*. : 16 m. N. by E. Boston. It lies on the N. side of the bay, oppo site Salem, with which it is connected by a bridge, 1,500 feet long, over which the Eastern E. E. passes. A railroad also extends hence to Gloucester. Shipping owned in tho district 3,173 tons, all in the coasting trade. Pop. 5,376. BEVERLY, p. v., Anson co., 2f. Car, : on Big Brown cr. of Yadkin r., 87 m. N. E. Ealeigh. BEVERLY, p. v., Washington co., Ohio: on N. side of Muskingum r., 78 m. E. S. E. Columbus. BEVERLY, p. v., and cap. Eandolph co., Virg. : on the E. fork of Monongahela r., 155 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. BEVERLY FARMS, p. o., Essex co., Mass. : 18 m. N by E. Boston. BEVIS TATERN, p. o., Hamilton co., Ohio : 106 m. S. W. Columbus. BEWLEYVTLLE, p. v., Breckenridge co., Ky. : 112 m. W. by S. Frankfort. BEXAR county, Tex. Situate W., and contains about 120,000 sq. m. It extends from 28 to 36 30 , and embraces all the country from the organized counties to the Pecos r. All the great interior rivers of Texas have their sources within its territory. Surface in the S. part, undulating or rolling prairie, interspersed with oak-openings and groves. On the N. ranges of hills run E and W., forming a water shed between the streams of the E. and S. W. Lime and sandstone abundant, and there are several mineral springs. Soil, a dark, sandy, calcareous loam, rich and productive. The southern part is only occupied. Farms 117 ; manuf. 13 ; dwell. 1,204, and pop. wh. 5,635, fr. col. 28, si. 389 total, 6,052. Capital : San Antonio. BEXAR, p. v., Marion co., Ala.: 150 m. N. W. Mont gomery. BIBB county, Ala. Situate centrally, and contains 864 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Catawba r., which trav erses the county centrally. Surface moderately undulating, and the soils, especially on the rivers, fertile. Products va rious, Indian corn and cotton being the principal. Farms 654 ; manuf. 13 ; dwell. 1,153, and pop. wh. 7,097, fr. col. II, si. 2,861 total 9,969. Capital : Centreville. BIBB county, Ga. Situate centrally, and contains 432 sq m. Drained by Ockmulgce r. and its tributaries. Surface uneven. Soils generally sandy, but near the .streams highly fertile, producing fine cotton. Farms 308 ; manuf. 82 ; dwell. 1,234, and pop. wh. 7,009, fr. col. 53, si. 5,637 total, 12,699. Capital ; Macon. Public Works : Central Georgia E. E. ; Macon and Western E. E. ; and South-western E. E. BICKLEY S MILLS, p. o., Eussell co., Virg. : 267 m. W. by S. Eichmond. BIDDEFORD, p. v., York co., Me. : on S. side of Saco r., at ts mouth, 67 m. S. W. Augusta. The " Mercantile Adver- ;iser" (whig), is issued weekly. The Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth E. E. passes through the t, 36 m. from Ports mouth and 15 from Portland. Pop. 6,095. BIDWELL S BARR, p. o., Butte co., Calif.: on middle fork of Feather r., 113 m. N. by E. Yallejo. BIENVILLE parish, La. Situate N. W. of W. dist, having Lake Bisteneau for its W. border, and contains 1,080 sq. m. Drained by Grand Bayou and the creeks Black Lake, Sa line, and others, tributaries of Ecd r. Snrface, a plateau somewhat elevated: soils fertile, producing excellent cot ton. Farms 27i ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 571, and pop. wh. 3,623, fr. col. 21, si. 1,895 total, 5,539. Capital: Mount Lebanon. BIG BAR, p. o., Trinity co., CaUf. BIG BARREN, p. o., Claiborne co., Tenn. : on N. side Of Clinch r., 176 m. E. Nashville. BIG BIN Bio BEAVEE, p. o., Oakland co., Mich. : 59 m. E. Lan sing. BIG BEND, p. o., Gilmore co., Virg. : 280 m. "W. N. W. Richmond. BIG BEND, p. o., Venango co., Penn. : 157 m. "W. N. "W. Harrisburg. BIG BEND, p. o., Waukesha co., Wise.: 53 m. W. Madison. BIG BEND, p. o., Avoyelles par., La. ; 78 m. N. "W. Baton Rouge. BIG BEND, p. o., Whitesides co., III. : on a peninsula of Eock r., 180 m. N. Springfield. BIG BEOOK, p. o., Oncida co., W. T. : 97 m. "W. by N. Albany. BIGBY FOBK, p. o., Monroe co., Miss.: 129 m. N. E. Jackson. BIGBYVILLB, p. v., Maury co., Tenn. : on a cr. of Duck r., 47 m. S. by W. Nashville. BIG CANE, p. o., St. Landry par., La. : 58 m. "W. Baton Eouge. BIG CEDAR, p. o., Jackson co., Mo. : 123 m. W. by N. Jefferson City. BIG CLIFTY, p. o., Ilardin co., Ky. : 67 m. "W. by S. Frankfort. BIG CREEK, p. o., Philips co., Ark. : 82 m. E. S. E. Little Eock. BIG CEEEK, p. o., Fort Bend, Tea).: 158 m. E. by S. Austin City. BIG CREEK, p. o., Forsyth co., Get. : 83 m. N. W. Mil- ledgeville. BIG CREEK, p. o., Eapides par., La. : 107 m. N. "W. Baton Eouge. BIG CHEEK, p. o., Johnson co., Mo. : 83 m. W. Jefferson City. BIG CEEEK, p. o., Stokes co., Jf. Car. : 102 m. W. by N. Ealeigh. BIG CREEK, p. o., Yallabusha co., Miss. : 107 m. N. by E. Jackson. BIG CBEEK, p. o., Shelby co., Tenn. : on a cr. so called, 158 m. W. by 8. Nashville. BIG CRHBK, p. o., Edgefield dist, S. Car.: 53 m. W. Columbia. BIGELOW S MILLS, p. o., La Porte co., Ind. : 131 m. N. "W. Indianapolis. BIG FALLS, p. o., Orange co., N. Car. : 31 m. W. by N. Ealeigh. BIG FLATTS, t. and p. o., Chemung co., N. Y. : on Che- mung r., 193 m. W. S. W. Albany. The N. Y. and Erie E. R. passes through the t, 293 m. from New York City, and 176 m. from Dunkirk; also the navigable feeder of the Chemung Canal. Pop. 1,709. BIG FOOT PRAIEIE, p. o., Walworth eo., Wise. Bio GLADES, p. o., Russell co., Virg. ; 287 m. W. by S. Eichmond. BIG HILL, p. o., Madison co., Ky. : 51 m. S. E. Frank fort. BIG IIOLLO-W, p. o., Greene co., N. T.: 39 m. 8. "W. Albany. BIG ISLAND, t and p. v., Marion co., Ohio. : 48 m. N. by W. Columbus. Pop. 604. BIG ISLAND, p. o., Bedford co., Virg., 113 m. "W. by S. Eichmond. BIG LAUREL, p. o., Yancey co., N. Car. : on a cr. so call ed, 219 m. W. Raleigh. BIG LICK, p. o., Eoanoko co., Virg. : 136 m. W. by S. Eichmond. BIG MEADOW, p. o., Grayson co., Virg. : 217 m. "W. S. W. Eichmond. BIG MILLS, p. o., Dorchester co., Md. : on Chicamaco- mico cr., 69 m. S. E. Annapolis. Bio NECK, p. o., Adams co., III. : 89 m. W. Springfield. BIG OAK, p. o., Kemper co., Miss.: 102 m. E. N. E. Jackson. BIG PLAIN, p. o., Madison co., Ohio: 26 m. S. W. Columbus. BIG POND, p. o., Fayette co., Ala. : 133 m. N. W. Mont gomery. BIG PRAIEIE, p. o., "Wayne oo., Ohio: 47 m. N. E. Columbus. BIG READY, p. o., Edmondson co., Ky. : 108 m. S. "W. Frankfort BIG RIVEE MILLS, p. o., St. Frangois co., Mo. : 98 m. E. S. E. Jefferson City. BIG ROCK, p. o., Kane co., III. : on a cr. so called, a trib utary of Rock r., 208 m. N. E. Springfield. BIG SANDY river : rises in the Alleghany Mountains, near the head waters of the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers, and falls into the Ohio between Virginia and Kentucky, being the boundary between these States for nearly 200 m. It is navigable to the Wascioto Mountains. The E. and W. branches join about 40 m. above its entrance to the Ohio. BIG SKIN CREEK, p. o., Lewis co., Virg. : 187 m. "W". N. W. Richmond. BIG SPRING, p. o., Marshall co., Ala. : 143 m. N. Mont gomery. BIG SPEING, p. o., Pocahontas co., Virg. : 147 m. "W. by N. Richmond. BIG SPEING, p. o., Breckenridge co., Ky, : 85 m. W. S. W. Franklin. BIG SPRING, p. o., Cumberland co., Penn. : 42 m. N. E. Harrisburg. BIG SPRING, p. o., Montgomery co., Mo. : 47 m. N. E. Jefferson City. BIG SPRING, p. o., Ottawa co., Mich. : 57 m. W. by N. Lansing. BIG SPEING, p. o., Wilson co., Tenn. : 29 m. E. Nashville. BIG SPRLNG, p. o., Shelby co., III. : 67 m. S. E. Spring field. BIG SPRINGS, p. o., La Porte co., Ind. : 123 m. N. "W. Indianapolis. BIG STREAM POINT, p. o., Yates co., 2f. T. : 187 m. "W". Albany. BIG SWAMP, p. o., Columbus co., 2f. Car. : 117 m. S. E. Raleigh. BIG TREE COENEES, p. o., Erie co., N. Y. : 349 m. W. Albany. BIG WOODS, p. o., Calcasieu par., La. : 130 m. W. Batoa Rouge. BIG WOODS, p. o., Du Page co., III.: 193 m. N. E. Springfield. BILLERICA, t and p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : on Con- cord and Shawgheen r., 18 m. N. W. Boston. The Middle sex Canal and Lowell aud Boston R. R. pass through the E. part of the town. Its manufactures are large, and its facilities for increasing them immense. Pop. 1,646. BILLING S GEOYE, p. o., Livingston co., III. :. 87 m. N. E. pringfleld. BILLINGSVILLE, p. v., Union co., Ind. : 69 m. E. Indian apolis. BILOXI, p. v., Harrison co., Miss. : on Point Caddo, of Biloxi Bay, 149 m. S. by E. Jackson. The " Sea-shore Sentinel" i issued weekly. BILOXI, p. v., Newton co., Tex. : 232 m. E. Austin City. BINGHAM, t. and p. o., Somerset co., Me. : on E. side of Kennebec r., 42 m. N. Augusta. Pop. 752. BINGHAM, t. and p. v., Potter co., Penn. : 169 m. N. W. Harrisburg. BINGHAMPTON, p. v., Lee co., III.: 132 m. N. by E. Springfield. BINGHAMPTON, p. v., and cap. Broome co., N. Y. : at the junction of the Chenango and Susquehanna r. It is one of the most important inland villages of the State. The New York and Erie R. R. passes through it, 225 m. from New York City, and it is the S. terminus of the Chenango Canal. Railroads will also be built from this point to Albany, Utica, and Syracuse. Four papers arc published 67 BIN BLA in the village 1 daily and 3 weekly. The v. is handsomely laid out, and has several fine buildings and bridges. Its trade with the surrounding country is very extensive, and is constantly increasing. BINKLEY S BRIDGE, p. o., Lancaster co., Perm. : 37 m. 8. E. Harrisburg. BIRCIIARDVILLE, p. v., Susquehanna co., Penn. : 134 m. N. E. Harrisburg. BIRCHETTSVILLE, p. v., Cleveland co., N. Car. : 139 m. S. W. Ealeigh. BIKCH POND, p. o., Crawford co., Mo. : 53 m. S. E. Jef ferson City. BIRCH EIVHR, p. o., Nicholas co., Virg. : 185 m. "W. by N. Kichmond. BIKD, p. o., Hillsdalo co., Mich. : 67 m. 8. Lansing. BIRDSALL, t and p. o., Alleghany co., N. Y. : on Black cr., 231 m. W. by 8. Albany. Pop. 597. BIRDSBOROTTGH, p. v., Berks co., Penn. : 62 m. E. by N. Harrisburgh. BIRD S EUN, p. o., Guernsey co., Ohio : 83 m. E. N. E. Columbus. BIRDSVILLE, PI v., Burke co., Ga. : 81 m. E. Milledge- ville. BIRMINGHAM, p. v., Jackson co., Ala. : 162 m. N. Mont gomery. BIRMINGHAM, p. v., Pontotoc co., Miss. : 153 in. N. N. E. Jackson. BIRMINGHAM, p. v., Schuyler co., III. : on the "W. side of Crooked cr. of Illinois r., 72 m. N. W. Springfield. BIRMINGHAM, p. v., Van Buren co., la,. : 57 m. S. by "W. Iowa City. BIRMINGHAM, p. v., Oakland co., Mich. : 70 m. E. by S. Lansing. It lies on the Detroit and Pontiac K. E.,18 m. from the former place. BIRMINGHAM, p. v., Erie co., Ohio: on W. side of Ver- million r., 96 m. N. Columbus. BIRMINGHAM, p. v., Huntingdon co., Penn. : on TV. branch of Little Juniata r., 96 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. Lead and iron abound in the vicinity. BISHOP HILJL, p. v., Henry co., III.: 98 m. N. by W. Springfield. BISHOPVILLE, p. v., Sumter dist., S. Car. : 63 m. N. E.by E. Columbia. BISSELL, p. o., Calhoun co., III. : 70 m. W. S. W. Spring field. BISSEL S, p. o., Geauga co., Ohio: 133 m. N. E. Co lumbus. BIVINGSVILLE, p. v., Spartanburg dist., 8. Car. : 89 m. N. "W. Columbia. BLACKBERRY, p. o., Kane co., III. : 201 m. N. E. Spring field. BLACK BIRD, p. o., Newcastle co., Del. : 15 m. N. Dover. BLACK BROOK, t. and p. o., Clinton co., N. Y. : on Saranac and Au Sable r., and Black Br., 125 m. N. Albany. P. 2,525. BLACK CREEK, p. o., Scriven co., Ga. : 111 m. E. by S. Milledgeville. BLACK CREEK, p. o., Luzerne co., Penn. : 93 m. N. E. Harrisburg. BLACK CREEK, p. o., Sullivan co., Ind. : on a cr. of "W abash r., so called, 83 m. S. W. Indianapolis. BLACK CREEK, p. o., Holmes co., Ohio : 68 m. N. E. Columbus. BLACK CREEK, p. v., Alleghany co., N. Y. : on a cr. so called, 229 m. W. by S. Albany. BLACK CREEK, p. o., Wayne co., N. Car. : 49 m. S. E. Ealeigh. BLACK EARTH, p. o., Dane co., Wise. : on a river so called, 13 m. "W. Madison. BLACK FACE, p. o., Nottoway co., Virg. : 47 m. S. "W. Eichmond. BLACKFORD county, Ind. Situate N. E., and contains 169 sq. m. Surface level, but in some parts gently undulating, and the soils are excellent for farming purposes ; watered by the Salamonie and Lick rivers. Timber abundant Farms 306 ; manuf. 6 ; dwell. 514, and pop. wh. 2,849, fir. col. 11 total, 2,860. Capital: Hartford. BLACK FORK, p. o., Hancock co., Ky. : on a cr. BO called, 114 m. W. Frankfort. BLACK HAWK county, la. Situate N. E. centrally, and contains 756 sq. m. Drained by Cedar r. and its creeks. Surface undulating prairie, with some wood land. Farms 9 ; manuf. 1 ; dwell. 26, and pop. wh. 135. fr. col. total, 135 Capital: Cedar Falls. BLACK HAWK, p. o., Carroll co., Miss. : on Abyaca cr. of Yazoo cr., 69 m. N. Jackson. BLACK HAWK, p. o., Beaver co., Penn. : 197 m. W. Har risburg. BLACKHETH (formerly COAL MINES), p. o., Chesterfield CO., Virg. : 12 m. W. Eichmond. BLACK HILL, p. o., Kaufman co., Tex. : 210 m. N. N. E. Austin City. BLACK HOLE, p. o., Lycoming co., Penn. : 83 m. N. by "W. Harrisburg. BLACK HORSE, p. o., Chester co., Penn.: 64 m. S. E. Harrisburg. BLACK HORSE, p. o., Middlesex co., W. Jer. : 27 m. E. N. E. Trenton. BLACK JACK, p. o., Fayette co., Teat. : at the head waters of Navidad r., 62 m. S. E. Austin City. BLACK JACK. p. o., Scott co., ArJc. : 100 m. "W. Little Eock. BLACK JACK, p. o., De Soto par., La. : 187 m, N. "W. Baton Eouge. BLACK JACK GROVE, p. o., Hopkins co., Tex, ; 256 m. N. N. E. Austin City. BLACK LAKE, p. o., St. Lawrence co., W. Y. : on a lake so called, 152 m. N. E. Albany. Black Lake is a fine sheet of water, lying nearly parallel with the St. Lawrence r. ; at its S. end it receives Indian r., and at its N. end empties into Osweghatchie r., at the mouth of which is Ogdensburg, the "W. terminus of the Northern E. E. BLACK LAND, p. o., Tishemingo co., Miss. : 193 m. N. E. Jackson. BLACK LICK, p. o., Indiana co., Penn. : 126 m. W. by N. Harrigburg. BLACK MINGO, p. o., Williamsburg dist, & Car. : 77 m. E. S. E. Columbia, BLACK OAK, p. o., Charleston dist., S. Car. : on an island so called of Santee r., 61 m. E. S. E. Columbia. BLACK OAK GROVE, p. o., Hardeman co., Term. : 139 m. S. W. Nashville. BLACK OAK POINT, p. o., Hickory co., Mo. : 68 m. S. "W. Jefferson- City. BLACK river, Nl Y. : the third in size wholly within the State. It rises in Herkimer co., has a course of 108 m., and empties into Black-river Bay, at the foot of Lake Ontario. At Leyden it falls 63 feet, whence to Carthage, 40 m., the r. is navigable for boats, but below to its mouth navigation is obstructed by rapids. From the falls, at Leyden, the Black Eiver Canal extends S. to the Erie Canal at Eome. BLACK EIVER, p. o., Jefferson co., & Y. : 138 m. N. "W. Albany. BLACK EIVER, t. and p. v., Lorain co., Ohio : on Black r. and Lake Erie, 108 m. N. N. E. Columbus, The v. has a good harbor and considerable trade. Pop. of t. 659. BLACK EIVEB CHAPEL, p. o., New Hanover co., 2f. Car. : 79 m. S. by E. Ealeigh. BLACK EIVER FALLS, p. o., La Crosse co., Wise. : 118 m N. TV. Madison. BLACK EOCK, t and p. o., Erie co., W. Y.: on Lake Erie, 238 m. W. Albany. The city of Buffalo is surrounded on three sides by the town. Several islands in the Niagara r. belong to Black Eock. Eailroads extend hence to Niagara Falls and to Buffalo. Pop.,.7,508. BLACK EOCK, p. o., Eappahannock co., Virg. : 93 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. BLA BLI BLACKS ANI> WHITES, p. o., Nottoway, co., Virg. : 32 m. 8. W. Richmond. BLACK S BLUFF, p. v., Wilcox co., Ala. : on Alabama r., 78 in. 8. W. Montgomery. BLACKSBURGH, p. v., Montgomery co., Virg. : on a cr. of New r., 179 m. W. by S. Kichmond. BLACKsraBEs, p. o., Marion co., Virg: 207 m. N. W. Richmond. BLACKSTOCKS, p. o., Chester dist, S. Car. : on Charleston and South Carolina R. R., 41 m. N. by W. Columbia. BLACK S STOEE, p. o., Tippah co., Miss. : 171 m. N. by E. Jackson. BLACKSTONE (or Pawtucket) river : rises in Mass., and disembogues into Providence r., where it furnishes immense hydraulic power, and has been much used for manufactur ing purposes. The Blackstone Canal, from Worcester to Providence, 45 m., follows the valley of this r. : it was completed in 1829, and cost about $700,000. BLACKSTONE, p. t-, Worcester co., Mass. : 33 m. S. W. Boston. Pop. 4,422. BLACK SWAMP, p. o., Sandusky co., Ohio: 92 m. N. by W. Columbus. BLACKSVILLE, p. v., Monongalia co., Virg. : near the State line, 217 m. N. W. Richmond. BLACKSVILLE, p. v., Barnwell dist., S. Car. : on the line of the South Carolina R. R., 90 m. from Charleston, and 49 m. S. S. W. Columbia. BLACK WALNUT, p. o., Halifax co., Virg. : 100 m. S. W. Richmond. BLACK WARRIOR river, Ala. : is formed of two head branches, Locust fork, or E. Branch, and Mulberry r., which unite in S. W. part of Jackson co. Below the junction the r. has a general S. and S. W. direction, SO m. to the Tom- bigbee r., which it meets in the S. of Greene co. Steam boats navigate to Tuscaloosa ; and for boats there is suffi cient water much farther. The whole length of the r. is about 160 m. BLACK WATER, p. o., Sussex co., Virg. : 67 m. S. S. E. Richmond. BLACK WATER, p. o., Sussex co., Del. : 51 m. S. Dover. BLACK WATER, p. o., Kemper co., Miss. : 104 m. E. N. E. Jackson. BLACK WATER, p. o., Morgan co., Ky. ; 98 m. E. by S. Frankfort BLACKWELL S ISLAND : in East r., between New York and Long Island. The City Penitentiary, Lunatic Asylum, etc., are located on the island. BLACK WOLF, p. o., Winnebago co., Wise, : on Winne- bago Lake, 73 m. N. N. E. Madison. BLACKWOOD TOWN, p. v., Camden co., 2T. Jer. : 37 m. S. Trenton. BLADEN county, N. Car. Situate S. E. on Cape Fear r., and contains 1,080 sq. m. Surface low and swampy. In dian corn, rice, cotton, and tar are produced. Farms 486 ; manuf. 61 ; dwell. 1,005, and pop. wh. 5,055, fr. col. 854, si. 4,358 total, 9,767. Capital : Elizabeth. BLADENSBTJRG, p. v., Prince George s co., Md. : on the Washington Branch R. R., 7 m. from Washington, 33 from Baltimore, and 22 m. W. Annapolis. BLADENSBURG, p. o., Knox co., Ohio : 43 m. N. N. E. Columbus. BLAT>ON SPRINGS, p. o., Choctaw co., Ala. : 121 m. W. by by S. Montgomery. BLAIN, p. o., Perry co., Perm. : 21 m. W. Harrisburg. ELAINE, p. v.. Lawrence co., Ky.: on Elaine cr., 153 m. E. Frankfort. BLAIN B CROSS ROADS, p. o., Grainger co., Tenn. : 4 m. N. Holsten r., and 181 m. E. Nashville. BLAIR county, Penn. Situate centrally, and contains 634 sq. m. Drained by head streams of Juniata r. Surface mountainous, diversified by extensive valleys : soils ordina rily fertile. Farms 826 ; manut 130 ; dwell. 3,718, and pop. ~wh. 21,517, fr. coL 260 total, 21,777. Capital: Holli- daysburg. Public Works : Pennsylvania Canal and B.R. BLAIR FURNACE, p. o., Blair co., Perm: 87 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. BLAIR S FERRY, p. o., Roane co., Tenn. : 108 m. E. by S. Nashville. BLAIRSTOWN, p. v., Warren co. N. Jer. : 61 m. N. by W. Trenton, Pop. of 1. 1,405. BLAIRSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Union co., Ga. : on Notley cr., 118 m. N. N. W. Milledgeville. BLAIRSVILLE, p. v., Posey co., Ind. : on Big cr. of Wabash r., 117 m. S. W. Indianapolis. BLAIRSVILLE, p. v., Indiana co., Penn. : on Kiskinimitas r., and on the line of Pennsylvania R. R., 198 m. from Harrisburg, and 58 from Pittsburg. Pop. 1,512. BLAIRSVILLE, p. v., York dist., Car. : 88 m. N. by E. Columbia. BLAKELEY, t. and p. v., Lucerne co., Penn. : on Lacka- wannock r., 108 m. N. E. Harrisburg. BLAKELY, p. v., sea-port, and cap. Baldwin co., Ala. : on the E. side of Tensaw r., opposite Mobile. The harbor ad mits vessels drawing 11 feet water, and is in many respects superior to that of Mobile. BLAKELY, p. v., and cap. Early co., Ga. : 184 m. S. W. Milledgeville. BLAKELY, p. v., Stokes co., N. Car. : 109 m. W. by N. Raleigh. BLAKBSBUEG, p. v., Wapello co., la. : 62 m. S. W. Iowa City. BLA-NC, p. o., Lucas co., Ohio: 122 m. N. N. W. Co lumbus. BLANCHE, p. o., Lafayette co., Mo.: 93 m. W. by N. Jefferson City. BLANCHARD, t. and p. v., Piscataquis co., Me. : on Pis- cataquis r., 57 m. N. Augusta. Pop.492. BLANCHARD BRIDGE, p. v., Hancock co., Ohio : on Blan- chard cr., 87 m. N. by W. Columbus. BLANCIIESTER, p. v., Clinton co., OMo: on Cincinnati and Hillsborough R. R., 39 m. from Cincinnati and 66 m. S. W. Columbus. BLANDENSVILLE, p. v., M Donough co., III. : on Decker s cr., 83 m. N. W. Springfield. BLANDVILLE, p. v., and cap. Ballard co., Ky. : on N. side of Mayfields r., 243 m. W. Frankfort. BLANFORD, t. and p. v., Hampden co., Mass. : on branch es of Westfield r., 96 m. W. by S. Boston. Pop. 1,418. BLANKET HILL, p. o., Armstrong co., Penn. : 123 m. W. Harrisburg. BLATTVELTVILLE, p. v., Rockland co., N~. Y. : on the line of the New York and Erie R. R., 4 m. W. Piermont and 106 m. S. Albany. BLAWENBURGH, p. v., Somerset co., N. Jer.: 16 m. N. N. E. Trenton. BLECKER, t. and p. o., Fulton co., N. T.: on Garoga cr. and Stony cr. of Sacondaga r., 46 m. N. W. Albany. Ga roga and Fish lakes are. in this town. Pop. 511. BLEDSOE county, Tenn. Situate S. E. centrally, and con tains 520 sq. m. Drained by Sequatohy r., its creeks, tho head waters of Coney fork of Cumberland r., and of Eme ry s r. of the- Clinch. Considerable hills bound the valley of Sequatchy r., which runs through the county in a N. and S. direction. The grains, tobacco, and cotton are produced. Farms 825 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 854, and pop. wh. 5,042, fr. col. 90, si. 827 total, 5,959. Capital: Pikeville. BLEDSOE S LANDING, p. o., Crittenden co.,Ark. : 131 m. E. N. E. Little Rock. BLENDON, t and p. v., Franklin co., Ohio: on Alum and Big Walnut cr., upper branches of Scioto r., 10 m. N. by E. Columbus. Pop. 1,323. BLENHEIM, t and p. v., Schoharic co., 2f. Y. : on Scho- harie r., 35 m. S. W. Albany. Pop. 1,314. BLINK BONNY, p. o., St. Lawrence co, N. Y.: 138 m. N. E. Albany. J3L1 BLISU S MILLS, p. o., Franklin co., Mo. : 62 m. E. Jeffe soa City. BLISSFIELD, t. and p. v., Lenawee co., Mich. ; on Eaisi r., and on the line of the Erie and Kalamazoo E. E., 22 from Toledo, and 74 m. S. E. Lansing. Pop. 924. BLISSYILLE, p. v., Marshall co., Ind. : 106 m. N. Indian apolis. BLISSVILLE, p. v., Jefferson co. III.: 108 m. S. by E Springfield. BLIVEN MILLS, p. o., M Henry co., HI. : 197 m. N. E Springfield. BLOCK HOUSE, p. o., Scott co., Virg, : 257 m. "W. by S Eichmond. BLOCK ISLAND lies in the Atlantic Ocean 14 m. S. S. "W Judith Point. It constitutes the t. of New Shoreham Newport co., JR. /., and is 8 m. long and from 2 to 4 broa The surface is uneven and occasionally elevated, and th soils sandy and gravelly loam moderately fertile. Ther are several ponds on the island. Formerly it was note for its fine cattle and dairies, but at the present time it is chiefly occupied by fishermen. BLOCKVILLE, p. v., Chautauque co., N. Y. : 283 m. W. S "W. Albany. BLOODGET MILLS, p. o., Cortland co., Jf. Y. : 119 m. W Albany. BLOOD S POINT, p. o., De Kalb co., III. : 242 m. N. by E Springfield. BLOODY EUN, p. o., Bedford co., Penn.: on Eaystown cr., 87 m. W. S. W. Harrisburg. BLOOM, p. o., Cook co., III. : 251 m. N. E. Springfield. BLOOM, p. o., Eush co., Ind. : 33 m. E. by S. Indian apolis. BLOOMFIELD, t. and p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : on Wooc r., 7 m. N. W. Hartford. Pop. 1,421. BLOOMFIELD, p. v., and cap. Greene co., Ind. : on the E side of the W. fork of White r., 65 m. S. W. Indianapolis. BLOOMFIELD, p. v., Edgar co., III. : 152 m. E. Springfield BLOOMFIELD, p v., Kemper co., Miss. : 93 m. E. N. E. Jackson. BLOOMFIELD, p. v., and. cap. Da-vis co., la.: 78 m. S. W. Iowa City. BLOOMFIELD, p. v., Nelson co., Ey. : 83 m. S. "W. Frank fort. BLOOMFIELD, t. and p. o., Somerset co., Me. : on the Ken- nebec r., 29 m. N. Augusta. Pop. 1,301. BLOOMFIELD, p. v., and cap. Stoddart co., Mo. : 162 m. S. E. Jefferson City. BLOOMFIELD, t. and p. v., Essex co., Jf. Jer. : 49 m. N. E. Trenton. The v. is one of the most flourishing of the State. Pop. oft 3,385. BLOOMFIELD, t. and p. v., Morrow co., Ohio : 51 m. N. by E. Columbus. Pop. 1,443. BLOOMFIELD, t. and p. v., Crawford co., Penn. : 197 m. N. W. Harrisburg. BLOOMFIELD, p. v., Loudon co., Virg. : on Goose cr., 102 m. N. by W. Eichmond. BLOOMFIELD, t. and p. v., Essex co., Verm : on "W. side of Connecticut r., and drained by branches of Nulhegan r., 63 m. N. E. Montpelier. Pop. 244. BLOOMFIELD, t. and p. v., Walworth co., Wise. : in S. E. corner of co., 67 m. S. E. Madison. Pop. 879. BLOOMINGBUEGH, p. v., Sullivan co., JV r . T. : 82 m. S. S*. W. Albany. BLOOMINGBURGH, p. v., Fayette co., Ohio : on a branch of Paint cr., 31 m. S. S. W. Columbus. BLOOMINGDALE, p. v., Passaic co., 2T. Jer. : 63 m. N. E. Trenton. BLOOMINGDALE, p. v., Cabel co., Virg. : 254 m. W. by N. Eidmiond. BLOOMINGDALE, p. v., Du Page co., HI. : 247 m. N. E. Springfield. BLOOMINGDALE, p. v., Jefferson co., Ohio : 102 m. E. by N Columbus. 70 BLO BLOOMING GROVE, p. o., Franklin co., Ind. : 62 m. E. by S. Indianapolis. BLOOMING GROVE, t. and p. o., Orange co., XT. Y. : on Murderer s cr., 86 m. S. Albany. Newburg Branch E. E. traverses the N. W. part of the t., and on the S. E. is the Scunnecunk mt. Pop. 2,184. BLOOMING GROVE, p. o., Montgomery co., Tenn. : on a cr. so called, 49 m. W. by N. Nashville. BLOOMINGSPORT, p. o., Eandolph co., Ind. : 64 m. E. by N. Indianapolis. BLOOMINGTON, t and p. v., Winnebago co., Wise. : 63 m. S. E. Madison. Pop. 909. BLOOMINGTON, p. v., and cap. Monroe co., Ind. : on the line of the New Albany and Salem Extension E. E., 106 m. from New Albany, and 46 m. S. "W. Indianapolis. The Indiana University is located here; and the newspapers published in the v. %re the " Eeporter" and the " Herald," weekly, and the " Christian Eecord," monthly. BLOOMINGTON, p. v., Clinton co., Ohio: 57 m. S. "W. Columbus. BLOOMINGTON, p. v., and cap. M Lean co., III. : 83 m. N. E. Springfield. The Illinois Central E. E., and the Chicago and Mississippi E. E. will intersect at this point. BLOOMINGTON, p. v., Morgan co., Ky. : 102 m. E. Frankfort. BLOOMINGTON, p. v., and cap. Macon co., Ho. : on middle fork of Chariton r., and on the line of the Hannibal and Missouri E. E., 86 m. N. Jefferson City. The " Bloomington Gazette" is published weekly. BLOOMINGTON. p. v., Tipton co., Tenn. : 161 m. W. S. W. Nashville. BLOOMING VALLEY, p. o., Crawford co., Penn. : 197 m. N. W. Harrisburg. BLOOMINGVILLE, p. o., Erie co., Ohio : 97 m. N. by E. Columbus. BLOOMSBURGH, p. v., Halifax co., Virg. : on S. E. side of the Dan r., 117 m. S. W. Eichmond. BLOOMSBURGII, p. v., and cap. Columbia co., Penn. : on the E. or main branch of Susquehanna r., 69 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. It is a thriving village on the North Branch Caual, and publishes two newspapers, the " Columbia Democrat," and the " Star of the North." Pop. 1,515. BLOOMSBURY, p. v., "Warren co.,JV. Jer. : on Musconecong cr., 32 m. N. by W. Trenton. BLOOMVILLE, p. v., Delaware co., N. Y. : on the "W. side f the W. branch of Delaware r., 57 m. S. W. Albany. BLOOMVILLE, p.v., "Will co., III. : on Eock cr., of Kankakee r., 240 m. N. E. Springfield. BLOOMVILLE, p. v., Seneca co., Ohio : 73 m. N. Colum- ais. BLOSSBURG, p. v., Tk)ga co., Penn. : 100 m. N. by W. larrisburg. Bituminous coal, of excellent quality, abounds n the vicinity, and great facilities have been arranged for i transport to market by railroad and canal. BLOSSOM HILL, p. o., Caddo parish, La. : 235 m. N. "W. iaton Eouge. BLOUNT county, Ala. Situate N. centrally, and contains 40 sq. m. Drained by Locust and Mulberry forks of Black Varrior r. Surface various in the S. rolling and uneven, nd in the N. somewhat hilly : soils of average fertility. Vheat, Indian corn, and cotton are the staple growths, arms 753 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 1,127, and pop. wh. 6,941, fr. ol. 0, si. 426 total, 7,367. Capital: Blountsville. BLOUNT county, Tenn. Situate E. on the State line, and ontains 810 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Tennessee r., hich lies on the W. border. Surface uuev-n broken and illy on the E., and the soils generally fertile. Iron is found erein. The products are the grains, with some tobacco nd cotton. Farms 976 ; manuf. 38 ; dwell. 1,992, and pop. -wh. 11,183, fr. col. 115, si. 1,084 total, 12,382. Capital : aysville. BLOUNT S CREEK, p. o., Beaufort co., N. Car. : 92 m. . S. E. Ealeigh. BLO BOG BLOUNT S FERRY, p. o., Columbia co., Flor.: 63 m. E. Tallahassee. BLOUNT S SPRING, p. o., Blount co., Ala. : 119 m. N. Montgomery. BLOUNTSTOWN, p. v., Caihoun co., Flor. : 66 m. S. "W. Tallahassee. BLOUNTSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Blount co., Ala. : on a cr. of Mulberry fork of Black Warrior r., 117 m. N. Mont gomery. BLOUNTSVILLE, p. v., Henry co., Ind. : 52 m. E, by N. Indianapolis. BLOUNTSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Sullivan co., Tenn. BLUE BALL, p. o., Cecil co., Md. : 54 m. N. E. Annapolis. BLUE BALL, p. o., Butler co., Ohio: 93 m. S. "W. Colum bus. ELITE BALL, p. o., Lancaster co., Penn. : 42 m. S. E. Harrisbnrg. BLUE BELL, p. o., Montgomery co., Penn. : 91 m. E. Uarrisburg. BLUE CREEK, p. o., Adams co., Ohio: on a cr. so called of Ohio r., 83 m. S. S. W. Columbus. BLUE CREEK, p. o., Habersham co., Ga. : 119 m. N. E. Milledgeville. BLUE CREEK, p. o., Pike co., Ala. : 87 m. S. Mont gomery. BLUE CREEK, p. o., Franklin co., Ind. : 64 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. BLUE EYE, p. o., Benton co., Ala.: 96 m. N. N. E. Montgomery. BLUE GRASS, p. o., Scott co., la. : 49 m. E. Iowa City. BLUE GRASS, p. o., Fulton co., Ind. : 87 m. N. Indian apolis. BLUE HILL, t. and p. o., Hancock co., Me. : on a bay formed between the mainland and Mt. Desert Island, 29 m. S. E. Augusta. From a hill near the v. a most splendid view of the surrounding scenery is presented. Pop. 1,939. BLUE HILL, p. o., "Williamson co., Tex. : 31 m. N. Austin City. BLUE HOUSE, p. o., Colleton dist., S. Car. : 76 m. S. by W. Columbia. BLUE LICK, p. o., Franklin co., Ala. : 163 m. N. "W". Montgomery. BLUE LICK, p. o., Clark co., Ind. : 91 m. S. S. E. Indianapolis. BLUE LICK SPRINGS, p. o., Nicholas co., Ky. : on S. side of Licking r., 61 m. E. Frankfort. BLUE MOUND, t. and p. o., Dane co., Wise. : 21 m. "W". S.W. Madison. Pop/315. BLUE MOUNTAIN, p. o., Northumberland co., Penn. BLUE PLUM, p. o., "Washington co., Tenn. : 193 m. E. Nashville. BLUE S POINT, p. o., Crittenden co., Ark. : 129 m. E. N. E. Little Rock. BLUE POND, p. o., Cherokee co., Ala. : 139 m. N. E. Montgomery. BLUE RIDGE, or South Mountain : the eastern ridge of the Alleghany Mountains, which branches off from the main range in North Carolina, and crosses the States of Vir ginia, Maryland, etc., and extends to the highlands of the Hudson r. The Peaks of Otter, in Virginia, the highest part of the ridge, have an elevation of nearly 4,000 feet ; and there are other peaks of not much less an altitude. BLUE RIDGE, p. o., Botetourt co., Virg. : 110 m. "W. Rich mond. BLUE RIDGE, p. o., Yancey co., N. Car. : 193 m. "W. Raleigh. BLUE RIDGE, p. o., Gilmcr co., Ga. : 151 m. N. W. Mil ledgeville. BLUE RIDGE, p. o., Shelby co., Ind. : 29 m. S. E. Indran- npolis. BLUE RIVER, p. o., Iowa co., Wise. : 53 m. W. Madison. BI.UK ROCK, t. and p. o., Muskingum co., Ohio: on Muakingum r., 56 m, E. Columbus. Pop. 1,476. BLUE ROCK, p. o., Chester co., Penn. : 68 m. S. E. Har- risburg. BLUE SPRING, p. o., Morgan co., Ala. : 147 m. N. Mont gomery. BLUE SPRING, p. o., Smyth co., Virg. : 210 m. "W. S. W. Richmond. BLUE SPRING GROVE, p. o., Barren co., Ky. : 86 m. S. S. W. Frankfort. The Nashville and Lexington R. R. will probably pass near this place. BLUE SPRINGS, p. o., Jackson co., No. : 116 m. "W. Jeffer son City. The Pacific R. R. from St. Louis will probably intersect this point. BLUE STONE, p. o., Tazewell co., Virg. : 232 m. W. Richmond. BLUE SULPHUR SPRINGS, p. o., Greenbrier co., Virg. : 180 m. W. Richmond. These springs are much frequented by invalids ; they are situate in a mountain valley, and are surrounded by grand and picturesque scenery. BLUE WING, p. o., Granville co., N. Car. : 71 m. N. by W. Raleigh. BLUFF, p. o., Mercer co., Ml. : 105 m. N. W. Spring field. BLUFF, p. o., Sauk co., Wise. : 31 m. N. W. Madison. BLUFF DALE, p. o., Greene co., HI. : 87 m. W. S. W. Springfield. BLUFF DALE, p. o., Des Moines co., la. : 52 m. S. by E. Iowa City. BLUFF POINT, p. o., Tatea co., W. Y. : 166 m. W. Albany. BLUFF PORT, p. o., Sumpter co., Ala. : on the W. side of Tombigbce r., opposite the mouth of Black Warrior r., 92 m. W. Montgomery. BLUFF SPRING, p. o., Talladega co., Ala.: 74 m. N. Montgomery. BLUFF SPRING, p. o., Talbot co., Ga. : 83 m. W. by S. Milledgeville. BLUFF SPRING, p. o., Attala co., Miss. : on E. side of Big Black r., 69 m. N. N. E. Jackson. BLUFF SPRING, p. o., Johnson co., Ho. : 94 m. W. Jeffer son City. BLUFF SPRINGS, p. o., Gibson co., Tenn. : 137 m. "W. by S. Nashville. BLUFFTON, p. v., and cap. Wells co., Ind: : 82 m. N. E. Indianapolis. The " Republican Bugle" and the " B. Ban ner" are published weekly. BLUFFTON, p. o., Beaufort disk, S. Car. : 116 m. S. by W. Columbia. BLUFFTON, p. v., Marquette co., Wise. : 3 m. N. Green Lake, and 58 m. N. by E. Madison. BLUFFVILLE, p. v., Carroll co., III. : on the E. side of Mississippi r., 223 m. N. N. W. Springfield. BLYTHE, p. o., Schuylkill co., Penn. : 34 m. N. E. Har- rrsburg. BLYTIIEVILLE, p. v., Jasper co., Mo. : 159 m. S. W. Jeffer son City. BOALSBURG, p. v., Centre co., Penn. : on Spring cr., 69 m. N. W. Harrisburg. BOARDMAN, p. v., Mahoning co., OMo: 131 m. N. E. Columbus. BOAKDTREE, p. o., Cherokee co., Ga.: 100 m. N. W. Milledgeville. BOUKXIIAM, p. v., Giles co., Tenn.: 62 m. S. by W. Nashville. B(ETi.\, p. v., Mercer co., Ohio: 97 m. N. W. Columbus. BOJUFF PRAIRIE, p. o., Franklin par., La. : on W. side of Cypress Lake, 103 rn. N. W. Baton Rouge. BOGANSVILLK, p. v., urnon dist., Car.: 69 m. N. by W. Columbia. BOGARI>, p. o., Davless co., Ind. : 89 m. S. W. Indian apolis. BOGGY DEPOT, p. o., Choctaw Nation, Ind. Ter. Boors RUN, p. o., Stark co., Ind.: 100 m. N. N. W Indianapolis. 71 B01 BOO BOILING SPRING, p. o., Fentress co., Tenn. : on N. side of Clear fork of New r., 61 m. E. Nashville. BOILING SPRINGS, p. o., Benton co., Ala. : 110 m. N. by E. Montgomery. BOILING SPRINGS, p. o., Cumberland co., Penn. : 22 m. W. Harrisburg. BOILSTON, p. v., Henderson co., If. Car. : on a cr. of French Broad r. so called, 228 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. Bore BLANO ISLAND : in Lake Huron, S. E. Mackinaw. It is 10 m. long and 3 m. wide in its greatest breadth. A lighthouse has been erected on the E. point BOKE S CREEK, p. o., Union co., Ohio: 32 m. N. W. Columbus. BOLAND S, p. o., Itawamba co., Miss. : on W. side of Little Tombigbee r., 169 m. N. E. Jackson. BOLEN S MILLS, p. o., Vinton co., Ohio: 53 m. S. E. Columbus. BOLIGEE, p. o., Greene co., Ala.: 105 m. W. by N. Montgomery. BOLINGTON, p. o., Loudon co.., Virg. : 107 m. N. Eich- mond. BOLIVAR county, Miss. Situate W. on Mississippi r., and contains 720 sq. m. Drained by Large and William s Bay- oux, tributaries of Sunflower r., and has several lakes. Sur face mostly level or undulating, and occasionally swampy ; soils rich and productive. Indian corn and cotton are the principal staples. Farms 57 ; dwell. 95, and pop. wh. 395, fr. col. 2, si. 2,180 total, 2,577. Capital: Bolivar. BOLIVAR, p. v., Jackson co., Ala. : on N. side of Big Eaccoon cr., 3 m. distant, and 172 m. N. Montgomery. BOLIVAR, p. v., and cap. Poinsett co., Ark. : 108 m. N. E. Little Eock. BOLIVAR, p. v., and cap. Boliver co., Miss. : on E. side of Mississippi r., 108 m. N. N. W. Jackson. BOLIVAR, p. v., and cap. Polk co., Mo. : on a tributary nf Sac r. of the Osage, 89 m. S. W. Jefferson City. BOI.IVAR, t. and p. v., Alteghany co., 2f. Y.: on. a. tribu tary of Oswaye cr., 223 m. W. by S. Albany. Pop 712. BO-IJVAR, p. v., Tuscarawas co., Ohio: on W. side of Tuscarawas r. and on the Ohio Canal, 92 m. N. E. Columbus. BOLIVAR, p. v., and cap. Hardeman co., Tenn. : on S. W. side of Big Hatchee r., 143 m. W. S. W. Nashville. BOLSTER S MILLS, p. o., Cumberland co., Me.: 54 m. S. W. Augusta. BOLTON, t. and p. v., Tolland co., Conn. : on the line of the Providence, Hartford, and Fishkill E. E., 16 m. E. Hartford. Pop. 607. BOLTON, p. v., Williamson co., III. : 218 m. S. by E. Springfield. BOLTON, t and p. v., Worcester co., Mass.: between Concord and Nashua r., 29 m. W. by N. Boston. P. -1,263. BOLTON, t. and p. v., Warren co., W. Y. : on Lake George, 57 m. N. Albany. Pop. 1,147. BOLTON, t. and p. v., Chittenden co., Verm. : on Onion r., in the valley of which the Vermont Central E. E. runs, 17 m. N. W. Montpelier. The N. part of the town lies on the Green mts. Pop. .602. BOLTON S DEP&T, p. o., Hinds co., Miss. : on the line of Vicksburg, Jackson, and Brandon E. E., 27 m. from Vicks- burg, and 19 W. Jackson. BOLTONVILLE, p. v., Cobb co., Ga.: 103 IQ. N. W. Mil- ledgeville. BOLT S FORT, p. o., Lawrence co., Ey. : 114 m. E. Frank- fort. BOMBAY, t. and p. o., Franklin co., N. Z : on St. Eegis, and Eacket r. and several tributaries of Salmon r., 126 m. N. N. W. Albany. Pop. 1,963. BON AIR SPRINGS, p. o., White co., Tenn. : 87 m. E. by S. Nashville. BONAPARTE, p. v., Du Page co., III.: 238 m. N. E. Springfield. BONAPARTE, p. v., Tan Buren co.. la. : on the E. side Dee Homes r. 66 m. S. Iowa City. BON AQJJA, p. o., Ilickman co., Tenn.: 52 m. S. W. Nashville. BOND county, Itt. Situate S. centrally, and contains 360 sq. m. Drained by E. and W. forks of Shoal cr., Beaver cr., and other streams, affluents of the Kaskaskia. Surface level or undulating, chiefly prairie, intermixed with timber; soil exceedingly rich and productive. Farms 665 ; manuf. 17; dwell. 1,076, and pop. wh. 6,136, fr. col. 8 total, 6,144. Capital: Greenville. Public Works: National Eoad. BOND S VILLAGE, p. v., Hampden co., Mass.: 82 m. W. by S. Boston. BONDVILLE, p. o., Bennington co., Verm.: 76 m, S Montpelier. BONE CREEK, p. o., Eitchie co., Virg.: 213 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. BONE YARD, p. o., Tishemingo co., Miss. : 206 m. N. E. Jackson. BONHAM, p. v , and cap. Fannin co., Tex. : on the W. side of Bois d Arc r-., 267 m. N. by E. Austin City. A news paper, the " B. Advertiser," is published weekly. BONHOMME, p. o., St. Louis co., Mo. : 90 m. E. Jefferson City. BONN, p. v., Washington co., Oliio : on E. side of Duck cr. of Ohi r., 90 m. E. by S. Columbus. BONNET CARRE ^Square Bonnet, so called from a remark able bend on the r.), p. v., and cap. St. John Baptist par., La. : on E. side Mississippi r., 87 m. S. S. E. Baton Eouge. BONNY DOON, p. o., Jefferson co., Ga. : 58 m. E. Mil- ledgeville. BONO, p. o., Lawrence co., Ind. : on the S. of the E. fork of W T hite r., 63 m. S. Indianapolis. BON PAS, p. o., Eichland co., III. : 165 m. S. S. E. Spring field. BONUS PRAIRIE, p. o., Boone co., III. : on the E. side of Piskashaw cr., 269 m. N. by E. Springfield. BOONE county, HI. Situate N. middle, and contains 432 sq. m. Drained by Eock r. and its tributaries. Surface level, with some wet prairies, and soils of exceeding richness; timber plentiful. Farms 897; manuf. 17 ; dwell. 1,352, and pop. wh. 7,621, fr. col. 5 total, 7,626. Capitol : Belvi- dere. Public Works : Galena and Chicago Union E. E., and branch to Beloit BOONE county, Ind. Situate N. W. centrally, and con tains 408 sq. m. The prevailing soil is a black loam sev eral feet deep, resting on a substratum of clay, and in some places of sand and gravel ; it is very fertile. No part of the State is better timbered. The county is situated on the ridge or dividing swamps between White r. and the Wabash, and contains the sources of several fine streams, tributaries of these rivers. Farms 1,398 ; manuf. 28 ; dwell. 1,914, and pop. wh. 11,611, fr. col. 20, total, 11,631. Capital: Leb anon. Public Works : Indianapolis and Lafayette E. E. BOONE county, la. Situate centrally, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Des Moines r. and tributaries. Surface level or undulating prairie intermixed with woodland, and soils excellent. Dwell. 119, and pop. wh. 735, fr. col. total 785. Capital : Booneville. BOONE county, Ky. Situate N. on Ohio r., and contains 312 sq. m. Drained by creeks flowing to the Ohio. Surface uneven, and soils not unproductive. Indian corn, wheat, and tobacco are the chief products. Farms 9S2 ; manuf. 16 ; dwell. 1,615, and pop. wh. 9,044, fr. col. 37, si. 2,104 total 11.185. Capital : Burlington. BOONE county, Mo. Situate centrally on Missouri r., and contains 6SO sq. m. Drained by Eock, Femme, Cedar, and other creeks. Surface chiefly level prairie intermixed with woodland, and the soils fertile. The chief products, besides grain, are tobacco and hemp. Farms 1,376 ; manuf. 21 ; dwell. 1,924, and pop. wh. 11,300, fr. col. 13, si. 3,666 total 14,979. Capital: Columbia. BOONE county, Virg. Situate W., and contains 390 sq. m. Drained by the head waters of Little Coal cr., a tribu- BOO BOS tary of Great Kanawha r. Surface undulating, and soils fertile. Coal is abundant Farms 361 ; manuf. 3 ; dwell. 495, and pop. wli. 3,054, fr. col. 0, si. 183 total 3,23T. Capital : Boone C. II. BOONS, p. v., Ashe co., 2f, Car.: 172 m. W. N. W. Raleigh. BOONK S MILLS, p. o., Franklin co., Virg. : 136 m. W. by S. Kichmond. BOONB VALLEY, p. o., Letcher co., Ky. : 169 m. E. by S. Frankfort. BOONEVILLE, t. and p. v., Oneida co., N. Y. : on Black r., 93 m. N. W. Albany. The Black River Canal passes through the town N. and S. centrally. Pop.. 3,806. BOONEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Boone co., la. : 98 m. W. N. W Iowa City. BOONEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Owsley co., Ky. : 75 m. E. by S. Frankfort BOONEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Brazos co., Tea;. : on Carters cr. of Navasota r., 137 m. E. by N. Austin City. BOON GKOVE, p. o., Porter co., Ind.: 123 m. N. W. Indianapolis. BOONHILL, p. o., Johnson co., N. Car. : on a cr. of Neuse r., 87 m. S. E. Raleigh. BOONSBOKOTJGH, p. v., Washington co., Md. : 73 m. "W. N. W. Annapolis. The " Odd Fellow," a weekly news paper, is published here. BOONSBOROUGH, p. v., Washington co., Ark.: 147 m. N. W. Little Rock. BOON S CREEK, p. o., Washington co., Tenn. : on a cr. so called of Watauga r., 247 m. E. Nashville. BOON S HILL, p. o., Lincoln co., Tenn. : 73 m. S. Nash ville. BOON S LICK, p. o., Howard co., Mo. : 52 m. N. W. Jefferson City. BOONTON, p. v., Morris co., N. Jer. : 41 m. N. Trenton. BOONTON S TAN YARD, p. a, Madison co., Virg. : 76 m. N. W. Richmond. BOONVILLE, p. v., and cap. Scott co., Ark. : on Petite Jean cr. of Arkansas r., 147 m. W. N. W. Little Rock. BOONVILLE. p. v., and cap. Warrick co., Ind. : 128 m. S. S. W. Indianapolis. BOONVILLE, p. v., and cap. Cooper co., Mo. : on S. side of Missouri r., 52 m. N. W. Jefferson City. It is a place of considerable business, and here are published weekly the B. Weekly Democrat," and the " B. Observer" (dem.) the latter is also published semi-weekly. Numerous steamers make this a regular landing place. BOOTHBAY, t. and p. v., Lincoln co., Me : between Sheeps- cot and Damariscotta r., with the ocean on the S. 37 m. B. by E. Augusta. It has a good harbor, and the inhab itants are largely engaged in the fisheries. Pop.J2,504. BOOTHSVILLE, p. v., Marion co., Virg. : 187 m. N. W. Richmond. BORDEAUX, p. v., Abbeville dist, S. Car. : 78 m. W. Columbia. BORDENTOWN, p. v., Burlington co., K Jer. : on E. side of Delaware r., 8 m. S. by E. Trenton. The site is elevated some 60 feet above the river, and is remarkable for its beautiful scenery. Here Joseph Bonaparte resided while in America. The railroads connecting New York and Philadelphia pass through the v., and the Delaware and Raritan Canal has- its W. outlet at this place. BORDLEY, p. o., Union co.. Ky. : 161 m. W. by S. Frank fort BORLAND, p. v., Newton co., Ark. : on Buffalo fork of White r., 104 m. N. N. W. Little Rock. BORODINO, p. o. (formerly MOREATJVILLE), p. v., Avoy- elles par., La. : 82 m. N. W. Baton Rouge. BORODINO, p. o., Wayne co., Mich.: 82 m. E. S. E. Lansing. BORODINO, p. v., Onondaga co., N. Y.: on Skaneateles lake, 127 m. W. by N. Albany. BOSCA-WEN, t and p. v., Merrimac co., N. ITamp. : on W. side of Merrimac r. and Northern U. R., lu m. N. Concord. Black Water r. passes through the t, and affords fine mill sites. Pop. 2,063. BOSSERMAN S MILLS, p. v., Perry co., Penn. : 20 m. \Y. Harrisburg. BOSSIER county, La. Situate N. W. between Red r. ad Bayou Dorcheat, and contains 1,016 sq. m. Drained by Bayou and Lake Bodeau, and streams tributary to the bor der rivers. Surface low and marshy ; soils rich, producing corn, cotton, and sugar. Farms 833 ; dwell. 478, and pop. wh. 2,507, fr. col. 0, si. 4,455 total 6,962. Capital : Belle- view. The " great raft" of Red r. lies within this county. BOSSIER POINT, p. o., Bossier par., La. : 177 m. N. W. Baton Rouge. BOSTICK S MILLS, p. o., Richmond co., JV: Car. : 123 m. S. W. by W. Raleigh. BOSTON, p. v., Wayne co., Ind. : 68 m. E. Indianapolis. BOSTON (formerly KATTTATINCHUNK), p. v., Northampton co., Penn. : 87 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. BOSTON, p. v., Yolo co., Calif. : on W. side of Sacra mento r., at the mouth of American r., 60 m. N. E. Vallejo. BOSTON, p. o., Nelson co., Ky. : 47 m. S. W. Frankfort. BOSTON, t. and p. v., Ionia co., Mich. : on S. side of Grand r., 39 m. W. by N. Lansing. Pop.-,424 BOSTON, p. o., Erie co., N. Y. : 247 m. W. Albany. BOSTON, t. and p. v., Summit co., Ohio : on Cuyahoga r. of Lake Erie, and on the line of the Ohio Canal, 122 m. N. N. E. Columbus. The v. is a busy place and has con siderable trade. Pop. 1,180- BOSTON, p. city, sea-port, and cap. Suffolk co., and capital of the State of Massachusetts : at the head of Massachusetts Bay, near the confluence of Charles and Mystic rivers. These streams are navigable only for a few miles, but uniting with Neponset and Weymouth rivers, form one of the noblest harbors of the world land-locked, accessible to ships of the h ne, easily defended, and rarely obstructed by ice. It extends 14 m. from Point Aldertoh to Medford ; and from Chelsea to Hingham is at least 8 m. wide, cover ing 75 sq. m., and would hold aH the shipping of the Union. The entrance for large vessels is very narrow, barely suffi cient for two to sail abreast. It is defended by three fortresses, two of which, on George s and Castle islands, are on the largest scale, and constructed with all the im provements of modern science. The third, or Citadel, on Governor s island, is not yet completed. These will effect ually command the entrance, and, when finished, make it impregnable. The harbor is well adapted to commerce. The peninsula and island of Boston is literally fringed with wharves and docks, while around the harbor and its afflu ents are clustered many cities and villages, into which Boston overflows, all of which have piers and landing- places, viz. : Hingham, Hull, Quincy, Milton, Dorchester, Roxbury, Brookline, Brighton, Newton, Watertown, Cam bridge, Charlestown, Chelsea, Maiden, Medford, and Som- erville. Lat. 42 21 23" N., and long. 71 04 09" W. 432 m. N. E. Washington City. The early settlers chose for their residence, in 1630, a peninsula, connected with the main by a narrow isthmus, occasionally overflowed, and divided at high tide into two islands. The entire tract contained 600 acres. It was called Shawmut or Trimountain, and derived its name from its springs and three lofty hills. The spot was undoubtedly selected for pure water, facilities for commerce, and security from wolves and Indians. Boston soon became an import ant sea-port, and at an early period became distinguished for her enterprise and commerce, and was peculiarly noted for her ship-building and fisheries. In 1740 the pop. was 17,000. For more than half a century from this period the growth of the city was checked by wars and the restrictive policy of England, and hence in 1790 the city contained only 18,038 inhabitants. Before the Revolution she was the first commercial city on the coast; her reputation was identified with the country, and the colonists were generally 73 BOS BOS known as Bostonians among the French and Canadians. But during that eventful struggle her citizens were com pelled to abandon their firesides, and their commerce was literally ruined. Her sacrifice for the common cause was severe, and her recovery slow. New York and Philadel phia consequently outstripped her. But since 1790 the city has advanced rapidly. She embarked largely in the trade to India and China ; in voyages to the North-west Coast, and in the fisheries, carrying trade, etc. ; and opened an ex tensive business with Eussia, the Mediterranean, South America, Liverpool, and the British Colonies. When com merce was paralyzed by the embargo and war of 1812, she commenced manufactures, which hare since expanded Into every variety of form. More recently her citizens have taken a deep interest in railroads, and opened to the city an interior to which nature gave her no access. A peninsula, less than one mile square, was soon found insufficient for Boston, and the State annexed to her Dor chester Point, a peninsula of 600 acres. To this, now called South Boston, she is united by four bridges. At a later period ferries were established to Noddles Island (660 acres), and this now forms a ward of the city. Some hundred acres have also been reclaimed from the sea ; but these narrow limits, about 3 sq. m. in extent, proved inadequate, and have long been exceeded, and the population outside the chartered limits of Boston already equals the population withm. As a metropolitan district, Boston, indeed, may be eaid to extend a circuit of nine miles round the Exchange, within which limits the population in 1850 was 269,874. The population of Boston proper, at successive decennial periods, has been as follows : in 1790, it was 18,088 ; in 1800, 24,937 ; in 1810, 33,250 ; in 1S20, 43,298; in 1830, 61,391 ; in 1S40, 93,3S3 ; and in 1850, 188,788. As Boston grew in population and manufactures, the natural spring, which gave it the Indian name of Shawmut, gradually failed ; and the water deteriorated, and the citi zens were obliged to deepen the ancient wells from year to year. It was at length necessary to resort to a foreign sup ply. In 1795 wooden pipes were laid by a company from Jamaica Pond, and as the demand increased, 10 in. iron pipes were substituted. This source having proved insuffi cient, a new aqueduct was constructed from Cochituate Lake, 20 m. from the Exchange, and was opened in 1849. The mean elevation of the lake is 120 feet above the marsh level. The water is carried 14| m. by a brick conduit of an elliptical form, 6 feet 4 in. by 5 feet, with a regular descent of 3 1-6 inches per mile, to a large reservoir in Brookline. Here a pond of 22 acres, and holding 100,000,000 gallons, has been formed by closing the outlet of a valley. The reservoir is 123 feet above the sea. The water is carried over Charles r. by two parallel pipes 30 in. diameter. From Brookline, large iron pipes, carry the water to a granite reservoir on the summit of Beacon Hill, holding 2,500,000 gallons, and to another on Dorchester Heights, holding 6,000,000 gallons. These are 120 feet above the sea, and the water is hence conducted through 70 m. of pipe through the streets, and has generally been introduced into dwell ings and stores. The head is sufficient to throw a 3 in. jet 92 feet high, from the fountain on the Common. The aqueduct is competent to supply 14,000,000 gallons daily. East Boston is also supplied from this source, pipes being conducted over Charles and Mystic rivers. The city proper now is. and the suburbs soon will be, lighted with gag. The principal public buildings in Boston and its vicinity, are Quincy Market, a granite structure, 500 by 88 feet ; the State House, a large and commodious building ; Faneuil Hall, an ancient brick edifice ; the Massachusetts General Hospital, a large stone structure, at "West Boston ; the old State House ; the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary ; the Institute for the Blind at South Boston ; the Orphan Asylum ; the Farm School ; the . City Hall, and Suffolk Court House, large granite buildings ; the Eegistry of Deeds T4 Offices; the Merchants Exchange, of granite, also; the Atheneum, of free-stone ; the Custom House ; a Club House, of free-stone ; 23 large School-houses, costing $703,000 ; 41 Primary School-houses ; 3 Theatres ; a Museum ; and 2 large buildings of granite, used for concerts and lectures. Boston has also erected an extensive Jail, of Quincy granite, and a spacious Alms House, at Deer Island. At Eainsford 8 Island she has also the Quarantine Hospital, and the build ings hitherto used for jails and alms houses at West and South Boston. The citizens of Boston have rarely been wanting in the cause of benevolence, and many of their institutions are richly endowed. Previous to 1845, a single institution, the General Hospital and M Lean Asylum, had received $640,942 ; and the entire amount of donations to such public objects was ascertained to have been, prior to 1846, $4,992,659. Very few of the ancient burial grounds are now used for interments ; several have been planted, and contribute much to the ornament of the city. In 1831, Mount Auburn, in Cambridge, a spot remarkable for its natural beauties, was selected as a rural cemetery. It contains 118 acres, and during the last 18 years, 1,756 lots have been sold, seaKzing $175,000. Eoads and paths have been opened, a granite gateway and chapel built, and iron railing set round it ; many tasteful monuments of marble have been erected, and it has become a place of frequent resort for the living as for the dead. At Forest Hill, Eoxbury, is another beau tiful cemetery, and others at Brighton and Wood Lawn. The cemetery of Mount Auburn is the first instance in America of a large tract having been chosen for its natural beauties, and improved by landscape gardening, to prepare it for the reception of the dead. Boston is the commercial emporium of New England, and next to New York among the commercial cities of the Union. In 1850, the shipping owned in the district amount ed to 320,687 tons. The foreign arrivals amounted to 2,877 vessels, of an aggregate burden of 478,859 tons ; and the foreign clearances, 2,839 vessels, of 437,760 tons. The ship ping built in the year 1849-50, was 23,480 tons. The value of imports in 1849 was $24,117,175 ; and of exports, $8,843,974. Boston enjoys, also, a large local and coast-wise trade. Within the borders of Massachusetts are two cities with orer 30,000 inhabitants, ten with 10,000 to 20,000, ten towns with 6,000 to 10,000, twenty with 4,000 to 6,000. Between these and Boston an active commerce exists ; and by her iron arms she reaches through this populous interior to the north and west, to Canada and the Mississippi. The coast wise importations in 1849 consisted in part of 269,818 bales of cotton, 262,632 tons anthracite, 987,988 barrels of flour, 3,002,593 bushels of corn, 621,513 bushels of oats, rye, and shorts, 38,199 barrels turpentine, 663,530 sides of leather, 156,556 barrels of pork, 200,560 pigs of lead, etc. Large im portations are also made, particularly from New Orleans, of beef, hemp, sugar, molasses, tobacco, and other articles. Vessels of all sizes, from 50 to 1,000 tons, are engaged in the coasting trade. The arrivals in 1849 were 6,100 ves sels, which number does not include sloops and schooners, laden with wood, stone, and sundries, some thousands an nually, that do not report at the custom house. By railroad the tonnage transported amounted to 1,167,129 tons. The trade of Boston with the West and South is im mense ; her manufactures and imports are sent by railway and packets to the farthest limits of the country. Lines of packets run to all the seaboard cities, freighted with the cottons, boots, shoes, and other domestic goods, the produce of the State s industry. With California, also, Boston has had large dealings: at least one fifth of the shipping that sails from Atlantic ports for "El Dorado," hails from Bos ton. In 1850, there were 29 banks in the city, and the banking capital amounted to $21,460,000. The amount deposited in Savings Banks, was $3,977,799 owned by 29,799 depositors. The stock capital of Boston insurance companies, was BOS BOW $5,453,000. There were also in the city numerous mutual, and several foreign insurance companies. The assessed value of property in Boston is $179,525,000, and the city debt to about $7,000,000, chiefly owing on ac count of the water-works. This debt is small compared with the wealth and resources of the city. The property of the city consists of the " Common," a beautiful park of 48 acres, encircled by an iron fence; the Public Garden, containing 14 acres, and several public squares and areas, embellished by fountains. These are all devoted to the health and recreation of the citizens. She owns also val uable property that may be sold ; the whole is valued at $5,071,000, and at the present time yields a revenue of $300,000 annually. The expenses of the city are chiefly for her schools, street improvements, watch, and the support of correctional and humane institutions. Some of the artificial structures which connect Boston with the main deserve notice. The Western Avenue, 7,000 feet long, leads from the old peninsula to Brookline, Eox- bury, arid Brighton ; it is a solid structure of granite, filled in with earth, and cost $700,000. Besides forming a wide carriage road, it creates a large water-power, and has re deemed many acres from the harbor. West Boston Bridge and Causeway, 6,190 feet long, connects Boston with Cam bridge ; Canal Bridge is 2,796 feet long ; Warren Brklge, 1,390 feet ; Long Wharf, 1,800 feet long and 200 feet wide ; Central Wharf, 1,379 feet long and 150 feet wide ; India Wharf, 9SO feet long. Along these wharves are continuous blocks of warehouses, 4 or 5 stories high, and from 50 to 80 feet deep. Granite, Connecticut, and Lewis s wharves are of like size, and have ranges of large stone warehouses. The schools of Boston are frequently referred to as mod els of perfection. Their number and excellence, with her liberal patronage of education, have given the city the title of the Modern Athens, and their merit ami importance can not be overrated. In 1850, her primary schools had 11,376 scholars, her grammar schools 9,154, and other schools 471 scholars. Boston has also a Latin and High School, in which the higher branches are taught with signal ability. All these schools are open free of charge to all. Without the chartered limits of the city are Harvard University, with its Law and Theological Schools, a Baptist College, and many excellent schools and academies. There are several public libraries in the city. The Athe- neum Library, the Boston and Mercantile libraries, the Law Library, the State Library, and several libraries of Harvard University. These together contain upward of 150,000 volumes. There are 80 periodicals and newspapers published in Boston, several of which are worked by steam presses, and have large circulations. These refer to almost every de partment of literature, religion, science, agriculture, banks, railroads, belles-lettres, statistics, history, medicine, law, edu cation, etc. The religious and charitable institutions of the city arc also numerous. It has nearly 200 churches and places of worship. There is also a General Hospital, two Insane Hospitals, an Asylum for the Blind, an Eye and Ear In firmary, a Lying-in-IIospital, an Asylum for Orphan Girte, and a Farm School for Boys. Most of these are liberally endowed. The United States have expended large sums in and around Boston on their fortresses and arsenal, extensive navy yard, dry dock, and rope walks, and stores of cannon, arms, and materiel, a Customs House, and hospitals for sick and infirm seamen. All these are situated in Boston Harbor, and arc valued at $8,000,000. The navy yard is second only to that of Norfolk. Should Boston and her suburbs increase for 25 years at its present rate, its population will exceed 1,500,000. If we would seek for a solution of the growth of Boston in com merce, wealth, and population, we may have it not only in ite central position and admirable harbor, but in the enter prise, intelligence, and frugality of her people. Her enter prise descends lineally from those bold ancestors who plant ed an empire in the wilderness. Their spirit sad their love of letters are inherited. These have guided its enterprise. But it is one thing to acquire and another to retain. The frugality of the people is the great secret of accumulation, and hence Boston has risen to its present glorious position, which is every day becoming more and more enviable and unapproachable. BOSTON, p. v., Andrew co., Mo. : 163 m. N. W. Jefferson City. BOSTON, p. v., Williamson co., Tenn.: 23 m. S. Nash ville. BOSTON CORNER, p. o., Berkshire co., Mass. : 126 m. W. Boston. BOSTON, p. >., and cap. Bowie _co., Tex. : 297 m. N. E. Austin City. BOSTON, p. v., Culpepper co., Virg. : 7-6 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. BOSTON, p. v., Thomas co., Ga. : 157 m. S. Millcdgeville. BOST S MILLS, p. o., Cabarras co., N. Oar. : 103 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. BOTANIC HILL, p. o., Nash co., N. Car. : 39 m. E. N. E. Kaleigh, BOTANICK GARDEN, p. o., Perry co., Tenn. : 73 m. S. "W. Nashville. BOTETOURT county, Virg. Situate S. middle, W. of the Blue Ridge, and contains 930 sq. m. Drained by James r. and tributaries. Surface hilly with extensive valleys, and soil good, producing wheat, corn, and tobacco. Farms 712 ; manuf. 38 ; dwell. 1,803, and pop. wh. 10,749, fr. col. 423, si. 8,736 total 14,908. Capital : Fincastle. BOTETOURT SPRINGS, p. o., Eoanoke co., Virg. : 137 m. W. by S. Eichmond. BOTIIELI.E, p. v., Fond du Lac co., Wise. : 68 m.N. by E. Madison. BOUCKVILLB, p. o., Madison co., -2V. Y. : on the line of the Chenango Canal, 90 m. W. Albany. BOUND BROOK, p. v., Somerset co., N. Jer. : 24 m. N. by E. Trenton. BOUNTY LAND, p. o., Pickins dist., S. Car. : 113 m.N. W. Columbia. BOURBON county, Ky. Situate N. E., centrally, and con tains 230 sq. m. Drained by numerous creeks, tributaries of S. fork of Licking r. Surface rolling, rising toward the sea; and the soils highly productive. Wheat, rye, corn, and oa-ts are the principal products. Farms 734; manuf. 34 ; dwell. 1,348, and pop wh. 7,158, fr. col. 242, si. 7,026 total 14,426. Capital : Paris. PuUio Works : Lexington and Maysville E. E. BOURBON, p. v., Marshall co., Ind.: 102 m. N. by W. Indianapolis. BOURBONTON, p. v., Boone co., Mo. : 38 m. N. W. Jefferson City. BOURNEVII.LE, p. v., Eoss co., Ohio : on the N. W. side of Paint cr., 49 m. S. Columbus. BOVINA, p. v., Warren co., Miss. : on the line of the Yicksburg, Jackson, and Brandon E. E., 36 m.W. Jackson. BOVINA, t. and p. v., Delaware co., N. Y. : 86 m.W. S.W. Albany. Bow, t. and p. v., Merrimac co., JVT Harnp. : on Merri- inac r., 7 m. S. Concord. Bow Falls, of the Mcrrimac, are here overcome by a short canal. BOWDARK, p. o., Greene co., Mo. : 107 m. S. W. Jefferson City. BOWDOIN, t. and p. v., Lincoln co., Me. : 23 m. S. by W. Augusta. Pop.4,857. BOWDOIN CENTRE, p. o., Lincoln co., Me. : 25 m. S. by W. Augusta. BOWDOINHAM, t. and p. v., Lincoln co., Me. : on Kenne- bcc r., 23 m. S. Augusta. The lumber trade and ship building are the principal occupations. Pop. 2,381. BOWDON, p. v., Carroll co., Ga, : 113 m. W. Milledgeviiie. 75 BOW BRA BOWDON, p. v., Talladega co., Ala, : 62 m. N. Mont gomery. BOWEN S PRAIRIE, p. o., Jones co., la. : 41 m. N. Iowa City. BOWENVTLLE, p, v., Carroll co., Ga. : 117 m. TV. Milledge- ville. BOWER, p. o., Clearficld co., Perm. : 108 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg, BOWER BANK, t. and p. o., Piscataquis co., Me. : on Sebec Lake, 65 m. N. by E. Augusta. Pop. 173. BOWER HILL, p. o., Washington co., Peim. : 187 m. "W. Harrisburg. BOWER S, p. o., Southampton co., Yirg. : 71 m. S. by E. Richmond. BOWER S MILLS, p. o., Lawrence co., Mb. : on Spring r., a branch of Neosho r., 146 m. 8. "W. Jefferson City. BOWERSVILLE, p. v., Franklin co., Go.. : on a cr. of the Middle fork of Broad r., 85 m. N. Milledgeville. BOWEESVILLE, p. v., Greene co., Ohio: 52 m. W. 8. "W. Columbus. BOWIE county, Tex. Situate in the N. E. corner, between Eed r. and Sulphur Fork, and contains about 960 sq. m. Drained by numerous creeks running N. and 8. from a cen tral watershed. Surface elevated, undulating, and well timbered, with small and beautiful prairies between the streams ; soils deep and fertile, producing excellent cotton and sugar. Farms 158 ; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 250, and pop. wh. 1,271, fr. col. 0, si. 1,641 total 2,912. Capital : Bostoiv BOWLESVILLE, p. T., Fluvanna co.. Virg. : 49 m. W. by N. Eichmond. BOWLING GREEN, p. y., Oglethorpe co., Ga. : on Athens Branch of Georgia R. E., 46 m. N. Milledgeville. BOWLING GREEN, p. v., and cap. Clay co., Ind. : on Eel r. of the W. fork of White r., 48 m. W. S. W. Indianapolis. BOWLING GREEN, p. v., Fayette co., III. : on the W. side of Beck s cr. of Kaskaskia r., 56 m. S. E. Springfield. BOWLING GREEN, p. v., and cap. Warren co., Ky. : on the W. side of Big Barren r. of Green r., 122 m. S. W. Frank fort, and by r. course to the Ohio, ISO m. The v. is acces sible to steamboats of 200 tons, and has considerable trade, chiefly in tobacco. The Nashville and Louisville E. E. will pass through Bowling Green. BOWLING GREEN, p. v., and cap. Pike co., Jib. : 74 m. N. E. Jefferson City. BOWLING GREEN, p. o., Wood co., Ohio : 52 m. N. W. Columbus. BOWLING GREEN, p. v., and cap. Caroline co., Virg. : a few miles E. of Mattapony r., 37 m. N. Eichmond. BOWLINGSVILLE, p. v., Union dist., S. Car. : 67 m. K Columbia. BOWMAN S CREEK, p. o., Wyoming co., Perm.: 98 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. BOWMAN S MILLS, p. o., Eockingham co., Virg. : 106 m. N. W. Eichmond. BOWMANSVILLE, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. BOWNE, t and p. o., Kent co., Mich. : 48 m. W. by N. Lansing. Pop.- 220. BOWSHERSVIILE, p. v., Wyandott co., Ohio: 66 m. N. by W. Columbus. BOXBOROFGII, t. and p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : between Concord and Nashua r., 25 m. N. W. by N. Boston. P. 396. BOXFORD, t. and p.v., Essex co., Mass. : 23 m. N. Boston. BOXLEY, p. v., Hamilton co., Ind. : 31 m. N. Indian apolis. BOXVILLE, p. v., Montgomery co., Ga. : on the W. side of Oconee r., near its junction with the Ocmulgee, 84 m. S. Milledgeville. BOYD S CREEK, p. o., Sevier co., Term. : on a cr. of Henry r. of the Tennessee, 183 m. E. Nashville. BOYDSTON S MILLS, p. o., Koscitosko co., Ind. : 98 m. N. Indianapolis. BOYDSVILLE, p. v., Weakly co., Term. : at the head wa ters of Obion r., 103 m. W. Nashville. 76 BOYDTON, p. v., and cap. Mecklenburgh co., Virg. : 74 m. S. S. W. Eichmond. Eandolph Macon College, founded 1S32, is located about a mile to the west. BOYER S SETTLEMENT, p. o., Buchanan co., Mo. : on E. fork of Platte r., 149 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. BOYERSTOWN, p. v., Berks co., Penn. : 63 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. BOYKIN S DEPST, p. o., Kershaw dist., S. Car. : on Cam- den Branch of the South Carolina E. E., 26 m. E. by N. Columbia. BOYLE county, Ky. Situate centrally, and contains 226 sq. m. Drained by creeks of Salt and Kentucky rivers. Surface rolling, and soils very fertile, producing the grains and tobacco. Farms 443 ; manuf. 53 ; dwell. 927, and pop. wh. 5,389, fr. col. 813, si. 3,424 total 9,126. Capital: Danville. Public Works : Nashville and Lexington E. E. BOYLSTON, t. and p. v., Worcester co., Mass. : on Nashua r., 39 m. W. Boston. Pop. 918. BOYLSTON CENTRE, p. o., Worcester co., Mass. : 37 m. W. Boston. BOZRAH, t. and p. o., New London co., Conn. : 32 m. E. by S. Hartford. Pop. 867. BOZRAHVILLE, p. v., New London co., Conn. : 30 m. E. by S. Hartford. BRACEVILLE, t and p. v., Trumbull co., Oltio : on Ma- honing r., 133 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 956. BRACKEN county, Ey. Situate N. E. on the Ohio r., and contains 218 sq. m. Drained by N. fork of Licking and several creeks of the Ohio. Surface hilly and broken ; soils moderately productive. Farms 728 ; manuf. 21 ; dwell. 1,437, and pop. wh. 7,948, fr. col. 115, si. 840 total 8,903. Capi tal : Brookville. BRACKNEY, p. T., Susquehannah co., Penn. : 122 m. N. E. Harrisburg. BRADENVILLE, p. v., Westmoreland co., Penn. : 162 m. W. Harrisburg. BRADFORD county, Penn. Situate N. E. on State line, and contains 1,180 sq. m. Drained by the Chemung and Susquehanna rivers and their tributaries, the Towaiida, Wyalusing, and Sugar. Surface generally mountainous, with exceptions along the rivers, and the soils highly pro ductive. Bituminous coal is found on the Towanda. Farms, 5,096 ; manuf. 5C2 ; dwell. 7,491, and pop. wh. 42,634, fr. col. 197 total 42,831. Capital : Towanda. Pub lic Works: North Branch of Pennsylvania Canals; Will- iamsport and Elmira E. E. BRADFORD, p. v.. Harrison co., Ind. : 104 m. S. Indian apolis. BRADFORD, t. and p v., Steuben co., N. Y. : 165 m. W. by S. Albany. Pop. 2,010. BRADFORD, t. and p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : 68 m. N. E. Augusta. BRADFORD, t. and p. v., Essex co., Mass. : cm Merrimac r., 28 m. N. Boston. It is connected with Haverhill by a bridge, over which the Boston and Maine E. E. is carried, 32 m. from Boston. The t. is noted for its boot and shoe factories. Pop. 1,328. BRADFORD, t. and p. v., Merrimac co., W. Ilamp. : on the Concord and Claremont E. E., 25 m. from Concord. P 1,341 BRADFORD, p. v., Orange co., Verm. : oil Connecticut r., 29 m. E. by S. Montpelier. Two literary periodicals are published here, the " Vermont Family Gazette," weekly, and the " Green Mountain Gem," monthly. The Connec ticut and Passumsic Eivers E. E. passes through the t. on the edge of the river. BRADFORD, p. v., Coosa cc., Ala. : 28 m. N. Mont gomery. BRADFORD CENTRE, p. o., Orange co., Verm. : 27 m. E. by S. Montpelier. BRADFORD INSTITUTE, p. o., Sumter dist., S. Car.: 42 m. E. Columbia. BRADFORD SPRINGS, p. o., Sumter dist, S. Car. : 42 m. E. Columbia. BRA BRA BRADFORD VILLE, p. v, Marion CO., Ky. : on a cr. of Koll- ing fork of Salt r., 47 m. S. W. Frankfort BRADLEY county, Ark. Situate S. centrally, and contains 860 sq. m. Drained by Wachita and Spline rivers and their tributaries. Surface rolling chiefly prairie, and soils fer tile. Farms 308 ; raanuf. 1 ; dwell. 440, and pop. wh. 2,601 fr. col. 2, si. 1,226 total 3,829. Capital : Warren. BRADLEY county, Term. Situate S. E. on State line, and contains 526 sq. m. Drained by creeks of Hiwassee r. Sur face mountainous, rugged, and except on the streams, of in ferior fertility. Indian corn is the chief product, and some cotton and tobacco is also grown. Farms 8S6 ; manuf. 44 ; dwell. 1,955, and pop. wh. 11,478, fr. col. 37, si. 744 total 12,259. Capital: Cleveland. Public Works: East Ten nessee E. E., etc. BRADLEY, p. o., Jackson co., III. : 128 m. 8. Springfield. BRADLEY, p. o., Allegan co., Mich. : 76 m. W. by S Lansing. BRADLEYVILLE, p. v., Sumter dist, S. Car, : 57 m. E. by S. Columbia. BRADSHAW, p. o., Giles co., Term.: 63 m. S. by W. Nashville. BRADY, t and p, o., Kalamazoo co., Mich. : on the head waters of Portage r., 68 m. S. W. Lansing. Pop. 578. 1 BRADY S BEND, p. o., Armstrong co., Perm.: 146 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. BRADYVILLB, p. v., Adams co., Ohio: 82 in. S. by W. Columbus. BRADYVILLE, p. v., Cannon co., Tenn. : 46 m. S. E. Nash ville. BRAGG S, p. o., Lowndes co., Ala. : 31 m. S. W. Mont gomery. BRAGGVTLLE, p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : 26 m. N. "W. Boston. BRAINARD S BRIDGE, p. o., Eensselaer co., Jf. Y. BRAINTREE, t. and p. v., Norfolk co., Mass. : on the line of the Old Colony E. E., 10 m. S. Boston. The South Shore E. E. and the Fall Eiver E. E. also diverge from this t. It has considerable manufactures, and some shipping en gaged in the coasting trade and the fisheries. Braintree was the birth-place of the elder Adams. Pop. 2,969. BRAINTREE, t and p. v., Orange co., Verm. : at the head of White r., and on the line of the Vermont Central E. E., 16 m. S. Montpelier. Pop.. 1,228. BRAINTREM, p. v., Wyoming co., Perm. : on N. side of Susquehanna r., 102 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. BRAKELEYVILLE, p. v., Monroe co., P&nn. : 105 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. BRAKE S EUN, p. o., Hardy co., Virg.: 122 m. N. W. Eichmond. BRAMAN S CORNERS, p. o., Schenectady co., N. T.: 18 m. W. Albany. BRANCH county, Mich. Situate S. middle on State line, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by several creeks of St. Joseph r. Surface rolling; wood and prairie, and the soils rich and loamy. Farms 1,442 ; manuf. 53 ; dwell. 2,800, and pop. wh. 12,456, fr. col. 16 total 12,472. Capital : Branch. Public Works : Michigan Southern E. E. BRANCH, p. v., and cap. Branch co., Mich. : on W. branch of Coldwater r., 68 m. 8. by W. Lansing. The Michigan Southern E. E. passes a little S. of the v., 95 m. from Monroe. BRANCH DALE, p. o., Schuylkill co., Perm. BRANCH HILL, p. o., Clermont co., Ohio: 87 m. S. W. Columbus. BRANCH ISLAND, p. o., Pickens dist., S. Car.: 124 m. N. W. Columbia. BRANCH POST, p. o., Tates co., N. Y.:at the head of the W. arm of Crooked Lake, 167 m. W. Albany. BRANCH-TOWN, p. v., Cherokee co., Teat. : 196 m. N. E. Austin City. BRANCHVILLE, p. o., St. Clair co., Ala. : 78 m. N. Mont gomery. BRANCHVILLE, p. v., Sussex co., N. Jor.: on Paulin s Kill, 62 m. N. Trenton. BRANCHVILLE, p. v., Orangeburg diet., S. Car. : on W. side of Edisto r., 46 m. S. by E. Columbia. At this point the Columbia Branch E. E. branches from the South Car olina E. E., 62 m. from Charleston. BRANDENBURG, p. v., and cap. Meade co,, Ky. BRANDON, p. v., and cap. Eankin co., Miss. : at the E. terminus of the Vicksburg, Jackson, and Brandon E. E., 14 m. E. Jackson. The " B. Eepublican" (whig) is issued weekly. The railroad will be continued eastward to Selma, Ala. BRANDON, p. v., Knox co., Ohio: 89 m. N. E. Columbus. BRANDON, t. and p. o., Oakland co., Mich.: 63 m. E. Lansing. Pop. 893. BRANDON, t. and p. v., Eutland co., Verm. : on Otter cr. of Lake Champlain, 42 m. S. by W. Montpelier. ;The Eut land and Burlington E. E. passes through it, 50 m. S. Bur lington. Two newspapers, the "Vermont Tribune" and the " Brandon Post," are issued weekly. Pop. 2,835. BRANDONVILLE, p. v., Preston co., Virg. : 177 m. N. W. Eichmond. BRAND S IRON WORKS, p. o., Washington co., R. I. : 23 m. S. by W. Providence. BRANDT, p. v., Miami co., Ohio : 72 m. W. Columbus. BRANDT, t. and p. v., Erie co., N. Y. : on Lake Erie and Cattaraugus cr., 268 m. W. Albany. .Pop. 1 028. BRANDYWINE, p. v., Shelby co., Ind. : 23 m. S. E. Indian apolis. BRANDYWINE, p. v., Prince George s co., Md. : 36 m. S. W. Annapolis. BRANDYWINE creek: rises in Pennsylvania, whence it flows S. into Delaware, and after uniting with Christina cr. it enters the Delaware, forming the harbor of Wilmington. It is navigable to Brandywine village, at which point there is 6 or 7 feet water at tide ; and furnishes excellent mill sites, which are occupied by numerous flour mills. BRANDYWINE, hund., Newcastle county, Del. : between Brandywine cr. and Delaware r., and contains 22,166 acres. It has numerous flour and other mills. Pop. 3,492. BRANDYWINE MANOR, p. o., Chester co., Perm. BRANDYWINE MILLS, p. o., Summit co., Ohio. BRANDYWINE SPRINGS, p. o., Newcastle, Del. BRANFORD, t. and p. v., New Haven co., Conn. : on Bran- ford r. of Long Island Sound, 48 m. S. by W. Hartford. The New Haven and New London E. E. passes through the t 7 m. E. New Haven. Pop. 1,425. BRANTINGHAM, p. v., Lewis co., N. Y. : 114 m. N. W. Albany. BRASHER S FALLS, p. o., St. Lawrence co., N.Y.: on Doer r., and near the line of the Northern E. E., 152 m. N, W. Albany. The falls and rapids of the r. furnish extensive water-power. BRASHER S IRON WORKS, p. o., St. Lawrence co., N. Y. . 161 m. N. W. Albany. BRASHERSVILLE, p. v., Perry co., y. : 122 m. S. E. Frank fort BRASSTOWN, p. v , Union co., Ga. : 142 m. N. by W. Milledgeville. BRATTLEBOROTTGH, t. and p. v., Windham co., Verm. : on the W. side of Connecticut r., 93 m. S. by E. Montpelier. The Vermont and Massachusetts E. E. and the Vermont Valley E. E. here form a junction, 69 m. from Fitchburg, and 24 from Bellow s Falls. Manufactures are extensive, and the t one of the most flourishing in the State. Three newspapers are published here, the " Eagle," semi-weekly, and the " Vermont Phoenix," and the " Windham County Democrat," weekly. BRATTONSVILLE, p. v., York dist, S. Car.: 54 m. N. Columbia. Pop. 3,816. BRAXTON county, Virg. Situate N. W., and contains 800 sq. m. Drained by Elk and Little Kanawha rivers and their numerous tributaries. Surface hilly in the S. in oth- 77 BRA BRI er parts, broken and rough. Coal is found in the county. Soils moderately fertile, producing wheat, corn, and tobac co. Large quantities of sugar are made. Farms 408; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 679, and pop. wh. 4,123, fr. col. 0, si. 89 total 4,212. Capital : Braxton C. H. BRAXTON, p. v., and cap. Braxton co., Virg. : on Elk r., 189 m. W. by N. Richmond. BRAZIL, p. v., Clay co., Ind. : 54 m. W. Indianapolis. BRAZORIA county, Tex. Situate S. E. on the Gulf, and contains about 1,200 sq. m. Drained by the San Bernardo, Brazos, and innumerable streams flowing into these and the Gulf of Mexico. Surface low and level : within 10 m. of the coast the country is an open prairie the residue is beauti fully variegated, with woods of live-oak lining the streams. Soil, except near the coast, a deep black mold, and very productive. Farms 134; dwell. 296, and pop. wh. 1,329, fr. col. 5, si. 8,507 total 4,841. Capital: Brazoria. BRAZORIA, p. v., and cap. Brazoria co., Te&. : on "W. side of Brazos r., 53 m. from the Gulf, and 197 m. S. E. Austin City. BRAZOS county, Tax. Situate centrally on the forks of Brazos and Navasoto rivers, and contains 820 sq. m. Drain ed by streams falling from a central watershed to the bor der rivers. Surface elevated and undulating ; timber skirt ing the water-courses ; soils exceedingly rich and productive of sugar and cotton, with the grains. Farms 47 ; dwell. 81, and pop. wh. 466, fr. col. 0, si. 148 total 614. Capital: Booneville. BRAZOS river, Tex. : one of the largest rivers of the State, emptying directly into the Gulf of Mexico. It rises in a vast number of tributaries in the hilly region of the N. W., and has a general S. S. E. direction. In its lower course it is navigable for ships higher up, for steamers and boats. Its largest confluents are Little r., Yegua r., and the Nava soto r. : the two first from the W., and the latter from the E. BRAZOS SANTIAGO, p. v., Cameron co., Tea;. : a few miles N. of the mouth of the Kio Grande, and about 300 m. S. Austin City. BREAKABEEN, p. o., Schoharie co., 2f. T. : 46 m. W. Albany. BREAKNECK, p. v., Butler co., Penn. : 172 m. "W. by N. Harrisburg. BREAM S BRIDGE, p. o., St. Martin s par., La. BREATHITT county, Ky. Situate E., and contains 680 sq. m. Drained by N. and middle forks of Kentucky. Sur face hilly and broken the N. and N. E. parts mountain ous ; and the soils, except on the rivers, indifferently pro ductive. Bituminous coal is abundant. Farms 433 ; manuf. 15 ; dwell. 625, and pop. wh. 3,603, fr. col. 12, si. 170 total 3,785. Capital : Jackson. BRECKENRIDGE county, Ky. Situate N. W. on Ohio r., and contains 456 sq. m. Drained by Eough cr. and its trib utaries in the S., and by Sinking and other creeks of the Ohio in the N. Surface uneven, but soils productive. Sinks occur in this county. Farms 889 ; manuf. IS ; dwell. 1,452, and pop. wh. 8,616, fr. col. 11, si. 1,966 total 10,593. Capital : Hardingsburg. BREEDING S, p. o., Adair co., Ky. : 73 m. S. W. Frank fort BHEESE, p. o., Greene co., III. : 46 m. "W. by S. Spring field. BRETNIGSVILLE, p. v., Lehigh co., Penn. : 74 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. BREMEN, p. v., Cook co., III. : 152 m, N. E. Springfield. BREMEN, p. o., Marshall co., Ind. : 106 m. N. by "W. In dianapolis. BREMEN, p. o., Mecklenburg co., Ky. : on the E. side of Pond cr. of Green r., 146 m. "W. S. W. Frankfort. BREMEN, t. and p. v., Lincoln co., Me. : occupies a penin- Bula jutting into the Atlantic, 37 m. S. by E. Augusta. It is almost surrounded by navigable waters. Pop. 891. BREMEN, p. v., Fairfleld co., Ohio : on Eush cr., 37 m. 8. E. Columbus. 73 BREMEN, p. v., St. Louis co., Mo. : 102 m. E. Jefferson City. BREMER county, la. Situate N. E., and contains 432 sq. m. Taken from Pottowattomie in 1851. BRENHAM, p. v., and cap. Washington co., Tex. : on New Year s cr. of Brazos r., 84 m. E. Austin City. BRENNERSVILLE, p. v., Preble co., Ohio: 89 m. W. Co lumbus. BRENTSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Prince William co., Virg. ; on a branch of Occoquam r., 78 m. N. Richmond. BRENTWOOD, t and p. v., Rockingham co., N. Hamp. : on Exeter r., 33 m. S. E. Concord. Sulphate of iron is abundant in this locality. Pop. 928. BRBST, p. o., Monroe co., Mich. : on Lake Erie, at the month of Stoney cr., 86 m. S. E. Lansing. The harbor facilities are very eligible for lake craft. BREWER, t. and p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : on the E. side of Penobscot r., opposite Bangor, 57 m. N. E. Augusta. BREWER CENTRE, p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : 59 m. N. E. Augusta. BREWERSVILLE, p. v., Sumter co., Ala. : 105 m. W. by N. Montgomery. j BREWERSVILLE, p. v., Jennings co., Ind. : 67 m. S. W. Indianapolis. BREWERTON, p. v., Onondaga co., N. Y. : 112 m. W. by N. Albany. BREWERTON, p. v., Laurens dist., S. Car. : 61 m. W. by N. Columbia. BREWER VILLAGE, p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : opposite Bangor, 57 m. N. E. Augusta. Steamers call here regu larly. BREWINGTON, p. v., Sumter dist., S. Car. : 53 m. E. by S. Columbia. BREWSTER, t. and p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : on Cape Cod Bay, 67 m. S. E. Boston. It has some manufactures, but the inhabitants are chiefly fishermen. Pop. 1,526. BREWSTER B STATION, p. o., Putnam co., A 7 ". Y. : 82 m. S. Albany. BRICKERVILLE, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. : 28 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. BRICKLAND, p. v., Lunenburgh co., Virg. : 66 m S. W. Richmond. BRICK MEETING HOUSE, p. o., Cecil co., Md. : 59 m. N.N.E. Annapolis. BRICK STORE, p. o., Newton co., Go-. : 47 m. N. W. Mil- ledge ville. BRICKSVILLE, p. v., Cuyahoga co., Ohio: on Cuyahoga cr., 118 m. N. E. Columbus. BRICKVILLE, p. v., Lawrence co., Ala. : a little S. of Ten nessee r., at Muscle Shoals, and 193 m. N. by W. Mont gomery. BRIDESBUHG, p. v., Philadelphia co., Penn.: 91 m. E. Harrisburg. BRIDGE, p. o., St. Francis co., Ark. BRIDGEBOROUGII, p. v., Burlington co., N . Jer. BRIDGE CREEK, p. o., Geauga co., Ohio : 128 m. N. E. Columbus. BRIDGEFORTH S, p. o., Limestone co., Ala. : 196 m. N. byW. Montgomery. BRIDGEHAMPTON, p. v., Suffolk co., If. Y. : on the E. end of Long Island, on the Atlantic, 137 m. S. E. Albany. BRIDGEPORT, t. and p. city, Fairfleld co., Conn. : on an arm of Long Island Sound, which receives Pequanock r., a fine mill stream, 7S m. S. W. Hartford. The harbor ia eligible for large steamboats and trading craft, and the city has extensive manufactures. The New York and New Haven E. R. is here intersected by the Housatonic R. R., giving it access to the E. and W., and to the N. The " Republican Standard" (whig) is published tri-weekly and weekly, and the "Republican Farmer" (dem.) weekly. Pop. 7,538. BRIDGEPORT, p. v., Huntingdon co., Penn. : 62 m. "W. Harrisburg. BRI BUI BRIDGEPORT, p. v., Marion co., Ind. : on National Road, 9 m. W. Indianapolis. BRIDGEPORT, p. v., Franklin co., Ky. : 5 m. from Frank- BKIDGEPORT, t and p. v., Saginaw co., Mich. : on the S. side of Cass r. of the Saginaw, 61 m. N. E. Lansing. BRIDGEPORT, p. v., Madison co., N. Y. : on Chittenango er. of Oncida Lake, 105 m. W. by N. Albany. BRIDGEPORT, p. v., Gloucester co., N. Jer. : 34 m. 8. by W. Trenton. BRIDGEPORT, p. v., Belmont co., Ohio: on tbe Ohio r. opposite Wheeling, 114 m. E. Columbus. It will eventually be an important E. R. centre, where the lines from Penn sylvania and Virginia will connect with those of Ohio. The " Belmont Farmer," an agricultural paper, is issued month ly. Its trade ia considerable, and it has some substantial warehouses. BRIDGEPORT, p. v., Harrison co., Virg. : 186 m. N. W. Eichmond. BRIDGEPORT, p. v., Brown co,, Wise. : on E. side of Fox r., 123 m. N. E. Madison. BRIDGEPORT, p. v., Jackson co., la. : on Makoqueta r., 5T m. N. E. Iowa City. BRIDGETON, p. v., port, and cap Cumberland co., W. Jer. : on Cohansey cr., 20 m. up, and 60 m. S. Trenton. Sloops come up to the port, and the v. has considerable business. Shipping owned in the district 14,472 tons. Two news papers, the "Bridgeton Chronicle" and the "New Jersey Pioneer," are issued weekly. On the "W. side of the cr. are extensive iron works. Pop. of t. 2,446. BRIDGETON, p. v., Para co., Ind. : 61 m. W. Indianapolis. BRIDGETON, t. and p. v., Cumberland co., Me. : on Long Pond, 51 m. S. W. Augusta. From this point there is a navigable communication to Portland through the Oxford and Cumberland Canal. Pop. 2,710; BRIDGETON, p. v., St. Louis co., Mo. : 13 m. N. TV. St. Louis and 101 m. E. Jefferson City. BHIDGETON, p. v., Shelby co., Ala.: 62 m. N. N. "W. Montgomery. BRIDGETOWN, p. v., Caroline co., Md. : 42 m. E. Anna polis. BRIDGE VALLEY, p. o., Bucks co., Penn. BRIDGEVILLE, p. v., Dorchester co., Md. BRIDGEVILLE, p. v., Sussex co., Del. : on the S. side of Nauticoke r., 38 m. W. by S. Dover. BRIDGEVILLE, p. v., Warren co., N. Jer. : on Pequest r., 43 m. N. by W. Trenton. BRIDGEVILLE, p. v., Sullivan co., N. Y. : 92 m, S. "W. Albany. BRIDGEVILLE, p. Y., Muskingum co., Ohio: 51 m. E. Columbus. BRIDGEWATER, p. v., Lltchfleld co., Conn. : 56 m. W. Hartford. BRIDGEWATER, p. v., Washtenaw co., Mich.: on N. branch of Raisin r., 57 m. S. E. Lansing. BRIDGEWATER, t. and p. v., Plymouth co., Mass.: on Taunton r., 29 m. S. Boston. Fall Eiver R. R. passes through the t., and the Bridgewater Branch E. R. extends between South Abington and Bridgewater. It has numer ous manufactures. Pop. 2,790. BRIDGEWATER, t. and p. v., Grafton co., N. JTamp : be tween Pemegewasset r. and Newfound Lake, 36 m. N. by W. Concord. Pop. 664. BRIDGEWATER, p. t-, Oneida co., N. Y.. on a cr. of Un- adilla r., 78 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,308. BRIDGEWATER, t. and p. v., Williams co., Ohio : on the St. Josephs of the Maumee, 138 m. N. W. Columbus. P.493 BRIDGEWATER, t. and p. v., Aroostook co., Me. Pop. 14!>. BRIDGEWATEE, p. v., Bucks co., Penn. : 103 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. BRIDGKWATER, p. v., Eockingham co., Virg. : 104 m. N. W. Richmond. BRIDGE WATEB, p. .1, Windsor co., Verm. : on Water- queechy r., 46 m. S. Montpelicr. Soapstone is extensively quarried in this t., also iron. Killington Peak lies on the W. border. Pop. 1,311. BRIDLE CREEK, p. o., Grayson co., Virg. : 200 m. W. by S. Richmond. BRIDPOBT, t, and p. o., Addtson co., Verm. : on Lake Champlain, opposite Crown Point, 41 m. W. S. W. Mont- pelier. The waters of the t are strongly impregnated with sulphate of magnesia. Pop. 1,393. BRIER CREEK, p. o., Wilkes co., N. Car. : 139 m. W. by N. Raleigh. BRIER CREEK, t. and p. o., Columbia co., Penn. : 69 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. BRIER HILL, p. o., St Lawrence co., N. Y. : 169 m. N. W. Albany. BRIGG S MILLS, p. o., Ohio co., Ey. : 122 m. W by S. Frankfort. BRIGHT, p. o., Dearborn co., Ind. : 78 m. S. E. Indian apolis. BRIGHTON, t. and p. o., Essex co., Verm. : on the Green Mountains near the Canada border, 52 m. N. E. Montpelier. St. Francis r. has its source in this locality. Pop. 193. BRIGHTON, p. v., Macoupin co.. Hi. : 42 m. S. by W. Springfield. BRIGHTON, p. v., Beaufort dist, & Car. : 108 m. S. Co lumbia. BRIGHTON, t. and p. v., Washington co., la. : on the S. side of Skunk r., 35 m. S. by W. Iowa City. BRIGHTON, t. and p. v., Somerset co., Me.: 43 m. N. Augusta. Pop. 748. BRIGHTON, t. and p. T., Livingston co., Mich. : 53 m. E. by S. Lansing. Prp. 1,015. BRIGHTON, t. and p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : on Charles r., 5 m. W. Boston, with which it communicates by E. E. The Boston cattle market is located here, and in 1849 the animals sold counted 46,465 beef cattle, 20,085 store cattle, 148,965 sheep, and 80,120 swine, valued at $2,976,265. A cemetery has been lately established. Assessed valuation $1,146,212. Pop. 2,356. BRIGHTON, t. and p. v., Monroe co., 2f. Y. : on the Erie Canal, 259 m. from Albany. Pop. 3,117. BRIGHTON, v., Richmond co., 2f. Y.: a. beautiful village and summer resort on Staten Island, 152 m. S. Albany. BRIGHTON, t. and p. v., Loraine co., Ohio : on the W. branch of Black r., 86 m. N. N. E, Columbus. Pop. 669. BRIGHTON, p. v., Beaver co., Penn.: on W. side Big Beaver r., 4 m. from its mouth, and 193 m. W. Harrisburg. It is connected with New Brighton by a fine bridge. The Ohio and Pennsylvania R. E. passes Brighton, 38 m. from Pittsburg. BRIGHTON, t. and p. v., Kenosha co.. Wise. : 117 m. E. S. E. Madison. Pop. 810. BRIGHTON, v., Sacramento co., Calif. : on E. side of Sa cramento r., 53 m. N. W. Vallejo. BRIGHT SEAT, p. v., Anne Arundel co., Md. BRIGHTSVILLE, p. v., Marlborough dist., S. Car.: on Crooked cr. of Great Pedee r., 94 m. N. E. Columbia. BRIUFIELD, p. o., Peoria co., III. : 46 m. N. by W. Spring field. BRIMFIELD, t. and p. v., Hampden co., Mass. : on Chico- pee and Quinnebaug r., 63 m. W. S. W. Boston. P. 1,421. BRIMFIELD, t. and p. v., Portage co., Ohio : 113 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1,015. BRINDLETOWN, p. v., Burke co., W. Car. : on the E. side of Silver cr. of Catawba r., 16S m. W. Raleigh. BRINGHAM S GROVE, p. o., Tippecanoe co., Ind. : 62 m. N. W. Indianapolis. BRIXGIERS, p. v., and cap. St James par., La. : on W. side of Mississippi r., 35 m. S. Baton Rouge. BRINKLEYVILLE, p. v., Halifax co., Ni Car. : on Little Fishing cr., 54 m. N. E. Raleigh. BRINTON, p. v., Champaign co., Ohio : 52 m. W. by N. Columbus. 79 BBI BRO BRIBCOE BUN, p. o., "Wood co., Virg. : 240 m. "W. N. "W. Eichrnond. BBISTERSBURGH, p. T., Fauquier co., Virg. : 89 m. N. by W. Richmond. BRISTOL county, Mass. Situate S. E. on Buzzards Bay, and contains 620 sq. m. Drained by Taunton and other rivers. Coasts deeply indented. Surface level ; soils mod erately fertile. Navigation and manufactures employ most of the inhabitants. Farms 2, 550 ; manuf. 562 ; dwell. 12,134, and pop. wh. 74,760, fr. col., 1,432 total 76,192. Capi tals: New Bedford and Taunton. Public Works: Boston and Providence E. E. ; Fall Eiver E. E. ; Taunton and New Bedford E. E., etc. BRISTOL county, It. I. Situate E. between Mt. Hope and Narraganset bays, and contains 96 sq. m. Surface diversi fied : soils, a gravelly loam and fertile. Farms 200 ; manuf. 87; dwell. 1,167, and pop. wh. 8,190, fr. col. 324 total 8,514. Capital: Bristol. BRISTOL, t. and p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : on branches of Farmington r., 14 m. "W. by S. Hartford. It is distin guished for its manufacturing industry, and especially for its clocks, etc. Pop. 2,884 BBISTOL, p. v., Kendall co., Itt. : on "W. side Fox r., op posite Yorkville, 139 m. N. N. E. Springfield. BRISTOL, p. v., Anne Arundel co., Md. : 29 m. N. N. W. Annapolis. BRISTOL, t. and p. o., Lincoln co., Me. : on the E. side of Damariscotta r. at its mouth, 30 m. S. by E. Augusta. It has a good harbor, and some shipping engaged in the coasting trade and fisheries. Pop. 2,910. BRISTOL, t. and p. v., Grafton co., Jf. Hamp. : between Pemegawasset r. and Newfound Lake, 31 m. N. by "W. Concord. Pop. 1,103. BRISTOL, t and p. v., Ontario CO., W. T.: GO. Mudd cr., 182 m. W. Albany. BRISTOL, t. and p. v., Morgan co., Ohio : on Meigs cr. of Muskingham r., 66 m. E. by S. Columbus. Pop. 1,725. BRISTOL, t and p. v., Bucks co., Penn. : on the W. bank of Delaware r., and the E. terminus of the Delaware division of the Pennsylvania Canal, 108 m. E. Harrisburg. Im mense amounts of coal are deposited here and shipped to the E. A newspaper, the "B. Gazette," is published week ly. The Trenton and Philadelphia E. E. passes through Bristol, 19 m. N. Philadelphia. Pop. 2,578. BRISTOL, t., p. v., port, and cap. Bristol co., R. I. : on the E. side of Narragansett Bay, 18 m. S. by E. Providence. It has a good harbor, and is extensively engaged in coast ing and the fisheries. The shipping owned in the district, 13,198 tons. The "Bristol Phoenix" is published weekly. Mt Hope lies in this t, 2 m. N. E. of the C. H., which is a fine elevation of about 300 feet. Here King Philip, chief of the Pequods, held his court; the view from the summit is extensive and highly interesting. Pop. 4,616. BRISTOL, t. and p. v., Addison co., Verm. : on the New Haven r., 50 m. S. W. Montpelier. The Green Mountains occupy the E. portions of the t, but in the W. the surface is level and fertile. Pop. 1,344. BRSTOL, t. and p. v., Kenosha co., Wise. : on Des Pfeines r., 183 m. E. S. E. Madison. Pop. 1,225. BRISTOL CENTBE, p. o., Ontario co., 2f. Y. : 192 m. W. Albany. BRISTOLVTLLE, p. v., Trumbull co., Ohio: on Grand r., 144 m. N. E. Columbus. BRISTOLVILLE, p. v., Barry CO., Mich. BRISTON, p. v., Elkhart co., Ind. : on the line of the In diana Northern E. E., and S. of St. Joseph r., 133 m. N. Indianapolis. BRITTON S NECK, p. o., Marion dist., 8. Car. : 112 m. E. Columbia. BRIXTON, p. v., Alexandria co., Virg. : 93 m. N. Eich- mond. BROADALBIN, t. and p. v., Fulton co., N. T. : 33 m. N. TV. Albany. Pop. 2,474. 60 BROAD BROOK, p. o., Hartford co., Conn. BROAD CREEK, hund., Sussex co., Del. : between Broad cr. and Nanticoke cr., and contains 60,860 acres. Pop. 2,712. BROAD CREEK, p. o., Queen Anne co., Md. BROADFORD, p. v., Smyth co., Virg. BROADKILN, hund., Sussex co., Del. : in the N. E. part of the co., and contains 8,916 acres. Pop. 3,927. BROAD MOUNTAIN, p. o., Schuylkill co., Penn. BROAD OAKS, p. o., Pope co., III. : 272 m. S. Springfield. BROAD EIPPLE, p. o., Marion co. } Ind. : on a cr. of Broad r., 68 m. N. E. Milledgeville. BROAD river, Ga. : one of the W. branches of Savannah r., which it enters at Petersburg. BROAD river, & Car. : an arm of the Atlantic, between Port Eoyal Island and the main. Beaufort is situated on this river. BROAD river, S. Car. : rises in North Carolina, and, re ceiving the Pacolet and Tiger rivers, unites with the Saluda, above Columbus, forming the Congaree. BROAD river, p. o., Elbert co., Ga. : on the N. side of Broad r., 67 m. N. E. Milledgeville. BROAD TOP, p. o., Huntingdon co., Pmn. : 74 m. W. Harrisburg. BROADWAY, p. o., Warren co., K Jer. : on the line of the Morris Canal, 37 m. N. by W. Trenton. BROADWELL, p. o., Harrison co., JTy. : 82 m. N. E. Frankfort. BROCK, p. o., Darke co., Ohio : 84 m. W. Columbus. BROCKAWAYVILLE, p. v., Jefierson co., Penn. : 154 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. BROOKE-IT S BRIDGE, p. o., Fulton co., W. Y. : 73 m. W. N. W. Albany. BROCKPORT, p. v., Monroe co., 2f. Y.: on the Erie Canal, 217 m. "W. Albany. It has some manufactures, and a weekly newspaper, the " B. Watchman." BROCK S CROSSING, p. o., St Croix co., Wise. : 212 m. N. W. Madison. BROCK S GAP, p. o., Eockingham co., Virg.: 102 m. N. W. Eichmond. BROKEN ARKOW, p. o., St. Clair co., Ala. : 108 m. N Montgomery. BROKEN SWORD, p. o., Crawford co., Ohio: 62 m. N Columbus. BRONSON, p. o., Huron co., Ohio : 78 m. N. Columbus. BRONSON S PRAIRIE, p. o., Branch co., Mich. : 97 m. S. W. Lansing. BROOKDALE, p. o., M Henry co., Itt. : 273 m. N. N. E. Springfield. BROOKE county, Virg. Situate N. W., between the Ohio r. and the Pennsylvania State line, and contains 154 sq. m. Surface uneven, and soil fertile. Iron ore and bituminous coal are abundant Farms 284 ; manuf. 29 ; dwell. 839, and po p ._wh. 4,923, fr. col. 100, si. 31 total 5,054. Capital: Wellsburg. Public, Works : Pittsburg and SteubenvUle E. E. BROOKFIELD, t. and p. v., Fairfleld co., Conn. : on Still r., a branch of Housatonic r., 42 m. S. W. Hartford. The Hou- satonic E. E. passes through it, 29 m. N. Bridgeport Pop. 1,360. BROOKFIELD, p. v., Lee co., HI. : 196 m. N. Springfield. BROOKFIELD, t. and p. v., Worcester co., Mass. : 58 m. W. BROOKFIELD, t. and p. v., Carroll co., N. Hamp. : 81 m. N. E. Concord. Near the centre of the t. is a pond, the source of the W. branch of Salmon Fall r., and there is a stiU larger pond on the N. W., which empties into Winni- piseogee Lake. Pop. 552. BROOKFIELD, p.v., Jackson co., la. : 58 m. N. E. Iowa City. BROOKFIELD, p. v., Madison co., N. Y.: on .Unadilla r., 58 m. W. Albany. The tributaries of the Unadilla furnish fine mill sites. BROOKEIELD, t. and p v., Trumbull co., OMo : on * branch of Shenango cr., 153 m. N. E. Columbus. P. 1,451. BRO BRO BROOKFIELI>, t. and p. v., Tioga co., Penn. : on Cowa- nesque cr. of Tioga r., 142 m. N. N. "W. Harrisburg. BROOKFIELD, t and p. v., Orange co., Vei-m. : 19 m. S. Moiitpelier. Several ponds in this t. are sources of tributa ries of White r. Marl is abundant. Top. 1,672. BROOKFIELD, t. and p. v., Waukesha co., Wise. : on Fox r., 108 m. E. Madison. The Milwaukee and Mississippi B. K. passes through the t, 20 m. W. Milwaukie. P. 1,939. BROOKHAVEN, p. v., Lawrence co., J/iss. : on a head stream of Bogue Chitto, 76 m. S. Jackson. BROOKHAVEN, t, Suffolk co., N. Y. Pop. 8,597. BROOKLANDVILLE, p. v., Baltimore co., Md. : on the line of the Westminster Branch E. E., 17 m. from Baltimore. BROOKLIN, p. t., Hancock co., Me. : 62 m. E. Augusta. BROOKLTN, p. v., Clark co., Mo.: 138 in.N. E. Jefferson City. BROOKLINE, p. v., Madison co., Ga. : on the W. side of the middle fork of Broad r., 71 m. N. N. E. Milledgeville. BROOKLINE, t. and p. v., Norfolk co., Mass. : 3 m. W. by S. Boston. It is chiefly occupied by the aristocracy of Bos ton, who have country seats and villas in this locality. Pop. 2.516. It is reached by the Western Avenue and E.E. BROOKLINE, p. v., Jackson par., La. : 156 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. BROOKLINE, t. and p. o., Hillsborough co., N. Hamp. : 33 m. S. by W. Concord. Pop. 718. BROOKLINE, t. and p. v., Windham co., Verm. : 86 m. S. Montpelier. Pop. 2S5. BROOKLYN, p. v., Conecuh co., Ala. : on the W. side of Conecuh r., 78 m. S. by W. Montgomery. BROOKLYN, p. v., Campbell co., Ky. : 58 m. N. N. E. Frankfort BROOKLYN, t, p. v., and cap. Windham co., Conn. : on Quinnebaug r., 38 m. E. by N. Hartford. Pop. 1,515. BROOKLYN, p. v., Schuyler co., III. : on W. side of Crooked cr., 97 m. W. N. W. Springfield. BROOKLYN, p. v., Noxu-bee co., Miss. : 112 m. N. E. Jackson. BROOKLYN, p. Y., Jackson co., Mich. : on Groose cr. of the N. branch of Eaisin r., 44 m. S. by E. Lansing. BROOKLYN, p. city, and cap. Kings co., A 7 . Y. : on the W. end of Long Island, opposite New York City, 145 m. S. Albany. Pop. in 1810, 4,402 ; in 1820, 7,175 ; in 1830, 15,396 ; in 1840, 36,233 ; and in 1S50, 96,838. It is now the eighth, in regard to population, in the Union, and the second in the State. Dwell., in 1850, 10,197. Value of real estate $32,010,711, and of personal property $3,950,589. Brooklyn was originally built on very uneven ground, and still although the grades have been greatly leveled retains many of the natural beauties for which it was so pre-eminent. The Heights of Brooklyn, seen from the New York side of the East Eiver, are unrivalled as city scenery, and there are also, farther back, eminences which afford fine localities for residences. The streets are regu larly laid out, and are from 60 to 100 feet wide ; and on the whole, no other city of the Union has so many substantial and handsome public buildings. The City Hall is a fine marble structure, at the head of Fulton-street, and the bank ing houses, school-houses, and churches are elegant and commodious. It is the city of churches. The city is divi ded into eleven wards, and governed by a mayor and common council, and in its police arrangements is much superior to the neighboring city of New York. It is lighted throughout with gas, which has also been generally intro duced into the dwellings of the rich ; and there is a project on foot for introducing into the city a supply of water from the S. side of Long Island. At present, water is supplied from the public pumps or cisterns ; and in case of an ex tensive fire, there is not a sufficiency. The charter officers of the city are the mayor, comptroller, street commissioner, commissioner of repairs and supplies, collector of taxes, and chief of police; and for each ward an alderman and assist ant alderman, a supervisor, an assessor, a commissioner of excise, and constable. These are elected by the citizens, and form respectively boards intrusted with the city gov ernment. The city clerk, the attorney and counselor, the health officer, the city treasurer, the sealer of weights and measures, the clerk of police and justices courts, the city surveyors, etc., are appointed by the common council. For police purposes, the city is divided into four districts, each, except the first district (which has 48), having 32 police men, under a captain and two assistant captains. The commerce of Brooklyn is relatively large; but as the city is within the collection district of New York, no separate returns are made in the published accounts. The river front of the city is literally fringed with wharves, and backed by extensive warehouses, while the Atlantic Dock and its im mense stores enhance the importance of its shipping facili ties. The dock contains 421 acres, and the pier front, facing on Buttermilk Channel, has a length of 3,000 feet. Ships of the largest size enter it, and unload into the adjoining stores by means of patent cranes, worked by steam-power. Other dock facilities are about to be built beyond Eed Hook. There are four banks in the city, two savings in stitutions, and four fire insurance companies, with numerous other associations for commercial and economical purposes. Its churches number 63, of which 11 are Episcopal, 7 Bo- man Catholic, 6 Baptist, 6 German Eeformed, 5 Congrega tional, 7 Presbyterian, 11 Methodist Episcopal, and each one, African Methodist Episcopal, Universalist, Unitarian, Friends, Sailors Bethel, Congregational Methodist, Ameri can Primitive Methodist, Protestant Methodist, Second Advent, and Beformed Presbyterian. The city contains thirteen school districts, which ara under the superintend ence of the Board of Education. It also constitutes one colored school district. The public schools are entirely free to children residing within the respective districts in which the schools are located. Each district contains a valuable district library, the use of the books being free to all the inhabitants of the district, both male and female. In the larger districts the libraries number between 3,000 and 4,000 volumes each. Academies and high schools for youth of both sexes are also very numerous, and are gen erally well and ably conducted. The Brooklyn Institute, Washington-street, is one of its highest institutions, and has connected with it a Youths Free Library, and free lectures and concerts are given during the winter. Among the benevolent institutions of the city, the most conspicuous are the City Hospital, liaymond-street, and the Dispensary in Pineapple-street. In the east part of Brooklyn is the United States Navy Yard, situate on the Wallabout It covers some 40 acres, and contiguous thereto aro mooring grounds, etc. The yard is inclosed on the land side by a high brick wall, and within are large ship-houses, timber sheds, store-houses, workshops, etc. ; and an immense Dry Dock, the greatest work of the kind within the United States, has been lately completed. The Naval Hospital, half a mile east of the yard, occupies a oommanding eminence, and is surrounded by a fine park and grounds, about S3 acres in extent. The Greenwood Cemetery, on Gowanus Heights, in the S. part of the city, is one of the most picturesque and beau tiful burial-plots any where to be found. It occupies near ly 300 acres of land, and is laid out in avenues, embellished by shade trees and shrubbery. The surface is of every va riety, interspersed with ponds and lakelets, and from its higher parts commands an extensive view of the harbor, and the scenery of the lower Hudson. Its monuments, erected in memory of the dead, some at the expense of the public or societies, and others in commemoration of private friendships or relations, are of every description, but chiefly of white marble, and finely sculptured. Altogether, it is the most extensive and most beautiful cemetery within the borders of the Union, and is an establishment of which the city may well be proud. For so large a city, Brooklyn is but poorly represented by 81 BRO BRO its press, a fact accounted for by its proximity to New York City, the literary as well as the commercial emporium of America. Four papers are published daily, the " B. Star," and the " B. Advertiser" (whig), the "Daily Freeman" (indep t.), and the " B. Eagle" (dem.) ; and the papers pub lished weekly are the "Long Island Star" (whig), and the " Independent" (temperance), and there is also a weekly edition of the " Eagle." The New York papers are deliv ered here to citizens at the same time as in New York ; and as these generally contain more extended accounts of, and comments on current affairs, and are conducted with more skill and talent, they have a much larger circulation than the Brooklyn papers. The nearness of New York, indeed, affects every grade and profession in the same manner : few of the richer classes purchase their goods or provisions in Brooklyn ; and hence no department of life has the same vitality as it would have if the wealthy could be induced to purchase of their neighbor, instead of giving the profit of their custom to the traders of the neighboring city. In many respects, however, Brooklyn is only a sub urb of the metropolis a residence for business men, and not a mart of commerce. Brooklyn is connected with New York by five ferries : Hamilton Avenue Ferry and South Ferry (Atlantic-street), run to Whitehall, in New York ; Fulton Ferry, from foot of Fulton-street, Brooklyn, to Fulton-street, New York ; Catharine Ferry, from foot of Maine-street, Brooklyn, to Catharine-street, New York ; and Jackson Ferry, from foot of Jackson-street, Brooklyn, to foot of Governeur-street, New York. The steamboats on these ferries are all of the first class, and commodious for carriages and wagons as well as passengers. The fare on the three first is one cent for each passenger. Brooklyn was the scene of stirring events at an early stage of the Revolutionary War. In August, 1TT6, this part of Long Island became the seat of strife, and the fortifications then thrown up by the patriots may still be seen, but are now undergoing the process of demolition to extend city improvements. The principal of these is Fort Green, which will hence be known as Washington Park, and which will be devoted to recreation and health. Near the Navy Yard is the tomb in which are deposited the remains of 11,000 Americans who perished in the prison ships moored in the bay during the Revolution. At the conclu sion of peace, in 1783, Brooklyn contained only 56 houses ; nor was it until the period between 1820 and 1830 that it began to receive the overflowing population of New York. Since then it has rapidly increased, and in all probability the census of 1860 will find it a city of 200,000 souls. The only drawback, indeed, to its unlimited settlement, seems to be the want of a sufficient supply of water for so large a population as circumstances would indicate to be its destiny to contain. BROOKLYN, t. and p. v., Cuyahoga co., Ohio: on a cr. of Cuyahoga r., 120 m. N. E. Columbus. The Cleveland and Columbus E. E., and Cleveland and Sandusky E. E. pass through the t. immediately west of Cleveland. Pop. 6,375. BROOKLYN, t. and p. v., Susquehannah co., Penn.: 132 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. BROOKLYN, p. v., Halifax co., Yirg. : 97 m. S. W. Rich- mond. BROOKNEAL, p. v., Campbell co., Virg. : on the N. side of Eoanoke r., 92 m. W. by S. Richmond. BROOKS, t. and p. o., Waldo co., Me. : 37 m. E. by N. Augusta. BROOK S GROVE, p. o., Livingston co., N. Y. : 212 m. W. Albany. BROOK S, p. o., Jasper co., Ind. : 96 m. N. W. Indian apolis. BROOK S TAN YARD, p. o., Macon co., Tenn.: 49 m. E. N. E. Nashville. BROOKSVILLE, p. v., Blount co., Ala. : on a cr. of Ten nessee r., 123 m. N. by W. Montgomery. 82 BROOKSVILLE, p. v., Eandolph co., Ga.: 133 m. S. W Milledgeville. BROOKSVILLE, t. and p. v., Hancock co., He. : on E. side of Penobscot Bay, 49 m. E. Augusta. The t. occupies a peninsula navigable on three sides. Pop. 1,333. BROOKSVILLE, p. o., Albemarle co., Virg. : on the Virgi nia Central R. E., 81 m. N. W. Eichmond. BROOKVILLE, p. o., Ogle co., Itt. : on E. side of Elkhorn cr., 226 m. N. Springfield. BROOKVILLE, t., p. v., and cap. Franklin co., Ind. : be tween the forks of Whitewater r., about 2 m. N. of their junction, and 63 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. It also lies on the Whitewater Canal, 31 m. from Lawrenceburg. Its manufactures are considerable. Two newspapers, the " Franklin Democrat" and the " Indiana American" (whig), are published weekly. BROOKVILLE, p. o., and cap. Bracken co., Jy. : 62 m. N. E. Frankfort. BROOKVILLE, p. v., Montgomery co., Md. : on Eeedy cr. of Patuxent r., 37 m. N. W. Annapolis. BROOKVILLE, p. v., Noxubee co., Miss. : 108 m. N. E. Jackson. BROOKVILLE, p. v., Marion co., Mo. : on S. side of South Fabius r., 93 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. BROOKVILLE, p. v., Granville co., N. Car. : 47 m. N. Ealeigh. BROOKVILLE, p. v., Genessee co., N. Y.: 226 m. W. Albany. BROOKVILLE, p. v., and cap. Jefferson co., Penn. : on N. branch of Red Bank cr. of Allegliany r., 156 m. W. N. W. llnrrisburg. It is a flourishing village, and has two news papers, the " Jeffersonian" (dem.) and the " Jefferson Star" (whig), issued weekly. Pop. 763. BROOKVILLE, p. v., Jefferson co., la. : 92 m. S. by W. Iowa City. BROOME county, N. Y. Situate S. W. middle, and con tains 627 sq. m. Drained by Susquehanna r. and its tribu taries, Chenango, Tioughnioga, Nanticoke. Surface bro ken and hilly, with extensive and fertile valleys bordering the streams. Timber plentiful; salt and sulphur springs occur in several parts. Farms 2,497 ; manuf. 229 ; dwell. 5,651, and pop. wh. 30,241, fr. col. 419 total, 30,660. Cap itol : Birighampton. Public Works : Chenango Canal ; New York and Erie R. R. ; and several railroads to Alba ny, Utica, and Syracuse (in progress). BROOME CENTRE, p. o., Schoharie co., N. Y. : 28 m. S. W. Albany. BROTZMANVILLE, p. v., Warren co., N. Jer. : on the E. side of Delaware r., 57 m. N. by W. Trenton. BROWER, p. o., Berks co., Penn. : 54 m. E. N. E. Harris- burg. BROWER S MILLS, p. o., Eandolph co., N. Car. : 73 m. W. Raleigh. BROWN county, III. Situate W. on Illinois r., and con tains 80S sq. m. Drained by Crooked and M Kee s creeks. Surface undulating prairie, with bottoms and bluffs along the Illinois. Farms SIS ; manuf. 73; dwell. 1,353, and pop. wh. 7,184, fr. col. 14 total, 7,193. Capital : Mount Ster ling. BROWN county, Ind. Situate S. centrally, and contains 320 sq. m. Surface hilly, with fertile valleys and rich bot toms. Timber abundant ; corn and hemp grow well in the bottoms ; wheat, oats, and grass on the hills. Drained by Salt cr. and its tributaries, and Bear Blossom cr. Farms 535 ; manuf. ; 5 ; dwell. 790, and pop. wh. 4,827, fr. col. 19 total 4,846. Capital: Nashville. BROWN county, Ohio. Situate S. W. on Ohio r., and con tains 468 sq. m. Drained by White Oak, Spaight, Eagle, and Red Oak creeks. Surface generally level on the Ohio somewhat broken; soils fertile, producing fine crops of wheat, Indian corn, oats, and tobacco. Farms 1 ,43 ; manuf. 92 ; dwell. 4,838, and pop. wh. 26,520, fr. col. 812 total 27,332. Capital: Georgetown. BRO BRU BROWN county, Wise. Situate N. E., at the head of Green Bay, and contains 472 sq. m. Surface diversified, with woodland and prairie, and soil excellent. Farms 190 manuf. 27; dwell. 1,003, and pop. wh. 6,173, fr. col. 42 total 6.215. Capital : De Pere. BROWNFIELD, t. and p. v., Oxford co., Me. : on Saco r. 63 m. W. S. W. Augusta. Pop. 1,320. BROWN-HELM, t. and p. v., Lorain co., Ohio : on Vermil- lion r. of Lake Erie, 104 m. N. by E. Columbus. P. 1,082. BROWNING, p. o., Schuyler co., III. : 89 m. W. N. W. Springfield. BROWNINGTON, t and p. v., Orleans co., Verm. : on Wil- loughby cr. of Barton r., 39 m. N. N. E. Montpelier. The Connecticut and Passumsic Elvers E. E. passes through thet Pop. 613. BROWNINGTON, p. v., Butler co., Penn. : 193 m.W. by N. Ilarrisburg. BROWNINGTON CENTRE, p. v., Orleans co., Verm. : 39 m. N. N. E. Montpelier. BROWN S, p. o., Fairfield dist., S. Car. : 29 m. N. Co lumbia. BROWN S BLUFF, p. o., Sumter co., Ala. : on Tombigbee r., 108 m. W. by N. Montgomery. BROWNSBOROUGH, p. v., Oldham co., Ky. : on the line of the Louisville and Frankfort E. E., 37 m. N. W. Frankfort. BROWNSBURG, p. v., Hendricks co., Ind. : 13 m. N. W. Indianapolis. BROWNSBUBG, p. v., Bucks co., Penn.: on W. side of Delaware r., 123 m. W. Harrisburg. BROWNSBURG, p. v., Eockbridge co., Virg. : 106 m. W. by N. Eichmond. BROWN S CORNER, p. o., Kennebec co., Me. : 6 m. distant from Augusta. BROWN S CAVE, p. o., Albemarle co., Virg. : 71 m. W. by N. Eichmond. BROWN S GROVE, p. o., Hamilton co., Ohio: 186 m. S. W. Columbus. BROWN S MILLS, p. o., Washington co., Ohio: 99 m. E. by S. Columbus. BROWN S MILLS, p. o., Burlington co., Jf. Jer. BROWN S STORE, p. v., Warren co., Ohio : 82 m. S. W. Columbus. BROWNSTOWN, p. v., Sevier co., Ark. : 133 m. W. S. W. Little Eock. BROWNSTOWN, p. v., and cap. Jackson co., Ind. : on the E. side of a branch of E. fork of White r., 61 m. S. Indian apolis. The "Jackson County Advocate" is published weekly. BROWNSTOWN, t. and p. v., Wayne co., Mich. : on Lake Erie and Detroit r., 82 m. E. S. E. Lansing. The v. is located on a cr. of the same name, 2 m. from the lake. Pop. 1,047. BROWN S VALLEY, p. o., Montgomery co., Ind. : 42 m. W. by N. Indianapolis. BROWNSVILLE, p. o., Talladega co., Ala. : 68 m. N. Mont gomery. BROWNSVILLE (formerly GRAND PRAIRIE), p. v., and cap. Prairie co., Ark. BROWNSVILLE, p. v., Union co., Ind.: on E. fork of White r., and on the line of the Junction E. &, 64 m. E. by S. Indianapolis. BROWNSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Edmonson co., Ky. : on the S. side of Green r., 102 m. S. W. Frankfort. BROWNSVILLE, p. T., Cameron co., Tex. : on the N. bank of the Eio Grande, somewhat below Matamoras, 326 m. S. Austin City. It is a flourishing v., and has considerable commerce with the river towns. Fort Brown was located here, and gives name to the v. The " Eio Grand Sentinel" and "American Flag" are weekly newspapers published here. BROWNSVILLE, p. v., Piscataquis co., Me. : on Pleasant r. of the Piscataquis, 73 m. N. E. Augusta. BROWNSVILLE, p. v., Washington co., Md. : 73 m. N. W. Annapolis. BROWNSVILLE, p. v., Hinds co., Miss. BROWNSVILLE, p. v., Saline co., Mo. : on N. side of Black r., 88 m. W. by N. Jefferson City. BROWNSVILLE, p. v., Granville co., W. Car. : on Grass cr. of Eoanoke r., 49 m. N. Ealeigh. BROWNSVILLE, p. v., Johnson co., Ark. : 86 m. W. N. W. Little Eock. BROWNSVILLE, p. v., Licking co., Ohio: 26 m. E. Co lumbus. Pop. 480. BROWNSVILLE, p. v., Fayette co., P&rm. : on the E. bank of Monongahela r., at the mouth of Eedstone cr., 189 m. W. Ilarrisburg. The National Eoad here crosses the r. by a fine bridge. Three newspapers, the " B. Free Press" and the " B. Herald" (both whig), and the " Cumberland Pres byterian," are published weekly. BROWNSVILLE, p. v., Marlborough dist., 8. Car. BROWNSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Haywood co., Term. : 146 m. W. by S. Nashville. The line of the Mobile and Ohio E. E. will pass through or near this village. BROWNSVILLE, p. v. Windsor co., Verm. : 48 m. S. Mont pelier. BROWNTOWN, p. v., Bradford co., Penn.: 123 m. N. Ilarrisburg. BROWNVILLE, t. and p. v., Jefferson co., 2f. T. : on Lake Ontario, N. of Black r., 148 m. N. E. Albany. The Cape Vincent Extension of the Watertown and Eome E. E. passes through the v., 76 m. from Eome and 21 m. from Cape Vincent. The lower falls of Black r. furnish exten sive water-power, and below them the river is navigable from the lakes. Pop. 4,282. BROWNVILLE, p. v., Ogden co., Utah Ter. BRUCETOWN, p. v., Frederick co., Virg. : 122 m. N. W. Eichmond. BRUCEVILLE, p. v., Knox co., Ind. : on the E. side Wa- bash, 4 m. from the river and 92 m. S. W. Indianapolis. BIIUCEVILLE, p. v., Carroll co., Md. : on Big Pipe cr., 59 m. N. W. Annapolis. BRUCKVILLE, p. v., Morgan co., HI. : 34 m. W. by S. Springfield. BRUIN, p. o., Carter co., Ky. : 110 m. E. Frankfort. BRUIN, p. o., Butler co., Penn. : 198 m. W. Harrisburg. BRUINGTON, p. v., King and Queen co., Virg. : 43 m. N. N. E. Eichmond. BRUIN S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Parke co., Ind. : 69 m. W. ndianapolis. BRULY LANDING, p. o., West Baton Eouge par., La. BRUMFIELDVILLE, p. v., Berks co., Penn. : 56 m. E. N. E. larrisburg. BRUMMEL S, p. o., Davidson co., 2f. Car.: 94 m. W. Raleigh. Pop. 169. BRUXERSBURG, p. v., Defiance co., Ohio: 114 m. N. W. Columbus. BRUNERSTOWN, p. v., Putnam co., Ind. : 44 m. W. by S. ndianapolis. BRUNSWICK county, 2f. Car. Situate S. E. corner, and ontains 1,340 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Cape Fear ., which forms its E. border, and Waccamaw r. Surface flat and marshy, and soils indifferent. Eico and pine are he staples. Farms 385 ; manuf. SO ; dwell. 771, and pop. wh. 8.651, fr. col. 319, si. 8,802 total 7,272. Capital: ^mithville. BRUNSWICK county, Virg. Situate S. of Nottaway r., and >on tains 680 sq. m. Drained by the head waters of Chowan Surface diversified, and soils of moderate fertility, pro- lucing abundantly Indian corn, oats, and tobacco. Farms 555 ; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 1,051, and pop. wh. 4,895, fr. col. >43, si. 8,456 total 13,894. Capital: Lawrenceville. BRUNSWICK, p. v., port, and cap. Glynn co., Ga, : on the E. side of Turtle r., 168 m. S. E. Milledgeville. Its harbor is spacious, safe, and is accounted the best S. of Mason and Dixon s line. Ships drawing not more than 13 feet can BRU BUG pass the bar at low tide. The v. is 13^ m. above the bar and S m. above the lighthouse on St. Simon s Island. The ship ping of the district in 1850 was 533 tons. The Brunswick Canal extends to the Alatamaha r. 12 m., and it is proposed to build a railroad from Brunswick to Thomasville, with a branch to Tallahassee, and other branches from Troupville to Albany and from Thomasville to Bainbridge on Flint r. These, when completed, will raise Brunswick to a high rank as a Southern port. BRUNSWICK, p. v., Peoria co., HI.: 93 m. N. by TV. Springfield. BRUNSWICK, t. and p. v., Cumberland co., Me. : on An- droscoggin r., near its mouth, 29 m. S. by "W. Augusta. Lat 43 53 if. and 69 55 01" TV. The r. furnishes a navi gation for steamers and extensive mill-power. Large quantities of lumber are brought to this port from the bord ers of the Androscoggin, and a great deal is sawed at this point A bridge connects it with Topsham, over which the Kennebec and Portland K. E. passes, 27 m. from Port land, a branch of which K. E. also runs to Bath, 9 m. Bowdoin College, founded 1794, is located here, and has a medical school. Pop. 4,976. BRUNSWICK, p. v., Chariton co., Mo. BRUNSWICK, t. and p. v., Medina co., Ohio: 104 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1,417. BRUNSWICK, t. and p. v., Essex co., Verm. : on Nulhe- ghan r. and Paul s stream of the Connecticut, 54 m. N. E. Montpelier. Two considerable ponds lie in the town, dis charging their waters into the Connecticut Pop. 119. BRUSH CEEZK, p. o., Eandolph co., 2f. Cat: : 37 m. N. Raleigh. BRUSH CREEK, p. o., Perry co., Ala. : 62 m. "W. by N. Montgomery. BRUSH CREEK, p. o., Knox co., III. : 108 m. N. N. "W". Springfield. BRUSH HILL, p. o., Du Page co., Itt. : 232 m. N. E. Springfield. BRUSHLAND, p. o., Delaware co., N. T. : 62 m. S. TV. Albany. BRUSH EUN, p. o., "Washington co., Pom. : 208 m. TV. Harrisburg. BRUSH MILLS, p. o., Franklin co., Jf. Y. : on the line of the Northern (Ogdensburg) E. E., 68 m. from Eouse s Point and 49 from Ogdensburg ; and 149 m. N. N. W. Albany. BRUSH YALLET, p. o., Indiana co., Peovn. : 142 m. TV. by N. Harrisburg. BRUSHVILLE, p. v., Queen s co., N. Y. : on the line of the Long Island E. E., 14 m. from Brooklyn, and 148 S by E. Albany. BRUSHY CREEK, p. o., Anderson dist, S. Car.: 108 m. N. TV. Columbia. BRUSHY FLAT, p. o., TVatauga co., N. Car. BRUSHY FORK, p. o., Coles co., Itt. : on Brushy fork of Embarras r., 107 m. E. Springfield. BRUSHY PRAIRIE, p. o., La Grange co., Ind.: 128 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. BRUYNSWICK, p. v., Ulster co., N. Y. : 74 m. S. by TV. Albany. BRYAN- county, Ga. Situate S. E. on the Atlantic, and contains 472 sq. m. Drained by Cannouchee and Ogeechee rivers. Surface low and flat, with much swamp ; soils light and sandy. Farms 209, dwell. 212, and pop. wh. 1,164, fr. col. 15, si. 2,245 total 3,424. Capital: Eden. BRYAN, p. v., Saline co., Mo. : on a cr. of Salt fork of Black r., 76 m. TV. by N. Jefferson City. BRYAN, p. v., and cap. TVilliams co., Ohio : on Lick cr. of Tiffin r., 132 m. N. TV. Columbus. The " Family Visitor" (dem.) is published weekly. BRYANSBURGH, p. v., Jefferson co., Ind. : on the E. of Big cr., 91 m. S. E. Indianapolis. BRYANTOWN, p. v., Charles co., Md. : 36 m. S. TV. Anna polis. 84 BEYANSVILLE, p. v., York co., P&ivti, : 22 m. S. Harris burg. BRYANT S CEEEK, p. o., Monroe co., Ind. : 48 m. S. TV. Indianapolis. BRYANTSYILLE,P. T., Lawrence co.,Ind.: 63 m.S. by TV. Indianapolis. BRYANTSVILLE, p. v., Garrard co., Ky> : 42 m. S. S. E. Frankfort. BUCHANAN county, la. Situate E. centrally, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Cedar and TVabesipinicon rivers. Surface rolling chiefly prairie, and soils rich. Farms 45 ; manuf. 1 ; dwell. 74, and pop. wh. 517, fr. col. total 517. Capital : Independence. BUCHANAN county, Mo. Situate N. TV., on Missouri r., and contains 320 sq. m. Drained by Little Platte r. and its affluents. Surface generally prairie, with some woodland. Soils excellent Farms 1,258 ; manuf. 89 ; dwell. 2,030, and pop. wh. 12,072, fr. col. 11, si. 902 total 12,975. Capital : Sparta. BUCHANAN, p. v., Alleghany co., Pemi. : 183 m. "W. by N. Harrisburg. BUCHANAN, t. and p. v., Berrien co., Mich. : on the TV. side of St. Joseph s r., 86 m. TV. S. TV. Lansing. BUCK, p. o., Lancaster co., Penn. : 42 m. S. E. Harris burg. BUCKATONEY, p. o., Clark co., Miss. : on Buckatoney r., 106 m. E. by S. Jackson. BUCK BRANCH, p. o., De Kalb co.,Ill.: on Somonauk cr., 212 m. N. E. Springfield. BUCK BRIDGE, p. o., St. Lawrence co., J\ T . Y. : on Grasse r., 153 m. N. N. W. Albany. BUCK CREEK, p. o., Tuscaloosa co., Ala. : 104 m. N. TV. Montgomery. BUCK CREEK, p. o., Scriven co., Ga. : on a cr. so called of Savannah r., 114 m. E. by S. Milled geville. BUCK CREEK, p. o., Greene co., Ind. : 69 m. S. S. TV. Indianapolis. BUCK EYE, p. o., Laurens co., Ga. : on a cr. BO called, 33 m. S. E. Milledgeville. BUCK EYE, p. o., Garrard co., Ey. : 44 m. S. S. E. Frank fort. BUCK EYE, p. o., Putnam co., Ohio : 102 m. N. TV. Co lumbus. BUCK EYE COTTAGE, p. o., Perry co., Ohio: 38 m. E.by S. Columbus. BUCK EYE FURNACE, p. o., Jackson co., Ohio : 66 m. S. S. E. Columbus. BUCK EYE TOWN, p. o., Frederick co., Md. : 63 m. N. TV. Annapolis. BUCKFIELD, t. and p. v., Oxford co., Me. : on a branch of the Androscoggin r., 31 m. TV. by S. Augusta. A branch of the Atlantic and St. Lawrence E. E., 13 m. long, reaches this place from Mechanic s Falls, 36 m. Portland. P. 1/59 BUCK GROVE, p. o., Eush co., Ind. : 33 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. BUCKHANNON, p. o., Lewis co., Virff. : 194 m. TV. N. TV. Eichmond. BUCK HEAD, p. o., Morgan co., Ga. : on Oconee r., 27 m. N. Milledgeville. BUCK HEAD, p. o., Fairfield dist., S. Car. : 39 m. N. by TV. Columbia, BUCK HEAD CArsEY, p. o., CoUeton dist., S. Car. : 106 m. S. by E. Columbia. BUCK HOLLOW, p. o., Franklin co., Verm. : 42 m. N.X.TV. Montpelier. BUCKHORN, p. o., TVinston co., Miss. : 82 m. N. E. Jack son. BUCKHORN, p. o., Brown co., Itt. : 88 m.TV. by N. Spring field. BUCKHORN, p. o., Carroll co., Ga. : 117 1ST. TV. Milledge ville. BUCKHORN, p. o., Bienville par., La. : 187 m. N. TV. Baton Eouge. BUG BUF BUCKIIORN, p. o., Columbia co., Penn.: 73 m. N. by E. Ilarrisburg. BUCKINGHAM county, Vit-g. Situate centrally, S. of James r., and contains 520 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of James r. Surface undulating and various, and the soils ordinarily fertile. The productions are wheat, Indian corn, oats, and tobacco, with some cotton. Farms 616 ; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 1,062, and pop. wh. 5,426, fr. col. 250, si. 8,161 total 13,837. Capital: Maysville. Public Works: Eichmond and Lynch- burg E. E. BUCKINGHAM, t. and p. v., Bucks co., Penn. : 112 m. E. Harrisburg. The inhabitants are chiefly Quakers. BUCKINGHAM, p. v., and cap. Buckingham co., Virg. : 62 in. W. Richmond. BUCKLAND, t. and p. o., Franklin co., Mass. : on S. side of Deerfield r., 91 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,056. BUCKLAND, p. o., Prince William co., Virg. : on the N. side of Occoquan r., 84 m. N. by W. Eichmond. BUCKLAND, p. v., Hartford co., Conn. BUCKLIN, p. v.,Winnebago co., III. : 267 m. N". Springfield. BUCK POINT, p. o., Jackson co., Tenn. : 67 m. E. N. E. Nashville. BUCK PBAIRIE, p. o., Lawrence co., Mo. : on N. side of Honey cr., 138 m. S. W. Jefferson City. BUCKRAM, p. v., Queens co., Jf. Y. ; on Beaver Dam cr., 122 m. S. by E. Albany. BUCKS county, Penn. Situate S. E. on Delaware r., and contains 546 sq. m. Drained by Neshaminy and Tohickon creeks, and the head waters of Perkiomen cr. Surface hilly, or rather rolling, but beautifully diversified, and soils of average fertility. Wheat and other grains are heavy crops. The county is noted for its pottery. Farms 4,707 ; manuf. 636 ; dwell. 9,757, and pop. wh. 54,366, fr. col. 1,725 total 56,091. Capital: Doylestown. Public Works :Nor- ristown, Doylestown, and New Hope E. E. ; Trenton and Philadelphia E. E. ; and Delaware Division of Pennsylva nia Canals. BUCKS, p. T., Columbiana co., Ohio : 123 m. 1ST. E. Columbus. BUCKSKIN, p. o., Gibson co., Lid. : 112 m. S. W. Indiana polis. BUCKSPORT, t. and p. v., Hancock co., Me. : on E. side of the Penobscot r., 56 m. E. by N. Augusta. It has a fine harbor and considerable trade, especially in lumber. A ferry is established on the river. Pop. 3,381. BUCKSPORT CENTRE, p. o., Hancock co., Me. : 59 m. E. by N. Augusta. BUCKSTOWN, p. v., Somerset co., Penn. : 108 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. BUCKSVILLE, p. v., Bucks co., Penn. : 112 m. E. Harris burg. BUCKSVILLE, p. v., Horry dist, S. Car. : 113 m. E. Columbia. BUCK TOOTH, p. o., Cattaraugus co., N. T. : 256 m. W.S.W. Albany. BUCYRUS, t.,p.v., and cap. Crawford co., Ohio: on the S. eicle of Sandusky r., 56 m. N. Columbus. It is one of the most flourishing towns of the State, and has considerable irade, being central in a fine agricultural region. The " People s Forum" (dem.) is published weekly. The line of the Ohio and Indiana E. E. intersects it Pop. 2,315, BUEL, p. v., Montgomery co., N. Y.: 52 m. W. N. W. Albany. BUKXA YISTA county, Ta. Situate N. W., and contains 576 sq. m. Taken from Pottowattomie in 1851. BUKXA VISTA, p. o., Carroll co.. Tenn. : 86 m. W. by S. Nashville. BUENA YISTA, p. o., Prince George co., Md. : 32 m. S. W. Annapolis. BUENA VISTA, p. r., Atlantic co., If. Jer. : 49 m. S. S. E. Trenton. BUKXA YISTA. p. o., Duplin co., 2f. Car.: 71 m. S. bv E. Ealeigk BUENA VISTA, p. o., Jefferson co., I(L : 76 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. BUENA VISTA, p. o., Washita co.., Ark. : 82 m. S. by W. Little Eock. BUKNA VISTA, p. o.. Harrison co., Ky. : 44 m. E. by N. Frankfort. BUENA VISTA, p. o., Monroe co., Ala. : 71 m. S. W. Mont gomery. BUENA YISTA, p. o., Stephenson co., Ill: 273 m. N. Springfield. BUENA YISTA, p. o., Platte co., Mo. : 156 m. W. by N. Jefferson City. BUENA VISTA, p. o., Chickasaw co., Miss. : 182 m. N. E. Jackson. BUENA VISTA, p. o., Clinton co., la. : on the N. side of Wapsipinicon r. of the Mississippi, 42 m. E. by N. Iowa City. BUENA VISTA, p. o., Shelby co., Tex. : 237 m. E. N. E. Austin City. BUENA VISTA, p. o., Greenville dist., S. Car. : 93 m. N. W. Columbia. BUENA VISTA, p. o., Marion co., Ga. : 78 m. S. W. Mil- ledgeville. BUENA VISTA, p. o., Holmes co., Ohio : 68 m. N. E. Columbus. BUENA YISTA, p. o., Portage co., Wise. : 143 m. N. Madison. BUEXA YISTA FURNACE, p. o., Eockbridge CO., Virg.: 113 m. W. by N. Eichmond. BUENA YISTA SPRINGS, p. o., Logan co., Ky. : 144 m. S. W. Frankfort. BUFFALO, p. v., Washita co., Ark. : 86 m. S. by W. Littlo Eock. BUFFALO, p. v., White co., Ind. : on the E. side of Tippe- canoe r., S3 m. N. W. Indianapolis. BUFFALO, p. v., and cap. Dallas co., Mo. : S3 m. S. by W Jefferson City. BUFFALO, post city, port of entry, and cap. Erie co., 2f. Y. : at the outlet of Lake P>ic, and the head of Niagara r., 254 m. W. Albany. The city lies on Buffalo cr., which falls into the lake, and constitutes its harbor. The distance to Albany by railroad is 82S m., and by canal 364 m. Lat. 42 53 N., and long. 78^ 55 W. Pop. in 1840, 18,213, and in 1S50, 42,260. Buffalo is the great entrop6t between the north-west and the states of the Atlantic sea-board the gate through which the bulk of commercial material must pass for a market. Its position is unrivaled on the lakes, and from the advant ages possessed by its port it has become the rendezvous for a vast tonnage employed on these western waters. The harbor is spacious and safe, the creek having a depth of 13 or 14 feet for a mile Up, and being from 12 to 16 rods wide. Its only obstruction is the sand and gravel at its mouth, driven in by gales of wind, but this defect has been obvia ted by the extension of a pier 1,500 feet long from the S. side of tho entrance. This pier, which has a light-houso at its end, operates as a breakwater, and, by confining tho creek, has cleared its channel, so that vessels drawing 8 feet pass in without difficulty. The increasing commerce of the port, however, demands greater accommodations, ana several valuable improvements are projected in the har bor. The land on which the city is bui-lt rises by a very gentle ascent two miles from the water, and from its higher parts affords fine views of the neighboring scenery, the lake, the Niagara Eiver, and Canada shore being within the view. The city is laid out in broad and regular streets, which contain numerous elegant stores, large warehouses, depflts of railroads, etc., and most of the dwellings are substantial and neat. There are three public squares, which add much to the salubrity and beauty of the city. The public build ings are a court-house, jail, and other county offices, two markets, the city offices, churches, banks, etc. The Eoinan 65 BUF BUF Catholic Cathedral, a new edifice, is one of the finest tem ples in America. The city is divided into five wards, and is governed by a mayor and common council. The charter officers are a comptroller, treasurer, surveyor, etc., and in each ward are health inspectors, and other officers. The courts are the County Court, the Recorder s Court, and the Police anc Justices Courts. In the Fire Department there are nine engine companies, two hook and ladder, and a hose com pany. Water is supplied to the citizens through pipes, and the streets are lighted with gas. Among the benevolent institutions of the city, the most conspicuous are the Orphan Asylum, the City Hospital, the Hospital of the Sisters of Charity, the Female Orphan Asylum, and the Association for the Relief of the Poor. The city is well supplied with common schools, open to all children, and has many highly efficient academies and private schools. The University of Buffalo was chartered in 1S46, and has a medical department. The Young Men s Association, established in 1S35, is one of the best literary societies in the State, and has a fine library of 6,000 or 7,000 volumes, and a select cabinet of mineral and zoological specimens. During the winter, a series of lectures on literary and sci entific subjects are delivered by eminent professors. The German Young Men s Association is a similar institution, and has in its library nearly 2,000 volumes, chiefly valuable works in the German language. The rooms of both these are amply supplied with periodicals and newspapers. The press of Buffalo consists of the " B. Commercial Ad vertiser," the oldest daily paper in the city : a tri-weekly edi tion is also issued ; the " Patriot and Journal," weekly ; the " "Western Literary Messenger," monthly ; the " B. Medical Journal and Monthly Review;" the B. Daily Courier," of which tri-weekly and weekly editions are also published ; the " Morning Express," daily, tri-weekly, and weekly ; the " B. Republic," daily and weekly ; the " Daily Queen City ;" the " Evangelical Christian," semi-monthly ; the " B. Christian Advocate ;" the " Wool-Grower and Magazine of Agriculture and Horticulture," monthly ; the " B. Path finder," weekly ; and the following, which are German publications : " Der Weltburger," semi- weekly and week ly ; the " B. Telegraph," weekly ; and the " B. Democrat," daily and weekly. There are in the city about 40 churches: 3 are Episco pal, 4 Presbyterian, 1 Associate Reformed Presbyterian (Scotch), 1 Reformed Presbyterian, 1 colored Presbyterian, 5 Methodist Episcopal, 4 Baptist, 1 Unitarian, 1 Universal- ist, 7 Roman Catholic, 1 Lutheran, and 7 or 8 German churches of various denominations. The commerce carried on between Buffalo and Canada, in 1850, amounted to $527,270, of which $220,196 was the value of exports, and $307,074 of imports ; and the ship ping employed in the transit of the merchandise represent ed by these values, w r as American vessels cleared, 2S2 (29,696 tons), and entered, 246 (26,352 tons) ; and British vessels cleared, 466 (73,897 tons), and entered, 473 (75,640 tons). Total clearances, 74S vessels (103,593 tons), and total entrances, 719 vessels (101,992 tons). The value of imports from domestic lake ports, was $22,525,781, and of exports, $44,501,737. The arrivals, coastwise, numbered 3,558 vessels (1,255,430 tons), and the clearances, 3.599 ves sels (1,263,907 tons). The value of merchandise delivered by the Erie Canal, was $41,859,270, besides which the rail road from Albany delivered goods to the value of $6,041.456. Forming the material of this commerce, we find the sugars of Louisiana, the cottons of Tennessee and Mississippi, the hemp of Kentucky, the furs of Missouri and the distant West, the copper of Lake Superior, the lead of Wisconsin, the agricultural and forest products of all the States border ing on the lakes, the manufactures of New England and New York, and a small amount in bond and otherwise of Canadian products. The imports into Buffalo, in 1850, from the Western States, consisted in part of 1,1 03,039 bar- rels of flour, 3,681,346 bushels of wheat, 2,593,378 bushels of Indian corn, 52,124,275 feet boards and scantling. 19,988,962 staves, 4,568,000 shingles, 161,110 boxes and 3,158 casks of cheese, 40,135 kegs and 2,203 barrels of but ter, 53,867 bales of wool, 10,180 sheep, 46,448 live and 7,420 slaughtered hogs, etc. The exports consisted of the prop erty landed at Buffalo from the Erie Canal, the Albany and Buffalo Railroad, and the manufactures and productions of the city itself; of these, castings, agricultural imple ments, furniture, dry goods, groceries, etc., formed the great bulk, but included was almost every thing that is known to commerce, (for a full account of the commerce of Buffa lo, consult Andrews Report of the Trade and Commerce of the British North American Colonies with the United States, etc., presented to the U. S. Senate [Dec. 23] in 1851.) The shipping owned in the collection district of Buffalo, on the 30th June, 1850, amounted to 39,679 tons, all of the class "permanent enrolled, and licensed," of which 23,088 tons were propelled by steam, and the whole engaged in the coasting trade. The number of vessels built in the year ending at the same date, was 7 [1,730 tons] 1 brig, 2 schooners, and 4 steamers. Buffalo has 10 banks, and one savings institution ; also, including agencies, 44 fire, marine and life insurance com panies. The railroads uniting Buffalo with Canada, the Great West, and the States eastward, are magnificent works. Those pointing east, are the great line terminating at Alba ny, and there connecting with the New England and Southern New York roads, and the navigation of the Hud son; and the several lines uniting with the New York and Erie R. R., known as the Buffalo and New York City R. R., and the Buffalo, Corning, and New York R. R. The West is reached by the Buffalo and State Line R. R., which con nects with the system of roads in Ohio and the other lake States, and extends to the Mississippi River ; and Canada will be reached by the Buffalo and Brandtford R. R., the Great Western R. R., and others now being constructed. Railroads also run to Niagara, Lewistown, etc. There are also several plank roads centering in Buffalo, and reaching back to the principal villages in the county. Buffalo was founded in 1801 by the Holland Land Com pany, but for a long period it made little progress, since in 1814, when burned by the British, it did not contain more than 200 houses ; nor was it until the Erie Canal opened a navigable passage from the lake to the Hudson River, that t exhibited any uncommon rapidity of growth. Since that period, however, its prosperity has been unbounded, and its ise in the scale of importance as a commercial city has been such as its original founders could never have dreamed of. It now ranks as the fourth city of the State, and the twelfth of the United States, in respect of population, and in a commercial point of view is surpassed by only three or bur of our sea-board ports. BUFFALO, p. t., Guernsey co., Ohio : on Buffalo fork of Seneca cr., 69 m. E. Columbus. Pop. 834. BUFFALO, t and p. o., Washington co., Penn. : 189 m. W. [larrisburg. BUFFALO, p. v., Perry co., Tenn. : on Buffalo r. of the Tennessee, 63 m. W. S. W. Nashville. BUFFALO, p. v., Putnam co., Viry. : on the E. side of great Kanawha r., 253 m. W. by N. Richmond. BUFFALO, p. v., Henderson co., Tea\ : on the N. bank >f Trinity r., 216 m. N. by E. Austin City. BUFFALO CITY, p. v., Marion co., Ark. : 104 m. N. Little Jtock. BUFFALO CREEK, p. o., Campbell co., Tmn. : on a cr. so ailed of the S. fork of Cumberland r., 132 m. E. by N. Nashville. BUFFALO CROSS ROADS, p. o., Union co., Penn. : 53 m. \\ by W. Harrisburg. BUFFALO FOED, p. o., Wythe co., Virg. : 208 m. W. by S. Richmond. BUF BUR BUFFALO FORD, p. o., Eandolph co., Jf. Car. : 69 m. W. Ealeigh. BUFFALO FORGE, p. o., Eockbridge co., Virg. : on Buffalo cr., 123 in. W. Eichmond. BUFFALO GROVE, p. o., Ogle co., III. : on Elkhorn cr., 227 m. N. Springfield. BUFFALO HEART, Sangamon co., III. : 23 m. N. E. Spring field. BUFFALO HILL, p. o., Orange co., N. Car. : 42 m. N. W. Raleigh. BUFFALO LAKE, p. o., Marquette co., Wise. : on the lake so called, 91 m. N. Madison. BUFFALO PLAINS, p. o., Erie co., Jf. Y. : 249 m. "W. Albany. BUFFALO PRAIRIE, p. v., Eock Island co., HI. : ISO m. N. N. W. Springfield. BUFFALO EUN, p. o., Centre co., Penn. : 67 m. W. N. W Harrisburg. BUFFALO EUN, p. o., Monroe co., Virg. : 168 m. W. Eichmond. BUFFALO SPRINGS, p. o., Amherst oo., Virg.: 92 m. "W. Eichmond. BUFORD, p. v., Ohio co., Ky. : 124 m. W. S. W. Frank- fort. BUFORD, p. v., Highland co., Ohio : 73 tn. S. "W. Co lumbus. BUFORD S, p. o., Bedford co., Virg. : 123 m. "W. Eich mond. BUFORD S BRIDGE, p. o., Barnwell dist., S. Car. : on Sal- kawatchie r., 62 m. S. Columbia. BUGGABO, p. o., "Wllkes co., N. Car.: 136 m. "W. by N. Raleigh. BUG HALL, p. o., Macon co., Ala. : 84 m. E. S. E. Mont gomery. BULAH, p. o., Obion co., Term.. : 164 m. W. Nashville. BULGER S MILLS, p. o., Coosa co., Ala. : 82 m. N. Mont gomery. BULLBONUS GROVE, p. o., "Will co., III. : 213 m. N. E. Springfield. BULL CREEK, p. o., "Wood co., Virg. : 243 m. "W. N. "W. Eichmond. BULLION, p. o., "Waukesha co., Wise. : 86 m. E. Madison. BULLITT county, Ky. Situate N., and contains 248 sq. m. Drained by Salt r., which traverses it from E. to "W. Sur face generally rolling, but in N. E. uneven ; soils moderately fertile. Wheat, oats, and corn are the principal products. Some salt is made in the county. Farms 562 ; manuf. 14 ; dwell. 970, and pop. wh. 5,392, ft. col. 27, si. 1,355 total 6,774. Capital: Shepherdsville. PuUia Works: Louis ville and Nashville E. E. (projected). BULL MILLS, p. o., Taney co., Mo. : on Bull cr., 137 m. S. by W. Jefferson City. BULLOCK county, Ga. Situate S. E., and contains 864 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Ogeechee r., which bounds the county N. E., and Connouchee r., which lies on the S. W. Surface low and sandy, and soils indifferent. Cotton is the chief product. Farms 412 ; manuf. 3 ; dwell. 477, and pop. wh. 2,840, fr. col. 0, si. 1,460 total 4,300. Capital: Statesboro . BULLOCK CREEK, p. o., York dist, S. Car. : on a cr. so called of Broad r., 71 m. N. by E. Columbia. BULL EUN, p. o., Grainger (So., Tenn. : on Bull Eun cr. of Clinch r., 159 m. E. Nashville. BULK S HEAD, p. o., Duchess co., N. Y. BULL SWAMP, p. o., Orangeburg dist., 8. Car. BULLTOWN, p. v., Braxton co., Virg. : on Little Kana- wha r., 188 m. W. N. "W. Eichmond. BULLVILLE, p. v., Cfange co., N. Y. : 94 m. S. by "W. Albany. BUNCOMB, p. o., Pontotoc co., MIKS. : 152 m. N. E. Jackson. BUNCOMBE county, la. Situate N. W., and contains 720 sq. m. Taken from Pottowattomie in 1-C.1. BUNCOMBE county, JT. Car. Situate W., between Blue Eidge and Stony mts., and contains 900 sq. m. Drained by French Broad, a tributary of Tennessee r. Surface, an ele vated table-land, with fine valleys, and a soil of good qual ity. Black mtn., 6,476 feet high, the loftiest summit of the Alleghanies, lies in the N. part of the county; and there is a warm spring in the S. W. Grazing is the chief occupa tion, but consideraVle grain is produced. Farms 1,105 ; manuf. 19; dwell. 1,942, and pop. wh. 11,601, fr. col. 107, si. 1,717 total 13,425. Capital : Asheville. BUNCOMBE, p. v., Walton co., Ga. : 62 m. N. W. Mil- ledgeville. BUNDYSBURGH, p. v., Gcauga co., Ohio : 142 m. N. E. Columbus. BUNGER S MILL, p. o., Greenbrier co., Virg. : 163 m. W. Eichmond. BUNKER HILL, p. o., Macoupin co., III. : on the line of the Terre Haute and Alton E. E., 33 m. S. Springfield. BUNKER HILL, t. and p. v., Ingham co., Mich. : 22 m. S. by E. Lansing. Pop. 374. BUNKER HILL, p. o., Bucks co., Penn. : 102 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. BUNKER HILL, p. o., Bedford co., Virg. : 116 m. W. by S. Eichmond. BUNKER S HILL, p. o., Catawba co., 2T. Car. : 142 m. W. Raleigh. BUNKER S HILL, p. v., Giles co., Tenn. : 67 m. S. by W. Nashville. BUBBOIS (Bourbeuse), p. o., Franklin co., Mo. : on a cr. so called, 54 m. E. by S. Jefferson City. BURBANK, p. o., Wayne co., Ohio : 86 m. N. E. Columbus. BURCIIVILLE, t. and p. o., St. Clair co., Midi. : 104 m. E. by N. Lansing. Pop. 472. BURDETT, p. v., Tompkins co., N. Y. : on the E. side of Seneca Lake, 157 m. W. by S. Albany. BUREAU county, III. Situate N. middle, and contains 864 sq. m. Drained by several tributaries of the Illinois r., which washes its S. E. border. Surface level or undu latingin some parts wet, and the soil is everywhere fertile. Groves of timber and prairies arc frequently met with. Farms 741 ; manuf. 20 ; dwell. 1,464, and pop. wh. 8,831, fr. col. 10 total 8,841. Capital: Princeton. Public Works : Central E. E. ; Chicago and Eock Island E. E. ; and Aurora Extension E. E. BURGESS STORE, p. o., Northumberland co., Virg,: 53 m. E. N. E. Eichmond. BURGETTSTOWN, p. v., Washington co., Penn. : 137 m. W. Harrisburg. BURKE county, Ga. Situate E., between Savannah and Ogeechee r., and contains 980 sq. m. Drained by Brier and Beaver dam creeks of the Savannah and Buckhead cr. of the Ogeechee. Surface varied, and soils of average fer tility, producing largely of cotton, Indian corn, etc. Farms 712; manuf. 41; dwell. 1,017, and pop. wh. 5,116, fr. col. 152, si. 10,832 total 16,100. Capital: Waynesboro . Pub lic Works : Burke County E. E. and Central Georgia E. E. BURKE county, N. Car. Situate W. centrally, and con tains 840 sq. m. Drained by Catawba r. Surface elevated, and in the N. W. mountainous. Wheat, corn, oats, and tobacco are largely produced, and much attention is paid to live-stock. Farms 373 ; manuf. 22 ; dwell. 933, and pop. wh. 5,477, fr. col. 163, si. 2,132 total, 7,772. Capital : Mor- gantown. BURKE, t. and p. o., Franklin co., A r . Y. : on Chateauguay r., 148 in. N. Albany. The Northern (Ogdensburg) E. E. passes through the village, 49 m. from Eouse s Point and 69 from Ogdensburg. Pop. 2,777. BURKE, t and p. o., Caledonia co., Verm. : on branches of Passumsic r., 34 m. N. E. Montpelier. Burke Mountain in the S. E. of the town, is 3,500 feet high. Pop. 1,103. EURKE S GARDEN, p. o., Tazewell co., Virg. : 236 m. W. Eichmond. BURKKSVTLLE, p. o., and cap. Cumberland co., Ky. : on the N. side of Cumberland r., 103 m. S. by W. Frankfort. 87 BUR BUR BURKESVILLE, p. v., Prince Edward co., Virg. : 54 m. W. by S. Richmond. BUBKEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Newton co., Tex. : on Little Cow cr. of Sabine r., 232 m. E. by N. Austin City. BURKITTSVILLE, p. v., Frederick co., Md. : 64 m. N. "VY. Annapolis. BTIRKITTSVILLE, p. v., Attala co., Miss. : 73 m. N. N. E. Jackson. BURLESON county, Tex. Situate centrally, on W. side of Brazos r., and contains about 1 ,100 sq. m. Drained by Cedar cr. of the Brazos, and by Davidson s, First, Second, and Third forks of Yegua cr., which forms its S. border. Surface undulating, rising to the N., and prairie interspersed with woodland. Soils famous for fertility. Farms 115 ; dwell. 224, and pop. wh. 1,213, fr. col. 0, sl."500 total 1,713. Capital: Caldwell. BURLESON, p. v., Franklin co., Ala. : 169 m. N. W. Montgomery. BURLINGHAM, p. v., Panola co., Miss. : 153 m. N. N. E. Jackson. BuRLiNGnAM, p. v., Sullivan co., N. T. BURLINGHAM, p. v., Meigs co., Ohio : 78 m. S. E. Co lumbus. BURLINGTON county, N. Jer. Situate S., extending from the Delaware r. to the Atlantic. Drained by Assumpink, Crosswick s, Black s, Craft s, Assiscunk, Eancocus, and Pen- saukin creeks of the Delaware, and Wading r. of Little Egg Harbor r. Surface level ; soils various, from sand to loamy gravel and clay. Bog-iron ore and pine wood abundant ; also marl. In Springfield there is a petrifying well. Farms 1,638 ; manuf. 452 ; dwell. 7,356, and pop. wh. 21,194, fr. col. 2,009, si. total 23,203. Capital : Mount Holly. Pub lic Work* : Camden and Amboy E. E. and Mount Holly Branch E. E. BURLINGTON, t. and p. v., Hartford co., Conn.: on Far- minjjton r., 19 m. "W. Hartford. Pop. 1.161. BURLINGTON, p. v., East Baton Eouge par., La.: on Amitie r., 16 m. N. E. Baton Eouge. BURLINGTON, p. v., Carroll co., Ind. : on S. side of Wild C. it r.. 4S m. N. by W. Indianapolis. BURLINGTON, p. o., Kane co., III.: 162 m. N. N. E. Springfield. BURLINGTON, p. city, and cap. Des Moines co., la. : on the W. bank of the Mississippi r., 248 m. above St. Louis, and 62 m. S. S. E. Iowa City. The land on which the city is built rises gradually from the river to hills, which form an amphitheatre around it. It has many fine public edi fices, several mechanical and manufacturing establish ments, and a large commerce. Three newspapers are pub lished, the " Telegraph," tri-weekly and weekly ; and the " B. Hawk Eye" (whig), and the " State Gazette" (dem.), weekly. One of the Pacific lines of railroad will probably have its E. terminus at this point. Burlington was former ly the State capital ; it was laid out in 1833, and in 1850 contained a population of 5,129, being the largest city of the State. BURLINGTON, p. v., and cap. Boone co., Ky. : 57 m. N. by E. Erankfort. The " B. Advertiser" (whig) is published weekly. BURLINGTON, t. and p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : 92 m. N. E. Augusta. Pop. 481. BURLINGTON, t. and p. y., Calhoun co., Mich. : on St. Joseph r., 49 m. S. S. "W. Lansing. Pop. 811. BURLINGTON, t. and p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : on Shaw- sheen r., 14 m. N. "VY. Boston. Pop. 547. BURLINGTON, t, p. city, and port of entry, Burlington co., Jf. Jer. : on the E. side of the Delaware, opposite Bristol, 13 m. S. by W. Trenton, and on the Camden and Amboy E. E., 16 m. from Camden. The city is enc rcled S. and E., by a small stream, so as to form an island, which is connected with the main by bridges and causeways. Bur lington was founded 1678, and incorporated 1784. The shipping of the district in 1S50 amounted to 7,578 tons. It has a newspaper, the " B. Gazette," published weekly; and some manufactures and commerce. The official residence of the Protestant Episcopal Bishop of New Jersey is at Eiverside in this city. Pop. 5,398. BURLINGTON, t. and p. v., Otsego co., N. Y. : CS m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,835. BURLINGTON, p. v., and cap. Lawrence co., Ohio: on the N. bank of Ohio r., at the extreme S. point of the State, 108 m. S. by E. Columbus. It has various manufactures and several public buildings ; and enjoys considerable com merce with the river towns. Pop. ?,529. BURLINGTON, t. and p. v., Bradford co., Penn. : on Sugar cr., 102 m. N. Harrisburg. BURLINGTON, t, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Chitten- den co., Verm.: on Lake Champlain, 31 m. TV. N. W. Montpelier. Lat 44 17 , and long. 72 36 W. Tie village is situate on a bay, which, in the form of a regular curve, sets up a little on the E. side of the lake ; on the S. the level is low, but on the N. rises to a high bluff, which, dur ing the war of 1S12, was strongly fortified. The streets cross each other E. and W. and N. and S., forming regular squares. Near the centre is a fine area on which the C. H. is located. Many of the houses are handsome structures, generally surrounded by shrubbery, -with gardens in the rear; and there are commodious stores and warehouses. It is the largest and most convenient place in the State, and has a constant connection with the railroads leading through New England to Canada and the Great West. The lake is here 10 m. wide, and the harbor is protected from W. winds by a breakwater. The scenery on all sides is magnificent, combining lake and mountain views of great beauty and sublimity. The public buildings are the University of Vermont: it is an efficient and well-endowed institution, and has a medical department; the co. buildings, banks, churches, and several academic edifices. In the neigh borhood are several flourishing manufacturing villages, chiefly on Winooski or Onion r. Three newspapers are published here, the " B. Sentinel" and " B. Frge Press," daily and weekly, and the " Courier," weekly. The ship ping owned in the district in 1850 amounted to 4.530 tons, of which 3,096 tons was navigated by steam. The clear ances in the foreign trade in 1849-50, amounted to 342 ves sels, measuring 82,856 tons, and the entrances to 404 vessels, measuring 99,435 tons. The collection district of Burling ton comprises the whole lake shore of Yermont. Pop. of t. 7,505. BURLINGTON, p. jt., Eacine co., Wise. Pop. 1,629. BURLINGTON FLATTS, p. o., Otsego co., N. Y. : on Whar- tons cr. of TJnadilla r., 72 m. W. Albany. BURNERSVILLE, p. v., Barbour co., Virg. : 178 m. N. W. Eichmond. BURNETT, t. and p. v., Dodge co., Wise. : 86 m. N. E. Madison. Pop. 816. BURNETT CORNER, p. o., Dodge co., Wise. : 89 m. N. E. Madison. BURNETT S CREEK, p. o., White co., Ind. : 92 m. N. W. Indianapolis. BURNIIAM VILLAGE, p. v., Waldo co., Me. BURNING SPRING, p. o., Wirt co., Virg. : 228 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. BURNS, t. and p. v., Alleghany co., N. Y. : on Canasera- ga cr., 217 m. W. by S. Albany. The Buffalo and New York City E. E. passes through the village, 8 m. from Hor- nellsville. Pop. 961. BURNS, t and p. v., Shiawassee co., MicJt. : on Shiawas- see r., 34 m. E. Lansing. Pop. 717. BURNS, p. v., Henry co., III. : 162 m. N. by W. Spring field. BURNSIDE, p. o., Clearfleld co., Penn. : 128 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. BURNS LEVEL, p. o., Cumberland co., N. Car. BURNS VILLE, p. v., and cap. Yancey co., N. Car. : 208 m. W. Ealeigh. BUR BUT BURNSVILLE, p. v., M Donough co., III. : 107 m. N. W. Springfield. BURNSVILLE, p. v., Dallas co., Ala. : 59 m. "W. Mont gomery. BURNT CABINS, p. o., Fulton co., Penn. : 74 m. "W. S. W. Harrisburg. BURNT CORN, p. o., Monroe co., Ala. : 74 m. 8. S. "W. Montgomery. BURNT HILLS, p. o., Saratoga co., JUT. T. : 23 m. K Albany. BURNT ORDINARY, p. o., James City co., Virg. : 49 m. E. by N. Richmond. BURNT PRAIRIE, p. o., White co., III. : 198 m. S. E. Springfield. BURNT QUARTER, p. o., Dinwiddie co., Virg. : 38 m. S. S. W. Richmond. BURNT SHOP, p. o., Orange co., N. Car. BURNT STAND, p. o., Carroll co., Ga. : 112 m. K "W". Mil- ledgeville. BURNTVILLE, p. v., Brunswick co., Virg. : 62 m. S. S. "W. Richmond. BUR OAK, p. o., Mercer co., Mo. : 152 m. N. N. "W. Jef ferson City. BURRILLVILLE, t. and p. v., Providence co., It. I. : on Branch r. of the Blackstone, 17 m. N. "W. Providence. It has excellent water-power and some manufactures. Pop. 8,533. BURR OAKS, t. and p. o., St. Joseph co., Mich. : on Prairie r., 74 m. S. S. W. Lansing. The Michigan Southern R. R. passes through this place, 110 m. from Monroe, and 133 m. from Chicago. BURR S FERRY, p. o., Sabine par., La. : on the Sabine r., 216 m. N. W. by W. Baton Rouge. BURR S MILLS, p. o., Jefferson co., Jf. Y. : 138 m. N. "W. Albany. BURRSVILLE, p. v., Caroline co., Md. : 44 m. E. S. E. Annapolis. BURRSVILLE, p. v., Russell co., Ala. : 73 m. E. Mont gomery. BURRVILLE, p. o., Litchfield co., Conn. : on the line of the Xaugatuck R. R., 57 m. from Bridgeport, and 23 m. W. by N. Hartford. BURSONVILLE, p. v., Bucks co., Penn. : 108 m. E. Har risburg. BURTON, p. v., Adams co., III. : 126 m. W. Springfield. BURTON, t. and p. v., Cattaraugus co., & Y. : (see ALLE- OHANY). Pop. 1,037. BURTON, t. and p. v., Geauga co., OMo : on Cuyahoga r., 141 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1,064. BURTON S, p. o., Tishemingo co., Miss. : 206 m. N. E. Jackson. BURTON S CORNERS, p. o., Boone co., III. : 292 m. N. by E. Springfield. BURTONSVILLE, p. v., Montgomery co., JVi Y. : 32 m. "W. by N. Albany. BURTONSVILLE, p. v., Darien co., Ky. : 129 m. W. by S. Frankfort. BURTONTON, p. v., Copiah co., Miss. : on Bayou Pierre, 38 m. S. W. Jackson. BURTVILLE, p. v., M Kean co., Penn. BURWELL S bay, p. o., Isle of Wight co., Virg. : on a bay of James r. so called, 63 m. S. E. Richmond. BUSBAYVILLE, p. v., Houston co., Ga. : 42 m. S. "W. Mil- ledgeville. BUSH KILL, p. o., Pike co., Penn. : 142 m. 1ST. E. Har risburg. BUSIINELL S BASIN, p. o., Monroe co., A 7 : Y. : on the Erie Canal, 256 m. from Albany, and 108 m. from Buffalo. BUSHNELLSVILLE, p. v., Greene co., JV. Y. : 43 m. S. by "W. Albany. BUSH S MILLS, p. o., Lewis co., Virg. : 194 m. W. N. W. Richmond. BUSH S STORE, p. o., Laurel co., Ky. : at the head of the S. fork of Rock Castle cr. of Cumberland r., 92 m. S. S. E. Frankfort, BUSHVILLE, p. v., Franklin co., Ga. : 98 m. X. by E. Mil- ledgeville. BUSHWICK, t., King s co., A 7 ". Y. : on Newtown cr., 149 m. S. by E. Albany. Pop. 3.739. BUSHY CREEK, p. o., Williamson co., Tex. : 22 m. N. Austin City. BUSINESS CORNER, p. o., Yan Buren co., la. : C2 m. S. by W. Iowa City. BUSKIRK S BRIDGE, p. o., Washington co., N. Y. : on Hoosic r., 24 m. N. E. Albany, and on the Troy and Boston R. R., 21 m. from Troy. BUSTI, t. and p. v., Chautauque co., N. Y. : on the S. side of Chautauque Lake, 283 m. W. S. W. Albany. P. 1,991. BUSTLKTON, p. o., Philadelphia co., Penn. : 93 m. E. Ilarrisburg. BUTCHER S STORE, p. o., Randolph co., Virg. : 162 m. W. N. W. Richmond. BUTE CREEK, p. o., Marion co., Oreg. Ter. : on the creek so called, 23 m. N. E. Salem. BUTEVILLE, p. v., Marion co., Oreg. Ter. : at the mouth of Bute cr., IS in. N. E. Salem. BUTLER county, Ala. Situate centrally in S. dist., and contains 964 sq. m. Drained in the S. and E. by tributa ries of Conecuh r., and in the X. W. by creeks of Alabama r. Surface undulating, and soils of average fertility. Corn and cotton are the chief products. Farms 553 ; manuf.14 ; dwell. 1,210, and pop. wh. 7,162, fr. col. 35, si. 3,G39 total 10,836. Capital : Greenville. BUTLER county, la. Situate N. E., and contains 576 sq. m. Taken from Pottowattomie in 1S51. BUTLER county, Ky. Situate W. centrally, and contains 560 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Green r., which runs through it. Surface irregular, and soils fertile, producing wheat, Indian corn, and tobacco. Farms 629 ; manuf. 8 ; dwell. 897, and pop. wh. 5,056, fr. col. 18, si. 631 total 5,755. Capital : Morgantown. BUTLER county, Mo. Situate S. E. on State line, and con tains 640 sq. m. Drained by St. Francois, Big Black, raid Little Black rivers. Surface prairie, and there is consider able marsh in the county. Soils very fertile. Farms 143 ; dwell, 265, and pop. wh, 1,563, fr. col. 0, si. 53 total 1,616. Capital: Butler C. II. BUTLER county, Ohio. Situate S. W. on State line, and contains 484 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Miami r., which traverses the county from N. E. to S. W. Surface uneven. Soils of excellent quality, producing wheat, corn, and oats abundantly, and excellent timber. Farms 2,202 ; manuf. 269 ; dwell. 5,315, and pop wh. 30,429, fr. col. 360 total 30,789. Capital: Hamilton. Public Works: Mia mi Canal ; Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton R. R. ; Ham ilton, Eaton and Richmond R. R., etc. BUTLER county, Penn. Situate W. centrally, and con tains 824 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Alleghany and Bear rivers. Surface uneven, but the soils highly fertile. Wheat, Indian corn, buckwheat, etc., are the chief products. Iron is found. Farms 2,945 ; manuf. 148 ; dwell. 5,254, and pop. wh. 30,262, fr. col. 84 total 30,346. Capital : Butler. Public Works : Pennsylvania and Ohio R. R. BUTLER, p. v., De Kalb co., Lid. : 122 m. N. E. Indian apolis. BUTLER, p. v., Baltimore co., Md. BUTLER, p. v., Richland co., OMo : 52 m. X. by E. Columbus. BUTLER, t. and p. v., Wayne co., N. Y. : 159 m. AY by N. Albany. Pop. 2,272. BUTLER, p. v.,and cap. Choctaw co., Ala. : 112 m. W. by S. Montgomery. BUTLER, t, p. v., and cap. Butler co., Penn, : on Cone- qwnrssing cr. of Beaver r., 162 m. W. by X. Ilarrisburg. It is a handsome v., with some manufactures, and has three newspapers, the " Butler County Whig," the " Democratic 89 BUT CAD Herald," and the " Butler Democrat," issued weekly. Pop. 1,154. BUTLER, p. v., Franklin par., La. : 117 m. W. Baton Eouge. BUTLER, p. v., Milwaukie co., Wise. : 146 m. E. Madison. BUTLER, p. v., Fulton co., Ky, : 264m. W. S. W. Frankfort. BUTLER, p. v., Keokuk co., la. : 52 m. S. W. Iowa City. BUTLER, p. v., and cap. Dodge co., Mo. : 156 m. N. by "W. Jefferson City. BUTLER S LANDING, p. o., Jackson co., Tenn.: on E. side of Cumberland r., 69 m. E. N. E. Nashville. BUTLERSVILLE, p. v., Anderson dist., S. Car. : 118 m. W. by N. Columbia. BUTLERVILLE, p. v., Butler co., Ala. : 116 m. "W. by N. Montgomery. BUTLERTILLLE, p. v., Warren co., Ohio : 73 m. S. W. Columbus. BUTTAHATCHT, p. o., Monroe co., Miss. : on r. so called, 173 m. N. E. Jackson. BUTTE county, Calif. Situate N. E. between Sacramento r. and the E. State line. Drained chiefly by Feather r. and its branches, and also by numerous streams tributary directly to the Sacramento. The whole is included in the Gold Eegion, and has been very productive of that metal. Much of the soil, especially of the valleys, is rich and fer tile, and well adapted to agricultural purposes. Pop. in 1850, about 4,7S6. BUTTE DES MORTS lakes, Wise. : these lakes are expan sions of the Neenah or Fox r. Great Butte des Morts lake, 4^ m. above Lake Winnebago, is 8| m. long and from 1 to 2 m. wide, and Little Butte des Morts lake, immediately below "VViunebago rapids, is 4} m. long and about a mile wide. BUTTE DES MORTS, t. and p. o., Winnebago co., Wise. : on Fox r., 152 m. N. N. E. Madison. The town takes its name from some mounds within it, which tradition says are the resting place (Hills of the Dead) of Indians slain in a great battle. These are now grown over with grass, and present much the same appearance as the ancient mounds so profusely scattered through the West. BUTTEVILLE, p. v., Sutler co., Calif. : on the E. side of Sacramento r., 76 m. N. by E. Vallejo. BUTTERFLY, p. o., Oswego co., 2f. Y. : 141 m. "W. N. "W. Albany. BUTTERMILK CHANNEL, N. T. : the passage between Long Island and Governor s Island, in the harbor of New York. BUTTERMILK FALLS, p. o., Orange co., N. Y. : on Hudson r., 84 m. S. Albany. The falls from which the p. o. is named are 2 m. below "West Point, and consist of a beauti ful and romantic cascade falling into the Hudson r. BUTTEKNUT EiDGE, p. o., Sandusky co., Ohio : 98 m. N. Columbus. BUTTERNUTS, t. and p. v., Otsego co., N. Y. : on Butter nuts and Unadilla creeks, 82 m. W. by S. Albany. The p. o. was formerly named Gilbertsville. Pop. 1,927. BUTT S county, Go,. Situate centrally, and contains 386 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Ockmulgee r. Surface level and soils good. Cotton and Indian corn are the prin cipal products. Farms 391 ; manuf. 14 ; dwell. 642, and pop. wh. 3,680, fr. col. 3, si. 2,805 total 6,488. Capital: Jackson. BUTZTOWN, p. v., Northampton co., Penn. : 94 m. N. E. Harrisburg. BUXTON, t. and p. v., York co., Me. : on E. side of Saco r, 62 m. S. W. Augusta. The r. has here a fall of 80 feet, and furnishes excellent water-power. Pop. 2.995. BUXTON CENTRE, p. o., York co., Me.: 63 m. S. "W. Augusta. BUYCKSVILLE, p. v., Coosa co., Ala. : 31 m. N. Mont gomery. BUZZARD S EOOST, p. o., Franklin co., Ala. : 18 m. W. Tuscumbia, and 207 N. W. Montgomery. 90 BYBERRY, t. and p. o., Philadelphia co., Penn. : on Po- quessing cr., 98 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. BYERSVILLE, p. v., Livingston co., N. Y. : 202 m. W. Albany. BYESVILLE, p. v., Guernsey co., Ohio : 79 m. E. Columbus. BYFIELD, p. v., Essex co., Mass. : on Parker r., which has falls, and furnishes good water-power, 28 m. N. by E. Boston. Dummer Academy, founded by the lieutenant- governor of that name in 1756, is located here. BYHALIA, p. v., Marshall co., Miss. : 167 m. N. Jackson. BYIXGTON, p. o., Pike co., Ohio : 60 m. S. Columbus. BYLER S MILL, p. o., Morgan co., Mo. : on a cr. of Osage r., 54 m. W. S. W. Jefferson City. BYKNEVILLE, p. v., Harrison co., Ind. : 113 m. S. Indian apolis. BYRON, p. v., La Porte co., Ind. : on the line of the Northern Indiana E. E., 128 m. N. by "VV. Indianapolis. BYRON, p. v., Greene co., Ohio : 52 m. S. W. Columbus. BYRON, p. v., Ogle co., III. : on the W. side Eock r., 146 m. N. by E. Springfield. BYRON, p. v., Oxford co., Me. : 49 m. TV. by N. Augusta. BYRON, p. o., Shiawassee co., Mich. : on the E. side of Shiawassee r., 32 m. E. by N. Lansing. BYRON, t. and p. v., Genessee co., jV". Y. : on Black cr. of Genessee r., 217 m. W. Albany. There are several sulphur springs in the town. The Buffalo and Eochcster E. E. passes through the village, 51 m. from Buffalo. P. 1,566. BYRON, t. and p. v., Fond du Lac co., Wise. : 106 m. N. N. E. Madison, and 6 m. S. of the base of Lake Winne bago. Pop. SS2. C. CABARRAS county, W. Car. Situate S. W., and contains 432 sq. m. Drained by the tributaries of Eocky r. of the Yadkin. Surface hilly and somewhat broken; and soils of average fertility, producing wheat, Indian corn, and cotton largely. Farms 875; manuf. 44; dwell. 1,296, and pop. wh. 6,943, fr. col. 119, si. 2,685 total 9,747 Capital : Concord. CABELL county, Virg. Situate W. on Ohio r., and con tains GSO sq. m. Drained chiefly by the tributaries of Guy- andotte r., which flows throughout it. Surface hilly and broken, and the soils indifferent. Wheat and Indian corn are the chief products. Coal is plentiful. Farms 498 ; manuf. 33 ; dwell. 976, and pop. wh. 5,904, fr. col. 6, si. 3S9 total 6,299. Capital: Cabell C. H. PuUio Works: Guyandotte E. E. CABELL C. H., p. v., and cap. Cabell co., Virg. : 273 m. W. Eichmond. CABIN CREEK, p. o., Lewis co., Ky. : on a creek so called of the Ohio r., 86 m. E. N. E. Frankfort. CABIN HILL, p. o., Delaware co., JW. Y. : 63 m. S. W. Albany. CABIN HILL, p. o., Elkhart co., Ind. : 128 m. N. Indian apolis. CABIN POINT, p. v., Surrey co., Virg. : near Chipoak cr. of James r., 38 m. S. E. Eichmond. CABOTVILLE (See CIIICOPEE). CABOT, t. and p. o., Caledonia co., Verm. : 17 m. N. E. Montpelier. Pop. 1,356. CACAPON DEP&-T, p. o., Morgan co., Virg. : on Great Cacapon cr. of the Potomac, 146 m. N. by W. Eichmond, and by the Baltimore and Ohio E. E., 133 m. from Balti more. CACAPONVILLE, p. v., Hampshire co., Virg. : on Little Cacapon cr., 142 m. N. by W. Eichmond. CACHEMASSO, p. o., Dallas co., Ark.: 53 m. S. Little Eock. CADDO parish, La. Situate N. W. betwee Eed r. and State line, and contains 1,036 sq. m. Well drained by creeks and bayoux of Eed r. Lake Caddo occupies the CAD CAL whole centre of the county. Farms 305 ; dwell. 742, and pop._ w h. 3,637, fr. col. 89, si. 5,208 total 8,834. Capital : bhreveport CADDO, p. v., Caddo par., La. : on Caddo Lake, 218 m. N. W. Baton Rouge. CADDO COVE, p. o., Montgomery co., Ark. : on Fourche Caddo, 7S m. W. S. W. Little Hock. CADE S COVE, p. o., Blount co., Tenn. : on a cr. of Ten nessee r., 173 m. E. S. E. Nashville. CADIZ, p. v., Henry co., Ind.: on Duck or., 37 m. E. by N. Indianapolis. CADIZ, t. and p. v., Greene co., Wise. : 41 m. S. S. W. Madison. Pop. 459- CADIZ, p. v., and cap. Trigg co., Ky. : on Little r. of the Cumberland, 9 m. above its confluence, 172 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. CADIZ, t, p. v., and cap. Harrison co., Ohio : 102 m. E. by N. Columbus. It is a thriving village, has considerable trade with the neighborhood, and has two newspapers, the " C. Republican" (whig), and the " C. Sentinel" (dem.), is sued weekly. Pop. of v. 1,144, and t. 2,453. CADROX, p. v., Conway co., Ark. : on the N. side of Ar kansas r., where Cadron cr. enters it, 33 m. N. N. W. Little Rock. CADWALLADER, p. o., Tuscarawas co., Ohio: 84 m. E. by N. Columbus. CADYVILLE, p. v., Clinton co., N. Y. : on N. side of Sar- anac r., 7 m. from its mouth at Plattsburg, and 136 m. N. Albany. CAGEVILLE, p. v., Haywood co., Tenn. : 162 m. "W. by S. Nashville. CAIIABA, p. v., and cap. Dallas co., Ala. : on the W. bank of Alabama r., immediately below the confluence of the Cahaba r., 49 m. "W. by S. Montgomery. It has considerable river trade, and is the centre of a fine agricultural coun try dependent on it for a market The " Dallas Gazette" (dem.) is issued weekly. CAIIABA river, Ala. : a large tributary of the Alabama r., which it joins at Cahaba v., 195 m. above the confluence of the Alabama and Tombigbee. CAINS, p. o., Gwinnett co., Ga. : 78 m. N. W. Milledge- ville. CAIXS, p. v., Lancaster co., Perm. : 42 m. S. E. Harris- burg. CAIXSVILLE, p. v., Wilson co., Term. : on a cr. of Stone s r., 31 m. E. by S. Nashville. CAIXTUCK, p. v., New Hanover co., N. Car. : 103 m. 8. S. E. Raleigh. CA IRA, p. v., Cumberland co., Virg. : on Willis r., 48 m. above its confluence with James r., and 46 m. W. S. W. Richmond. CAIRO, p. v., Decatur co., Ga. : at the head of Little r. of the Ocklockony, 156 m. S. S. W. Milledgeville. CAIRO, p. city, Alexander co., 111. : on the extreme S. point of the State, at the confluence of the Ohio and Mis sissippi r., 176 m. S. Springfield. It is destined to become an important commercial centre. The ground on which it is planned is low and liable to inundation, but by building levies round the river fronts this may be prevented. The city is the property of a company, and great pains have been taken to improve its natural facilities. The Central R. R. to Galena and Chicago commences here, and on the opposite Bide of the river the Mobile and Ohio R. R. will terminate both these great works are in progress. CAIRO, p. v., Stark co., Ohio : 103 m. N. E. Columbus. CAIRO, p. v., Henderson co., Ky.: 163 m. "W". by S. Frankfort. CAIRO, t. and p. v., Greene co., N. T. : on Catskill cr., 26 m. S. W. Albany. Pop. 2,S31. CAIRO, p. v., Edgeflcld dist., S. Car. : 76 m. W. S. W. Co lumbia. CALAIS, t. and p. v., "Washington oo.. M?. : at the head of cavigation of St. Croix r., 133 m. E. N. E. Augusta. It is connected with Baring by a railroad, and a bridge is thrown over the St. Croix, below the lower fulls of that r., con nock ing it with the British territory. Extensive water-power is afforded by the river falls. The tide here rises 20 feet, and vessels of the largest class ascend to the lower village. Its trade is chiefly in lumber. Three newspapers are printed in Calais the " C. Advertiser" (whig), the " Frontier Jour nal" (dem.), and the "Sentinel" (whig) all published weekly. Pop. 4,753. CALAIS, p. t., Washington co., Verm. : on the head branches of Onion r., 9 m. N. N. E. Montpelier. P. 1,410. CALAIS, p.v., Monroe co., Ohio : 108 m. E by S. Columbus. CALAMUS, t. and p. o., Dodge co., Wise. : on a cr. of Beaver Dam r., 34 m. N. E. Madison. Pop. 413. CALAPOOYA, p. v., Linn co., Oreg. Ter. : on & cr. of the same name, 39 m. S. Salem. The cr. falls into the Willa mette r. at Albany. CALAUURIA, p. v., Rowan co., N. Car. : 10S m. W. Raleigh. CALAVERAS river, Calif. : a tributary of the San Joaquin r. from the Sierra Nevada. The gold washings of this stream have been very productive. CALAVERAS county, Calif. Situate centrally on E. State line. Drained by the Mokolumne, Calaveras, and several of the branches of Stanislaus r. Surface eastward, moun tainous in the west, a plain declining to the San Joaquin r. Throughout it is rich in gold, and its agricultural ca pacities are ample. Pop. in 1850 about 16,884. CALCASIEU river, La. : rises in Natchitoches parish, S. W. of Red r., and flows in a generally -S. course to the Gulf of Mexico. Near its mouth it expands into a lake about 20 m. long and from 1 to 10 m. wide. The tide rises to the head of the lake, but both lake and river are too shallow for a certain navigation. CALCASIEU parish, La. Situate S. W., between Sabine r. and Bayou Mermenteau, and contains 5,400 sq. m. Drain ed chiefly by Calcasieu r. and its numerous tributaries. Surface low, swampy, and containing several large lagoons. Cotton and sugar are the principal products. Farms 239 ; dwell. 548, and pop. wh. 2,716, fr. col. 241, si. 957 total 3,914. Capital: Lisbon. CALCUTTA, p. v., Columbiana co., Ohio: 130 m. E. by S. Columbus. Pop. 147. CALD-SVELL county, Ry. Situate W. on Tennessee r., and contains 586 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of the Ten nessee and Cumberland, the latter of which runs through it, and by the Treadwater cr. of the Ohio r. Surface level or undulating, and soils fertile, producing largely of wheat, Indian corn, oats, and tobacco. Iron is found in the county. Farms 889 ; manuf. 35 ; dwell. 1,746, and pop. wh. 9,809, fr. col. 132, si. 3,107 total 13,043. Capital: Eddyville. CALDWELL parish, La. Situate centrally in W. Dist., and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Wachita r. and tributaries. Surface E. level and alluvial W. finely varied with hill and dale. Farms 185 ; manuf. 1 ; dwell. 300, and pop. wh. 1,584, fr. col. 0, si. 1,231 total 2,815. Capital: Co lumbia. CALDWELL county, Mo. Situate N. W. middle, and con tains 432 sq. m. Surface level prairie. Drained by Shoal cr., the W. fork of Grand River, and other streams. Soil everywhere fertile. Farms 232 ; manuf. 7 ; dwell. 358, and pop. wh. 2,176, fr. col. 4, si. 136 total 2,316. Capital: Kingston. CALDWELL county, N. Car. Situate N. W. at the E. base of the Blue Ridge, and contains 720 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Catawba r., which bounds it S., and by the head waters of Yadkin r. Surface elevated and hilly in the W. mountainous. Soils fertile, and grain crops abun dant.* Farms 366; manuf. 8; dwell. 926, and pop. wh. 5,006, fr. col. 108, si. 1,208 total 8,317. Capital: Lenoir. CALDWELL county, Tex. Situate centrally on N. E. side of San Marco of the Guadalupe r., and contains 632 sq. m. Drained by Plum and other creeks. Surface elevated and rolling chiefly prairie, but in N. W. somewhat hilly. Farms 91 CAL CAL 51; dwell. 174, and pop. wh. 1,054, fr. col. 1, s!. 2-74 total 1,329. Capital: Lockliart. CALDWELL, p. v., Orange co., N. Car.: 48 m. K "W. Ealeigh. CALDWELL, t. and p. o., Essex co., N~. Jer. : on Deep and Green Brooks of the Passaic r., 51 m. N. N. W. Trenton. It has considerable manufactures. Pop. 2,476. CALDWELL, t. and p. v., "Warren co., N. Y. : at the head of Lake George, 49 m. N. Albany. There is a regular steamboat communication between this village and the out let of the lake near Ticonderoga. The ruins of Fort Wil liam Henry and Fort George are near this place, and are objects of interest to summer travelers, who resort to this neighborhood in great numbers. Pop. 752. CALDWELL, p. v., and cap. Burleson co., Tex. : on David son s cr. of the Yegua, a tributary of Brazos r., 54 m. E. N. E. Austin City. CALDWELL S, p. o., "Washita par., La. : 148 m. N. N. "W. Baton Rouge. CALDWELL S PRAIRIE, p. o., Eacine co., Wise. : 72 m. E. S. E. Madison. CALEDONIA county, Verm. Situate N. E. on Connecticut r., and contains 718 sq. m. Drained chiefly by Passumsie and Wells rivers, and contains also the head streams of Lamoille and Onion rivers. Surface finely varied, and in the W. hilly. A great portion of the county has good soils, producing wheat and other grain, and affording sustenance to numerous cattle and sheep. Limestone and granite abound, and there are several sulphur springs. Farms 2,754; manuf. 245; dwell. 4,231, and pop. wh. 28,081, fr. col. 5 total 28,086. Capital: Danville. Public Works: Connecticut and Passumsic Elvers E. E., etc. CALEDONIA, p. v., Pulaski co., III. : on the Ohio r., 13 m. above its junction with the Mississippi, and 1C3 S. Spring field. CALEDONIA, t. and p. v., Eacine co., Wise. : on Eoot r., 87 m. E. S. E. Madison. Pop. 1,098. CALEDONIA, p. v., Eusk co., Tex. : 233 m. N. E. Austin City. CALEDONIA, p. v., Lowndes co., Miss. : on the S. side of Buttahatehee r. of Little Tombigbee r., 146 m. N. E. Jackson. CALEDONIA, t. and p. o., Kent co., Nicli.: on Thorn- apple r., 44 m. W. by N. Lansing. Pop. 99. CALEDONIA, p. v., Washington co., Mo. : on the S. side of Big r. of the Maramec r., 93 m. S. E. Jefferson City. The neighborhood abounds in minerals. CALEDONIA, p. v., Moore co., N. Car. : on a cr. of Deep r., 61 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. CALEDONIA, p. v., Marion co., Ohio : on the W. side of the W. branch of Whetstone r., 46 m. N. Columbus. CALEDONIA, p. v., Elk co., Penn. : 132 m. N. W. Harris- burg. CALEDONIA, t. and p. v., Livingston co., J\ T . Y. ; 19S m. W. Albany. The town is drained by Genessee r., and has a fertile soil. The Buffalo, Corning, and New York E. E. passes through it to a junction with the Canandaigua and Niagara Falls E. E. Pop. 1,804. CALEDONIA, p. v., Henry co., Tenn. : 98 m. W. Nash ville. CALF ISLAND, a small island in Detroit r., near its mouth, and near Goose Island. CALHOUN county, Flor. Situate in W. Florida on the Gulf, and contains 1,280 sq. m. Drained by Chipola r., and the Appalachicola, which forms its E. border. Surface low, and in some parts swampy. Soils excellent. Farms 63 5 manuf. 1; dwell. 165; and pop. wh. 886, fr. col. 38, si. 453 total 1,377. Capital: St. Joseph. PuWc Works: St. Joseph and lola E. E. CALHOUN county, III. Situ-ate W. between the Illinois and Mississippi rivers, and contains 236 sq. m. Drained by Bay and other creeks. Surface elevated in the interior, and along the border rivers are high bluffs and extended allu vial bottoms. Farms 205 ; dwell. 600, and pop. wh. 3,230, fr. col. 1 total 3,231. Capital : Hardin. CALHOUN county, Mich. Situate S. centrally, and con tains 720 sq. m. Drained by St. Joseph and Kalamazoo rivers. Surface undulating and finely lumbered ; soils rich and loamy. Sandstone is abundant on the Kalamazoo. Farms 1,724; manuf. 61 ; dwell. 8,433, and pop. wh. 1S,965> fr. col. 197 total 19,1 62. Capital : Marshall. Public Works: Michigan Central E. E. CALHOUN county, Tex. Situate S. W. on Matagorda and Espiritu Santo bays, and contains about 560 sq. m. Mata gorda island is included within this county. Drained by rivers and creeks falling into the adjacent bays. Surface low, and near the coast sandy ; the soils of the interior are rich and productive. Farms 22; dwell. 182, and pop. wh. 876, fr. col. 0, si. 234 total 1,110. Capital : Port Lavaca. CALHOUN, p. v., Autauga co., Ala. : 22 m. N. W. Mont gomery. CALHOUN, p. v., and cap. Gordon co., Ga. : on the line of the Western and Atlantic E. E., 80 m. from Atlanta, and 146 N. W. Milledgeville. CALHOUN, p. v., Lumpkin co., Ga. : 137 m. N. N". W. Milledgeville. CALHOUN, p. v., La Fayette co., Ark. : 118 m. S. by W. Little Eock. CALHOUN, p. v., Henry co., Mo. : at the head of Tebo cr. of the Osage r., 79 m. W. by S. Jefferson City. CALIIOUN, p. v., Daviess co., Ky. : 161 m. W. by S. Frank fort. CALHOUN, p. v., Anderson dist., S. Car. : 103 m. N. W. Columbia. CALHOUN, p. v., M Minn co., Tenn. : on the N. side of Hiwassee r., 126 m. E. S. E. Nashville. CALHOUN, p. v., Eichland co., III. : 102 m. S. E. Spring field. CALHOUN S MILLS, p. o., Abbeville dist., /S. Car. : 92 m. W. Columbia. THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA. CALIFORNIA occupies all that portion of California Alta* westward of the following line, to wit beginning at the intersection of 42 north latitude, and 120 longitude west from Greenwich, or 42 58 from Washington; thence south in a direct course to 39 north latitude ; thence south-east to where the Eio Colorado intersects the parallel of 35 north latitude and thence down the mid channel of that river to the boundary between the United States and Mexico. Within these limits the surface measures 188,981 square miles, or 120,947.840 acres. This grand division of California (the only part, indeed, to which the name properly applies) is traversed from N. to S. by two principal ranges of mountains, called respectively Sierra Nevada, which divides the region from the great basin, and the Coast Range, running almost parallel to and at a short distance from the Pacific coast. The main feature of this region is the long, low, broad valley of the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers the two valleys forming one 500 miles long and 50 miles broad. Lateral ranges, parallel with the Sierra, make the structure of the country, and break it into a * California Alta in its full extent, as acquired of Mexico, lies between 32 and 42 N. lat., and 106 and 124" W long., and is bounded N. by Oregon. E. by the crest of the Rocky Mountains, S. by the llio Gila and California Baja, and W. by the Pacific Ocean, on which it has a front of 9(10 m. The area included within those limits is 448,691 sq. m, This extensive territory is now divided into tlie State of California, Utah Territory, and (in part) the Territory of New Mexico 92 CALIFORNIA. surface of valleys and mountains the valleys a few hundreds; and the mountains 2,000 to 4,000 feet above the sea. These form greater masses and become more elevated in the north, where some peaks, as the Shast6, enter the regions of perpetual snows. The great valley is discriminated only by the names of the rivers that traverse it. It is a single geographical formation, lying between the two ranges, and stretching across the head of the Bay of San Fran cisco, with which a delta of 25 miles connects it. The two rivers rise at opposite ends of this long valley, receive numerous affluents many of them bold rivers, becoming themselves navigable riversflow toward each other, meet half way, and enter the bay together in the region of tide water : making a continuous water line from one end to the other. The resources of this valley, mineral and agricultural, are immense, and perhaps no part of the world affords greater facil ities for easy development. Gold and quicksilver are the most valuable of its mineral products. The soil and climate, though varying much with locality, are generally well suited for agriculture. "Westward of the rivers, the soil is chiefly dry and unproductive ; but on the east side the country is well watered and luxuriantly fertile, being intersected by numerous fine streams, forming large and beautiful bottoms of rich land, wooded principally with white oaks. The foot hills of the Sierra, which limit the valley, make a woodland country, diversified with undulating grounds and pretty vales. Near the Tulare Lakes, and on the margins of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, the surface is composed of level plains, gradually changing into undulating, and rolling toward the mountains. The region west of the Coast Kange to the Pacific the only portion inhabited before the discovery of gold has long been the seat of numerous missions ; and around these, generally situated in the most lovely vales, agriculture has converted the country into a pcrfc-ct garden. All the cereals of temperate regions are cultivated, and the olive and grape thrive luxuriantly. Wheat is the first product of the north. The moisture of the coast seems particularly suited to the cultivation of roots, and to vegetables used for culinary purposes, which, in fact, grow to an extraordinary size. Few localities, indeed, can produce in such perfection so great a variety of grains and fruits. The coasts of California are generally precipitous and rugged ; and in relation to their extent present few good harbors. The bays of San Diego, Monterey, and San Francisco, are the finest, and their capacities extensive. San Francisco Bay is one of the most important in the world, not merely as a harbor, but also and mainly from the accessory advant ages which belong to it fertile and picturesque dependent country, general mildness of climate, connection with the great central valley, etc. When these advantages are taken into account, with its geographical position on the line of communication with Asia, its importance rises superior to all contingencies. Its latitudinal position is that of Lisbon ; its climate that of Italy ; bold shores and mountains give it grandeur ; the extent and resources of its dependent country are the cynosure of the world. The bay is separated from the sea by low mountain ranges, and only a narrow gate, about a mile wide, affords an entrance. It is land-locked in every sense of the word, and protected on all sides from the weather. Passing through this narrow entrance, the bay opens to the right and left, extending in each direction about 35 miles, having a total length of 70 and a coast of 2T5 miles. It is divided by projecting points and straits into three separate compartments, of which the northern two are called San Pablo and Suisson bays. The surface is much broken by numerous islands some mere rocks, and others grass-covered, rising to the height of 300 to 800 feet. Directly fronting the entrance, mountains, a few miles from the shore, rise about 2,000 feet above the water, crowned by forests of lofty cypress, which are visible from the sea, and make a conspicuous landmark for vessels entering the bay. Behind, the rugged peak of Mt. Diavolo, 3,7TO feet high, overlooks the surrounding country of the bay and the San Joaquin. The shore presents a varied character of rugged and broken hills, rolling and undulating land, and rich alluvial tracts, backed by fertile and wooded ranges, suitable for towns, villages, and farms, with which it is beginning to be over spread. Such is the bay and proximate country and shore of San Francisco. It is not a mere indentation of the coast, but a little sea to itself, connected with the ocean by a defensible gate. The head of the bay is about 40 miles distant from the sea, and there commences its connection with the noble valley of the San Joaquin and Sacramento. The climate of California is so remarkable in its periodical changes, and for the long continuance of the wet and dry seasons, dividing as they do the year into about two equal parts, which have a most peculiar influence on the labor applied to agriculture and the products of the soil, and, in fact, connect themselves so inseparably with all the interests of the country, that it is deemed proper briefly to mention the causes which produce these changes, and which, it will be seen, must exercise an important and controlling influence on the commercial prosperity and resources of the country. It is a well-established theory, that the currents of the air under which the earth passes in its diurnal revolutions, follow the line of the sun s greatest attraction. These currents of air are drawn toward this line from great distances on each side of it, and, as the earth revolves from west to east, they blow from north-east and south-east, meeting, and, of course, causing a calm on the line. Thus, when the sun is directly, in common parlance, over the equator, in the month of March, these currents of air blow from some distance north of the Tropic of Cancer and south of the Tropic of Capricorn in an oblique direction toward this line of the sun s greatest attraction, and form what are known as the north- t and south-east trade-winds. As the earth in its path round the sun gradually brings the line of attraction north in summer, these currents of air are carried uith it; so that about the middle of May the current from the north-east has extended as far the 3Sth or 39th degree of north latitude, and by the 20th of June, the period of the sun s greatest hern inclination, to the northern portions of California and the southern section of Oregon. These north-east winds, H across the continent toward the Pacific Ocean, pass over tho snow-capped ridges of the Eocky Mount- Sierra Nevada, and are, of course, deprived of all the moisture which can be extracted from them by the f those regions of eternal snow ; and consequently no moisture can be precipitated from them, in dew or rain, in a higher temperature than that to which they have been subjected. They therefore pass over the hills and plains of California, where the temperature is very high in summer, in a very dry state ; and, so far from being charged with moisture, they absorb, like a sponge, all that tho atmosphere and surface of the earth can yield, until both become apparently perfectly dry. This process commences when the line of the sun s greatest attrac tion comes north in summer, bringing with it these vast atmospheric movements, which on their approach produce the dry season m California, which, governed by these laws, continues until some time after the sun repasses the equator in September ; when, about the middle of November, the climate being relieved from these north-east currents of air the south-west winds set in from the ocean, charged with moisture, the rains commence, and continue to fall-not constantly, as some persons have represented, but with sufficient frequency to designate the period of their continuance-from about ie middle of November until the middle of May, in the latitude of San Francisco-as the *f season. It follows as a ma ter of course, that the dry season commences flrst and continues longest in the southern portions of the State, and a^v other o m t r /h "^l 16 P" 1 is influ ced in * "inch less degree by the causes heretofore mentioned than any other section of the country. Consequently, we find, that as low down as latitude 89, rains are sufficiently frequent CALIFORNIA. in summer to render irrigation quite unnecessary to the perfect maturity of any crop which is suited to the soil and climate. There is an extensive ocean-current of cold water which comes from the northern regions of the Pacific, or, perhaps, from the Arctic, and flows along the coast of California. It comes charged with, and emits in its progress, cold air, which appears in the form of fog when it comes in contact with a higher temperature on the American coast as tho gulf stream of the Atlantic exhales vapor when it meets in any part of its progress a lower temperature. This current has not been surveyed, and, therefore, its source, temperature, velocity, width, and course, have not been accurately ascertained. It is believed by Lieutenant Maury, on what he considers sufficient evidence and no higher authority can be cited that this current comes from the coasts of China and Japan, flows northwardly to the peninsula of Kamto- chatka, and, making a circuit to the eastward, strikes the American coast in about latitude 41 or 42, it passes thence southwardly, and finally loses itself in the tropics. Below latitude 39, and west of the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, the forests of California are limited to some scattering groves of oak in tho valleys and along the borders of the streams, and of red-wood on the ridges and on the gorges of the hills sometimes extending into the plains. Some of the hills are covered with dwarf shrubs, which may be used as fuel. "With these exceptions, the whole State presents a surface without trees or shrubbery. It is covered, however, with various species of grass, and, for many miles from the coast, with wild oats, which in the valleys grow most luxuriantly. These grasses and oats mature and ripen early in the dry season, and soon cease to protect the soil from the scorching rays of the sun. As the summer advances, the moisture in the atmosphere and the earth, to a considerable depth, soon becomes exhausted, and the radiation of heat from the extensive naked plains and hill-sides is very great. The cold, dry currents of air from the north-east, after passing the Eocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, descend to the Facific, and absorb the moisture of the atmosphere to a great distance from the land. The cold air from the mountains and that which accompanies the great ocean-current from the north-west thus become united, and vast banks of fog are generated, which, when driven by the wind, have a pene trating or cutting effect on the human skin, much more uncomfortable than would be felt in the humid atmosphere of the Atlantic at a much lower temperature. As the sun rises from day to day, week after week, and month after month, in unclouded brightness during the dry season, and pours down its broken rays on the dry, unprotected surface of the country, the heat becomes so much greater inland than it is on the ocean, that an under-current of cold air, bringing tho fog with it, rushes over the coast range of hills, and through their numerous passes, toward the interior. Every day, aa the heat inland attains a sufficient temperature, the cold, dry wind from the ocean commences to blow. This is usually from 11 to 1 o clock; and, as the day advances, the wind increases and continues to blow till late at night. "When the vacuum is filled, or the equilibrium of the atmosphere restored, the wind ceases ; a perfect calm prevails until about the same hour the following day, when the same process commences and progresses as before. And these phenomena are of daily occurrence, with few exceptions, throughout the dry season. These cold winds and fogs render the climate at San Francisco, and all along the coast of California, except the extreme southern portion of it, probably more uncom fortable to those not accustomed to it in summer than in winter. A few miles inland, where the heat of the sun modifies and softens the wind from the ocean, the climate is moderate and delightful. The heat, in the middle of the day, is not so great as to retard labor or render exercise in the open air uncomfortable. The nights are cool and pleasant. This description of climate prevails in all the valleys along the coast range, and extends throughout the country, north and south, as far eastward as the valley of the Sacramento and San Joaquin. In this vast plain, the sea-breeze loses its influence, and the degree of heat in the middle of the day, during the summer months, is much greater than is known on the Atlantic coast in the same latitudes. It is dry, however, and probably not more oppressive. On the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, and especially in the deep ravines of the streams, the thermometer frequently ranges from 110 to 115 in the shade, during three or four hours of the day, say from 11 to 3 o clock. In the evening, as the sun declines, the radiation of heat ceases. The cool, dry atmosphere from the mountains spreads over the whole country, and renders the nights cool and invigorating. The valleys which are situated parallel to the coast range, and those which extend eastwardly in all directions among the hills toward the great plain of the Sacramento, are of surpassing fertility. They have a deep, black, alluvial soil, which has he appearance of having been deposited when they were covered with water. This idea is strengthened by the fact, that the rising grounds on the borders of these valleys, and many hills of moderate elevation, have a soil precisely like that of the adjoining plains. This soil is so porous that it remains perfectly unbroken by gullies, notwithstanding the great quantity of water which falls in it annually during the wet season. The land in the northern part of the State, on the Trinity and other rivers, and on the borders of Clear Lake, as far as it has been examined, is said to be remark ably fertile. The great valley of the Sacramento and San Joaquin has evidently been at some remote period the bed of a lake ; and those rivers which drain it present the appearance of having cut their channels through the alluvial deposit after it had been formed. In fact, it is not possible that they could have been instrumental in forming the plain through which they pass. Their head-waters come from the extreme ends of the valley, north and south ; and were it not for the supply of water received from the streams which flow into them from the Sierra Nevada, their beds would be almost, if not quite dry in the summer months. The soil is very rich, and, with a proper system of drainage and embankment, would undoubtedly be capable of producing any crop, except sugar-cane, now cultivated in the Atlantic States of the Union. There are many beautiful valleys and rich hill-sides among the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, which, when the profits of labor in mining shall be reduced so as to cause its application to agriculture, will probably support a large population. There is said to be a rich belt of well-timbered and watered country extending the whole length of the gold region between it and the Sierra Nevada, some twenty miles in width. There is no information sufficiently accu rate respecting the eastern slope of the great snowy range, to enable us to form any opinion of its general character or soil. Some of its valleys have been visited by miners, who represent them as equal to any portion of the country to the westward of it. The great valley of the Colorado, situated between the Sierra Madre and the Sierra Nevada, is but little known. It is inhabited by numerous tribes of savages, who manifest the most decided hostility toward the whites, and have hitherto prevented nny explorations of their country, and do not permit emigrants to pass through it. There fore, parties from Santa Fe, on their way to California, are compelled to make a circuit of near a thousand miles north ward to the Salt Lake, or about the same distance southward by the route of the Gila. Although this valley is little known, there are indications that it is fertile and valuable. The name of the river " Colorado" is descriptive of its waters ; they are as deeply colored as those of the Missouri or Ejd Paver, while those of the Gila, which we know flows through barren lands, are clear. It would seem impossible for a large river to collect sediment enough in a sandy, barren soil, to color its waters so deeply ns to give it a name among those who first discovered and have since visited its shores. The probability, therefore, is, that this river flows through an alluvial valley of great fertility, which has never been 94 CALIFORNIA. explored. This conjecture is strengthened by the fact that the Indians who inhabit it are hostile, and oppose, as far as they can, all persons who attempt to enter or explore it. This has been their uniform course of conduct respecting all portions of the continent which have been fertile, abounding in game and the spontaneous productions of the earth. As this valley is situated in the direct route from Santa Fe to California, its thorough exploration becomes a matter of very great importance, especially as it is highly probable that the elevated regions to the north of it, covered with snow during most of the year, will force the line of the great national railway to the Pacific through some portion of it. The soil situated west of the Sierra Nevada, and embracing the plain of the Sacramento and San Joaquin, covers an area, as nearly as can be estimated, of between fifty and sixty thousand square miles, and would, under a proper system of cultiva tion, be capable of supporting a population equal to that of Ohio or New York at the present time. The climate and soil of California are well suited to the growth of wheat, barley, rye, and oats. The temperature along the coast is too cool for the successful culture of maize as a field crop. The fact that oats, the species which is cultivated in the Atlantic States, are annually self-sowed and produced on all the plains and hills along the coast, and as far inland as the sea-breeze has a marked influence on the climate, is sufficient proof that all the cereal grains may be successfully cultivated without the aid of irrigation. It is quite true that tJiis auxiliary was extensively employed at the missions, and undoubtedly increased the product of all crops to which it was applied, as it will in any country on earth if skillfully used. This does not prove, however, that it was essentially necessary to the production of an ample reward to the husbandman. The experience of all the old inhabitants is sufficient evidence of this. If their imperfect mode of culture secured satisfactory returns, it is reasonable to presume that a more perfect system would produce greater results. There is abundant evidence to prove, that in the rich alluvial valleys, wheat and barley have produced from forty to sixty bushels from one Bushel of seed, without irrigation. Irish potatoes, turnips, onions, in fact all the edible roots known and cultivated in the Atlantic States, are produced in great perfection. In all the valleys east of the coast range of hills, the climate is sufficiently w arm to mature crops of Indian corn, rice, and probably tobacco. The cultivation of the grape has attracted much attention at the missions, among the residents of towns, and the rural popu lation, and been attended with much success, wherever it has been attempted. The dry season secures the fruit from those diseases which are so fatal in the Atlantic States, and it attains very great perfection. The wine made from it ia of excellent quality, very palatable, and can be produced in any quantity. The grapes are delicious, and produced with very little labor. When taken from the vines in bunches, and suspended in a dry room by the stems, they become partially dry, retain their flavor, and remain several weeks, perhaps months, without decay. Apples, pears, and peaches are cultivated with facility ; and there is no reason to doubt that all the fruits of the Atlantic States can be pro duced in great plenty and perfection. The grasses are very luxuriant and nutritious, affording excellent pasture. The oats, which spring up the whole length of the sea-coast, and from forty to sixty miles inland, render the cultivation of that crop entirely unnecessary, and yield a very great quantitiy of nutritious food for horses, cattle, and sheep. The dry season matures, and I may say cures, these grasses and oats, so that they remain in an excellent state of preserva tion during the summer and autumn, and afford an ample supply of forage. While the whole surface of the country appears parched and vegetation destroyed, the numerous flocks and herds which roam over it continue in excellent condition. Although the mildness of the winter months and the fertility of the soil secure to California very decided agricultural advantages, it is admitted that irrigation would be of very great importance, and necessarily increase the products of the soil in quantity and variety during the greater part of the dry season. It should therefore be encour aged by government, in the survey and disposition of the public lands, as far as practicable. The farmer derives some very important benefits from the dry season. His crops in harvest-time are never injured by rain ; he can with perfect confidence permit them to remain in his fields as long after they have been gathered as his convenience may require ; he has no fears that they will be injured by wet or unfavorable weather. Hence it is that many who have long been accustomed to that climate prefer it to the changeable weather east of the Eocky Mountains. As already stated, the forests of California south of latitude 39, and west of the foot-hills of the Sierra Nevada, are limited to detatched, scattering groves of oak in the valleys, and of red-wood on the ridges and on the gorges of the hills. It can be of no practical use to speculate on the causes which have denuded so large an extent of country, further than to ascertain whether the soil is or is not favorable to the growth of forest trees. W r hen the dry season sets in, the entire surface is covered with a luxuriant growth of grass and oats, which, as the summer advances, become perfectly dry. The remains of all dead trees and shrubs also become dry. These materials, therefore, are very combustible, and usually take fire in the latter part of summer and beginning of autumn, which commonly passes over the whole country, destroying in its course the young shrubs and trees. In fact, it seems to be the same process which has destroyed or prevented the growth of forest trees on the prairies of the Western States, and not .any quality in the soil unfriendly o their growth. The absence of timber and the continuance of the dry season are apt to be regarded by farmers, on first going into the country, as irremediable defects, and as presenting obstacles almost insurmountable to the successful progress of agriculture. A little experience will modify these opinions. It is soon ascertained that the soil will produce abundantly without manure ; that flocks and herds sustain themselves through the winter without being fed at the farm yard, and consequently no labor is necessary to provide forage for them; that ditches are easily dug, which present very good barriers for the protection of crops until live fences can be planted and have time to grow. Forest trees may be planted with little labor, and in very few years attain a sufficient size for building and fencing purposes. Time may be usefully employed in sowing various grain and root crops during the wet or winter season. There is no weather cold enough to destroy root crops, and therefore it is not necessary to gather them. They can be used or sold from the field where they grow. The labor, therefore, required in most of the old States to fell the forests, clear the land of rubbish, and prepare it for seed, may here be applied to other objects. All these things, together with the perfect security of all crops in harvest-time from injury ly wet iceather, are probably sufficient to meet any expense which may be incurred in irrigation, or caused for a time by a scanty supply of timber. In the northern part of the State, above latitude 39 and on the hills which rise from the great plain of the Sacramento and San Joaquin to the foot of the Sierra Nevada the forests of timber are beautiful and extensive, and would, if brought into use, be sufficiently productive to supply the wants of the southern and western portions of the State. The extent and value of the public lands suitable for agricultural purposes in California cannot be ascertained with any degree of accuracy until some very important preliminary questions shall have been settled. It is not known whether the Jesuits who founded the missions, or their successors,*^ Franciscans, ever did, or do now hold any title a the Spanish crown to the lands which they occupied. Nor has any investigation been made to ascertain how far ties, if they ever existed, have been invalidated by the acts of the priests or the decrees of the Mexican govern- CALIFORNIA. ment. A superficial view of the matter would be very apt to lead to the supposition that the Jesuits, so celebrated for wisdom and foresight, would not fail to secure that which, at that time, would probably have been obtained by merely asking for it a royal decree, granting to them all the lands they might require in that remote country for ecclesiastical purposes. There have been some intimations to that effect, but nothi.ig is distinctly known. These missions embrace within their limits some of the most valuable lands in the State, and it is very important that it should be ascertained whether they belong to the government or may be justly claimed by individuals. Meet of the land fit for cultivation, south of latitude 39, and west of the valley of the Sacramento and San Joaquin, is claimed under what purport to be grants from the Mexican government. On most of these grants the minerals and metals are reserved to the government ; conditions were coupled with many of them which have not been complied with ; in others, the boundaries described embrace two or three times as much land as the grant conveys. The Mexican law required all grants made by the provincial government, with few exceptions, to be confirmed by the supreme government. The great distance which beparate them, and the unfrequent or difficult means of communication, made a compliance with the law so expensive and tardy that it came to be almost disregarded. There were other causes which led to this neglect. Previous to the treaty with Mexico and the immigration of American citizens to that country, land was not regarded as of much value, except for grazing purposes. There was room enough for all. Therefore, the claimants or proprietors did not molest one another, or inquire into the validity of titles. These extensive grants are described by natural boundaries, such as mountains, bays, and promontories, which, in many instances, might allow of a variation of several miles in the establishment of a corner with chain and compass. By the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the United States purchased all the rights and interests of Mexico to and in California. This purchase not only embraced all the lands which had not been granted by Mexico, but all the reserved minerals and metals, and also reversionary rights which might accrue to Mexico from a want of compliance on the part of the grantees with the conditions of their grants, or a want of perfec tion in the grants. The lands in the northern part of the State, above 89, have not been explored or granted. They are supposed to embrace an area of about twenty millions of acres, a large portion of which is doubtless valuable for its timber and soil. Comparatively few grants have been obtained in the great valley of the Sacramento and San Joaquin. This vast tract, therefore, containing, as is estimated, from twelve to fifteen millions of acres, belongs mostly to the government. South of this valley and west of the Colorado, within the limits of California, as indicated in her constitu tion, there are said to be extensive tracts of valuable unappropriated land ; and, on investigation, it will probably appear that there are many of them in detached bodies which have not been granted. The gold region of California is between 400 and 500 miles long, and from 40 to 50 miles broad, following the line of the Sierra Nevada. Further discoveries may, and probably will, increase the area. It embraces within its limits those extensive ranges of hills which rise on the eastern border of the plain of the Sacramento and San Joaquin and, extending eastwardly from 50 to 60 miles, they attain an elevation of about 4,000 feet, and terminate at the base of the main ridge of the Sierra Nevada. There are numerous streams which have their sources in the springs of the Sierra, and receive the water from its melting snows, and that which falls in rain during the wet season. These streams form rivers, which have cut their channels through the ranges of foot-hills westwardly to the plain, and disem bogue into the Sacramento and San Joaquin. These rivers are from 10 to 15, and probably some of them 20 milea apart. The principal formation, or substratum, in these hills, is talcose slate; the superstratum, sometimes penetrating to a great depth, is quartz ; this, however, does not cover the entire face of the country, but extends in large bodies in various directions is found in masses and small fragments on the surface, and seen along the ravines, and in the mountains overhanging the rivers, and in the hill-sides in its original beds. It crops out in the valleys and on the tops of the hills, and forms a striking feature of the entire country over which it extends. From innumerable evi dences and indications, it has come to be the universally-admitted opinion, among the miners and intelligent men who have examined this region, that the gold, whether in detached particles and pieces, or in veins, was created in combination with the quarts. Gold is not found on the surface of the country, presenting the appearance of having been thrown up and scattered in all directions by volcanic action. It is only found in particular localities, and attended by peculiar circumstances and indications. It is found in the bars and shoals of the rivers, in ravines, and in what are called the " dry diggings." The rivers, in forming their channels, or breaking their way through the hills, have come in contact with the quartz containing the gold veins, and by constant attrition cut the gold into fine flakes and dust; and it is found among the sand and gravel of their beds at those places where the swiftness of the current reduces it, in the dry season, to the narrowest possible limits, and where a wide margin is consequently left on each side, over which the water rushes, during the wet season, with great force. As the velocity of some streams is greater than that of others, so is the gold found in fine or coarse particles, apparently corresponding to the degree of attrition to which it has been exposed. The water trom the hills and upper valleys, in finding its way to the rivers, has cut deep ravines, and, wherever it has come in contact with the quartz, has dissolved or crumbled it in pieces. In the dry season, these channels are mostly without water, and gold is found in the beds and margins of many of them iu large quantities, but in a much coarser state than in the rivers, owing, undoubtedly, to the moderate flow and tempo rary continuance of the current, which has reduced it to smooth shapes, not unlike pebbles, but has not had sufficient force to cut it into flakes or dust. The dry diggings are places where quartz containing gold has cropped out, and been disintegrated, crumbled to fragments, pebbles, and dust by the action of water and the atmosphere. The gold has been left as it was made, in all imaginable shapes in pieces of all sizes, from one grain to several pounds in weight. The evidences that it was created in combination with quartz, are too numerous and striking to admit of doubt or cavil ; the// are found in combination in large quantities. A very large proportion of the pieces of gold found in these situations have more or less quartz adhering to them. In many specimens, they are so combined they cannot be separated without reducing the whole mass to powder, and sub jecting it to the action of quicksilver. This gold, not having been exposed to the attrition of a strong current of water, retains in a great degree its original conformation. These diggings, in some places, spread over valleys of considerable extent, which have the appearance of an alluvion, formed by washings from the adjoining hills, of decomposed quartz and slate earth and vegetable matter. In addition to these facts, it is beyond doubt true that several vein-mines have been discovered in the quartz, from which numerous specimens have been taken, showing the minute connection between the gold and the rock, and indicating a value hitherto unknown in gold mining. These veins do not present the appearance of places where gold may have been lodged by some violent eruption. It is combined with the quartz in all imaginable forms and degrees of richness. The rivers present very striking, and it would seem, conclusive evidence respecting the quantity of gold remaining undiscovered in the quarta veins. It is not probable that the gold 9(3 CALIFORNIA. In the dry diggings and that in the rivers the former in lumps, the latter in dust were created by different processes. That which is found in the rivers has undoubtedly been cut or worn from the veins in the rock, with which their currents have come in contact. All of them appear to be equally rich. This is shown by the fact that a laboring man may collect nearly as much in one river as he can in another. They intersect and cut through the gold region, running from east to west, at irregular distances of fifteen to twenty, and perhaps some of them thirty miles apart. Hence it appears that the gold veins are equally rich in all parts of that most remarkable section of country. Were it wanting, iht-rc are further proofs of this in the ravines and dry diggings, which uniformly confirm what nature so plainly shows in the rivers. The quicksilver mines of California are believed to be numerous, extensive, and valuable. Hitherto this metal, so useful in the arts and mining, has been chiefly derived from Spain and Mexico, and its production been a monopoly. The best known mine in California is that near San Jose, which is claimed by Mr. Forbes, of Tepic, in Mexico. The cinnabar ore which produce the mineral lies near the surface, is easily procured, and the mine is believed to have been remarkably productive. Discoveries o other like mines are reported in other parts of the State, but little is publicly known respecting them, the belief being, however, that quicksilver will be eventually found in sufficient quantities for all purposes of extensive mining operations, if not for export. It is, undoubtedly, a fortunate circumstance, that nature, in bestowing on this State such vast metallic wealth, has thus provided, almost in its immediate neighborhood, inex haustible stores of the only agent by which gold can be successfully separated from its matrices. It is also belie-ved that California is rich in silver, copper, iron, and coal. A silver mine has been discovered a short distance from Monterey, which affords a very rich ore, and has been productive in comparison to the labor bestowed in operating it. In the neighborhood of San Francisco bituminous coal is abundant, and the indications noted in many other sections leave no doubt of the great extent of coal formation in the State. With regard to other metals, time and circumstances are required to develop our knowledge of them; but there can be but one opinion on the subject, that California is, in one part or other of its territory, bounteously supplied with all the more useful as well as the precious metals. California offers a very interesting and but partially explored field of research to the botanist. Almost every variety of vegetation, from the luxuriant productions of the tropics, to the stinted and scanty growth of the frozen regions, may be found in this country. The labors of Douglas and others have made known to the world many of the most valuable and remarkable species. Of these it is possible here to mention only a few. Of the pine and oak, there are several noble and useful varieties in different parts of the country. One of these, pinus Douglasii, first described by Douglas, is probably the grandest of the whole vegetable kingdom. It is found on the mountains about the Bay of San Francisco, and in some other sections of California, generally on elevated localities. Specimens of this tree occur of the height of 240 feet, the base of whose trunks have a circumference of nearly 60 feet. The trunk is quite destitute of branches, until above more than half the altitude, when they grow outward and upward in such a manner as to give the top the form of an inverted pyramid. From the ends of the branches hang the cones or seed-vessels, from 12 to 15 inches in length, and egg-shaped. The seeds are as large as a good sized bean, and furnish a common article of food to the Indians, who collect large quantities of them in the autumn, and pound them into a kind of cake, which is baked on heated stones. The wood is very fine-grained, and contains a great quantity of resin. The pinus Sdbinii, p. Lanibertiana, p. nobilis, and p. resinosa, are also fine species, though less in size than their gigantic relative. The former is, however, a large tree, being often found 110 feet high, and from 10 to 12 in diameter. Among the elevated plains of Upper California it grows quite plentifully, as also on the low hills, near the coast, where it attains a larger size. The natives frequently build their fires against these trees to save the trouble of collecting fuel ; by this means, also, a sweet gum is made to exude from the trunk, which serves them for sugar. The white oak grows on the low and level parts of the country. It is not generally a large tree, being from 40 to 50 feet high, and from 2 to 3 feet in diameter at the base. The top is extremely thick and leafy, forming an almost impenetrable mass of boughs. It is in some places very abundant. The quercua navalis occupies the prairies, river banks, and lower hills, and is 4 or 5 feet in diameter, with branches of corresponding dimensions, extending horizontally from the trunk. The live oak (q. wrens) grows only on the highlands. It is from 2 to 5 feet in thickness, and from 60 to 70 in height. The maple, the ash, the beech, the chestnut, in several varieties, compose large portions of the forests. It is impossible to give a full description of the flowering shrubs and plants of California, so great is their variety and beauty. A species of raspberry (riles specioswri) is one of the most elegant flowering shrubs of the country. It is exceedingly abundant in some localities, and, with its long crimson stamens, and its deep green leaves, presents an appearance truly lovely. The flowers bloom early in spring. In many places are found several species of mimulus, one of which is from 8 to 4 feet in height, and is a very showy plant. This country also has numerous species of phlox and heuchera, and innumerable quantities of epilo- Uum, anotfiera, or primrose, pentstemon, pajiaver, or poppy, delphinium, and salvia. A species of lily also grows here, the roots of which are eaten by the natives. The Scilla esculenta grows along the whole coast ; this is called by the natives " quamash," and the root forms a very common article of food. To prepare this for eating, a hole is made in the ground, and a number of stones placed in it, on which a fire is kindled and kept burning until they are made hot, when the fire is extinguished, and the roots, wrapped in straw, leaves, and moss, are placed upon them. They are well roasted in a few hours, and are then taken off and hung up to dry. This root is also sometimes pounded and made into cakes, which are preserved for future use ; the taste is sweet, and rather agreeable, but if eaten too freely they are apt to produce diarrhea. This plant is most abundant on the banks of rivers and on lowlands by the margins of forests, in which localities are also found several species ofpyrola, capnfoliivtn and lupimuti, which sometimes cover an immense extent of land. The arbutus is also abundant in similar situations. The large species (a. procera), is a fine shrub frequently attaining a growth which entitles it to be called a tree. The a. uva ursi is found in almost every part of the colder sections of the country, and its berries are frequently eaten by the natives, and even by travelers. A very useful plant to the natives is the lielonias tenase, the fibres of which are stronger than any hemp. Cords made of this are used by the Indians for the purpose of snaring deer and other animals, and one the thickness of the little finger is so strong as not to be broken by the largest elk. The gooseberry grows in California, and bears plentifully. The sand-hills and moors are covered with a great variety of syugenesious plants, and on the more fertile and humid soil grows a gaudy- flowered currant-bush, and a pretty species of honeysuckle. Perhaps the most remarkable shrub here is the yedra, a poisonous plant, which, however, affects some particular constitutions only. By contact with the skin, it produces tumors and violent inflammation. It is a slender shrub, preferring cool and shady places, and bearing a trefoil crenatcd leaf. Two roots the plants of which are very beautiful are used by the natives for soap ; these are called wnole and samate. On the rocky coast of Monterey are immense collections of sea-weed, fu-cus pyrifornis, which N 9T CALIFORNIA. are said to have gathered there in such abundance as to have saved several vessels from splitting on the rocks, when driven on them by the tempest The animal kingdom in California is made up of most of the zoological varieties found east of the Kocky Mountains, and of some few species peculiar to the region itself. The black bear (ursus Americanus} is an inhabitant of many districts, and in its habits and appearance differs little from its congener of the north ; the barren-ground bear (urnua arctntt) is of a lighter color, but in every other respect similar to the black bear ; the grizzly bear (ursus ferox) is also a denizen, and is the most formidable wild animal of the country. The Polar bear (ursus maritimua) is sometimes seen on the northern coast, but is evidently a stranger, borne down on floating ice from the higher latitudes. The raccoon (prooyon lotor), the American badger (meles salradoira), the glutton or wolverine (gulo lusc-us), the common weasel (mustela vuigaris), the ermine (m. erminea), the mink, martin, and skunk, are found in various parts, and are valuable for their furs. In many parts wolves are very numerous. The species mostly seen are the common wolf (lupus Am-eri- CCMVUS), the gray wolf (1. gri-seus), the dusky wolf (I. nubilis), the black wolf (/. ater), and the prairie wolf (cants la-trans). Foxes are common, and of these two species exist, the red fox (canisfulvux) and the gray fox (c. cin-ereo-argent-utms). Of the cat tribe there are several species, as the cougar or puma (fdis con-color), the northern lynx (/. canademi*), the banded lynx (f.fasciata), and the red lynx (f. rufa). These inhabit mostly the dense forests and thickly-wooded sides of the mountains, preying on deer and other animals. In the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, as well as on many parts of the coast, the common hair seal (pJwca -citeUind) is abundant, and follows the track of the salmon. The beaver (castor fiber) and the musk rat (filer sebethicus) are also common, especially at the confluence of the Sacramento with the Bay. The quality of the fur of these latter animals, however, is inferior to that obtained more to the north. The moose (c#rvus alces) is found in all the woody and mountain regions, and near the coast, and the elk (eervus canadcn- sis) roams through the valleys in immense herds. There are many other species of deer found in various parts, as the black-tailed deer (c. macrotis), the long-tailed or jumping deer (c. leucurus), etc. ; and the prong-horned antelope (a. furcifer) is found in considerable numbers. The mountain sheep, or argali (mis montana), inhabits the loftiest and coldest mountains ; in its general appearance it resembles the large domestic sheep, but has horns out of all proportion to its body, and is covered with a coarse short hair, of a dingy brown color, which can scarcely be called wool. The oison (bos Americanus) is seldom seen, but is not altogether unknown to the hunter. The sea otter (Infra marina} is abundant along the coast, and at the mouths of rivers, and the land otter (I. Brasiliensis} is found in many parts of the country. Of rats, mice, marmots, hares, rabbits, and squirrels, there are numerous species in all parts of the country. Among the feathered tribes of California, the first worthy of notice is the great vulture (sarcoramphos Californianus), second only to the huge condor of South America, and closely allied to it in many respects. It is met with along the whole coast ; it is solitary in its habits, rapacious, of enormous size, and singular in conformation and appearance, and seems to hold the same position in the scenery of this country as its European congener, the lammergeyer, in that of the Alps. It builds in the highest trees of the mountain forests, and only approaches the valleys in search of its carrion food. "When full grown, it measures about 4 feet 8 inches from beak to end of the tail, and from 9 to 10 feet from tip to tip of its wings. Its color is brownish black, the bill and legs yellow, and its quills are much esteemed by the hunter for making tubes for his pipe. The turkey buzzard (cathartes aura) is also found here, but is not common, but the black vulture (cathartes atratus) is found in every part. The golden eagle (aquila chrysotm}, the bald eagle (aquila leucocephala), the osprey or fish-hawk (aquila halloa}, the black hawk or peregrine falcon (falco peregnnus), the jeMalcon (falco islandicus), and several others of kindred species, but of lesser note, are found here, as the sparrow-hawk, the pigeon- hawk, and the gos-hawk the latter identical with the European species so celebrated in the royal sport of falconry. Owls of various species are found throughout the country ; and among the birds common to the temperate region of the continent may be mentioned the shrike, the robin, the cat-bird, the thrush, the lark, the red-wing, the cross-bill, the raven, the magpie, the jay, the wood-pecker in numerous varieties and species. In some parts of the south the humming-bird is quite numerous, and swallows of every description barn, cliff, and bank swallows are as common as in any other section of the Union. There is probably no other country which produces so many varieties of grouse, or in so great numbers. The bays, inlets, and rivers are alive with water-fowl, and the low lands near the outlets of some of the streams in the Pacific coast actually swarm with geese, ducks, widgeons, teal, cranes, curlews, snipes, and various other waders and swimmers. The swan (cygnus buccinator) is the largest swimming bird of the country, and seems to differ nothing from the same species elsewhere. The white pelican (p. onocrotalus) is found on the coast, and large numbers frequent the bays and harbors. Off the coast, too, may be seen the mighty albatross ; specimens of enormous size are sometimes seen, measuring 4 feet in length and 10 or 12 across the wings. The waters of California are replete with fish of every size and variety. The seas swarm densely, and the bays and rivers are alive with their peculiar denizens. The California Gulf produces great numbers of edible shell-fish. The oyster, the pearl-shell, the muscle, several species of haliotis, all afford either food or articles of trade and ornament to the inhabitants. In California fish are generally little sought after, the productions of the earth being so numerous and plentiful ; but in the colder regions of the north they afford the common, and sometimes the sole subsistence of the natives. In the Columbia, as well as in the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers, and in almost every water-course having its outlet in the sea, the number of (sal-mo) salmon are almost incredible. On some of these rivers from two to three thousand are sometimes taken in a single day. The Indians sometimes capture them with a kind of wicker basket similar to that used by the fishermen on the Atlantic coast for taking lobsters. This is done in the spring, when the fish are on their passage up the stream. They are also taken with the spear, which consists of a sharp piece of bone fastened to the end of a shaft of wood 12 or 15 feet in length, and which the Indians use with great dexterity, frequently securing salmon of from 20 to 30 pounds in weight. The fish are dried or salted, and preserved for future use. They are also sometimes taken with only a small scoop net, fastened to the end of a pole. Douglas speaks of an individual measured by him which was 3 feet 5 inches long, and 10 inches broad, weighing 35 pounds. This size is not exaggerated, specimens nearly or quite as large having often been seen. Some of the streams also abound with very fine salmon-trout, and with a small trout nearly resembling the one which affords so much sport to the anglers of the older States. The sturgeon (accipenser transmontanus) sometimes attains great size in the large rivers, being from 8 to 10 feet in length, and weighing nearly 500 pounds. In general, however, this fish is of much smaller dimen sions. It is principally found not far from the mouths of the rivers. In the Bay of Monterey is a species of mackerel (scomber colias) in great plenty, and easily taken. Here, as well as in most other parts of the coast, also swim schools of a small fish resembling, if not identical with, the sardine of Italy, familiar to epicures. These are sometimes seen in such immense numbers that the surface of the water for a great distance around resembles a living mass, being kept in 93 CALIFORNIA. constant commotion by their fins. Porpoises are very numerous in almost every bay on the whole coast, and in foul weather may always be seen playing their pranks on the waves, while far in the offing appears the spouting of the huge whale. The halibut, pilchard, skate, turbot, bonito, and many other species, are found in various parts of the sea-coast. The shell-fish are numerous and valuable, particularly in the gulf. Of these may be mentioned, oysters, which are often of large size and excellent flavor; muscles, several species of haliotis, patella, cardium, and turbo, besides the pearl oyster (mya margaritifeni), the product of which, as an article of commerce, is well known. The pearls produced by these shell-fish are in this country of very fine water, though rather irregular in figure. The estimates and ascertainments by census, of the population, resources, and productions of California have hitherto been very incomplete, and in reference to the population returned by the federal census of 1850, it can scarcely be con sidered as an approximation. The estimate made by General Douglass, of the State Senate, in the fall of the year 1850, is perhaps more nearly accurate, and is given below for what it is worth. The population by the census of 1850 is that returned to the Legislature by the census agent The returns of 1852 are those of a census instituted by the State author ities, and those which will be adopted by the U. S. census department in the official exhibit of the condition of the State. The following are the population returns referred to : Names of Census Douglass Census Counties. l&iO. Estimate. 18fi2. San Louis Obispo .... 1,336 500 9S4 Santa Barbara 1,185 2,500 2,131 Santa Clara . 3,502 5,000 6,664 Santa Cruz 674 1,000 1,219 Shaste 3T8 . . . (with Trinity) .... 4,050 Sierra (from Tuba) 4,855 Siskiyou (from Trinity, Shaste, & Klamath) 2,240 Solano 580 1,600 2,835 Sonoma 561 1,600 2,337 Sutler 3,030 3,000 1,207 Trinity 659 10,200 1,764 Tuolumne no returns 20,000 17,657 Tulare (from Mariposa) 8,575 Yolo 1,003 1,000 1,307 Tuba 19,032 22,000 22,005 Total 117,533 180,000 264,435 Names of Census DoacttM* Census Counties. 1850. Estimate. 1852. Butte 4.6S6 14,000 8,572 Calaveras 16,884 16,000 20,192 Colusi 115 ...(with Trinity)... 612 Contra Costa 722 600 2,745 El Dorado 20,985 22,000 estim. 40,000 Klamath (from Trinity) 530 Los Angeles no returns . . . 6,000 7,831 Marin 323 500 1,036 Mariposa 4,400 4,500 8,969 Mendocino 56 400 416 Monterey 1,872 2,000 2,728 Napa 414 1,600 2,116 Nevada (from Yuba) 21,365 Placer (from El Dorado) 10,784 Sacramento 11,000 12,000 12,589 San Diego no returns... 2,000 2,932 SanJoaquin 4,000 5,000 5,029 San Francisco 21,000 25,000 36,151 Ilumbolt County, from Trinity, and San Bernardino County, from Los Angeles, are counties erected since 1852. The following summary of the census of the State in 1852, is abstracted from the report of W. Yan Voorhies, Secretary of State, to the governor, and dated 25th January, 1853: "Immediately after the adjournment of the last Legislature active measures were commenced, which have been prosecuted up to the present time, for the purpose of making a correct and complete exhibit of the population and resources of the State. This object, however, has been but imper fectly accomplished, in consequence, in some degree, of the intrinsic difficulties of so complicated and extensive an undertaking in a new and comparatively unknown country, but mainly .owing to the mixed, unsettled, and fluctuating character of our population, the difficulty of thoroughly exploring the mountain counties, the hostile tribes of Indians infesting some sections, and the mistaken supposition on the part of many that the business of the census agent was in some way connected with taxation. Believing that the occasion of taking this census afforded an opportunity which might not be again soon enjoyed, of procuring interesting geographical, geological, mineralogical, and other information pertaining to the natural curiosities and features of the State, I embraced it, and instructed each of the census agents to collect whatever of notable objects might come within their observation. These instructions not having been received by some of them until they were far advanced in their labor, were only carried out in a portion of the counties. A number of the counties, however, are represented in this particular and much useful and interesting intelligence collected on these subjects. Even from the imperfect showing which is thereby made, it will be seen that our State contains within her borders almost every variety of minerals and many most inviting fields of investigation to the natural philosopher, the antiquary, and the statesman. "A large number of the most important counties having failed to furnish any information on these subjects, we are left to conclude that much of the most useful and interesting matter in this branch remains yet to be developed. "Population. It will be observed that the county of El Dorado has not been as yet returned, either as respects population or productions. This is admitted to be one of the most populous and productive counties of the State. The vote cast in this county at the late general election was, as appears from the returns on file in this office, 11,252 ; and judging from the relation generally obtaining in this State between the vote and population, it should contain 40,000 inhabitants. This county cast a vote of 2,844 greater than any other county in the State. The county of San Francisco, with a population of 36,151, casts 8,408 votes. The county of Yuba, with a population of 20,005, casts a vote of 4,276. The county of Nevada, with a population of 21,365, casts a vote of 5,474. The county of Calaveras, with a population of 20,192, casts a vote of 5,132. The county of El Dorado, therefore, which cast a vote of 11,252, I set down as containing a population of 40,000; which is, in fact, an under estimate, preserving the parallel exhibited in other counties between the number of votes and inhabitants. Estimating the population of El Dorado at 40,000, makes the entire population of the State 264,435. This appears from the actual returns of the census, with the exception of El Dorado County, and the data upon which I have based the estimate of that county are given above. There can be no doubt, however, that in consequence of the difficulties previously mentioned, not more than five-sixths of the whole population of the State has been taken. The reports of all the census agents who have made returns, set forth the fact of their inability to obtain the whole population of their respective counties ; adding then one-sixth to the population returned and that estimated for El Dorado County, gives the population of the State at 308,507, which is believed to be about correct. Our entire popular vote at the late general election was 76,890, according to the election returns on file in this office, estimating the population at four times the amount of the popular vote, which is below the ratio usually obtaining throughout this State, and far below that obtaining in other States of the Union, places our population at 307,560. This exhibit shows an 99 CALIFORNIA. increase in the course of two years, taking the actual returns of the census, of 99.435, an annual increase of 49,717, and an increase of 30 per cent, per annum ; of the increase per cent, per annum, the United States, according to the late census, was 3^, showing a difference of increase between the State of California and the other States of the Union of 21VJ- per cent, per annum. Taking, however, the estimated and more probable census of the State, namely, 808,507, and it gives an annual positive increase of 71,753, an increase of 43 per cent, per annum, and a difference of increase per cent, between California and other States of 39*. This population is composed as follows : White inhabitants, male 151,115 " " female 29,741 Citizens over 21 years of age 93,344 Negroes, male 1,637 " female 253 " over 21 years of age 1,259 Mulattoes, male 424 " female... 98 Indians over 21 years of age 15.8C6 Foreign residents, male 50,631 " " female 4,360 " over 21 years of age 89,444 TOTAL. Whites 180,856 Citizens over 21 years of age 93,344 Negroes 1,890 " over 21 years of age 407 Mulattoes 522 Indians (domesticated), male 19,675 Indians (domesticated) 82,539 female 12,864 I Foreign residents 54,991 " In this estimate the county of El Dorado is not included, which will probably add to the whites 30,000 ; to the citizens of the United States over 21 years of age 12,000 ; to the negroes 200 ; to the mulattoes 50 ; to the Indians 1,000; and to the foreign residents 5,000 making a final total of whites, 210,858 ; citizens over 21 years of age, 105,344 ; negroes, 2,090 ; mulattoes, 572 ; Indians (domesticated). 33.539 ; foreign residents, 59,991. "The counties of Nevada, Placer, and Yuba have reported 9,809 Chinese. The other counties have embraced them without discrimination under the general head of foreign residents, the number ia believed to approximate 25,000. " Productions and Capital. Under this head, I regret to state, that not only the county of El Dorado, entire, but that of Calaveras, also, in part, two of the most wealthy and productive of the State, have to be omitted, not having as yet been returned. " A few of the counties have reported on the subjects of horticulture, manufactures, milling, farming, and farming utensils, separately, while the others have combined them under the general head of capital employed for other purposes. " The following items are not included under the general head above mentioned : Capital employed in stock, farming, and gardening $1,857,502 00 " fruits and orchards 366,91000 " " improvements and real estate 6,348.346 00 farming utensils 125,94000 " milling 240,850 00 making the total capital employed for purposes other than those specified under general heads $49,800,931. Estimate of El Dorado and Calaveras counties. 10,000,000 making $59,800,981. The articles of sheep, hogs, and poultry, although not specifically required by law, have been reported upon from twenty counties, and are as follows : sheep, 82,867, at $12 each $994,404 ; hogs, 38,976, at $10 each 389,760 ; poultry, 96, ->30, at $2 each 192,460 ; total value, $1,576.624. " For the number of horses, mules, cows, beef cattle, work oxen, bushels of barley, oats, wheat, potatoes, corn, acres of land in cultivation, quartz-mills, capital invested in quartz mining, capital invested in Placer mining, capital invested in other mining, and capital employed for other purposes, reference is made to the statistics of different counties respectively. "The following is the estimated value of the live-stock and agricultural products. These prices are given at an aver age much below the market value : Live-stock. Horses at $30 $1,943,190 00 Mules at 50 828 900 00 Cows at 50 5,216,95000 Beef cattle., at 25 7,884,800 00 Work oxen, at 50 1,453,250 00 $17,327,090 00 Agricultural Products. Barley at $1 40 per bushel $3,163,227 00 Oats at 1 00 " 100,497 00 Wheat at 240 " 652,23100 Potatoes at 1 50 " 2,089,755 00 Corn at 2 50 " 156,330 00 $6,162,040 00 The counties of Sonoma, Santa Cruz, Santa Clara, Sacramento, Napa, Mendocino, Los Angeles, and Contra Costa have reported 5,553,655 pounds onions, valued at $186,000 The counties of Yolo, Sierra, Santa Barbara, Santa Cruz, Santa Clara, and Monterey have reported 2,359,250 cabbages, valued at 60,777 The counties of Sonoma, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, and Monterey have reported 30,271 bush, of beans, value 72,492 The county of Santa Barbara has reported 1,370 barrels olives, valued at 27,400 The counties of Santa Barbara and Santa Clara have reported 26,811 grape vines, valued at 26,811 The counties of Yolo, Sonoma, Sierra, Sacramento, and Mendocino have reported 490,990 Ibs. turnips, valued . . 14.927 The county of Sacramento has reported 1,039,800 pounds tomatoes, valued at 82,403 The counties of Santa Clara and Sacramento have reported 1,107,500 pounds of carrots, valued at 33,225 The county of Sacramento has reported 358 acres of melons, valued at 17,900 The county of Sacramento has reported 460,000 pumpkins, valued at 46,000 The county of Santa Clara has reported 508,000 bricks, valued at 10,160 The county of Marin has reported 1,500,000 bricks per month, valued at (per annum) 360,000 The counties of Santa Barbara and Los Angeles have reported 73,462 gallons wine, value 146,924 And 73,056 gallons brandy 109,584 The counties of Santa Cruz and Nevada have reported capital invested in manufactures 6,300 100 CAL CAM "Showing total capital and productions of the State as follows : Total capital employed for purposes other than I Horticulture, manufactures, etc $1,150,000 those specified under general heads, includ- j Quartz mining 5,S71,405 ing estimates for El Dorado and Calaveras . . $59.800,000 ! Placer " 4.174,419 Live-stock 18,908,714 I Other " 8,851.623 Agricultural products 6.162,040 Estimate for El Dorado mining 2,500,000 Land in cultivation 1,107,480 Estimate for El Dorado and Calaveras 5,000,000 $108.520,631 " In the above estimate it will be observed that the value of no land except that in actual cultivation is included. " With those facts now before us, it may not be uninteresting or devoid of utility to take a comparative view of our position in reference to the other States of the Union. " Horses. In these we are in advance of fifteen of the States. Mules. In these we are in advance of twenty-six of the States. Milch Cows. In these we are in advance of twelve of the States. Work Oxen. In these we are in advance of eight of the States. Sheep. In these, although having returns from only twenty counties, we are in advance of four States. Sicine.ln these, although only twenty counties have reported, we are in advance of three States. Value of Lite-stock. In this we surpass twenty-two of the States. Barley. In this we are only equaled by one State, Now York. We raise more than one-half as much of this article as is produced in the whole Union besides. Potatoes. In this again we stand next to New York, and raise one-fifth the quantity produced by the balance of the Union. Wheat. In this we surpass ten of the States. Oats. In this we cultivate more than three-fourths of our sister States. Indian Corn. We produce less of this than any State of the Union. eans.ln this we surpass nine of the States, notwithstanding only five counties have reported the quantity produced. Hay. In this, though not returned from more than one-half counties, we exceed nine of the States. Fruite.In these we excel all the States in variety, and one-half in quantity produced. Mining. In this branch of industry we stand not only without a parallel, but without a competitor. Agri culture. Th\& important branch has been comparatively but little attended to in this State, and consequently in the value of cultivated land we are surpassed by all the States of the Union. The fact, however, that we excel most of them in the productions of the soil, shows the fertility and productiveness of our lands in a most favorable light. Trade. Yolo, Trinity, Sutler, Santa Cruz, San Diego, Sacramento, and Nevada counties have reported merchandise to the amount of $4,000,000. The remainder of the counties have included this item, with others, under the general head of Capital employed for other purposes in these, too, we surpass more than one-half the States. Minerals. The many interesting geological developments made by the census, place our State far in advance of all her sisters in the variety and import ance of these great handmaids of science and civilization. Many matters of interest are touched upon in the reports of the different agents, which, on account of their isolated character, could not be arranged under general heads and class ified. I have, therefore, endeavored to supply this defect by reference to them in this manner. It is needless to say the estimates submitted in this report are not claimed to be entirely accurate, but sufficiently so for practicable purposes. They will be found, I think, to present no exaggerated representation of our resources." VALLEJO is the capital of the State ; the Legislature of 1853, however, sat at Benicia. CALIFORNIA, L. and p. o., Branch co., Mich. : 66 m. S. by W. Lansing. CALIFORNIA, p. v., Yallabasha co., Miss. : 109 m. N. by E. Jackson. CALIFOKNIA, p. v., Clermont co., Ohio: 87 m. S. W. Co lumbus. CALIFORNIA, p. v., and cap. Moniteau co., Mo. : 21 m. "W. Jefferson City. CALIFORNIA, p. v., Floyd co., Go.. : 145 m. N. W. Mil- ledgeville. CALK S FERRY, p. o., Lexington dist., & Car. CALLAGHAN S, p. o., Alleghany co., Yirg. : at the forks of the roads leading to the Hot and Sulphur Springs, 5 m. W. of Covington, and 141 m. W. Richmond. CALLANDS, p. o., Pittsylvania co., Virg. : 122 m. W. S. "W. Richmond. CALLAWAY county, Ky. Situate "W. on S. border, and contains 460 sq. m. Drained by Clark s and Blood rivers, tributaries of the Tennessee, which lies on its E. border. Surface level, and soils moderately fertile. The products are wheat and Indian corn, with some tobacco and cotton. Farms 933 ; manut 7 ; dwelL 1,191. and pop. wh. 7,094, fr. col. 10, si. 992 total 8,096. Capital : Murray. CALLAWAY county, Mo. Situate centrally" on Missouri r. and contains 640 sq. m. Drained by Au Vase and other creeks. Surface undulating, with good timber, and the soils fertile. Wheat, corn, and tobacco are the chief products. Farms 1,169; manuf.33; dwelLl, 612, and pop. wh. 9,898, fr. col. 22, si. 3,907 total 13,827. Capital : Fulton. , p. o., Clarion co., Penn. : on the S. side of Clarion r., a tributary of Alleghany r., 152 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. CALLEXSYILLE, p. v., Pendletoa co., Ky. : 49 m. N. E. Frankfort. CALLICOON, p. v., Sullivan co., N. Y. : on the E. side of toe Delaware r., S6 m. S. W. Albany. CALLICOON DEI-QT, p. o., Sullivan co., N. Y.: on the New York and Erie R. R., 141 m. from New York, and 323 from Dunkirk. CALX, p. o., Chester co., Penn. : 58 m. E. by S. Harris- burg. CALNO, p. o., Warren co., N. Jer. : 51 m. N. by W. Trenton. CALUMET county, Wise. Situate N. E. on Lake Winne- bago, and contains 324 sq. m. Drained chiefly by the head streams of Man itou woe and Sheboygan rivers. Surface va ried in the centre traversed by a rocky ridge ; and timber abundant. Farms 125; manuf. 4; dwell. 383, and pop. wh. 1,721, fr. col. 122 total 1,843. Capital : Manchester. CALUMET, p. o., Porter co., Ind. : on Calumet cr., 134 m. X. N. W. Indianapolis. CALUMET VILLAGE, p. v., Fond du Lac co., Wise. : on the S. E. side of Winnebago Lake, 88 m. N. E. Madison. CALUMIC river, Ind. : rises on the W. side of La Porte co., and runs W. nearly parallel with Lake Michigan, into Illinois ; there a part of it empties into the lake, 15 m. N. E. of Chicago, and the other part returns directly E., parallel with its former course, and only 3 or 4 m. N. of it, falling into the lake at its extreme southern bend. The name was derived from calumet, the Indian "pipe of peace.* Its original name was Ken-no-mo-kong. CALVARY, p. v., Athens co., Ohio : 63 m. S. E. Columbus. CALVERT county, Md. Situate W. shore, and contains 239 sq. m. Drained by creeks falling into Chesapeake Bay and Patuxent r. Surface undulating, rising from the waters ; s5il a fine mold, producing tobacco, corn, wheat, etc. Farms 434 ; dwell. 1,006, and pop. wh. 3,630, fr. col. 1,430, si. 4,430 total 9,646. Capital : Prince Frederick. CALVIN, p. o., Huntingdon co., Penn. : 69 m. W. Har- risburg. CAMAK, p. v., Warren co., Ga. : on the line of the Geor gia E. R M 47 m. from Augusta, and 45 E. N. E. Milledge 101 CAM CAM ville. A branch E. E. hence diverges to Warrouton, dis tant 4 m. CAMAXCHE, p. v., Clinton co., la. : on the W. side of the Mississippi r., 67 m. E. by N. Iowa City. A railroad is pro jected to run hence to Iowa City. GAMARGO, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. : 46 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. CAMAEQO, p. v., Lincoln co., Tenn. : 69 m. S. Nashville. CAMARGO, p. v., Monroe co., Miss. : 142 m. N. E. Jackson. CAMABGO, p. v., Jefferson co., Ind. : 76 m. S. E. Indian apolis. CAMAEGO, p. v., Montgomery co., Ky. : 62 m. E. by S. Frankfort. CAMBRIA county, Penn. Situate W. centrally, and con tains 720 sq. m. Drained by W. branch of Susquehanna r., and the head waters of the Connemaugh. Surface rough and sometimes mountainous the Alleghanies making its E. and Laurel Eidge its W. border. The soils are of aver age fertility. Farms 1,089 ; manuf. 126 ; dwell. 2,893, and pop. wh. 17,645, fr. col. 128 total 17,773. Capital : Ebens- burg. Public Works: Pennsylvania Canal and Pennsyl vania E. E. CAMBEIA, p. v., Lucerne co., Penn. : 67 m. N. E. Harris- burg. CAMBEIA, p. v., Hillsdale co., Mich.: 62 m. 8. by W. Lansing. CAMBEIA, t and p. v., Niagara co., & T. : 248 m. W. Albany. The Eochester, Lockport, and Niagara Falls E. E. passes through the t., 64 m. from Eochester. Pop. 2,368. CAMBEIA, p. o., and cap. Wayne co., la. : 112 m. S. W. by W. Iowa City. CAMBRIA MILLS, p. o., Hillsdale co., Mich. : 62 m. 8. by W. Lansing. CAMBRIDGE, p. v., Dallas co., Ala. : 62 m. W. S. "W. Montgomery. CAMBRIDGE, p. v., Dane co., Wise. : on the "W. side of a stream flowing into Lake Koshkonong, 19 m. E. by S. Madison. CAMBRIDGE, city and p. o., "Wayne co., Ind. : on the W. branch of White Water r., where it is crossed by the Na tional Eoad and the Indiana Central E. E., 52 m. E. In dianapolis. The White Water Canal has its northern ter minus at llagerstown, 7 m. N. of Cambridge. CAMBRIDGE, p. v., Henry co., III. : 92 m. N. N. W. Springfield. CAMBRIDGE, p. v., and cap. Dorchester co., Md. : on the S. side of Choptank r., 12 m. from Chesapeake Bay, and 37 m. S. E. Annapolis. CAMBEIDGE, t. and p. o., Somerset co., Me. : 47 m. N. by E. Augusta. Pop. 633. CAMBEIDGE, t. and p. o., Lenawee co., MicJi. : 54 m. S. by E. Lansing. Pop. 974. CAMBRIDGE, p. v., Saline co., Mo. : on the S. side of the Missouri r., 64 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. CAMBRIDGE, t., p. city, and cap. Middlesex co., Mass. : 3 m. N. W. Boston. The Observatory stands in lat. 42 22 43", and long. 71 08 W. Cambridge is the seat of Harvard University, one of the most nourishing schools of the United States, founded 1633 ; and here is located Mount Auburn Cemetery, a spot remarkable for its natural beauties. The public buildings are at East Cambridge, at Lechmere s Point, a v. at the S. E. extremity of the t., which is con nected with Boston and Charlestown by bridges. A news paper, the " C. Chronicle," is issued weekly. The t is also connected with Boston by E. E. Pop. 15,215. CAMBRIDGE, t. and p. v., Washington co., 2T. T.: on. Hoosic r., 31 m. N. N. E. Albany. Pop. 2,593. CAMBRIDGE, t., p. v., and cap. Guernsey co., Ohio : on the E. bank of Wells cr., 72 m. E. Columbus. Pop. oft. 2,439. CAMBRIDGE, p. v., Abbeville dist., S. Car. : 74 m W. by N. Columbia. CAMBRIDGE, t. and p. o., Lamoille co., Verm. : on La- moille r., 31 m. N. W. Montpelier. pop. 1,849. 102 CAMBRIDGE, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. : 46 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. CAMBRIDGE PORT, p. o., Middlesex co., Mass. : 2 m. N.W. Boston. It is a place of considerable commerce, and sev eral manufactures are established here. It has lately been incorporated with Cambridge City. CAMBRIDGE PORT, p. v., Windham co., Verm. : 93 m. S. Montpelier. CAMDEX county, Ga. Situate S. E. corner, facing the Atlantic, and having for its S. boundary St. Mary s r., and contains 765 sq. m. Drained by Buffalo cr., Santilla r., and several streams tributaries of the St. Mary s. Surface low and sandy, with swamps. Eice and cotton are the principal products. Farms 235; manuf. 5; dwell. 642, and pop. wh. 2,069, fr. col. 4, si. 4,246 total 6,319. Capital: Jeffer- sonton. CAMDEX county, Mo. Situate centrally, and contains 430 sq. m. Drained by Osage r. and its tributaries. Surface level or undulating, with considerable woodland and a soil of great fertility. Farms 214; dwell. 360, and pop. wh. 2,208, fr. col. 0, si. 130 total 2,333. Capital: Erie. CAMDEX county, N. Jer. Situate W. middle, on Dela ware r., and contains 268 sq. m. Watered by creeks of the Delaware. .Surface flat ; soils moderately fertile. Farms 731 ; manuf. 143; dwell. 4,090, and pop. wh. 23.325, fr. col. 2,097, si. total 25,422. Capital : Camden. Public Works : Camden and Amboy E. E. CAMDEN county, N. Car. Situate N. E. between Pas- quotank and North rivers, and contains 223 sq. m. Surface low and marshy, and soils indifferent. Farms 579 ; manuf. 15 ; dwell. 770, and pop. wh. 3,572, fr. col. 290, si. 2,137 total 6,049. Capital : Camden C. H. CAMDEN, p. v., and cap. Wilcox co., Ala. : on a cr. of Alabama r., 63 m. W. S. W. Montgomery. CAMDEN, p. v., and cap. Benton co., Penn. : about 6 m. W. of Tennessee r., and 69 W. Nashville. The Nashville and Mississippi E. E. will pass through this place. CAMDEN, p. v., and cap. Washita co., Ark. : on the W. aide of Washita r., 78 m. S. by E. Little Eock. CAMDEN, p. v., Kent co., Del. : on the S. branch of Jones cr., 3 m. S. by E. Dover. CAMDEX, p. v., Carroll co., Ind. : on the N. side of Pas- sianong cr., 63 m. N. N. W. Indianapolis. CAMDEN, p. o., Schuyler co., III. : on a tributary of Crook ed cr., 84 m. W. N. W. Springfield. CAMDEX, t and p. v., Waldo co., Me. : on the W. side of Penobscot bay, 36 m. E. by S. Augusta. It has a good har bor and a number of vessels employed in the coasting trade and the fisheries. Lime is the principal staple, and is export ed in large quantities. Ship-building is also an extensive employment at this port. Pop. 4,005. CAMDEN, p. v., Madison co., Miss. : on a cr. of Big Black r., 36 m. N. by E. Jackson. CAMDEX, t. and p. o., Hillsdale co., Mich. : on Little St. Joseph s r., 66 m. S. by W. Lansing. Pop. 594. CAMDEX, p. v., Eay co., Mo. : on the N. side of the Mis souri r., 112 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City, and by course of the r., 342 m. above St. Louis. CAMDEN, p. v., and cap. Camden co., N. Car. : on the E. side of Pasquotank r., 147 m. E. N. E. Ealeigh. The ton nage of the district of which it is the port, amounted in 1350 to 11,943 tons. CAMDEN, t. and p. v., Oneida co., K T. : on Fish cr., 108 m. W. N. W. Albany. The Watertown and Borne E. E. passes through the village 18 m. from Eome. Pop. 2,320. CAMDEN, t., p. city, port, and cap., Camden co., N. Jer. : on the E. side of Delaware r., opposite Philadelphia, 55 m. S. by W. Trenton. The city is united with Philadelphia by three ferries. The largest ships come up to the lower part of the city, and vessels of 150 tons to the central parts. The city has considerable manufactures and trade, and contains numerous fine public buildings, churches, and school-houses. The Camden and Amboy E. E. has its terminus at this CAM CAM point, and there is also a railroad to "VVoodbury. Three newspapers are published here weekly, the " West Jersey- man" (whig), the " C. Phoenix," and the " C. Democrat" (dem.) Pop. 9,618. CAMDEN, p. v., Preble co., Ohio : on the W. side Seven Mile cr., 92 m. W. by S. Columbus. CAMDEN, p. v., and cap. Kershaw dist., S. Car. : on the E. side of Wateree r., 31 m. N. E. Columbia. The river is navigable to this point for 70 tons flat boats, but since the completion of the Camden Branch of the South Carolina R. K. the bulk of its commercial material has been convey ed by land. The village has some manufactures, and its public buildings are commodious and substantial. A news paper, the " C. Journal," is issued semi-weekly. Camden is noted as the scene of two battles of the Revolution the one fought 16th Aug., 1T80, and the other 23d April, 1781. A monument, erected in honor of Baron De Kalb, and the foundation of which was laid by Lafayette in 1S25, stands at the end of De Kalb Street ; it is of white marble, and the chief ornament of the village. CAMDEN, p. v., Benton co., Tenn. : 69 m. W. Nashville. CAMDEN MILLS, p. o., Rock Island co., III. : on Copper cr. of Rock r., 123 m. N. W. by N. Springfield. CAMDENVILLE, p. v., Anderson co., Jy. : 22 m. S. W. Frankfort. CAMEL S RUMP, Verm. : one of the highest peaks of the Green Mountains, 17 m. W. Montpelier. Its elevation is 4,1SS feet above the sea-level. CAMERON county, Tex. Situate S. "W. on Gulf of Mexico, and contains about 5,600 sq. m. It includes the Isla del Padre. Its principal settlements are on the Rio Grande. Farms 11 ; dwell. 1,554, and pop. wh. 8,469, fr. col. 19, si. 53 total 8,541. In this enumeration Starr and Webb counties are also included. Capital : Santa Rita. CAMERON, t, and p. v., Steuben co., N. Y. : on the Canis- teo r., 216 m. W. by S. Albany. The New Tork and Erie R. R. passes through the village, 324 m. from New York City, and 145 m. from Dunkirk. Pop. 1,701. CAMERON, p. v., Clinton co., Penn. : 78 m. N. W. Harris- burg. CAMERON, p. v., and cap. Milam co., Tec?. : on the N. side of Little r. of the Brazos r., 64 m. N. E. Austin City. CAMERON S MILLS, p. o., Steuben co., 2f. Y. : 222 m. W. by S. Albany. CAMILLUS, t. and p. v., Onondago co., 2f. Y. : 128 m. W. Albany. The Erie Canal traverses the northern part of the town, and the Rochester and Syracuse R. R. intersects the village, 7 m. W. Syracuse. Pop. 3,106. CAMPBELL county, Ga. Situate N. W., and contains 3S8 sq. m. Drained by Chattahoochee r. and its creeks. Sur face undulating, and soils of average fertility. Products wheat, Indian corn, and cotton. Farms 694 ; manuf. 18 ; dwell. 920, and pop. wh. 5,718, fr.col. 7, si. 1,507 total 7,232. Capital: Campbellton. Public Works: La Grange R. R. CAMPBELL county, Ky. Situate N. between the Ohio and Licking rivers, and contains 180 sq. m. Drained by creeks flowing into the border rivers. Surface uneven, and soils moderately productive. Wheat, corn, and tobacco are the staple products. Farms 730 ; manuf. 12 ; dwell. 2,319, and pop. wh. 12,871, fr. col. 79, si. 177 total 13,127. Capital: Newport. Pullio Works : Lexington and Cincinnati R. R. (projected). CAMPBELL county, Tenn. Situate N. E., and contains 672 sq. m. Drained by Cumberland and New rivers, and Clinch r. washes its S. E. border. Surface uneven and hilly in the N. W. mountainous. Soils, with some excep tions, fertile, and productive of the cereals and some cot ton. Farms 521 ; manuf. 14 ; dwell. 916, and pop. wh. 5,653, fr. col. 97, si. 31S total 6,068. Capital : Jacksboro . CAMPBELL county, Virg. Situate S. between James and Staunton rivers, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Fall ing r., Otter cr., and other streams. Surface much broken, but soil productive. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and tobacco are the principal growths. Farms 758; manuf. 119; dwell. 2,203, and pop. wh. 11,538, fr. col. 841, si. 10,866 total 23,245. Capital : Campbell C. II. Public Works : Virgi nia and East Tennessee R. R., etc. CAMPBELL, p. v., Coles co., HI. : on the W. side of Em- barras r., 2 m from that stream, and 67 m. E. S. E. Springfield. CAMPBELL, p. v., Lawrence co., Ohio: 96 m. S. by E. Columbus. CAMPBELL C. H., p. v., and cap. Campbell co., Virg. : 92 m. W. S. W. Richmond. CAMPBELL S BRIDGE, p. o., Marion dist, S. Car. : 89 m. E. by N. Columbia. CAMPBELLSBURGII, p. v., Henry co., Ey. : on the Louis ville and Cincinnati R. R., 30 m. N. W. Frankfort. CAMPBELL S CORNERS, p. o., Oakland co., Mich. CAMPBELL S MILLS, p. o., Windham co., Conn.: 38 m. E. N. E. Hartford. CAMPBELL S POST, p. v., Portage co., Ohio : 122 m. N. E. Columbus. CAMPBELL S REST, p. o., Sullivan co., Tenn. : 247 m. E. by N. Nashville. CAMPBELL S STATION, p. o., Knox co., Tenn. : on the N. side of Tennessee r., 129 m. E. Nashville. CAMPBELLSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Taylor co., Ky. : 58 m. S. by W. Frankfort. CAMPBELLSVILLE, p. v., Giles co., Tenn. : on a cr. of Ten nessee r., 59 m. S. by W. Nashville. CAMPBELLTON, p. v., Jackson co., Flor. : on the W. side of Chipola r., 78 m. W. N. W. Tallahassee. CAMPBELLTON, p. v., and cap. Campbell co., Ga. : on both sides of Chattahoochee r., 93 m. W. N. W. Milledgeville. CAMPBELLTON, p. v., Itawamba co., Miss. : 173 m. N. E. Jackson. CAMPBELLTOWN, p. v., Steuben co., N. Y. : on E. side of Conhocton r., 174 m. W. by S. Albany. The Buffalo, Cor ning, and New York R. R. passes through the village, 9 m. from Corning. CAMPBELLTOWN, p. v., Lebanon co., Penn. : 15 m. E. Harrisburg. CAMPBELLVILLE, p. v., Duchess co., 2f. Y. : 63 m. S. by E. Albany. CAMPBELLVILLE, p. v., Sullivan co., Penn.: 87 m. N. Harrisburg. CAMP CALL, p. o., Cleveland co., N. Car. : 153 m. S. W. Raleigh. CAMP CREEK, p. o., Kosciusko co., Ind. : 78 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. CAMP CREEK, p. o., Jefferson co., Ark. : 52 m. S. by E. Little Rock. CAMP CREEK, p. o., Livingston co., Ky. : 198 m. W. by S. Frankfort. CAMP CREEK, p. o., Greene co., Tenn. : on a cr. so called of Noliclmcky r., 228 m. E. Nashville. CAMPELLO, p. o., Plymouth co., Mass. CAMP GROUND, p. v., Appling co., Ga. : 117 m. S. S. E Milledgeville. CAMP HILL, p. o., Tallapoosa co., Ala. : 43 m. N. E Montgomery. CAMP IZARD, p. o., Marion co., Flor. : 162 m. S. E. by E. Tallahassee. CAMP MILLS, p. o., Floyd co., Virg. : 163 m. "W. S. W. Richmond. CAMPOBELLO, p. v., Spartanburgh dist., S. Car. : 73 m. N. by W. Columbia. CAMP POINT, p. o., Adams co., HI. : 61 m. W. by N. Springfield. CAMP RIDGE, p. o., Williamsburgh dist., S. Car. : 77 m, E. by S. Columbia. CAMP SPRING, p. o., Lawrence co., Ala. : 166 m. N. N. W. Montgomery. CAMPTI, p. v., Nachitoches par., La, : on the N. E, side of Red r., 158 m. N. W. Baton Rouge, 103 CAM CAN CAMPTON, t. and p. o., Grafton co., N. Ifamp. : on Peme- gemasset r., 44 m. N. by W. Concord. Top. l,-!f,9. CAMPTON VILLAGE, p. T., Grafton co., A". Hamp. : 43 m. N. by W. Concord. CAMPTOWN, p. v., Bradford co., Penn. : 112 m. N. Har- risburg. CAMPTOWN, p. v., Essex co., 2f. Jer. : on Elizabeth r., 47 m. N. N. W. Trenton. Considerable manufactures are car ried on in this village. It derives its name from the fact of the encampment of the American army at this point dur ing the Eevolutionary war. CAMPVILLE, p. v., Tioga co., N. T.: GO. the N. bank of Susquehanna r., 122 m. W. S. "W. Albany, and on the line of the New York and Erie E. E., 240 m. from New York and 229 m. from Dunkirk. CAMPVILLE, p. v., Litchfleld co., Conn. CAKA, p. o., Jennings co., Ind. : 57 m. S. E. Indian apolis. CANAAN, p. v., Marion co., Ala. : 153 m, N. "W. Mont gomery. CANAAN, t. and p. v., Litchfield co., Conn,. : on the E. side of Housatonic r., 42 m. N. W. Hartford. The river between this and Salisbury has a fall of 60 feet, and affords extensive hydraulic power. Iron and lime are the chief manufactures. The Housatonic K. E. passes through Canaan, 73 m. N. of Bridgeport. Pop. 2,727. CANAAN, p. v., Jefferson co., Ind. : about 2 m. W. of Indian Kentucky r., 76 m. S. E. Indianapolis. CANAAN, L and p. v., Somerset co., Me. : on the E. side of Kennebec r., 27 m. N. by E. Augusta. Pop. 1,696. CANAAN, t. and p. o., Grafton co., J\ r . Hamp. : on Mas- corny r., 33 m. N. "W. Concord. Pop. 1,686. CANAAN, t and p. v., Columbia co., N. T. : 22 m. S. E. Albany. The Hudson and Berkshire R. E., and the Albany and West Stockbridge (western) E. E. traverse the t., and the latter touches the v., 33 m. from Albany. Pop. 1,941. CANAAN, t. and p. o., "Wayne co., Ohio : 84 m. Bf. E. Columbus. Pop. l,92a CANAAN, t. and p. o., Wayne co., Perm.: on branches of Lackawaxen cr., 143 m. N. E. Harrisburg. The E. E. extending from Carbondale to Honesdale traverses the t. in its N. part. CANAAN, t. and p. o., Essex co., Verm. : in the N. E. corner of the State, 67 m. N. E. Montpelier. Pop. 471. CANAAN CENTBE, p. v., Columbia co., M Y. : 24 m. S. E. Albany. CANAAN FOUR COENEES, p. v., Columbia co., N. Y. : 23 m. S. E. Albany. CANAANVILLE, p. v., Athens co., Ohio : 78 m. S. E. Columbus. CANADA creek, N. Y. : the W. and largest branch of the Mohawk r. It is about 60 m. long, and in its course has several rapids and cascades, which afford views of much grandeur and interest. CANADIAN, p. v., Mississippi CO., Ark. : 142 m. N. E. Little Eock. CANADICE, t. and p. v., Ontario co., N. Y. : on Honeyoke Lake, 187 m. W. Albany. Hemlock Lake bounds it on the W. side. The t. contains much fine agricultural land. Pop. 1,069. CANAJOHARIE, t. and p. v., Montgomery co., N. T. : on the S. side of Mohawk r., 42 m. W. Albany. The Erie Canal passes through the village. The " Montgomery County Union" (dem.), is issued weekly. Pop. 4,097. CANAL, p. o., Onondaga co.. 2f. Y. : 122 m. W. Albany. CANAL, t. and p. o., Yenango co., Penn. : 197 m.W. N.W. Harrisburg. CANAL DOVER, p. o., Tuscarawas co., 07iio : on the Ohio Canal, 86 m. E. by N. Columbus. CANAL FULTON, p. o., Stark co., Ohio : on the E. side of Tuscarawas r., and on the Ohio Canal, 96 m. N. E. Columbus. CANAL LBWISVILLE, p. v., Coshocton co., Ohio : on the 104 X. side of Tuscarawas r., and on the Ohio Canal, CO m. E. by N. Columbus. CANAL WINCHESTER, p. v., Fairfleld co., Ohio : on a branch of Little \Valnut cr., and on the Ohio Canal, 14 m. S. E. Columbus. Pop. 6 2"4. CANANDAIGUA lake, N. Y. : a beautiful sheet of water situate centrally in Ontario co. Its length, from N. to S., is 14 m., and its medial breadth about 1 m. It discharges itself into the river of the same name at the v. of Canun- daigua. CANANDAIGUA river, M Y. : is formed from the waters discharged from the lake, and under various names winds its course to the Seneca, the common recipient of a cluster of small lakes. CANANDAIGUA, t., p. v., and cap. Ontario co., N. Y. : on the W. side of Canandaigua Lake, 177 m. W. Albany. The v. is pleasantly situate at the outlet of the lake, and contains, besides the co. buildings, a number of substantial and elegant churches, stores, and dwellings. The "Ontario Eepository" (whig), and the " Ontario Messenger" (dem.), are published weekly. The Eochester and Syracuse E. E. passes through the v. 29 m. from Eochester, and it is the N. terminus of the Canandaigua and Elmira E. E., and the E. terminus of the Canandaigua and Niagara Falls E. E. Pop. 6,212. CANANDAIGUA, p. o., Lenawee co., Mich. : on the W. side of Bear cr. of Eaisin r., 64 m. S. by E. Lansing. The Southern Michigan E. E. runs 4 m. N. of the village. CANASAUGA, p. o., Polk co., Tenn. : 142 m. E. S. E. Nashville. CANASTOTA, p. v., Madison co., N. Y. : on the Erie Canal, and the Utica and Syracuse E. E., 201 m. from Albany. CANDIA, L and p. o., Eockingham co., N. Ifamp. : on the height of land between the Merrimac r. and the ocean, 17 m. S. E. Concord. The view from these heights is exten sive, reaching on one side to the White Mountains, and on the other to the distant Atlantic. Pop. 1,482. CANDOR, t. and p. v., Tioga co., N. Y. : on Cottotong cr., 127 m. W. by S. Albany. The v. lies on the Cayuga and Susquehanna E. E., 10 m. N. Owego. Pop._3,43.J. CANDOR, p. v., Washington co., Penn. : 192 m. W. Harrisburg. CANEADEA, t. and p. v., Alleghany co., N. Y. : on the Genesee r., 227 m. W. by S. Albany. The v. is on the W. side of the river. Pop. 1.477. CANE BOTTOM, p. o., Lauderdale co., Tenn. : 162 m. W. by S. Nashville. CANE CREEK, p. v., and cap. Butler co., No. : on the W. fork of the cr. so called, 154 m. S. E. Jefferson City. Cane cr. is a tributary of Big Black Water r., which it joins a little beloAV the Arkansas State line. CANE CREEK, p. o., Chatham co., N". Ccur. : on a cr. of Cape Fear r. so called, 43 m. W. by N. Ealeigh. CANE CREEK, p. o., Lincoln co., Tenn. : on a cr. of Elk r. so called, 64 m. S. by E. Nashville. CANE CREEK, p. o., Franklin co., Ala. : 174 m. N. W. Montgomery. CANEMAH, v., Clackamas co., Oreg. : on E. side of Willa mette r., 2 m. above Oregon City, and 33 m. N. by E. Salem. CANE POINT, p. o., Troup co., Ga. : 112 m. Milledgeville. CANE SPRING, p. o., Bullitt co., Ky. : 51 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. CANEY, p. v., Washita co., Ark. : 86 m. S. Little Eock. CANEY, p. v., Matagorda co., Teat. : on a stream so called, 147 m. S. E. Austin City. The Caney empties into the Gulf at the N. E. end of Matagorda Bay. CANEY BRANCH, p. o., Greene co., Tenn. : 219 m. E. Nashville. CANEY FORK, p. o., Warren co., Tenn.: on Caney fork of Cumberland r., 55 m. E. by S. Nashville. CANEY SPRING, p. o., Marshall co., Tenn. : 32 m. 8. Nashville. CAN CAP CANEYVILLE, p. v., Grayeon co., Ky. : 98 m. W. S. "W. Frankfort. CANFIELD, p. v., and cap. Mahoning co., Oldo : 132 m. N. E. Columbus. The "Mahoning Index," a dem. paper, is issued weekly. CANFIELD S COENEE, p. o., Tioga co., N. Y. : 134 m. W. S. "W. Albany. CANICELLO, p. v., Kockbridge co. s Virg. : 112 m. ~W. Eichmond. CANISTEO, t. and p. v., Steuben co., N. Y.: on Canisteo r., 18S m. "W. by S. Albany. The v. on the N. side of the r. is intersected by the New York and Erie K. E., 33T m. from New York, and 132 from Dunkirk. The " Canisteo Express" is issued weekly. Pop. 2,030. CANISTEO river, N. Y. : rises in Allegkany co., and after a general S. E. course of 60 m., falls into Tioga r., in the t. of Erwin, Steuben co. It is navigable for boats for about 40 m., and is the recipient of numerous fine mill streams. CANISTEO river, 2f. Y.: a. tributary of Tioga r., which it enters near the v. of Painted Post. Its whole course is about 60 m., and it is beatable for about 40 m. ; and though in some parts no more than 4 rods wide, floats arks contain ing 1,000 bushels of grain, and opens fine facilities of inter course with the Tioga and Susquehanna rivers. CANNADAY GAP, p. o., Floyd co., Virg. : at a pass of the mountains, 159 m. W. S. "W. Eichmond. CANNELTON, p. v., Perry co., Ind. : on the Ohio r., 124 m. S. by W. Indianapolis. The neighborhood abounds in coal, from a particular species of which (cannel) the v. takes its name. It possesses great manufacturing advantages, and considerable capital has been invested in cotton and earthenware factories. Building material, fire clay, etc., are abundant. The " Economist," a weekly paper, is published here. Pop. about 700. CANNON county, Tenn. Situate centrally, and contains 840 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Cumberland r. Sur face mountainous, and soils generally fertile. Farms 677 ; manuf. 7 ; dwell. 1,326, and pop. wh. 8,115, fr. col. 24, si. 843 total 8,9S2. Capital : "Woodbury. CANNONSBUEGH, p. v., Kent co., Mich. : on a cr. of Grand r., 51 m. W. N. "W. Lansing. CANNONSBURGH, p. v., Greenup co., Ky. : 72 m. S. "W. Frankfort. CANNONSBUEGIT, p. v., Washington co., Penn. : on Char- tier s cr., 18 m. S. W. Pittsburg, and 182 m. W. Harrisburg. Jefferson College, and a Theological Seminary are located here. CANNON S FEEET, p. o., Sussex co., Del. : 39 m. S. Dover. CANNON S MILL, p. o., Columbiana co., Ohio : 126 m. E. N. E. Columbus. CANNON S STOEE, p. o., Spartanburgh dist., S. Car. : 68 N. by W. Columbia. CANNONSVILLE, p. v., Delaware co., N. Y. : on the N. side of Delaware r., 89 m. S. "W. Albany. CANOE CKEEK, p. o., Burke co., N. Car. : 163 m. "W. Ealeigh. CANOGA, p. v., Seneca co., N. Y. : about one m. W. of Cayuga Lake, 148 m. W. Albany. CANONIGCT island, in Narraganset Bay, 7?. I. : 8 m. "W. Ehode Island. It is 7 m. long and a mile broad. CANOOCHEE, p. o., Emanuel co., Ga. : on the r. so called, 79 m. S. E. Milledgeville. CANOOCIIE river, Ga. : the "W. and largest confluent of Ogeechee r. It is 100 m. long, and navigable for 50 m. to Cedar cr. CANTEEBURY, t. and p. v., "Windham co., Conn. : on the W. side of Quinnebaug r.,41 m. E. Hartford. Pop. 1,669. CANTEEBURY, p. o., Kent co., Del. : at the head of Mother Kill cr., 7 m. S. by W. Dover. CANTERBURY, t. and p. v., Merrimac co., N~. JTamp. : on the E. side of the Merrimac r., 8 m. N. Concord. In the S. E. part of the t. there is a Shaker s village. Pop. 1,614. O CANTON, p. v., Smith co., Tea;. : 218 m. N. E. Austin City. CANTON, p. v., Wilcox co., Ala. : on the left bank of the Alabama r., 63 m. "W. S. W. Montgomery. CANTON, p. v., Lawrence co., Ark. : on a cr. of Strawberry r., 109 m. N. by E. Little Eock. CANTON, t and p.v., Hartford co., Conn. : on Farmington r., 13 m. N. "W. by W. Hartford. It has some manufactures. Pop. 1,994. CANTON, p. v., and cap. Cherokee co., Ga. : on the N. side of the Etowah r., 113 m. N. W. Milledgeville. CANTON, p. v., "Washington co., Ind. : 77 m. S. Indiana polis. The New Albany and Salem E. E. crosses the co. about a mile S. of the village. CANTON, p. v., Fulton co., III. : on Big cr. of Spoon r., 47 m. N. N. "W. Springfield. CANTON, p. v., Jackson co., la. : on the N. side of Mako- queta r., 47 m. N. E. Iowa City. CANTON, p.v., Twigg co., Ky. : on the E. side of Cumber land r., 40 m. from its mouth, and 194 m. W. S. "W. Frank fort. It is the place of shipment for the produce of a rich and productive back country. CANTON, t. and p. o., Oxford co., Me. : on Androscoggin r., 26 m. "W". by N. Augusta. Pop. 926. CANTON, p. v., and cap. Madison co., Miss. : between the forks of a cr. of Big Black r., 23 m. N. N. E. Jackson. CANTON, t. and p. v., Norfolk co., Mass. : on Neponset r., 14 m. S. W. Boston. The Boston and Providence E. E. passes through the v., 14 m. from Boston, and 29 from Providence. It has several iron, cotton, and woolen facto ries. Pop. 2,598. CANTON, p. v., Salem co., N~. Jer. : on the "W. branch of Stow cr., 61 m. S. S. "W. Trenton. CANTON, t., p. v., and cap. St. Lawrence co., A T . Y. : on Grasse r. of the St. Lawrence, 142 m. N. "W. Albany. At the v. a fine bridge is thrown over the stream, and the "Watertown and Potsdam E. E. will cross the Grasse at this point Pop. 4,685. CANTON, t., p. T., and cap. Stark co., Ohio: about 1}- m. above the bifurcation of Nimishillen cr., 103 m. N. E. Columbus. Three newspapers, the " Ohio Eepository- (whig), the " Stark County Democrat, and the " Ohio Staats Bote" (Germ, dem.), are published weekly. It is a very thriving place, being intersected by the Ohio and Pennsyl vania E. E., Pop. of v. 2,604, and of t. 4,326. CANTON, t. and p. v., Bradford co., Penn. : on Tonawanda r., 107 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. CANTON, p. v., Lewis co., Mo. : 108 m. N. N. E. Jefferson City. CANTON CENTEE, p. o., Hartford co., Conn. : 13 m. N. "W. by W. Hartford. CANTON MILLS, p. o., Oxford co., Me. : 27 m. "W. by N. Augusta. CANTEELL S CROSS EOADS, p. o., M Minn co., Tenn. : 131 m. E. S. E. Nashville. CANTWELL S BEIDGE, p. o., Newcastle co., Del. : on the N. side of Appoquinimink cr., 17 m. N. by "W. Dover. CAPE AEAGO, Oreg. Ter. : a prominent headland, jutting into the Pacific Ocean, about 40 m. S. of the Umpqua r. CAPE Au GEAY, p. o., Lincoln eo., Mo. : on the "VV. side of the Mississippi r., 88 m. E. N. E. Jefferson City. CAPE BLANCO, Oreg. Ter. : a headland on the Pacific coast, about 25 m. N. of Cape Oxford. CAPE COD, Mass. : a projection from the mainland, in lat. 42 2 23" N., and long. 70 3 55" W. It is curved inward, something in the shape of a man s arm bent at the elbow and wrist, and is 65 m. long, and from 1 to 20 m. broad. It constitutes the co. of Barnstable. CAPE DISAPPOINTMENT, Oreg. Ter. : a headland at the entrance of the Columbia r. CAPE FARE, p. o., Taney co., Mo. : on "White r., 13S m . S. 8. W. Jefferson City. CAPE FEAR, N. Car. : the S. point of Smith s island, near 105 CAP CAR the mouth of Cape Fear r., in lat. 33 48 N., and long. 78 09 W. CAPE FEAR river, 2f. Car. : the best navigable river of the State. It has two branches : the N. "W. branch, formed by the union of Deep and Haw rivers, from which, flowing about 100 m., it receives the N. E. branch, or Clarendon r., above Wilmington, and 34 m. below it enters the Atlantic Ocean by two channels, one on each side of Smith s Island. Its channels have been deepened by embankments, and steamboats now navigate its waters to Fayetteville, 90 m., at the lowest stage of the waters. CAPE FOULWEATHEB, Oreg. Ter. : a headland on the Pacific coast, about 10 m. N. of the mouth of Alseya r. CAPE GIRARDEAU county, Mo. Situate S. E. on Missis sippi r., and contains 860 sq. m. Drained by "White Water r. and other streams. Surface level, sometimes swampy, and studded with small lakes. Iron ore, useful clays, etc., are abundant. Wheat, Indian corn, oats, and tobacco are the chief products. Farms 1,019 ; manuf. 31 ; dwell. 2,108, and pop. wh. 12,203, fr. col. 35, si. 1,674 total 13,912. Capital: Jackson. CAPE GIRARDEATJ, t and p. v., Cape Girardeau co., Mo. : on the W. side of Mississippi r., 168 m. S. E. Jefferson City. It is the dep&t of a great part of Southern Missouri. The " Western Eagle" (whig) is here published weekly. CAPE HORN, Clarke co., Oreg. : a noted headland on the N. bank of Columbia r., in lat. 45 83 09" N., and long. 122 06 15" W. CAPE ISLAND, p. v., Cape May co., N. Jer. : at the extreme point of the State, 91 m. S. Trenton. It is a place much resorted to by the fashionables in the summer season, for whom splendid boarding-houses and hotels are provided. The place affords great facilities for sea bathing and fishing. CAPE LOOKOTTT, Oreg. Ter. : a headland on the Pacific coast, in lat. 45 08 N. CAPE MAY county, 2f. Jer. Situate S. point of State, and contains 240 sq. m. Drained chiefly by creeks of Tuck- ahoe r., which demarks the N. border. Surface flat in some places swampy. The coast is lined with long sand islands inclosing lagoons. Farms 2S5; manuf. 4; dwell. 1,218, and pop. wh. 6,190, fr. col. 243, si. total 6,433. Capital: Cape May C. H. CAPE MAY, p. v., and cap. Cape May co., N. Jer. : 89 m. S. Trenton. CAPE MAY : a promontory on the N. side of the entrance of Delaware Bay, 18 m. N. of Cape Ilenlopen, and in lat. 38 57 N., and long. 74 52 W. There is a light-house on this point. CAPE MENDOCINO, Calif. : a bold headland of the Pacific coast, in lat. 40 21 m. N., and long. 124 35 W. ThU is the most westerly point of the United States. CAPE NEDDICK, p. o., York co., Me. : on the headland so called, on the Atlantic Ocean, about 4 m. above York Harbor, and 84 m. 8. W. by S. Augusta. The cape is chiefly inhabited by fishermen. CAPE OXFORD, Oreg. Ter. : a headland of considerable extent on the Pacific coast, and by bending south, incloses a bay called Ewing Harbor. A city, named Port Oxford, has been founded here. CAPE S CREEK, p. o., Newton co., Mo. : on a cr. so called, 166 m. S. W. Jefferson City. CAPE SHOALWATER, Oreg. Ter. : a headland on the N. side of the entrance of Shoalwater Bay. CAPEVILLE, p. v., Northampton co., Yirg. : on Cape Charles, the S. point of the Chesapeake peninsula, 83 m. E. by S. Eichmond. CAPE VINCENT, t., p. v., and port of enty, Jefferson co., IT. T. : on the S. side of the St. Lawrence r., opposite Wolf Island, 158 m. N. W. Albany. The v. is an important com mercial entrep6t ; the Watertown and Rome R. R. termi nates here, and steamboats ply regularly between this port and the principal lake ports of the Union and the Canadas. 106 The shipping owned in the district in 1850 amounted to 2,497 tons. Pop. 3,044. CAPON BRIDGE, p. o., Hampshire co., Virg. : 147 m. N. by W. Eichmond. CAPON SPRINGS, p. v., Hampshire co., Virg. : 142 m. N. by W. Richmond. These springs are noted for their medicinal properties. CAPTINA, p. v., Belmont co., Ohio: 105 m.E. Columbus. CARAWAY, p. o., Randolph co., 2T. Car. : 173 m. W. by S. Raleigh. CARBON county, Perm. Situate E. middle, and contains 480 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of the Lehigh, which r. runs through it. Surface diversified, but in the N. W. and S. E. hilly and broken. Soils of moderate fertility. This is one of the first coal mining counties of the State. Farms 246 ; manuf. 158 ; dwell. 2,544, and pop. wh. 15,656, fr. col. 30 total 15,686. Capital: Mauch-Chunk. Public Works: Lohigh Navigation, and a number of railroads from Mauch- Chunk to the mines. CARBONDALE, p. v., Luzerne co., Penn. : on Lackawanna cr., 117 m. N. E. Harrisburg. The celebrated Lackawanna coal is mined in this neighborhood, whence it is carried by R. R. to Honesdale, and thence by canal to Port Jervis, on the Delaware r., and by the Delaware and Hudson Canal to the Hudson r. There are also ironworks in the vicinity. A mile W. of the v., Fall Brook has a cascade of SO feet descent CARDIFF, p. o., Onondaga co., N. T. : 116 m. W. Al bany. CARDIFF, p. v., Warren co., Miss. : 31 m. W. by S. Jackson. CARDING-TON, p. v., Morrow co., Ohio : on the Cleveland, Coimbus, and Cincinnati R. R., 33 m. N. Columbus. CAREY, p. v., Wyandott co., Ohio : on the Finlay branch of the Mad River and Lake Erie R. R., 72 m. N. N. W. Columbus. CARLILE S MILLS, p. o., Perry co., Miss. : on Tallahalla cr., 84 m. S. E. Jackson. CARLINVILLE, p. v., and cap. Macoupin co., HI. : about 2 m. N. of Macoupin cr., and 41 m. S. by W. Springfield. It is one of the most flourishing interior villages of the State, and an important station on the Sangamon and Alton R.R. CARLISLE, p. v., Sullivan co., Inrl. : about 1 m. E. of Busse- ron cr. of the Wabash, 86 m. S. W. Indianapolis. It is the principal v. in the co., and has about 400 inhabitants. CARLISLE, t. and p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : on the N. W. side of Concord v., 19 m. N. W. Boston. Pop. 719. CARLISLE, p. v., and cap. Nicholas co., Ky. : on a small cr. of Licking r., 51 m. E. N. E. Frankfort. CARLISLE, p. v., Eaton co., Mich. : on a cr. of Big fork of Thornapple r., 26 m. W. S. W. Lansing. CARLISLE, t and p. v., Schoharie co., JVi T.: 37 m. W. Albany. The vicinity abounds with caverns. Pop. 1,817 CARLISLE, p. city, and cap. Cumberland co., Penn. : on the Cumberland Valley R. R., 22 m. from Harrisburg. Lat. 40 12 N., and long. 77 10 W. Dickinson College is located here, and half a m. from the v. the United States Barracks and Cavalry School. The v. has several manu factures, and a considerable trade with the neighboring districts. The periodical press consists of the " American Volunteer" (dem.), the " American Democrat" (dem.), and the " C. Herald" (whig), published weekly, and the " Month ly Friend." Pop. 4,579. CARLISLE, t. and p. v., Lorain co., Ohio : on W. branch of Black r., 104 m. N. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1 512 CARLISLE SPRINGS, p. o., Cumberland co., Penn. : 4 m. N. Carlisle, and 21 W. by S. Harrisburg. The waters are sulphurous. CARLOCKVILLE, p. v., Rutherford co., Tenn. : 31 m. S. E. Nashville. CARLOW, p. v., Hopkins co., Ky. : on Deer cr. of Green r., 163 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. CAR CAR CABLOWSVILLE, p. v., Dallas co., Ala. : near Tine Barren cr. of the Alabama, 52 m. W. by 8. Montgomery. CARLTON, t. and p. v., Orleans co., N. Y. : on Lake Erie, 221 m. W. by N. Albany. The v. is located on the E. side of Oak Orchard c., about 2 m. from the lake. Pop. 2.b09. CARLTON, t. and p. o., Barry co., Mich. : on Little fork of Thornapple r., 85 m. "W. Lansing. CARLTON S STORE, p. o., King and Queen co., Virg. : 46 m. N. E. by E. Richmond. CARLYLE, p. v., and cap. Clinton co., III. : on the "W". side of the Kaskaskia r., 215 m. from its mouth by its windings, and S7 m. S. by E. Springfield. The railroad from Yihcen- nes across the State to Illinoistown, will probably intersect this point. CARLYLE, p. v., Pickens co., Ala. : 118 m. N. W. Mont gomery. CAEMEL, p. v., Hamilton co., In&. : 22 m. N. by E. Indian apolis. CAEMEL, t and p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : on Sowadabs- cook r., 46 m. N. E. Augusta. The Kennebec and Penob scot E. R. passes through the township. Pop. 1,228. CARMEL, t., p. v., and cap. Putnam co., 2f. Y. : on the W. side of Croton r., 78 m. 8. by E. Albany. There are several small lakes in the t., on one of which the v. is pleas antly situate. Pop. 2,442. CARMEL HILL, p. o., Chester dist., S. Car. : 71 m. N. Columbia. CARMI, p. o., and cap. White co., III. : on the "W. side of the Little Wabash r., 147 m. S. E. Springfield. CABMICHAEL S, p. o., Greene co., Penn. : 1S7 m. W. by 8. Harrisburg. CABNENT PRAIRIE, p. o., Perry co., HI. : 118 m. S. Spring field. CARNESVILLE, p. v., and cap. Franklin co., Ga. : on Stephen s cr. of Broad r., 91 m. N. by E. Milledgeville. CAROLINE county, Md. Situate E. shore on State line, and contains 310 sq. m. Drained by creeks of Choptank r., Marshy Hope cr., and other streams. Surface flat. Soils sandy, but improvable. Farms 730; dwell. 1,526, and pop. wh. 6,096, fr. coL 2,788, si. 808 total 9,692. Capital: Denton. CAROLINE county, Virg. Situate E. between Rappahan- nock and North Anna, a tributary of Pamunky r., and con tains 580 sq. m. Drained by head waters of Mattapony r. Surface hilly and broken, and soils various. The principal products are wheat, Indian corn, oats, and tobacco. Farms 715 ; manuf. 51 ; dwell. 903, and pop. wh. 6,892, fr. col. 903, si. 10,661 total 18,456. Capital: Bowling Green. Public Works: Frederick and Richmond R. R. CAROLINA, p. v., Haywood co., T&nn. : 146 m. W. by S. Nashville. CAROLINA FEMALE COLLEGE, p. o., Anson co., N. Car. : 89 m. S. "W. Raleigh. CAROLINE, t. and p. v., Tompkins co., N. Y.: on the W. side of West Owego cr., 128 m. W. Albany. The Cayuga and Susquchanna R. R. passes through the W. part of the t. Pop. 2,537. CAROLINE CENTRE, p. o., Tompkins co., 2f. Y. : 131 m.W. Albany. CAROLINE MILLS, p. o., Washington co., R. I. CARONDELET, p. o., St. Louis co., Mo. : on the W. side of the Mississippi, and 5J m. below St. Louis, and 108 m. E. Jefferson City. It is an important v., and contains about 800 inhabitants. CARPENTER S CREEK, p. o., Jasper co., Ind. : on the cr. so called, 93 m. N. W. Indianapolis. CARPENTER S LANDING, p. v., Gloucester co., N. Jer. : at the head of sloop navigation on Mantua cr. of the Delaware, 7 m. above its confluence, 44 m. S. W. Trenton. It has considerable trade in lumber and fire-wood. Pop. about 300. CARPENTERSVILLE, p. v., Putnam co., Ind. : on a branch of Big Raccoon cr., 88 m. W. Indianapolis. CARP RIVER, p. o., Marquette co., Midi. : on the r. of same name, 292 m. N. W. Lansing. Carp r. is a small stream emptying into Lake Superior, below Talcott Harbor. CARR, p. o., Jasper co., la. : S3 m. W. Iowa City. CAREIBOU, p. o., Aroostook co., Me. CABRITUNK, p. v., Somerset co., Me. : on the E. side of Kennebec r., 53 m. N. by W. Augusta. CABBOLL county, Ark. Situate N. W. on State line, and contains 1,004 sq. m. Drained by Creeks of White r. Sur face level or undulating. Soils of average fertility. Farms 541; manuf 1; dwell. 6S6, and pop. wh. 4,390, fr. col. 11, si. 213 total 4,614. Capital : Carrollton. CARROLL county, Ga. Situate N. W. on State line, and contains 760 sq. m. Drained by Tallapoosa r. and the trib utaries of Chattahoochee r., which bounds it S. E. Surface elevated and broken, and the soil indifferent. Wheat, In dian corn, and cotton are the chief products. Farms 782 ; manuf. 16 ; dwell. 1,379, and pop. wh. 8,252, fr. col. 4, si. 1,101 total 9,357. Capital: Carrollton. CABBOLL county, HI. Situate N. W. on Mississippi r., and contains 496 sq. m. Drained by Plum r. and several creeks. Surface undulating prairie predominating. Near the Mississippi are several sloughs and lakes. Soil uni formly rich. Farms 482 ; manuf. 17 ; dwell. 814, and pop. wh. 4,583, fr. col. 3 total 4,586. Capital : Mount Carroll. CAEEOLL county, Ind. Situate N. N. W. middle, and contains 376 sq. m. Surface generally level, but undulates on the Wabash, Tippecanoe, and Wild Cat, which are the principal streams. Mostly covered with timber. The soil is a rich loam. Farms 1,129 ; manuf. 79 ; dwell. 1909, and pop wh. 10,982, fr. col. 33 total 11,015. Capital: Delphi. Public Works: Wabash and Erie Canal. CABBOLL county, la. Situate W., and contains 576 sq m. Taken from Pottowattomie in 1851. CABROLL county, Ky. Situate N., at the confluence of Kentucky r. with the Ohio, and contains 142 sq. m. Drained by Kentucky r. and its creeks. Surface generally level, and the soils of an average fertility. Wheat, corn, and tobacco are the staple products. Farms 376 ; manuf. 17 ; dwell. 766, and pop. wh. 4,552, fr. col. 25, si. 949 total 5,526. Capi tal: Carrollton. CARROLL parish, La. Situate N. E. of W. District, on Mississippi, and contains 720 sq. m. Drained by Bayoux du Bosuf and Macon, and river Tensas all tributaries of the Washita. Surface low and level ; soils of great fertility. Farms 238 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 582, and pop. wh. 2,336, fr. col. 10, si. 6,443 total 8,789. Capital: Lake Providence. CABBOLL county, Md. Situate N. middle, and contains 462 sq. m. Drained by streams flowing into Patapsco r., Chesapeake Bay, the Potomac, and Monocacy rivers. Parr s Ridge, a high watershed, divides the county, and diverts the course of the streams. Surface hilly and rocky ; soils thin, but there is much good farm land. Grazing is much attended to ; iron and copper abound, and there is fine tim ber. Farms 1,387 ; manuf. 124 ; dwell. 3,476, and pop. wh. 18,667, fr. col. 974, si. 975 total 20,616. Capital: Westminster. Public Works : Baltimore and Ohio R. R., and Westminster Branch of Baltimore and Susquehanna R. R. CARROLL county, Miss. Situate N. centrally, and con tains 1,040 sq. m. Drained by the branches of Yazoo and Bisr Black rivers. Surface various, but soils rich and pro ductive. The principal products are Indian corn and cattle. Farms 986 ; manuf. 45 ; dwell. 1,441, and pop. wh. 8,661, fr. col. 18, si. 8.812 total 18,491. Capital: Car- rollton. CARROLL county, Mo. Situate W. on Missouri r., having Grand r. on its E. border, and contains 670 sq. m. Drained by Waconda and Big creeks. Surface undulating, chiefly prairie. Farms 8S3; manuf. 15; dwell. 770, and pop. wh. 4,812, fr. col. S, si. 621 total 5,441. Capital : Carrollton. CARROLL county, N. Ilamp. Situate E. middle, and con tains 512 sq. m. Drained N. by Saco r., and S. and E. by creeks emptying into Luke Winnipiseogee. Surface varied ; 10T CAR CAR soils moderately fertile. Farms 2,805 ; manuf. 135 ; dwell. 3,724, and pop. wh. 20,154, fr. col. 2 total 20,156. Capital : Ossipee. Public Works : Great Falls and Conway E. E. CARROLL county, Ohio. Situate E., and contains 432 sq. m. Drained by creeks tributary of Tuscarawas and Ohio rivers. Surface varied, and soils fertile, producing fine crops of wheat, oats, and Indian corn. Farms 1,926; manuf. 41 ; dwell. 3,063, and pop. wh. 17,633, fr. col. 52 total 1T,6S5. Capital : Carrollton. Public Works : Sandy and Beaver Canal ; Carrollton Branch of Pittsburg and Cleveland E. E., etc. CARROLL county, Tenn. Situate W., and contains 960 sq. m. Drained by Big Sandy, and other creeks of Tennessee r., and Eutherford and S. forks of Obion r. Surface high, forming a watershed between the Tennessee and Missis sippi rivers. Soils fertile. Farms 1,404; manuf. 24; dwell. 2,105, and pop. wh. 12,814, fr. col. 18, si. 3,135 total 15,967. Capital: Huntingdon. Publics Works: Nashville and Mount Holly E. E. (projected). CARROLL county, Virg. Situate 8. middle, at the W. base of Blue Eidge, and contains 380 sq. m. Drained by creeks flowing into Great Kanawha r. Surface elevated and hilly, and soils of great fertility. Wheat is the staple growth. The county has iron and coal mines, and sulphur springs. Farms 615 ; manuf. 11 ; dwell. 996, and pop. wh. 5,726, fr. col. 29, si. 154 total 5,909. Capital : Hillsville. CARROLL, p. v., Carroll co., Ind. : on the W. side of the Wabash r., 65 m. N. W. Indianapolis. CARROLL, t. and p. v., Fairfield co., Ohio : at the junction of the Ohio and Hocking Canals, 19 m. S. E. Columbus. CARROLL, t. and p. o., Penobscot co., Me. Pop. 401. CARROLL, t. and p. o., Coos co., N. Hamp. : on the N. W. base of the "White Mountains, 73 m. N. Concord. P. 299. CARROLL, t. and p. o., Chautauque co., N. Y. : on Cone- \vango and Stillwater cr.2Sl m. "W. by S. Albany. P. 1,835. CARROLL HOUSE, p. o., Coos co., 2f. Samp. : 73 m. N. Concord. CARROLLSVILLE, p. v., Tishemingo co., Miss. : 179 m. N. E. by N. Jackson. CARROLLTON, p. o., and cap. Pickens co., Ala. : on the W. side of Lubbub cr. of Little Tombigbee r., 122 m. N. W. Montgomery. Two newspapers, the " Pickens Eepublican" (whig), and the " West Alabamian" (dem.), are published weekly. CARROLLTON, p. v., and cap. Carroll co., Ark. : on the W. side of Crooked cr. of White r., 123 m. N. N. W. Little Eock. CARROLLTON, p. T., and cap. Carroll co., Go-. : 113 m. W. N. W. Milledgeville. CAEROLLTON, p. v., and cap. Greene co., III. : on the borders of Spring Prairie, and about 6 m. N. of Macoupin cr., 56 m. S. W. Springfield. The v. is one of the most flourishing in the interior, and the country in the neighbor hood rich and productive. CARROLLTON, p. v., and cap. Carroll co., Sy. : on the Ohio r., at the mouth of Kentucky r., 36 m. N. N. W. Frankfort. CARROLLTON, p. v., Jefferson par., La. : on x the E. side of tha Mississippi r., 6 m. from New Orleans, 74 m. S. E. Baton liouge. CARROLLTON, p. v., and cap. Carroll co., Miss. : on the S. side of Big Sand cr. of Yallabusha r., 82 m. N. by E. Jackson. CARROLLTON, p. v., and cap. Carroll co., Mo. : on the N. side of Wyaconda cr. of the Missouri r., 92 m. W.N. W. Jefferson City. CARROLLTON, p. v., and cap. Carroll co., Ohio : a thriving v., 112 m. E. by N. Columbus. A branch of the Cleveland and Pittsburg E. E. comes to this point. Two newspapers, the "Carroll Free Press" (whig), and the " Ohio Picayune" (dem.), are issued weekly. CAEROLLTOWN, p. v., Cambria co., Penn. : 105 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. 108 CARROLLVJLLE. p. o., Wayne co., Tenn. : on the E. bank of Tennessee r., 86 m. S. W. Nashville. CARKSVILLE, p. v., Cooper co., Mo. : 42 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. CARRSVILLE, p. v., Isle of Wight co., Virg. : 59 m. S. E. Eichmond. CARSON lake, Utah Ter. : on the E. side of the Sierra Nevada, from which it derives its waters by the Carson r. It has no outlet CARSON river, Utah Ter.: a considerable stream rising in the Sierra Nevada, and falling into Carson Lake. CARSON S creek, Calif. : a tributary of Stanislaus r. CARSONVILLE, p. v., Talbot co., Ga. : 86 m. W. by 8. Milledgeville. CARTER county, Ky. Situate N. E., and contains 710 sq. m. Drained by Big and Little Sandy rivers, and Tygat cr. Surface uneven, with extensive valleys and plains in the W. hilly, and soils productive. Farms 654; manuf. 7; dwell. 944, and pop. wh. 5,961, fr. col. 23, si. 257 total 6,241. Capital: Grayson. CARTER county, Tenn. Situate N. E., and contains 543 sq. m. Drained by Watauga r. and its tributaries. Surface* an elevated table-land, rugged, and in the E. mountainous. Soils, especially in the valley of the Watauga, fertile and productive. Iron abounds. Farms 565 ; manuf. 47 ; dwell. 1,002, and pop. wh. 5,911, fr. col. 32, si. 353 total 6,296. Capital: Elizabethtown. Public Works: East Tennessee and Virginia E. E. CARTERET county, N. Car. Situate S. E. on the Atlantic, and contains 4SO sq. m. The shore is beset i y lagoons formed by sand-islands which line its whole front. Cape Lookout is its most prominent projection. Surface low and level ; soils sandy, with extensive marshes. Products, Indian corn and naval stores. Farms 208; manuf. 19; dwell. 972, and pop. wh. 5,167, fr. col. 149. si. 1,487 total 6,803. Capital: Beaufort. CARTER S, p. o., Jackson par., La. : 154 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. CARTER S BRIDGE, p. o., Albemarle co., Virg. : 74 m. W. by N. Eichmond. CARTEESBURGH, v., Hemlricks co., Ind. : on the line of the Terre Haute and Eichmond E. E., 17 m. W. Indiana polis. CARTER S STATION, p. o., Greene co., Tenn. : 223 m. E. Nashville. CARTER S STORE, p. o., Nicholas co., Ky. : 51 m. E. Frankfort. CARTERSVILLE (formerly AMBOY), p. v., Oswego co., N. Y. : 116 m. W. by N. Albany. CARTERSVILLE, p. v., Cass co., Ga. : 122 m. N. W. Mil ledgeville. The Western and Atlantic E. E. passes the v., 55 m. from Atlanta. CARTEUSVILLE, p. v., Tishemingo co., Miss. : 182 m. N. E. by N. Jackson. CARTERSVILLE, p. v., Darlington dist., S. Car. : 62 m. E. N. E. Columbia. CARTERSVILLE, p. v., Cumberland co., Virg. : on S. side of James r., near the mouth of Willis cr., 37 m. W. by N. Eichmond. CARTHAGE, p. v., Tuscajoosa co., Ala. : on a cr. of Black Warrior r., 16 m. S. Tuscaloosa, and 86 m. N. W. Mont gomery. CARTHAGE, p. v., Eush co., Ind. : on Blue r., 31 m. E. Indianapolis. The Shelbyville and Knightstown E. E. passes through the village. CARTHAGE, p. v., and cap. Panola co., Tex. : on a cr. of Sabine r., 256 m. N. E. Austin City. CARTHAGE, p. v., and cap. Hancock co., III. : between Bear and Long creeks, 11 m. E. of the Mississippi r. It is a prosperous v., with a fine neighborhood. It is notorious as the scene of the murder of Joe Smith and his compan ions during the late Mormon troubles. Coal is abundant for miles around. CAR CAS CARTHAGE, p. v., Campbell co., Ky. : near the Ohio r., 62 m. N. N. E. Frankfort. CAKTHAGE, t. and p. v., Franklin co., Me. : on "Webb s r. of the Androscroggin, 83 m. W. N. W. Augusta. Pop. 472. CARTHAGE, p. v., and cap. Leake co,, Miss. : on the N. side of Pearl r., 47 m. N. E. Jackson. CARTHAGE, p. v., and cap. Jasper co., Mo. : on the S. side of Neosho r., 153 m. S. W. Jefferson City. CARTHAGE, p. v., and cap. Moore co., N. Car. : on the E. side of M Lennon s or. of Deep r., from which it is dis tant 3 m., and 51 m. S. W. Raleigh. CARTHAGE, p. v., Jefferson co., N. Y. : on the N. E. side of Black r., 124 m. N. W, Albany. It has considerable iron works and several mills. The Long Falls furnish ex tensive water-power ; above these the river is navigable 40 m. to the High Falls, where the Black Eiver Canal com^ mences, but below navigation is interrupted. CABTHAGE, p. v., Hamilton co., Ohio : on Mill cr., 8 m. N. Cincinnati, and 94 m. S. "W. Columbus. The Miami Canal and the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton E. R. in tersects it at this point. Its central position in the county causes it to be a place of public meetings, and here the Hamilton County Agricultural Fairs are held. CABTHAGE, p. v., and cap. Smith co., Tenn* : on the N. bank of Cumberland r., opposite the confluence of the Caney Fork, 46 m. E. Nashville. CARTHAGE (or Low Point) LANDING, p. o., Duchess co., N. Y. : 76 m. S. Albany. CARTICAT, p. v., Gilmer co., Ga. : on the river so called, 132 m. N. W. Milledgeville. CARVER, t. and p. o., Plymouth co. 5 Mass. : 41 m. S. E, Boston. Pop. 1,186. CARVER S HARBOR, p. o., Waldo co., Me. CARVEESVTLLEj p. v., Bucks co., Penn. : 108 m. E. Har- risburg. CARVERTON, p. v., Luzerne co., Penn. ; 78 m. N. E, Har risburg. CARYSVILLE, p. v., Champaign co., Ohio: 53 m. "W. by N. Columbus. CASCADE, p. o., Dubuque co., la. : on Fall r., a branch of Makoqueta r., 49 m., N. E. Iowa City. CASCADE, p. o., Sheboygan co., Wise. : 82 m. N. E. by E. Madison. CASCADE, p. o., Pittsylvania co., Virg. : on a cr. of Eoan- oke r., 139 m. S. W. Richmond. CASCADE LA PORTAILLE, Mich. : on the S. shore of Lake Superior. It consists of a stream emerging from a cliff of the Pictured Rocks, 70 feet above the lake, in its escape into which it leaps to such a distance that boats pass dry and safe between it and the rocks. The cascade contributes a beauty to the sublimity With which the scene is invested. CASCO, p. v., Cumberland co., Me. : on Crook d cr., 42 m. W. S. W. Augusta. Pop. of 1. 1,045. CASCO BAY, Cumberland co., Me. : an arm of the At lantic, which sets up between Cape Elizabeth and Cape Small Point, 20 m. apart, and affords a good anchorage. About 300 small islands are scattered within Us superflces, most of them habitable and productive. CASEY county, Ky. Situate centrally, and contains 448 sq. m. Drained by head waters of Green and Salt rivers, and Bomo creeks of Cumberland r. Surface uneven, and soils fertile. Salt springs abound. Wheat, corn, and tobacco, are staple products. Farms 758; manuf. 11; dwell. 1,005. and pop. wh. 5,863, fr. col. 59, si. 634 total 6,556. Capi tal : Liberty. CASEY, p. v., Clarke co., III. : 97 m. E. Springfield. CASEYVTLLE, p. v., Union co., Ky.: 178 m. "W. by S. Frankfort. CASHER S VALLEY, p. o., Macon co., N. Car.: 263 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. CASH S NOB, p. o., Montgomery co., Ky. : 61 m. E. by S. Frankfort. CABIITOWN, p. v., Adams co., Penn. : on the Gettysburg and Chambersburg turnpike, 43 m. S. W. llarrisburg. CASHVILLE, p. o,, Spartanburgh dist, S. Car.: 91 m. N. W. Columbia. CASS county, Go,. Situate N. "W., and contains 432 sq. m. Drained by Etowah r. and its tributaries. Surface elevated and hilly ; soils generally fertile ; on the streams, a fine alluvion; wheat, Indian corn, and cotton, are the chief products. Farms 601 ; manuf. 8 ; dwell. 1,702, and pop. wh. 10,271, fr. col. 21, si. 3,008 total 13.300. Capi tal : Cassville. Public Works : Macon and Western R. R., with Branch R. R. to Rome. CASS county, III. Situate W. centrally, on the left bank of Illinois r., and contains 360 sq. m. Drained by tributa ries of Sangamon r., which borders the county on the N., and by Indian cr. Surface undulating ; prairie and timber being equally distributed. Soils very fertile. Farms 606 ; manuf. 26; dwell. 1,169, and pop. wh. 7,248, fr. col. 5 total 7,253. Capital : Beardstown. CASS county, Ind. Situate N. middle, and contains 376 sq. m. Surface generally level, but hilly or undulating near the W abash and Eel rivers. All the S. part is heavily tim bered bottom-land, while in the N. prairie prevails. Con siderable manufactures are carried on along the Wabash and other streams, which afford immense driving power. Iron ore, building stone, etc., are abundant. Farms 1,134 ; manuf. 108; dwell. 1,863, and pop. wh. 10,959, fr. col. 62 total 11,021. Capital : Logansport. Public Works : Wa bash and Erie Canal. CASS county, la. Situate S. W., and contains 576 sq. m. Taken from Pottow attorn ie in 1837. CASS county, Mich. Situate S. W. on State line, and con tains 504 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of St. Joseph r. Surface gently undulating and diversified by prairie and timber groves. Soils exceedingly fertile. Farms 950 ; manuf. 21 ; dwell. 1,914, and pop. wh. 10,518, fr. col. 389 total 10,907. Capital : Cassopolis. CASS county, Mo. Situate W. on the State line, and con tains 670 sq. m. Drained by the head waters of South Grand r. Surface level prairie, and soil excellent. Farms 729 ; manuf. 19 ; dwell. 933, and pop. wh. 5,610, fr. col. 2, si. 478 total 6,090. Capital: Harrisonville. CASS county, Tew. Situate N. E. between Sulphur Fork of Red r., and Big Cypress r. and Caddo lake. The water shed being near the N. border, the greater number and largest streams fall into the w r aters bounding it S. Surface elevated, undulating, and well watered timber abundant on the streams. Soils dark black mold mixed with clay. Farms 365 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 558, and pop. wh. 3,OS9, fr. col. 0, si. 1.902 total 4,991. Capital : Jefferson. CASS, p. v., Tippecanoe co., Ind. : 63 m. N. W. Indian apolis. CASS, p. v., Tenango co., Penn. : 169 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. CASS, p. v., Du Page co., III. : about 3 m. N. of the Illi nois r., and 158 m. N. E. Springfield. CASS, p. v., Hillsdale co., Mich. : 59 m. S. Lansing. CASS, t. and p. v., Hancock co., Ohio : 84 m. N. by W. Columbus. Pop. 621. CASS, p. v., Franklin co., Ark.: 112 m. N. W. Little CASS, p. v., Lawrence co., Tenn. : 73 m. S. by W. Nash ville. CASS river, Mich. : a large branch of Saginaw r., into which it discharges, about 20 m. above its confluence. It passes through a rich interval, covered with a heavy growth of beech and sugar tree. In high water it Is boatable for 15 or 20 m., and in its whole course affords excellent mill sites. CASSADAGA, p. v., Chautauque co., 2?. Y. : on the W. side of the lake so called, 276 m. W. by S. Albany. Cassadaga lake and creek empty into the Conewango cr., a tributary of Alleghany r. 109 CAS CAT CASSITY S MILLS, p. o., Morgan co., Ky. : 89 m. E. Frank fort. CASSOPOLIS, p. v., and cap. Cass co., Mich. : on the N.W. border of Stone Lake, 89 m. S. W. Lansing. CASSTOWN, p. v., Miami co., Ohio : 68 m. W. Colum bus. CASSTOWN, p. v., White co., Tenn.: 76 m. E. Nash ville. CASSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Cass co., Ga. : 123 m. N. "W. Milledgeville. It is a thriving village, and has a weekly newspaper, the " C. Standard." The Western and Atlantic B. E. passes it on the S. W. CASSVILLE, p. v., Harrison co., Ohio : 98 m. E. by N. Columbus. CASSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Barry co., Mo. : on Flat cr. of James r., a fork of the White r., 162 m. S. W. Jefferson City. CASSVILLE, p. v., Oneida co., 2f. Y. : on Sauquoit cr., 76 m. W. by N. Albany. CASSVILLE, p. v., Huntingdon co., Penn.: 68 m. W. Harrisburg. CASSVILLE, t and p. v., Grant co., Wise. : on the E. side of Mississippi r., 84 m. W. by S. Madison. CASSVILLE, p. v., Monongalia co., Virg. : 198 m. N. W. Eichmond. CASSWELL county, N. Car. Situate N. middle on the State line, and contains 432 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Dan r. Surface elevated and varied. Soils fertile. Wheat, corn, oats, and tobacco are largely produced, and the stock of cattle, etc., is ample. Farms 707 ; manuf. 56 ; dwell. 815, and pop wh. 7,081, fr. col. 41S, si. 7,7TO total 15,269. Capital: YanceyvUle. CABTALIA, p. v., Erie co., Ohio : 98 m. N. Columbus. CASTALIAN SPRINGS, p. o., Sumner co., Tenn.: 33 m. N. E. Nashville. CASTILE, t. and p. v., Wyoming co., A r . Y. : 222 m. W. Albany. The Genessee r. flows through the E. part of the town, and in the N. part is Silver Lake. The village is lo cated on the Buffalo and New York City E. E. Pop. 2,446. CASTILE, p. v., Greene co., Penn.: 189 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. CASTILE, p. v., Clinton co., Mo. : on a cr. of Platte r. so called, 146 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. CASTIXE, p. v., Darke co., Ohio : 81 m. W. Columbus. CASTINE, t., p. v., sea-port, and cap. Hancock co., Me. : on a peninsula on the E. side of Penobscot Bay, opposite Belfast, 4S m. E. Augusta. The town is almost surrounded by navigable waters. The village at the S. end of the pen insula has a good harbor, capable of receiving the largest ships. The site was occupied by the French as early as 1667, and it was held by the British in the last war. It is the key to the Penobscot r., and might easily be fortified. The lumber and coasting trade employ its shipping, and much attention is paid to the fisheries. Pop. 1.261. CASTLE CRAIG, p. o., Campbell co., Virg. : 109 m. W. by S. Eichmond. CASTLE CREEK, p. o., Broome co., W. Y. : 112 m. S. W. Albany. CASTLE FIN, p. v., York co., Penn. : 41 m. S. by E. Harrisburg. CASTLE GROVE, p. o., Jones co., la. : 42 m. N. E. by E. Iowa City. CASTLEMAN S FERRY, p. o., Clarke co., Virg. : on Shenan- doah r., 105 m. N. by W. Eichmond. CASTLEMAN S river, Penn. : the E. branch of the You- ghiogeny r. It is a rapid stream and has many falls and cascades. CASTLETON, t, Eichmond co., 2T. Y. : on the N. end of Staten Island. Pop. 5,389. CASTLEION, t. and p. o., Barry co., Mich. : on the Big Fork of Thornapple cr. 42 m. W. by S. Lansing. In this towii the river expands into large lakes, which cover a tenth of the town lands. Pop. 324. 110 CASTLETON, p. v., Eenssellaer co., If. Y.: on the E. side of Hudson r., and on the line of the Hudson Eiver E. E., 10 m. S. Albany. CABTLETON, t. and p. v., Eutland co., Verm. : on Castle- ton r., 54 m. S. W. Montpelier. Lake Bombazine, 8 m. long and less than 3 m. broad, lies mostly in the town, and contains a beautiful island of 10 acres. The village is the seat of Castleton Medical College, a department of Mid- dlebury College. The Saratoga and Castleton E. E. and the Eutland and Washington E. E. intersect at this point, and unite with the Vermont and Canada lines. P. 3 016. CASTOR, p. o., Caldwell par., La. : 134 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. CASTORVILLE, p. v., and cap. Medina co., Teas. : on the W. side of the Eio San Antonio, 93 m. S. W. Austin City. The old Spanish military road crosses the r. at this point. The inhabitants are chiefly Germans. CASWELL, p. v., Lafayette co., Miss. : 158 m. N. by E. Jackson. CATAHOITLA parish, La. Situate E. centrally of W. Dist., and contains about 800 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Eed and Washita rivers. Surface E. flat, and subject to inundation W. moderately hilly, and covered with pine timber. Soils fertile, producing Indian corn, potatoes, and cotton. Farms 853 ; manuf. 3 ; dwell. 655, and pop. wh. 3,585, fr. col. 19, si. 3,378 total 6,982. Capital: Har- risonburg. CATAHOTJLA river, La. : a tributary of the Washita r. CATALPA GROVE, p. o., Greene co., Ky. : 76 m. S. S. W. Frankfort. CATALPA GBOVB, p. o., Marshall co., Tenn. : 46 m. S. Nashville. CATALPA GROVE, p. v., Benton co., Ind. : 86 m. N. W. Indianapolis. CAT-A-POODLE river, Oreg. : a tributary of Columbia r. from the N. E., emptying opposite the village of St. Helens. CATARACT, p. o., Owen co., Ind. : 52 m. S. W. Indian apolis. CATASATTQTTA, p. v., Lehigh co., Penn. : 73 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. Pop. 8S5. CATAULA, p. v., Harris co., Ga. : 114 m. W. by S. Milledgeville. CATAWBA county, 2f. Car. Situate centrally, and contains 430 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Catawba r., which is its S. border. Farms 957 ; manuf. 3 ; dwell. 1,237, and pop. wh. 7,272, fr. col. 21, si. 1,569 total 8,862. Capital: Newton. CATAWBA, p. v., Clarke co., Ohio : 48 m. W. Columbus. CATAWBA, p. v., Botetourt co. Virg. : on a cr. so called, 133 m. W. Eichmond. CATAWBA CREEK, p. o., Gaston co., N.Car. : 139 m. S. W. Ealeigh. CATAWBA SPRINGS, p. v., Lincoln co., XT. Car. : on the W. side Catawba r., 3 m. distant, and 128 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. CATAWBA VIEW, p. o., Caldwell co., M Car. : 153 m. W. Ealeigh. CATAWISSA, t. and p. v., Columbia co., Penn. : on the Susquehanna, at the mouth of Catawissa cr., 53 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. The Catawissa and Little SchuylkUl E. E. passes through the village. Pop. of v. 565. CATAWISSA VALLEY, p. o., Sehuylkill co., Penn. : 58 m. N. E. Harrisburg. CATFISH FURNACE, p. o., Clarion co., Penn. : 156 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. CATHARINES, t. and p. v., Chemung co., N. Y. : 154 m. W. by S. Albany. The t. is drained by Catharines and Cayuta creeks. Pop. 8,070. CATHARINE LAKE, p. o., Onelow co., N. Car. : 98 m. S. E. Ealeigh. CATHCART, p. v., White co., Ind. : 82 m. N. N. W. Indian apolis. CATHBY B CREEK, p. o., Henderson co., K Car. CAT CED CATHLAMET, v., Pacific co., Oreg. : on the N. bank of Columbia r., about 30 m. from its mouth, and 86 m. N Balem. CATLETTSBURGH, p. o., Greennp co., Ky. : on the Ohio r., below the mouth of Big Sandy r., 133 m. E. Frankfort. CATO, t. and p. v., Cayuga co., N. Y. : on Seneca r., 142 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2:247. CATON, t and p. o., Steuben co., 2T. T. : 16G m. "W. S. "W. Albany. Pop. 1 ; 214. CATONSVILLE, p. v., Baltimore co., Md. : on the N. side of Patapsco r., 2 m. distant, and 86 m. N. N. W. Annapolis. CATO SPRINGS, p. o., Kankin co., Miss. CATSKILL, t., p. v., and cap. Greene co., N. Y. : on the W. side of Hudson r., 31 m. S. Albany. The v. lies on both sides of Catskill cr.,near its junction with the Hudson, and contains, besides the county buildings, several hand some churches, hotels, and stores. It has numerous manu factures, and is much engaged in the river trade. Two newspapers, the " C. Democrat," and the " Greene County "Whig," are issued weekly. Pop. 6,454. CATSKILL MOUNTAINS (Kaatsberg), N. T. : rise in Ulster CO., and, extending through Greene and Schoharie counties, bend in a crescent form toward the Mohawk r. Eound Top, the highest peak, measured by the barometer, is 3,S04 feet above tide water ; and a second peak is 3,718 feet. On the E. the mountains are precipitous, but on the "W. side the descent ia comparatively gentle. In these mountains, many of the wild animals indigenous to the State are still to be found. These mountains are frequently resorted to by summer tourists. CATTAEAUGUS county, N. T. Situate S. "W., and contains 1,234 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Alleghany r. and Cat- taraugus cr. the waters of the former being conveyed to the Gulf of Mexico, and of the latter to the Atlantic through St. Lawrence r. Surface elevated, well timbered, and the soils excellent, producing wheat, corn, etc., of the finest quality. Bog-iron ore, manganese, peat, marl, etc., are found in abundance ; and near Freedom is an oil spring- there are also saline and sulphur springs. Farms 3,655 ; manuf. 299 ; dwell. 6,750, and pop. wh. 38,851, fr. col. 99 total 38,950. Capital: Ellicottsville. Public Works : Gen- essee Valley Canal ; New York and Erie R. R., etc. CAUGHDENOY, p. v., Oswego co., JV. Y. : 123 m. W. N.W. Albany. CAVE, p. o., Franklin co., III. : in the S. E. part of the CO., 138 m. S. E. Springfield. CAVE, p. o., White co., Term. : 78 m. E. Nashville. CAVE IN ROCK, p. o., Hardin co., Itt. : on the Ohio r., 182 m. S. S. E. Springfield. The remarkable cave which gives name to this p. o., is near the water s edge, and is partially filled at a high stage of the r. Its entrance is visible in passing up and down the stream. A perpendicular shaft opens at some distance from its mouth, on ascending which the visitor finds a large number of chambers of various sizes, hung with stalactites. This is one of the greatest curiosities of the West. CA VENDER S CREEK, p. o., Lumpkin co., Ga. : 120 m. N. N. W. Milledgeville. CAVENDISH, t. and p. o., Windsor co., Verm. : on Black r., 56 m. 8. by E. Montpelier. The surface of the t. is exceedingly hilly, and the channel of the r. at the falls has been worn down some 100 feet. Considerable manufac tures have been established on the streams. Pop. 1,576. CAVE SPRING, p. o., Floyd co., Ga. : a little to the W. of Cedar cr. of Coosa r., 145 m. N. W. Milledgeville. CAVE SPRING, p. o., Scott co., Ky. : 18 m. N. E. Frankfort. CAVE SPRING, p. o., Wright co., Mo. : 86 m. S. by W. Jefferson City. CAVE SPRING, p. o., Roanoke co., Virg. : on W. side of the Blue Ridge, 129 m. W. Richmond. CAVETOWN, p. v., Washington co., Md. : on Cave Branch of Beaver cr., 8 m. from Hagerstown, and 86 m. N. W. Annapolis. CAYUGA county, N. Y. Situate W. centrally, and con tains 648 sq. m. Drained by Skaneateles, Owasco, and Cayuga lakes, their connections and creeks ; also by several streams emptying into Lake Ontario. Surface generally level, but much varied, and the soils productive. Gypsum abounds, and there are several sulphur, chalybeate, and saline springs in the county. Farms 4,228; manuf. 508; dwell. 9,259, and pop. wh. 54,924, fr. col. 534 total 55,453. Capital: Auburn. Public Works: Erie Canal; Syracuse and Rochester R. R., etc. CAYUGA, p. v., Hinds co., Miss. : on a small cr. of Big Black r., 33 m. S. W. Jackson. CAYUGA, p. v., Jackson co., Mich. : 37 m. S. by E. Lansing. CAYUGA, p. v., Cayuga co., W. Y. : on the N. E. side of Cayuga Lake, 144 m. W. Albany. The lake is here crossed by a bridge more than a mile long, over which the Roches ter and Syracuse R. R. passes, and a regular steamboat line runs from this v. to Ithaca, in connection with the Cayuga and Susquehanna R. R. CAYUGA lake, JV". Y. : lies between Seneca and Tomp- kins counties. It is about 40 m. long, and from 1 to 8} m. wide, and empties into Seneca r. It is very deep, and con tains abundance of fine fish. A steamboat plies regularly from Cayuga Bridge to Ithaca, calling at the intermediate places. CAYUTA, t. and p. o., Chemung co., N. Y. : on Cayuta cr., 142 m. W. S. W. Albany. Pop 1,035. CAYTTTAVILLE, p. v., Tompkins co., N. Y. : on E. side of Cayuta Lake, 140 m. W. S. W. Albany. CAZENOVTA, t. and p. v., Madison co., Ji. Y. : on Cazeno- via Lake, 108 m. W. Albany. It is a busy place, and has several manufactures. The "Madison County Whig" is issued weekly. Pop. 4,812. CECIL county, Md. Situate N". E., and contains 360 sq. m. Drained by Elk, North-east, and other rivers. Sur face generally undulating, sometimes hilly and broken. Soils light and loamy, with a reddish clay subsoil. Rocks abundant, and iron, chromes, and other minerals found. Timber sufficient for domestic purposes. Farms 1,208; manuf. 176 ; dwell. 3,056, and pop wh. 15,472, fr. col. 2,623, si. 844 total 18,939. Capital: Elkton. Fullic Works: Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore R. R. ; New castle and Frenchtown R. R. ; and Chesapeake and Dela ware Canal. CECIL, t. and p. o., Washington co., Penn. : on Muller g branch of Charter s cr., 173 m. W. Harrisburg. Pop. 1,287. CKCILTON, p. v., Cecil co., Md. : on the N. of Sassafras r., 3 m. distant, 48 m. N. E. Annapolis. CEDAR county, Ia. Situate E., and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Cedar r. and its branches. Surface undulating and soils fertile. Farms 358; manuf. 4; dwell. 6S6, and pop. wh. 3,939, fr. col. 2 total 3,941. Capital: Tipton. CEDAR county, Mo. Situate W., and contains 428 sq. m. Drained by the tributaries of Sac r. of the Osage. Sur face level, with some woodland. Soils exceedingly fertile. Farms 347; manuf. 7; dwell. 561, and pop. wh. 3,278, fr. col. 1, si. 82 total 3,361. Capital: Fremont. CEDAR, p. v., Allen co., Ind. : at the confluence of Cedar cr. with Little St. Joseph r., 112 m. N. E. Indianapolis. CEDAR, p. o., Livingston co., Mich. : 88 m. E. by S. Lansing. CEDAR BAYOIT, p. o., Liberty co., Tea;. : on a cr. so called, 172 m. E. Austin City. CEDAR BLUFF, p. v., Cherokee co., Ala. : 132 m. N. by E. Montgomery. Formerly capital of the county. CEDAR BLUFF, p. o., Ocktibbeha co., Miss. : 107 m. N. E. Jackson. CEDAR BLUFF, p. o., Tazewell co., Virg. : 238 m W. by S. Richmond. CEDAR BRANCH, p.o., Campbell co., Ga. : 91 m. W.N.W. Milledgeville. CEDARBUBGH, I and p. v., Washington co., Wise. : on the HI CED CEN W. side of Cedar cr. of MUwaukie r., 74 m. E. by N. Madison. Pop. 1,134. CEDAR CBKEK, p. v., Sussex co., Del. : 27 m. 8. by E. Dover. Cedar Creek hund. contains 72,090 acres. CEDAR CREEK, p. o., Kutherford co., & Car. : 173 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. CEDAR CKEEK, p. o., "Washington co., Wise. : on the W. side of Cedar cr., 63 m. E. by N. Madison. CEDAR creek, Ind. : a tributary from the N. of Little St. Joseph r. It is an excellent mill stream, about 40 m. in length. CEDAR creek, Ind. : a branch of Kankakee r., the outlet of Cedar Lake. CEDAB creek, Eockbridge co., Virg. : a tributary of James r. It is remarkable for the Natural Bridge that spans it 12 m. S. of Lexington. The r. passes through a chasm which is 90 feet wide at the top, and the walls are 250 feet high, almost perpendicular. The bridge is a huge rock thrown across the chasm at the top ; it is 60 feet wide, and covered with earth and trees, forming a sublime spec tacle when seen from the margins of the stream. CEDAR CREEK, p. o., Barry co., Mich. : 42 m. W. by S. Lansing. CEDAR CREEK, p. o., Monmouth co., N. Jer. CEDAR CREEK, p. o., Eichland dist., S. Car. : on a cr. of the Congaree r. so called, 17 m. S. E. Columbia. CEDAR CHEEK, p. o., Greene co., Tenn. : on Cedar cr. of the Nolichucky r., 221 m. E. Nashville. CEDAR CREEK, p. o., Frederick co., Virg. : 122 m. N. N.W. Eichmond. CEDAR CREEK MILLS, p. o., Stephenson co., III. : 156 m. N. Springfield. CEDAR FALLS, p. v., and cap. Black Hawk co., la. : on Cedar r., 73 m. N. W. Iowa City. CEDAR FALLS, p. o., Eandolph co., N. Car. : 66 m. "W. Ealeigh. CEDAR FALLS, p. o., Eichland dist., S. Car.: on Cedar cr. of Congaree r., 22 m. S. E. Columbia. CEDAR FORD, p. o., Grainger co., Tenn. : 179 m. E. Nashville. CEDAR GROVE, p. o., Jefferson co., Ala. : 92 m. N. by "W. Montgomery. CEDAR GROVE, p. o., Sheboygan co., Wise. : 8. of Union r. of the Sheboygan, 73 m. E. by N. Madison. CBDAR GROVE, p. v., Franklin co., Ind. : on the E. side of White Water r., 88 m. E. by S. Indianapolis. CEDAR GROVE, p. o., Orange co., 2f. Car. : 47 m. N. W. Ealeigh. CEDAR GROVE, p. o., Wilson co., Tenn. : 33 m. E. Nash ville. CEDAR GROVE, p. o., Breckenridge co., Ky. : 89 m. W. by S. Frankfort. CEDAR GROVE, p. o., Kauffman co., Tex. : on Cedar cr. of Trinity r., 226 m. N. N. E. Austin City. CEDAR GROVE MILLS, p. o., Eockbridge co., Virg. : 114 m. W. Eichmond. CEDAR HILL, p. o., Albany co., N. Y. : near the Hudson r., 6 m. S. Albany. CEDAR HILL, p. o., Anson co., N. Car. : W. of the Yad- kin r., 87 m. S. W. Ealeigh. CEDAR island, Mich. : a small island at the entrance of Detroit strait into Lake Erie. CEDAR KEY, p. o., Levy co., Flor. : 106 m. S. E. Talla hassee. The Cedar Keys consist of several small islands off the mouth of the Suwannee r., on the W. coast of the peninsula, and are inhabited by fishermen and wreckers. CEDAR LAKE, p. o., Lake co., Ind. : on the lake so called, 123 m. N. W. Indianapolis. Cedar Lake is 3 m. long, and three-fourths of a mile wide, and abounds in various de scriptions of fish. CEDAR LAKE, p. o., Brazoria co., Te. : on Cedar Lake Bayou, on the S. W. part of the co., 153 m. 8. E. Austin City. 112 CEDAR LAKE, p. o., Calhoun co., Mich. : on a small col lection of water so called, 42 m. S. W. Lansing. The lake empties through a cr. of St. Joseph s r. CEDAR LAKE, p. o., Herkimer co., N. Y. : on a lake so called, 87 m. N. W. Albany. CEDAR lake, Mich. : a small collection of water in the S. E. corner of Van Burcn co., the waters of which are con ducted into St. Joseph r. by a branch of Dowagiake r., which rises from it. CEDAR MOUNT, p. o., Wythe co., Virg. : 211 m. W. by 8. Eichmond. CEDAR PLAINS, p. o., Morgan co., Ala. : 148 m. N. by W. Montgomery. CEDAR POINT, p. o., Page co., Virg.: 93 m. N. W. Eichmond. CEDAR EAPIDS, p. o., Linn co., la.: at the rapida of Cedar r., 23 m. N. by W. Iowa City. CEDAR SHOAL, p. o., Chester dist., S. Car. : 61 m. N. W. Columbia. CEDAR SPRING, p. o., Benton co., Ala. : Q9 m. N. N. E. Montgomery. CEDAR SPRING, p. o., Wythe co., Virg.: 212 m. W. by S. Eichmond. CEDAR SPRING A&YLITM, p. o., Spartanburg dist., S. Car. CEDAR SPRINGS, p. o., Spartanburg dist., S. Car. : 83 m. N. W. Columbia. CEDAR SPRINGS, p. o., Allen co., Ky. : 122 m. 8. W. Frankfort. CEDAR SWAMP, p. o., Queens co. N. Y. : 122 m. S. by E. Albany. CEDARTOWN, p. v., Pnulding co., Ga. : between the forks of Cedar cr. of Coosa r., 132 m. W. N. W. Milledgeville. CEDAR TREE, p. o., Talladega co., Ala. : 61 m. N. Mont gomery. CEDAR VALLEY, p. o., Wayne co., Ohio: 78 m. N. E. Columbus. CEDARVILLE, p. v., Cumberland co., N. Jer. : on Cedar cr., 4 m. from Delaware Bay, and 62 S. by W. Trenton. It has some manufactures and considerable trade in wood. CEDARVILLE, p. v., Herkimer co., JV. Y. : 72 m. W. by N. Albany. CEDARVILLE, p. v., Greene co., Ohio : on the line of the Columbus and Xenia E. E., 47 m. S. E. Columbus. CEDARVILLE, p. v., Washington co., Virg. : 246 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. CEDRON, p. v., Clermont co., Ohio : 86 m. S. W. Columbus. CELESTI.NE, p. v., Dubois co., Ind. : a few miles S. of Patoka r., and 93 m. S. S. W. Indianapolis. CELINA, p. v., and cap. Mercer co., Ohio : on the W. side of the upper Wabash r., 94 m. W. N. W. Columbus. A newspaper, the "Western Standard" (dem.), is published weekly. CELINA, p. v., Jackson co., Tenn. : on the E, side of Cumberland r., 72 m. E. N. E. Nashville. CENTRAL, p. o., St. Louis co., Mo. : 92 m. E. Jefferson City. CENTRAL, p. o., Columbia co., Penn. ; 67 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. CENTRAL BRIDGE, p. o., Schoharie co., N. Y. : on Scho- harie cr. of the Mohawk, 27 m. W. Albany. CENTRAL COLLEGE, p. o., Franklin co, N. Y.: 133 m. N. N. W. Albany. CENTRAL PLAINS, p. o., Fluvanna co., Virg. : 49 m. W- Eichmond. CENTRAL POINT, p. o., Caroline co., Virg. : 37 m. N. Eichmond. CENTRAL SQUARE, p. o., Oswego co., N. Y.: 128 m. W. N. W. Albany. CENTRAL VILLAGE, p. v., Windham co., Conn.: on the Norwich and Worcester E. E., 39 m. E. Hartford, 19 m. from Norwich, and 40 m. from Worcester. CENTRE county, Penn. Situate centrally, and contains 1,480 sq. m. Drained by Bald Eagle, Penn s, and other CEN CEN creeks, and by the W. branch of Sugquehanna r. Surface rocky and mountainous. Soils of a stubborn nature gen erally, but along the streams there is much that is highly fertile. Farms 1,043 ; manuf. 171 ; dwell. 3,936, and pop. wh. 23,112, fr. col. 243 total 23,355, Capital : Bellefonte. CENTRE, p. v., and cap. Cherokee co., Ala. : 136 m N. by E. Montgomery. CENTRE, p. v., Montgomery co., Ohio: C6 m. W. S. W. Columbus. CENTRE, p. v., Talbot co., Ga. : 82 in. "W. by S. Milledge- ville. CENTRE, p. v., Cass co., Tex. : 278 m. N. E. Austin City. CENTKE, p. v., Barren co., Ky. : 93 m. S. W. Frankfort. CENTKE, t. and p. o., Bock co., Wise. : 47 m. S. by E. Madison. Pop. 626. CENTRE, p. v., Guilford co., N. Car. : 69 m. "W. by N. Ealeigh. CENTRE, t. and p. o., Perry co., Penn. : 36 m. N. W. Har- risburg. Pop. 1,208. CENTRE ALMOND, p. v., Alleghany co., N. T. : 203 m. W. S. W. Albany. CENTRE BARNSTEAD, p. v., Belknap co., N. ffamp.: on Suncook r., 18 m. N. E. by E. Concord. CENTRE BELPRE, p. v., Washington co., Oldo: on the Ohio r., below Blennerhassett s Island, 86 m. E. S. E. Columbus. CENTRE BERLIN, p. v., Eenssellaer co., N. Y. ; on Iloosic r., 19 m. E. Albany. CENTRE BRIDGE, p. o., Bucks co., Penn.: 103 m. E. Harrisburg. CENTRE BROOK, p. o., Middlesex co., Conn. : 24 m. S. by E. Hartford. CENTREBTTRGH, p. o., Knox co., OMo : on the S. side of the N. fork of Licking r., 33 m. N. E. Columbus. CENTRE CAMBRIDGE, p. v., Washington co., W. Y. : 23 m. N. N. E. Albany. CENTRE CANISTEO, p. T., Steuben co., W. T.: on the S. Bide of Canisteo r., 189 m. TV. S. "W. Albany. CENTRE CONWAY, p. v., Carroll co., Jf. ffamp. : on Swift r., 56 m. N. E. Concord. The Great Falls and Conway E. E. will pass near this village. CENTRE CREEK, p. o., Iron co., Utah Ter. CENTRE CROSS, p. o., Essex co., Virg.: 62 m. N. E. Eichmond. CENTREDALE, p. o., Providence co., E. L: 11 m. W. Providence. CENTREFIELD, p. v., Ontario co., N. Y.: 177 m. W. Albany. CENTREFIELD, p. v., Oldham co., Ky. : 37 m. N. "W. Frankfort. CENTREFIELD, p. v., Highland co., Ohio: on the S. side of Paint cr., 54 m. S. W. Columbus. CENTRE GROTON, p. v., New London, co., Conn. : 43 m. 8. E. Hartford. CENTRE GUILFOED, p. v., Piscataquis co., Me. : 58 m N. N. E. Augusta. CENTRE HARBOR, t. and p. v., Belknap co., N. ffamp. : between Winnepisseogee Lake on the S., and Squam Lake on the N., 33 m. N. Concord. Pop. 549. CENTRE HILL, p. o., Centre co., Penn. : 74 m. N. W. Harrisburg. CENTRE HILL, p. o., Stewart co., Ga. : 113 m S W Milledgeville. CENTRE INDEPENDENCE, p. o., Alleghany co., N. Y. : 205 m. W. S. W. Albany. CENTRE LEBANON, p. v., York co., Me. : 84 m. S. "W. Augusta. CENTRE LINCOLNVILLE, p. v., Waldo co., Me. : 87 m. E. by S. Augusta. CENTRE LINE, p. o., Centre co., Penn. : 81 m. N. W. Harrisburg. CENTRE LISLE, p. o., Broome co., N. Y. : 113 m. W. by S. Albany. CENTRE LOVELL, p. o., Oxford co., Me. : 57 m. E. by S. Augusta. CENTRE MONTTILLE, p. v., Waldo co.. Me. : 27 m. E. by N. Augusta. CENTRE MORELAND, p. v., Wyoming co., Penn. : 98 m. N. E. Harrisburg. CENTRE OSSIPPEE, p. v., Carroll co., 2f. ffamp. : 42 m. N. N. E. Concord. CENTRE POINT, p. v., Monroe co., Ky. : 118 m. S. S W. Frankfort. CENTRE POINT, p. v., Sevier co., ArTc. : 147 m. W. S. W Little Eock. CENTRE POINT, p. v., Linn co., la. : on a cr. of Cedar r., 38 m. N. by W. Iowa City. CENTRE POINT, p. v., Knox co., III. : 73 m. N. N. W Springfield. CENTRE PORT (now ELM BLUFF), p. v., Dallas co., Ala. : on the E. side of Alabama r., 49 m. W. S. W. Montgomery. CENTREPORT, p. v., Suffolk co., N. Y. : on Great Cow Bay, 118 m. S. by E. Albany. CENTRE EIDGE, p. v., Kemper co., Miss. : 91 m. E. N. E. Jackson. CENTRE ETTTLAND, p. v., Eutland co., Verm.: on Mill r. of Otter cr., 49 m. S. by W. Montpelier. CENTRE SANDWICH, p. v., Carroll co., & ffamp. : 46 m. N. Concord. CENTRE SHERMAN, p. v., Chautauque co., 2f. Y. : 293 m. W. by S. Albany. CENTRE SIDNEY, p. v., Kennebec co., Me. : 5 m. N. Augusta. CENTRE STAR, p. o., Lauderdale co., Ala. : 194 m. N. W. Montgomery. CENTRE STRATFORD, p. v., Strafford co., N. ffamp. : 21 m. E. Concord. CENTRETON, p. v., Salem co., N. Jer, : 66 m. S. by W. Trenton. CENTRETON, p. v., Huron co., Ohio: 103 m. N. by E. Columbus. CENTRETOWN, p. v., Dubuque co., la. : 66 m. N. E. Iowa City. CENTRETOWN, p. v., Mercer co., Penn. : 197 m. W. N.W. Harrisburg. CENTRETOWN, p. v., Anderson dist., S. Car. : 118 m, W. N. W. Columbia. CENTRE YALLEY, p. o., Lehigh co., Penn. : 69 m. E. N. E, Harrisburg. CENTRE VALLEY, p. o., Otsego co., 2f. Y. : 49 m. W. by N. Albany. CENTRE TILLAGE, p. v., Camden co., Ga. : 163 m. S. E. Milledgeville. CENTRE VILLAGE, p. v.,Broome co., XT. Y. : 117 m.W. S. W. Albany. CENTREVILLE, p. v., Montgomery co., Ark. : 72 m. W. by S. Little Eock. CENTREVILLE, p. v., Leon co., Tex. : 126 m. N. E. Austin City. CBNTREVILLE, p. v., and cap. Bibb co., Ala. : on the E. side of Cahawba r., at the lower falls, 65 m. N. "W. Mont gomery. CENTREVILLE, p. v., Newcastle co., Del. : near the N. State line, 39 m. N. by W. Dover. CENTREVILLE, p. v., Leon co., Flor. CENTREVILLE, p. v., Wilkes co., Ga.: S. of Long cr. of Broad r., 51 m. N. E. Milledgeville. CBNTREVILLE, p. v., Columbia CO., Wise. : 61 m. N. E. Madison. CENTREVILLE, p. v., and cap. Wayne co., Ind. : on theE. ide of White Water r., 61 m. E. by N. Indianapolis. The Central Indiana E. E. passes through the v. about 11 m. W. Jichmond. CENTREVILLE, p. v., and cap. St. Joseph s co., Mich. : on e S. side of Prairie r. of St. Joseph s r., 73 m. S. W. Lansing. It is an improving town, and has a newspaper, 113 CEN CHA the "St. Joseph s County Advertiser" (whig), published weekly. A branch of the University is located here. CENTREVILLE, p. v., and cap. Appanoose co., la. : 76 m. 8. W. Iowa City. CENTREVILLE, p. v., "Wabash co., III. : 133 m. S. E. Springfield. . CENTREVILLE, p. T., Conway co., Ark. : 47 m. N. "W. Little Kock. CENTREVILLE, p. v., Bourbon co., Ky. : 33 m. E. Frank fort. CENTREVILLE, p. v., St. Mary s par., La. : on the S. side of Bayou Teche, 51 m. S. by "W. Baton Kouge. CENTKEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Queen Anne co., Md. : at the head of Corsica cr., 25 m. E. Annapolis. CENTREVILLE, p. v., Barnstable co., Mass.: 63 m. S. E. Boston. CENTREVILLE, p. v., Amitie co., Miss. : 94 m. S. "W. by S. Jackson. CENTREVILLE, p. v., Moore co., N. Car. : 45 m. S. W. Raleigh. CENTREVILLE, p. v., Hunterdon co., N. Jer. : 38 m. N. Trenton. CENTREVILLE, t. and p. v., Alleghany co., IT. Y. : in the N. W. corner of the co., 228 m. W. by S. Albany. P. 1,445. CENTREVILLE, p.v., Montgomery co., Ohio : 68 m. W. S.W. Columbus. Building stone is abundant in the neighbor hood. CENTKEVILLE, p. v., Crawford co., P&rvn.: on a cr. of Alleghany r., 157 m. N. "W. Harrisburg. CENTREVILLE, p. v., Kent co., R. I. : on the E. side of Patuxent r., 11 m. 8. S. W. Providence. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in the manufacture of cotton goods. Pop. about 450. CENTREVILLE, p. v., Laurens dist., S. Car. : 73 m. N. W. Columbia. CENTREVILLE, p. v., Hickman co., Term. : on the S. side of Duck r. of the Tennessee, 47 m. S. "W. Nashville. This v. was formerly capital of the county. CENTREVILLE, p. v., Fairfax co., Virg. : on the N. branch of Occoquan cr., 84 m. N. Kichmond. It has some manu factures, and about 360 inhabitants. CENTREVILLE, p. v., and cap. Appanoose co., la. : on the 8. side of Cooper s cr. of Chariton r., 87 m. S. TV. Iowa City. CENTRE WHITE CREEK, p o., Washington co., JV. Y. : 31 m. N. N. E. Albany. CEEALVO, p. v., Carroll co., Miss. : 71 m. N. by E. Jackson. CERES, p. v., Alleghany co., Ni Y. : on a tributary of Alle ghany r., 218 m. W. S. W. Albany. CERESCO, p. v., Calhoun co., Mich. : on the 1ST. side of Kalamazoo r., 39 m. S.W. Lansing. The Michigan Central E. E. passes through the v. 5 m. W. of Marshall. CERESCO, t. and p. v., Fond du Lac co., Wise. : on a cr. emptying into Green Lake, 65 m. N. E. Madison. P. 1,337. CEREO GORDO county, la. Situate W. middle, and con tains 576 sq. m. Taken from Pottowattomee in 1S51. CERRO GORDO, p. v., and cap. Holmes co., Flor. CERRO GORDO, p. v., Piatt co., HI. : on the S. side of the N. fork of Sangamon r., 47 m. E. N. E. Springfield. CHADD S FORD, p. o., Delaware co., Penn. : 162 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. CHAGRIN FALLS, p. o., Cuyahoga co., Ohio: on Chagrin r. of Lake Erie, 165 m. N. E. Columbus. CHALK BLUFF, p. o., Greene co., Ark. : 143 m. N. E. Little Eock. CHALK LEVEL, p. o., Cumberland co., N. Car. : 39 m. S. Ealeigh. CHALK LEVEL, p. o., St. Clair co., Ho. : 94 m. "W. by S. Jefferson City. CHALK LEVEL, p. o., Pittsylvania co., Virg. : 108 m. 8. W. Eichmond. CHALK LEVEL, v., Benton co., Tenn. : on the W. side of Tennessee r., 71 m. W. by S. Nashville. 114 CHALK LEVEL, p. o., Hopkins co., Ky. : 171 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. CHALKVILLE, p. v., Chester dist., S. Car. : 87 m. N. W. Columbia. CHAMBERS county, Ala. Situate E. on State line, and contains 720 sq. m. Drained by creeks of Chattahoochee and Tallapqosa rivers. Surface undulating, and soils gen erally fertile, producing wheat, corn, and cotton. Farms 1,342 ; manuf. 56 ; dwell. 2,138, and pop. wh. 12,784, fr. col. 18, si. 11,153 total 23,960. Capital: Chambers. Publio Works : Montgomery and West Point E. E. CHAMBERS, p. v., and cap. Chambers co., Ala. : 63 m. N. E. Montgomery. CIIAMBERSBURGH, p. v., Pike co., 111. .* on the W. side of M Kee s cr. of the Illinois r., 53 m. W. Springfield. CUAMBERSBURGH, p. v., Clarke co., Mo. : on Fox r. of the Mississippi, 136 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. CIIAMBERSBURGH, p. v., Orange co., Jnd. : at the head waters of Patoka cr., 84 m. S. by W. Indianapolis. CHAMBERSBURGH, p. v., Montgomery co., Ohio : on a branch of Miami r., 75 m. S. W. Columbus. CUAMBERSBUKGU, p. v., and cap. Franklin co., Penn. : in the valley of Concocheague r., a tributary of the Poto mac, 44 m. S. W. Harrisburg. It is one of the most flour ishing places in the interior, has numerous manufactures, and considerable commerce. The Franklin E. E. extends hence to Hagerstown, Md., 22 m., and the Cumberland Valley E. E. to Harrisburg, 56 m. ; at the latter place form ing a junction with the Pennsylvania E. E., etc. Five weekly newspapers are published here ; the " Eepository and Whig," the " Franklin Intelligencer" (whig), the " Val ley Sentinel" (dem.), the " Valley Spirit" (dem.), and the " Messenger" (religious). Pop. 4,272. CHAMBER S CREEK, p. o., Navarro co., Tex. : on a stream so called of Pecan cr. of Trinity r., 148 m. N. N. E. Austin City. CHAMBER S MILLS, p. o., Buckingham co., Virg. : 56 m. W. Eichmond. CHAMBERSVILLE, p. v., Dallas co., Ark. : 73 m. S. by W. Little Eock. CHAMBLISSBURGH, p. v., Bedford co., Virg. : on a cr. of the Eoanoke r., 126 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. CHAMP AGNOLLE, p. v., Union co., Ark. : on the S. side of Washita r., 93 m. S. Little Eock. CHAMPAIGN county, III. Situate E. middle, and contains 972 sq. m. Drained by the head streams of Sangamon, Kaskaskia, and Big Vermillion rivers. Surface undulating, with large prairies bordered by fine groves of timber. Soil excellent. Farms 273 ; dwell. 480, and pop. wh. 2,647, fr. col. 2 total 2,649. Capital: Urbana. Public Works: Chi cago Branch of Illinois Central E. E. CHAMPAIGN county, Ohio. Situate W. centrally, and contains 464 sq. m. Drained by the head tributaries of Mad r. Surface generally level or undulating, in some places low and marshy. Prairie and timber well appor tioned. Soils deep and rich, producing fine grain crops. Farms 1,677 ; manuf. 93 ; dwell. 3,437, and pop. wh. 19,272, fr. col. 490 total 19,762. Capital: Urbana. Public Works: Mad Eiver and Lake Erie E. E. CHAMPION, t. and p. v., Trumbull co., Ohio: 177m.N.E. Columbus. Pop. 1,090. CHAMPION, t. and p. v., Jefferson co., JV. Y.: on the S. side of Black r., 127 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 2.085. CHAMPION SOUTH EOADS, p. o., Jeflerson co., N. Y.: 127 m. N. W. Albany. CUAMPLAIN lake, N. Y. and Verm. : this fine sheet of water lies between the States of New Tork and Vermont, and penetrates a fc*v miles beyond the line of the United States into Canada. Its length is about 140 m., and its width from 1 mile to 10 miles. The direction of its length is nearly N. and S., and it contains a large number of small islands, most of which belong to Vermont. From White- ! hall to Crown Point the lake is quite narrow, but at the CHA CHA latter point it begins to expand, and soon becomes three miles wide, still increasing in width northward, until near Burlington it attains its greatest spread. Steamboats of the first class, and vessels of 100 tons navigate the lake from end to end, and may pass the Sorel or Eichlieu, its outlet to St. Johns, where steamboat navigation ceases. The lake is connected southward with the navigable waters of the Hud son by means of the Champlain Canal, 63 miles long. As the centre of the lake is approached, a large body of water presents itself to view, bordered by scenery of the most picturesque description. The headlands are seen to great advantage, and the vast range of mountains on either side is truly a scene of grandeur seldom witnessed. The highest peak of the Green Mountains, the CamePs Rwnp, is seen on the east, while the high range of mountains of Essex County loom boldly above the western horizon. This latter range of mountain peaks contains the highest land of the State of New York, and rises in some instances to the height of 5,000 feet and upward, the forests covering it swathed in clouds ; streams leap from their sides, and cascades of great beauty foam from their crevices. The immediate shores of the lake have numerous indentations and bays of singular beauty ; fish abound in the waters, and the angler nowhere else can so well enjoy the pleasures of the " gentle art" than here. Salmon, salmon-trout, sturgeon, pickerel, etc., of the finest flavor, abound through the whole length of this delightful lake. CHAMPLAIN, t. and p. v., Clinton co., N~. Y. : the north- easternmost t. of the State, on the W. side of Lake Cham- plain, 158 m. N. Albany. The v. on Chazy r., is intersected by the Northern E. E., 4 m. "W. of Eouse s Point. P. 5,067. CHANCEFORD, t and p. T., York co., Penn. : on the S. W. fork of the Susquehanna r., 38 m. S. S. E. Harrisburg. CHANCELLORSVILLE, p. v., Spottsylvania co., Virg. : S. of the Eappahannock r., 54 m. N. by "W. Eichmond. CHANCERY, p. o., Howard co., Ind. : 56 m. N. Indiana polis. CHANCEVILLB, p. v., Monmouth co., N. Jer. : 39 m. E. Trenton. CHANDLERSVILLE, p. v., Muskingum co., Ohio: 62 m. E. by N. Columbus. CHANDLEBVILLE, p. v., Chester co., Peivn. : 62 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. CHANNAHON, p. v., Will co., III. : on a tributary of Illinois r., 183 m. N. E. Springfield. CHANNINGVILLE, p. T., Dubuque co., la. : 69 m. N. E. Iowa City. CHANTILLY, p. o., Lincoln co., Mo. : 76 m. N. E. Jefferson City. CHANTILLY, p. o., Fairfax co., Virg. : 92 m. N. Eich mond. CHAPEL HILL, p, v., Orange co., N. Oar. : on New Hope r., a branch of Cape Fear r., 27 m. N. W. Ealeigh. The v. derives its chief importance from being the seat of the University of North Carolina. This institution was founded in 1789, and is well endowed. Permanent population, about 360. CHAPEL HILL, p. v., Monmouth co,, 2T. Jer. CHAPEL HILL, p. T., Marshall co., Tenn. : on a cr. of. Duck r., 37 m. S. by E. Nashville. CHAPEL HILL, p. v., Perry co., Ohio : 52 m. E. by S. Columbus. CHAPEL HILL, p. v., "Washington co., Tex,. : 76 m. E. Austin City. CHAPEL HILL, p. T., La Fayette co., Mo. : 98 m. W. by N. Jefferson City. CHAPELSBURG, p. v., Cattaraugus co., N. Y. : 242 m. "W. by S. Albany. CHAPINVILLE, p. v., Ontario co., 2T. Y. : 172 m. "W. by 1ST. Albany. CHAPINVILLE, p. v., Litchfield co., Conn. : 44 m. W. Hartford. CHAPLIN, p. v., Nelson co., Ky. : 47 m. W. by S. Frankfort. CHAPLIN, t. and p. v.,Windham co., Conn. : on Na . chaug r., 27 m. E. by N. Hartford. Pop. 799. CHAPMAN, t. and p. o., Union co., Penn. : on Mahantango cr., 39 m. N. "W. Harrisburg. Pop. 1,427. CHAPMANVILLB, p. v., Logan co., Virg. : 246 m. W. Eichmond. CHAPPAQUA, p. v., "Westchester co., Jf.Y.: on the line of the New York and Harlem Extension E. E. 97 m. S. by E. Albany. CHAPPELL, p. v., Dallas co., Ark. : 59 m. S. Little Eock. CHAPTICO, p. v., St. Mary s co., Md. : on the S. side of Chaptico cr., 47 m. S. by W. Annapolis. Chaptico cr. is navigable to the village. CHAPTJLTEPEO, p. v., Blount co., Ala. : 122 m. N. by "W. Montgomery. CHAPULTEPEC, p. v., Benton co., Tenn. : 71 m. W. Nash ville. CHARDON, p. v., and cap. Geauga co., Ohio: ISO m.N. E. Columbus. It is a flourishing v., and has two newspapers, the "Geauga Eepublican" (whig), and the "Free Demo crat" (free soil), both published weekly. Pop. 1,622. CHAEENTON, p. v., St. Mary s par., La. : 54 m. S. by "W. Baton Eouge. CHAEITON, p. v., Lucas co., la. : on the N. side of Chariton r., 103 m. S. W. Iowa City. CHAEITON MILLS, p. o., Adair co., Mo. : on Chariton r., 118 m: N. by W. Jefferson City. CHAELEMONT, t. and p. o., Franklin co., Mass. : on Deer- field r., 93 m.W. Boston. The Greenfield and North Adams E. E. will traverse the t. E. and "W., forming a section of the Troy and Boston line of railroads. Pop. 1,173. CHAELEMONT, p. v., Bedford co., Virg. : 118 m. W. by S. Eichmond. CHAELTON county, Mo. Situate centrally on N. bank of Missouri r., and contains 780 sq. m. Drained by Chariton r., and several tributaries of Grand r. Surface level or undulating prairie, and soil good. Farms 659 ; manuf. 24 ; dwell. 1,096, and pop. wh. 5,688, fr. col. 48, si. 1,778 total 7,514. Capital: Keytesville. CHAELES county, Md. Situate "W. shore, and contains 460 sq. m. Drained by a number of creeks flowing to the Po tomac and Patuxent rivers. Surface low and sandy. Soil indifferent and exhausted. Tobacco is the chief product, but wheat, corn, etc., are grown extensively. Timber is various and abundant. Farms 709 ; manuf. ; dwell. 1,335, and pop. wh. 5,665, fr. col. 913, si. 9,584 total 16,162. Capital : Port Tobacco. CHAELES river, R. I. : has its source in "Warden s Pond, in S. Kingston, and empties into Pawcatuck r. at Westerly. CHAELES river, Mass. : rises on the borders of Hopkinton and Milford townships, and after a circuitous course, empties into Boston Harbor. It is navigable to Watertown, 7 m. above Boston. CHAELES CITY county, Virg. Situate S. E. on a penin sula formed by James and Chickahominy rivers, and con tains 208 sq. m. Surface rolling, and soils sandy. Indian corn, wheat, and oats are the principal products. Farms 199 ; manuf. 6 ; dwell. 486, and pop. wh. 1,664, fr. col. 772, si. 2,764 total 5,200. Capital : Charles City C. H. CHAELES CITY C. H., p. v., and cap. Charles City co., Virg. : on the N. side of James r., 33 m. E. by S. Eichmond CHAELES EIVEE VILLAGE, p. v., Norfolk co., Mass. : on Charles r., 16 m. S. "W. Boston. CHAELESTON district, S. Car. Situate S. E. on the Atlan tic, between the Santee and Ashley rivers, and contains 1,520 sq. m. Drained by Cooper s r. and other streams. The surface is low and swampy, and produces abundantly rice and cotton, with some grain. Farms 682 ; manuf. 76 ; dwell. 5,213, and pop. wh. 24,586, fr. col. 3,843, si. 44,376 total 72,805. Capital: Charleston. Public Works : Santee Canal, and South Carolina E. E. CHARLESTON, p. v., Mississippi CO., Mo. : 196 m. S. E. Jefferson City. 115 CHA CHA CHARLESTON, p. v., and cap. Coles co.,-7Z/. ; about 2 m. W. of Embarras r., 82 m. E. by S. S. Springfield. The Terre Haute and Alton K. E. will pass tlirough this village. CHARLESTON, t. and p. v., Penobseot co., Me. : 57 m. N.E. Augusta. Pop. 1,283. CHARLESTON, t. and p. o., Kalamaaoo co., Mich. : on the S. side of Kalamazoo r., 51 m. S. W. Lansing. Pop. 846. CHARLESTON, p. v., and cap. Tallahatchie co., Miss. : on Tillaboba cr. of Tallahatchie r., 114 m. N. Jackson. CHARLESTON, p. v., Lee co., la. : on the bank of the Mississippi r., at the confluence of Sugar cr., 39 m. S. by E. Iowa City, and about 6 m. S. "W. Fort Madison. It is a place of some trade, and near the line of the proposed Dubuque and Keokuk E. E. CHARLESTON, t. and p. v., Montgomery co., 2f. T.: on the W. side of Schoharie cr., 31 m. W. Albany. Pop. 2,216. CHAELBSTON, p. v., Tioga co., Jf. Y. : 134 m. W. S. W. Albany. CHARLESTON, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Charleston dist., Car. : on a tongue of land formed by the meeting of Cooper and Ashley rivers in Charleston Harbor, 101 m. S. E. Columbia. Lat. 32 46 33" N., and long. 79O 57 27" "W. from Greenwich, or 2 55 57" "W. from Washington. The bay, or Charleston Harbor, is a large estuary, with an average width of 2 m., and extends about 7 m. S. E. from Charleston to the Atlantic Ocean, which it enters between Sullivan s and Morrison s islands. Cooper and Ashley rivers are from 80 to 40 feet deep, the former being 1,400, and the latter 2,100 yards wide opposite the city, and both are capable of accommodating the largest class of vessels. A sand-bar extends across the mouth of the harbor, but it has several channel entrances, the deepest of which, passing very close to Sullivan s Island, admits vessels drawing 16 feet water at high tide. The harbor is open to easterly winds, and vessels are much exposed during storms from that quarter so much so, indeed, that they were at one time prohibited by law from lying at the wharves from the last of July to the middle of September. The fortifications protecting Charleston, are Fort Moultrie, on Sullivan s Island, Castle Pinckney, 2 m. below the city, and Fort Johnson, about 4 m. below. The ground upon which Charleston is built is low, only elevated 8 or 9 feet above the level of the harbor at high tide, which here rises about 6 feet, flowing by the city with a strong current, and thus contributing to the salubrity of a location naturally unhealthy. The city has several times been inundated by the waters driven up the harbor by violent winds, and has from this cause at various times suf fered considerable damage. The years 1 699, 1723, 1752, and 1797 are noted in the history of the city as periods of these devastating occurrences. The streets are laid out recti- lincally, running east and west, from the rivers north and south, forming nearly square blocks. The width of the streets varies from 35 to 70 feet. Most of the buildings of the city are of brick, and the dwellings are in general of elegant construction. The streets are lined with the pride of India, while elegant villas, adorned with verandahs reaching from the ground to the tops of the houses, sur rounded by green edges, and buried in the rich foliage of orange trees, magnolias, and palmettoes, give an air of wealth and elegance to the city. Charleston is divided into four wards, and is governed by a mayor and 12 aldermen. Among the public buildings, are the City Hall, the Ex change, the District Court House, the jail, two arsenals, a theatre, the U. S. Custom House, the Halls of the College of Charleston, between 30 and 40 churches, several high schools, and buildings devoted to benevolent purposes, as the alms-houses, the orphan asylum. The Literary and Philosophical Society has a fine collection of objects of nat ural history, etc. ; the Academy of Fine Arts possesses some valuable paintings, and the City Library contains about 24,000 volumes. The College of Charleston is one of the most flourishing institutions of the Southern States, and has 116 an efficient staif, consisting of a president and six professors ; it was founded in 1785, and in 1850 had 70 students. The Medical College of the State of South Carolina was founded in 1S33 ; in 1 850 it had 8 professors and 153 students. The list of free school pupils is 894, and the average cost of instruction $10 per annum ; these are valuable schools, but are inadequate for so large a city. There is also a High School, founded in 1339, which averages from 130 to 150 pupils. It is endowed with $1,000 a year for 100 years by the council. The number of grammar schools and acade mies, which are open only to pay scholars, are pretty numerous, and these are usually efficient institutions, at which the best classical and mathematical education can be had. The public press of Charleston consists of four daily papers : the " Sun" (neutral), the " C. News" (dem.), the " C. Mercury" (dem.), and the " C. Courier" (neutral) : of the latter a tri-weekly edition is also issued ; four weekly papers, the "Southern Literary Gazette," the "Southern Baptist," the "Catholic Miscellany," and the "Southern Christian Advocate ;" three monthly periodicals, the " Gospel Messenger," the " School-Fellow" (educational), and the " Masonic Miscellany ;" and one bi-monthly, the " Medical Journal." Many of these are publications exhibiting a high order of talent, and have circulations beyond the locality. The " Medical Journal" is a work of world-wide renown, and has among its contributors the highest names among Southern physicians. The city of Charleston ia one of the most ancient in the Union. Its foundations were laid in 1672. In 1677 it was called Oyster Point Town; in 16SO New Charlestown, and in 16S2 New Charleston. It was chartered as a city in 1783. At an early period of its history it attracted a consid erable population from Barbadoes, and received large accessions of French Huguenots. "On the spot," saya Bancroft, "where opulence now crowds the wharves of the most prosperous mart on our Southern sea-board, among ancient groves that swept down the river s banks, and were covered with yellow jasmine which burdened the verdant zephyrs with its perfumes, the city was begun." Two centuries have nearly been completed since its founda tion, and momentous have been the events and changes within that lapse of time. In 1731 we have it on the authority of an old historian there were 690 houses in Charleston, 5 handsome churches, and that out of the city were to be found courtly, stately buildings, noble castles, etc. The advantages of the location were early appreciated, and it soon became a place of considerable trade. Its first exports were staves, lumber, furs, and peltries, rice (first planted 1698), to which were added in 1747 indigo, in 1732 tobacco, and in 1790 cotton. At the present time its great exports are rice and cotton. Of cotton, the receipts from the interior in 1350 were 400,714 bales, and of sea-island, 17,994 bales, and the exports were 365,327 bales upland, and 16,437 bales sea-island ; and the receipts of rice amounted to 147,690 barrels, and the exports to 184,417 barrels. The foreign commerce of Charleston, however, has not pro gressed equally with its coasting trade ; and many reasons might be assigned for this, but none so weighty as the fault of its own inhabitants in preferring the employment of the shipping of other States, and neglecting its own facilities for ship-building. It has consequently become a tributary to Northern ports, and instead of reaping the benefits of a foreign navigation of its own, has been constantly heaping up the coffers of its Northern neighbors. At present, indeed, the great bulk of its staples are carried coastwise to New York, and thence shipped to foreign countries. In the year 1849-50, ending 80th June, the clearances to foreign ports amounted only to 351 vessels (121,367 tons), and its direct entrances to only 308 vessels (96,619 tons), a proportion quite inadequate for the transportation of so large a com mercial material as that supplied from the back country, of which the port is the only outlet. The registered shipping CHA CHA of the port at this period consisted of 15,377 tons, and the , shipping employed in the coasting trade, of 17,016 tons. The coastwise trade of Charleston in comparison with this is immensely greater. In 1S48 the arrivals were G3 steamships, 22S ships, 196 brigs, 39S schooners, 8 sloops, and 730 steam boats; and the clearances were 61 steamships, 163 ships, 177 brigs, 309 schooners, 7 sloops, and 731 steamboats. At the same period, and of the above amount, the following were regular packets plying between Charleston and other ports of the Union : Boston, 6 vessels (1.871 tons) ; New York, 28 vessels (11,027 tons) ; Philadelphia, 13 vessels (2,950 tons) ; Providence, 2 vessels (346 tons) ; Baltimore, 6 vessels (600 tons) ; Wilmington, 4 vessels (1,538 tons) ; Savannah, 4 vessels (1,070 tons) ; and New Orleans, 7 ves sels (1,627 tons) ; the remainder being made up of transient traders. Of this number, 5 were steamships, 11 ships, 9 barks, 24 brigs, 1 ketch, 26 schooners, and 8 steamboats. There are also engaged in the pilotage of the bar, 13 full branch pilots and S second branch pilots, employing 9 pilot boats, with an aggregate of about 400 tons. There is at Charleston a Floating Dry Dock one of the best of its kind in the Union ; it is the balance dock of Gil bert, and was built in 1845 by James Marsh. Its length is 160 feet, its width 52 feet, and its depth 20 feet, and its ca pacity 1.500 tons. The operations of the dock are perform ed by a steam-engine. The South Carolina E. E. is the great conduit of the commerce of Charleston to and from the interior. It ex tends from Charleston to Augusta, 136 miles, and has nu merous connections (feeders), westward and northward, through which an immense amount of merchandise is carried to and fro. It has also the advantages of a canal 22 miles long, which connects the harbor with the Santee river, and by means of the railroads now building, it will have access to the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. Already its railroad facilities extend from Charleston to Nashville, Tenn., 598 miles, and to Montgomery, Ala., 482 miles. Charleston has seven banks, with an aggregate capital of $9,500,000, and five insurance companies, with capitals in the aggregate amounting to $4,500,000 ; also a provident institution for savings. The Bank of the State of South Carolina is the fiscal agent of the State, and holds, besides its capital of $1,123,357, the deposits of the State funds. The population of Charleston in 1790 was 16.359 ; in 1800, 18.711 ; in 1810, 24,711 ; in 1820, 24,780 ; in 1830, 30,289 ; in 1S40, 29,261, and 1850, 42,985. This is exclusive of St. Philip s parish, or the neck, which is, however, virtually a part of Charleston, and contains about 16,000 inhabitants. CHARLESTON, p. v., Bradley co., Tenn. : on the S. side of the Hiwassee r., 123 m. E. S. E. Nashville. The East Ten nessee and Georgia B. E. passes the v. 40 m. from Dalton. CHARLESTON FOUR CORKEBS, p. o., Montgomery co., 2f. Y. : 32 m. W. by N. Albany. CHARLESTOWN, p. v., Franklin co., Ark. : on Arkansas r., 108 m. W. N. W. Little Eock. CHARLESTOWN, t. and p. c., Middlesex co., Mass. : on a peninsula between Charles and Mystic rivers, and connected with Boston, etc., by bridges. The c. contains the Massa chusetts State Prison, situated on Prison Point, the U. S. Navy Yard, etc. Breed s Hill, where the noted battle was fought, 17th June, 1775, lies immediately behind the v., and this great event is commemorated by a granite obelisk (Bunker Hill Monument). The t. has considerable manu factures, trade, ;md commerce; {md a newspaper, the u Bunker Hill Aurora," is here published weekly. Charles- town may be considered as a portion of the metropolitan district, of which Boston is the centre. Pop. 17,216. CIIARLEPTOWN. p. v., Cecil co., Md. : on the W. side of North-East r., 5 m. from Chesapeake Bay, and 49 m. N. E. Annapolis. The Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore It. R. passes near the v., 57 m. from Philadelphia, and -llm. from Baltimore. y, p. v., and cap. Clarke co., InJ. : on the E. side of Pleasant Eun of Silver cr., 3 m. from the Ohio r., and 92 m. S. S. E. Indianapolis. CIIARLESTOWN, t. and p. v., Sullivan co., JV 7 ! IRimp. : on the E. side of Connecticut r., 45 m. W. Concord. A bridge connects this t. with Springfield, Verm., and the Sullivan E. E. intersects the v. 8 m. from Bellows Falls. Pop. 1.676. CHARLESTOWX, p. v., Calumet co., Wise. : 68 in. N. N. E. Madison. CHARLESTOWN, t. and p. v., Portage co., Ohio : on the N. side of the W. branch of Mahoning r., 154 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 809. CHARLESTOWN, t and p. v., Washington co., E. J. : on Charles r. of the Pawcatuck r., 8T m. S. S. W. Providence. Pop. 994 CHARLESTOWX, p. v., and cap. Jefferson co., Virg. : on the line of the Winchester nnd Potomac E. E., 10 m. from Harper s Ferry, and 122 m. N. Eichmond. CHARLEVOIX county, Mich. Situate N. W. of Low r er Peninsula, on Little Traverse Bay, and contains 534 sq. m. Erected since 1850. CHARLOE, p. v., Paulding co., Ohio : 143 m. N. W. Columbus. CHARLOTTE county, Virg. Situate S. middle, and con tains 600 sq. m. Drained by Eoanoke r. and its tributaries. Surface level, and soils fertile, producing wheat, Indian corn, oats, and tobacco. Farms 563 ; manuf. 6 ; dwell. 903, and pop. wh. 4,605, fr. col. 362, si. 8,988 total 13,955. Capital : Charlotte C. H. CHARLOTTE, t. and p. o., Washington co., Me. : 131 m. E. N. E. Augusta. Pop. 718. CHARLOTTE, p. v., and cap. Eaton co., Mich. : on the N. side of Battle cr. of the Kalamazoo r., and IS m. S. W Lansing. CHARLOTTE, p. v., and cap. Mecklenburgh co., N. Car. : between Sugar and Little Sugar creeks of Catawba r.. 118 m.W. S.W. Raleigh. East of Charlotte there are rich gold mines, and at the v. a branch mint has long been established for its coinage. The Charlotte and South Carolina E. E. has its N, terminus at this point, and hence the E. E. will be continued N. to Danville, Virg. Two newspapers are published weekly, the " Charlotte Journal" (whig), and the " Hornet s Nest" (dem.) ! Pop. about 1,300. CHARLOTTE, p. v., Monroe co., N. Y. : on the W. bank of Genesce r. at its mouth, 7 m. N. Eochester, and 194 m. W. by N. Albany. (Sometimes called Port Genetee.) It has a convenient landing Tor steamboats navigating the r. and lake, and has regular steam communication with Cana da and the principal lake ports. CHARLOTTE, t. and p. v., Chittenden co., Term. : on the E. side of Lake Champlain, 81 m. N. W. Montpelier. The Eutland and Burlington E. E. passes through the v. 11 m. from Burlington, and 109 from Bellow s Falls. It is one of the best farming t. in the State. Pop. 1,634. CHARLOTTE, p. v., and cap. Charlotte co., Virg. : 72 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. It contains the co. buildings, and has several mechanic shops. Pop. about 600. CHARLOTTE, p. v., and cap. Dickson co., Tenn. : 33 m. W. Nashville. The Nashville and Mississippi E. E. will pass through the village. CHARLOTTE CENTRE, p. o., Chnutauque co., JF. Y. : on a branch of Conewango cr., 293 m. W. by S. Albany. CHARLOTTE HALL, p. r., St. Mary s co., Md. : at the head of Cool Springs cr., 39 m. S. S. E. Annapolis. A noted college so called is located here ; in 1850 it had 63 students. The v. has about 120 permanent inhabitants. CHARLOTTESVILLE, p. v., Hancock co., Ind. : on the E. side of a branch of Blue r., 29 m. E. Indianapolis. The Central Indiana E. E. passes through the village. CHARLOTTESVILLE, p. v., and cap. Albemarle co., Virg.: on Moore s cr. of Eivanna r., 63 m. N. W r . Eichmond. It derives its chief importance from being the site of the University of Yirginin, which has a fine observatory, and ia a most efficient institution. Three newspapers are pub- 11T CHA CHA lished in the v., the "Virginia Advocate" (whig), the " Jeflfersonian Eepublican" (dem.), and the " Jefferson Monument" (lit.), all weekly. Pop. about 1,400. CHARLOTTEVILLE, p. v., Schoharte co., JV. Y. : 42 m. "W. by S. Albany. Pop. 2,015. CHARLTON, t. and p. o., Worcester co., Jfass. : 49 m. "W. by S. Boston. CHARLTON, t. and p. v., Saratoga co., A r . Y. : on Aelplass cr. of Mohawk r., 21 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. 1,902. CHARLTON Dr.pdT, p. o., Worcester co., Mass. : on the Western E. E., 57 m. from Boston. CHARTIERS river, Fenn. : a small tributary of the Ohio r., which it joins 4 m. below Pittsburg. It runs through the bituminous coal region of Washington co. CHARTIERS, t. and p. o., Washington co., Penn. : on the N. side Chartier s cr., 1ST m. W. by S. Harrisburg. There is abundance of coal in this locality, and on the cr. are a large number of saw and grist mills. CHASEVILLE, p. v., Murray co., Ga. : 163 m. N. W. Milledgeville. CHASKVILLE, p. v., Benton co., Tenn. : on the W. side of Tennessee r., 69 m. W. Nashville. CHATATY, p. v., Bradley co., Tenn. : 131 m. E. S. E. Nashville. CHATEAUGAY, t. and p. v., Franklin co., AT.Y. : on the head tributaries of Chateaugay r., 157 m: N. by W. Albany. The village lies on the Northern E. E., 45 m. from Eouse s Point, and 73 from Ogdensburg. Pop. 3,696. CHATEATJGAY lake, N. Y. : this small lake, which is 4 m. long, and about 2 m. wide, lies in Beekmantown, in Clinton co. It abounds in fish, and has many scenes of beauty in its immediate neighborhood. Its surface is elevated 1,400 feet above the tide waters of Hudson r. CHATEAUGAY mountains. N. Y. : a range of hills com mencing in Canada, and extending southward through the north-west part of Clinton into Franklin county. Some of the highest peaks are in Franklin, near Chateaugay Lake. CHATEAU GAY river, W. Y. : a stream flowing northward from Chateaugay Mountains into Canada, where it empties into the St. Lawrence Eiver. CHATFIELD, t and p. v., Crawford co., Ohio : 84 m. N. Columbus. Pop. 1,356. CHATHAM county, Ga. Situate S. E. on the Atlantic, be tween Savannah and Ogeechee rivers, and contains 420 sq. m. Surface very low, scarcely above sea level near the coast broken into islands by numerous inlets and canals. The chief products are rice and cotton. Farms 132 ; manuf. 13 ; dwell. 1,915, and pop. wh. 9,161, fr. col. 722, si. 14,018 total 23,901. Capital: Savannah. Public Works: Cen tral Georgia E. E. CHATHAM county, N. Car. Situate centrally, and con tains 858 sq. m. Drained by Haw r. and its tributaries. Surface elevated and varied. Soils clayey, and productive in wheat, corn, cotton, and tobacco. Farms 1,633 ; manuf. 48 ; dwell. 2,210, and pop. wh. 12,164, fr. col. 300, si. 5,985 total 18,449. Capital: Pittsboro. CHATHAM, p. v.. Sangamon co., Itt. : near the line of the Alton and Sangamon E. E., 24 m. S. S. W. Springfield. CHATHAM, t. and p. v., Barnstable co., Dfass. : on the S. E. point of Cape Cod, 73 m. S. E. Boston. It has a good har bor, and an extensive coasting trade and fisheries. Salt is also manufactured. Pop. 2,467. CHATHAM, t., Middlesex co., Conn. : on the Connecticut r., opposite Middletown, 16 m. S. Hartford. It has consider able manufactures. Pop. 1,531. CHATHAM, t. and p. v., Columbia co., N . Y. : on Kinder- hook cr., 16 m. S. E. Albany. Chatham Four Corners, a village in the S. part of the town, is an important point, where several lines of E. E. intersect or form a union. Pop. 3,839. CHATHAM, t. and p. v., Morris co., N.Jer.: on the Pas- saic r., 39 m. N. N. E. Trenton. The river passes through the village. Pop. 2,469. 118 CHATHAM, p. v., Chester co., Penn.: 63 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. CHATHAM, p. v., Licking co., Ohio : near the N. fork of Licking r., 39 m. E. N. E. Columbus. CHATHAM CENTRE, p. v., Columbia co., N. Y.: on the line of the Western E. E., 20 m. S. E. Albany. CHATHAM CENTRE, p. v., Medina co., Ohio: on the E. branch of Black r., 113 m. N. N. E. Columbus. CHATHAM FOUR CORNERS, p. v., Columbia co., N. Y. : on the S. part of the town of Chatham, 23 m. S. E. Albany. It is a village of great importance, being the point of in tersection of the Albany and West Stockbridge E. E. (western), the Hudson and Berkshire E. E., and the Harlem Extension E. E., etc. CHATHAM HILL, p. o., Smyth co., Yirg. : 222 m. W. by S. Eichmond. CHATHAM EUN, p. o., Clinton co., Penn. : 71 m. N. W. by N. Harrisburg. CHATHAM VALLEY, p. o.,Tioga co., Penn. : 117 m. N. N.W. Harrisburg. CHATTAHOOCHEE, p. v., Gadsden co., Flor. : on the E. side of Appalachicola r., immediately below the union of Chattahoochee and Flint rivers. CHATTAHOOCHEE river, Ga. and Ala. : it has its rise in the Appalachee Mountains, and for a great part of its course forms the boundary line between Georgia and Alabama, forming ultimately the largest constituent of the Appalachi cola r. Steamboats ascend it to Columbus, and boating is carried much farther up. CHATTANOOGA, p. v., Hamilton co., Tenn. : on the S. bank of Tennessee r., 112 m. E. S. E. Nashville. At this point the Nashville and Chattanooga E. E. forms a junction with the Western and Atlantic E. E., 151 m. from Nashville, and 311 from Augusta. A railroad is also in progress from hence to Charleston, on the East Tennessee and Georgia E. E. This point, indeed, is destined to become the entre- p6t of an inmense inland commerce, reaching to the At lantic sea-board on the one hand and beyond the Missis sippi and Ohio on the -other. Two newspapers are pub lished weekly, the " C. Gazette" (whig), and the " C. Ad vertiser" (dem.) Pop. about 3,000. CHATTOOGA county, Ga. Situate N. W., and contains 420 sq. m. Drained by Chattooga r., a branch of Coosa r. Surface elevated, hilly, and rugged, and the soils generally indifferent on the streams fertile. Wheat, corn, and cotton are the chief products. Farms 419 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 869, and pop. wh. 5,131, fr. col. 4, si. 1,680 total 6,815. Capi tal: Summerville. CHATTOOGA VILLE, p. v., Chattooga co., Ga. : 143 m. N. W. Milled geville. CHAUMONT, p. v., Jefferson co., N. Y.: at the head of Chaumont Bay, 149 m. N. W. Albany. ; It has unrivaled water-power and great facilities for lake commerce, its har bor being spacious and of easy access. It is also celebrated for its fisheries and for the quantity of blue limestone found in its vicinity. The Cape Vincent E. E. passes through the village. 86 m. from Eome. Pop. about 400. CHAUMONT bay, N. Y.:& fine open bay near the outlet of Lake Ontario. It is of an irregular shape, about 7 m. long and 2 m. wide, and receives Chaumont r. The fish eries of the bay are very valuable, and it abounds in all the descriptions found in the lake of which it is an arm. CIIAUMONT river, 2f. Y.: this stream rises in Jefferson County, and flows almost directly south, to its confluence with Chaumont Bay. It is only 15 or 16 m. in length, but affords abundance of hydraulic power. CHAUNCEY, p. v., Athens co., Ohio : on the N. side of Hocking r. and canal, 76 m. S. E. Columbus. CHAUTAUQUE county, N. Y. Situate S. W. on Lake Erie, and contains 1,017 sq. m. Drained by Chautauque Lake, and a large number of streams flowing to Alleghany r. An elevated ridge traverses the county 4 or 5 m. distant from Lake Erie, forming the watershed. Surface finely varied, CHA CHE and the soils, even to the hill-tops, open to cultivation. Bog iron, copperas, alum, marl, etc., abound, and there are sulphur springs and a hydrogen spring, which at Fredonia, "Westflcld, and Van Buren Harbor, are used to illuminate the gas burning equal to coal gas. Farms 5,163; manuf. 510 ; dwell. 9,074, and pop. wh. 50,358, fr. col. 135 total 50,493. Capital: Mayville. Public Works: New York and Erie E. K., and Buffalo and State Line K. E. CUAUTAUQUE VALLEY, p. o., Allcghany co., N. Y. : 213 m. W. S. W. Albany. CHAUTATIQUB lake, Jf. Y. : a most beautiful sheet of water in the county of the same name. It is 18 m. in length, and varies in breadth from 1 to 3 m., except near the mid dle, where it contracts to a few rods in width. It empties into Conewango cr. Its elevation is 726 feet above the sur face of Lake Erie, and 1,291 above the ocean, being the most elevated lake in the Union on which steamboats ply. CHATTTATJQUE river, 2f. Y. : a tributary of Lake Erie, from the county of the same name. It flows through a deep ravine, and in its course furnishes excellent mill sites CHAZY, t and p. v., Clinton co., Jf. Y. : on Chazy r., 146 m. N. Albany. The village is situate about 3 m. "W. of Lake Champlain, on which ia also a village called Chazy Landing. Pop. 4,324. CHEAP VALLEY, p. o., Henry co., Tenn. : 89 m. "W. by N. Nashville. CHEAT BRIDGE, p. o., Preston co., Yirg. : on Cheat r., 182 m. N. W. Richmond. CHEAT river, Virg. : a large tributary of Monongahela r., from the mountain region of Randolph co. CIIEBOYGAN county, Mich. Situate N. of Lower Penin sula, and contains 324 sq. m. Erected since 1850. CUEBOYGAN river, Mich.: the largest stream in the N. part of the peninsula. It rises N. W. of Saginaw Bay, flows in a N. direction, and empties into the straits of Mackinac, opposite Bois Blanc Island. There are mimer- rous salt springs 12 or 15 m. from its mouth. CHECKERED HOUSE, p. o., Oswego co., 2T. Y. (now KASOAG). CHECKSVILLE, p. v., Marion co., T&rm. : on the "W. side of Scquatchy r., 94 m. S. E. Nashville. CHECKTOWAGA, p. v., Erie co., M Y. : 246 m. W. Albany. CHEESEQUAKES, p. o., Middlesex co., JW. Jer. : 34 m. N. E. Trenton. CHEHALEM, p. o., Yam Hill co., Oreg. Ter. : on a r. of the same name, 28 m. N. by "W". Salem. CHEHALEM river, Oreg. : a large r. from the E., formed by the union of the Skukumchuck and Nowaukum rivers, and falling into Gray s Harbor. CHELMSFORD, t. and p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : on the S. side of Merrim-ac r., 24 m. N. W. Boston. The town abounds in granite and limestone, and has several manu factures, among which are those of glass and iron. The Middlesex Canal passes through the town, and it has sev eral railroads on its borders, connecting it with the towns on all sides. Lowell was taken from Chelmsford in 1S24. Pop. 2,098. CIWLSEA, p. v., Mill co., HI. : 143 m. N. E. Springfield. CHELSEA, p. v., Washtenaw eo., Mich.: 52 m. S. E. Lansing. CHELSEA, t. and p. v., Suffolk oo., Mass. : 3 m. N. E. Boston. The Eastern E. R. passes through the town. It may be considered as a part of the Boston metropolitan district. It has considerable manufactures, and ia on the whole a busy place. Chelsea has two newspapers, the "Telegraph" (whig), and the " Pioneer" both published weekly. Pop. 6,701 in 1S40 it had only a pop. of 2,390. CHELSEA, t., p.v., and cap. Orange co., Verm. : on a branch of White r., 22 m. S. by E. Montpelier. The village con- taine the county buildings and about 80 dwellings. Pop. 1,953. CIIEMUNG county, N. Y. Situate S. "W. middle, and con tains 528 sq. m. Drained chiefly by Chemung r. and its tributary streams. Surface broken, hilly, and well timbered, with large river flats. Soils very productive. Farms 2,170 ; manuf. 321 ; dwell. 5,095, and pop. wh. 28,537, fr. col. 284 total 28,821. Capital : Elmira. Public Works : Che mung Canal ; New York and Erie E. E. ; Elmira and Williamsport E. E., etc. CHEMUNG, p. v., M llenry co., Itt. : on the E. side of Piskashaw cr., 186 m. N. N. E. Springfield. CUEMUXG. t. and p. v., Chemung co., N. Y. : on the N. side of the Chemung r., 143 m. W. S. W. Albany. The New York and Erie E. E. intersects the village 270 m. from New York and 199 from Dunkirk. Pop. 2,672. CHEMUNG river, N. Y. : formed by the junction of Cos- chocton and Tioga rivers, in Stouben county, whence it flows in a S. E. direction through Chemung county and into the State of Pennsylvania, where it empties into the Susqaehanna at the village of Athens. Its whole length ia about 40 m., and in high flood its volume is sufficient to float down timber and produce to market. It is also used as the main feeder of the Chemung Canal. CHEXAXGO county, 2T. Y. Situate "W. centrally, and con tains 792 sq. m. Drained by Chenango and Unadills rivers and their tributary streams. Surface broken and hilly, but there are extensive and rich valleys, productive of all kinds of grain. Farms 4,406 ; manuf. 561 ; dwell. 7,572, and pop. wh. 40,051, fr. col. 280 total 40,311. Cap ital : Norwich. Pul/Uo Works : Chenango Canal, and Utica and Binghampton E. E. (projected). CHENANGO, t. and p. o., Lawrence co., Penn.: on the N. E. side of Beaver r., 193 m. "W. by N. Harrisburg. Pop. 1,622. CIIBXAXGO FORKS, p. v., Broome co., N. Y.: at the junction of the Chenango and Tioughnioga rivers, and on the line of the Chenango Canal, 108 m. "W. S. W. Albany. It has considerable advantages for internal trade, etc. Pop. about 400. Pop. of Chenango t. 8,734. CHEXAXGO river, W. Y. : an important tributary of the Susquehanna r., which it joins at Binghampton, in Broome County. Its course is from Madison and Oneida counties, through Chenango and Broome counties for about 75 m., and upon its banks are many flourishing villages. This river is navigable for boats and rafts 50 m. above its mouth, and is used to a considerable extent to feed the Chanango Canal, which runs nearly parallel with it through its whole course. CHENEY S GROVE, p. o., M Lean co., III.: on a head stream of the N. fork of Sangamon r., 72 m. N. E. Spring field. CHEXEYVILLE, p. v., Eapides par., La. : on the S. side of Bayou Tech, 81 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. CHENIXGO, p. v., Cortland co., W. Y. : 114 m. W. by S. Albany. CHEXUBA, p. v., Lee co., Ga. : 117 m. S. "W. Milledgeville. CHEOHEE (Keowee), p. v., Picken s dist., S. Car. : on a r. so called, 127 m. N. W. Columbia. CIIEPACIIET, p. v., Providence co., It. I. : on the r. so called, 14 m. "W. by N. Providence. CHEQUIST, p. o., Davis co., Ia. : on Chcquist cr. of Des Moines r., 71 in. S. W. Iowa City. CIIERAW, p. v., Chesterfield dist., Car.: on the "W. side of Great Pedce r., 89 m. N. E. Columbia. The r. is navi gable to this point, and a great trade in cotton centres here. The " C. Gazette" (dem.) is issued weekly. Pop. 1,350. CHEROKEE county, Ala. Situate N. E., near State line, and contains 756 sq. m. Drained by Coosa r. and its tribu taries. Surface generally uneven and rough in the "W. hilly or mountainous. Gold is found at the base of the mountains. The soils are difficult of culture, and in sev eral parts sterile. Corn and cotton are the staple growths. Farms 1,126 ; manuf. 15 ; dwell. 2,089, and pop. wh. 12,170, fr. col. 23, si. 1,691 total 13,8S4. Capital: Jefferson. CHEROKEE county, Ga. Situate N. "W. centrally, and contains 528 sq. m. Drained by Etowah r. and its creeks. 119 CHE CHE Surface elevated, hilly, and broken. Soils indifferent, except on the rivers, where they are very productive. Wheat and Indian corn are largely grown cotton in small quantities. Farms 1,000 ; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 1,970, and pop. wh. 11,629, fr. col. 14, si. 1,157 total 12,800. Capital: Canton. CHEROKEE county, la. Situate W., and contains 576 sq. m. Taken from Potto wattomee in 1851. CHEKOKEE county, W. Car. Situate S. W. corner, and contains 1,200 sq. m. Drained by the head waters of Hiwas- see and Tennessee rivers. Surface elevated and hilly on the N.W. and E. mountainous. Iron, gold, lead, and silver, also marbles of various hues and textures are found here. Soils excellent on the hills producing fine grasses, and near the streams the several grains. Farms 459; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 1,020, and pop. wh. 6,493, fr. col. 8, si. 337 total 6,83S. Capital : Murphey. CHEBOKEE county, Tex. Situate E. centrally between Neches and Angelina rivers, and contains about 740 sq. m. Drained by numerous tributaries of the border streams. Surface elevated, with a watershed running transversely N.W. and 8. E. through the N. part of the county. Prairie predominates, but timber lines all the rivers. Farms 454 ; manuf. 8 ; dwell. 891, and pop. wh. 5,3S9, fr. col. 1, si. 1.2S3 total 6,673. Capital : Eusk. CHEROKEE NATION, Ind. Ter. Situate between lat. 36 10 and 37 02 N., and extending from the Arkansas boundary to long. 100 W., or about five degrees, and containing about 16.000 sq. m. It is a fine agricultural country, pro ducing in abundance all the necessaries of subsistence, and is well watered by the Arkansas River and its numerous and wide-spreading arms. The Cherokees number about 23,000 souls, and are, perhaps, more advanced in civilization than any others of the immigrant tribes. They have large cultivated settlements, comfortable houses, numerous herds of cattle and sheep, and many fine horses, for which their extensive prairies afford an ample subsistance. They also manufacture salt from brine springs which exist extensively in their country, and to a considerable extent manufacture then* own clothing and such agricultural implements, etc., as their necessities demand. They have of late years exported much of then* surplus products, bringing it down the rivers to New Orleans. The government of the Chero kees is based on a written constitution, and is republican in form. They have an elective chief or governor, a general council, elected annually, and consisting of an upper and lower house, similar to the Senate and House of Represent atives of the United States, and a judiciary, observing all the legal forms prescribed by the legislature. In fact, all the operations of the government are similar to those of other enlightened communities. They have adopted the English language to a great extent, and in their dress follow the fashions of Paris and New York. The United States supplies them with blacksmiths, wheelwrights, and wagon- makers, to teach them those useful mechanic trades ; and they also receive a large annuity from the General Govern ment on account of their lands east of the Mississippi River. Numerous missionaries are settled among them, and have been very successful in their endeavors to civilize and Christianize them ; and their schools and churches are such as any enlightened nation might be proud of more effi cient, indeed, than several of the States of our Union can boast of; and then- public press is not inferior to that of Arkansas either in talent or respectability. CHEROKEE HEIGHTS, p. o., Abbeville dist., 8. Car. : 97 m. W. Columbia. CHEROKEE IROX WOBKS, p. o., York dist., /S. Car.: 82 m. N. Columbia. CHERRY, t. and p. o., Sullivan co., Penn. : 91 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. CHERRY CREEK, t. and p. v., Chautauque co., 2i. T. : on Conewango cr., 268 m. "W. by S. Albany. CHEERY CREEK, p. o., Pontotoc co., Miss. : 146 m. N. N. E. Jackson. 120 CHERRY FLAT, p. o., Rutherford co., Tenn. : 39 m. S. E. Nashville. CHERRY FLATS, p. o., Tioga co., Penn. : 107 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. CHERRY GROVE, p. o., Schuyler co., Mo. : on the S. side of Middle Fabius cr., 136 m. N. Jefferson City. CHEEKY GROVE, p. o., Carroll co., III. : on the Galena and Dixon turnpike, 162 m. N. by W. Springfield. CHERRY HILL, p. o., Brooke co., Virg. : 253 m. N. "W. Richmond. CHERRY HILL, p. v., Cecil co., Md. : on the W. side of North-East r., 4 m. N. of Elkton, and 57 N. E. Annapolis. It has a Methodist church, a school-house, 2 or 3 stores, 22 dwellings, and about 100 inhabitants. The neighborhood is thickly settled, and within a circuit of 2 miles there are 5 paper mills, 4 grist mills, a rolling mill, and 2 cotton facto ries, one of which employs 100 hands. CHERRY HILL, p. o., Washington co., Wise. CHERRY HILL, p. o., Chickasaw co., Miss. : 128 m. N. E. Jackson. CHERRY HILL, p. o., Erie co., Penn. : 208 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. CHERRY LAKE, p. o., Madison co., Flor. : 54 m. E. by N. Tallahassee. CHERRY MILLS, p. o., Sullivan co., Perm. : 92 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. CHEERY RIDGE, p. o., Wayne co., Penn. : 123 m. N. E. Harrisburg. CHERRY RIDGE, p. o., Union par., La. : 194 m. N. W. by N. Baton Rouge. CHERRY STONE (formerly HUNTINGTON), p. v., Northamp ton co., Virg. CHERRY TREE, t and p. o., Venango co., Penn. : 187 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. CHERRY VALLEY, t and p. v., Otsego co., 2f. T. : on Cherry Valley cr. of Susquehanna r., 33 m. W. Albany. There is published in the v. the " C. V. Gazette," a weekly newspaper. The Great Western Turnpike passes through the t., 54 m. from Albany. Pop. 4,206. CHERRY VALLEY, p. o., Booue co., HI. : on the W. side of Beaver cr. of Kishwaukee r., 168 m. N. by E. Spring field. The Galena and Chicago Union E. R. intersects the v. 85 m. from Chicago. CHERRY VALLEY, p. o., Wilson co., Tenn. : 41 m. E. Nashville. CHERRY VALLEY, t. and p. o., Ashtabula co., Ohio : on Pymatuning cr. 197 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 839. CHERRYVILLE, p. v., Northampton co., Penn. : 91 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. CHERRYVILLE, p. v., Haywood co., Tenn. : on the S. branch of Forked Deer cr. of the Mississippi, 132 m. W. by S. Nashville. CHERRYVILLE, p. v., Hunterdon co., N. Jer. : 39 m. N. by W. Trenton. CHESAPEAKE, p. v., Lawrence co., Mo. : 137 m. S. W. Jefferson City. CHESAPEAKE CITY, p. v., Cecil co., Md. : at the conflu ence of Broad cr. and Back cr. of Elk r., 51 m. N. E. Annap olis. The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal has its W. terminus at this point. CHESAPEAKE bay, Md. and Virg. : is the largest arm of the sea within the limits of the Union. Its entrance is between Cape Charles and Cape Henry, in Virginia, 12 m. apart, and it extends inland 270 m., dividing Maryland into two unequal parts (and the lower part of the peninsula from the main body of Virginia). It is from 7 to 20 m. broad, and generally as much as 9 fathoms deep. This great bay affords many commodious harbors, and a safe and easy navigation. Numerous fine rivers empty into it the Sus quehanna, at its northern termination, and the Potomac and J-ames on its W. side ; and besides these, it receives the waters of the Rappahannock, the Patuxent, the Patapsco, the Chester, the Elk, the Choptank, the Nanticoke, and CHE CHE numerous others. The area drained by these, its tributa ries, has been estimated at 72,000 sq. m. Baltimore is the chief commercial city within its circuit, but there are many others of minor importance which depend upon its waters for an outlet to the ocean. The fisheries of the Chesapeake are of immense value to the inhabitants of its shores. CHESHER S STORE, p. o., Anderson co., Ky. : 18 m. S. "W. Frankfort. CHESHIRE county, N. Ramp. Situate S. "W. corner, and contains 460 sq. m. Drained centrally and "W. by Ashuelot and other creeks of Connecticut r., which forms ils "W". bor der, and by Contoocook r. in the E. sections. Surface beautifully varied with hills and vales. Grand Monadnock, 8,718 feet high, lies in S. W. Farms 2,805 ; manuf. 377 ; dwell. 5,302, and pop. wh. 30,117, fr. col. 27 total 30,144. Capital: Keene. Public, Works: Cheshire E. E., Ashue lot E. E., etc. CHESHIRE, t. and p. v., New Haven co., Conn. : on Quin- nipiak r., 22 m. S. by W. Hartford. The v. is the seat of an Episcopal academy, and is intersected by the New Haven and Northampton E. E., 15 m. from New Haven. Pop. 1,627. CHESHIRE, t. and p. v^ Berkshire co., Mass. : on Hooaic r., 110 m. "W. by N. Boston. Leather, boots, shoes, and glass are its chief manufactures, and it is noted for its fine cheese. The Pittsfleld and North Adams E. E. passes through it. Pop. 1,297. CHESHIRE, p. v., Ontario co., If. T. : on a cr. of Canan- daigua Lake, 174 m. W. Albany. CHESHIRE, t, and p. v., Gallia co., Oliio : on the N. "W. side of the Ohio r., 106 m. S. S. E. Columbus. Pop. 1,410. CHESXUT BLUFFS, p. o., Dyer co., Term. : on the E. side of the S. branch of Forked Deer cr., 141 m. W. by S. Nashville. CHESNUT CREEK, p. o., Autauga co., Ala. : on the cr. so called of Coosa r., 31 m. N. by "W. Montgomery. CHESNUT FLAT, p. o., Walker co., Ga. : 186 m. N. W. Milledgeville. CHESXUT GBOVE, p. o., Shelby co., Ey. : 23 m. "W. by N. Frankfort. CHESNTJT GROVE, p. o., Lycoming co., Penn. : 78 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. CHESNUT GROVE, p. o., Chester dist., S. Car. : 56 m. N. Columbia. CHESNUT GROVE, p. o., Davidson co., Tenn. : 13 m. W. Nashville. CHKSNUT GROVE, p. o., Pittsylvania co., Virg.: 123 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. CHESNUT HILL, p. o., Perry co., Ala. : 62 m. "W. N. "W. Montgomery. CHESNTJT HILL, p. o., Calvert co., Md. : 22 m. S. by W. Annapolis. CHESNUT HILL, p. o., Hall co., Ga. : 84 m. N. N. W. Milledgeville. CHESNUT HILL, p. o., "Walton co., Flor. : 126 m. "W. by N. Tallahassee. CHESNUT HILL, p. o., Washington co., Ind. : S3 m. S. Indianapolis. CHESNUT HILL, p. o., Strafford co., 2f. Ifamp. : 33 m. E. Concord. CHEPNUT HILL, p. o., Philadelphia co., Penn. : 9 m. "W. Philadelphia, and 85 m. E. Harrisburg. It is a highly healthy situation, and is resorted to by the Philadelphians in the summer season for recreation. CHESNUT LEVEL, p. o., Lancaster co., Penn. : 47 m. S. E. Harrisburg. CHESNUT EIDGE, p. o., Duchess co., AT. Y. : 63 m. S. by E. Albany. CHESNUT EIDGE, p. o., Lincoln co., Tenn. : 71 m. S. Nashville. CHESNUT EIDGE, p. o., Union co., Penn. : 43 m. N. by "W. Harrisburg. CHESS SPRINGS, p. o., Cambria co., Penn. : 109 m. W. Harrisburg. Q CHEST, t. and p. o., Clearneld co., Penn. : on the "W branch of the Susquohanna r., 108 m. N. W. Harrisburg. CHESTER county, Penn. Situate S. E., and contains 792 sq. m. Drained by Brandywino, Elk, Chester, and other creeks. Surface to the E. level or rolling to the "W. hilly and even mountainous. Soils generally fertile, producing large crops of grain. Farms 4,835 ; manuf. 1,086 ; dwell. 11,580, and pop. wh. 61,209, fr. col. 5,229 total G6,43a Ccqntal : West Chester. Public Works : Philadelphia and Columbia E. E. ; West Chester Branch E. E. ; and a pro posed E. E. from West Chester direct to Baltimore. CHESTER district, 8. Car. Situate N., between Broad r. and the Wateree, and contains 480 sq. m. Drained by the tributaries of those rivers. Surface pleasantly diversified by hill and dale, and the soils of middling quality. < The staples are Indian corn and cotton. Farms 844 ; manuf. 50 ; dwell. 1,541, and pop. wh. 8,005, fr. col. 146, si. 9,887 total 18,038. Capital: Chester. CHESTER, t and p. v., Middlesex co., Conn. : on the E. side of Connecticut r., 27 m. S. by E. Hartford. The t. is drained by Deep and other creeks, and has a small lake in its N. part, which gives it considerable hydraulic power. The v. is a neat and flourishing place, with some manufactures. Pop. 992. CHESTER, t. and p. o., Dodge co., Wise. : 72 m. N. E. Madison. Pop. 829. CHESTER, p. v., Gwinnett co., Ga. : 73 m. N.W. Milledge ville. CHESTER, p. v., Wayne co., Ind. : 66 m. E. by N. Indian apolis. CHESTER, p. v., and cap. Eandolph co., III. : on the Mis sissippi r., immediately below the mouth of Kaskaskia r., 132 m. S. Springfield. It is a place of commercial import ance, and the dep6t for the trade of an extensive back country. The v. is located on an elevated bottom at the foot of the bluffs, and has a good landing for steamboats. The " Chester Herald" is published weekly. Pop. about 1,300. CHESTER, t. and p. T., Hampden co., Mass. : on branches of Deerfield r., 89 m. W. Boston. It has some wool and cotton manufactures. The Western E. E. passes through the t. 119 m. from Boston, and 81 from Albany. Pop. 1,521. CHESTER, t. and p. o., Eaton co., Midi. : on the Big fork of Thornapple r., 18 m. W. S. W. Lansing. Pop. .380. CHESTER, t. and p. v., Eockingham co., N. Hamp. : on a branch of Exeter r., 22 m. S. S. E. Concord. Massabesic Pond, in the N.W. of the t., covers 1,500 acres. The v. is a place of considerable business. Pop. 1,301. CHESTER, t. and p. v., Morris co., XT. Jer. : on Black r., and several tributaries of the W. bank of the Earitan r., 38 m. N. Trenton. The v, extends along the base of an isolated hill for more than a mile. Pop. 1,334. CHESTER, p. v., Orange co., W. Y. : on the line of the New York and Erie E. E., 89 m. S. by W. Albany. The New- burg Branch E. E. diverges in this t. from the trunk line. Chester Village has long been known as a great live-stock market. Pop. 1,642. CHESTER, t. and p. v., Meigs co., OMo : 106 m. S. E- Columbus. The v. is situate on Shade r., a tributary of the Ohio. Pop. of v. 190, and of t 1,600. CHESTER, p. v., and cap. Delaware co., Penn. : on tho W. side of Delaware r., 84 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. It is the oldest v. in the State, having been founded long before Penn obtained his charter, and was, until 1701, called Up land. It contains the co. buildings, an Athenaeum, and the dwellings are chiefly of brick or stone. Some of the original houses are still standing. The Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore E. E. passes through the v., 15 m. from Philadelphia. It has three newspapers, the "Delaware County Eepublican" (whig), the " Upland Union" (dem.), and the " C. Herald" (neutral), all published weekly. Pop 2,097. CHE CHI CHESTER, p. v., and cap. Chester dist., S. Car. : between Broad and Wateree rivers, 59 m. N. by W. Columbia. CHESTER, p. v., Gibson co., Tenn. : 113 m. W. by S. Nashville. CHESTER, t. and p. o., Windsor co., Verm. : on Williams r. of the Connecticut, 82 m. S. by E. Montpelier. The Kut- land and Burlington E. E. intersects the v., 14 m. from Bellow s Falls, and 106 m. from Burlington. Pop. 2,003. CHESTER river, Del. and Md. : a considerable stream of the eastern shore of Maryland, rising in Delaware, and flowing nearly S. "W., dividing in its course the counties of Queen Anne and Kent, and falling into a large estuary of Chesapeake Bay, between Swan Point and Love Point. It is navigable to Charlestown, 80 miles. CHESTER ACROSS BOADS, p. o., Geauga co., Ohio: 165 m. N. E. Columbus. CHESTER FACTORIES, p. o., Hampden co., Mass. : on the line of the "Western E. E., 126 m. from Boston. CHESTERFIELD district, & Car. Situate N. E., between Great Pedee r. and Lynch s cr., and contains 560 sq. m. Drained by creeks flowing to the limitary streams. Surface flat or rolling ; and soils, except on the streams, sandy and of inferior fertility. The staples are Indian corn and cotton. Farms 54S ; manuf. 32 ; dwell. 1,263, and pop. wh. 6,678, fr. col. 218, si. 3,894 total 10,790. Capital : Chesterfield. CHESTERFIELD county, Virg. Situate S. E., between the forks of James and Appomattox rivers, and contains 456 eq. m. Swift cr. and other streams drain the interior. Surface somewhat broken, but soils of average fertility, pro ducing wheat, Indian corn, oats, and tobacco. There are valuable coal mines in the county. Farms 564; manuf. 30 ; dwell. 1,757, and pop wh. 8,405, fr. col. 468, si. 8,616 total 17,489. Capital: Chesterfield C. H. Publio Works: Petersburg E. E. ; Clover Hill E. E., etc, CHESTERFIELD, p. v., New London co., Conn. : on the E. side of a cr. of Niantic r., 33 m. S. by E. Hartford. CHESTERFIELD, p. v., Madison co., Ind. : on the S. side of the W. fork of White r., 39 m. N. E. Indianapolis. CHESTERFIELD, p. v., Macoupin co., III. : on the N. side of Macoupin cr., and between it and Eock cr., 47 m. S. S.W. Springfield. CHESTERFIELD, p. v., Grundy co., Tenn. : 73 m. S. E. Nashville. CHESTERFIELD, t., Burlington co., N. Jer. : on Cross- wick s and Black creeks of Delaware r., which bounds it on theW. Pop. 4,514. CHESTERFIELD, p. v., Madison par., La. : 149 m. N. Baton Eouge. CHESTERFIELD, t. and p. v., Hampshire co., Mass. : on a branch of Westfield r., 91 m. W. Boston. Pop. 1,014. CHESTERFIELD, t. and p. v., Cheshire co., M Ilamp. : on the E. side of Connecticut r., opposite Brattleboro , 49 m. S. W. Concord. Spafford Lake, in the centre of the t,, covers 526 acres, and empties into the Connecticut. The v. has a flourishing academy, founded in 1794. Pop. 1,630. CHESTERFIELD, t. and p. v., Fulton co., Ohio : on the E. side of Tiflfin r., and on the N. State line, 104 m. N. N. W. Columbus. Pop. 533. CHESTERFIELD C. H., p. v., and cap. Chesterfield co., Virg. : on the N. fork of Swift cr., 13 m. S. W. Eichmond. CHESTERFIELD C. H., p. v., and cap. Chesterfield dist., S. Car. : on the S. W. side of Thompson s cr. of the Great Pedee r., 97 m. N. N. E. Columbia. CHESTERFIELD FACTORY, p. o., Cheshire Co., 2f, Samp. : 51 m. S. W. Concord. CHESTER HILL, p. o., Morgan co., Ohio: 82 m. E. S. E. Columbus. CHESTER SPRINGS, p. v., Chester co., Penn. : 68 m. E. by 8. Harrisburg. A watering place frequently resorted to by Bummer visitors. CHESTERTO WN, p. v., port, and cap. Kent co., Mel. : on a fine and open plain on the N. W. side of Chester r., 30 m. above its confluence with Chesapeake Bay, 31 m. N. E. 122 Annapolis. The v. contains the C. H., the county prison, 1 Episcopal and 3 Methodist churches, a bank, and market- house. It is the seat of Washington College, a branch of the University of Maryland, and it has also an academy, a ladies boarding-school, and 2 primary schools. The " Kent News" is issued weekly. The government of the v. is vested in 7 police commissioners, elected annually. Sev eral steamboats and sloops ply regularly to and from Balti more, and many of the inhabitants are employed in the bay fisheries. It was formerly a port of entry. Houses 200, and pop. 1,295. CHESTERTOWN, p. v., Warren co., A r . Y. : between Hudson r. and Schroon r., 69 m. N. Albany. Schroon Lake lies on the N. E. border of Chester t., and there are several small lakes within it, abounding in trout. Pop. oft. 1,850. CHESTER VILLAGE, p. v., Hampden co., Mass. : on the line of the Western E. E., 119 m. from Boston, and SI from Albany. It has some manufactures. CHESTERVILLE, t. and p. o., Franklin co., Me. : on Wil son s cr. of Sandy r. of the Kennebec, 17 m. N. W. Augusta. Pop. 1,142. CHESTERVILLE, p. v., Chester co., Penn. : 63 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. CHESTERVILLE, p. v., Morrow co., Ohio : 46 m. N. E. Columbus. CHESTERVILLE, p. v., Kent co., Md. : in the N. part of the co., 53 m. N. E. Annapolis. CHESUNCOOK lake, Me. : a large sheet of water in Piscat- aquis co., and through which the Penobscot r. passes. It receives the Kahkoguamook and Umbazookskus rivers. This lake is about 25 m. long and 3 m. wide, and its central point is about 130 m.W. N.W. Augusta. The country neigh boring on the lake is very fertile and highly picturesque. CHETIMACHES lake, La. : lies between Atchafalaya and Teche" rivers, and receives its waters from the former at high water, discharging them at all seasons into it again, 15 m. above its entrance to the Gulf. It is 40 m. long, and from 1 to 6 wide, shallow, and surrounded by a low, marshy country, which is annually overflowed. CHEVIOT, p. v., Hamilton co., Ohio : 123 m. S. W. Columbus. CHEW S LANDING, p. v., Camden co., Jf. Jer. : on the N. side of Big Timber cr., 32 m. S. S. E. Trenton. The v. has considerable trade in wood and lumber. CHEWSVILLE, p. v., Washington co., Md. : 79 m. N. W. by W. Annapolis. CHICAGO, post city, port of entry, and cap. Cook co., III. : at the mouth of Chicago r., on Lake Michigan, 183 m. N. N. E. Springfield. Lat. 42 52 20" N., and long. 87 35 W. The main body of the r. sets back about 2 m. into the city, then divides into two branches, both of w r hich have a pretty uniform depth of 12 to 15 feet, all making a commodious and almost unlimited harbor for an immense amount of shipping which continually comes to, and goes from, this point. The city borders on a wide, rich, and beautiful prairie, extending in different directions for many miles, and which is handsomely diver sified by groves and strips of timber springing up at intervals along the banks on the lake shore, furnishing a diversified picture, which is greatly enhanced by gardens and villas, which, mixing with the scene, make it one of enchanting loveliness. Though the site is very low and level, scarcely five feet above the lake, there are no marshes or wet lands about the place, and the lake winds, by constantly agitating the waters, much like the tidal perturbations of sea-board rivers, have a good effect in promoting cleanliness and health to so large a city. Chicago is one of the most substantial cities of the Great West. It extends along the lake shore for about a mile, and inland beyond the bifurcations of the river. The bar at the entrance has been much reduced, and piers have been extended into the lake to prevent accumulations of sand and drift. The depth is now sufficient, indeed, for the admission CHI CHI of the largest lake craft and steamers. Milwaukie is the only city of the West that has progressed at a more rapid rate within the past ten years. In 1S30 Chicago was a mere trading post, and in 1840 it had only 4,470 inhabitants. In 1850 its population amounted to 29,963, being an in- Lake. Canal. Railroad. Total. Hams Ibs. 1,354 700 2,054 Hams No. 3,690 3,690 Hemp Ibs. 694,783 694,783 Iron " 132.480 1,035,579 2,286,010 8,454,060 Lard " 259,647 259 647 per centum. The increase of Milwaukie, within the same period, was at the rate of 1,071.73 per centum ; of St. Louis, of 372.76 ; and of Cincinnati, of 149.11 per centum. Such facts are sufficient to show its present importance and its Lard bbls. 9,057 9,057 Lath pcs. 12,785,285 2,136,135 14,921,420 Lead Ibs. 1,375,872 1,007 1,376,879 Lumber... feet 54,186,74513,770,452 67,957,257 Oats. bu. 767,089 108 767,197 of the citizens of the place in prosecuting great public works, than to its position in relation to the route of travel, east and Potashes.. " 114,366 8,000 122.366 Pork bbls. 19,188 27 19,215 Pork tcs. 4S9 - 489 with all the ports of the States of the Union, north and west, and with Canada ; and by means of the extensive lines of internal improvement, its commerce reaches from the Atlantic sea-board to the banks of the Mississippi. On all these great lines of travel and trade its commerce is brisk and ever increasing. The internal improvements directly connecting Chicago with the great marts of commerce are, the Illinois and Sh lders .bbls. 1,020 1,020 Sh lders.hhds. 360 360 Sh lders...No. 9,797 9,797 Sugar Ibs. 344,312 844,312 Sugar... hhds. 20 20 Sugar.... bbls. 619 619 Timber.. C. ft. 7,812 7,812 Wheat.... bu. 436,803 852 437,660 Wool. Ibs 1 086 944 1 609 1,088,553 lake to the Illinois Paver at La Salle, and opens to the port the wide river country of the South and "West, forming an outlet for the rich products of Kentucky, Missouri, Iowa, and Illinois, by the lakes ; two lines of railroad round the bend of Lake Michigan, thence continuous to the sea-board at Boston and New York, and also connecting with the Indiana and Ohio railroads ; lines to the Mississippi Eiver at Galena, Eock Island, and Quincy, Alton, and Cairo ; a line along the shore to Milwaukie ; and lines extending to Janes- ville, Madison, Fond du Lac, etc. Chicago also reaches to the back country by means of numerous plank roads, which accommodate the producers of the neighborhood. Most of the lines of railroad have sufficiently progressed to insure their early completion ; and to judge by the working of IMPOETS. Lake. Canal. Railroad. Total. Bacon Ibs. 434,716 434,716 Barley.... bu. 12,331 262 23,518 86,111 Beef bbls. 1,571 1,571 Buff.robes.lbs. 512,196 512,196 Corn bu. 2,352,362 295.003 2,647,465 Flour.... bbls. 6,630 5,819 39,203 51,652 Hams Ibs. 1,086,933 1,086,933 Hemp Ibs. 1,035,648 1,085,648 Hides " 487,806 861,070 848,876 Lath... pieces 27,583,475 27.583,475 Lard Ibs. 2,069,625 2,069,625 Lead " 1 402 135 1 40 9 135 those portions now opened for traffic, the success of each enterprise will far exceed the anticipations of the most Lumber ..feet 125,056,437 466,685 125,523,122 Oats bu. 181,293 152,855 834148 enthusiastic of their projectors. Chicago has felt their advantages ; the internal trade of the State has quintupled itself within a few years, and capital and population have sought a market so replete with facilities of trade and com merce as those centering at Chicago. In 1S39, the total value of property in Chicago was assessed at $236,842 ; in 1850 it was assessed at $8,562,717, of which $6,804,262 was real estate ! At the latter period the commerce of the port was conducted through the agency of eight bankers and dealers in exchange, 109 wholesale, forwarding, commis sion, and produce houses, and 54 lumber dealers. During the year 1851, the arrivals at Chicago were as follows: steamers, 662 ; propellers, 183 ; schooners, 1,1 S2 ; brigs, 230 ; barges, 13. Total, 2,279 vessels, the aggregate burden of which was 958,600 tons. The following tables will exhibit the quantity of some of the leading exports and imports, by lake canal and railroad for the same year. EXPORTS. Lake. Canal. Railroad. Total. Barley bu. 8,537 11,400 19,997 Beef. bbls. 49,306 135 49441 Pork bbls. 8,241 8,241 Pork Ibs. 2,390,248 2,390,248 Shingles ..bu. 60,338,250 60,333,250 Sugar Ibs. 3,765,836 3,765,336 Sugar... hhds. 2,563 2,563 Sugar, bis, bxa 2,884 2,884 Timber. C. feet 410,679 152,297 562,976 Tobacco... Ibs. 824,923 824,923 Wheat.... bu. 26,084 67,972 274,021 388,077 Wood... cords 5,924 10,676 454 17,0-54 Wool Ibs. 520,026 211,930 731,956 The above only represents a portion of the domestic com merce of Chicago, and even does not estimate that carried on by teams, which is commensurably large. The value of articles imported from Canada during the year, was $5,811, and of exports from Chicago to Canada, $116,185. The arrivals from Canada were 7, and the clearances for the same destination, 13. The value of the whole domestic commerce for a scries of vears, has been as follows : Years. Imports. Exports. 1S36 $325,203 90 $1.000 64 Beef. . tes. 2,S29 2 S9 1S37 873,677 12 11 665 00 Butter Ibs 10 44 75 117 85 441 1888 . 579,174 61 16 044 75 Buff robes " 7215 7215 1839 630,980 26 S i 843 00 Cattle No 443 443 1840 562.10620 2 9 S 635 74 Cheese Ibs 2215 178737 181 0*2 1S41 564,847 88 848 862 24 Coal " 1,182,303 909 749 2 091 552 1842 . 664,34788 65930520 Corn bu 3 21 317 3 21 317 1843 971,84975 632 10 85 Furs, etc pks 5 645 5 645 1844 1,63641600 735 504 93 Flour bbls 71,7*3 6S3 72406 1^45... 2,043,44573 154351985 Hams. " 1,934 1,934 1^46 ... . 2,02715000 131346300 Hams., casks 688 6^8 Hams., .hhds. 112 112 1847 2.641,85252 2.296.299 CO 1843 8,3-38,639 86 10 709 333 40 123 CHI CHI Chicago has five daily newspapers : the " C. Tribune" (indep t.), the " C. Democrat" (dem.), the " C. Journal" (whig), the " Commercial Advertiser" (whig), and the "Ar gus," all of which also issue weekly editions ; six weekly newspapers, the "New Covenant," and the "Western Citi zen" (both Universalist), the " Gem of the Prairie" (lib.), the " Prairie Herald" (Presbyterian), the " "Watchman of the Prairie" (Baptist), and the "Commercial Eeporter;" one tri-weekly, the " Illinois State Gazette ;" one semi-monthly, the " North-western Medical Journal ;" and three monthly periodicals, the " Eclectic Eeview" (educat), the " Prairie Farmer" (agric.), and the "North-western Journal of Ho- moepathy." Latrobe, an intelligent traveler, who visited Chicago in 1S33, thus describes it : " This little mushroom town is situ ated on the verge of a level tract of country, for the greater part consisting of open prairie lands, at a point where a email river, whose sources interlock in the wet season with those of the Illinois Eiver, enters Lake Michigan. It, however, forms no harbor ; and vessels must anchor in the open lake, which spreads to the horizon, on the north and east, in a sheet of uniform extent." The contrast between Chicago of 1S33 and Chicago of the present day, is truly startling ; and the writer of twenty years ago, had he been told that his " mushroom town" was so soon to become the focus of a commerce equal to that enjoyed by many of the States of Europe, would he have credited so unprecedented a fact, or would he not lve considered the prognostication the emanation of a crazy brain ? CHICIIESTBR, t. and p. v., Merrimac co., JV. Harnp. : on Suncook r., 8 m. E. Concord. Pop. 997. CmcKAHOJiEXY, p. v., Hanover co., Virg. : on the r. of the same name, 31 m. E. Richmond. CHICKAHOJIENY river, Virg. : a tributary of James r. from the N. "W. It is about 60 m. long, and debouches 37 m. above Point Comfort CniCKAMA-w BEND, p. o., Madison par., La. ; 137 m. N. Baton Eouge. CHICKAMAUGA, p. o., Hamilton co., Tenn.: on a cr. so called, 108 m. S. E. Nashville. CHICKASAW county, la. Situate N. E., and contains 576 sq. m. Taken from Pottowattomee in 1851. CHICKASAW county, Miss. Situate N., and contains 972 sq. m. Drained by the Tallabusha, Ocktibbeha, etc. Sur face undulating, and soils productive of Indian corn, cotton, and tobacco. Farms 1,167 ; manuf. 29 ; dwell. 1,647, and pop. wh. 9,886, fr. col. 2, si. 6,480 total 16,368. Capital : Houston. CIIICKASAW, p. v., Mercer co., Ohio : 86 m. "W. N. "W. Columbus. CnicKASATvnATonTE. p. v., Lee co., Ga. : on the cr. so called, a tributary of the Ichawaynochaway r. of Flint r., 123 m. S. E. MilledgeTille. CniCKASAW NATION, Ind. Ter. The Chickasaws are eettled in the Choctaw Territory. (See CHOCTAWS.) CHICK S SPRINGS, p. o., Greenville dist., S. Car.: 92 m. N. "W. Columbia. CBTCOPEE (CABOTVILLE), p. .t., Hampden co.. Mass, : near the confluence of Chicopee r. with the Connecticut, 4 m. N. of Springfield and 80 m. TV. by S. Boston. It is one of the most enterprising manufacturing places in New England. A newspaper, the "C. Telegraph" (whig), is published weekly. Pop. 8,291. CHICOPEE FALLS, p. v., Hampden co. Mass. : at the falls of the Chicopee r., 2 m. from its mouth, 80 m. W. by S. Boston. It has numerous factories. A branch of the Con necticut Eiver E. E, extends from Cabotsville to the Falls. CHICOPEE river, Mass. : a tributary of the Connecticut r., into which it falls in the N. part of the town of Chicopee. In its course it receives the waters of Quaboag Pond and of "Ware and Swift rivers. CIIICOT county, Ark. Situate S. E. on Mississippi r., and contains 860 sq. m. Drained by Bayou Macon, Eiver de 124 Bceuf, and Bayou Bartholomew. Surface low and level subject to inundation. Soils various some very fertile, and some inferior. Cotton is the great staple. Farms 142; dwell. 226, and pop. wh. 1,122, fr. col. 9, si. 3,934 total 15,115. Capital: Columbia. CHIEF WABEIOK, p. v., Erie co., A r . Y.: 257 m. W. Albany. CHIKALAH, p. v., Tell co., Ark. : on a branch of Petite Jean cr., 65 m. "W. N. W. Little Eock. CHILDSVILLE, p. v., Yancey co., & Car.: 216 m. "W. Ealeigh. CHILHOWEE, p. v., Blount co., Tenn. : on the N. side of Little Tennessee r., 156 m. E. by S. Nashville. CHILI, p. v., Miami co., Ind. : on the N. side of Eel r., 74 m. N. Indianapolis. The Goshen and Peru E. E. crosses the r. at this point. CHILI, p. v., Hancock co., III. : 86 m. W. N. W. Spring field. CHILI, t. and p. v., Monroe co., W. F. : on the "W. side of Black cr. of Genesce r., 206 m. "W. by N. Albany. The Buffalo and Eochester E. E. passes through the village 66 m. from Buffalo and 262 m. from Albany. Pop. 2,247. CHILT, p. v., Coshocton co., Ohio: 67 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. CHILLICOTHE, p. v., "Wapello co., la. : on the S. side of Des Moines r., 63 m. S. "W. Iowa City. CHILLICOTHE, p. v., Peoria co., Itt. : at the upper end of Prairie Lake, on its "W. side, 80 m. N. Springfield. It is a village of importance, and has considerable trade. CHILLICOTHE, p. v., and cap. Livingston co., Mo. : on a fine prairie, 3 m. N. of Grand r., 113 m. N. "W. Jefferson City, CHILLICOTHE, p. city, and cap. Eoss co., Ohio : on the "W. side of the Scioto r., 37 m. S. Columbus. In plan, this city somewhat resembles Philadelphia, being bounded N. by Scioto r. and S. by Paint cr., here about three-fourths of a mile apart. The principal streets follow the course of the Scioto, and these are crossed rectilineally by others extend ing from river to creek the two main streets crossing each other in the middle of the city, and being each 99 feet wide. "Water Street, which faces on the river, is 82} feet wide, and the others 66 feet. The streets are lighted with gas. The city has numerous fine and substantial buildings, among which are the Court House, the markets, banking houses, hotels, and numerous churches and school-houses. The city occupies the site of an ancient mound, but this has been leveled to make way for improvements. On the "W. side of the city is a hill rising abruptly to the height of 300 feet, from which there is an extensive and beautiful view of the city and vicinity. Through the city the Ohio Canal passes, and before long it will become connected in every direction by railroads now in course of construction. Tho city has two daily papers, the " Scioto Gazette" (whig), and the " Ancient Metropolis" (indep.), both of which also pub lish a weekly edition ; and two weekly papers, the " C. Ad vertiser" (dem.), and the "Ohio Correspondent" (indep.) As a place of manufactures and commerce, the city has a high rank among the inland towns, and is rapidly pro gressing in material prosperity. Chillicothe was formerly the State capital. Pop. in 1840, 3,977 ; in 1850, 7,098, CHILLISQUAQTJE, p. v., Northumberland co., Penn. CHILLITECAUX, p. v., and cap. Dunklin co., Mo. : 192 m. S. E. Jefferson City. CHILMABK, t. and p. o., Dukes co., Ma$s. : in the S. "W. part of Martha s Vineyard, 62 m. S. by E. Boston. At the "W. end of the town is Gay Head, a noted headlnnd on which is a light-house. There are some native Indians still residing on the neck leading to the Head. The S. "W. point of the town is known as Squebnocket. Pop. 747. CHILO, p. v., Clermont co., Ohio : on the Ohio r., 100 m. S. "W. Columbus. CHILTON S MILLS, p. o., "Walker co., Ala. : 123 m. N. "W. Montgomery. CHI CHILTONYILLE, p v., Plymouth co., Mass. CHIMNEY POINT, p. o., Addison co., Verm.: on Lake Champlain, nearly opposite Crown Point, 52 m. "W. by 8. Montpelier. CHIMNEY EOCK, p. o., Eutherford co., N. Car. : 192 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. CHINA, t and p. v., Kennebec co., Me. ; on a beautiful lake which covers a great part of the town, and empties into a creek of Kennebec r., affording extensive mtll power. The village on the S. margin of the lake is a beautiful place. Several manufactures are carried on. Pop. 2,769. CHINA, t. and p. T., St. Glair co., Mich. : on the W. side of St. Clair r., 100 m. E. Lansing. The village lies on Belle r., a tributary of the St. Clair. Pop. 1,037, CHINA, p. T., Lee co., IU. : 133 m. N. by E. Springfield. CHINA, t. and p. v., Wyoming co., N. Y. : on Cattaraugus cr., 244 m. W. Albany. Hydraulic power is abundant, and numerous mills are in operation. Pop. 1,961. CHINA GROTE, p. o., Pike co., Ala. : on the line of the Girard and Mobile E. E., 82 m. S. E. Montgomery. CHINA GEOVE, p. o., Pike co., Miss. : on the "W. side of M Gee s cr. of Bogue Chitto, 66 m. S. Jackson. CHINA GHOVE, p. o., Eowan co., 2f. Car. : 108 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. CHINA GROVE, p. o., Williamsburg dist., S. Car.: on Cedar cr. of Black r., 92 m. E. S. E. Columbia. CHINA GBOVE, p. o., Gonzales co., T&x. : 60 m. S. Austin City. CHINA HILL, p. o., Gadsden co., Flor. : on Little r. of Ocklockony r., 20 m. N. W. Tallahassee. CHINCAPIN GEOVE, p. o., Gwinnett co., Ga. ; 64 m. N, W. Milledgeville, CHINCAPKIN, p. v., Duplin co., JV. Car.: 69 m. S. E. Ealeigh. CHINCOTEAGTJE, p. o., Accomac co., Virg. : 122 m. E. N. E. Eichmond. CHINNIBEC, p. o,, Talladega co., Ala. : about 4 m. E. of Talladega, and T2 m. N. by E. Montgomery. CHIPMAN S POINT, p. o., Addison co., Verm. : on Lake Champlain, opposite Crown Point, 45 m. "W. S. W. Mont pelier. CHIPPEWA county, Mich. Situate on the N. peninsula, occupying the E. extremity, and contains 2,376 sq. m. Drained by several streams flowing to Lake Superior, Tah-qua-me-naw r. falling into the bay of the same name, and numerous rivers and creeks of St. Mary s r. and Lake Huron. Surface richly varied with much good farm land. Farms 17 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 187, and pop. wh. 890, fr. col. 8 total 893. Capital : Sault de St. Marie. CUIPPEWA county, Wise. Situate N. W. on Mississippi r., and contains 2,740 sq. m. Drained by the Chippewa r. and other streams. In the N. are many beautiful lakes. Surface much varied, but chiefly prairie. Timber abund ant Farms ; manuf. 3; dwell. 94, and pop. wh. 614, fr. col. total 614. Capital : . CHIPPEWA, t and p. v., Beaver co., Penn. : 192 m. "W. Harrisburg. CHIPPEWA, t. and p. v., "Wayne co., Ohio : on the Chip pewa r., 92 m. N. E. Columbus. The village lies on the N bank of the river, about a mile from the W. border of the town. Pop. 2,637. CHIPPEWA, p. o., New Castle co., Del. CHIPPEWA bay, N. Y. : on the E. side of St. Lawrence r. opposite St. Lawrence co. It contains a number of the u Thousand Islands." CHIPPEWA river, Mich. : a branch of Pino r., which i Joins near its mouth. CHIPPEWA river, Wise. : this river (the OJIBWA of th< Indians) runs entirely across the State, having its rise on the borders of Michigan, near the sources of the Wisconsin Montreal, etc., and running into the Mississippi r. near th( foot of Lake Pepin. It is about 500 yards wide at its mouth There are 14 rapids on the Chippewa the principal one CHO ailed the " Falls," is about 75 m. from its mouth, and has descent of 24 feet in the distance of half a mile. A very rge amount of pine lumber is annually sent down thia ver. Toward the sources of the stream and its branches here are many fine lakes, some of which have received ames, and the principal are known as Lac Courtorielle, Lac Chetac, Lac du Flambeau, Tomahawk Lake, Eed Cedar Lake, Eice Lake, etc. The Eed Cedar Fork is the main branch of the Chippewa, entering it from the W., bout 36 m. above its mouth. About 60 m. below Eice jake, on this river, according to Schoolcraft, commences a cries of rapids over horizontal layers of sandstone rock, hich extend, with short intervals, down the river 24 m. The remainder of the distance (about 50 m.) to the junc- ion is characterized by deep water, with a strong current ; and at the junction is commanding and elevated, affording a fine view of a noble expanse of waters. CUIPPEWAYAN mountains. (See Eocky mountains.) CHITTENANGO, p. v., Madison co., N. Y. : on Chittenango r., 112 m. W. by N. Albany. The Syracuse and Utica E. E. passes near the village, and about a mile to the N. he Erie Canal, with which a side cut connects it. It is a flourishing place, has some manufactures, considerable rade, and publishes the "Phenix" (dem.) weekly. Hy draulic cement is found in the neighborhood, and a mile S. of the village is a valuable sulphur spring. CHITTENANGO FALLS, p. o., Madison co., N. Y. : on the river so called, 112 m. W. by N. Albany. CniTTENANGO river, JV". Y. : rises in the town of Nelson, Madison co., and flows N. into Oneida Lake. CHITTENOEN county, Verm. Situate N. W., on Lake Champlain, and contains 496 sq. m. Drained by Onion, Lamoille, and other rivers. Surface generally finely varie gated, but mountainous in the E. ; soils as various here sandy, and there rich alluvion or clayey. Farms 1,908; manuf. 201 ; dwell. 4,805, and pop. wh. 23,927, fr. col. 109 total 29,036. Capital : Burlington. Public, Works : Eut- land and Burlington E. E. ; Vermont Central E. E. ; and Burlington Branch E. E. CHITTENDEN, t. and p. v., Eutland co., Verm. : on the highlands of the Green Mountains, forming the watershed between Lake Champlain and the Connecticut r., 33 m. S. by W. Montpelier. It is a rugged country and sparsely populated. Pop. 675. CHOCOLATE river, Mich. : a considerable stream of (he Upper Peninsula, which has its rise in a small lake in the highlands N. E. of Mcnomonee r., and running N. and N. E. discharges its waters on the S. border of Lake Superior. CHOCONUT, t. and p. v., Susquehannah co., Penn. : on the N. line of the State, 126 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. CHOCTAW county, Ala. Situate S. W., and contains SC4 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Tombigbee r., which forms the E. border. Surface level; soils fertile, producing corn and cotton. Farms 445; dwell. 760, and pop. wh. 4,620, fr. col. 0, si. 3,769 total 8,389. Capital : Butler. CHOCTAW county, Mina. Situate N. centrally, and con tains 900 sq. m. Drained by the head waters of Big Black r. and several creeks of the Yallabusha. Surface elevated and rolling, with abundance of timber; soils excellent. The products are chiefly Indian corn and cotton. Farms 1,132 ; manuf. 17 ; dwell. 1,405, and pop. wh. 8,420, fr. coL 4, si. 2,978 total 11,402. Capital: Greensboro. CHOCTAW AGENCY, p. o., Choctaw Nation, ArTc. CHOCTAW AGENCY, p. o., Oktibbeha co., Miss. : on the E. side of Noxubee r., 100 m. N. E. Jackson. CIIOCTAW COENEE, p. o., Clarke co., Ala. : 84 m. W. by S. Montgomery. CHOCTAW NATION, Ind. Ter, : is bounded N. by the Cana da and Arkansas rivers, E. by the State of Arkansas, S. by Eed Eiver, and W. by the 100th meridian. The country in the E. is mountainous, with large and fertile valleys in the W. it is undulating and varied. The whole is well drained by numerous tributaries of the Arkansas and Eed rivers, 126 CHO CHU both of which are navigable for steamboats. The Choctaws are extensively engaged in agriculture, and have good houses and well-fenced fields, on which they raise corn and cotton in abundance, and they have good stocks of cattle, horses, and sheep. On the streams they have numerous saw and grist mills, and in several parts cotton gins ; spin ning and weaving are carried on in their principal settle ments ; and all their own blacksmithing, wagon-building, etc., are done by themselves under direction of mechanics furnished them by the United States Government. The Choctaws are governed by a written constitution and laws ; the nation is divided into four districts, each of which elects its own chief quartennially. The General Council, consist ing of 40 members, and chosen by the voters of each district, meets annually at the Council House, on the first Monday of October. This body frames all laws, but the chiefs have a veto, which the council can only overrule by a two-thirds vote. Their legislative business is transacted according to the usual forms of civilized societies, and the councilors are paid, during their sittings, $2 from the national treasury. For judicial purposes, the nation is divided into districts, and trial by jury, and appeal to the higher courts are allowed. The military department is intrusted to a general elected by the people at large, and there are 82 captains in each district. The Council House, which is a large and commodious building, is located on the "W. side of Kiame- shi r., nearly equi-distant between the N. and S. lines of the national territory. The CHICKASAWS, who were their kins men on the E. side of the Mississippi, dwell with the Choctaws on the "W. side, forming the fourth district of the nation. They are governed by the same laws, and have a proportional representation in the General Council. The two nations, however, receive their annuities from the United States separately, and are distinct in some other respects. Numerous missionaries are settled among both the Choctaws and Chickasaws, and have succeeded well iu their efforts to civilize them ; so that these nations may now be considered as among the most intelligent of the Indian tribes. CHOPPEEN, p. v., "Wells CO., Ind. : 84 m. N. E. by N. Indianapolis. CIIOPTANK river, Md. : a large stream of the Eastern Shore, which rises in two main branches one from Dela ware, and flowing in a course generally S., empties through a large estuary into Chesapeake Bay, between Tighlman s Island on the N. and Sharp s Island on the S. It is navi gable for sloops for nearly 40 m. from its conflueace with the bay. CHOW AN county, N. Car. Situate on Albemarle Sound, between Chowan and Perquinons rivers, and contains 218 sq. m. Surface low and level, with swamps ; soils sandy, but moderately fertile, producing corn and cotton. Farms 844; manuf. 23; dwell. 613, and pop. wh. 2,944, fr. col. 104, si. 3,673. total 6,T21. Capital : Edenton. CHOWAN river, N. Car. : is formed by the union of the Nottaway, Meherrin, and Blackwater rivers, which rise and have their courses principally in Virginia. It flows into Albemarle Sound, a little N. of the mouth of the Eoanoke. It is navigable on the Meherrin branch for large vessels to Murfreesboro, near the Virginia State line. CHRISTIAN county, III. Situate centrally, and contains 560 sq. m. Drained by the South Fork and other tribu taries of Sangamon r., which bounds it N. Surface chiefly undulating prairie, with frequent timber groves ; and soil everywhere fertile. Farms 434; manuf. 12; dwell. 555, and pop. wh. 3,202, fr. col. total 3,202. Capital : Taylors- ville. PuUic Works: Illinois Central E. E. CHRISTIAN county, Ey. Situate W. 011 S. border, and contains 540 sq. m. Drained by Little r. and W. fork of Eed r., tributaries of the Cumberland. Surface generally level, and the soils various in the N. indifferent, but well timbered, and in the S. fertile, producing wheat, corn, and tobacco. Iron and bituminous coal abundant. Farms 126 1,190 ; ^manuf. 77; dwell. 1,965, and pop. wh. 11,309, fr. col. 13*1, si. 8,140 total 19,580. Capital: Hopkinsville. Public Works : A railroad from Nashville, Tenn., to Hen derson, on the Ohio (projected.) CHRISTIANA, p. v., New Castle co., Del. : on Christiana cr., 38 m. N. Dover. The Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore E. E. passes through the village. Its manufac tures are comparatively large, and consist chiefly of flour, gunpowder, etc. The hund. of the same name contains 22,560 acres, and 3,902 inhabitants. CHRISTIANA, t. and p. o., Dane co., Wise. : on the E. side of Eock cr., 20 m. E. S. E. Madison. Pop. 1,054. CHRISTIANA river, Midi, and Ind. : a tributary of the St. Joseph r. ; it rises in the E. part of Cass co., and flowing S. W. and S. passes into Indiana, where it joins the St. Jo seph s at Elkhart village. It is a never-failing mill stream, and furnishes abundance of hydraulic power. CHUISTIANSBURGH, p. v., Shelby co., Ky. CHRISTIANSBURGH, p. v., and cap. Montgomery co., Virg. : 167 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. The Virginia and Tennessee E. E. will pass through this village. CIIRISTIANSBURGH, p. v., Brown co., Ind. : on a branch of Salt cr., 46 m. S. Indianapolis. CHRISTIANSBURGU, p. v., Champaign co., Ohio: in tho S. W. corner of the county, 57 m. W. by N. Columbus. CHRISTIANSVILLE, p. v., Mecklenburg co., Virg. : 74 m. S. W. Eichmond. CHRISTMASVILLB, p. v., Carroll co., Tenn. : 97 m. W. by S. Nashville. CHRISTY S FORK, p. o., Morgan co., Ky. CHRISTY S PRAIRIE, p. o., Clay co., Ind. : 10 m. W. Bowl ing Green, and 59 W. S. W. Indianapolis. CHUCKATUCK, p. v., Nansemond co., Virg.: on Chucka- tuck cr., S m. above its confluence in James r., and 62 S. E. Eichmond. The village has several factories, and the river being navigable to this place, affords it considerable facilities. CnrcKY BEND, p. o., Jefferson co., Tenn. : on the N. side of Nolichucky r., 204 m. E. Nashville. CHUCTANUNDA creek, N. Y. : rises in Fulton and Sara toga counties, and flows S. into Montgomery co., where it empties into the Mohawk r. at the village of Amsterdam. CIIULAFINNE, p. o., Eandolph co., Ala. : 76 m. N. by E. Montgomery. CHULASKY, p. o., Northumberland co., Penn. - CHULTAHOMA, p. v., Marshall co., Miss. : 163 m. N. by E. Jackson. CHUNEXUGGEE, p. o., Macon co., Ala. : 42 m. E. by S. Montgomery. CHUNKEYVILLE, p. v., Lauderdale co., Miss. : 88 m. E. Jackson. CHURCH CREEK, p. o., Dorchester co., Md. : on Church cr., 5 m. from its confluence with Little Choptank r., and 41 m. S. S. E. Annapolis. CHURCH GROVE, p. o., Knox co., Tenn.: 162 m. E. Nashville. CHURCH HILL, p. o., Lowndes co., Ala. : 80 m. "W. S. W. Montgomery. CHURCH HILL, p. o., Luzerne co., Penn. : 88 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. CHURCH HILL, p. o., Queen Anne co., Md. : at the head of South-East cr., 8 m. from its confluence with Chester r., 31 m. E. by N. Annapolis. It has 3 churches, an academy, about 60 dwellings, and 250 inhabitants. The Episcopal church, built 1726, is an old English structure of brick, large and massive, and capable of containing 1,000 persons, and has a chancel and vestry-room adjoining. CHURCH HILL, p. o., Christian co., Ky. : 163 m. S. "W. Frankfort. CHURCH HILL, p. o., Jefferson co., Miss. : on the E. side of the Mississippi, about 3 m. distant from the river, and 72 m. S. W. Jackson. CHURCH HILL, p. o., Trumbull co., Ohio : 148 m. N. E. Columbus. CHU GIN CIIUKCII HILL, p. o., Halifax co., Yirg. : near the conflu ence of Birch cr. with Dan r., 110 m. S. W. Kichmond. CHURCH S STORE, p. o., Wilkes co., W. Car,: 146 m. W. by N. Kaleigh. CHURCHTOWN, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. : 43 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. CIIURCHTOWX, p. o., Columbia co,, 2f. T. : 48 m. S. by E. Albany. CHURCHVILLE, p. v., Monroe co., Jtfl Y. : on the line of the Buffalo and Eochester E. E., 62 m. from Buffalo, and 266 m. from Albany. It is a neat village of some 500 inhabit ants. CHURCHVILLE, p. v., Augusta co., Virg. : 94 m. W. by N. Eichmond. CHCRCHVILLE, p. v., Harford co., Md.: on the E. side of Bynham s r., 46 m. N. Annapolis. CHURUBUSCO, p. v., Franklin co., Ala. : 184 m. N. W. Montgomery. CHURUBUSCO, p. v., Anderson dist., & Car.: 109 m. W. N. W. Columbia. CHURUBUSCO, p. v., Whitley co., Ind, : 109 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. CICERO, p. v., Hamilton co., Ind. : on Cicero cr. of White r., 26 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. The Peru and Indianap olis E. E. passes a little eastward of the village. CICERO, t. and p. v., Onondaga co., IT. Y. : on the S. W. side of Oneida Lake, 123 m. W. by N. Albany. Chitte- nango r. flows along its E. border. The village has about 500 inhabitants. Pop. 2,9SO. CINCINNATI, post city, port of entry, and cap. Hamilton co., Ohio : on the N. side of the Ohio r., directly opposite the mouth of Licking r., and distant by river course from Pittsburg 465 m., from Louisville 132 m., from the mouth of Ohio r. 494 m., and from NCAV Orleans 1,447 m., and in direct line 113 m. S.W. Columbus. Lat. 39 05 54" N., and long. 84 27 "W. from Greenwich, or 7 25 W. from Wash ington. It is the largest inland city <*f the United States, and in point of population is only exceeded by Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New Orleans. In 1SOO it had about 750 inhabitants ; in 1810, 2,540 ; in 1820, 9,642 ; in 1830, 24,831 ; in 1840,46,338 ; and in 1850, 115,436. The city is located in a beautiful valley of about 12 m. in circumference, surrounded by hills. This valley is divided almost centrally by the Ohio r. It was first settled on the 24th Dec., 1788, by a party of men sent out under Mathias Denman and Eobert Paterson, to improve a portion of the purchase made by the Hon. John Cleves Symmes. This purchase embraced a tract of 311,682 acres, lying between the Great and Little Miami rivers, and extending along the Ohio r. a distance of 37 m. One square mile in each town ship was reserved for school purposes, and section 29 in each for the support of religious societies. This party landed opposite the mouth of Licking r., and laid out a village called Losantiville, a name shortly after ward abandoned for that of Cincinnati. In Feb., 1789, another party, under Symmes himself, landed at North Bend, and there laid out what was intended to be a large city, to which they gave the name of Symmes. Soldiers were now sent out to protect the settlers at the Bend ; but Fort Washington having been established, they were re moved to Cincinnati subsequently, and the rivalry of the two places succumbed in favor of Cincinnati as the chief seat of business. The fort stood on what is now Arch-street, between Third and Fourth-streets, and east of Broadway. In 1790 General Harrison marched hence against the In dians, and in the next year General St. Clair started for the same place on his ill-fated expedition. The fort was suc cessively commanded by Ziegler, Williamson, and Harrison, the latter of whom became subsequently President of the United States. In 1792 the first church was erected on what is now corner of Maine and Fourth-streets, and occu pied by the First Presbyterian Church. In the rear of it are many graves of the pioneers. In 1793, the first paper, called the " Sentinel of the North-west Territory," north of the Ohio r., was established at Cincinnati by William Max well. On the llth Jan., 1794, a line of two keel boats, with bullet-proof covers and port-holes, and provided with can non and small arms, was established between Cincinnati and Pittsburg, each making a trip once in four weeks. During this period, the town progressed but slowly, while idleness, drinking, and gambling prevailed in the army, and was to a great extent participated in by the citizens. The population at various periods is shown above. From 1800 to 1810 it progressed pretty rapidly, and considerable trade was carried on with New Orleans in keel boats, which returned laden with foreign goods. The passage to New Orleans then occupied about 25 days, and the return 65 days. In 1819 the city was incorporated, since which period its progress in population and material wealth has been uninterrupted and rapid in an astonishing degree, considering the difficulties it had to contend with before the establishment of steam navigation on the rivers and rail roads throughout the country. It would be invidious to compare the early career of Cincinnati with that of Chica go, Milwaukie, and some others ; they were founded under quite different auspices ; the one in the midst of a country, bare of population, without a road, and scant of river facil ities, and the others with every facility of travel perfected, and a tide of immigration unceasingly pouring upon them. Cincinnati occupies the whole of the first bank of the river, called the Bottom, and the second, called the Hill, which is 108 feet above low water mark, and 60 feet above the first bank. The streets are so graded as to render the communication between the two parts easy, and many of them are adorned with fine edifices, and beautiful shade trees. It extends back to a third range of hills, a distance on Main-street of about two miles, and in the western part perhaps more, and along the Ohio about three miles. Ex cepting on the margin of the river, the city is regularly laid out in streets and alleys, crossing each other at right angles. The streets running E. and W., proceeding from the river, are denominated first, /Second, etc., while those running N. and S. are named after the indigenous forest trees, as Walnut, Sycamore, etc. Main-street extends from the steamboat landing, on the river, directly north to the north ern bounds of the city. The streets are generally paved, and the foot-paths flagged. The city contains about 16,000 houses, 80 churches, many of them very fine edifices; 3 colleges, 4 medical schools, a law school, a female college, several female seminaries, 6 classical schools, a large num ber of finely-built public schools, 4 banks, with resources amounting to $3,968,871; and 17 insurance companies, etc. ; several public halls, the county and city courts, a mercantile exchange, and numerous libraries, and literary, philosoph ical and charitable institutions, an observatory, 4 theatres, a museum, gas-works, water-Avorks, etc. In fact, it has all the appliances necessary for the physical, intellectual, and moral enjoyment of a large population ; and in its manu factures, commerce, and general wealth, is pre-eminent among the cities of the world. The manufactures of Cincinnati embrace almost every department of industrial employment. It would be impos sible to enumerate them in the compass allowed to this article ; but there are some industries that so distinguish the city, that their enumeration is necessary. It has 6 distilleries; 140 bakeries; 12 bell and brass foundries: 82 blacksmith shops ; 10 boiler yards ; 15 book -binderies ; 374 boot and shoe factories ; 31 breweries ; 60 brick yards ; 208 mason shops ; 121 butchers shops ; 284 carpenter and build er shops ; 24 carriage factories ; 63 coopers shops ; 42 cop per-plate printing establishments ; 13 beef and tongue curing establishments : 4 cutleries ; 32 daguerreotype establish ments ; 16 domestic liquor manufactories ; 15 dye houses ; 19 edge tool factories ; 14 engraving establishments ; 14 feed and flour mills ; 44 founderies and engine shops ; 136 furniture factories ; 10 gilding establishments ; 2 glass 127 CIN CIN works ; 6 gunsmith shops ; 40 hat factories ; 14 ice-packing establishments ; 5 iron rolling-mills ; 3 iron safe factories ; 5 iron railing factories ; 10 lever lock factories ; 4 lithographic establishments ; 7 looking-glass factories ; 12 machinist shops ; 5 marble works ; 6 mathematical and optical instru ment factories ; 10 upholsteries ; 60 millineries ; 7 morocco leather factories; 6 musical instrument factories; 1 castor oil factory ; 34 oil, lard, and stearine factories ; 3 linseed oil mills; 72 paint and glazing shops ; 9 paper mills; 14 patent medicine factories; 7 plane factories; 1 planing machine factory ; 6 platform scale factories ; 6 plow factories ; 16 plumbing shops ; 14 potteries ; 33 pork, beef, and ham- curing factories (employing 2,450 hands, and producing annually $5,760,000) ; 12 publishing houses ; 40 saddleries ; 25 sash, blind, etc., factories ; 22 sausage factories ; 15 saw mills; 2 saw factories; 5 sheeting, etc., factories; 15 shirt and stock factories ; 39 soap and candle factories ; 7 steam boat building yards ; 3 stereotype founderies ; 22 stone- cutting yards ; 36 stone mason yards ; 98 tailor establish ments ; 30 tanneries ; 62 tobacco, cigar, and snuff factories ; 80 turners shops ; 2 type founderies ; 26 vinegar factories ; 42 wagon factories ; 40 wine manufactories ; 5 wire-work ing establishments ; 38 whisky distilleries, etc. There are ISO several industries pursued, and the total number of all manufacturing and industrial establishments in the city was about 3,400. The total number of hands employed, about 32,850, and the annual value of products, $48,500,000. There are few cities of the Union so well furnished with facilities of locomotion. It has one of the finest rivers In the world fronting it, and railroads and canals stretch ing in every direction for thousands of miles. These form its great avenues of commerce. The Miami Canal, and the Ohio division of the Wabash and Erie Canal, con nect the Ohio r. and Lake Erie, a distance of 251 m. The principal completed railroads are, the Little Miami E. E. and its connections to Cleveland, 255 m. ; the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton, and its connections to Sandusky, 218 m. ; the Cincinnati and Hillsboro E. B. to Parkers- burg, 179 m. (now open to Hillsboro 60 m.) ; and a number of others completed, in progress, and projected, passing to every part of the State, and into all the neighboring States, and connecting Cincinnati with all the principal cities of the lakes, the sea-board, and the "West and South. Cincin nati, in fact, is the chief centre of the railroad system of the West. It has direct railroad connection with every lake- port from Chicago to Niagara ; with Albany, Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and will soon have communication with Charleston, Savannah, Mobile, New Orleans, and St. Louis. Eailroads are being constructed in all these directions, and when completed will build up Cincinnati, and make it a competitor for the wealth of commerce second to no other city of the world. It has already had the foretaste of its future, and is now stretching out its arms to gather in the vast, illimitable wealth with which nature has surrounded it. It has also telegraphs, giving it instantaneous communication with every large city from Maine to Florida, and from the Atlantic to beyond the Mississippi. The river trade is commensurate with the vast internal trade centering at this point, and with the manufacturing Industry of the city. It is carried on chiefly in steamboats plying hence to Pittsburg and New Orleans, and the places intermediate. Its steamers also penetrate all the great rivers of the West the tributaries of the great father of waters. The arrival of steamboats, in the year ending 31st Aug., 1850, numbered 3,693 ; of these 288 were from New Orleans, 658 from Pittsburg, 214 from St. Louis, and 2,538 from other ports; and the departures amounted to 8,298, of which 249 were for New Orleans, 547 for Pittsburg, 222 for St. Louis, and 2,274 for other ports. For the detailed statistics of the commerce of the port, for the year above named, the reader is referred to Hunt s Merchants 1 Mag azine, for Oct., 1851. The shipping owned within the 128 district of Cincinnati, in 1850, was 17,181 tons, of which 16,906 were navigated by steam-power. The city is governed by a mayor, recorder, and 3 coun cilors for each of the wards into which it is divided. It has a separate judiciary, and also a commercial court, specially instituted to try causes arising between merchants. The amount of taxes collected for city purposes, for the year ending 20th March, 1S51, was $438,345, viz. : for general purposes, $130,172 ; for interest on debt, $66,888 ; for House of Eefuge, $60,079 ; for Poor-house, $51,268 ; for support of watch, $40,053 ; for support of common schools, $37,220 ; and colored schools, $2,664. The debt of the city at the same period, was $1,840,000, and the value of its property amounted to $2,230,543. The newspaper and periodical press of Cincinnati con sists of 8 daily papers, all of which issue weekly editions, and one a tri-weekly edition ; of 22 weekly papers ; of 1 semi-monthly, and 14 monthly periodicals. The daily papers are the " C. Gazette" (whig), the " C. Commercial" (indep t.), the " C. Enquirer" (dem.), the " Chronicle and Atlas" (whig), the " C. Times" (indep t.), the "Dispatch and Democrat" (dem.), the " Democratic Journal" (dem.), and the " Nonpareil." These circulate a weekly average of 2,000 to 22,000 copies each. The weekly papers are, " Cist s Weekly Advertiser" (commercial), the " Pictorial Advertiser," the " Columbian" (lit.), the " Price Current" (commercial), the " Western Police Gazette," " Life in Cin cinnati," the "Screw-Driver," the "Warning Bell" (fire man s), the " Proclamation Eeformer," the " Phonetic Ad vocate," the " Star of the West," the " Presbyterian of the West," the " Journal and Messenger" (relig.), the " Youth s Friend," the "Catholic Telegraph," the "Christian Age," the " Western Christian Advocate," the " Christian Apolo gist," the " Western Fountain" (temperance), the " Central Christian Herald," the " Wdhreet s Freund" (Germ.), the " Der Deutshe Eepublikaner" (Germ.), the " Democratiches Wochenblatt" (Germ.), and the " Volksblatt" (Germ.) The " Sunday School Advocate" is published semimonthly. The monthly periodicals are, the "Ladies Eepository," the " Templar s Magazine," the " Counterfeit Detector," the "Masonic Eeview," the "Western Lancet" (med.), the "Dental Eegister," the " Law Journal," the " Crisis" (lib erty ?), the " Congress Hall," the " School Friend" (edu cation), the " Eclectic Medical Journal," the " Golden Eule," the ; United Presbyterian," and " Goodman s Coun terfeit Detector." Thus it would appear that politics, re ligion, science, literature, etc., have their special advocates, and that all the great interests of the people has a special organ to herald their peculiarities to the world. Many of the above are conducted with great energy and talent, and have a circulation beyond then- own locality. At a short distance from the city, on the hills, in its back ground, are two beautiful villages, Mount Auburn and Wal nut Hills, which are mostly occupied as country seats by persons doing business in Cincinnati. Walnut Hills is the seat of Lane Seminary, a theological institution under the New School Presbyterians. Four miles N. W. of the city, are two fine cemeteries" Spring Grove Cemetery," con taining about 100 acres ; and the " Wesleyan Cemetery," containing about 40 acres. Both are beautifully located, and have been greatly improved. For miles about Cincin nati the cultivation of the grape, for which the soil and climate are well adapted, is carried on extensively, and the vineyards form, perhaps, the most delightful portions of the scenery. The wine here produced is said to be equal to the wines of France, in flavor and body, and are now manufactured for commerce. CINCINNATI, p. v., Balls co., Mb. : on the N. bank of Salt r., 78 m. N. N. E. Jefferson City. CINCINNATI, p. v., Walker co., Tex. : on the S. W. side of Trinity r., 172 m. E. by N. Austin City. CINCINNATUS, t. and p. v., Cortland co., N. Y. : on Ot- selic r., 10S m. W. Albany. The village is a thriving CIN CLA settlement, and has several mills, tanneries, etc. Pop. 1,206. CINNAMINSON, p. v., Burlington co., Jf. Jer. CIRCLEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Loudon co., Virg. : 112 m. N. Richmond. CIRCLEVILLE, t, p. v., and cap. Pickaway co., Ohio : on the E. branch of the Scioto r., 26 m. S. by E. Columbus. The village occupies the site of ancient fortifications, and has a fine fertile neighborhood. Its streets are laid out at right angles, and it has several circular and triangular areas devoted to public uses. The principal buildings are a hand- Bome court-house, of brick, and in form octagonal, the market-house, the public offices, several handsome church edifices and school-houses, and the buildings belonging to the Ohio Canal, which passes through the village, and at this point crosses the river by a fine aqueduct. The rail road from Cincinnati to Wheeling also intersects it. Four periodicals are published here the "C. Herald" (whig), the " C. Watchman" (dem.), the "Religious Telescope," and " Busy Martha" (religious.) In the village a consider able manufacturing business is engaged in, and the town has several furnaces, tanneries, etc. As a commercial de- p6t it occupies a place second to none of the interior towns, and its progress is onward. Pop. of v. 3,411. of t. 3,842. CIRCLEVILLE, p. v., Tazewell co., III. : 48 m. N. Springfield. CITICO, p. o., Monroe co., Tenn. : on Citico cr., 156 m. E. S. E. Nashville. CITY, p. o., Duchess co., N. Y. : 62 m. S. by E. Albany. CITY island, N. Y. : an island in the East r., in the town of Pelham, Westchester County. It is 2 m. long and about a mile wide. CITY POINT, p. v. and port, Prince George co., Virg. : on the S. side of James r., on a point formed by the confluence of Appomattox r., 19 m. S. E. Eichmond. James r. is nav igable for large ships to this point, which is the port of Petersburg, with which city it is connected by a railroad 10 m. long. Several lines of steam packets sail between this and New York, touching at Norfolk, etc. CLACKAMAS county, Oreg. Situate centrally, and con tains 141,000 sq. m., but this area comprises a large unoccu pied territory eastward. The county proper is of much less extent, and lies S. of Columbia r., and E. of Willamette r. It is drained by Sandy r. of the Columbia, and the Clacka- mas and other tributaries of the Willamette r. The surface Is generally level, and the soils of extraordinary fertility, covered with dense forests. Coal and iron exist in abund ance, and building material is plentiful. Farms 150 ; manuf. 13 ; dwell. 368, and pop. wh. 1,836, fr. col. 23 total 1,859. Capital : Oregon City. CLAIBORNE parish, La. Situate N. W., and contains 1,080 sq. m. Drained E. by the forks of Bayou D Arbone, W. and S. W. by creeks of the Bayou Dorcheat and Black Lake cr. Surface varied, but generally level or rolling. Most of the parish consists of light pine land, but on the streams there are hard woods, and the soils are of good qual ity, suitable for cotton. Farms 554 ; manuf. 3 ; dwell. 842, and pop. wh. 4,949, fr. col. 0, si. 2,522 total 7,471. Capi tal : Homer. CLAIBORNE county, Hiss. Situate S. W., on Mississippi r., and contains 4SO sq. m. Black r. washes its N. line, and it is drained chiefly by Bayou Pierre, and branches. /Sur face varied and uneven, and back from the streams the soils are light and sterile. Cotton and Indian corn are the chief products. Farms 310 ; manuf. 19 ; dwell. 659, and pop. wh. 3,449, fr. col. 42, si. 11,450 total 14,941. Capital : Port Gibson. Public Works: Grand Gulf R. R. CLAIBORNE county, Tenn. Situate between Clinch r. and the N. line of the State, and contains 5SO sq. m. Drained by Powell s r. and numerous creeks of Clinch r. Mountain prevails in the N. and N. W., but the surface in other parts is pleasantly varied, and has extensive valleys. Iron is abundant. The principal agricultural products are corn, wheat, and oats, also pork. Farms 944 ; manuf. 24 ; dwell. 1,425, and pop. wh. 8,609, fr. col. 100, si. 660 total 9,369. Capital: Tazewell. CLAIBORNE, p. v., and cap. Monroe co., Ala. : on the E. side of Alabama .r., at the head of schooner navigation, 90 m. S. W. Montgomery. CLAIBOKNE, p. v., Jasper co., Miss.: 72 m. E. S. E. Jackson. CLAIBORNESVILLE, p. v., Yazoo co., Miss. : on a cr. of Big Black r., 29 m. N. W. Jackson. CLAIRVILLE, p. v., Winnebago co., Wise. : 88 m. N. E. by N. Madison. CLAPPS, p. o., Guilford co.. N. Car. : 78 m. W. N. W. Raleigh. CLAPPVILLE, p. v., Worcester co., Mass. : on the N. side of Westfield r., and on the line of the Western R. R., 9 m. W. from Worcester and 81 m. W. by S. Boston. CLARA, t. and p. o., Potter co., Penn. : 132 m. N. W. Harrisburg. CLARE county, Mich. Situate centrally on Lower Penin sula, and contains 5T6 sq. m. Erected since 1850. CLAREMONT, L and p. v., Sullivan CO.. N. Bamp. : on the E. side of Connecticut r., 46 m. W. by N. Concord. Iron and limestone are found in the town, and the village on Sugar cr. has several manufactures ; and a newspaper, the "National Eagle" (whig), is issued weekly. The town is connected with Concord by railroad. Pop. 3,606. CLAREMONT, p. v., Pickens co., S. Car. : 121 m. N. W Columbus. CLARENCE, t. and p. v., Erie co., 2f. Y. : on the S. of Ton- awanda cr., 244 m. W. Albany. The Canandaigua and Niagara Falls R. R. passes through the town. Pop. 2,727. CLARENCE, p. v., Greene co., Wise. : 42 m. S. by W. Madison. CLARENCE, t. and p. o., Calhoun co., Mich.: 28 m. S. by W. Lansing. Numerous lakelets are found in this town, and are the sources of streams flowing S. toward the Kalamazoo r. and N. toward Black r. Pop. 483. CLARENCE CENTRE, p. o., Erie co., N. Y : 242 m. W. Albany. CLARENDON, p. v., Monroe co., Ark. : on the E. bank of White r., where it is formed by Cache r., 56 m. E. Little Rock. CLARENDON, t. and p. v., Calhoun co., Mich.: on St. Jo seph s r., 44 m. S. by W. Lansing. The village lies on the N. bank of the river. Pop. 6C9. CLARENDON, t. and p. v., Orleans co., N. Y.: 218 m. W. by N. Albany. The village contains about 250 inhabit ants. Pop. 1,809. CLARENDON, p. v., Sumter dist., S. Car. CLARENDON, t. and p. v., Rutland co., Verm. : on Otter cr., 53 m. S. by W. Montpelier. The village lies on the Rutland and Burlington R. R., 6 m. S. Rutland, and the Western Vermont R. R. also passes through the town, 46 m. from North Bennington. Agriculture is the chief em ployment of the inhabitants. Pop. 14T. CLARENDON SPRINGS, p. v., Rutland co., Venn. : 55 m. S. by W. Montpelier. Here is a chalybeate spring, contain ing also corbonate of lime, which is resorted to by invalids for its medicinal properties. CLARIDON, t. and p. v., Geauga co., Ohio : on Cuyahoga r., 146 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1,006. CLARION county, Penn. Situate N. W. centrally, and contains 580 sq. m. Drained by Clarion and Toby s rivers and creeks of Alleghany r. and Red Bank r., the former of which washes its S. W. and the latter its S. borders. The N. part of the co. is rough and uneven ; in the S. the sur face is moderately undulating and fertile, with abundance of timber. It contains large deposits of iron ore, which are extensively worked. Farms 1,726 ; manuf. 246 ; dwell. 4,008, and pop. wh. 23,448, fr. col. 117 total 23,565. Cap ital: Clarion. CLARION, t v p v., and cap. Clarion co., Perm. : on the S. E. side of Clarion r., 152 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. The CLA CLA Tillage is situate on the Susquehanna and Waterford turn pike, 1 m. E. of the river. Its site, previous to 1840, was covered with pine woods ; it is now one of the most im portant places of the interior, and has a population of about 1,200 inhabitants. Two newspapers are published in the town, the " C. Register" (whig), and the " C. Democrat" both weekly. CLARION, p. v., Grundy co., Hi.: 126 m. N. N. E. Springfield. CLARION river (or Great Toby s cr.), Penn. : an affluent of Alleghany r., from the N. E., and about 70 m. long. It is navigable for boats for 50 or 60 m., but is principally used to float down timber to Pittsburg, etc. CLAEK, p. o., Mercer co., Penn.: 204 m. W. N. "W. Harrisburg. CLARKE county, Ala. Situate S. W., between the Alaba ma and Tombigbee rivers, and contains 1,332 sq. m. The interior is drained by a large number of creeks falling into the border rivers. Surface uneven, but generally low. Soils indifferent, except on the streams, and there the lands .ire frequently inundated. Cotton and corn are the princi pal agricultural products. Farms 456; manuf. 16; dwell. 873, and pop. wh. 4,901, fr. col. 9, si. 4,876 total 9,786. Capital: Clarksville. CLARKE county, Arlc. Situate S. W. centrally, and con tains 684 sq. m. Drained by Washita r., which runs on ita E. border, and its numerous tributaries one, the Little Mis- Gouri r., forming its S. and W. borders. The surface is hilly and broken, and the soils, except on the margins of the streams, sterile. The chief products are cotton and Indian corn. Farms 862 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 537, and pop. wh. 3,113, fr. col. 7, si. 875 total 3,995. Capital : Arkadel- phia. CLARKE county, Ga. Situate N. centrally, and contains 414 sq. m. Drained by the tributaries of Oconee r., which traverse it from N. to S. Surface elevated and undulating. Soils fertile, producing cotton, Indian corn, wheat, etc., abundantly. Farms 400 ; manuf. 55 ; dwell. 1,024, and pop. wh. 5,515, fr. col. 15, si. 5,589 total 11,119. Capital : Athens. Public Works: Athens Branch of Georgia E. E., extending from Union Point, 40 m. CLARKE county, III. Situate E., and contains 468 sq. m. Drained by Embarras r. and tributaries of Wabash r., which forms its E. border. Surface chiefly rolling prairie in the E. somewhat hilly and broken. Soils fertile. Farms 636 ; manuf. 14 ; dwell. 1,621, and pop. wh. 9,494, fr. col. 38 total 9,532. Capital : Marshall. Public Works : Terre Haute and Alton E. E. CLARKE county, Ind. Situate on Ohio r., and contains 400 sq. m. Surface usually rolling, but nowhere hilly, ex cept the Ohio bluffs, and the chain of " Knobs" on the "W. and N. "W. borders. Silver cr. and Fourteen Mile cr., with some lesser streams, drain the soils, which are chiefly calcareous, and very productive. In the N. part of the co. are some wet lands, which are more fit for grasses than the cereals. Farms 1,048; manuf. 88 ; dwell. 2,757, and pop. wh. 16,246, fr. col. 582 total 16,828. Capital : Charlestown. The Jefferson ville and Columbus E. E., and the New Albany and Salem E. E. traverse the county. CLARKE county, la. Situate S., and contains 432 sq. in. Drained by the head waters of Chariton r., and numerous tributaries of Des Moincs r., of which White Breast cr., Otter cr., Squaw cr., and South r. are the principal. The S.W. corner is drained by the head waters of Crooked Fork of Grand r. Surface elevated, and in the middle of the co. forms the watershed between DCS Moines and Grand rivers. Soils fertile and deep. Farms ; manuf. ; dwell. 14, and pop. wh. 79, fr. col. total 79. Capital: . CLARKE county, Ky. Situate E. centrally, and contains 812 sq. m. Drained by Upper and Lower Howard creeks, and Three Mile cr., tributaries of Kentucky r., which forms the 8. line of the co. Surface generally level, and soils good, producing largely Indian corn, hemp, and tobacco, 130 and immense numbers of live-stock are kept by the farm ers. Farms 792 ; manuf. 17 ; dwell. 1,364, and pop. wh. 7,709, fr. col. 134, si. 4,840 total 12,653. Capital : Win chester. Public Works: Knoxville and Cincinnati E. E. CLARKE county, Miss. Situate S. E., on the Alabama State line, and contains 756 sq. m. Drained by the Chicka- sawha and its numerous tributaries ; it has immense water- power. Surface generally level, and the soils of average fertility, with much that is the best, producing cotton and corn abundantly, with some rice. Farms 500 ; manuf. 7 ; dwell. 631, and pop. wh. 3,823, fr. col. 6, si. 1,648 total 5,497. Capital : Quitman. Public Works: Mobile and Ohio E. E. CLARKE county, Mb. Situate N. E., and contains 520 sq. m. It is bounded on the E. by the Mississippi r., and on the N. E. by the Des Moines, and is drained chiefly by Fox and Wyaconda rivers and their tributaries. Surface mod erately uneven, and covered partially with timber. Soils fertile. Farms 425 ; manuf. 12 ; dwell. 805, and pop. wh. 5,013, fr. col. 10, si. 504 total 5,527. Capital : Waterloo. CLARKE county, Ohio. Situate toward S.W., and contains 412 sq. m. Drained by Mad r., Beaver cr., and Bucks cr., which afford extensive hydraulic power. Surface somewhat uneven. Soils fertile and well cultivated. Wheat, Indian corn, and Cats are the staple grain crops. Cattle and sheep are raised in large numbers. Farms 1,398; manuf. 156; dwell. 3,753, and pop. wh. 21,855, fr. col. 323 total 22,178. Capital : Springfield. Public W&rks : Mad Eiver and Lake Erie E. E. ; Little Miami E. E. ; Springfield, Mount Vernon, and Pittsburg E. E. ; Ohio Central E. E., etc. CLARKE county, Oreg. Situate on the N. E. side of the Columbia r., and contains 40,000 sq. m. Cowlitz r. bounds it on the N. W., and receives, with the Columbia, the drain age of the co. by a number of large streams. There are several isolated peaks in the co., as Mount St. Helens, and Cape Horn, the latter on the N. bank of Columbia r. ; the surface, otherwise, is beautifully diversified, well wooded, and has fine soils. There are several small lakes near its W. border. Farms 7 ; manuf. 4 ; dwell. 95, and pop. wh. 592, fr. col. 51 total 643. Capital : Columbia City. CLARKE county, Virg. Situate N. E., and contains 230 sq. m. Drained by Opequan r. and tributaries of Shenan- doah, which runs centrally through it. The surface is uneven, and on the E. mountainous, the Blue Eidge form ing its E. border. Soils of good quality, producing wheat, corn, and oats largely. The mountain region forms excel lent pasture for sheep and cattle. Farms 271 ; manuf. 48 ; dwell. 636, and pop. wh. 3,615, fr. col. 123, si. 3,614 total 7,352. Capital: Berry ville. CLARKS, t. and p. o., Coshocton co., Ohio: on White Woman s r., 62 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 833. CLARKSBOROUGH, p. v., Gloucester co., N. Jer. : 37 m. S. S. W. Trenton. Chiefly inhabited by the Quakers. CLAKKSBURGH, p. v., Decatur co., Ind, : 48 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. CLARKSBURGH, p. v., and cap. Lewis co., Ky. : on Salt Lick cr., 4 m. S. of the Ohio r., and 91 m. E. N. E. Frankfort. CLARKSBURGH, p. v., Indiana co., Penn. : 126 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. CLARKSBURGH, p. v., Montgomery co., Md. : on the E. side of Little Seneca cr., 52 m. W. N. W. Annapolis. CLARKSBURGH, p. v., Erie co., N. Y. : 256 m. W. Al bany. CLARKSBURGH, p. v., Monmouth co., N. Jer. : 16 m. E, Trenton. CLARKSBURGH, p. v., Eoss co., Ohio : on the N. line of county, 35 m. S. by W. Columbus. CLARKSBURGII, p. v., and cap. Harrison co., Virg. : on Monongahela r., 192 m. N. W. Eichmond. It is a thriving village, has two newspapers, the "Harrison Republican" (whig), and the " C. Democrat," published weekly, and will shortly have great commercial facilities by the North-west- CLA CLA ern K. E., which will pass through or near it. Pop. about 1,200. CLARK S CORNERS, p. o., Ashtabula co., Ohio: 162 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1,454 CLARK S FACTORY, p. o., Delaware co., JVI Y. : 67 m. S.W. Albany. CLARKSFIELD, t. and p. v., Huron co., Olii : on Vermil- lion r., 88 m. N. by E. Columbus. CLARK S FORK, p. o., Tork dist., S. Car.: 63 m. N. Columbia. CLARK S FORK, p. o., Cooper co., Mo. : on Clark s Fork of Little Saline r., a tributary of the Missouri. 34 m. W. N.W. Jefferson City. CLARK S GREEN, p. o., Luzerne co., Penn. CLARK S MILLS, p. o., Moore co., N. Car. : on Lumber r., 61 m. 8. W. Ealeigh. CLARK S MILLS, p. o., Hempstead co., ArTc. : 118 m. S.W. Little Eock. CLARK S MILLS, p. o., "Washington co., Virg. : 252 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. CLARK S EIVER, p. o., Callaway co., Ky. : on the r. so called, 216 m. S. W. Frankfort. CLAKKSON, t. and p. v., Monroe co., N. Y.:on the S. side of Lake Ontario, and drained by Salmon and Sandy creeks, 210 m. W. by N. Albany. The v. situate on the Eidge Eoad, has several manufactures. Pop. oft. 4,556. CLARKSON, p. v., Columbiana co., Ohio : 123 m. N. E. Columbus. CLARKSON CENTRE, p. v., Monroe co., N. Y.: 212 m. W. by N. Albany. CLARKSTON, p. v., Oakland co., Mich. : on a small lake forming one of the sources of the N. branch of Eouge r., 59 m. E. Lansing. CLARKSTOWN, t, p. v., and cap. Eockland co., Jf. Y. : on the W. side of Hudson r., 102 m. S. Albany. The t, contains a small lake (called Eockland Lake, so famous for its ice), which empties into Hackensack r. New City is the name of the village in which the co. buildings are located. Pop. 3,111. CLARKSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Clarke co., Ala. : on the N. of Jackson s cr. of Tombigbee r., 96 m. S. W. Montgomery. CLAKKSVILLE. p. v., and cap. Johnson co., Ark. : on a cr. of the Arkansas, 3 m. N. of that r., and 84 m. N. TV. Little Eock. CLARKSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Habersham co., Get. : on Tugaloe r., a tributary of the Savannah, 113 m. N. Milledge- ville. It is a v. of some 300 inhabitants. CLARKSVILLE, p. v., Anne Arundel co., Md. : 37 m. N.W. Annapolis. CLARKSVILLE, p. v., Pike co., Mo. : on the W. bank of the Mississippi r., 88 m. N. E. Jefferson City. CLARKSVILLE, p. v., Hunterdon co., N. Jer. : on Spruce Eun, at the E. base of Musconetcong Mountain, 42 m. N. by TV. Trenton. Iron and other ores are found in the whole district The New Jersey Central E. E. passes through the v., 47 m. from Elizabcthport, and 17 from Easton. CLARKSVILLE, p. v., Albany co., N. Y. : 6 m. W. by S. Albany. CLARKSVILLE, p. v., Clinton co., Ohio : on Todd s cr. of the Little Miami r., 63 m. S. TV. Columbus. It is a consid erable v., and lies on the railroad route from Cincinnati to Zanesville. CLARKSVILLE, p. v., Greene co., Penn. : at the junction of the N. and S. forks of Ten Mile cr. of the Monongahela r., 168 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. CLARKSVILLE, p. v.,and cap. Montgomery co., Tenn. : on the N. side of Cumberland r., at the mouth of Red r., 40 m. N. TV. Nashville. It is a large and important v., and has a large trade. There are published here the " JefTersonian" (dem.), the " C. Chronicle" (whig), and the " Ledger" (whig), weekly, and the "Monthly Visitor" (literary). The E. E. from Nashville to Henderson, will pass through Clarksvillc. CLARKSVILLE, p. T., and cap. Bed Eiver co., Teas. : 836 m. N. E. Austin City. CLARKSVILLE, p. v., Mechlenburg co., Virg. : on the S. side of Dan r., 92 m. S. TV. Eichmond. CLARKSVILLE, p. v., Spartanburg dist., S. Car. : 73 m. N. N. TV. Columbia. CLABKSVILLE, p. v., Hamilton co., Ind. : 24 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. CLAHKSVILLE, v., Clarke co., Ind. : on the N. bank of the Ohio r., about equi-distant between New Albany and Jeffer- sonville, 100 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. Once a thriving village, Clarksville has been supplanted in business by its more enterprising neighbors. CLABTSVILLE, p v., Sullivan co., N. Y. : 90 m. S. S. TV. Albany. CLATSOP county, Oreg. Situate on the Pacific, imme diately S. of Columbia r., and contains 6,000 sq. m. Drained S. by Killamook r., flowing to the ocean, and the Tualatin r., a tributary of Willamette r., and in the N. W. by tribu taries of the Columbia r. The surface is generally rolling, but barely wooded. Coal has been found in several parts. Farms 24; manuf. 2; dwell. 91, and pop. wh. 458, fr. col. 4 total 462. Capital : Astoria. CLAUSELVILLE, p. v., Monroe co., Ala. : 86 m. S.W. Montr gomery. CLAUSSVILLE, p. v., Lehigh co., Penn. : 69 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. CLAVERACK, t. and p. v., Columbia co., N. Y. : on Clav- erack cr., 31 m. S. by E. Albany. The v. is about 4 m. E. of Hudson City, and is intersected by the Hudson and Berkshire E. E. The Harlem Extension E. E. also traverses the t. in its E. part. Pop. 3,208. CLAVERACK river, N. Y. : rises in Columbia co., and runs into Kinderhook cr., near its mouth. It is a good mill- stream. CLAY county, 111. Situate S. centrally, and contains 468 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Little Wabash r. Surface level prairie, and soils fertile wood along the streams. Farms 237 ; manuf. 6 ; dwell. 715, and pop. wh. 4,268, fr. col. 21 total 4,2S9. Capital : Maysville. Public Works : Cincinnati and St. Louis E. E. CLAY county, Ind. Situate W., and contains 360 sq. m. Eel r. and its tributaries drain the lands. Surface generally level. Soils good, and timber abundant In the S. W. are some beautiful prairies. Coal and iron are found in all parts. Farms 829 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 1,326, and pop. wh. 7,926, fr. col. IS total 7,944. Capital : Bowling Green. Public Works : Terre Haute and Eichmond E. E., and Wabash and Erie Canal. CLAY county, la. Situate N. W., and contains 576 sq. m. Taken from Pottowattomee co. in 1851. CLAY county, Ky. Situate S. E., and contains 880 sq. m. Drained by Sturgeon, Sexton s, Goose, Eed Bird, and other creeks of the S. fork of Kentucky r. Surface generally undulating. Soils of average fertility. Salt springs and bituminous coal contribute much to the wealth of the county. Farms 511 ; manuf. 11 ; dwell. 7S2, and pop. wh. 4,739, fr. col. 167, si. 515 total 5,421. Capital : Manchester. CLAY county, Mo. Situate N. W., and contains 432 sq. m. Drained by Smith s Fork of Platte r., and by Fishing and other creeks of Missouri r., which bounds the co. on the S. Surface undulating, and soils of the most fertile descrip tion. The products are Indian corn, oats, and tobacco. Farms 944 ; manuf. 42 ; dwell. 1,352, and pop. wh. 7,585, fr. col. 5, sL 2,742 total 10,332. Capital : Liberty. CLAY, p. Y., Yancey co., N. Car. : 204 m. TV. Ea- leigh. CLAY, p. v., La Salle co., 111. : 129 m. N. N. E. Spring field. CLAY, t. and p. o., Onondaga co., N. Y. : on the E. side of Oswego r., 128 m. W. by N. Albany. The Oneula and Seneca rivers unite in this t, forming Oswego r. The p. o. is located in the v. of Belgium. Pop. of t 3,402. 131 CLA OLE CLAY, p. v., St. Clair co., Mo. : 98 m. W. S. W. Jefferson City. CLAY, p. v., Washington co., la. : 36 m. S. by W. Iowa City. CLAY HILL, p. o., Marengo co., Ala. : 89 m. E. Mont gomery. CLAY HILL, p. o., York dist., S. Car. : 66 m. N. Co lumbia. CLAY LICK, p. o., Owen co., Ky. : 23 m. N. Frankfort. CLAY POOL, p. v., Kosciusko co., Ind. : on a small lake which forms the head of a tributary of Tippecanoe r., 90 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. CLAYSVILLE, p. v., Marshall co., Ala. : on the N. side of the Tennessee r., 126 m. N. Montgomery. The r. at this point has its extreme S. bend. CLAYSVILLE, p. v., Boone co., Mo. : 23 m. N. by "W. Jefferson City. CLAYSVILLE, p. y., Washington co., Ind. : on Lost cr., 76 m. S. by "VV. Indianapolis. CLAYSVILLE, p. v., Harrison co., Ky. : on the "W. side of Licking r., 48 m. N. E. Frankfort. CLAYSVILLE, p. v., Washington co., Penn. : 187 m. W. Harrisburg. CLAYBVILLE, p. v., Wood co., Virg. : 240 m. W. N. W. Richmond. CLAYSVILLE, p. v., Guernsey co., Ohio: in the S. W. part of the eo., 68 m. E. Columbus. CLAYTON county, la. Situate W. of Mississippi r., in the N. E., and contains 758 sq. m. Drained chiefly by Turkey cr. and its tributaries. Surface elevated, undulating, and about equally divided between prairie and woodland. Soils of exhaustless fertility. Farms 200 ; manuf. 12 ; dwell. 723, and pop. wh. 3,871, fr. col. 2 total 3,873. Capital : Garnavillo. CLAYTON, p. v., and cap. Barbour co., Ala. : on the high land forming the watershed between Pea r. and Chatta- hoochee r., 60 m. S. E. Montgomery. CLAYTON, p. v., Berks co., Penn. : 58 m. E. N. E. Har risburg. CLAYTON, p. v., and cap. Eabun co., Ga. : in a hilly region, at the S. base of the Blue Ridge, and about 3 m. N. of Tullalah r., a tributary of the Savannah r., 122 m. N. Milledgeville. CLAYTON, p. v., Adams co., III. : on the Quincy and Mount Sterling road, 72 m. W. N. W. Springfield. CLAYTON, t. and p. v., Jefferson co., W. Y. : on the E. side of St. Lawrence r., 153 m. N. W. Albany. Chaumont r. and French cr. drain the t. The v. lies immediately on the banks of the St. Lawrence. Pop. 4,191. CLAYTON, p. v., Lenawee co., Mich. CLAYTON, p. v., Montgomery co., Ohio : 74 m. W. by S. Columbus. CLAYTONA, p. T., Morgan co., Ohio : 66 m. E. S. E. Columbus. CLAYTONVILLE, p. v., Henderson co., W. Car. : on the W. side of French Broad r., 228 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. CLAY VILLAGE, p. v., Shelby co., Ky. : on the Louisville and Frankfort post road. 12 m. W. Frankfort. CLAYVILLE, p. v., Oneida co., N. Y. : in the S. E. part of the co., 76 m. W. N. W. Albany. CLAYVILLE, p. v., Providence co., R. T. CLEAR BRANCH, p. o., Washington co., Virg. : 254 m. W. S. W. Richmond. CLEAR CREEK, p. o., Mechlenburg co., N. Car.: 122 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. CLEAR CREEK, p. o., Daviess co., Mo. : on a cr. of Grand r. so called, 123 m. N. W. Jefferson City. CLEAR lake, N. Y. : is one of a cluster of small lakes, lying in the t, of Alexandria, Jefferson co. CLEAR CREEK, p. v., Chautauque co., N. Y. : on Clear cr. of Conewango cr., 273 m. W. S. W. Albany. CLEAR CREEK, p. o., Greene co., Tenn. : 224 m. E. Nash ville. 132 CLEAR CREEK, t. and p. o., Fairneld co., Ohio : 29 m. S. by E. Columbus. CLEAR CREEK LANDING, p. o., Alexander co., Ill : on Clear cr., in the N. W. part of the co., 178 m. S. Spring field. CLEARFIELD county, Penn. Situate W. centrally, and contains 1,425 sq. m. Drained by numerous creeks and tributaries of the W. branch of Susquehanna r., which tra verses the county from S. W. to N. E. With some excep tions the surface is rough and the soils only moderately fertile. Some iron is produced. The agricultural staples are grain and some provisions. Farms 2,317 ; manuf. 122 ; dwell. 2,157, and pop. wh. 12,432, fr. col. 104 total 12,536. Capital: Clearfleld. CLEARFIELD, p. v., and cap. Clearfleld co., Penn. : on the S. side of the W. branch of Susquehanna r., 100 m. N. W. Harrisburg. It is a flourishing place, and has a weekly newspaper, called the " Country Dollar" (dem.), which has a circulation of 700 copies. CLEARFIELD BRIDGE, p. o., Clearfleld co., Penn. : on Clearfleld cr., 104 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Clearfleld cr. is a considerable tributary of the W. branch of the Susquehanna r., which it joins near the v. of Clearfleld. CLEAR FORK, p. o., Whitley co., Ky. : on Clear cr. of Cumberland r., 122 m. S. S. E. Frankfort. CLEAR FORK, p. o., Tazewell co., Virg. : on Clear Fork of Sandy r., 247 m. W. by S. Richmond. CLEAR FORK MILLS, p. o., Johnson co., Mo. : on Clear Fork of Black Water r., 76 m. W. Jefferson City. CLEAR LAKE, p. o., Fort Bend co., Tex. : 159 m. S. E. Austin City. CLEARMONT, p. v., Warren co., Tenn. : 56 m. S. E. Nashville. CLEAR POINT, p. o., Hart co., Ky. : 93 m. S. W. Frank fort. CLEAR SPRING, P.O., Greenville dist., S. Car.: 112 m. N. W. Columbia. CLEAR SPRING, p. o., Kosciusko co., Ind. : 95 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. CLEAR SPRING, p. o., Chickasaw co., Miss. CLEAR SPRING, p. o., Granger co., Tenn. : 133 m. E. Nashville. CLEAR SPRING, p. o., Washington co., Md. : at the E. base of North Mountain, 78 m. N. W. Annapolis. The " Clear Spring Sentinel" (whig) is published at this place weekly. CLEARSVILLE, p. v., Bedford co., Penn. CLEAR WATER, p. o., Chippewa co., Wise. : on the N. side of L Eau Claire cr. of the Chippewa r., 165 m. N. W. Madison. CLEAVELAND county, N. Car. Situate S. W., and con tains 640 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Broad r., which crosses the S. W. corner of the co. ; these afford good water-power. Surface somewhat uneven. In the S. E. corner is King s Mountain, an isolated hill, noted as the scene of a famous battle. Farms 961 ; manuf. 13 ; dwell. 1,526, and pop. wh. 8,592, fr. col. 57, si. 1,747 total 10,396. Capital : Shelby. CLEAVELAND, p. v., and cap. Bradley co., Tenn. : on the East Tennessee and Georgia R. R., 123 m. S. E. Nashville, and 30 m. from Dalton. CLEAVELAND, p. v., Oswego co., N. Y. : on the N. side of Oneida Lake, 122 m. W. N. W. Albany. It is a busy vil lage and has some manufactures. CLEMENT, p. v., Hancock co., Ohio : 81 m. N. N. W. Columbus. CLEMMONSVILLE, p. v., Davidson co., A T . Car. : on the E. side of Tadkin r., 102 in. W. by N. Raleigh. CLENDENIN, p. o., Canawha co., Virg. : 233 m. W. by N. Richmond. CLERMONT county, Ohio. Situate S. W., and contains 4S4 sq. m. Drained by the E. fork of Little Miami r., and Stone Lick and other creeks tributary to it. The S. and S. W. CLE CLI parts of the county are drained by several creeks running to the Ohio r., which forms its borders in those directions. Along the Ohio the surface is hilly and broken ; in other parts chiefly level, and occasionally wet ; soils rich and fer tile, and timber plentiful in the bottoms. Products wheat, corn, and tobacco, with pork and beef. Farms 2,098; manuf. 178 ; dwell. 5,437, and pop. wh. 30,044, fr. col. 411 total 80,455. Capital: Batavia. Public Works: Cincin nati and Hillsboro E. E., Little Miami E. E., etc, CLERMONT, p. v., Eichland co., III. : 114 m. S. E. Spring field. CLERMONT, t and p. o., Columbia co., N. T. : on the W. of Ancram cr., 88 m. S. by E. Albany. The T. lies on the post road, between Albany and New York. Pop. 1,130. CLERMONT, p. v., Marion co., Ind. : on Eagle cr., 9 m. W. N. W. Indianapolis. CLEKMONT MILLS, p. o., Harford co., Md. CLERMONTVILLE, p. v., M Kean co., Petvn. : 132 m. N.W. Harrisburg. CLEVELAND, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Cuyahoga co., Ohio : on Cuyahoga r., where it discharges into Lake Erie, 126 m. N. N. E. Columbus. Lat. 41 31 07" N., and long. 81 45 57" W. Cleveland is the commercial emporium of north ern Ohio, and second only to Cincinnati in population and general progress. It possesses great facilities for the transit of goods and passengers : the Ohio Canal, extending to the Ohio r. at Portsmouth, 309 m., has its northern terminus here, and another canal, branching off from it at Akron, connects it with PKtsburg. It is connected with all the ports of Lake Erie by the lake shore chain of railroads extending from Niagara Falls to Milwaukie; with Pitts- burg, by the Ohio and Pennsylvania E. E., and the Cleve land and Pittsburg E. E. ; and with Cincinnati by the Cleve land, Columbus, and Cincinnati E. E. : these, uniting with the various railroads running to the sea-board at Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, etc., to the southward into Kentucky, Tennessee, etc., to Charleston, Savannah, Mobile, and New Orleans, and to the westward to and beyond the Mississippi r., give it access to every part of the settled portion of the Union, and serve as conduits of the vast commerce which centres at this point. And besides these great avenues, it has numerous plank and macadam ized roads leading from it in all directions ; and its telegraphic connections extend to every important city from the British Provinces to New Orleans, and from the Atlantic to the utmost western bounds of civilization. Eegular lines of steamboats ply to Dunkirk, to Buffalo, to Detroit, to Toledo, and Sandusky, and to the upper lake country. Cleveland is one of those great cities of the West that have risen up as if by magic within the past twenty years. In 1830 the place contained less than 1,000 inhabitants ; in 1840 it had 6,071, and in 1850 its population amounted to 17,034. It derives its name from General Moses Cleveland, an agent of the Connecticut Land Company, Avho accom panied the first surveying party upon the Connecticut Western Eeserve. The place on which the city now stands was surveyed under his direction in 1796. In 1799 there was but one family residing here, and even in 1825 there were under 500 persons within its limits. In 1814 Cleve land was incorporated as a village, and in 1836 it received a city charter. The city, except a small portion of it immediately on the river, is built on a gravelly plain, 80 feet above Lake Erie, of which it has a commanding prospect. The location is dry and healthy, and the view of the meanderings of the Cuyahoga r., and of the steamboat and lake craft ever entering or leaving the harbor, or on the waters of the lake to the horizon, presents a fine picture of commercial activity. The country around is replete with rich scenery and for miles around is under a high state of cultivation. The plan of the city is rectangular, the streets being usually 80 feet wide, except Main-street, running through the middle of the city which is 120 feet wide. Near the centre there is a public square of 10 acres, divided into four equal parts by intersecting streets, neatly inclosed and adorned with shade trees. The Court House fronts on this square. The city contains numerous well-built churches f all denominations, public institutions, schools, etc. Many }f the private dwellings are expensive and tasteful. The larbor is one of the best on the lake ; it is formed by the mouth of the Cuyahoga, and improved by a pier on each side, extending 425 yards into the lake, 200 feet apart, and aced with substantial masonry. The natural advantages of the harbor are unsurpassed in the West. There is a ight-house on the high bank of the lake, and another at iie entrance to the harbor. The coast-wise commerce of Cleveland, in the year 1850, amounted in value to $13,886,531, of which $7,030,957 represented the imports, and $6,855,556 that of the exports. The shipping owned in the district was 35,315 tons, of which 9,994 tons were nav igated by steam-power. The shipping built within the year was 686 tons. Cleveland has also considerable com merce with Canada. The great bulk of its commercial material, however, is now conveyed on the railroads and canals, to and from the sea-board, etc., but the exact amount can not be ascertained. Manufacturing, though in its infancy, is carried on to some extent. Most of the engines, and other equipments for the steamboats and railroads of the neighborhood, are manufactured at the Cuyahoga Steam Furnace ; and there are also two large flouring mills here, one worked by steam, and the other by the surplus water of the Ohio Canal. Of the ordinary mechanical trades there is a fair representa tion, and among them are several extensive establishments. The public schools of the city are numerous, and are under efficient management. The buildings are generally of brick ; that on St. Clair-street is an ornament to the city. The course of instruction is graduated, aud when the scholars are sufficiently advanced, they are promoted to the high school, in which they are instructed in several branch es of natural science. There are also many highly efficient private schools and seminaries ; and the city has several literary associations and reading rooms. At the Lyceum lectures are delivered during the winter evenings. There are three musical halls in the city. The public press of the city consists of three daily newspapers (which issue, also, weekly editions), and two weekly newspapers. The dailies are, the " C. Herald" (whig), the " C. Plaindealer" (dem.), and the " True Democrat" (free soil) ; and the weeklies are, the " C. Advertiser" (neutral), and the " C. Gerinania" (Germ, dem.) Ohio City, on the opposite side of the Cuyahoga r., is virtually a part of Cleveland ; but it has a separate incorpo ration. It is in the same position as New York City and Brooklyn, distinct corporations, with interests alike. The municipal authorities of Cleveland consist of a mayor, and one alderman and three councilmen for each i^ard. The police arrangements of the city are excellent, and the cleanliness and order of the place are remarkable. CLEVES, p. v., Hamilton co., Ohio : on the Miami r., and about a mile from the Ohio, at North Bend, 113 m. S. W. Columbus. It is a thriving v., and has about 800 inhabit ants. CLIFFORD, p. v., Susquehanna co., Penn. : 124 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. CLIFT MILLS, p. o., Fauquier co., Virg. : 82 m. N. by W. Eichmond. CLIFTON, p. v., Madison co., Flor. CLIFTY CREEK, Md. : a small stream in Jefferson co., which falls into the Ohio r. a mile below Madison. It is remarkable for its cascades, at ons of which the water falls over 100 feet within a short distance. The dark, deep gulf and rugged cliffs present much picturesque scenery, etc. CLIFTON, p. v., King George co., Virg. : 36 m. N. N. E. Eichmond. CLIFTON, p. v., Greene co., Ohio: nt the falls of the Little 133 CLI CLI Miami r., 46 m. S. by W. Columbus. The v. enjoys im mense hydraulic power, and has several important manu factures. The country in the neighborhood is one of th finest agricultural districts in the State. Pop. 252. CLIFTOIT, p. r., Luzerne co., Penn. : 118 m. N. E. Harris burg. CLUTON, p. T., Penobscot co., Me. CLIFTON, p. r.. Monroe co., N. T. : 194 m. "W. by N Albany. CLOTON, p. v., Wayne co., Tenn. : 84 m. S. "W. Nash ville. CLIFTON, p. v., JeflFerson co., Mo. : on the "W. bank of the Mississippi r., 102 m. E. by S. Jefferson City. CLIFTON FORGE, p. v., Alleghany co., Virg.: 148 m W. by N. Eichmond. CLIFTON MILLS, p. o., Breckenridge co., Ky. : 90 m W. by S. Frankfort. CLIFTON PARK, t. and p. T., Saratoga co., N. T. : on the N. side of Mohawk r., 10 m. S. of Balston Spa, and 22 m. N.W.Albany. Pop. 2,863. CLIFTON SPRINGS, p. v., Ontario co., 2f. Y. : on the line of the Rochester and Syracuse R. R., 216 m. W. Albany. The sulphur springs at this place have become celebrated for their medicinal properties, and are occasionally resorted to by invalids. CLIFTT, p. v., Decatur co., Ind. : on Clifty cr., 40 m. S. E. Indianapolis. CLIFTT creek, Ind. : a tributary of White r., which it joins S m. below Columbus. It is 50 m. long. The Indian name of this stream was Es-the-nou-o-ne-ho-maque, or Cliff of Rocks River. CLIMAX PRAIRIE, p. o., Kalamazoo co., Mich. : 52 m. S. W. Lansing. CLINCH river, Virg. and Tenn. : rises in Virginia and passes into Tennessee, and after a course of about 200 m. unites with Holston r. at Kingston, thus forming Tennessee r. It is navigable for boats throughout the greater part of its course. CLINK S MILLS, p. o., Augusta co., Virg. : 104 m. W. N. W. Richmond. CLINGMAN, p. v., Cleaveland co., N~. Car. : 159 m.W. S.W. Raleigh. CLINTON county, Til. Situate S. W. centrally, and con tains 468 sq. m. Drained by creeks of Kaskaskia r., which flows through it and forms the W. half of its S. border. Sur face chiefly prairie with rich bottoms, and soils of extraor dinary fertility, producing grains in abundance, and sup porting much live stock. Farms 62S; manuf. 8; dwell. 947, and pop. wh. 5,002, fr. col. 13T total 5,139. Cap ital: Carlyle. Public Works: Cincinnati and St. Louis R. R. CLINTON county, Ind. Situate N. W. centrally, and con tains 432 sq. m. The streams are the middle and south forks of Wild Cat r., Sugar cr., and others. Surface, except near the Wild Cat r., level or undulating, and the whole, with the exception of some small prairies, is heavily tim bered ; soils alluvial with a clay substratum. Wheat is produced largely, and much attention is given to the rais ing of cattle and hogs. Farms 1,411 ; manuf. 21 ; dwell. 2,001, and pop. wh! 11,845, fr. col. 24 total 11.869. Cap ital : Frankfort. Public Works : Lafayette and Indian apolis R. R. CLINTON county, la. Situate E. on Mississippi r., and contains 64S sq. m. The Wapsipinicon r. forms its S. border and also crosses the S. W. part of the county, and with its tributaries drains a large surface. The N. is drained by tributaries of Makoqueta r., and the E. by creeks of the Mississippi. Surface undulating, and about equally cover ed by wood and prairie; soils excellent, deep, and rich. Farms 306 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 499, and pop. wh. 2,802, fr. col. 20 total 2,822. Capital: De Witt. Public Works: Lyons and Iowa City R. E,. and Camanche and Iowa City R. R. (both projected as yet). 134 CLINTON county, Ky. Situate on the Tennessee State line, and contains 234 sq. m. Beaver, Otter, Little Indian, Obey s, and other creeks of Cumberland r., drain the in terior. Surface diversified ; soils fertile. The products are Indian corn, oats, wheat, tobacco, etc. Farms 499 ; manuf. 8 ; dwell. 774. and pop. wh. 4,591, fr. col. 36, si. 262 total 4,889. Capital: Albany. CLINTON county, Mich. Situate on lower peninsula cen trally, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Maple r., Stoney cr., Looking-glass r. ; and other tributaries of Grand r. flow in a direction from E. to W. Grand r. crosses its S. W. corner. Surface level ; soils usually good. Farms 614 ; manuf. 13 ; dwell. 946, and pop. wh. 5,100, fr. col. 2 total 5,102. Capital: De Witt. CLINTON county, Mo. Situate N. W., and contains 416 sq. m. Drained by Castile cr. and Smith s fork of Platte r., and by Shoal cr. of Grand r., with other streams tributary to the Missouri r. Surface level, two-thirds prairie ; soils fertile, producing the grains, tobacco, etc. Farms 834; manuf. ; dwell. 560, and pop. wh. 3,346, fr. col. 1, si. 439 total 3,786. Capital : Plattsburg. CLINTON county, N. Y. Situate N. E. corner of the State, on the W. shore of Lake Champlain S. of 45 N. lat., and contains 933 sq. m. Drained by the Saranac, the Chazy, and the Au Sable, and other rivers, all of which empty into the lake, and in their courses afford extensive water privileges. There are several small lakes within the county, of which Chateaugay and Chazy lakes are the argest. The surface is beautifully diversified in the S. and W. hilly ; soils of an average fertility, and much of the sur face is yet covered with forest. Iron ore of an excellent quality is found in the S. W., and has been extensively worked ; black marble exists near Plattsburg, and granite and gneiss are the prevailing rocks, except a narrow strip f limestone formation along the lake shore. There are sulphur and carbonic acid springs at Beekmantown. The products of the county are wheat, corn, and pork. Farms 2,095 ; manuf. 461 ; dwell. 6,713, and pop. wh. 39,935, fr. col. 112 total 40,047. Capital : Plattsburg. Public Work* : Northern R. R. ; Plattsburg and Montreal R. R. ; and Cham- plain and St. Lawrence R. R. CLINTON county, Ohio. Situate toward S. W., and con- ains 430 sq. m. Drained by several forks and other trib- taries of Little Miami r., which affords good water-power. urface chiefly level or undulating ; soils deep and fertile, with timber in sufficiency. The products are Indian corn, wheat, and grasses, which feed immense numbers of live tock. Salt is found in the S. W. district. Farms 1,366; fianuf. S3 ; dwell. 3,245, and pop. wh. 18,247, fr. col. 591 total 18,838. Capital : Wilmington. Public Works : Cin- innati, Wilmington, and Zanesville R. R., etc. CLINTON county, Penn. Situate centrally in W., and ontains 840 sq. m. Drained by creeks and tributaries of 10 W. branch of Susquehanna r., which flows through its liddle. Surface rugged and hilly in the S. mountainous ; oils of moderate fertility, and in some parts sterile. Iron and ituminous coal very abundant and extensively wrought. he agricultural products are wheat, oats, corn, etc. Farms 38 ; manuf. 149 ; dwell. 1,930, and pop. wh. 11,055, fr. col. 52 total 11,207. Capital : Lock Haven. Public Works : unbury and Erie R. R. CLINTON, p. v., De Witt co., Tex. : 80 m. S. by E. Austin ity. CLINTON, p. v., and cap. Yan Buren co., Ark. : at the louth of Archer s cr. of Little Red r., 60 m. N. by W. Little ock. CLINTON, p. T., Henry co., Mo. : on the N. side of Big creek of the Osage r., 89 m. W. by S. Jefferson City. CLINTON, t. and p. o., Middlesex co., Conn. : on the N. of Long Island Sound, 36 m. S. S. E. Hartford. Pop. 1,844. CLINTON, p. v., Greene co., Ala. : on a cr. of Little Tom- blgbee r., 98 m. W. by N. Montgomery. CLI CLO CLINTON, p. v., and cap. Jones co., Ga. : on Walnut cr. of the Ockmulgee r., IS m. W. Milledgeville. CLINTON, p. v., Vermillion co., Ind. : on the W. side of Wabash r. and canal, 65 m. W. by S. Indianapolis. It is a point from which considerable produce is shipped. CLINTON, p. v., and cap. Do Witt co., III. : on the N. side of Salt cr. of Sangamon r., 46 m. N. E. Springfield. CLINTON, p. v., Hickman co., Ky. : near the centre of the county, on the N. side of the Bayou Desha, 248 m.W. S. W. Frankfort. It is probable that the line of the Mobile and Ohio K. E. will pass through or near this village. CLINTON, p. v., East Feliciana par., La. ; on the E. side of Conute cr., 33 m. N. E. Baton Kouge. The Clinton and Port Hudson E. E, terminates here, 24 m. from Port Hud son on the Mississippi r. CLINTON, t. and p. v., Kenncbec co., Me. : on the E. side of the Kenriebec r., 22 m. N. by E. Augusta. The v. is situate on Sebasticook r., which runs through the t., and affords extensive water-power. Mills and manufactories of various kinds are numerous. Pop. oft. 1,743. CLINTON, p. v., Lenawee co., Mich. : on the E. side of the N. branch of Eaisin r., 53 m. S. E. Lansing. It is a flourishing v., and has some manufactures and milling, also an iron foundry, etc. CLINTON, p. o., Hinds co., Miss. : on the line of the Yicks- burg, Brandon, and Jackson E. E,, 10 m. W. Jackson. The Mississippi College, founded in 1830, is located here. CLINTON, t. and p. v., Eock co., Wise. : on the S. of Tur tle cr. of Eock r., 46 m. S. E. Madison. The v. is located on the post road, 10 m. E. from Beloit. Pop. 1,176. CLINTON, p. v., and cap. Sampson co., 2f. Car. : on a branch of Black r., 54 m. S. S. E. Ealeigh. CLINTON, p. v., Hunterdon co., N. Jer. : on the S. branch of Earitan r., 31 m. N. by W. Trenton. It has an immense hydraulic power, and will become a manufacturing v. of importance. The New Jersey Central E. E. passes it, 44 m. from Elizabethport and 20 from Easton. CLINTON, t., Duchess co., N. Y. : 60 m. S. by E. Albany. Pop. 1,795. CLINTON, p. v., Oneida co., N. Y. : on both sides of Oris- kany cr., and on the line of the Chenango Canal, 86 m. "W. N. W. Albany. It is a flourishing v., and has both manufactures and trade, for which its position on the river and canal peculiarly adapts it. It is noted for its fine sem inaries, and about a mile W. of the v. is Hamilton College, the buildings of which are conspicuously situate on an eminence. CLINTON, p. v., "Worcester co., Mass. : on the N. side of Nashua r., and on the line of the "Worcester and Nashua E. E., 16 m. from Worcester and 30 m. W. Boston. CLINTON, t. and p. v., Summit co., Ohio : on Indian cr. of Tuscarawas r., 97 m. N. E. Columbus. The v. lies on the Ohio Canal, and is a place of considerable trade. Pop. 1,196. CLINTON, p. v., Alleghany co., Penn.: 178 m. W. Harris- burg. CLINTON, p. v., and cap. Anderson co., Tenn. : on the N. branch of Clinch r. of the Tennessee, 144 m. E. Nash ville. CLINTON COLLEGE, p. o., Smith co., Tenn. : 44 m. E. N. E. Nashville. CLINTON CORNEBS, p. o., Duchess co., N. Y. : 62 m. 8. by E. Albany. CLINTONDALE, p. v., Ulster co., AT. Y. : 64 m. S. by W. Albany. CLINTON FURNACE, p. v., Clarion co., Penn. CLINTON HOLLOW, p. o., Duchess co., N. Y. : 63 m. 8. by E. Albany. CLINTON river, Mich. : has its source in the numerous small lakes scattered over the central parts of Oakland co., and after collecting their waters, passes out of the county in a N. E. direction, and flowing thence S. E. and E., dis charges into the N. part of Lake St. Clair- opposite the mouth of St. Clair r. It is about 50 m. long. Its principal tributaries are North Fork, Stony cr., and Paint cr., which discharge from the N. side, and Eed r. on the S. side. It is boatable to Eochester 20 m., and after removing the bar at its mouth, vessels of the largest class can come to Mt. Clemens, 6 m. from the lake. In its course it waters a beau tiful country and furnishes many mill sites. CLINTONVILLE, p. v., Bourbon co., Ky. : 36 m. E. Frank fort. The line of the railroad from Knoxville to Covington will pass through or near to this village. CLINTONVILLE, p. v., Clinton co., N. Y. : on the N. side of Au Sable r., 10 m. W. of Port Kent on Lake Champlaiu, and 100 m. N. Albany. Immense deposits of iron ore exist at this point, and furnaces and rolling mills have long been in successful operation. The v. contains about 1,200 in habitants. CLINTONVILLE, p. v., Venango co., Penn. : 172 m.W. N.W. Harrisburg. CLINTONVILLE, p. v., Greenbrier co., Virg. : 158 m. W. by N. Eichmond. CLINTONVILLE, p. v., Franklin co., Ohio: on the Cleve land, Columbus, and Cincinnati E. E., 5 m. N. Columbus. CLIO, p. v., Wayne co., Ky. : 96 m. S. Frankfort. CLIO, p. v., Maryborough dist., S. Car. : 87 m. N. E. Columbia. CLIO, p. v., Greene co., Ohio : 59 m. W. S. W. Columbus. CLOCKVILLE, p. v., Madison co., N. Y. : 84 m. W. by N. Albany. CLOKEY, p. o., Washington co., Penn.: 190 m. W. Harrisburg. CLOPTON S MILLS, p. o., Putnam co., Ga. : on Little r.. a tributary of Oconee r., 13 m. N. W. Milledgeville. The Eatonton E. E. passes near by the mills. CLOUTIERVILLE, p. v., Nachitoches par., La. : on the E. side of Old r., 127 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. CLOVE, p. o., Sussex co., If. Jer. : 58 m. N. Trenton. CLOVE, p. o., Duchess co., N. Y. : on Clove Kill, a tribu tary of Fishkill, 80 m. S. by E. Albany. CLOVER, p. Y., Clermont co., Ohio : 92 m. S. W. Co lumbus. CLOVER, p. T., Blair co., Penn. CLOVER BEND, p. o., Lawrence co., Ark. : 102 m. N. N. E. Little Eock. CLOVER BOTTOM, p. o., Sullivan co., Tenn. : 244 m. E. by N. Nashville. CLOVER CREEK, p. o., Highland co., Virg. : on a cr. so called, 134 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. CLOVERDALE, p. o., Putnam co., Ind. : on Doe cr., a tribu tary of Mill cr., 36 m. W. S. W. Indianapolis. CLOVERDALE, p. o., Botetourt co., Virg.: 136 m. W. Eichmond. CLOVERDALE HOTEL, p. o., Bath co., Virg. : 122 m. W. N.W. Eichmond. CLOVER GARDEN, p. o., Orange co., Jf. Car. : 32 m. N. W- Ealeigh. CLOVER GREEN, p. o., Spottsylvania co., Virg. : 46 m. N. by W. Eichmond. "CLOVER HILL, p. o., Hunterdon co., A r . Jer.: 32 m. N. Trenton. CLOVER HILL, p. o., Blount co., Tenn. : 146 m. E. by S. Nashville. CLOVER HILL, p. v., and cap. Appomattox co., Virg. : 70 m. W. by S. Eichmond. CLOVER HILL, p. v., Green co., Ky. : 69 m. S. W. Frank fort. CLOVER LAND, t and p. v., Clay co., Ind. : on the Na tional Eoad, 58 m. W. by S. Indianapolis. CLOVER ORCHARD, p. o., Orange co., Jf. Car. : 36 m. N.W. Ealeigh. CLOVER PORT, p. v., Breckenridge co., Ky. : on the S. side of the Ohio r., at the mouth of Clover cr., 100 m. W. by S. Frankfort It is an important point for shipping tobacco, and has about 750 inhabitants. There is fine coal in the 135 CLO COE vicinity, and 4 m. in the interior are the White Sulphur, Breckenridge, and Tar Springs. CLOVER PORT, p. v., Hardeman co., Tenn. : 143 m. S. W. Nashville. CLOVESVILLE, p. v., Delaware co., N. Y. : 62 m. S. W. Albany. CLOYD S CKEEK, p. o., Blount co., Tenn.: 145 m. E. by S. Nashville. CLYATTSVILLE, p. o., Lowndes co., Ga. : 148 m. S. Milledgeville. CLYDE, p. T., "Wayne co., N. Y. : on the Clyde r., 158 m. "W. Albany. It has a large number of mills, factories, and mechanic shops ; and a newspaper, the " C. Telegraph," is published weekly. The Erie Canal, and the Eochester and Syracuse (direct) E. E. pass through it. CLYDE, p. v., Whitesides co., Itt. : 134 m. N. Springfield. CLYDE river, W. Y. : this stream is formed by the union of Flint and Mud creeks in Wayne co., and flows E. 20 m., falling into Seneca river. CLYMAN, t. and p. v., Dodge co., Wise. : 42 m. N. E. Mad ison. The t. is watered by several fine creeks falling into Eock river. Pop. 735. CLYMER, t. and p. v., Chautauque co., N. Y. : on Broken Straw cr., 306 m. W. S. W. Albany. Pop. 1,127. CLYMER CENTRE, p. v., Chautauque co., JV. Y. : 308 m. W. S. W. Albany. COAHOMA county, Miss. Situate N. W. on Mississippi r., and contains 828 sq. m. Drained by Sunflower r. and its branches. Surface low and level, liable to inundation ; soils very fertile, producing largely cotton and corn. Farms 161 ; manuf. ; dwell. 260, and pop. wh. 1,387, fr. col. 2, si. 1,391 total 2,780. Capital : Delta. COAL creek, Ind. : a fine mill stream, mostly in Fontaine co., about 45 m. in length, and emptying into the Wabash, near the N. line of Parke co. An immense coal bank exists near its mouth, where it is crossed by the Wabash and Erie Canal. COAL GROVE, p. o., Lawrence co., Ohio : on the W. bank of the Ohio r., 104 m. S. S. E. Columbus. COAL HILL, p. o., Goochland co., Virg. : 14 m. N. W. Eichmond. COAL MINES, p. v., Chesterfield co., Virg. See BLACK- HETH. COAL MOUNTAIN, p. o., Forsyth co., Ga. : 98 m. N. N.W. Milledgeville. COAL PORT, p. T., Indiana co., Penn. : 124 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. COAL EIVER MARSHES, p. o., Ealeigh co., Virg. : 214 m. W. Eichmond. COAL ETTN, p. o., Washington co., Ohio : 86 m. S. E. Columbus. COALSMOTTTH, p. v., Kanawha co., Virg. : on the S. side of Kanawha r., at the mouth of Coal r., 242 m. W. by N. Eichmond. COAL VALLEY, p. o., Alleghany co., Penn. COATE S TAVERN, p. o.. York dist., S. Car. : 72 m. N. Columbia. COATESVILLE, p. v., Chester co., Penn. : on the W. branch of Brandywine cr., 56 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. The v. has numerous manufactures, as paper, cotton, nails, etc. ; and in its vicinity there is a noted chalybeate spring. COBALTVILLE, p. v., Middlesex co., Conn. COBB county, Ga. Situate N. W. centrally, and contains 520 sq. m. Drained in the N. by the head streams of Coosa r. and in the E. by the tributaries of Chattahoochee r., which traverses the E. border. Products chiefly cotton and Indian corn. Farms 931 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 1,918, and pop. wh. 11,563, fr. col. 3, si. 2,272 total 13,843. Capital: Marietta. Public Works : Western and Atlantic E. E. COBBESSECONTEE waters, Me. : is a fine sheet of water, lying W. of Hallo well, and connected with a number of smaller ponds. Its outlet is a r. of the same name, which enters the Kennebec at Gardiner. These waters afford a great 136 hydraulic power, an abundance of fish, and much delightful scenery. COBB S FORK, p. o., Decatur co., Ind. : 62 m. S. E. by E. Indianapolis. COBB S MILLS, p. o., Cherokee co., Ala. : 132 m. N. by E. Montgomery. COBERLY S, p. o., Union co., Ohio : 37 m. N. W. by W. Columbus. COBHAM, p. v., Albemarle co., Virg. : 69 m. N. "W. Eichmond. COBLESKILL, t. and p. v., Schoharie co., N. Y. : on Cobles- kill cr., 38 m. W. Albany. In this t. there is a mill-stream issuing from a natural well, the depth of which has never been ascertained ; it then enters a subterranean passage, and disappears for 7 m., when it again rises and flows on the surface. Pop. 2,229. COBSCOOK bay, Me. : a large bay, the recipient of a num ber of large ponds on the S. W. side of Eastport, in Passa- maquoddy Bay. COBURN S STORE, p. o., Mechlenburg co., W. Car. COCALICO, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. COCHECTON, t. and p. v., Sullivan co., 2f. Y. : on the E. side of Delaware r., 76 m. S. W. Albany, and drained by Collicoon and Ten Mile creeks, tributaries of Delaware r. The Erie E. E. traverses the W. line of the t., and inter sects the village, which lies on the Delaware, 141 m. from New York. CocnESETT, p. o., Plymouth co., Mass. COCHITUATE, p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. COCHRAN S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Harris co., Ga. : 106 m. W. by S. Milledgeville. COCHRAN S GROVE, p. o., Shelby co., III. : 58 m. E. S. E. Springfield. COCHRAN S LANDING, p. o., Monroe co., Ohio : 110 m. E. by S. Columbus. COCHRAN S MILLS, p. o., Pickens co., Ala. : 104 m. W. N. W. Montgomery. COCHRANSVILLE, p. v., Chester co., Penn. : 54 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. COCIIRANSVILLE, p. v., Marshall co., Tenn. : 46 m. S. Nashville. COCHRANTON, p. v., Marion co., Ohio : 48 m. N. N. W. Columbus. COCKE county, Tenn: Situate on the E. State line, and contains 374 sq. m. Smoky Mountains, one of the Alle ghany ridges, bounds it on the E., and divides the State from North Carolina. Drained by French, Broad, and Big Pidgeon rivers, tributaries of Tennessee r., which runs along its N. border. The surface is elevated and broken, and the soils thin. Indian corn is the chief product, and some beef and pork is produced for market. Farms 836 ; manuf. 85 ; dwell. 1,295, and pop. wh. 7,502, fr. col. 79, si. 719 total 8,300. Capital : Newport. COCKNKYSVILLE, p. v., Baltimore co., Md. : on the line of the Baltimore and Susquehanna E. E., 14 m. N. Balti more, and 40 m. N. by W. Annapolis. A weekly paper, the "Baltimore County Advocate," is published at this place. COCKRUM, p. o., De Soto co., Miss: 168 m. N. Jackson. CODDINGVILLE, p. v., Medina co., Ohio: 96 m. N. N. E. Columbus. CODORUS, p. v., York co., Penn. : on Codorus cr., 30 m. S. Harrisburg. Codorus cr. rises in Frederick co., Md., and after a circuitous course of 30 m., enters the Susquehanna, near the v. of New Holland, in Penn. COELK, p. o., Livingston par., La. : 42 m. E. Baton Eouge. COE EIDGE, p. o., Cuyahoga co., Ohio : 123 m. N. E. Columbus. COESSE, p. v., Whitley co., Ind. : on the S. of Eel r., 102 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. COEYMANS, t. and p. v., Albany co., N. Y. : on the W. side of the Hudson r., 13 m. S. Albany. Coeymans creek and other tributaries of the Hudson drain the t. The v. COE COL contains several manufacturing establishments and exten- . sive brick yards. The Albany steamboats stop here, and considerable trade is carried on by means of schooners and sloops navigating the Hudson. Pop. 3,050. COEYMANS HOLLOW, p. v., Albany co., JV. Y. : 19 m. 8. Albany. COFEK, p. o., Hardin co., Ky. : 72 m. W. by S. Frankfort. COFFADELIAH, p. v., Neshoba co., Miss. : 69 m. N. E. Jackson. COFFEE county, Ala. Situate S. E., and contains 1,008 sq. m. Drained by Pea r. and its branches. Surface level, but undulating partially wooded ; and soils rich and well drained. The agricultural staples are cotton and corn. Farms 604 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 893, and pop. wh. 5,332, fr. col. 1, si. 557 total 5,940. Capital : Wellborn. COFFEE county, Tenn. Situate centrally, and contains 276 sq. m. Drained by the head waters of Duck cr. Sur face undulating, inclining to the W., and the soils of aver age fertility. The principal products are Indian corn and wheat, with some tobacco and cotton. Farms 485 ; manuf. 19; dwell. 1,179, and pop. wh. 7,061, fr. col. 23, si. 1,267 total 8,351. Capital: Manchester. Public Works: M Minnville Branch of the Nashville and Chattanooga K. E. COFFEE, p. v., Clay co., Ind. : 56 m. "W. S. W. Indian apolis. COFFEE COKNEE, p. o., Coffee co., Ala. : 89 m. S. by E. Montgomery. COFFEE CREEK, p. o., Porter co., Ind. : on the E. side of Coffee cr., about 2 m. above its confluence with Calumic r., and not far from the line of Northern Indiana E. E., 136 m. N. N. W. Indianapolis. COFFEE LANDING, p. o., Hardin co., Tenn. : 107 m. S. W. Nashville. COFFEE BUN, p. o., Huntingdon co., Penn. : 79 m. "W. Harrisburg. COFFEEVILLE, p. v., Clark co., Ala. : on the E. side of Tombigbee r., Ill m. W. S. W. Montgomery. COFFEEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Yallabusha co., Miss. : on a creek of Yallabusha r., 116 m. N. by E. Jackson. Pop. 600. The " Southern Appeal" (whig) is published weekly. COFFIN S GKOVE, p. o., Delaware co., la.: 55 m. N. Iowa City. COGHILL, p. o., M Minn co., Tenn. : 132 m. E. S. E. Nashville. COGSWELL, p. v., M Henry co., 111. : 188 m. N. N. E. Springfield. COHASSET, t. and p. V., Norfolk co., Mass. : facing N. E. on Massachusetts Bay, 16 m. S. E. Boston. The coast is here rocky and dangerous ; it has a considerable amount of shipping, chiefly engaged in coasting and in the fish eries, and the v. is important as the E. terminus of the South Shore E. E., 11 m. from Braintrce. It has a fine sum mer climate, and the shore is a favorite resort for invalids and fashionables. Pop. 1,775. COHOES, p. v., Albany co., N. Y. : on the S. W. side of Mohawk r., 8 m. N. Albany, a little below the Falls, and near the junction of the Champlain and Erie Canals. The water-power of the place is very extensive, and is used for various manufacturing purposes. It contains 7 churches, about 300 houses, and 2,600 inhabitants. A railroad is now in course of construction from Albany to this point to ac commodate the manufacturing interest The "Cohoes Cataract" (neutral) is published weekly. The name of this v. has lately been changed to that of Eockton. COHOES falls, N. Y. : immediately above Cohoes village, 2 m. from the mouth of Mohawk r. The surrounding scenery is romantic, and when the r. is full the falls present a grand appearance. Besides a rapid above and below the falls, the r., here from 300 to 400 feet broad, has a per pendicular fall of 70 feet. Half a mile below the falls is a bridge across the r. 800 feet long, from which the view of the cataract is seen to advantage. This fall is always an object of interest to travelers, and, if inferior to the gran- deur of Niagara, has much to attract and please in iw varied scenery. COHUTTAH SPRING, p. o., Murray co., Ga. : at the base of Cohuttah Mountain, in the N. E. corner of the co., 164 m. N. N. W. Milledgeville. The spring is on the S. side of a small stream issuing from the mountain, which joins the Connesauga cr., 6 m. below. This is one of the most val- able mineral springs in this section of the country. COILA, p. o., Carroll co., Miss. : 84 m. N. by E. Jackson. COILA, p. v., Washington co., M Y. COINJOCK, p. v., Currituck co., JV. Car. : 160 m. E. N. E. Ealeigh. COITSVILLE, t. and p. v., Mahoning co., Ohio: in the N. E. corner of the co.. 146 m. E. N. E. Columbus. Beaver r. and the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal run through its S. W. portion. COKER CREEK, p. o., Monroe co., Temi. : on the creek so called, 153 m. E. S. E. Nashville. COKESBUBGH, p. v., Hunterdon co., jf. Jer. : 26 m. N. Trenton. COKESBURY, p. v., Abbeville dist., & Car. : on the W. side of and 2 m. from Saluda r., and on the line of the Green ville and Columbia E. E., 94 m. from Columbia. The Abbeville Branch E. E. diverges from the main road at this point. COLAP ARCHES, p. o., Monroe co., Ga. : 52 m. W. Milledgeville. COLBYVILLE, p. v., Clark co., Ey.: 89 m. E. S. E. Frankfort. COLCHESTER, t. and p. v., New London co., Conn. : 21 m. S. S. E. Hartford. Surface uneven ; soils of average fertility. Drained by Salmon r. in the N. W. and in the E. by head branches of Yantic r. The v. is pleasantly sit uated on the high ground near the centre of the t., and is the site of Bacon Academy, founded in 1800 by the dona tion of $35,000 from the gentleman whose name it perpetu ates. The building is of brick, three stories high, 75 feet long and 84 wide. It usually has from 90 to 100 scholars. The t. is essentially an agricultural district, and has several saw and grist mills. Pop. 2,468. COLCHESTER, t. and p. o., Chittenden co., Verm.: on Lake Champlain, into which it projects in the form of a peninsula, forming on each side extensive bays. Lamoille r. runs through it and discharges into the lake. Winooski City, a flourishing manufacturing v., is partly within this t., the other part being on the opposite side of the river of the same name, which is spanned by a covered bridge The t. is traversed by the Vermont Central E. Pop. 2,575. COLCHESTER, t. and p. o., Delaware co., N. Y. : 76 m. S. W. Albany. The Papacton branch of Delaware r. forms the N. boundary of the t. and Beaver Kill drains it in the 8- Pop. 2,184. COLD BROOK, p. o., Warren co., III. : 88 m. N. W. Spring field. The Peoria and Oquawka E. E. passes through the v. 23 m. from Oquawka on the Mississippi r. COLD BROOK, p. v., Herkimer co., N. Y.: on a cr. of same name, 76 m. N. W. Albany. There are several mills on the cr., and the v. has about 300 inhabitants. GOLDEN, t. and p. v., Erie co., & Y. : on Cazenove cr., 28 m. S. E. Buffalo and about 245 W. Albany. There are several mills at the v. or settlement Pop. 1,344. COLDENUAM, p. v., Orange co., 2f. Y. : 74 m. S. Al bany. COLDEN lake, Essex co., JV. Y. : a short distance below Avalanche Lake, the waters of which it receives after a descent of 50 feet It is one mile in length and half a mile wide, and has an elevation above the tide water of Hudson r. of 2,850 feet. It is a most romantic sheet of water, sur rounded by high mountain peaks. COLD EUN, p. o., Cass co., Ga. : on a cr. of Etowah r., 132 m. N. W. Milledgeville. COLD SPRING, p. o., Pottowattomee co., la. : 212 m. W. by S. Iowa City. 137 COL COL COLD SPRING, p. v., Fairfleld co., Conn. COLD SPRING, p. o., Shelby co., HI. : 52 m. S. E. by E. Springfield. COLD SPRING, p. v.. Harrison co., Ohio : 100 m. E. by N. Columbus. COLD SPRING, p. v., Campbell co., Ky. : 62 m. N. N. E. Frankfort. COLD SPRING, p. o., Wilkinson co., Miss. : on the E. side of Homochitto r., 9T m. S. W. Jackson. COLD SPRING, p. v., Cape May co., W. Jer. : near the S. extremity of the State, equidistant on three sides from the waters of the Atlantic, 84 m. S. by E. Trenton. It is a v. of some 150 inhabitants. COLD SPRING, p. v., Putnam co., N. Y. : on the E. bank of the Hudson r., about a mile N. of West Point. It is ro mantically situated in the Highlands. The Hudson River R. R. passes through it, 54 m. N. of New York City and 96 m. S. of Albany. The West Point Foundery, one of the most extensive iron founderics and machine shops in the Union, is located here. Pop. about 1,600. COLD SPRING, p. o., Polk co., Tex.: 178 m. E. by N. Austin City. COLD SPRING, p. o., Edgefleld dist., S. Car. : 42 m. W. Columbus. COLD SPRING, t. and p. v., Jefferson co., Wise.: on a branch of Rock r., 38 m. E. S. E. Madison. The Milwau- kie and Mississippi R. R. passes through the S. part of the township. Pop. 568. COLD SPRING HARBOR, p. v., Suffolk co., N. Y. : at the head of the bay so called, 116 m. S^ by E. Albany. The bay sets up between Queen s and Suffolk counties, being an arm of Oyster Bay, and the v. lies around its head in the form of a crescent. It is a port of entry, has several ships engaged in whaling, and has a considerable coasting trade. Shipping owned in the district, 3,855 tons, of which 2,376 is registered tonnage. Its situation and scenery render it a desirable residence during the summer months. Pop. about 600. COLD STREAM, p. v., Hampshire co., Virg. : on the E. side of Cacapon r., 134 m. N. N. W. Richmond. It has several factories and mills, worked by water-power supplied by the river, and has about 400 inhabitants. COLD WATER, t, p. v., and cap. Branch co., Mich. : on Cold Water r. and its branches, 58 m. S. S. W. Lansing. It has numerous mills on its streams. The v. is situate on the line of the Michigan Southern R. R., 92 m. from Monroe and 156 from Chicago. The " C. Sentinel," a weekly news paper, is published here. Pop. 2 1 66. COLD WATER, p. o., Marshall co., Miss.: 173 m. N. Jackson. COLD WATER, p. o., Elbert co., Ga, : on a cr. of Savan nah r. so called, 78 m. N. N. E. Milledgeville. COLD WATER, p. o., Wayne co., Ohio: 86 m. N. E. Columbus. COLD WATER, p. o., Mercer co., Ohio: 97 m. W. N. W. Columbus. COLD WELL, p. o., White co., Ark. : 43 m. N. N. E. Little Rock. COLE county, Mo. Situate centrally, and contains 440 sq. iri. The Missouri r. washes the county on the N. and the Osage r. on the E. the interior being chiefly drained by Moreau cr. and its branches. Surface somewhat uneven ; soils generally fertile. Farms 63S ; manuf. 28 ; dwell 984, and pop. wh. 5,G99, fr. col. 18, si. 979 total 6,696. Cap ital: Marion. Public Works: Pacific R. R. COLEBROOK, t. and p. v., Litchfield co., Conn. : on the W. branch of Farmington r., 28 m. N. W. Hartford. Drained by Colebrook r., a tributary of the before named. Surface hilly, and soils gravelly, but good grazing lands. It has come few manufactures. Pop. 1,364. COLEBROOK, t. and p. o., Coos co., A T . ITamp. : on the E. side of the Connecticut r., 106 m. N. Concord. It is drain ed by the Mohawk and Beaver rivers, and has much fine 138 intervale lands on the Connecticut. It is entirely agricul tural in its industry. Pop. 908. COLEBROOK DALE, t. and p. o., Berks co., Penn. : 67 m. E. Harrisburg. COLEBROOK RIVER, p. o., Litchfleld co., Conn. : on the r. so called, 27 m. N. W. Hartford. COLE CAMP, p. o., Benton co., Mo. : on Cole Camp cr., a tributary of Osage r., 58 m. W. S. W. Jefferson City. COLE CREEK or (Coal creek), p. o., Fountain co., Ind : 72 m. W. N. W. Indianapolis. Coal cr. is a fine mill stream, about 45 m. in length, and enters the Wabash near the N. line of Parke co., after passing through a splendid agricul tural country. It has numerous tributaries from the E. The best coal bank that has been found in the State is near the mouth of this stream, where the Wabash and Erie Canal crosses it COLE CREEK, p. o., Columbia co., Penn. : 67 m. N. E. Harrisburg. COLEMAN S CROSS ROADS, p. o., Edgefield dist. S. Car. COLEMANSVILLE, p. v., Harrison co., Ky. : on the W. side of the W. branch of Licking r., 42 m. E. N. E. Frankfort. COLERAIN, t. and p. v., Franklin co., Mass. : on a branch of Deerfield r., which affords water-power, 92 m. W. N. W. Boston. The surface is hilly, and furnishes fine grazing lands ; the t. has also several important manufactures, con sisting of cotton goods, iron castings, leather, hats, earthen ware, and agricultural implements. It was first settled by a colony from the North of Ireland in 1736. COLERAIN, p. v., Bertie co., N. Car. : on the W. bank of Chowan r., 143 m. E. N. E. Raleigh. COLERAIN, t. and v., Hamilton co., Ohio : on the E. side of Great Miami r., 100 m. S. W. Columbus. Pop. 3,125. COLERAIN, t. and p. v., Belmont co., Ohio : on the N. side of Indian Wheeling cr., a tributary of Ohio r., 114 m. E. by N. Columbus. The surface is hilly, but the soils are rich and productive. Pop. 1,321. COLERAIN, t. and p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. : 52 m. S. E. Harrisburg. It has several large manufacturing establish ments, furnaces, etc. COLERAIN FORGE, p. o., Hunterdon co., Penn. : on Spruce cr., S3 m. W. Harrisburg. COLES county, III. Situate E., and contains 864 sq. m. Drained by Kaskaskia and Embarras rivers, which furnish extensive mill power. Surface chiefly prairie, moderately undulating, and soils of excellent fertility. Farms 996; manuf. 0; dwell. 1,571, and pop. wh. 9,299, fr. col. 36 total 9,335. Capital: Charleston. COLESBURGII, p. v., Potter co., Penn. : 122 m. N. N. W. Ilarrisburg. COLESBURGH, p. v., Delaware co., la. : in the N. E. corner of co., 67 m. N. by E. Iowa City. COLE S MILLS, p. o., Delaware co., Ohio. COLESVILLE, p. v., Stokes co., N.Car. : on the N. of Snow cr. of Roanoke r., 108 m. N. W. Raleigh. COLESVILLE, p. v., Sussex co., N. Jer. : 62 m. N. Trenton. COLESVILLE, p. v., Montgomery co., Md. : on one of the head streams of the Eastern Branch of Potdmac r., 29 m. W. by N. Annapolis. COLESVILLE, t. and p. v., Broome co., 2f. Y. : on the W. side of the Unadilla r., 98 m. S. W. Albany. Chiefly drained by creeks flowing into that stream. The surface is gen erally hilly; near the river, however, are alluvial flats of great fertility. Pop. 2,867. COLETA, p. o., Talladega co., Ala. : 74 m. N. by E, Montgomery. COLLAMER, p. v., Copiah co., Miss. : 39 m. S.W. Jackson. COLLAMER, p. v., Chester co., Penn. : 73 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. COLLAMER, p. v., Windham co., Conn. : 41 m. E. by N. Hartford. COLLAMER, p. v., Cuyahoga co., Ohio: 120 m. N. N. W. Columbus. COLLAMER, p. v., Kane co., Ttt. : 155 m. N. N. E. Spring- COL COL field. It lies on the edge of a beautiful prairie drained by a branch of Sycamore r. COLLAMEK, p. v., Onondaga co., 2f. Y. : 112 m. W. by N. Albany. COLLAMER, p. v., Whitley co., Ind. : 94 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. COLLAMEK, p. v., Sauk co., Wise. : on the N. side of Wis consin r., 26 m. N. W. Madison. COLLEGE CORNER, p. v., Butler co., Ohio : in the N. "W. corner of the co., and on the line of the Junction E. E., 102 m. W. by S. Columbus. COLLEGE GUEEN, p. o., Cecil co., Md. : 55 m. N. E. Annapolis. COLLEGE HILL, p. v., Lafayette co., Miss. : 149 m. 1ST. N. E. Jackson. COLLEGB HILL, p. v., Hamilton co., Ohio : 100 m. S. W. Columbus. COLLEGE MOUND, p. o., Kauffman co., Tea?. : 217 m. N. N. W. Austin City. COLLEGE OF ST. JAMES, p. o., Washington co., Md. : 6 m. S. E. Hagerstown, 4 m. N. E. Williamsport, and TO W. N.W r . Annapolis. The college belongs to the Protestant Episco pal Church, and has a grammar-school attached to it. The college buildings, and the residences near them, make a goodly-sized village. One of the main buildings was erected by General Einggold, as his private mansion, nearly 60 years ago; the others have been erected since 1842, when the institution was first opened. It was chartered in 1844. There are 5 resident professors, 3 lecturers, and several tutors, etc., and in 1850 it had 110 students. The annual expense for tuition, boarding, etc., is $225. The country in the neighborhood is fertile and healthful ; the population, chiefly Germans, very industrious, frugal, and moral. COLLEGEVILLE, p. v., Saline co., Ark. : 16 m. S. W. Little Eock. COLLETON district, S. Car. Situate S., and contains 2,100 sq. m. Drained by the Ashley, Edisto, Ashepoo, and Com- bahee rivers, the latter of which forms its S. W. border, and all fall into the Atlantic Ocean, which washes it on the S. E. Numerous islands line the coast, of which Edisto Island is the largest. Surface entirely level, and mostly swamp ; soils productive of rice and cotton. Farms 888 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 1,515, and pop. wh. 7,404, fr. col. 330, si. 81,771 total 39,505. Capital: Walterborough. Pub lic Works: South Carolina R. E. COLLETON, p. v., Fayette co., Tenn. : 168 m. S.W. by W. Nashville. COLLETTSVILLE, p. v., Caldwoll co., N. Car. : on the E. side of Mulberry cr. of New r., 157 m. W. by N. Ealeigh. COLLIER S, p. o., Edgefield dist., S. Car. : 87 m. W. Columbia. COLLIEESTOWN, p. v., Rockbridge co., Yirg. : 117 m. W. Eichmond. COLLIERSVILLE, p. v., Shelby co., Tenn. : on the line of the Memphis and Charleston E. E., 31 m. E. Memphis, and 176 m. W. S. W. Nashville. COLLIN county, T&K. Situate N., and contains 860 sq. m. Drained by numerous and wide-spreading tributaries of the Elm fork and of the E. fork (or Bois d Arc r.) of Trinity r. Surface elevated and very diversified ; soils ex cellent. Farms 218 ; manuf. ; dwell. 311, and pop. wh. 1,816, fr. col. 0, si. 134 total 1,950. Capital: M Kinney. COLLINS, p. o., Manitouwoc co., Wise. COLLINS, p. o., Columbia co., Flor. COLLINS, t. and p. o., Erie co., N. Y. : on the N. side of Cattaraugus cr., 262 m. W. Albany. Drained by creeks flowing into that stream and Lake Erie. The t. contains several factories and mills. Pop. 4,001. COLLIN S CENTRE, p. v., Erie co., N. Y. : 259 m. W. Albany. COLLIN S DEP&T, p. o., Hampton co., Mass. COLLIN S SETTLEMENT, p. o., Lewis co., Yirg : 212 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. COLLINSVILLE, p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : on both sides of Farmington r., 14 m. W. by N. Hartford. A branch of the New Haven and Northampton E. E. from Plainville, 11 m., terminates here. It is a flourishing v., manufacturing chiefly axes and other edged tools. Pop. about 1,500. COLLINSVILLE, p. v., Madison co., III. : 80 m. S. by W. Springfield, and about 10 m. from Illinoistown, on the Mississippi r. COLLINSVILLE, p. v., Lewis co., N. Y. : on the W. side of Black r., 102 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. about 200- COLLINSVILLE, p. v., Butler co., Ohio : on the E. side of a branch of Miami r., 89 m. W. S. W. Columbus. COLLIRENE, p. o., Lowndes co., Ala. : 27 m. S. W. Mont gomery. COLLUMSVILLE, p.v., Lycoming co., Penn. : 78 m. N. N.W. Harrisburg. COLLY SM r AMp, p. o., Bladen co., N. Car.: on a cr. of South r. so called, 184 m. S. by E. Ealeigh. COLOMA, p. v., Cherokee co., Ala. : 129 m. N. N. E. Montgomery. COLON, t. and p. o., St. Joseph co., Midi. : on the S. of St. Joseph s r., 66 m. S. W. Lansing. The t. has several small lakes within it which supply numerous streams, ana furnish immense water-power. Pop. 847. COLONEL S FORK, p. o., Picken s dist., S. Car. : on a branch of Tullulah r., 116 m. N. W. Columbia. COLONY, p. o., Knox co., Mo. : 106 m. N. Jefferson City. COLORADO county, Tex. Situate toward S., and contains 820 sq. in. Drained centrally by affluents of Colorado r., which passes through it from N. to S. ; on the E. by San Bernardo r., and on the W. by the head waters of Navidad r. Surface rolling ; soils of the highest fertility, and suit able for cotton and sugar. Farms 116; manuf. 2; dwell. 283, and pop. wh. 1,534, fr. col. 0, si. 723 total 2,257. Capital: Columbus. COLORADO river, UtaJi and New M&K. Ter. : a vast river extending from its sources in the Eocky Mountains, near the head waters of the Columbia, the Missouri, Arkansas, and the Del Norte rivers, to the Gulf of California. Its tributaries are gathered from the Cordilleras, through a range of 6 degrees of latitude. Green r., which rises in a number of small lakes at the base of Fremont s Peak, in lat. 43, is its most northern constituent ; farther south it receives the Yampa, the headwaters of which almost inter lock with those of the north fork of Platte r. ; the Uintah r. ; the White r. ; Grand r., equal in volume to the Upper Col orado itself; the Navajo r. ; the Yaquilla r. ; the Eio Ver- gcn, and others of considerable magnitude. The general course of the river is S. and S. W., receiving the largest and most voluminous of its constituents from the East Mountain country. In about lat. 33 the Eio Gila meets it, and these two rivers enter the Gulf through a common estuary. The topography of the country through which the Colorado passes is as yet little known ; but it is averred by those who have traversed the country, that the streams are navi gable for hundreds of miles, and that the country is one well adapted to the support of a dense population, its agri cultural capacities being equal to the finest lands of the States east of the Cordilleras. Along the banks of the river are found numerous ruins of cities, attributed to the Aztecs, and which in their architecture discover a high state of civilization in the builders. At the present day the whole region is a wilderness, inhabited only by the wild Indian. COLORADO river, Teas. : one of the great rivers of the country, extending from its source in the Guadalupe Mountains, in an E. and S. E. direction to Matagorcla Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, a distance of about 600 miles. It is navigable to Austin City for small steamboats, and is capable of great improvements in its whole length. At and near its mouth it is obstructed by rafts. About 3 m. above Austin, a rocky ledge extends entirely across the stream, and obstructs navigation. The river has worn in this ledge 139 COL COL many deep, narrow channels, through -which the water rushes with the velocity of a mill-race. The current of the river is usually rapid throughout, and the waters quite limpid and pure, but when swollen by heavy rains, they sweep down immense volumes of red mud, sand, and silicious pebbles, from which fact the name Colorado has been derived. The country along the banks of this river is now thickly settled by farmers chiefly from Germany and other European States. The German settlements are models of economy and scientific farming. COLOSSE, p. o., Oswego co., K Y.: 128 m. TV. N. "W. Albany. COLQUIT, p. v., Montgomery co., Ga. : 77 m. S. S. E. Milledgeville. COLT S NECK, p. v., Monmouth co., 2T. Jer. : 32 m. E. Trenton. A place of considerable business. THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. THE District of Columbia, the seat of the Government of the United States, originally occupied a square of ten miles, on both sides of Potomac River, and comprised portions of Virginia and Maryland, ceded to the United States for the use of the federal government In 1846, however, that portion of the Territory south of the river was retroceded to Virginia, and hence the present territory lies altogether on its north bank, and contains only 60 square miles. The Maryland act of cession was passed on the 23d December, 17S8, and that of Virginia on the 3d December, 1789. Subsequent acts were passed by these States confirming the location. This District was established in pursuance of a clause of the Constitution of 1789 (Sec. vm. 17), which declares that Congress shall have power " to exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square), as may by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the Government of the United States ;" and further, in pursuance of an Act of Congress, approved 16th July, 1790, which declared "that a district of territory, not exceeding ten miles square, to be located as hereafter directed, on the river Potomac, at some space between the mouths of the Eastern Branch and Conecocheague, be, and the same is hereby accepted, for the permanent seat of the Government of the United States ; and that the President be authorized to appoint three Commissioners to survey, and by proper metes and bounds define and limit, a district of territory under the limitations above mentioned." By a proclamation of the President, dated 30th March, 1791, the following were defined as the boundaries of the territory : " Beginning at Jones Point, being the upper cape of Hunting Creek, in Virginia, and at an angle of 45 degrees west of the north, and running in a direct line ten miles for the first line; then beginning again at the same Jones Point, and running another direct line, at a right angle with the first, across the Potomac, ten miles, for the second line ; then from the terminations of the said first and second lines, running two other direct lines of ten miles each, the one crossing the Eastern Branch and the other the Potomac, and meeting each other in a point." The diagonal lines of this square run north and south, east and west, and, consequently, its angles are formed at the cardinal points. The District of Columbia, as now demarked, contains only one county, that of Washington ; and in this are comprised the cities of Washington and Georgetown, and what are denominated the country parts. The statistical condition of this county, etc., in 1S50, as exhibited in the census of that year, is as follows : Civil Divisions. Dwellings. Population. Washington City, 1st Ward 940 991 5,543 10 2d " 1,057 .... 1,068 6,934 ., . . . . 72 " 3d " 9S2 .... 982 .... 5,908 . 5 ....116 4th 1,216 .... 1,216 .... 8,780 . .... 101 " 5th 716 .... 769 .... 4,137 . 4 .... 21 6th 645 .... 661 .... 3,714 .. 20 . . . . 17 7th " 7S9 .... 892 .... 4,985 . . . . . 18 Total 6,345 .... 6,679 .... 40,001 ., 29 .... 356 Georgetown, N. W. part 461 .... 482 .... 3,329 ., 6 .... 9 other parts 713 .... 733 .... 5,017 ., 3 . . . . 50 Total 1,174 .... 1,215 8,366 .. 9 .... 59 Country E. of Turnpike 222 .... 222 1,956 ., 130 , W. " 176 .... 176 1,364 .. 96 .... 12 Total 398 .... 398 3,320 .. 226 , , . . . 12 Grand Total 7,917 .... 8,292 31,887 .. 264 .... 427 The following exhibits the caste and sexes of the population in the several civil divisions : White Persons. Civil Divisions. Male. Femnte. Total. Washington, 1st Ward ........ 1,609 ____ 1,893 ____ 2.502 2d 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 2,432.... 2.599.... 5,031. 2.345.... 2,401.... 4,746. 3,491.... 3,409.... 6,900. 1^262. ... 1,458.... 2,720. 1.66 1 ____ 1,74(5 ____ 3,410 1,775.... 1,731.... 3,506. Wale. 746 . 603. Female. ..1,044., Total. .1,790. 938.... 1,541. Male. . 90. .107. Female. . 161.. . 255.. Total. . 251. , 362. 353. 547. 491. 73. 549.. Total ........ 14,578 .... 15,237 .... 29,815 3,362 Georgetown, N. W. part ...... 1,225.... 1,364.... 2,589. " otherparts ...... 1,679.... 1,813.... 3,592. 189. 4S7. Total ........ 2,904.... 3,177.... 6,081.... 667. . 528., . 788.. . 668.. . 69.. . 676.. 4,711 . 252.. . 641.. . 881. .1,335. .1,159. . 142. .1,225. ..201. .. 90. .. 62. ,.100. 198.. 344.. 168.. 100.. 154.. 291. 545. 8,073 733 1,380 . 432. .1,128. .1,560.... 242. . 254. 2,113 Ag te Popula. . 5,543 . 6,934 . 5,908 . 8,780 . 4,137 . 3,174 . 4,985 40,001 .119. .123. 274., 795.... 8,366 THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. White Persons. Free Colored. Slave. Civil Divisions. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. Male. Female. Total. PopuL Country E. of Turnpike 582.... 596.... 1,178.... 121.... 111.... 232... 294.... 252.... 546. ...1.956 W. " 484.... 469.... 953.... 60.... 48.... 108... 153.... 150.... 303.... 1,364 Total 1,066.... 1,065.... 2,131.... 181.... 159.... 340... 447.... 402.... 849.... 3,320 Grand Total... 18,548.... 19,479.... 88,027.... 4,210.... 5,763.... 9,973... 1^422.... 2^265.... 3&X.... 51,687 DECENNIAL MOVEMENT OF POPULATION. Date of White Total Census. Persons. Free Col. Slave. 1 opula. 1800 10,066 783 3,244 14,093 1810 16,079 2,849 5,395 24,023 1820 22,614 4,043 6,077 33,039 1830 27,563 6,152 6,119 39,834 1840 80,657 8,361 4,694 43,712 1850 38,027 9,973 3,687 51,687 or if the County of Alexandria be included in the returns for 1850 and such, for comparison with former returns, will be necessary the figures are as follows : 45,240 11,386 5,069 61,695 yrhe number of persons in the District suffering from physical infirmities was, in 1850, as follows : White Persons. Free Colored. Slaves. Total of all Classes. 21 Infirmities. Deaf and dumb Male. 7 .... Female. 9 .... Male. 2 ... Female. 2 Male. 1 ... Female. o ... Blind 7 ... 7 .... 5 .. 3 o . 1 23 Insane , , 10 ... 3 .... 4 .., 4 . .. .. 1 o 22 Idiotic , 3 ... 4 8 ... o o 11 Total... .. 27 .. .. 23 .. .. 14 .. ...10 .. .. 2 .. .. 1 .. .. 77 The employments of the District embrace almost every branch of national industry. Its manufactures and commerce are extensive, and its agriculture, though confined chiefly to the production of city-market products, is in a highly flourishing condition. In relation to these subjects, the census of 1850 supplies the following returns : Occupied Lands, etc. Improved lands, 16,267 acres, and unimproved lands, 11,187 acres, valued at $1,730,460. Number of farms, 264. Value of farming implements and machinery, $40,320. Live-Stock. Horses 824, asses and mules 57, milch cows 813, working oxen 104, other cattle 123, sheep 150, swine 1,635 valued in the aggregate at $71,643. Agricultural Products. Wheat, 17,370 bushels; rye, 5,509; Indian corn, 65,230; oats, 8,134; barley, 75; buckwheat, 878 ; peas and beans, 7,754 ; Irish potatoes, 28,292 ; sweet potatoes, 3,497 bushels ; tobacco, 7,800 pounds ; hay, 2,279 tons; clover seed, 3 bushels; hops, 15 pounds; wine, 803 gallons; value of the products of orchards, $14,843; and of market-gardens, $67,222 ; beeswax and honey, 550 ; wool, 525 pounds ; butter, 14,872 pounds ; cheese, 1,500 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered, $9,038. Value of home-made manufactures, $2,075. Manufactures. Aggregate capital invested, $1,000,000 ; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $1,000,000 ; average number of hands employed, 1,000 ; males 500, and females 500 ; average monthly cost of male labor, $10,000, and of female labor, $5,000 ; annual value of products, $1,000,000. The whole number of manufacturing establishments, producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, was 427, and of these one was engaged in the manufacture of cotton goods, one in that of woolen goods, and two in making castings of iron the remainder being distributed to a variety of handicrafts. The statistics of the specified manufactures were as follows : Cotton. Woolen. Cast Iron. Capital invested dollars 85,000 700 14,000 Value of raw materials " 67,000 1,630 18,100 Hands employed, males number 41 2 27 females " 103 Average monthly wages dollars 1,400 60 529 Value of products " 100,000 2,400 41,696 Cotton consumed bales 960 Sheeting, etc., produced yards 1,400,000 Wool pounds 5,000 _ Cloth, manufactured yards 10,000 Pig iron ." _ 545 Mineral coal 80 Castings made tons 513 Commerce, Internal Communication, etc. The foreign commerce of the District is limited. In the year ending 30th June, 1850, the exports and imports were as follows: Exports domestic produce in American vessels, $72,175; in foreign vessels, $8,213: total domestic produce, $80,388; foreign produce in American vessels, $200: total exports, $80,588. Imports in American vessels, $59,219 ; in foreign vessels, 600 : total, 59,819 balance in favor of exports, $20,769. The number of vessels entered during the year was nine, of an aggregate burden of 1,414 tons ; and the number cleared, ten vessels, of 1,720 tons. Of the vessels entered, two, and 154 tons, were foreign, and of those cleared, two, and 200 tons the remainder being American. Georgetown is the only port. Alexandria, formerly a district city, has eight times the amount of foreign commerce, owing probably to its being the eastern terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. 141 COL COL The tonnage owned within the District is 17,010 tons, of which 2,796 is registered, and the remainder enrolled and licensed, and employed in the coasting trade and on the canal. The steam marine measures 1,949 tons. During the year 1849-50, there were built 8 sloops and canal boats of 2S8 tons burden. The District is connected with the interior by numerous fine turnpikes, and by railroads diverging from the neighbor hood on both sides of the Potomac, and also through that river and its several branches. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal lias its terminus at Georgetown, and extends to a western terminus at Cumberland, to which point and along the whole line of its route an active commerce with the District is carried on. The railroads of the District are the Washing ton Branch B. E., connecting it with Baltimore, and the West and South ; and diverging from Alexandria, which is virtually a part of the metropolis, are the Orange and Alexandria E. E. (which connects at Gordonsville, its S. terminus, with the Virginia Central E. E.) ; and the Manassas Gap E. E., which extends into the heart of elevated valleys beyond the first ridge of the Alleghanies. These avenues open to the national capital a respectable sphere of commerce, aud when completed will be the means of greatly enlarging the trade and general interests of the place. Government, etc. The government of the District is vested solely in Congress. It has no representation, nor any voice in the election of federal officers. The only fundamental laws, beyond the Constitution of the United States, to which its govern ors are subject are those which were in force in Maryland at the period of the cession of the jurisdiction of that State in 1788. WASHINGTON and GEORGETOWN are the cities of the District: these are described under their proper captions. COLUMBIA county, Flor. Situate N., and contains 2,400 sq. m. Drained E. by creeks of St. Mary s and St. John s rivers, and W. by tributaries of Suwanee r., which forma its boundary in that direction. It contains several smal lakes and springs, the sources of its streams. Surface gen erally level, covered with pines, and in many parts swarnpy Okefinokee Swamp extends from Georgia into this county. The soils are sandy and mostly unfit for cultivation, bu there are exceptions. Farms 475; manuf. 3; dwell. 569, ami pop. wh. 3,541, fr. col. 1, si. 1,266 total 4,808. Cap ital: Alligator. COLUMBIA county, Ga, Situate E., and contains 580 sq. m. Drained by Little r. and other tributaries of Savannah r., which rise on its N. E. border. Surface undulating, and soils generally fertile. The chief products are cotton, In dian corn, and other grains. Gold is also a production of the county, but in no large quantities. Farms 489 ; manuf. 7; dwell. 751, and pop. wh. 8,617, fr. col. 72, si. 8.272 total 11,961. Capital: Appling. Public, Works: Georgia E. E. COLUMBIA county, W. Y. Situate E. between Hudson r. and the State line of Massachusetts, and contains 624 sq. m. Drained by Kinderhook, Claverac, Copake, and other creeks of Hudson r. Surface varied, chiefly consisting of two longitudinal valleys ; soils highly fertile. Pine, hickory, oak, maple, elm, and chestnut are the principal forest trees. Iron, lead, manganese, zinc, marble, and other building stone are abundant. Mineral springs, sulphurous and chalybeate, are found in Lebanon and Stockport. The county has great facilities for commerce, and in manufac tures has made great progress. Its agricultural products are the cereals, potatoes, butter, cheese, and wool. Farms 250 ; manuf. 208 ; dwell. 7,029, and pop. wh. 41,771, fr. col. 1,302 total 43,073. Capital: Hudson City. Public Works: Hudson Eiver E. E. ; Harlem E. E. ; Albany and Wes t Stockbridge (western) E. E. ; Hudson and Berkshire E. E. ; Lebanon Springs E. E., etc. COLUMBIA county, Penn. Situate N. E. centrally, and contains 6SO sq. m. Drained by Fishing, Cattawissa, Big Eoaring, and other creeks of the E. branch of Susquehanna r., which traverses it from N. E. to 8. W. Surface broken and uneven, wooded, and the soils generally fertile, pro ducing the grains in great abundance. Iron and coal un derlie the greater part of the county and have been worked successfully. Potter s earth is also found. Farms 1,179 ; manuf. 291 ; dwell. 2,924, and pop. wh. 17,607, fr. col. 103 total 17,710. Capital: Bloomsburg. Public Works: North Branch Canal and Cattawissa E. E., etc. COLUMBIA county, Wise. Situate centrally, and contains 796 sq. m. Drained by the Neenah or Fox r. on the N., by Wisconsin r. on the W., and a branch of Eock r. on the S. E. The Neenah and Wisconsin here approximate each other closely, and their navigation is united by means of a canal cut through Winnebago portage. The surface is level prairie interspersed with groves, and the soils are exceed ingly fertile. Farms 833; manuf. 24; dwell. 1,853, and 142 pop. wh. 9,547, fr. col. 18 total 9,565. Capital: Fort Winnebago. Public Works: Portage Canal. COLUMBIA, p. v., Henry co., Ala-. : on the E. side of Chat- tahoochee r., 100 m. S. E. Montgomery. COLUMBIA, p. v., and cap. Chicot co., Ark. : on the isthmus between the Mississippi r. and Old Eiver Lake, 142 m. S. E. Little Eock. It is a pleasant v., with 7 or 8 stores, and about 300 inhabitants. The whole country round is one cluster of cotton plantations. COLUMBIA, t, and p. v., Tolland co., Conn. : 21 m. E. S. E. Hartford. Drained by a branch of Willimantic r., which affords water-power. Surface uneven, and soils gravelly well adapted to grazing. It has but few manufactures. Pop. 2,041. COLUMBIA, p. v., Fayette co., Ind. : on Garrison s cr. of White Water r., about 3 m. W. of the latter, and 51 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. COLUMBIA, p. v., and cap. Whitley co., Ind.: on the N. W. side of Blue r., 105 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. It is a flourishing v. and has abont 600 inhabitants. COLUMBIA, p. v., Monroe co., 1U. : 97 m. S. by W. Spring field, and 13 m. S. of Illinoistown on the Mississippi r. COLUMBIA, v., Wapello co., la. : on the N. side of Des Moines r., 61 m. S. W. by W. Iowa City. COLUMBIA, p. v., and cap. Adair co., Ky. : on Eussell s cr. of Green r., 79 m. S. S. E. Frankfort. Pop. 600. COLUMBIA, p. v., and cap. Caldwell par., La. : on the W. side Wachita r., 124 m. N. N. W. Baton Eouge. It contains the county C. H. and about 200 inhabitants. COLUMBIA, t. and p. v., Washington co., Me. : in the S. part of the co., 112 m. E. by N. Augusta. Pleasant Eiver Bay sets up to its S. border, and the river itself passes through the t., furnishing excellent mill sites. Its trade is consider able, particularly in lumber. The v. is located at the head of tide water, on Pleasant r. Pop. of 1. 1,140. COLUMBIA, t and p. o., Jackson co., Mich. : on North Eaisin r., 45 m. S. S. E. Lansing. The t. is well drained by numerous lakes and streams, and is one of the most flourishing in the county. Pop. 1,140. COLUMBIA, p. v., and cap. Boone co., Mo. : on the W. side of Hinckson s branch of Eochperce r., a tributary of Missouri r., 27 m. N. N. W. Jefferson City. COLUMBIA, p. v., and cap. Marion co., Miss. : on the E. side of Pearl r., 77 m. S. S. E. Jackson. COLUMBIA, p. v., and cap. Tyrrell co., If. Car. : on the E. side of Scoupernong cr., 3 or 4 m. from its confluence with Albemarle Sound, and 168 m. E. Ealeigh. COLUMBIA, t. and p. o., Coos co., N. Ilamp. : on the E. side of Connecticut r., 108 m N. by W. Concord. The sur face is uneven and mountainous, and has several rapid creeks flowing to the Connecticut. There are also several small ponds in the t, on the banks of one of which, Lime Pond, vast quantities of shells are found, from which lime s made. Pop. 762. COLUMBIA, t and p. v., Herkimer co., W. Y. : about 10 m. S. of the village of Herkimer, and 68 m. W. N. W. Albany. COL COL The t, is drained by the head streams of the Unadilla and Susquehanna rivers, and by creeks flowing N. to the Mo hawk r. Pop. 2,001. COLUMBIA, p. v., "Warren co., N. Jer. : on the E. side of Delaware r., at the mouth of Paulin s Kill, 52 m. N. N. W. Trenton. COLUMBIA, t. and p. o., Hamilton co., Ohio : on the N. side of the Ohio and Little Miami r., 6 m. E. Cincinnati and 96 m. S. W. Columbus. The Little Miami E. E. traverses its S. border in the valley of the river. Pop. 2,416. COLUMBIA, p. v., Lancaster co., P&nn. : on the E. bank of Susquehanna r., over which there is a bridge 5,690 feet long, resting on stone piers. It is connected with Havre de Grace by the Tide Water Canal, and the Philadelphia and Columbia E. E. passes through it and branches off to the N. W., to a junction with the Lancaster and Harrisburg E. E. It has considerable trade with Baltimore and Phila delphia. The borough contains a town hall, jail, 13 church es, and a number of other public buildings; and it is sup plied with water, through pipes, from some springs in the vicinity. The "C. Spy" is published weekly. Pop. 4,340. COLUMBIA, p. city, and cap. Eichland dist., S. Car., and capital of the State : on the E. side of Congaree r., imme diately below the confluence of its constituents, Broad and Saluda rivers, in lat. 33 57 , and long. 81 07 W., 500 m. S. by W. "Washington. The r. is here open to light draft navigation. The city is built on an elevated plain of about 3 or 4 miles in extent the descent sloping in all directions gradually. It was founded in 17S7, and is laid out on the rectangular plan, the streets crossing each other at right angles, and 100 feet wide. The principal buildings are the State House, the county buildings, market house, banking houses, academies, and churches. The State House, in the central part of the city, is 170 feet long and 60 feet wide, two stories high. Columbia is also the seat of the South Caro lina College, founded in 1804, and which, in 1850, had 8 professors and 195 students, and a library of 17,000 volumes. The college buildings are very extensive and of brick, sur mounting one of which is a fine observatory, which posses ses apparatus of great value. This institution is under the patronage of the State. The Southern Theological Sem inary is also located here. It is a Presbyterian institution, and in 1850 it had 6 professors and 32 students, with a li brary of 4,600 volumes. The dwelling houses are chiefly of wood, but there are several built of brick in a style of elegance becoming the capital of the State. The city is supplied with pure water from springs, raised by steam- power, and distributed through iron pipes. The high situ ation the city occupies contributes greatly to the health of the inhabitants, and also affords an extensive view of the surrounding scenery, which is chiefly a cotton and corn re gion, in the highest state of culture. Columbia has three daily and two weekly newspapers the dailies are, the "State Eights Eepublican" (dem), the "South Carolinian" (dem.), and the "Telegraph" (indep.), the last two of which issue also tri-weekly and weekly editions ; and the weeklies are the " Palmetto State Ban ner" (dem.), and the "South Carolina Temperance Advo cate." The city has also considerable manufactures, which have been altogether initiated within the past decade, and its trade and commercial connection has greatly advanced since the completion of the lines of railroad diverging in all directions from this the chief railroad centre of the State, and when the system proposed for South Carolina shall have formed junctions with the lines of the surrounding States, tne commercial prosperity of this city will be inde finitely enhanced. The railroads now centering in Colum bia are the Columbia Branch of the South Carolina E. E. ; the Charlotte and South Carolina E. E. ; and the Greenville and Columbia E. E., with their branches and connections West and North. The design is to continue the last through Eabun Gap to Chattanooga, thus connecting this plaop. di rectly with the Ohio Valley railroads, and those extending to and beyond the Mississippi river. Pop. 4,600. COLUMBIA, p. v., and cap. Maury co., Tenn. : on the S. side of Duck r., 39 m. S. by W. Nashville. Jackson Col lege, founded 1833, is located here, and in 1850 had 5 pro fessors, 26 students, and a library of 2,500 volumes. Two newspapers, the "Tennessee Democrat" (dem.), and the " Maury Intelligencer" (whig), are published weekly ; and the " Guardian" (literary), monthly. The public buildings are the C. II. and county jail, and the village also contains several stores and about 1,600 inhabitants. The railroad from Nashville via Florence, etc., to Jackson and New Or leans, will pass through or near this place. COLUMBIA, p. v., Brazoria co., Tex. : on the W. side of Brazos r., 38 m. from the gulf, and 154 m. S. E. Austin City. It is a flourishing village and enjoys considerable river trade. Pop. 360. COLUMBIA, p. o., Fluvanna co., Virg. : on the N. side of James r., where it is joined by the Eivanna r., 49 m. W. N.W. Eichmond. Pop. 300. COLUMBIA CENTRE, p. o., Licking co., Ohio : 33 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. COLUMBIA CITY, p. v., Clark co., Oreg. Ter. : on the N. bank of Columbia r., 57 m. N. Salem. It has good prospects of becoming one of the commercial places of future Oregon. COLUMBIA CEOSS EOADS, p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : 122 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. COLUMBIA FUKNACE, p. v., Shenandoah co., Virg. : 112 m. N. W. Eichmond. COLUMBIA (or OEEGON) river, Oreg. Ter. : is the groat river of the country, and the recipient of all the other rivers of the territory, having their origin eastward of the ccast range of mountains. Its N. branch rises in the Eocky Mountains in about 50 N. lat. and 116 W. long., and thence pursues a N. route to near M Gillivray s Pass. Here the river is 3,600 feet above the sea-level, and, receiving Canoe r., it then turns S., and in its course to Fort Colvillc it successively takes up the waters of numerous tributaries, the chief of which are the Kootanie, or Flat Bow, and Flat Head or Clark s rivers. The Columbia is thus far surround ed by high mountains, and often expands into a chain of lakes. At Colville its elevation is 2,049 feet above the sea, having fallen 556 feet in 220 miles. To the S. of this point it tends to the W., receiving Spokan r. from the E. ; thence it pursues a W. course for 60 m., and bending to the S., receives Okanagon r., which has its source in a line of lakes extensively susceptible of canoe navigation. The Columbia thence passes S. until it reaches Wallawalla, in 45 N. lat, and receives the Saptin or Lewis r. ; here the elevation of the Columbia is 1,286 feet, and its width about 3,500 feet. It now takes its last turn to the W., receiving the Umatilla, Quisnel s, John Day s, and Chute rivers from the S., and Cathlatate s from the N., and pursuing a rapid course for 80 m., it passes the gorge of the Cascade Mountains in a series of falls and rapids, that form an insurmountable obstacle to the passage of boats, even in time of flood, and are overcome by portages. From this point there is still-water navigation for 40 miles, when rapids again interrupt free sailing, but hence to the ocean 120 miles, the river, though frequently obstructed by bars, is open to vessels of less than 12 feet draft. In this part of its course it receives the Willamette r. from the S., and the Cowlitz from the N. The Willamette is navigable for small vessels to within three miles of its falls. Within a distance of 20 miles from the ocean, the Columbia is greatly increased in width, and at its mouth, between Cape Disappointment and Cape Adams, its width is seven miles, but from each of these capes a sand-bar extends which renders the actual navigable channel contracted and narrow. The mouth of the Columbia was discovered by Captain Gray, of Boston, commander of ship Columbia, of 2 20 tons, on the llth May, 1792 ; and on the strength of this discovery the 143 COL COL United States based their right to the territory watered by its tributaries. COLUMBIANA county, Ohio. Situate E., and contains 740 sq. m. Drained by Little Beaver r. and its branches, and the Ohio r. washes its S. E. borders. Surface in the S. hilly and broken, with a light soil in the N. and middle more level, with deep and productive soils. Limestone and water lime exist in all parts ; salt springs in the S., marl in the N., and iron ore and bituminous coal in the central dis tricts ; live-stock is numerous ; and the agricultural products very large ; and coal and salt have long been produced in large quantities. Farms 2,338; manuf. 180; dwell. 5,834, and pop. wh. 33,444, fr. col. 1 177 total 33,621. Capital: New Lisbon. Public Works : Ohio and Pennsylvania E. E. ; Cleveland and Pittsburg E. E., etc. ; and the Sandy and Beaver Canal. COLUMBIANA, p. v., and cap. Shelby co., Ala. : 1 m. "W. of Coosa r., and 58 m. N. by W. Montgomery. COLUMBIANA, p. v., Columbiana co., Ohio : on the line of the Ohio and Pennsylvania E. E., 59 m. from Pittsburg and 132 m. E. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 600. COLUMBIAN GROVE, p. o., Lunenburgh co., Virg. : 66 m. S. W. Eichmond. COLUMBUS county, N. Car. Situate S. E., and contains 530 sq. m. Drained by Lumber r. and its tributaries, and in the S. and E. by White Marsh and Beaver creeks of "Waccomaw r. Surface low, and somewhat marshy. Soils good with some exceptions, producing corn, potatoes, and rice. Farms 399 ; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 777, and pop. wh. 4,257, fr. col. 149, si. 1,503 total 5,909. Capital: Whites- ville. Public Works : Wilmington and Manchester E. E. COLUMBUS, p. v., Hempstead co., Ark. : 122 m. S. W. Little Eock. COLUMBUS, p. v., Columbia co., Flor. : on the E. side of Suwanee r., immediately below the confluence of Withla- coochee r., 64 m. E. by S. Tallahassee. COLUMBUS, p. v., and cap. Muscogee co., Ga. : on the E. side of Chatuihoochee r., at the head of steam navigation, and immediately below the falls of the r., which have a descent of 111 feet in 8 miles, 118 m. W. by S. Milledgeville. It is 175 miles above the junction with Flint r., and 275 m. above Appalachicola Bay. Immediately below the falls the river has a width of only 118 yards, but soon expands to 250 yards wide. The site of the v. is 60 feet above the or dinary height of the r., and covers 1,200 acres. Two streets running parallel with the r. N. and S., are 165 feet wide, and six others have a width of 132 feet ; these are intersect ed at right angles by twelve other streets, which are 99 feet wide. It contains a C. H., jail, several banks, a market- house, numerous churches, and about 2,400 dwellings ; and it also has several large cotton mills, and woolen factories and flouring mills. It is one of the great commercial cen tres of Georgia, and a depfit of a large extent of rich cotton country. The Muscogee E. E. terminates here, and extends hence to Macon, connecting with the Central E. E. to Savan nah, and the Macon and Western E. E., etc., to Nashville and Knoxville, Tenn. ; from Gerard, on the opposite side of the river, a railroad is about to be built to Mobile. The bridge over the r. at this point cost $30,000. A large number of steamboats ply on the r., carrying cotton, etc., to the sea board and New Orleans ; at all seasons, boats drawing 5 feet of water can come up to this place. Columbus is a v. of modern date, having been laid out in 1S2S ; its growth has been rapid in 1840 it had 3,114 inhabitants, and in 1850, about 8,000. It has three newspapers, the " C. Times," published tri-weekly and weekly, and the " C. Enquirer" and the " Southern Sentinel," published weekly. COLUMBUS, p. v., and cap. Bartholomew co., Ind. : on the E. bank of the E. fork of White r., immediately below the mouth of Flat Eock cr., 41 m. S. S. E. Indianapolis. Its sit uation is a fine one, on high ground overlooking the valleys of White r., Flat Eock cr., and Haw cr., which nearly sur round it. The line of the Madison and Indianapolis E. E. 144 passes through the v., and here also is the N. terminus of the Jeflersonville E. E. It is a place of considerable man ufactures, and its trade and commerce, fostered by its am ple facilities of transportation, are large and ever increasing. It has two newspapers, the " Spirit of the West" (whig), and the " C. Democrat," both issued weekly. Pop. about 4,500. COLUMBUS, p. v., Adams co., HI. : on the Quincy and Columbus E. E., 80 m. W. by N. Springfield, and 15 m. from Quincy, on the Mississippi r. COLUMBUS, p. v., and cap. Hickman co., Ky. : on the Mississippi r., 25 m. below the mouth of the Ohio r., and 252 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. COLUMBUS, t. and p. v., St. Glair co., Mich. : on Belle r., 97 m. E. Lansing. Pop. 3,077. COLUMBUS, p. city, and cap. Lowndes co., Miss. : at the head of steamboat navigation, and E. of Tombigbee r., 126 m. N. E. Jackson. The city is built on an elevated bank, 120 feet above the r., and contains, besides the court-house and other county buildings, 7 churches and several large warehouses. There is a bridge across the river which cost $50,000. The trade centering here is large, the city being the chief dep6t for the cotton, etc., of an extensive country ; and the inhabitants enjoy the benefit of a well-conducted paper, the " C. Democrat," which is published weekly. Pop. 8,000. COLUMBUS, p. v., Johnson co., Mo. : on Black r., 92 m.W. by N. Jefferson City. COLUMBUS, p. v., Burlington co., If. Jer. : 11 m. S. by E. Trenton. COLUMBUS, t. and p. v., Chenango co., 2i. Y. : on the W. side of Unadilla cr., 80 m. W. Albany. The v. is a small agricultural settlement. Pop. of 1. 1,381. COLUMBUS, p. city, and cap. Franklin co., Ohio, and cap. of the State of Ohio: on the E. side of the Scioto r., just below the confluence of the Whetstone r., in lat. 39 57 N., and long. 83 03 W., 396 m. from Washington. Previous to 1812, when it was fixed on for the State capital, the site of the city was in the wilderness. In 1820 it contained 1,400 inhabitants ; in 1830, 2,439 ; in 1840, 6,048 ; and in 1850, 17,883. The land on which the city is built rises gradually from the r., and the streets are laid out at right angles. Broad- street extends from the river along the National Eoad to the E. of the city, and is 120 feet wide, and High-street, 100 feet wide, crosses Broad at the N. W. corner of the Public, Square, of 10 acres, running N. and S. This is the princi pal business street. All other streets are 88 feet wide, and the alleys 33 feet wide. The public buildings are the Cap itol or State House, the Penitentiary, asylums severally for the insane, the deaf and dumb, and the blind ; several col leges, seminaries, and numerous churches of all denomina tions. The old State House was destroyed by fire on the 1st Feb., 1852, and in consequence a great number of documents illustrating the history of the State were lost, never to be restored. The new State House is one of the most magnificent buildings in the Union. It is 304 feet long and 184 feet wide, covering an area of 55,936 square feet. The basement is 16 feet above the common surface ; the height of blocking course is 62 feet, and to the top of the rotunda 157 feet, its diameter being 64 feet. The first floor contains 28 flre-proof rooms for the public offices ; and the second floor contains the Hall of Eepresentatives, which is 84 feet long and 72J feet wide, the Senate Cham ber 56 feet by 721 ; the Library, the U. S. Court room, and 26 committee rooms. The State Penitentiary is also a spa cious and elegant edifice on the Scioto r., N.W. of the State House. It is a splendid building, of hewn limestone ; the centre is 56 feet long, 4 stories high, and the two wings each 200 feet long and 8 stories high. The private dwellings are generally neat, substantial, and many of them elegant. The avenues of travel and commerce connecting Colum- ! bus with other parts of the State and Union, are the National | Eoad, a branch of the Ohio Canal, the Columbus and Xonia COL CON E. II., the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati E. E., the Central Ohio E. E., etc. The railroads are the creations of the last ten years, and have been the cause of the extraor dinary triplication of the population in that period. As a commercial dep6t, the city has eminent facilities as a central position, in regard to every portion of the State, its location on one of the largest rivers, and its grand works of internal improvement. It has numerous and extensive manufac tures, and, on the whole, is one of the most prosperous among western cities. There are published within the city two daily newspapers, both of which also issue tri-wcekly and weekly editions ; four weekly, one semi-monthly, two monthly, and one occasional. The dailies are the " Ohio State Journal" (whig), and the " Ohio Statesman" (dem.) The weeklies are the "Ohio Standard" (whig), the " Dollar," and " Swan s Elevator" (neutral), and " Der Westbote" (Germ.) The semi-monthly is the " Ohio Cultivator" (agric.) The monthlies are the " Western Lit erary Magazine," and the " Ark ;" and the " Conventional Eeporter" is published occasionally. COLUMBUS, t. and p. o., "Warren co., Penn, : ISO m. N.W. Harrisburg. Iron is manufactured in this t. Pop. 1,422. COLUMBUS, p. v., Polk co., Tenn. : on the N. bank of the Hiwassee r., 133 m. S. E. byE. Nashville. COLUMBUS, p. v., and cap. Colorado co., Trx, : on the W. bank of Colorado r., 83 m. in a direct line S. E. from Austin City. The v. stands on a high bluff, forming part of a beautiful elevated prairie, surrounded by dense forests of cotton-wood, live-oak, etc. The population amounts to about 600. COLUMBUS, t. and p. v., Columbia co.,TF?sc.: on a branch of Eock r., 26 m. N. E. Madison. Pop. 9CO. COLUMBUS CITY, p. v., Louisa co., la. : on the "W. side of Iowa r., about 2 m. below the junction of Cedar r., 27 m. 8. by E. Iowa City. COLUSI, p. v., and cap. Colusi co., Calif. : on the "W. side of Sacramento r., in the S. E. corner of the co., 80 m. N. by E. Vallejo. COLUSI county, Calif. Situate N. W., and contains 8,600 sq. m. Drained by numerous tributaries of Sacramento r., which forms its E. border. Surface generally level in the W. hilly and mountainous, being in that direction bounded by the coast range. Farms 00 ; manuf. 00 ; dwell. 000, and pop wh. 0000, fr. col. 000 total 0000. Capital : Colusi. COLVIN S TAVERN, p. o., Culpepper co., Virg. : 77 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. COMAL county, Tex. Situate S. "W. centrally, and con tains 760 sq. m. Drained centrally by creeks of the Eio Guadalupe, on the N. by Marten s Fork of Eio San Marcos, and in the S. W. by the Eio Cibolo, which bounds it in that direction. Surface mountainous, with the great Valley of the Guadalupe intervening. Soils generally rich, and well cultivated in the settlements. The inhabitants are chiefly Germans, whose habits of industry and thrift will be inval uable to the State. Farms 55 ; manuf. 8 ; dwell. 367, and pop. wh. 1,662, fr. col. 0, si. 61 total 1,723. Capital: New Braunfels. COMAN S WELL, p. o., Sussex co., Virg. : 53 m. S. S. E. Eichmond. Formerly a noted watering place, it is now an almost deserted village. COMFORT S, p. o., Jones co., N. Car. : 98 m. S. E. Ealeigh. COMMACH (Comae), p. v., Suffolk co., N. Y. : on the middle post road, 122 m. S. S. E. Albany. It contains about 30 dwellings. COMMERCE, t. and p. v., Oakland co., Mich. : 52 m. E. by S. Augusta. It contains numerous small lakes, some of which empty into the Eougo r., and others through Clinton r. The v. is located on the S. side of Burt Lake. Pop. 1,428. COMMERCE, p. v., Tunica co., Miss. : on the E. bank of the Mississippi r., 168 m. N. by W. Jackson. It was orig inally designed for a large city, and the commercial mart of the back country, to reach which a railroad was com- T menced, but abandoned. The place is now composed of a few dwellings. COMME-RCE, p. v., Scott co., Mo. : on the W. bank of the Mississippi, 12 m. below Cape Girardeau, and 178 m. S. E. Jefferson City. Its name is a misnomer. COMMERCE, p. v., Wilson co., Tenn. : on a cr. of Cumber land r., 37 m. E. Nashville. COMMETTSBUEG, p. v., Washington co., Penn. : 191 m.W. Harrisburg. COMO, p. o., Whitesides co., III. : on the N. side of Eock r., at the point where Elk Horn r. has its confluence, 136 m. N. Springfield. COMO, p. o., Henry co., Tenn : 92 m. W. by N. Nashville. COMO, p. o., De Soto co., Miss. : 167 m. N. Jackson. COMSTOCK, t. and p. v., Kalamazoo co., Mich. : on both sides of Kalamazoo r., 34 m. S. W. by W. Lansing. It is a rich agricultural town. The v. is situate on the N. side of the r., and on the line of the Michigan Central E. E., 137 m. from Detroit, and 144 m. from Chicago. COMSTOCK S LANDING, p. o., Washington co., N. Y. : 57 m. N. by E. Albany. CONCHARDEE, p. v., Talladega co., Ala. : 61 m. N. Montgomery. CONCORD, p. v., Sussex co., Del. : at the head of Broad cr., a tributary of Nanticoke r., 38 m. S. Dover. CONCORD, p. v., Morgan co., III. : on the S. of Indian cr., 48 m. W T . Springfield. CONCORD, p. v., Baker co., Ga. : on the W. side of the Ichowaynochaway r., a tributary of Flint r., 132- m. S. W. Milledgeville. It lies on the Albany and Fort Gaines road. CONCORD, t. and p. v., Jefferson co., Wise. : on the S. of Eock r., 39 m. E. Madison. CONCORD, p. v., Tippecanoe co., Ind. : on Wea cr. of Wabash r., 5 m. N. W. Indianapolis. CONCORD, p. v., Louisa co., la. : on the E. side of Iowa r., 31 m. S. by E. Iowa City. CONCORD, p. v., Lewis co., Ky. : on the S. bank of the Ohio r., 89 m. E. N. E. Frankfort. It contains a church, 7 stores, and 160 inhabitants. CONCORD, t. and p. v., Somerset co., Me. : on the W. side of Kennebec r., 42 m. N. by W. Augusta. Pop. 550. CONCORD, t., p. v., and one of the capitals of Middlesex co., Mass. : on both sides of Concord r., 17 m. W. N. W. Boston. The t. has a soil of average fertility, and is well drained by the Assabet and Sudbury rivers, which here unite, forming Concord r. The v. contains a C. H., jail, sev eral churches, and about 200 dwellings. Here, on the 19th April, 1775, was made the first forcible resistance to the British power, and a handsome monument now marks the spot where the first blood of the Eevolution was spilled. The monument is a granite obelisk, 25 feet high, with a square base 51 feet in diameter, and about 3 feet high, with an appropriate inscription on a panel of Italian marble. Concord was the first inland settlement in the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, and was incorporated as early as 1635. Its Indian name was Musketaquid. The General Court of the colony frequently held its sessions in this town, and in the year 1774 the Provincial Congress selected it as their place of meeting. The manufactures of Concord consist of cotton goods, satinets, and flannels ; boots, shoes, hats, cab inet ware, agricultural implements, etc. Many of the estab lishments are on an extensive scale. The Fitchburg E. E. passes through the town 20 m. from Boston and 30 from Fitchburg. Pop. 2,249. CONCORD, t. and p. v., Jackson co., Midi. : on the head streams of Kalamazoo r., 86 m. S. Lansing. The v. is located on the stage route from Jackson to White Pidgeon, 14 m. from Jackson. The water-power of the neighborhood is immense, and in this t. are found some of the best farm ing lands of the co. A mile S. of the v. are several mineral springs. Pop. 934. CONCORD, p. v., Cntlaway co., Mo. : at the head of Aux i Yases r., 31 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. 145 CON CON CONCORD, j>. v., and cap. Cabarras co., N. Car. : on the W. side of Big Cold "Water cr., a branch of Eocky r. of the Yadkin, 102 m. "W. S. "W. Ealeigh. It is a considerable v. of some 400 inhabitants. CONCORD, t., p, v., and cap. Merrimac co., 2T. ITamp., and cap. of the State: it lies on both sides of the Merri mac r., in lat. 43 12 29" N., and long. 71 29 W., 474 m. N. E. Washington. There are five ponds in the town, the largest of which are Turkey Pond in the S. W., and Long Pond in the N. W. sections, the outlet streams of which fur nish extensive hydraulic power. The Contoocook r. joins the Merrimac on the N. line of the t., and forms at the junction the celebrated " Duston s Island." The intervale lands of the Merrimac are very fertile, and highly cultivated. Soon after entering Concord, the r. passes over Sewell s Falls, and thence has no natural obstruction until it reaches the falls at the S. E. extremity of the t, where is a vast water-power. Locks are here constructed, and boat navigation secured. The river is here about 100 yards wide, but during freshets the water rises 20 feet above the ordinary level, presenting to the eye a body of water a mile wide. There are hand some bridges spanning the river. There are three villages in the t, the principal of which, and the seat of its chief business, is on the "W". side of the r., extending along it about 2 m. The State House, Court House, State Prison, and other public buildings are in this v. The State House occupies a beautiful site in the centre, and is constructed of hewn granite. It is 126 feet in length, 49 feet in width, and with a projection in the centre of 4 feet on each front. The cost of the building was $80,000. The State Prison is also a massive granite building, 70 by 36 feet, surrounded by a high stone wall. The second principal village is at Sewall s Palls, and the other in the W. part of the town. Concord, originally called Penacook, was granted by Massachusetts to a company of settlers, 17th Jan., 1725, and the settlement was begun in the following year. In 1733 it was incorporated under the name of Eumlbrd, which name was changed in 1765 to Concord. The population in 1775 was 1,052; in 1790, 1,747; in 1800, 2,052; in 1S10, 2,393; in 1S20, 2,838; in 1830, 3,727; in 1840, 4,897; and in 1850, 8,584, its progress during the last decade having been stim ulated by the development of its manufacturing facilities and the extension of the railroad system centering within it. Concord is now, indeed, one of the chief seats of New En gland industry. It has numerous large cotton factories, paper mills, boot and shoe shops, and a variety of other in dustrial establishments. Its neighborhood also abounds in granite, which is exported. In the t. are also potteries, full ing mills, etc. ; and in the publishing business Concord has long been remarkably successful. In 1S50 four newspapers were published weekly, and one semi-monthly ; the weekly papers were, the " N. PI. Patriot and State Gazette" (dem.) ; the "N. H. Statesman" (whig) ; the "Independent Democrat" (free soil) ; and the " Congregational Journal" (relig.) ; and the semi-monthly, was the " Under-Current," a paper de voted to temperance. Concord lies on the route of travel and commerce between Bos f on and Montreal, and Boston and the far West, and hence has become a principal centre of the New England system of railroads. It has also a railroad connection with Portsmouth. The railroads centering here are, the Concord R. E., extending to Nashua and Boston ; the Boston, Con cord, and Montreal E. E., extending to Haverhill on the Connecticut, and to Montreal ; the Concord and Claremont R. E. ; the Portsmouth and Concord E. E. ; the Northern New Hampshire E. E., extending to West Lebanon, on the Connecticut, and continued by the Vermont, New York, and Canada railroads to Eouse s Point, Montreal, Ogdens- burg, Kingston, etc. CONCORD, p. v., Franklin co., Penn. : 61 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. CONCORD, t. and p. v., Lake co., Ohio: 3 m. S. of Paines- ville and 146 N. E. Columbus. The town is drained by 146 several tributaries of Grand r., which afford excellent mill-sites. Pop. 1,081. CONCORD, p. v., Harrison co., Tex. : 266 m. N. E. Austin City. CONCORD, t. and p. o., Essex co., Verm. : on the N. W. side of the Connecticut r., 37 m. E. by N. Montpelier. It is drained in the N.W. by a branch of Passumsic r., and two ponds in the S. E. part of the t. discharge their waters into Connecticut r., affording mill-sites. Concord is an excellent grazing country. CONCORD, p. v., Appomattox co., Virg. : 82 m. W. S. W. Richmond. Pop. 1,152. CONCORD river, Jfoss. : formed by the union of Assabet and Sudbury rivers at Concord, and after passing through the towns of Bedford, Bellerica, and Chelmsford, it falls into the Merrimac r., between Lowell and Tewkesbury. This r. furnishes the Middlesex Canal with most of its water. CONCORDIA parish, La. Situate W. of Mississippi r., and contains 780 sq. m. The Tensas r. lies on its W. border, and Eed r. on its S. border. The surface is level, and except a few elevated strips, liable to inundation in times of high water. The soils are exceedingly fertile, and orig inally were covered with a heavy forest growth. The chief product is cotton, of which a large amount is produced. Farms 148; manuf. 0; dwell. 219, and pop. wh. 823, fr. col. 1, si. 6,934 total 7,758. Capital: Vidalia. PuUio Works : & E. E. projected from Vidalia to Shreveport. CONCORDIA, p. v., Bolivar co., Miss. : on Lake Concordia, 121 m. N. N. W. Jackson. CONCORDIA, p. v., Darke co., Ohio : on the E. side of the head stream of White Water r., 93 m. W. Columbus. CONCOKDTA, p. v., Fayctte co.,Tenn. : on Loosahatchie r., in the N. W. corner of the county, 167 m. W. S. W. Nash ville. It contains about 200 inhabitants. CONCORDVILLE, p. v., Delaware co., Penn. : 79 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. CONECOCIIEAGTTE river, Hd. ; a tributary of the Potomac r. from Pennsylvania. It empties itself at Williamsport. CoNECun county, Ala. Situate S. middle, and contains 1,476 sq. m. Drained by Escambia r., Burned Corn cr., Murder cr., and others, tributaries of Conecuh r., which passes from N. E. to S. W. in the S. part of the co. Surface low and generally level, and soils moderately fertile, pro ducing cotton, corn, and some rice. Farms 498 ; manuf. 12 ; dwell. 847, and pop. wh. 4,922, fr. col. 6, si. 4,394 total 9,322. Capital : Sparta. PiiblicWorJcs: Gerard and Mobile R. E., etc. CONECUH river, Ala. and Flor. : rises in Alabama, and passes through Florida into Pensacola Bay. Two miles below the Florida line it receives the Escambia, the name of which it assumes, although the larger stream. It is nav igable for more than 100 miles. CONEMATTGII river, Penn. : rises in the Alleghany Mount ains, and runs W. N.W. into the Alleghany r., 29 m. N. N. E. Pittsburg. In the lower part of its course it takes the. name of Kiskeminotas. It has salt-works on both its banks, 15 m. N. E. Greensburg. The Pennsylvania Canal passes along its border from Johnstown till it enters into the Alleghany. Its length is about 150 m. CONERLYS, p. o., Pike co., Miss. : 86 m. S. Jackson. CONESTOGA, t. and p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. : on Conestoga cr., 39 m. S. E. Harrisburg. CONESUS, t. and p. v., Livingston co., 2f. Y. : between Conesus and Hemlock lakes, 195 m. W. Albany. The Buffalo, Corning, and New York E. E. passes through the t. The v. is a small agricultural settlement in the midst of a fine fertile region. Pop. oft. 1,418. CONESUS lake, Livingston co., N. T.: a. small sheet of water about 9 m. long and a mile in width. Its depth exceeds 800 feet ; its waters are pure and cold, and contain abundance of fish. CONESVILLE, t. and p. v., Schoharie co., N. T. : on the E. CON CON Bide of Schoharie cr., and drained by its tributaries. Distant 86 m. S. W. Albany. Top. 1,5S2. CONEWANGO, t. and p. v., Cattaraugus co., 2f. Y. : on the cr. so called, 272 m. W. by S. Albany. Pop. 1,408. CONEWANGO creek, N. Y. : rises in Cbautauque and Cattaraugua counties, and flows S. into Alleghany r., receiv ing the outlet of Chautauque Lake and other tributaries. It affords good boat navigation in season of flood, and is a fine mill-stream. CONGAREE river, & Car. : is formed by the union of Broad and Saluda rivers, two fine streams which unite immediately above Columbia, the State capital. The Congaree receives no large affluents, but about 80 miles S. E. of Columbia it is joined by the "Wateree from the N. "W., and thence the united streams take the name of Santee, a river flowing to the Atlantic Ocean, which it reaches in about 33 20 N. lat. CONGRESS, t. and p. o., Wayne co., Ohio : in the N. W. corner of the co., 84 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. In the E. Killbuck cr., and in theW. the Muddy Fork of Walhonding r. drain the surface, and afford fine mill-seats. CONIIOCTON, t. and p. v., Steuben co., N. Y. : on Conhoc- ton r., 185 m. W. S.W. Albany. The Buffalo, Corning, and New York R. R. passes along the valley. Pop. 1,992. CONHOCTON river, 2f. Y. : a constituent of the Chemung, about 55 m. long. It is navigable for rafts in high water, and at all seasons furnishes extensive mill-power. CONINE, p. o., Licking co., Ohio : 33 m. N. E. Columbus. CONKLIN, t. and p. o., Broome co., 2T. Y. : on both sides of Susquchanna r., 103 m. S. W. Albany. The surface of the t. is hilly, but in the valley of the r. there are alluvial flats. The New York and Erie R. R. runs through the t, 220 m. from New York City. Pop. 2,232. CONKLIN CENTRE, p. o., Broome co., 2f. Y. : 106 m. S.W. Albany. CONNEAUT, t. and p. v., Ashtabula co., Ohio : the most N. E. town of the State, on Lake Erie, 173 m. N. E. Colum bus. Conneaut r. drains the whole surface, and at its mouth or harbor the village, a flourishing place, is eligibly situate for commerce, and owns many vessels engaged in the lake trade. The Cleveland, Painesville, and Ashtabula E. R. passes through it, connecting it with the sea-board and the far West by continuous chains of railroads. Con neaut has manufactures and considerable trade, and is destined to become an important commercial depfit. The " C. Reporter" is published weekly. P. of v. 817 t. 2,694. CONNEAUTVILLE, p. v., Crawford co., Penn. : on the line of the Beaver and Erie Canal, 98 m. from Beaver, on the Ohio r., 38 m. from Erie, and 216 N. W. Harrisburg. THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT. CONNECTICUT, lying between Massachusetts and Long Island Sound, and extending from Rhode Island to New York, is 90 miles in length from E. to W., and in width, from N. to S., from 60 to 70 miles. It is situated between 41 and 42 02 latitudes N., and between 71 40 and 73 43 longitudes W. from Greenwich, or 3 19 and 5 22 E. from Washington. The contents of its superfices is estimated at 4,674 square miles. The aspect of the country is greatly diversified by hills and valleys. The hills are generally of a moderate size, and occur in quick succession, presenting to the traveler a beautiful and constantly-varying scenery. All the principal ranges are continuations of the mountains of the States lying northward. The Housatonic range enters the State in the north west, and extends in a southerly direction along the Ilousatonic River to the coast ; this is rather a succession of groups and eminences than a continuous range. The Green Mountain range, coming from Vermont and Massachusetts, passes through the State from N. to S., and terminates at West Rock, a bluff 40 feet high, two miles N. W. of New Haven. Be- ttvcen this and the Connecticut River is the Mount Tom range, which, coming from Massachusetts, also traverses this State, and terminates at East Rock, 370 feet high, a little to the north-east of New Haven. The Blue Hills in Southing- ton, a part of this range, have an elevation of 1,000 feet, and are said to be the highest land within the State. On the E. side of the Connecticut is a fourth range, which crosses the river at Chatham and terminates at East Haven. The principal valleys of the State are the Housatonic on the E., the Connecticut in the centre, and the Quinnebaug in the E. The Valley of the Connecticut varies in breadth from 10 to 16 miles, and extends northward from Middletown, having in this State a length of about 30 miles. This is a rich agricultural district. The valleys of the Quinnebaug and Ilousatonic have also fertile soil, and produce fine crops. The scenery of the A r alleys is magnificent, and the landscapes varied and romantic. Many of the surrounding hills are cultivated like gardens to the very summit, while others are bald, or only support a few stunted trees and shrubs. The Farmington Valley extends from New Haven N. through the the State between the Green Mountains and the Mount Tom range, and is from three to five miles wide. In the hilly parts of the State the soils are of moderate fertility, and are generally acknowledged to be better fitted for grazing than seed-farming. Few of the streams are of much use to navigation, except in their lower courses. The principal is the Connecticut, which, coming from the N., and pursuing a pretty direct southward course to Middletown, then suddenly turns to the eouth-east, and so flows on to the Sound. There is a bar at its mouth, but vessels drawing ten feet of water can go up to Middletown, and those drawing only eight feet to Hartford, 50 miles from the Sound. The navigation of the upper course of this river has been improved by means of locks and canals, which secure boat navigation to the mouth of Well s River, in Vermont. The River Tunxis, or Farmington, is the principal tributary of the Connecticut in this State ; it rises in the eastern slope of the Green Mountains, in Massachusetts, and runs to the S. as far as Farmington, where it abruptly changes its direction to the N., until, breaking through the trap range, here called the Talcott Mountains, it again flows southwardly, and joins the Connecticut opposite to East Windsor. The Housatonic rises in the western part of Massa chusetts, and enters this State near the north-west corner, after which it runs in a southerly and south-easterly course to the Sound ; the first part of its course is broken by cataracts, and its entrance is barred against large vessels ; it has, how ever, a sloop navigation for a distance of 12 miles. The Thames, formed by the junction of the Quinnebaug, the She- tucket, and the Yantic at Norwich, empties itself into the Sound at New London, after a navigable course of 14 miles. All these streams and numerous smaller ones, are applicable as motive power, and, besides turning almost all the ma chinery of the State, are highly favorable to the fertility of the lands through which they pass. Scarcely is there a single square mile in all the country but has one or more sparkling, never-failing rills to refresh the soil and make it productive. The whole coast of the State lies upon Long Island Sound, which is an extensive gulf or channel, being 140 miles in length and 25 miles wide in its broadest part. It is somewhat narrow at its Atlantic or eastern entrance, but expands in the middle ; toward the west it gradually contracts, till it joins the harbor of New York by a narrow and crooked strait, called the East River. It admits of a free navigation throughout its whole extent for the largest ships, but in the western strait there was formerly a dangerous whirlpool, at a spot called Hell Gate, where the current is contracted by the rocky shores, and at certain seasons of the tide the navigationwas most hazardous. The obstructions, however, were removed by submarine 147 CONNECTICUT. blastings in 1S52. The northern shore of the Sound is deeply penetrated by numerous bays and creeks, affording excellent harbors. The harbor of New London is the best in the State it is spacious, deep, and not liable to be frozen over in winter. New Haven harbor has not so great a depth. Stonington harbor is well protected by a breakwater, and the harbor of Bridgeport has similar improvements. These harbors form so many starting-points of travel or internal trade to the New England States and Canada. Connecticut produces many valuable minerals. Iron ore of excellent quality and in great abundance, is found in various parts. The copper-mines of Bristol and Plymouth are regarded by many as the most profitable now worked in the United States, not excepting the mines of Lake Superior. The most distinguished scientific man of the State, Professor Billiman, has expressed the confident opinion that they extend from Bristol, in a southerly direction, toward Hampden, for a distance of more than 30 miles, and that, if thoroughly worked, would be sufficient to give profitable employment to 80,000 miners. Already they furnish a large amount of ore. The Plymouth mines are equally rich. The vein here runs from east to west, with a vertical dip, cutting the geological formation of the mountain at right angles, and forming what is termed a rake vein. The working of this mine is only now being commenced, but there is every indication that the code contained in the vein will yield a copper ore of as good quality and in as large a quantity as the mine now wrought at Bristol has ever produced. Copper also occurs at Granby, where it is found at the junction of the green-stone and new red sand-stone formations. Fine marbles, of different characters, are abundant; and free-stone, extensive quarries of which exist in the mountain regions, furnishes an excellent building material. Zinc, cobalt, and manganese also occur, and plumbago and some other metals of minor importance have been discovered at various times and places. The mineral waters of Stafford have long been celebrated for their medicinal properties. The soils of Connecticut are generally good, but in some parts better suited to grazing than corn-growing. The Valley of the Connecticut has a strong and fertile argillaceous loam, varying in different sections from a hard, stiff clay, to a light, sandy loam, according to the prevalence of argillaceous or silicious earth. In the easteni part of the State the prevailing soil is warm, strong, fertile, and excellent for grasses. The north-western part is in some places cold and sterile, but is generally a good grazing country. In the western part of the State are many fertile districts. The climate and vegetation correspond nearly with those of Massachusetts, the climate differing only in being a little more temperate, and the season of growth in being earlier and somewhat more prolonged. The peach perfects its fruit in the southern portion of the State. The first census of Connecticut, on which any reliance can be placed, was that taken in 1756, and exhibits the then population at 130,611; in 1774, 18 years afterward, it was 197,856; and in 17S2 it was found to have increased to an aggregate of 209,150. The first United States census, taken in 1790, gives the total at that date at 233,141, and from that period its decennial movements have been as exhibited in the following table : Colored Persons. Increase. Date of White , , Total , , Census. Persons. Free. Slave. Population. Numerical. Percent. 1790 232.531 2,801 2,759 233,141 1800 244,721 5,830 951 251,002 12,861 5.4 1810 255,279 6,453 310 262,042 11,040 4.4 1820 267,161 7,944 97 275,202 13,160 5.0 1830 289,603 8,047 25 297,675 22,473 8.1 1840 301,857 8,104 17 809,978 12,303 4.1 I860 363,305 7,486 370,791 60,813 19.6 Of the total population in 1S50, there were persons deaf and dumb, 339 ; blind, 182 ; insane, 462 ; and idiotic, 300 ; but in this enumeration are included those domiciled in the State hospitals, natives or residents of other States, sent into Connecticut for special purpose. The State is divided into 8 counties and 14S townships, and contains 6 cities and 12 boroughs ; the counties are Fair- field, Hartfield, Litchfleld, Middlesex, New Haven, New London, Tolland, and Windham ; the cities are Bridgeport, Hartford, Middletown, New Haven, New London, and Norwic-h ; and the boroughs are Danbury, Essex, Guilford, Litch- field, New Britain, Newtown, Norwalk, Southport, Stamford, Stonington, Waterbury, and "VVillimantic. More equally in Connecticut than in any other State of the American Union, are the several great branches of national industry distributed ; and perhaps here, more than elseM here, have the people a more direct interest in the prosperity of each. There are few large farms or manufactures, and as few persons who have not some ownership in a farm or workshop ; and throughout the State the inhabitants are farmers in one season and manufacturers in another, economizing the seasons, and pursuing avocations suitable to each as it occurs. The statistics of the wealth and industry of the State in 1850, as exhibited in the census, etc., of that year, were as follows : Occupied Lands, etc. Improved lands, 1.763,178 acres, and unimproved lands, 615,701 acres, valued at $72,726,422. Number of farms, 22,445. Value of farming implements and machinery, $1,892,541. Live Stock. Horses 26,879, asses and mules 49, milch cows 85,461, working oxen 46,983, other cattle 80,226, sheep 174,181, and swine 76,472 valued in the aggregate at $7,467,490. Grain Crops. Wheat, 41,762 bushels ; rye, 600,893 bushels ; Indian corn, 1,935,843 bushels ; oats, 1,158,733 bushels ; barley, 19,099 bushels ; and buckwheat, 229,297 bushels. Other Crops. Tobacco, 1,267,624 pounds ; peas and beans, 19,090 bushels ; Irish potatoes, 2,639,725 bushels ; sweet potatoes, 80 bushels; hay, 516,131 tons; clover-seed, 13,841 bushels; other grass-seed, 16,608 bushels; hops, 554 pounds; flax, 17,928 pounds ; flax-seed, 703 bushels ; maple sugar, 50,796 pounds ; molasses, 665 gallons ; wine, 4,269 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $175,118, and of market-garden products, $196,874. Products of Animals. Wool, 497,454 pounds ; butter, 6,493,119 pounds ; cheese. 5,363,277 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered during the year had been $2,202,266. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 323 pounds, and beeswax and honey to that of 93,804 pounds. Home-made Manufactures for the year ending 30th June, 1850, were valued at $192,252. Manufactures. Aggregate capital invested, $00,000,000; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $0,000.000; average number of hands employed, 00,000 males, 00,000, and females, 00,000 ; average monthly cost of male labor, $000,000, and of female labor, $00,000; annual value of products, $00,000,000. The whole number of manufacturing establishments producing to the value of $500 and upward in 1850, was 3,913 ; and of these 128 were cotton factories, 148 CONNECTICUT. 143 Woolen mills, and 91 iron houses, of which 60 manufactured castings, 18 pig iron, and 18 wrought iron. In tho cotton manufactures the capital invested amounted to $4,219,100 ; the cotton consumed in the year ending 30th June was 89,483 bales, and the value of all raw material, fuel, etc., was 12,500,062 ; hands employed 2,708 males, and 3,478 females ; monthly cost of male labor, $51,679, and of female labor, $41,060 ; products for the year, 51,750,700 yards of sheeting, etc., and 950,000 pounds of yarn the aggregate value of products, $4,257,522. The capital invested in woolen manufactures was $3,773,950; wool used, 9.414,100 pounds; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., $3,325,709; hands em ployedmales, 2,907 (cost per month, $70,141), and females, 2,581 ($33,216) ; yards of cloth manufactured in the year, 9,408,777, valued at $6,4(55,216 ; and the following table will exhibit the state of the iron manufacturing interest : Specificatkms. Capital invested dollars Iron ore used ...tons.... Pig Iron. Cast Iron. 225,600 580,800 35,400 .. , Wrought Iron .. 529,500 Pigironused " 11,3*6 7,031 Blooms " 1,644 Old metal " 837 _ Mineral coal consumed " 7,592 5,062 Coke and charcoal consumed bushels 2,870,000 80,600 783,600 Value of all raw material, etc dollars 289,225 351,36* 358,780 Hands employed, males number 148 94* 374 " females " 7 Average wages per month, males dollars 26.80 27.08 31.59 " " females.... " 8.00 Products in the year tons 1.342 11,210 6,325 Annual value of all products dollars 415,600 981,400 667,560 The total capital invested in the iron manufacture is thus, $1,335,900 ; the value of raw material, fuel, etc., $999,374 ; and the annual value of products, $2,064,560. The remaining employments of the aggregate number (3,913) are various, and embrace all descriptions of hardware, cutlery, fire-arms, powder, paper, boots and shoes, and other manufactures. Connecticut, indeed, manufactures every article known to commerce and trade, from a needle or pin to the steam-engine and locomotive together valued as before set down. The manufacturing industry of the State, however, is not all repre sented in the census, only establishments producing to the value of $500 annually being those assessed ; but it is well known that there are thousands of small shops throughout the country, which, though not noticed by the census, never theless, in the aggregate, own a large capital, and produce to a large annual amount perhaps, indeed, these unnoticed establishments, if aggregated, would add one-third to the apparent extent of the manufacturing interest of the State. foreign Commerce. The direct foreign commerce of Connecticut, although the State enjoys many peculiar facilities for engaging in such, is comparatively of small extent. The exports in the year ending 30th June, 1850, were valued at $241,930, of which $668 was the value of re-exports ; and the imports were valued at $372,390. This trade is chiefly with the British North American Provinces and the West India Islands. The shipping employed in carrying the merchan dise aboTe represented, consisted of vessels entered 1SS (34,152 tons), and vessels cleared 156 (27,317 tons). The amount of shipping owned in the State at the above named period was 113,055 tons, of which 42,511 tons was of the class registered, 68,188 tons enrolled and licensed, and the remainder vessels under 20 tons burden. Of the registered shipping, 11,483 tons were employed in the whale fisheries, and 31,028 tons in foreign commerce; and of the enrolled and licensed shipping, 5,249 tons were employed in the cod fisheries, and 571 tons in the mackerel fisheries ; the remaining enrolled, etc., shipping being employed in the coasting trade. The fisheries are carried on from the ports of New London and Stonington. The steam marine of the State, all of which is employed in coasting, amounted to 8,455 tons. The shipping built in the year was 3 ships, 7 brigs, 27 schooners, 9 sloops, and 1 steamer in all, 4,819 tons. The following table will exhibit the movement of foreign commerce in the State from 1791 to 1850 : Year 8 . 1791 Exports. $710,353 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 879,753 770,255 812,765 819,465 1,452,793 1797 814 506 1798 .. 763128 1799 1800 1801 1,143,818 1,114,743 1,446.216 1S02 1,606,809 1803 1S04 1,284,571 1,516,110 1805 1,443,727 1806 1807 1S08 1,715,828 1,624,727 413 691 1 C 09 666 513 1810... 763,643 .. Imports. Years. Exports. Imports 1S11 $1,032,354 $ 1812 780,805 1813 974,303 1814 1,043,136 1815 383,135 1816 593,806 1817 604,139 1818 577,564 1819 438,534 1820 421,931 1821 876,187 1822 485,812 1823 452,061 1S24 575,852 1825... 312,090 507,094 456,463 581,510 689,270 707,478 1826 708,893 736,194 1827 590,275 630,004 1828 521,545 485,174 1S29 457,970 309.533 1580 3S9,511 269,583 Years. Exports. Imports. 1831 $482,883 $405,066 1832 430,466 437,715 1833 427,603 352,014 1334... 422,416 385.720 1835 512,970 439,502 1836 438,199 468,163 1887 532,590 318,849 1883 513,610 843,381 1839 583,226 446,191 1840 518,210 277,072 1841 509,348 295,989 1842 332,892 335,707 1843 307,223 230,841 1844 800,016 323,299 1845 969,055 372,075 1846 775,912 413,478 1847 599,492 275,823 1843 501,064 229,310 1489 264,000 284.743 1850 241,930 372^890 Internal Communication. The lines of travel and transportation in Connecticut extend east and west directly through the length of the State, having their termini at New York and at Boston, and north and south, stretching from the ports on Long Island Sound, across the country into Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, and ultimately to the "Western States, and also into Canada. The connections thus formed extend several thousands of miles, 149 CONNECTICUT. and afford easy and expeditious routes of communication between the interior and sea-board. There are two lines of railroad running in a direction east and west the line composed of the New York and New Haven E. E., and the New Haven and New London K. E., which, in connection with the Stonington E. E., and also with the Norwich and Worcester E. E., forms the Southern route between the two commercial centres, Boston and New York ; and the Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill E. E., which will form a direct line through the middle section of the State, from Providence, E. I., to Fishkill on the Hudson Eiver, opposite the east terminus of the Erie E. E. The lines running north from the Sound ports are the Norwich and Worcester E. E. ; the New London, Willimantic, and Palmer E. E. ; the New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield E. E. ; the New Haven and Northampton E. E. (on the old canal route) ; the Naugatuck E. E. ; the Housatonic E. E., and the Danbury and Norwalk E. E. There are also several additional railroads in progress or projected ; one of which, and the most important, is that designed to effect an air line route between New York and Boston. The common and turnpike roads of the State are proverbially good and well kept. The only canal of any length the State ever possessed, the Farmington Canal, has been filled in, and now forms the bed of the New Haven and Northampton E. E. Banks, etc. In April, 1850, there were in the State 41 banks and 2 branch banks, the condition of which at that date was as follows : Liabilities capital, $9,907,503 ; circulation, $5,253,884 ; deposits, $2,357,939 ; due other banks, $468,768 ; dividends unpaid, $37,372 ; surplus fund, $753,654 ; earnings since dividend, $304,396, and other liabilities, $38,961 ; and Assets loans and discounts, $15,607,315 ; real estate, $389,983 ; other investments, $396,035 ; due by other banks and brokers, $1,637,411 ; notes of the banks, $245,349 ; specie funds, $103,614 ; specie, $640,622, and expenses since dividend, $51,878. Total of balance sheet, $19,122,207. Connecticut had also 15 savings banks, in which $4,746,692 was deposited by 32,966 individual depositors : the sums deposited in 1849-50 amounted to $1,051,300, and the sums withdrawn to $719,898. The aggregate expense of managing these institutions was $10,837 ; and the dividends made on sums deposited ranged from 5 to 7J per centum. The securities on which the credits are based are loans on real and personal estate and stocks, and investments in bank stocks and bonds, etc. The Insurance Companies in the State comprised 8 general Btock companies, with an aggregate of capitals amounting to $1,400,000; ill mutual general companies capitals, $1,487,025; 6 life mutual companies capitals, $1,400,000; 2 health companies capitals, $203,175; and 1 life and health company capital, $100,000. Government. The charter granted in 1662, by Charles II., formed the basis of the government until 1818, when the present constitution was formed. Every white male citizen of the United States, 21 years of age, who has gained a settlement in the State, has resided six months in his town, is possessed of a freehold of $7 a year in value, or has done military duty for one year, or has been excused therefrom, or has paid a State tax within the year, and who lias a good moral character, may vote at all elections on taking the oath. Every voter is eligible to any office, unless it be expressly excepted. The general election is held on the first Monday of April annually. The legislature, styled the General Assembly, consists of a Senate and House of Eepresentatives. The Senate is not to consist of less than 18 noi^more than 28 members senators are chosen by districts of equal population, and by a plurality of votes, and in case any two candidates have an equal and highest vote, then the House of Eepresentatives shall elect one of them. Eepresentatives are chosen by towns, and in the same manner as senators ; but in case of no candidate receiving a highest vote, the Senate chooses one as member from the two candidates having the highest. The legislature meets alternately at Hartford and New Haven, on the first Monday in May, yearly. The Governor exercises the chief executive power. He must be at least 30 years of age and have been elected by a majority of votes, and in case there be no choice by the people, cne of the two candidates having the highest vote is chosen by the General Assembly on joint ballot. The Governor has power to grant reprieves, except in cases of impeachment, but not pardons ; and he may veto a bill, but a majority of both houses may pass it again, and it becomes law nevertheless. A Lieutenant-Governor (ex-officio President of Senate), Secretary of State, Treasurer, and Comptroller are chosen in the same manner as the Governor. All these officers are elected annually. Connecticut, under the law relative to the distribution of representives, has four members in Congress. The Judiciary of the State consists of a Supreme Court, a Superior Court, County Courts, etc. The Supreme Court consists of a chief and four associate justices, and meets annually in each county. The Superior Court is held by one judge of the Superior Court semi-annually in each county. County Courts are held throe times each year in the several counties by a judge elected annually by the legislature. Appeal lies from the County Courts to the Superior Court Clerks of the County Courts are likewise clerks of the Superior Court and Supreme Court in their counties respectively. In all cases of libel, truth may be given in evidence. Sheriffs are chosen by the Assembly, and hold office for three years. Finances, etc. During the year ending 1st April, 1850, the total receipts into the public treasury amounted to $122,347, and the expenditures to $118,392, leaving a balance of $3,955. The chief sources of income were, from taxes, $73,557; from dividends on bank "stock, $37,053, etc. The principal expenses were, the expenses of legislation, $25,986 ; salaries, $14,150; contingent expenses of government, $15,399; judicial expenses, $49,002, etc. Connecticut has no absolute debt. The contingent debt amounted to $58,212. The value of property belonging to the State otherwise than the School Fund, amounts to $406,000. Eeligious Denominations. The statistics of the principal religious denominations, according to the returns made by each in 1850, were as follows : The Congregationalists had 267 churches, 206 ministers, and 35,158 communicants ; the Baptists had 111 churches, 89 ministers, and 16,230 communicants ; the Protestant Episcopalians had a bishop, and 106 ministers, and 9,360 communicants ; the Episcopal Methodists had 148 ministers, and the other Methodist churches 8 ministers; the Presbyterians, 5 ministers; the Unitarians, 4 ministers; the Eoman Catholics, a bishop and 9 priests; the Universalists, 14 preachers ; the Second Advent Church, 8 ministers ; the Christians, par excellence, 5 ministers ; the Free-Will Baptists, 1 minister ; the Jews had 2 synagogues and 1 rabbi. Educational Statistics. The number of common school societies in the State on the 1st April, 1850, was 217 ; of school districts, 1,649, and of children between 4 and 16 years of age, 92,055. The value of the School Fund, 2d Sept, as appears from the biennial exhibit, was $2,076,602 75 ; and the amount of dividend for 1850 was $137,449 51, or $1 50 for every enumerated child. The returns do not give the number of teachers, or their wages, or the time during which schools are open, ut nly the information above indicated. The Legislature, at the session of 1849, appropriated $10,000 for th sta lishment of a State Normal School, which is under the control of eight trustees, appointed by the General Assembly, one from each county. The collegiate establishments of the State are : Yale College, Trinity College, the Wesleyan University, and the Theological Institute. Yale College is one of the oldest, most richly endowed, and 160 CON CON most extensively useful institutions of learning in the United States. It was founded in 1701 by the gentleman whose name it perpetuates. In 1S50 it had in the academical department 432 students, of which 93 were of the senior class, 91 of the junior class, 122 of the sophomore class, and 126 of the freshman class total, 432 ; and the number of students in theology was 38, in law 26, in medicine 38, and in philosophy and the arts 21 total in professions and the arts, 123. Grand total, 555. From 1702 to 1S50, the number of graduates had been 5,932, of which 2,962 were living; and of the total 1,562 had been ministers of the gospel, of whom 724 were living in 1850. The library of Yale College contains 49,000 volumes. Trinity College, an Episcopal institution, is located at Hartford. It was founded in 1824, and in 1S50 had 9 professors, 66 students, and a library of 9,000 volumes. Its alumni counted at the latter date 257, of which 117 had taken holy orders. The "Wesleyan University, at Middletown, was founded in 1S31, and in 1850 had 8 professors, 125 students, and a library of 11,123 volumes. Since its commencement it had graduated 327 students, and of these 126 had gone into the ministry. At Hartford is the Theological Institution of Connecticut, an establishment under the Congrega tional churches, founded in 1S34. It had, in 1850, 3 instructors, 17 students, and a library of 5,000 volumes. Its alumni counted 151. There are, besides the above, a large number of academies, and other descriptions of private schools, which, for efficiency and cheapness, have few equals. There is also at Hartford the Connecticut Historical Society, which publishes its transactions at stated periods. Ofiantable Institutions. Connecticut, at an earlier period, and on a more extensive scale than any other of the States, commenced and completed institutions the object of which was the relief of those whom nature or accident had deprived of the use of senses or mental faculties. The principal of these institutions are the Eetreat for the Insane, and the American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, both at Hartford ; and to these may be added the State Prison at Wothersfield, conducted on paternal and correctional, rather than vindictive, principles. The Retreat for the Insane was opened in 1824 ; on the 1st April, 1849, it contained 133 patients, and in 1849-50, 135 were admitted, making 268 in all ; and during the same year 125 were discharged, leaving in the retreat 143. Of the patients discharged 64 were recovered, 24 improved, 7 not improved, and 30 died. The whole number of admissions, from the opening of the institution, had been 2,033. The terms of admission are $39 a quarter for patients belonging to the State, and $45 50 for patients from other States. The American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb was the first institution of the kind founded in the United States, and has been well endowed by individual, State, and Federal bounties. The number of students for the year ending 1st May, 1S50, was 210, and of these 20 were supported by friends, 32 by the State of Maine, 23 by New Hampshire, 19 by Vermont, 75 by Massachusetts, 7 by Rhode Island, 26 by Connecticut, and 8 by South Carolina. The annual cost is $100, but in sickness extra necessaries are charged for ; applicants for admission must be between 8 and 25 years of age, of good natural intellect, capable of forming and joining letters legibly and correctly, and of good moral character. During the year ending 31st March, 1S50, there were discharged from the State Prison 43 convicts, and received 61; and at that date there remained in confinement 175, of which 163 were males and 12 females. The males are employed in making cabinet work, cutlery, and shoes; and the females in washing, cooking, making and mending clothing, and binding boots and shoes. The average number in confinement during the year was 160. A small library has been purchased for the use of the prisoners, and it is a duty of the chaplain to give educational as well as religious instruction to the inmates. The institution is self-supporting, and the receipts for the year past show a balance in favor of the prison. A Reform School for Juvenile Offenders has also been lately established by the Legislature and individuals conjointly. Periodical Press. The whole number of periodicals and newspapers published in Connecticut, in 1S50, was 51, of which 80 were political, and 21 literary, religious, scientific, etc. Of the political papers, 20 were Whig and 10 Democratic in their teachings. Of the total, 8 were daily papers, 4 tri-weekly, 33 weekly, and 6 at other periods. The circulation of the daily papers amounted at each aggregate issue to 12,300 copies; of the tri-weeklies, to 1,600 copies; of the weeklies, to 84,810 copies ; and of all others, to 2,400 copies. The best known of the Connecticut periodicals, are the " American Journal of Science," the "New Englander" (literary), the "Church Review" (religious), and the "Yale Literary Maga zine" (literary) : n 1 of which are published from the New Haven press. The " Journal of Science" is under the editorial supervision of the celebrated Dr. Silliman, and has long stood at the head of scientific periodicals in America. Connecticut consisted originally of two colonies : Hartford, settled by emigrants from Massachusetts in 1635, and New- Haven, by emigrants from England in 1638. The two colonies were united under one government by a charter of Charles II. in 1662. In 1686 this charter was suspended by James II., and Andros, who had been appointed Governor of New England, was sent to assume the government. Repairing to Hartford, with a body of troops, he demanded the charter ; the instrument was accordingly brought into the hall in the evening, with the intention of its being surrendered, but the lights were suddenly extinguished, and the charter was carried off and secreted by some of the colonists in the hollow of a tree, which is still in existence, and is to this day known as the Charter Oak. When Andros was deposed in 1689, the charter was resumed, and the government was administered under it until 1818, when the present constitution was formed and went into efiect. Its principal provisions are referred to under another caption. HARTFORD and NEW HAVEN are alternate capitals of the State. CONNECTICUT river : this r. has its sources in K ffamp., nnd the mountainous tracts of Lower Canada. Its general course is from N. to S., and it is navigable for vessels of considerable burden for a distance of 50 m. to Hartford, and to Middletown, about 30 m. from the sea, for vessels of 12 feet draft. It is the Quoncktacut of the Indians, said to signify " Long River," or, as it ia rendered by others, the " River of Pines." Its western branch forms the boundary line between the United States and Canada ; and the main river, dividing Vermont and New Hampshire, crosses the western part of Massachusetts, passes through the central part of Connecticut, and after a fall of about 1,600 feet in its whole length of 410 miles, enters Long Island Sound in 41 16 N. lat. In its course it passes through a beautiful Brattleboro , in Vermont; Greenfield, Hadley, Northamp ton, and Springfield, in Massachusetts ; and Hartford, Mid dletown, and Haddam, etc., in Connecticut. Its breadth, at the entrance into Vermont, is about 150 feet, but in its course of 60 miles it increases to a breadth of about 400 feet. In Connecticut and Massachusetts, its breadth varies from 500 to 1,100 feet. The canals and other improvements recently made to overcome the rapids and falls, have ren dered it navigable for small boats which trade as far as Well s r., at a distance of 250 m. above Hartford. The falls of most celebrity are Bellow s Falls, Queechy Falls, White River Falls, etc., in New Hampshire and Vermont ; Mon tague and South Hadley Falls, in Massachusetts ; and Enfield Falls, in Connecticut, at the last of which it country, and by many very nourishing towns, among which | meets tide water. The descent of the river, between Han- may be mentioned Hanover, Haverhill, Walpole, and over, New Hampshire, and Enfield, Connecticut, is about Charlestown, in New Hampshire ; Windsor, Newbury, and | 870 feet, of which 225 feet have been overcome by locks. 151 CON COO The principal tributaries of this river are, in New Hamp shire, the Upper and Lower Amrnonoosuc, Sugar, and Ashuelot rivers; in Vermont, Pasumsic, Wells, White Queechy, Black, Williams, and West rivers; in Massachu setts, Miller s, Deerfleld, Chicopee, and Westfleld rivers ; and in Connecticut, Farmington r. The banks of the Connecti cut are in many places rough and precipitous, but there are other portions on both sides, extending from half a mile to 5 miles wide, and but slightly raised above the surface of the stream, which are annually overflowed, and consequently enriched, the soil of which is very fertile, and forms a large tract of meadow-land. From the beauty, utility, and length of this river, and also from its connection with the different towns and villages which lie on its banks, it forms one of the most distinguished features of New England. Large quantities of shad, of a superior quality, are taken annually, also some other fish ; but the salmon, which formerly fre quented it, have now disappeared. CORNELL S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Bossier par., La. : 220 m. N. W. Baton Bouge. CONNELLSVILLE, p. v.,Fayette co., Penn. : on the E. bank of Youghiogeny r., 168 m.W. by S. Harrisburg. Pop. 600. CONNER S MILLS, p. o., Cooper co., Mo. : 42 m. N. W. Jefferson City. CONNERSYILLE, p. v., Harrison co., Ky. : 42 m. E. N. E. Frankfort. CONNEKSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Fayette co., Ind. : on the W. side of the W. branch of White Water r., 54 m. E. by S. Indianapolis. It is an important place, being on the line of the White Water Canal, and of the Junction E. E., the first connecting it with the places N. and S., and the latter with those E. and W. of it. Two newspapers, the " White Water Valley" (whig), and the " Fayette and Union Chron icle" (dem.), are issued weekly. The v. contains several large and substantial stores and warehouses, and is fully provided with churches and schools. The C. H. is one of the handsomest public buildings in the State. Pop. 2,200. CONN S CREEK, p. o., Shelby co., Ind. : on the cr. so called, 83 m. S. E. Indianapolis. Conn s cr. is a good mill-stream, and a tributary of Flat Eock river. CONOCOCHEAGUE, p. o., Washington co., Md. : on a cr. of Potomac r. so called, 9 m. W. Hagerstown, and 79 m. N. W. by W. Annapolis. CONOIS, t. and p. o., Calhoun co., Mich. : 33 m. S. W. Lansing. The t. contains numerous ponds, and is drained chiefly by tributaries of Battle cr., which passes through its N. W. corner. Pop. 621. CONOTEN, p. v v Harrison co., Ohio: on Conoten cr. of Tuscarawas r., 98 m. E. N. E. Columbus. CONQUEST, t. and p. v., Cayuga co., AT. Y.:&n the N. side of Seneca r., which in the S. W. corner of the t. divides and forms Rowland s Island. The surface is rolling. The v., 142 m. W. by N. Albany, contains about 30 dwellings and 200 inhabitants. Pop. of tl,863. CONRAD S STORE, p. o., Eockingham co., Tlrg. : 97 m. N. W. Eichmond. CONSHOOTON, p. v., Montgomery co., Perm. CONSOLATION, p. v., Shelby co., Ky. : 26 m. W. Frankfort. CONSTABLETILLE, p. v., Lewis co., N. T. : on a cr. of Black r., 98 m. N. W. Albany. CONSTANTIA, t. and p. v., Oswego co., N. Y. : on the N. side of Oneida Lake, 112 m. W. N. W. Albany. It is drain ed by Scriba and other creeks flowing into the lake. The v. contains about 400 inhabitants. Pop. 2,495. CONSTANTIA CENTRE, p. o., Oswego co., JV. Y. : 110 m. W. N. W. Albany. CONSTANTINE, t. and p. v., St. Joseph co., Mich. : on both sides of St. Joseph s r., 83 m. S. W. Lansing. The v. is lo cated on Fall cr., and is in a very flourishing condition, with considerable commerce and inland trade. Pop. oft. 1,494. CONSTITUTION, p. v., Washington co., Ohio. CONTENT, p. o., Bulwer co., Miss. : 123 m. N. N. W. Jackson. 152 CONTENTNIA, p. o., Pitt co., If. Car. : on Contentnia cr., a tributary of Neuse r., 74 m. E. S. E. Ealeigh. CONTOOCOOK VILLAGE, p. v., Merrimac co., IT. ffamp. : on Coutoocook r., and on the line of the Concord and Clare- mont E. E., at the point of divergence of the Contoocook Valley E. E., 10 m. from Concord. The water-power is here extensive, and a large manufacturing T. has sprung up within a few years under the favoring influence of direct railroad connection with Boston and other parts of New England, etc. The Contoocook r. is a tributary of the Mer rimac r., which it joins on the N. line of Concord. CONTRA COSTA county, Calif. Situate W., and contains 1,600 sq. m. On the W. and N., San Francisco Bay and its tributary rivers demark its bounds and receive its drainage. Surface mountainous, with extensive valleys, the coast range passing through it. Farms 00 ; manuf. 00 ; dwell. 000, and pop. wh. 0,000, f. col. 00 total 0,000. Capital : Mar tinez. CONTRERAS, p. v., Butler co., Ohio : 94 m. W. S. W. Columbus. CONVENIENCE, p. v., Fayette co., Ohio : on the S. W. side of the N. Branch of Paint cr., 37 m. S. by W. Columbus. CONVENIENT, p. v., Smith co., Tenn. : 49 m. E. by N. Nashville. CONVENT, p. o., St. James par., La.: 87 m. S. S. E. Baton Eouge. CONTVAY county, Ark. Situate centrally, and contains 1,860 sq. m. Drained by Cadron, Point Eemove, and other creeks of Arkansas r., which washes its S. W. border. The surface is somewhat hilly and broken, but the soils have an average productiveness, and yield good crops, Indian corn, etc. Farms 3S7 ; manuf. 3 ; dwell. 595, and pop. wh. 3,339, fr. col. 4, si. 240 total 3,583. Capital:: Lewis-, COITWAY, t. and p. v., Franklin co., Mass. : on the S. W. side of Deerfleld r., 92 m. W. by N. Boston. The p. o. lies near the centre of the t. The manufactures of Conway consist of cotton and woolen goods, leather, cabinet ware, etc. It has fine farming lands. Pop. 1,881. CONWAY, t. and p. o., Aroostook co., Me. : in the S. W. part of the co., 110 m. N. N. E. Augusta. The t. is drained by Molencas cr., a tributary of Matawamkeag r., and by several streams tributaries of the Penobscot. CONWAY, t. and p. o., Livingston co., Midi.: in the N. W. corner of the co., 24 m. E. Lansing. CONWAY, t. and p. v., Carroll co., N. Hamp. : on Saco r., 56 m. N. N. W. Concord. Swift and Pequawkett rivers fall into the Saco within this t., and afford extensive mill- power. The ordinary depth of the Saco is here about 2 feet, with a rapid current, broken by falls, but in season of flood it has been known to rise 27 and even 30 feet in 24 hours. Magnesia and fuller s earth are abundant, and near the centre of the t. is a sulphur spring. The soils are very fertile. Conway village is a pleasant resort for travelers to he White Mountains, and will, before long, be connected with the railroads to Boston by the Great Falls and Con- way E. E. Pop. 1,769. CONWAYBOROUGII, p. v., and cap. Horry dist., S. Car. : 108 m. E. by S. Columbia, on the W. side of Waccamaw r., which thus far is navigable for steamboats. The v. con tains the county buildings and about 200 inhabitants, and ias some trade with the neighboring settlements. CONYER S, p. o., Newton co., Ga. : on the line of the eorgia E. E., 141 m. from Augusta and 30 from Atlanta, and 62 m. N. W. Milledgeville. CONYERSVILLE, p. v., Henry co., Tenn.: 89 m. W. Nashville. CONYNGHAM, p. v., Luzerne co., Penn. : 69 m. N. N. E. Elarrisburg. Coocn s BRIDGE, p. o., New Castle co., Del. COOK county, III. Situate in the N. E., on Lake Mich- gan, and contains 836 sq. m. Drained by Calumic, Chicago, and Desplaines rivers. Surface low, level prairie, with coo coo timber groves and some swamps ; rises from the lake shore. Soils fertile. Farms 1,857 ; manuf. 227 ; dwell. 7,674, and pop. wh. 42,999, fr. col. 386 total 43,385. Capital : Chi cago. Public Works : Galena and Chicago Union E. E. ; Chicago and Eock Island E. E. ; Aurora Extension E. E. ; Chicago and Mississippi E. E. ; Northern Indiana E. E. ; Lake Shore E. E. ; Chicago Branch of Central E. E. etc. ; Illinois and Michigan Canal ; and numerous plank roads. COOK, p. v., Erie co., Penn. : 205 m. N. "W. Harrisburg. COOKE county, Tex, Situate N., and contains about 4,600 sq. m. Drained by the head streams of the Trinity and Brazos rivers, and by creeks falling into Eed r., which bounds it on its N. side. Surface elevated and diversified, chiefly prairie. Soils fertile. Farms 25 ; manuf. ; dwell. 88, and pop. wh. 219, fr. col. 0, si. 1 total 220. Capi tal: COOKESVILLE, p. v., Caddo, par., La.; 226 m. N. "W. Baton Kouge. COOKHAM, p. v., Fairfleld disk, S. Car. : on the line of Charlotte and South Carolina E. E., 17 m. N. Columbia. COOKSBUBGII, p. v., Albany co., 2f. Y.: 26 m. S. "W. Albany. COOK S CORNERS, p. o., Erie co., Ohio : 99 m. N. Columbus. COOKSETVILLE, p. v., Crittenden co., EJy, : 208 m. "W. by S. Frankfort. COOK S LA-W OFFICE, p. o., Elbert co., Ga. : 82 m. N. N. E. Milledgeville. COOK S Era, p. o., Clinton co., Penn. : 83 m. N. N. W. Harrisburg. COOKSTOWN, p. v., Fayette co., Penn. : 162 m. "W. by S. Ilarrisburg. COOKSTOWN, p. v., Burlington co., Nl Jer. COOKSVILLE, p. v., Anne Arundel co., Md. : at the head of Cat-tail branch of Big Patuxent r., 42 m. N. "W. Annapolis. COOKSVILLE, p. v., Eock co., Wise. : on a branch of Cat fish r., 21 m. S. S. E. Madison. COOKSVILLE, p. v., Noxubee co., Miss. : 112 m. E. N. E. Jackson. COOLBAUGH S, p. o., Monroe co., Penn.: 123 m. N. E. Harrisburg. COOL SPRING, p. o., "Wilkinson co., Ga. : in the S. corner of the co., 32 m. S. Milledgeville. COOL SPRING, p. o., Jefferson co., Penn. : 132 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. COOLVILLE, p. v., Athens co., Ohio : on the "W. side of Ilocking r., near 4 m. from its confluence with the Ohio r., 82 m. S. E. Columbus. COOL WELL, p. o., Amherst co., Virg. : 100 m. "W. Richmond. COON CREEK, p. o., Jasper co., Mo. : on the S. side of Coon cr., a branch of "Muddy cr. of Neosho r., 136 m. S. "W. Jefferson City. COONEWAN, p. v., Pontotoc co., Miss. : 157 m. N. N. E. Jackson. COON HILL," p. o., Santa Eosa co., Flor. : 165 m. "W. Tallahassee. COON PRAIBIE, p. o., Crawford co., Wise. : 76 m. "W. by N. Madison. COONVILLE, p. Y., Pottowattomee co., la.: 212 m. "W. Iowa City. COOPER county, Mo. Situate centrally, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Black r., Eio a la Mine, and Saline and Moniteau creeks, tributaries of Missouri r., which makes its N. boundary. Surface undulating, and soils very produc tive. Indian corn and tobacco are the principal agricultural staples, and live-stock is raised in large numbers. Farms 1,064 ; manuf. 79 ; dwell. 1,717, and pop. wh. 9,837, fr. col. 22, si. 3,091 total 12,950. Capital: Booneville. PubUo Works : Pacific E. E. COOPER, t. and p. v., "Washington co., Me. : 127 m. E. N. E. Augusta. It is drained by two small lakes and several U streams emptying into Cobscook Bay. The surface is even and the soils productive. Pop. 562. COOPER, p. v., "Wayne co., Ohio : 78 m. N. E. Columbus. COOPER, t. and p. o., Kalamazoo co., Mich. : on both sides of Kalamazoo r., 56 m. "W. S. "W. Lansing. Pop. 733 COOPEB river, S. Car. : unites with Ashley r. to form Charleston Harbor, entering it on the E. side of the city. A canal, 21 m. long, unites Cooper with the Santee, and thus opens an extensive interior to Charleston. COOPER S, p. o., Franklin co., Virg. : 138 m. "W. S. "W. Eichmond. COOPERSBURG, p. v., Lchigh co., Penn. : 87 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. COOPER S GAP, p. o., Eutherford co., N. Car.: 200 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. COOPER S MILLS, p. o., Lincoln co., Me. : on the Kenuebec r., 13 m. S. Augusta. COOPER S PLAINS, p. v., Steuben co., Jf. T. : on the Buf falo, Corning, and New York E. E., 3 m. from Painted Post and 168 m. "W. by S. Albany. COOPERSTOWN, p. v., and cap. Otsego co., N. Y. : at the outlet of Otsego Lake, 58 m. "W. Albany. It is a neat and tastefully built village, and is surrounded by scenery not excelled by any in central New York for beauty. Three newspapers, the " Freeman s Journal" (dem.), the " Otsego EepubJican" (whig), and the "Otsego Democrat" (dem.), are published weekly. The manufacturing interest is con siderable, cotton goods and paper being its staples. Pop. 1,400. COOP.ERSTOWN, p. v., Brown co., Wise. : on Benton cr. of "West Twin r., 112 m. N. E. Madison, and equidistant be tween Manitouwoc and Green Bay. COOPERBTOWN, p. v.j Venango co., Penn. : 103 m. N. W. Harrisburg. COOPEBSVILLE, p. v., Dearborn co., Ind. : 79 m. S. E. Indianapolis. COOPERS VILLE, p. r., Fentress co., Tenn. : 113 m. E. by N Nashville. COOPERSVILLE, p. T., Clinton co., N. Y.: 136 m. N. Albany. COOPERSVILLE, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. : 43 m. S. E. Harrisburg. COOPERSVILLE, p. v., Union dist, S. Car. : 77 m. N. "W. Columbia. COOP S CREEK, p. o., Marion co., Teim.: 100 m. S. E. Nashville. Coos county, N. Hamp. Situate N., and contains 1,600 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Connecticut r., and by the Androscoggin and Saco rivers, which flow into Maine, Much of the land is rough and broken, unfit for cultivation, but on the Connecticut, and other streams, the soil is fertile and productive. The "White Mountains occupy the S. E. part of the co. The climate is too severe for Indian corn, but all other grains and roots grow well. Farms 1,439; manuf. 69 ; dwell. 2,114, and pop. wh. 11,849, fr. col. 4 total 11, 853. Capital: Lancaster. Public Works : Atlantic and St. Lawrence E. E. COOSA county, Ala. Situate centrally, and contains 864 sq. m. Drained by Paint, "Weoquatka, Hatchet, and "Wo- woka creeks of Coosa r., and by several creeks of Tallapoo- sa r. Surface hilly and broken. Soils fertile, with abund ance of timber, cotton, Indian corn, wheat, with tobacco and rice, are the products. Farms 1,130 ; manuf. 13 ; dwell. 1,725, and pop. wh. 10,414, fr. col. 9, si. 4,120 total 14,543. Capital: Eockford. COOSA, p. v., Floyd co., Qa. : on the Coosa r., 146 m. N. "W. Milledgeville. COOSA river, Ala. and Ga. : rises in Georgia and runs through the N. W. part of that State into Alabama, and 8 m. below "Wetumpka unites with the Tallapoosa r. to form the Alabama. The Coosa is navigable for steamboats to "Wetumpka, and its whole course is about 240 miles. COOSA WATCDIE, p. v., and cap. Beaufort dist., S. Car. : on 158 coo COR the W. bank of Coosawatchie r., near its confluence with Broad r., 97 m. S. Columbia, It is a small v., being im portant solely as the county seat of justice. COOSAWATTEE, p. v., Murray co., Get. : on the N. side of Coosawattee r., a constituent of the Coosa r., 142 m. N. W. Milledgeville. COPAKE, t. and p. v., Columbia co., K T. : on the Mas sachusetts State line, 47 m. S. by E. Albany. The E. part of the t. is hilly in the W. are several small lakes and An- cram r. The v. lies near the Harlem E. E. Pop. 1,652. COPAKE lake, Columbia co., N. T. : a beautiful sheet of water, about 600 acres in extent Its shores have a gentle declivity and are highly cultivated. The waters are re markably clear, and the bottom of the lake is composed of white sand and gravel. COPAN, p. v., Haywood co., Tenn. : 146 m. "W. by S. Nashville. COPANO, p. o., Eefugio co., Text. : on Aransas Bay, op posite to Aransas City Point, 162 m. S. by E. Austin City. It has a good harbor for small coasters and steamboats. ; COPELAND, p. o., Telfau* co., Get. : on the N. E. side of Okmulgee r., 78 m. S. Milledgeville. COPENHAGEN, p. v., Caldwell par., La. : on the "W. side of and 2 m. from Wachita r., 116 m. N. N. W. Baton Eouge. COPENHAGEN, p. v., Caldwell co., N. Car. : a few miles N. E. of the confluence of Lower cr. with the Catawba r., 162 m. W. Ealeigh. COPENHAGEN, p. v., Lewis co., N. Y. : on both sides of Deer cr., 120 m. N. W. Albany. It is a flourishing v., and engaged in manufactures. About half a mile below the v., on Deer cr., is a fall of 270 feet, nearly perpendicular. COPE S MILLS, p. o., Jefferson co., Ohio: 123 m. E. by N. Columbus. COPI, p. o., Johnson co., la. : on the N. side of Clear cr. of Iowa r., 10 m. W. N. W. Iowa City. COPIAH county, Miss. Situate S. W. centrally, and con tains 936 sq. m. Drained by Bayou Pierre, the head streams of Homochitto r., and tributaries of Pearl r., which runs along its N. E. border. Surface flat and low. Soils various, chiefly sandy loam, producing cotton and corn. Farms 951 ; manuf. 21 ; dwell. 11,4S, and pop. wh. 6,303, fr. col. 11, si. 5,480 total 11,794. Capital: Gallatin. Public Works : New Orleans and Jackson E. E. COPIAH CREEK, p. o., Copiah co., Miss. : 29 m. S. Jackson. COPLEY, t. and p. v., Summit co., Ohio : on the N. side of Wolf cr. of Tuscarawas r., 102 m. N. E. Columbus. It has good water-power and numerous mills. Pop. 1,541. COPOPA, p. v., Lorain co., Ohio : on the E. side of Eocky r., 108 m. N. N. E. Columbus. COPPERAS CREEK, p. v., Fulton co., III. : on a cr. of the Illinois r. so called, 49 m. N. N. "W". Springfield. COPPER CREEK, p. o., Mercer co., III. : on Copper cr. of Illinois r., 122 m. N. W. Springfield. COPPER CREEK, p. o., Jackson co., la. : on a cr. of Ma- koqueta r. so called, 64 m. N. E. Iowa City. COPPER HARBOR, p. v., Houghton co., Mich. : at the N. E. extremity of Keweenaw Point, a peninsula projecting into Lake Superior, in about 11 W. of Washington, and to 47 30 N. lat. The settlement has been formed as a depfit for the mineral region in the neighborhood, and has already risen to importance. It has a good harbor and other advantages as a commercial settlement A railroad from Chicago is projected northward to the harbor, a direct distance of be tween 400 and 500 miles. COPPER EIDGE, p. o., Hancock co., Tenn. : 208 m. E. byN. Nashville. CORAL, p. o., M Henry co., III. : about 4 m. S. E. of Mar- engo. on the Galena and Chicago Union E. E., and 173 m. N. N. E. Springfleld. CORAM, p. v., Suffolk co., N. T. : 122 m. S. E. Albany. It lies on the post road, between Smithtown and Eiverhead. CORBETSVILLE, p. v., Broome co., N. Y. : 108 m. S. W. Albany. 154 CORDAVILLE, p. v., Worcester co., Jifa-ss. CORDOVA, p. v., Eock Island co., III. : in the N. part of the co. and on the Mississippi r., 132 m. N. by W. Springfield. CORDOVA, p. v., Grant co., Ky. : 38 m. N. N. E. Frankfort CORFU, p. v., Genessee co., N. Y. : 228 m. W. Albany. CORINNA, t and p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : 46 m. N. N. E. Augusta. The t is watered by head branch of Sebasticook river. Pop. 1,560. CORINNA CENTRE, p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : 48 m. N. N. E. Augusta. CORINTH, p. v., Heard co., Ga. : on New r., a cr. of Chat- tahoochee r., 108 m. W. by N. MilledgevHle. CORINTH, t. and p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : on both sides of Kenduskeag stream, 55 m. N. E. Augusta. Pop. 1,600. COBINTH, t and p. o., Saratoga co., N. Y. : on the S. W. side of Hudson r., 36 m. N. Albany. The p. o. is situate at Jessup s Landing. Pop. of 1. 1,501. CORINTH, p. v., Belmont co., Ohio : 110 m. E. Columbus. "COKINTH, t and p. o., Orange co., Verm. : 28 m. S. E. Montpelier. The t is drained by branches of Wait s r., which furnishes water-power, which is used for milling purposes. Pop. 1,906. CORNISH, t and p. o., Sullivan co., AT. Hamp. : on the E. side of Connecticut r., 47 m. N. W. by W. Concord. The t is connected with Windsor, Verm., by a bridge over the r. The surface is uneven, except on the r., but the soils aro fertile. Along the streams flowing to the Connecticut there are numerous mills, etc. Pop. 1 606. CORK, p. v., Ashtabula co., Ohio : 156 m. N. E. Columbus. CORK, p. v., Butts co., Ga. : 47 m. W. by N. Milledgeville. CORNER GUM, p. v., Currituck co., N. Car.: 162 m. E. by N. Ealeigh. CORNERS, p. o., Windsor co., Verm. : 67 m. S. Montpelier. CORNERSBURG, p. v., Mahoning co., Ohio : 132 m. N. E. Columbus. It is a flourishing v., and has about 300 in habitants. CORNERSVILLE, p. v., Marshall co., Miss. : 1S7 m. N. by E. Jackson. CORNERSVILLE, p. v., Giles co., Tenn. : in the N. E. corner of the co., 51 m. S. Nashville. CORN GROVE, p. o., Benton co., Ala. : 97 m. N. N. E. Montgomery. CORNIE, p. v., Union co., Ark. : 108 m. S. Little Eock. CORNING, p. v., Steuben co., N. Y. : on the S. side of Chemung r., 166 m. W. S. W. Albany. It has a large num ber of manufacturing establishments, and a newspaper, the " C. Journal" (whig), is issued weekly. The New Tork and Erie E. E., which passes through the v., is here intersected by the Corning and Blossburg E. E., which extends S. to the bituminous coal region of Pennsylvania, and by the Buffalo, Corning, and New York E. E. Here, also, com mences the navigable feeder of the Chemung Canal, which unites with the Erie Canal by means of Cayuga Lake and the Cayuga and Seneca Canal. Its coal trade is very ex tensive. Pop. 1,400. CORNISH, p. v., York co., Me. : on the S. of Saco r. and its tributary, the Great Ossippee r., 66 m. S. W. Augusta. Its soils are fertile and produce good wheat crops. Crock ery and some other manufactures are engaged in. CORNISH FLAT, p. o., Sullivan co., N~. Hamp. : near the centre of the t, 43 m. N. W. by W. Concord. CORNISHVILLE, p. v., Mercer co., Ky. : 29 m. S. Frankfort. CORNPLANTER, t. and p. o., Venange co., Penn. : 189 m. N. W. Harrisburg. CORNVILLE, t. and p. o., Somerset co., Me. : on the Wes- saransett r., a stream of the Kennebeo r., 33 m. N. by E. Augusta. CORNWALL, t and p. v., Litchfleld co., Conn. : a hilly tract on the E. side of Connecticut r., 37 m. W. by N. Hart ford. The v. lies about 2 m. from the r., and contains about 200 inhabitants. The Housatonic E. E. follows the valley 01 the r. through the t, passing through the village of Cornwall Bridge, etc. Pop. 2,041. COR COT CORNWALL, t. and p. v., Orange co., W. Y. : on the W. Bide of Hudson r., 87 m. S. Albany. The surface of the t is hilly, and in part mountain, having on the N. Butter Hill and Crow a Nest, two noted peaks of the Highlands. This is a romantic region, and contains the site of many historic scenes. West Point is also in this town. The v. is situate at the N. termination of the Highlands, and contains about 200 inhabitants. Pop. 4,471. CORNWALL, p. v., Lebanon co., Penn. : 37 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. CORNWALL, t. and p. v., Addison co., Verm. : on the W. side of Otter cr., 34 m. S. W. Montpelier. In the S. part of the t. there are swamps covering a large surface. The Eutland and Burlington E. E. traverses N. E. along the valley of Otter creek. Pop. 1.155. CORNWALL BRIDGE, p. o., Litchfleld co., Conn. : 41 m. "W. Hartford, on the W. side of the Housatonic r., and on the line of Housatonic E. E. CORNWALL HOLLOW, p. o., Litchfleld co., Conn. : 38 m. W. by N. Hartford. CORNWALLVILLE, p. v., Greene co., N. T. : 29 m. S. "W. Albany. CORPUS CHRISTI, p. v., and cap. Nueces co., Tex, : on the neck of the peninsula between Corpus Christi Bay and Nueces Bay, 198 m. S. by E. Austin City. It is a place of considerable trade, and a regular line of steamships plies between it and New Orleans. Pop. 200. CORSICA, p. v., Monroe co., Ohio : 42 m. N. by E. Columbus. CORSICA, p. v., Jefferson co., Penn. : 132 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. COKSICANA, p. v., and cap. Navarro co., Tex. : on the high prairie, between Pecan and Eichland creeks of Trinity r., 122 m. N. N. E. Austin City. It has about 120 inhabit ants, and the surrounding country is thickly settled by cot ton planters. COETLAND county, N. Y. Situate centrally, and contains 500 sq. m. Drained by Tioughnioga and Otzelic rivers, which afford extensive mill-power, and in flood are naviga ble for boats. Surface elevated, its N. boundary forming the watershed between Lake Ontario and the Susquehanna r. Soils a gravelly loam, intermingled with disintegrated lime and slate, and very fertile, yielding good crops of grain and grass. Timber is abundant. The manufactures are chiefly those of flour, lumber, cotton and woolen goods, leather, and potash. Farms 2,465 ; manuf. 202 ; dwell. 4,580, and pop. wh. 25,104, fr. col. 36 total 25,140. Capital : Cortland Village. CORTLAND, p. v., Kent co., Mich. : 54 m. W. by N. Lansing. CORTLAND, p. v., Jackson co., Ind. : on the W. side of Driftwood r., or the E. fork of White r., 55 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. CORTLAND, p. v., Newton co., Tex. : 247 m. E. by N. Austin City. CORTLAND VILLAGE, p. v., and cap. Cortland co., N. Y. : on W. side of Tioughnioga r., 118 m. W. Albany. It con tains the co. buildings, several manufactures, and many of the houses are elegant structures. The neighborhood is highly cultivated. Pop. 1,600. The t of Cortland has 7,758 inhabitants. COHUNNA, p. v., and cap. Shiawassce co., Mich. : on the 8. W. side of Shiawassce r., 27 m. N. E. Lansing. The r. here furnishes a fine head of water, and works several mills. In the vicinity are found coal, lime, and sand fit for glass manufactures. CORWIN, p. T., Montgomery co., Ohio : 74 m. W. by S. Columbus. CORVDON, p. v., and cap. Harrison co., Ind. : on a level bottom between the forks of Indian cr., 109 m. S. Indiana polis. A newspaper, the "Harrison Gazette" (whig), is published weekly. As an inland v., Corydon has a respect able amount of trade, and a population of about 800 souls. CORYDON, p. v., Henderson co., Ky. : 153 m. W. Frankfort. CORTDON, p. v., Warren co., Penn. : 173 m. N. W. Harrisburg. COSGROVE HALL, p. o., Union co., Penn. : 43 m. N. N. "W. Harrisburg. COSHOCTON county, Ohio. Situate E. centrally, and con tains 646 sq. m. Drained by Killbuck cr., White-woman s cr., or Walhonding r., and Tuscarawas r., the two latter of which unite at Coshocton village, and form the Muskin- gum r. : these afford abundance of water-power. Surface uneven and hilly, but the hills are arable, and the soils everywhere fertile. Immense amounts of grain are culti vated, and the amount of live-stock is large. Salt, bitumin ous coal, iron ore, and lead ore are found in the co. Farms 2,736 ; manuf. 158 ; dwell. 4,325, and pop. wh. 25,630, fr. col. 44 total 25,674. Capital: Coshocton. Public Works: Central Ohio E. E. ; Ohio Canal ; Walhonding Canal, etc. COSHOCTON, p. v., and cap. Coshocton co., Ohio : on the E. side of Muskin gum r., at the confluence of its constitu ents, the Walhonding and Tuscarawas rivers, 63 m. E. by N. Columbus. The v. is laid out on four terraces, each 9 feet above the other, the first three being 400 feet wide, and the last about 1,000 feet ; and the streets are at right angles with one another, dividing the v. into 36 blocks of 400 feet square, and each block into 8 lots. The v., however, has expanded much beyond these original bounds, and the surrounding country is thickly settled. It contains a brick court house, several churches, mills, and factories, propelled by both steam and water. Two newspapers, the " C. Eepublican" (whig) and the " C. Democrat" (dem.), are published weet- ly, and the " Practical Preacher," a religious paper, is pub lished semi-monthly. Pop. 850. The Walhonding and Ohio Canal form a junction on the opposite side of the river. COSTJMNES river, Calif. : rises from the Sierra Nevada, in El Dorado co., and passes thence in a direction W. S. W. into Sacramento co., in its lower part, dividing it from San Joaquin co., and then falling into San Joaquin r., 12 m. from its mouth. COTE SANS DESSEIN, p. o., Callaway co., Mo. : on the N. bank of Missouri r., opposite the mouth of Osage r., 11 m. E. by N. Jefferson City. It is an old French settlement, and derives its name from its location on an isolated hill on the margin of the river. COTILE, p. o., Eapides par., La. : near Cotile Lake, 108 m. W. N. W. Baton Eouge. COTOMA, p. v., Montgomery co., Ala. : on Cotoma cr., 12 m. S. Montgomery. COTOSA, p. v., Walker co., Go,. : 182 m. N. W. Milledge- ville. COTTAGE, p. o., Huntingdon co., Penn. : 63 m. W. Har risburg. COTTAGE, p. o., Montgomery co., Md. : 36 m. W. Anna polis. It is the p. o. for Leesborough, a v. on the Wash ington and Eockville turnpike, 9 m. from the former. This T. has 3 churches 1 Catholic, 1 Episcopal, and 1 Method istand about 300 inhabitants : it has also 5 water mills and 1 steam saw mill. COTTAGE GROVE, p. o., Washington co., Minn. Ter. : 22 m. N. E. St Paul. COTTAGE GROVE, t. and p. o., Dane co., Wise. : 12 m. E. by S. Madison. The v. lies on a branch of Cat-fish r. Pop. of the tin 1850,785. COTTAGE GROVE, p. o., Union co., Ind. : 68 m. E. by S. Indianapolis. COTTAGE HILL, p. o., Dupage co., Itt. : on the line of the Galena and Chicago Union E. E., 16 m. W. Chicago, and 162 m. N. N. E. Springfield. COTTAGE HILL, p. o., Lauderdale co., Tenn. : 153 m. W. by S. Nashville. COTTAGE HILL, p. o., St. Joseph co., Ind. : 162 m. N. Indianapolis. COTTAGE HOME, p. o., Harford co., Md. : on Deer cr., 8 m. 155 COT COV N. W. Bel- Air. The Great Rocks of Deer cr., 2 m. W., an remarkable for their height and the romantic scenery 01 their vicinity. Iron ores and other minerals abound, am the neighboring lands are conceded to be the best in the county. COTTAGE HOME, p. o., Lincoln co., & Car. : 142 m W. by N. Ealeigh. COTTAGE INN, p. o., La Fayette co., Wise. : 49 m. S. "W Madison. COTTLEVILLE, p. o., St. Charles co., Mo. : on the N. sid of Missouri r., 88 m. E. by N. Jefferson City. COTTON GIN POKT, p. o., Monroe co., Miss. : on the E. sid of Tombigbee r., immediately below the junction of it E. and W. forks, and at the head of navigation, 152 m N. E. Jackson. COTTON GKOVE, p. o., Davidson co., & Car. : 102 m. W, Ealeigh. COTTON GROVE, p. o., Pontotoc co., Miss. : 157 m. N. N. E. Jackson. COTTON GEOYE, p. o., Madison co., Tenn. : 123 m. "W. S.W. Nashville. COTTON HILL, p. o., Randolph co., Ga. : between Palala and Jumma creeks of Chattahoochee r., and on the line of the South- Western E. E., 12 m. from Fort Gaines, and 138 m. S. W. Milledgeville. COTTON PLANT, p. o., Tippah co., Mm. : 192 m. N. N. E. Jackson. COTTON PLANT, p. o., Eusk co., Tex.: 236 m. N. E. Austin City. COTTON EIDGE, p. o., Itawamba co., Miss. : 163 m. N. E. Jackson. COTTON VALLEY, p. o., Maoon co., Ala. : 33 m. E. Montgomery. COTTONVILLE, p. o., Marshall co., Ala. : 142 m. N. Montgomery. COTTONVILLE, p. v., Jackson co., la. : between two creeks of Makoqueta r., and about 11 m. N. of that stream; 56 m. N. E. Iowa City. COTTONWOOD, p. v., Christian co., Ky. : 172 m. "W. S. "W. Frankfort COTTONWOOD creek, Shaste co., Calif. : a tributary of the Sacramento r. from the Coast Eange of mountains. COTTKELLVILLE, t. and p. o., St. Clair co., Mich. : on the "W". side of St. Clair r., 98 m. E. Lansing. The v., located on the immediate shore of the r., is a flourishing commercial and trading place, and a stopping place for steamboats navigating the river. Pop. of t. 913. COTUIT, p,v., Barnstable co., Mass. : 62 m. E. S. E. Boston. COTUIT POKT, p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : 65 m. E. S. E. Boston. COULSON S MILL, p. o., Linn co., Mo. : on Little Yellow cr. of-Grand r., 92 m. N. N. W. Jefferson City. COULTER S STORE, p. o., Macon co., Mo. : 89 m. N. by W. Jefferson City. COULTERSYILLE, p. v., Butler co., Penn. : 169 m. "W. by N. Harrisburg. COUNCIL BEND, p. o., Crittenden co., Arlc. : 112 m. E. by N. Little Eock. COUNCIL BLUFFS, p. v., Pottowattomee co., la. : on the Missouri r., 216 m. "VV. by S. Iowa City. This is an important point in overland travel, being the last civilized settlement before entering the Indian country. Here the emigrant provides himself with his outfit, and, crossing over the Mis souri, wends his way over the vast wilds. From Council Bluffs to Oregon City is 1,924 m., and from C. B. to Sacra mento City, 2,011 m., the routes being those indicated by Horn s Overland Guide, published in 1852. COUNCIL HILL. p. o., Joe Daviess co., III. : on the Galena and White Oak Spa road, 182 m. N. N. W. Springfield, and about 8 m. N. E. Galena. COUNTSVILLE, p. o., Lexington dist., & Car. COUNTY LINE, p. o., Tallapoosa co., Ala. : 3T m. ST. by E. Montgomery. j 156 COUNTY LINE, p. o., Campbell co., Ga. : 88 m. W. N. W. Milledgeville. COUNTY LINE, p. o., Newton co., Miss. : on the W. line of the co., 59 m. E. by N. Jackson. COUNTY LINE, p. o., Niagara co., JT. T. : 232 m. W. by N. Albany. COUNTY LINE, p. o., Davis co., N. Car. : 102 m. W. by N. Ealeigh. COURT HILL, p. o., Talladega co., Ala. : Tl m. N. by E. Montgomery. COURT HOUSE, p. o., Franklin co., Ala. : 187 m. N. W. Montgomery. COURTLAND, p. v., Lawrence co., Ala. : on the line of the Memphis and Charleston E. E., 1T2 m. N. N. W. Montgomery. COURTLAND, p. v., Shelby co., T&x. : 246 m. E. N. E. Austin City. COURTWRIGHT S MILLS, p. o., Iroquois co., III. : 116 m. N. E. by E. Springfield. COUSHATTEE CHUTE, p. o., Nachitoches par., La. : 146 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. COVE, p.v., Shelby co., Ala. : 66 m. N. by W. Montgomery. COVE, p. v., Polk co., Ark. : 118 m.W. S.W. Little Eock. COVE CREEK, p. o., Benton co., Ala. : 96 m. N. N. E. Montgomery. COVENTRY, t. and p. v., Tolland co., Conn. : on the W. side of Willimantic r., and N. of Hop r., 17 m. E. Hartford. The surface is uneven, and the soil a gravelly loam. The water-power afforded by the streams moves a number of mills and factories, chiefly woolen, cptton, paper, etc. Pop. 1,984. COVENTRY, t. and p. v., Chenango co., If. Y. : 97 m. S. W. Albany. The surface is hilly, and drained by Harper s and Kelsey s creeks, tributaries of the Susquehanna. The village contains about 250 inhabitants. Pop. 1,677. COVENTRY, t. and p. o., Kent co., It. I.: 13 m. S. W*. Providence. The t. is watered by Flat r. and the S. branch of Pawtuxent r., which furnish extensive water-power, which is extensively used in manufactures of wool and cotton. Pop. 3,(i20. COVENTRY, t. and p. v., Orleans co., Verm. : at the head of Lake Memphremagog, 46 m. N. N. E. Montpelier. It is drained by Black and Barton rivers, which empty into this lake, and furnish good mill-power. The soil is generally a rich, deep loam, and very fertile. Pop. 867. COVENTRYVILLE, p. v., Chenango co., N. Y. : 98 m. S. W. Albany. COVERT, t. and p. v., Seneca co., N. Y. : on the W. side of Cayuga Lake, 152 m. W. Albany. The surface is high nd level, and is drained by numerous creeks falling into he lake. The v. is a small agricult. settlement. P. 2,253. COVESVILLE, p. v., Albemarle co., Virg. : 72 m. W. by N. Eichmond. The Virginia Central E. E. passes through the illage. COVESVILLE, p. v., Monroe co., Penn. : 97 m. N. E. larrisburg. COVESVILLE, p. v., Saratoga co., JV. Y. : 28 m. N. by E. Albany. COVINGTON county, Ala. Situate S., and contains 1,152 q. m. Drained by Conecuh r. and Yellow Water r. and heir tributary creeks. Surface low, but diversified, and oils not the most fertile. The products are cotton, corn, ,nd rice, the latter in small quantity. Farms 138 ; manuf. 6 ; [well. 503, and pop. wh. 3,077, fr. col. 83, si. 4SO total ,645. Capital : Andalusia. COVINGTON county, Mi-is. Situate S. centrally, and con- ains 486 sq. m. Drained by the head creeks of Leaf r., a ributary of Pascagoula r. Surface level, and the soils light nd sterile, but with great exceptions. Cotton, corn, and potatoes are the chief products. Farms 272 ; manuf. 5 ; well. 348, and pop. wh. 2,222, fr. col. 2, si. 1,114 total 3.338. Capital: Williamsburg. COVINGTON, p. v., and cap. Newton co., Ga. : on the E. cov cox side of and 3i m. from Yellow r., a constituent of the Okmulgee r., 54 m. N. W. Milledgeville. The Georgia E, B. passes through the v. 130 m. from Augusta, and 41 m. from Atlanta. It is a considerable place, and contains the co. offices, 4 churches, and many handsome buildings. It has also a respectable academy, and 2 m. N., at Oxford, is Emory College, a Methodist institution. COVINGTON, p. v., and cap. Fountain co., Ind. : on the E. side of Wabash r., T3 m. W. by N. Indianapolis. The Wabash and Erie Canal passes through the place, and since its completion in 1847, a great increase in the trade of the v. has resulted. A newspaper, the " People s Friend"(dem.), is published weekly. Pop. 1,600. COVINGTON, p. city, Kenton co., Ky. : on the "W. side of Licking r., on the Ohio, opposite Cincinnati, 60 m. N. N. E. Frankfort. It is built on a beautiful plain, most of which is above high-water mark ; and the streets are so arranged as to appear from the hills back of Cincinnati as a continua tion of that city. Newport lies on the opposite side of the Licking. It is connected with Cincinnati by a steam ferry. Covington is a highly flourishing place, and is destined to become a large city. It contains a city hall, 8 churches, a theological seminary, belonging to the Baptists ; 70 or 80 stores, 35 tobacco factories, 3 rope-walks, a rolling-mill, and numerous other manufacturing establishments. About a mile back from the city is Linden Grove, a beautiful rural cemetery, and 4 m. in the interior are Latonian Springs, a very fashionable and pleasant resort in the summer season. Two weekly newspapers, the "Democratic Union," and the " C. Journal" (whig), are published here ; and also a monthly literary paper, called the " C. Gazette." From Covington, railroads are in course of construction to Louis ville, Lexington, etc., which will form the connecting links between the systems of railroads already built, or being built on all sides S. of the Ohio, and those of Ohio and the other Western States. Pop. about 12,000. COVINGTON, p. v., Richmond co., N. Car. : on the "W". side of Mountain cr. of Yadkin r., 72 m. S. W. Ealeigh. COVINGTON, p. v., and cap. St. Tammany par., La. : on the W. side of Bogue Fallia, a small stream emptying into Lake Pontchartrain, 64 m. E. Baton Eouge. COVINGTON, t. and p. v., Wyoming co., Jf. Y. : 208 m.W. Albany. Surface rolling, and drained by Allen s cr. The v. is a small settlement of 25 or 30 dwellings. COVINGTON, p. v., Miami co., Ohio : on the E. bank of Stillwatcr r., nearly opposite and a little S. of the mouth of Greenville cr., 71 m. W. by N. Columbus. The site is 60 feet above the ordinary water level of the river, and the v. contains several stores and mechanic shops, with about 600 inhabitants. Pop. in 1S50 451. COVINGTON, p. v., Tioga co., Penn. : on a branch of Tioga cr., and on the line of the Corning and Blossburg It. E., 10 m. N. of Blossburg, and 107 N. by W. Harrisburg. Pop. 133. COVINGTON, p. v., and cap. Tipton co., Tenn. : on a branch of Big Hatchee r., 18 m. E. of the Mississippi, and 173 m. W. S. W. Nashville. It stands on a beautiful elevated country, and is surrounded with a highly cultivated and fertile region. It contains a neat court-house, about 120 buildings, and 600 inhabitants. COVINGTON, p. v., and cap. Alleghany co., Virg. : on the N. side of James r., at the confluence of Jackson s and Pott s creeks, being the head of navigation. Its situation, in the niidst of mountain scenery, is beautiful and healthy. The v. has several manufactures and mechanic trades, and is the commercial depOt for an extensive intramontane region. Pop. about 500. The projected E. E. from Lynchburg to the Ohio r. at Guyandotte, will pass through it COWAN S FORD, p. o., Mechlenburgh co., N. Car. : 132 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. COWANSVILLE, p. o., Eowan co., N. Car. : 102 m.W. by S. Ealeigh. COWANSVILLE, p. v.. Armstrong co., Penn. : 152 m. W. N. W. Ilarriaburg. | Cow bay, Queens co., N. Y. : is an arm of Long Island j Sound, extending inland about 5 m., and navigable for I steamboats. It is surrounded by highly cultivated farms and country villas. It is in the t. of North Hempstead. Cow CKEEK, p. o., Saline co., Mo. : 72 m. N.W. Jefferson City. Cow creek, Shaste co., Calif. : a tributary of the Sacra mento r., from the Sierra Nevada. COWDEBSPOBT, p. v., and cap. Potter co., Penn. : on the N. side of Alleghany r., 123 m. N. N. W. Harrisburg. It is a thriving v., and has 300 inhabitants. COWETA county, Ga. Situate W., and contains 532 sq. m. Drained by Cedar cr. and New r. of Chattahoochee r., which forms its N. W. border, and by tributaries of Flint r., which washes it on the E. border ; surface uneven and wooded ; soils generally good, producing largely cotton, Indian corn, and wheat, and some tobacco. Farms 911 ; manuf. 52 ; dwell. 1,3S2, and pop. wh. 8,202, fr. col. 18, si. 5,415 total 13,635. Capital : Newnan. Public Works : La Grange E. E. Cow harbor, Great and Little, Suffolk co., N. Y.: a large bay in Huntington t., communicating with Huntington Bay on the W., and separated from Long Island Sound by Eaton s Neck. COWIKEE, p. v., Barbour co., Ala. : on Cowikee cr. of Chattahoochee r., 76 m. E. S. E. Montgomery. COWLESVILLE, p. v., Wyoming co., A 7 ". Y.: 223 m. W. Albany. COWLITZ FARMS, Pacific co., Oreg. Ter. : a fine agricul tural settlement of the Puget s Sound Agricultural Society on the W. side of Cowlitz r., about 40 m. from its mouth, and 120 m. N. of Salem. The lands here are among the finest in the Territory, producing all the grains and veget ables of temperate climates. A good road leads hence di rectly N. to Puget s Sound and the port of Olympia. COWLITZ river, Oreg. Ter. : a large tributary of the Co lumbia r., from the N. E., which in its main course forms the dividing line between Lewis and Clark counties. It is navigable to Cowlitz Farms, an establishment of the Puget o Sound Agricultural Company. It enters the Columbia about 48 m. from its mouth. Cow NECK, Queens co., N. Y.: lies between Cow Bay on the W. and Hempstead llarbor on the E. It is 6 m. long and 2J m. wide. COWPEN BRANCH, p. o., Barnwell dist., S. Car. COWPENS, p. o., Spartanburgh dist, S. Car.: between Broad r. and Pacolet r., 93 m. N. N. W. Columbia. The locality is noted in history as the ground on which the "Battle of Cowpens" was fought, llth Jan., 17S1. COWPEB HILL, p. o., Eobeson co., N. Car. : S3 m. S. by W. Ealeigh. Cow SKIN, p. o., Ozark co., No. : 123 m. S. Jefferson City. COXE S CREEK, p. o., Bullitt co., Ky. : 48 m. W. by 8. Frankfort. COXSACKIE. t and p. v., Greene co., A T . Y. : on the W. side of Hudson r., 22 m. S. Albany. On the W. the surface is somewhat hilly, in other parts level. It is drained by several creeks of the Hudson. The v. is situate 1 m. W. of the landing on the r. ; it contains 90 or 100 dwellings and about 600 inhabitants. Pop. 3,741. COXSACKIE LANDING, v., Greene co., 2f. Y. : 22 m. S. Albany. Within the distance of a mile there are three landings at which steamboats stop several times a day dur ing the season of navigation. It contains a number of stores, a ship yard, and dry dock, several brick yards, etc., and has a large river and inland trade, the former chiefly carried on by sloops. Pop. of the v. and neighborhood about 1,200. Cox s MILLS, p. o., Eandolph co., W. Car. : 71 m. W, Ealeigh. Cox s MILLS, p. o., Gilmer co., Virg. : 208 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. Cox s MILLS, p. o., Wayne co., Ind. : 68 m. E. Indian apolis. 1ST cox CRA Cox s STORE, p. o., Washington co., Tenn. : 236 m. E. Nashville. COXVILLE, p. v., De Kalb co., Ala. : 151 m. N. by E. Montgomery. COYLEVILLE, p. v., Butler co., Penn. : 169 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. COZBY, p. v.. Hamilton co., Tenn. : 109 m. S. E. Nashville. CRAB BOTTOM, p. o., Highland co., Virg. : on one of the head streams of Cow Pasture r., 120 m. W. by N. Eichmond. CRAB HOLLOW, p. o., Lincoln co., Ey. : 54 m. S. S. E. Frankfort. CRAB HOLLOW, p. o., Eay co., Mo. : 116 m. W. by N. Jefferson City. CRAB TREE, p. o., Haywood co., 2T. Car.: 246 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. CRACKER S NECK, p. o., Greene co., Ga. CRAFTSBURG, t. and p. v., Orleans co., Verm. : 27 m. N. by E. Montpelier. The t. is watered by Black r. of Lake Mem- phremagog and branches of Lamoille r. of Lake Cham- plain, both of which rise from the hills of this region. The v. is on elevated ground, commands a fine prospect, and is a place of considerable business. In the centre of the v. is a large public green, 80 by 24 rods in extent, CRAFTSVILLE, p. v., Elbert co., Ga.: S3 m. N. N. E. Milledgeville. Pop. of 1 1,223. CRAIG, p. o., Switzerland co., Ind. : 87 m. S. E. Indian apolis. CRAIG S CREEK, p. o., Botetourt co., Virg. : on a cr. of James r. so called, 138 m. W. Eichmond. CRAIGSVILLE, p. o., Orange co., N. Y. : on the line of the Newburgh Branch E. E., 16 m. from Newburgh, and 88 m. S. by W. Albany. GRAIN S CREEK, p. o., Monroe co., JVi Car. : on Cram s cr. of Lower Little r., a branch of Cape Fear r., 42 m. S. W. Ealeigh. GRAIN S CORNERS, p. o., Herkimer co., N~. Y.: 60 m. TV", by N. Albany. CRAINSVILLE, p. v., Hardeman co., Tenn. : on a branch of Big Hatchie r., where it cuts the E. line of the co., 129 m. S. W. by W. Nashville. CRANBERRY, p. v., Middlesex co., 2f. Jer. : on Cranberry Brook, a tributary of Millstone r., 16 m. N. E. Trenton. The v. contains several mills and about 400 inhabitants. It has a station on the Camden and Amboy E. E., 18 m. from South Amboy. CRANBERRY, p. v., Allen co., Ohio : 82 m. N. "W". Columbus. CRANBERRY, t. and p. o., Venango co., Penn. : on the S. E. side of Alleghany r., 1T3 m. "W". N. W. Harrisburg. There are several furnaces in the t., and a pop. of nearly 2,000. CRANBERRY CREEK, p. o., Fulton co., N. Y. : on the cr. so called, 42 m. N. W. Albany. CSANBERRY FORGE, p. o., Watauga co., W. Car. : 168 m. TV. by N. Ealeigh. CRANBERRY ISLES, t. and p. o., Hancock co., Me. : on the Atlantic Ocean, 79 m. E. S. E. Augusta. These isles were attached to Mount Desert until 1830, when they were incor porated. They lie a few miles E. by S. of that island, and embrace Great and Little Cranberry, Button s and Baker s islands. They afford good harbors, and are well located for the shore fishery. Pop. about 250. The p. o. is located on Great Cranberry Island. Pop. 283. CRANBERRY PLAINS, p. o., Carroll CO., Virg.: 192 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. CRANBERRY PRAIRIE, p. o., Mercer CO., Ohio: 89 m. W. N. W. Columbus. CRANE CREEK, p. o., Barry co., Mo : on a cr. so called, 139 m. S. W. Jefferson City. CRANE S FORGE, p. o., Assumption par., La. : 47 m. S. Baton Eouge. CEANESVILLE, p. v., Montgomery co., Jf. Y. : on the N. side of the Mohawk r. and on the line of the Utica and Schenectady E. E., 28 m, N. W. Albany. 158 CRANESVILLE, p. v., Preston co., Virg. : 183 m. N. W. Eichmond. CRAVEN county, 2f. Car. Situate S. E., and contains 9SO sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Neuse r., which passes through the co., and enters a wide estuary which connects it with Pamlico Sound. Surface generally level in some parts marshy. Soils fertile. Indian corn, potatoes, rice, and cotton are produced, and an immense amount of tar, pitch, and turpentine manufactured. Farms 38S ; inanuf. 67 ; dwell. 1,842, and pop wh. 7,222, fr. col. 1,536, si. 5,951 total 14,709. Capital : Newbern (New Berne). CRARY S MILLS, p. o., St Lawrence co., 2f. Y. CRAVENSVILLE, p. v., Daviess co., Mo. : on the N. E. side of Grand r., 136 m. N. W. Jefferson City. CRAWFORD county, Penn. Situate in N.W., and contains 1,016 sq. m. Drained by French cr. and its branches, and by Shenango cr. Oil cr., a tributary of the Alleghany r., affords bituminous oil, which is valuable in pharmacy. Sur face moderately undulating and well wooded. Soils of average fertility. Iron ore is largely distributed throughout the co. The staple products are wheat, Indian corn, oate, and potatoes. There are several potteries in operation. Farms 4,070 ; manuf. 248 ; dwell. 6,592, and pop. wh. 37,750, fr. col. 99 total 37,849. Capital : Meadville. Pub lic Works : Beaver and Erie Canal, etc. CRAWFORD county, Ark. Situate N. W., and contains 960 sq. m. Drained by Lee s cr., Frog Bayou, and other tributaries of the Arkansas r., which forms its S. border. Surface diversified by hills, rolling prairies, and alluvial bottoms, the latter well wooded and fertile. Indian corn is the chief product. Farms 499 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 1,247, and pop._wh. 6,935, fr. col. 92, si. 933 total 7,960. Capital : Van Buren. Public Works : A railroad contemplated from the Mississippi r. to this point. CRAWFORD county, Ga. Situate "W. centrally, and con tains 3S2 sq. m. Drained chiefly by tributaries of Flint r., which forms its S. W. border ; the Echeconno, a tributary of Ocmulgee r., runs on its E. border. Surface generally level. Soils sandy, and not of average fertility. The chief products are cotton and Indian corn. Farms 445 ; manut 5.; dwell, 754, and pop. wh. 4,342, fr. col. 13, si. 4,629 total 8,984. Capital: Knoxville. PuUic Works: Musco- gee E. E. CRAWFORD county, III. Situate S. E., on the W. side of Wabash r., and contains 468 sq. m. Drained by Embar- ras r., and tributaries of the Wabash. Surface varied chiefly rich rolling prairie, producing largely, and feeding large amounts of live-stock. Farms 542; manuf. 0; dwell. 1,192, and pop. wh. 7,118, fr. col. 17 total 7,185. Capital : Eobinson. CRAWFORD county, Ind. Situate S., and contains 320 sq. m. Surface uneven and broken, and the soil, except near the rivers, indifferent. Oaks and poplars are the prevailing timbers. Coal and iron abound in the W. districts. The Great Blue r. washes the E. borders, and Oil cr. drains the interior. Farms 540 ; manuf. 33 ; dwell. 1,027, and pop. wh. 6,523, fr. col. 1 total 6,524. Capital: Levenworth. CRAWFORD county, la. Situate W., and contains 576 sq. m. Taken from Pottowattomee in 1851. CRAWFORD county, Mich. Situate N. centrally of Lower Peninsula, and contains 576 sq. m. Erected since 1S50. CRAWFORD county, Mo. Situate centrally, and contains 1,008 sq. m. Drained chiefly by Maramee r. and its nume rous branches. Surface uneven and broken, with extensive bottoms. Soil of every description, from the most sterile to the most fertile. Iron is very abundant, and is extensively Avrought. Farms 715 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 994, and pop. \vh. 6,112, fr. col. 0, si. 285 total 6,397. Capital: Steete- ville. CRAWFORD county, Ohio. Situate toward the N. centrally, and contains 596 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Sandusky r., which also flows through it, and by the W. branch of "Whetstone r. Surface elevated, and somewhat uneven 1 CRA CHI well wooded. Soils fertile, and yield large grain-crops. Farms 1,210; manuf. 8.; dwell. 3,070, and pop. wh. 18,167, fr. col. 10 total 18,177. Capital : Bucyrus. Public Works : Cleveland, Cincinnati, and Columbus R. R. ; Ohio and In diana R. R., etc. CRAWFORD county, Wise. Situate S. "W., and contains 520 sq. m. Drained by Kickapoo r. and its branches ; the Mississippi r. washes its W., and the Wisconsin r. its S. borders, both of which receive several creeks. Surface chiefly undulating prairie. Soils rich and fertile. Timber is abundant. Farms SO ; manuf. 11 (chiefly saw mills) ; dwell. 571, and pop. wh. 2,481, fr. col. 17 total 2,498. Capital : Prairie du Chien. CRAWFORD, t. and p. o., Orange co., W. T. : on the S. E. side of Shawangunk r., IS m. W. Newburgh, and 77 m. S. by W. Albany. Surface hilly. The v. is a small agri cultural settlement. Pop. 1,912. CRAWFORD, t. and p. o., "Wyandott co.. Ohio : to the W. of Sandusky r., a branch of which passes through its S. E. part, 67 m. N. by W. Columbia. It is traversed N. and S. by the Mad River and Lake Erie R. R., and the Findlay Branch diverges at the v. of Carey. Pop. 1,301. CRAWFORD S COVE, p. o., St. Clair co.. Ala.: 88 m. N. by E. Montgomery. CRAWFORD SEMINARY, p. o., Quapaw Nation, Ind. Ter. : 180 m. S. W. Jefferson City. CRAWFORD S MILLS, p. o., Westmoreland co., Penn. : 144 m. W. Harrisburg. CRAWFORDSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Taliaferro co., Ga. : be tween Ogeechee r. and Little r., the latter a tributary of the Savannah r., 37 m. N. by E. Milledgeville. The Georgia R. R. passes through the place, 65 m. from Augusta and 106 m. from Atlanta. It contains the county offices, an academy, and about 200 inhabitants. CRAWFORDSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Montgomery co., Ind. : on the S. side of Sugar cr., a tributary of Wabash r., 46 m. W. N. W. Indianapolis. The line of the New Albany and Salem R. R. passes through the v. N. and S., and thus con nects it with the Ohio r. and with Lake Michigan, etc. It is important for its trade and commerce, and is the seat of Wabash College. Two newspapers, the "Montgomery Journal" (whig), and the "Montgomery Review" (dem.), are issued weekly. Pop. 2,400. CRAWFORDSVILLE, p. v., Washington co., la. : 28 m. S. 8. W. Iowa City. CRAWFORDSVILLE, p. v., Spartanburgh dist., 8. Car. : 103 m. X. W. Columbia. CRATTONVILLE, p. v., Anderson dist., S. Car. : 118 m. W. by N. Columbia. CREACHVILLE, p. o., Johnson co., N. Car. : 81 m. S. E. Raleigh. CREAGERSTOWN, p. v., Frederick co., Md. : on N. side of Hunting cr., near its junction with the Monocacy r., 12m. N. of Frederick City, and 63 m. N. W. Annapolis. CREAGH S MILLS, p. o., Wilcox co., Ala. : 69 m. W. S. W. Montgomery. CREEK AGENCY, p. o., Creek Nation, Ind. Ter. : at the confluence of Vcrdegris r. with the Arkansas r., 3 or 4 m. W. of Fort Gibson on the Neosho r., 192 m W N W Little Rock. CREEK NATIOX, Ind. Ter. The Creeks occupy a large territory between that of the Cherokees, to the N. and E., and that of the Choctaws, on the S., extending W. to the 100th meridian. The Canadian r. separates the Creeks from the Choctaws, and the surface is chiefly drained by its N. fork, and by the Red or Pawnee fork of the Arkansas r. The soils arc fertile, and large crops of the agricultural sta ples usual to the latitude are annually raised. Fort Gibson is supplied with provisions by the industry of this nation. They have large stocks of cattle and hogs, and are other wise well provided. Their government is based on a written constitution : they select their own chief and representatives, the latter acting as the grand council of the nation. They have also a judiciary, observing all the legal forms of civ ilized nations, and in their schools and churches are not surpassed by the neighboring State of Arkansas. The missionaries have effected such improvements in their con dition, indeed, that the civilization of the descendants of the present generation is secured, and by the aid of the mechan ics and farmers, supplied to them by the General Govern ment, they are taught the substantial industries needed in the State. On the whole, however, this nation is not so far advanced as either the Cherokees or Choctaws a fact which may be attributed to physical disabilities rather than to an inferior moral influence on the part of those charged with their welfare. Their country is not so well watered as that of either of the nations mentioned ; nor are the incent ives to industry, from their remote position from navigable channels, so great. The droughts of summer, and the piercing cold of the winter, are also drawbacks by which their interests suffer. The Seminoles are considered as a constituent part of the Creek Nation, and as such, inhabit the country between the forks of the Canadian r. The Seminoles are more averse to labor than any other of the immigrant tribes, and hold slaves which they brought with them from Florida. So satisfied, however, are they with the country allotted them, that they are making strenuous endeavors to persuade the remnant of their tribe still in Florida to settle among them ; and their endeavors have not been in vain, as, by a recent agreement with the chiefs who lately visited the seat of government to pay their re spects to the President, they will remove forthwith. It is supposed that 300 of the nation still reside in the fastnesses of the Florida peninsula. The number in the west of the Mississippi is estimated at 24,000. CREELSBURGH, p. v., Russell co., Ny. : 93 m. S. by W. Frankfort. CRESCENT, p. o., Lycoming co., Penn. : S3 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. CRESCENT CITY, p. v., Tuolumne co., Calif. : on the S. side of Tuolumne r., 16 m. from its entrance into the San Joaquin r., and 81 m. S. E. Vallejo. CRETE, p. o., Will co., III. : 139 m. N. E. Springfield. CREVE COEUR, p. o., St. Louis co., Mo. : on Creve Coaur Lake, 92 m. E. byN. Jefferson City. The lake communi cates with Missouri r. through a short, narrow passage. CRICHTON S STOKE, p. o., Brunswick co., Virg. : 62 m. S. by W. Richmond. CRIGLERSVILLE, p. v., Madison co., Virg. : 76 m. N. N.W. Richmond. CRIPPLE CREEK, p. o., Greenville dist., S. Car. : on a cr. of Reedy r., a tributary of the Saluda r. so called, 92 m. N.W. Columbia. CRIPPLE DEER, p. o., Tishemingo co., Miss. : 212 m. N. E. Jackson. CRISP PRAIRIE, p. o., Dade co., Mb. : 106 m. S.W. Jeffer son City. It is located on a fine elevated prairie E. of Sac r., and drained by its branches. CRITTENDEN county, Ark. Situate between the Mississippi and St. Francois rivers, and contains 1,9SO sq. m. Drained by numerous creeks, sluices, and bayoux falling into the bor der rivers. Surface level, and subject to partial inundations. Soil, when sufficiently elevated for culture, highly fertile. Farms 192; manuf. 0; dwell. 360, and pop. wh. 1,842, fr. col. 5, si. 801 total 2,648. Capital : Marion. C KITTENDEN county, Ky. Situate N. W., and contains 460 sq. m. Drained by several streams, tributaries of the Ohio and the Cumberland, the former of which washes its N. border, and the latter its S. W. border. The surface is generally level or undulating, and the soils of an average productiveness. Indian corn, wheat, and oats are largely grown, and tobacco forms one of its great staples. Farms 662 ; manuf. 13 ; dwell. 978, and pop. wh. 5,474, fr. col. 29, si. 848 total 6,351. Capital: Marion. CRITTENDEN, p. v., Erie co., N. Y. : 266 m. W. Al bany. 159 CRI CRO CRITTEXDEN. p. v., Grant co., Sy. : 43 m. N. by E. Frankfort. CRITTKNDEN, p. v., Howard co., Ind. : 49 m. N. Indian apolis. CKITTENDEN, p. v., Daviess co., Mo. : 136 m. N. W. Jefferson City. CKOCKEKSVJLLE, p. o., Genesee co., Mich. : 49 m. N. E. Lansing. CROCKERY CREEK, t. and p. o., Ottawa co., Mich. : on the N. side of Grand r., 8 m. from its entrance into Lake Michigan. The p. o. is on Crockery cr., which drains the E. half of the t. and affords water-power. Pop. 247. CROCKETT, p. v., and cap. Houston co.. Tex. : on the old military road between Bastrop and Nacogdoches, 1G3 m. E. N. E. Austin City. The v. is beautifully situate on an elevated prairie, gradually declining to Trinity r. on the "W., and Heches r. on the E., both of which receive the drainage of the country. CROCKETT S BLUFF, p. o., Arkansas co., Ark. : 94 m. S. E. Little Rock. CROCKETTSVILLE, p. v., Breathitt co., Ky. : 102 m. E. S. E. Frankfort. CROGHAN, t. and p. o., Lewis co., N. Y. : on the E. side of Black r. and N. of Beaver cr., 112 m. N. W. Albany. Surface hilly, and drained by tributaries of the Black river. CKOGIIAN, p. v., Putnam co., Ohio: 97 m. N. "W. Co lumbus. CROOKED CREEK, p. o., Carroll co., Ark. : on Crooked cr., a tributary of White r., 122 m. N. N. W. Little Rock. CROOKED CREEK, p. o., Steuben co., Ind. : on a branch of Fawn r. so called, 149 m. N. E. by N. Indianapolis. CROOKED CREEK, p. o., Monroe co., Mo. : on a cr. of Salt r. so called, 6S m. N. by E. Jefferson City. CROOKED CREEK, p. o., Clinton co., III. : on Crooked cr. of Kaskaskia r., 88 m. S. by E. Springfield. CROOKED CREEK, p. o., Henry co., la. : on the cr. so called, 3S m. S. Iowa City. CROOKED CREEK, p. o., Stokes co., N. Car. : 103 m. "W. N. W. Ealeigh. CROOKED CKEEK, p. o., Tioga co., Penn. : 114 m. N. N. E. ITarrisburg. CROOKED CREEK FURNACE, p. o., Bullitt co., Ky. : 54 m. W. by S. Frankfort. CROOKED FORK, p. o., Morgan co., Term. : on a fork of Emery s r., a branch of Tennessee r. so called, 127 m. E. Nashville. CROOKED HILL, p. o., Montgomery co., Penn. : 83 m. E. Harrisburg. CROOKED lake, N. Y. : lies partly in Steuben and partly in Yates counties. It is 22 in. long, N. and S., and from 1 to 2 m. wide its surface 270 feet above Seneca Lake, with which it is connected by an outlet and canal. The waters are cold and transparent, and from 300 to 500 feet deep, abounding in salmon-trout, white-fish, pickerel, perch, sun- fish, bass, and cat-fish. At Bluff Point, 9 m. N. of the head of the lake, it is divided by a high promontory, into two arms one extending to Penn-Yan, 13 m., and the other to Branchport, 9 m. A steamboat plies from Hammonds- port, at the head of the lake, to Penn-Yan, and affords the passenger a fine view of the delightful scenery of the shores and neighborhood. CROPWELL, p. v., St. Clair co., Ala. : 100 m. N. Mont gomery. CROSBYVILLE, p. v., Chester dist, S. Car. : on the S. side of Sandy r., 3 m. from its confluence with Broad r., and 44 in. N. N.W. Columbia. CROSS ANCHOR, p. o., Spartanburgh dist., S. Car. : between Tyger and Ennoree [rivers, in the S. E. corner of the co., 72 m. N. "W. Columbia. CKOSSANVILLE, p. o., Perry co., Ohio : 47 m. S. E. Co lumbus. CROSS CREEK VILLAGE, p. v., Washington co., Penn. : on a cr. so called, 20S m. W. Harrisburg. 160 CROSS CUT, p. o., Lawrence co., Penn. : 192 m. "W. by N. Harrisburg. CROSS HILL, p. o., Laurens dist., S. Car. : 63 m. W. N. "W. Columbia. CROSSINGVILLE, p. v., Crawford co., Penn. : 204 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. CROSS KEYS, p. o., Macon co., Ala. : 155 m. N. W. Montgomery. CEOSS KEYS, p. o., De Kalb co., Ga. : 86 m. N. "W. Milledgeville. CROSS KEYS, p. o., Camden co., HT. Jer. : 37 m. S. by "W". Trenton. CROSS KEYS, p. o., Union dist., S. Car. : between Ennoree r. and Tyger r., in the S. TV. corner of the co., 59 m. N. "W. Columbia. CROSS KEYS, p. o., Roane co., Term. : 138 m. E. by S. Nashville. CROSS KEYS, p. o., Eockingham co., Virg. : 93 m. N. W. Richmond. CROSS KILL MILLS, p. o., Berks co., Perm. : 57 m. E. N. E. Harrisbnrg. CROSS PLAINS, p. v., Ripley co., Ind. : on the Yevay State road, 10 m. S. Versailles, and 73 m. S. E. Indianapolis. CROSS PLAINS, p. o., Robertson co., Tenn. : on the N. side of Sulphur Fork of Red r., a branch of the Cumberland, 23 m. N. Nashville. CROSS PLAINS, t and p. v., Dane co., Wise.: 12 m. W. Madison, and watered by Black Earth r. and Sugar r., on the former of which the v. is located. Pop. 333. CROSS RIDGE, p. o., Tishemingo co., Miss. : 207 m. N. E. Jackson. CROSS RIVER, p. o., "Westchester co., 2T. Y. : on Cross r. or cr., a tributary of Croton r., 98 m. S. by E. Albany. CBOSS ROADS, p. o., Jackson co., Miss. : 147 m. S. E. Jackson. CROSS ROADS, p. o., Jefferson co., Ey. : 48 m. W. Frankfort. CROSS ROADS, p. o., Madison co., Ohio : 28 m. S. E. Columbus. CROSS ROADS, p. o., Johnson co., III. : 178 m. S. by E. Springfield. GROSS ROADS, p. o., Yanderburgh co., Ind. : 136 m. S. W. Indianapolis. CROSS ROADS, p. o., York co., Penn. : 37 m. S. by E. Harrisburg. CROSS ROADS, p. o., Bedford co., Virg. : 108 m. W. by S. Richmond. CROSS ROADS, p. o., Franklin co., Ark. : 103 m. W. N.W. Little Rock. CROSS TIMBERS, p. o., Hickory co., Mo. : on Stark s cr. of Little Niangua r., a branch of Osage r., 66 m. S. "W. Jefferson City. CROSSVILLE, p. v., Lumpkin co., Get. : 112 m. N. N. W. Milledgeville. CROSSVILLE, p. v., Bledsoe co., Tenn. : 94 in. E. by S. Nashville. CROSSWICK S, p. v., Burlington co., N. Jer. : on the high S. bank of Crosswick s cr., S m. S. S. E. Trenton. It is chiefly a Quaker village, and contains about 300 inhab itants. CROTON, p. v., Hunterdon co., 2f. Jer. : 31 m. N. by "W". Trenton. CROTON, p. v., Licking co., Ohio. CROTON, p. v., Newago co., Mich. : 87 m. N.W. Lansing. CROTON, p. v., Delaware co., N. Y. : 72 m. S.W. Albany. CROTON FALLS, p. v., Westchester co., N. Y. : on Croton r., and on the line of the Harlem R. R., 51 m. from New York, and 104 from Albany. CROTON LANDING, p. v., Westchester co., N. Y. : on the N. side of Croton r., near its entrance into Tappan Bay. The Hudson River R. R. passes the v. 36 m. from New York, and 114 from Albany ; and steamboats make regular stoppings here. It is a small but pleasant village. CRO CUM CROTON river, N. Y. : a fine stream, rising in Duchess and Putnam counties, flowing in a S. and S. W. direction through a part of Westchester co., and emptying into the Hudson r., about 2 m. above the v. of Sing Sing. Its length is about 45 m. It takes its rise in several small lakes ; its waters are very pure, and have for several years been directed through an aqueduct to New York, supplying that city with an abundance of water. The works built for the purpose of conducting the water, are among the most extensive in the world. CROW CREEK, p. o., Franklin co., Tenn. : on a cr. so called, G9 m. S. E. Nashville. CHOWDER S CREEK, p. o., Gaston co., N. Car. : on a cr. of Catawba r. so called, 142 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. CROW MEADOWS, p. o., Marshall co., Ind. : 108 m. N. by W. Indianapolis. CROWN POINT, p. v., and cap. Lake co., Ind. : in the cen tre of Eobinson s Prairie, 14 m. S. of Lake Michigan, and 139 in. N. W. Indianapolis. The v. contains about 60 dwellings and 250 inhabitants. CROAVN POINT, t. and p. v., Essex co., 2f. Y. : on the "W. side of Lake Champlain, 83 m. N. Albany. The W. part of the t is mountain in the E. and along the lake level, drained by Putnam s and some other streams. The v. on Putnam s cr. is only a small settlement. Crown Point was the site of important military operations daring the old French and the Revolutionary wars. The ruins of the old fort of Crown Point are situate on a neck of land running into the lake in the N. E. part of the town, and are fre quently visited by tourists as interesting objects connected with the national history. Pop. 2,379. CROWNSVILLE, p. v., Anne Arundel co., Ma. CROW S POND, p. o., Daviess co., Ky. : 132 m. "W. by S. Frankfort. CROWSYILLK, p. v., Spartanburg dist, S. Car,: on the N. side of Ennoree r., 3 m. distant, and 82 m. N. W. Columbia. CROXTON, p. v., Jefferson co., Ohio. : 118 m. E. by N. Columbus. CKOYDON t. and p. o., Sullivan co., N. Jlamp. : 38 m. N. N. W. Concord. CROYDON FLAT, p. o., Sullivan co., N. JIamp. : 39 m. W. N. W. Concord. CRUM ELBOW, p. o., Duchess co., 2f. Y. : is a point 4 m. N. of Poughkeepsie, and CO m. S. Albany. Crum Elbow cr. is a tributary of the Hudson, which it reaches in the t. of Hyde Park ; it is a good mill stream, on which are seve ral mills and factories. Cut-so, p. o., Seneca co., N. Y. : 149 m. W. Albany. CRYSTAL LAKE, p. o., M Henry co., Itt. : on the lake so called, 183 m. N. N. E. Springfield. CUBA, p. v., Fulton co., Ill : 56 m. N. W. Springfield. CUIIA, p. v., Euthcrford co., N. Car. : 186 m. \V S W Ealeigh. CUBA, p. v., Kent co., Mich. : 48 m. W. N. W. Lansing. CUBA, t. and p. v., Alleghany co., N. Y. : 226 m. W. by S. Albany. The land is elevated, and divides the sources of the Alleghany and Genesec rivers. In the N. there is a email lake, and near the W. border is situate the Oil Spring Reservation. The v. is situate on the line of the Genesee Valley Canal and the New York and Erie E. E. It is a flourishing place, with 1,000 inhabitants. Pop. 2,143, CUBA, p. v., Clinton co., Ohio: 53 m. S. E. Columbus. CUB CREEK, p. o., Charlotte co., Virg. : on a cr. of Eoan- oke r. so called, 84 m. S. W. Eichmond. CUBEIIATCJIEE, p. v., Macon co., Ala. : on Cupiahatchee cr., 23 m. E. by S. Montgomery. Crit HILL, p. o., Baltimore co., Md. : 9 m. from Balti more. CUCKOOVILLE, p. v., Louisa co., Virg. : 48 m. N. W. Eiclimond. CUDDEBACKVILLE, p. o., Orange co., N. Y. : 92 m. S. S. "W. Albany. W CUDDYHUNK, p. v., Yallabusha co., Miss. : 118 m. N. by E. Jackson. CUERO, p. v., and cap. De Witt co., Tex. : on the E. bank of the Guadaloupe r., S9 m. S. by E. Austin City. CULCIIOTK, p. o., Polk co., Tenn. : 142 m. S. E. Nashville. CULLODEN, p. v., Monroe co., Ga. : 56 m. W. S. W. Milledgeville. CULLOMA, p. v., and cap. El Dorado co., Calif. : on the S. side of the S. fork of the American r., 100 m. E. N. E. Vallejo. CULPEPPER county, Virg. Situate N. E., and contains 672 sq. m. Drained by Thornton r. and its branches, and Mountain cr., tributaries of Eappahannock r., which washes its N. E. border. Eapid Anna r. bounds it on the S. side. Surface pleasantly diversified. Soils of average fertility producing grain and tobacco. Farms 504; manuf. 53; dwell. 1,034, and pop. wh. 5,111, fr. col. 4SS, si. 6,633 total 12,282. Capital: Culpepper C. II. (Fairfax). Public Works : Orange and Alexandria E. E. CCLPEPPER c. ii. (or Fairfax), p. v., and cap. Culpepper co., Virg. : Culpepper C. H. is the name of the P. O. Fair fax the name of the village. It contains the usual co. build ings, several stores and mechanics shops, and has about 3 iO inhabitants. It is situate 10 m. N. of the Eappahannock r., and about 70 m. N. N. "W. Eichmond. CULVER CREEK, p. o., Delaware co., Ohio. CUMBERLAND county, Itt. Situate S. E. centrally, and contains 324 sq. m. Drained by Embarras r. and its tribu taries. Surface prairie, and very fertile. Farms 326; manuf. ; dwell. 134, and pop. wh. 3,720, fr. col. total 3,720. Capital : Greenup. Public Works : Terre Haute and Alton E. E. ; and the National Eoad. CUMBERLAND county, Ky. Situate S. on the Tennessee State line, and contains 3SO sq. m. Drained by creeks of Cumberland r., which flows through it from N. E. to S. "W. Surface uneven and rugged. Soils moderately fertile, pro ducing wheat, Indian corn, oats, and tobacco largely, and some cotton. Farms 607 ; manuf. 11 ; dwell. 942, and pop. wh. 5,477, fr. col. 43, si. 1,485 total 7,005. Capital : Burkesville. CUMBERLAND county, N. Jer. Situate S., and contains 524 gq. m. Drained by Stow and Cohansey creeks, and Maurice and Tuckahoe rivers. Delaware Bay lies on its S. S. "W. border, and for a mile or two back the country consists of a salt marsh. Surface level. Soil light, but of an average fertility. It contains iron ore and beds of marl Glass and crockery are largely manufactured, and there are several extensive grist and saw mills. Farms 884 manuf. 190 ; dwell. 3,281, and pop. wh. 10,170, fr. ct* 1,019> si. total 17,189. Capital : Bridgeton. CUMBERLAND county, N. Car. Situate centrally, and con tains 1,180 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Cape Fear r., which passes through it in a general direction from N. to S., affording it a navigable channel to the sea. Surface undulating, with extensive valleys. Soils of average pro ductiveness; Indian corn and cotton are its staples, arid it has numerous cotton and other manufactures. Farms 959 ; manuf. 105 ; dwell. 2,531, and pop. wh. 12,447, fr. col. 946, si. 7,217 total 20,610. Capital : Fayetteville. CUMBERLAND county, Penn. Situate S. middle, and con tains 544 sq. m. Drained by Conedogwinet cr. and Yellow Breeches r., tributaries of Susquehanna r. The surface is moderately uneven, sometimes hilly, and the soils have an excellent fertility. Iron ore, clays, etc., abundant. The chief products are wheat, Indian corn, and oats, and there is much flour produced. Farms 1,842 ; manuf. 258 ; dwell. 6,021, and pop. wh. 33,370, fr. col. 957 total 34,327. Cap ital : Carlisle. Pullic. Works : Cumberland Valley E. E., etc. CUMBERLAND county, Virg. Situate S. E. centrally, and contains 320 sq. m. Drained chiefly by Willis r. of James r., which bounds its N. side, and creeks of Appomattox r., which runs on its S. E. border. Surface moderately hilly. Soils of average fertility, producing the grains and large 161 CUM CUR quantities of tobacco. Farms 398 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 640, and pop. wh. 3,083, fr. col. 339, si. G,329 total 9,751. Cap ital : Cumberland C. H. CUMBERLAND, p. v., and cap. Alleghany co., Md. : on the N. bank of the Potomac r., at the mouth of Wills cr., 146 m. "W. N. "VV. Annapolis, and by E. E. from Baltimore, 179 m. It is the centre of the vast mining region of Alleghany county, and an entrep6t on the great line of travel from the Atlantic to the Western States. The Baltimore and Ohio E. E. passes through it, and here commences the great Na tional Eoad leading to the Mississippi river. The Chesa peake and Ohio Canal also terminates here. Besides these great works of internal improvement, there are diverging from Cumberland several lines of railroads connecting with the various mines of the Cumberland Coal and Iron Com panies. The village contains a court-house, the county prison, a market-house, two banks, and several fine build ings, workshops, etc., connected with the public works; also, several handsome church edifices. Three neAvspapers are published here weekly, the " C. Civilian" (whig), the " Alleghanian" (dem.), and the " Unionist" (neutral) each circulating from 400 to 500 copies of each issue. In 1850, the population of Cumberland was 6,067, of which 5,576 were white persons, 267 free colored persons, and 224 slaves, and hence it is the second town of Maryland in respect of population. In 1840, the population was only 2,428, the in crease in the subsequent decade having been 149.8 per centum. The coal of this region is semi-bituminous, of ex cellent quality, and suitable for ocean steamships and a variety of other purposes to wtich the anthracite has hitherto been applied ; it is brought to the markets of the East on the railroad and canal to Baltimore, and thence is tugged through the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, and the Delaware and Earitan Canal, to the harbor of New York. The quantity of this mineral delivered in Baltimore in 1850 was 146,645 tons, and about 80,000 tons were depos ited at Alexandria. The delivery at Baltimore in 1845 was only 16,000 tons; in 1346, 18,393 tons; in 1847, 50,259 tons; 1848, 66,289 tons ; in 1849, 71,699 tons ; and in 1850, as above related. In 1851, the delivery amounted to 163,855 tons, and is now increasing in a rapid ratio. The Coal Company have loaned money to the Baltimore and Ohio E. E. to fur nish increased means of transportation, the want of which has alone been the cause of limiting the deposits. Cumber land coal contains 77 parts of carbon, 16 parts of volatile matter, and 7 parts of ashes. The Cumberland Coal and Iron Company is an amalgamation of the several companies before existing in that vicinity under various names: it was organized by the legislature of the State in 1852 ; and now holds about 12,000 acres of mineral lands, and has a working capital of about $5,000,000. CUMBERLAND, p. v., Marion co., Ind. : on the National Eoad and the Indiana Central E. E., 10 m. E. Indianapolis. It contains about 40 houses and 175 inhabitants. CUMBERLAND, p. v., Fayette co., III. : on the National Eoad, 6 m. E. Vandalia, and 67 m. S. S. E. Springfield. CUMBERLAND, t. and p. o., Cumberland co., Me. : on Casco Bay, 44 m. S. S. W. Augusta. The position gives it great commercial advantages. The Kennebec and Port land E. E. passes through the S. part of the t., 9 m. from Portland and 50 from Augusta. It has some manufactures and is engaged in the shore fisheries Pop. 1,656. CUMBERLAND, p. v., Guernsey co., Ohio : on Buffalo fork of Will s cr., a branch of Muskingum r., 69 m. E. Columbus. It has several mills and factories and about 450 inhabitants. CUMBERLAND, p. o., Grundy co., Tenn. : on a branch of Caney fork of Cumberland r., 79 m. S. E. Nashville. CUMBERLAND, p. v., and cap. Cumberland co., Virg. : on a high and healthy ridge between Willis r. and Appomattox r., 44 m. W. by 8. Eichmond. It contains about 180 in habitants. CUMBERLAND bay, N. Y.: on the W. side of Lake Champlain, on the front of the v. of Plattsburg it is form- 162 ed by Cumberland Head, a peninsula stretching into the lake 4 m., and is noted for a victory obtained by M 4 Donough over Downie, in the naval action of the llth Sept., 1814. CUMBERLAND CENTBE, p. o., Cumberland co., Me. : 45 m. S. S. W. Augusta. CUMBERLAND FORD, p. o., Knox co., Ky. ; on Cumber land r., 123 m. S. E. Frankfort. CUMBERLAND GAP, p. o., Knox co., Ky. : in the S. E. corner of co., 132 m. S. E. Frankfort. CUMBERLAND HILL, p. v., Providence co., R. T. : on the N. E. side of Blackstone r., 16 m. N. by W. Providence. CUMBERLAND IRON WORKS, p. v., Stewart co., Tenn. : on the S. W. side of Cumberland r., 10 m. E. S. E. Dover and 54 m. W. N. W. Nashville. CUMBERLAND river, Ky. and Tenn. : a large river, the sources of which are found in the Cumberland Mountains, interlocking with those of Clinch and Kentucky rivers. It flows through Kentucky westwardly about 200 miles, enters the State of Tennessee, and meandering 120 miles, again enters Kentucky, through which its course is north-west to the Ohio river, into which it falls 11} miles above the mouth of the Tennessee river, and 60 miles above the mouth of the Ohio river. Its entire length is about 600 miles, and it drains a territory equal to about 17,500 square miles ; it is navigable for large steamboats and vessels to Nashville, 203 miles, and for boats of 15 tons 300 miles. At certain sea sons of high water vessels of 400 tons may be brought down the river 400 miles to the Ohio ; and for half its length boats may navigate it at all seasons. The elevation of its sources are probably 1,200 feet above the level of the mouth of the river; it is the second river in size that falls into the Ohio, being inferior only to the Tennessee. Below Nashville, which lies on its south bank, the river is deep and narrow. CUMBERLAND VALLEY, t. and p. o., Bedford co., Penn. : between Evitt s Mountain and Will s Mountain, 103 m. W. S. W. Harrisburg. Drained by Evitt s cr., which runs through the valley. CUMINSVILLE, p. v., Hamilton co., Ohio : on the line of the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton E. E., 52 m. from Cincinnati and 97 m. S. W. Columbus. It lies on the W. f side of Mill cr., and contains several flouring and grist mills and about 250 inhabitants. GUMMING, p. v.. and cap. Forsyth co., Ga. : on the W. side of and 6 m. from Chattahoocb.ee r., 94 m. N. W. Milledgeville. CUMMINGSVILLE, p. v., Itawamba co., Miss. : 217 m. N. E. Jackson. CUMMINGTON, p. v., Macoupin co., III. : 33 m. S. S. W. Springfield. CUMMINGTON, t. and p. o., Hampshire co., Mass. : on both sides of Westfleld r., 104 m. W. Boston. Surface mountainous but excellent for grazing. Iron ore and soap- stone abound. It has several manufactures, among which are cotton and wool. The r. affords good water-power. CUMMINGTON WEST VILLAGE, p. v., Hampshire co., Mass. CUNNINGHAM S, p. o., Bastrop co., Tea). : on the W. fork of Pin Oak cr., a tributary of the Colorado r., 45 m. E. S. E. Austin City. CUNNINGHAM S STORE, p. o., Perrin co., W. Car. : 62 m. N. N. W. Ealeigh. CURDSVILLE, p. v., Buckingham co., Virg. : 62 m. W. Eichmond. CURETON S BRIDGE, p. o., Henry co., Ala-. : 100 m. S. E. Montgomery. CURETON S STORE, p. o., Lancaster dist., S. Car. : 69 m. N. N. E. Columbia. CURIA, p. v., Independence co., Ark. : 87 m. N. by E. Little Eock. CURLLSVILLE, p. v., Clarion co., Penn. : 173 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. CURRITUCK county, N. Car. Situate N. E. on Atlantic Ocean, and contains 576 sq. m. It comprises the whole sea-coast from the Virginia line to Ocracoke Inlet, including CUR DAK Eoanoke Island. Currituck Inlet separates it into two parts, and affords facilities for navigation. Surface flat, and in some instances swampy. Soils generally sandy. Farms 501 ; manuf. ; dwell. 925, and pop. wh. 4,600, fr. col. 189, si. 2,447 total 7,236. Capital: Currituck C. H. CURRITUCK, p. v., and cap. Currituck co., N. Car.: on the W. side of Currituck Sound. Pop. 687. CURRY S MILLS, p. o., Washington co., Ga. CURRY S RUN, p. o., Harrison co., Ky. : 44 m. N. E. Frankfort. CURTISVILLE, p. v., Berkshire co., Mass.: 126 m. "W. Boston. It has several cotton mills, etc. CUKWIXSVILLE, p. v., Clearfleld co., Penn. : on the N. side of Anderson s cr., near its junction with the "W. branch cf Susquehanna r., 102 m. N. W. by W. Ilarrisburg. Cusn, p. v., Clearfleld co., Penn, : 107 m. N. W. by W. Ilarrisburg. GUSHING, t. and p. o., Lincoln co., Me. : on the "W. side of St. George s r., opposite the peninsular t. of St. George, 88 m. S. E. Augusta. This t was settled by Irish emigrants as early as 1733, and here was the celebrated stone fort erected by Major Burton. It has some commerce, and is much engaged in the shore fisheries. Pop. 805. CCSHINGVILLE, p. v., Potter co., Penn. : 114 m. N. N. "W. Ilarrisburg. Cu8SAWAGO, t and p. o., Crawford co., Penn. : 208 m. N. W. Ilarrisburg. CUSSETA, t. and p. v., Chambers co., Ala. : on the Mont gomery and West Point li. E., 78 m. from Montgomery and 10 from West Point, CUSTARD S, p. o., Crawford co., Penn. CUTCIIOGUE, p. v., Suffolk co., N. Y. : on the line of the Long Island K. E., 86 m. from New York. CUTHBKRT, p. v., and cap. Eandolph co., Ga. : on the line of the South Western E. E., 143 m. S. W. Milledgeville. CUTLER, t and p. o., Washington co., Me. : on the At lantic Ocean, 132 m. E. Augusta. It contains Little Machias Bay and Little r., and is bounded W. by Machias Bay, and has a good harbor ; considerable commerce is car ried on, and the shore fishery is successfully pursued. k20. CUT OFF. p. o., Walton co., Ga. CUT OFF, p. o., Drew co., Ark. : 126 m. S. E. Little Eock. CUTTINGSVILLE, p. v., Eutland co., Venn. : 63 m. S. by W. Montpelier. CUYAHOGA county, Ohio. Situate N. E. on Lake Erie, and contains 486 sq. m. Drained chiefly by Cuyahoga and Eocky rivers, which empty into the lake, and afford large water-power. Surface level, declining toward the N. Soils everywhere of the highest fertility, producing the grains in abundance and grasses of the most nutritious quality. The climate is delightful. Farms 2,228; manuf. 162; dwell. 8,289, and pop. wh. 47,745, fr. col. 354 total 48,099. Cap ital: Cleveland. Pullic Works: Cleveland, Painesville, and Ashtabula E. E. ; Cleveland and Pittsburg E. E. ; Cleve land, Columbus, and Cincinnati E. E, ; Cleveland and San- dusky E. E., etc., and the Ohio Canal. CUYAHOGA FALLS, p. v., Summit co., OMo : on the Cuy ahoga r., at the falls, 109 m. N. E. Columbus. The r. here has its greatest bend toward the S., and passes through a deep channel in the rocks, and by successive leaps falls in a short distance 240 feet, creating a great water-power. A considerable manufacturing village has here sprung up, the destiny of which is as yet only foreshadowed. The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal passes through the place, and the Akron Branch E. E., uniting with the Cleveland and Pittsburg E. E. at Hudson, connects it with those two important commercial centres. Pop. about 3,000. In the neighborhood bituminous coal is abundant, and is mined to a large extent CUYAHOGA river, Ohio : one of the most important rivers in northern Ohio. It rises in Geauga county, and runs southwardly through Portage county, where it gradually curves and courses through Summit and Cuyahoga counties, in a direction N. N. W. to Lake Erie, into which it falls at Cleveland. It is more than 60 miles long ; it has numerous falls, and from its not being materially affected in its supply of water in the dry season, is exceedingly well adapted for mill and factory purposes. Along its banks several flourishing manufacturing villages have already sprung up, and there is every prospect of its becoming the focus of an immense manufacturing interest. The village at the great falls is destined to be a second Patterson or Lowell. The Ohio Canal runs along the valley of this stream about 35 miles to near Akron, and crosses it by an aqueduct at Boston, 23 miles S. of Cleveland. The mouth of the river, which has been improved and extended by piers, forms the harbor of Cleveland. CUYLER, p. v., Cortland co., N. Y. : on the Tioughnioga r., 112 m. W. Albany. CUYLERSVILLE, p. v., Livingston co., N . Y. : 198 m. W. Albany. CYNTHIANA, p. v., Posey co., Ind. : on Big cr. of Wabash r., 137 m. S. W. Indianapolis. CYNTHIANA, p. v., and cap. Harrison co., Ky. : on the E. side of the S. fork of Licking r., 39 m. E. N. E. Frankfort. It is a flourishing v., and has a weekly newspaper, the " C. News" (dem.) Pop. 800. CYNTHIANA, p. v., Pike co., OMo: 62 m. S. by W. Columbus. Pop. 134. CYNTHIANA, p. v., Wapello co., la. : 66 m. S. W. Iowa City. CYPRESS, p. o., Union co., Ky. : on Cypress cr., 173 m. W. by S. Frankfort. CYPRESS, p. o., Scott co., Mo. : in the swamp region in the S. E. part of the co., 4 m. W. of the Mississippi and 186 m. S. E. Jefferson City. CYPRESS CREEK, p. o., Bladen co., N. Car. : 83 m. S. by E. Raleigh. CYPRESS CROSSING, p. o., Newton co., Tex. : on Sabine r., 252 m. E. Austin City. CYPRESS GROVE, p. o., New Hanover co., 2f. Car. : 97 m. S. E. Ealeigh. CYPRESS INN, p. o., Wayne co., Tetm. : 81 m. S. S. W. Nashville. CYRUSTOX, p. v., Lincoln co., Tenn.: 78 m. S. by E. Nashville. D. DACUSVILLE, p. v., Pickens dist., S. Car. : 118 m. W. N. W. Columbia. DADE county, Flor. Situate S., and contains about 3,840 sq. m. The drainage is very imperfect, and, except along the shores, the whole is a swamp. The Pay-hai-o-kee, or Everglades, is almost entirely within this county. These consist of an extensive grass meadow, covered from one to six feet deep with water, interspersed all over with islands of rich land and cypress swamps. These islands were safe retreats for the Seminoles during the war. The swamps are the abodes of alligators, serpents, and vermin of all kinds. The only really valuable land lies on the coast, and numerous small islands and keys, with which it is lined. Farms 6 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 23, and pop. wh. 147, fr. col. 1, si. 11 total 159. Capital : Miami. DADE county, Ga. Situate N. W., and contains 240 sq. m. Drained chiefly by Lookout cr. of the Tennessee r. Surface mountainous, with fertile valleys. Crops various, including Indian corn, wheat, cotton, tobacco, etc., but none in such preponderating quantity as to mark it as a principal staple. Farms 235; manuf. 4; dwell. 421, and pop. wh. 2,532, fr. col. 0, si. 148 total 2,680. Capital: Trenton. Public Works : Chattanooga and Nashville E. E. DADE county, Mo. Situate S. W., and contains 504 sq. m. Drained by Sac r. and its tributaries. Surface undu lating. Soils fertile. Farms 567; manuf. 13; dwell. 659, 163 DAD DAL and pop.-wh. 3,976, fr. col. 1, si. 269-total 4,246. Capital : Greenfield. DADEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Tallapoosa co., Ala. : 45 m. N. E. Montgomery, on a highland N. of Sandy cr., a tribu tary of Tallapoosa r., from which latter it is distant E. about 8 m. It contains the usual co. buildings, and about ISO inhabitants. DADSVILLE, p. v., Marion co., Tenn. : 87 m. S. E. Nash ville. DAGGER S SPRING, p. o., Botetourt co., Virg. : 109 m. "W. Eichmond. DAGGETT S MILLS, p. o., Tioga co., Penn. : 106 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. DAGSBOROUGH, hund. and p. v., Sussex co., Del. : on both sides of Pepper cr., which flows in a direction N. E. into Rehoboth B:iy, 43 m. S. S. E. Dover. There are a number of grist and saw-mills on the r., and in the v. are several stores, etc. The hund. contains 61,920 acres, and 2,512 inhabitants. DAHLONEGA, p. v., and cap. Lumpkin co., Ga. : on the E. side of Etowah r., and between that stream and Chestatee r., 112 m. N. N. W. Milledgeville. It is the central dep6t of the Georgia gold field, and the site of a Branch Mint of the United States, at which gold only is coined. It contains also a court-house and other co. offices, several stores, and has 1,977 inhabitants. A newspaper, the "Mountain Sig nal," is published weekly. DAHLONEGA, p. v., Wapello co., la. : about 4 m. N. of Des Moines r., and 61 m. S. W. Iowa City. DAILEY S CROSS ROADS, p. o., Lowndes co., Miss, : 112 m. N. E. Jackson. DAINGERFIELD, p. v., Titus co., Tex. : on Boggy cr. of Big Cypress, 262 m. N. E. Austin City. DAIRY, p. o., Scotland co., Mo. : 134 m. N. Jefferson City. DAKOTAH county, Minn. Situate S., and contains 16,400 eq. m., extending from the Mississippi to the Missouri. Its E. half is chiefly drained by the Minnesota r. and its tributaries, and its W. half by Sioux r. and the Tchan San- san, or Riviere a Jaques. Innumerable small and large lakes are interspersed throughout the co. The only part occu pied by the whites is that immediately on the Mississippi r. Farms 00 ; manuf. 00 ; dwell. 78, and pop. wh. 582, fr. col. 2 total 5>4. Capitttl : Fort Snelling. DALE county, AUi. Situate S. E., and contains 860 sq. m. Drained by the numerous tributaries of the Choetawatchie r., which traverses the co. from N. E. to S. W. Surface level, with a barren soil, except he hummocks and swamps, which are exceedingly fertile. The products are cotton, corn, etc., with rice and sugar. Farms 697 ; manuf. ; dwell. 92S, and pop. wh. 5,623, fr. col. 2, si. 721 total 6,346. Capital : Newton. DALE, p. o., Spencer co., Ind. : 12S m. S. by W. Indiana polis. DALE, p. o., Wyoming co., A r . Y. : 221 m. "W. Albany. DALE, p. o., Berks co., Penn. : 61 m. E. Harrisburg. DALEVILLE, p. v., Lauderdale co., Miss. : on Ponia cr., 88 m. E. by N. Jackson. DALEVILLE, p. v., Dale co., Ala. : on the E. side of a branch of Choctaw-Hatchee r., 80 m. S. S. .E. Montgomery. It was formerly the capital of the county. DALEVILLE, p. v., Luzerne co., Penn.: 94 m. N". E. Harrisburg. DALEY S, p. o., Montgomery co., Tenn. : 39 m. N. W. Nashville. DALLAS county, Ala. Situate S. centrally, and contains 872 sq. m. Drained by the Alabama r., which here receives the Cahawba and other streams. Surface undulating, and soils, especially on the rivers, very fertile. Products, cotton, corn, and some rice. Farms 749 ; manuf. 32 ; dwell. 1,375, and pop. wh. 7,461 , fr. col. 8. si. 22,258 total 29,727. Cap ital: Cahawba. Public Works: Selma arid Tennessee River E. R. ; the Selma and Mississippi R. R. DALLAS county, Ark. Situate between Saline and Wash- 164 ita rivers, and contains 792 sq. m. Drained by creeks of the border rivers. Surface in some parts, hilly and uneven ; in others, rolling or level everywhere diversified, and plenti fully wooded. Soils generally of an average fertility, and productive of corn and cotton. Farms 399 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 740, and pop. wh. 4,333, fr. col. 2, si. 2,542 total 6,877. Capital: Princeton. DALLAS county, la. Situate centrally, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Beaver, Raccoon, and other creeks, tributaries of the Des Moines r. Surface chiefly rolling prairie, interspersed with timber. Soils excellent, being deep and rich. Farms 00 ; manuf. 00 ; dwell. 156, and pop. wh. 854, fr. col. total 854. Capital: Adell. Public Works : Council Bluffs R. R. (projected). DALLAS county, Mo. Situate S. W., and contains 576 sq. m. Niangua r. and Little Niangua r. and their creeks drain the whole co. Surface undulating, and occasionally tim bered. Soils indifferent. Iron ore abundant. Farms 361 ; manuf. 3 ; dwell. 597, and pop. wh. 3,552, fr. col. 8, si. 8S total 3,643. Capital: Buffalo. DALLAS county, Tex. Situate N., and contains 920 sq. m. Drained by the upper streams of Trinity r., which spread over the whole co. Surface elevated and level, chiefly prairie. Soils of excellent fertility. Farms 178 ; manuf. 1 ; dwell. 435, and pop. wh. 2,536, fr. col. 0, si. 207 total 2,743. Capital: Dallas. DALLAS, p. v., Pulaski co., Ky. : 82 m. S. by E. Frankfort DALLAS, p. v., Madison par., La. : 132 m. N. Baton Rouge. DALLAS, p. v., La Fayette co., Miss. : 147 m. N. N. "W. Jackson. DALLAS, p. v., Greene co., Mo. : on the "W. side of James r., the N. branch of White r., 129 m. S. S. W. Jefferson City. DALLAS, p. v., Highland co., Ohio: 66 m. S. S. W. Columbus. DALLAS, t. and p. o., Luzerne co., Penn. : 98 m. N. E. Harrisburg. DALLAS, p. T., and cap. Dallas co., Tex. : on the E. side of Trinity r., 192 m. N. by E. Austin City. The "D. Her aid" (dem.) is the name of a weekly newspaper published in the village. DALLAS, t. and p. o., Clinton co., Mich. : 20 m. N. W. Lansing. 1 op. 185. DALLAS, p. v., Marshall co., Virg. : 238 m. N. W. Rich mond. DALLAS, p. v., Gaston co., A 7 : Car. : 138 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. DALLASBITRGII, p. v., Owen co., Ky.: 32 m. N. by E. Frankfort. DALLASBURGH, p. v., Warren co., OMo: 74 m. S. W. Columbus. DALLAS CITY, p. v., Hancock co., III.: 91 m. N. W. Springfield. DALLAS-TOWN, p. v., York co., Penn. : 42 m. S. Harrisburg. DALMATIA, p. v., Northumberland co., Penn. : 40 m. N. Harrisburg. D ALTON, p. v., Wayne co., Ind. : on the W. side of Nettle cr.. 50 m. E. by N. Indianapolis. DALTON, t. and p. o., Berkshire co., Mas*. : on the line of the Western R. R., 1(8 m. W. Boston. Drained by the E. branch of Housatonic r. It has several valuable manu factures. Pop. 1,029. DALTON. t. and p. v., Coos co.. N . ITamp. : on the E. side of Connecticut r., 72 m. N. by W. Concord. The Great or Fifteen Mile Falls commence in Dalton, and rush tumultu- ously along the N. W. border. The t. is drained by John s r., and other streams. In the W. and S. the surface is hilly, and along the St. John s the majestic white pine abounds. The v. or settlement is located on the river bank. P. 750. DALTON, p. v., Wayne co., Ohio : on the line of the Akron and Millersburg R. R., 80 m. E. N. E. Columbus. DALTON, p. v., Murray co., Ga. : about 2 m. W. of Cona- sauga r., 147 m. N. W. Milledgeville. It is a new v. which DAM DAN has sprung up under the benign influence of railways, and is one which will become a centre of population, commerce, and wealth. The Western and Atlantic R. K. passes through it 100 m. from Atlanta, and 40 m. from Chattanooga, and at this point is intersected by the East Tennessee and Georgia R. R.. which runs 107 m. to Knoxville. A newspaper, the " I). Times" (dem.), is issued weekly. The v. contains sev eral fine buildings and shops belonging to the R. R. com panies, and has about 600 inhabitants. DAMARISCOTTA MILLS, p. v., Lincoln co., Me. : at the out let of Damariscotta Pond, 26 m. S. S E. Augusta. DAMARISCOTTA river, Me. : this r. has its source in ponds in Jefferson and Noblesborough ; its general course is south erly, between Newcastle, Edgecomb, and Boothbay on the "W., and Bristol on the E. ; it is navigable for large shipping for 16 m. Large quantities of timber are brought down the r., and numerous merchant vessels are annually built on this broad arm of the sea. DAMASCOVILLE, p. v., Columbiana co., Ohio: on the N. line of the co., 126 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. It is a small village of about 200 inhabitants. DAMASCUS, t. and p. v., Henry co., Ohio : on the N. side of Maumee r., and of the "\Vabash and Erie Canal, 112 m. N. N. W. Columbus. Pop. 2t3. DAMASCUS, t and p. v., Wayne co., Penn. : on the W. side of Delaware r., 123 m. N. E. Harrisburg. The v. on the r., which is here spanned by a bridge 500 feet long, is a small settlement of 30 or 40 dwellings. DAMASCUS, p. v., Spartanburg dist, & Car. : 86 m. N. W. Columbia. DAMASCUS, p. v., Montgomery co., Md. : at the head of Seneca cr., 62 m. N. W. Annapolis. DAN river, -N. Car. and Virg. : mostly in Virginia, the Dan uniting with Staunton r. forms the Roanoke. It has falls of 23 feet at Danville, but, by a canal around them, navigation is open for 100 m. from its mouth. DANA, t. and p. o., Worcester co., Mass. : 62 m. W. Bos ton. A branch of Swift r. passes through the town. In the manufacture of palm-leaf hats there are numbers engaged it is the principal manufacture. Pop. 842. DANBOROUGH, p. v., Bucks co., Penn. : 92 m. E. Ilarris- burg, and about 3 m. N. of Doylestown. It contains about SO dwellings. DAN BURGH, p. v., Wilkes co., Get. : on the S. side of Broad r., 12 m. from its entrance into the Savannah r., and OS m. N. N. E. Milledgeville. DANIMTRV, t., p. b., and one of the capitals Fairfleld co., Conn. : 48 m. S. W. Hartford. Drained by a branch of Housatonic r., which furnishes good water-power. The borough is a pleasant village, built chiefly on one street It contains 7 churches, and about 250 dwellings. The Dan- bury and Norwalk R. R. has its N. terminus at this point. The t. has several manufactures, and supports a newspaper, ttie " D. Times," which is published weekly. Danbury was captured and burned by the British in the revolutionary war, and large quantities of military stores seized this oc curred 26th April, 1777. In the battle the American gene ral, Wooeter, was killed. Pop. 5,964, DANBURY, p. v., and cap. Stokes co., Jv: Car.: 104 m. N. W. by W. Raleigh. DANRUEY, L and p. v., Grafton co., JvT ITamp. : in the S. part of the co.. 29 m. N. W. Concord. The Northern R. R. passes through the t., 30 m. from West Lebanon. P. f 34. DANBY, t. and p. v., Tompkins co., N. Y. : about 8 m. S. Ithaca, and 1:34 m, W. by S. Albany. The surface is hilly, and the soils a gravelly loam : drained by Cattotong cr. and its tributaries. The v. contains about 400 inhabitants. The t has a large number of saw-mills. Pop. 2,411. DANBY, L and p. v., Rutland co., Verm. : near the head waters of Otter cr., 67 m. S. by W. Montpelier. The surface Is generally rough, but the soils are highly productive. The t. is noted for its butter and cheese. The Vermont Western E. R. passes through its S. E. corner. Pop. 1,535. DANBY, t. and p. o., Ionia co., Mich. : on Grand r., 18 m. W. S. W. Lansing. Pop. 262. DANBY FOUR CORNERS, p. o., Rutland co., Verm. : 66 ra. S. by W. Montpelier. DANCYVILLE, p. v., Haywood co., Term. : about 7 m. S. of Big Hatchee r., 149 m. W. S. W. Nashville. DANDRIDGE, p. v., and cap. Jefferson co., Ten.n. : on the N. side of French Broad r., 192 m. E. Nashville. It con tains the usual co. buildings, several stores, and about 80 dwellings. It has a considerable trade in the vicinity. DANE county, Wise. Situate S. centrally, and contains 1,235 sq. m. Drained by Black Earth, Blue Mound, and other tributaries of Wisconsin r., which washes its N. W. corner, and by Catfish r., Sugar r., and other affluents of Rock r. In its centre are the Four Lakes, renowned for their beauty. The level of Fourth Lake, above the Atlan tic, is 788 feet, and above Lake Michigan, 210 feet. Surface generally rolling ; hills and valleys succeeding each other ; the hills seldom abrupt, and arable to their summits ; the val leys well watered and seldom marshy. Soils generally black vegetable mold, sometimes loamy, and occasionally clay mixed with sand. The underlying rocks are chiefly calca reous. Farms 1,501 ; manuf. 87 ; dwell. 2.303, and pop. wh. 16,618, fr. col. 23 total 16,641. Capital : Madison. Public Works : Milwaukee and Mississippi R. R. DANE, t. and p. o., Dane co., Wise. : 12 m. N. N.W. Madi son. Pop. 287. DANIEL S MILLS, p. o., Pierson co., N. Car. : 53 m. N. N.W. Raleigh. DANIELSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Madison co., Ga. : on the high land between Oconee and Broad rivers, 74 rn. N. Mil ledgeville. It contains the usual co. offices, a jail, an academy, and about 25 or 30 stores and dwellings. DANIELSVILLE, p. v., Dickson co., Tenn. : 37 m. "W. Nashville. DANIELSVILLE, p. v., Spottsylvania co., Virg. : on one of the head branches of North Anna r., 49 m. N. N. W. Richmond. Gold is found in this region of country to a considerable extent. DANIELTON, p. v., Beaufort dist., S. Car. : 113 m. S. by W. Columbia. DANXEMORA, p. v., Clinton co., JV 7 ; Y.: about 2 m. N. of Saranac r., 10 m. W. by N. Plattsburg, and 187 m. N. Albany. DANSVILLE, p. v., Livingston co., A 7 ". Y. : on Canaseraga r., a tributary of Genesee r., 198 m. W. by S. Albany. Here are a succession of falls, within the distance of lj m., affording a large power, and the v. contains several factories and mills, as paper-mills, flouring-mills, etc., and furnaces. Dansville has three weekly newspapers, and one semi-monthly, viz., the " D. Herald" (whig), the " D. Courier" (dem.), the " D. Chronicle" (dem.), weeklies, and "Trembly s Advertiser," published semi-monthly. The Dansville Branch of the Genesee Valley Canal extends hence 11 m. to the main canal, which it joins near the v. of Mt. Morris. Pop. 1,800. DANTOM, p. v., Tishemingo co., Miss. : 198 m. N. E. Jackson. DANUBE, t and p. v., Ilerkimer co., A T . Y.: on the S. of the Mohawk r., 58 m. W. N. W. Albany. The surface is undulating : soils sandy and calcareous loam : drained by Nowadaga cr. The Erie Canal, on which the v. of Danube is located, passes through the N. part of the town, following the Valley of the Mohawk. Pop. 1,730. DANVERS, t and p. v., Essex co., Mass. : 14 m. N. Boston. The soils are fertile and well cultivated. The principal v. is virtually a suburb of Salem, the streets being continuous. There is another v. in the N. part of the t, on Beverly r., at which numerous ships arc annually built. Both these villages can be approached by vessels of considerable bur den, and both have considerable trade and manufactures, principally in leather and its products. Pop. 8,110. The Salem and Lowell R. R. passes through the township. DANVILLE, p. v., and cap. Yell co., Ark. : on Petite Jean cr., 67 m. W. N. W. Little Rock, 165 DAN DAR DANVILLE, p. v., Sumter co., Ga. : on the W. bank of Flint r., 86 m. 8. W. by S. Milledgeville. DANVILLE, p. v., and cap. Vermillion co., III. : on the N. bank of Big Vermillion r., immediately below the junc tion of its North and Salt Forks, 128 m. E. by N. Spring field. It ia a large and flourishing place, and has two newspapers, the "D. Herald" (dem.), and the "D. Citizen" (whig), both issued weekly. Pop. 1,200. The surrounding country is fertile and populous. DANVILLE, p. v., and cap. Ilendricks co., Ind. : on the W. side of the "W. fork of White Lick cr., 20 m. W. Indian apolis. The site of the v. is elevated, and commands a fine prospect. It contains a handsome brick C. II. and other co. offices. Pop. 177. It was first settled in 1825. The " Advertiser" (whig) is published weekly. DANVILLE, p. v., and cap. Boyle co., Ky. : on a small cr. of Dick s r., about 3 m. from its confluence, and 3S m. S. by E. Frankfort. The line of the projected Nashville and Lexington E. E. passes through the v., making it an im portant trading place. It is the seat of the Centre College, and also of the Kentucky Deaf and Dumb Asylum. The college was founded in 1S20, and in 1850 had a president and 7 professors, 363 alumni, and 152 students, with a library of nearly 6,000 volumes. The asylum had 60 in mates on the 1st Jan., 1851. Pop. about 1,600. DANVILLE, t. and p. v., Cumberland co., Me. : on the TV. side of Androscoggin r., 31 m. S. W. Augusta. It is chiefly devoted to agriculture. The Androscoggin and Kenncbee E. E. here diverges from the At), and St. Law. E.E. P. 1,636. DANVILLE, p. v., Tishemingo co., Miss. : 202 m. N. E. Jackson. DANVILLE, p. v., and cap. Montgomery co., Mo. : on the E. of and about 3 m. from the Loutre r., a tributary of the Missouri, 42 m. N. E.-by E. Jefferson City. DANVILLE, t. and p. o., Eockingham co., N. JTamp. : 30 m. S. E. Concord. Achusnut r. passes over the N. W. cor ner, and there are several ponds in the town. The surface is uneven, and the soils in most parts good. Pop. 1,614 DANVILLE, p. o., Warren co., .A r . Jer. : 56 m. N. by W. Trenton. DANVILLE, p. v., Knox co., Ohio. : about 4 m. "W. of "Walhonding r., and 52 N. E. Columbus. DANVILLE, p. v., and cap. Montour co., Penn. : on the N. side of the N. branch of Susquehanna r., at the entrance of Mahoning cr., and on the line of the North Branch Division of the Pennsylvania Canal, 12 m. above Northum berland, and 30 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. A bridge here crosses the Susquehanna r. The v. contains several church es, stores, and about 3,300 inhabitants, and it has a consid erable trade with the neighboring interior. Two newspa pers, the " D. Democrat" (whig), and the " D. Intelli gencer" (dem.), are issued weekly. DANVILLE, t., p. v., and cap. Caledonia co., Verm,. : 24 m. N. E. Montpelier. The v. is pleasantly situated near the centre of the t., and is surrounded by a fine fanning coun try, well drained by tributaries of Passumsic r.. which also afford mill-power. The t. has considerable manufactures ; and a newspaper, the " North Star." Pop. 2,577. DANVILLE, p. v., Pittsylvania co., Virq. : on the N. side of Dan r., 123 m. S. W. by W. Eichmond. The falls at this point, which is the head of boat navigation, afford great water-power, and this is extensively used for manufacturing and milling purposes. The v. is located on high ground, gradually rising from the river to a commanding eminence, from which the view of the vicinity is extensive and beau tiful. Danville has become a place of extensive trade, and is a dep6t for the immense products of a wide country. It has large tobacco warehouses, numerous stores, and about 1,514 inhabitants, and here is published the " D. Eegister," a weekly newspaper. The Eichmond and Danville E. E. has its S. terminus at this point. DANVILLE, p. v., Montgomery co., Tex. : 153 m. E. Austin City. 106 DANVILLE, p. v., Des Moines "co., la. : about 4 m. N. of Skunk r., and 57 m. S. by E. Iowa City. Pop. 1,087. DAN WEBSTER, p. v., Henry co., Ind. : 48 m. E. by N. Indianapolis. The great statesman from whom the name of this p. o. is derived di"d on the 24th Oct., 1552. DARBY, t. and p. v., Delaware co., Penn. : 87 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. The v., on Darby cr., has about 360 inhab itants, most part of whom are Quakers. The t. is divided into Upper Darby and Lower Darby, and has 1,422 inhab itants. DARBY, p. v., Franklin co., Ohio : 12 m. "W. Columbus, on the E. of Big Darby creek. DARBY CREEK, p. o., Madison co., Ohio : on Big Darby cr., 16 m. W. by N. Columbus. DARBY PLAINS, p. o., Union co., Ohio : near Big Darby r., 23 m. N. W. Columbus. DARBY S, p. o., Columbia co., Ga. : 76 m. E. N. E. Milledgeville. DARBYVILLE, p. v., Pickaway co., Ohio: on the "W. side of Big Darby cr., 22 m. S. by W. Columbus. Pop. about 400. DARDANELLE, p. v., Pope co., ArTc. : on the S. bank of Arkansas r., 61 m. W. N. W. Little Eock. Near this, on both sides the r., are rocky ridges, which are called the Dardanelles. Pop. 300. DARIEN, t. and p. v., Fairfleld co., Conn. : on Long Islaud Sound, 63 m. S. W. Hartford. The surface is undulating, and the soil excellent. The v. is on a small stream which sets up from the Sound, and has some coasting trade with New York. It is also on the line of the New York and New Haven E. E. Pop. 1,454. DARIEN, p. v., and cap. M Intosh co., Ga. : on theN. side of Alatamaha r., 12 m. above the bar at the entrance of the Sound, 156 m. S. E. Milledgeville. The bar has 14 feet of water. The v. has progressed rapidly, and has the appear ance of a place of considerable commerce. It is the natural port for all the country watered by the Alatamaha and branches, one of which, the Oconee, is navigable to Milledge ville ; and the other, the Ocmulgee, to Macon. To Savannah and Charleston, regular lines of steamboats are plied, and the coasting trade of the port is large. Pop. 550. DARIEN, t. and p. v., Genesee co., W. Y. : about 12 m. S.W. Batavia, and 232 m. "W. Albany. The v. lies on the line of the Buffalo and New York City E. E., 27 m. from Buffalo, and contains about 300 inhabitants. The t. is drained by Ellicott s cr. and other tributaries of Tonaw r anda r. Its sur face is hilly, and soils clayey and calcareous. DARIEN, t. and p. v., Walworth co., Wise. : 54 m. S. E. Madison. The surface is drained by Turtle cr. and its trib utaries. The v. is in a fine elevated tract to the S. of the creek. Pop. of 1. 1,013. DARIEX CENTRE, p. v., Genesee co., 2f. Y. : on the lino of the Buffalo and New York City E. E., 25 m. from Buffa lo, and 234 W. Albany. DARIEN DEP&T, p. o., Fairfleld co., Conn. : on the line of the New York and New Haven E. E.,62 m. S.W. Hartford. DARK CORNER, p. o., Campbell co., Ga. : 106 m.W. N. W. Milledgeville. DARK CORNER, p. o., De Soto co., Miss. : 168 m. N Jackson. DARKE county, Ohio. Situate "W. on Indiana State line, and contains 714 sq. m. Drained by Stillwater, Greenville, and Panther creeks, tributaries of Miami r., and which afford large mill-power. Surface generally level. Soils fertile. It is an excellent grain county. Farms 2,151 ; manuf. 10; dwell. 3,476, and pop. wh. 20,111, fr. col. 163 total 20,274. Capital : Greenville. PuWc Works: Belle- fontaine and Indiana E. E. ; Dayton and Greenville E. E., and its Extension, etc. Fort Eecovery, in the N. W. of the county, was erected by General Wayne, 1795, on the spot where three years before General St. Clair had suffered his memorable defeat by the Indians. DARKE, p. o., Darke co., Ohio: 93 m. W. Columbus. DABKESVILLE, p. v., Berkeley co., Vit g. : on Sulphur DAtt DAV Springs cr., a branch of Opequan cr. of the Potomac r., 127 m. N. by W. Eichmond. DARLINGTON district, Car. Situate E. centrally, and contains 1,050 sq. m. Drained by Black and other creeks of Great Pedee r., which bounds it on the N. E., and by numerous affluents of Lynch s cr., which washes its S. W. border. Surface slightly undulating. Soils sandy and light, except on the margins of the streams, where it is very fertile. The chief products are cotton and Indian corn, with some wheat, oats, etc. Farms 857 ; manuf. 26 ; dwell. 1,313, and pop. wh. 6,750, fr. col. 39, si. 10,041 total 16,830. Capital: Darlington C. H. PuWc Works: Wilmiugtou and Manchester E. E. DARLINGTON, p. v., Montgomery co., Jnd. : on the S. side of Sugar cr. of Eock r., 42 m. N. W. Indianapolis. DARLINGTON, p. v., St. Helena par., La, : 38 m. N. E. Baton Eouge. DARLINGTON, p. v., Ilarford co., Nd. : on the "W. side of the Susquehanna r., about 2 m. distant from it, and 49 m. N. by E. Annapolis. DARLINGTON, p. o., Beaver co., Penn. : on Little Beaver cr., 197 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. It has about 400 inhab itants. DARLINGTON COURT-HOUSE, p. v., and cap. Darlington dist., S. Car. : on Swift cr., a tributary of Black cr. of Great Pedec r., 69 m. E. N. E. Columbia. It is a v. of about 500 inhabitants, and lies about 3 m. W. of Black creek. DARLINGTON HEIGHTS, p. o., Prince Edward co., Virg. : 61 m. S. W. by W. Eichmond. DARNESTOWN, p. v., Montgomery co., Nd. : on the S. side of Seneca cr., 51 m. W. N. W. Annapolis. DARRTOWN, p. v., Butler co., Ohio : on the line of the Junction E. E., 96 m. W. S. W. Columbus. DARTFORD, p. v., Marquette co., Wise. : 52 m. N. by E. Madison. DARTMOUTH, t and p. v., Bristol co., JHfass. : 52 m. S. Bos ton. It has Buzzard s Bay on the S. E., and is penetrated by several inlets from it, one of which receives Aponiganset r., which is navigable to near the middle of the town. The manufacture of salt, ship-building, and the whale and coast fisheries, are the chief employments of the inhabitants. Pop. 3,SGS- DARVJLL S, p. o., Dinwiddie co., Virg. : 37 m. S. W. Eichmond. DARWIN, p. v., and cap. Clark co., III. : on the "W. bank of Wabash r., 112 m. E. S. E. Springfield. It is a flourish ing place, and contains about 300 inhabitants. DAKYSAW, p. o., Jefferson co., Ark. : 49 m. S. by E. Jefferson City. DAUPHIN county, Penn. Situate S. E. centrally, and con tains 608 sq. m. The Susquehanna washes the co. on the W. and S. W., and its tributaries, Mahantango, Poweirs, and Swatara creeks, drain the interior. Surface rough, hilly, and in some parts mountainous. Soils generally fer tile, producing all the grains abundantly, and tobacco. Iron and coal are mined in immense quantities, and there are several potteries in operation. The Dauphin co. coal is considered one of the best qualities in market. Farms 1,956 ; manuf. 253 ; dwell. 6,033, and pop. wh. 34,491, fr. col. 1.2C3 total 35,754. Capital: Harrisburg. Public Works: Pennsylvania Canal ; Union Canal ; Lancaster and Harris- burg E. E. ; Pennsylvania E. E., etc. DAUPHIN, p. v., Dauphin co., Penn. : on the E. side of Susquehanna r., 8 m. N. Harrisburg. It is a thriving v. of 1,451 inhabitants. The line of the Main Division of the Pennsylvania Canal passes through it, 34 m. from Columbia. DAVENPORT, p. v., and cap. Scott co., la. : on the W. side of the Mississippi r., opposite Eock Island, and 51 m. E. by S. Iowa City. The site is 100 m. below Galena, and 338 above St. Louis. A large amount of business is transacted here, and it is destined to become a place of importance, in connection with the railroad system of the West. It is now connected with Chicago by E. E., and a E. E. is projected hence to Council Bluffs and the Pacific coast. It already supports two newspapers, the " D. Gazette" (whig), and the " Democratic Banner," both published weekly. Pop. 3,400. DAVENPORT, t. and p. v., Delaware co., If. Y. : 57 m. "W. S. W. Albany. Surface hilly, and soils argillaceous loam. Drained by Charlotte r. and its tributaries. The v. lies on the S. side of Charlotte r., and on the Catskill Post Eoad. Pop. 2,305. DAVENPORT CENTRE, p. v., Delaware co., N. T. : on the S side of Charlotte r., 61 m. W. S. W. Albany. DAVIDSON county, A r . Car. Situate centrally, and con tains 380 sq. m. Drained by numerous creeks of Yadkin r., which forms its "W. and S. W. borders. Surface undu lating. Soils fertile. Products, wheat and Indian corn, with cotton and tobacco. Farms 1,231 ; manuf. IS ; dwell. 2,308, and pop. wh. 12,139, fr. col. 189, si. 2,992 total 15,320. Capital: Lexington. DAVIDSON county, Tenn. f Situate centrally, and contains 720 sq. m. Drained by numerous creeks of the Cumber land r., which passes through it from E. to "W. Surface undulating, and agreeably varied. Soils fertile, and pro ductive of all the grains, with cotton and tobacco in con siderable quantities. Immense numbers of live-stock are owned in the co., and much live and salt provisions export ed. Manufactures and commerce have also materially ad vanced of late years. Farms 1,384 ; manuf. 1C9 ; dwell. 4,257, and pop. wh. 23,858, fr. col. 848, si. 14,175 total 38,881. Capital : Nashville. Public Works : Nashville and Chattanooga E. E. ; Nashville and Cincinnati E. E. ; Nashville and Louisville E. E. ; Nashville and Henderson E. E. ; Nashville and Mississippi E. E., etc. ; and two rail roads from Nashville to meet the Southern lines pointing toward the north. DAVIDSON, p. v., Harrison co., Ind. : 112 in. S. by "W. Indianapolis. DAVIDSON, t. and p. v., Sullivan co., Penn. : 80 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. DAVIDSON CENTRE, p. a, Genesee co., Mich. : 56 m. E. N. E. Lansing. DAVIDSON COLLEGE, p. o^ Mecklenburgh co., N. Car. : in the N. part of the co., between Eocky r. of the Yadkin and Davidson s cr. of Catawba r., 114 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. It is located in an elevated and healthy region. The college that gives name to the p. o. was founded in 1838, and in 1S50 had a president and 4 professors, and 60 students. Its alumni numbered 140, of which 24 were ministers. The library has 5,000 vols. of well-selected books in all branches of learning. DAVIDSON S EIVER, p.o., Henderson co., N. Car. : on the r. so called, one of the head streams of French Broad r., 234 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. DAVIDSON VILLE, p. v., Anne Arundel co., Md. : on the "W. side of South r., at its head, 10 m. W. Annapolis. DAVIDSVILLE, p. v., Somerset co., Penn. : 117 in. W. by S. Ilarrisburg. DAVIDSVILLE, p. v., Franklin co., Tenn. : 78 m. S. E. Nashville. DAVIE county, JV 7 ! Car. Situate centrally, and contains 180 sq. in. Drained wholly by creeks of Yadkin r., which lies on its E. border. Surface undulating. Soils fertile, producing cotton, tobacco, and the grains generally. Farms 404; manuf. 37; dwell. 1,027, and pop. wh. 5,613, fr. col. 82, si. 2,171 total 7,806. Capital : Mocksville. DAVIESS county, Ind. Situate S. W., and contains 420 sq. m. The forks of White r. form its boundaries W. and S., and their many tributaries spread over every part of the county. In the N. E. the surface is rolling and heavily timbered ; the N. W. level, and interspersed with prairies and skirts of timber; the centre barrens, and the S. and E. undulating and heavily timbered. The soils are various, from sandy to pure clay. The bottoms of White r. are a rich black loam. Farms 1,221 ; manuf. 11 ; dwell. 1,803, and pop. wh. 10,308, fr. col. 44 total 10,352. Capital : 167 DAV DAY Washington. Pullic Works : Cincinnati and St. Louis E. E. ; and Wabash and Erie Canal. DAVIESS county, Ky. Situate N. "W., and contains 400 sq. m. Drained by creeks flowing N. into the Ohio r., which forms the boundary in that direction, and by creeks flowing S. into Green r., which bounds the county S. Sur face uneven. Soils ordinarily fertile, and producing the cereals, tobacco, etc., in abundance. Farms 1,057 ; manuf. 18 ; dwell. 1,631, and pop. wh. 9,423, fr. col. 50, si. 2,880 total 12,353. Capital : Owensburgh. DAVIE-S county, Mo. Situate N. W., and contains 576 eq. m. Drained by Grand r. and ite numerous and wide- spreading tributaries. Surface chiefly undulating prairie ; and the soils everywhere fertile and productive. Indian corn and tobacco are largely grown the other cereals to a less amount. Farms 342 ; manuf. 3 ; dwell. 784, and pop. wh. 5,056, fr. col. 1, si. 241 total 5,298. Capital : Gallatin. DAVIS county, la. Situate S. on the Missouri line, and contains 504 sq. m. Drained in the N. by Soap and Che- quest creeks of Des Moines r., and in the S. by the head waters of Fox, Wyaconda, North Fabius, and other rivers flowing into the Mississippi. The surface is beautifully diversified, chiefly undulating prairie, with frequent groves of timber. Soils of unsurpassed fertility. Farms 613; manuf. 11 ; dwell. 1,180, and pop. wh. 7,257, fr. col. 7 total 7,264. Capital: Bloomfleld. DAVIS county, Utah Ter. Situate N. middle, and contains about 1.800 sq. m. Drained by Weber r., the river Jordan, and other streams falling into the Great Salt Lake, which forms its W. boundary. Surface hilly, with fertile valleys. Bear River mountains spread over its eastern sections. As a farming county it has excellent faciliiics. Farms 112; manuf. 1 ; dwell. 215, and pop. wh. 1,134, fr. col. total 1.184," Capital: Farmington. DAVISBOKOUGH, p. v., Washington co., Ga. : on the line of the Central E. E., 122 m. from Savannah, and 46 m. E. by S. Milledgeville. It contains about 60 dwellings. DAVIS CREEK, p. o., Washington co., la. : 17 m. S. Iowa City. DAVIS CREEK, p. o., Dubois co., Ind. : on the cr. so called, 100 m. S. S. W. Indianapolis. DAVIS CREEK, p. o., Fayette co., Ala. : on the cr. so called, 134 m. N. W. Montgomery. DAVIS MILLS, p. o., Barnwell disk, S. Car. : 62 m. S. S.W. Columbia. DAVIS MILLS, p. o., Bedford co., Yirg. : on Goose cr., a tributary of Roanoke r., 117 m. W. by S. Richmond DAVISONVILLE, p. v., Genesee co., Mich. : 61 m. E. N. E. Lansing. DAVIS STOKE, p. o., Bedford co., Virg. : 108 m. W. by S. Eichmond. DAVISTON, p. v., Talbot co., Ga. : on the Macon and Co lumbus Turnpike, 79 m. W. S. W. Milledgeville. DAVISTOWN, p. v., Greene co., Penn. : 192 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. DAVISVILLE, p. v., Bucks co., Penn. : 91 m. E. Harrisburg. DAWESVILLE, p. v., Cherokee co., N. Car. : 314 m.W. by S. Ealeigh. DAWKIN S MILLS, p. o., Jackson co., Ohio : 72 m. S. by E. Columbus. DAWSON, p. v., Habersham co., Ga. : 128 m. N. Mil ledgeville. DAWSONBURGH, p. v., Fremont co., la. : 224 m. W. by S. Iowa City. DAWSON S, p. o., Alleghany co., Md. : on the N. W. side of the Potomac r., 11 m. S. W. Cumberland. DAY, t. and p. v., Saratoga co., N. Y. : in the N. W. corner of the co., 46 m. N. by W. Albany. The surface is hilly, the Kayaderosseras Mountains extending across the town, and the most arable lands are those of the Sacandaga r., which flows through it. The v. lies on the N. side of r. P. 1,045. DAY S LANDING, p. o., York co., Penn. : on the W. side of Susquehanna r., 31 m. S. S. E. Harrisburg. 168 DAY S STORE, p. o., Hopkins co., Ky. : 1C8 rn. W. S. "W. Frankfort. DAYSVILLE, p. v., Ogle co., III. : 157 m. N. Springfield. DAYSVILLE, p. v., Todd co., Ky. : 152 m. S.W. Frankfort. DAYTON, p. v., Marengo co., Ala-. : on a cr. of the Bogue Chickasaw, a tributary of Tombigbee r. from the E., 81 m.W. Montgomery. DAYTON, p. v., La Salle co., III. : on the W. side of Des- plaines r., 6 m. N. E. Ottawa, and 118 m. N. by E. Spring field. It is a thriving v., with about 250 inhabitants. DAYTON, p. v., Tippecanoe co., Ind. : on the W. side of the W. Fork of Ponceapichoux or Wild Cat r., 54 m. N.W. Indianapolis. DAYTON, t. and p. v., Cattaraugus co., N. Y. : on Cone- wango cr., and drained by its tributaries. Surface undu lating, and soils clay and gravelly loam. The v. lies on the line of the Erie E. E., 22 m. from Dunkirk, and 262 W. S.W. Albany. Pop. of t. 1,44S. DAYTON, t., p. city, and cap. Montgomery co., Ohio : at the confluence of the Mad and Miami rivers, in lat. 39 44 N., and long. 84O 11 W., 66 m. W. S. W. Columbus. It is one of those new centres of trade and commerce which have sprung up in the Great West with the progress of in ternal improvements, and which, during the decade ending with 1850, have been so wonderfully developed. The ground on which the city is built was originally purchased by John Cleve Symmcs about the year 1795, and afterward it appears that Governor St. Clair and Jonathan Dayton, with several associates, contracted with Symmcs for the purchase and settlement of so much of the original purchase as was included in the corporate limits of the present city. The embryo town received the name of Dayton. Symmes being unable to meet his payments, the land reverted to the government, and afterward (in 1799), Daniel C. Cooper, of New Jersey, succeeded to the proprietorship. The town was then laid out upon a plan originally furnished by St. Clair with streets 100 feet wide, crossing each other at right angles. The town plot was divided into 280 lots, 100 feet front by 200 feet in depth ; and upward of 50 out-lots of 10 acres each were laid off at the same time. But it was not till within the present century that the town had a tangible existence. In 1805 it was incorporated by the Legislature, and in 1806 the first brick dwelling was erected ; and in 1810 it had only 383 inhabitants. Its progress, indeed, seems to have been quite slow until the completion of the internal improvements connecting it with the commercial centres of the West were completed. In 1820 the inhab itants numbered 1,039; in 1830,2,954; in 1840, 6,067; and in 1850, 10,977. In 1829 the Miami Canal, between Cincin nati and Dayton, was completed, and on the 25th January of that year a canal boat traversed the distance (60 miles) between the two places. From this date the prosperity of Dayton commences. At a later period the canal was opened to Lake Erie. The amount of tolls collected at the port of Dayton, in 1841, was $27,053 ; in 1850, $32,876. There are also now upward of 250 miles of M Adam roads radiating from the city in all directions ; and it is now con nected, through the following railroads, with all the principal points of the Union : the Mad Ei ver and Erie E. R., 156 m., terminating at Sandusky ; the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton E. E., 60 m., terminating at Cincinnati; the Little Miami E. E., 84 m., at Springfield ; the Dayton and Western E. E., 40 m., at the State line ; the Greenville and Miami R. E., 36 m., at Greenville and Union; the Dayton and Michigan E. E., 140 m., at Toledo; and the Dayton and Xenia, 16 m., at Xenia. These connect with lines reaching the length and breadth of the United States ; and a contin uous line of railroad is under contract from a point on the Ohio r., connecting with the Baltimore and Ohio E. E. to Illinoistown, opposite St. Louis. The principal points on this road will be Columbus, Dayton, Indianapolis, Terro Haute, and St. Louis. The commerce on all the completed railroads is immense, but there is no immediate means of DA* DAY ascertaining its tonnage, description, or value. The com merce of Dayton by canal, was in 1850, as exhibited in the following table, which gives the amount of the principal articles received and shipped at the port in the year referred to. Articles. Arrived. Cleared. Ale and beer bbls. 31.... 2,013 Flour " 381.... 64,434 Fish, fresh-water " 2,047 .... 208 Oil, linseed " 4 .... 4,522 Oil, lard " 47 .... 530 Pork " .... 472 Salt " 9,331.... 89 Whisky " SS . . . . 36 237 Eye, barley, and malt bush. 1 ,S31 .... 14,789 Cora " 10,765.... 184,2G9 Coal, mineral " 89,953.... 938 Coke " 18,359 .... Oats " 340 .... 17,149 Seeds, grass, etc " .... 2.521 Seed, flax " 9.5GS .... 11,174 Wheat " 5,014.... 16,377 Butter Ibs. 392 .... 34,541 Burr blocks " 98,053.... Furniture and baggage " 107.585 404,478 Bacon and pork " 11,022.... 723,799 Coffee " 279,170.... 33,939 Cotton, raw " 294,962 Cotton yarns " 2,<56.... 192,864 Candles " 795 .... 28,541 Cut Stone " 16,387 13,126 Crockery, foreign " 11 6,662 .... 2,700 Eggs " .... 53,477 Fruit, green " 11,729 .... 150,632 Feathers " 337.... 2,M4 Grindstones " 62,066 676 Gypsum " 55,395.... 1,4 ,)0 Glassware " 163,113.... 8,968 Hemp " 11,933.... Hides and skins " 9,105 .... 78,4a3 Ice 78,705 .... 1,696,000 Iron, pig, etc " 1,774.712 59,073 Iron, cast " 2,396,715 43,069 Lard " 1.653.... 498,85 Leather " 45,776 .... 38 059 Machinery " 89,333 .... 106.322 Merchandise " 1,935,092 .... 330,744 Molasses " 357.352.... 13,000 Kails and spikes " 388,369 .... 8,758 Oilcake " ....3,167,176 Paper, Ohio " 24,111 531,536 Powder, Ohio 6,681 15,222 Pot and pearl ashes " 7,717 83,087 Sugar 673,448 . . . . 9,562 Tallow " 358 121,713 Tobacco 16,311.... 27,161 Tobacco, manufactured " 94,831 14,209 Wool .... 5s,4S6 W T hitelead 47,394.... 1,015 Sundries 2/ 66,495 .... 1,219,938 Hoop poles num. 851,110 72,974 Hogs .... 3,497 Staves, etc " 1,657,758 5,400 Shingles " 8,420,250 116,250 Lath " 1,140.200 .... 57.000 Lumber feet 4,395,273 .... 298.466 Timber " 117,741 .... 4,226 The several locks of the canal afford considerable motive power within the limits of the city ; and in 1845 the Dayton Hydraulic Company constructed a hydraulic canal from a point at Mad r., 4 m. above the city, by means of which the waters of a large and unfailing stream are brought through the place, the surplus water being discharged into the canal, X and thence into the Miami r., below the city. The whole of the power thus obtained is leased to manufacturers, and I this addition of motive force is justly ranked as one of the chief sources of the prosperity now enjoyed by the city. A further increase of hydraulic facilities is projected by con ducting the waters of the Miami above the city, through a canal, and discharging them into the same river below. Dayton surpass s all other western cities of its size in the variety and extent of its manufactories. Among tin- most notable and extensive are those for the manufacture of rail road cars on the largest scale ; paper mills, which supply no small part of the West with wrapping, news, and book paper; foundries for stoves, hollow ware, etc., the annual value of these branches alone being at least $5( -0,000. There is no city in the West so largely engaged in the manufac ture and export of linseed oil and oil-cake as Dayton. In 1S50, 134,000 bushels of seed, valued at $163,348. produced 294,500 gallons of oil, worth at 72 c. per gallon, $212,( 40 ; and 8,680 tons of oil-cake, worth at $10 per ton, $26,800, the difference between the raw seed and manufactured articles being $75,492, which represents the gross earnings of labor and capital employed. The amount of supcTflne flour manufactured annually in the city is equal to 125,000 barrels. There are three chartered banks in the city: one a branch of the State Bank, one an independent bank, and one a free bank under the new law. The aggregate capital of these is $350,000. Besides these, there are several private banks, which employ capital amounting to $2( 0,000, making the banking capital of the place $550,000, a sum inadequate to the increasing wants of the manufacturing and commercial interests of the community. The charter for a city government was granted by the Legislature in 1841. The city, for municipal purposes, is divided into six wards; and its affairs are managed by 12 councilmen, representing the several wards in a single body. The present revenue of the city from taxes, licenses, etc., amounts to $20,000, one-third of which is devoted to educational purposes. The public buildings, though neither so costly nor so perfect in architectural detail as those of the old and wealthy cities of the country, are neat and substan tial. The Court House is one of the most elegant in the valley of the Ohio; its dimensions are 127 feet in length by 62 feet in breadth. It is built of hewn blocks of coarse but compact white marble, which abounds in the vicinity the roof is of stone and the doors of solid iron, and the style of architecture that of the Parthenon, with slight improve ments. The plan seems to be faultless, and the effect of the building imposing: its whole cost exceeded somewhat $100,000. The streets of the city are lighted with gas, sup plied by a company chartered for that purpose, as are the public buildings, and, as a general thing, also the stores. The gas is made from the bituminous coal found about the head waters of the Ohio, and affords a cheap and excellent light. Coke and tar are also obtained from the coal used in supplying the works. There are two market-houses in the city. The principal one is 400 feet long, and paved with blocks of limestone ; and a part of the second story of the building is occupied as a City Hall and Council Chamber. The markets exhibit the overflowing abundance of the valley, and prices are here about 20 per cent, below those of Cincinnati, and 40 or 50 per cent, below those of Boston and New York. As the population of the city increases, however, this disproportion in prices will, of course, be less. Besides an excellent female academy and several private schools, there are six free schools in the city, which are con ducted in the most admirable manner. Five of these are "common schools;" the sixth is called the "High School," a popular college, into which the pupils from the other schools are admitted, when they have attained a prescribed , advancement in the usual English studies, and sustain a j good character. The principal literary institution is the 169 DAY DEC Library Association, which has laid the foundation of a valuable library, having now upward of 2,000 volumes of selected works. The library is open to minors, under cer tain restrictions ; and a course of lectures is usually delivered before the Association during the Avinter months, which is free to the citizens generally. The periodical press of Dayton consists of four daily newspapers (all issuing likewise weekly editions), and one weekly paper : the dailies are, the " "Western Empire" (whig), the " Transcript" (neutral), the " D. Journal" (dem.), and the " D. Gazette" (whig) ; and the weekly newspaper is the "D. Advertiser" (whig). In point of energy and talent, the Dayton press is not surpassed by the press of older and more wealthy cities. DAYTON, p. v., Eockingham co., Virg. : 102 m. N. TV. Richmond. DEAD FALL, p. o., Abbeville disk, 8. Car. : 89 m. TV. Columbia. DEAD RIVER, p. o., Somerset co., Me. : on Dead r. of the Kennebec, 63 m. S. by TV. Augusta. DEAD river, Me. : the W. branch of Kennebec r. It rises near the boundary of Lower Canada, and after a course of 70 m., falls into the Kennebec, 20 m. below Moosehead Lake. It passes through a fertile and well wooded country. DEAL S MILLS, p. o., Caldwell co., 2f. Car. : 160 m. TV. by N. Raleigh. DEAM, p. v., Owen co., Ind. : 49 m. S. TV. Indianapolis. DEAN S CORNERS, p. o., Saratoga co., N. Y. : 26 m. N. by E. Albany. DEANSVILLE, p. v., Oneida co., A T . T. : on the line of the Chenango Canal, 86 m. TV. by N. Albany. Pop. 200. DEARBORN county, Ind. Situate S. E., and contains 308 sq. m. Situate on the Ohio r., and drained by its tributa ries, the Great Miami, TVhite Water, Laughery, and other streams. Surface generally undulating in some parts hilly and broken. Soil fertile. Farms 1,520; manuf. 72; dwell. 8,549, and pop. wh. 20,021, fr. col. 145 total 20,166. Cap ital : Lawrenceburg. Public Works : TVhite Water Canal ; Lawrenceburg and Upper Mississippi E. E. ; and Cincinnati and St. Louis E. E. DEARBORNVILLE, p. v., TVayne co., Mich. : on the S. side of Eiver Rouge, 72 m. E. S. E. Lansing. An arsenal of the United States is located here ; it consists of 11 brick build ings arranged on the sides of a square 360 feet on each side. These buildings are connected by a continuous wall of heavy masonry, 12 feet high. DEARDORFF S MILLS, p. o., Tnscarawas co., Ohio : on Tuscarawas r., 85 m. E. N. E. Columbus. DEATESVILLE, p. v., Nelson co., Ey. : 46 m. TV. 8. TV. Frankfort. DEATONSVILLE, p. v., Amelia co., Yirg. : 33 m. S.W. by TV. Richmond. DEAVERTOWN, p. v., Morgan co., Ohio : 52 m. E. by S. Columbus. It is pleasantly situate, and contains about 320 inhabitants. DECATUR county, Ga. Situate S. TV. corner of State, and contains 870 sq. m. Drained by Flint r., which runs through it, and the tributaries of Chattahoochee r., which forms its TV. border. Surface moderately uneven, and soils of average fertility. The chief products are cotton and corn, with some sugar, etc. Farms 441 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 898, and pop. wh. 4,618, fr. col. 5, si. 3,639 total 8,262, Capital: Bainbridge. Public Works : Bainbridge Branch of Bruns wick and Florida E. E. DECATUR county, Ind. Situate S. E., and contains 380 sq. m. Drained by Flat Eock, Clifty, and Sand creeks. Surface mostly level or undulating on the streams some what hilly. The bottoms are rich, though small. In the E. and S. there is some flat, wet land. Farms 1,377 ; manuf. 89; dwell. 2,662, and pop. wh. 14.951, fr. col. 156 total 15,107. Capital: Greensburg. Public Works: Lawrence burg and Upper Mississippi E. E. 170 DECATUB county, la. Situate S. on Missouri line, and contains 540 sq. m. Drained by the head waters of Welden r., and Crooked Fork of Grand r., which traverse the co. from N. to S. Surface elevated and beautifully diversified, and the soils eminently fertile. Numerous Hungarians are settled at New Buda, in this county. Farms 46 ; manuf. ; dwell. 145, and pop. wh. 964, fr. col. 1 total 965. Capital : Nine Eagles. DECATUR county, Tenn. Situate centrally on the W. side of Tennessee r., and contains 320 sq. m. Drained by creeks of Tennessee r. Surface generally level or undulating, and soils good, producing largely of corn, wheat, etc., with some tobacco. Farms 443; manuf. 15; dwell. 941, and pop. white 5,263, free col. 17, slave 723 total 6,003. Capital : Decaturville. DECATUR, p. v., Morgan co., Ala. : on the S. bank of Tennessee r., 146 m. N. by W. Montgomery. The Tuscum- bia and Decatur E. E. has its E. terminus at this point ; but this E. E. now forms a link in the great Memphis and Charleston Eoute. The v. has considerable trade, and has a weekly newspaper, called the "Morgan Advertiser." Pop. about 700. DECATUR, p. v., and cap. De Kalb co., Ga. : on the line of the Georgia E. E., 165 m. from Augusta, and 6 from Atlanta, 82 m. W. N. TV. Milledgeville. It is pleasantly located in a fine hilly region, and is a v. of considerable pretensions. Pop. 744 DECATUR, p. v., and cap. Macon co., III. : on the N. TV. side of the N. fork of Sangamon r., 39 m. E. by N. Spring field. It is situate on the edge of an extensive prairie, and in the midst of a fine agricultural region. It is one of the most thriving of the inland towns of the State; and its fu ture, when the Central E. E. and other railroads intended to intersect it are finished, will be one of great prosperity. Its inhabitants number some 600, and the immediate vi cinity is thickly settled. DECATUR, p. v., and cap. Adams co., Ind. : on the TV. side of St. Mary s r. of the Maumee, 96 m. N. E. Indianapo lis. It contains a C. H., jail, and the co. offices, about 120 dwellings,and 231 inhabitants. It has a weekly newspaper, the "D. Gazette" (whig). DECATUR, t and p. o., Van Buren co., Mich. : on the S. Branch of Pawpaw r., 80 m. TV. by S. Lansing. Pop. 3S6. DECATUR, p. v., and cap. Newton co., Miss. : at the head streams of Chickasawha rivef, 64 m. E. by N. Jackson. DECATUR, t. and p. v., Otsego co., N. T. : 46 m. TV. Albany. Drained by Elk and other small streams. Sur face elevated and hilly. Soil a sandy loam. The v. contains 28 dwellings and 200 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 927. DECATUR, p. v., Brown co., Ohio: between the forks of Eagle cr., 84 m. S. TV. Columbus. It is a thriving v., and has several flour, grist, and saw-mills on the neighboring streams. Pop. 171. DECATUR, p. v., and cap. Meigs co., Tenn.: about 2 m. S. E. of Tennessee r., and 117 E. S. E. Nashville. It con tains the co. offices and about 180 inhabitants. DECATUB, t. and p. o., Mifflin co., P*nn. : in the mount ains, 42 m. N. TV. Harrisburg, and watered by Jack s cr. of the Juniata r. It is 14 m. N. E. of Lewistown. DECATUR, t. and p. v., Greene co., Wise. : 32 m. S. Mad ison. The v. lies on the W. side of Sugar r., a branch of Eock river. Pop. of t. 558. DECATURVILLE, p. v., and cap. Decatur co., Tenn. : 82 m. 8. E. Nashville. DECATURVILLE, p. v., "Washington co., Ohio: 78 m. S. E. Columbus. DECKER S CREEK, p. o. Preston co., Virg. : on a cr. of Cheat r. so called, 1S3 m. N. W. Richmond. DECKERTOWN, p. o., Sussex co., N. Jer. : on the TV. side of Wallkill r., 69 m. N. Trenton. It has several stores, and about 100 inhabitants. The neighborhood is a fine lime stone country. DEC DEF DECORAH, p. o., Winneshiek co., la. : 113 m. N. by W. Iowa City. DEDHAM, t, p. v., and cap. Norfolk co., Mass. : on Charles r., 13 m. S. S. W. Boston. Ncponset r. runs on its E. border, and a small stream runs from Charles r. into Neponset r. these afford good water-power. The whole t. is well culti vated. The v. is pleasantly situated on Charles r., and con tains about 200 dwellings, and the co. buildings. The Boston and Providence R. II. passes through the t., and gives off a branch R. R., 2 m. long, to the village. Manufactures are carried on to some extent, and there are two newspapers published weekly, the "D. Gazette" (free soil), and the " Norfolk Democrat." Pop. 4,477. DEED S CREEK, p. o., Kosciusko co., Ind. : 100 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. DEEDSVILLE, p. v., Jefferson co., la. : 46 m. S. by W. Iowa City. DEEP CEEEK, p. v., Norfolk co., Yirg. : at the N. terminus of the Dismal Swamp Canal, and on both sides of it, 87 m. S. E. Richmond. It has a considerable trade, and exports cedar-wood and other products of the Swamp. Pop. about 160. The canal extends between Deep cr., a branch of Elizabeth r., 10 m. from Norfolk, and Joyce s cr., forming thus a connection between Albemarle Sound and Hampton Roads length 23 miles. It is fed by Lake Drummond. and the feeder, 3j m. long, 2^ feet deep, and 12 feet wide, is also navigable. The main canal is 40 feet wide and 6 feet deep, and has 5 stone locks on it, 100 feet by 22 feet. DEEP CUT, p. o., Mercer co., Ohio: 94 m. "W. N. W. Columbus. DEEPIKILL, p. v., Renssalaer co., N. Y. : on the line of the Troy and Boston R. R., 7 m. from Troy, and 13 N. by E. Albany. DEEP RIVER, p, v., Middlesex co., Conn : 33 m. S. by E. Hartford. It is situate at the confluence of Deep r. with the Connecticut. DEEP RIVER, p. o., Lake co., Ind. : on Deep r., a branch of Calumic r., 136 m. N. W. Indianapolis. DEEP RIVER, p. o., Poweshiek co., la. : 56 m. "W. by N. Iowa City. DEEP RIVER, p. o., Guilford co., N. Car. : on the r. so called, a constituent of Capo Fear r., 72 m. W. by N. Raleigh. DEEP river, N. Car. : one of the constituents of Cape Fear r. It has its sources in Guilford co., where it passes through Randolph into Moore and Chatham counties, in the last of which it joins the Haw, the principal branch, from which point it assumes the name of Cape Fear River. DfiEP WATER, p. o., Henry co., Mo. : on the N. side of Deep Water cr., a tributary of Osage r., 100 m. W. by S. Jefferson City. DEEP WATER, p. o., Marshall co., Miss. : 167 m. N. by E. Jackson. DEEP WELL, p. o., Iredell co., K Car. : 122 m. W. Raleigh. DEKR BROOK, p. o., Noxubee co., Miss. : 108 m. N. E. Jackson. DEER CREEK, p. v., Livingston co., MicJi. : 29 m. S. E. Lansing. DEER CREEK, p. o., Mercer co., Penn. : 216 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. DEER CREEK, p. o., Carroll co., Ind. : on a cr. of Wabash r. so called, 61 m. N. by W. Indianapolis. Deer cr. is a fine mill-stream rising in the S. part of Miami co., and running through Cass and Carroll counties to the Wabash, which it joins near Delphi. DEER CREEK, p. o., Issaquena co., Miss. : 49 m. N. W. Jackson. DEEKFTKLD, p. v., Randolph co., Ind. : on the S. bank of the Mississinewa r., 72 m. E. N. E. Indianapolis. DEERFIELD, p. v., Lake co., III.: equidistant between Lake Michigan and Des Plaines r., 192 m. N. E. Springfield. DEERFIELD, p. v., Lenawee co., Mich. : on the N. bank of Raisin r., 66 m. S. E. Lansing. The Michigan Southern R. R. pasess through the village, 24 in. from Monroe, and 224 m. from Chicago. DEERFIELD, t. and p. v., Franklin co., Mass. : 78 m. W, Boston. Drained by Deerfleld r., which falls into the Con- necticut r., here forming the E. border of the town. The lands are very fertile, and afford the best meadows in the State. The v. is situated on a plain separated from the Connecticut by a chain of hills, and consists chiefly of one street. The town is almost wholly agricultural in its indus try. Pop. 2,4:1. DEERFIELD, t. and p. v., Rockingham co., N. ITamp. : 16 m. S. E. Concord. Drained by Lamprey r., which runs through it. Surface uneven and soils difficult. Pop. 2.C22. DEERFIELD, t, and p. v., Portage co., Ohio : in the S. E. corner of the co. The S. branch of Mahoning r. passes through the t. ; the v. is located centrally. Pop. of 1. 1,371. DEERFIELD, p. v., Augusta co., Yirg. : on Middle r., a branch of the S. fork of Shenandoah r., 108 m. W. N. W. Richmond. DEERFIELD, p. v., Carroll par., La. : 156 m. N. by W. Baton Rouge. DEERFIELD, t. and p. v., Dane co., Wise. : 16 m. E. Madi son. Drained by a fine mill-stream flowing into Lake Kosh- konong. Surface level and soils rich. The v. lies on the N. side of the creek. Pop. 639. DKERFIELD STREET, p. v., Cumberland co., H. Jer. : 55 m. S. by W. Trenton. Pop. about ISO. DEERFIELD VILLAGE, p. v., Warren co., Ohio : on the N. bank of Little Miami r., 76 m. S. W. Columbus. It was founded in 1795, but has never progressed on account of its liability to inundation, and its population does not now ex ceed 120 souls. DEER GROVE, p. o., Cook co., III. : in the N. part of the co., on a cr. of Des Plaines r., 178 m. N. E. Springfield. DEERING, t. and p. o., Hillsborough co., N. Ilamp. : 21m. S. W. Concord. Drained by Contoocook r. Surface diver sified and soils of average fertility. Large quantities of brick are manufactured in this town. Pop. 1,890. DEER ISLE, t. and p. o., Hancock co., Me. : 56 m. E. by S. Augusta. The t. consists of an island on the E. side of Penobscot Bay, and two or three small islands adjacent. These islands are fertile, and, having good harbors, are well situated for the shore fisheries and coasting. Pop. 3,037. DEER LICK, p. o., Williams co., Ohio: on a cr. of Maumec r. so called, 132 m. N. W. Columbus. DEER PARK, p. v., La Salle co., III. : 6 m. S. W. Ottawa, and 109 m. N. by E. Springfield. DEER PARK, p. v., Suffolk co., N. Y. : on the line of the Long Island R. R., 37 m. from Brooklyn, and 124 m. S. S.W. Albany. DEER PLAIN, p. o., Calhoun co., III. : in the S. extremity of the co., about 3 m. N. of Milan, and 79 m. S. S. W. Springfield. DEER RIVER, p. o., Lewis co., A 7 . Y. : on the r. so called, 112 m. N. W. Albany. DEERSVILLE, p. v., Harrison co., Ohio : 96 m. E. N. E. Columbus. DEFIANCE county, Ohio. Situate N. W., and contains 396 sq. m. Drained by the Maumee r. and its large and wide-dreading tributaries, St. Joseph s r., Tiffin r., and Blanchard s Fork. Surface uneven, with considerable level prairie, intermixed with wood and extensive bottoms. It is a fine grain county. Farms 296 ; manuf. 31 ; dwell. 1,237, and pop. wh. 6,947, fr. col. 19 total 6,966. Capital : Defiance. Public Works : Miami Canal ; and a R. R. from Fort Wayne to Maumee City, etc. DEFIANCE, t., p. v., and cap. Defiance co., Ohio : at the confluence of the Au Glaize and Maumee rivers, on the line of the Wabash and Erie Canal, a few miles above the junc tion of the Miami Canal, and on that of the R. R., between Sandusky City and Fort Wayne, 114 m. N. W. Columbus It is thus most eligibly located for commerce at a point where canals, railroads, and navigable rivers have a com- 171 DBF BEL mon junction, and from which in every direction the avenues are uninterrupted. In the old Indian wars it was a point of military importance. It contains the county buildings, offices, etc., has numerous saw, grist, and flour mills, &c. Pop. o p v. 890. t. l,2Sl k Two newspapers, the "D. Demo crat" (dem.), and the * D. Banner" (whig), are issued weekly. DEFRIETSVILLE, p. v., Eensselaer co., N. Y. : 4 m. S. E. Albany. It contains 23 dwellings, and 130 inhabitants. DE GL.UZE, p. o., Morehause par., La. : 167 m. N. W. by N. Baton Rouge. DE KALB county, Ala, Situate N. E., and contains 720 sq. m. Drained by Big Will s cr. of Coosa r., and several creeks, tributaries of Tennessee r. The surface is generally hilly, except in the river valleys, in which the land is of ex traordinary fertility. Indian corn and cotton, with tobacco, etc., are the chief products. Farms 616; manuf. 8; dwell. 1,254, and pop. wh. 7,730, fr. col. 9, si. 506 total 8,245. Capital: Lebanon. Public Works: Selma and Tennessee Eiver E. E. DE KALB county, Get. Situate N. centrally, and con tains 360 sq. m. Drained by branches of the Ocmulgee r. and of the Chattahoochee r., the latter of which forms the N. "W. border. Surface, an elevated table-land, and of a productive soil. Indian corn and wheat, with cotton and tobacco, form its staples. Farms 1,019; manuf. 45; dwell. 1,792, and pop. wh. 11,372, fr. col. 32, si. 2.924 total 14.328. Capital : Decatur. Public Works : Georgia E. E. ; West ern and Atlantic E. E. ; Macon and Western E. E. ; La Grange E. E., etc. KE KALB county, III. Situate on the summit between the Illinois and Eock rivers, and contains 64S sq. m. Drained by Kishwaukee r., flowing N. W. to Eock r., and Fox r. and its branches, flowing S. to the Illinois. Surface chiefly prairie, with groves of timber beautifully varying the scene. Soils deep, dark, and rich. Farms 812; manuf. 4; dwell. 1,803, and pop. wh. 7,539, fr. col. 1 total 7,540. Capital: Sycamore. DE KALB county, Ind. Situate N. E., and contains 365 sq. m. Drained by St. Joseph s of the Maumee, and its several tributary creeks. Surface undulating, and, with the exception of some wet prairies, heavily timbered. Soils ex cellent. Farms 831; manuf. 16; dwell. 1,421, and pop. wh. 8,241, fr. col. 10 total 8,251. Capital : Auburn. DE KALB county, Mo. Situate N. W., and contains 432 sq. m. Drained by Blue and Grindstone creeks of Grand r., and by Castile and Livingston creeks, and the Third Fork of Platte r. Surface, undulating prairie, varied with woodland. Soils fertile and productive. Farms 229 ; manuf. 1 ; dwell. 338, and pop. wh. 2,003, fr. col. 2, si. 65 total 2,075. Capital: Maysville. DE KALB county, Tenn. Situate centrally, and contains 280 sq. m. Drained by the tributaries of Caney Fork of Cumberland r., which runs through the co. The N. part of the co. is hilly, but the S. and W. are level barrens, affording a plentiful subsistance for cattle. The grains, with cotton and tobacco, are produced ; and there are some important manufactures. Farms 71? ; manuf. 24; dwell. 1,247, and pop. wh. 7,335, fr. col. 13, si. 663 total 8,016. Capital: Smithville. DE KALB, p. v., De Kalb co., III. : near the head of Sycamore r., 152 m. N. N. E. Springfield. DE KALB, p. v., and cap. Kemper co., Miss. : about 2 m. S. of Sacarnoehee cr., and 97 m. E. N. E. Jackson. DE KALB, p. v., Buchanan co., Mo.: in the S. W. part of the co., 167 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. DE KALB, t. and p. v., St. Lawrence co., N. Y. : on both sides of Oswegatchie r., 146 m. N. W. Albany. The surface is hilly, and there is abundance of marble and iron ore. The v. is situated on the E. side of the r., at the head of navigation, and contains about 40 dwellings. At the falls, immediately above, there is immense water-power. DE KALB, p. v., Gilmer co., Virg. : on Little Kanawha r., 207 m. N. W. by W. Eichmond. DE KALB, p. v., Bowie co., Tex.: on Mud cr. of Eed r., 297 m. N. E. Austin City. DE KALB, p. v., Crawford co., Ohio: 66 m. N. by E. Columbus. DE KALB CENTRE, p. o., De Kalb co., III. : 148 ^n. N. N. E. Springfield. DEKORRA, t. and p. v., Columbia co., Wise. : 26 m. N. Madison. Drained by the Wisconsin r., which runs through it. The v. is situated on the S. E. side of the stream, and is well located for trade. Pop. of t. 601. DELAFIELD, t, and p. v., Waukesha co., Wise. : 49 m. E. Madison. Pop. 1,134. DE LANCEY, p. v., Madison co. W. Y. : 104 m. W. N. W. Albany. DELAPALMA, p. o., Brown county, Ohio: 82 m. S. W. Columbus. DELAVAN, p. v., Tazewell co., Ill : 42 m. N. by E. Springfield. DELAYAN, p. v., Cattaraugus co., A r . Y. : 243 m. W. by S. Albany. It is located on a tributary of Cattaraugus creek. DELAVAN, t. and p. v., Wai worth co., TFisc. : 49 m. S. E. Madison. Pop. 1,260. THE STATE OF DELAWARE. DELAWARE, next to Ehode Island, the smallest State of the Union, and, in point of population, much inferior to that State, lies between 38 28 and 39 47 latitudes N., and between 74 56 and 75 46 longitudes W. of Greenwich, or 1 22 and 2 06 E. of Washington. It is bounded on the N. by Pennsylvania (from which the arc of a circle drawn with a radius of 12 miles from Newcastle as a centre, divides it), on the E. by Delaware Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, and on the S. and W. by Maryland, occupying the north-eastern portion of the peninsula between the bays Chesapeake and Delaware. The N. and W. and S. boundaries were originally determined by Mason and Dixon, under whose name the lines are still known. The length of the State, N. and S., is about 92 miles, and its width varies from 36 miles in the S. to less than 10 in the N., the area being 2.120 sq. miles. Nearly the whole of Delaware lies on the Atlantic plain. The northern part, however, to Christiana creek, belongs to the primary tract, and is hilly and somewhat rugged ; but there are no hills exceeding 500 feet in height above the ocean. South of the creek above named, the surface is an almost perfect level, the general slope being toward the Delaware and the ocean. In the south-west the direction of the slope is toward Chesapeake Bay. A table-land, or low sandy ridge, nowhere more than 60 or 70 feet in height near its western boundary, passes through the State, and forms the watershed of the peninsula. This table-land abounds with swamps, in which most of the rivers and streams have their sources, some flowing west into the Chesapeake, and others east into the Delaware. At the southern extremity of the State is the Cypress Swamp, a morass 12 miles in length and 6 miles in width, including an area of 50,000 acres of land, the whole of which is a high and level basin, very wet, though undoubtedly the highest land between the sea and the bay. This swamp contains a great variety of trees and plants, and is infested by wild animals and reptiles. In the northern parts of the State, along the Delaware Eiver and Bay, and for 8 or 10 miles inland, the soils are generally rich clays, in which the most useful agricultural staples can be easily reared ; from thence to the swamps the soil is light and sandy, and of an inferior quality ; and the central and southern parts have also a sandy soil, Avhich gradually 172 DELAWARE. becomes more unproductive as the south is approached. Bog-iron ore is found in the swampy tracts in the south, dfid has long been used for economical purposes; shell marl, highly valuable in agriculture, occurs, and in the north is found kaolin or porcelain clay, which has supplied the Philadelphia Works with that valuable earth. The climate of the State is generally mild, and highly favorable to agricultural pursuits. The northern portion has a salubrious atmosphere, but where the land is swampy, endemic sicknesses prevail to a considerable extent. The natural productions are similar to those of the middle region of the Atlantic States. Some large Umbel* groWs in the north, and throughout the State, in localities, woods of various kinds are found, and much has been exported at different periods. All the rivers of Delaware are small, generally rising within the State, and flowing into the Delaware ; the Brandy Wine, however, comes in from Pennsylvania, and the head waters of the Choptank and Nanticoke, which pass into Maryland, are within its limits. The streams are generally wide in proportion to their length, and navigable by small craft several miles from their mouths. The Brandy wine (Brandewyne or Brandy River, of the Dutch) is, hi the upper part of its course, a valuable mill-stream, but at Wilmington it receives Christiana Creek, and becomes navigable for large ships. Small vessels also go up the latter branch to Christiana Bridge. The Appoquinnimink Eiver, Duck Creek, Jones Creek, Mother or Murder Kill, Mispilion or Mospihon Creek, Broad Kill, Indian Creek, etc., aro the other principal streams. The eastern shore is washed by Delaware Bay ; in all its length it has no good harbors, but generally presents long sandy beaches to the waves. To remedy this inconvenience, the General Government has constructed the Delaware Breakwater, opposite the village of Lewestown, and above Cape Henlopen: it consists of two piers, one of which is designed to form a shelter from the fury of the Waves, which roll in here with great violence, and the other to afford protection from the masses of floating ice brought down by the ebb tide. The breakwater proper is 2,743 feet long at the bottom, or 2,030 feet above high water, 75 feet wide at low water mark, and raised 15 feet above low, or 3 feet above high water mark. The ice-breaker is 1,710 feet in length at bottom, and 1,378 at top, of the same breadth as the breakwater, but only 9 feet in height. The whole work has cost nearly $3,000,000. Eehoboth Bay, and the estuary, called Indian Eiver, are the only arms of the sea extending inland : these, about 9 miles south of Cape Henlopen, are spacious but shallow basins, not admitting vessels of more than 6 feet draft. Cape False is the headland forming the south side of their common inlet from the ocean. The first European settlers of Delaware were Swedes nnd Dutch, and their posterity still remain here, but have become merged in the more numerous body of other origins. There are a large number of blacks in the State, constituting one- fourth of the whole population, but of these only a small portion is held in slavery. The first census of which there is any record, was that of 16S2, when there were about 3,000 inhabitants in the State; in 1700 the estimated number was 6,000, and in 1750 it had risen to 25,000. The first United States census, taken in 1790, gives the whole population at 59,C9G, and from that period its decennial movements have been as follows : Colored Persons. Infrpnap Date of Census. 1790 .... 1800 .... 1S10 .... 1620 .... 1830 .... 1840 .... 1S50 .... Of the total population, in 1850, there were persons deaf and dumb, 58; blind, 46; Insane, 70; and idiotic, 101. The State of Delaware is divided into 3 counties and 25 hundreds. The counties are Newcastle, in the north ; Kent, la the middle ; and Sussex, in the south. Newcastle County is subdivided into 9 hundreds, viz. : Appoquinnimink, Brandy- wine, Christiana, Mill Creek, Newcastle, Pencader, Eed Lion, St. George s, and White Clay Creek, and contains an area of 271,490 acres. Kent County is subdivided into 6 hundreds, viz. : Dover, Duck Creek, Little Creek, Mother or Murder Kill, Milford, and Mispilion, and contains an area of 392,660 acres. And Sussex County is subdivided into 10 hundreds, viz. : Broad Kill, Broad Creek, Baltimore, Cedar Creek, Dagsborough, Indian Eiver, Little Creek, Lewes and Eehoboth, Nanticoke, and North- West Fork, and contains an area of 686,100 acres. Agriculture is the principal occupation of the inhabitants; but in the north, where there is abundance of water-power, manufactures have long been in existence, and are in a very flourishing condition. Commerce and trade are also exten sive, and the whale fisheries have been prosecuted with success from Wilmington. The statistics of the wealth and industry of the State in 1550, as exhibited in the census, etc., of that year, were as follows : Occupied Lands, etc. Improved lands, 580.862 acres ; and unimproved lands, 375.232 acres valued together at the sum of $18,880,031. Number of farms, 6,068. Value of farming implements and machinery, $510,279. Livf-Stock. Horses, 13,852: asses and mules, 791; milch cows, 19,248; working oxen, 9,797; other cattle, 24,166; Bhccp. 27,503 ; and swine, 56,261 valued in the aggregate at $1,849,281. Grain Crops. Wheat, 482,251 bushels; rye, 8,066 bushels; Indian corn, 3,145,533 bushels; oats, 604,518 bushels; barley. 56 bushels; and buckwheat, 8,015 bushols. Other Crops. Peas and beans, 4,120 bushels; Irish potatoes, 240,542 bushels; sweet potatoes, 65,443 bushels; hay, 80,159 tons; clover-seed, 2,525 bushels; other grass-seed, 1.403 bushels; hops, 348 pounds: water-rotted hemp, 570 tons; flax, 11,( 50 pounds; flax-seed, 858 bushels; molasses, 50 gallons; wine, 145 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products amounted to $46,574: and the value of market-garden products, to $12,714. Products of Animals. Wool, 57,765 pounds ; butter, 1,055.808 pounds ; cheese, 3,187 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered in the year, $373,665. Beeswax and honey were produced to the amount of 41,248 pounds. Home-made manufactures, fi.r the year ending 1st June, 1S50, were valued at $38.121. Manufactures. Aggregate capital invested in manufactures, $0,000,000 ; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $0,000,000; average number of hands employed, 00,000 males, 00,000, and females, 0,000; average monthly cost of labor male, $000,000, and female, $00,000 ; annual value of manufactured articles produced, $0,000.0i;0. The whole number of manufacturing establishments, producing to the value of $500 and upward in 1850, was 513; and of these, 12 were cotton factories, S Avoolen mills. 15 establishments engaged in manufacturing iron, viz. : 13 in manufacturing castings, and 2 wrought iron, and 16 tanneries. In the c-otton manufactures, the capital invested amounted to $460,000 ; the cotton con- 173 . 46,310 . . . Free. 8,S99 Slave. 8,887 Population. 59,096 .. Numerical. Percent. . 49,852 . . . . 55,361 . . . 8,263 13,136 6,153 4,177 64,273 . . 72,674 .. 5,177 . . . 8,401 . . . 8.7 13.7 . 55,22 . . . . 57,601 . . . . 58,561 . . . . 71,289 ... 12,953 15,855 16,919 17,957 4,509 3,292 2,605 2,289 72,749 .. 76,748 . . 78,085 . . , 91,535 . . 75..., 3,999 ... 1,337 .... 13,450 . . . 0.1 5.4 1.7 17.2 DELAWARE. sumed in the year, 4,730 bales of 400 pounds ; and the value of all raw material, $312,068 ; hands employed male 413 and female 425; monthly cost of labor male $6,326, and female $4,926; products for the year, 3,521,636 yards sheeting; etc., and 533,000 pounds yarn, valued together at $538,439. The capital invested in the woolen manufacture was $143,500 ; wool consumed, 893,000 pounds ; value of all raw material, $204,112 ; average hands employed male 122, and female 18 ; monthly cost of labor male $2.293 and female $312 ; annual products, 152,000 yards of cloth, etc., valued in the aggregate at $251,010. In the manufacture of castings, the capital invested was $373,500; the value of raw material, fuel, etc., $153,852 ; hands employed, 250, at average wages per month, $23.36. Castings manufactured in the year, 3,630 tons ; and value of entire products, $267,462, of which $55,000 was the value of articles other than castings. The capital invested in wrought iron manufactures, amounted to $15,000 ; value of raw materials, $19,500 ; hands employed, 50 males, at average monthly wages of $24.19 ; tons of wrought iron made in the year preceding, 550 ; and value of entire products, $55.000. In the tanneries, the capital employed amounted to $99,350 ; the value of hides and skins used, $99,620 ; hands employed, 108, costing monthly, $2,530 ; number of skins tanned, 12,950, and of sides of leather, 52,100 together valued at $163,742. The remaining employments of the aggregate number (513) are various, but in the main consist of mills for flouring, grist-mills, saw-mills, gunpowder-mills, paper-mills, smitheries, etc. ; and in the north are several machine-shops. Some salt is made from sea-water at Lewes and Eehoboth, and considerable ship-building is carried on at Wilmington. Foreign Commerce. The direct foreign commerce of Delaware is very inconsiderable, as the importations and expor- tations of the State are chiefly effected through Baltimore, New York, and Philadelphia, especially the latter port ; the coasting trade, however, is extensive and active. During the year ending 30th June, 1850, no direct imports or exports are recorded in the Treasury returns. The amount of shipping owned within the State at the above date amounted to 16,719 tons, of which 1,651 tons was of the class " registered," 14,689 tons of the class " licensed and enrolled," and 447 tons small licensed craft under 20 tons. The shipping sailed by steam-power amounted to 2,774 tons. There were built within the year 16 vessels, of an aggregate burden of 1,848 tons, viz. : 12 schooners, 3 sloops, and 1 steamer. The following table will exhibit the movement of foreign commerce in the State from 1791 to 1S50 : Tears. Exports. 1791 $119.879 1792 133,972 1793 93,559 1794 207,985 1795 158,041 1796 201,142 1797 98,929 179S 183,727 1799 297,065 1800 418,695 Imports. 662,042 440,504 428,153 697,396 358,383 500,106 Years. 1811 1812 . ... Exports. $88.632 29,744 1813 1814 133.432 14,914 1815 1816 105.102 56.217 1817 44 854 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 81,525 29.828 89,493 85,445 168,492 53,837 1824 .. .. 18,964 1825 81,656 1826 35,195 1827 9406 1828 29396 1829 7,195 1830... 52,258 Imports. Years. 1831 Exports. $84 514 Imports. $21 656 1832 16242 23 653 1838 45 911 9 043 1834 51 945 185493 1^35 88 826 . 10,611 1836 749S1 107 Ofi3 1S37 . 1838 40,333 36 844 66,841 1 348 1839 8680 1840 37 001 802 80997 1841 8S5S5 8276 216 969 1842 53,655 8537 60 124 1843 98,682 4685 12,080 18,693 10,009 1844 1S45 1846 126,177 133,195 146,222 8,093 2,274 11,215 6,993 15,260 24,179 26,574 1847 1848 1849 1850... 235,459 83,058 88,229 none . , 12,722 490 1,400 none 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 229,275 1808 108,735 1809 138,036 1810 120,342 Internal Communication. Except in the north, where the State is crossed by a canal and two railroads, the lines of travel are over ordinary turnpike and M Adam roads. The Chesapeake and Delaware Canal is an important work, connecting those bays by a channel navigable for sea-going vessels ; it extends from Delaware City, 46 miles below Philadelphia, to Back Creek, a navigable branch of Elk River, in Maryland, 13} miles, and is 66 feet wide at the top and 10 feet deep, and it has two tide and two lift locks. The deep cut in this canal is 4 miles in length, through a hill 93 feet high. The work was completed in 1829, at a cost of $2,250,000. The Newcastle and Frenchtown E. E. extends also across the peninsula, between the Delaware and the Chesapeake, 16i miles, and, in connection with steamboats at each terminus, forms a convenient line of transportation between Philadelphia and Baltimore. The Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore E. E. crosses Delaware further north, and is the nearest land line between those cities, and the usual route taken by travelers between the Northern and Southern States. These are all the completed works of internal improve ment within the State, but there are others projected and in progress, the object of which are principally to form a direct line from New York to Norfolk in Virginia, and incidentally to afford accommodation to the agriculturalists of the southern sections. Banks, etc. On the 1st day of January, 1S51, there were in Delaware six banks and three branch banks. The aggregate condition of these at that date was as follows: liabilities capital, $1,293,185; circulation, $833,960; deposits, $592,705; other liabilities, $170.873; and assets loans and discounts, $2,284,813; stocks, $52,983; real estate, $117,941; other investments, $2,000 ; other assets, $281,145 ; specie funds, $51,022, and specie, $159,778. Government. The present constitution of Delaware gives the right of voting to all free white male citizens 21 years old, and who have resided in the State one year and in the county in which they offer to vote one month next before an election. The legislature, styled the General Assembly, consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. Senators, three from each county, must be at least 27 years old, possessed of 200 acres of freehold land in the county, or of an estate therein worth $1,000, citizens and inhabitants of the State for three years, and for the last year of the county, and must be chosen in counties for the term of four years. Representatives must be at least 24 years old, and have the same qualifi cations as senators, except as regards the property qualification, and must be chosen for two years. The legislature meets at Dover on the first Monday in January biennially DELAWARE. Delaware sends only one Representative to the Federal Congress. The Governor (elected for four years by a plurality of votes) must be at least 30 years old, a citizen of the State for twelve years next before the first meeting of the legislature after his election, and an inhabitant for the last six years. The President of the Senate, the Speaker of the Eepresentatives, and the Secretary of State are successively alternates to fill the office should it become vacant by death or disability of the Governor; but in case the office be filled by the Secretary of State, the General Assembly, at its next session, chooses a Governor ad interim. If the Governor elect die, decline, etc., the Governor in office continues until a new election is had. The Secretary of State is appointed by the Governor. The general elections are held on the second Tuesday of November. The Judiciary consists of a Superior Court, Court of Chancery, Orphans Court, etc. There are five judges in the State, one of whom is Chancellor and President of the Orphans Court, and of the other four, one is Chief Justice of the State, and three associate justices, one resident in each county. The Chief Justice and two of the associates form the Superior Court and Court of General Session, and all the judges, except the Chancellor, form the Court of Oyer and Terminer. The Court of Errors and Appeals is composed of three or more of the judges. The Orphans Court consists of the Chancellor and the associate judge of the county. Judges are appointed and hold office during good behavior. The Begister s Court is held by the Register, with appeal to the Superior Court, and all proceedings are in writing. The constitution provides that no act of incorporation shall be passed without a two-third vote, unless it be the renewal of an existing incorporation ; and all acts are to contain a power of revocation by the legislature. No act hereafter passed shall be in force longer than twenty years without a re-enactment of the legislature. No person belonging to the military, naval, or marine service of the United States can gain such a residence as will entitle him to vote by being stationed at any military or naval post in the State. Finances, etc. The government of Delaware is one of the least expensive in the Union. In 1S50 the whole income amounted to only $31,863 38, and the expenditure to a sum $5,071 41 less than the income. The sources of income were bank tax. $3,963 61 ; railroad tax, $2,500 ; interest on loans, $5,147 62 ; bank dividends, $15,305 ; retailers licenses, etc., $4,352 SO; fines, etc., $549 81, and sundries, $45 49. The expenditures were executive, $3,333 33; legislature, $2,010 9T; judiciary, $5,500; school fund, $15,947 62, and balance, $5,071 41. The resources of the State are amply sufficient to meet all expenses of the government without recourse to personal or property tax. The invested capital of the State (including school moneys) amounts to $414,725 83, and the permanent annual income is as follows: dividends and interest on loans, $20,052 64 ; taxes on corporations, $5,725 ; retailers and tavern licenses, $4,352 80 ; fines and forfeitures, $549 81, and sundries, $1,073 75. The State is free from debt of any description. Religious Denominations. The statistics of the several religious denominations, as given by each severally, in 1850, were as follows: the Protestant Episcopal had a bishop, 16 clergymen, 537 communicants; the Koman Catholics had 4 churches (at Brandywine, Delaware City, Newcastle, and Wilmington), and 3 priests ; the Baptists (regular) had 1 church, 2 ordained and 2 licensed ministers, and 852 members; the Baptists (anti-mission) had 10 churches, 3 ordained cud 3 licensed preachers, and 335 members; the Presbyterians (0. S.) belong to the Synod of Philadelphia and Presby tery of Newcastle, and had 17 ministers and 1,276 members; the Presbyterians (N. S.) belong to the Synod of Penn sylvania and Presbytery of Wilmington, and had 15 clergy and 1,824 members; the Methodists have about 20 ministers, and are more numerous than any other single denomination ; and there are also a considerable number of Quakers in the State. Educational Statistics. The number of free schools in the State in 1850, was 209, and of scholars attending them 13,288, divided as follows : Newcastle County, 72 schools and 4,969 scholars ; Kent County, 55 schools and 3,876 scholars, and Sussex County, 82 schools and 4,443 scholars. The total amount paid for tuition was $3S,461 70, viz. : in Newcastle, $17,293 72 ; in Kent, $10,964 72, and in Sussex, $10.203 26 ; and there was a sum charged for contingencies amounting to $5,747 68, making the annual cost, $44,209 38. The sources whence these moneys were derived are stated thus from School Fund, $27,507 33, and from contribution and tax, $17,089 56. Besides these there are between 34 and 40 academies and grammar schools in the State. Delaware College, at Newark, was founded in 1833, and in 1S50 had a president, 5 professors, and 30 students ; its alumni at that period numbered 78, of which 42 were in the ministry, and its library contained 7,000 volumes. St. Mary s College, at Wilmington, is under the sway of the Koman Catholics, and is, perhaps, the best literary institution of the State ; in 1S50 it had a president and 3 professors, and 107 students. Periodical Press. The whole number of newspapers published in Delaware in 1850 was 11, and of these 2 were issued tri-weekly, 1 semi-weekly, and S weekly (of the weekly, however, 3 are editions of the tri-weeklics and the semi- weekly newspapers). The total circulation of each edition of the tri-weeklies was 1,900, of the semi-weekly 1,000, and of the weeklies 4,600 copies in the aggregate equal to 12,300 copies weekly, or 639,6CO copies annually. Historical Sketch. Lord De la War, Governor of Virginia, appears to have been the first to enter the bay which thence took his name. This was in 1610. The Dutch, from whom the names of its capes are derived, frequented it soon after, and had a post at Ilcprenkill, but the precise date of their arrival is uncertain. The bay was by them called Nieuw Port May, or Goedyn s Bay, and the river Zuyd Eivier, or South Elver. The Swedish W. I. Company, chartered in 1635 by Oxenstiern.eent out in 1637 a ship with a body of colonists under Peter Menewe or Minuits. In the following year Minuits seated himself on the Maniques, now Brandywine Eiver, and there built Fort Christina. The Dutch, however, had never relinquished their claim in this region, and in 1651 they built Fort Cassimir on the site of New castle. The subsequent settlements of the Swedes were mostly within the present limits of Pennsylvania, where New Gottenburg (Nya-GoMheborg), the capital of New Sweden (Nya-Sveriga), was founded on the Island of Tinicum. In 1655 a small force from New Amsterdam reduced the Swedish settlements, which were incorporated with New Nether lands, and with that colony taken possession of by the English in 1664. The settlements on the Delaware, although this region fell within the chartered limits of Maryland, were attached to the province of New York until 1681, when they were purchased of the Duke of Vork by William Penn, who annexed them to Pennsylvania under the name of the Territories, or the Three Lmcer Counties on the Delaware. They continued subordinate to that province, though with a distinct legislature, from 1701 until 1776, when Delaware declared itself an independent State, and a constitution was framed by the inhabitants thereof. By this constitution the executive power was vested in a President and Privy Council, elected by the legislature. In 1792 a new constitution was framed, which was modified in 18i;2, in 1831, and in 1838 ; and it is now again proposed to alter the fundamental law. The principal provisions of the present constitution are given elsewhere. Delaware has hitherto been one of the least progressive of the American States, but within the last decade its population, material wealth, and general interests have been developed in a very respectable ratio. DOVER is the capital of the State. 17.-. DEL DEL DELAWARE county, la. Situate N. E., and contains 576 i sq. in. Drained by numerous tributaries of Makoqueta r., | which passes through the co. from N. W. to S. E., furnish- i ing excellent mill-power. Surface chiefly prairie, inter- J mixed with timber groves. Soils of good quality, deep and productive. Farms 141; manuf. 3; dwell. 333, and pop wh. 1,7&), fr. col. total 1,759. Capital: Delhi. DELAWARE county, Ind. Situate E.. and contains 394 sq. m. Drained by White and Mississinewa rivers. Sur face level or gently undulating, and mostly well timbered. Wheat and Indian corn are largely produced, and much attention is given to stock. Farms 1,084; manuf. 34; dwell. 1,874, and pop wh. 10,839, fr. col. 4 total 10,843. Capi tal: Muncietown. Public Works: Indianapolis and Belle- fontaine 11. It. ; Fort Wayne and Southern 11. E. DELAWARE county, N. Y. Situate toward the S. E., and contains 1,362 sq. m. Drained by the Mohawk or Delaware r. and its affluents. Surface greatly diversified by valleys and mountains; the latter being extremely irregular, and broken by numerous streams. Soils generally of good quality in the valleys a rich deep mold, and on the hills a sandy loam, sometimes stony. Dense forests cover a great portion of the land. Grain and grass are produced abund antly, and grazing is much attended to, the butter produced being second only in quality to that of Uneida co. Lum ber is floated to market on the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers. Farms 4,747 ; manuf. 433 ; dwell. 7,105, and pop wh. 3D,6- S. fr. col. 2u6 total 39,834. Capital : Delhi. Pub lic Work*: New York and Erie E. E. DELAWARE county, Ohio. Situate centrally, and con tains 612 sq. m. Drained by Scioto and Whetstone rivers, and Alum and Big Walnut creeks, which run from N. toS. through the co., and furnish extensive water-power. Sur face rolling, and well supplied with timber. Soils gen erally of excellent fertility wheat, Indian corn, potatoes, grasses, tobacco, etc., grow finely, and cattle, sheep, and swine are raised in large numbers. Farms 1,855 ; manuf. 95; dwell. 3.754, and pop wh. 21,682, fr. col. 135 total 21,817. Capital: Delaware. Public Work*: Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati E. E. ; Springfield, Mount Ver- non and Pittsburg E. E., etc. DELAWARE county, Penn. Situate S. E. extreme, and contains 224 sq. m. Drained by Darby, Eidley, and Chester creeks of Delaware r., which forms its S. E. borders. The surface is moderately undulating, and the soils very fertile and highly cultivated. Its agricultural products are wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes, besides which it furnishes an , immense amount of vegetables for the Philadelphia mar kets. It has a large trade, and its manufacturing interest . is very extensive, embracing woolens, cotton goods, leather, crockery, and paper. Farms 1,376; manuf. 299; dwell. 4,118, and pop. wh. 23,120, fr. col. 1,559 total 24,679. Capital: Chester. Public Works: Philadelphia and Co lumbia E. E. ; Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore E. E., etc. DELAWARE, p. Y., Jersey co., Jtt. : in the N. E. part of the CO., 51 m. S. W. Springfield. DELAWARE, p. o., Eipley co., Ind. : 72 m. S. E. Indian apolis. DELAWARE, p. o., Indian country, Nebr. Ter. DELAWARE, t. and p. v., Pike co., Penn. : on the W. side of Delaware r., 128 m. N. E. Harrisburg. The v. lies on the Delaware. The lands are drained by Dingman s cr. and Bushkill cr. Pop. 501. DELAWARE, t., p. v., and cap. Delaware co., Ohio: on the W. bank of the Oleatangy or Whetstone r., 22 m. N. by W. Columbus. The v. contains a handsome C. II. and other co. offices, 6 churches, several factories and mills, etc., and of late has become connected with the railway commerce of the State, by which it will rapidly increase in importance and wealth. It lies on the line of an E. and W. railroad, and has connections with the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati E. E., which runs N. and S. about 4 m. to 176 the eastward of the place. These connect it with the general system of western railroads, and hence with all the great centres of manufactures, trade, and commerce. The " Democratic Standard" (dem.), and the " Democratic Ga zette" (whig), are issued weekly. Pop. of v. 2,075 of t. 3,322. DELAWARE bay : at the mouth of Delaware r., is a large arm of the sea, 75 m. long and 20 across its mouth, between Cape May on the N. and Cape Henlopen on the S. In the middle it is 30 m. wide. The navigation is dangerous and difficult, being interrupted by many shoals. Below Port Penn, 70 m. from the ocean, the bay has no safe natural barrier, nor is there one for several hundred m. S. from New York. To partially remedy this inconvenience, the United States Government have erected a magnificent breakwater within Cape llenlopen. The anchorage ground, or roadstead, is in a cove directly west of the Cape. The east or seaward end of the breakwater rests on the S. end of an extensive shoal, called the Shears, about 2 m. N. of the Cape. (See DELAWARE, The State of). DELAWARE river : rises in two branches on the W. side of Catskill Mountains, in the State of New York the Mo hawks, or main branch, rises from a small lake near the bor ders of Schoharie County, in 42 45 N. lat., at an elevation of 1,886 feet above tide water, and flows S.W. across Delaware County, nearly 50 m. to the E. line of Broome County, within 10 m. of the Susquehanna r., and turning suddenly, it pur sues a S. E. course of 5 m. to the Pennsylvania line, in 42 N. lat., 8 m., below which it receives the Popacton branch from the S. E. This branch rises in Iloxbury township, Delaware co., and pursues a S. W. course, about 50 m. parallel with the main branch. From the junction of the two branches the river proceeds tn a winding course, S. E. for 60 m. to the N. W. corner of New Jersey, in 41 24 N. hit. at Carpenter s Point, and the mouth of Nevcrsink r. It then turns to the S. W., along the base of the Kittaning chain of mountains, 35 m., when it passes this mountain by what is called the " Water Gap," which is considered a natural wonder. The distance through the mountain is about 2 m., and the banks rise in a rugged and lofty wall, 1,600 feet high, precipitously from the water s edge, leaving at the S. E. entrance scarcely room for a road, overhung with immense masses of rock. The passage, however, widens toward the N. W., and the river contains some beautiful and fertile islands. Through this gap will be built a railroad, connecting the Wyoming coal-field of Penn sylvania with the Eastern markets. The view of the gap is highly picturesque, and the river here has great depth. From this point it pursues a S. E., and then a S. W. course to Eastori, where it receives the Lehigh, a large tributary river, from the W. A little below, the river passes through South Mountain, and has a S. E. course to Trenton, 60 m. below Easton, having in that distance 25 rapids, with a total fall of 165 feet. These rapids are navigable at high water. At Trenton is a fall that obstructs navigation, and below which it enters tide water. The river S. of Trenton turns to the S. W., until near the bay, which enters the ocean in a S. E. direction. Five miles below Philadelphia, it receives the Schuylkill r., a large tributary from the N. W. The whole course of the r., from its source to the entrance into the bay, is about 300 m., and to its entrance into the ocean, 375 m. It is navigable for ships of the line to Philadelphia, by the course of the river and bay 120 m. from the ocean, and 45 m. from the entrance into the bay ; and for sloops 85 m. farther, or 155 from the ocean to Trenton. Above the falls, at Trenton, it is navigable for boats of 8 or 9 tons for 100 m. The Delaware r. is connected with the Hudson r. and the bays of New York by the Delaware and Hudson Canal, by the Morris Canal, and by the Delaware and Earitan Canal. On these great works, a vast amount of coal from the Pennsylvania and Maryland mines is an nually transported. There is also a canal from Delaware City, 42 miles below Philadelphia, to Back cr., a tributary of Elk r., which falls into Chesapeake Bay ; this opens a DEL DEN navigable communication between Baltimore and Philadel phia, etc. Several bridges cross the Delaware, the lowes of which is at Trenton. DELAWARE BRIDGE, p. o., Sullivan co., N, Y. DKLAWARK CITY, p. v., Newcastle co., Del. : on the W side of Delaware r., 28 m. N. by W. Dover, and abouk48 m below Philadelphia. The Chesapeake and Delaware Cana has its E. terminus at this point, and the village has severa warehouses, stores, and about 60 dwellings. , DELAWARE GROVE, p. o., Mercer co., Penn.: 208 m W. N. W. Harrisburg. DELAY, p. o., La Fayette co., Miss. : 142 m. N. by E Jackson. DELECTABLE HILL, p. v., Pike co., Ind. : 100 m. S. W Indianapolis. DELHI, p. v., Jersey co., PI. : 64 m. S. S. W. Springfield. DELHI, p. v., and cap. Delaware co., la. : on a cr. of Makoqueta r., 56 m. N. by E. Iowa City. It is situated in the centre of the co., and about 3 m. N. E. of Makoqueta river. DELHI, t., p. v., and cap. Delaware co., 2T. Y. : 66 m. "W. S. W. Albany. The surface is somewhat broken by several tributaries of Delaware r., which here unite and form the Mohawks or W. branch of that river. The soil in the valleys is highly fertile. The v. is pleasantly situate on a plain, W. of the Mohawks, and contains about 800 inhab itants. It has a substantial court-house and jail, an incor porated academy, numerous factories, mills, and mechanic shops, and between 25 and 30 stores. Two newspapers are issued weekly, the " D. Express" (whig), and the " D. Ga zette" (dem.) Delhi has a daily connection with Catskill and Kingston by stages. Pop. 2,9f 9. DF.LIH, p. v., Winnebago co., Wise.: 79 m. N. N. E. Madison. DELHI CENTRE, p. o., Ingham co., Mich. : 7 m, S. Lansing. DELLONA, p. v., Sauk co., Wise. : on Dell cr. of Wisconsin r., 23 m. N. W. Madison. DELPHI, p. v., and cap. Carroll co., Ind. : on the high N. bank of Deer cr., one mile from its confluence with the Waba&h r., and on the line of the Wabash and Erie Canal, 66 m. N. W. Indianapolis. It contains a court-house and other public offices, 5 churches, about 200 dwellings, and 1,200 inhabitants, and here are published the " Weekly Times" (dem.), and the "Delphi Journal" (whig), both issued weekly. It has an active canal business, and is a depfit of a very fertile, extensive, and rapidly-improving neighborhood. DELPHI, p. v., Gasconade co., No. : on the N. side of Bourbeuse cr. of Maramec r., 42 m. S. E. Jefferson City. DELPHI,!, and p. o., Hamilton co., Ohio: on the N. side of the Ohio r., between Cincinnati and South Bend, 1C6 m. S. W. Columbus. The Cincinnati and St. Louis E. E. passes through it Pop. 1,942. DELPHI, p. v., Onondaga co., N. Y. : on the W. side of Limestone cr., a tributary of Chittenango cr., 21 m. S. E. Syracuse, and 112 W. by N. Albany. It has about 40 dwellings and 300 inhabitants. DELPHOS, p. v.,Yan Wert co., Ohio: on the Miami Canal, 96 m. X. W. Columbus. DELPHTON, p. v., Fayette co., Ky. : 201 m. E. by S. Frankfort. DELKAY, p. o., Upson county, Ga. : 72 m. "W by S Milledgeville. DELTA county, Mich. Situate between Lake Michigan and the Menomonce r., and contains about 2,160 sq. m. Erected since 1S50. DELTA, p. v., Parke co., Ind. : 96 m. W. Indianapolis. DELTA, t. and p. o., Eaton co., Mich. : 4 m. W. Lansing. Grand r. runs through the N. and E. parts of the t. P. 242. DELTA, p. v., Coahoma co., Miss. : on the E. bank of the Mississippi r., immediately below the Yazoo Bayou, 133 m. N. by W. Jackson. DELTA, p. v., Oneida co., N. Y. : on the W. side of Mo- Y hawk r. and the Black Eiver Canal, 96 m.W. N.W. Albany. It has several factories and mills, and about 300 inhabitants. DELTA, p. v., Fulton co., Ohio : on a cr. of Maumee r., 122 m. N. N. W. Columbus. DEMOCRACY, p. v., Knox co., Ohio : on the line of the Springfield, Mount Yernon, and Pittsburg E. E., 46 m. N. E. Columbus. DEMOCRACY, p. v., Pike county, Ey. : 153 m. E. S. E. Frankfort. DEMOCRAT, p. v., Buncombe co., N. Car. : 238 m. W. Ealeigh. DEMOCRAT, p. o., Iroquois county, III. : 123 m. N". E. Springfield. DEMOPOLIS, p. v., Marengo co., Ala. : on the E. side of Tombigbee r., a little below the confluence of Black Warrior r., 92 m. W. by N Montgomery. It is a flourishing v., has considerable commerce, and a population of 800 souls. DEMOS, p. v., Belmont co., Ohio : 114 m. E. Columbus. DEMPSEYTOWN, p.v., Yenango co., Penn. : 173 m.W. N.W. Harrisburg. DENMARK, v., Iroquois co., III. : 123 m. N. E. Springfield. DENMARK, p. v., Lee co., la. : about 3 m. S. of Skunk r., and 63 S. by E. Iowa City. DENMARK, t. and p. o., Oxford co., Me. : on the N. side of Saco r., 56 m. S. W. Augusta. It is a fine wheat-growing section. Pop. 1,243. DENMARK, t. and p. v., Lewis co., W. Y. : on the W. side of Black r., 126 m. N. W. Albany, and drained chiefly by Deer cr. Surface somewhat hilly, and soil, rich loam, on a limestone basis. The v. lies on the river bank, and contains about 30 dwellings and 280 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 2.234. DENMARK, t. and p. o., Ashtabula co., Ohio : 168 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 241. DENMARK, p. v., Madison co., Tenn. : on a cr. of Big Hatchie r., 133 m. W. S. W. Nashville. DENNING, p. v., Ulster co., N. Y. : 67 m. S. by W. Albany. DENNIS, t. and p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : 64 m. S. E. Boston. The t. extends across Cape Cod. The v. lies on Cape Cod Bay. Salt is here procured in large quantities by the evaporation of sea-water. The inhabitants own consid erable tonnage, which is engaged in coasting and the shore fisheries. Pop. 3,257. DENNIS CREEK, p. o., Cape May co., 2?. Jer. : on Dennis cr., a tributary of Delaware r., 69 m. S. Trenton. DENNIS MILLS, p. o., St. Helena par., La. : 36 m. N. E. Baton Eouge. DENNISON S CORNERS, p. o., Herkimer co., N. Y. : 72 m. N. E. Albany. g DENNISVILLE, p. v., Amelia county, Virg. : 39 m. S. W. Richmond. DENNY, p. o., Warren co., III. : 86 m. N. W. Springfield. DENNYSVILLE, t. and p. o., Washington co., Me. : on the N. E. of Denny s river of Cobscook Bay, 131 m. E. by N. Augusta. DENOON, p. v., Waukesha co., Wise. : 55 m. E. Madison. DENBONTOWN, p. v., Eankin co., Miss. DENT county, Mo. Situate S. E. centrally, and contains 76 sq. m. Drained in the N. by tributaries of Maramec r., and in the S. the head waters of Current r., all of which have heir sources in a chain of hills, and traverse the co. in an E. and W. direction. Organized since 1850. DENT, p. o., Hamilton co., Ohio : 100 m. S. W. by W Columbus. DENTON county, Tex. Situate N., and contains 960 sq. m. Drained by the upper streams of Trinity r., which here spread widely over the whole co. Surface elevated and well wooded. Soils of extraordinary fertility. Farms 81 : manuf. ; dwell. 109, and pop. wh. 631, fr. col. 0, si. 10 otal 641. Capital: Alton. DENTON, p. v., and cap. Caroline co., Md. : on the E. ide of Choptank r., 39 m. E. by S. Annapolis. It is a place if considerable trade, and contains a substantial court house, three churches, a bank, etc. 177 DEN DET DENTON CREEK, p. v., Denton co., Tex.: on Denton Fork of Trinity r., 216 m. N. by E. Austin City. DKNVILLE, p. v., Morris co., N. Jer. : 46 m. N. by E. Trenton. DEPANVILLE, p. v., Jefferson co., N. Y. : at the falls of Catfish cr., 15S m. N. "W. Albany. It contains several mills and about 30 dwellings. DE PEYSTER, t and p. v., St. Lawrence co., N. Y. : on the 8. of Black Lake and Oswegatchie r., 152 m. N. W. Albany. The soils are excellent surface undulating. The village is a small agricultural settlement, containing about 40 inhabitants. DE PIERE, p. v., and cap. Brown co., Wise. : on the E. side of the Neenah or Fox r., 112 m. N. N. E. Madison. It is situated at the De Piere rapids, which afford immense water-power. It is a village of great expectations. DEPOSIT, p. v., Delaware co., Jf. Y. : on the N. side of Delaware r., 90 m. S. W. Albany. The New York and Erie K. E. passes through the place, 1ST m. from New York and 2S2 m. from Dunkirk. It has long been noted as a place of deposit for lumber floated down the Delaware, and has otherwise an extensive and valuable trade. The population is now about SOO souls. The "D. Courier" is published weekly. DERBY, t. and p. v., New Haven co., Conn. : 36 m. S. S.~W. Hartford. Drained by Naugatuck r. and other streams of the Housatonic r., which last washes its S. W. border. The principal village is situated at the head of sloop navigation, on the E. side of the Housatonic, just below the confluence of the Naugatuck, 12 m. from the sound. It has consider able coasting trade. The t. has numerous manufactures, chiefly of wool and cotton. Pop. 3,824. DERBY, t and p. v., Orleans co., Verm. : 55 m. N. by E. Montpelier. Lake Memphremagog bounds it on the W., and the interior is drained by Clyde r., which rises in Salem Pond, and affords water-power. The country is here well timbered and the lands fertile. Pop. 1,T50. DERBY LINE, Orleans co., Verm. : 5S m. N. by E. Montpelier. DEEICKSOX S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Worcester co., Md. : on the S. side of Aydelotte s Branch of Pocomoke r., 78 m. S. E. Annapolis. DERRY, t. and p. v., Eockingham co., N. JTamp. : 28 m. S. S. E. Concord. Its lands are well adapted to grazing, and it has some manufactures. The village is pleasantly located on the E. side of Beaver r., and is intersected by the Manchester and Lawrence E. E., 11 m. from Man- chest -r. Pop. oft. 1,650. DE EUYTER, t. and p. v., Madison co., 2f. Y. : 105 m. "W. Albany. Drained by the upper stream of Tioughnioga r. Surface high and hilly, with soils clay and sandy loam. The v. on the S. E. side of the r. has about 60 dwellings and 350 inhabitants. Pop. oft. 1,931. DES ARC, p. o., Prairie co., Ark. DESIIA county, Ark. Situate S. E., and contains 612 sq. m. The Arkansas and "White rivers unite in this co., and fall into the Mississippi, which borders it on the E. Bayou Bartholomew also traverses the co. from N. "W. to S. E., be sides which drainage is effected by a number of lakelets and creeks tributaries to the great streams above named. Sur face low and level, subject to extensive inundations. Soils fertile, where susceptible of cultivation. Farms 118; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 350, and pop. wh. 1,6T5, fr. col. 56, si. 1,169 total 2,900. Capital : Napoleon. DES MOINES county, la. Situate S. E. on Mississippi r., and contains 884 sq. m. Drained by Flint cr. and other tributaries of the Mississippi. Skunk r. washes the S. bor der, and has also several creeks from the interior. Surface undulating, with high bluffs facing the Mississippi. Soils fertile. Farms 383; manuf. 23; dwell, 1,919, and pop. Wh. 12.963, fr. col. 24 total 12,987. Capital : Burlington. DES MOINES lake, La Porte co., Ind. : a beautiful lake in the N. E. corner of the county, and is variously called Dis- 178 maugh or Dishamine, words corrupted from DCS Momes, which signifies the Lake of the Monks. DES MOINES river, la. : rises in the Coteau des Prairies, and flows in a S. E. direction, through the S. part of the State, and enters the Mississippi at the foot of Des Moines Eapids, on the boundary between Iowa and Missouri. In high stages of the water it is navigable 100 miles for steam boats, and for keel-boats in all seasons. It is the great inte rior river of the State, and ought, with propriety, to have given its name to it. DE SOTO parish, La. Situate on "W. border of State, be tween Eed r. on the E., and Sabine r. on the W., and con tain 828 sq. m. Drained by a number of streams tributary to the Sabine, and Bayou Pierre Lake. Surface much varied, but nowhere hilly. Bayou Pierre Lake, a large piece of water, occupies the N. E. corner of the co. Cotton and Indian corn are the chief products. Farms 427 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 6S5, and pop. wh. 8,548, fr. col. 25, si. 4,446 total 8,019. Capital : Mansfield. DE SOTO county, Miss. Situate N. "W., and contains 840 sq. m. Drained by Cold- Water r. and other streams flow ing W. into the Mississippi r., which washes its N.W. line. Surface low, but not swampy, or liable to overflows. Soils good, and productive of cotton, Indian corn, and potatoes. Timber plentiful. Farms 1,257; manuf. 38; dwell. 1,644, and pop. wh. 9,487, fr. col. 2, si. 9,553 total 19,062. Cap ital: Hernando. DE SOTO, p. v., Jasper co., Mo. : on Drywood cr., a branch of Marmiton cr. of Osage r., 135 m. S. W. Jefferson City. DES PERES, p. v., St. Louis co., Mo. : on the r. so called, 97 m. E. Jefferson City. DESRAYAUXVILLE, p. v., Eapides par., La. : 107 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. DETROIT, p. v., Pike co., III. : 76 m. W. by S. Springfield. DETROIT, p. v., Marion co., Ala. : 153 m. N. W. Montgomery. DETROIT, p. o., Somerset co., Me. DETROIT, p. city, and cap. Wayne co., Mich. : on the N.W bank of Detroit strait or river, 82 m. E. S. E. Lansing ; lat 42 24 N., and long. 82 58 W 526 m. from Washington. The city extends along the river more than a mile and a lurff, the centre of it being about 7 m. from Lake St. Clair and IS m. from Lake Erie. The original bed of the river opposite Detroit, and for a mile above and about three miles below, varies from 48 to 52 chains in width, averag ing five-eighths of a mile the width from the docks of De troit to the opposite docks of Sandwich being about half a mile. The depth between the docks varies from 12 to 48 feet, averaging 32 feet ; the descent from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie is about 6 feet, or 3 inches per mile ; and the velocity of the current in the deepest part of the channel opposite the city is 2| m. an hour. The stream is so deep and its current so strong and uniform, that it keeps itself clear, and its navigation is not affected as is that of the Mis sissippi with eilher rocks, sandbars, trees, or sawyers. Its current also carries along the ice with a slow and uniform motion, so that it is never dammed up in winter, while the. \ St. Lawrence, at Montreal, is shallow and full of rocks, ; against which the ice lodges, and often forms a dam across the river and raises the water from 20 to 25 feet, overflow- | ing its low banks for miles, and sweeping off and destroy- ] ing large amounts of property. These peculiarities of the river make Detroit a secure and accessible harbor in all seasons. The plan of the city is rather uncouth, and labored with much mathematical ingenuity, better suited, it is acknowl edged, to flatter the fancy than to promote practical utility. Upon the river, and for 1,200 feet back, it is rectangular in the rear of this triangular. The streets are spacious ; among the more noted are the eight avenues Madison, Michigan Grand, and Washington Grand avenues, each 200 feet wide; Woodward, Monroe, Miami, Macomb, and Jefferson avenues, each 120 feet wide, and all, except Michigan, DET DET Monroe and Jefferson, terminating at one point, called the Grand Circus. The other streets are 60 feet wide, and gen erally cross at right angles. Atwater Street, upon the river, and Woodbridge Street, running parallel with it upon the declivity, are mostly occupied by stores and dealers in heavy merchandise. "Woodward Avenue, leading from the river at right angles with Jefferson Avenue, through Camp us Martius and the central part of the city, ranks as among the first business streets. The principal street running with the course of the river upon the summit of the decliv ity and through the central and most densely populated part of the city is Jefferson Avenue. Upon this are most of the public and private offices located, as well as the dry goods and fancy stores generally. The Campus Martius is one of the most noted of the public squares there are several others. The argillaceous nature of the soil renders the streets unpleasant in wet weather, but much has already been effected to abate this drawback by paving and sewer age. The city is supplied with water from the Detroit River by means of a hydraulic establishment in the upper part of the city. The reservoir which contains the water is of cast iron, 60 feet diameter and 20 feet deep, secured by strong iron bolts and rivets ; supported by a circular brick build ing 62 feet in diameter, at an elevation of 47 feet from its foundation. It is inclosed with a frame building, standing on a brick foundation, 65 feet in diameter and 24 feet high, with a conical roof. The reservoir is supplied by means of a steam-engine, which works a forcing pump that is fixed several fret below the surface of the river, and is found fully adequate to furnish an abundant supply of good and wholesome water to the whole city. Connected with these works there are said to be about 4 m. of iron pipe and 10 m. of tamarack logs, and 50 hydrants or fire plugs, all of which cost the city some $150,000. Detroit, although one of the most ancient settlements in North America, is, to every appearance, and in reality, of recent growth. Of the ancient style of the French build ings, scarcely a vestige remains. The city is mostly built of wood, although there are a goodly number of substan tial brick buildings. The most interesting of the public buildings are the old State House ; the United States build ings (of polished limestone) ; the State buildings for the Supreme Court and public offices ; the County Court House ; the County Jail ; the City Hall and market ; and the Fire men s Hall. There are also 16 churches in the city, many of which are worthy of special notice ; of these 4 are Eo- man Catholic, 2 Episcopalian, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Scotch Presbyterian, 1 Congregational, 3 Methodist, 2 Baptist, 1 German Lutheran, and 1 Sailors Bethel. The new Catholic Cathedral, or St. Peter s Church, is a large and substantial edifice, and being high, massive, and of good proportions, it has an imposing appearance. It is built of brick, and is 160 feet long and 81 feet wide. The corner-stone was laid 20th June, 1845, and it was consecrated 29th June, 1848. The Cathedral of St. Anne, known as the French Church, is. 116 feet long by 60 feet wide. The First Presbyterian Church is also a good, substantial, and well-appearing brick edifice, with a portico and colonade in front, including which its length is 100 feet and its breadth 60 feet. In ad dition to these churches there are several religious societies which meet in other public buildings. Detroit has several extensive manufactories. It has five large steam saw-mills, which annually turn" out upward of 9,000,000 feet of lumber and 4,000,000 laths. These are sit uated directly on the river, and receive, without the trouble of land carriage, the lumber chiefly brought down from the northern parts of the State. Ship and boat building is also a very large and important branch of business. There are also three large foundries, with machine shops connected with them, which manufacture steam-engines, mill-irons, machinery of various kinds, stoves, plows, etc. These em ploy about 200 hands. There are also two boiler factories for the manufacture of boilers for steam-engines, and sev eral machine-shops for working in iron and some in brass. There are likewise two pail factories, a sash factory, a steam flouring-mill, two tanneries, and five breweries. Cabinet- making, and most other kinds of mechanical employments, are pursued to a considerable extent, and something is done at shoemaking, but much the largest portion of the boots and shoes worn in Michigan are made in Massachusetts, and most of the cabinet ware and coarse clothing comes from New York. In addition to the retail trade there is a heavy wholesale business done in Detroit, and the amount of it is annually increasing. Nearly all the merchants of the interior depend on Detroit to replenish their stock, and a large portion of them buy all their goods there. The export and import trade of Detroit is immense. The imports coastwise, for 1S4S, are estimated at $3,502,666, and the exports at $2,781,192, and the port has also a consider able trade with Canada, much of it illicit. The greater portion of the agricultural products of the State are shipped from this port. The shipping belonging to or owned in the collection district are 39 steamers, 4 propellers, 1 barge, 8 brigs, 109 schooners, and 36 sloops in the aggregate, 23,619 tons. Regular lines of steamers sail and arrive daily to and from all parts, connecting here with the Michigan Central R. R., and with it forming a direct line from the north and east to Chicago and the Mississippi, and by this route thousands of emigrants travel annually, and millions of dollars -worth of property are transported. There are several charitable institutions in the city, and much attention has been paid to education. Among the charitable institutions, the orphan asylums stand pre-emi nent, and reflect much credit on the inhabitants. There are also several scientific and literary societies, as the Historical Society, the State Literary Institute, the Medical Society, etc. Here, also, is one of the branches of the University, and 3 miles above the city is St. Philip s Collpge; Primary and Public Schools are numerous, and there are a sufficient number of private and classical schools to supply all exi gencies. The periodical press of Detroit consists of 3 daily newspa pers, 1 tri-weekly, 7 weeklies, and 2 monthlies ; the dailies are, the " D. Free Press" (dem.), which has also a tri weekly and weekly issue ; the " D. Advertiser" (whig), which has also a weekly issue ; and the " Daily Tribune ;" the weeklies are the " Peninsular Freeman" (free soil) ; " Le Citoyen" (French) ; the " Western Advocate" (whig) ; the " New Covenant" (relig.) ; and the " Michigan Christian Herald" (Baptist) ; and the monthlies are " Wellman s Miscellany" (lit.) ; and the " Michigan Farmer" (agric.) All these are conducted with an energy and talent surpassed only by the metropolitan press. Detroit has 4 banks, the condition of which, on the 26th Dec., 1851, was as follows: liabilities capital, $761,223; deposits, $705,692 ; circulation, $607,588 ; due banks, $22,858 ; and profits, $375,084 : and resources loans, $1,202.648 ; specie, $150.244 ; bank balances, $275,933 ; real estate, $193,025 ; and stocks, mortgages, etc., $650,000. The Mich igan State Bank had a capital of $151,578 ; the Farmers and Mechanics Bank, $327,580 ; the Peninsular Bank, $100,000 J and the Michigan Insurance Bank, $182,070. The present site of the city of Detroit, seems to have been visited by the French as early as 1610. In 1720 the Fort Pontchartrairi had been previously located here. In 1759 the country fell into the hands of the English, and in 1783 became a part of the United States. In 1S<:2 the Tillage was incorporated ; in 1805 it was destroyed by fire ; in 1810 the "Ct of incorporation was repealed ; in 1812 the fort and town surrendered to the British, but were reoccupied in 1813 ; in 1815 it was re-incorporated. Such is the chronology of its history. In 1810 it contained 770 inhabitants; in 1820> 1.442 ; in 1S30, 2,222 ; in 1840, 9,192 ; in 1845, 13,065 ; and in 1S50, 21,019. 1T9 DET DIG DETROIT strait: this stream conducts the collected wa ters of lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, and St. Clair, to Lake Erie. It is the largest stream of Michigan, and its local position makes it the most important. The word IfEtrmt (Fr.) signifies strait, and, as applied to this stream, is a more appropriate appellation than the word river, and was first given to it by the French on its discovery. It is about 25 m. long, and on an average, one and a tenth of a mile broad, and 36 feet deep. It mores with an equable current of about 2 m. per hour. Its descent is 3 inches per mile, or 6 feet and 3 inches for its whole length. Its course is first south-westerly, and then southerly. In the winter season it closes with ice only after a continued succession of severely cold weather. If the temperature of the atmos phere moderates but for a few days, and that moderation even not above the freezing point, it will open by the action of its powerful current, which wears away the thickest ice in a short time. Hence the stream is not often long closed. It has been known to remain one frozen bridge for six weeks, but it was a phenomenon in its history, rarely known, and then only in seasons of the greatest severity. It receives several inconsiderable streams from the American, and two or three from the Canadian shore. The most considerable is the Eouge. There are a number of islands that divert its waters, though they add to the beauty of its scenery. Amoug the largest are Grosse and Fighting islands. From some cause, there appears to have been a peculiar attraction to the banks of the Detroit more than to any other stream iu Michigan. The first settlements of the French were made on it, and the French travelers found three tribes of Indians equally tenacious in their attachment to it From a gradual accession, its banks on either side have been subdued and settled, so that in many places, for miles, it has the appear ance of a continued village of a much older country thau the recent State of Michigan. Like the lakes which it con nects, it abounds with fine fish, the taking of which has become lucrative. The navigation of the strait is easy, and in the season of it, its waters are covered with steamboats and vessels of every description. The Detroit, although but a few miles in length, is one of the pleasantest and most beau tiful streams in the United States. With banks of great fertility, covered with orchards of various fruit, with farms cultivated and productive, accompanied with incomparable scenery, the prospect is rendered exceedingly delightful in passing up the strait. DEVEREAUX, p. v., Herkimer co., 2f. Y. : 69 m. N. "W. by W. Albany. DEVEREAUX S STORE, p. o., Hancock co., Ga. : 15 m. N. E. Milledgeville. DEVON, p. v., Henry county, Ind. : 42 m. "W. by N. Indianapolis. DE WITT county, III. Situate centrally, and contains 4G8 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of the Sangamon r. Surface chiefly an elevated prairie, with a good portion of wood. Soils dark and rich. Farms 482; manuf. 18; dwell. 881, and pop. wh. 5,001, fr. col. 1 total 5,002. Capital: Clin ton. Public Works: Illinois Central E. E. DE WITT county, Teof. Situate S. W., and contains 630 sq. m. Drained chiefly by the Guadalupe r. and its branches. Surface varied, but not hilly a deep valley following the course of the Guadalupe, which traverses the co. from N. to S. Soils very fertile, producing cotton, sugar, and the grains. Farms 100 ; manuf. 3 ; dwell. 237, and pop. wh. 1,148, fr. col. 0, si. 568 total 1,716. Capital: Cuero. DE WITT, p. v., De Witt co., III. : on the N. side of Salt cr. of Sangamon r., 53 m. E. N. E. Springfield. DE WITT, p. v., and cap. Clinton co., la. : about 4 m. N. of Wapsipinicon r., and 49 m. E. by N. Iowa City. P. 459. DE WITT, t. and p. v., Clinton county, Mich. : 2 m. N. Lansing. The v. is located on the N. bank of Looking- glass r. It is a flourishing place, and has a newspaper, the " Clinton Express," which is issued weekly. Pop. 706. DB WITT, p. v., Carroll co., Mo. : on the N. bank of the 180 Missouri r., about 5 m. W. of the mouth of Grand r., Si m. N. W. Jefferson City. DE WITT, t. and p. v., Onondaga co., N. K; on both sides of Butternut cr., and adjoining the city of Syracuse, 118 m. W. Albany. The surface is uneven, and there is abundance of water-lime, which Is largely quarried and exported. The v. on the W. side of the cr. is a small agri cultural settlement. Pop. of t. 3,302. DE WITTVILLE, p. v., Chautauque co., N. Y. : 286 m. W. by S. Albany. DEXTER, t. and p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : on the water shed between Kennebec and Penobscot rivers, 49 m. N. N. E. Augusta. The v. is located at the outlet of a large pond of 590 acres, and has good hydraulic power. The soil of the t is fertile, and produces excellent wheat. Pop. 1,948. DEXTER, p. v., Washtenaw co., Mich. : on Mill cr., at its confluence with Huron r., 42 m. E. S. E. Lansing. It is a thriving v., and has an abundance of water-power ; and the Michigan Central E. E. passes through it 46 m. from Detroit, and 236 m. from Chicago. DEXTER, p. v., Jefferson co., N. Y. : on the N. side of Black r. at its mouth, 147 m. N. W. Albany. It has an un interrupted communication with Lake Ontario through Black Eiver Bay, and piers have been constructed by the United States to improve its harbor. Within the v. are sev eral extensive mills and factories, worked by water-power ; and the Watertown and Eome E. E. passes near it. Pop. 700. DIAMOND GROVE, p. o., Jasper co., Mo. : 146 m. S. W. Jefferson City. DIAMOND GROVE, p. o., Brunswick co., Virg. : on the N. side of Meherrin r., 55 m. S. S. W. Eichmond. DIAMOND HILL, p. o., Anson co., N. Car. : 104 m. S. W. Ealeigh. DIAMOND HILL, p. o., Providence co., R. I. DIANA, t. and p. o., Lewis county, N. Y. : 124 m. N. W. Albany. Drained by Indian r., and the S. branch of Oswe- gatchie r. Surface hilly, and soil, sandy and gravelly loam, adapted to grass. DIANA MILLS, p. v., Buckingham co., Virg. : 72 m. W. Eichmond. DIAS CKEEK, p. v., Cape May county, Jf, Jer. : 67 m. S. Trenton. DICKENSONVILLE, p. v., Eussell co., Virg. : 267 m.W. by S. Eichmond. DICKEYS vi LLE, p. v., Grant co., Wise. : on the S., and 2 m. distant from Platte r., 69 m. W. S.W. Madison. Lead is abundant in the neighborhood. DICKINSON county, la. Situate N. W., and contains 432 sq. in. Taken from Pottowattomee in 1850. DICKINSON, t. and p. v., Franklin county, If. Y. : 142 m. N. by W. Albany. Drained by Eacket r. and the upper streams of St. Eegis r. The N. part of the t. only is inhab ited, the S. being still a wilderness, abounding in lakes, and covered with dense forests. The v. is on Deer r., a con stituent of the St. Eegis river. Pop. of 1. 1,119. DICKINSON, t. and p. o., Cumberland co., Penn. : 24 m. S. W. Harrisburg. The country is hilly, and the soils cal careous. Iron ore abundant. Yellow Breeches cr. affords good water-power, and there are several factories and mills along its banks ; also several furnaces and forges. Popu lation, 3,027 DICKINSON, p. v., Franklin co., Virg. : 145 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. DICKINSON S STORE, p. o., Bedford county, Virg. : 117 ra. W. by S. Eichmond. DICKSON county, Tenn. Situate centrally, and contains 724 sq. m. The co. lies on the watershed between the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers, the former of which forms its N. E. line. The surface is varied, and the soils of average fertility, producing all the grains, with some tobacco and cotton. Timber abundant. Farms 467; manuf. 14; dwell. 10,080, and pop. wh. 6,285, fr. col. 1, si. 2,118 total 8,404. Capital : Charlotte. Public Works : Nashville DIG DOD and Henderson K. E. ; and the Nashville and Mississippi E. E. DICKSON S MILLS, p. o., Parke county, Ind. : 59 m. W Indianapolis. DIGIITON, t., p. v., and port, Bristol co., Mass. : 38 m. S. Boston. Situated on the W. side of Taunton r., which is navigable to this place for small vessels. It has some manufactures, and considerable shipping is built and owned in the town. On the opposite side of the r. is " Dighton Eock," celebrated for an ancient inscription which has never been satisfactorily interpreted. Pop. 1,041. DILLE S BOTTOM, p. o., Belmont county, Ohio: 104 m. E. Columbus. DILLON, p. o., Tazewcll co., HI. : about 3 m. N. of Mack inaw cr. of Sangamon r., 51 m. N. by E. Springfield. DILLON S EUN, p. o., Hampshire co., Virg. : 146 in. N.W. Eichmond. DILLS BOROUGH, p. v., Dearborn co., Ind. : about 4 m. N. of Laughery cr., 79 m. S. E. Indianapolis. DILLSHURGII, p. v., York co., Penn. . .13 m. S. S. W. Harrisburg. DILLWOETIITOTTN, p. v., Chester co., Penn. : 69 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. , DIMMICK, p. V., La Salle county, III. : 123 m. N. N. E. Springfield. DIMOCK, t and p. v., Susquehanna co., Penn. : 113 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. DINGMANSBUEG, v., Shelby co., Ohio : 63 m. W. N. W. Columbus. DINGMAN S FEREY, p. o., Pike co., Penn. : on Dingman s cr. of the Delaware r., 123 m. N. E. Harrisburg. DIXSMORE, t. and p. o., Shelby co., Ohio: in the N. part of the co., 72 m. W. N. W. Columbus. DINWIDDIE county, Virg. Situate S. E., and contains 616 sq. in. Drained by tributaries of Appomattox and Nottoway rivers, which bound it N. and S. respectively. Surface moderately uneven or rolling. Soils fertile naturally, but deteriorated. Tobacco, Indian corn, and wheat are the great staples. Manufactures, trade, and commerce are in a flourishing condition. Farms 703 ; manuf. 71 ; dwell. 2,745, and pop. wh. 10,985, fr.coL 3,253,81. 10,880 total 25,118. Cajrital : Dinwiddie C. H. Public Works : Petersburg R. E. ; South Side E, E,, etc, DUTWIDDIE COURT-HOUSE, p. v., and cap. Dinwiddie co., Virg. : on the N. side of Stoncy cr. of Nottoway r., 35 m. 8. by W. Eichmond. DINWIDDIE S TAN-YAED, p. o., Campbell co., Virg. : 98 m. S. W. Eichmond. DIRT TOWN, p. v., Chattooga county, Ga. : 168 m. N. W. Miilodgeville. DISMAL SWAMP, Virg. and N. Car. : a large marshy tract of land, commencing a little S. of Norfolk in Virginia, and extending into North Carolina. It covers about 150,000 acres, and is 30 m. long from N. to S., and 10 m. wide. This tract is covered with trees, some of which are of enor mous size, and between them is brushwood so thick as to be almost impervious. In the midst of the swamp is Lake Drummond, 15 m. in circumference. A navigable feeder, 3 m. long, from this lake, serves to supply the main trunk of the Dismal Swamp Canal, which extends from Deep cr., a branch of Elizabeth r., 10 m. from Norfolk to Joyce s cr., a branch of Pasquotank r., forming a connection between Albemarle Sound and Hampton Boads. This canal is 23 m. long, 40 feet wide, and 6 feet deep, and at intervals of a quarter of a mile it is 66 feet wide for turn-out stations. The summit level is 16 \ feet above mid-tide in the Atlantic Ocean. There are 5 stone locks on it, 100 feet long by 22 feet wide. Cost $1,112,323. DITNEY HILL, p. o., Dubois co., Ind. : 104 m. S. S. W. Indianapolis. DIVIDE, p. o., Marion county, la. : 84 m. W. by S. Iowa City. DIVIDING CREEK, p. v. Cumberland co., N. Jer. : on the 1 cr. so called, which flows into Maurice Cove, of Delaware Bay, 69 m. S. by W. Trenton. The cr. is navigable to the v., which contains about 180 inhabitants. Dix CREEK, p. o., Chickasaw co., Miss. : 127 m. N. E. by N. Jackson. DIXFIELD, t. and p. o., Oxford co., He. : on the N. bank of Androscoggin r., 31 m. W. N. W. Augusta. It has a productive soil, well adapted to the growth of wheat. Pop. 1,180. Dix HILL, p. o., Suffolk co., 2T. Y. : 124 m. S. by E. Albany. DIXMONT, t. and p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : 38 m. N. E. Augusta. Surface undulating and the soil fertile. It is sit uated on the highland between the Kennebec and Penob scot, and drained by affluents of both rivers. It has con siderable water-power and fine mill seats. Pop. 1,605. DIXMON.T MILLS, p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : 36 m. N. E. Augusta. DIXON, p. v., and cap. Lee co., III. : on the S. E. side of Eock r., 142 m. N. by E. Springfield. The line of the Central E. E. crosses Eock r., at this point. Pop. 1,073. DIXON S MILLS, p. o., Marengo co., Ala. : 92 m. TV. by S. Montgomery. DIXON S MILLS, p. o., Buchanan co., Mo. : 168 m."W. N.W. Jefferson City. DIXON S SPRINGS, p. o., Smith co., Tenn. : about 3 m. N. of Cumberland r., and 41 m. N. E. by E. Nashville. DICKSONVILLE, p. o., Cole co., Mo. : 7 m. W. Jefferson City. DIXONVILLE, p. v., Lawrence co., Ind. : 63 m. S. by W. Indianapolis. DOAKSVILLE, p. v., Choctaw Nation, Ind. Ter. DOANESBURGH, p. v., Putnam co., N. Y. : on the line of the Harlem E. E., 55 m. from New York ard 98 m. from Albany. DOBBIN S EANCII, p. o., Yuba co., Calif. : on the N. side of Yuba r., 112 m. N. N. E. Yallejo. DOBB S FERRY, p. v., Westchester co., N. Y. : on the E. bank of the Hudson r., 104 m. S. Albany. Here is a good landing at which numerous regular steamboats touch daily, and there is a ferry across the river. It is a considerable v., and has some manufactures and machine shops, which have been greatly advanced since the completion of the Hudson Eiver E. E., which passes through it, 22 m. from S"ew York. This was an important point in the Eevolu- tionary war. DOCKERY S STORE, p. o., Eichmond co., N. Car. : 92 m. S. W. Ealeigh. DODDSVILLE, p. v., M Donough co., III.: on the S. line of the county, 62 m. N. W. by W. Springfield. DODDRIDGE county, Virg. Situate N. W., and contains 720 sq. m. Drained by S. fork of Hugh s r., and by Middle Island cr. and their affluents. Surface somewhat broken. Soils of average quality. Farms 240 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 525, and pop. wh. 2,719, fr. col. 0, si. 31 total 2,750. Capital : West Union. Public Works: North-Western E. E. DODGE county, Mo. Situate N. on State line, and con tains 252 sq. m. Drained by the constituents of Locust and Jedicine creeks of Grand r. Surface level or undulating. Soils of good quality, and fertile. Farms 49 ; manuf. ; dwell. 57, and pop. wh. 351, fr. col. 0, si. 2 total 353. Oap- tal: Butler. DODGE counly, Wise. Situate S. E. centrally, and con- .ains 900 sq. m. Drained W. and S. by Eock and Beaver )am rivers, and E. by streams falling into Lake Michigan. Surface beautifully diversified by hill and dale. Soils of ex- raordinary fertility. Farms 2,132 ; manuf. 28 ; dwell. 3 600, and pop. wh. 19,128, fr. col. 10 total 19,138. Capital. uneau. Public Works: Fond du Lac E. E. DODGEVILLE, p. v., Iowa co., Wise. : 62 m. N. Mineral oint, and 46 m. W. by S. Madison. DODGEVILLE, p. v., Des Moines co., la. : 59 m. S. S. E owa City. 181 DOD DOU DODBONYILLE, p. v., Jackson co., Ala. : 145 m. N. Montgomery. DODSONVILLE, p. v., Highland co., Ohio : on the W. side of White Oak cr., 66 m. S. W. by S. Columbus. DOE HILL, p. o., Highland co., Yirg. : 126 m. "W". N. "W. Eichmond. DOE EUN, p. o., Chester co., Penn. : 69 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. DOGWOOD NECK, p. o., Horry dist., /S. Car. : 114 m. E. by S. Columbia. DOLINGTON, p. v., Bucks co., Penn. : 93 m. E. Harrisburg. DOLSON, p. o., Clarke co., III. : 106 m. E. S. E. Springfield. DOMESTIC, p. o., Williams co., Ohio : 132 m. N. W. Columbus. DON, p. o., Sullivan co., Ind. : 82 m. S. W. Indianapolis. DONALDSON, p. v., Schuylkill co., Penn. : 51 m. N. E. Harrisburg. DONALDSONYILLE, p. v., and cap. Ascension par., La. : on the S. W. side of the Mississippi r., immediately below the Bayou La Fourche, 27 m. S. by E. Baton Eouge. It was formerly the State capital. The place is pleasantly situated, and has some fine buildings, among which are the C. II., Arsenal, U. S. Land Office, a college, etc. It has consider able trade and may be considered as the dep&t of the Bayou La Fourche country. Pop. 1,498. DONEGAL, t. and p. o., Westmoreland co., Penn. : on the mountain valley between Laurel Hill and Chestnut Eidge, 138 m. W. Harrisburg. Drained by tributaries of the Youghiogheny and Kiskiminetas rivers, which afford water-power. Pop. 2,414. DoNiriiAN, p. v., Eipley co., Mo. : 149 m. S. S. "W. Jefferson City. DONNELL S, p. o., Allen co., OMo : 92 m. N.W. Columbus. DONNELLSYILLE, p. v., Clark co., Ohio : 47 m. W. by S. Columbus. Pop. 196. DOOLY county, Ga. Situate S. centrally, and contains 576 sq. m. It occupies the height of land between Ocmul- gee and Flint, and is drained by the tributaries of both rivers. Surface favorably diversified ; soils generally fertile, but deteriorated by bad husbandry. Cotton is the principal product. Farms 663; manuf. 8; dwell. 962, and pop. wh. 5,5SO, fr. col. 6, si. 2,775 total 8,361. Capital : Drayton. DOOK county, Wise. Situate N. E., and contains 432 sq. m. It occupies the N. part of the peninsula between Green Bay and Lake Michigan, and has its name from the fact of its being at the door or entrance of the interior navigable waters of the State. Capital: Gibralter. Organized since 1850. DOOR CKEEK, p. o., Dane co., Wfcc. : on a cr. so called flowing into Fourth Lake. 5 m. N. Madison. DOOR prairie, La Porte co., Ind. : so named from the narrow gap in the timber at Door Village. It contains in all between 70 or 80 sq. m., and is probably the richest and most beautiful prairie in the State. DOOR VILLAGE, p. v., La Porte co., Ind. : about 4 m. 8. W. La Porte, 123 m. N. W. by W. Indianapolis. DORCHEAT, p. o., Claiborne par., La. : on the large bayou of the same name, 210 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. Bayou Dorcheat rises in Hempstead co., Ark., and passes S. into Louisiana, emptying itself into Bisteneau Lake, of which it is the chief feeder. DORCHESTER county, Md. Situate S. E., and contains 604 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Choptank r., which bounds it on the N., and of Nanticoke r., which makes its S. bound ary. The Chesapeake washes its W. shore. Surface low and level in parts swampy ; soils varying from light and sandy to a stiff clay. Marl is abundant, and is used as a fertilizer. There is plenty of timber. Farms 1,049 ; manuf. 12 ; dwell. 2,705, and pop. wh. 10,788, fr. col. 3,807, si. 4,282 total 18,877. Capital : Cambridge. DORCHESTER, t. and p. v., Norfolk co., Mass. : 4 m. S. Boston, and within the metropolitan district. It fronts on Dorche ster Bay, in Boston Harbor, and extends between 182 Eoxbury Brook and Neponset r., the latter of which furnishes great water-power as well as navigation. Vessels owned here are chiefly employed in the fisheries ; it has also ex tensive manufactures. Few other localities have made such progress as this in wealth; in 1840 its assessed valua tion was $1,691,245 ; in 1850, $7,199,750. Pop. in 1840, 4,875, and in 1850, 7,968. The Old Colony E. E. passes through the E. part of the town, and the Boston and Providence E. E. through the W. part. DORCHESTER, p. v., Cumberland co., M Jer.: 61 m. S. by W. Trenton. DORCHESTER, t. and p. o., Grafton co., N. Ilamp. : 42 m. N. N. W. Concord. It lies on the height of land between the Connecticut and Merrimae rivers, and is uneven and rocky, with fertile valleys. Mascomy and Baker s rivers are its principal streams. Pop. 711. DORIC ARCH (or Doric Eock), Mich. : is a name applied to an isolated mass of sandstone, which has the appear ance of the work of art, consisting of four pillars supporting an entablature or stratum of stone covered with soil, and a handsome growth of pine and spruce trees, some of which are 50 or 60 feet in height. This curiosity is a projection of the Pictured Eocks on the southern shore of Lake Superior, and presents an interesting view to voyagers of the great lake. DORMANSYILLE, p. v., Albany co., 2f. T. DORNICKTOWN, p. o., Monongalia co., Yirg.: 203 m. N. W. Eichmond. DORR, p.v., M ; IIenry co., III. :193 m. N. N. E. Springfield. DORRANCE, p. v., Stark co., III. : 92 m. N. Springfield. DORRVILLE, p. v., Washington co., E. I. : 33 m. S. S. W. Providence. DORSET, p. v., De Kalb co., III. : on the E. side of Big Indian cr., 138 m. N. N. E. Springfield. DORSET, p.v., Ashtabula co., Ohio : 168 m. N. E. Columbus. DORSET, t, and p, v., Bennington co., Venn. : 77 m. S. by W. Montpelicr. Drained by Pawlet, Battenkill, and the head branches of Otter creek, which afford fine mill sites. Surface uneven. The Western Vermont E. E. passes through the town and village in a N. and S. direction. DORSET, p. o., Woodford co., Ky. : 16 m. S. E. Frankfort DOTY S CORNER, p. v., Steuben co., JV. Y.: 194 m. W. Albany. DOTYVILLE, p. v., Fond du Lac co., Wise. : 64 m. N. E. Madison. DOUBLE BRANCHES, p. o., Lincoln co., Ga. : 73 m. N. E. Milledgeville. DOUBLE BRANCHES, p. o., Anderson dist, S. Car. : 109 m. W. N. W. Columbia. DOUBLE BRIDGE, p. o., Lunenburgh co., Yirg. : 67 m. S. W. Eichmond. DOUBLE BRIDGES, p. o., Upson co., Ga. : 68 m. W. Milledgeville. DOUBLE CABINS, p. o., Henry co., Ga. : on Towathga cr., 63 m. W. N. W. Milledgeville. DOUBLE OAK, p. o., Camden co., Mo.: 46 m. S. W. Jefferson City. DOUBLE PIKE CREEK, p. o., Carroll co., Md. : 61 m. N.W. Annapolis. Situate on a cr. of Monocacy r. so called. DOUBLE SHOALS, p. o., Morgan co., Go,. : 35 m. N. by W. Milledgeville. DOUBLE SPRING, p. o., Benton co., Ark. : 157 m. N. W. Little Eock. DOUBLE SPRINGS, p. o., Calaveras co., Calif. : on a small cr. of Calaveras r., 76 m. E. Vallejo. DOUBLE SPRINGS, p. v., Oktibbeha co., Miss. : 106 m. N. E. Jackson. DOUBLE SPRINGS, p. o., Jackgon co., Tenn. : 64 m. E. N. E. Nashville. DOUBLE WELLS, p. v., Warren co., Ga. : on the line of the Georgia E. E., 41 m. N. E. Milledgeville. DOUDSVILLE, p. v., Pendleton co., ATy.: 47 m. N. E. Frankfort. DOU DOW DOUGLASS, t. and p. o., "Worcester co., Mass. : 43 m. S. W. Boston. Drained by Mumford or. of Blackstone r., which affords good water-power. Iron ore is found, and in the t there are considerable manufactures of cotton goods, boots, shoes, etc., and edge-tools. The country is fertile and highly cultivated. Pop. 1,878. DOUGLASS, p. v., Fayetie co., la.: 84 m. N. by "W. Iowa City. DOUGLASS, p. v., Nacogdoches co., Tesc. : on a cr. of Angelina r., about 7 m. from the latter, and 197 m. E. N. E. Austin City. DOUGLASS, t. and p. o., Montgomery co., Penn. : 68 m. E. Harrisburg. Perkiomen and Swamp creeks drain the soils, which are fertile, and afford water-power for several mills and factories. DOUGLASSVILLE, p. v., Berks co., Penn. : on the N. side of Schuylkill r., 13 m. E. Harrisburg. The Philadelphia and Eeading E. E. passes through the village, 44 m. from Philadelphia and 48 from Eeading. DOUPHIX, p. v., Blouiit co., Ala.: 123 m. N. by "W. Montgomery. DOUTIIET, p. o., Anderson dist., S. Car. : 11C m.~W. N.W. Columbia. DOVER, p. v., Baltimore co., Md. DOVER, p. v., Eussell co., Ala. : about 3 m. W. Chatta- hoochie r., and 6 m. N.W. Girard, 171 m. E. Montgomery. DOVEE, p. v., Pope co., Ark. : on the E. bank of Illinois cr. of Arkansas r., 64 m. N.W. Little Eock. It was formerly the co. capital. DOVER, liund., p. b., and cap. Kent co., Del., and capital of the State: on high ground, between the two principal branches of Jones cr., 10 m. above its entrance into Dela ware Bay. Lat. 39 10 N., and long. 75 30 W., 114 m. E. by N. Washington. The hundred contains 72,930 acres, and 3,932 inhabitants. The b. is laid out regularly with wide streets, crossing each other at right angles. The State House stands on the E. side of a large public place, and is an elegant building, and the buildings occupied by the co. offices occupy sites on the same square. It has 4 churches, a bank, an academy, 2 schools, several stores, about 120 dwellings, chiefly of brick, and between 600 and 700 inhab itants. A splendid monument, erected to the memory of Colonel John Haslett, who fell in the battle of Princeton, illustrates the patriotism of the citizens, and is the chief ornament of the place. The flour business is that distin guishing Dover, and which is chiefly carried on with Philadelphia. A E. E., projected to run longitudinally through the State, will pass through the borough. DOVER, p. v., Bureau co., III. : 109 m. N. Springfield. DOVER, p. v., Mason co., Ky. : 76 m. E. N. E. Frankfort. DOVER, t, p. v., and cap. Piscataquis co., Me. : on the S. side of Piscataquis r., 59 m. N. N. E. Augusta. The v. is located immediately on the banks of the stream. It has several mills; and a weekly newspaper, the "Piscataquis Observer," is published here. Pop. 1,927. DOVER, t. and p. o., Lenawee co., Mich. : watered by the S. branch of Eaisin r., 61 m. S. E. Lansing. The Michigan Southern E. E. crosses the t. in an E. direction. Pop. 1,223. DOVER, t. and p. v., Norfolk co., Mass. : on the S. and E. of Charles r., 16 m. S. W. Boston. Drained by Trout and Nodnets brooks. Surface uneven, and much of it woodland. The v. is located near the centre of the t., and is a pleasant place of about 200 inhabitants. The t. has about 631 inhab itants. DOVER, p.v., La Fayette co., Mo. : 92 m.~W. N.W. Jefferson City. It lies about 3 m. S. of the Missouri river. DOVER, t, p. v., and cap. Strafford co., N. Iftimp. : 33 m. E. Concord. The t. is drained by Cocheco and Black rivers, tributaries of the Piscatnqua. It is the oldest t. in the State, having been settled in 1623. The v. is built around the lower falls of Cocheco, where the descent is suddenly 32"; feet, producing a vast water-power. These falls are at the head of tide, 12 m. from the sea, and sloops can come j up within a short distance of the mills. It has a court house, jail, etc., and numerous and extensive manufactures, but chiefly of cotton goods. It has also considerable ship ping. The newspapers published here are the " D. En quirer" (whig), the " N. II. Gazette" (dem.), the " Morning Star" (whig), the " Myrtle" (relig.), and the " Gospel Kill" (relig.), all issued weekly; and the "Cadets Advocate" (temperance), issued monthly. The v. is intersected by the Boston and Maine E. E. ; and the Cocheco E. E. here diverges from it. On the whole, Dover is justly considered one of the most prosperous manufacturing towns of New England. Pop. 8,1S6. DOVER, p. v., Morris co., N . Jer. : on both sides of Eockaway r., 47 m. N. by E. Trenton. The two sections of the v. are connected by bridges. Iron ore is abundant in the vicinity, and it lias several large iron factories, etc. The Morris Canal descends into the valley in which it stands by an inclined plane and 4 locks; and at this point the Morris and Essex E. E. has its N. W. terminus, 44 m. from Jersey City. Pop. about 400. DOVER, t. and p. o., Duchess co., N. Y. : 66 m. S. by E. Albany. The p. o. is located at Dover Plains, and v. located on the Harlem E. E., 80 m. from New York. The t. abounds in marble and iron ore, and has several mills and factories. Pop. 2,147. DOVER, t. and p. v., Cuyahoga co., Ohio : on Lake Erie, 114 m. N. N. E. Columbus. The v. is located about 3 m. back from the lake. Pop. of t.1.112. DOVER, t. and p. v., York co., Fe.nn. : on the E. side of Concwago cr., IS m. S. Harrisburg. The v. lies in the centre of the t., 10 m. N. "W. York. The t. has several distilleries, tanneries, grist and saw mills, for which latter water is abundant. DOVER, p. v., and cap. Stewart co., Tenn. : on the S. W. side of Cumberland r., 61 m. W. N. W. Nashville. It con tains the county offices, and about 400 inhabitants. The landing for steamers is one of the best on the river. DOVER, t, and p. v., Windham co., Verm. : on the E. border of the Green Mountain range, 94 m. S. Montpelier. Drained by West and Dcerfleld rivers, which have good mill sites. The soils are well adapted for grazing. The v. lies a little S. E. of the centre of the town. Pop. of t.70f>. DOVER, p. v., Yazoo co., Miss. : 33 m. N.W. Jackson. DOVER HILL, p. v., and cap. Martin co., Ind. : on the W. side of, and a mile and a half from the East Fork of White river, 79 m. S. W. Indianapolis. It contains a court-house and about 30 dwellings. DOVER MILLS, p. o., Goochland co., Virg. : 17 m. W. by N. Eichmond. DOVESVILLE, p. v., Eockingham co., Virg. : 110 m. N. W. Eichmond. DOWAGIAC, p. v., Cass co., Mich. : on a branch of Dowa- giac r., 92 m. S. W. Lansing. It lies also on the Michigan Central E. E., 178 m. from Detroit, and 100 from Chicago. DOWAGIAC (Dowagiake) river, Midi. : takes its rise in the S. part of Van Burcn and N. E. part of Cass counties, and passing over the northern, north-western, and western por tions of the latter in a S. W. direction, into Berrien, enters the St. Joseph r. near the v. of Niles. It is upward of 30 m. in length, and receives a number of tributaries, which, with the main stream, furnish excellent mill sites. DOWELTOWN, p. v., Surrey co., N. Car, : 132 m.W. N.W. Ealeigh. DOWNER S GROVE, p. o., Du Page co., III. : 162 m. N. E. Springfield. DOWNIEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Yuba co., Calif. : at the head of the North Fork of Yuba r., 137 m. N. E. Vallejo. It is the head-quarters of one of the richest gold .fields of the State. DOWNIXG S MILLS, p. o., Strafford co., W. JIamp. DOWNIXGSVILLE, p. v., Grant county, Ky. : 47 m. N. N. E. Frankfort. DOWNLXGTON, p.v., Meigs co., Ohio : 69 m. S. E. Cclumbus. 1S3 DOW DRY DOWNINGTOWN, p. v., Chester co., Penn. : on the W. side of the E. branch of Brandywine or., and on the line of the Philadelphia and Columbia E. K., 33 m. from Philadelphia and 74 m. from Harrisburg. The dwellings, about 60 or 70 in number, are chiefly of stone, and it contains several mills and factories, stores, etc. It is surrounded by a fine and well-cultivated country. About 12 m. below the v., on the banks of the Brandywine cr., was fought the sanguinary battle of Brandywine, llth September, 1777. A E. E., 22 m. long, is projected between Morristown and Downing- town. DOWNSVILLE, p. v., Ocean county, N. Jer. : 36 m. S. E. Trenton. DOYLESTOWN, t., p. v., and cap. Bucks co., Penn. : on the N. side of Tacony cr., 88 m. E. Harrisburg. The borough is a flourishing place, has manufactures, and a good trade, and about 1,005 inhabitants. There are published here 6 weekly newspapers, viz., the " D. Express," the " D. Dem ocrat," and the " Independent Democrat," all democratic in principle ; the " Morning Star," and the " Bucks County Intelligencer," both whig ; and the Olive-Branch," devoted to the temperance cause. The Norristown, Doylestown, New Hope E. E. passes through the place. The t. is an excellent agricultural country, and is highly cultivated. Pop. 2,471. DOYLESTOWX, p. v., Paulding co., Ohio : 116 m. N. "W. Columbus. DKACUT, t and p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : on the N. side of Merrimac r., opposite Lowell, 25 m. N. N. W. Boston. The two towns are connected by a bridge across the river. It is essentially an agricultural district, although Beaver r., which drains it, affords considerable water-power. Pop ulation, 3,503. DRAKESTOWN, p. o., Morris co., 2T. Jer. : on Schooley s Mountain, 39 m. N. by "W. Trenton. DRAKESVILLE. p. v., Morris co., N. Jer. : 42 m. N. Trenton. DEAKESVILLE, p. v., Davis co., la. : on the N. side of Fox r., 78 m. S. "W. Iowa City. DRANESVILLE, p. v., Fairfax co., Virg. : 96 m. N. Eich- mond. Situated about 6 m. S. of the Potomac r., near the N. W. corner of the county. DRAPER S VALLEY, p. o., Pulaski co., Virg. : on the "W. side of Kanawha r., about 2 m. distant from that stream, and 193 m. W. by S. Eichmond. DRAPERSVILLE, p. o., Mecklenburgh co., Virg.: 92 m. S. W. Eichmond. DRAUGHTON S STORE, p. o., Sampson co., N. Car. : 52 m. S. by E. Ealeigh. DRAWBRIDGE, p. o., Sussex co., Del. DRAYTON, p. v., and cap. Dooly co., Get-. : on the S. side of Penaliatchee cr., 1 m. from its confluence with Flint r., and 84 m. S. S. W. Milledgeville. DRAYTONSVILLB, p. v., Uniou dist., S. Car. : 73 m. N. N. W. Columbia. DREHERSVILLE, p. v., Scliuylkill co., Penn. : 49 m. N. E. Harrisburg. DRENNON S, p. o., Henry co., Ky. : 25 m. N.W. Frankfort. DRESDEN, p. v., Grundy co., III. : on the Illinois r., at the junction of the Desplaines and Kankakee rivers, the great constituents of the Illinois, and on the line of the canal, 128 m. N. E. Springfield. The v. is 52 m. from Chicago by canal, and 48 m. from Peru. DRESDEN , t. and p. o., Lincoln co., Me. : on the E. bank of Kennebcc r., 18 m. S. Augusta. It is an agricultural town, and has some river trade. Pop. 1,419. DRESDEN, p. v., Muskingum co., Ohio : on "Wakatomaha cr., near its junction with Muskingum r., 51 m. E. by N. Columbus. A side-cut of the Ohio Canal reaches this place. Thus situate, it is highly favored for commerce, of which it has a considerable share, and it has also several factories and mills. Pop. 1,445. DRESDEN, p. v., and cap. "Weakly co., Tenn. : near the centre of the co., on one of the head branches of Obion r., 134 109 m. TV. by N. Nashville. It contains a court-house, etc., and about 395 inhabitants. The Nashville and Mississippi E. E. will probably intersect this v. Two newspapers, the "D. Democrat," and the "Whig Mirror," are published weekly. DRESDEN MILLS, p. o., Lincoln co., Me. : 19 m. S. Augusta. DRESSERVILLE, p. v., Cayuga county, 2i. Y. : 141 m. W. Albany. DREW county, Ark. Situate S. E., and contains 720 sq. m. The Bayou Bartholomew bounds it on the E. and the Sabine r. on the W. side, the creeks falling into which drain the interior. A highland runs N. and S. through the county, forming the watershed the surface declining E. and W. from its summit level. The soils are eminently productive, and the extent of forest moderate. Farms 277 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell 430, and pop. wh. 2,360, fr. col. 0, si. 915 total 3,275. Capital : Monticello. DREWERSBURGII, p. v., Franklin co., Ind. : about 4 m. E. of the White Water r., and 76 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. DREWRYSVILLE, p. v., Southampton co., Virg. : 63 m. S. S. E. Eichmond. DREWSVILLE, p. v., Cheshire co., N. ITamp. : on the E. side of Connecticut r., at Bellow s Falls, 42 m. W. Concord. It has considerable manufactures. DRIPPING SPRING, p. v., Edmonson co., Ky. : 108 m. S. W. Frankfort. DROWNING CREEK, p. o., Burke co., N. Car. : on a cr. of Catawba r. so called, 148 m. W. Ealeigh. DROWNING FORK, p. o., M Donough co., III. : on a cr. so called, 73 m. W. N.W. Springfield. DRUMMOND S island, Mich. : at the mouth of St. Mary s, 40 m. long, has the best quality of secondary limestone, several harbors and fisheries, and a soil covered with pine and maple. The western extremity is the site of an ancient British fort, DRYBURGH, p. v., Halifax co., Virg. : 96 m. N. Eichmond. DRY CREEK, p. o., Kenton county, Ky. : 59 m. N. N. E. Frankfort. DRY CREEK, p. o., Covington county, Miss. : 62 m. S. E. Jackson. DRY CREEK, p. o., Lancaster dist, S. Car. : 70 m. N. N. E. Columbia. DRYDEN, t. and p. o., Lapeer co., Mich. : 74 m. E. by N. Lansing. Pop. 1,131. DRYDEN, t. and p. v., Tompkins county, N. Y. : 12S m. W. by S. Albany. Surface undulating. Soil gravelly loam, and well watered and drained by Fall cr. and other small streams. The v. is located on Virgil cr., and contains about 600 inhabitants. About half a mile W. of the place is a noted mineral spring, the waters of which are useful in rheumatic and cutaneous affections. Pop. oft. 5,122. DRY FORK, p. o., Bond co., III. : on Dry Fork of Shoal cr., a tributary of Kaskaskia r., 58 m. S. by E. Springfield. DRY FORK, p. o., Barren co., Ky. : 110 m. S. W. by S. Frankfort. DRY FORK, p. o., Hamilton county, Ohio: 102 m. S. W. Columbus. DRY GLAZE, p. v., Camden co., Mo. : on the Dry Au Glaize cr., a branch of Grand Au Glaize r., 52 m. S. S. W. Jefferson City. DRY HILL, p. o., Lauderdale co., Tenn. : 169 m. W. by S. Nashville. DRY PONDS, p. o., Lincoln co., W. Car. : 146 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. DRY EIDGE, p. o., Drew co., Ark. : on the highland form- ng the watershed between Saline r. and Bayou Bartholo mew, 116 m. S. E. Little Eock. DRY EIDGE, p. o., Somerset co., Penn. : 128 m. W. S. W. clarrisburg. DRY EIDGE, p. o., Hamilton co., Ohio: 105 m. S. W. Columbus. DRY EIDGE, p. o., Grant co., Ky.: 42 m. N. N. E. Frankfort DRY DUF DRY EUN, p. o., Franklin co., Penn. : 59 m. W. S. W. Harrisburg. DRY EUN, p o., Tippah co, Miss. : 164 m. N. by E. Jackson, DRY VALLEY, p. o., "White co., Tenn. : 84 m. E. Nashville. DRY WOOD, p. o., Bates co., Mo. : on a cr. of the Manni- ton, a tributary of Osage r., 142 m. W. S. W. Jefferson City. DUANE, t and p. v., Franklin co., N. Y. : 128 m. N. Al bany. Surface uneven and hilly, and the soil a fertile sandy loam. Watered by branches of Salmon r. and Deer creek. The t is celebrated for its superior iron ores, which are capable of producing the finest steel for edge tools. The v. lies on a branch of Salmon r., and has several factories and mills; and there are also in the neighborhood fur naces, etc. Pop. oft. 222. DUANESBURGH, t. and p. v., Schenectady co., N. Y. : 22 m. W. N. W. Albany. The v. lies on a branch of Schoharie cr. The surface of the t. is elevated and hilly, and watered by numerous creeks, which afford water-power, and has a soil of excellent fertility. Pop 3,404 DUBLIN, p. v., Fayette co., Ala. : 118 m. N. W. Mont gomery. DUBLIN, p. v., and cap. Laurens co., Ga. : on the W. side of Oconee r., 47 m. S. S. E Milledgeville. It contains the co. offices, several stores, and about TO dwellings. DUBLIN, p. v., Wayne co., Ind. : on the National Eoad, 2 m. W. of Cambridge City, 50 m. E. Indianapolis. Pop. 350. DUBLIN, p. o., Harford co., Md.: 52 m. N. N. E. Annapolis. DUBLIN, t and p. o., Cheshire co., 2f. Hump. : 34m. S.W. Concord. Situated on the highlands between the Connecti cut and Merrimac rivers. A considerable portion of Grand Monadnock lies within this town. It has good water-power and several factories and mills. The surface is better adapted to grazing than corn-growing. Pop. 1,OF8. DUBLIN, p. v., Franklin co., Ohio : on the W. bank of Scioto r., 11 m. N. N. W. Columbus. The location is high arid pleasant, and in the neighborhood there are several mills and factories. Pop. 247. DUBLIN, p. o., Bucks co., Penn. : 93 m. E. ITarrisburg. DUBLIN, p. v., Graves co., Ky. : on a branch of Little Obion r., 20 m. from the Mississippi r., and 233 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. DUBLIN MILLS, p. v., Bedford co., Penn. : 64 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. DUBOIS county, Ind. Situate S., and contains 432 sq. m. Drained by E. fork of White, the Patoka, and other streams. Surface generally level in the N. E. rolling; soils of ordi nary fertility, but the bottoms are rich and fertile. Timber abundant. Corn and wheat are the staple products. Farms 794; manuf. 9; dwell. 1,146, and pop. wh. 6,300, fr. col. 21 total 6.321. Capital : Jasper. DUBUQUE county, la. Situate N. E., and contains 576 sq. m. Drained in the N. by Turkey cr., in the centre by Little Macoqueta r., and S. by the N. fork of Macoqueta r., which, with other streams, falls into the Mississippi, which forms its E. border. Surface rough and uneven, but with much fertile land. Galena or lead ore is very abundant throughout the county, and mining forms the great interest of the inhabitants. Farms 755; manuf. 46; dwell. 1,952, and pop. wh. 10,816, fr. col. 25 total 10,841. Capital : Dubuque. Pullio Works: Dubuque and Iowa City R.E., etc. DUBUQUE, p. v., and cap. Dubuque co., la. : on the W. bank of the Mississippi r., 424 m. above St. Louis, and 72m. N. E. by N. Iowa City. It is built on a table area, or ter race, which extends al >ng the r. for several miles, and the streets are laid out at right angles with each other. Du buque was settled by Canadian French as early as 16S6, for the purpose of trading with the Indians. Besides being the great mineral dep6t of the Iowa lead region, it is a place of much traffic, and interchanges largely with the vast in terior, of which it is the chief outlet. Its chief export is lead, which is sent down the river in vast quantities. In the village are several wholesale stores, and one of the largest hotels of the West. The U. S. Land Office for the Northern District of Iowa, and the office of the Surveyor General of Iowa and Wisconsin, are located here. The population is now 4,071, and is rapidly increasing. There are four newspapers published in the village, the Miner s Express" (dem.), the " D. Tribune" (whig), the " D. Tele graph" (whig), and the " Norwestliche Democrat" (Ger man). Lead ore is found in abundance within the corpo rate limits of the village, and for miles around on every side. DUCIIESS county, N. Y. Situate S. E., between Hudson r. and the Connecticut State line ; and contains 765 sq. m. Drained by Ten Mile, Fishkill, Wappenger s, and Crum Elbow creeks and their affluents. Surface diversified, but generally hilly, and intersected by two great longitudinal valleys. Some of the hills rise to the height of 1,700 feet; Old Beacon, near Fishkill landing, 1,471 feet, and the Grand Sachem, or New Beacon, 1,6S5 feet above tide- water. The county abounds in minerals, of which iron, lead, and zinc are the principal. Graphite is obtained near Fishkill, and marble, peat, and marl are found in all parts. Oak, chest nut, and hickory are the principal forest trees. The agri cultural productions, besides the grains, are wool, butter, flax, and potatoes. The county has a large manufacturing interest, including almost every branch, and Poughkeepsie employs several large ships in the whaling business. Farms 3,208 ; manuf. 415 ; dwell. 9,562, and pop. wh. 57,022, fr. col. 1,970 total 58,992. Capital: Poughkeepsie. Public Works : Hudson Eiver E. E. : Harlem E. E. ; Providence, Hartford, and Fishkill E. E., etc. DUCK BRANCH, p. o., Beaufort dist., S. Car. : 114 m. S. by W. Columbia. DUCK CREEK, p. o., Walker co., Ga. : 187 m. N. W. Milledgeville. DUCK CREEK, p. o., Dallas co., Tex. : on a cr. of Bois d Arc fork of Trinity r. so called, 189 m. N. by W. Austin City. DUCK CREEK, p. o., Trumbull co., Ohio : 146 m. N. E. Columbus. DUCK CREEK, hund., Kent co., Del. : between Duck cr. and Little Duck cr., extending from Delaware r. to the W. line of the State, and containing 65.080 acres. Its chief trade is in lumber. It has also several grist and other mills. Pop. 3,973. DUCK EIVER, p. o., Hickman co., Tenn. : on Duck r., 51 m. S. W. Nashville. DUCK SPRING, p. o., De Kalb co., Ala. : 132 m. N. by E. Montgomery. DUDLEY, t. and p. v., Worcester co., Ma$s. : on the W. side of Quinnebaug r., 49 m. S. W. Boston. It is a fine agricultural district, and has a considerable number of man ufactures. Pop. 1,446. DUDLEY, p. v., Polk co., la. : on the S. side of Des Moines r., near the confluence of North r., 98 m. W. by S. Iowa City. DUDLEY, t. and p. v., Hardin co., Ohio: on the Scioto r., 52 m. N. N. W. Columbus. The v. lies on the N. side of the river. Pop. oft. 529. DUDLEYVILLE, p. v., Tallnpoosa co., Ala. : on the E. co. line, and about 4 m. S. of Tallapoosa r., 55 m. N. E. Mont gomery. DUDLYTOWN, p. v.. Jackson co., Ind. : on the W. side of Vernon fork of Muscatatuk r.. 64 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. DUE WEST CORNER, p. v., Abbeville dist., & Car. : 115 m. W. by N. Columbia. A weekly newspaper, the " Erskine Miscellany," is published here, and circulates some 750 copies of each issue. DUFFIELD S, p. o., Charles co., Md. DUFFIELD S, p. o., Jefferson co., Yirg. : 127 m. N. by W. Richmond. The line of the Baltimore and Ohio E. R. strikes this point 6 m. W. of Harper s Ferry. 1C5 DUF DUN DUFF S FORKS, p. v., Fayette co., Ohio: 29 m. S. "W. Columbus. DUGDEMONA, p. v., Jackson par., La. : on the r. so called, 147 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. Dugdemona r. is a consider able stream rising in Bienville and Jackson parishes, and emptying into Catahoula Lake. BUGGER S FERRY, p. o., Carter co., Tenn.: 254 m. E. Nashville. DUG SPUE, p. o., Carroll co., Virg.: 183 m. "W". S. W. Richmond. DUG WAY, p. o., Oswego co., N. Y. : 136 m. N. W. Albany. DUKEDOM, p. o., Graves co., Ky. : 247 m. W. S. "W. Frankfort. DUKE S county, Mass. Situate S. E. in the Atlantic Ocean, and consisting of the islands of Martha s Vineyard, Chap- pequiddie, Elizabeth islands, and No Man s Land the lat ter of which is the S. extremity of the State. These islands lie off and S. of Barnstable co. and Buzzard s Bay, and contain about 120 sq. m. Martha s Vineyard, the Indian Nope or Capawock, is 21 m. long and 6 m. in breadth. A large portion of the co. is woodland, but there is also sufficient grazing and grain land. The exports consist chiefly of wool and salt, with some grain, and many of the inhabitants are engaged in the fisheries and coasting trade. The first settlement of whites in the co. was in 1641 at Edgarton. Farms 265; manuf. 18; dwell. 771, and pop. wh. 4,4S7, fr. col. 53 total 4,540. Capital: Edgartou. DUKES, p. o., Putnam co., Ohio: 93 m. N. W. Columbus. DUMAS, p. v., Tippah county, Miss. : 171 m. N. by E. Jackson. DUMAS STORE, p. o., Kichmond co., W. Oar. : 79 m. S. "W. Ealeigh. DUMBARTON, t. and p. o., Merrimac co., N. ffamp. : 10 m. 5. by W. Concord. Surface elevated, but not hilly ; soils fertile. Drained by several streams of Merrimac r., on which are several mills. DUMBARTON, p. r., Barnwell dist., S. Car. : 66 m. S. "W. Columbia. DUMBARTON, p. v., Adams co., Ohio: on the E. side of Brush cr. of the Ohio r., 72 m. S. by W. Columbus. DUMFRIES, p. v., Prince William co., Virg. : on the N. side of Quantico cr., a tributary of Potomac r., 69 m. N. by E. Kichmond. It is a thriving v., and has several factories and mills. The mouth of Quantico cr., 2i m. below, is the best winter harbor in the Potomac, being seldom obstructed by ice. DUMMER, t. and p. o., Coos co., N. ITamp. : 93 m. N. by W. Concord. Drained by tributaries of Androscog- gin and Connecticut rivers. It is a remote town and thinly settled. Pop. 171. DUMMERSTOWN, t. and p. v., Windham "co., Verm. : on the W. side of Connecticut r., 92 m. S. by E. Montpelier. Drained by West r., which is a fine mill stream. Surface hilly and rough, but adapted for grazing. This is one of the earliest settlements. Fort Dummer was founded in 1625, and is a noted place in the Indian wars. Pop. 1>645. DUMONTVILLE, p. v., Fairfield co., Ohio: 23 m. S. E. Columbus. DUNCAN, p. o., Wood co., Virg. : 253 m. W. N. W. Richmond. DUNCAN, p. v., Cheboygan co. MicJi. : 207 m. N. Lansing. DUNCAN, p. v., Mercer co., Ky. : 23 m. S. Frankfort. DUNCANNON, p. v., Perry co., Penn. : on the line of the Pennsylvania E. E., 16 m. W. Harrisburg. DUNCAN S CREEK, p. o., Cleveland co., N. Car. : on a cr. of First Broad r. so called, 163 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. DUNCAN S FALLS, p. o., Muskingum co., Ohio : on the Muskingum r., 56 m. E. Columbus. There is a dam across the stream at this point which affords a great head of water. DUNCAN S MILLS, p. o., Jasper co., Mo. : 148 m. S. W. Jefferson City. DUNCANSVILLE, p. v., Barnwell dist., 8. Car. : 53 in. 6. by W. Columbia. 1SG DUNCANSVILLE, p. v., Blair co., Penn. : on the line of the Alleghany Portage E. E., 4 m. W. Hollidaysburg, and 141 m. by railroad from Harrisburg. DUNCANTON, p. v., White co., III. : on Eectors fork of Saline cr., 143 m. S. E. Springfield. DUNCANVILLE, p. v., Thomas co., Ga. : on the Thomas- ville and Tallahassee turnpike, 2 m. N. of the Florida State line, and 168 m. S. by W. Milledgeville. The Florida Branch of the Brunswick and Florida E. E. will pasa through this place. DUNDAFF, p. v., Susquehanna co., Penn.: 122 m. N. E. by N. Harrisburg. It has a glass-house, several stores, and 50 or 60 dwellings. Pop. about 300. DUNDAS, p. v., Calumet co., Wise.: 96 m. N. N. E. Madison. DUNDEE, p, v., Kane co., III. : on the W. side of Des Plaines r., about 4 m. N. of Elgin, and 171 m. N. E. Springfield. DUNDEE, t. and p. v., Monroe co., Mich. : watered by Eaisin r., which affords fine mill sites. The v. lies on the N. side of the stream, 18 m. from Lake Erie and 63 m. S. E. Lansing. It is one of the most flourishing villages of the interior, and has numerous mills <fec. Pop. 1,239. DUNDEE, p. v., Yates co., N. Y. : on Big Stream, a creek falling into Seneca Lake, 158 m. W. Albany. It has sev eral important manufactories, as iron foundries, agricultu ral implement factories, etc., and contains about 1,000 inhab itants. A newspaper, the " D. Eecord," is published weekly. DUNDEE, p. v., Tuscarawas co., Ohio: 84 m. E. N. E. Columbus. DUNDERRACH, p. v., Eobeson co., W. Car. : 84 m. S. S.W. Ealeigh. DUNGANON, p. v., Columbiana co., Ohio : on the line of the Beaver Canal, 2 m. E. of Hanover, and 122 E. N. E. Columbus. DUNHAM, p. o., M Henry co., III. : on the E. side of Rush cr. of the N. branch of Kishwaukee r., 194 m. N. N. E. Springfield. DUNKINSVILLE, p. v., Adams co., Ohio : 73 m. S. by W. Columbus. DUNKIRK, p. v., Calvert co., Md. : 39 m. S. by W. Annapolis. DUNKIRK, p. v., Chautauque co., N. Y. : on Lake Erie, 278 m. W. Albany. It is the W. terminus of the New York and Erie E. E., and is intersected by the Buffalo and Stale Line E. E., which forms a link in the line of the Lake Shore E. E. from Buffalo to Monroe. It has rapidly progressed in every branch of industry since the completion of those great works, and is destined to become one of the great ports of the lakes. The harbor has been improved, and affords 12 feet of water on the bar. Steamboats arrive and depart hourly in connection with the railroads, and an extensive commerce is carried on, not only with domestic ports, but also with those of Canada. The " Chautauque Journal" (whig) is published weekly. From Dunkirk to New York City the distance is 469 miles. The harbor, formerly called Chadwick s Bay, is capacious, accessible, secure, and capable of improvement to one of the best upon the lakes. Pop. 3,000. DUNKIRK, t. and p. o., Dane co., Wise. : 14 m. S. E. Madison. The v. is located on the W. side of Catfish r., which drains the t. Pop. 238. DUNKIRK, p. v., Greenville dist., & Car. : 106 m. N. W. by W. Columbia. DUNKLIN county, Mo. Situate between 3G and 36 30 N. lat., and occupying the W. half of the narrow strip pro jecting below the general line of the State into Arkansas, between the Eiver St. FrargMs and the Mississippi Eiver; it contains about 720 sq. m. The greater portion is a swamp, abounding in ponds, lakes, and sluices unfit for cultivation ; but there are some elevated prairies, perhaps to the extent of a fourth of the area of the county, situate principally in the N. W. and S. W. parti. White Water r. has Us course DUN DUX through the swamps, forming swamp islands of various di mensions, etc. No part is fit for human habitation, yet w find that it has charms for some witless souls, as its statistics will show. Farms 76; manuf. 2; dwell. 215, and pop. wh 1,205, fr. col. 11, si. 13 total 1.229. Capital : Chilletecaux (probably the Indian name for chills and cough). DUNLAP, p. o., Hamilton co., Ohio: 102 m. S. "W. Columbus. DUN LAP S PRAIRIE, p. o., Cook co., III. : 166 m. N. E Springfield. DUNLAPSVILLE, p. v., Union co., Ind. : on the W. side of the E. fork of White Water r., 62 m. E. by S. Indianapolis. It contains a Presbyterian church, 3 stores, and 7 mechanic shops. Pop. 225. DUNLAPSVILLE, p. v., Laurens dist., S. Car.: 73 m. W. N. W. Columbia. DUNLEVY, p. v., Warren co., Ohio: 71 m. W. S. W. Columbus. DUNMOKE, p. v., Luzerne co., Penn. : 91 m. N. E. Ilarrisburg. DUNNINGSVILLE, p. v., Washington co., Penn. : 1S7 m. W. Ilarrisburg. DUNNSBTTRGH, p. v., Clinton co., Penn. : on the W. side of the W. branch of Susquehanna r. and opposite the mouth of Bald Eagle cr., 73 m. N. N. W. Ilarrisburg. DUNN S CORNERS, p. o., Kennebec co., Me. : 10 m. from Augusta. DUNNSVILLK p. v., Albany co., N. Y. : 14 m. W. N. W. Albany. DUNNSVILLE, p. v., Essex co., Virg. : about 2 m. W. of Eappahannock r., and 49 m. N. E. Richmond. DUNSTABLE, t. and p. o., Middlesex co., Mass. : on the N. State line, 31 m. N. W. Boston. Drained by Nashua and Salmon rivers ; surface generally level and soils sandy. It has several mills and a sparse population of about 700 souls. Pop. 590. DUNTONSVILLE, p. v., Edgefield dist., S. Car. : 57 m. W. Columbia. Du PAGE county, III. Situate N. E., and contains 342 sq. m. Drained by Du Page r. and other constitutents of Illinois r. Surface prairie and woodland intermingled ; soils of great fertility, producing all the grains, etc. Farms 960 ; manuf. 18 ; dwell. 1,568, and pop. wh. 9,287. fr. col. 8 total 9,290. Capital: Naperville. Public Works: Ga lena and Chicago Union E. E. and Branches; Illinois and Michigan Canal, etc. Du PAGE, p. v., Will co., III. : 154 m. N. N. E. Springfield. DKPLAIN, t. and p. o., Clinton co., Mich.: on Maple r., 22 m. N. by E. Lansing. Pop. 419. DUPLIN county, N. Car. Situate S. E. centrally, and eon- tains 576 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of North-East Cape Fear r., which passes through it. Surface low and level, with frequent swamps and marsh ; soils fertile. Farms 923 ; manuf. 57; dwell. 1,419, and pop. wh. 7,065, fr. col. 342, si. 6,007 total 13,514. Capital: Kenansville. Public Works: Wilmington and WeldonE. E. DI-PONT, p. v., Jefferson co., Ind. : on the line of the Madison and Indianapolis E. E., 14 m. from Madison and 74 m. from Indianapolis. It is a pleasant v., and contains about 60 houses, mostly built since 1S47. DUPREE S OLD STORE, p. o., Charlotte co., Virg. : 73 m. 8. W. by W. Kichmon.l. DUQUESNE, p. v., Alleghany co., Penn. : 162 m. "W. by N. Harris! mrjr. Dro,uoiN, p. o., Perry co., III.: on a branch of Muddy cr., 133 m. S. by E. Springfield. DURAND, p. v., Henry co.. Ohio : 112 m. N, W. Columbus. DUUANGO, p. v., Dubuque co., la. : on Little Makoqueta r., 71 m. N. N. E. Iowa City. DURANTS NECK, p. o., Perquimans co., W. Car. : on the neck of land so called, formed between the Perquimans and Little rivers, and projecting into Albemarle Sound, 130 m. E. by N. Ealeigh. DURBIN S CORNERS, p. o., Williams co., Oltio : 133 m. N. W. Columbus. DURELL, p. v., Bradford co., Penn. : 117 m. N. Ilarrisburg. DURHAM, t. and p. v., Middlesex co., Conn. : 19 m. S. Hartford. Drained by West r., a tributary of the Connec ticut, which affords water-power. Surface uneven; soils fertile. The v. has a pleasant location on West r., near the centre of the town. Pop. 1,065. DURHAM, t. and p. o., Cumberland co., Me. : on the S. W. side of Androscoggin r., 31 m. S. by W. Augusta. It is a fine agricultural t., and has a prosperous river trade. A bridge over the river connects it with the opposite town of Lisbon. Pop. 1,S94. DURHAM, t. and p. v., Strafford co., N. Ilamp. : 32 m. E. by S. Concord. Drained by tributaries of Piscataqua r., which afford water-power. The v. is on Oyster r., which is navigable for small craft. Granite is the chief export. In early times this town was the scene of many Indian barbarities. Pop. 1,49ft. DURHAM, p. v., Hancock co., III.: 94 m. W. N. W. Springfield. DURHAM, t. and p. v., Greene co., N. Y. : 28 m. S. W. Albany. Surface hilly and broken ; soils, clay and gravelly loam. The v. stands on the CatskUl r., and has about 200 inhabitants. Pop. of t.2,600. DURHAM, t. and p. o., Bucks co., Penn. : on the W. side of Delaware r., 92 m. E. by N. Ilarrisburg, and drained by Cooks or Durham cr., which affords water-power. A sin gular and extensive cave is found in the limestone rock of this t., called the Devil s Hole, at the bottom of which is a basin of pure water 20 feet wide, which has a subterranean outlet Pop. about 800. DURHAM CENTRE, p. o., Middlesex co., Conn. : 21 m. S. Hartford. DURHAM S CREEK, p. o., Beaufort co., N. Car. : on a cr. of Pamlico Sound so called, 98 m. E. by S. Ealeigh. DURHAMVILLE, p. v., Oneida co., N. Y.: on both sides of Oneida cr., 106 m. W. N. W. Albany. It is a v. of some 200 inhabitants. DURIIAMVILLE, p. v., Lauderdale co., Tenn. : about 7 m. N. of Big Hatchee r., and near the E. line of the co., 153 m. W. by S. Nashville. DURIIAMVILLE, p. v., Orange co., N. Car.: 42 m. N. W. Ealeigh. DURLOCK, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. : 36 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. DUROC, p. o., Benton co., Mo. : 67 m. W. S. W. Jefferson ty. DURRETSVILLE, p. v., Eichmond co., Virg. : 53 m. E. N. E. Richmond. DUTCH CREEK, p. o., Washington co., la. : on a creek of Skunk r., 33 m. S. W. by S. Iowa City. DUTCH CREEK, p. o., Brown co., Wise. : on the cr. BO called, 122 m. N. N. E. Madison. DUTCH NECK, p. o., Mercer co., W. Jer. DUTCHVILLE, p. v., Granville co., Jf. Car.: 42 m. N. Ealeigh. Pop. 702. DUTOTSBURGH, p. o., Monroe co., Penn. : on the W. side f Delaware r., to the N. of the Water Gap, 106 m. N. E. larrisburg. It contains about 80 inhabitants. DUVAL county, Flor. Situate N. E., and contains 720 q. m. Drained by tributaries of Nassau, St. John s, and t. Mary s rivers. Surface level, covered with pine, and he soils light but fertile, producing cotton and sugar. The lanters have easy access to market through the above- lamed rivers, which are all navigable, and no part of the ounty is more than 20 miles distant from one or the other, "arms 167; manuf. 5; dwell. 451, and pop. wh. 2,338, fr. >l. 95, si. 2,106 total 4,539. Capital: Jacksonville. DUVALL S BLUFF, p. o., Prairie co., Ark. DUXBURY, L and p. o., Plymouth co., Mass. : on Plymouth larbor, 31 m. S. S. E. Boston. Garnet s Point is within the town limits. The soil is sandy, but much of the land is 187 DWI EAR fertile. It has some manufactures and about 2,679 in- habitants. D WIGHT, p. v., Pope co., Ark. : on Illinois cr. of Arkan sas r,, 66 m. N. W. by W. Little Rock. DYCUSBC-RGH, p. v., Crittenden co., Ky. : 192 m. W. by S. Frankfort. DYEK county, Tenn. Situate N. W. on Mississippi r., and drained by Kedfoot, Obion, and Forked Deer rivers; area 840 sq. m. The surface is rolling, well wooded, and the soils fertile. On the Mississippi r., however, are extensive alluvial flats. The grains are the chief products, and some tobacco and cotton nre grown. Farms 515; manuf. 7; dwell 824, and pop. wh. 4,873, fr. col. 10, si. 1,468 total 6,851. Capital : Dyersburg. Public Works : Mobile and Ohio E. E. DYERSBURGII, p. v., and cap. Dyer co., Tenn^: on the N. side of the N. fork of Forked Deer cr., 146 m. W. Nashville. It contains the co. offices and about 140 dwellings. Its trade with the neighborhood is considerable. DYKEMAN S, p. v., Putnam co., N. Y. : 82 m. S. by E. Albany. DYSON S, p. o., Guernsey co., Ohio : 79 m. E. by X. Columbus. E. EAGLE, p. v., La Salle co., III. : on the E. side of, and aoout 2 m. from Vermillion r. of the Illinois, 103 m. N. N. E. Springfield. EAGLE, p. o., "Warren county, Penn, : 163 m. N. W. Harrisburg. EAGLE, t. and p. o., Clinton co., Mich, : 12 m. W. by N. Lansing. Grand r. and its branch, the Looking-glass r., flow through the town, and furnish a vast mill-power. EAGLE, t. and p. v., Wyoming co., N. Y. : 226 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by head waters of Cattaraugus cr., etc. Surface undulating. Soils argillaceous loam, well suited to grass and grain heavily timbered. Pop. 1,881. EAGLE, t. and p. o., Hancock co., Ohio: 78 m. N."W. byN. Columbus. Drained by Eagle and other creeks of Blan- chard s fork of Maumee r. Surface diversified. Soils dark loam, and on the streams well wooded. The creeks afford excellent water-power. Pop. 950. EAGLE BRIDGE, p. o., Washington co., N. Y. : on Hoosic r., 26 m. N. E. Albany. This is a great railroad centre, where the several lines leading N. and S., and E. and W., meet and form junctions. EAGLE CLIFFS, p. o., Monroe co., III. : on the bluffs of the Mississippi r., 6 m. W. by N. Waterloo, and 109 m. S. S. W. Springfield. EAGLE CREEK, p. o., Bradley co., Ark. : on the cr. so called, 82 m. S. E. Little Eock. EAGLE CREEK, p. o., Benton co., Tenn.: on the cr. so called, 69 m. W. Nashville. EAGLE creek, Ind. : a fine mill-stream, rising in Boone co. ; runs S. about 40 m., and empties into White r., 4 m. below Indianapolis. Its Indian name was Lau-a-shinga- paim-honnock, or " Middle of the Valley," so called from the extensive bottoms, sometimes 4 or 5 m. in width, through which it courses. EAGLE EYRY, p. o., Bedford co., Virg. ; 12S m. W. by S. Eichmond. EAGLE FALLS, p. o., Eockingham co., N. Car. : 86 m. N. W. Ealeigh. EAGLE FOUNDRY, p. o., Huntingdon co., Penn. : 62 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. EAGLE FURNACE, p. o., Eoane co., Tenn. : 134 m. E. by S. Nashville. EAGLE GROVE, p. o., Elbert co., Ga. : 74 m. N. N. E. Milledgeville. EAGLE HARBOR, p. v., Orleans county, Jf. T. : 220 m. "W. by N. Albany. It is a considerable village of 700 or 188 800 inhabitants, and lies on the Erie Canal, 57 in. E. of Buffalo. EAGLE HARBOR, p. v., Houghton co., Mich. : on the N. side of Kew-y-wee-non Peninsula, about 15 m. W. of Cop per Harbor, and 860 m. N. W. Lansing. This is a fine harbor opening to Lake Superior, and of late it has become a dep6t for the copper miners of the neighborhood, from which they export their products and receive their sup plies. Quite a village is already planted. EAGLE LAKE, p. o., Oakland co., Mich. : on the borders of the lake so called, 55 m. E. Lansing. EAGLE LAKE, p. o., Colorado co., Tex. : on the E. side of the lake so called, 100 m. E. S. E. Austin City. The lake is situated about 20 m. S. S. E. Columbus, the co. seat. EAGLE MILLS, p. o., Eensselaer co., N. Y. : 26 m. N. E. Albany. EAGLE MILLS, p. o., Iredell co., N. Car. : 122 m. W. Ealeigh. EAGLE POINT, p. o., Ogle county, III. : 160 m. N. by E. Springfield. EAGLE EIVER, p. v., Houghton co., Mich. : about 360 m. N. W. Lansing. The river itself is of trifling dimensions; but it has become the seat of vast mining operations. It empties into Lake Superior, about 8 m.W. of Eagle Harbor. EAGLE EOCK, p. o., Wake co., N. Car. : 12 m. E. Ealeigh. EAGLESMERE, p. o., Sullivan co., Penn. : 81 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. EAGLE TOWN, p. v., Choctaw Nation, Ind. Ter. : on tho W. side of Mountain Fork of Little r., an affluent of Eed r., 153 m. W. by S. Little Eock, Ark. EAGLE TOWN, p. v., Hamilton co., Ind. : on the E. branch of Eagle cr., 21 m. N. by W. Indianapolis. EAGLE VILLAGE, p. v., Boone co., Ind. : on the E. side of Eagle cr., and on the Michigan Eoad, 14 m. N. N. W. Indianapolis. There are several extensive mills on the cr., both above and below the place. Pop. about 200. EAGLE VILLAGE, p. v., Wyoming county, JV. Y. ; 228 m. W. by S. Albany. EAGLEVILLE, p. v., Ashtabula co., Ohio: 162 m. N. E. Columbus, and about 4 m. S. W. of Jefferson, the co. seat EAGLEVILLE, p. v., Williamson county, Tenn.: 27 m. S. Nashville. EAGLEVILLE, p. v., Tolland co., Conn. : on the New Lon don, Willimantic, and Palmer E. E., 22 m. E. Hartford, and 36 m. from New London. EAGLEVILLE, p. v., Waukesha co., Wise. : on the line of the Milwaukie and Mississippi E. E., 49 m. E. S. E. Madi son, and 86 m. from Milwaukie. EARLE S FURNACE, p. o., Cass co., Ga.: 126 m. N. W. Milledgeville. EARLESVILLE, p. v., Spartanburgh dist., Car. : 82 m. N. N. W. Columbia. EARLVILLE, p. v., La Salle co., III.: on the highland between Big and Little Indian creeks of Fox r., 3 m. from the N. co. line, and 133 m. N. N. E. Springfield. EARLVILLE, p. v., Madison co., N. Y. : 76 m. W. Albany, and on the Chenango Eiver and Canal, 36 m. from Utica, and 41 from Binghampton. It is a thriving place, has sev eral warehouses and stores, and about 260 inhabitants. EARLVILLE, p. v., Berks co., Penn. : 63 m. E. Harrisburg. EARLY county, Ga. Situate S. W., and contains S64 sq. m. Drained in the E. by Spring cr. of Flint r., and in the W. by cr. of Chattahoochee r., which runs along its W. border. Surface level and soils generally fertile, producing large crops of Indian corn and cotton, with some rice, sugar, etc. Farms 367 ; manuf. 11 ; dwell. 656, and pop. wh. 3,716, fr. col. 1, si. 3,529 total 7,246. Capitol : Blakely. EARLY GROVE, p. o., Marshall co., Miss. : 171 m. N. by E. Jackson. EARLY GROVE, p. o., Lincoln co., N. Car. : 142 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. EARLYSVILLE, p. v., Albemarle co., Virg. : 69 m.W. N.W. Eichmond. EAH EAS LIS, p> v., Upshur co., Tea*. : 252 m. N. E. Austin. EAST ABINGDON, p. v., Plymouth co., Mass. ; on Pem broke cr. of North r., 18 m. S. S. E. Boston* EAST ALTON, p. v., Belknap co., Jf. Ifamp. ; 23 m, N. E, Concord. EAST ANDOVEE. p. V., Merrimac co., & flump. : on the line of the Northern E. K., 25 m. N. N, "W. Concord. EAST AUBURN, p. v., Cumberland co., Me, : on the "W. side of Androscoggin r., 27 m. S. W. Augusta. EAST AURORA, p. v., Erie co., N. Y. : 243 m. W. Albany. Situated on a branch of Buffalo creek. EAST AVON, p. v., Livingston co., N. Y. : 196 m. W. Al bany. On the line of the Buffalo, Corning, and New York E. E., and about 2 m. E. of Avon Springs. It is a v. of some 400 inhabitants, and is surrounded by a highly-culti vated and thickly-settled country. EAST BALDWIN, p. v., Cumberland co., Me. : on the E. side of Saco r., 63 m. S. "VV. Augusta. EasT BARNARD, p. v., "Windsor C0i, Verm. ; 83 m. S. Montpelier. EAST BAKRE, p. v., Huntingdon co., Penn. : 59 m. W. N.W, Harrisburg. EAST BEND, p. o., Surrey co., 2f. Car. : 112 m. "W". by N. Ealeigh. EAST BEROEN, p. v., Genesee co., N. Y. : on the Buffalo and Eochester E. E., 59 m. from Buffalo, and 269 m. from Albany. EAST BERKSHIRE, p. v., Franklin co., Verm. : on the N. W. side of Missisqui r., 51 m. N. by W. Monfpelier. EAST BERLIN, p. v., St Clair co., Mich. : 84 m. E. by N. Lansing. EAST BERLIN, p, v., Adams co., Penn.: 25 m. S. "W. Harrisburg. EAST BERNE, p. v., Albany co., N. Y. ; 16 m. "W". Albany. EAST BETHANY, p. v., Genesee co., N. Y. : 218 m. W. Albany. EAST BETHEL, p. v., Oxford co., Me. : on the N. side of Alder cr., an affluent of Androscoggin r., 46 m. W. Augusta, and, by the Atlantic and St. Lawrence E. E., 68 m. from Portland. EAST BETHEL, p. v., Windsor county, Verm. : 29 m. S. Montpelier. EAST BETHLEHEM, t. and p. o., "Washington co., Penn. : 168 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. Monongahela r. and its trib utary, Ten Mile cr., makes its boundary S. and E. There are several villages in the town. The surface is hilly, and the soil a rich loam. It has several factories, mills, and distillerk s, and is crossed by the National Eoad. EAST BLOOMFIELD, t. and p. v., Ontario co., JV. Y. : 184 m. "W. Albany. Drained by Mud cr. Surface undulating: soil clay and sandy loam. The v. on the W. side of the cr. has several stores and about 450 inhabitants. Pop. of t. about 2,262. EAST BOSTON, p. o., Suffolk co., Mass. : (See BOSTON.) EAST BREWER, p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : about 1 m. E. Bangor, and 71 m. E. N. E. Augusta. EAST BEEWSTER, p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : 79 m. S. E. Boston. EAST BRIDGE-WATER, t. and p. v., Plymouth co., Mass. : 22 m. S. Boston. Drained by a branch of Taunton r., which furnishes water-power. P. 2,545. It has several large fac tories, mills, and mechanic shops ; and is connected with Boston by the Bridgewater Branch and the Old Colony E. E. EAST BROOK, p. o., Lawrence co., Penn. : 182 m. W. N.W. Harrisburg. EAST BROOKFIELD, p. v., "Worcester co., Mass.: on the Western E. E., 53 m. W. by S. Boston. EAST BROOKFIELD, p. v., Orange co., Verm. : on a branch of White river. EAST BUIIKE, p. v., Caledonia co., Verm. : on a cr. of Passumsic r., 44 m. N. E. Montpelier. EAST BURNHAM, p. v., Waldo co., Me. : on the N. E. side of a small lake, 34 m. N. E. Augusta. EAST CALAIS, p. v., Washington co., Verm. : 13 m. N. E. Montpelier. EAST CAMBRIDGE, p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : in the metropolitan district of Boston, and on the line of the Bos ton and Lowell E. E. It Is connected with Boston by Canal Bridge, and by the viaduct of the Boston and Lowell E. E. over Charles river. It contains a court-house, jail, and is a large and nourishing village* The former name of the place was Lechmere Point. EAST CAMERON, p. v., Steuben co., N. Y. ; 184 m. W. by S. Albany. EAST CANAAN, p. v., Grafton co., Jf t Ilamp. : 89 m. N. W. by N. Concord. EAST CANAAN, p. v., Litchfleld co., Conn, : 86 m. W. N.W. Hartford. EAST CANISTEO, p. v,, Steuben co., N. Y. : 192 m. W. by S. Albany. The v. lies on the Canisteo r., and the New York and Erie E. E., 337 m. from New York City, and 132 from Dunkirk, now called Adrian. EAST CARLETON, p. v., Orleans co., If. Y, ; 228 m.W. by N. Albany. Situate on a branch of Oak-Orchard creek. EAST CENTREVILLE, p. v., Indiana co., Penn. : 123 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. EAST CHARLEMONT, p. v., Franklin co., Mans. : on the N. side of Deerfleld r., and on the line of the Greenfield and North Adams E. E., 92 m. W. by N. Boston. EAST CHARLESTON, p. v., Orleans co., Verm, : on the N. side of Clyde r. of Lake Memphremagog, a few m. W. of the outlet of Seymour Lake, 51 m. N. N. E. Montpelier. The line of railroad projected from Eouse s Point to the Atlantic and St. Lawrence E. E. will intersect the village. EAST CHATHAM, p. v., Columbia co., JV. Y. : 19 m. S. E. Albany. The Albany and West Stockbridge (western) E. E., and the Hudson and Berkshire E. E. intersect here. EAST CHESTER, p. v., Eockingham co., N. Ilamp. : 23 m. S. S. E. Concord. EAST CHESTER, t. and p. v., Westchester co., N. Y. : 114 m. S. Albany. Drained by Bronx and Hutchinson creeks, affluents of Long Island Sound. Surface hilly and stony. Soil a fertile loam. The v., on the E. side of East Chester cr., has a convenient harbor, and owns several sloops em ployed in trading with New York. The Harlem E. E., and the New York and New Haven E. E. pass through the town about 16 m. from New York. There are in the town 91 farms, 7 manufacturing establishments, 268 dwellings, and 1,679 inhabitants. EAST CHINA, p. v., Wyoming county, W. Y. : 228 m. W. Albany. EAST CLARENDON, p. v., Eutland co., Verm. : 54 m. S. by W. Montpelier. EAST CLARIDON, p. o., Geauga co., Ohio : on the E. branch of Cuyahoga r., 141 m. N..E. Columbus. EAST CLARKSFIELD, Huron co., Ohio : on the right side of Vermillion r. of Lake Erie, 189 m. N. N. E. Columbus. EAST CLARKSON, p. o., Monroe co., N. Y. : 212 m.W. by N. Albany. EAST CLEVELAND, p. v., Cuyahoga co., Ohio: about 4 m. E. by S. Cleveland, and 124 m. N. E. Columbus. EAST COBBLESKILL, p. v., Schoharie co., F. Y. : 33 m.W. Albany. Situated on the S. side of Cobbleskill cr. EAST CONSTABLE, p. o., Franklin co., JV. Y. : 154 m. N. by W. Albany. EAST CORINTH, Penobscot co., Me. : on a cr. of Kendus- keag r. of the Penobscot, 63 m. N. E. Augusta. EAST CORINTH, p. v., Orange co., Verm. : on Wait s r. of the Connecticut, 22 m. S. E. Montpelier. EAST CRAFTSBURY, p. v., Orleans county, Verm. : 31 m. N. N. E. Montpelier. EAST CREEK, p. o., Cape May co., JV: Jer. : 79 m. S. by E. Trenton. EAST CUTCIIOGUE, p. v., Suffolk co., N. Y. : near the line of the Long Island E. E., 6 m. W. of Greenport, and 129 m. S. E. by S. Albany. ISO EAS EAS EAST DAMIS, p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : 66 m. S. E. Boston. EAST DIXFIELD, p. v., Oxford co., Me. : 31 m. E. by N. Augusta. EAST DIXMONT, p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : 44 m. N. E. Augusta. EAST DOKSET, p. v., Bennington co., Verm : on the line of the Western Vermont E. E., 74 m. S. by W. Montpelier. EAST DOUGLASS, p. v., Worcester co., Mass.: on Mum- ford r., an affluent of Blackstone r., 38 m. S.W. Boston. EAST DOVER, p. o., Piseataquis co., Me. : 71 m. N. N. E. Augusta. EAST DUANESBURGH, p. o., Schenectady co., Jf. Y. : 21 m. W. N. W. Albany. EAST DURHAM, p. o., Greene co., N. Y. : 26 m. S. W. Albany. EAST EDDINGTON, p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : 72 m. N. E. Augusta. EAST EDEN, p. o., Erie co., N. Y. : 256 m. W. Albany. EAST ELLIOTT, p." v., York co., Me. : on the line of the Portsmouth, Saco, and Portland E. E., 99 m. S. S. "W. Augusta. EAST EVANS, p. o., Erie co., N. Y. : 263 m.W. Albany. EAST EXETEE, p. v., Monroe co., Mich. : on Stony cr. of Lake Erie, 73 m. S. E. Lansing. EAST EAIRFIELD, p. v., Columbiana co., OMo : 136 m. E. N. E. Columbus. EAST F AIRFIELD, p. v., Franklin co., Verm. : on an afflu ence of Missisqui r., 41 N. N. W. Montpelier. EAST FALMOUTII, p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : at the head of an inlet of Vineyard Sound, 61 m. S. S. E. Boston. EAST FISHKILL, t., Duchess co., N. Y. : 72 m. S. Albany. Drained by Fishkill cr. Surface hilly in S. ; in N. declining to plains. The t. contains 210 farms, 13 manufacturing establishments, 441 dwellings, and 2,610 inhabitants. EAST FLOREKCK, p. o., Oueida co., A 7 ". Y. : 108 m.W. N. W. Albany. EASTFORD, t. and p. v., Windham co., Conn. : 31 m. E. by N. Hartford. Drained by Natchaug r., a tributary of Willimantic r. The v. is located between the forks of the r.. and has several manufactures. Pop. 1 128. EAST FORK, p. o., Montgomery co., 111. : on the E. fork of Shoal cr., an affluent of the Kaskaskia r., 47 m. S. S. E. Springfield. EAST FORK, p. o., Macon co., Mo. : on the E. fork of Chariton r., 89 m. N. by W. Jefferson City. EAST FOXBOROUGH, p. v., Norfolk co., Mass. : near the line of the Boston and Providence E. E., 23 m. S. by W. Boston. EAST FRANKLIN, p. v., Franklin co., Verm. : 54 m. N. by W. Montpelier. EAST FREEDOM, p. o., Blair co., Penn. : 84 m. W. by N. Ilarrisburg. EAST FREETOWN, p. o., Cortlandt county, N. Y. : 114 m. W. by S. Albany. EAST GAINES, p. o,, Orleans co., N. Y. : 228 m. W. by N. Albany. EAST GAINESVILLE, p. o., Wyoming co., N. Y. : 218 m. W. Albany. EAST GALWAY, p. o., Saratoga co., N. Y. : 27 m. N. N.W. Albany. EAST GENOA, p. v., Cayuga county, A T . Y. : 137 m. W. Albany. EAST GEORGIA, p. v., Franklin co., Verm. : on the line of the Vermont Central E. E., 48 m. N. W. Montpelier. EAST GERMAN, p. o., Chenango co., A 7 ". Y. : 100 m.W. by S. Albany. EAST GERMANTOWN, p. v., Wayne co., Ind. : 56 m. E. Indianapolis. EAST GLENVILLE, p. o., Schenectady co., 2f. Y. : 19 m. N. W. Albany. EAST GRAFTON, p. o., Eensselaer co., N. Y. : 21 m. N. E. Albany. 190 EAST GRANBY, p. v., Hartford county, Conn. : 14 m. N. Hartford. EAST GRANVTLLE, p.v., Hampden co., Mass. : on an afflu ent of Westfleld r., 98 m. W. by S. Boston. EAST GREENBUSH, p. v., Eensselaer county, JV: Y. : 6 m. E. by S. Albany. It contains about 30 dwellings. EAST GREENE, p. o., Chenango co., W. Y. : 99 m.W. S.W. Albany. EAST GREENVILLE, p. v., Stark co., Ohio : 100 m. N. E. Columbus. EAST GREENWICH, p. o., Washington co., W. Y. : 34 m. S. N. E. Albany. EAST GREENWICH, t., p. v., and cap. Kent co., It. I. : 12 m. S. Providence. Drained by Maskachug and Hunt s rivers, on which are numerous cotton and other manufac tories. Surface rather rough and stony. Soils comparatively fertile, yielding good crops of corn, barley, and potatoes. The t. is also noted for its excellent fruit and cider. The harbor in front of the v., an arm of Narraganset Bay, is deep enough for vessels of 500 tons. A number of vessels are owned here, and the coasting trade and fisheries give em ployment to many of the inhabitants. Across the bay to Bristol is about 8 miles. The village is intersected by the Stonington and Providence E. E. Pop. of t. 2,358. EAST GROVE, p. o., Henry co., la. : 52 m. S. Iowa City. EAST GROVELAND, p. o., Livingston co., 2f. Y. : 197 m, W. Albany. EAST GUILFOKD, p. v., Chenango county, N. Y. : 84 m. W. by S. Albany. Situate on the W. side of Unadilla cr., and contains about 30 dwellings. EAST HADDAM, t. and p. v., Middlesex co., Conn. : 27 m. S. S. E. Hartford. Drained by tributaries of Connecticut r., which makes its W. border. Surface uneven and rocky. Soil fertile, and adapted to grazing. The v. of East Had- dam lies on the E. bank of the Connecticut, a little below the mouth of Salmon r., 14 m. from Long Island Sound. It is a thriving place, with a bank, etc. In the t. there are several other manufacturing villages on Salmon r. and its tributary, Moodus r. Pop. of t. 2,610. EASTHAM, t. and p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : 67 m. S. E. Boston. Situate on Cape Cod, about half way between the elbow and the Cape. Surface flat. Soil sandy and sterile. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in coasting and the fisheries, and in the manufacture of salt, which is produced by the evaporation of sea-water. Pop. 845. EAST HAMBURGH, p. o., Erie co, & Y. : 249 m. W. Albany. EAST HAMILTON, p. o., Madison county, N. Y. : 82 m. W. by N. Albany. EAST HAMPDEN, p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : on the W. side of Penobscot r., immediately below the confluence of Sowadabscook r., 59 m. N. E. Augusta. EAST HAMPTON, p. v., Middlesex co., Conn.: on Pine Brook, the outlet of Pocotopogue Pond, 17 m. S. S. E. Hartford. The New York and Boston E. E. (direct line) will pass through the village. EAST HAMPTON LAKE, p. o., Middlesex co., Conn. : 15 m. S. S. E. Hartford. EAST HAMPTON, t. and p. v., Hampshire co., Mass. : 98 m. W. by S. Boston. Drained by several tributaries of Connecticut r. Surface variegated, and soils alluvial and very productive. The v. is pleasantly situate on a fine mill- stream, and has several factories of cotton goods, boots and shoes, etc. Mt. Tom lies between this t. and the Connec ticut r. The line of the abandoned Hampshire and Ilamp- den Canal passes through the t., and will be probably filled up and used as the bed of the New Haven and Northamp ton E. E. Pop. 1,342. EAST HAMPTON, t. and p. v., Suffolk co., N. Y. : 133 m. S. E. Albany. Occupies the extreme E. peninsula of Long Island, and includes Gardiner s and other small islands. Surface level; soil, sandy alluvion. Toward Montauk Point the land is rugged. On this noted point there is a EAS EAS light-house 140 feet high, the light of which can be seen 30 m. from sea. A remnant of the Montauk Indians re- Bide here on a conditional reservation of 1,000 acres. The v. lies on a single street and contains about 400 inhabitants. There are in the t. 168 farms, 2 manufacturing establish ments, 423 dwellings, and 2,122 inhabitants. EAST HANOVER, t. and p. o., Lebanon co., Penn. : 21 m. E. Ilarrisburg. It lies between the Blue Mountains and Swatara cr., which gives it considerable water-power. It has several mills, etc., and about 2,600 inhabitants. EAST HARDWICK, p. v., Caledonia co., Verm. : on La Moille r., 24 m. N. E. by N. Montpelier. EAST HARTFORD, t. and p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : on the E. side of Connecticut r., opposite to Hartford, with Which it is connected by a bridge, and the Providence, Hartford, and Fishkill It. E. here crosses the r. The t is drained chiefly by Ilockanum r., which falls into the Con necticut, and affords extensive water-power. The land on the Connecticut is an alluvial meadow, very fertile ; back of this it rises 15 or 20 feet to an extensive plain, and a causeway a mile long extends across the meadows to the bridge. The v. is pleasantly located on the plain, mostly on one broad street, shaded by lofty elms and other trees, the former in rows down the middle and the latter on its sides. East Hartford has long been noted for its manufac tures and has still a considerable amount. The first powder- mill in the country was erected here in 1 775. The present population of the t. amounts to 2,497 souls. EAST HARWICH, p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : 72 m. S. E. Boston. EAST HAVEN, t. and p. v., New Haven co., Conn. : on the E. side of New Haven Harbor, and on Long Island Sound, 87 m. S. by W. Hartford ; and separated from New Haven by Quinnipiac r.,over which there are bridges and railroad viaducts. Farm r. also runs through the town. The sur face is generally level, and the soil light and sandy or sandy loam to the E., however, it is hilly, and the soil a gravelly loam. The v, is pleasantly located and commands a fine prospect of Long Island Sound. It has some trade, and many of the inhabitants are engaged in coasting and fish ing. The New Haven and New London E. K. passes through it. Population of the t. 1,673. A light-house stands on Five Mile Point, the E. side of the entrance to the harbor. EAST HAVEN, t. and p. o., Essex co., Verm. : 46 m. N. E. by E. Montpelier. Drained by Paul s stream on the E., and on the W. by Passumsic r. Surface mountainous and rugged, and but a small portion fit for cultivation. It is very sparsely settled. Pop. 94. EAST HAVERIIILL, p. v., Essex co., Mass. : on the N. side of Merrimac r., 32 m. N. Boston. EAST HAVERIIILL, p. v., Grafton co., N. Hamp. : 13 m. N. N. W. Concord. EAST HEBRON, p. v., Oxford co., Me. : on a cr. of Little Androscoggin r., and on the line of the Buckfield Branch E. E., 31 m. W. S. W. Augusta. EAST HEMPFIELD, t. and p. o., Lancaster co., Penn. : 32 m. E. S. E. Ilarrisburg. Drained by Little Conestoga r. Surface generally level, and soils fertile. There are several distilleries, mills, etc., in the town, and about 1,800 inhabit ants. The Lancaster and Ilarrisburg E. It. passes through it, 5 m. W. Lancaster. EAST HERRICK, p. o., Bradford co., Penn.: 108 m. N. by E. Ilarrisburg. EAST HIGHGATE, p. v., Franklin co., Verm.: on the N. side of Missisqui r., 52 m. N. N. W. Montpelier. EAST HILL, p. v., Alleghany co., JV. Y. : 203 m.W. Albany. EAST HOMER, p. o., Cortlandt co., N. Y.: 117 m. W. Albany. EAST HOUNDSFIELD, p. o., Jefferson co., N. Y. : 143 m. N. W. Albany. EAST JAFFREY, p. v., Cheshire co., W. Hamp. : 36 m. S. W. Concord. EAST JAVA, p. o., Wyoming co., N. Y.: 226 m. "W. Albany. EAST KENT, p. o., Litchfield co., Conn. : 41 m. W. by S. Hartford. EAST KILL, p. o., Greene co., 2f. Y. : 40 m. S. S. W. Albany. EAST KILLINGLY, p. v., Windham co., Conn. : 46 m. E. Hartford* EAbT KINGSTON, t. and p. v., Eockingham co., N. Hamp. : 37 m. S. E. Concord. Drained by Pow-wow r. Soils fer tile. It has several mills, tanneries, etc. The T. is located on the Boston and Maine E. It. Pop. oft. 532. EAST KNOX, p. o., Waldo co., Me.: 29 in. E. N. E. Augusta. EAST KOY, p. o., Wyoming co., N. Y. : on East Koy cr., 218 m. W. Albany. The creek rises in Genesee co., and in Alleghany co. unites with West Koy cr., whence it flows into Genesee r. It is a good mill stream. EAST LANDAFF, p. o., Grafton co., N. Hamp. : at the S. base of Landaff Mountain, 94 m. N. by W. Concord. The finest of iron ore abounds in this vicinity. EAST LANSING, p. o., Tompkins co., Jf. Y. : 136 m. W. by S. Albany. EAST LA PORTE, p. o., Hay wood co., JW. Car. : 246 m. W. Ealeigh. EAST LEBANON, p. v., Grafton co., Jf. Hamp.: at the N. end of Mascoma Pond, 46 m. N. W. Concord. The Northern (N. II.) E. E. intersects the v., 61 m. by the route from Concord. EAST LEE, p. o., Berkshire co., Mass. : 113 m. W. Boston. EAST LEMPSTER, p. o., Sullivan co., N. Hamp. : 31 m. W. Concord. EAST LEON, p. o., Cattaraugus co., N. Y. : 264 m. W. by S. Albany. EAST LEVTISTON, p. o., Mahoning co., Ohio : 137 m. N. E. Columbus. EAST LEXINGTON, p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : 9 m. N.W. Boston. The Lexington and West Cambridge E. E. passes through the village. EAST LIBERTY, p. o., Logan co., Ohio: 46 m. N. W. Columbus. EAST LIBERTY, p. v., Allen co., Incl. : 104 m. N. E. Indianapolis. EAST LIBERTY, v., Alleghany co., Penn. : on the Penn sylvania E. E., 5 m. E. Pittsburg. It is a thriving place of some 600 inhabitants. EAST LIBERTY, p. v., Fayette co., Penn. : on the S. W. side of YoucVogeny r., 152 m. W. by F. Tlarrisburg. EAST LiiiiAGTON, p. o., York co., Ale. : 63 m. S. W. Augusta. EAST LINE, p. v., Saratoga co., N . Y. : 19 m. N. by W. Albany. EAST LIVERMORE, t. and p. v., Kennebec co., Me.: on the left bank of Androscoggin r., 21 m. W. by N. Augusta. The Androscoggin E. E. passes through the v., about 16 m. from Leeds Station, its point of connection with the Androscoggin and Kennebec E. E. Pop. of t. 892. EAST LIVERPOOL, p. v., Columbiana co., Ohio : near the right bank of the Ohio r., 134 m. E. N. E. Columbus. It is a well laid-out village, and contains several large ware houses, etc., being the principal depot of the flour from the numerous flouring-mills on Little Beaver r. The location is one of the pleasantest in the State the land rises from the river, affording commanding sites in the more elevated parts. EAST LONG MEADOW, p. v., Hampden co., Mass. : 79 m. W. S. W. Boston. EAST LYMAN, p. v., Grafton county, & Hamp. : 77 m. W. N. W. Concord. EAST LYME, t. and p. v., New London co., Con n : 38 m. S. E. Hartford. It has a number of creeks falling into Long Island Sound, and on its E. border is a deep inlet much frequented by fishermen, and in which large num- 191 EA3 EAS bers of fish are taken. The v. lies about 6 m. N. W. of New London, and is pleasantly situated on high land over looking the sound. The t. is crossed in the S. by the New Haven and New London E. E. Pop. 1,332. EAST MACPONOUGII, p. o., Chenango co., JVI Y. : 98 m "W. by S. Albany. EAST MACHIAS, t. and p. v., "Washington co., Me. : 121 m E. N. E. Augusta. Drained by East Machias r., which after receiving the waters of a large pond from the E. falls into Machias r. and bay, at the S. extremity of the t. These afford immense water-power. The village, or set tlement, lies on both sides of the river, and has severa mills both above and below it. Pop. of 1 1,382. EAST MADISON, p. v., Somerset co,, Me. : at the outlet of a large pond, 36 m. N. Augusta. It has several mills and about SO inhabitants. EAST MAINE, p. o., Broome co., 2T. Y. : 118 m. "W. S. "W. Albany. EASTMANSVILLE, p. v., Fulton co., & Y. : 41 m. N. W. Albany. EAST MARION, p. o., Suffolk co., Ni Y. EAST MARION, p. v., Livingston co., Mich. : 34 m. E. S. E. Lansing. EAST MARSHFIELD, p. v., Plymouth co., Mass.: 18 m. 8. E. Boston. It is pleasantly located about a mile back from South river. EAST MEDWAY, p. v., Norfolk co., Mass.: 20 m. S. W. Boston. The projected New York and Boston E. E. will pass through the village. EAST MIDDLEBOEOUGH, p. v., Plymouth co., Mass. : 34 m. 8. by E, Boston. EAST MIDULEBUEY, p. v., Addison co. Verm. : 30 m. 8. W. Montpelier. EAST MONMOUTH, p. v., Kennebec co., Me. : 13 m. S. "W. Augusta. EAST MONROE, p. v., Highland co., Ohio : on the "W. side of Eattlesnake cr., a constituent of Paint cr., 51 m. S.W. by S. Columbus. EAST MONTPELIER, t. and p. v., "Washington co., Verm. : 6 in. E. by N. Montpelier. The v. is located on Onion r., by which the surface of the t. is drained. It is a fine agricultural region. Pop. 1,447. EAST MONTVILLE, p. v., "Waldo co., Me. : 30 m. E. N. E. Augusta. EAST MORICHES, p. v., Suffolk co., K Y. : 132 m. S. S. E. Albany and about 62 m. E. New York, on the S. side of Long Island. EAST MOULTONBOROUGH, p. v., Carroll co., N. Jlamp. : 39 m. N. by E. Concord. EAST NASSAU, p. o., Eensselaer co., N. Y. : 17 m. S. E. Albany. EAST NEW MARKET, p. v., Dorchester co., Md. : about 3 m. E. of Choptank r., 39 m. S. E. Annapolis. EAST NEWPORT, p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : on a cr. of Sebasticook r., 53 m. N. E. Augusta. EAST NEW PORTLAND, p. v., Somerset co., Me. : on Seven Mile Brook of Kennebec r., 42 m. N. N. W. Augusta. EAST NEW SHARON, p. v., Kennebec co., Me. : 23 m. N. N. W. Augusta. EAST NEW VINEYARD, p. y., Franklin co., Me. : 35 m. N. N. W. Augusta. EAST NEW YORK, p. v., Kings co., 2f. Y. : 5 m. from New York and 130 m. S. Albany. This is a pleasant v., located on the line of the Long Island E. E., and has within the past year or two been rapidly increased by the over flowing; population of the adjoining cities. It has several promising manufacturing establishments. EAST NORTHPORT, p. v., Waldo co., Me. : on Belfast Bay, 42 m. E. Augusta. EAST NORTHWOOD, p. v., Eockingham co., 2f. Ramp. : 17 m. E. by S. Concord. EAST NORTH YARMOUTH, p. v., Cumberland co., Me. : 40 m. S. by W. Augusta. 192 EAST NORWICH, p. v., Queen s co., N. Y.: 126 m. S. Albany. EAST OGDEN, p. v., Lenawee co., Mich. : 71 m. S. S. E. Lansing. EASTON, t. and p. o., Fail-field co., Conn. : 51 m. S. "W. by S. Hartford. Drained by Saugatuck and Mill rivers, which run to Long Island Sound. It is entirely agricultural in its industry. Pop. 1,432. EASTON, p. v., and cap. Talbot co., Md. : on Treadhaven cr., 12 m. from its confluence with the estuary of Choptank r., 27 m. E. S. E. Annapolis. Lat. 36 46 10" N., and long. 76 08 W. It is the largest and most populous v. of the eastern shore, and a place of considerable trade. It contains a C. H., a jail, a market-house, and 4 church edi fices ; and it has two newspapers, the " E. Gazette 5 (whig) and the "E. Star" (dem.), both issued weekly. Pop. 1,413. EASTON, t. and p. v., Bristol co., Mass. : 24 m. S. Boston. Drained by affluents of Taunton r., on which are numer ous establishments for cotton, wool, and iron manufactures. It is one of the most busy manufacturing towns in the State. The v. lies a little eastward of the centre of thet. P. 2,337. EASTON, t. and p. v., Washington co., N. Y. : 24 m. N. by E. Albany. Drained by Battenkill and other creeks of Hudson r., which bounds it on the W. Surface diver sified; soil, sandy and clayey loam. The v. lies on the Troy and Whitehall turnpike, and contains between 300 and 400 inhabitants. The t. has a pop. of 3,225. EASTON, p. v., Wayne co., Ohio: 79 m. N. E. Columbus. EASTON, p. b., and cap. Northampton co., Penn. : on the W. side of Delaware r., where it receives the Lchigh r., 93 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. It is built on a point of land formed by the Delaware and Lehigh rirers and Bushkill cr. The streets are laid out along the cardinal points, crossing each other at right angles, and forming in the centre of the borough a square area, on which stands the court-house. The part of the v. on the Delaware is level, but consider ably elevated above the river, and the ground rises grad ually toward the W., to a considerable height. There are fine bridges and viaducts over all the streams above- mentioned. Easton is the entrep&t of a vast internal commerce be tween the coal and iron fields of Pennsylvania and the Eastern markets, and will in time become an important point in the line of travel from East to West, being situated at the most eligible pass between the two sections. Already it is the terminus of several lines of railroad and of three canals, viz., the Morris Canal, the Lehigh Canal, and the Delaware Canal. Here terminates the New Jersey Central E. E., and also railroads coming from the western borders of Pennsylvania on Lake Erie, and from Pittsburg ; and others are projected to Lake Ontario. The distance from New York to Erie via Easton, when the lines contemplated are completed, will be 462 miles and to Pittsburg 423. As a business place Easton is one of the most prosperous towns of Pennsylvania. It will give some idea of the magnitude of its various interests, to state that there are within a radius of 3 miles of the place, 18 merchant and ;rist-mills, 6 saw-mills, 3 oil-mills, 3 tanneries, 5 founderies, 7 distilleries, 1 planing-mill and wire factory, 3 large blast iirnaces, 2 cotton factories, and other smaller factories, all n full operation. At South Easton there is a vast water- jower, sufficient for a great increase of manufactures ; be sides which the Lehigh r. has a fall of 200 feet between the Lehigh Water Gap and Easton, a distance of 25 miles, which would afford any additional water-power required. The surrounding country is remarkable for the exquisite >eauty of its natural scenery and its uncommon healthiness, as well as for its exceeding fertility and great advantages for manufactures, trade, and business. The excess of flour ver and above the home consumption that is annually sent to market from Easton and its vicinity, exceeds 110,000 bar rels, and 50,000 barrels of corn meal. At Easton alone during 1851, there were manufactured 90,000 barrels of EAS EAS flour, 14,000 barrels of whiskey, 3,000 tons of pig metal, and 600 tons refined iron. Immense deposits of the finest kinds of iron ore have been found in the vicinity, and no section of the United States is more favorably adapted to the successful manufacture of iron. In short, the position and resources of Easton are so favorable, and its growth so rapid, that nothing but the opening of the lines of railroad now projected is wanting to enable it to take a position among the most prosperous of our inland cities. The borough is well supplied with the means of educa tion and religious instruction. It has numerous Sabbath- echools and churches, and several primary and public schools, academies, etc. ; and here is located Lafayette Col lege, one of the best institutions of the State manual labor forming a branch of its curriculum. This institution was founded in 1832 ; in 1S50 it had a president, 7 professors, and 82 students ; its alumni counted 101, of which 30 were in the ministry, and its library contained 5,000 volumes. The press of Easton consists of 8 weekly newspapers, viz., the " Northampton Correspondent" (dem.), " Der Democrat" (Germ, dem.), the " E. Whig," the " E. Sentinel"(dem.), the " Independent Democrat," the " Eastonian" (whig), the "Northampton Courier" (dem.), and the "Democrat and Argus" (dem.) all issued weekly. The population of Easton in 1S20 was 2,370 ; in 1830, 3,529 ; in 14SO, 4,865, and in 1850. EAST ORANGE, p. o., Delaware co., Ohio : on Alum cr., 15 m. N. Columbus. EAST GRANGE, p. v., Orange co., Verm. : 15 m. E. S. E. Montpelier. EAST ORANGEVILLE, p. o., Wyoming co., M Y, : 218 m. W. Albany. EAST ORLEANS, p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : 73 m. S. E. Boston. EAST ORRINGTON, p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : 63 m. E. N. K Augusta. EAST OTTO, p. o., Cattaraugus co., N. T. : 248 m. W. by S. Albany. EAST PAINTED POST, p. o., Stenbcn co., N. T. : 166 m. W. S. W. Albany. By the Erie E. E. 298 m. from New York City. EAST PALESTINE, p. v., Columbiana co., Ohio: 138 m. E. N. E. Columbus. EAST PALMYRA, p. o., Wayne co., N. Y. : 168 m.W. by N. Albany. EAST PARISH, p. o., Oswego co., 2f. Y. : 122 m. W. N. W. Albany. EAST PARSONFIELD, p. v., York co., Me. : 72 m. S. W. Augusta. EAST PEMBROKE, p. v., Genesee co., 2f. Y. : 226 m. W. Albany. The Buffalo and Eochester E. E. and the Canan- daigua E. E. pass the village. EAST PENN, t. and p. o., Carbon co., Penn.: 84 m. E. by N. Ilarrisburg. Drained by Mahoning and Lizzard creeks of Lehigh r., which makes its E. border. The Blue Mountains traverse its S. line, and through this, in the E. part of the t, is the Lehigh Water Gap. Iron ore and coal abound, and there are several furnaces, etc. Pop. about 1,700. EAST PEPPERELL, p. v., Middlesex co., Mas*. : 36 m. N.W. Boston, near the line of the Worcester and Nashua E. E. EAST PERU, p. v., Clinton co., A 7 ". II : on Little Au Sable r. of Lake Champlain, 126 m. N. Albany. EAST PHARSALIA, p. v., Chenango co., N. Y.: 93 m. W. by S. Albany. EAST PIERPOINT, p. o., St. Lawrence co., N. Y. : 136 m. N. W. by N. Albany. EAST PIKE, p. v., Wyoming co., N. Y. : on East Koy cr., 218 m. W. Albany. EAST PITCAIRN, p. o., St. Lawrence county, 2f. Y. : 124 m. N. W. Albany. EAST PITTSFIELD, p. v., Somerset co., Me. : on a branch of Sebasticook r., 36 m. N. N. E. Augusta. A2 EAST PITTSTON, p. v., Kenncbec co., Me. : 14 m. 9. S. E Augusta. EAST PLAINFIELD, p. v., Sullivan co., N. Hamp. EAST PLYMOUTH, p. v.. Ashtabula co., Ohio : on Ashta- bula cr., 172 m. N. E. Columbus. EAST POINT, p. o., De Kalb co., Ga. : on the line of the Macon and Western E. E., 6 m. E. of Atlanta, and the point from which the La Grange E. E. diverges. In a direct line it is distant SO m. W. N. W. Milledgeville. EAST POLAND, p. v., Cumberland co., Me. : on the line of the Atlantic and St. Lawrence E. E., 31 in. from Port land, and 33 m. S. W. Augusta. EASTPORT, t. and p. v., Washington county, Me. : 144 m. E. by N. Augusta. The t. consists of Moose Island, 4 m. long (2,150 acres), and several smaller islands, viz., Dudley s, Frederick, and Patmos, in Passamaquoddy Bay. The v. of Eastport (lat. 44 54 N., and long. 66" 56 W.) ia on Moose Island, which is connected with Dennysville and Perry by bridges, and with Lubec by a ferry, and is but a short distance from the British islands Indian and Campo Bello. It has a fine harbor in Passamaquoddy Bay, and the tide is here rapid, and rises 25 feet. It has a large lumber trade, and its trade with the neighboring provinces has long been very flourishing. In the fisheries and coasting it has also a large number of vessels engaged. The tonnage of Passamaquoddy Bay in 1850 was 19,985 tons, of which 10,531 tons were registered, 9,1S3 tons enrolled and licensed, and 272 tons licensed and under 20 tons. Of the enrolled and licensed tonnage, 7,385 tons were engaged in the coast ing trade, 1,316 in the cod fishery, and 482 in the mackerel fishery. The steam tonnage amounted to 213 tons regis tered, and 648 tons enrolled and licensed. During the year 1849-50, 7,488 tons of shipping were built, viz., 13 ships, 8 brigs, 15 schooners, and 3 steamers. Clearances to foreign ports, 746 (63,367 tons), and entrances, 720 (58,453 tons). Much of the shipping built here is sold and exported. The population of the t. in 1850 was 4,125. A United States garrison is maintained at this station, which is the most easterly of the Union, and nearest to the British territory. EASTPORT, p. v., Tishemingo co., Miss. : on left bank of Tennessee r., and immediately W. of the mouth of Bear r., 208 m. N. E. Jackson. The Memphis and Charleston E. E. passes through the v., skirting the r. from Tuscumbia to the Tennessee State line. EAST POULTNEY, p. v., Eutland co., Verm. : 56 m. S. S. W. Montpelier. It contains several mechanic shops and about 65 dwellings. EAST PRINCETON, p. v.,Worcester co., Mass. : on a branch of Nashua r., 42 m. W. by N. Boston. EAST EAISINVILLE, p. v., Monroe co., Mich. : 76 m. S. E. Lansing. EAST EANDOLPII, p. o., Cattaraugus co., N. Y. : 234 m. W. by S. Albany. EAST EANDOLPII, p. v., Norfolk county, Mass. : 14 m. 3. Boston. EAST EANDOLPII, p. v., Orange co., Verm. : on the Second Branch of White r., 23 m. S. by E. Montpelier. The river here affords good water-power. EAST EAYMOND, p. v., Cumberland co., Me. : 46 m. S. W. Augusta. EAST EEADFIELD, p. o., Kennebec co., Me. : 7 m.W. N.W. Augusta, near the Androscoggin and Kennebec E. E. EAST EICHLAND, p. v., Behnont county, Ohio : 112 m. E. Columbus. EAST EIYER, p. o., Mercer co., Virg. : 192 m. W. by S. Eichmond. East r. is a tributary of Great Kanawha river. EAST EIVER, p. o., Walton co., Flor. : on the r. so called, 132 m. W. by N. Tallahassee. EAST river, N. Y. : a strait between Long Island Sound and the harbor of New York, dividing Long Island from the mainland. It is about 15 m. long, and navigable for the largest vessels. The noted pass, called Hell Gate, is situated opposite Barn Island, about 6 m. from New York City. The 198 EAS EAS /nterniptlons to navigation in this channel have been re moved, and the dangers which hitherto made it a scene of dread to the seaman, are among the things of the past, existing only in the legends of the forecastle. EAST KOCIIESTER, p. v., Columbiana co., Ohio: 114 m. E. N. E. Columbus, near the Cleveland and Pittsburg R. R., about 73 m. from Cleveland. EAST RODMAN, p. o., Jefferson co., N. Y. : 123 m. N. W. Albany. EAST ROXBURY, p. v., "Washington county, Verm. : 13 m. S. by W. Montpelier. EAST RUMFORD, p. v., Oxford co., Me. : on the N. side of Androscoggin r., 42 m. "W. N. "W. Augusta. EAST RUPERT, p. v., Bennington county, Verm. : 77 m. S. by W. Montpelier. EAST SALEM, p. o., Washington co., N. Y. : 40 m. N. N. E. Albany. EAST SALISBURY, p. v., Essex co., Mass. : 37 m. N. by E. Boston. EAST SANBORNTON, Belknap co., Jf. Hamp. : near Great Bay, 21 m. N. Concord. EAST SAND LAKE, p. v., Rensselaer co., N. Y. : 14 m. E. Albany. EAST SANDWICH, p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : on Cape Cod Bay, 54 m. S. S. E. Boston. EAST SANDY, p. o., Venango co., Penn. : on Sandy cr., 174 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. EAST SANGERVILLE, p. v., Piscataquis co., Me. : on the S. side of Piscataquis r., 63 m. N. N. E. Augusta. EAST SCHUYLER, p. o., Herkimer county, N. Y. : 71 m. W. N. W. Albany. EAST SCOTT, p. o., Cortlandt co., N. Y. : 122 m.W. Albany. EAST SHARON, p. v., Potter co., Penn. : in the N. W. corner of the co., 132 m. N. "W. by N. Harrisburg. EAST SHARON, p. v., Norfolk co., Mass. : 19 m. S. S. W. Boston. EAST SHARPSBURGH, p. v., Blair co., Penn. : 116 m. W. Ilarrisburg. EAST SHEFFIELD, p. v., Berkshire county, Mass. : 117 m. W. by S. Boston. EAST SHELBURNE, p. v., Franklin county, Mass. : 83 m. W. N. W. Boston. EAST SHELBY, p. o., Orleans co., 2f. Y. : 123 m. W. by N. Albany. EAST SHELDON, p. v., Franklin co., Verm. : on the S. side of Missisqui r., 47 m. N. N. "W. Montpelier. EAST SMITUFIELD, p. v., Bradford co., Penn. : 108 m. N. Harrisburg. EAST SPRINGFIELD, p. o., Otsego county, N. Y. : 54 m. W. by N. Albany. EAST SPRINGFIELD, p. o., Jefferson co., Ohio: 114 m. E. N. E. Columbus. EAST SPRINGHILL, p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : 108 m. N. Harrisburg. EAST SPRINGWATER, p. o., Livingston co., 2f. Y. : 186 m. "W. Albany. EAST STANDISH, p. v., Cumberland co., Me. : on the S. E. side of Sebago Pond, 55 m. S. W. Augusta. EAST STERLING, p. v., Wayne co., Penn. : 104 m. N. E. Harrisburg. EAST STONEHAM, p. v., Oxford co., Me. : 54 m. "W. by S. Augusta. EAST STOUGHTON, p. v., Norfolk co., Ma#s. : on the line of the Fall River R. R., 17 m. S. Boston, and 37 m. from Fall River Village. EAST STRONG, p. v., Franklin co., Me. : 37 m. N.W. by N. Augusta. EAST SUFFIELD, p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : on the W. side of Connecticut r., 13 m. N. Hartford. EAST SULLIVAN, p. v., Hancock co., Me. : S3 m. E. by N. Augusta. EAST SULLIVAN, p. v., Cheshire co., 2f. Hamp. : 37 m. W. 8. W. Concord. 194 EAST SUMMER, p. v., Oxford co., Me. : 31 m.W. Augusta. EAST THETFORD, p. v., Orange co., Verm. : on the W. side of Connecticut r., 37 m. S. E. by S. Montpelier. The Con necticut and Passumsic Rivers R. R. passes the village. EAST TOWNSEND, p. o., Huron co., Ohio : 88 m. N. N. E. Columbus. EAST TRENTON, p. v., Hancock co., Me. : on the N. side of Mount Desert Island Sound, 73 m. E. by N. Augusta. EAST TROY, t and p. v., Walworth co., Wise. : 66 m. E. S. E. Madison. Drained by Honey cr. of Fox r. and a number of small lakes. The v. on the N. side of Honey creek is a considerable settlement, and is connected with Milwaukie by a plank road. Pop. of 1. 1.318. EAST TROY, p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : 102 m. N. by "W. Ilarrisburg. EAST TURNER, p. v., Oxford co., Me. : on the W. side of Androscoggin r., 24 m. W. S. W. Augusta. EAST UNION, p. v., Lincoln county, Me. : 31 m. E. S. E. Augusta. EAST UNION, t. and p. o., Wayne co., Ohio : 78 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Apple cr., a constituent of Killbuck cr. Surface diversified : soil fertile. The Ohio and Penn sylvania R. R. runs along the N. line of the t. Pop.194. EAST UNITY, Sullivan co., N. Hamp. : on the S. branch of Sugar r., 31 m. W. by N. Concord. EAST VARICK, p. v., Seneca co., 2f. Y. : on the W. side of Cayuga Lake, 152 m. W. Albany. EAST VASSALBOROUGH, p. v., Kennebec co., Me. : on the N. side of a large pond, 14 m. N. E. Augusta. EASTVILLE, p. v., Randolph co., Ala. : on Little Tallapoosa r., near the E. line of the State, 89 m. N. E. by N. Mont gomery. EASTVILLE, p. v., Bath co., Ey. : 66 m. E. Frankfort. EASTVILLE, p. v., and cap. Northampton co., Virg. : 86 m. E. Richmond, on the S. side of King s cr., a small stream which enters by a broad estuary into Chesapeake Bay. It contains the co. offices and about 30 dwellings. EAST VIRGIL, p. o., Cortlandt county, N. Y. : 118 m. W. Albany. EAST WAKEFIELD, p. T., Carroll co., 2T. Samp. : 33 m. N. E. Concord. EAST WAREHAM, p. v., Plymouth co., Mass. : 42 m. S. S. E. Boston. EAST WASHINGTON, p. v., Sullivan co., AT. Htvmp. : 27 m. E. by S. Concord. EAST WATERFORD, p. v., Juniata co., Penn. : on Tuscarora cr., 47 m. W. Harrisburg. EAST WEARE, p. v., Hillsborough co., N. Hamp. : on the S. side of Piscataquay r., and on the line of the New Hamp shire Central R. R.,14 m. S. W. Concord, and 16 m. from Manchester. EAST WESTMORELAND, p. v., Cheshire co., N. Hamp. : on the line of the Cheshire R. R., 46 m. W. S. W. Concord, 51 m. from Fitchburg, and 14 m. from Bellow s Falls. EAST WESTVILLE, p. v., Mahoning co., Ohio : 137 m. N. E. Columbus. EAST WETMOUTH, p. v., Norfolk county, Mass. : on the S. shore of Massachusetts Bay, 11 m. S. by E. Boston. Tho South Shore R. R. passes through the village, 7 m. from Cohasset, and 15 m. from Braintree. EAST WHATELY, p. v., Franklin co., Mass. : on the W. side of Connecticut r., 81 m. W. by N. Boston. EAST WILTON, p. v., Franklin county, Me. : 27 m. N. W. Augusta. EAST WILTON, p. v., Hillsborough co., N. Hamp. : 27 m. S. S.W. Concord. The Nashua and Wilton R. R. terminates here, 15 m. from Nashville. EAST WINDHAM, p. v., Greene county, W. Y. : 32 m. S. W. by S. Albany. EAST WINDSOR, t. and p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : on the E. side of Connecticut r., 11 m. N. N. E. Hartford. Drained by Scantic r. and other streams, which furnish fine mill- power. Surface level, and soil sandy or gravelly loam. EAS EDD The v. is 1 m. back from the Connecticut r., and is chiefly on one long street running parallel with the river. Here is located the Theological Institute of Connecticut, founded 1S34. In 1850 it had 8 professors and IT students, and a library of 5,000 volumes, and the number of ita alumni counted 151. It has a farm and workshop for manual labor. The town has a goodly number of manufacturing and mechanical pursuits, and a population of 2,633 inhab itants. EAST WINDSOR HILL, p, o., Hartford co., Conn. : 15 m. N. N. E. Hartford. EAST WINTIIEOP, p. v., Kennebec co., Me. : 6 m. "W. Augusta. EAST WOBUBN, p. v., Middlesex co., Miss. : 9 m. N. N.W. Boston. EAST WOOLWICH, p. v., Lincoln county, Me. : 29 m. S. Augusta. EAST WORCKSTBR, p. v., Otsego county, 2f. Y. : 46 m. W. Albany. Pop. about 200. EATON county, Mich. Situate toward the S. centrally, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained in the N. and E. by Grand r. and its tributaries ; in the middle and west by Big Fork of Thornapplo r. ; and in the S. W. by Battle cr. of Kala- mazoo r. Surface uneven, and many of the streams are in terrupted by falls and rapids, which make good mill-sites. The soils are everywhere fertile, and produce the best of wheat; and in many parts there are extensive forests. Farms 746; manuf. 48; dwell. 1,328, and pop. wh. 7,055, fr. col. 3 total 7,058. Capital: Charlotte. EATON, t and p. o., Eaton co., Mich. : 16 m. S. W. Lan sing. Drained by Battle cr. and the head waters of Thorn- apple r. Population 539. Charlotte, is located in this town. EATON, L and p. o., Carroll co., N. ffdmp. : 51 m. N. E. Concord. Surface diversified. Soils middlingly fertile, and in the plains there is abundance of pine timber. Iron ore is found here. There are several large ponds in the town, some of which empty through Pigwacket r. into Swift r. on the N., and a larger one on the S. flows into Ossipee Lake. It is a purely agricultural region. Pop. 1,751. EATON, t and p. v., Madison co., N. Y. : 94 m. "W". by N. Albany. Drained by the head streams of Chenango r. Sur face rolling. Soil gravelly loam and clay, very fertile, pro ducing the grains and grasses abundantly. The t. contains the co. seat, Morrisville, and also the v. and p. o. of Eaton, which lies to the S. of the t. on the "W. side of the river. It has several factories and mills, and a population of about 500 inhabitants. Pop. of town 3,944. EATON, p. v., and cap. Preble co., Ohio : on the E. side of St. Glair s or Seven Mile cr., which here has a fall of 20 feet in 80 rods, affording great water-power. It contains a court-house and other co. offices, several handsome church es, a considerable number of manufacturing establishments, stores, and warehouses, and has an extensive inland com merce. Its population numbers about 1,3 2 souls. Two newspapers, the " E. Register" (whig), and the "E. Demo crat" are published weekly. The Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Eaton E. R., connecting ultimately with the Indiana Central E. E. at Richmond, intersects the v., and makes it an im portant station on one of the most important roads of the State. EATON, t. and p. o., Wyoming co., Penn. : 96 m. N. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Bowman s and other creeks of Susquehanna r., which makes its E. and N. E. boundaries. Surface mountainous. The " Knob," an eminence on the Susquehanna, rises 1,150 feet above its surface. The soils are of average fertility, and productive of grasses and grain. Pop. about 1,100. EATON, p. v., Gibson co., Tenn. : on the N. fork of Forked Deer cr., 128 m. W. by S. Nashville. EATON, p. v., Cedar co., Mo. : 108 m. S.W. Jefferson City. EATON CENTRE, p. o., Carroll co, N. ffamp. : 54 m. N. E. Concord. EATON RAPIDS, t. and p. v., Eaton county Mich. : 12 m. S. S. W. Lansing. Drained by Grand r. The v. is located at the rapids, called as above, and is a flourishing settle ment. A newspaper, the " Eaton Democrat," is published weekly. Pop. of 1. 1,525. EATONTON, p. v., and cap. Putnam co., Ga. : to the E. of Little r., a branch of the Oconee r., 24 m. N. by W. Milledge- ville. It contains a court-house, and other co. offices, and about 600 inhabitants. The Eatonton R. R. to Milledge- ville, when completed, will connect the T. with the Georgia and South Carolina R. R., and thus open up an arenue to the sea-board for an extensive agricultural country. EA.TONTOWN, p. v., Monmouth co., N. Jr. : on a branch of Swimming r., 36 m. E. Trenton. It contains about 45 dwellings. The vicinity is a pleasant and fertile country, and has a commanding view of the Atlantic, 4 or 5 m. to the eastward. EATONVILLE, p. v., Herkimer co., JVI Y. : 64 m.W. N.W. Albany. EAXJ PLEINE, p. o., Portage co., Wise. : 108 m. N. by W Madison. EBENEZEB, p. v., Morgan county, Ga. : 37 m. N. N. W. Milledgeville. EBENEZER, p. o., Holmes county, Miss. : 53 m. N. by E. Jackson. EBENEZEB, p. v., Fayette co., Tenn. : 159 m. W. S. W. Nashville. EBENEZESVILLE, p. v., York district, S. Car. : 76 m. N. Columbia. EBENSBTTBGII, p. b., and cap. Cambria co., Penn. : 103 m. W. by N. Ilarrisburg. It has a commanding site on the Alleghany Mountains, and contains a brick court-house and county offices, several stores, and about 600 inhabitants. ECKFORD, t. and p. v., Calhoun co., Mich. : 38 m. S. S.W. Lansing. The v. is on Beaver cr., a branch of Kalamazoo r., which is the principal drain of the township. ECKMANSVILLE, p. v., Adams co., Ohio : 76 m. S. by W. Columbus. ECONOMY, p. T., Wayne co., Ind. : on the E. side of Mar- tindale s fork of the E. branch of White Water r., 57 m. E. by N. Indianapolis. Pop. 400. ECONOMY, t. and p. v., Beaver co., Penn. : 182 m.W. by N. Harrisburg. It lies on the right bank of the Ohio r., and on the line of the Ohio and Pennsylvania R. E., 17 m. below Pittsburg. The v. is laid out on two streets parallel to the r., with others crossing at right angles. This settlement was made by George Rapp, a German, who with a number of his countrymen of the religious order of Harmonists, first setUed in Butler co., Penn. ; from thence they all removed to the Wabash, and built the village of New Harmony. At that time they numbered about SOO. New Harmony was purchased in 1S14 by Robert Owen, the Scotch Socialist, and Rapp and his followers established themselves at Economy. In 1832 a number of them seceded and joined Count Leon, who claimed to be a special messenger sent from heaven to establish a Zion in the West. They settled at Phillipsburg, opposite Beaver, but the society soon ceased to exist. The Harmonists hold their property in common. They have a good number of mills here, and are noted for their industry and sobriety. The population of Economy is about 1,400. Rapp died in 1847. ECORCE, t. and p. o., Wayne co., Mich. : 76 m. E. S. E. Lansing. Drained by the Riviere Aux Ecorces, an affluent of Detroit Strait, which makes the E. border of the t. P. 653. EDDINGTON, t. and p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : 6 m. N. E. Bangor, and 71 m. E. N. E. Augusta. The v. is pleasantly located on the E. side of Penobscot r., and has considerable trading facilities. Pop. oft. 696. EDDYVILLE, p. v., Wapello co., la. : on the left bank of Des Moines r., opposite the mouth of Gray s cr., 61 m. S.W. Iowa City. EDDYVILLE, p. v., Cattaraugus county, N. Y. : 252 m. W. by S. Albany. EDDYVILLE, p. v., and cap. Caldwell co., Ky. : on the 195 EDE EDI E. side of Cumberland r., 192 m. W. S.W. Frankfort. It is a thriving village of about 600 inhabitants, and has consid erable trade. Princeton, 14 m. to the E., was the former county seat. EDDINGTON, p. v,., Eock Island co., III. : to the N. of Copperas cr., 124 m. N. W. by N. Springfield. EDEN, p. v., Bryan co., Ga. : 148 m. E. S. E. Milledgeville. EDEN, p. v., Hancock county, Ind. : on Sugar cr., 24 m. E. N. E. Indianapolis. EDEN, t. and p. o., Hancock co., Me. : occupying the N. E. part of Mount Desert Island, 73 m. E. Augusta. Surface uneven. Soil fertile. It is washed on three sides by Frenchman s Bay and Mount Desert Sound, the latter of which separates it from the main. Several small islands off the coast in Frenchman s Bay belong to this town. With many fine harbors, it has comparatively extensive coasting trade, and great advantages for the shore fisheries, in which many of the inhabitants are engaged. It is noted, also, for its large crops of cranberries, amounting in some years to 1,000 bushels. Pop. 1,127. EDEN, p. v., Ingham co., Mich. EDEN, t. and p. v., Erie co., N. T. : 265 m. "W. Albany. Drained by Cauquaga and Big Two Sisters creeks, which flow to Lake Erie. Surface undulating; soil, a gravelly loam and clay. The v. is on the S. side of Cauquaga cr., about 14 m. S. Buffalo. Pop. of t. 2,494. EDEN, t and p. o., Fond du Lac co., Wise. : 64 m. N. E. Madison. Drained by the head branches of Milwaukie r., which rise in this town, and also by streams falling into Winnebago Lake. Pop. 840 EDEN, p. v., Trumbull co., Ohio : 137 m. N. E. Columbus. Located on a cr. of the W. branch of Mahoning r., about 6 m. S. W. of Warren, the co. seat. EDEN, p. o., Kandolph co., N. Car. : 73 m. W. Ealeigh. EDEN, p. o., Laurens dist., S. Car. : 81 m. N. W. Columbia. EDEN, p. v., M Kean co., Penn. : 161 m. N.W. Harrisburg. EDEN, t. and p. v., Lamoille co., Verm. : 31 m. N. by E. Montpelier. Drained by Greene r. and Wild Branch of Lamoille r. Surface mountainous, rocky, and cold, but good for grazing, and produces fine cattle and sheep. The v. is pleasantly located near the centre. This t. was granted to " Colonel Seth Warner and his associates, our worthy friends, the officers and soldiers of his regiment, in the line of the Continental Army," 28th August, 1781. Pop. 668. EDENBUKG, p.v., Cameron co., Tex. ; 298 m. S. Austin City. EDENBUBG, p. v., Shenandoah co., Virg. : 112 m. N. W. Kichmond. EDENFIELD, p. v., Irwin co., Ga. : 119 m. S. Milled<reville. EDEN S RIDGE, p. o., Sullivan co., Tenn. : 240 m. E. by N. Nashville. EDENTON, p. v., Clermont co., Ohio : 89 m. S. W. by S. Columbus. EDENTON, p. v., and cap. Chowan co., W. Car. : near the mouth of Chowan r., at the head of Edenton Bay, which sets up from Albemarle Sound, 123 m. E. N. E. Ealeigh. It contains the co. offices, and has about 400 inhabitants. Considerable shipping is owned in the v., and a newspaper, the "Albemarle Bulletin" (whig), is published weekly. EDENTON, p. v., St. Lawrence co., N. Y. : 146 m. N. W. Albany. EDEN VALLEY, p. o., Erie co., N. T. : 267 m. W. Albany. EDENVILLE, p. v., Orange co., N. Y. : 96 m. S. S. W. Albany. EDGAR county, III. Situate E. middle, and contains 642 sq. m. Drained by Big, Brulette s, and Cedar creeks, and Embarras r., all tributaries of the Wabash. Surface chiefly level or undulating; prairie interspersed with timber. Soils generally fertile, producing Indian corn, oats, wheat, etc. Farms 1.175 ; manuf. 38 ; dwell. 1,702, and pop. wh. 10,641, fr. col. 51 total 10,692. Capital: Paris. Public Works: Mississippi and Atlantic E. E. EDGAR, p. v., St. John Baptist par., La. : 49 m. S. E. Baton Eouge. 196 EDGARTOWN, t., p. v., port of entry, and cap. Dukes co., .: on the E. portion of Martha s Vineyard, 73 m. S. by E. Boston. It includes also the fertile island of Chappe- quiddick, 5 m. long and 2| m. wide, on the S. E., on which are a remnant of the Indian tribe of the same name. Sur face mostly level ; soils sandy, but of average fertility. The r. (lat. 41 25 N., and long. 70 25 W.)is situate on the W. side of the harbor, and contains a C. H. and other county offices. A newspaper, the " Vineyard Gazette" (indep.), is published weekly. The harbor is safe and accessible, and has a large interest in the whale fisheries and coasting trade. In the foreign trade, in 1849-50, five vessels (1,223 tons) were cleared, and seventy-two vessels (13,286 tons) were entered. The shipping owned in the collection dis trict was 7,609 tons, of which 5,464 tons were registered, and of this 2.419 tons were employed in the whale fisheries ; 1,956 tons were enrolled and licensed, and 189 tons were licensed (under 20 tons) ; of the enrolled and licensed ship ping, 743 tons were employed in the coasting trade, 953 in the cod fisheries, and 210 tons in the mackerel fisheries. The district of Edgartown comprises all of Martha s Vineyard and adjoining islands. Pop. 1,990. EDGECOMIJE county, N. Car. Situate E. centrally, and contains 492 sq. m. Drained by Tar r. and its tributaries ; Fishing cr. forms its N. and part of the E. border, and Tar r. the remainder to the E. line. Surface level. Soil mod erately fertile, adapted to cotton, and producing abundance of Indian corn, oats, wheat, etc. Timber abundant, and is exported. Farms 737 ; manuf. 14 ; dwell. 1,649, and pop. wh. 8,365, fr. col. 277, si. 8,547 total 17,189. Capital : Tarboro . Public Works : Weldon and Wilmington E. E. EDGECOMB, t. and p. v., Lincoln co., Me. : 29 m. S. S. E. Augusta. The t. is situate between Damariscotta r. on the E. and Sheepscot r. on the W., being drained by their afflu ents. It has considerable shipping employed in the coast ing trade and fisheries ; and ship-building is here a consider able interest. Pop. 1,428. EDGEFIELD district, S. Car. Situate toward the S. W., and contains 1,680 sq. m. Drained chiefly by tributaries of Savannah r., which makes its S. W. line, and of Saluda r., which washes its N. E. border. The head waters of South Edisto r. are also within the district. Surface mod erately uneven. Soil not very fertile, but well adapted to cotton, corn, etc. It has also numerous productive estab lishments. Farms 2,030; manuf. 197; dwell. 3,019, and p p._ w h. 16,275, fr. col. 262, si. 22,725 total 39,262. Cap ital: Edgefield Court-house. Public Works: South Caro lina E. E. EDGEFIELD C. H., p. v., and cap. Edgefleld dist., S. Car. : 64 m. W. by S. Columbia. It contains a C. II. and other district offices, and about 1,200 inhabitants. A newspaper, the " E. Advertiser" (dem.), is published weekly. EDGEFIELD, p. v., Pike co., Ala. : 45 m. S. E. Montgomery. EDGE HILL, p. o., King George co., Virg. : 54 m. N. N. E. Eichmond. EDGE HILL, p. o., Montgomery co., Penn.: 84 m. E. Harrisburg. EDGEMONT, t. and p. o., Delaware co., Penn. : 87 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Eidley s cr. of Delaware r. It is a fine agricultural town, and contains about 800 inhabitants. EDINA, p. v., Scotland co., Mo. : on S. Fabius r., 123 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. EDINBOROUGH, p. b., Erie co., Penn. : 207 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Pop. 500. EDINBURGH, p. Y., Garrard county, Ky. : 52 m. S. E. Frankfort. EDINBURGH, p. v., Johnson co., Ind. : on the E. side of the E. branch of White r., about 2 m. above the confluence of Sugar r., and at the point where the Madison and In dianapolis E. E. crosses that stream, and the Shelbyville Lateral Branch E. E. connects with it. 30 m. S. S. E. Indian apolis. It is a flourishing and important village, having EDI EGG extensive water-power, and being located in the midst of a fine agricultural region. It was first settled in 1821, but until the completion of the Madison E. R. was of slow growth. It has now about 700 inhabitants. EDINBURGH, t. and p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : S3 m. N. E. Augusta. Drained by am 1 rents of Penobscot r., which makes its E. boundary. The t. is entirely agricultural and but sparsely settled. Pop. 93. EDINBURGH, p. v., Hillsdale co., Mich. : 63 m. S. by E. Lansing. EDINBURGH, p. v., Leake co., Miss. : on the N. side of Pearl r., 58 m. N. E. Jackson. EDINBURGH, t. and p. o., Saratoga co., N. Y.: 38 m. N. by W. Albany. Drained by Sacondaga r. ; surface in the E. mountain, and in the W. undulating. The river valley or fiats of the Sacondaga is extensive, and its soil rich alluvion. The v. is located on the left side of the r., and contains about 200 inhabitants. Pop. oft. 1,586. EDINBURGH, t. and p. v., Portage co., Ohio: 127 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by one of the head streams of the W- branch of Mahoning r. Surface varied, and soils generally fertile, well adapted for grain growing. The v. is pleasantly located in the centre of the t., 6 m. S. E. Eavenna, and contains about 200 inhabitants. The t. has good water- power, etc. Pop. 1,101. EDINBURGH, p. v., Lawrence co., Penn. : 200 m. "W. N.W. Harrisburg. EDINBURGH, p. v., Mercer co., 2T. Jer. EDINBURGH CENTRE, p. o., Saratoga co., N. T. : 37 m. N. by W. Albany. EDISTO, p. v., Lexington dist., S. Car. : on North Edisto r., 31 m. S. Columbia. EDTSTO MILLS, p. o., Edgefleld dist., S. Car. : on South Edisto r., 58 m. W. by S. Columbia. EDISTO river, Car. : has its rise in Edgefield district, in two main constituent rivers, the North and the South Edisto, which meet a little W. of Branchville, whence the course of the r. is E. and S. E. to the Atlantic Ocean, which it enters by two channels forming Edisto Island, about 12 m. long and from 1 to 5 m. wide. The Edisto is navigable for large boats for 100 miles. EDMESTON, t. and p. T., Otsego co., N. Y. : 74 m. W. Albany. Drained by creeks of Unadilla r., which makes its W. border. Surface somewhat hilly ; soil, sandy loam. The v. on the right side of Oberton s cr. contains about SO inhabitants, and the t. about 1,885 inhabitants. EDMONDSON county, Ky. Situate W. centrally, and con tains 280 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Green r., which passes through it from E. to W. There are several springs in the co., of which Dripping Spring is the most curious and best known. Surface diversified. Soils of average fertility, producing all the grains abundantly, and tobacco, hemp, etc. Farms 507 ; manuf. 4 ; dwell. 651, and pop. wh. 3,753, fr. col. 10, si. 525 total 4,088. Capital : Brownsville. Pub- Uc Works : Nashville and Louisville E. E. EDMONTON, p. v., Barren county, Ky. : 98 m. S. S. "W. Frankfort EDMUND S, p. o., Brunswick co., Virg. : 57 m. S. by W. Eichmond. EDNEYVILLE, p. v., Henderson county, N. Car. : 212 m. "W. by S. Ealeigh. EDRAY, p. v., Pocohontas co., Virg. : 146 m. TV. by N. Eichmond. EDSALLVILLE, p. v., Bradford co., Penn.: 112 m. N. Harrisburg. EDWARDS county, III. Situate toward S. E., and contains 216 sq. m. Drained by Little Wabash r. and Bonpas cr. of Wabash r., the latter of which forms its E. boundary. The surface is level, mostly prairie, with well-wooded bot toms, and occasional groves of beautiful timber. Grain- growing is the chief business, but there are several mills, tanneries, etc. Farms 329 ; manuf. 7; dwell. 595, and pop. wh. 3 490, fr. col. 34 total 3,524. Capital : Albion. EDWARDS, t. and p. o., St. Lawrence co., A 7 ". Y. : 144 m. N. W. Albany. Drained by Oswegatchie r. Surface un even; soil, clayey loam. The grazing is excellent. The t contains iron ore, and has several factories and mills. Pop. 1,023. EDWARDSBURGH, p. v., Cass co., Mich. : 98 m. S. W. Lansing. Situate on Beardsley s Lake and at the S. E. corner of Beardsley s Prairie. The site is pleasant and the T. is prosperous and increasing. EDWARD S Dnr6T, p. o., Hinds co., Miss. : on the line of the Vicksburg, Jackson, and Brandon E. E., 28 m. W. Jackson. EDWARD S PORT, p. v., Knox co., Ind. : on the right bank of the W. fork of White r., 18 m. N. E. Vincennes and 87 m. S. W. Indianapolis. EDWARBSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Madison co., Itt. : on the E. bank of the Cahokia r., 71 m. S. by W. Springfield. It contains the usual county buildings, several stores and fac tories, and about 400 inhabitants. It is located in an ele vated and pleasant section and in the midst of a highly flourishing country. A newspaper, the " Madison Eecord," is published weekly. EDAVARDSVILLE, p. v., St. Lawrence co., N . Y. : on the right side of Oswegatchie r., 147 m. N. W. Albany. EDWARDSVILLE, p. v., Warren co., Ohio : in the S. E. of the county, 71 m. S. W. Columbus. EEL EIVER, p. o., Allen co., Ind. : on the r. so called, 104 m. N. E. by N. Indianapolis. Eel r. (Sho-a-make, or " slip pery fish") rises in the N. W. corner of Allen co. and runs 100 m. S. W. to Logansport, where it empties into the Wabash. Its course is rapid, its volume regular, and, for at least 60 m., its average width is 150 to 180 feet. As a mill stream it is scarcely surpassed in the West. EEL river, Ind. : a branch of White r., emptying into it at Point Commerce. It rises in Boone co., and runs first S. W. and then S. E. through Hendricks, Putnam, Clay, and Owen counties. It is 60 m. long and about 160 feet wide, and affords good mill sites. EEL river, Calif. : rises on the S. line of Trinity co. by several head streams, and in a course N. W. flows to the Pacific Ocean, which it enters a little S. of Humboldt Har bor. It is a small (stream. EFFINGHAM county, Ga. Situate S. E., and contains 396 sq. m. It lies between Savannah r. and Ogeechee r., and is drained by creeks running to both. Surface level, and the soils very fertile. The staples are cotton, rice, and Indian corn, with some sugar, etc. Farms 308 ; manuf. ; dwell. 355, and pop. wh. 2,009, fr. col. 7, si. 1,848 total 3,864. Capital: Springfield. Public Works: Central E.E. EFFINGHAM county, III. Situate S. E. centrally, and con tains 522 sq. m. Drained chiefly by Little Wabash r. and its branches in the W. by streams flowing to the Kaskaskia r. Surface gently undulating chiefly prairie, but with abundance of timber. Soils fertile, but on the streams liable to floodings. Farms 391; manuf. ; dwell. 712, and pop. W h. 3,792, fr. col. 7 total 3,799. Capital : Ewing- ton. Public Works: Mississippi and Atlantic E. E.; Na tional Eoad, etc. EFFINGHAM, t. and p. o., Carroll co., IT. JTamp. : 41 m. N. E. Concord. Drained by affluents of Ossipee lake and river ; surface hilly. It is a fine grazing country, and has several tanneries and saw-mills. Pop. 1,252. EFFINGHAM, p. v., Darlington dist., Car. : on the N. side of Lynch s cr. of Great Peedee r., 71 m. E. by N. Columbia. EFFINGHAM FALLS, p. v., Carroll co., 2f. Samp. : 44 m. N. E. Concord. EFFORT, p. r., Monroe co., Penn. : 93 m. N. E. Harrisburg. EFIRD S MILLS, p. o., Stanly co., 2f. Car. : 89 m. W. S.W. Ealeigh. EGG HARBOR, GREAT, river and bay, 2T. Jer. : the r. rises in Gloucester co. and flows 45 m. into Great Egg Harbor Bay, which is about 5 m. long and from 1 to 4 m. broad. 19T EGG ELI The r. is navigable for sloops over 25 m. above May s Land ing, below which it flows through a marsh. EGG HAKBOB, LITTLE, river and bay, If. Jer. : the r. rises in Burlington and Gloucester counties and flows to the bay. It is navigable for 35 m., and is approached through New Inlet, which has a depth of water of from 15 to IS feet EGYPT, p. T., Monroe co., Jf. Y. : 1S2 m. "W. by N. Albany. EGYPT, p. o., Efflngham county, Ga. : 133 m. E. S. E. Milledgeville. EGYPT, p. o., Fayette eounty, Tmn.: 163 m. V. S. W. Nashville. EGYPT, p. o., Colorado ounty, Tex. : 118 m. E. S. E. Austin City. EGYPT, p. o., Monroe oo., Virg. : 173 m. "W. Eichmond. ELAMSVILLB, p. T., Patrick eo., Virg. : 183 m. W. S. "W". Eichmond. ELBA, p. v., Washtenaw co., Mich. : 51 m. S. E. Lansing. ELBA, t and p. T., Dodge county, Wise. : 28 m. N. E. Madison. Pop. 1,548. ELBA, t and p. T., Genesee co., N. Y. : 222 m.W. Albany. Drained by Oak Orchard cr. Surface undulating; soil, sandy and gravelly loam. The T. is on the left bank of the creek. Pop. of 1. 1,772. ELBKBT county, Ga. Situate N. E., and contains 560 sq. m. It has Savannah r. on the E., Broad r. on the S., and Light-wood cr. on the N., the two latter being affluents of the first. Drained by numerous creeks flowing to the Savannah. Surface hilly. Soil a productive red loam in the S. Staples cotton, wheat, Indian corn, and other grains. Farms 804 ; manuf. 20 ; dwell. 1.177, and pop. wh. 6,676, fr. col. 16, si. 6,267 total 12,959. Capital: El- berton. ELBEBTON, p. v., and cap. Elbert co., Ga. : 73 m. N. by E. Milledgeville. It contains the county buildings, a church, several stores, and about 200 inhabitants. ELBKIDGE, p. v., Edgar co., III. : iu the S. E. corner of the county, between Clear and Big creeks of "YV abash r., 110 m. E. by S. Springfield. ELBKIDGE, t. and p. v., Onondaga co.. 2f. Y.: 135 m. "W. by N. Albany. Drained by the outlet of Skaneateles Lake. Surface moderately uneven, and soils fertile. The Erie Canal passes through the N. part of the t. and the Eochester and Syracuse E. E. through its S. part. It con tains several factories, a large number of fine mills and stores, and about 3,924 inhabitants. EL DABA, p. o., Pike co., III. : 78 m. W. by S. Springfield. ELDEESBUBGH, p. v., Howard co., Md. : on the W. side of Cat-tail branch of Patuxent r., 31 m. N. W. Annapolis. ELDEBSVILLB, p. v., Washington co., Penn. : 192 m. W. Harrisburg. ELDEBTON, p. T., Armstrong co., Penn. : on Plumb cr., 138 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. EL DOBADO county, Calif. Situate E. middle, and con tains 1,600 sq. m. Drained by Middle and S. forks of American r., and by Cosumnes r. and the N. fork of Moke- lumne r. The E. part of the co. lies on the slope of the Sierra Nevada, aud is a rough, volcanic region. In this part of the co. is Fremont s Lake, the source of the S. fork of American r. ; it is 13 m. long and 6 m. wide. The W. part of the co. is a fine agricultural country. The whole co. is rich in gold, and it was at Sutler s Mill, a little W. of Culloma, the co. seat, that gold was first discovered. Farms 000 ; manuf. 00 ; dwell. 000, and pop. wh. 0,000, fr. col. total 0,000. Capital: Culloma. EL DOBADO, p. T., and cap. Union co., Ark. : in the midst of a fine elevated prairie, about 8 m. S. of Washita r. and 123 m. S. by E. Little Eock. It is a considerable place, and has a newspaper, " El D. Union" (whig), issued weekly. EL DOBADO, p. T., Clark co., No. : on the E. side of North Wyaconda r., 129 m. N. Jefferson City. EL DOBADO, p. o., Culpepper co., Virg. : 73 m. N. N.W. Eichmond. EL DOBADO, t. and p. o., Fond du Lac co., Wise. : 67 m. 198 N. E. by N. Madison. The v. lies about S in. X. W. of Fond du Lac. ELDEED, p. o., Wayne county, Penn. : 128 m. N. E. Harrisburg. ELDBEDVILLE, p. v., Sullivan county, Penn. : 86 m. N. Harrisburg. ELDEIDGE, p. v., Walker county, Ala. : 133 m. N. W. Montgomery. ELEVATION, p. o., Johnson co., If. Car. : 31 m. E. by S. Ealeigh. ELGIN, p. v., Kane co., III. : on the W. side of Fox r., 16S m. N. N. E. Springfield. The Galena and Chicago Union E. E. passes through the v., 42 m. from Chicago. It is a place of considerable business, and has several mills, stores, etc., and about 700 inhabitants. ELGIN, p. v., Cattaraugus co., N. Y. : 233 m. W. by 8. Albany. ELIDA, p. v., Winnebago co., III. : on the S. line of the co., on a cr. of Eock r., 176 m. N. by E. Springfield. ELIJAH S CBEKK, p. o., Boone co., Ky. ; 54 m. N. by E. Frankfort. ELIMSPOBT, p. v., Lycoming co., Penn. : 69 m. N. by W Harrisburg. ELIZA, p. o., Mercer co., HI. : 4 m. E. of the Mississippi, and 126 N. W. Springfield. ELIZABETH, p. v., and cap. Jackson co., Ark. : 84 m. N. E. Little Eock. Situate on the left bank of White r., a little below the confluence of Big Black r., and at the head of steamboat navigation. It is well located for commerce, hav ing a splendid agricultural vicinage. ELIZABETH, p. v., Jo Daviess co., III. : on the E. side of Apple r., a tributary of the Mississippi, 179 m. N. by W. Springfield. ELIZABETH, p. v., Harrison co., Ind. : on the S. fork of Buck cr., 4 m. from the Ohio r., and 112 m. S. by E. Indian apolis. It contains about 200 inhabitants. ELIZABETH, t. and p. v., Lawrence co., Ohio : 97 m. S. S. E. Columbus. It is one of the first iron regions in the State, and has numerous furnaces in active operation. The Iron E. E. passes through the town from Ironton, on the Ohio, to a junction with the Sciofc) Valley E. E. ELIZABETH, t. and p. v., Alleghany co., Penn. : between the Monongahela and Youghiogheny rivers, 162 m. W. Harrisburg. Surface hilly ; coal abundant. The v. lies on the E. bank of Monongahela r., and by means of slack- water navigation, is reached by vessels of considerable burden, and many are built here. There are several facto ries and mills in Elizabeth, and a population of about 4,000. ELIZABETH cape, Me. : a celebrated headland, forming the western limits of Casco Bay. Near the point of the cape is a light-house, 50 feet high, in lat. 43 83 N., and long. 70 11 W. ELIZABETH CITY county, Virg. Situate E., and contains 64 sq. m. It lies at the confluence of James r. with Chesa peake Bay, opposite to Cape Charles, and having Hampton Eoads on its S. border. It is one of the eight original coun ties into which Virginia was divided in 1634. The surface is level, and the soils generally fertile. Farms 173 ; manuf. 12 ; dwell. 456, and pop. wh. 2,841, fr. col. 97, si. 2,148 total 4,586. Capital : Hampton. ELIZABETH CITY, p. T., and cap. Pasquotank co., N. Car. : on Pasquotank r., 20 m. above its confluence with Albe- marle Sound, and 173 m. E. by N. Ealeigh. Vessels draw ing 7 feet water, come up to this place, and it has a commu nication with Hampton Eoads through the Dismal Swamp Canal, a distance of about 52 m. It contains the co. offices, several mercantile and trading houses, and about 800 in habitants. Its exports are staves, pine lumber, shingles, etc., chiefly to the West Indies. Three newspapers are published in the village, viz., the " Old North State" (whig), and the "Democratic Pioneer," issued weekly, and the " Baptist Messenger," issued semi-monthly. ELIZABETH islands, Duke co., Mass. ; theae islands lie ELI ELK between Buzzard s Bay and Vineyard Sound, and are 16 in number. The largest, Nashawa and Nashawenna, are in habited. Gosnold, the discoverer of Cape Cod, wintered in one of these islands in 1602-3. ELIZABETH TORT, p. v., Essex co., JV. Jer. : on Staten Island Sound, near its junction with Newark Bay, 39 m. N. E. Trenton. It contains several manufacturing estab lishments, and about 140 dwellings, and is the E. terminus of the New Jersey Central R. R., connecting with New York City by a steamboat route of 14 m. The distance to Easton, Penn., is 64 m. ELIZABETH river, Virg : rises in Princess Ann and Nor folk counties, and flows N. W. 25 m. into a large estuary at the mouth of James r., forming a fine harbor at Norfolk. In conjunction with the Dismal Swamp Canal and Pasquotank r., it forms a communication between Chesapeake Bay and Albemarle Sound. ELIZABETH TOWN, p. v., and cap. Carter co., Term. : on the S. bank of Watauga r., a constituent of Holston, 257 m. E. Nashville. It contains a court-house and other co. offices, and has several stores and about 200 inhabitants. In the vicinity there are several large iron-works. ELIZABETH TOWN, p. v., and cap. Hardin co., III. : on the N. bank of the Ohio r., at the foot of Hurricane Island, 189 m. S. S. E. Springfield. It contains the co. buildings, several stores, and 400 inhabitants. A short distance inland there are some iron furnaces. ELIZABETH TOWN, p. v., Bartholomew co., Ind. : a. newly- formed village, on the line of the Madison and Indianapolis E. R., 38 m. from Madison, and 55 m. from Indianapolis. It contains about 40 dwellings. ELIZABETH TOWN, p. v., and cap. Hardin co., Ky. : on the N. side of Valley cr., a branch of Nolin s cr., 66 m. S.W. Frankfort. ELIZABETH TOWN, p. b., Essex co., N. Jer. : on Elizabeth cr., 2| m. from its entrance into Staten Island Sound, 38 m. N. E. Trenton. Lat, 40 38 N., and long. 74O 12 W. The New Jersey R. R., and the New Jersey Central R. R. inter sect at this point. It contains a court-house, jail, and about 400 dwellings, and has considerable manufactures. Vessels of 30 tons come up to the v., and of 300 tons to Elizabeth Port, 2} m. below. Pop. about 3,000. ELIZABETH TOWN, t., p. v., and cap. Essex co., N. Y. : 98 m. N. by E. Albany. Drained by several branches of Bo- quet r. Surface mountainous in the W. ; in the E. mod erately uneven. The Clinton range of mountains rises on the W. border, some of the peaks being from 1,200 to 1,500 feet above the level of Lake Champlain. Iron ore of the finest quality abounds. The v. is on the left side of the r., and contains a court-house, jail, etc., and about 70 dwell ings. In the t are several iron-works and a large number of saw-mills. Pop. 1,635. ELIZABETH TOWN, p. Y., and cap. Bladen co., N. Car. : on the right bank of Cape Fear r., 40 m. above Wilmington, and 78 m. S. by E. Raleigh. It has considerable river trade, and is a thriving place. The principal buildings are the court-house, and other co. offices, and it has several stores, and about 600 inhabitants. ELIZABETH TOWN, p. v., Hamilton co., Ohio: on the right bank: of White Water r., and on the line of the White Water Canal, 118 m. S. W. Columbus. It contains several stores, and about 200 inhabitants. ELIZABETH TOWN, p. v., Lancaster co., Fenn. : in the forks of Coney cr., 33 m. E. Harrisburg. ELIZABETHVILLE, p v., Dauphin co., Penn. : 23 m. N. Harrisburg. ELIZAVILLE, p. r., Fleming co., Ey. : 76 m. E. by N. Frankfort. ELIZAVILLE, p. v., Columbia co., N. Y. : 33 m. 8. by E. Albany. ELK county, Penn. Situate W. centrally, and contains 860 sq. m. Drained chiefly by the head waters of Clarion river in the E. by affluents of the Susquehanna. The surface is elevated, somewhat rough, but the soils are of average fertility, and produce abundantly all the cereals and grasses. Farms 254 ; manuf. 50 ; dwell. 643, and pop. wh. 3,529, fr. col. 2 total 3,531. Capital : Ridgeway. Public, Works : Sunbury and Erie R. R. ELK, p. o., Crawford county, Wise. : 77 m. W. by N. Madison. EL KADER, p. v., Clayton co., la. : n the S. side of Turkey r., an affluent of the Mississippi, 81 m. N. by E. Iowa City. ELK CREEK, t. and p. o., Erie co., Penn. : 216 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by Cussawaga cr., a branch of Elk cr., and a tributary of Conneaut r., on the last of which are salt springs. Surface hilly: soil, gravelly loam and pro ductive. It is a good agricultural town, and has about 1,800 inhabitants. ELK CIIKEK, p. o., Grayson co., Virg. : on the cr., a trib utary of New r. so called, 216 m. W. S. W. Richmond. ELK CROSS ROADS, p. o., Ashe county, N. Car. : 173 m. W. by N. Raleigh. ELK DALE, p. o., Chester county, Penn. : 73 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. ELK FURNACE, .p. o., Nelson co., Virg. : 83 m. W. by N. Richmond. ELK GARDEN, p. o., Russell co., Virg. : 268 m. W. by S. Richmond. ELK GROVE, p. o., Lafayette co., Mo. : 98 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. ELK GROVE, p. o., Cook co., III. : to the E. of Elk cr. of Des Plaincs r., 174 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. ELK GROVE, p. o., Iowa county, Wise. : 34 m. W. by S. Madison. ELKHART county, Ind. Situate N. middle, and contains 460 sq. m. Drained by St. Joseph s, Elkhart, and other streams. There are also several lakelets in the county. Surface undulating one half timbered, and the residue prairie or oak-barrens. The prairies are remarkably fertile. Wheat and Indian corn are the staple growths ; other grains and grass are produced in abundance. Iron is found, and at Meshawaka is largely manufactured. Farms 1,226; manuf. 70 ; dwell. 2,254, and pop. wh. 12,674, fr. col. 16 total 12,690. Capital : Goshen. Public Works : Northern Indiana R. R., with branch to Goshen, and a R. R. thence S. to Peru. ELKHART, p. v., Elkhart co., Ind. : at the junction of Elk- hart and St. Joseph s rivers, 131 m. N. Indianapolis. It contains several mills, warehouses, stores, etc., and about 600 inhabitants, and is the business centre of a large section, ultimately to become an important place. The Indiana Northern R. R. intersects it 102 m. from Chicago, and 146 from Monroe. ELKHAET, p. v., Sheboygan co., Wise. : 84 m. E. N. E. Madison. ELKHART river, Ind. : a fine mill-stream, an affluent of St. Joseph s r. It has a permanent supply of water from springs and lakes, and for the last 40 m. above its mouth its usual breadth is from 80 to 100 yards. The country through which it passes is one of the richest agricultural regions of the State. ELKHEART, p. v., Anderson county, Tea) : 178 m. N. E. Austin City. ELK HILL, p. o., Amelia county, Virg. : 82 m. 8 W, Richmond. ELK HORN, p. v., Washington co., III. : at the head of Elkhorn cr. of Kaskaskia r., 108 m. S. Springfield. ELK HORN, p. v., and cap. Walworth co., Wise. : in the centre of the co., 49 m. E. S. E. Madison. It contains the co. C. II., and other public offices, and about 800 inhabitants. The trade at this point is considerable, and the v. is con nected with Racine on the lake by a plank road. ELK HORN, p. o., Franklin co., Ky. : on Elkhorn cr. of Kentucky r., 12 m. N. by E. Frankfort. ELK HORN, p. o., Montgomery co., Mo. : 82 m. N. E. Jefferson City. 199 ELK ELL ELK HORN GROVE, p. o., Carroll co., IH. : on Elkhorn cr. of Rock r., 152 m. N. Springfield. ELK LAKE, p. o., Susquehanna co., Penn. : 128 m. N. E. Harrisburg. ELK LAND, t. and p. o., Tioga co., Penn. : 122 m. N. by "W. Harrisburg. Drained by Cowanesque and Crooked creeks of Tioga r. Surface hilly ; soil, gravel loam and clay- heavily timbered. Pop. about 900. ELK LICK, t. and p. o., Somerset county, Penn. : 123 m. "W. S. W. Harrisburg. It has numerous mills, distilleries, etc., and is an excellent agricultural town. The Alleghany chain bounds it on the east, and it is drained by several branches of Youghiogeny r. ELK MILLS, p. o., M Donald co., Mo. : on Elk r. of the Neosho, near the "W. line of the State, 194 m. S. W. Jeffer son City. ELK PORT, p. v., Clayton co., la. : on Elk cr. of Turkey r., T2 m. N. by E. Iowa City. ELK BIDGE, p. o., Giles co., Tenn. : 53 m. S. Nashville. ELK EIDGE LANDING, p. v., Anne Arundel (Howard) co., Md. : on the S. side of Patapsco r., 7 m. above Baltimore, and at the head of tide-water. The Washington Branch E. E. diverges from the Baltimore and Ohio E. E., on the opposite side of the river, the former passing through the village. The viaduct over which the railroad crosses the stream, is 704 feet long and 53 feet above the surface of the water, resting on eight arches constructed of granite quar ried in the neighborhood. The v. has considerable manu factures, and, in fact, the whole vicinity is one scene of mechanical industry. Pop. about 800. ELK BIVER, p. v., Clinton co., la. : on Elk r., a small affluent of the Mississippi, 69 m. E. N. E. Iowa City. ELK EIVER, p. o., Franklin county, Tenn. : 69 m. S. S. E. Nashville. The r. from which this p. o. has its name, is a considerable tributary of the Tennessee r. ; it rises in the hilly region on the E. border of Franklin county, and thence passes through Lincoln and Giles counties, into Alabama, where it joins the Tennessee near the Muscle Shoals. It has a large number of affluents. ELK river, Oreg. Ter. : a tributary of Umpqua r., which it joins at the v. of Elkton. ELK river, Md. : rises in Pennsylvania, and flows by a broad estuary into the N. part of Chesapeake Bay. It is navigable for 15 m. to Elkton. ELK river, Ala. : an affluent of Tennessee r., which it enters a little above the Muscle Shoals. ELK EUN, p. o., Fauquier co., Virg. : 92 m. N. by "W. Eichmond. ELK SPRINGS, p. o., Pike co., Mb. : on Elk Lick of Salt r., 76 m. N. E. Jefferson City. ELKTON, p. v., Umpqua co., Oreg. Ter. : at the confluence of Elk r. with the Umpqua, 93 m. S. Salem. ELKTON, p. v., Crawford co., III. : on the edge of a fine prairie, 10 m. "W. of Hutsonville, on the Wabash, and 103 m. E. S. E. Springfield. ELKTON, p. v., and cap. Todd co., Ky. : on Elk fork of Eed r., a tributary of Cumberland r., 167 m. "W". S. W. Frankfort It contains a court-house and other co. offices, and about 600 inhabitants. ELKTON, p. v., and cap. Cecil co., Md. : at the forks of Elk r., 15 m. above its confluence with Chesapeake Bay, at Turkey Point, 54 m. N. E. Annapolis. It is a well-built place, with a court-house, co. prison, etc., and has 1,128 inhab itants. The Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore E. E. passes the town a little to the N. ELKTON, p. v., Hickory co., Mo. : about 5 m.W. of Pomme de Terre river, an affluent of Osage river, 83 m. S. W. Jefferson City. ELKTON, p. v., Giles co., Tenn. : on Elk r. of tho Tennes see, 72 m. S. Nashville. Pop. 200. ELKTON, p. v., Columbiana co., Ohio: on the N. bank of the middle fork of Little Beaver r., and on the line of the Sandy and Beaver Canal, 129 m. E. N. E. Columbus. It is 200 located on the W. side of the entrance of Elk Eun, into the above-named river, and contains 160 inhabitants. ELKVILLE, p. v., Caldwell co., Jf. Car. ; on Elk cr., at ita confluence with Yadkin r., 157 m. W. by N. Ealeigh. ELLEJAT, p. v., and cap. Gilmer co., Ga. : at the conflu ence of the Ellejay and Cottercay rivers, 143 m. N. W. by N. Milledgeville. It contains a C. H. and other county buildings, and about 300 inhabitants. ELLEJAY, p. v., Blount co., Tenn.: 156 m. E. by S. Nashville. ELLENBOROUGH, p. v., Grant co., Wise. : on the E. side of Platte r., an affluent of the Mississippi, C3 m. W. S. W. Madison. ELLENBURGH, t. and p. o., Clinton co., N. Y. : 142 m. N. Albany. Drained by English and other creeks of Chateau- guay r., which flows N. into the St. Lawrence and the head streams of Chazy r. of Lake Champlain. Surface hilly but generally arable. Pop. 1,104 ELLENGOWAN, p. o., Baltimore co., Md. ELLENVILLE, p. v., Ulster co., W. Y. : at the junction of Sand Bar and Good Beerkill creeks, 71 m. S. by W. Albany, and on the line of the Delaware and Hudson Canal. It contains three churches, an iron foundry, several stores, fac tories, and mills, and about 600 inhabitants ; and a news paper, the " E. Journal" (dem.), is issued weekly. In the vicinity is an old lead mine. ELLEROY, p. v., Stephenson county, HI. : 173 m. N. Springfield. ELLERSLIE, p. v., Harris co., Ga. : 106 m. "W. S. W. Milledgeville. ELLERSLIE, p. Y., Susquehanna co., Penn. : 129 m. N. E. Harrisburg. ELLERY, t. and p. v., Chautauque co., Jf. Y. : 273 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained chiefly by several creeks of Chautauque Lake, which forms its W. border. Surface undulating ; soil, sandy and gravelly loam. The v. on the E. shore of the lake contains about 150 inhabitants. Pop. of the t 2,504. ELL GROVE, p. o., Henry co., Tenn. : 92 m. "W. by N. Nashville. ELLICOTT CREEK, p. o., Erie cd>, W. Y.: on the creek so called, 259 m. W. Albany. ELLICOTT S MILLS, p. v., Anne Arundel (Howard) co., Md. : on Patapsco r., 12 m. above Baltimore, and 31 m. N. by W. Annapolis. The Baltimore and Ohio E. E. passes through the place. The whole vicinity is one scene of productive industry ; and here is the greatest centre of flouring-mills in the Union. In 1850 the population amounted to 1,059, of which number 196 were free colored persons. The " How ard Gazette" is published weekly. The vicinity for 10 or 12 m. around has much grand scenery, and the lands in gen eral are in a good state of cultivation. ELLICOTTSVILLE, t., p. v., and cap. Cattaraugus co., N.Y.: 244 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by Great Valley cr. and its tributaries. Surface undulating ; soil, sandy and gravelly loam. The v. is located on the right side of the cr., which is an affluent of Alleghany r. ; it contains the county build ings, and about 800 inhabitants ; and has three newspapers, the " Cattaraugus Whig," the " Cattaraugus Eepublican" (dem.), and the " Whig and Union," all published weekly. The t. is chiefly agricultural. Pop. 1,412. ELLINGTON, t. and p. v., Tolland co., Conn. : 16 m. N. E. Hartford. Drained by Broad Brook of Scantic r. and Hock- anum r., the outlet of Snipsick Lake and an affluent of the Connecticut. Surface varied on the E. hilly, and on the W. generally level ; soils light and dry, and of average pro ductiveness. The v. is located at the cross roads, near the centre of the t., and contains about 60 dwellings. Pop. of the 1 1,355. ELLINGTON, p. v., Outogamie co., Wise. : 103 m. N. N. E. Madison. ELLINGTON, t. and p. o., Chautauque co., N". Y. : 270 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by Clear cr. Surface undulat- ELL ELM ing; soil, sandy and gravelly loam. There are several tanneries and mills in the t., and about 2,0^1 inhabitants. ELLINGWOOD S CORNER, p. v., Waldo co., Me. ELLIOTT, t. and p. v., York county, Me. : 100 m. S. W. Augusta. Drained by creeks of Piscataqua r., which makes its S. W. border. Surface varied, and soil generally pro ductive. There are several tanneries and mills in the t, and about 2,200 inhabitants. ELLIOTTSBUBGH, p. v., Perry county, Penn. : 32 m. W. Harrisburg. ELLIOTT S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Morgan co., Ohio : 66 m. E. S. E. Columbus. ELLIOTT S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Clinton co., Ey. : on the S. line of the State, 110 m. S. Frankfort. ELLIOTTBVILLE, t. and p. o., Piscataquis co., Me. : 79 m. N. by E. Augusta. ELLIOTTSVILLE, p. v., Jefferson co., OMo : on the right bank of the Ohio r., 126 m. E. N. E. Columbus. It has several ponds and brooks emptying through Sebec and Pleasant rivers into the Piscataquis. The v. lies on Wilson s Brook, an affluent of Sebec Lake. ELLIS county, Tex, Situate N. centrally, and contains 800 sq. m. Drained by the upper streams of Trinity r. Or ganized since 1850. Capital : Waxahachi. ELLIS island, N. Y.: in the harbor of New York, op posite the mouth of Hudson r. It belongs to the United States, and is the site of Fort Gibson, now used as a naval store-house and powder magazine. It is also known as Gibbet Island, from the fact of its having been formerly the place for hanging or gibbeting pirates condemned to death. ELLIS river, Me. : a tributary of Androscoggin river. ELLIS river, JV. Ifamp. : an affluent of the Saco from the "White Mountains. ELLISBURGH, p. v., La Grange co., Ind. : 136 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. ELLISBITRGH, t. and p. v., Jefferson co., N. Y. : 136 m. W. N. W. Albany. Drained by the branches of Sandy cr., an affluent of Lake Erie, which bounds it on the W. Surface level ; soil, sandy loam. The v. is located on Sandy cr., which affords extensive water-power, and has several mills, about 60 dwellings, and 400 inhabitants. The W T atertown and Eome E. E. passes through the E. part of the t., and at Pierrepont forms a junction with the Ellisburg and Sack- ett s Harbor E. E. Pop. 5,524. ELLISBURGII, p. b., Potter co., Penn. : 126 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. ELLISON, p. o., Warren co., III. : 88 m. N. W. Springfield. ELLISTON, p. v., Madison co., Ky. : 48 m. S. E. Frankfort. ELLISTON, p. v., Onondaga co., 2f. Y. : 124 m. W. by N. Albany. ELLISTOWN, p. v., Pontotoc co., Miss.: 155 m. N. E. Jackson. ELLISVILLE, p. v., Columbia co., Flor. : on the Santa F6 r., a tributary of Suwanee r., 112 m. E. S. E. Tallahassee. ELLISVILLE, p. Y., Bladen co., N. Car. : 73 m. S. Ealeigh. ELLISVILLE, p. v., Fulton co., III. : on the E. side of Spoon r. of the Illinois, 69 m. N. W. Springfield. There are several large mills on the river, both above and below the village. ELLISVILLE, p. v., and cap. Jones co., Miss. : on Talla- hala cr., a constituent of Pascagoula r., 78 m. S. E. by E. Jackson. ELLISVILLE, p. v., St. Louis co., Mo. : 88 m. E. by N. Jefferson City. ELLISVILLE, p. v., Louisa county, Virg.: 51 m. N. W. Eichmond. ELLITTSVILLE, p. v., Monroe co., Ind. : 44 m. S. W. by S. Indianapolis. The New Albany and Salem E. E. intersects this place, 7 m. N. W. Bloomington. ELLSWORTH, p. v., Litchfleld county, Conn. : 41 m W. Hartford. ELLSWORTH, t., p. v., and cap. Hancock co., Me. : 71 m. E. by N. Augusta. Drained by Union r., and there are B2 several large ponds emptying into it. Surface varied. Soil fertile, adapted alike to grain growing and grazing. The v. is situate at both sides of Union r., at the head of tide water, and accessible to large vessels. The r. is here spanned by a bridge, connecting the two sections of the v. It con tains a court-house, co. jail, and the co. offices, and about 600 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 4,009. ELLSWORTH, p. v., Texas co., Mo. : on Big Piney Fork of Gasconade r., 78 m. S. by E. Jefferson City. Pop. 9r 3. ELLSWORTH, t. and p. v., Mahoning co., OMo: 132 nv N. E. Columbus. Drained by an affluent of Mahoning r. Surface diversified, and soil of average fertility, well adapted to grass and grain. The v. on the Canfield and Eaveiina Turnpike, contains 150 inhabitants. The cheese and butter of this t. have long been noted in the markets. ELLWOOD, p. v., Muhlenburgh co., Ky. : 146 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. ELLWOOD S BRIDGE, p. o., Delaware co.,2f. Y. ELM BLUFF, p. o., Dallas co., Ala. : 47 m.W. Montgomery. ELMER, p. o., Salem co., N . Jer. : 57 m. S. S.W. Trenton. ELM GROVE, p. o., Marion co., /a. : in the S. E. corner of the co., 77 m. W. S. W. Iowa City. ELM GROVE, p. o., De Soto co., J/m. : 177 m. N. Jackson. ELM GROVE, p. o., Lewis county, Mo. : 103 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. ELM GROVE, p. o., Highland co., III. ELM HILL, p. o., Davidson co., Tmn. ELMIRA, p. v., Stark co., III. : on the E. side of Spoon r. of the Illinois, 99 m. N. Springfield. ELMIRA, t., p. v., and cap. Chemung co., N. Y. : 15S m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by creeks of Chemung r. Sur face uneven ; soil in the valleys and flats very .fertile. The v. is located on the left side of Chemung r., at the entrance of Newton s cr., where is extensive water-power. It con tains a court-house, and other co. offices, and has a number of manufacturing establishments, stores, warehouses, etc. It is also a great lumber market, and has a considerable trade. The Chemung Canal has its Southern terminus at this point, and the New York and Erie E. E. passes through the v., and 4 m. W. of the v. is tapped by the Canandaigua and Elmira E. E. Three newspapers are published here the "E. Eepublican" (whig), the "E. Gazette" (free soil), and the " E. Couri r" (whig) all issued weekly. Two bridge" cross th Chemung r., over one of which the E. E. passes, and over the other the turnpike. Pop. 6,212. The original nam of the t. was Con-e-wa-wah. It was settled in 1783, and called " Newton," and in 1791, the v. having been loca ted by Moses De Witt, its name was changed to " Dewitts- burg." In the last year the first frame-house was built, and the lands were sold to settlers at 18 pence per acre. The t. finally received its present title from some gentleman who named it after his wife. Pop. oft. 8,106. ELMIRA, p. v., Fulton county, Ohio : 127 m. N. N. W. Columbus. ELMORE, t. and p. o., Lamoille co., Verm. : 16 m. N. by E. Montpelier. Drained in the S. by branches of Onion r., and in the N. by branches of the Lamoille. Surface elevated and rough ; soils moderately fertile. The v. is located in the N. part of the t. on a branch of Lamoille r. The t. has several ponds, and contains iron ore. Pop. 504. ELMORE, p. o., Pcoria co., III. : 73 m. N. Springfield. ELM POINT, p. o., Bond co., III. : in the middle of Fork Prairie, between the forks of Shoal cr., an affluent of Kas- kaskia r., 61 m. S. by E. Springfield. ELM SPRINGS, p. v., Washington co., Ark. : 144 m. N. W. Little Eock. ELM TREE, p. o., Hancock co., III. : on the edge of a fine prairie, 6 m. E. S. E. Carthage, and 84 m. W. N. W. Springfield. ELM WOOD, p. o., Peoria co., III. : on Kickapoo cr., 63 m. N. by W. Springfield. ELM WOOD, p. o., Saline county, Mo. : 76 m. W. N W Jefferson City. 201 ELO ENF ELON, p. o., Amherst co., Virg. : 92 m. W. Eichmond. ELROD, p. v., Kipley co., Ind. ELTON, p. v., Cattaraugus co., N. Y. : 146 m. W. by S. Albany. ELTON, p. v., Edgefleld distrkt, S. Car. : 64 m. W. Columbia. ELYRIA, t., p.v., and cap. Lorain co., Ohio : 108 m. N.N. E. Columbus. Drained by Black r. of Lake Erie, and its trib utaries. Surface uneven ; soils generally fertile. The v. is pleasantly located between the E. and W. forks of Black r., which unite about half a mile N. of it, and each of which has a perpendicular fall of nearly 40 feet on the opposite sides of the v., affording extensive hydraulic power. The principal streets extend from one branch of the river to the other, and the buildings exhibit much neatness and taste. It contains a court-house and other co. buildings, several furnaces, factories, and mills, and about 1,482 inhabitants ; and two newspapers, the "E. Courier" (whig), and the "Lorain Argus" (dem.), are published weekly. The Lake Shore E. E. from Cleveland to Sandusky, passes through the village. Pop. of t. 2,658. ELYSBURGH, p. v., Northumberland co., Penn. : 54 m. N. Harrisburg. ELYSIAN FIELDS, p. o., Harrison co., Tex. : 270 m. N. E. Austin City. ELYSIUM, p. v., M Henry co., III. : on the S. side of Boon cr. of Fox r., 182 m. N. N. E. Springfield. ELYSVILLE, p. v., Howard co., Md. : on the Patapsco r., and on the line of the Baltimore and Ohio E. E., 21 m. W. Baltimore, and 40 m. N. W. Annapolis. It contains 1 cot ton and 1 oakum factory, 1 church, 1 school, and 106 inhab itants. The houses are built of brick and stone. The vicin ity is thickly settled, and in a highly flourishing condition, both as respects its manufacturing and agricultural interests. The lands are fertile, and afford a considerable quantity of produce for market. ELYTON, p. v., and cap. Jefferson co., Ala. : at the head of Catoochee or Valley cr., 81 m. N. N. "W. Montgomery. It contains a court-house and the co. jail and offices, and about 150 inhabitants. The country is elevated, and the lands famous for their fine cotton. EMANUEL county, Go,. Situate toward E. centrally, and contains 1,100 sq. m. Drained by Cannouchee r. and other affluents of the Ogeechee, and by several head streams of Great Ohoopee r. of the Alatamaha. Surface level, and soils, except in the valleys, sandy and of indifferent fertility. Farms 511 ; manuf. ; dwell. 605, and pop. wh. 3,591, fr. col. 24, si. 962 total 4,577. Capital : Swainsboro . EMAUS, p. v., Lehigh co., Penn. : 76 m. E. N. E. Harris- burg. This is a Moravian village, at the foot of South Mountain, and is built in one street. It contains about 40 dwellings. The site was bequeathed by two brethren for the support and promotion of missions. EMAUS, p. o., Bedford county, Virg. : 123 m. W. by S. Eichmond. EMBARRAS POINT, p. o., Edgar co., III. : at the head of the E. fork of Embarras r., 93 m. E. by S. Springfield. EMBDEN, t. and p. v., Somerset co., Me. : 54 m. N". N. W. Augusta. Drained by several affluents of Kennebec r., which makes its E. border. The v. is located in the N. E. part of the town. Pop. of t. 971. EMBDEN CENTRE, p. o., Somerset co., Me. : 57 m. N. N.W. Augusta. EMBREEVTLLE, p. v., Chester co., Penn. : 71 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. EMERALD GROVE, p. o., Eock co., Wise. : 38 m. S. S. E. Madison. EMERSON S TAN- YARD, p. o., Chatham county, Nl Oar. : 47 m. W. Ealeigh. EMERY, p.v., Fulton co., Ohio : 128 m. N. N.~W. Columbus. EMERY S MILLS, p. o., York co., Me. : on the S. branch of Mousam r., about 3 m. below the pond from which the stream has its rise, and 82 m. S. W. Augusta EMIGSVILLE, p. v., York county, Penn. : 37 m. S. by E. Harrisburg. EMINENCE, p. v., Logan co., Itt. : in the N. E. part of the co., S. of Sugar cr. of Salt cr., an affluent of the Sangamon, 37 m. N. N. E. Springfield. EMINENCE, p. v., Henry co., Ky. : 23 m. N.W. Frankfort EMINENCE, p. o., Schoharie co., N. Y. EMINENCE, p. v., and cap. Shannon co., Mo. : on the left bank of Current r., 98 m. S. S. E. Jefferson City. It con tains a court-house, etc., and about 120 inhabitants. EMLENTON, p. v., Yenango co., Penn. : 168 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. EMMA, p. v., White co., III. : on the E. of Little Wabash r., 148 m. S. E. Springfield. EMMET, p. o., Lake co., III. : between Des Plaines r. and Lake Michigan, 8 m. S. by "W. Waukegan, and 189 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. EMMETT county, la. Situate N. W., and contains 432 sq. m. Taken from Pottowattomee in 1851. EMMETT county, Mich. Situate N.W. extremity of Lower Peninsula, and contains 144 sq. m. A new co. since 1850. EMMETT, t. and p. o., Calhoun co., Mich. : 43 m. 8. W Lansing. Drained by Kalamazoo r. and its tributaries. The Michigan Central E. E. passes through the t. about 118 m. from Detroit. Pop. 1,582. EMMETT, t. and p. v., Dodge co., Wise. : 36 m. E. N. E. Madison. Pop. 1,207. EMMETTSVILLE, p. v., Eandolph co., Ind. : on the N. side of and about a mile from Mississinewa r., 64 m. N. E. by E. Indianapolis. EMMITT, p. v.,Wilkinson co., Go-. : on the S. fork of Com missioner s cr., an affluent of Oconee r., 15 m. S. Milledge- ville. The Central E. E. passes through the v., 152 m. from Savannah. EMMITTSBURGII, p. v., Frederick co., Md. : on the W. side of Flat r., a tributary of Tom s cr., and extending back almost to that stream, 73 m. N. W. Annapolis. It has 5 churches, several stores, and 812 inhabitants. In the vicin ity the Eoman Catholics have several celebrated religious and educational institutions. Mount St Mary s College, 2 m. distant, is one of the best schools in the Union ; it was founded in 1S30, and had in 1850 a president, 24 professors and instructors, 137 alumni, and 126 students. Its library contains about 4,000 volumes. Mount St. Mary s Theolog ical Seminary had a superior, and 3 professors, and 24 students. St. Joseph s Academy, about half a mile from the v., is a female institution, conducted by the Sisters of Chari ty ; and near here is the Congregation of the Missions, from which so many sisters have been sent into the world to alle viate human suffering. Besides these there is St. Philome- na s Asylum, attached to the Congregation of Missions for the Education of Orphan Girls, and served by four sisters ; a Free School for girls, and other charities. EMORY, p. v., Washington co., Virg. : 264 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. EMOBY, p. v., Holmes co., Mtes. : 56 m. N. by E. Jackson. EMORY IRON WORKS, p. o., Eoan co, Tenn. : on Emory s r., a branch of Clinch r., 126 m. E. by S. Nashville. EMPIRE, p. o., Whitesides co., III. : 138 m. N. by W. Springfield. EMPIRE CITY, p. v., Tuolumne co., Calif. : on the S. side of Tuolumne r., 88 m. S. E. Vallejo. EMPIRE IRON WORKS, p. o., Trigg co., Ey. : 197 m. S.W. Frankfort. ENDOR, p. o., Willco., III. : 140 m. N. E. Springfield. ENERGY, p. o., Clark co., Miss. : 98 m. E. by S. Jackson. ENFIELD, t. and p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : 16 m. N. by E. Hartford. Situate on the E. side of Connecticut r., over which is a bridge connecting it with Suffleld, and also one in the S. part of the t, over which the New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield E. E. passes from Windsor Locks to Warehouse Point. This railroad skirts the r. through the t, passing through Thompsonville. Scitico and Hazardville are other ENF ERI villages in Enfleld. Thompsonville is noted for its extensive carpet factories, and Hazardville for its powder mills. Pop. of town 4,460. ENFIELD, L and p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : 92 m. N. E. Augusta. The v. is located on the E. side of Penobscot r. ? which forms the W. border of the town. A large pond lies on the E. border. Pop. 392. ENFIELD, t. and p. v., Hampshire co., Mass. : 66 m. W. Boston. Drained by two branches of Swift r., a tributary of Chicopee r., which afford water-power. Surface diver sified. Soil adapted best to grasses. There are considerable manufactures in the town, consisting of cotton and woolen goods, boots, shoes, etc. Pop. ], 36. ENFIELD, p. v., Halifax co., JV". Car. : on the line of the Wilmington and Weldon K. E., 66 m. N. E. Ealeigh. It is a place of considerable business, and has 400 inhabitants. ENFIELD, t. and p. v., Grafton co., N. Ilamp. : 36 m. N.W. Concord. Surface pleasantly diversified, and soil of average fertility. It contains several considerable ponds, the outlets of which afford water-power. The v. liea at the S. end of Mascoma Pond, and there is a Shaker s village and settle ment on the "W. side of the same, which is characterized by the neatness and economy so usual with these sectarians. The settlement embraces about 1,000 acres of land in a high state of cultivation. In the N. part of the t. is Enfield Sta tion, on the line of the Northern E. E., which here crosses the t. 59 m. from Concord. Pop. 1 .742. ENFIELD, t. and p. v., Tompkins county, N. Y. : 143 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by creeks of Cayuga inlet, which afford water-power. Surface undulating; soil grav elly loam. The v. contains about 30 dwellings. The t. is chiefly agricultural, and contains 2,117 inhabitants. ENFIELD, p. v., King William co., Virg. : 24 m. N. E. Richmond. ENFIELD CENTRE, p. v., Tompkins county, N. Y. : 145 m. W. by S. Albany. ENGELLVILLE, p. v., Schoharie county, W. Y. : 87 m. "W. Albany. ENGLISH NEIGHBORHOOD, p. v., Bergen co., W. Jer. : 62 m. N. E. Trenton. It contains 2 churches and about 40 dwell ings. The distance from New York City is about 8 miles. ENGLISH PKAIKIE, p. o., M Henry co., III. : on the N. E. corner of the co., 198 m. N. N. E. Springfield. ENGLISH SETTLEMENT, p. v., Marion county, fa. : on English cr., an affluent of Des Moines r., 103 m. W. S. W. Iowa City. ENGLISHTOWN, p. v., Monmonth co., N. Jer. : on Matcha- ponix cr., 27 m. E. Trenton. It contains several stores, about 40 dwellings, and 180 inhabitants. The country in the vicinity has a light and sandy soil. ENNISVILLE, p. v., Huntingdon co., Penn. : on Standing Btone cr., 63 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. ENOCH, t. and p. o., Noble county, Ohio : 84 m. E. by S. Columbus. Drained by Duck cr. Surface varied, and soil generally fertile, well adapted to grain. Pop. 1,438. ENOE MILLS, p. o., Orange co., N. Car. : on Enoo r., an affluent of the Neuse, 31 m. N. N. W. Ealeigh. ENON, p. o., Bureau co., III. : 113 m. N. Springfield. ENON, p. v., Macon co., Ala. : 31 m. E. Montgomery. ENON, p. o., Clark co., Ohio: 47 m. W. Columbus. P. 294. ENON GROVE, p. o., Heard co., Ga. : 114 m. W. by N. Milledgeville. ENON VALLEY, p. o., Lawrence co., Penn. : 1S9 m.W. N.W. Harrisburg. ENOREE, p. v., Spartanburgh dist., S. Car, : on Enoree r., an affluent of Broad r., 86 m. N. W. by N. Columbia. ENOSBURGH, p. v., Franklin co., Verm. : 44 m. N. by W. Mootpelier. Drained by tributaries of Missisqui r., which flows through the N. part of the t., and affords good water- power. Surface varied, and soil best adapted to grasses. The v. lies about the centre, and contains 22 dwellings. ENOSBURGU FALLS, p. o., Franklin co., Verm. : 47 m. N. by W. Montpelier. ENTERPRISE, p. o., Orange co., Flor. : on the N. side of a lake or expansion of St. John s r., 226 m. S. E. Tallahassee. Lat. 2SO 49 N., and long. 81 12 W. ENTERPRISE, p. o., Wayne co., Ill, : on the E. side of Elm cr. of Little Wabash r., 112 m. S. E. Springfield. ENTERPRISE, p. o., Shiawassee co., Mich. : 27 m. N. E. Lansing. ENTERPRISE, p. v., M Donald co., Mo. : on a branch of Elk r. of the Neosho, 182 m. S. W. Jefferson City. ENTERPRISE, p. o., Lancaster co., Penn. : 42 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. ENTERPRISE, p. v., Clark co., Miss. : on Chankey cr. of Chickasawa r., 92 m. E. by S. Jackson. ENTERPRISE, p. v., Preble county, Ohio : 89 m. W. by S. Columbus. EOLIA, p. o., Dane co., Wise. : 22 m. N. E. Madison. EPHRATAH, t. and p. v., Fulton co., N. Y. : 46 m.W. N.W. Albany. Drained by Garoga and Zimmerman s creeks, affluents of Mohawk r. The surface is uneven : soil, sandy loam. The v. is located on the right bank of Garoga cr., and contains about 200 inhabitants. The t. has considerable water-power, and several factories and mills. Pop. 2,OSO. EPHRATAH, t. and p. v., Lancaster county, Penn. : 33 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. The v. was founded by a singular sect from Germany, the Tunkers or Dunkers. Most of the original peculiarities of the sect have disappeared, but they still live remarkable for the regularity of their lives, the simplicity of their manners, and the fervor of their devotion. Contention at law or with arms they regard as unchristian. Pop. about 1,979. EPPING, t and p. v., Eockingham co., N. JTamp. : 27 m. E. S. E. Concord. Drained by Lamprey r., which affords good water-power. Surface level, and soil generally of an average fertility. The v. is located on the Portsmouth and Concord E. E., 19 m. from Portsmouth, and 30 m. from Concord. The t. has several tanneries, mills, etc., and 1,433 inhabitants. Pop. 1,663. EPSOM, t. and p. o., Merrimac co., A 7 ". Hamp. : 11 m. E. by S. Concord. Drained by Suncook r. and its tributa ries. Surface uneven ; soils suitable for grass or grain. The v. lies on a creek of Suncook Eiver. Pop. 1,365. EQUALITY, p. v., and cap. Gallatin co., Itt. : on the N. side of the S. fork of Saline cr., an affluent of the Ohio r., 158 m. S. E. by S. Springfield. It contains a neat brick court house and other co. offices, several mechanic shops, stores, etc., and about 120 dwellings. In the neighborhood there are salt-works. EQUALITY, p. v., Coosa cotinty, Ala. : 32 m. N. by E. Montgomery. EQUALITY, p. v., Anderson dist., & Car. : 119 m.W. N.W. Columbia. EQUATOR, p. o., Lee co., Itt. : 136 m. N. by E. Springfield. EQUINUNK, sta., Delaware co., N. Y.:on the E. bank of Delaware r., and on the line of the New York and Erie E. E., 153 m. from New York City. At present it contains little more than the railroad buildings and offices, and a hotel, but it has many advantages that the future may- develop. EQUINUNK, p. v., Wayne co., Penn. : on the W. side of Delaware r., 139 m. N. E. Harrisburg. It has several mills, and in the neighborhood are a large number of tanneries. ERASMUS, p. o., Lincoln co., J\T. Car. : 146 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. ERCILDOWN, p. o., Chester county, Penn. : 73 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. ERIE county, N. Y. Situate W., and contains 876 sq. m. Surface generally level or undulating, except in the S., where it is somewhat hilly. Niagara r. and Lake Erie form its W. border, and Cattaraugus County makes its S. line. Drained by Buffalo, Cayuga, Cazenovia, Seneca, Ellicott s, Cauquaga, and Tonewanda creeks. Farms 4,880 ; manuf. 688 ; dwell. 17,104, and pop. wh. 100,214, and fr. col. 779 total 100,993. Capital : Buffalo. PulUo Works : Erie 208 ERI ERI Canal ; Buffalo and Rochester K. R. ; Buffalo and Niagara Falls R. R. ; Buffalo and State Line R. R. ; Buffalo and New York City R. R.; Buffalo and Brantford R, R. ; Buffalo, Corning, and New York R. R., etc., and numerous plank roads. ERIE county, Ohio. Situate N. on Lake Erie, and con tains 324 sq. m. Drained by Huron and Vermillion rivers, and Pipe cr., the latter emptying into Sandusky Bay, and the two first into the lake. Surface generally level, and soils fertile. A large commerce centres in this co. Farms 1,021 ; manuf. 73 ; dwell. 3,362, and pop. wh. 18,866, and fr. col. 202 total 18,563. Capital : Sandusky City. Pullic Works : Lake Shore R. R. ; Sandusky and Toledo R. R. ; Mad River and Lake Erie R. R. ; Mansfield and Sandusky R. R., etc. ERIE county, Perm. Situate in the N. "W. corner of the State, facing on Lake Erie, and contains 720 sq. m. Drained by Conneaut, Elk, Walnut, and other creeks flowing into the Lake, and French cr. of the Alleghany r. Surface un dulating ; soils various, consisting of sandy loam, gravel, and clay in different proportions, and well adapted to grass. Farms 3,334 ; manuf. 255 ; dwell. C,S25, and pop. wh. 33,593, fr. ool. 149 total &S,742. Capital: Erie. Public Work*: Erie and North- East R. R. ; Cleveland, Paincs- ville, and Ashtabula R. R. ; and Sunbury and Erie R. R. ; also Beaver and Erie Canal. The two first of these form links in the great chain of railroads extending along the southern shore of Lake Erie. EUIE, p. v., Whitesides co., III. : on the N. side of Rock r., 122 m. N. by W. Springfield. ERIE, p. o., Roan county, Tenn. : 129 in. E. by S. Nashville. ERIE, t. and p. v., Monroe co., Mioh, : 84 m. S, E. Lansing. Drained by Vance r. and Bay cr. The town is the south- easternmost in the State, and includes North Cape and sev eral islands. It contains a good stone quarry. Pop. 1,144. ERIE, p. v., and cap. Camden co., Mo. : on the S. side of Osage r., between the Little Niangua and Grand Au Glaize rivers, 45 m. S. W. Jefferson City. It contains a court house, a jail, etc., and has a considerable river trade. EUIE, p. b.. port of entry, and cap. Erie co., Penn. : on Presque Isle Bay of Lake Erie, 218 m. N. W. by W. Ilar- risburg. Lat, 42 10 N., and long. 80 OS W. The borough extends along the bay for 3 m., and from it 1 m. The harbor of Erie is one of the best and safest on the Lake, with 8 or 10 feet of water on the bar, and the depth within it averages 20 feet. In extent it is about 6 sq. m. The borough con tains the co. court-house, a jail, and other offices, churches of all denominations, schools and academies, a bank, nume rous wholesale stores, commission and forwarding houses, and lumber yards ; also foundries, mechanic shops, and manufacturing establishments of various kinds. Its pop. in 1840 was 3,412 ; in 1S50 it contained 5,850 ; and in 1S52, by estimate, 8,500. At the first period it had few facilities of internal communication at the last, the line of railroads from Buffalo was completed, and also the line to Cleveland, thus extending its commercial highways to the extreme West and East of the Union. As yet, however, the pros perity of the borough is only in its first grade of develop ment. Its harbor is being improved ; the line of canal from Pittsburg is progressing to completion ; a railroad is being built to connect it with the Erie R. R. and New York City ; another from Erie, via Sunbury to Philadelphia, in Penn sylvania; and still another to Pittsburg. These lines of travel and transportation will place it on a par with Buffalo, Dunkirk, Cleveland, Sandusky, etc., and make it, in a com mercial point of view, one of the most important ports of Lake Erie. The lake commerce centering at this port is as yet comparatively small, and the shipping owned by the inhabitants in 1850 was only 7,870 tons, of which 5,350 tons were navigated by steam-power. Favoring circumstances now compel the fortunes of the place, and its rise will be rapid; and it is not improbable that when the census 204 enumeration of I860 is taken, that Erie will count a popula tion of nearly 20,000 inhabitants. The newspaper press of Erie consists of a tri-weekly paper and 4 weekly papers : the tri-weekly is the " Erie Observer" (dem.), of which also is issued a weekly edition ; the " E. Chronicle" (whig), the "E. Gazette" (whig), and the "Commercial Advertiser" (whig). Erie has long been a port, the position and local advantages of which were appreciated by the lake naviga tor, and it has as long been a harbor of refuge to the national vessels in war or storm. It was here that Perry, in the last war with Great Britain, fitted up his fleet ; and in case of war again ensuing, no port on the lake has the same ad vantages for defense and safe harbor, Presque Isle being a natural breast-work, easily defended against the enemy. ERIE, lake : one of the five great lakes of North America* between the United States and Canada. It lies between 410 22 and 42 52 N. lat. and between 78 55 and 83 23 W. long., and has the States of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York on the S. and S. E. borders, and the fertile peninsula of Upper Canada on the N. Its shape is ellip tical its length 2ft5 m., and its breadth from 10 to 63 m. It receives at its W. end, through the Detroit or strait, the discharge of water from the great upper lakes, and dis charges its own waters through Niagara r., celebrated lor its stupendous water-falls. Its surface is elevated 565 iVet abovo tide water at Albany, 52 feet below lakes Huron and Michigan, and 322 feet above the level of Lake Ontario. Us waters are shallower than those of the other great lakes ; j the greatest depth that has been obtained by sounding is 270 feet, but its mean depth is not more than 120 fe*3t. It receives from Canada but a few small streams, the principal of which is the Ouse, near its E. extremity. From Michigan it receives the Huron and Raisin ; from Ohio, the Maumee Portage, Sandusky, Vermillion, Black, Cuyahoga, Grand Ashtabula, and Conneaut ; from Pennsylvania, the Elk and other streams ; and from New York, the Cattaraugus and Buffalo creeks. The rivers of Lake Erie have bars at their mouths, rarely affording more than 8 feet water. A little N. W. of Sandusky Bay is a group of islands called North, Middle, and South Bass islands. In the N. part of South Bass Island is Put-in-Bay, which has 12 feet water, and affords one of the best harbors on the lake, and is easily ac cessible. Into this harbor Commodore Perry brought his prizes after the battle of the 10th Sept., 1813. The best har bors on the south shore, are the harbor of Sandusky, Ohio; Erie, Penn. ; and Buffalo and Black Rock, N. York. Port Maitland, at the mouth of Grand or Ouse r., forms the best and almost the only harbor on the Canada shore. Grand r., after a course of 100 miles, enters Lake Erie 40 m. directly W. of its outlet. In consequence of its shallowness, a part of the lake is frozen over in winter, and navigation is for several months suspended. The importance of this lake for the purposes of commerce has been greatly increased by the canals and railroads, connecting its ports with the inte rior and the sea-board. The canals are the Welland, the Erie, the Ohio, the Miami, and the Wabash and Erie canals ; and the principal railroads are the line of rail roads from Buffalo to Albany; the New York and Erie R. R., from Dunkirk to New York City ; the Sunbury and Erie R. R., from Erie to Sunbury and Philadelphia; the Cleveland and Pittsburg R. R. ; the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati R. R. ; the line of railroads from Sandusky to Cincinnati ; and the Southern Michigan R. R., from Toledo and Mouroe to Chicago, etc.; and besides these, there is a continuous line of railroad from Niagara Falls, through Buffalo, Dunkirk, Erie, Cleveland, Sandusky, To ledo, etc., skirting the southern line of the lake from one end to the other, and connecting with the lines directing inland from these several ports. The business which is done on this lake by the aid of these channels is im mense, and is constantly increasing. The following was the tunnage of the several collection districts on Lake Erie i at two periods : ERI ESS 1840. 1850. I ne e in 10 y .s. Buffalo 4,916 39,679 84,763 Presquelsle 3,360 7,870 4,510 Cuyahoga 9,514 35,815 25,S01 Sandusky 2,643 7,323 4,685 Miami 2,232 2,629 397 Detroit 11,432 36,893 25,461 Total 34,097 129,714 95^617 This, in 1840, included more than 300 vessels, and in 1850 more than 1,100, consisting of ships, brigs, schooners, sloops, steamboats, and propellers. Of the vessels moved by steam- power, the number is great, and many of them of the largest class, little inferior to those navigating the Hudson Eiver. In 1850, the tonnage of this description of vessels amounted to 58,1 99 tons, nearly one half the aggregate American ton nage on the lake. This enumeration does not include the tonnage of Canadian ports on the lake, which, however, is not large. The value of the commerce on this lake alone is much larger than that of the foreign commerce of the whole United States. ERIEVILLE, p. v., Madison co, W. Y. : 102 m. W. Albany. Pop. about 200. ERIN, p. v., Merriwether co., Ga. : on the N. line of the county, and about 6 m. W. of Flint r., 78 m. W. by N. Milledgeville. ERIN, p. o., M Henry co., HI. : 2 m. N. of Woodstock, and 181 N. N. E. Springfield. ERIN, t. and p. o., Chemung co., N. Y. : 148 m. W. S. W. Albany. Drained by Cayuta cr. Surface hilly and broken, and soil gravelly loam of moderate fertility. It is almost entirely an agricultural town. Pop. 1,813. ERIN, p. v., Chickasaw county, Miss. : 123 m. N. N. E. Jackson. ERIN, p. o., Jasper co., Teas. : on the E. side of Neches r., 233 m. E. Austin City. The Jasper and Beaumont Eoad intersects the place about 14 m. above the S. line of the co. ERIN SHADES, p. o., Ilenrico co., Yirg. ERROLL, t. and p. o., Coos co., N. Ifamp. : 108 m. N. by E. Concord. Drained by Androscoggin r. and its tributaries. On the E. lies Lake Umbagog, which forms its boundary in that direction. The t. is entirely devoted to agriculture, and is \ ery sparsely settled. Pop. 1 ! 38. ERVING, t. and p. v., Franklin co., Mass. : on the E. side of Connecticut r., 75 m. W. by N. Boston. Drained chiefly by Miller s r. Surface diversified with fine meadows on the Connecticut. Its streams afford fine water-power, and it has considerable manufactures. The Vermont and Massa chusetts E. E. traverses the t. on the S. and W. borders, fol lowing the valleys of the rivers. Pop. 449. ERWINNA, p. v., Bucks co., Penn. : on the right bank of Delaware Eiver, 37 m. N. Philadelphia, and 113 m. E. Ilarrisburg. ERWINSVILLE, p. v., Cleveland county, If. Car. : 162 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. ERWINTON, p. v., Barnwell dist., R Car. : on the N. side of Briar cr., an affluent of Savannah r., 73 m. S. S. W. Columbia. ESOAMH county, Flor. Situate in the extreme W., and contains 570 sq. m. Escarnbia r. and Pensacola Bay bound it on the E., and the Gulf of Mexico on the S., while the Perdido r. makes its W. line. Surface low and level near the sea, but rises to some height in the interior ; it is drained by numerous tributaries of the border rivers. Soil generally poor, and covered with pines. Farms 34; manuf. 9; dwell. 563, and pop. wh. 2,644, fr. col. 875, si. 1,332 total 4.351. Capital : Pensacola. Public Work* : Fort Gaines and Pen sacola E. E. ; Montgomery and Pensacola E. E. ; Bruns wick and Florida E. E., etc. (all projected). ESCAMBTA river, Ala. and Flor. : rises in Monroe co., Alabama, and flows S. E. into Florida, where near the State line it unites with the Conccuh, a larger river than itself, and thence flows S. into nn arm of Pensacola Bay. From i the junction this stream is properly the Conecuh. ESCOHEAG, p. v., Kent co., It. L ESCULAPIA SPRINGS, p. v., Lewis co., Ky. : 92 m. E. by N. Frankfort. ESMOND S CORNERS, p. o., Calhoun co., Mich. : 53 m. S.W. Lansing. ESOM HILL, p. o., Paulding co., Ga.: 118 m. N. N. "W Milledgeville. ESOPUS, t. and p. v., Ulster co., N. Y. : 57 m. S. by "W. Albany. It has the Hudson r. on the E. and Eondout cr. on the N.W. side. Surface uneven and broken ; soil, sandy clay and gravelly loam. The v. is located about 2 m. W. of the landing on the Hudson, and contains about 30 dwell ings. Pop. of t. 2,872. ESPERANCE, t. and p. v., Schoharie co., N. Y. : 30 m. W. Albany. Drained by creeks of Schoharie r., which bounds it on the E., and affords considerable water-power. The v. is located near the N. E. corner of the co. on the right bank of the river, and contains about 300 inhab. Pop. oft. 1,428. ESPY, p. v., Columbia co., Penn. : on the right bank of Susquehanna r., 62 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. Pop. about 200. ESPYVILLE, p. v., Crawford co., Penn.: 198 m. N. \V. Harrisburg. ESSEX county, Mass. Situate N. E., and contains 303 sq. m. The Atlantic Ocean washes its E. line, and New Hampshire lies on its N. border. Drained by the Merrhnac and Shawsheen rivers. Surface uneven and rough, but the soil in many parts good, and always well cultivated. It has an extensive coast, good harbors, an active commerce and fishing interest, and great wealth, and in manufactures is one of the most productive in the State. Farms 2,816 ; manuf. 1,538; dwell. 18,878, and pop. wh. 130,682, fr. col. 618 total 131,300. Capitals: Ipswich, Newburyport, and Salem. Public Works: Boston and Maine E. E.; Eastern E. E. ; Newburyport E. E. ; Salem and Lawrence E. E., etc. ESSEX county, N. Jer. Situate toward the N. E., and contains 241 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of the Passaic r., by the Eahway r., and some others. Two chains of hills pass through it, and make its surface uneven and rough; soils generally red shale. It has immense hydraulic power and extensive manufactures. Farms 1,745; manuf. 836; dwell. 10,964, and pop. wh. 71,783, fr. col. 2,161, and si. 6 total 73,950. Capital : Newark. Public Works : Morris Canal ; Morris and Essex E. E. ; New Jersey E. E., etc. ESSEX county, Jf. Y. Situate N. E., and contains 1.779 sq. m. Surface hilly in the E., and mountainous in the W. Mount Marcy, the highest culmination, rises to the height of 5,467 feet above the level of the sea. Lake Champlain lies on its E. border, along which is some good land. It is one of the richest mining counties of the State, abounding in iron ores, copper, manganese, etc. Farms 1,872 ; manuf. 199; dwell. 5,321, and pop. wh. 31,098, and fr. col. 50 total 31,148. Capital : Elizabethtown. Public Works : Plattsburg and Whitehall E. E. (projected), etc. ESSEX county, Verm. Situate N. E. in the corner of the State, and contains 226 sq. m. Drained by streams of the Connecticut, St. Lawrence, and Lake Memphremagog. The Connecticut makes its E. line. Surface rough : soils generally poor, except in the river valleys. The county abounds in fine timber. Potatoes and oats are the chief products. Farms 602 ; manuf. 32 ; dwell, 846, and pop. wh. 4,647, fr. col. 3 total 4,650. Capital : Guild Hall. Public Works : Atlantic and St. Lawrence E. E., etc. ESSEX county, Yirg. Situate E., and contains 280 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of the Eappahannock r., which makes its N. E. border. Surface somewhat uneven: soil, except on the streams, sandy, and not of average fertility. Its products are the grains, with some cotton and tobacco. Farms 328 ; manuf. 17 ; dwell. 725, and pop. wh. 3,025, fr. col. 419, si. 6,762 total 10,206. Capital: Tappahannock. ESSEX, p. b., Middlesex co., Conn. : on the W. side of Connecticut r., 7 m. from its mouth, and 31 m. S. S. E. Hartford. It is engaged in ship-building, and has a con siderable coasting trade. Pop. aboui 1,000. ESS EVA ESSEX, t. and p. v., Essex co., Mass. : 27 m. N. E. Boston. Drained by Chebacco r. and other streams emptying into Squam Bay. The village lies near the centre of the town, and has about 350 inhabitants. Many small vessels are built in Essex, and numbers are employed in coasting and the fisheries. The manufactures of the town consist chiefly of boots and shoes, barrels, cordage, etc. Pop.^l^SS. ESSEX, t. and p. o., Clinton co., Mich. : 23 m. N. by W. Lansing. Drained by creeks of Maple r., on which there are several salt-works. Pop. 410. ESSEX, t and p. v., Essex co., N. T. : 108 m. N. by E. Albany. Drained by Boquet and other creeks of Lake Champlain, which makes its E. border. The village is located on the lake shore, and has a good steamboat land ing, etc. It is a place of considerable trade, with ware houses, stores, a ship-yard, and about 100 dwellings. The town is chiefly agricultural. Pop. 2.851. ESSEX, p. o., Fulton county, Ohio! 131 m. N. W. by N. Columbus. ESSEX, t. and p. v., Chittenden co., Verm. : 31 m.W. N.W. Montpelier. Drained in the S. by Onion r., and in the N. by Brown s r., a branch of Lamoille r. It has also several smaller streams. At Hubbell s Falls, on Onion r., are ad mirable mill-sites, at which considerable manufacturing operations are carried on. Surface varied by hill and dale : soil in the S. and W. sandy, and covered with pine in other parts a sandy and clay loam, with hard wood, and fertile. Along Onion r. are some tracts of beautiful inter- rale. The village near the centre contains about 20 dwell ings. In the S. "W. there is a new village, called Essex Junction, where the Burlington Branch diverges from the main line of the Vermont Central E. E. Pop. oft 2,097. ESTBLLTNE FURNACE, p. o., Augusta co., Virg. : 103 m. N. W. Eichmond. ESTELVILLE, p. v., Atlantic co*, N, Jer. : 51 m. S. by E. Trenton. ESTILL county, Ky. Situate E, centrally, and contains 468 sq. m. Drained by creeks of Kentucky r., which ows through it in a north-west direction. The surface is rough and well-wooded, and the soils produce the usual staples of the State abundantly. Coal and iron are also staples, and are produced and worked successfully. Farms 604 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 934, and pop wh. 5,568, fr. col. 6, si. 411 total 5,9S5. Capital: Irvine. ESTILL S MILLS, p. o., Platte co., Mo. : 152 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. ESTILL VTLLE, p. v., and cap. Scott co., Virg. : on Mocassin cr. of the N. fork of Holston r., 292 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. It contains a court-house and other co. offices, and about 40 dwellings. ETHERIDGE, p. o., Jones co., Get. : 23 m.W. Milledgeville. ETNA, t and p. v., Penobscot county, Me. : 49 m. N. E. Augusta. Drained by a branch of Sebasticook r. Surface diversified : soil of average fertility, producing excellent wheat. The village lies on the line of the Kennebec and Penobscot E. E. Pop. oft. 802. ETNA, p. o., Lapeer co., Mich. : 66 m. E. N. E. Lansing. ETNA, p. v., Tompkins county, W. Y. : on the right bank of Fall cr., 131 m. W. by S. Albany. It has about 250 in habitants. ETNA, t. and p. v., Licking co., Ohio : 16 m. E. Columbus. Drained by S. fork of Licking r. The village is located on the National Eoad. Pop. of t.1,307. ETNA, p. o., Hanover co., Virg. ETNA CENTRE, p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : 47 m. N. E. Augusta. ETOWAH, p. o., Cass co., Oa. : on Etowah r., a constituent of the Coosa, 123 m. N. W. Milledgeville. ETOWAH river, Ga. : one of the main constituents of Coosa r. It rises in Franklin co., and sweeps southerly through Cherokee and Cass counties, and into Floyd co., where it unites with the Oostanaula r., forming together the Coosa, a river of Alabama. ETTEKS, p. o., York co., Penn. EUBANKS, p. o., Columbia county, Ga. : 69 m. E. N. E. Milledgeville. EUCLID, p. v., Onondaga co., N. T. : S. of the outlet of Oneida Lake, 126 m.W. by N. Albany. EUCLID, t. and p. v., Cuyahoga county, Ohio: 132 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. Drained by creeks falling into Lake Erie, which washes its N. limits. Surface broken, and much of the soil of only average fertility. The village is located on the line of the Cleveland, Painesville, and Ashtabula E. E. Pop. oft. 1,447. EUFAULA, p. v., Barbour co., Ala. : on the "W. side of Chattahoochee r., at the mouth of Eufaula cr., 73 m. E. S. E, Montgomery. EUGENE, p. v., Vermillion co., Ind. : on the right bank of Big Vermillion r., about 3 m. above its confluence with Wabash r., and 70 m. "W. by N. Indianapolis. It has a town-hall and several stores, with a population numbering 300 souls. EUHARLEY, p. v., Cass county, Ga. : 128 m. N. "W. Milledgeville. EULOGY, p. o., Holmes county, Miss. : 60 m. N. by E. Jackson. EUPHEMIA, p. o., Preble county, Ohio : 92 m. "W. by S. Columbus. EUREKA, p. v., Trinity co., Calif. : on the E. side of the N. division of Humboldt s Bay, ISO m. N. N. "W. Vallejo. EUREKA, p. v., Winnebago co., Wise. : 78 m. N. N. E, Madison. EUREKA MILLS, p. o., Green co., Ohio: 53 m. W. S. W. Columbus. EUTAJV, p. v., and cap. Green co., Ala. : about 3 m. "W. of Black Warrior r., and 96 m. "W. N. W. Montgomery. It contains a court-house and about 30 dwellings, and is situate in the midst of a fine elevated cotton region. EUTAW, p. o., De Soto co., Miss. : 182 m N. Jackson. EUTAW SPRINGS, Charleston dist., S. Car. : a small afflu ent of Santee r., on the borders of which was fought the famous battle of Eutaw Springs, 8th September, 1781, be tween the Americans, under General Greene, and the Brit ish, under General Stewart. American loss, 555, and British loss, about 1,000. EVANS, t and p. v., Erie co., 2f. Y. : 281 m. "W. Albany. Drained by Little and Big Sisters creeks, flowing into Lake Erie, which makes its W. border. Surface hilly : soil gravel ly loam and clay, adapted to the growth of grain and the grasses. The village is located on the lake, and has a good landing. Pop. of the town 2,182. EVANSBURGII, p. b., Crawford county, Perm,. : 208 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. EVANSBITRGH, p. v., Coshocton co., Ohio: on the N. side of Tuscarawas r., and on the line of the Ohio Canal, 73 m. E. N. E. Columbus. It has a fine commercial position, and contains several warehouses, stores, and about 120 dwell ings. Pop. 800. EVANS MILLS, p. o., Chatham co., If. Car. : 28 m. W. Ealeigh. EVANSPORT, p. v., Defiance co., Ohio : on the "W. bank of Tiffin r., 122 m. N. W. Columbus. Pop. 165. EVANSVILLE, p. v., Eock county, Wise. : 32 m. S. S. E, Madison. EVANSVILLE, p. v.,Washington co., Ark. : 148 m.W. N.W. Little Eock. EVANSVILLE, p. city, and cap.Vanderburgh co., Ind. : on the high N. bank of the Ohio r., 200 m. from its mouth, and 144 m. S. S. W. Indianapolis. It is the S. terminus of the Wabash and Erie Canal, and also of the Evansville and Illinois E. E. two facts which make it an important point at which a large commerce must necessarily concentrate ; t is by far the largest town and the greatest dep6t for prod uce, merchandize, and travelers on the whole line of the Ohio r., between Louisville and its mouth, a distance of 400 miles. In 1S50 the exports and imports of the port amounted EVA FAG to $7,000,000, and the arrival and departures of steamboats to 5,398. This was before the completion of the canal and railroad. It contains the courts and offices of the co., a branch of the State Bank, the U. S. Marine Hospital, a mar ket house, with numerous churches, hotels, warehouses, stores, etc., and about 6,000 inhabitants. The public press of the city consists of two daily, one tri-weekly, and three weekly newspapers, two of the weeklies being editions of the dailies. The dailies are the " E. Journal," and the " E. Bepublican ;" the tri-weekly, the " Auzeizher ;" and the weeklies, the " Yanderburg Democrat," etc. The vast de posits of coal on the line of the canal will make Evansville, its terminus, one of the best points for fuel on the western waters. EVANSVILLE, p. v., Jefferson co., JV. Y. : on the left side of Indian r., 138 m. N. W. Albany. There are large mills at this place and vicinity. The projected Watertown and Potsdam E. E. will intersect it. EVANSVILLE, p. v., Eandolph co., Itt. : on the E. side of Kaskaskia Eiver, 1 m. below Nine Mile cr., and 120 m. S. Springfield. EVANSVILLE, p. v., Preston co., Virg. : between Cheat and Valley rivers, 186 m. N. W. Eichmond. EVENING SHADE, p. o., Lawrence county, Ark. : 123 m. N. N. E. Little Eock. EVERETT S SPRING, p. o., Floyd county, Get. : 142 m. N.W. by N. Milledgevillc. EVERGKEEN, p. v., Conecuh co., Ala. : on an E. branch of Murder cr. of Conecuh r., 73 m. S. S. W. Montgomery. The line of the Montgomery and Mobile E. E. will probably pass near or through this place. EVERITTSTOWN, p. v., Ilunterdon co., M Jer. : 31 m. N. by W. Trenton, EVEEITTSVILLE, p. v., Wayne co., N. Car. : 49 m. S. E. Ealeigh. EVERTON, p. v., Fayettc county, Ind. : 58 m. E. by S. Indianapolis. EWING, p. v., Hocking co., Ohio : 42 m. S. E. Columbus. EWING, p. o., Franklin co., III. : on Ewing s Fork of Big Muddy r., 138 m. S. S. E. Springfield. EWING S, p. o., Cumberland county, If. Jer. : 59 m. S. Trenton. EWINGTON, p. v., and cap. Effingham co., III. : on the W. side of Little Wabash r., 72 m. S. E. Springfield. The National Eoad passes through the village. It has an ele vated and pleasing site, and contains the co. offices, several stores, and about 60 dwellings. EWINGTON, p. v., Gallia co., Ohio: 89 m. S. E. Columbus. EXCHANGE, p. o., Warren co., JV[ Car.: 49 m. N. N. E. Ealeigh. EXCIIANGEVILLE, p. v., Mercer county, Penn.: 196 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. EXETER, p. v., Scott co., III. : on the S. side of Mauvaise- terre cr. of Illinois r,, 47 m. W. by S. Springfield. It has several large mills and about 200 inhabitants. The site is one of the pleasantest in the State, and the surrounding country in a flourishing condition. EXETER, t. and p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : 59 m. N. E. by N. Augusta. Drained in the N. and E. by Kenduskeag r., and in the S. by tributaries of the Sebasticook. Surface diver sified : soil fertile, and productive of excellent wheat. The village Hcs a little N. of the centre of the town, and is a small agricultural settlement. Pop. 1.S53. EXETER, t., p. v., and cap. Eockingham co., Jf. JTamp. : 32 m. E. S. E. Concord. Drained by tributaries of Piscata- qua r. ; surface level, and soil various, but in general of average fertility. The village lies on Squamscot or Exeter r., at the falls, at the head of tide water. Here is much valuable water-power, and vessels of considerable tonnage can approach to the foot of the falls. It contains a court house, a jail, and other co. buildings, several churches and schools, among which is Phillips Academy, founded and endowed by John Phillips, LL.D., in 1781, and at which many of the ablest jurors, statesmen, and literati of the State have received their early education. The town contains numerous manufacturing establishments, and has a news paper, the " Exeter News-Letter," published weekly. The Boston and Maine E. E. passes through the place 50 m. from Boston. Pop. of town 3,329. The settlement of Exeter was commenced in 1638 by John Wheelwright and his companions, who formed them selves into a body politic, chose their own magistrates, and bound the people to obedience. Their laws were made in popular assemblies, and the combination thus entered into subsisted about three years. EXETER, t. and p. v., Otsego co., N. Y. : 64 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Butternut and Wharton s creeks, and Canaderaga Lake lies on its N. E. line. Surface elevated and hilly ; soil, calcareous mold, well adapted for grain- growing. The village, near the centre of the town, contains u church and about 20 dwellings. Pop. of town 1,526. EXETER, t. and p. o., Monroe co., Mick. : 73 m. S. E. Lansing. Drained by Stoney cr. Soil well adapted to grain and grasses. Pop. 458. EXETER, t. and p. o., Luzerne co., Penn. : 97 m. N. E. by N. Harrisburg. Surface uneven ; soil excellent. Drained by Gardner s cr. and Cascade Eun, affluents of the Susque- hanna r. Shawney Eidge passes through it ; on the E. side anthracite abounds. In the S. part of this town the famous battle of Wyoming was fought in 1778. Campbell s " Ger trude of Wyoming" celebrates the horrors of the scene and circumstance. Pop. about 1,800. EXETER, t and p. v., Greene co., Wise. : 21 m. S. S. W. Madison. The village is located on the W. side of Sugar cr., an affluent of Eock Eiver. Pop. of t. 450. EXKIER, t and p. v., Washington county, It. I.: 22 m. 8. S. W. Providence. Drained by Wood r. and its branch es. Surface diversified by hills and valleys ; soil gravelly loam and productive. The streams furnish fine water- power, which is extensively used for manufacturing pur poses. The village is a small settlement east of the middle of the town. Pop. of town 1,635. EXETEK MILLS, p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : on Kenduskeag r., 62 m. N. E. by N. Augusta. EXPERIMENT MILLS, p. o., Monroe county, Penn. : 105 m N. E. Harrisburg. F. FABER S MILLS, p. v., Nelson co., Virg. : 86 m. W. by N. Eichmond. There arc here several mills and a small village of IS or 20 dwellings. FABIUS, t. and p.v., Ononduga co., N. Y. : 118 m.W. by N Albany. Surface hilly and broken; soil moderately fertile, and good for grass. The v. lies a little E. of Tioughnioga r., about 15 m. S. S. E. Syracuse. FAIUUS, p. o., Hardy county, Virg. : 147 m. N. W Eichmond. FABIUS river, Mo. : rises on Appanoosc and Davis coun ties of Iowa by several branches, the largest of which are North, Middle, and South Fabius rivers, running in a di rection from N. W. to S. E., and uniting within a few miles of the Mississippi, into which their collected waters fall opposite Quincy, in the State of Illinois. The several branch es have an average length of 100 miles, and form excellent mill-streams, but are navigable only for a short distance from their mouths. FACILITY, p. o., M Minn co., Tenn. : 141 m. E. S. E. Nashville. FACTOR S FORK, p. o., Wayne co., Tenn. : 95 m. S. W. Nashville. FACTORY HILL, p. o., Nansemond co., Virg. : 82 m. S. E. Eichmond. FACTORY POINT, p. v., Bennington co., Verm : near the head waters of Green r., a branch of Battenkill, 91 m. S. S. E 207 FAG FAI Montpelier. The Western Vermont E. E. passes through Manchester, about a mile to the W. of the village. FACTORYVILLE, p. v., Wyoming co., Penn. : on the left bank of Susquehanna r., 103 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. FACTORYVILLE, p. v., Eichmond co., N. Y. : on the N. shore of Staten Island, 133 m. S. Albany. It contains the extensive works of the New York Dyeing and Printing Company, which gives employment to several hundred persons, and are the largest of the kind in the Union. Pop. of the v. and neighborhood about 600. The North Shore Post-office is located here. FACTORYVILLE, p. v., Tioga co., N. Y. : on Cayuta cr., 149 m. W. S. W. Albany. It contains several mills and facto ries, and about 50 dwellings. The Erie E. E. crosses the cr. a short distance below the village, 262 m. from New York. FAIR BLUFF, p. v., Columbus co.. Jf. Car. : on the E. side of Lumber r., a branch of Little Peedee r., and at the point where the stream is crossed by the S. line of the State, 109 m. S. Ealeigh. The Wilmington and Manchester E. E. passes the village 63 m. from Wilmington. FAIRBURN, p. v., Fayette county, Ga. : 77 m. W. by N. Milledgeville. The " La Grange E. E." passes it 18 m. from Atlanta, and 69 from West Point FAIBDALE, p. v., Susquehanna co., Penn. : on a branch of Wyalusing cr., 112 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. FAIK DEALING, p. o., Marshall co, Kij. : 221 m. W. S. W. Frankfort, FAIRFAX county, Virg. Situate N. E., having the Potomac r. and Alexandria co. in its N. E., and E., and S. E. borders, and contains 46S sq. m. Occoquan creek forms its S.W. line. Drained by numerous tributaries of the Potomac. Surface hilly and broken, and much of the soil sterile, but in the main adapted to grass and grains. Farms 610 ; manuf. 8 ; dwell. 1,380, and pop. wh. 6,835, fr. col. 597, si. 3,250 total 10,682. Capital: Fairfax Court-house. PuUicWorks: Orange and Alexandria E. E. ; Manassas Gap E. E., etc. FAIRFAX, p. v., Culpepper co., Virg. (See CULPEPPEB COURT-HOUSE). FAIRFAX, t. and p. v., Franklin county, Verm. : 37 m. N. W. by N. Montpelier. Drained by Lamoille r. and its tributaries, which afford good water-power ; the falls of the Lamoille r., which is here a large stream, are valuable for manufacturing purposes. Surface generally level ; soils light, easily tilled, and tolerably fertile. The v. is located on the N. side of the Lamoille, opposite the mouth of Brown s river. Pop. of town 2,112. FAIRFAX, p. v., Monroe co., Tnd. : on the right bank of Salt cr., 51 m. S. by W. Indianapolis. It is a nourishing place, with several mills, and about 300 inhabitants. The New Albany and Salem E. E. passes it about 2 m. to the W. FAIRFAX COURT-HOUSE, Fairfax co., Virg. : at the head of Accatink r., 89 m. N. Eichmond. It contains the court house, and other co. buildings, several stores and mechanic shops, and about 300 inhabitants ; and a newspaper, the " Fairfax News," is issued weekly. The Orange and Alex andria E. E. runs S. of the v. about 3 m. distant. FAIRFIELD county, Conn. Situate S. W., and contains 630 sq. m. It is bounded by the Housatonic r., Long Island Sound, and the New York State line. It has 40 m. of coast on the Sound, and many good harbors. Drained by nu merous tributaries of the Housatonie, and by Pcquannock, Mill, Norwalk, Saugatuck, and other streams flowing into the Sound. The Housatonic is navigable to Derby. Sur face agreeably diversified, and the soil strong, productive, and well cultivated. Farms 3,155 ; manuf. 482 ; dwell. 10,817, and pop. wh. 58,370, fr. col. 1,405 total 59,775. Capitals: Fairfield and Danbury. Pullic Works: New York and New Haven E. E. ; Housatonic E. E. ; Danbury and Xorwalk E. E., etc. FAIRFIELD county, Ohio. Situate centrally, and contains 520 sq. m. Surface elevated, sloping toward the Muskin- gum r. on one side, and the Scioto r. on Ihe other. The land is generally level, interspersed occasionally with conical hills, and the soil is well adapted to grain culture. In the S. the country is more hilly, and perhaps of less average fertility than in the N. sections. The drainage is chiefly through the Hockhocking r. Farms 2,383; manuf. 162; dwell. 5,207, and pop. wh. 29,984, and fr. col. 280 total 80,264. Capital : Lancaster. Public Works : Ohio Canal, and Hocking Canal, which form a union at Carroll ; Cin cinnati, Stubenville, and Pittsburg E. E., etc., etc. FAIRFIELD district, & Car. Situate centrally, and con tains 796 sq. m. Drained by Little r. and other affluents of Broad r., which makes its W. and S. W. border, and by creeks of Wateree r., which runs along its N. E. border. Surface declining southward, but generally level; soil light and fertile, producing vast cotton crops, with some of the grains. Farms 675 ; manuf. 36 ; dwell, 1,282, and pop. wh. 7,076, fr. col. 82, si. 14,246 total 21,404. Capital : Winnsboro . Public Works: Charlotte and South Caro lina E. E. FAIRFIELD, p. v., Pickens co., Ala. : on the W. bank of Little Tombigbee r., 122 m. W. N. W. Montgomery. FAIEFIELD, t., p. v., port of entry, and cap. Fairfield co., Conn. : 56 m. S. W. Hartford. Drained by Mill r. and other streams falling into Long Island Sound, which bounds it on the S. Surface pleasantly undulating ; soil fertile and well cultivated, producing grain and a large amount of gar den vegetables. The t ia divided into 3 parishes, Fairfield, Green s Farms, and Greenfield, which are also names of villages. The principal v. lies about 1-J- m. from Black Eock Harbor, which, next to that of New London, is one of the best on the Sound : it is built chiefly on one street, with a green or square in the centre, and contains a court-house, jail, and about 140 dwellings, and has several stores and mechanic shops. Greenfield is pleasantly situate in the N. W. part of the town, and is the scene of Dr. D wight s fine poem of " Greenfield Hill." Fairfield is the port of entry of Fairfleld District, and in 1S50 owned a tonnage of 24,829 tons, of which 868 tons were of permanent register, and the remainder enrolled and licensed, the latter engaged in the coasting trade. The foreign entrances in 1849-50 were 10 vessels, and 6,895 tons ; and the clearances, 56 ves sels, and 6,322 tons ; and one ship of 239 tons was built in the same year. There is a light-house on Fairweather Island, a little E. of the entrance to the harbor. Pop. of t. 3,618. The Indian name of Fairfield was " Unquowa." The v. was destroyed by Governor Tryon in 1779, as was also the v. of Green s Farms. The New York and New Haven E. E. passes through it. FAIRFIELD, p. v., Nelson co., E/y. : on a branch of Salt r., 36 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. FAIRFIELD, p. v., Franklin co., Ind. : on tho E. side of the E. fork of White Water r., 66 m. E. by S. Indianapolis. It is a flourishing v., and has about 200 inhabitants. FAIRFIELD, p. v., and cap. Wayne co., III. : on the bor ders of Hargrave s Prairie, 126 m. S. E. Springfield. It has a handsome brick court-house and other co. buildings, and contains several stores and about 250 inhabitants. Large quantities of castor-oil are manufactured here and in the neighborhood. FAIRFIELD, p. v., and cap. Jefferson co., la. : on a branch of Big Cedar cr. of Skunk r., 49 m. S. S. W. Iowa City. It is the seat of a United States Land Office, and two news papers, the " Iowa Sentinel" (dem.), and the " F. Ledger" (whig), are published weekly. The Dubuque and Keo- kuk E. E., as projected, will make this village one of its stations. Pop. 1,200. FAIRFIELD, t. and p. v., Somerset co., 3fe. : 22 m. N. by E. Augusta. Drained by several creeks of Kennebec r., which makes its E. boundary, and is navigable for boats down to Augusta, where it meets sloop navigation. Surface elevated and hilly ; soil good, and adapted to grazing. The v. is a small agricultural settlement, in the S. part of the town, about 3 m. W. of the Kennebec. Pop. oft. 2,452. FAIRFIELD, t. and p. o., Lenawee co., Mich. : in the S. FAI FAI part of the co., 74 m. S. S. E. Lansing. It is drained by Bear cr. of Eaisin r. Pp. 132. FAIRFIELD, t. and p. v., Herkitner county, N. Y. : 78 m. "W. by N. Albany. Drained by W. Canada cr. Surface hilly and rough ; soil clayey, fertile, and well adapted to grazing. The v. contains 8 churches, an academy, several stores and mechanic shops, and about 300 inhabitants. Here was located the Western College of Physicians and Surgeons, founded 1812, but now discontinued. Pop. 1,646. FAIKFIELD, p. v., Greene co., Ohio: on the S. E. side of Mad r., and on the line of the Mad r. and Lake Erie R. E., 65 m. W. by S. Columbus. It contains several mills and tanneries, various mechanic shops, and about 120 dwell ings. The plain on which the v. is located is circumscribed by a line of gentle hills. FAIRFIELP, p. v., Adams co., Perm. : on the S. side of Middle cr. of Monocacy r., 6 m. W. of Gettysburg, and 43 m. S. W. Harrisburg. FAIRFIELD, p. v., Bedford co., Term. : 47 m. S. by E. Nashville. FAIRFIELD, p. v., Rockbridge co., Virg. : on a branch of South r., 99 m. W. by N. Richmond. It contains about 130 inhabitants. FAIUFIELD, t. and p. v., Franklin county, Verm. : 41 m. N. N. W. Montpelier. Drained by Fairfleld r., Black cr., etc,, affluents of Missisqui r., and abounding in mill-sites. Surface uneven ; soil fertile, and good for tillage, with ex tensive pasturage. The v. on Fairfleld r. contains several mills and factories, and about 220 inhabitants. Population of town 2,591. F AIRFIELD, p. o., "Walworth county, Wise. : 57 m. S. E. Madison. FAIRFIELD, p. v., Hyde county, N. Car. : 153 m. E. Ealeigh. FAIKFIELD, p. v., Benton co., Mo. : on the left bank of Pomme de Terre r., a branch of the Osage, 73 m. W. S. W. Jefferson City. FAIRFIELD CORNERS, p. o., Somerset co., Me. : on the W. bank ofKennebec r., 28 m. N. by E. Augusta. FAIE FOREST, p. o., Desha co., Ark. : at the head of Abeel s cr., 73 m. S. E. Little Rock. FAIR GARDEN, p. o., Sevier county, Tenn. : 179 m. E. Nashville. FAIR GROVE, p. o., Davidson co., 2f. Car. : S3 m. W. Ealeigh. FAIR HAVEN, p. v., New Haven co., Conn. : on both sides of Quinnipiac r., and 37 m. S. by W. Hartford. A bridge unites the two parts of the v. ; also the viaduct of the New Haven and New London E. E., which passes through the place 2 m. E. New Haven. It contains about 1,000 inhabitants, numbers of whom depend on the oyster trade end coast fishing for subsistence. A large portion of the oysters sold in New York are from Fair Haven. FAIR HAVEN, t, and p. v., Bristol co., Mass.: 51 m. S. Boston, and immediately E. of New Bedford, from which it is separated by Acushnet r., orer which is a bridge 3,960 feet in length. The v. contains several churches, a bank, etc., and has considerable shipping, chiefly engaged in the whale fisheries. In 1850, 9,491 bis. sperm, and 14,145 bis. whale oil were brought into port by 13 ships. The Acushnet affords good water-power, and numerous mills and facto ries are located on its banks. Pop. of town 4.304. FAIR HAVEN, p. v., Preble co., Ohio: on an affluent of Miami r., 98 m. W. by S. Columbus. There are numerous mills in the vicinity, and the village contains about 45 dwellings and 250 inhabitants. The Four Mile Valley E. R. intersects the place. FAIR HAVEN, t. and p. v., Rutland co., Verm. : 57 m. S.W. by S. Montpelier. Drained by Castleton and Pulthey rivers, which unite on the S. border of the town, and about 13 m. before entering East Bay of Lake Champlain. On Castleton r. are falls which produce a fine water-power. Surface diversified ; soil fertile and well cultivated. Bom- 02 bazine Lake makes the E. boundary of the town. The v. on the N. side of Castleton r. is intersected by the Saratoga and Washington E. R., 8 m. E. of Whitehall. Pop. oft. 902. FAIR HAVEN, p. v., Carroll co., III. : 152 m. N. by W. Springfield. It is located on a fine elevated site at the sources of Little Rock river. FAIR HILL, p. o., Cecil co., Md. : on the W. side of Big. Elk r., 55 m. N. E. Annapolis. FAIR HILL, p. o., Marshall county, Virg. : 234 in. N. W. Richmond. FAIR LAND, p. o., Livingston co., Mo. : 116 m. N. W. Jefferson City. FAIRLEE, t. and p. v., Orange co., Verm. : 33 m. 8. E. Montpelier. Drained chiefly by Fairlee Pond, the outlet of which empties into the Connecticut r., which forms its E. boundary. Surface mountainous, and the land rough and below the average fertility. Timbered chiefly with pine and hemlock. The v. lies on the Connecticut, and is inter sected by the Connecticut and Passumsic River R. R., 22 m. above White River Junction. A bridge across the river con nects it with the town of Oxford. Pop.i.575. FAIRMONT, p. v., and cap. Marion co., Virg. : on the Monongahela r., 194 m. N. W. Richmond. It is a thriving village, with considerable trade, and located at the point where the Baltimore and Ohio E. E. crosses the Mononga hela. Pop. about 300. The " Democratic Banner," a weekly newspaper, is published here. FAIR MOUNT, p. v., Onondaga co., N. Y. : immediately W. of the village of Geddes, on a stream emptying into Nine Mile cr. near its mouth, 124 m. W. by N. Albany. The Rochester and Syracuse R. R, passes a little N. of the village. FAIR MOUNT, p. o., Hunterdon co., N. Jer. FAIR MOUNT, p. o., Miami co., Ohio : 66 m. W. by N. Columbus. FAIR MOUNT, p. o., Cass county, Ga. : 126 m. N. W. Milledgeville. FAIR MOUNT SPRINGS, p. v., Luzerne co., Penn. : 77 m. N?N. E. Harrisburg. FAIR PLAY, p. o., Hot Springs co., Ark. : 87 m. S. "W. Little Rock. FAIR PLAT, p. o., Morgan county, Go-. : 46 m. N. by W. Milledgeville. FAIR PLAY, p. v., Greene co., Ind. : on the W. bank of the W. fork of White r., 64 m. S. W. Indianapolis, and on the line of the Wabash and Erie Canal. It contains about 40 dwellings, and has a thickly-settled neighborhood. FAIR PLAY, p. o., Grant co., Wise. : 67 m. S.W. Madison. FAIR PLAY, p. o., Benton county, Ala. : 97 m. N. E. Montgomery. FAIR PLAY, p. o., Panola county, Tea. : 248 m. N. E. Austin City. FAIR POINT, p. o., Cooper county, Mo. : 47 m. W. by N. Jefferson City. FAIRPORT, p. v., Muscatine co., la. : on the right bank of the Mississippi r., 7 m. E. by N. of Muscatine, and 40 m. E. by S. Iowa City. FAIRPORT, p. v., Chemung co., A T . Y. : on the Chemung Canal, at the junction of the feeder, 6 m. N. Elmira, and 158 m.W. S. W. Albany. It contains several large warehouses, numerous stores and mechanics shops, and 600 inhabitants. FAIRPORT, p. o., Lake co., Ohio : on the E. side of Grand r., at its confluence with Lake Erie, 148 m. N. E. Columbus. It has a good harbor for lake craft, and is connected by a railroad 3 m. with Painesville, of which it is the port. It has considerable business, and a population of about 250 inhabitants. FAIRTON, p. v., Cumberland co., 2f. Jer. : at the union of Mill cr. and Rattle-snake r., which flow into Cohansey cr., 61 m. S. Trenton. It contains about 250 inhabitants. The vicinity is a fertile region, and has a fine bed of marl, which is used as a fertilizer. FAIRVIEW, p. o., Washington co. Md. : 91 m. W. N. W Annapolis. FAI PAL FAIRVIEW, p. v., Franklin county, Ga. : 95 m. N. E. Milledgeville. FAIKVIEW, p. v., Bandolph co., Ind. : 67 m. E. by N. Indianapolis. FAIRVIEW, p. v., Fulton county, III. : 62 m. N. N. "W. .Springfield. FAIKVIEW, p. o., Jones co., la. : 2 m. S. of Anamosa, on Wapsipinicon r., 31 m. N. N. E. Iowa City. FAIKVIEW, p. v., Todd county, Ky. : 161 m. 8. "W. Frankfort. FAIRVIEW, p. o., Concordia par., La. : 72 m. N. N. "W. Baton Eouge. FAIRVIEW, p. o., Pettis co., Mo. : on Muddy cr., a branch of Riviere a la Mine, 62 m. W. Jefferson City. FAIRVIEW, p. o., Buncombe co., N. Car. : 226 m. "W Raleigh. FAIRVIEW, p. v., Cattaraugus co., Ni Y. : 22T m.W. by S. Albany. FAIRVIEW, p. v., Guernsey co., Ohio : 92 m. E. by N Columbus. Pop. 444. FAIRVIEW, t and p. v., Erie co., Penn. : 222 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by Elk and Walnut creeks of Lake Erie, which forms its N. boundary. Surface hilly : soil, a gravelly loam and fertile. The v. lies at the mouth of Wal nut cr. on the lake, and is passed by the Cleveland, Paines- ville, and Ashtabula E. E. It is accessible to lake craft, and has some trade. The town has numerous mills, and 1,713 inhabitants. FAIRVIEW, p. v., Greenville dist., S. Car. : 79 m. N. W. Columbia. FAIRVIEW, p. v. Marion county, Tenn. : 93 m. S. E. Nashville. FAIRVIEW, p. v., Hancock co., Virg. : 264 m. N. W Eichmond. FAIRVIEW VILLAGE, p. v., Montgomery co., Penn.: 93 m. E. Harrisburg. FAIRVILLE, p. v., Wayne co., 2f. Y. : 178 m. W. by N. Albany. Pop. 240. FAIRVILLE, p. v., Chester co., Penn. : 73 m. W. by 8. Harrisburg. FAIR WATER, p. o., Fond du Lac co., Wise. : on the W. edge of the co., 52 m. N. N. E. Madison. FAIRWEATIIEB, p. o., Adams co., Itt. : 79 m. W. by N. Springfield. FAISON S DEP&T, p. o., Duplin co., N. Car. : on the line of the Wilmington and Weldon E. E., 64 m. from Wilming ton, and 9S m. from Weldon 51 m. S. E. Ealeigh. FALKLAND, p. v., Pitt co., N. Car. : on a small affluent of Tar r., 66 m. E. Ealeigh. FALLASSBURGH, p. v., Kent co., Mich. : 582 m. W. N. W. Lansing. FALL CREEK, p. o., Marion county, Ind. : on the cr. so called, N. by E. of Indianapolis. FALL creek, N. Y. : rises in Cayuga co., and flows through a part of Tompkins co. into the head of Cayuga Lake, near the v. of Ithaca. This is a valuable and romantic stream, there being picturesque falls affording fine water-power. FALL creek, Ind. : rises in Henry co., and runs S. W. through Madison, Hamilton, and Henry counties, 75 m., into "White r. above Indianapolis. It is one of tKe best mill- streams of the State. It is the Indian " Soo-sooc-pa-ha-loc," or Spilt-ioater, so called from its falls near Pendleton, where it descends 25 feet in a mile, and at one place falls about 8 feet. Many of its water privileges are very valuable. FALLEN TIMBER, p. o., Cambria co., Penn. FALLING BRIDGE, p. o., Campbell co., Virg. : on Falling cr. of Eoanoke r., 84 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. FALLING CREEK, p. o., Wayne co., N. Car. : on a cr. of Neuse r. so called, 49 m. S. E. Ealeigh. FALLING MILL, p. o., Moore co.. N. Car. : 53 m. S. W. Kaleigh. FALLING SPRING, p. o., Greenbrier co., Virg. : 156 m. W. Richmond. 210 FALLING SPRING, p. o., Clark co., Miss. : 87 m. E. by 9. Jackson. FALLING WATER, p. o., White co., Tenn. : 66 m. E. by S. Nashville. FALLING WATERS, p. o., Berkeley co., Virg. : on the S. bank of the Potomac r, 141 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. FALL EIVER, p. o., Columbia co., Wise. : on Fall r., a tributary of Eock r., 33 m. N. E. Madison. FALL EIVER, t,, p. v., and port of entry, Bristol co., Mass. : 46 m. S. Boston. Drained by streams falling into Tauutou r. and Mount Hope Bay, a branch of Narraganset Bay. Surface elevated, rough, and uneven. The t. takes its name from Fall r., the outlet of Watuppa Pond, at the union of which with Taunton r. the great manufacturing village of Fall Eiver is located. This t is without a parallel on the American Continent in regard to its combined facilities for navigation and hydraulic power. Fall r. rises 2 m. E. of the v. in Watuppa Pond, which is 11 m. long and 1 m. broad, originating in perennial springs. The descent of the r. to Taunton r. is 136 feet, and the volume of water con stant and of sufficient power for the largest manufactures. The harbor on Taunton r. is safe and easy of access, aud of depth sufficient for the largest ships. It is one of the great nanufacturing centres of the State, and has extensive cotton mills, woolen factories, print-works, bleacheries, boot and shoe factories, foundries, etc., etc. ; it has also several banks and insurance offices. In 1849-50, the foreign entrances were 78 vessels (12,739 tons) ; and clearances, 37 vessels (5,479 tons). It has also a large coasting trade, and is en gaged in the whale and other fisheries. The tonnage owned in the district in 1850 was 13,102 tons, of which 2,251 tons were registered, 10,748 enrolled and licensed, and 103 li censed (under 20 tons). In the whale fisheries there were 928 tons employed, in coasting, 10,701 tons, and in the cod fishery, 47 tons ; and the shipping propelled by steam amounted to 4,784 tons ; and 1 ship, 3 schooners, and 1 steamer (in the aggregate 1,254 tons), were built in the year next preceding. The port is connected with New York by a regular steam line, and with Boston by the Fall Eiver E. E., etc. Two newspapers, the " Weekly News" (dem.), and the " F. E. Monitor," are issued weekly, circulating 700 to 800 copies each. Pop. in 1820, 1,594; in 1S30, 4,159; in 1840, 6,738; and in 1850, 11,522. FALL EIVER, p. o., Marshall co., Ala. : on an affluent of Tennessee r. so called, 133 m. N. Montgomery. FALLS county, Tex. Situate centrally on the Upper Bra zos r., and contains about 940 sq. m. Erected since 1S50. FALLS, p. o., Lincoln county, N. Car. : 132 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. FALLS, t. and p. o., Wyoming co., Penn. : 98 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Buttermilk Falls cr. of Susque- nanna r., the latter of which makes the W. border of the t. Surface hilly ; soil productive in grain, grass, etc., and there is abundance of timber. The cr. has here a perpendicular fall of 30 feet, and affords immense hydraulic power FALLSBURGII, t. and p. v., Sullivan co., N. Y. : 79 m. S.W. Albany. Drained by Neversink r. and the head branches of Eondout cr. Surface hilly ; soil gravelly loam, fertile, and well adapted for grain and grass. The v. is located on Neversink r., which here furnishes a fine water-power. It contains several mills, stores, etc., and about 200 inhab itants ; and in the t. there are numerous others. Pop. of town 2,626. FALLSBURGH, t and p. o., Licking county, Ohio : 43 m. E. N. E. Columbus. Drained by a branch of Muskingum r , which affords great water-power. Surface diversified ; soil rich and fertile, producing fine wheat, etc. Pop. 1,206. FALLS CHURCH, p. o., Fairfax county, Virg. : 134 m. N. Eichmond. FALLSINGTON, p. o., Bucks co., Penn. FALLS OF BLANE, p. o., Lawrence co., Ky. : at the falls on Blane r., an affluent of Big Sandy r., 142 m. E. by S. Frankfort. FAL FAR FALLS OF ROUGH, p. o., Grayson co., Ky. : at the falls of Rough cr., an affluent of Green r., 97 m.W. S. W. Frankfort FALLS OF ST. CROIX, p. o., St. Croix co., Wise. : on St. Croix r., 228 m. N. W. Madison. FALLS OF SCIIUYLKILL, p. o., Philadelphia co., Penn. : 91 m. E. Harrisburg. FALLSTON, p. v., Hartford county, Md. : 46 m. N. N. E. Annapolis. FALLSTON, t. and p. o., Beaver co., Penn. : 194 m.W. by N. Harrisburg. Situate on the W. bank of Big Beaver r., which affords good water-power. It has several mills and fac tories. FALLSTOWN, p. r., Iredell county, N. Car. : 123 m. W. Ealeigh. FALLS VILLAGE, p. v., Litchfleld co., Conn. : on the E. side of Housatonic r., a little below the Falls, 41 m. E. by N. Hartford. It contains several manufacturing establish ments. The Housatonic E. E. passes through the place, 67 m. from Bridgeport. FALMOUTH, p. v., and cap. Pendleton co., Ky. : on the left bank of Licking r., which is joined by a main branch from the S. W. It contains a court-house and other co. buildings, several stores, and about 400 inhabitants. It has considerable river traffic. FALMOUTH, t. and p. o., Cumberland co., Me. : 6 m. N. Portland, and 51 m. S. W. Augusta. Drained by Presam- scut r., its N. E. shore resting on Casco Bay. Surface level ; soil generally fertile. It has a considerable amount of ship ping employed in coasting and the fisheries. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence E. E., and the Portland and Kennebec E. E. pass through the town. Pop. 2,164, FALMOUTH, p. v., Fayette county, Ind. : 46 m. E. by S. Indianapolis. FALMOUTIT, L, and p. o., Barnstable co., Mass. : 51 m. S. by E. Boston. It is situated on the S. "W. corner of Cape Cod, between Buzzard s Bay and Vineyard Sound. Surface level; soil light, but generally fertile. It has several good harbors, of which Wood s Hole, in the S. W., is the best, and has from 3 to 6 fathoms of water. It has considerable shipping employed in the coasting trade and the fisheries. There are numerous salt ponds, and the salt works of the town are very productive. Two streams furnish water- power. On these are several mills and factories ; but the great interest of the t. is on the seas. The villages are dis tinguished by their localities in North and West and East Falmouth, etc. Pop. of the t. 2,519. FALMOUTH, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. : on the E. bank of Susquehanna r., where it receives Conewaga cr., and on the line of the Main Division of the Pennsylvania Canal, 13 m. S. E. Harrisburg. It contains about 200 inhabitants. FALMOUTH, p. v., Stafford co., Virg. : at the foot of the falls of Eappahannock r., 54 m. N. Richmond. It lies nearly opposite Fredericksburg, with which city it is connected by a bridge. It has a large number of flouring and other mills, various mechanic shops and stores, and about 600 inhabitants. FALSE WASHITA river, Ind. Ter. : a trib. of Eed river. FAME, p. o., Choctaw co., Miss. : S3 m. N. N. E. Jackson. FANCY BLUFF, p. o., Glynn county, Ga. : 167 m. S. E. Milledgeville. FANCY FARM, p. o., Graves co., Ky. : 244 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. FANCY GEOVE, p. o., Bedford co., Virg. : 118 m.W. by S. Eiclnnond. FANCY HILL, p. o., Iredell county, tf. Car. : 129 m. W. Ealeigh. FANCY HILL, p. o., Murray county, Ga. : 166 m. N. W. Milledgeville. FANCY HILL, p. o., Eockbridge co., Virg. : 122 m.W. by N. Richmond. FANNETTSBURGH, p. b., Franklin co., Penn. : on the W. bank of Conecocheague r.,57 m.W. by S. Ilarrisburg. Coal j and iron ores are abundant in this region. FANNIN county, Tex. Situate N., and contains 960 sq. m. The Eed r. makes the N. boundary, and its tributaries, Bois d Arc r. and other streams, drain the northern and central parts of the county. The S. E. is drained by the N. fork of Sulphur r., and the S. W. by the head branches of the E. fork of Trinity r. Surface level or undulating, except along the Eed r., the magins of which are traversed by ranges of low hills or bluffs. Dense forests overshadow the southern portion of the co. ; the remainder, with the ex ception of the woody fringes of the streams, is open prairie, of which the soil is generally a deep black adhesive mold, and very fertile. Iron ore is abundant. Farms 331 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 543, and pop. wh. 3,260, fr. col. 0, si. 52S total 3,788. Capital : Bonham. FARLEY, p. v., Culpepper co., Virg. : 73 m. N. N. W. Richmond. FARLOTV S GEOVE, p. o., Mercer co., III. : on the N. side of Edward s r., an affluent of the Mississippi, 88 m. N. W. Springfield. FARMER, p. o., Seneca co, 2f. T. in Farmersville, a pleasant village about 2 m. W. from Cayttga Lake, 153 m. W. Albany. FARMER, t. and p. o., Defiance co., Ohio : 132 m. N. W. Columbus. Drained by tributaries of Maumee r. Surface diversified by hill and dale ; soil a rich loam, producing grain and grass abundantly. Pop. 894. FARMER S, p. o., Merriwether co., Ga. : in Farmersville, a village 88 m. W. by S. Milledgeville. FARMER S, p. o., Fleming county, Ky. : 72 m. E. by N. Frankfort FARMER S, p. o., York co., Penn. FARMERS AND MECHANICS MILLS, p. o., Jackson co., Ga. : 81 m. N. by W. Milledgeville. FARMER S BRANCH, p. o., Dallas co., Tex. : on a branch of Trinity r., 1SS m. N. by E. Austin City. FARMERSBURGII, p. v., Clayton county, la. : 84 m. N. Iowa City. FARMER S CREEK, p. o., Lapeer co., JIic7i. : on a branch of Flint r. so called, 63 m. E. by N. Lansing. FARMER S GROVE, p. o., Southampton co., Virg. : 67 m. S. by E. Richmond. FARMER S GROVE, p. o., Greene co., Wise. : 33 m. S. S.W. Madison. FARMER S HALL, p. o., Knox county, HI. : about 6 ru. W. by S. Knoxville, and 81 m. N. N. W. Springfield. FARMER S HILL, p. o., Duchess co., N. Y. FARMER S MILLS, p. o., Putnam co., N. Y. : 78 m. S. by E. Albany. FARMER S VALLEY, p. o., M Kean co., Penn. : 147 m. N. W. Harrisburg. FARMERSVILLE, p. v., Lowndes co., Ala. : on the Cahawba and Greenville Turnpike, 38 m. S. W. Montgomery. FARMERSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Union par., La. : on the . side of Bayou d Arbonne, 173 m. N. W. Baton Rouge. It contains a court-house, jail, and about 200 inhabitants. FARMERSVILLE, p. v., Posey co., Ind. : about 3 m. N. of Mount Vernon, and 151 m. S. W. Indianapolis. FARMERSVILLE, t. and p. v., Cattaraugus co., JVi Y. : 229 m. W. by S. Albany. Situate on a watershed dividing the waters falling into Lake Ontario on the N., into Lake Erie on the W., and into the AUeghany r. on the S., the waters of the latter ultimately falling into the Gulf of Mexico, and those of the former into the Atlantic Ocean through the St. Lawrence r. The v. contains about 200 inhabitants. Pop. of the 1. 1,554 FARMERSVILLE, p. v., Caldwell co., Ky. : 193 m.W. S. W. Frankfort. FAUMERSVILLE, p. v., Montgomery county, Ohio : 78 m. W. by S. Columbus. FARMERSVILLE, p. v., Dodge co., Wise. : on a branch of Rock r., 57 m. N. E. Madison. FARM HILL, p. o., Poinsett county, ArTc. : 104 m. N. E. Little Rock 211 FAR FAW FABMINGDALE, p. v., Queens co., 27. Y. : on the line of the Long Island K. E., 31 m. from New York City, and 13T m. 8. by E. Albany. FARMINGHAM, p. v., Orleans co., N. T. : 233 m. W. by N. Albany. FARMING-TON, t. and p. o., Hartford county, Conn. : 9 m. W. by S. Hartford. Drained by Tunxis or Farmington r. Surface hilly and varied ; soil generally fertile, but light and sandy. Round Hill, near the village, rises abruptly to the height of 60 feet, and is nearly circular in its form, covering about 12 acres. It is supposed to have been an island in a lake which covered all the present meadows. Farmington village is situate on an elevated plain, surrounded by hills ; it lies on one principal street about 2 m. long, beautifully shaded, and contains 2 churches, an academy, and about 130 dwellings. The New Haven and Northampton (Canal) E. E. passes through it 30 m. from New Haven, and at Plainville gives off the Collinsville Branch E. E. The Hart ford, Providence, and Fishkill E. E. crosses the town E. and W. Unionville, Plainville, etc., are villages in Farmington. Pop. in t. 2,631. FARMINGTON, p. v., Clark county, Ga. : 49 m. N. by W. Milledgeville. FARMINGTON, p. v., Eush county, Ind. : 31 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. FARMINGTON, p. v., Fulton co., III. : on a branch of Cop peras cr., 64 m. N. by W. Springfield. FARMINGTON, p. v., Marion county, Virg. : 206 m. N. "W. Eichmond. FARMINGTON, p. v., Van Buren co., la. : on the E. side of Des Moines r., opposite the mouth of Indian cr., 71 m. S. by W. Iowa City. FARMINGTON, p. v., Graves co., Ky. : 241 m. W. S. "W. Frankfort. FARMINGTON, t., p. v., and cap. Franklin co., Me. : 82 m. N. W. Augusta. Drained by Sandy r., a tributary of the Kennebec. Surface diversified ; soil fertile, and producing good wheat and grass. The v. is situate on Sandy r., which affords water-power. There are several tanneries, potteries, etc., in the t, and 2,725 inhabitants. The " Chronicle," a weekly newspaper, is published here. FARMINGTON, t. and p. v., Oakland co., Mich.: 64 m. E. by S. Lansing. Drained by numerous affluents of the N. branch of Eouge r. Surface diversified ; soil deep and fer tile well wooded. The v. lies on Power s cr., on which are numerous flour and saw mills. Pop. of 1. 1,844. FARMINGTON, p. v., Tishemingo co., Miss. : 205 m. N. E. Jackson. FARMINGTON, p. v., and cap. St. Francois co., Mo. : at the head waters of St. Fran?ois r., 114 m. E. S. E. Jefferson City. It contains a court-house, jail, several stores and me chanic shops, and about 400 inhabitants. It lies on the E. confines of the great mineral region of the State. FARMINGTON, T>. v., Davie co., N. Car. : on the W. side of Yadkin r., 104 m. W. by N. Eichmond. FARMINGTON, t, and p. v., Strafford co., N. Ramp. : 33 m. E. N. E. Concord. Drained by Cocheco r. Surface hilly, being traversed by the Blue Hills, or Frost Mountains, from the summit of which ships may be seen with the naked eye off the harbor of Portsmouth. Soils thin, but of average fertility. The principal village is situate at the N. E. side of, and about a m. distant from the river, on which is the Dock, so named from its having been used as such by the first settlers, who deposited their lumber here to be floated down the stream. Near this village is a remarkable rock, estimated to weigh 60 or 80 tons, so exactly poised on other rocks that it is caused to vibrate several inches by manual force. The Cocheco E. E. traverses the valley of the river through the town, and the Great Falls and Conway E. E. crosses it in the E. Pop. in 1850, 1,699. FARMINGTON, t. and p. o., Ontario co., .A 7 ". Y. : 182 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Mud cr., a mill-stream emptying into Canandaigua outlet. Surface level ; soil, stiff 212 clay, and difficult of cultivation. Large travels of water- limestone are found here. Pop. 1,867. FARMINGTON, t. and p. o., Trumbull co., Ohio : 146 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by head branches of Grand r. Surface hilly ; soil excellent for grass, etc. Pop. 1,283. FARMINGTON, p. v., Fayette co., Penn. : 159 m. W. S. "W. Harrisburg. FARMINGTON, p. v., Marshall county, Tenn.: 47 m. S. Nashville. FARMINGTON, t. and p. o., Jefferson co., Wise. : 23 m. E. Madison. Drained by Johnson s cr., a tributary of Eock r. Surface varied and well timbered ; soils rich and pro ductive. Pop. 736. FARMINGTON, p. v., Eitchie co., Virg. : 228 m. "W. N. "W. Eichmond. FARMINGTON FALLS, p. v., Franklin county, Me. : on the N. side of Sandy r. of the Kennebec, opposite the mouth of Little Norridgewock r., 26 m. N. W. Augusta. FARM RIDGE, p. o., La Salle co., IU. : about 2 m. N. E. Yermillion r. of the Illinois, 97 m. N. E. Springfield. FARMVILLE, p. v., Prince Edward co., Virg. : on the S. side of Appomattox r., and on the line of the South Side E. E., 52 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. It contains two large tobacco warehouses, several extensive tobacco factories, various mechanic shops, and about 1,200 inhabitants. Boats navigate the river at all seasons to Petersburg, its natural port, and with which, and also with Eichmond, it is now connected by railroad. The " Republican" (whig), a weekly newspaper, is published here. FAKNHAM, p. v., Eichmond county, Virg. : 53 m. N. E. Eichmond. FARNUMSVILLE, p.v., Worcester co., Mass. : on the Provi dence and Worcester R. E., 37 m. W. S. W. Boston. FARRANDSVILLE, p. v., Clinton co., Penn. : on the N. side of the West Branch of Susquehanna r., 74 m. N. W. Har risburg. FARRELL PLACE, p. v., Clinton county, H. Y. : 137 m. N. Albany. FARRIONVILLE, p. v., Pike county, Ala. : 43 m. S. E. Montgomery. FAR EOCKAWAY, v., Queens co., N. Y. : a fine summer retreat on the S. side of Long Island. The v. is located on a peninsula, between Jamaica Bay and the Atlantic, and contains a church and about 40 dwellings. One m. W. are the Marine Pavilion and Eock Hall, splendid boarding houses, which are resorted to by visitors seeking the benefit of a summer-marine residence. FARROWSVILLE, p. v., Fauquier county, Virg. : 98 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. FAR WEST, p. o., Johnson co., Ind. : on the E. side of the West Fork of White r., 14 m. S. by W. Indianapolis. FAUCETT S STORE, p. o., Orange eo., N. Car. : 51 m. N.W. Raleigh. FAUSSE POINT, p. o., St. Martin s par., La. : 42 m. S. by W. Baton Eouge. FAUSSE RIVIERE : a lake below Point Coupee, Louisiana, formerly the bed of the Mississippi, and until 1814 its prin cipal channel. It is now filled up at both ends so as to be shut off from the new channel, and forms an extensive lake in the form of a horse-shoe. The banks are very fertile, and covered with fine farms. FAUQUIER. county, Virg. Situate N. E., and contains 720 sq. m. Drained by the branches of Rappahannock and Occoquan rivers. Surface diversified by hills and valleys ; soil moderately productive. This is one of the best grain counties of the State, and has also large numbers of live stock. Farms 889; manuf. 62; dwell. 1,839, and pop. wh. 9,875, fr. col. 643, si. 10,350 total 20,863. Capital : Warrenton. PulMc Works : Orange and Alexandria E. E. ; Warrenton Branch R. R. ; Manassas Gap R. R., etc. FAWN GROVE, t. and p. o., York co., Penn. : 42 m. S. E. Harrisburg. Drained by affluents of Muddy cr., which makes its N. boundary, the S. line being the Maryland State FAW line. Surface hilly, and soil indifferent. There are several mills and factories in the town. FAWN RIVER, t. and p. o., St. Joseph s co., Mich. : 74 m. S. E. Lansing. Drained by Fawn r., a tributary of St. Jo seph s of the lake. The Southern Michigan E. E. passes through the N. W. corner of the town. Pop. 478. FAYETTE county, Ala. Situate W. toward N., and con tains 936 sq. m. Drained chiefly by Yellow cr., Looxapatilla r. and Sipsey r., tributaries of Tombigbee r. The E. part of the co. is drained by the head streams of several affluents of Black Warrior r. Surface undulating or level ; soils fer tile, producing cotton, corn, and the grains generally. Tim ber of various descriptions abundant, especially on the rivers. Farms 1,065 ; manuf. 24 ; dwell. 1,408, and pop. wh. 8,450, fr. col. 10, si. 1,221 total 9,631. Capital : Fayette. FAYETTE county, Ga. Situate centrally, and contains 2SO sq. m. Drained by the head tributaries of Flint r., which r. has its rise in the hills in the N. part of this co. In the S. the surface is level, but occasionally diversified. Soil rich and productive. Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, etc., are the principal staples. Farms SIS ; manuf. 6 ; dwell. 1,196, and pop. wh, 6,740, fr. col. 4, si. 1,965 total 8,709. Capital : Fayetteville. Public Works: Macon and Western E. E. ; La Grange E. E., etc, FAYETTE county, HI. Situate S. centrally, and contains 648 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Kaskaskia r., which runs through it, on which r. the lands are subject to inun dation, and frequently retain the waters in the hollows. Surface generally level, being prairie and woodland inter mixed: around Vandalia it is undulating. Farms 826; manuf. 4; dwell. 1,431, and pop. wh. 8,027, fr. col. 48 total 8,075. Capital: VandsUia. Public Works: Illinois Central E. E. ; Mississippi and Atlantic E. E., etc. FAYETTE county, Ind. Situate E. middle, and contains 210 sq. m. Drained principally by W. fork of White Water r., which flows from N. to S. through the co. Surface roll ing or level, with extensive bottoms densely timbered. Soil everywhere fertile. Pork, beef, and flour are the chief steples. Farms 956; manuf. 116 ; dwell. 1,818, and pop. wh. 10,145, fr. col. 72 total 10,217. Capital : Connersville. Public Work*: White Water Canal; Junction E. E., etc. FAYETTE county, la. Situate N. E., and contains 720 sq. m. Drained in the N. and middle by Turkey r. and its tributaries, and in the S. by the head branches of Wapsi- pinicon r. Surface level prairie, intermixed with woodland. Soils deep and fertile. Farms S ; manuf. ; dwell. 153, and pop. wh. 825, fr. col. total 825. Capital: West Union. FAYETTE county, Ky. Situate centrally, and contains 2SO sq. m. Drained by several affluents of Elkhorn r., a tribu tary of the Kentucky, which river also in part forms the 8. E. border of the county. Surface elevated, inclining on all sides toward Kentucky r. Soils rich and fertile, pro ducing immense grain crops, hemp and flax, tobacco, etc. The co. has also a large manufacturing interest. Farms 799; manuf. 156; dwell. 2,089, and pop. wh. 11, 180, fr. col. 666, si. 10,889 total 22,735. Capital : Lexington. Public Works : Lexington and Frankfort E. E. ; and railroads (projected) to Covington and Maysville, on the Ohio E. E., and also to Nashville, Tenn., etc. FAYETTE county, Ohio. Situate toward the S. W. cen trally, and contains 416 sq. m. Drained by Eattle-snake cr., Paint cr., and Deer cr., their tributaries. Surface gen erally level; soils fertile. Farms 1,007; manuf. 29; dwell. 2,155, and pop. wh. 12,456, fr. col. 270 total 12,726. Cap ital: Washington. Public Works: Cincinnati, Steuben- ville, and Pitteburg E. E., etc. FAYETTE county, Pe.nn. Situate S. W., and contains 824 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Youghiogeny r. and the Monongahela, the latter r. forming the W. boundary. The Laurel Mountain lies on the E. border, and renders the surface in that direction hilly and rough, bat the soil is fer tile and well cultivated. Coal and iron ore abound, and ealt springs are found in several parts ; there are also sul- FAY phur springs. At the Ohiopile Falls the Youghiogeny descends 60 feet in the distance of a mile. The agricultural products consist chiefly of wheat, Indian corn, etc., and large quantities of bituminous coal are annually mined. Numerous furnaces, forges, and rolling mills are in opera tion, also glass factories aud potteries, with several other staple manufacturing establishments. Farms 2,139 ; man,uf. 232 ; dwell, 6,597, and pop. wh. 37,443, fr. col. 1,669 total 89,112. CajAtal: Union Town. FAYBTTE county, Tex. Situate S. centrally, and contains 1,160 sq. m. Drained chiefly by Colorado r. and its tributa ries i n the S. and S. W. by the head branches of Navidad r. and Peach cr., the latter an affluent of Guadalupe r. Sur face remarkably diversified in the E. undulating, in the middle hilly, alternating with broad plains, and in the W. level, inclining to the S. W. The prairies of this co. are not extensive, but are interspersed with islets of timber, and alternate with the forests of the numerous streams. Soil, a rich sandy loam, from 10 to 20 feet deep, and resting on a stratum of sand-stone. Gypsum, lignite, etc., are found in abundance. Farms 209 ; manuf. 6 ; dwell. 494, and pop. wh. 2,740, fr. col. 0, si. 1,016 total 3,756. Capital: La Grange. FAYETTE county, Tenn. Situate S. W., and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Loosahatcb.ee and Wolf rivers and their affluents. Surface undulating, and consisting chiefly of prairie, but with extensive woodlands. Soils well adapted for general agriculture, producing wheat, Indian corn, oats, etc., abundantly, cotton, and some tobacco. Large num bers of live-stock are also owned in the co. Farms 1,172 ; manuf. 29 ; dwell. 1,951, and pop. wh. 11,420, fr. col. 35, si. 15,264 total 26,719. Capital : Somerville. Public Works : Memphis and Charleston E. E., with a branch to Somerville. FAYETTE county, Vlrg. Situate W., and contains 920 sq. m. Drained by New r., a main constituent, and other tributaries of Great Kanawha r. Clear and Marsh Forks of Cool r. also rise in this co. Surface mountainous ; soil sandy loam. On New r., 2 m. from Fayetteville, is Long Point, which projects into the stream ; its top consists of a flat rock of 2 acres in extent, and elevated 1,500 feet above the level of the water ; and 6 m. from the v. is Hawk s Nest, or Marshall s Pillar, a naked, perpendicular rock, 1,100 feet high. There are several interesting remains of ancient fortifications in the vicinity. The agricultural staples are the grains and animal products, the hills being fine pasture lands. Farms 428 ; manuf. 7 ; dwell. 593, and pop. wh. 3,782, fr. col. 17, si. 156 total 3,955. Capital : Fayetteville. FAYETTE, p. v., and cap. Fayette co., Ala. : on the W. side of, and about 2 m. from, Sipsey r., an affluent of the Tombigbee, 123 m. N.W. Montgomery. It contains a court house, jail, and about 30 dwellings. FAYETTE, p. v., Greene co., III. : 43 m. S. W. Springfield. FAYETTE, t. and p. o., Kennebec co., Me. : IS m.W. N.W. Augusta. Drained by a branch of Sandy r., and in the E. there are several large and beautiful ponds which empty into the Kennebec r. Surface rolling ; soil adapted alike for grain and grass. The v. lies near the centre. Pop. 1.035. FAYETTE, p. v., and cap. Jefferson co., Miss. : S. of Coles cr., an affluent of the Mississippi, 67 m. S. W. Jackson. FAYBTTE, p. v., and cap. Howard co., Mo. : on the W. side of Bonne Femme cr., an affluent of Missouri r., 49 m. N. W. Jefferson City. It contains a court-house, co. jail, etc., and is the seat of a United States land office, and of Fayette College, which in 1850 had 2 professors and 75 stu dents. Pop. about 800. A newspaper, the " Missouri Dem ocrat," is issued weekly. FAYETTE, t. and p. v., Seneca county, N. Y. : 157 m. W. Albany. Seneca Lake makes its W., and Cayuga Lake its E. boundaries ; and several tributaries of Seneca r., which flows on its N. border, drain the interior, and afford water- power. Gypsum and limestone abound. The t. has several tanneries, mills, etc., and 3 784 inhabitants. 213 FAY FEN FATETTE, t. and p. o., Alleghany co., Penn. : 177 m. "W. Harrisburg. Drained by branches of Charter s cr. Surface hilly; soil a rich loam; coal and iron are abundant. The town has several mills. FAYETTE, p. T., La Fayette county, Wise. : 49 m. S. W. Madison. FAYETTE CORNER, p. o., Fayette co., Tenn. : in the N. E. corner of the co., 129 m. "W. S. W. Nashville. FAYETTE SPRINGS, p. o., Fayette county, Penn. : 167 m. W. S. W. Harrisburg. FAYETTEVILLE, p. v., Talladega co., Ala. : on the E. side of Coosa r., 49 m. N. Montgomery. It is a thriving v., and has a considerable river trade and about GOO inhabitants. FAYETTEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Washington co., Ark. : on the left bank of White r., 146 m. W. N. W. Little Kock. It contains a court-house, etc., a United States land office, and several stores. Pop. about 450. FAYETTEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Fayette co., Ga. : on a branch of Flint r., 78 m. W. N. W. Mffledgeville. It con tains a court-house and other co. buildings, about 70 dwell ings, and 300 inhabitants. FAYETTEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Cumberland co., N. Car. : on the W. side of, and 1 m. from, Cape Fear r., and at the head of uninterrupted boat navigation, 49 m. S. Kaleigh. Lat. 85 03 N., and long. 79 58 W. It is one of the large towns of the State, is regularly laid out with streets 100 feet wide, and has a court-house and other co. buildings, three banks, and a United States arsenal of construction. Its trade in flour, tobacco, and naval stores, is considerable. Three newspapers, the " North Carolinian" (dem.), the " F. Observer" (whig), and the " Communicator" (temperance), are published weekly, and have respectable circulations. Its manufactures are extensive, consisting of cotton mills, and flour, grist, saw, and oil mills, etc. Pop. in 1S20, 3,532 ; in 1830, 2,868 ; in 1840, 4,285; and in 1S50, 5,312. FAYETTEVILLE, p. v., Onondaga co., N. Y. : on botli sides of Limestone cr., a branch of Butternut cr. of the Chitte- naugo, the last of which falls into Oneida Lake, distant 112 m. W. Albany. The Erie Canal passes a little N. of the village. It is a place of considerable trade, and has about 600 inhabitants. FAYETTEVILLE, p. v., Browu co., Ohio : on the E. fork of Little Miami r., 72 m. S. W. Columbus. Pop. 318. FAYETTEVILLE, p. v., Franklin co., Penn. : on the Gettys burg and Chambersburg Turnpike, 46 m. S.W. Harrisburg. FAYETTEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Lincoln co., Tenn. : on the N. bank of Elk r., an affluent of Tennessee r., 69 m. S. by E. Nashville. It contains a court-house, several stores, and about 300 inhabitants, and has a newspaper, the " Lincoln Journal" (dem.), issued weekly. FAYETTEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Fayette co., Virg. : about 2 m. W. of New r., 203 m. W. by N. Eichmond. It con tains a courtrhousej several stores, and about 300 inhab itants. FAYETTEVILLE, p. v., St. Clair co., III. : on the W. side of Kaskaskia r., 98 m. S. Springfield. FAYETTEVILLE, p. v., Fayette county, Tex. : 56 m. S. E. Austin City. FAYETTEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Windham co., Verm. : on the W. side of West r. of the Connecticut, 91 m. S. Montpe- lier. It contains a court-house, jail, several mills and mechanic shops, and about 800 inhabitants. FAYETTEVILLE, p. v., Lawrence co., Ind. : 63 m. S. by W. Indianapolis. FAYVILLE, p. v., Kane co., III. : on the W. side of Fox r., 5 m. below Elgin, 162 m. N. E. Springfield. FEARING, t. and p. o.,Washington co., Ohio : 88 m. E. S. E. Columbus. Drained by Duck r., which affords water-power ; and the Muskingum r. makes a part of the W. boundary. Surface hilly and broken ; soil moderately fertile, and ex cellent for grazing. FEARN S SPRINGS, p. o., Winslow co., Miss. : 94 m. N. E. Jackson. The " F. Democrat" is published weekly. 214 FEASTERVILLE, p. v., Bucks county, Penn. : 97 m. E. Harrisburg. FEASTERVILLE, p. v Fairfield district, S. Car. : 33 m. N. Columbia. FEATHER river, CaUf. : an affluent of the Sacramento. FEDERALSBURGU, p. v., Caroline co., Md. : on the E. side of Marshy Hope cr., near the county line, 46 m. E. S. E. Annapolis. FEDERAL STORE, p. o., Duchess co., N. Y. : 59 m. S. by E. Albany. FEDERALTON, p. v., Athens co., Ohio : at the confluence of Federal cr. with Hocking r., 74 m. S. E. Columbus. FEEDING HILLS, p. o., Hampden county, Mass. : 83 m. W. by S. Boston. FEED SPRING, p. v., Harrison co., Ohio: 107 m. E. by N. Columbus. FEE FEE, p. o., St. Louis co., Mo. : 97 m. E. Jefferson City. Situate about 3 m. S. of Missouri river. FEESBURGH, p. v., Brown county, Ohio : 87 m. S. W. Columbus. FELCHVILLE, p. v., Windsor co., Verm. : 59 m. S. by E. Montpelier. FELICIANA parish, EAST, La. Situate in the N.W. of the Eastern District, and contains 560 sq. m. Drained by the upper branches of Amite r., and divided from West Felie- iana by Thompson s cr. of the Mississippi. Surface elevated, inclining to the S., and somewhat rough. Soils eminently productive. Cotton is the great staple. Farms 361 ; mauuf. 49 ; dwell. 712, and pop. wh. 4,061, fr. col. 23, si. 9,514 total 13,598. Capital: Jackson. Public Works: Clinton and Port Hudson E. E. FELICIANA parish, WEST, La. Situate N. W. of the Eastern District, and contains 3SO sq. m. The Mississippi r. makes its W. boundary, and Thompson s cr. demarks its E. line. Drained by Bayou Sara and numerous small bayoux and creeks falling into the Mississippi. Surface broken; soils rich and fertile. Cotton is the staple crop. Farms 234 ; manuf. 147 ; dwell. 599, and pop. wh. 2,473, fr. col. 106, si. 10,666 total 13,245. Capital : St. Francisville. Public Works : West Feliciana E. E. FELICIANA, p. v., Graves co., Ky. : on the S. branch of Desh6 r., 253 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. FELICITY, p. v., Clermont co., Ohio : about 3 m. from Ohio r., 92 m. S.W. Columbus. It contains several mechanic shops, stores, etc., and about 400 inhabitants. The country around is under the highest state of cultivation. FELIX, p. o., Morgan co., Mo. : on the Booneville and Versailles Turnpike, 41 m. W. by S. Jefferson City. FELLOWSHIP, p. o., Burlington co., Jf. Jer. FELLOWSVILLE, p. v., Preston co., Virg. : 181 m. N. W. Eichmond. FELTONSVILLE, p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : on a branch of Concord r., 27 m. W. Boston. It is a considerable manu facturing village, and the terminus of the Lancaster and Sterling Branch E. E., 9 m. from South Acton, and 34 from Boston by the Fitchburg E, E. FELT S MILLS, p. o., Jefferson co., JV. Y. : 136 m. N. "W. Albany. FELTVILLE, p. v., Essex county, JV, Jer. : 46 m. N. E. Trenton. FEMME OSAGE, p. o., St. Charles co., Mo. : 67 m. E. by N. Jefferson City. FENNER, t. and p. o., Madison co., N. Y. : 104 m.W. by N. Albany. Pop. 1,690. FENNERSVILLE, p. v., Monroe co., Penn.: 97 m. N. E. Harrisburg. FENNIMORE, t. and p. o., Grant co., Wise. : 67 m. W. Madison. Drained by Blue r., Trout cr., and other streams flowing N. into Wisconsin r. It is a large tract of fine prairie and woodland intermixed, with an abundance of water-power. Pop. 654. FENN S BRIDGE, Jefferson co., Ga, ; on a branch of Ogee- chee r., 38 m. E. Milledgeville, FEN FIS FENTON, p. v., St. Louis co., Mo. : on the S. side of Mara- mec r., 98 m. E. Jefferson City. FENTONVILLE, p. v., Genesee co., Midi, : on the E. branch of Shiawassee r.,4T m. E. Lansing. FENTRESS county, Tenn. Situate N. middle, and con tains 420 sq. m. Drained in the W. by the forks of Obey s river, and in the E. by creeks of the S. fork of Cumberland river, which demarks its boundary in that direction. Sur face hilly and broken ; soils of average productiveness ; timber abundant Farms 499; manuf. 5; dwell. 707, and pop. wh. 4,305, fr. col. 1, si. 148 total 4,454. Capital: Jamestown. FENTRIBS, p. v., Guilford co., N. Car. : 74 m. W. N. W. Bak-igh. FERDINAND, p. v., Mercer county, III.: 71 m. N. W. Springfield. FERDINAND, p. v., Dubois co., Ind. : 110 m. S. by W. Indianapolis. FERGUSON S COENBES, p. o., Tates co., N. T. : 160 m. W. by S. Albany. FERONIA, p. v., Telfair co., Get-. : 106 m. S. Milled geville. FERRISBURGH, t. and p. v., Addison co., Verm. : 32 m. "W. Montpelier. Drained by Otter, Little Otter, and Lewis creeks, which afford water-power. Otter cr. is navigable to Yergennes, 8 m. Lake Champlain bounds it on the W., and is here about 2 m. wide. Basin Harbor, in this town, is deep and well protected, and is a place of considerable navigation and commercial importance. Large quantities of fish are taken annually from the lake and cured for mar ket. The t. has some manufactures, and its agricultural products are large and valuable. The principal v. lies in the central part of the t, and there is a small v. at Ferris- burgh Station, on the Eutland and Burlington B. P. 2,075. FESSENDEN MILLS, p. o., Eockingham co., A r . ffamp. FETIIEROLFFSVILLE, p. o., Berks co., Penn. : 67 m. E. by N Ilarrisburg. FIATT, p. v., Fulton co., III. : 79 m. N. W. Springfield. FIDDLE POND, p. o., Barnwell dist., S. Car. : 72 m. S. W. Columbia. FIDELITY, p. v., Miami county, Ohio: 69 m. W. by N. Columbus. FIFE, p. v., Jersey co., III. : 59 m. S. "W. Springfield. FIFE S, p. o., Goochland co., Virg. : at the Cross Eoads, N. of James r., 83 m. W. by N. Eichmond. FIGHTING island, Mich.: one of the largest islands in Detroit Strait, midway between lakes Erie and Huron, and below the confluence of the Eouge. It contains about 8 sq. m. FILLMORE, p. o., Dubuque co., la. : 73 m. N. E. Iowa City. FILLMORE, p. o., Alleghany co., N. Y. : 214 m. W. S. W. Albany. FILLMOBE, p. v., Porter county, Ind, : 131 m. N. W. Indianapolis. FILLMORE, p. o., Washington co., Ohio : 84 m. E. S. E. Columbus. FILLMORE, p. o., Montgomery co., III. : on a head branch of Hurricane cr. of Kaskaskia r., 51 m. S. by E. Springfield. FILLMORE, p. v., Putnam co., Ind. : at the head of Deer cr. of Eel r., 32 m. W. by S. Indianapolis. FILLMORE, p. o., Daviess county, Ky. : 134 m. W. by S. Frankfort. FILI.MOBE, p. o., Washington co., Wise. : C3 m. E. N. E. Madison. FILLMOBE, p. o., Eandolph county, Virg. : 169 m. N. "W. Eichmond. FILLMORE, p. o., Monmouth co., N. Jer. : 29 m. E. Trenton. FILLMORE, p. v., Cleveland co., Jf. Car. : 158 m.W. by S. Ealeigh. FILLMORE, p. o., Andrew county, Mo. : 177 m. W. N. "W. Jefferson City. FILLMORE, p. o,, Centre county, Penn. : 72 m. N. W. Harrisburg. FILLMORE CITY, p. o., and cap. Millard co., Utah Ter., and capital of the Territory. FILLMORE, p. o., Bledsoe eo., Tenn. : 104 m. E. by S. Nashville. FINCASTLE, p. v., Brown county, Ohio : 73 m. S. W. Columbus. Pop. 145. FINCASTLE, p. v., Campbell co., Tenn. : 159 m. E. by N. Nashville. FINCASTLE, p. v., Putnam co., Ind. : 42 m. "W. by S. Indianapolis. FINCASTLE, p. v., and cap. Botetourt co., Virg. : in the Valley of Cahawba cr., an affluent of James r., 137 m. W. llichmond. It contains a court-house and other co. build ings, four churches, various mills and mechanic shops, and about 800 inhabitants. Two newspapers, the " F. Demo crat," and the " Valley Whig," are published weekly. FINCIIVILLE, p. v., Orange co., 2f. Y. : 89 m. S. by W. Albany. FINE FORKS, p. o., Person co., 2f. Car. : 51 m. N. W. Ealeigh. FINE S CREEK, p. o., Hay wood co., N . Car. : on a cr. of Big Pidgeon so called, 248 ra. W. Ealeigh. Big Pidgeon is an affluent of French Broad, and Tennessee rivers. FINGERSVILLE, p. v., Spartanburgh dist., & Car. : 76 m. N. W. Columbia. FINKSBURGH, p. v., Carroll co., Md. : on the W. side of the N. branch of Patapsco r., 43 m. N. N. W. Annapolis. FINLEY. t., p. v., and cap. Hancock county, Ohio : 81 m. N. N. W. Columbus. Drained by Eagle and other creeks, affluents of Blanchard s Fork of Auglaize r., which runs E. to W. through it. Surface diversified ; soils of average productiveness. The v. lies on the S. side of Blanchard s Fort, and contains a court-house, jail, several stores and mechanic shops, and about 1,258 Populat. Three news papers are published here, the " Democratic Courier," the " Hancock Whig," and the " Hancock Journal" (whig), all issued weekly. The Finley Branch E. E. extends hence E. by S., to Carey, on the Mad Eiver and Lake Erie E. E., 16 miles. Pop. of t. 2,034. FINLEY, p. v., Greene co., Mo. : on a branch of Finley cr., 57 m. S. S. W. Jefferson City. FINLEYVILLE, p. v., Washington co., Penn. : 179 m. W. Harrisburg. FINNEY MILLS, p. o., Amelia co., Virg. : 38 m. S. W. Eichmond. FIRE islands, N. Y. : are a cluster of small islands in the Great South Bay of Long Island. FIRE-PLACE, p. v., Suffolk co., N. Y. : on the N. of Fire place Bay, an arm of the Atlantic Ocean, 133 m. S. E. Albany. FIRE-PLACE bay, N. Y.: an indentation of Great South Bay of Long Island. FIRE-STEEL river, Mich. : a stream running into Lake Superior out of the Ontonagon. It has its source in the Porcupine Mountains of the Upper Peninsula. FIRST FORK, p. o., Clinton co., Penn. FIBER S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Eobertson co., Tenn. : 31 m. N. W. Nashville. Fisn CREEK, p. o., Steuben co., Ind. : near the S. line of the co. on Fish er., a tributary of St. Joseph r. of the Mau- mee, 136 m. N. E. Indianapolis. Fisn CREEK, p. o., Marshall co., Virg. : on Fish cr., a tributary of Ohio r., 228 m. N. W. Eichmond. Fisn creek, JV". y. : the outlet of Saratoga Lake, and emptying into the Hudson r. at Schuylerville, where are located several mills and factories. FISH creek, N. Y. : rises in Lewis co., and empties into Wood s cr. in Oneida co. It is navigable for boats for a few miles from its mouth, and is a good mill-stream, on which are located several factories, etc. FISHDAM, p. v., Wake co., jff. Car. : 22 m. S.W. Ealeigh. FISUDAM, p. v., Union dist., S. Car. : on the W. side of Broad r., 61 m. N. W. Columbia. FISHER S, p. o., Catawba county, 2f. Car. : 148 m. W Ealeigh. 215 FIS FLA FISHERSBITRGH, p. o., Franklin county, Virg. : 145 m. "W. by S. Eichmond. FISHER S island, W. Y. : lies off the E. end of Long Island, 14 m. from shore. It is 8 m. long and 1 m. wide. The surface is varied, and soil very productive. FJSHERSVILLE, p. v., Windham co., Conn. : on French r., a branch of the Quinnebaug, 42 m. E. by N. Hartford. It has considerable manufactures, and the v. is intersected by the Norwich and Worcester E. E., 38 m. N. from Norwich. FISHERSVILLE, p. v., Merrimac county, W. Ramp. : at the junction of Contoocook and Merrimac rivers, 7 m. N. N. W. Concord. The Northern E. E. passes through the v. FISHERSVILLE, p. v., Augusta co., Virg. : on a small trib utary of the S. Branch of Potomac, r., 4 m. E. by S. of Staun- ton, and 91 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. FISHERVILLE, p. v., Jefferson county, Ky. : 51 m. W. Frankfort FISHERVILLE, p. v., Dauphin co., Penn. FISHING CREEK, p. o., Cape May co., N. Jer. : 76 m. S. Trenton. Fishing cr. is a small stream about 5 m. long, emptying into Delaware Bay. FISHING CREEK, t. and p. o., Columbia co., Penn. : 68 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. Drained by Fishing cr. of Susque- hanna river. Surface mountainous ; soil, clay and gravel. Pop. 1,114. FISH HOUSE, v., Fulton co., 2f. T. : on Sacandaga r., a branch of Hudson r., 67 m. N.W. by N. Albany. It contains several stores, and about 40 dwellings. Sir William Johnson made the settlement at this point for the purpose of fishing and trading with the Indians. FISHKILL, t. and p. v., Duchess county, If. Y. : 77 m. S. Albany. Drained by Fishkill and Wappinger s creeks of Hudson r. Surface diversified in the S. mountainous: soil fertile. It has several convenient landings on the Hudson. Fishkill v. lies on Fishkill cr., 5 m. from Fishkill Landing, and contains about 1,000 inhabitants. There are several woolen and cotton factories, and numerous saw, flouring, and grist mills, and a newspaper, the " F. Stand ard," is issued weekly. Pop. 9,243. The Hudson Eiver B. E., and the Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill E. E. passes through this town. FISHKILL LANDING, p. v., Duchess co., N. Y. : at the mouth of Fishkill cr., 79 m. S. Albany, and opposite New- burg, with which it is connected by a steam ferry. The creek has fine water-power, and along its banks are several extensive manufactories, as foundries, mechanic shops, etc. It contains about 1,400 inhabitants. The Hartford, Provi dence, and Fishkill E. E. has its W. terminus at this point, and connects, by means of the ferry, with the New York and Erie E. E., thus furnishing a link in the chain of rail roads that run from the extremities of New England to and beyond the Mississippi r. and the great lakes. FISHKILL PLAINS, p. o., Duchess co., N. Y. : in the town of East Fishkill, 75m. S. by E. Albany. FISHKILL mountains, Duchess county, N. Y. (called, also, Matteawan Mountains) : a continuation of the Highlands through which the Hudson r. passes a range which con tinues N., under different names, to the Green Mountains of Vermont. FISHKILL (or Matteawan) creek, Duchess county, N. Y. : rises in the centre of the co., and passing by the manufac turing villages of Glenheim, Matteawan, Fishkill, etc., empties into the Hudson r. FISH POND, p. v., Tallapoosa county, Ala. : 54 m. N. E. Montgomery. FISH PORT, p. o., Eock Island co., III. : on Eock r., 122 m. N. N. W. Springfield. FISH TRAP, p. o., Baker county, Go,. : 146 m. S. S. W. Milledgeville. FISKBURGH, p. v., Kenton co., Ky. : on the W. side of Licking r., 51 m. N. N. E. Frankfort. FISKEDALE, p. o., Worcester co., Mass. : 59 m. W. S. W. Boston. 216 FISKEVILLE, p. v., Providence co., R. I. : on the N. side of Pawtuxet r., 11 m. S. W. Providence. It is a place of considerable manufacturing industry. FISK S CORNERS, p. o., Winnebago co., Wise. : 87 m. N. E. Madison. FITCH, p. o., Cass co., Ind. ; 71 m. N. by W. Indianapolis. FITCHBURGH, t. and p. v., Worcester county, Mass. : 42 m. W. N.W. Boston. Drained by a large branch oi Nashua r., and two smaller streams, which furnish immense water- power, and on which are numerous large manufacturing establishments. Surface diversified and somewhat hilly; soil of average fertility. In the immediate vicinity of the v. of Fitchburg is an immense quarry of excellent granite. The manufactures embrace woolen and cotton goods, paper, boots, etc. It is one of those towns of New England that have forced themselves into prosperity by local advantages, and is now one of the chief centres of the railroad network of the country ; hence diverge the Fitchburg E. E. to Boston, the Worcester and Fitchburg E. E. to Worcester, and the Vermont and Massachusetts E. E. to Greenfield these, with their connections, extending to every part of the Union and the Canadas. The Fitchburg Sentinel" is issued weekly. Population in 1S30, 2,169 ; in 1S40, 2,604; and in 1S50, 5,009. FrrcHBtiRGn, p. v., Dane co., Wise. : 10 m. S. Madison. FITCHVILLE, t. and p. v., Huron co., Ohio : 84 m. N. N. E. Columbus. Drained by a branch of Vermillion r. Surface diversified, and somewhat hilly ; soil fertile, and well culti vated. The principal v. is situate on the r. near the centre of the t., and contains about 300 inhabitants. Fitchville was settled and is chiefly occupied by industrious emigrants from the New England States. Pop. 1,178. FITZ HENRY, p. T., Conway county, Ark. : 41 m. N. W. Little Eock. FITZ HENRY, p. o., Seneca county, Ohio: 81 m. N. Columbus. FITZ HENRY, p. o., Westmoreland co., Penn. : 133 m. W. Harrisburg. FITZ HENRY, p. o., Ogle county, Itt. : 153 m. N. by E. Springfield. FITZ WILLIAM, t. and p. v., Cheshire co., Jf. Ramp. : 46 m. S. W. Concord. Drained by Priests and Camp Brooks, and there are several ponds of considerable size in the town. Surface hilly ; soil rocky and stubborn ; but there are considerable meadows which are very productive. Gap . Mountain lies on the N. E. boundary, on which are found fine whetstones. The v. lies near the centre, and is inter sected by the Cheshire E. E. Pop. of 1. 1,482. FIVE CORNERS, p. o., Cayuga county, N. Y. : 142 m. W. Albany. FIVE MILE, p. o., Brown county, 07uo : 69 m. S. W. Columbus. FIVE MILE, p. v., Pickens dist., Car. : on a cr. so called, 122 m. N. W. Columbia. FIVE POINTS, p. o., Venango co., Penn. : 171 m.W. N. W Harrisburg. FLACKVILLE, p. v., St. Lawrence co., W. Y. : 152 m. N.W Albany. FLAGG SPRING, p. o., Campbell co., JKy. : 63 m. N. N. E. Frankfort. FLAGGTOWN, p. v., Somerset co., If. Jer. : 20 m. N. E. Trenton. FLAGSTAFF, p. o., Somerset co., Me. FLANDERS, p.v., Morris co., N. Jer. : at the E. foot of Schoo- ley s Mountain, 47 m. N. by E. Trenton. It contains about 30 dwellings, and 160 inhabitants. FLANDERS, p. v., Suffolk co., N. Y. : on the S. side of Little Peconic Bay, 133 m. S. S. E. Albany. It contains 15 or 20 dwellings. FLAT, p. o., Pike co., Ohio: 62 m. S. Columbus. FLATBERG, p. v., Irwin co., (fa. : on Flat cr. of AUapahaw river, 102 m. S. Milledgeville. FLATBROOK, p. o., Columbia co., If. Y FLA FLI FLATBROOKVILLE, p. v., Sussex co., JW. Jer. : 78 m. N. Trenton FLATBXTSH, t. and p. v., Kings county, N. Y. : 126 m. S. . Albany. Surface diversified, but generally level ; soil, light loam and sand, well cultivated. The v. is pleasantly situate on a plain, 4 m. E. Brooklyn, and contains 3 churches, an academy, known as Erasmus Hall, an old and flourishing institution, several stores, and about 80 dwellings. The pop. of the town, 8.176. Near the N.W. boundary of the town, the disastrous battle of Flatbush or Long Island was fought in 1776. FLAT CREEK, p. o., Montgomery co., A r . Y. FLAT CREEK, p. o., Lowndes county, Get. : 146 m. S. Milledgeville. FLAT CREEK, p. o., Bedford co., Tenn.: on a cr. of Duck river so called, 52 m. S. S. E. Nashville. FLAT HEAD lake, Oreg. Ter. : a considerable body of water at the W. side of the Eocky Mountains, in about lat. 47 80 N., and the source of a main branch of Flat Head or Clarke s r., a tributary of the Columbia. FLAT HEAD (or Clarke s) river, Oreg. Ter. : rises by sev eral head streams on the "W. side of the Eocky Mountains, and after a course of 260 m., joins the Columbia r. above Fort Colville. FLATLANDS, t. and p. v., Kings county, N. Y*: 128 m. S. Albany. This town includes Barren Island and several others lying off the sea-coast. Surface level ; soil, sand and sandy loam. The village, about 6 m. from Brooklyn, con tains about 30 dwellings. Pop. of town 1,155. FLAT LICK, p. o., Claiborne par., La. : on Flat Lick Bayou, a tributary of Bayou Dorcheat, 216 m. N. "W. Baton Eouge. FLAT LICK, p. o., Knox co., Ky. : on a cr. so called, 103 m. S. E. Frankfort. FLAT RIVER, p. o., Kent co., Mich. : on Flat r., a tributary of Grand r., 43 m. W. N.W. Lansing. Flat r. (or Co-cob-au- qtiosh) rises in two small lakes in Mecosta co., flows through Montcalm, Ionia, and Kent counties, and discharges its waters into Grand r. in the t. of Lowell. It is 8 rods wide at its mouth, shallow, and the country on its borders is hilly and broken. FLAT EOCK, p. o., Henry county, Ga. : on the W. side of Ocmulgee r., 67 m. W. N.W. Milledgeville. FLAT EOCK, p. o., Shelby co., Ind. : on Flat Eock cr., a tributary of White r., 83 m. S. E. Indianapolis. FLAT EOCK, p. o., Bourbon county, Ky. : on Elkhorn cr. an affluent of Kentucky r., 43 m. E. by S. Frankfort. FLAT EOCK, p. o., Cape Girardeau co., Mo. : 153 m. S.W. Jefferson City. FLAT EOCK, p. o., Henderson county, W. Car. : on Flat Eock cr., a tributary of French Broad r., 217 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. FLAT EOCK, p. o., Seneca co., Ohio : 79 m. N. Columbus. FLAT EOCK, p. o., Kershaw dist., & Car. : 41 m. N. N.W. Columbia. FLAT EOCK, p. o., Powhatan co., Virg. : 23 m. W. by S. Richmond. FLAT EOCK, p. o., Crawford co., III.: 115 m. E. S. E. Springfield. FLAT SHOALS, p. o., Meriwether co., Ga. : on Flint r., 78 m. W. Milledgeville. FLAT WOODS, p. o., Fayette co., Perm. : 159 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. FLAT WOODS, p. o., Braxton co., Virg. : 192 m.W. N. W. Richmond. FLEETVILLE, p. v., Luzerne county, Penn. : 97 m. N. E. Harrisburg. FLKETWOOD ACADEMY, p. o., King and Queen co., Virg. : 29 m. E. N. E. Eichmond. FLEMING county, Ky. Situate N. E., and contains 4SO sq. m. Drained by affluents of Licking r., which makes its S. W. boundary. Surface in the E. and S. mountainous otherwise undulating : soils calcareous and very fertile, un- D2 derlined with limestone. Both agriculture and manufactures are here in a prosperous condition. Farms 1,211 ; mannf. 96 ; dwell. 1,983, and pop wh. 11,628, fr. col. 147, si. 2,139 total 13,914. Capital: Flemingsburg. Public Works: Lexington and Maysvillc E. E. FLEMING, p. v., Livingston co., Mich. : 37 m. E. by S. Lansing. FLEMING, t. and p. v., Cayuga co., N. Y. : 113 m.W. by N. Albany. Drained by Owasco Lake, which makes its E. bor der. Surface undulating; soil, clay loam, and very pro ductive. The v. contains about 150 inhabitants. Pop. of town 1,193. FLEMING, p. v., Centre county, Penn. : 63 m. N. W. Harrisburg. FLEMING S, p. o., Shelby county, Ind. : 28 m. S. E. Indianapolis. FLEMING S, p. o., Weakley co., Tenn. : 113 m. W. by N. Nashville. FLEMINGSBURGII, p. v., and cap. Fleming county, Ky. : on Stockton Eun, about 1 m. from its confluence with Flem ing cr. of Licking r., 71 m. E. by N. Frankfort. It contains a fine brick court-house, etc., and about 600 inhabitants. FLEMINGSVILLE, p. v., Tioga co., A 7 ". Y. : about 5 m. N. by E. Owego, and 98 m. W. S. W. Albany. It is a thriving village of 400 inhabitants. FLEMINGTON, p. T., Wake co., & Car. : 12 m. N. W. Ealeigh. FLEMINGTON, p. v., and cap. Hunterdon co., N. Jer. : in a mountain valley, 23 m. N. by W. Trenton. It contains a stone court-house, under which is the co. jail ; about 80 dwellings, and about 600 inhabitants. Two newspapers, the " Hunterdon County Democrat" (dem.), and the " Hun terdon County Gazette" (whig), are published weekly. A branch of the Belvidere Delaware E. E. will extend hence to Lambertville, on the Delaware. FLBMINGTON, p. v., Marion co., Flor. : a few miles W. of Orange Lake, 109 m. S. E. Tallahassee. FLETCHER, p. v., Miami co., Ohio : on a branch of Miami river, 61 m. W. by N. Columbus. It contains several me chanic shops, and about 250 inhabitants. FLETCHER, t. and p. o., Franklin county, Verm. : 35 m. N. N. W. Montpelier. Drained by branches of Lamoille and Missisqui rivers. Surface broken ; soil indifferent. The v. lies on an affluent of Lamoille r. Pop. of 1. 1,084. FLEWELLIN S CROSS EOADS, p. o., De Soto co., Miss. FLICKSVILLE, p. v., Northampton co., Penn. : 79 m. N. E. Harrisburg. FLINT, p. o., Cherokee Nation, Ind. Ter. : on Flint cr., a branch of Illinois r. of the Arkansas, N. of Tah-le-quah. FLINT, t., p. v., and cap. Genesee co., Mich. : 46 m. E. N. E. Lansing. Drained by Flint r, and its tributaries. Surface diversified chiefly prairie ; soils rich and productive. The town has large water-power. The v. is situated on Flint r., and is a flourishing place of some 400 inhabitants. It con tains a court-house, jail, etc., and has several factories, me chanic shops, and stores ; and also two newspapers, the " F. Eepublican" (dem.), and the " Genesee Whig," both issued weekly. The United States road passes through the village. Pop. of t.3,304. FLINT, p. o., Steuben co., Ind. : 146 m. N. E. Indianapolis. FLINT CREEK, p. o., Ontario county, 2f. Y. : on a cr. so called, 167 m. W. Albany. FLINT CREEK, p. o., Harrison co., Miss. : on a branch of Eed cr. of Pascagoula r. so called, 118 m. S. S. E. Jackson. FLINT CREEK, p. o., Lake co., III. : on a cr. so called, 183 m. N. E. Springfield. Lake Zurich, a beautiful sheet of water of SCO acres, lies immediately N. W. of the site. FLINT GAP, p. o., Knox co., Tenn. : 168 m. E. Nashville. FLINT HILL, p. o., St. Charles co., Mo. : on a small afflu ent of Eiviere au Cuivre, 73 m. E. N. E. Jefferson City. FLINT HILL, p. o., Eappahannock county, Virg. : 93 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. FLINT ISLAND, p. o., Mead county, Ky. : 89 m. W. by S. 21T FLI FLO Frankfort Flint Island lies in the Ohio r., on the Kentucky side, about 2 m. below the v. of Concordia. FLINT EIDGE, p. o., Lancaster district, S. Car.: 67 m. N. by E. Columbia. FLINT river, Ga. : a constituent of Appalachicola r. It rises by several head branches on the S. slope of the Alle- ghany Mountains in Campbell and De Kalb counties, and has a course generally S. for about 300 m. to its confluence with Chattahoochee r. on the X. line of Florida, where it is 6 feet deep and 450 feet wide. Steamboats come up to Bainbridge, 50 m. from its mouth. FLIJJI river, Mich. : a principal branch of Saginaw r., which it joins 30 m. from its mouth. It is about 100 m. long, and affords, with its branches, immense water-power, and boats ascend it for a distance of 20 - m. from its mouth. FLINT EOCK, p. o., Catawba co., N. Car. : on the S. side of Catawba r., 138 m. W. Ealeigh. FLINT S MILLS, p. o., "Washington county, Ohio : on Little Muskingum r., 97 m. E. by S. Columbus. FLINT SPUING, p. o., Bradley co., Tenn. : 131 m. S. E. Nashville. FLINTVILLE, p. r., Marion dist., S. Car. : 126 m. E. by N. Columbia. FLIPPOS, p. o., Caroline co., Virg. : 46 m. N. Eichmond. FLORA, p. o., Smith co., Tex. : 223 m. N. E. Austin City. FLORENCK, p. v., and cap. Ladderdale co., Ala. : on the N. bank of Tennessee r. immediately below Muscle Shoals, 197 m. N. "W. Montgomery. Its site is a plain, 100 feet above the river, which is here navigable, when full, for steamboats. The streets are 100 feet wide, and laid off at right angles. It contains a court-house, jail, a United States Surveyor General s Office, etc., several mechanic shops and factories, numerous stores, and about 3,000 inhabitants. A newspaper, the "F. Gazette," is published weekly. It is eligibly situated for commerce, having a fine agricultural country around it, of which it is the natural market, being at the head of steamboat navigation. It will also become a great railroad centre between the N. and S., and E. and W., lines in those directions being in progress. FLORENCE, p. T., Stewart county, Get. : on the E. side of Chattahoochee r., 127 m. S. W. Milledgeville. It is a flour ishing village, and has considerable river trade and a large commercial connection with the interior. Pop. 600. FLORENCE, p. v. Pike co., III. : on the W. side of Illinois river, 54m. W. by S. Springfield. FLORENCE, p. v., Boone co., Ky. : 61 m. N. Frankfort. FLORENCE, p. v., Morgan co., Mo. : on the S. fork of Eiviere a la Mine, 46 m. W. Jefferson City. FLORENCE, t. and p. o., St. Joseph s co., Mich. : S m. S."W. Lansing. Drained by a tributary of St. Joseph s r., which affords mill-power. Surface diyersifled ; soil deep and rich, producing. grain abundantly, and furnishing excellent pasture. FLORENCE, t. and p. o., Oneida county, N. Y. : 112 m. "W. N.W. Albany. Drained by tributaries of Fish cr. Sur face gently undulating ; soil sandy loam. The v. is near the centre, and contains about 20 dwellings. The Water- town and Eome E. E. touches upon the S. W. corner of the town. Pop. 2,575. FLORENCE, t. and p. v., Erie co., Ohio: 97 m. N. by E. Columbus. Drained by Vermillion and other creeks of Lake Erie. Surface rough; soil generally fertile. Iron ore is very abundant. The village, near the centre of the town, and also Birmingham, on the Vermillion, are both flourish ing places. Pop. oft. 1,491. FLORENCE, p. v., Washington co., Penn. : in the N. "W". part of the co., 192 m. W. Harriaiburg. It is a flourishing village of 600 inhabitants, and has a newspaper, the " F. Enterprize," published weekly. FLORENCE, p. v., Switzerland county, Ind. : 88 m. S. E. Indianapolis. FLORENCE, p. v., Fremont county, la. : 242 m. W. S. W. Iowa City. FLORENCE, v., Louisa county, la. : on the Iowa r., 46 m. S. S. E. Iowa City. It was in this vicinity that Black Hawk, the celebrated Indian Chief resided until 1832, and here rest the remains of his ancestors. FLORID, p. o., Putnam co., III. : 122 m. N. by E.Springfield. THE STATE OF FLORIDA. FLORIDA, the most southerly of the Atlantic States, consists of a long, narrow strip on the northern shore of the Gulf of Mexico, extending from the Atlantic coast to the Eiver Perdido, and of a vast peninsula, 320 miles in length, and about 150 miles broad, separating the Gulf of Mexico from the Atlantic Ocean. It lies generally between latitudes 25 and 31 north, and between longitudes 80 and 87 45 west from Greenwich, or 2 58 and 10 43 west from Washington, and comprises within its limits an area estimated at 53,786 square miles. The southern portion of Florida, from about 28 N. latitude, is an extensive marsh, which during the rainy season, between June and October, effectually prevents an overland passage from one shore to the other. North of this tract to Georgia, the surface of the country is generally a dead level, but in some parts it is undulating, and even presents some eminences worthy the name of hills. The face of the country, west of the neck of the peninsula, is somewhat more uneven, but it contains no considerable elevations. The Great Southern Marsh contains numerous tracts of pine land, prairies, and hummocks, and the more northerly part of the peninsula consists chiefly of fine forests, interspersed M r ith hummocks, prairies, and marshes. The soil is generally sandy, except in the hummocks, in which it is clay, mixed with sand. These hummocks are scattered through out the country, and vary in extent from a few acres to thousands, but forming in the aggregate only a small portion of the whole surface. They are covered with a growth of red, live, and water oak, dog-wood, magnolia and pine, and afford, when cleared, excellent arable land. The prairies, or savannahs, as they are here called, are sometimes pretty extensive, stretching for several miles in length and breadth, and forming natural pastures. The barrens are overgrown with pine forests, with little underwood, gnd though the soil is generally indifferent, it is sometimes productive. The swamps or morasses, which form so conspicuous a feature in the country, are either formed by the inundations of the rivers, which, overflowing the high-wooded ridge that forms their banks, cover the lowlands in the rear with water, or they are produced by the drainage of the surrounding country ; the latter, or pine-barren swamps, are overgrown with pine, cypress, and cypress knees ; and the former, or river swamps, are covered with a heavy growth of various timber. The rivers of Florida are numerous, and they afford valuable navigable channels. The St John s rises in the Great Southern Marsh, and reaches the ocean after a northerly course of nearly 300 miles, in lat. 30 20 north ; for nearly 100 miles from its mouth it forms a wide, sluggish sheet of water, more resembling a lagoon than a river, and it is navigable to Lake George, a little higher up, for vessels drawing 8 feet of water. Indian Eiver is a long lagoon, having much the same character, and communicating with the ocean, by Indian Eiver Outlet. Charlotte and Amaxura are the principal rivers on the western side of the peninsula, the whole of which, south of the St. John s and Suwanee, contains only small streams. The Suwanee is formed by the junction of the Withlacoocb.ee and Little St. John s from Georgia, and reaches the Gulf at Vacasasa Bay ; its bar has only 6 feet water at high tide. The Ocklockonee also rises in Georgia, and flows into Appalachicola Bay. The Appalachicola, formed on the frontier of Florida by the junction of the Chattahoochee and 218 FLORIDA. Flint rivers, falls into the bay of the same name, after a course of 75 miles, and is navigable for steamboats throughout its whole length. The Choctawatchee, rising in Alabama, flows into the bay of its name, and the Escambia into Pensacola Bay. The St. Mary s forms in part the northern boundary, and is a fine navigable stream. Florida has a sea-coast of more than 1,000 miles in length, but so much of it is rendered inaccessible by soundings, that it has few good harbors. West of Cape San Bias the shore is bold, but east of that point it begins to shallow. From Appalachee Bay to Tampa Bay the whole coast sends off shallow banks, and from Wacasasa Bay to the Amaxura there are but six or seven feet of water six miles from shore ; to the south of Carlos Bay the shores are bolder. On the eastern side there is no harbor south of San Augustine, and scarcely an inlet breaks the coast from that point to Cape Florida. South from the mainland, a chain of small rocky islands, named cayos or keys, extends to the westward, ending in a cluster of rocks and sand-banks, called the Tortugas, or Dry Tortugas. South of the bank upon which these keys rise, and separated from them by a navigable channel, ia a long, narrow coral reef, known as the Florida Beef. The most important of these keys is Key West, a nautical corruption or free translation of Cayo Iliieso (Bone Key), also called Thompson s Island. Long the haunt of smugglers and pirates, it is now a naval station of the first importance, and the seat of bands of wreckers, whose business is to assist vessels in distress ; and a special court is here established to adjust salvages. The marine disasters occurring in this vicinity are frequent ; the number of vessels which put into the port of Key West in distress, in 1850, and which had been ashore on the reef, was thirty, valued with their cargoes at $929,000, and on these the salvage and charges amounted to $200,860. This key is about six miles in length by two in breadth, with a large, well-she ered, and commodious harbor, which admits the largest vessels. The salt ponds, on the key, have of late years yielded con lerable quantities of salt, and are very valuable to those engaged in the manufacture. The Tortugas derive their name from the immense number of turtles that visit them and the adjacent keys and mainland for the purpose of depositing their eggs. The turtles here are of several kinds, and form an article of considerable traffic. The whole of the peninsula is of diluvial formation. The substratum of the eastern part is clay mixed with sand, but that of the western is a kind of rotten limestone, which in many places is undermined by subterranean streams, forming numerous cavities in the ground, called " sinks." These sinks are inverted conical hollows, varying in size from a few yards to several acres, at the bottom of which running water often appears. The central district is the most productive ; but even of this district a large portion is composed of poor pine-barrens, yet in the midst of these are found gentle eminences of fertile land, supporting a vigorous growth of oaks and hickories, while numerous rivulets of pure water flow through the country, or expand into beautiful lakes. Farther west the land is more generally poor. Thus it appears that but a comparatively small portion of Florida can be said to be available for cultivation, yet the warmth and humidity of the climate compensate in a great measure for the stubborn nature of the soil, and give it a vegetation of great variety and luxuriance. The productions, natural and agricultural, of Florida, are chiefly those which require a tropical sun to mature their fruits. It is not, however, merely in tropical products that Florida possesses advantages over every other State of the Union : it is now established beyond a doubt that the Sea Island, or long staple cotton (the production of which was formerly confined to a few small islands in South Carolina and Georgia) will grow luxuriantly even in the very centre of the peninsula. A fine quality of this staple has also been produced on the Suwanee, and in the very centre of the Alachua, as well as on the eastern coast. This important fact is no doubt attributable to the almost insular position of the State, The soils are also adapted to the successful cultivation of the coffee plant, also cocoa, the sugar-cane, cottons generally, Cuba nnd other tobaccoes, rice, indigo, arrow-root, Sisal hemp, New Zealand flax, etc., and the climate is suitable for the cochineal insect and silk-worm ; corn, potatoes, turnips, and, in short, most of the vegetables known to the North or South, find in one or other locality congenial soils. The fruits produced are too numerous to recount, and of the most delicate descriptions: oranges, lemons, limes, pine-apples, olives, grapes, etc., flourish luxuriantly, and if properly attended to, would soon become valuable export staples. As matters stand at the present time, indeed, Florida supplies much of the tropical fruit found in the markets of our northern cities. It has every delicacy of vegetable culture, and at all seasons of the year ; beets, onions, egg-plants, carrots, lettuce, celery, cauliflowers, etc., are produced with the most indifferent culture ; and water-melons, cantelopes, pumpkins, cucumbers, and every thing that grows upon vines are in abundance and in great perfection. The driest seasons are relieved by heavy dews, and the sun that would bake the earth in other States, and wither, the vegetation, is here so tempered by the prevailing moisture as to force the develop ment of vegetable life to the utmost, and envelop the earth in perennial verdure. The climate of Florida has been spoken of, and justly, as one of the finest ; and, aside from the miasms that arise from the swamps, as one of the most salubrious in the world. In the south the temperature scarcely changes the year round, and summer is only distinguished by the copiousness of its showers. No more delightful residence for invalids can be found than Key West, where the difference of the mean temperature of summer and winter is not more than 11 Fahr. Ami what is said of Key West will equally apply to other portions of Southern Florida: Miami, on Key Biscayne Bay, has a climate at once placid and constant, and presents to the invalid of the North a desirable retreat from the rude blasts peculiar to that region ; and were suitable accommodations prepared for their reception at the points indicated, num bers of those who now annually go to Cuba and the other West India Islands, would be induced to stop short on their voyage, and try the advantages of so delightful a home climate. The average mean temperature of the State generally is about 73, and in no place does the difference between summer and winter exceed 25. The mean average quantity of rain during the year is 83 inches. The grassy prairies of this country afford excellent pasturage, and have long been feeding grounds of the southern grazier ; immense herds of cattle are constantly roaming over these, requiring no care from their owners, nor housing on account of the colds of winter ; and in most parts of the State hogs thrive well and fatten without any other support than that which they derive from the abundant roots and mast of the country. And there is certainly no portion of the United States where game and fish are so abundant as in Florida. The fact that a large body of Indians supported themselves well for the space of seven years, while hunted themselves by an army of 6,000 men, is some evidence in proof of this assertion. It was common before the war for a good hunter to kill seven or eight deer of a day, and multitudes of these animals were slaughtered merely for their skins. The country abounds also in wild turkeys, partridges, geese, ducks, curlews, and various other species of smaller game. The whole coast is productive of the finest fish, and the oysters especially are of excellent flavor. Sheep-head, grouper, red-flsh, mullet, green turtle, etc., are to be found in inexhaustible abundance at almost every point, both on the eastern and western coasts ; and the numerous lakes, rivers, and creeks of the interior teem with fresh-water fish, and the most delicious species of soft-shelled turtle, etc. On many parts of the coast sponges are found, and in this product the trade is constants-increasing. 219 FLORIDA. Florida contains 28 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each in 1S50, were as follows : [Counties. Dwelt. r P- TncUTt. Kb Ca P it!l13 - Counties. Dwell Pop. Farms in cult. Manuf. Estab. Capitals. Alachua 274 ... 2,524 . . . 288 ... . . . Newnanville Leon 737 ... 11,442 . . 856 . . 15 . . . TALLAHASSHB Benton 113 ... 926 ... aa ... . . . Melendez Levy 64 ... 465 . . . . ... Wakasasa Calhoun 165 .-. . 1,877 ... H ... 1 ... St. Joseph Madison .. 498 ... 5,490 . . 262 . . 4 ... Madison Columbia 596 4,808 . . . 475 ...3 . Alligator Marion . . . 894 3,838 329 Ocola Dade 23 159 ... ft 2 . . . Miami Monroe . . . 420 2,643 6 11 Kcv West Duval 451 ... 4,539 . . . MR ... 5 . . . Jacksonville Nassau ... 188 ... 2,164 . . 137 . . 11 .. Nassau C. H. Escambia . . . 563 ... 4,851 . . . M ... 9 . . . Pensacola Orange ... 55 ... 466 . . 19 . . .. Mellonville Franklin .... 261 ... 1,561 . . . ... . . . Appalachicola Putnam ... 108 ... 687 . . 20 . . .. Pilatka Gadsden 684 ... 8,783 . . . 182 ... . . . Quincy St. John .. 821 ... 2,525 . . 34 . . 7 ... San Augustine Hamilton ... 301 ... 2,469 ... B08 ... . . . Jasper St. Lucie . . 22 . . . 139 . . . . .. Hillsboro ... 253 ... 2,377 . . . L80 ... 9 . . . Tampa Santa Eosa 526 ... 2,883 . . 91 . . 28 . . . Milton Holmes 267 ... 1,644 ... 108 ... . . . Cerro Gordo Wakulla.,227 ... 1,955 . . 100 . . 5 .. Newport Jackson 560 6639 287 Mariana Walton ... 185 ... 1,379 . . 161 .. Uchee Anna Jefferson .... 520 ... 7,718 ... 877 ... 7 ... Monticello Wash gton 273 . . . 1,950 . .. 155 . . 4 .. Holmes Valley The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 9,022, of families 9,107, and of inhabitants 87.401, viz. : whites, 47,167 males, 25,674, and females, 21,493 ; free colored, 925 males, 420, and females, 505, and slaves, 39.309. Of the whole population, the following classes and numbers of persons were blind, deaf and dumb, insane or idiotic: deaf and dunibvrh. 12, fr. col. 0, si. 10 total 22; blind wh. 12, fr. col. 2, si. 12 total 26; inmnewb. 6, fr. col. 0, si. 2 total 8 ; idiotic wh. 29, fr. col. 1, si. 7 total 37. The number of free persons born in the United States, was 45.320 ; of those born in foreign countries, 2,757 ; and of those whose country was unknown, 58 : the native population originated from Maine 140, N. Hamp. 61, Verm. 55, Mass. 235, E. I. 66, Conn, 179, N. York 614, N. Jer. S3, Penn. 240, Del. 9, Md. 194, Dist of Col. 33, Virg. 643, N. Car. 3,537, S. Car. 4,470, Geo. 11,316, Florida 20,563, Ala. 2.340, Miss. 92, La. 146, Tex. 8, Ark. 5, Tenn. 112. Ky. 87, Oh. 53, Mich. 7, Ind. 14, 111. 8, Mo. 7, la. 0, Wise. 3, Calif. 0, and the Terri tories ; and the foreign population was composed of natives of England 300, Ireland 878, Scotland 132, Wales 11, Germany 307, France 67, Spain 70, Portugal 17, Belgium 4, Holland 8, Italy 40, Austria 8, Switzerland 7, Eussia 2, Nor way 17, Sweden 23, Denmark 21, Prussia 17, Asia 3, Africa 23, British America 97, Mexico 5, South America 3, West Indies 599, other countries 37. And the following table will exhibit the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the United States authorities : Colored Persons. , Total Population. Census. White Persons. Decennial Increase. Free. Slave. Total. 1S30 18,385 844 .... 15,501 .... 16.345 .... 34,730 ... 1840 27,943 817 .... 25,717 .... 26,534 .... 54,477 . . Numer Perc 19,747 56.8 1850 47,167 925 .... 39,309 .... 40,234 .... 87,401 32,924 60.4 The industry of Florida is devoted almost wholly to agriculture and commerce, the manufactures of the State as yet being of small account, and consisting of such branches only as those the position of the inhabitants immediately demands. None of the great national manufactures have yet been introduced, and hence manufactured goods of almost every description are imported from the Northern States and exchanged for the indigenous agricultural staples of the soil an exchange creating a large commercial movement between the different sections of the Union, and in the interior of the State itself. The statistics of the wealth and industry of the State, as furnished by the census of 1850, and other official returns, are as follows : Occupied Lands, etc. Improved lands, 349,049 acres, and unimproved lands, 1,236,240 acres valued in cash at $6,323,109. Whole number of farms under cultivation, 4,304. Value of farming implements and machinery, $658.795. Live-Stock. Horses, 10,848; asses and mules, 5,002; milch cows, 72,876; working oxen, 5,794; other cattle, 182.415; sheep, 23,311 ; and swine, 209,453 valued in the aggregate at $2,880,058. (In 1840 there were 12,043 horses, mules, etc.; 118,080 neat-cattle of all kinds ; 7,193 sheep, and 92,680 hogs.) Grain Crops. Wheat, 1,027 bushels; rye, 1,152 bushels ; Indian corn, 1,996.869 bushels; oats, 66,586 bushels; barley, bushels; and buckwheat, 55 bushels. (The crops of 1839-40 were wheat, 412 bushels; barley, 30 bushels; oats, 18,829 bushels ; rye, 305 bushels ; buckwheat, bushels ; and Indian corn, 898,974 bushels.) Other Crops. Eice, 1,075,090 pounds ; tobacco, 998,614 pounds ; ginned cotton, 45,131 bales of 400 pounds ; peas and beans, 135,359 bushels; Irish potatoes, 7,828 bushels; sweet potatoes, 757,226 bushels; hay, 2.510 tons; clover-seed, ; and other grass-seed, 2 bushels; hops, 14 pounds ; hemp, dew-rotted, tons, and water-rotted, tons; flax, 50 pounds; flax-seed, bushels; maple sugar, pounds; cane sugar, 2,752 hogsheads of 1,000 pounds ; molasses, 352,893 gallons; wine, 10 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $1.200, and of market-garden products, $8,721. The annexed table will exhibit the staple crops of 1S40 and 1850 comparatively : Staples. 1840. Care Sugar .............. 275,317 pounds Ginned Cotton ........... 12,110,533 " Tobacco ................. 75,274 " Eice .................... 431,420 " 1850. Increase 2,752,000 pounds ........ 2,476,683 pounds, or 899.57 per cent. 18,052,400 " ........ 5,941,867 " or 49.06 " 998,614 " ........ 923,340 or 226.64 " 1,075,090 " ........ 643 : 670 " r 149.19 " Products of Animate. Wool, 23,247 (in 1840, 7,285) pounds; butter, 871.498 pounds ; cheese, 18 015 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered during the year had been $514,685. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 6 (in 1840, 124J) pounds, and beeswax and honey, to that of 18,971 pounds. Home-made manufactures for the year ending 30th June, 1850, were valued at $75,582. (In 1840, $20.205). Manufacture*. Aggregate capital invested, $1,209,107 ; value of raw material, fuel, etc., used and consumed, $412,030; average number of hands employed, 1,192 males, 1,112, and females, SO ; average monthly cost of labor male, $37.216, and female, $9,372 ; annual value of products, $962.114. The whole number of manufacturing establishments, producing to the annual value of $500 and upward, was one hundred and twenty-one. 220 1 FLORIDA. Commerce. Florida, in the year ending 30th June, 1850, exported to foreign countries to the value of $2,623,624, of which amount $2,607,968 represented domestic produce, and $15,656 foreign merchandise re-exported. The proportion of the total value of domestic produce carried in foreign bottoms, was $1,493,999 the remainder in national vessels. The foreign imports for the same year amounted in value to $95,709, of which $30,241 was carried in American, and $65,463 in foreign vessels. The greatest portion of the exports are cleared from Appalachicola, which is also the outlet of Eastern Alabama, and South-western Georgia, whence produce is brought down the river in steamboats. The shipping entered at all the ports of the Stato amounted to 17,980 tons, of which was foreign 10,462 tons ; and the shipping cleared, to 22,156, of which was foreign 12,134 tons. The tonnage owned in the several collection districts of the State, was as follows : Registered. Enrolled and Licensed. Tonnnge Licensed Total Navigated bu" Collection Districts. Perm t. Ternp ry. Penn t. Temporary, under -20 tons. Tonnage. by Steam. 1849-50. Pensacola -- 1,221 495 77 1,793 79 St. Augustine St. Mark s -- -- 282 71 353 St. John s -- -- 310 310 79 Appalachicola .... -- -- 2,050 2,050 2,050 Key West 3,017 1,398 1,546 546 259 6,766 56 Total 3,017 2,619 4,683 546 407 11,272 2,185 79 The coasting trade of Florida is immensely larger than its direct foreign trade, and employs a large tonnage both of steam and sail vessels. Of the cotton exported in 1851, 70,547 bales were sent direct to foreign ports, and 111,532 coast wise, and so with other staples which facts illustrate the course of Florida commerce. The statistics of the foreign commerce of the State for a series of years, exhibit the following movements : Years. Imports. Exports. 1821 $13,270 $ 1822 6,877 1,777 1823 4,803 1,510 1824 6,986 216 1825 3,218 2,865 1826 16,590 200 1827 257,994 57,486 1828 168,292 60,321 1829 153,642 56,086 1830 32,689 7,570 Years. Imports. Exports. 1831 $115,710 $30,495 1832 306,845 65,716 133.3 85,386 64,805 1834 135,798 228,825 1835 98,173 61,710 1836 121,745 71,662 Years. Imports. Exports. 1841 $145,181 . $36,629 1842 176,980 33,334 1843 158,632 760,688 1844 155,695 1,011,416 1845 107,868 1,514,745 1846 140,584 176,443 1837 305,514 90,084 i 1847 143,293 1,810,533 1838 163,690 122,532 1843 64,267 1,896,683 1839 279,233 334,806 ! 1849 63,211 2,518,027 1840 190,728 1,858,850 ! 1850 95,709 2,623,624 Internal Communication. Florida, beyond those provided by nature, has but few means of internal communication. In the south there are several military roads to depend on ; and in the north, where greater progress has been made in the settlement of the country, there are some short railroads, and more progress has been made in opening inter-communi cation by ordinary roads. There are, however, several public works of great importance to the prosperity of the State projected ; one of which, the Ship Canal, or railroad across the neck of the peninsula, will be of vital importance to the commerce of the Gulf of*\Iexico ; and the railroads from Savannah and Brunswick to Appalachicola, will also be th& means of opening up the southern parts of Georgia to the Floridian Gulf ports. There is also a railroad projected from some point on the St. Mary s River to Pensacola. Govern/nent. The constitution of Florida provides that all free white male citizens, twenty-one years of age, who shall have resided in the State two years, and in the county six months next preceding, shall be eligible to vote at elections. The Legislature, styled the General Assembly, consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. Representatives are elected for one year, and senators for two years. Representation is apportioned every ten years according to population, three-fifths of the slaves being counted in the representative numbers. The general election takes place on the first Monday of October, and the Assembly meets biennially on the third Monday in November. The governor is elected by a plurality of votes for four years, and is ineligible for the four years next after. He must be at least thirty years of age, and have been ten years a citizen of the United States, or an inhabitant of Florida at the adoption of the constitution, and a* resident thereof for five years next before the election. The governor has a qualified veto on all legislative acts. In case of the disability or death of the governor, //*, the President of the Senate, and second, the Speaker of the House of Representatives act in his stead for such part of the term as may be unexpired. No officer in <i banking company, while he serves in a bank, or for twelve months afterward, shall be eligible for the office of governor, senator, or representative ; nor shall a duelist or second in a duel hold any office under the State. The Secretary of State is elected by the Legislature for four years. The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, and several courts of minor jurisdiction. The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction only, and is composed of a chief justice and two associate justices. It holds four sessions annually one at Tallahassee, on the first Monday of January; one at Jacksonville, on the third Monday of February; one at Tampa, on the first Monday of March ; and one at Mariana, on the third Monday of March. When one or two of the judges are disqualified from sittmg in any cause, the vacancy is filled by a corresponding number of circuit judges. For the purpose of holding Circuit Courts, the State is divided into four circuits, viz., the Western, the Middle, the East ern, and the Southern, to each of which there is one judge. The Circuit Courts have original common-law jurisdiction in all matters, civil and criminal, and also original equity jurisdiction, until a separate Chancery Court is established by the Legislature. The judges are now elected by concurrent votes of the two houses of the General Assembly. An act was passed, however, in 1S50-51, giving the election to the people, and limiting their term to six years; but this act has to be sanctioned by another Legislature before becoming law. Respecting tanking, the constitution provides that " no bank charter shall be for more than thirty years, nor shall it ever be extended or renewed. The capital of a bank shall not exceed $100,000, nor shall a dividend be made exceeding 16 per cent, a year. Stockholders shall be individually liable for the debts of the bank, and no notes shall be issued for less than $5." And, in relation to corporations, it further provides, that " no act of incorporation shall be passed or altered except by the assent of two-thirds of each house, and by giving three months notice." " The credit of the State shall not be pledged in aid of any corporation whatsoever." 221 FLORIDA. With regard to slavery, the same instrument says : " No law shall be passed to emancipate slaves, or to prohibit the immigration of persons bringing slaves with them ; but free colored persons may be prevented from entering the State." For an amendment of the constitution, two-thirds of each house must assent ; the proposed alteration must then be published six months before the succeeding election, and then be again approved by a two-thirds vote in the succeeding General Assembly. Florida, under the law-distributing congressional representation, has only one representative in Congress. Finances, etc. The assessed value of all real and personal property in the State in 1850, was $22,784,837 ; the value truly estimated, $2,862,270. Florida has no public debt The balance in the treasury for the year ending 1st Nov., 1847, was $3,755 10 ; and the receipts for the year ending 1st Nov., 1S4S, amounted to $56,832 72 making the resources for that year $60,587 82. The aggregate expenditures during the year were $59,259 72, leaving in the treasury, for future dis bursement, $1,328 10. The average ordinary expenses of the government, however, is only about $45,000 per annum. Religious Denominations -The statistics of the religious denominations of Florida, according to the census of 1850> are as follows : Denomina No. of Church Value of Denomina No. of Church Value of tions. C1 lurches. accom. Property. tions. Churches. accom. Property. Baptist 45... 10,400 . . . $25,640 Germ n Eef. .. $- Congregat l. ... _ Lutheran . . ... Dutch Kef. . ... ... Mennonite . ... .. Episcopal .. 10 ... 8,810 . . . 87,800 Methodist .. 75... 18,010 . . . 55,260 Free 1... 400... 400 Moravian . .. .. Friends .... ... ... Presbyteri n 14... 5,700 . . $31,500 Denomina- No. of Church tions. Churches, accom. Eom. Cath. 5 ... 1,850 Tunker ... Union ... Unitarian . . ... . Universalist ... , Minor Sects 2 ... 1,000 Total Value of Property. $13,600 1,200 152... 41,170... $16*400 Florida is a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church ; and it constitutes parts of the Eoman Catholic dioceses of Savannah and Mobile in the diocese of Savannah is included all of the State east of the Appalachicola, and in that of Mobile all west of that river. Education. Florida is as yet but ill provided with schools ; it has no institutions in which a liberal education can be obtained, nor are the existing public schools or academies efficient in their organization. The State has ample means for the support of public schools from the proceeds of the lands designated by Congress for that purpose, and the State con stitution makes it imperative on the Legislature to organize and provide for a system of public education. The peculiar circumstances of the people, and the sparsity of the population, however, will, for a long time to come, present obstacles to the operation of any system devised, and more than apologize for any deficiencies that may be observed in the educa tional condition of the inhabitants. These matters must be left to time and favoring circumstances. Periodical Press. There are 11 newspapers published in the State, of which 10 are issued weekly, and 1 semi-weekly ; and of these 5 are whig in politics, 3 democratic, 1 neutral, and two, the politics of which are not stated in the census. The semi-weekly paper has an average circulation of 200 at each issue, or 20,800 copies annually ; and the 10 weekly papers an aggregate circulation of 5,550, or 288,600 copies annually, making the 309,400 copies the total annual issue. The papers having the largest circulations are, the " Commercial Advertiser" of Appalachicola, which is 1,500 copies weekly ; the Sentinel," and " Floridian and Journal" of Tallahassee the first having a weekly circulation of 1,300, and the latter of 800, and the " Florida Eepublican," which issues 700 weekly ; none of the others circulate more than 400 copies of each issue. Historical Sketch. The adventures of Narvaez, and the romantic wanderings of Ponce de Leon and De Soto, the buccaneering of the English, the wars waged with Oglethorpe by the Spaniards, and more recently, the long and bloody Indian wars, have given to Florida a greater historical interest than attaches to any other portion of the Union. But as one of the youngest sisters of our confederacy, but comparatively little is known of its geography, resources, and pro ductions. Peninsulated from almost all intercourse with other States, it lies out of the great thoroughfare of travel ; and while the commerce of the Great West sweeps around its shores, they are looked upon as so many dangerous reefs and rocks, threatening destruction to the mariner. In the foregoing sketch the aim has been to give an idea of the present actual state and condition of the country. Its history is briefly as follows : Florida was discovered in 1496 by Cabot, and was visited by Ponce de Leon in 1512, who came in search of the spring of perpetual youth and beauty, and fabled mines of gold, the fame of which had filled all Europe. In 1562 we find the French and Spaniards contesting their respective rights to the soil. San Augustine was settled in 1564, it being by forty years the oldest settlement in the United States. Pensacola was settled in 159<5. The archives of the country during the Spanish rule having been carried away, it is difficult to judge to what extent the country was settled previous to its cession to Great Britain. Eemains of ancient settlements exist between the Suwanee and Chattahoochee rivers ; the traces of old fortifications, roads, etc., are very distinct, and gun-barrels, pottery, ship-spikes, etc., are found ; but the public opinion of the country is rather inclined to attribute these to the buccaneers, and the quan tity of ship-spikes, etc., found, seem to render the opinion highly probable. It is presumable, therefore, from the known inertness of the Spanish character, and the slight progress made by them in the settlement of new countries, that their settlements in Florida were of very little extent; and, with the exception of establishing a few missions, they never ventured far from the coast, and paid but little attention to the cultivation of the soil. The cession to Great Britain was made in 1763 : most of the Spaniards left the country, and it soon began to prosper under the energetic impulse communicated by the Anglo-Saxon race. Efforts at settlement on a large scale were imme diately undertaken, the government favoring the enterprise by granting large tracts to settlers. Doctor Turnbull brought 1,500 families from the islands and shores of the Mediterranean, and located them at New Smyrna; and Lord Eolle, Governor Moultrie, Lord Beresford, and others established settlements; and on the breaking out of the Kevoltition, large numbers of royalists came into the country from Georgia and Carolina. In 1780 the exports of Florida reached 40.000 barrels of naval stores ; and at this time one of the principal articles of culture was indigo, which in the markets of London brought a higher price than that from any other country. The British possession of the country continued for but twenty years, but during that period more was effected in settling and improving the country than in the two hundred years of Spanish occupation. But, unfortunately for Florida, in 1783 the province was retro-ceded to Spain, and the English population, which in 1778, in East Florida alone, numbered over 13,000, principally left the country and went into the adjoining States. From FLO FLU tn its cession to the United States in 1821-a period of nearly forty years-it languished and struggled along on was neglected, the English settlements having been allowed to go to ruin; and at no time the population in both the Floridas estimated at over 10,000, a large portion of whom lived m riMMftWM the population in bot te oras esm ,, S or were nanr*on of government. The Spanish population, to a considerable extent, left the country upon its anTunmigration began to flow in rapidly ; but the unsurveyed state of the country, the uncertainty of land-titles, ; and the fierce and turbulent Indian race, who had made it a battle-ground for over ed y years, and who had never been conquered, and had no egress from their peninsular home, occu- rendering it impossible to obtain them. But yet in spite of all these obstacles, a considerable t0ie fruits of its American occupation, when in 1S35 the debating Seminole W ar broke out and continued for seven years, rendering all habitation out of the limits of the occupied parts insecure and destroying all the improvements which had been undertaken. In 1S42 this war terminated, and the Indians after a *SS nearly three hundred years, were forced to yield, and were nearly all transferred beyond the M.ssiss.pp.. Thus he population of Florida had, up to 1842, undergone four entire revolutions, and after having been settled by the European race for two hundred and eighty years, was forced to begin anew the settlement of the country. Since this period, how- ever it has progressed with reasonable rapidity, and in 1846 it was admitted into the Union as an independent btate The few Indl is now remaining although they have given some temporary trouble to the inhabitants, have lately made up h minds to abandon their homes, and will, before long, be domiciled with their brethren in the country ond ttio limits of the white settlements, set apart for them by the beneficence of the Government, where alone they can be protected from utter annihilation. TALLAHASSEE is the political capital of the State. FLORIDA, t. and p. o., Hillsdale co., Mich. : 56 ra. S. by W. Lansing. FLORIDA, p. v., Monroe co., Mo. : on the S. side of the N. fork of Fall r., 67 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. FLORIDA, t and p. o., Berkshire county, Mass. : 106 m. W. by N. Boston. Drained by Cold r. and other tributaries of Deerfleld r., which have extensive water-power. Surface hilly ; soil adapted to grass. Pop. 561. FLORIDA, p. v., Orange co., N. Y. : 94 m. S. by W. Albany. It has several mills and about 300 inhabitants. FLORIDA, p. v., Henry county, Ohio : on the N. side of Maumee r., and on the line of the Wabash and Erie Canal, 112 m. N. N. W. Columbus. It is a flourishing place of 200 inhabitants. FLORIDA BEND, p. o., Avoyelles par., La. : 62 m. N.W. Baton Rouge, FLORIS, p. v., Davis co., la. : on a branch of Chequest cr- of Des Moines r., 67 m. S. S. W. Iowa City. FLORISANT, p. v., St. Louis county, Mo. : on Cold Water creek, a small stream of Missouri river, 106 m. E. by N. Jefferson City. FLOURNOYS,P. o., Nacogdoches co., Te. : 226 m. E. N. E. Austin City. FLOWER CREEK, p. o., Pendleton county, Ky. : on a cr. of Licking r. so called, 57 m. N. E. Frankfort. FLOWERFIELD, t. and p. o., St. Joseph s co., Mich. : 78 m. S.W. Lansing. Drained by Rocky r. of St. Joseph r., which, with its tributaries, affords extensive mill-power. Surface diversified; soil, a deep-black alluvion, or vegetable mold. The t. contains several saw and flouring mills, but is as yet thinly populated. Pop .563. FLOWERY MOGND, p. o. Concordia parish, La,.: 92 N. N.W. Baton Rouge. FLOYD county, Ga. Situate N. W., and contains 452 sq. m. Drained by the Oostanaula and Etowah rivers, uniting in the E. part of the county : these form the Coosa, which runs W. into the Alabama. Several minor streams, affluents of the rivers above named, also traverse the coun try. Surface hilly and broken ; soil, except on the alluvial borders of the rivers, of indifferent quality. The crops of this co. are more various than in the S. counties, and consist chiefly of corn, wheat, etc., with a little cotton. Grazing is extensively practiced. Farms 397; manuf. 15; dwell. 8G6, and pop. wh. 5,202, fr. col. 4, si. 2,999 total 8,205. Capital Rome. Public Works : Rome R. R. ; Rome and Jackson ville R. R. FLOYD county, Ind. Situate on Ohio r., and contains 144 sq. m. Drained by Silver and other creeks. A range called the " Knobs," traverses the co. in a N. and S. direc tion. These hills, from 1 to 3 miles wide, are covered with flno timber oak and pine. Soil various little first rate, Cora and grasses are the chief products. Manufactures nd ship-building are carried on extensively near the Ohio. Farms 428; manuf. 106: dwell. 2,448, and pop. wh. 14,305, fr. col. 570 total 14,875. Capital : New Albany. Public Works : New Albany and Salem R. R. FLOTD county, la. Situate N. middle, and contains 576 q. in. Taken from Pottowattomee in 1851. FLOYD county, Ky. Situate E., and contains 960 sq. m. Drained by Licking r., which rises in this county, and by numerous creeks of the W. fork of Big Sandy r. Surface considerably broken, well wooded, and along the streams fertile and productive. There are deposits of iron and coal, and also salt springs. Farms 365 ; manuf. 4 ; dwell. 862 ; and pop. wh. 5,503, fr. col. 62, si. 149 total 5,T14. Cap ital: Prestonburg. FLOYD county, Virg. Situate r ,S. middle, and contains 525 sq. m. Drained by E. fork of New r., and others, its tributary creeks. Surface mountain-valley, bounded both E. and W. by ragged hills ; soil adapted to grass, oats, etc. Farms 444 ; manuf. 16 ; dwell. 937, and pop. wh. 6,000, fr. col. 15, si. 443 total 6,458. Capital ; Floyd Court-house (Jacksonville). FLOYD, t, and p. v., Oneida co., 2f. Y. : 81 m. W. N. W. Albany. Drained by Nine Mile cr. of Mohawk r., which forms its S. boundary. Surface rolling ; soil, clay marl, adapted to grass ; along the Mohawk are rich alluvial flats. The v. lies about the centre ef the t., 6 m. E. Rome. In the town are several woolen and cotton mills, etc. Pop. 1,405. FLOYD COURT-HOUSE, p. o., Floyd co., Virg. : on the S. side of E. fork of New r., 168 m. "W. S.W. Richmond. The village is called Jacksonville. Pop. of v. 120. FLOYDBBURGH, p. v., Oldham co., Ky. : on Floyd s cr. of Salt r., 84 m. W. by N. Frankfort. Pop. 120. FLOYD S MILLS, p. o., Ilorry dist., Oar. : 104 m. E. by S. Columbia. FLUKE S, p. o., Botetourt co., Virg. : 147 m.W. Richmond. FLUME, p. o., Grafton co., N. Ifa-mp. : on Pemigewasset river, 66 m. N. by W. Concord. The country in the neigh borhood is one of the wildest mountain-regions of the State, and is much visited by summer tourists. FLUSHING, t. and p. o., Gencsee co., Mich. : 87 m. E. N. E. Lansing. Drained chiefly by Coal cr. of Flint r. Surface level and elevated ; soil of moderate fertility. Pop. 708. FLUSHING, t. and p. v., Queens co., N. Y. : 124 m. S. by E. Albany. Drains into Long Island Sound, which bounds it on the N. Flushing Bay makes its W. and Little Neck Bay its E. border. Surface generally level on the S. trav ersed by a stony ridge ; soil a sandy loam, with some clay. It is a well-cultivated t., and produces a vast amount of mar ket vegetables. The v. lies at the head of Flushing Bay, and contains a Roman Catholic, Episcopal, and 2 Methodist FLU FOR churches, and 2 Friends meeting-houses, about 20 stores, 200 dwellings, and 2,500 inhabitants. It is much frequented in the summer months, and steamboats ply regularly to and from New York City. St. Paul s College, an Episcopal seminary, is situated on College Point, about 2 m. N. of the village. Two newspapers, the " Flushing Journal," and the " Plain Dealer," are issued weekly. Pop. of t. 5,876. FLUSHING, t. and p.v., Belmont co., Ohio : 98 m. E. by N. Columbus. Drained by Still-water cr. of Tuscarawas r. The v. contains various mechanic shops and stores, and about 200 inhabitants, many of whom are Quakers. Pop. oft. 1,912. FLUSHING bay, N. Y. : an arm of Long Island Sound. It is 3 mile long, and about 1 mile wide, and navigable to the village of Flushing for steamboats. FLUVANNA county, Virg. Situate E. centrally, and con tains 416 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Eivanna and James rivers, the .first of which passes through the co. from N. "W. to S. E., and the last marks its S. border. Surface generally broken, but between the rivers there is a level tract of bar ren land. Soils indifferent, except on the rivers, where they are rich alluvion, and very fertile. Gold is found in all parts of the co., and has been extensively gathered in the vicin ity of Palmyra. Cotton and the cereals form the chief sta ples. Farms 454 ; manuf. 51 ; dwell. 878, and pop. wh. 4,539, fr. col. 211, si. 4,737 total 9,487. Capital : Palmyra. FLUVANNA, p.v., Chautauque co., N. Y. : 279 m.W. S.~VV. Albany. FLY CKKEK, p. o., La Grange co., Ind. : 133 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. FLY CREEK, p. o., Otsego co., N. Y. : 49 m.W. Albany. FLY MOUNTAIN, p. o., Ulster county, N. Y. : 53 m. S. S.W. Albany. FLYNN S LICK, p. o., Jackson co., Tenn. : on a tributary of Cumberland r. so called, 57 m. E. by N. Nashville. FOCHT S FORGE, p. o., Schuylkill co., Penn. FOGEESVILLE, p. v., Lehigh co., Penn. : 73 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. It has about 20 dwellings. FONDA, v., and cap. Montgomery co., A r . Y. : on the N. side of Mohawk r., 37 m.W. N. W. Albany. The Ulica and Schenectady E. B. passes through if. Its principal build ings are the court-house, jail, etc., and it has several exten sive manufacturing establishments. A newspaper, the " F. Sentinel" (whig), is issued weekly. Pop. about 600. FOND DU LAC county, Wise. Situate E. middle, and con tains 964 sq. m. Drained in the W. by numerous streams falling into Winnebago Lake, and in the E. by streams flowing to Lake Michigan. The Sheboygan and Milwaukie rivers are the largest of these ; the soils excellent, and wood plentiful ; about one half the surface prairie, and there are some swamps and ponds. Farms 921; manuf. 16; dwell. 2.721, and pop. wh. 14,465, fr. col. 3 total 14,468. Capital : Fond du Lac. Public Works : Fond du Lac and Chicago E. E., and others projected ; also several plank-roads. FOND DU LAC. p. v., and cap. Fond du Lac co., Wise. : on a river of the same name, near its entrance into the lake, 66 m. N. E. Madison. It is a place of active trade, and steam boats run regularly between this and other places on the lake and the Neenah r. Pop. about 2,000. A newspaper, the " Fond du Lac Journal" (dem.), is issued weekly. FOND DU LAC, a lake, Wise. : this lake is from 30 to 35 m. long, and about 8 m. wide, and has a depth sufficient for the purposes of navigation. The Neenah r. enters it near the middle on the W. shore, and leaves it at the N. "W". angle by two channels, inclosing Doty s Island, by which it is connected with Little Butte des Morts Lake. These chan nels are known as the Winnebago Eapids. On the N. extremity the shore is low, having a narrow sandy beach for an extent of about 8 m. On the E. side the shore presents remarkable features for an extent of 15 m., in a wall com posed of rocks laid together as if placed there by the hand of art. A similar wall pertains to portions of the W. shore, but with less continuity than is observed on the E. In many respects the scenery resembles that of Seneca Lake, in N. Y. 224 FORBUSH, p. o., Surrey co., N. Car. : 123 m. W. N. W. Ealeigh. FORDHAM, p. v., Westchester co., N. Y. : on the line of the Harlem E. E., 12 m. N. New York City. The v. contains about 70 dwellings, and is the seat of St. John s College, a Jesuit institution, and one of the most efficient schools of the United States. It was founded in 1841, and in 1S50 had 16 professors and 65 students, and a library containing 12,600 volumes. Its alumni numbered 43. It has also a preparatory school attached. This institution is not only for those of the Eoman Catholic persuasion, but is open to all. FORDSVILLE, p. v., Marion co., Miss. : on the W. side and about 2 m. distant from Pearl r., 82 m. S. by E. Jackson. FORDSVILLE, p. v., Ohio county, Ky. : 118 m. W. by S. Frankfort FORESTBURGH, t. and p. v., Sullivan co., N. Y. : 86 m. S. S. W. Albany. Drained by Neversink r., which affords water-power. Surface hilly ; soil gravelly loam ; white and yellow pine abounds. The v. contains about 20 dwellings. Pop. oft. 715. FOREST CITT, p. v., Tompkins county, N. Y. : 134 m. W. Albany. FOREST DALE, p. o., Eutland co., Verm. FOREST HILL, p. o., Decatur county, Ind. : 49 m. S. E. Indianapolis. FOREST HILL, p. o., Union co., Penn. : 49 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. FOREST LAKE, t. and p. o., Susquehanna co., Penn. : 13T m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. FOREST EETREAT, p. o., Nicholas co., Ky. : on the line of the Lexington and Maysville E. E., 49 m. E. N. E. Frankfort, FORESTVILLE, p. v., Wake co., N. Car. : on the line of the Gaston and Ealeigh E. E., 16 m. N. Gaston. FORESTVILLE, p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : on the line of the Providence, Hartford, and Fishkill E. E., 15 m. W. S. W. Hartford. FORESTVILLE, p. v., Delaware co.," Ohio : 47 m. N. by W. Columbus. FORGE VILLAGE, p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : on the line of Stony Brook E. E., 6 m. E. by N. Groton, and 27 m. N. W. Boston. FORKED DEER river, Tenn. : rises by several large branch es in Carroll and Henderson counties, which in Dyer and Haywood counties collect themselves into two principal constituents, which form the main stream a little S. W. of Dyersburg, and run thence to the Mississippi r., which ia entered by several mouths forming a deltoid, composed of several islands. The average length of the streams is about 100 miles. FORKED EIVER, p. o., Monmouth co., N. Jer. FORK INN, p. o., Dinwiddie co., Virg. : on the Petersburg and Farmville Turnpike, 27 m. S S. W. Eichmond. FORKLAND, p. o., Greene county, Ala. : 103 m.W. byN. Montgomery. FORK MEETING HOUSE, p. o., Baltimore co., Md. : on the S. side of Gunpowder Falls, 34m. N. by E. Annapolis. FORK EIDGE, p. o., Marshall county, Virg. : 228 m. N.W. Eichmond. FORKS OF BUFFALO, p. o., Marion co., Virg. : on Buffalo creek of Monongahela r., 208 m. N. W. Eichmond. The Baltimore and Ohio E. E. follows the valley of this stream on its N. side. FORKS OF ELKHORN, p. o., Franklin co., Ey. : on Elkhorn cr., 9 m. E. by N. Frankfort. FORKS OF MARY S EIVER, p. o., Benton co., Oreg. : on St. Mary s r., 11 m. S. W. Salem. FORKS OF PIGEON, p. o., Haywood co., W. Car. : on Big Pigeon r., where it bifurcates 9 m. E. S. E. Waynesville, and 246 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. FOKKSTON, p. v., Wyoming county, Penn. : 93 m. N. E. Harrisburg. FORKSVILLE, p. o., Lake co., III. : 1 96 m. N. E. Springfield. FOR FOR FOKKSVILLE, p. v., Mechlcnburgh county, Virg. : 78 m. S. W. Eicumond. FOKKSVILLB, p. v., Wachita par., La. : 152 m. N. N. W. Baton Eouge. FORKTOWN, p.v., Somerset co., Md. : 66 m. S.E. Annapolis. FOBK UNION, p. o,, Fluvanna co., Virg. : 57 m. W. N.W. Eichmond. FORNEY S, p. o., Lincoln co., N. Car. : 143 m. W. by S. Raleigh. FORREST HOME, p, o., Cass county, Tex. : 308 m. N. E. Austin City. FOESYTH county, Ga. Situate N. centrally, and contains 38 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Chattahoochee r., which demarks its E. and S. E. borders, and of the Etowah, which runs through the N. W. corner. Surface hilly, being trav ersed by the rugged watershed between the Etowah and Chattahoochee rivers. Soils, except on the streams, of inferior quality. Timber abundant, and of various sorts. Gold has been found in this co. to a considerable extent. The agricultural products are the grains, with some cotton and tobacco. Farms 765 ; manuf. 8 ; dwell. 1,834, and pop. wh. 7,812, fr. col. 11, si. 1,027 total 8,850. Capital: dimming. FORSYTH county, 2f. Car. Sjtuate N. middle, and con tains 396 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Dan r. in the N., and of Yadkin r. in the S., the latter of which forms in more than half its length the W. boundary. Surface broken ; soil fertile. Farms 936 ; manuf. SO ; dwell. 1,739, and pop. wh. 9,-663, fr. coL 152, si. 1,353 total 11,168. Capital: Winston. FORSYTH, p. v., and cap. Monroe co., Ga. : on a branch of*0cmulgee r., 47 m.W. Milledgeville. It has a fine court- . house, a jail, three churches, several mechanic shops, and numerous stores, and about 600 inhabitants. A newspaper, the " Bee," is issued weekly. The Macon and Western E. E. passes through the village, 24 m. from Macon. FORSYTH, p. v., and cap. Taney co., Mo. : on the N. bank of White r., where it is joined by Swan cr., 142 m. S. by W. Jefferson City. It contains the co. offices, several stores, and about 80 inhabitants. One of the best agricultural sections of the State, now fast filling up with an industrious population, lies about it. The canal has here two locks, and its summit level. It contains about 600 inhabitants. FORT ADAMS, p. v., Wilkinson co., Miss. : on the E. side of the Mississippi r., opposite Eed Eiver Landing, 114 m. 8. W. Jackson. FORT ADAMS : a U. S. military post, Department No. 1, Eastern Division, Newport, H. I. Lat. 41 30 N., and long. 71 IS 7 W. FORT ANCIENT, p. v.,Warren co., Ohio : on the line of the Little Miami E. E., 41 m. from Cincinnati, and 63 m. S. W. Columbus. FOET ANN, t and p. v., Washington county, W. Y. : 53 m. N. by E. Albany. Drained by several creeks falling into Lake Champlain and Lake George, the latter of which marks its N. W. border. Surface mountainous, but much diversified ; soils various sand, clay, and alluvion. The village is situate on the Champlain Canal, and also on the line of the Saratoga and Washington E. E. The canal has here throe locks, and its summit level. It contains several stores, and about 600 inhabitants. Fort Ann, a celebrated stronghold in the French and Eevolutionary wars, was erected at the head of boat navigation, on Wood s cr. iu 1756. The t. has several forges, tanneries, mills, etc., aud 8,883 inhabitant*. FORT AKGYLE, Bryan co., Ga. : on the W. bank of Ogee- chee r., opposite the W. terminus of the Savannah and Ogeechee Canal (now closed), 16 m. W. Savannah. The fort was erected in 1733 to protect the settlers from the Spaniards: it is now in ruins. FORT ATKINSON, p. o., Clayton co., la. : 84 m. N. by E. Iowa City. FORT ATKINSON, p. v., Jefferson co., Wise. : on the S. E2 side of Eockr., about 2 m. above Koshkonong Lake, and 31 m. *. S. E. Madison. FORT BAINBRIDGE, v., Eussell co., Ala. : at the head of Cowikee cr., 51 m. E. by S. Montgomery. The Girard and Mobile E. E. will pass through this place. FORT BAHBOUR, p. o., Barbour co., Ala. : 69 m. S. E. Montgomery. FORT BARRINGTON FERRY, p. v., M Intosh co., Go,. : on the Alatamaha r., 148 m. S. E. Milledgeville. Fort Barring- ton lies on the E. side of the river, about 14 m. above Darien, as built by the Carolinians in 1720 to intercept the escape of negroes to the Spanish settlement at San Augustine, in Florida. FORT BEND county, Tea. Situate S. E., and contains 820 sq. m. Drained by the Brazos r. and its tributaries, and in the W. by the San Bernardo, which in part makes its W. boundary. Surface a uniform level, furrowed by the great rivers, on which are dense growths of timber ; three fourths of the county are open prairie. Soils, on the Brazos a chocolate-colored loam, 20 to 30 feet deep on the prairies black mold, resting upon clay. The prairies afford excel lent pasturage. Farms 109 ; manuf. ; dwell. 199, and pop. wh. 974, fr. col. 5, si. 1,554 total 2,533. Capital: Eich mond. FORT BLOUNT, p. o., Jackson co., Tenn. : on the N. side of Cumberland r., 57 m. E. by N. Nashville. FORT BRADY : a U. S. military post, Department No. 2, Eastern Division, Sault St. Marie, Mich. Lat. 46 29 59" N., and long. 84 43 W. FORT BRIDGER, p. o., Nebraska, Ter. : a noted Trading Post, 131 m. beyond the South Pass of the Eocky Mount ains, and 113 from Salt Lake City. It is on the best travel ed route to the Mormon settlements and California, and is well known to emigrants as a hospitable resting place, where every thing needful for comfort and health can be ob tained. Col. Bridger, the owner, has resided here since 1821. FORT BROOKE : a U. S. military post, Department No. 5, Western Division, Tampa Bay, Flor. Lat. 27 57 N., and long. 81 52 W. FORT BROWDER, p. o., Barbour co., Ala.: 72 m. S. E. Montgomery. FORT BROWN : a U. S. military post, Department No. 8, W r estern Division, Brownsville, Tex., on the E. bank of the Eio Grande, opposite Matamoras. FORT CAPRON : a U. S. military post, Department No. 4, Eastern Division, St. Augustine, Flor. Lat. 29 50 N., and 81 27 W. FORT CASWELL: a U. S. military post, Department No. 4, Eastern Division, Smituville, N. Car. Lat. 34 00 N., and long. 7S 05 W. FORT CLARK, p. o., Alachua co., Flor. : 93 m. E. S. E. Tallahassee. FORT COLUMBUS : a U. S. military post, Department No. 3, Eastern Division, Governor s Island, New York Harbor, N. Y. Lat. 40 42 N., and 74 02 W. FORT CONSTITUTION : a U. S. military post, Department No. 1. Eastern Division, Portsmouth, If. Hamp. Lat. 43 04 N., and long. 70 49 W. FORT COVTNGTON, t. and p. v., Franklin co., N. Y. : 156 m. N. by W. Albany. Drained by Salmon and its tributary rivers flowing to the St. Lawrence. Surface diversified: soil, sand and clay loam, fertile. The v. lies on Salmon r., 5 m. from its mouth, and contains several mills and stores, and about 800 inhabitants. The L has extensive water- power, and is eligibly located for manufactures, having rivers navigable to the St. Lawrence. Pop. 2,659. FORT CROGHAN : a IT. S. military post, Department No. 8, Western Division, Hamilton Creek, Austin, Tex. FORT DADE, p. o., Benton co., Flor. : on the W. side of Withlacoochee r., 155 m. S. E. Tallahassee. Between this and Fort Armstrong, on the opposite side of the r., is the site of the massacre of Major Dade and his companions by the Indians 225 FOR FOR FORT DECATUR, p. v., Macon co., Ala. : on the S. side of Tallapoosa r., 29 m. E. by N. Montgomery. It is built" on the site of an old fort, and is now a flourishing v., through which the Montgomery and West Point E. E. passes. FORT DEFIANCE, p. v., CaldweU co., N. Car. : 158 m. W. Ealeigh. FORT DBS MOINES, p. v., and cap. Polk co., la.: on the "W. side of Des Moines r., 109 m. W. Iowa City. It is a thriving trading town on the route of travel to Council Bluffs, and on the line of the projected railroad. It is a station at which overland emigrants can supply themselves with every necessary, there being here several extensive stores, hotels, etc. FORT DUNCAN, p. v., Kinney co., Tex. : a TJ. S. military post, Department No. 8, Western Division, at Eagle Pass of the Rio Grand r., 224 m. S. W. Austin City. A flourish ing town has been built at this point. FORT EDWARD, t. and p. v., Washington co., N. Y. : 39 m. N. by E. Albany. Drained by Moosekill and other streams of Hudson r., which makes its W. boundary. Sur face undulating ; soil, clay and loam, very fertile. The v. lies on the E. side of the Hudson, and on the line of the Champlain Canal and the Saratoga and Washington E. E., and contains about 600 inhabitants. Fort Miller lies at the S. end of the town. The ruins of old Fort Edward, erect ed 1755, are still existing in the village ; and a little N. is the scene of the barbarous murder of Jane M Crea by the Indians in the Revolutionary War. There are in the town several mills and stores, and 2,328 inhabitants. FORT EDWARD CENTEE, p. o., Washington co., N. Y. : 34 m. N. by E. Albany. FORT FAIRFIELD, p. v., Aroostook co., Me. : on the S. side of Aroostook r., near the line of New Brunswick, 197 m. N. E. Augusta. FORT FANNING, p. o., Levy co., Flor. : formerly a TJ. S. military post, on the E. side of Suwannee r., 79 m. S. E. Tallahassee. FORT GAINES, p. v., Early co., Ga. : on the E. side of Chattahoochee r., 148 m. S. W. Milledgeville, and opposite Franklin, Ala. It is the terminus of the South Western E. E., and a railroad will be continued from this place in a S. W. direction to Pensacola, Flor, It is already a place of commercial importance, and has a good river trade. FOIIT GAINES, p. v., Benton co., Minn. : on the Mis sissippi r., immediately above the Sixth Eapids, 98 m. N. W. by N. St. Paul. FORT GATES : a U. S. military post, Department No. 8, Western Division, on Leon river, Texas. FORT GIBSON, p. o., Cherokee Nation, Ind. Ter. : on the Arkansas r., at the confluence of Neosho or Grand r., and a U. S. military post, Department No. 7, Western Division. Lat. 35 45 04" N., *nd long. 95 09 W. FORT GRAHAM : a U. S. military post, Department No. 8, Western Division, Jose Maria Village, Tex., on the E. side of Brazos r., 138 m. N. by E. Austin City. FORT GRATIOT: a U. S. military post, Department No. 2, Eastern Division, Mich. The v. of Fort Gratiot is situate at the head of a rapid at the outlet of Lake Huron, the en trance of which is commanded by the fort. The fortifica tions were built in 1814, at the close of the war with Great Britain. FORT HALL, Oreg. Ter. : on Henry s r., a branch of Lewis or Sapten r., in lat. 43 01 30" N., and long. 112 29 54" W. A few miles E. is the junction of the Oregon and California routes, the former of which passes Fort Hall. FORT HAMILTON, p. v., Kings co., W. Y. : on the E. side of the Narrows at the entrance of New York Harbor. Fort Hamilton, on the land, and Fort Lafayette or Diamond, in the channel, and on the W. side of the entrance Fort Eich- mond, command this important passage. The v. is pleas antly located, overlooking a wide expanse of sea and the surrounding country, and is much resorted to for summer recreation, there being here a fine mansion for visitors, and 226 much agreeable society. Steamboats ply regularly to and from New York, and stages run several times a day be tween this and Brooklyn. As a military post, Fort Hamil ton belongs to Department No. 3, Eastern Division. FORT HARLEY, p. o., Alachua co., Flor. : 106 m. E. S. E. Tallahassee. FORT HEMBREE, p. v., Cherokee co., N. Car. : 294 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh, FORT HENDERSON, p. o., Macon co., Ala. : 46 m. W. by N. Montgomery. FORT HILL, v., York dist., S. Car. : S3 m. N. Columbia. FORT HILL, p. o.,Xake co., III.: 187 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. FORT HOWARD : a IT. S. military post, Department No. 2, Eastern Division, Green Bay, Wisconsin. FORT HULL, v., Macon co., Ala. : 38 m. W. Montgomery FORT HUNTER, p. o., Montgomery co., N. Y. : on the S. side of Mohawk r., and on the line of the Erie Canal, 31 m. N. W. Albany. Here are the ruins of an old colonial fort. FORT INDEPENDENCE : a U. S. military post, Department No. 1, Eastern Division, Boston, Mass. Lat. 42 20 N., and long. 710 04 W. FORT INGE: a U. S. military post, Department No. 8, Western Division, on Leona river, Texas. FORT JACKSON : a U. S. military post, Department No. 5, Western Division, New Orleans, Louisiana. FORT JEFFERSON, p. v., Darke county, Ohio : 87 m. W. Columbus. Military fortifications formerly existed at this point. It is about 6 m. S. by W. of Greenville. FORT JENNINGS, p. o., Putnam co., Ohio : on the W. side of Big au Glaize r., 97 m. N. W. Columbus. The ruins qf the old fort still remain. FORT JESSUP, p. o., Sabine par., La. : between Eed r. and Sabine r., 153 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. FORT JOHNSON : a U. S. military post, Department No. 4, Eastern Division, Smithville, N. Car. Lat, 34 00" N., and long. 78 05 W. FORT KEARNEY, p. o., Indian Country, Nebr. Ter. : a post of the U. S., at which several companies of soldiers are usually stationed for the protection of the Indian fron tier. Department No. 6, Western Division. FORT KENT, p. o., Aroostook co., Me. : on the S. side of St. John r., at the confluence of Fish r., 218 m. N. by E. Augusta. FORT LAFAYETTE or DIAMOND : a TJ. s. military post, Department No. 3, Eastern Division. At the Narrows of New York Harbor, N. Y. It lies in the channel, off Fort Hamilton. FORT LARAMIE, p. o.. Nebr. Ter. : on the S. side of Platte or Nebraska r., in lat. 42 12 10" N., and long. 105 21 60" W. It is a TJ. S. military post, Department No. 6, Western Division. FORT LEAVENWORTH, p. o. : a TJ. S. military post, on the W. side of Missouri r., about 38 m. above the mouth of Platte r. Lat. 39 21 14" N., and long. 94 44 W. Here are ex tensive military works, defended by a company of dragoons and several companies of infantry. It is in the 6th Military Department, Western Division. FORT LINCOLN : a TJ. S. military post, Department No. 8, Western Division, on Eio Seco, Tex. FORT LITTLETON, p. o., Fulton co., Penn. : 72 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. FORT MACKINAC : a TJ. S. military post, Department No. 2, Eastern Division, Mackinac, Mich. FORT MACON : a U. S. military post, Departmant No. 4, Eastern Division, Beaufort, N. Car. FORT MADISON, p. v., and cap. Lee co., la. : on the W. side of theMississippi r., 71 m. S. S. E. Iowa City. The site of an old frontier fort, and only laid out as a village in 1S35. Fort Madison is now a place of considerable manufactures, commerce, and wealth, and in 1850 had 1,512 inhabitants. It contains a court-house, the county jail and offices, several handsome churches, the State penitentiary, and has many FOR FOR fine brick stores and dwellings. Its river trade is extensive, steamboats arriving and departing several times a day ; and its trade with the interior is commensurately large. The village, indeed, is the natural outlet of one of the richest sections of the State. It is distant from Burlington 23 m. by river. Two newspapers are published here, the " Iowa Statesman" and the " Whig and Register," both weekly. A branch of the Keokuk and Iowa City R. K. will probably be extended to Fort Madison. FORT M HENRT : a II. S. military post, Department No. 8, Eastern Division, Baltimore, Md. FORT M INTOSH : a U. S. military post, Department No. 8, Western Division, Laredo, Texas. FOET MARION : a U. S. military post, Department No. 4, Eastern Division, St. Augustine, Flor. Lat. 29 50 N., and long. 81 27 W. FORT MARTIN SCOTT: a IT. S. military post, Department No. 8, Western Division, Fredericksburg, Texas. FORT MEADE : a U. S. military post, Department No. 5, Western Divison, Tampa Bay, Flor. Lat. 27 57 N., and long. 810 51 W. FORT MERRILL: a TJ. S. military post, Department No. 8, Western Division, Nueces River, Corpus Christi, Tea}. Lat. 27 47 17" N., and long. 97 27 02" W. FORT MIFFLIN : a U. S. military poet, Department No. 8, Eastern Division, near Philadelphia, Penn. Lat. 39 51 N., and long. 75 12 W. FORT MILL, p. o., York district, S. Car.: 81 m. N. Columbia. FORT MILLER, p. v., Washington co., N. Y. : on the E. bank of the Hudson r., 34 m. N. by E. Albany. At this point the river has a fall of 20 feet, and a State dam, 8 feet high, is built for diverting the waters into the Champlain Canal, which passes through the village. There are several mills and stores here, and between 300 and 400 inhabitants. FORT MITCHELL, p. o., Russell co., Ala. : on the W. bank of Chattahoochee r., about 2 m. above the confluence of Big Ochee creek, 73 m. E. Montgomery. FORT MONROE : a U. S. military post, Department No. 4, Eastern Division, on Point Comfort, Virg. Lat. 37 02 N., and long. 76 12 W. FORT MONTGOMERY, p. o., Cherokee co., N. Car. : 297 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. FORT MORGAN : a U. S. military post, Department No. 5, Western Divison, Mobile, Alabama. FORT MOTTLTRIE : a U. S. military post, Department, No. 4, Eastern Division, Charleston Harbor, S. Car. Lat. 32 42 N., and long. 79 56 W. FORT M REA : a IT. S. military post, Department No. 5, Western Division, Pensacola, Flor. Lat. 30 24 N., and long. 83 14 W. FORT MYERS : a TJ. S. military post, Department No. 5, Western Division, Tampa Bay, Flor. Lat. 27 57 N., and long. 87 52 W. FORT NIAGARA : a TT. S. military post, Department No. 3, Eastern Division, Toungstown, N. Y. FORT ONTARIO : a U. S. military post, Department No. 3, Eastern Division, Oswego, N. Y. FORT PIKE: a U. 8. military post, Department No. 5, Western Division, La. FORT PLAIN, p. Y., Montgomery co., N". Y. : on the S. side of the Mohawk r., and on the line of the Erie Canal, 48 m. \V. by N. Albany. It is a flourishing village, having sev eral manufacturing establishments and about 1,600 inhabit ants. Fine stone is quarried in the vicinity. Two news papers, the "Mohawk Valley Gazette" (whig) and the "Radii and Phoenix" (neutral), are issued weekly. FORT PREBLE : a U. S. military post, Department No. 1, Eastern Division, Portland, Me. Lat. 43 38 N., and Ion" 700 is w. FORT PRINCE, p. o., Spartanburgh dist., & Car. FORT RECOVERY, p. o., Mercer co., Ohio: on a head branch of Wabash r., 97 m. W. N. W. Columbus. FORT RIPLEY: a U. S. military post, Department No. 6, Western Division, Minn. Ter. FORT SCOTT, p. o., Bates oo., Mo. : and a U. S. military post, Department No. 5, Western Division. It is situate on Marmiton cr. of Osage r., 146 m. W. S. W. Jefferson City. FOET SENBOA, p. o., Seneca co., Ohio : 74 m. N. by W. Columbus. FORT SMITH, p. v., Crawford co., Ark. : and a U. S. mil itary post, Department. No. 7, Western Division. Situate on the W. line of the State, where it is crossed by Arkansas r., 131 m. W. by N. Little Rock. It is proposed to build a R. R. from Little Rock to this point. The " Fort Smith Herald" is published weekly. Pop. 964. FORT SNELLING, p. v., and cap. Dacotah co., Minn. : a U. S. military post, Department No. 6, Western Division. Situate at the confluence of Minnesota r. with the Missis sippi. Lat 44 53 N., and long. 93 08 W. Within the jurisdiction of the fort there is a considerable village. FORT SULLIVAN : a U. S. military post, Department No. 1, Eastern Division, Eastport, Me. Lat. 44 44 N., and long. 670 04 W. FORTSVILLE, p. v., Saratoga co., N~. Y. : 39 m. N. Albany. FORT TOWSON : a U. S. military post, Department No. 7, Western Division. Situate a little N. of Red r., Choctaw Nation, Ind. Ter. FOET TRTTMBULL : a U. S. military post, Department No. 1, Eastern Division, New London, Conn. Lat 41 22 N., and long. 72O 05 W. FORT VALLEY, p. v., Houston co., Ga. : 53 m. S. W. Milledgeville. At this point the Muscogee R. R. diverges from the South- Western R. R. FORT WARREN : a United States military post, Depart ment No. 1, Eastern Division, Boston, Mass. : lat. 42 20 N., and long. 71 4 W. FORT WASHINGTON, p. v., Prince George s co., Md. : a United States military post, Department No. 3, Eastern Di vision. The v. is situate on the E. side of the Potomac r., between Swan cr. and Piscataway r., 15 m. S. of Washing ton, D. C. FORT WASHITA, p. o., Chickasaw Nation, Ind. Ter. : a United States military post, Department No. 6, Western Division. Situate on False Washita river. FORT WAYNE, p. v., and cap. Allen co., Ind. : on a high bank, opposite to which, on the N., the St. Mary s and the St. Joseph unite and form the Maumee r., in lat. 41 05 N., and long. 85 09 W., 103 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. Here was the "Twightwee Village," or principal sect of the Miami, in their language called Ke-M-o-que, and here too was old Fort Wayne, built by General Wayne, Sept., 1794, and just below, on the opposite side of the Maumee, was fought the disastrous battle of 22d Oct., 1790. At one time it was called " French Stores," as it was for a long time a trading post of that nation. Fort Wayne continued as a military post until 1819, and until the removal of the Mia- mis and Pottowattomees in 1841, was resorted to by them for the disposal of their furs and to spend their annuities. It is now one of the most flourishing towns in the State, and contains about 6,000 inhabitants. In 1840 it did not contain more than 1,600 inhabitants. The Wabash and Erie Canal gives it access to the Wabash Valley and the Ohio r. on the one hand, and the Maumee Valley and Lake Erie on the other. Railroads, also, are being constructed to Lake Erie and central Ohio; also to Chicago, on Lake Michigan, and southward to the Ohio r. Several plank-roads also extend into the interior. The surrounding country is one of the best farming sections, and produces abundance of grain and provisions. With these advantages of travel and transport, it must become a centre of a vast commerce, and in time a populous city, through which the products of a wide territory must pass for a market. It already contains extensive warehouses, stores, etc., the county buildings, a United States land office, a branch of the State Bank, etc., and has many substantial brick dwellings. All the principal 227 FOR FOX religious denominations have churches in the place, and there are several first-rate academies and schools, among which may be mentioned the Methodist Female College, and a Catholic institution under the Sisters of Providence. Two newspapers, the " F. W. Sentinel" (dem.), and the " F. W. Times" (dem.), are issued weekly. FOBT WINNEBAGO, p. v., and cap. Columbia co., Wise. : at the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, 83 m. N. Madison. It is one of the eligibly-situated trading towns in the State, and has now about 800 inhabitants. The fort is abandoned as a military post. FORT WOLCOTT : a U. S. military post, Department No. 1, Eastern Division, Newport, E. I. : lat. 41 Stf N., and long. 71 IS W. FORT WOOD : a U. S. military post, Department No. 3, Eastern Division, Bcdlow s Island, Harbor of New York, N. Y. : lat 40 42 N., and 74 02 W. long. This island fortification has for many years been the chief Recruiting Dep6t of the United States army, and at various times it has had over a thousand men under drill and subject to draft. Between 3,000 and 4.000 recruits are annually passed through this " gateway to glory." FOKT WOOD : a U. S. military post, Department No. 5, Western Division, New Orleans, La. FORTY FOKT, p. o., Luzerne county, Penn. : 93 m. N. E. Harrisburg. FORWARDSTOWN, p. v., Somerset county, Penn. : 123 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. FOSTER, t and p. v., Providence co., R. I. : IS m. W. Providence. Drained by head branches of the N. fork of Pawtuxet r., which afford water-power. Surface rough ; soil indifferent The v. is located in the N. part of the town. In the town there are several furnaces, cotton and woolen factories, and numerous mills. Pop. 1,932. FOSTER, p. o., Bracken co., Ky. : 67 m. N. E. Frankfort FOSTER CENTRE, p. v., Providence co., R. I. : 48 m. W. Providence. FOSTERDALE, p. v., Sullivan county, N. Y. : 92 m. S. W. Albany. FOSTERIA, p. v., Blair co., Penn. : on the line of the Eastern Division of the Pennsylvania E. E., 123 m. from Harrisburg. FOSTER S, p. o., Tuscaloosa co., Ala. : on the W. of Black Warrior r., 93 m. N. W. Montgomery. FOSTER S, p. o., Marion co., III. : 78 m. S. S. E. Springfield. FOSTER S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Bledsoe co., Tenn. : 95 m. E.S. E.Nashville. FOSTER S FORK, p. o., Prince Edward co., Virg. : 62 m. W. S. W. Richmond. FOSTER S MILLS, p. o., Seneca co., Ohio : 93 m. N. by W. Columbus. FOSTER S MILLS, p. o., Johnson county, Ind. ; 29 m. S. Indianapolis. FOSTERVILLE, p. v., Cayuga county, N. Y. : 148 m. W. by N. Albany. FOSTERVILLE, p. v., Rutherford co., Tenn. : on the line of the Nashville and Chattanooga E. E., 45 m. S. E. Nashville. FOUNDRYYILLE, p. v., Columbia co., Penn. : 77 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. FOUNTAIN county, Ind. Situate W. middle, and con tains 390 sq. m. Drained by Coal and Shawanee creeks, tributaries of Wabash r. Surface mostly level ; on the S. and centre undulating, and variegated with forest and prairie. Soil a black loam, mixed with sand, and very pro ductive ; clays prevail in the S. Grain, flour, and pork are the staples. Coal and iron ore are abundant, and manufac tures engage much attention. Farms 1,357 ; manuf. 103 ; dwell. 2,251, and pop. wh. 13,201, fr. col. 52 total 13,253. Capital: Covington. Public. Works: Wabash and Erie Canal. FOUNTAIN, p. v., Carroll county, Ind. : 62 m. N. W Indianapolis. 228 FOUNTAIN DALE, p. o., Adams co., Penn. : 89 m. S. "W. ETarrisburg. FOUNTAIN GREEN, p. v., Hancock co., III. : on Decker s cr., a branch of Crooked cr. of Illinois r., 84 m. W. N. W. Springfield. FOUNTAIN GBEEN, p. Y., Chester county, Penn. ; 69 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. FOUNTAIN HEAD, p. o., Sumner co., Tenn. : 31 m. N. N. E. Nashville. FOUNTAIN HILL, p. o., Ashley co., Ark. : 132 m. S. E. Little Rock. FOUNTAIN HILL, p. o., Greene co., N. Car. : 65 m. E. by S. Raleigh. FOUNTAIN INN, p. o., Greenville district, S. Car. : 81 m. N. W. Columbia. FOUNTAIN RUN, p. o., Monroe co., Ky. : 114 m. S. S. E. Frankfort. FOUNTAIN SPRING, p. o., Wood county, Virg. : 249 m. W. N. W. Richmond. FOUNTAIN SPRING, p. v., Schuylkill co., Penn. : 48 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. On the line of the E. R. between Pottsville and Lewisburg. FOUNTAIN SPRINGS, p. o., Wapello co., la. : 68 m. S. W. Iowa City. FOURCHE A RENAULT, p. o., Washington co., Mo. : on a cr. of Maramec r., 73 m. S. E. Jefferson City. FOURCHE DUMAS, p. o., Randolph county, ArTc. : on an affluent of Great Black river so called, 133 m. N. N. E. Little Rock. FOUR CORNERS, p. o., Huron co., Ohio: 89 m. N. by E. Columbus. FOUR MILE BRANCH, p. o., Barn well dist, & Car. : 72 m. S. W. Columbia. FOUR MILE BRANCH, p. o., Monroe county, Tenn. : 157 m. E. S. E. Nashville. FOUR MILE GROVE, p. o., Lee county, Ml. : 131 m. N. by E. Springfield. FOUR MILE PRAIRIE, p. o., Yan Zandt co., Tex. : 212 m. N. N. E. Austin City. FOUR MILE PRAIRIE, p. o., Fayette co., HI. : 63 m. S. E. Springfield. FOWLER, t. and p. v., St. Lawrence co., N. Y. : 137 m. N. W. Albany. Drained by Oswegatchee r. and its tributa ries. Surface uneven ; soil, clay and sandy loam. The v. lies on the S. side of the river. There are several forges and furnaces, and numerous mills in the t., and 1,897 in habitants. FOWLER, t and p. o., Trumbull co., OJdo : 146 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by creeks of Chenango and Mahoning rivers. Pop. 1,089. FOWLER S, p. o., Brooke county, Virg. : 252 m. N. W. Richmond. FOWLER S MILLS, p. o., Geauga co., Ohio : 136 m. N. E. Columbus. FOWLERSYILLE, p. o., Livingston co, N. Y. : a few miles W. of Genesee r., 204 m. W. by N. Albany. Fox county, la. Situate W., and contains 576 sq. m. Taken from Pottowattomee in 1S51. Fox, p. v., Davis county, la. : 77 m. S. W. by S. Iowa City. FOXBOROUGH, t and p. v., Norfolk county, Mass. : 23 m. S. S. W. Boston. Drained by Eumford and Cocasset rivera of Taunton r., both of which furnish mill sites. Surface uneven ; soils productive. The v. lies near the centre, on the E. of a small pond. The t has considerable manufac tures, and 1.880 inhabitants. The Boston and Providence E.R. passes through the S. E. part of the town. Fox CHASE, p. o., Philadelphia county, Penn. : 93 m. E. Harrisburg. Fox CREEK, p. o., St. Louis county, Mo. : 83 m. E. Jefferson City. FOXCROFT, t. and p. o., Piscataquis county, Me. : 78 m. N. N. E. Augusta. Sebec Lake lies on its N. border, and FOX FRA Piscataquis r. on its S. border, the tributaries of which drain the interior. Pop. 1,182. Fox GROVE, p. o., Burke co., Ga. : 81 m. E. Milledgeville. Fox isles, Mich. : two islands, situate a few miles S. of Great Traverse Bay. Fox LAKE, p. o., Lake county, III. : 1ST m. N. N. E. Springfield. Fox river, III. : a principal constituent of the Illinois r. It rises in Wisconsin, and after passing through a chain of small lakes near the dividing line of the State, enters Illinois and takes a southerly direction to the Illinois r., into which it falls at Ottawa. Fox river, Wise. (See NEENAII river). Fox SPRING, p. o., Overton co., Tenn. : 92 m. E. by N. Nashville. FOXVII.LE, p. v., Fauquier co., Wrg. : on Rappahannock r., 62 m. N. N. "W. Eichmond. In the neighborhood is a fine slate quarry, and also a sulphur spring. Fo\- s STORE, p. o., Onslow county, N. Car. : 114 m. S. E. Raleigh. FRAMINGHAM, t. and p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : 21 m. W. by S. Boston. Drained by Sudbury r., a branch of Con cord r., on which are numerous factories and mills. It has also a number of ponds. Surface uneven ; soil fertile. Plum bago is found in the t. The v. lies on the N. side of the river, and has considerable manufactures ; and a branch of the Boston and Worcester li. R., which runs through the S. part of the t., terminates here ; and another branch ter minates at Saxonville, a flourishing village to the N. E. of the principal village. The t. contains 4,285 inhabitants. FRANOESYILLE, p. v., Northampton co., M Car. : 82 m. N. E. Raleigh. FRANCISCO, p. o., Stokes co., 2f. Car. : 108 m. W. N. W. Raleigh. FRANCISCOVTLLE, p. v., Jackson co., MicJi. FRANCIS CBEKK, p. o., Manitowoc co., Wise. : 110 m. N. E. Madison. FRANCISTOWN, t and p. v., Hillsborough co., AT. JTamp. : 24 m. S. W. Concord. Drained by Piscataquog river and its branches. Surface rough ; soil generally stubborn ; but there is much fertile intc*rvale land. The v. is located on the S. E. side of a large pond, and has several mills and stores. Pop. of 1. 1,114. FRANCISVILLE, p. v., Crawford co., Get. : on the Knox- ville and Talbotton Turnpike, 58 m.W. S.W T . Milledgeville. FEANCONIA, t. and p. v., Grafton co., N. Ifamp. : 68 m. N. by W. Concord. Drained chiefly by the S. branch of Lower Ammonoosuc r., on which are extensive iron-works and numerous mills. A branch of Merrimac r. also has its rise in a pond, and flows S. Mountain is the prevailing ob jection in the scenery. Profile Mountain, a bare, rugged ciunmit, 1,000 feet high, when viewed from the N., presents a striking profile of the human countenance. The whole region is wild and picturesque. Iron ore, of fine quality, i. found in the L, and has been manufactured for the past fifty years. The village lies on the N. aide of the Ammo noosuc branch. Pop. of t. 584. FRANCONIA, p. v., Putnam co., Ohio : on the W. side of Big Auglaize r., opposite the mouth of Blanchard s Fork, KI^ in. \. W. Columbus. FKAXC-OMA, t. and p. o., Montgomery co., Penn. : 84 m. K. Harrisburg. Drained by Indian, Pike, and Shippack wrecks, and In- the N. E. branch of Perkiomen cr. Surface level ; soil red shale. It is an agricultural t., and has 1,2GS inhabitants. FRANKFORT), p. v., Pike co., J/b. : on a cr. of Salt r. of the Mississippi, 1?, m. N. K. .JrnVrson City. FEAKKFORD, p. b., Philadelphia co., Penn. : on Tacony er., 5 m. N. E. Philadelphia, 07 m. K. Harrisburg. It is a flourishing town, and lias srvrral factories and mills. Pop. 5346. A newspaper, the " Frankford Herald (neutral), is published weekly. FBAXKFOED, p. v., GreTenbrier co., Yirg. : on Thunder- gap cr. of Greenbrier r., 162 m.W. by N. Richmond. Pop. about 200. FRANKFORT, p. v., Franklin co., III. : on Ewing s fork of Big Muddy r., 137 m. S. S. E. Springfield. It has several mechanic shops and stores, and about 300 inhabitants. FRANKFORT, p. v., and cap. Clinton co., Ind. : on the W. side of Prairie cr. of the S. fork of Wild-cat r., 41 m. N. N. W. Indianapolis. It contains a court-house, a jail, 5 churches, and 8 or 10 stores. Pop. 582. FRANKFORT, p. city, and cap. Franklin co., Ky.^ and cap. of the State : on the E. side of Kentucky r., 62 m. above its confluence with the Ohio r., in lat. 38 14 N., and long. 84 40 W. 551 m.W. by S. Washington, D. C. The river, here eighty yards wide, winds through a deep limestone valley, on a plateau of which the city is built, and opposite to and connected with it by a chain bridge, is South Frank fort, its suburb. Behind the city the land rises abruptly 150 to 200 feet to the general lerel of the country, from which elevation the valley scene is extensive, and full of picture. Heavy rains frequently cause the river to rise 50 or 60 feet above its ordinary level. The river, the navigation of which has been improved by locks and dams, is regularly navi gated to Frankfort by steamboats of considerable burden, and an extensive commerce, supported by a fine country neighboring on the banks of the Kentucky, centres at this point. The city is also connected with the Ohio by a rail road to Louisville, and there is a railroad to Lexington, at which place other railroads diverge to the N. and N. E., and also to the S., whence they are continued to the Atlantic cities, and to those of the Mississippi and Gulf of Mexico. Frankfort is a well-built and compact place : the streets are regular and wide, and many of the houses and public build ings of brick and white marble. Of the latter material, which is found abundantly in all this region, the State. House is built : it is a splendid edifice, 86 by 54 feet, with a Ionic portico in front, and a lighted cupola on the top. The State Penitentiary is also located here, and among its other buildings are the court-house, the county jail, a market, etc. Its public press consists of 1 daily, 4 weekly, 1 semi monthly, and 1 monthly publications, viz., the " Common wealth" (whig), daily and weekly; the "Old Guard;" the " Kentucky Yeoman" (dem.), and the " Champion of Re form" all weekly ; the " Ecclesiastical Reformer," semi monthly ; and the " Methodist Monthly Magazine," month ly. The manufactures of the city are various and extensive, and ships of considerable burden have been built here, and floated down the river to New Orleans. The city was founded in 17S6, and was made the seat of government in 1T92. In 1810 it had 1,099 inhabitants; in 1820, 1,6T9 ; in 1830, 1,680 ; in 1840, 1,917 ; and in 1850, 4,872. FRANKFORT, t. and p. v., Waldo co., Me. : 51 m. E. N. E. Augusta. Drained by Marsh r. of the Penobseot, the latter forming the E. boundary, and affording a navigable chan nel throughout the year. Marsh r. supplies good water- power, and is the seat of numerous mills. The v. lies on Marsh Bay, which sets up from the Penobseot. The t has an extensive lumber trade, and stores of various de scriptions. Pop. 4,233. FRANKFORT, t. and p. v., Ilerkimer co., Jf. Y.: 74 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by the Mohawk r., which makes its N. boundary. Surface hilly and broken in the S. ; in the N. are rich alluvial flats. The v. lies on the line of the Erie Canal, and contains about 600 inhabitants. The t. has several factories, mills, etc., and numerous stores. Pop. 8,fi23. FI:ANKFORT, p. v., Ross co., Ohio : on the N. side of the N. fork of Paint cr., 41 m. S. by W. Columbus. It has sev eral mills and workshops, and about 400 inhabitants. FRANKFORT, p. v., Hampshire co., Viry. : on Patterson s cr. of the N. branch of Potomac r., 151 m. N. N. W. Rich mond. It contains several mechanic shops, about 35 dwell ings, and 200 inhabitants. The Baltimore and Ohio R. R. runs near this village. FRA FRA FRANKFORT HILL, p. o., Herkimer county, N. Y. : 75 m. W. by N. Albany. FRANKFORT MILLS, p. v., "Waldo co., Me. : on Marsh r., at its mouth, 48 m. E. N. E. Augusta. FRANKFORT SPRINGS, p. v., Beaver county, Penn. : 192 m. W. Harrisburg. It contains about 120 inhabitants, aud has several stores and mechanic shops. FRANKLIN county, Ala. Situate N. W., and contains 648 sq. m. Drained by Cedar, Bear, Little Bear, Spring, and other creeks, affluents of Tennessee r., which marks its N. boundary. Surface hilly and broken ; soils generally of average productiveness. Cotton is the great agricultural staple. Farms 913 ; manuf. 28 ; dwell. 1,955, and pop. wh. 11,399, fr. col. 14, si. 8,197 total 19,610. Capital: Eussell- ville. Public Works : Memphis and Charleston E. E. FRANKLIN county, Ark. Situate N. W., and contains 756 sq. m. Drained by creeks of Arkansas r., which divides it through the midtlle. Surface elevated, hilly, and broken ; soil generally inferior, but on the river rich and fertile, pro ducing cotton, tobacco, and the grains. The hill-regions of the N. and S. are adapted to grazing. Iron ore, copper, and other minerals abound, and there is a plentiful supply of good timber for building, etc. Farms 454; manuf. 3; dwell. 617, and pop. wh. 3,497, fr. col. 3, si. 429 total 3,929. Capital : Ozark. FRANKLIN county, Flor. Situate S. of West Florida, and contains 324 sq. m. Drained by Appalachicola r., which forms in part the W. boundary, and empties through Appa lachicola Bay into the Gulf of Mexico, which lies on its S. border. Surface low and wet, with many ponds and swamps; soil rich and fertile. The islands of St. George and St. Vincent, which inclose the bay, belong to this coun- ty. Farms ; manuf. ; dwell. 261, and pop. wh. 1,184, fr. col. 0, si. 377 total 1,561. Capital : Appalachicola, FRANKLIN county, Ga. Situate N. E., and contains 630 sq. m. Drained in the N. E. by tributaries of Tugaloo r., which bounds it in that direction, and in the centre and S. W. by forks of Broad r. All these ultimately fall into Savannah r. Surface elevated and hilly ; soils of average fertility, producing the grains and some cotton. Farms 1,305; manuf. 4 ; dwell. 1,546, and pop. wh. 9,076, fr. col. 55, si. 2,382 total 11,513. Capital : Carnesville. FRANKLIN county, III. Situate S., and contains 432 sq. m. Drained by the forks of Big Muddy r., an affluent of the Mississippi. Surface diversified ; soil of average pro ductiveness. Besides the grains, which form the staple crops, cotton and tobacco have been grown with advantage. The greater portion of the co. is prairie, interspersed with timber groves ; the substratum is limestone. Farms 577 ; manuf. 0; dwell. 971, and pop. wh. 5,646, fr. col. 35 total 5,6S1. Capital: Benton. FRANKLIN county, Ind. Situate S. "W., and contains 400 sq. m. Drained by E. and W. branches of "White "Water r. ; and besides these are Salt, Pipe, Eed Cedar Grove, and other creeks. Surface pleasantly variegated, and soils of average fertility. Manufactures have made some progress. Indian mounds and other earth Works are found in several parts. Farms 1,739 ; manuf. 121 ; dwell. 3,2S6, and pop. wh. 17.760, fr. col. 208 total 17,968. Capital : Brookville. Public Works : "White "Water Canal. FRANKLIN county, la. Situate centrally, and contains 576 sq. m. Taken from Pottowattomee in 1851. FRANKLIN county, Ky. Situate N. centrally, and con tains 200 sq. m. Drained by Elkhorn and other creeks of Kentucky r., which runs through it. Surface hilly and somewhat broken. Soils fertile, and well adapted for the grains, tobacco, etc. It has also many manufactures and mechanic shops. Farms 850; manuf. 62 ; dwell. 1,453, and pop. wh. 8,741, fr. col. 356, si. 3,365 total 12,462. Capi tal : Frankfort. Pullic Works : Louisville and Frankfort E. E. ; and Lexington and Frankfort E. E., etc. FRANKLIN parish, La. Situate toward N. E. of Western District, and contains 648 sq. m. It lies between the bayoux Macon and Bceuf, and is drained by affluents of these streams. Surface diversified, elevated, and having several small lakes, or, rather, river expansions. Soils very fertile, and along the streams well wooded. Farms 283 ; manuf. ; dwell. 346, and pop. wh. 1,664, fr. col. 14, si. 1,573 total 3,251. Capital : Winnsboro . FRANKLIN county, Me. Situate N.W., and contains 1,440 sq. m. Drained chiefly by Dead r. and Sandy r., both con siderable tributaries of the Kennebec ; in the N. W. Andros- coggin has its rise, and passes S. into Lake Acquessuck, etc. There are numerous ponds in all parts of the county, the outlets of some of which furnish fine mill-sites. Surface undulating or hilly in parts mountainous ; soils of a supe rior character, adapted alike to grain and grasses. Farms 2,521 ; manuf. 135 ; dwell. 3,487, and pop. wh. 20,007, fr. col. 20 total 20,027. Capital : Phillips. FRANKLIN county, Mass. Situate toward N. W., and contains 650 sq. m. Drained by Deerfield, and other trib utaries of Connecticut r., which passes through it from the N. These streams afford immense water-power, which is used extensively for manufacturing purposes. Surface di versified by hill and valley along the Connecticut are ex tensive meadows, and much of the soil is very fertile. It has also excellent pastures, on which are large numbers of live-stock. Farms 2,535; manuf. 285; dwell. 5,832, and pop. W h. 30,779, fr. col. 88 total 30,867. Capital: Green field. Public Works : Vermont and Massachusetts E. E. ; Connecticut Eiver E. E.; Greenfield and North Adams E. E., etc. FRANKLIN county, Miss. Situate S. W., and contains 672 sq. m. Drained by Homochitto r. and its branches, and also by the head streams of Amite r. Surface moder ately uneven ; soils not the best, except on the margins of the rivers. Pine barrens cover a large surface. Cotton, Indian corn, etc., are its staples. The streams are very favorable for mill purposes. Farms 330; mauuf. 5; dwell. 447, and pop. wh. 2,540, fr. col. 14, el. 3,350 total 5,994. Capital : Meadville. FRANKLIN county, Mo. Situate E. middle, and contains 792 sq. m. Drained by Maramec r. and its principal trib utary, the Bourbeuse ; also by numerous smaller streams falling into Missouri r., which makes the N. boundary. Surface moderately uneven, and the soil of average fertility. This is a fine mineral region, abounding in lead, iron, etc., ores which are extensively mined and reduced. Farms 1,096; manuf. 32; dwell. 1,925, and pop. wh. 9,542, fr. col. 20, si. 1,459 total 11,021. Capital: Newport. Pullic Works : Pacific E. E. FRANKLIN county, N. Y. Situate toward the N. E., and contains 1,527 sq. m. Surface generally mountainous, ex cept in the N. part, where there is considerable level or undulating lands. The soils are generally of a mixture of loam and sand, very productive. The interior is drained by the Saranac, running E. to Lake Champlain, and the Chataugay, Salmon, Trout, Deer, St. Eegis, and Eacket rivers flowing to the St. Lawrence. Farms 1,647 ; manuf. 129 ; dwell. 4,233, and pop. wh. 25,043, fr. col. 59 total 25,102. Capital : Malone. Public Works : the Northern (Ogdensburg) E. E. FRANKLIN county, N. Car. Situate N. middle, and con tains 540 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Tar r., which runs through it ; the principal of these are Swift and Fishing rivers, the latter making the N. E. boundary. Surface di versified, but generally level; soils naturally fertile, and along the streams producing fine cotton and tobacco, and large crops of grain. Gold is found in several parts, and has been collected to a considerable amount. Farms 588 ; manuf. 25 ; dwell. 1,155, and pop. wh. 5,6S4, fr. col. 54, si. 5.507 total 11.713. Capital : Louisburgh. Public Works: Gaston and Ealeigh E. E. FRANKLIN county, Ohio. Situate centrally, and contains 529 sq. m. Drained by Whetstone (Olentangy) and Scioto rivers and their tributaries. Surface low aud level, some- FRA FRA times M r et ; soil fertile, particularly on the streams, and well cultivated, but in most parts better adapted to grazing than grain growing. Farms 2,666; manuf. 241; dwell. 6,701, and pop. wh. 41,310, fr. col. 1,600 total 42,910. Cap ital: Columbus. Public Works: Ohio Canal; Columbus and Xenia It. E. ; Cleveland and Columbus II. E. ; Central Ohio E. E. ; Columbus and Bellefontaine E. E., etc. FRANKLIN county, Penn. Situate S. middle, and contains 734 sq. m. Drained by the Conecocheague and Conedog- winit creeks and their branches, which furnish extensive water-power. It lies in the Kittatinny Valley the great limestone valley of the State, and is traversed by South Mountain and Tuscarora or Cove Mountain. Iron ore is abundant, is extensively mined and reduced, and white marble of a coarse texture exists, underlying the hilly re gions. Farms 2,247 ; manuf. 455 ; dwell. 6,690, and pop. wh. 87,956, fr. col. 1,948 total 39,904. Capital: Chambers- burg. Public Works: Franklin E. E. FRANKLIN county, Tenn. Situate S. middle, and contains 756 sq. m. Drained by Elk r. and other streams. Surface hilly, being traversed by offshoots of the Cumberland Mount ains ; soils generally fertile. It is a fine grazing county, and produces the finest of grains and some cotton. Its water- power is considerable, and ia used extensively for milling and manufacturing purposes. Farms 1,015; manuf. 67; dwell. 1,633, and pop. wh. 10,096, fr. col. 49, si. 3,623 total 13,763. Capital: Winchester. Public Works : Nash ville and Chattanooga E. E., etc. FRANKLIN county, Verm. Situate N. W., and contains 5S6 sq. m. Lake Champlain forms its W. boundary, and tlie Canada line its limit on the N. Surface hilly in the E., on the lake level ; soil fertile, and adapted alike for grain and grazing. Drained by MissisquS r. and the Lamoille, which afford extensive water-power. At Swanton there are quarries of fine clouded marble, which are extensively wrought and the stone exported. Farms 2,172 ; manuf. 108 ; dwell. 4,827, and pop. wh. 28,500, fr. col, 86 total 28,586. Capital: St. Albans. Public Works: Vermont Central E. E., etc. FRANKLIN county, Virg. Situate S. middle, and contains 5SO sq. m. Drained by Pig r., Blackwater r., Maggoty cr., and other affluents of Eoanoke r., which marks its N. boundary. The Blue Eidge forms its W. limits, and is the source of all its streams. It is a fine agricultural county, and has a large amount of live-stock ; and gold is found at the base of the hills and on the streams. Farms 1,299 ; manuf. 47; dwell. 2,024, and pop. wh. 11,638, fr. col. 66, si. 5,726 total 17,430. Capital : Eocky Mount. FRANKLIN, t. and p. o., Gloucester co., N. Jer. : 44 m. S. Trenton. Drained by Eaccoon cr., the sources of Maurice r., and by branches of Little Egg Harbor r. Surface level ; soil sandy, and covered with pines. It has several glass houses, and some other manufactures. Pop. 2,984. FRANKLIN, t.f nd p. v., Milwaukie county, Wise. : 76 m. E. by S. Madison. Drained by Eoot r., which empties into Lake Michigan at Eacine. Surface level ; soil deep and fertile, and well timbered. The v. lies a little W. of the centre. Pop. of t. 1,246. FRANKLIN, p. v., Henry co., Ala, : on the W. side of Chattahoochee r., opposite Fort Gaines, 92 m. S. E. Mont gomery. The South-western E. E. of Georgia terminates at Fort Gaines, and will be continued hence from Franklin to Pensacola. FRANKLIN, t. and p. v., New London co., Conn. : 32 m. E. S. E. Hartford. Drained by Susquetonscut r., a branch of Yantic r., and Beaver Brook, all which afford water- power. Ghelucket r. makes its N. E. boundary. Surface uneven ; soil gravelly loam. The v. lies on the New Lon don, Willimantic, and Palmer E. E., 20 m. from New Lon don. The t. has a number of mills and minor manufactures, but is chiefly devoted to agriculture and grazing. Pop. 895. FRANKLIN, p. v., and cap. Johnson co., Lid. : on the E. Bide of Young s cr. of Sugar cr., an affluent of the E. fork of White r., 20 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. The Madison and Indianpolis E. E. passes through the v., and the Martins- ville Branch E. E. diverges from this point. The v. is sit uate on a high bluff, and contains a court-house and co; jail, several stores, and 3,166 inhabitants. It is the seat of Franklin College, a Baptist institution ; and a newspaper, the " F. Examiner" (dem.) is issued weekly. FRANKLIN, p. v., and cap. Heard co., Ga. : on the E. side of Chattahoochee r., 112 m. W. by N. Milledgeville. It contains a court-house, and about 30 dwellings. FRANKLIN, p. v., Morgan county, III. : 26 m. W. S. W. Springfield. FRANKLIN, p. v., and cap. Simpson co., Ky. ; on the W. side of Drake s cr. of Barren r., 145 m. S. W. Nashville. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and about 40 dwellings. The Louisville and Nashville E. E.will pass through or near this place. FRANKLIN, p. v., and cap. St. Mary s par., La. : on the W. side of Bayou Teche, 52 m. S. S. W. Baton Eouge. It is a place of considerable business, and has some river and coast trade. Pop. about 600. FRANKLIN, t. and p. v., Hancock co., Me. : 91 m. E. by N. Augusta. Drained by ponds and creeks emptying into Taunton Bay, an arm of Frenchman s Bay, lying on the S. shore of the town. The v. lies near the head of the bay. Pop. of t. 736. FRANKLIN, p. v., Holmes county, Miss. : on Big Cypress creek, 51 m. N. Jackson. FRANKLIN, p. v., Oakland co., Midi. : on a cr. of the N. branch of Eouge r., 66 m. E. by S. Lansing. FUANKLIN, t. and p. o., Howard co., Mo. : 44 m. N. W. Jefferson City. Drained by Bonne Femme r., a tributary of Missouri r., which makes its S. boundary. There are two villages here, Old Franklin and New Franklin, the former lying on the N. bank of the Missouri, and the latter on Bonne Femme r., 2 m. N. of it FRANKLIN, t. and p. v., Norfolk co., Mass. : 27 m. S. W. Boston. Drained by branches of Charles r., which marks its N. boundary, and affords good water-power. The vil lage is situate near the centre, and is intersected by the Norfolk County E. E. The t. has considerable /manu factures, especially of straw bonnets, cotton goods, etc. Pop. of L 1,818. FRANKLIN, p. v., and cap. Macon co., N. Car. : on the W. side of a S. branch of Tennessee r., 272 m. W. S. W Ealeigh. FRANKLIN, t. and p. v., Merrimac co., N. JTamp. : 18 m. N. by W. Concord. Drained by Pemegewassett and Win- nipiseogee rivers, which here unite and form Merrimac r. The village is situate on the Northern E. E., and here di verges the Bristol Branch, E. E., 13 m. long. The t. has abundant water-power and some manufactures. Pop. 1,251. FRANKLIN, t. and p. v., Delaware co., N. Y. : 71 m.W. 3.W. Albany. Drained by Oleout cr. and its tributaries, and affluents of Unadilla r. Surface broken ; soil a reddish loam. The village lies on the S. side of the creek, and contains about 600 inhabitants. The t. has numerous mills, and 3.0S7. inhabitants. FKANKLIN, t. and p. v., Warren co., Ohio : 72 m. W. S. W. Columbus. Drained by tributaries of Great Miami r., on the E. bank of which the village is located, and along which the Miami Canal runs. Pop. 2,544. FRANKLIN, p. b., and cap. Venango co., Penn. : on the S. side of French cr., at its confluence with Alleghany r., 179 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. It contains a court-house, ail, etc., four churches, several forges, mills, and stores, and about 9.36 inhabitants. The creek is crossed by a bridge 200 feet long, and the Alleghany r. is navigable to this point for vessels of 60 or SO tons during half the year. Two newspapers, the Advocate and Journal" (neutral), and the " Venango Spectator" (dem.), are issued weekly. A canal is projected to Erie, and the Alleghany Valley E. E. -ill probably touch on this village. 231 FRA FRE FRANKLIN, p. v., Essex co., A r . Jer. FKANKLIN, p. v., and cap. Williamson co., Tenn.: on Harpeth r., 19 m. S. by W. Nashville. It contains a court house, etc., several stores, and about 60 dwellings, and has a newspaper, the "Western Review" (whig), published weekly. The Nashville and Florence R. R. passes through the village. Pop. of t. 2,305. FRANKLIN, p. v., and cap. Robertson co., Tea). : on Mud cr. of Little Brazos r., 93 m. E. N. E. Austin City. FRANKLIN, p. v., and cap. Pendleton co., Virg. : on the W. side of the S. branch of Potomac r., 124 m. N. W. Richmond. It contains a court-house, and other county buildings, and about 200 inhabitants. FRANKLIN, t. and p. o., Franklin co., Verm. : 54 m. N. N. W. Montpelier. Drained by Roche s r. and branches of Missisqui r. Surface rough ; soil moderately fertile and adapted to grazing. The village lies in the N. W. part of the t Agriculture is the general pursuit, but there are several mills on the streams. Pop. 1,64$. FRANKLIN, p. v., Fulton co., Ark. : 118 m. N. Little Rock. FRANKLIN CENTRE, p. o., Lee co., la. : 69 m. S. Iowa City. FRANKLIN CITY, p. v., Norfolk co., Mass. : 28 m. S. W. Boston. FRANKLIN COLLEGE, p. o., Davidson co., Tenn.: near Nashville. This college was founded in 1S45, and had in .850, 5 professors, 26 alumni, and SO students, with a library of 3,000 volumes. FRANKLIN CORNERS, p. o., Erie co., Penn. : 214 m. N. W. Harrisburg. FRANKLINDALE, p. v., Bradford co., Penn. : 100 m. N. Harrisburg. FRANKLIN DEPORT, p. o., Southampton co., Virg. : 69 m. S. S. E. Richmond. FRANKLIN FURNACE, p. o., Franklin co., H. Y. : 123 m. N. Albany. FRANKLIN FURNACE, p. o., Scioto co., Ohio : 93 m. S. by E. Columbus. FRANKLIN FURNACE, p. o., Sussex co., 2f. Jer. : 67 m. N. Trenton. FRANKLIN GROYE, p. o., Lee co., III. : at the head of Franklin cr. of Rock r. 142 m. N. Springfield. FRANKLIN MILLS, p. v., Portage co., Ohio : on Cuyahoga r., 115 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. The falls at this point create a great water-power. The Ohio and Pennsylvania Canal passes through the village, which contains numerous mills, and among the dwellings are many fine buildings. FRANKLIN SPRINGS, p. o., Franklin co., Ga.: between the forks of Broad r., 84 m. N. Milled geville. FRANKLIN SQUARE, p. v., Columbiana co., Ohio : at the junction of Cherry and Middle forks of Little Beaver r., 114 m. E. N. E. Columbus. It contains several large mills and factories, and has about 800 inhabitants. The Ohio and Pennsylvania R. R. passes through the village, 65 m. from Pittsburg. FRANKLINGTON, p. v., and cap. Washington par., La. : on the E. side of Bogue Chitto, 66 m. E. N. E. Baton Rouge. FRANKLINGTON, p. v., Henry co., Ky. : 26 m. N. W. Frankfort. FRANKLINGTON, p. v., Franklin co., A T . Car.: 37 m. tf. N. E. Raleigh. FRANKLINGTON, p. v., Schoharie county, N. Y. : 43 m. W. S. W. Albany. FRANKLINGTON, p. v., York co., Penn. : 15 m. S. S. W. Harrisburg. FRANKLINVILLE, p. v., Carroll co., Md. FRANKLINVILLE, p. v., Randolph co., N. Car. : 72 m. W. Raleigh. FRANKLINVILLE, p. v., Gloucester co., N. Jer. : 44 m. S. Trenton. FRANKLINTTLLE, t. and p. v., Cattaraugus co., N. Y. : 234 m. W. S. W. Albany. Drained by Ischua and Great Yalley creeks. Surface undulating; soil, clay and loam. The v. lies in the N. E. part of the town. Pop of 1. 1,706. FRANKSTOWN, t. and p. b., Blair county. Penn. : 84 m, W. by N. Harrisburg. Drained by creeks of Juniata r. Surface mountain and valley ; soil generally good in the valleys calcareous loam. The borough lies 2 m. N. Holli- daysburg, and contains about 450 inhabitants. The t. has several furnaces, etc., and 1.649 inhabitants. . FRANKSVILLE, p. v., Claiborne par., La. : 209 m. N. W. Baton Rouge. FRANKTOWN, p. v., Northampton co., Virg. : at the head of Naswadey cr., 182 m. E. Raleigh. FRANTZDALE, p. v., Ulster co., 2f. Y. : 53 m. S. S. W. Albany. FRAZER, p. o., Chester county, Penn. : 71 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. FRAZEYSBURGII, Muskingum county, Ohio : on the Ohio Canal, 58 m. W. N. W. Columbus. FREASE S STORE, p. o., Stark co., Ohio: 104 m. N. E. Columbus. FREDERICA, p. v., Kent co., Del. : on the N. side of Murderkill cr., 11 m. S. Dover. FREDERICA, p. v., Glynn co., Ga. : on the E. side of St. Simon s Island, 16S m. S. E. Milledgeville. Here are the ruins of a fort built by Gen. Oglethorpe in 1736. The vil lage contains about 20 dwellings. FREDERICK county, Md. Situate N. E., and contains 5CO sq. m. Drained by Monocacy r. and Catoctin cr., affluents of Potomac r. Surface undulating in the W. South Mount ain and its offshoots render it somewhat hilly and broken ; soils various in some parts decomposed slate, in others red shales, and in others of limestone formation. Its agricul tural capacities are excellent, and it has extensive forests of oak, hickory, chestnut, locust, ash, etc. Its geology is of the primary era; its principal rocks quartz, sandstone, blue slate, dolomite, etc., and there is a fine white marble found in the county. Copper, iron, manganese ores, and barytes abound. Flouring mills, tanneries, smitheries, boot and shoe factories, woolen mills, etc., constitute its principal industrial establishments; of flouring mills there are 72, and of tanneries 43. Farms 1,9S3; manuf. 243; dwell. 1,397, and pop. wh. 33,314, fr. col. 3,760, si. 3,913 total 40,987. Capital: Frederick City. Pullic, Works: Baltimore and Ohio R. R. ; Frederick Branch R. R. FREDERICK county, Virg. Situate N. E., and contains 480 sq. m. Drained by Opequan, Back, and Sleep cr., affluents of Potomac r. Surface diversified by hills and valleys, and soil of average productiveness in some parts, especially along the rivers, very fertile. Iron ore, potters clay, etc., are abundant, and there are several extensive in dustrial establishments in various parts. The streams afford fine water-power, which is extensively used for milling pur poses. Farms 1,025 ; manuf. 89 ; dwell. 2,325, and pop. wh. 12,769, fr. col. 912, si. 2,294 total 15,975. Capital: Winchester. Public Works : Winchester and Potomac R. R. FREDERICK CITY, p. v., and cap. Frederick co., Md. : on Carroll s cr., a tributary of Monocacy r., 63 m. W. N. W. Annapolis. Lat. 39 24 N., and long. 77 IS W. It is a well-built town, with regular, wide streets, and contains a court-house, a substantial building, the county jail, and other public offices ; 17 churches, some of them spacious and of fine architecture ; several literary and scientific institutions, and about 1,000 dwellings, mostly of brick or stone, and many of them elegant, and 6,028 inhabitants, of which 4,786 are white, 822 free colored, and 420 slaves. In regard of popu lation it is the third town of the State, Baltimore and Cum berland only having more inhabitants in wealth and ele gance it is second only to Baltimore. St. John s College, chartered in 1850, and several other Roman Catholic insti tutions are located in Frederick. The newspapers published here are the "Star" (literary), the "Banner of Liberty" (whig), the " Examiner" (whig), the "F. Herald" (whig), and the "Republican Citizen" (dem.), all issued weekly. The highway from Baltimore to Wheeling passes through Frederick, and a branch road connects it with the Balti- FRE FRE more and Ohio E. E. The valley of Monocacy r. is equally remarkable for its beauty, its rich agricultural resources, aud its mineral wealth. Frederick is the dcp6t of this dis trict anil has a large commerce. Numerous manufactures are carried on, and also a large wholesale and retail trade. FREDERICK, p. v., Mahoning co., Ohio : on a branch of Mahoning r., 128 m. N. E. Columbus. FEEDEBICK, t. and p. v., Montgomery co., Perm. : 74 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. FEEDERICKSBURGH, p. v., Washington co., Ind. : on Great Blue r., 88 m. S. Indianapolis. It is a pleasant village of some 100 or 120 inhabitants. FREDERICKSBURGH, p. v., Wayne co., Ohio : on Salt cr., 9(3 m. N. E. Columbus. It contains several mills and fac tories, numerous mechanic shops, and about 400 inhabitants. FREDEUICKSBURGH, p. v., Osage co., Mo FREDERICKSBURGII, p. v., Lebanon co., Penn. : 39 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. Pop. 397. FREDERICKSBURGH, p. v., and cap. Gillespie co., Tex. : on Barren s cr. of Pedernalcs r., 73 m. W. Austin City. FREDERICKSBURGH, p. b., Spottsylvania co., Virg. : on the S. W. side of Eappahannock r., below the falls and at the head of navigation, 110 m. from its confluence with Chesa peake Bay, 60 m. N. Eichmond. Lat. 38 34 N., and long. 77 33 W. The city is surrounded by hills, and is laid out with great regularity. It has a court-house, jail, and public offices; several factories and mechanic shops, and numerous wholesale and retail stores. It exports immense amounts of tobacco, grain, and corn, and has a flourishing internal trade. It has one daily newspaper, the " Virginia Whig;" two semi-weeklies, the "Democratic Eecorder" (dem.), and the " F. News" (whig), both of which issued weekly editions ; and one weekly, the " Christian Banner," a religious publication. The falls of the Eappahannock, in the vicinity, afford good water-power ; and the city is sup plied with excellent water from the river in pipes laid by a joint-stock company. The city was named in honor of Prince Frederick, the father of George III. In 1830 it had 8,807 inhabitants; in 1840,3,974; and in 1850 about 4,062. The Eichmond, Frederick, and Potomac E. E. passes through the city. FREDERICKSUALL, p. v., Louisa co., Virg. : 31 m. N. W Eichmond. The Virginia Central E. E. passes through the Tillage. FREDERICKS VILLE, p. v., Schuyler co., III. : 176 m. N Springfield. FREDERICKTON, p. v., Marion co., III. : on Skillet fork o] Little Wabash r., 93 m. S. S. E. Springfield. FREDERICKTOWN, p. v., Washington co., E-y. : on Beech Fork, 43 m. S. W. Frankfort. FREDERICKTOWN, p. v., Madison co., Ho. : on a branch of St Francois r., 126 m. E. S. E. Jefferson City. Immense mining operations are carried on in the surrounding country. FREDERTCKTOWTT, p. v., Knox co., Ohio: on Vernon r 42 m. N. N. E. Columbus. The Columbus and Lake Eri E. It. passes through the village, 30 m. from Newark. P. 71 FREDEIUCKTOWN, p. v., Washington co., Penn. : 184 m W. Harrisburg. FREDON, p. v., Sussex co., N. Jer. : 58 m. N. by W Trenton. FREDONIA, p. v., Chambers co., Ala. : on a creek o Chattahoochee r., 71 m. N. E. Montgomery. FKEDONIA, p. v., Crawford co., Ind. : on a high bluff a the lower end of the Horse Shoe Bend of the Ohio r., 10 m. S. by W. Indianapolis. It is about 4 m. below Leveu worth, and contains about 300 inhabitants. FREDONIA, p. v., Caldwell co., Ky. : on Livingston s c of Cumberland r., 192 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. FREDONIA, p. v., Washtenaw co., Mich. : 48 m. S. ] Lansing. FKEDONIA, p. Y., Eusk co., Tex. : 226 m. N. E. Austin Cit FREDONIA, p. v., Chautauque co., W. Y. : on Canadawa F . of Lake Erie, 3 m. S. from Dunkirk and 278 m. W. by S. Ibany. It contains several mills and factories, and about 200 inhabitants. The stores, hotels, streets, and public uildings are lighted by a " natural gas" issuing from the 3d of the creek. Several lighthouses on the lake shore are so lighted by the same carburetted hydrogen, which burns i brilliantly as coal or rosin gas. The "F. Courier" (whig) published weekly. This is a pleasant and thriving llage. FREDONIA, t. and p. o., Washington co., Wi*c.: <6 m. N. E. Madison. Drained by Milwaukie r. and its ibutaries. Pop. 672. FREDONIA, p. v., Licking co., Ohio : 27 m. N. E. Columbus. FREDONIA, p. v., Williamson co., III. : on the N. side of ig Muddy r., 136 m. S. S. E. Springfield. FREDONIA, p. v., Montgomery co., Teivn. : on a creek of umberland r., 34 m. N. W. Nashville. FREDONIA, p. v., Macon county, Ga. : 76 m. S. W. tfilledgeville. FREE BRIDGE, p. o., Cass co., Qa. : on Etowah r., 122 m. . W. Milledgeville. FKEEBURGH, p. v., Union co., Penn. : 49 m. N. N. W. larrisburg. FREEDENSBURGH, p. v., Schuylkill co., Penn. : 47 m. N. L. larrisburg. FREEDOM, p. v., Keokuk co., la. : 73 m. S. Iowa City. FREEDOM, p. v., Owen co., fyd. : on the W..fork of White :, 55 m. S. W. Indianapolis. FREEDOM, p. v., Sauk county, Wise. : on the N. side of Baraboo r., 38 m. N. W. Madison. FREEDOM, p. v., Carroll co., Md. : 51 m. N. W. Annapolis, FREEDOM, p. v., Lafayette co., Mo. : 86 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. FREEDOM, t. and p. v., Waldo county, Me. : 27 m. N. E. Augusta. Drained by a branch of Sebasticook r. Surface evel ; soil fertile. The village is called S. Freedom, and is i small agricultural settlement. Pop. of t. 948. FREEDOM, t. and p. v., Carroll co., N. Ilamp. : 46 m, N. N. E. Concord. Ossipee Lake borders it on the S., and receives its drainage. Surface uneven ; soil of average fer tility. The village is located at the outlet of the lake, on the N. side of Ossipee r. Pop. of t, 910. FREEDOM, t. and p. o., Cattaraugus co., N. Y. : 232 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by Clear and other creeks of Cattaraugus cr. Surface level ; soil, gravelly loam, fertile. Sandusky and Chelsea are villages in this t. Pop. in 1850, FREEDOM, t. and p. o., Portage co., Ohio : 128 m. N. E, Columbus. Drainage imperfect. Surface level, and in some parts wet ; soil fertile. Pop. 996. FREEDOM, p. b., Beaver CO;, Penn. : on the right bank of Ohio r., 2 m. E. of Beaver r. confluence, 182 m. W. by N. Ilarrisburg. The Ohio and Pennsylvania E. E. passes through it, 23 m. from Pittsburg. It is pleasantly situate on rising ground, and has many facilities for river commerce. Engines and boilers are made here, and steamboats of large size are built. Pop. 524. FREEDOM, p. v., La Salle county, III. : 192 m. N. E, Springfield. FREEDOM PLAINS, p. v., Duchess co., 2i. Y. : 67 m. S. Albany. FREEHOLD, t., p. v., and cap. Monmouth co., N. Jer. : 51 m. E. by N. Trenton. Surface wet ; soil, sandy loam and well cultivated. The village contains a court-house, county jail, and other public offices, several stores, and about 300 in habitants. The Battle of Monmouth, a hard fight of the E.-volution, occurred here 28th June, 1778. The village has three periodicals, the " Seminary Advocate" (educational), the People s Advocate" (dem.), and " Young America" (whig), all issued weekly. There are in the t. numer ous distilleries, grist and saw mills, mechanic shops, etc., and 2,633 inhabitants. FREEHOLD, p. v., Greene co., N. Y. : on Catskill cr., 26 m, 233 FRE FRE 8. W. Albany. It contains about 30 dwellings and 200 inhabitants. FREEL, p. o., Polk co., la. : 113 m. W. Iowa City. FREELAND, p. o., Baltimore co., Md. FREELAND, p. o., Northumberland co., Penn. : 48 m. N. Harrisburg. FEEELAND S, p. o., Muskingum co., Ohio: 72 m. E. Columbus. FREEMAN, t. and p. o., Franklin co., Me. : 44 m. N. N.W. Augusta. Drained by a branch of Sandy r., on which also the village is located. Pop. 762. FREEMANSBURGH, p. v^ Northampton co., Penn. : 87 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. FREEMAN S LANDING, p. o., Hancock co., Virg. : on the Ohio r., 2(54 m. N. W. Eichmond. FREEMANSVILLE, p. v., Cherokee co., Get. : 109 m. N. W. Milledgeville. FREEMANTON, p. v., Effingham co., III. : on a branch of Little Wabash r., 71 m. S. E. Springfield. FEEEO, p. o., Washita co., Ark. : 69 m. S. by E. Little Bock. FREEPORT, p. T., Shelby co., Ind. : on the W. side of Blue r., 24 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. FREEPORT, p. v., and cap. Stephenson co., III. : on the S. side of Pecatonica r., 168 m. N. Springfield. It is a flourishing v. of 1,436 souls, neighbored by fine mineral as well as agricultural lands, must eventually become an important place. Two newspapers, the " F. Journal" (whig), and the " Prairie Democrat," are published weekly. The Galena Branch of the Central Illinois E. E. passes through the village, and is here intersected by the Galena and Chi cago Union E. E., which lines connect it with Galena on the W., Chicago on the E., and Cairo on the S. of the State. FREEPORT, t and p. o., Cumberland co., Me. : 37 m. S. S. W. Augusta, at the head of Casco Bay. The village is pleasantly situate, and has a small harbor, with some navigation and ship-building. The town is almost entirely agricultural, and has 2,629 inhabitants. FKEEPORT, p. v., Harrison co., Ohio: on Big Stillwater cr. of Tuscarawas r., 94 m. E. by N. Columbus. The Stillwater is boatable to this place, and at its mouth, 20 m. distant, connects with the Ohio Canal. The village contains numer ous warehouses, mechanic shops, stores, etc., and about 600 inhabitants. In the t. of the same name there are several flouring mills and other manufacturing establishments. FREEPORT, p. b., Armstrong co., Penn. : at the confluence of Buffalo cr. with Alleghany r., 152 m. W. by N. Harris- burg. The Pennsylvania Canal passes this village, crossing the creek by an aqueduct. The village contains 6 or 7 churches, of various denominations, numerous mills, fac tories, and mechanic shops, and about 160 dwellings. Pop. 1,073. FEEEPORT, p. v., "Wood county, Yirg. : 252 m. N. W. Eichmond. FKEESHADE, p. o., Middlesex co., Virg. : 48 m. E. by N. Eichmond. FREESTONE county, Tex. Situate centrally on "W. bank of Upper Frenchy r., and contains about 860 sq. m. Erected since 1S50. Capital : Freestone. FREETOWN, t. and p. o., Bristol co., Mass.: 43 m. S. Boston. Drained by branches of Taunton r., which makes the W. boundary. Surface level; soil, light and sandy. The t. has some manufactures, and the New Bedford and Taunton E. E. passes through it. Pop. 1,015. FREETOWN, p. v., Jackson co., Ind. : on a head branch of Salt cr., 53 m. S. Indianapolis. FREETOWN CORNERS, p. v., Courtlandt co., N~. Y. : on a creek of Tioughnioga r., 113 m. "W. Albany. FREE UNION, p. o., Albemarle co., Virg. : 69 m. "W. N.W. Eichmond. FRELSBTRGH, p. v., Colorado co., Tex. : on Peeper s cr., an affluent of Cummin s cr. of Colorado r., 80 m. E. S. E. Austin City. 234 FREMONT county, la. Situate in the S. W. corner of the State, and contains 496 sq. m. Drained chiefly by Nish- nabatona r. and Keg cr., affluents of the Missouri r. Sur face an extended prairie, except near the Missouri, which marks its W. border, where the land is somewhat broken. The soils are fertile and among the best of the State- Farms 105; manuf. 0; dwell. 222, and pop. wh. 1,244, fr. col. total 1,244. Capital ; Sidney. FREMONT, p. v., Pontotoc co., Miss.: 156 m. N. N. E. Jackson. FREMONT, p. v., Steuben county, Ind. : 141 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. FREMONT, p. v., Obion county, Tenn. : 152 m. W. Nashville. FREMONT, p. v., Mahaska co., la. : on the highland be tween Big Cedar cr. and the S. fork of Skunk r., 57 m. S. "W. Iowa City. FREMONT, p. v., Tolo co., Calif. : on the W. side of Sacra mento r., opposite the mouth of Feather r., 62 m. N. E. Yallejo. FREMONT, p. v., and cap. Sandusky county, Ohio : on the W. bank of Sandusky r., 96 m. N. by W. Columbus. To this point the r. is navigated by small steamers. The v. contains the court-house, etc., several warehouses, stores, and mechanic shops, and about 1,492 inhabitants. It ia built on the site of old Fort Stonington. The Cleveland, Nor- walk, and Toledo E. E. intersects this place. FREMONT, p. o., Itawamba county, Miss. : 172 m. N. E. Jackson. FREMONT, p. v., and cap. Cedar co., Mo. : on an elevated site between Cedar creek and Sac river, 10S m. S. W. Jefferson City. FREMONT, p. o., Sullivan county, N. Y. : 87 m. S. "W- Albany. FREMONT, p. v., Shiawassee county, Midi. : 23 m. N. E. Lansing. FREMONT, p. o., Brown county, Wise. : 118 N. N. E. Madison. FRENCH BROAD, p. o., Buncombe co., N. Car. : on French Broad cr., 228 m. W. Ealeigh. FRENCH BROAD river, A 7 ] Car. and Tenn. : a constituent of Tennessee r. It rises by numerous head branches from the declivities of the Blue Eidge in Buncombe co., N. Car., and passing through a gap in the Stoney Mountains, enters Tennessee, and unites with Holston r., about 5 m. above Knoxville. It is navigable for boats of 15 tons to Dandridge. Its chief branches are the Nolichucky r. in the N., and Big and Little Pidgeon rivers in the S. FRENCH CAMP, p. o., Choctaw co., Miss. : 74 m. N. N. E. Jackson. FRENCH CREEK, p. o., Knox county, HI. : on the cr. so called, 79 m. N. N. W. Springfield. FRENCH CREEK, t. and p. v., Chautauque county, N. T. : the southernmost t. of the State, 298 m. W. S. W. Albany. Drained by French creek. Surface hilly ; soil moist sandy loam. The v. is located on the cr. near the centre, and contains about 20 dwellings. In the t. there are several mills. Pop. 725. FRENCH CREEK, t. and p. o., Mercer co., Penn. : IS W. N.W. Harrisburg. Drained by tributaries of Alleghany river, one of which, named as above, passes through the N. E. part of the t. Surface level ; soil clay and loam, of moderate fertility. It has several tanneries and mills, and 1,126 inhabitants. FRENCH CREEK, p. o., Lewis co., Virg. : on a cr. of the E. fork of Monongahela r., 176 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. This is an agricultural settlement, chieflv of New England people, and contains about 80 scattered dwellings, various mechanic shops, etc. FRENCH creek, ft Y. and Penn. : rises in Chautauque co., New York, and passes into Pennsylvania through Erie, Crawford, and Mercer counties into Tenango co., In which last it joins the Alleghany r. at the borough of Franklin, FRE FUL after a course of about 100 miles, for one half of which dis tance it is beatable. FRENCH GBANT, p. o., Scioto co., Ohio : on the S. E. part Of the co., near Ohio r., 95 m. S. by E. Columbus. FRENCH GROVE, p. o., Bureau co., III. : on a branch of Spoon r., 103 m. N. by W. Springfield. French Grove con tains much flno timber, surrounded by rich rolling prairies. FRENCH ISLAND, p. v., Spencer co., Ind. : on the Ohio r., at the head of French Island, 131 m. S. by "W. Indianapolis. It is a small v. of some 10 or 12 dwellings. FRENCH LICK, p. o., Orange co., 2nd. : 79 m. S. S. "W. Indianapolis. FRENCHMAN S bay, Me. : this important arm of the Atlan tic is bounded "W. by Baker s, one of the Cranberry islands, and E. by a peninsula of the mainland, on the W. side of which is Musquito Harbor. The distance from Baker s Island to Skuttock Point is 10 m., and its depth is 20 m. It receives many valuable streams, and contains a number of excellent harbors and beautiful islands. It is easy of access, never obstructed by ice, and is one of the best re treats in a storm on the American coast. FKEXCH MOUNTAIN, p. o., Warren county, 2f. Y.: 63 m. N. N. W. Albany. FRENCH S CORNER, p. o., Kennebec co., Me. FRENCH S MILLS, p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : 118 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. FREXCHTON, p. v., Lewis co., Virg. : 174 m. W. N. W. Richmond. FRENCHTOWN, p. o., Ilunterdon county, .A 7 ". Jer. : 29 m. N. by W. Trenton. FRENCH VILLAGE, p. v., St. Clair co., Itt. : about C m. E. Jllinoistown, and S)0 m. S. by W. Springfield. FRBNOTIVILLE, p. v., Clearfleld co., Penn. : 108 m. N. W. Harrisburg. FftuwsBURGH, p. v., Chautauque co., N. Y.: on the E. aide of Conewango cr., 274 m. "W. S. W. Albany. FRKYSBUSH, p. o., Montgomery co., N. Y. : 47 m.W. N.W. Albany. FRIAR S POINT, p. o., Coahoma co., Miss. : 138 m. N. byW. Jackson. FRICK S GAP, p. o., Walker county, Ga. : 187 m. N. W. Milledgeville. FRIBDENSVILLE, p. v., Lehigh co., Penn. : 77 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. FRIHNDFIELD, p. o., Marion disL, S. Car. : 97 m. E. N. E. Columbia. FRIKND S, p. o., Chautauque co., N. Y. FRIEND S GROVE, p. o., Charlotte co., Virg. : 74 m.W. S.W. Richmond. FRIENDSHIP, p. v., Sumpter county, Ga. : 97 m. 3 W Milledgeville. FRIE NDSUIP, p. o., M Donough co., III. : 72 m. W. N. W. Springfield. FRIENDSHIP, p. v., Anne Arundel co., J/<7. FRIENDSHIP, p. v., Fond du Lac co., Wise. : 61 m. N. E. Madison. K.:II:M.SHIP, t. and p. o., Lincoln co., Me.: 36 m. S. E. Augusta. Muscongar Bay bounds it on the W., and the Atlantic on the S., giving it considerable trading facilities. Several islands, off the coast, are included in the town. The village lies on a small estuary in the S. E., and con tains about 20 dwellings. Pop. of t.652. FRIENDSHIP, p. v., Guilford co., N. Car. : 78 m. W. N.W. Raleigh. FRIENDSHIP, t. and p. v., Alleghany county, 2f. Y. : 218 m. "W. by S. Albany. Drained by Campan s cr. of Genesee r. Surface undulating; soil, argillaceous mold. The village^ on the line of the New York and Erie E. R., is a nourishing place of some 500 inhabitants. Pop. of t.l,C25. FRIENDSHIP, p. v., Sumter district, S. Car. : 67 m. E. S. E. Columbia. FIUEXDSUIP, p. o., Franklin co., Miss. : 73 m. S. S. W. Jackson. FRIENDSHIP, p. o., Dyer co., Tenn. : 142 m.W. Nashville. FRIENDSHIP, p. o., Scioto co., Ohio : 86 m. S. Columbus. FRIENDSVILLE, p. v., Wabash county, III. : 133 m. S. E. Springfield. FRIENDSVILLE, p. v., Blount county, Tenn. : 168 m. E. S. E. Nashville. FRIENDSVII.LE, p. v., Susquehanna county, Penn. : 122 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. FKISBIE S MILLS, p. o., Warrick county, Ind. : on Little Pidgeon river, about 4 m. from its mouth, 136 m. S. by W. Indianapolis. FROG LEVEL, p. o., Newberry dist, S. Car. FRONTERA, p. v., Socorro co., Jf. Mex. FRONTIER, p. o., Clinton co., N. Y. : 154 m. N. Albany. FRONT EOYAL, p. v., and cap. Warren co., Virg. : on Happy cr. of the Shenandoah r., about 1 m. from its mouth. It is the present terminus of the Manassas Gap E. E., which, however, it is intended to- extend to Harrisburg, in Eock- ingham co. It is a pleasantly situated village, and contains a court-house and other co. buildings, 2 churches, several stores and mechanic shops, mills, etc., and about 504 in habitants. FROSTBURGH, p. v., Alleghany co., Md. : on the National Eoad, 10 m. W r . Cumberland, and 156 m. W. N. W. Anna polis. A railroad extends hence to Cumberland, which is chiefly used for the conveyance of the coal and iron of the Frostburg mining district to that point. Frostburg is one of the most elevated villages in the Union, being, according to Schriver, 1,792 feet above the level of Chesapeake Bay. It is the centre of a vast mining region. FROZEN CREEK, p. o., Breathitt co., Ky. : 102 m. S. E. Frankfort. FRUIT HILL, p. o., Christian co., Ey. : 152 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. FRUIT HILL, p. o., Yigo co., Ind. : 78 m.W. Indianapolis. FRUIT HILL, p. o., Clearfield co., Penn. : 112 m. N. W. Harrisburg. FRUIT HILL, p. o., Edgefield dist., S. Car. : 67 m.W. by S. Columbia. FRUIT HILLS, p. v., Warren county, Ohio : 86 m. S. W. Columbus. The " Eegenerator," a monthly periodical, is issued at this place. FRYBURGH, p. v., Auglaize county, Ohio : 78 m. N. W. Columbus. FRYEBUBGH, t. and p. v., Oxford co., Me. : 63 m.W. S.W. Augusta. Drained by the Saco r., which passes through it. Surface varied ; soil is generally light, but on the river very fertile. The village, on the E. side of Saco r., is situate on a beautiful plain surrounded by hills, and near it is "Lovell s Pond," celebrated in Indian warfare. Pop. 1,524. FRYER S BRIDGE, p. o., Pike co., Ala. : 49 m. S. by E. Montgomery. FRYER S PONDS, p. o., Burko county, Ga. : 86 m. E. Milledgeville. FULDO, p. v., Spencer county, Ind. : 122 m. S. by W. Indianapolis. FULLER S POINT, p. v., Coles co., III. : 75 m. E. by S. Springfield. FULLERSVILLE IRON WORKS, p. o., St. Lawrence county, If. Y.: on a branch of Oswegatchie r., 131 m. N. W. Albany. The works here are extensive, and the village contains about 400 inhabitants. FTTLTON county, Ark. Situate N. middle, and contains 828 sq. m. Drained in the E. by the forks of Spring and Strawberry rivers, affluents of Big Black r., and in the W. by a large branch of White r. Surface diversified in some parts broken ; soils generally fertile. The streams afford many fine mill sites, and White r. is here navigable for boats of large size. Farms 220 ; manuf. ; dwell. 283, and pop. wh. 1,768, fr. col. 1, si. 50 total 1,819. Capital Pilot Hill. FULTON county, III. Situate toward the W. centrally, and contains S64 sq. m. Drained by Spoon r., Copperas 285 FUL FUN cr., and other affluents of Illinois r., which makes its E. and S. E. boundary. Surface undulating, and consisting of ! prairie and timber in about equal proportions ; soil, a deep black mold, very fertile. Iron ore is abundant and has been successfully worked. Farms 1,942 ; manuf. 104 ; dwell. 3,811, and pop. wh. 22,492, fr. col. 16 total 22,508. Capital : Lewistown. FULTON county, Ind. Situate N. centre, and contains 357 sq. m. Drained by the tributaries of the Tippecanoe, near which there is some hilly land, otherwise the surface is level or gently undulating. In the N. E. and E. there are dense forests in other parts prairies or barrens, with occasional groves. The timber lands are the best, being a deep black mold. Iron ore is abundant. Farms 777; manuf. 13; dwell. 1,085, and pop. wh. 5,980, fr. col. 2 total 5,952. Ciqrital: Rochester. FULTON county, Ky. Situate in S. "W. corner of the State, and contains ISO sq. m. Drained principally by Bayou Desha cr., and is bounded on the W. and N. W. by the Mississippi r. Surface generally level ; soil rich and pro ductive. In the W. part of the county there are several small lakes, which have their outlets into the Mississippi. The agricultural products are, tobacco, the cereals, and some cotton. Farms 361 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 586, and pop. wh. 3,499, fr. col. 4, si. 943 total 4,446. Capital : Hickman. Public Works : Mobile and Ohio E. E. FULTON county, N. Y. Situate N. E. centrally, and con tains 500 sq. m. Drained by Sacandaga r. and East Can ada cr. Surface hilly, approaching to mountain : soils of the valleys very fertile. Farms 1,861; manuf. 288; dwell. 3,736, and pop. wh. 20,079, fr. col. 92 total 20,171. Cap ital: Johnstown. Public Works: Utica and Sehenec- tady E. E. ; also Saratoga and Sackett s Harbor E. E. (pro jected), etc. FULTON county, Ohio. Situate N. "W., and contains 432 sq. m. Drained chiefly by Tiffin r. and a number of other smaller tributaries of Maumee r. Surface moderately un even and soils rich and fertile. Farms 826 ; manuf. 32 ; dwell. 1,355, and pop. wh. 7,780 fr. col. 1 total 7,781. Capital: Dover. Public Works: Fort Wayne, Perrys- burg, and Sandusky E. E., etc. FULTON county, Penn. Situate S., and contains 4SO sq. m. Drained by affluents of the Potomac and Juniata rivers. Surface hilly, with fertile and extensive valleys. It is a fine grain and grazing country, and exports largely of its produce. It also yields iron, bituminous coal, potters clay, etc. Farms 531 ; manuf. 49 ; dwell. 1,333, and pop. wh. 7,474, fr. col. 93 total 7,667. Capital : Harrisonville. FULTON, p. v., Hempstead co., Ark. : on the N. side of Eed r., about 3 m. E. of the confluence of Saline Bayou, S3 m. S. "W Little Eock. FULTON, p. v., "VVhitesides co., III. : on the E. side of Mississippi r., 144 m. N. by W. Springfield. FULTON, p. v., and cap. Itawamba co., Miss. : on the E. side of the E. fork of Tombigbee r., 168 m. N. E. Jackson. It contains a court-house and 220 inhabitants. FULTON, p. v., Barry co., Mich. : 42 m. W. by S. Lansing. FULTON, p. v., and cap. Callaway co., Mo. : on Aux Vases r. of Missouri r., 26 m. N. E. Jefferson City. It contains a court-house and other county buildings, several stores, and about 600 inhabitants, with a thickly populated neighbor hood. A weekly newspaper, the "Missouri Telegraph," is published here. FULTON, p. o., Davie co., N. Car. : on the "W. side of Tadkin r., 93 m. W. by N. Ealeigh. FULTON, p. v., Oswego county, N. Y. : on the E. side of Oswego r., 139 m. W. N. W. Albany, and on the line of the Oswego Canal, 27 m. from Syracuse and 11 m. from Lake Ontario. The river here has a fall of 20 feet, which pro duces an immense hydraulic power, which propels several flour and other mills. The " F. Patriot" is issued weekly. It is a thriving and pleasant village, containing numerous stores and about 1,800 inhabitants. 236 FULTON, t. and p. v., Hamilton co., Ohio : 97 m. S. "W. Columbus. It extends along the Ohio r. 2} m., and back to the hill about half a mile, and is situate immediately above Cincinnati. The village, about a mile from the city, has extensive lumber yards, 11 steam saw mills, and 6 ship yards. As many as 40 to 50 steamboats are built here an nually, besides barges, ships, etc. It has also a dry dock. The Little Miami E. E. passes through its principal street. The whole town is a scene of industry, and as a suburb of Cincinnati, it is one of its most important satellites. Pop. of t in 1840, 1,506 ; in 1850, 3,225. FULTON, p. v., Westmoreland co., Penn. : 147 m. W, Harrisburg. Pop. 1,797. FULTON, p. v., Dallas co., Ala. : 39 m. W. Montgomery. FULTON, p. v., Sumter disk, S. Car. : on the E. side of Santee r., 37 m. S. E. Columbia. FULTON, p. v., Lauderdale co., Tenn.: on a bluff of the E. bank of Mississippi r., above the confluence of Big Hatchee r., 173- m. W. by S. Nashville. It has some river trade and about 40 dwellings. FULTON, t, and p. v., Eock county, Wise. : 42 m. S. E. Madison. Drained by Catfish and other affluents of Eock r., which winds through the town. The village is located at the confluence of Catfish and Eock rivers. Pop. S2S. FULTON, p. v., Fulton co., Ind. : on the Logansport and Eochester turnpike, SO m. N. Indianapolis. FULTON lakes, JV. Y. : a chain of 8 lakes, lying partly in Ilerkimer and partly in Hamilton counties. They are con nected by navigable outlets, forming the head branches of Moose r., which in Lewis county empties into Black river. FULTON CENTRE, p. v., Fulton co., III. : on the E. side of Spoon r., opposite the village of Bernadotte, 54 m. N. W. Springfield. FULTONHAM, p. v., Schoharie co., A T . Y. : on the W. side of Schoharie cr., 32 m. W. by S. Albany. FULTONIIAM, p. v., Muskingum co., 07iio : 56 m. E. Columbus. It has several manufacturing establishments and mechanic shops, and about 600 inhabitants. FULTONVILLB, p. v., Montgomery co., A r . Y. : on the S. bank of Mohawk r. and on the Erie Canal, 37 m. W. N. W. Albany. The river is here crossed by a bridge. The vil lage contains several stores and mechanic shops, a dry dock and boat-yard, and about 400 inhabitants ; and has a news paper, the "Montgomery Whig," which is issued weekly. It is situate almost opposite to Fonda, th,e county-seat of justice. FULWOOD S STORE, p. o., Union co., IT. Car. : 122 ro. W r . S. W. Ealeigh. FUNDY, bay of: this bay washes a part of the eastern shore of Maine, and is an important channel of commerce between the United States and British provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. It sets up round Cape Sable in lat. 430 24 N., and long. 65 39 W., and crosses to the shore of Maine a little W. of Frenchman s Bay, from the mouth of which to the cape is about 150 miles. From Eastport to St. John s, N. B., is 60 m., from St. John s to Annapolis 40 m., and from thence to Halifax, overland, about 70 m. The bay is divided near its head by Chig- necto Cape. The N. W^ part is called Chignecto Bay, and the S. E. the Basin of Mines. From Eastport to the head of Chignecto Bay is 170 m., to Windsor, at the head of the Basin of Mines, 150 m., and from Windsor to Halifax 45 m. The commerce of this bay is very considerable, and its fisheries are the most extensive and valuable in the world. The* tides are supposed to rise higher in the Bay of Fundy than in any other part of the world, and their elevation in creases in ascending ; at Eastport they rise 25 feet, at SL John s 30, at Cape Split 55, at Windsor 60, and at Cumber land 71. The islands within the bay are Grand Mi-nan, and a cluster of small islands round it off. West Quoddy Head, and Campo Bello, near Eastport, and others all be longing to the British. Isle de Haute contains beautiful specimens of asbestos. The rapidity of the tides, the al- PtfN GAL most persistent fogs, and the absence of good harbors be* twoen Eastport and St. John s, and from St. John s to Chig- necto Cape, render the navigation dangerous and difficult. The tides herald their approach by a roaring turmoil, and overwhelm in their course all opposition, the first tide wave being from 8 to 10 feet in height. The harbor of St. John s is of easy access, safe, and of sufficient expanse and depth for a large fleet. It is located at the outlet of the great river of the same name, in lat. 45 20 N., and long. 66 W. Its chief export is lumber, and of this material it supplies by far the greatest quantity received in England. FUNKSTOWN, p. v., Washington co., Md. ; on the E. bank of Antietam cr., 55 m. W. N. W. Annapolis. It is a con siderable village, and has 793 inhabitants. FURNACE, p. o., Erie co., Ohio. FURNACE, p. o.. Berks co., Penn. FURNACE VILLAGE, p. v., Litchfleld co., Conn. : on a creek of Salmon r., 44 m. W. by N. Hartford. Here are extensive smelting works, famous for the production of a a fine quality of iron. The ore is obtained from a bed in the W. part of the t, near the New York State line. G GABRIEL S CREEK, p. o., Yancey co., Ni Car. : 212 m. "W. Raleigh. GADDEYVILLE, p. v., Robeson co., 2f. Car. : 93 m. S. S.W. Ealeigh. GADDISTOW-N, p. v., Union co., Ga. : 133 in. N. by W. Milledgeville. GADFLY, p. o., Barry co., Mo. ; 14? m. S. W. Jefferson City. GADSDEN county, Flor. Situate centrally in W. District, and contains 1,150 sq. m. It extends from the Georgia line to the Gulf of Mexico, and is inclosed on the E. by Ock- lockony r., and in the W. chiefly by Appalachicola r. Dog Island, off the coast, belongs to this county. Surface gen erally low and level on the Appalachicola r. are hills or bluffs, and toward the S. the lands are somewhat marshy ; soils on the streams generally fertile, but in other parts there are extensive pine barrens and sandy wastes. Cotton, rice, sugar, and tobacco are grown. Farms 4S2 ; manuf. ; dwell. 6S4, and pop. wh. 3,900, fr. col. 4, si. 4,879 -total 8,783. Capital; Quincy. GADSDEN, p. v., Cherokee co., Ala. : 134 m. N. by E. Montgomery. GADSDEN, p. v., Eichland dist., S. Car. : on the N. E. side of Cedar er. of Congaree r., and on the line of the Colum bia Branch K. R., 19 m. S. E. Columbia. GAGE S LAKE, p. o., Lake county, 111. : 192 m. N. E. Springfield. GAGE S POINT, p. o., St Francis co., Ark. : 91 m. E. N E Little Kock. GAJIANNA, p. v., Franklin co., Ohio. GAILKY S MILL, p. o., Hall co., Ga. : 97 m. N. by W. Milledgeville. GAIXF.R S STORE, p. o., Pike co., Ala.: about 4 m. E. Conecuh r. and 49 S. by E. Montgomery. GAIN KS, t. and p. v., Orleans co., A r . Y. : 224 m. "W. by N. Albany. Drained by branches of Oak Orchard cr. of Lake Ontario. Surface generally level ; soil, clayey loam, very fertile. The v. is situate on the Ridge Road, and contains about 600 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 2,722. The Erie Canal passes through the S. portion of this town. GAINES, t. and p. o., Tioga co., Perm. : 112 m. N. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by Pine cr., an affluent of the W. branch of Susquehanna r. Surface diversified by hills and valleys; soils of moderate fertility. It constitutes a fine grazing country and has abundance of timber. Pop. 531. GAINED BEND, p. o., Hawkins co., Tenn. : 216 m. E. by N. Nashville. GALKESBOROUGH, p. v., and cap. Jackson co., Tenn. : on the left bank of Cumberland r., 61 m. E. N. E. Nashville. It contains a court-house and other public buildings, and about 300 inhabitants. GAINESBOROUGH, p. v., Frederick co., Virg. : on a branch of Back cr. of Potomac r., 122 m. N, N. W. Richmond. It contains several mechanic shops and about 200 inhabitants. GAINES CROSS ROADS, p. o., Rappahannock co., Virg. : 84 m. N. N. W. Richmond. GAINES LANDING, p. o., Chicot CO., Ark. : 134 m. S. E. Little Rock. GAINESTOWIT, p. v., Clark county, Ala. : 106 m. S. "W. Montgomery. GAINESVILLE, p. v., Sumter co., Ala. : on the W. side of Little Tombigbee r., at the mouth of Okanoxubec r., 112 m. W. N, W. Montgomery. The " Republican Pilot and Sen tinel" (dem.) is published weekly. Pop. about 600. GAINESVILLE, p. v., and cap. Greene co., Ark. : about 17 m. W. of St. Francis r. and 137 m. N. E. Little Rock. It is situate in the midst of a fine prairie country, and has a court-house, jail, etc., and about 200 inhabitants. GAINESVILLE, p. v., and cap. Hall co., Ga. : on the left side and 3 m. E. of Chattahoochee r., 92 m. N. N. W. Mil ledgeville. It has a court-house, jail, etc., and has several stores and mechanic shops, with about 300 inhabitants. GAINESVILLE, p. v., Hancock co., Miss. : 129 in. S. S. E. Jackson. It is a flourishing village, and has a newspaper, the " Pine Knot" (disunion), a weekly issue. GAINESVILLE, t. and p. v., Wyoming co., 2f. Y. : 218 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by Allen s and other creeks of Genesee r. Surface undulating, sometimes hilly ; soil, clayey loam, and fertile, well adapted to grazing. The v., in the centre, contains several stores and about 45 dwell ings. Pop. of t. 2,668. The Buffalo and New York City R. R. crosses the t. in the N. E., 38 m. from Horaellsville. GAINESVILLE, p. v., Allan county, Ky. : 124 m. S. W Frankfort. GALENA, p. v., Floyd co., Ind. : on a branch of Indian cr., 96 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. GALENA, p. city, and cap. Jo Daviess co., III. : on both sides of Fever (properly Feve or Bean, or, as some have it, Fevre, from a settler named Le Fevre) r., 6 m. from the Mississippi r., and 183 m. N. by W. Springfield. It is the metropolis of the great lead region of northern Illinois and the commercial depdt of an extensive and fine country, the river being navigable to this point for the largest river steamers at all seasons. Its trade extends to all the towns on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. The two parts of the city (the most densely populated part being on the W. side of the river), are connected by bridges ; it contains a court house, jail, and other county buildings, several churches and schools, and has extensive manufactures, chiefly con sisting of such as are incident to the peculiar business of the place. Large quantities of copper are also smelted here, and there are numerous flour and saw mills. In 1S51 it exported 83,082,190 Ibs. of lead, valued at $1,417,851, and among its other principal exports were flour, 39,335 barrels ; barley, 42,731 bushels; pork, 3,185 barrels; lard, 125,000 pounds; bacon, 812,563 pounds; butter, 87,618 pounds; eggs, 22,880 dozen; hides and skins, 9,826; horses, 800; cattle, 1,500, etc., etc. It is also a great lumber market in the same year it received 5,085,684 feet lumber, 2,470,500 shingles, and timber and wood of other descriptions. Ga lena has two daily papers, the " North- Western Gazette" (whig), and the "G. Jeffersonian (dem.) the first named has also tri-weekly and weekly issues, and the latter a weekly edition. The city was first settled in 1826, and was then an outpost of the wilderness, 300 m. from the settle ments. In 1840 it had 1,843 inhabitants, and in 1850 its population numbered about 6,500, with a densely settled vicinity. The Galena Branch of the Illinois Central R. R. passes through the city, and the Galena and Chicago Union R. R., gives it access to the lake ports and roads leading eastward. GAL GAL GALENA, p. v., Delaware co., Ohio : on Big Walnut cr. 18 m. N. N. E. Columbus. GALES, p. Y., Sullivan county, N. Y. : 83 m. S. S. W. Albany. GALESBURGH, p. v., Knox co., III. : 86 m. N. N. W. Springfield. It is the seat of Knox College, founded in 1S37, and which, in 1850, had 5 professors, 25 alumni, and 49 students ; and a library of 2,470 volumes. The v. con tains several stores and about 600 inhabitants, and here are published two newspapers, the " G. News Letter" and the " North-Western Gazetteer," both weekly issues. The Cen tral Military Track E. E. will here form a junction with the Aurora Extension E. E. ; and the Peoria and Oquaka E. E. will intersect the former a little S. of the v. these, together, forming direct communication between Chicago and two points on the Mississippi river. GALESBURGH, p. v., Kalamazoo co., Mich. : on the N. side of Kalamazoo r., 52 m. S. W. Lansing. It is a thriving v., and has numerous mills and stores. The Michigan Central E. E. intersects it 134 m. W. from Detroit. GALE S FERRY, p. o., New London co., Conn. GALESVILLE, p. v., Washington co., Jf. Y. : about a mile S. of Battenkill and 31 m. N. N. E. Albany. GALION, p. v., Crawford co., Ohio : on the W. branch of Whetstone r., 54 m. N. N. E. Columbus. It is a thriving village and an important railroad station on the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati E. E., 79 m. from Cleveland and 176 m. from Cincinnati. Here also will be the E. terminus of the Bellefontaine and Indiana E. E. GALLAGHERVILLE, p. v., Chester co., Penn. : on the line of the Philadelphia and Columbia E. E., 72 m. E. by S. from Harrisburg. GALLATIA, p. v., Gallatin county, III. : 162 m. S. S. E. Springfield. GALLATIN county, III. Situate S. E., and contains 824 sq. m. Drained by Saline cr. and its tributaries. The Wa- bash and Ohio rivers bound it on the E., and above the mouth of the first mentioned there is a large island formed by the bifurcation of the stream. Surface undulating and chiefly prairie, with some swamps in the eastern section ; soil chiefly sandy, resting on slate ; and there are several salt springs. Farms 570 ; manuf. 17; dwell. 1,000, and pop. wh. 6,109, fr. col. 339 total 5,448. Capital : Equality. Public Works : Alton and Nashville E. E. (projected). GALLATIN county, Ky. Situate N. middle, and contains 152 sq. m. The Ohio r. makes its N. boundary, and Big Bone Lick on the N. E., and Eagle r., a branch of Ken tucky r., on the S. W., its boundaries in these directions. Surface undulating, and on the Ohio hilly; soils, fertile, producing good crops of the grains and tobacco. In every part of county fine timber is plentiful. Farms 414; manuf. 11 ; dwell. 747, and pop. wh. 4,399, fr. col. 34, si. 704 total 5,137. Capital: Warsaw. GALLATIN, p. v., Parke co., Ind. : on the S. side of Big Pidgeon cr., 56 m. W. S. W. Indianapolis. It has numer ous mills, and both up and down the stream mills of all descriptions are in full operation. GALLATIN, p. v., and cap. Copiah co., Miss. : on the right side of Bayou Pierre r., 34 m. S. S. W. Jackson. It has a court-house, etc., and about 400 inhabitants ; and here is published the "G. Argus," a weekly newspaper. The country around is noted as a fine cotton growing region. GALLATIN, p. v., and cap. Daviess co., Mo. : on the W. side of and 1 m. from the W. fork of Grand r. of the Mis souri, 137 m. N. W. Jefferson City. It has a court-house, etc., and about 300 inhabitants. GALLATIN, p. v., and cap. Sumner co., Tenn. : about 3 m. N. of Cumberland r., 23 m. N. E. Nashville. It contains a court-house, etc., several churches, academies, and semin aries, and about 1,200 inhabitants. A newspaper, the " Tenth Legion" (dem.), is issued weekly. GALLATIN river, N. W. Ter. : one of the head streams of the Missouri r., rising from the E. slope of the Kocky Mountains, near the sources of Yellow r. Its course is N., and uniting with Madison and Jefferson rivers, it constitutes the Missouri. GALLATINVILLE, p. v., Columbia co., JVI Y. : 42 m. S. by E. Albany. The t. of Gallatin is drained by Janscn s cr., is somewhat hilly, and has a soil of ordinary fertility ; its pop. in 1850 was 1,586. GALLIA county, Ohio. Situate S., and contains 520 sq. m. Drained by Eaccoon cr. and several smaller tributaries of the Ohio, which river washes its E. border. Surface gener ally hilly and broken, and the soil, excepting that of the Ohio bottoms, of inferior quality. The county was settled in 1790 by Frenchmen, and hence its name. Farms 1,190 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 2,975, and pop. wh. 15,865, fr. col. 1,198 total 17,063. Capital: Gallipolis. GALLIA FUBNACE, p. o., Gallia co., Ohio : 79 m. S. S. E. Columbus. GALLILEE, p. o., Wayne co., Penn. : 122 m. N. E. Har risburg. Originally a Moravian settlement. GALLIPOLIS, p. v., and cap. Gallia co., Ohio : on the right bank of Ohio r., 88 m. S. S. E. Columbus. The v. is pleas antly situate on a high bank, 10 or 12 feet above the great est floods ; it contains a court-house, jail, 4 churches, mills and factories, numerous mechanic shops and stores; and among its dwellings are many handsome brick buildings. It has considerable river trade, and is a forwarding point for a great deal of produce. Its pop. in 1850 was 1,686. Two newspapers are published here, the " G. Journal ? (whig), and the "Gallia Courier" (neutral), both weekly issues. The v. dates from 1810 : the t. was settled in 1791 by Frenchmen, many of whose descendants still reside here. Pop. of t. 2,226. GALLOWAY, p. v., La Salle co., III. : on the 8. W. side of Vermillion r. of the Illinois, 100 m. N. N. W. Springfield. GALLUPYILLE, p. v., Schoharie co., N. Y. : on a branch of Schoharie cr., 22 m. W. Albany. GALLY CREEK, p. o., Pope co., ArTc. : 76 m. W. N. W. Little Eock. GALTJM, p. o., Perry co., III. : on a cr. so called, 114 m. S. Springfield. GALVESTON county, Tex, Situate S. E., and contains 620 sq. m. This county consists of two portions mainland and insular. The mainland portion lies on the W. side of Galves- ton Bay, and is drained by Clear, Dickinson s, Highland, and other creeks running into it. The island of Galvcston is 36 m. long and about 2 m. wide, and lies opposite the main, from which it is separated by West Bay. No portion of the surface is more than 20 feet above the level of the Gulf of Mexico, and with the exception of several small groves of live oak, the whole is open prairie ; soils a black mold, resting on a layer of sand and comminuted shells, indicat ing the county to have been at no distant period the bed of the waters of the gulf. Farms 33 ; manuf. 33 ; dwell 727, and pop. wh. 3,785, fr. col. 30, si. 714 total 4,529. Cap ital : Galveston. Public Works : Several railroads are projected which will make Galveston their seaward ter minus. GALVESTON, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Galveston co., Tea: : near the E. end of Galveston Island, 200 m. E. S. E. Austin City. Lat. 29 16 37" N., and 94Q 49 41" W. It is the commercial emporium of Texas, and has the best and east difficult harbor on the whole coast. The clearances for foreign ports in 1S50 were 9 vessels (2,924 tone), and the entrances, 10 vessels (2,987 tons). The tonnage of the dis- rict was 3,309 tons, of which 416 tons were registered, and 874 tons sailed by steam-power. The great bulk of its com merce is coastwise with New Orleans and New York, and he former port is connected with it by regular steamship ines. Eailroads are now being built into the N. and N. W. interior, which will open up the country to settlement and a market. The city contains the court-house, a jail, and other co. buildings, several handsome churches, and many of the dwellings are elegant structures. It has numerous ware GAL GAR houses, wholesale and retail stores, and hotels ; and here are published four newspapers, the " G. News" (neutral), and the " Civilian and Gazette" (dem.), tri-weekly issues ; the " G. Journal" (whig), a semi-weekly ; and the " G. Zei- tung" (dem.), a weekly German paper. Galveston Island, on which the city stands, is about 36 m. long, with an av erage width of 2 m. The soil is good, being a black mold, about a foot deep, resting on sand and shells, and it has several ponds of good water. The air is cool and refresh ing, and hence it has become a summer resort for invalids. Immense beds of oysters are found near its "VV. shore, and large quantities of fish are caught on all sides ; wild geese, teal, brant, and other birds flock here to winter. This island was formerly a resort for pirates : the celebrated Lafitte had a fort here, the ruins of which are still seen about 2 m. from its E. extremity on the W. shore. It is now in a state of ex cellent cultivation, and the residence of many wealthy farm ers. The population of the city is now about 4,167. GALWAY, t. and p. o., Saratoga co., N. Y. : 29 m. N. W. Albany. Drained by creeks flowing to the Mohawk and the Hudson. Surface undulating in parts hilly; soil clayey loam, and well cultivated. The v. is a small central settle ment. The t. has numerous manufacturing establishments, fulling mills, woolen factories, tanneries, and grist and saw mills ; also several stores. Pop. 2,158. GAMBIER, p. v., Knox co., Ohio : on the N. side of Vernon r., 42 m. N. E. Columbus. It is situate on a high and level ridge, encompassed on three sides by the river. It was laid out in 1S26 in the centre of a tract of 4,000 acres belonging to Kenyon College, and was named after Lord Gambier, a prominent patron of that institution. It is now a flourishing v., but still derives its importance from the College. The buildings of Kenyon College are four in number, the prin cipal building being an elegant Gothic edifice, of hewn stone, 190 feet long and four stories high. It was founded in 1S26. by funds obtained in England, and is under the direction of the Episcopalians. In 1850 it had a president and five professors, 60 alumni, and 50 students, and its library contained 7,000 volumes. The theological depart ment was founded in 182S, and has four professors and a library of 4,800 volumes. Here are published the " Western Episcopalian," a monthly religious periodical ; the " Phys- ico-Medieal Journal," a semi-monthly, and the " Universalist Advocate," also a semi-monthly. The population of the v. numbers between 400 and 500 souls. GAMBLE, p. o., Jefferson co., Ga. : 63 m. E. Milledgeville. GAMBLE S, p. o., Alleghany county, Penn. : 158 m. W. Harrisburg. GANGES, p. o., Eichland county, Ohio : on the S. side of Black Fork of Walhonding r., 74 m. N. N. E. Columbus. GANSEVOORT, p. Y., Saratoga county, H. Y. : 36 ra. N. by E. Albany. It is a station on the Saratoga and Washington E. E. GAP, p. o., Walker county, Ala. : 135 m. N. N. W. Montgomery. GAP, p. o., Lancaster co., Penn, : at the E. fork of Mine Eidge, 51 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. GAP CIVIL, p. o., Ashe co., 2f. Car. : 132 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. GAP CREEK, p. o., Knox co., Tenn. : 168 m. E. Nashville. GAP GROVE, p. o., Jo Daviess co., III. : 156 m. N. by W. Springfield. GAP MILLS, p. o., Baltimore co., Met. GAP MILLS, p. o., Monroe co., Virg. : 187 m.W. Eichmond. GARDEN GROVE, p. o., Decatur co., la. : 126 m. W. S. W. Iowa City. GARDKN PLAIN, p. o.,Whitesides co., III. : 143 m. N. by W. Springfield. GARDINER, t. and p. v., Kennebec co., Me. : on the W. side of Kennebec r., 12 m. S. by E. Augusta. The Cobbes- secontee waters here enters the Kennebec and produces a water-power of great usefulness and extent. The mills here in operation are numerous, ; and supply immense quantities of sawn lumber for export. The village lies on the Kennebec, the site rising gently from the river, on the edge of which is the business portion. The " Kennebec Transcript" is published semi-weekly. In the v. are nu merous well-built dwellings, a lyceum, several churches, with stores, mechanic shops, etc. Large vessels come up to this point to load, and steamboats, plying on the river, call regularly. The Kennebec and Portland E. E. passes through, touching the v. 7 m. from Augusta, and 53 from Portland. Pop. in 1S40, 5,042 ; in 1850, 6,486. GARDINER S bay, JW. Y. : at the E. end of Long Island. It is a considerable body of water, of a somewhat circular shape, 8 m. in mean diameter, situate between the main land and Gardiner s Island. GARDINER S island, Suffolk co., N. Y. : off the E. end of Long Island, from which it is distant some 3 or 4 m. It is about 6 m. long, and averages 2 m. wide, forming the E. boundary of Gardiner s Bay. Gardiner s Point is a long neck of land, projecting N. This island was settled in 1639 by Lyon Gardiner, a Scotchman ; his descendants still own and occupy it. GARDNER, t. and p. v., Worcester county, Mass. : 50 m, W. N. W. Boston. Drained by branches of Miller s river, which afford water-power. Surface uneven ; soil of average quality. The v. is on the Vermont and Massachusetts E. E. There are considerable manufactures in the town. Popu lation 1,422. GARDNER, p. v., Morgan courily, Ohio : 67 m. E. S. E. Columbus. GARDNER S BRIDGE, p. o., Martin county, N. Car. : 92 m, E. S. E. Ealeigh. GARDNER S MILLS, p. o., St. Clair county, Mo. : 97 m. W. S. W. Jefferson City. GARDNERSVILLE, p. v., Schoharie co., N. Y. : on Cobble* skill cr., 44 m. W. Albany. GAREY B FERRY, p. o., Duvall co., Flor. : 126 m. E. by S. Tallahassee. GARLAND, t. and p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : 63 m. N. N. E, Augusta. Drained by the head branches of Kenduskeag r. Surface varied ; soil fertile, and adapted to grain. The v. lies in the centre. Pop. of 1. 1,200. GARLAND S, p. o., Albemarle co., Virg. : 72 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. GAKLANDVTLLE, p. v., Jasper co., Miss. : at the head of Tallahala cr., 61 m. E. by S. Jackson. GARMON S MILLS, p. o., Cabarras co., N. Car.: 104 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. GARNER S FORD, p. o., Cleveland co., N. Car. : 159 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. GARNETSVILLE, p. v., Mead co., Ky. : on the S. bank of the Ohio r., 67 m. W. by S. Frankfort. GAROGA, p. v., Fulton co., N. Y. : on Caroga cr. of Mo hawk r., 46 m. W. N. W. Albany. GARRARD county, Ky. Situate centrally, and contains 312 sq. m. Drained by Paint Lick, Back, and Sugar creeks, and Dick s r., all affluents of Kentucky r., which makes its N. boundary. Surface varied ; soil very fertile. The principal productions are corn and tobacco. Farms 666 ; manuf. 21 ; dwell. 1,285, and pop. wh. 7,036, fr. col. 25, si. 3,176 total 10,237. Capital : Lancaster. Public Works: Lexington and Huntsville E. E. GARRATTSVILLE, p. v., Otsego co., 2f. Y. : on a branch of Unadilla r., 72 m. W. Albany. GARRETTSBUBGH, p. v., Christian co., Ky. : 180 m.W. S W Frankfort. GARRETTSVILLE, p. v., Portage co., Ohio : 132 m. N. E, Columbus. GARRETTSVILLE, p. v., Lycoming county, Penn. : 82 m. N. N. W. Harrisburg. GARRISON S, p. o., Putnam county, JVI Y. : on the line of the Hudson Eiver E. E,, 82 m. S. Albany. GARRISOHVILLE, p. v., Stafford county, Virg. : 59 m. N. Eichmond, GAR GEN GARRY OWBN, p. o., Jackson county, la, : 60 m. N. E. Iowa City. GARYSBtrRGH, p. v., Northampton co., 2f. Car.: at the junction of the Petersburg E. E., and the Seaboard and Koanoke R. E., 74m.N. E. Raleigh. GARYSVILLE, p. v., Prince George co., Virg. : on a cr. of James r., 87 m. S. E. Richmond. GASCONADE county, Mo. Situate E. of centre, and con tains 539 sq. m. Drained by Bourbeuse cr. of the Missis sippi r. and Gasconade r., an affluent of the Missouri r., which forms its N. line. Surface much broken, and soil, especially on the rivers, very fertile. It abounds in mineral wealth, iron ore, saltpetre and sulphur being everywhere found, and limestone plenty. Corn is the agricultural staple. Farms 553 ; manuf. 16 ; dwell. 950, and pop. wh. 4,SS4, fr. col. 0, si. 112 total 4,996. Capital: Hermann. Pub lic Works : Pacific R. R. GASCONADE river, Mo. : rises in the S. parts of Texas and "Wright counties by numerous head branches from the watershed dividing the streams flowing S. to White r., and those flowing N. to Missouri r. Its principal constituents are Piney, Eobideaux, and Osage forks, all of which rise from the same highland. The length of the river is about 140 m., through all which it affords immense water-power* and passes through a rich mineral country to the Missouri, which it enters about 100 m. from its mouth. GAS FACTORY, p. o., Lincoln co., Tenn. : 69 m. S. by E. Nashville. GASTON county, N. Oar. Situate S., and contains 308 sq. m. Drained by numerous affluents of the Catawba r., which forms its E. boundary. Surface moderately uneven ; soil good. Cotton is tho staple, though considerable wheat is grown. Farms 724 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 1,072, and pop. wh. 5,928, fr. col. 33, si. 2,112 total 8,073. Capital : Dallas. Public Works : Charlotte and South Carolina E. E. GASTON, p. v., Sumter co.,Ala. : on Kintabish cr. of Tom- bigbee r., 110 m. W. Montgomery. GASTON, p. v., Northampton co., W. Car. : on the N. side of Eoanoke r., 66 m. N. E. Raleigh. The Greenville and Eoanoke E. E., and the Gaston and Raleigh E. E. connect at this point. GASTON, p. v., Atchison county, Mo. : 218 m. N. "W. Jefferson City. GATES county, If". Car. Situate N. E., and contains 313 sq. m. Drained by Cole s and other creeks, affluents of Chowan r., its "W. boundary. Surface level, and soil pro ductive and well-wooded. Cotton, corn, and potatoes are the leading products. Farms 490 ; manuf. 22 ; dwell. 8SO, and pop. wh. 4,158, fr. col. 397, si. 3,571 total 8,426. Cap ital: Gatesville. GATES, t. and p. o., Monroe co., J7. Y. : 196 m. "W. N. W. Albany. The Genesee r. makes its E. border. Surface un dulating ; soil gravelly, sandy, and clayey loam. It is a fine farming district, and has several manufactures, mills, etc. The t. is traversed by the railroads and canals leaving Rochester westward. Pop 2,005; GATES, p. o., Newton co., Mo. : on the S. line of the co., 178 m. S. W. Jefferson City. GATE S MILLS, p. v., Cuyahoga county, Ohio : on Chagrin river, 133 m. N. N. E. Columbus. GATESTTLLE, p. v., and cap. Gates cq., Jf. Car. : on Ben nett s cr. of Chowan r., 113 m. N. E. Raleigh. It contains a court-house, several mechanic shops, and about 150 inhab itants. GATJLET BRIDGE, p. v., Fayette co., Virg. : at the falls of Great Kanawha r., near the mouth of Gauley r., 213 m. W. N. W. Richmond. The river is here 500 feet wide, and has a perpendicular fall of 22 feet. Navigation here ceases. The v. has several flour and saw mills, stores, etc., and about 300 inhabitants. GAULEY river, Virg. : a tributary of Great Kanawha r. It rises from the Greenbrier Mountains, in Pocahontas co., and flows W. into Nicholas co., where it empties into the Great Kanawha, a little above the falls. Its course is through a rich agricultural region. GAVERS, p. o., Columbiana co., Ohio. GAYIIEAD, p. o., Greene co., J7. Y. : 36 m. S.W. Albany. GAT HILL, p. o., Washington county, Tew. : 68 m. E. Austin City. GAYLERSVILLE, p. v., Cherokee co., Ala. : on a branch of Little Will s creek, of Coosa river, 136 m. N. N. E. Montgomery. GAYLORD S BRIDGE, p. v., Litchfield co., Conn. : on the Housatonic r. and E. E., 44 m. W. by S. Hartford, and 42 m. from Bridgeport. GAYSVILLE, p. v., Windsor co., Verm. : on White r., 34 m. S. by W. Montpelier. GEARSVILLE, p. v., White county, Tenn. : 82 m. E. S. E. Nashville. GEAUGA county, Ohio. Situate N. E., and contains 594 sq. m. Drained by the heads of Cuyahoga and Chagrin rivers, which empty through Lake county into Lake Erie. Surface diversified ; soils of good fertility, and timber abundant. Iron ore of a fine quality is found in this part of the State. Farms 1,006 ; manuf. 86 ; dwell. 3,240, and pop. wh. 17,827, fr. col. total 17,827. Capital : Chardon. GEBIIART S, p. o., Somerset county, Penn. : 117 m. W. Ilarrisburg. GEDDES, p. v., Onondaga co., N. Y.:&i the S. W. end of Onondaga Lake, immediately W. of Syracuse. The v. is chiefly engaged in the manufacture of salt, of which, for the year ending 31st Dec., 1850, 259,448 bushels were produced, Tiz., 26,718 bushels coarse, and 232,710 bushels fine salt. The Syracuse and Oswego R. E., and the Syracuse and Eochester E. R. pass through the village. Pop. about 800. GEIGER S MILLS, p. o., Berks county, Penn. : 62 m. E. Ilarrisburg. GENEGANTSLET, p. o., Chenango county, N. Y. : 105 m. W. S. W. Albany. GENERAL WAYNE, p. o., Montgomery co., Penn. GENESEE county, Mich. Situate centrally, and contains 720 sq. m. Drained by numerous branches of Flint r., which runs through the middle, and empties through Saginaw r. and bay into Lake Huron. Surface rolling ; soil well adap ted for grain and grass. On Flint r. very fine pine timber is abundant, and the county is well furnished with water- power. Farms 1,255; manuf. 33; dwell. 2,257, and pop. wh. 12,003 fr. col. 28 total 12,031. Capital : Flint. GEXESEE county, N. Y. Situate W., and contains 473 sq. m. The surface level or gently undulating, and the soils chiefly sandy or gravelly loam, very fertile, and adapted equally to grass and to grain. Drained by Allen s, Black, and Tonawanda creeks. Iron ore, water-lime, and salt springs are found. Farms 2.574 ; manuf. 199 ; dwell. 5,014, and pop. wh. 28,416, fr. col. 72 total 28,488. Capital: Batavia. PulUc Works : Buffalo and Eochester E. E. ; Canandaigua and Niagara Falls E. E. ; Buffalo and New York City E. E.; Buffalo and New York E. R.; Batavia and Attica Branch E. E. GENESEE, t. and p. v., Genesee co., Mich. : 52 m. E. N. E. Lansing. Drained by Flint r. The v. is the seat of a U.S. land office. Pop. of 1. 1,076. GENESEE, t. and p. v., Waukesha co., Wise. : 57 m. E. by S. Lansing. Drained by affluents of Milwaukie r. The Mil- waukie and Mississippi E. E. passes through the town 23 m. W. from Milwaukie. Pop. 1,290. GENESEE FORK, p. o., Potter co., Penn. : 133 m. N. N."W. Harrisburg. GENESEE GROVE, p. o., Whitesides co., %ll. : 143 m. N. Springfield. GENESEE river, JV. Y. : an affluent of Lake Ontario. 1 rises in Potter co., Penn., and passing into the State of New York, pursues a northerly course to the lake. Its length is 145 m., of which 125 m. are in New York. At Eochester, within a distance of 3 m., it descends by several falls and rapids 226 feet, affording an immense water-power. It is GEN GEO navigable 4 m. to Carthage, and above the falls is beatable for 20 m. or more. The Genesee Valley Canal follows the course of this river, and is fed by it for a great distance. A railroad is also being constructed to follow in the same gen eral direction, and the valley is crossed at four points by railroads traversing in an east and west direction. In the L of Portage, Alleghany co., are three falls, one of 60, one of 90, and one of 110 feet, within a space of two miles, and along the river, for three miles, are perpendicular walls of stone, 400 feet high, to which depth it has worn a channel in the solid rock. At this point it is crossed by one of the most splendid viaducts in the Union, over which is carried the Buffalo and New York City K. R. The Valley of the Gen esee is the finest wheat country in the States, and is now thickly settled and in a high state of cultivation. GEXFSEO, p v., and cap. Henry co., III. : on a cr. of Green r., 116 m. N. N.W. Springfield. It has a court-house, etc., and about 200 inhabitants. The Chicago and Rock Island 11. K. will pass through this village. GENESEO, t., p. v., and cap. Livingston co., N. Y. : 202 m. W. Albany. Situate between Genesee r. and Conesus Lake, and drained by creeks flowing into them. Surface terraced and furrowed by valleys ; soil rich and fertile. The village, on an elevated table, about 1 m. E. of Genesee r., is well built, and has considerable trade. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., an academy (formerly Livingston County High School), numerous mechanic shops and stores, and about 1.700 inhabitants. The academy is a large three-story brick building. In this t. are situate the Wadsworth Farms, lo cated on the broad alluvial flats of the Genesee, and noted for their fertility and superior cultivation. Two newspapers, the "Livingston Republican" (whig), and the "Livingston Union" (whig), are issued weekly. Pop. of t. 2,953. GENEVA, p. v., Coffee county, Ala. : on Pea r., near its confluence with the Choctawhatchie river, 96 m. S. S. E. Montgomery. GENEVA, p. v., Ontario co., N. T. : on the N. W. corner of St-neca Lake, 159 m. W. by N. Albany. It is one of the most beautiful villages of the State. The principal street runs parallel with the lake shore at an elevation of 100 feet, and from many of its residences terraced gardens ex- j tend to the banks of the lake. It has some manufactures, but is chiefly known as the seat of Geneva College and its Medical School. The College was founded in 1823, and had in 1S50 5 professors, 131 alumni, and 42 students, with a library of 5,400 volumes. The Medical Institute, a depart ment of the College, was founded in 1835. and had 6 pro- I fessors, 98 graduates, and 60 students. Besides the College 1 libraries, there are two others in the village with cabinets of minerals, and ample supplies of philosophical apparatus. Three newspapers are published, viz., the " G. Courier" (whig), the " G. Gazette" (dem.), and the " Western Atlas" (dem.), all weekly issues. Pop. about 4,500. GENEVA, t. and p. v., Ashtabula co., Ohio : 162 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by creeks of Lake Erie, which makes its N. boundary. Surface level ; soil rich and deep. The v. lies on the line of the Cleveland, Painesville, and Ashtabula 11. R., 54 m. from Cleveland. Pop. of 1. 1,358. GUN-EVA, t. and p. o., Walworth co., Wise. : 58 m. S. E. Madison. Drained by creeks of Fox r. and by Duck Lake. The v. is located at the outlet of Geneva Lake, and has sev- cral mills, etc. Pop. of 1. 1,533. GENEVA, p. v., Kane co.,.7ZZ. : on the W. side of Fox r. of the Illinois, 157 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. It is a new and rapidly-improving v., and a point of commercial im portance, being the terminus of a branch of the Galena and Chicago Union K. R., 40 m. from Chicago. A newspaper, the " Western Mercury," is issued weekly. Pop. 911. < ! I.N I.VA BAY, p. o., Walworth co., Wine. : on a bay on the N. W. side of Geneva Lake, 56 m. S. E. Madison. GENOA, p. o., De Kalb co., III. : on Sycamore r., 164 m N. N. E. Springfield. GENOA, t and p. o., Livingston co., Mich. : 40 m. E. S. E. G2 Lansing. Drained by lakes and streams emptying into Huron river. Pop. of t.754. GENOA, p. v., Christian county, Ky. ; 172 m. W. S. W Frankfort. GENOA, p. v., Walworth co., Wise. : 58 m. S. E. Madison. GENOA, t. and p. v., Cayuga co., N. Y. : 143 m. W. Albany. Drained by Big Salmon cr. and its branches, and bounded W. by Cayuga Lake. The v. has several manufactures, etc., nd about 250 inhabitants. Pop. oft 2,5 j& GENOA CROSS ROADS, p. o., Delaware co., Ohio: 17 m. N. by E. Columbus. GENTRY county, Mo. Situate N. W., and contains 797 sq. m. Drained by Little Platte r., West Fork of Grand r., and their branches. Surface diversified; soil of average fertility, well covered with timber, and well watered. Farms 444; manuf. 0; dwell. 70S, and pop. wh. 4,195, fr. col. 3, si. 50 total 4,248. Capital : Athens. GENTRY COURT-HOUSE, p. o., Gentry co., Mo. : on the E. side of the E. fork of Grand r., above the confluence of Scalp cr., 170 m. N. W. Jefferson City. GENTRYVILLE, p. v., Spencer county, Ind. : 132 m. S. S.W. Indianapolis. GENTRYVILLE, p. v., Gentry co., Mo. : on the E. side of the E. fork of Grand r., 166 m. N. W. Jefferson City. GENTSVILLE, p. v., Abbeville dist., S. Car. : 92 m. W. by N. Columbia. GENTSVILLE, p. v., Walton co., Flor. : on a branch of Choctawatchie r., 100 m. W. N. W. Tallahassee. GEORGE lake, N. Y. : called, also, Lake Horicon. It lies chiefly between Warren and Washington counties, and is elevated 243 feet above the level of Hudson river. Length 36 m. ; breadth, from 2 to 3 m., and surrounded by lofty and picturesque hills. Its surface enbosoms as many islets as there are days in the year some of considerable size, and cultivated. Diamond Island is celebrated for its beautiful quartz crystals. A number of ruined forts are found on the shores of the lake, which to the tourist recall recollections of troublous times. The bed of the lake is yellow sand, and the water is so pure and transparent that the bottom may be seen at the depth of thirty or forty feet, and myriads offish sporting in the limpid element. The French call it Lao Sacrament, on account of the purity of its waters. Salmon- trout, pike, pickerel, perch, silver and brook trout, etc., are taken in abundance. The lake has its outlet into Lake Champlain at Ticonderoga. A tourist, whose admiration of the scenery in the vicinity of Lake George is apparent, makes the following note of his impressions : " Time would fail us to enumerate the points of attraction on the way. The remains of Fort George and Fort William Henry at the head of the lake, must not be .passed without a visit ; nei ther must you leave the Lake House, till in the quiet hour of twilight, the old rusty gun has been fired, and you have heard the echo which is sent back from one mountain-top to another, till the sound seems to have died away, and then have it revive and reverberate again, as though another explosion had suddenly taken place. Every foot of the ground along the shore, and even the water itself, possesses vast interest. The bed of the lake is a handsome, yellow ish sand, and the water is so pure and transparent as to render the bottom visible from thirty to forty feet. Here the delicious salmon-trout, that weigh from twelve to twen ty pounds, are seen in their folicksome mood, sporting with each other, and inviting the bait of the angler." The Lake House is a noted traveler s rest in the village of Caldwell, a pleasant place situate at the base of the lake. Tourists reach this from Albany via railroad to Fort Edward, and thence by an excellent road through Glens Falls Village, etc. During the summer season a steamboat carries travel ers from Caldwell to the head of the lake, where stages are in readiness to proceed on to the steamboat landing at Ticonderoga, on Lake Champlain. GEORGE S CREEK, p. o., Massac co., III. : on a branch of Great Bay cr. so called, 176 m. S. S. E. Springfield. 241 GEO GEO GEORGE S CREEK, p. o., Lawrence co., Ky. : 128 m. E. Frankfort. GEORGE S MILLS, p. o., Sullivan co., N. JTamp. GEORGE S STORE, p. o., Lincoln co., Tenn. : 73 m. S. by E. Nashville. GEOKGESVILLE, p. v., Franklin co., Ohio: on the E. side of Little Darby cr., 13 m. S. W. Columbus. GEORGETOWN district, S. Car. Situate E., and contains 6S3 sq. m. Drained by Santee r., its S. boundary, Black, Great Pedee, and Waccamaw rivers the last two emptying into Winyaw Bay, which lies wholly within it. Surface low and level. Though marshy in parts, it is very fertile. Eice is the great staple. Corn, potatoes, and cotton are grown largely. Farms 550 ; manuf. 6 ; dwell. 575, and pop. -wh. 2,193, fr. col. 201, si. 18,253 total 20,647. Capital : Georgetown. GEORGETOWN, p. v., and cap. Sussex co., Del. : at the sources of Nanticoke and Indian rivers, 34 m. S. by E. Dover. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and about 400 inhabitants. Pop. 2,318. GEORGETOWN, p. v., and cap. Williamson co., Tex-. : on the S. fork of San Gabriel r., 32 m. N. Austin City. GEORGETOWN, p. v., Fairfield co., Conn. : on the Dan- bury and Norwalk E. E., 56 m. S. W. Hartford. GEORGETOWN, p. city and port of entry, Washington co., D. C, : a suburb of Washington, it is divided from that city by Eock cr. It is beautifully located on a range of hills rising above the Potomac, and stretching in undulating beauty along its borders. The heights of Georgetown are lofty eminences, overlooking the city from the N. and W. Along these are many splendid villas and extensive gar dens in the highest state of cultivation. Below reposes the city, and as far as the eye can reach, the silvery Potomac courses through a scene of exquisite beauty. The city pre sents many objects of attraction : its ancient college, a cath olic institution ; its nunnery; its various literary institutions; its splendid aqueduct, and other noted edifices, are worthy of attention. The college is situate on the N. bank of the Potomac it was originally an academy, founded in 17S9 by the first Catholic bishop of the United States, and in 1799 it was chartered as a college. In 1S15 Congress raised it to the dignity of a university, and in 1S51 a medical de partment was opened at Washington. The college build ings are spacious, and contain a fine library of 25,000 vol umes, an extensive philosophical apparatus, and a museum of natural history. The curriculum of studies occupies seven years. The nunnery, or Convent of the Visitation, is situate on the heights, contiguous to the E. margin of the river. The building appropriated for the ladies academy is of brick, between 200 and 300 feet long, and 40 feet in breadth. These buildings occupy part of the side of an oblong square of five acres, a portion of which is laid out as a botanic garden. There are other edifices on the square, as the bishop s residence, an elegant chapel, the convent, and charity schools. The whole is under the direction of the Sisters of the Visitation. The aqueduct which conveys the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal over the Potomac, is a stupendous work ; the piers, nine in number, and 36 feet above high water, are of granite, and embedded 17 feetin the bottom of the river upon solid rock its length is 1,446 feet, and the cost of construction was $2,000,000. This aqueduct carries the canal to Alexandria. Oak Hill Cemetery, on the heights, is also worthy of note ; it was laid out in 1S49 at the expense of W. W. Corcoran, Esq., the eminent banker, and is surrounded by a massive iron railing, with a gate-keep er s lodge in the Norman style, and an elegant Gothic chapel. Georgetown was formerly a port of some note, and had considerable trade, and is even now a thriving and busy place. It is connected by canal and railroad with all parts of the "Union. Of late years many improvements have been made in its streets, and many new buildings have been erected. The city is also engaged in manu factures; in 1S50 it had 59 establishments in operation mong which was a rolling mill, a cotton factory, and nu merous flouring mills. Two newspapers are published here, the " G. Advocate," tri-weekly, and the " Potomac Advocate," weekly. Its foreign commerce in 1849-50 em ployed 3,134 tons of shipping, viz. : clearances, 10 vessels ;i,720 tons), and entrances, 9 vessels (1,414 tons). The ship ping owned in the district amounted to 17,010 tons, of which 2,796 was registered tonnage, 12,763 enrolled and icensed tonnage, and 1,451 licensed. The steam shipping amounted to 1,949 tons; and 8 vessels (2SS tons) were built during the year. The general statistics of the city are as follows: dwellings 1,174, families 1,215, and population 8,366, of which 6,OS1 were white persons, 1,560 free persons of color, and 725 slaves. The population in 1810 was 4,9SS; n 1820, 7,360 ; in 1830, 8,441 ; in 1S40, 7,312 ; and in 1S50, 8,366. GEORGETOWN, p. v., Eandolph co., Ga. : on the E. bank of Chattahoochee r., opposite the mouth of Eufaula cr., 139 m. S. W. Montgomery. It is a flourishing v., and has con siderable river trade. Pop. 600. GEORGETOWN, p. v., and cap. Scott co., Ky. : on the N. branch of Elkhorn cr. of Kentucky r., 18 m. E. by N. Frankfort It contains the court-house, etc., and is the seat of Georgetown College, founded in 1830, and under the direction of the Baptists. In 1850 it had 7 professors, 80 alumni, and 66 students ; and a library of 650 volumes. The "Delphian Oracle" is a monthly literary magazine, published by the students, and in the v. is also published the " G. Herald," a weekly newspaper. Pop. about 1,800. GEORGETOWN, p. v., Floyd co., 2nd. : on a branch of Indian cr., 102 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. GEORGETOWN, p. v., Vermillion co., III. : on the N. side of Little Vermillion r., 103 m. E. by N. Springfield. GEORGETOWN, t. and p. o., Lincoln co., Me. : 37 m. S. Augusta. It consists of two islands lying between the Ken- nebec and Sheepscot rivers and projecting into the Atlantic. It has good harbors, and the inhabitants are chiefly em ployed in coasting and fishing. Pop. 1,437. An unsuccess ful attempt was made as early as 1607 to settle these islands. GEORGETOWN, p. v., Copiah co., Miss. : on the W. side of Pearl r., 26 m. S. by E. Jackson. GEORGETOWN, t. and p. v., Essex co., Mass. : 28 m. N. Boston. Drained by a branch of Parker s r. Surface di versified ; soils adapted to grass. The v. is central, and has several manufacturing establishments. Pop. of t. 2,052. The Newburyport E. E. passes through the N. part of the town. GEORGETOWN, t. and p. v., Madison co., W. Y. : 102 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by head branches of Otselic r. Surface hilly ; soil, clayey loam. The v., on Otselic cr.. con tains several mills and about 400 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 1,411. GEORGETOWN, p. v., and cap. Brown co., Ohio : to the E of W T hite Oak cr., 86 m. S. S. W. Columbus. It has a court house, jail, 6 churches, numerous mechanic shops and stores, about 200 dwellings, chiefly of brick, and about SOO inhab itants. Two newspapers, the " Democratic Standard" and the Democrat and Journal" are issued weekly. GEORGETOWN, p. v., Beaver co., Penn. : on the Ohior., N. of Mill cr., 194 m. W. Harrisburg. It contains about 300 inhabitants. GEORGETOWN, p. v., port of entry, and cap. Georgetown dist., S. Car. : on the W. side of Winyaw Bay, at the con fluence of Sawpit cr., 106 m. S. E. Columbia. Lat. 33 21 N., and long. 79 17 W. It contains a court-house, jail, 6 churches, a large number of stores and mechanic shops, and about 2,904 inhabitants. Two newspapers are published here, the "Winyaw Observer" (dem.), semi-weekly, and the " True Eepublican" (dem.), weekly. Its harbor is deep enough for vessels drawing 11 feet water; and the rivers flowing into Winyaw Bay, open to the port an extensive and fertile back country. It has an extensive coasting trade, and regular steamers ply to and from Charleston and GEO GEO on the Great Pee Dee r. The entrances in 1S50 from foreign countries were J vessels (2S7 tons), and the clearances to foreign countries 24 vessels (8,CS5 tons). Tonnage of the district 2,779 tons, of which 1,749 was registered and 1,030 enrolled and licensed. GEORGETOWN, p. v., Burlington county, N. Jer. : 27 m. S. by E. Trenton. GEORGETOWN, p. v., and cap. Petlis co., Mo. : on Muddy cr. of Kiviere a la Mie, Cl m. ~.f. by K. Jeflerson City. It contains a court-house, etc., and about 200 inhabitants. GEORGETOWN, p. v., Lafayette co., Wise. : 52 m. S. W. Madison. GEORGETOWN CROSS EOADS, p. o., Kent co., Md. : 45 m. N. E. Annapolis. THE STATE OF GEORGIA. GEORGIA is bounded on the north by Tennessee and North Carolina ; on the north-east by South Carolina, from which Savannah Biver divides it; on the east by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the south by Florida, and on the west by Alabama- the Chattahoochee Eiver being the western boundary for more than half its length. It extends generally between lati tudes 30 22 and 35 N., and longitudes 80 48 and 84 41 W. from Greenwich, or 3 46 and 7 S9 W. from Washington. Its greatest length from north to south is 322 miles, and its greatest width from the east point of Tybee Island, at the mouth of Savannah Eiver, to Florence, oa Chattahoochee Eiver, 224 miles ; but from this point it gradually narrows northward, and on the parallel of 84 40 7 does not measure more than 126 miles. The whole area of the State is 58,000 square miles. No State in the Union presents a richer field for the geologist than Georgia. "With a territory embracing the southern extremity of the great Atlantic chains of mountains, extending across them to the north-west into the valley of the Mississippi, running to the south-west into the cretaceous slope of the Gulf of Mexico, and occupying along their east ern base a wide belt of territory, it contains most of the important geological formations. Commencing at the Atlantic Ocean and spreading out from 100 to 150 miles to the west, an extensive plain of a tertiary formation rises from the level of the sea, and gradually swells up to the height of about 500 feet, at a line passing near the head of navigation of the rivers Savannah, Ogeechee, Oconee, and Ocmulgee, where it meets a primary formation. Between the Ccmulgee and Flint rivers it leaves the primary formation to the right, and rests on the cretaceous from a point nearly midway between Macon and Knoxville, by a line running in a south-west direction to another point between Pataula Creek and Fort Gaines, on the Chattahoochee Eiver. Bounded by the last mentioned line to the south-east, and by the southern edge of the primary, as indicated by the heads of navigation in the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers, the cretaceous formation extends from Alabama into Georgia, forming an acute triangle. The primary, or non-fossiliferous, bounded on the east by the tertiary and cretaceous formations as described above, crosses the State from north-east to south-west, with a width of 1GO miles at the northern limit and of 100 miles at the southern. The Blue Eidge range of mountains passes near its western edge and forms the most elevated land of the State, varying in height from 1,200 to 4,000 feet From this crest there is a gradual descent to the east by a scries of parallel and undulating ridges, until the tertiary plain is reached. On the west the descent is much more precipitous. The western boundary of the primary is not very accurately established, but is believed to be not far from a line running nearly north and south through the centre of Gilmcr County, and continued in the same direction to near Canton, in Cass County, and thence to the western base of the Allatoona Mountain, on the Etowah Eiver, where it turns to the south-west, and passing near Van "Wert, in Paulding County, and along the northern base of the Dugdown Mountain to the Alabama line. The north-western part of the State, bounded to the east and south by the western limit of the primary, consists of a transition, or older fossiliferous formation, except the extreme north-west corner, where the carboniferous occurs. The coast is lined by a succession of low islands, intersected by numerous navigable channels, which afford good inland navigation all along the shore. They are generally separated from each other by wide bays or sounds, which bear their names and receive the waters of this section. The principal islands are Cabbage Island, Ossaba Island, St. Catharine s Island, Sapello Island, St. Simon s Island, Jykill Island, Cumberland Island, etc. These are covered with rich plantations, and produce, as before stated, the long staple cotton called, from the place of its growth, sea-island cotton. Along the southern line of the State, between the head branches of the Suwannee and the St. Mary s rivers, there is an extensive swamp, or series of swamps, covered with a thick growth of bay-trees, vines,, and underwood, and in the wet season presenting the appearance of a wide lake containing islands of rich highland. This swamp extends over the border into Florida, and bears the Indian name of "Okcfinoke." Several streams are lost in its morasses, aud others, head waters of rivers flowing to the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, take their rise from within its limits. The great mineral region of Georgia is found in the primary and metamorphic formations of the spurs of the Alleghany Mountains. Through the northern portion of the State these pursue their course toward the south-west with similar features of parallelism and straightness peculiar to them further north ; but their more broken character, the greater ruggedness of their outline, and the impetuous nature of their streams, testify to different geological formations than the stratified shales and sandstones of which they are composed in Pennsylvania. It is in these out-liers of the main ridge that the metamorphic slates and quartz rock are found, which are productive in gold ores ; and frequently in near proximity to these are deposits of hematite iron ores of extraordinary extent. In the gneiss, also, are found veins of magnetic iron ore of great purity, as at Cane Creek, near Dahlonoga. Specular ores, too, like those of the Iron Mountain in Missouri, are found in the vicinity of some of the hematite beds; and localities of the same ore are of frequent occurrence down the course of Chattahoochee Eiver. Another range of them, of much greater consequence, is found in the Allatoona hills, aiong the Etowah Eiver. Here the broad, shallow stream, obstructed in its course, fal s over ledges of rock, producing good water power. On each side are seen, projecting from the hills, ledges of rough silicious rock, in strata of various degrees of thickness, dipping to the south of east Beds of limestone are associated with these rocks and veins of sulphate of barytes, of great extent. On the south-eastern slope of this range of hills, talcose and mica slates, hornblende slate, green stone, and quartz veins containing gold, more abound. Through deep cuttings in these rocks, in one place 90 fei-t deep, the Western and Atlantic Eailroad passes. To the west and north-west an exten sive limestone country commences, about four miles from the river. Nearly the whole of Cass County is formed of this rock, and it spreads out into Floyd and Murray counties. Iron ores are found on both sides of the Etowah Eiver. To the south-west they extend into Paulding County, and in the other direction through Cherokee County to its north-west corner ; and so far as explored their range is about 40 miles, and their course about north-east and south-west. These ores, in their appearance and quality, resemble the best ores found in the Ilousatonic Valley. Numerous furnaces have 243 GEORGIA. been established in this region and are now in successful operation ; the vast water-power, the abundance of timber, the cheapness of living, and the beauty of the climate being highly favorable characteristics of the region. Georgia embraces every variety of soil, climate, and productions. While southern and middle Georgia are parched with heat, the more northerly climate among the mountains is moderate and even cold. The sky is of a deep blue, nor does a more lovely heaven smile upon Italy than that which favors this country. The cordon of islets which border the eea-coast has a light, sandy soil, but produces the finest staple, known to the world as sea-island cotton. In the south are the tide and swamp lands, producing immense crops of rice. The soil of this region varies as it is situated on the sea-shore or upon the large and small rivers. On the Savannah these lands are cultivated 2,0 miles from the brackish marsh up the river, and are the finest in the State ; and next to these are the lands on the Alatamaha Eiver, which in width are equal to those on the Savannah. They do not extend from the marshes up more than 16 miles beyond, the freshets render them valueless, except for timber. Next come the tide lands of the Ogeechee, extending 10 miles up from the marshes, which produce rice, but are not well adapted to cotton. The tide lands of the Great Santilla are not as broad as the others, but are productive and fertile 20 miles up from the marshes, yielding good crops of rice and cotton, and are not so liable to inundation as those of other large streams. The inland swamps produce abundantly. Black-seed cotton is produced on the oak lands adjoining the inland swamps, though these landa are said to be of inferior quality. About 60 or 70 miles from the coast begin the pine lands, which are valuable chiefly for the immense quantity of timber annually yielded. Tar, pitch, and turpentine are also largely manufactured in this section. The middle region of the State contains land of a red, loamy soil, producing tobacco, cotton, and all the grains. It was once very productive, but owing to the exhausting system of cultivation adopted by the planters, it has become in many parts much impoverished, and large gullies and red barren hill sides often meet the eye in places where once abundant crops were produced. The planters, however, have become awake to the folly of a system so injurious to their best interests, and hill-side ditching, manuring, and a judicious rotation of crops, together with occasional rest to the land, is gradually restoring the soil. The institution of agricultural societies has also of late years stimulated emulation in this direction, and many of the great planters have set a good example to their neighbors by adopting the improvements which science haa proved necessary to insure success in agricultural operations. The lands in the south-western part of the State, between the Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, are in general fertile when first cleared, but are not very durable. Being of a light, sandy soil they produce fine crops ot cotton and sometimes sugar cane for a few years, and then become exhausted, when resort must be had to fertilizers. These lands, however, are cheaper in proportion to their fertility than any othera in Georgia. In the north part of the State that part known as Cherokee Georgia the valleys are exceedingly rich, producing wheat, corn, potatoes, etc., and in some places cotton is extensively raised ; but the crop is not so certain as in the lower regions. This, indeed, is peculiarly a grain country, while the mountains yield the more valuable minerals, and are exceedingly attractive as grazing lands. The land here is more costly than in any other part of the State, rang ing from $10 to $30 per acre; while in the south-west lands of equal fertility cost not more than one-third those sums the difference being due to the greater darability of the northern soils. But Cherokee Georgia is not the place to raise cotton ; it is to be the granary and work-shop of the State, and its fields will produce corn to feed the operatives who are to direct its water-power in manufacturing the cotton which the south produces, and in digging out from the bowels of the earth the minerals which are to regulate its inland commerce. Upward of fifty streams in the State of Georgia are enumerated as deserving and having the designation of rivers. A very cursory glance at the map will show that her water resources are immense. The streams of this state alone which pour the volume of their waters from the mountain springs into the bosom of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, would supply sufficient power, in the eligible sites, to manufacture all the cotton grown in the world, or to grind all the grain grown within the limits of the Union. The navigable rivers are the Savannah, the Alatamaha, the Oconee, the Ocmulgee, the St. Mary s, the Ogeechee, the Flint, the Chattahoochee, the Coosa, and various others. These bear down to the seaboard the productions of the interior, and are thronged by steamboats, sloops, and flat boats, laden with the material of a commerce valued at thirty -five to forty million of dollars a year. If Georgia has not the best of harbors, she has a large number, equal to all the requirements of the coasting trade. Savannah, Darien, Brunswick, and St. Mary s have harbor accommodations for a large class of shipping, and arc the centres of a considerable foreign trade. The great river of the State is the Savannah, which rises by two principal branches in North Carolina, near the sources of the Tennessee and Hiwassee on the one side, and the Chattahoochee on the other, and after a course of about 300 miles, falls over the last chain of rock-hills into the great plain at Augusta, to which place, 250 miles from its mouth, it is navigabla for steamers of light draft, and for large ships to Savannah, there being IS or 19 feet water on the bar at low tide. Its principal tributaries are Brier Creek and Broad River. The Chattahoochee, rising near the southern branch of the Savannah, pursues at first a south-westerly course, but afterward turns to the south, and receiving Flint River on the Florida line, enters that State under the name of Appalachicola. It is navigable to the falls at Columbus, 300 miles from its rnouth, for a great part of the year, and its whole length is about 500 miles. Flint Eiver, above named, rises in the hilly country south of the Chattahoochee, and has a total length of 300 miles, of which 75 miles to the falls is open to navigation. The Oostanaula and Etowah, rising in the mountains of the north, unite their streams at Rome, in Floyd County, whence they pass directly west into Alabama, under the name of Coosa. The Alatamaha is formed by the junction of the Oconee and the Ocmulgee, which rise in the hilly region south of the Chattahoochee, and flow for about 250 miles nearly parallel to each other, where the latter bends round to the east, and unites its waters with those of the former there are 12 to 13 feet water on the bar of the Alatamaha at ebb-tide, and steamboats ascend the Ocmulgee to Macon, and the Oconee to Milledgeville, although there are some obstructions to their navigation. The Ogeechee has a course of about 200 miles, of which 40 miles are navigated by small vessels. The Santilla, or St. Ilia, has a winding course, chiefly through a low, swamp region, but is partially navigable for river craft. The St. Mary s River rises in a low ricige, near OkeSnoke Swamp, and reaches the sea in Cumberland Sound ; it has 13 feet of water on the bar at low tide, and sometimes as much as 23 feet in times of flood. The Allapaha and Withlacoochee, principa constituents of Suwannee River of Florida, and the Ocklockonee Hiver, are considerable streams in the south part of the State, which empty into the Gulf of Mexico. Mr. Stephens, one of Georgia s representatives in Congress, in a speech before that body, exhibited the physical, industrial, and moral condition of his State in the following glowing terms : " Georgia is the youngest of the old thirteen States that formed the Union. At that time she was the weakest of that fraternal band." *****<> Boston, New York, and Richmond were nearly as old as Georgia now is, when Oglethorpe first landed at Savannah. But notwith standing all this, I will not shrink from the comparison, let it be instituted when or where it may. Georgia has her beds 244 GEORGIA. of coal and iron : her lime, gypsum, and marl ; her quarries of granite and marble. She has inexhaustible treasures of minerals, including gold, the most precious of metals. She has a soil and climate suitable for the growth and culture of every product known to husbandry and agriculture. A better country for wheat and corn, and all the cereal plants, to say nothing of cotton and tobacco, is not to be found in an equal space on this continent. There, too, grow the orange, the olive, the vine, and the fig, with forests of oak and pine sufficient to build and mast the navies of the world. She lias mountains for grazing, rivers for commerce, and waterfalls for machinery of all kinds without number. Nor have these great natural advantages and resources been neglected. Young as she is, she is now the first cotton-growing State in the Union. She has, I believe, thirty-six cotton factories in operation, and a great many more hastening to comple tionone of them has, or soon will have, ten thousand spindles, with two hundred looms, capable of turning out eight thousand yards of cloth per day. Her yarns are already finding their way to the markets of the North and fore^n countries ; and the day is not distant when she will take the lead in the manufacture as well as the production of this great staple. She has also her flour mills and paper mills her forges, foundries, and furnaces, in full operation. Her exports exceed yearly $35,000,000 equal to if not greater than those of all New England together. She has six hundred and fifty miles of railroad in operation, at a cost of $15,000,000, and two hundred miles more in the course of construc tion. By her energy and enterprise she has scaled the mountain barriers, and opened the way for the steam-car from the southern Atlantic ports to the waters of the great valley of the West. But this is not all: she has four chartered universities nay, five, for she has one devoted exclusively to the education of her daughters. She was the first State, 1 believe, to establish a female college, which is now in a flourishing condition, and one of the brighest ornameuts of her character. She has four hundred young men pursuing a collegiate course a greater number, I believe, than any State in the Union, in proportion to her white population. Go, then, and take your statistics if you wish you will find not only all those things to be so; but I tell you also what you will not find, you will not find any body in that State begging bread or asking alms you will find but few paupers you will not find forty thousand beings, pinched with cold and hunger, demanding the right to labor, as I saw it stated to be the case not long since in the City of New York. And when you have got all the information you want, come and institute the comparison if you wish, with any State you please ; make your own selection ; I shall not shrink from it, nor will the people of that State shrink from it. Other gentlemen from the South can speak for their own States I speak only for mine. And in her name, and in her behalf, as one of her respresentatives upon this floor, I accept the gauntlet in advance, and I have no fears of the result of a comparison of her statistics, socially, morally, politically, with any other state of equal population in this confederacy." c " That country has the greatest elements of prosperity where the same amount of human labor or exertion will procure the greatest amount of human comforts, and that people are the most prosperous, whether few or many, who, possessing those elements, control them by their energy, and industry, and economy for the accumulation of wealth. In these particulars the people of Georgia are inferior to none in this or any other country. They have abundant reason to be content with their lot." ******* The slx hundred and flftv miles of rai i road now iri operation, to which I have alluded, were built by Georgia capital. One hundred and thirty-six miles, from Atlanta to Chattanooga, on the Tennessee River, which is one of the greatest monuments of the enterprise of the age, was built by the State. But her public debt is only a little over $1,800,000, while that of the State of New York is over $20,000,000, besides $14,000,000 owed by the city alone; and the debt of Pennsylvania is $40,000,000. The bonds of the State of Georgia are held mostly by her own people. You do not see them hawked about in Northern or foreign markets at a depreciation. But they, as well as the stocks and securities of the private companies, arc held mostly by her own citizens, and are commanding premiums at home." Georgia is divided into 94 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capital of each in 1850, was as follow? : Counties. Dwell. Pop. Farms M Ml Esti J, f Capitals. Counties. Dwell. Pop. Farms MX Appling.. . 410 .. 2,949 .. "SIS.. 0. . Holmesville Franklin.. 1,546 .11,513.. in cult 1,305 . Estab. "" 4 . . Carnesville Baker . 755 .. 8,120 .. 444.. la . Newton Gilmer ... 1,396 . 8,440 . . 577. 5 . . Ellejay Baldwin . . . 647.. 8,143 . . 240 .. B. . MlLLEDGEVILLE Glinn 145 . 4 933 . . 92 . B . . Brunswick Bibb .1.234.. 12.699 .. 308.. 92 . Macon Gordon . . . 861 . 5.984 . . 410 . i . . Calhoun Bryan . 212 .. 3.424 . . 209 .. 0. . Eden Greene 854. . 13,068.. 512 . 4T . . Greensboro Bullock... Burke . 477 .. .1,017.. 4.300 16,100 .. 412.. .. 712.. 8. -1! . Statesboro . Waynesboro Gwinnett . . Habersham 1,610 . 1,333 . . 11,257 . . . 8,895 . . 1,036 . . 732 . . 5 . . Lawrencoville . . Clarkesville Butts Camden .. Campbell . Carroll ... . 642 .. . 400 .. . 920.. .1,379.. 6.488 6,319 7,232 9,357 .. 391 .. .. 235.. . . 694 .. .. 782.. 14 6. 18. }>; . Jackson . Jefferson . Campbcllton . Carroll ton Hall Hancock . . . Harris Heard 1,300 . 761 . 1,175 724. . 8,713.. .11,578.. . 14,721 . . . 6.923 . . 697 .. 444.. 873. 512.. 20 T8 5 . . Gainesville . . Sparta . . Hamilton . . Franklin Cass Chatham . Chattooga. Cherokee . Clark Cobb Columbia . Coweta . . . Crawford . Dade Decatur . . . DeKalb.. Dooly Early Effingham Elbert Emanuel.. Fayette . . . Floyd For?yth .. . . 1,712 .. .1,915.. . 869 .. .1,970.. . 1,024 . . .1,913.. . 751 . . .1,382.. . 754 .. . 421 . . . 693.. .1,792.. . 962 .. . 656 . . . 355 . . 1,177.. . 6(5.. .1,196.. . 866.. 1,334.. 13,300 23.901 6,815 12,800 11,119 13,843 11,961 13.635 8,984 2,680 8,262 14,328 8,361 7,246 3,864 12.059 4.577 8,709 8,205 8,850 .. 601.. .. 132.. . . 419 .. ..1,000.. .. 400.. .. 931.. .. 489.. .. 911.. . . 444 .. .. 235.. . . 441 .. ..1,019.. . . 663 .. . . 8<57 . . . . 308 .. . . 804 .. .. 511.. .. 818.. .. 397.. .. 765.. 8. i:; 10. 5. 1" . 7 5. 4. 2. 8. 11 . 0. - . 0. r, . 15 . 8. . Cassville . Savannah . Summerville . Canton . Athens . Marietta . Appling . Newnan . Knoxville . Trenton . Bainbridgo . Decatur . Drayton . Blakely . Springfield . Elberton . Swainsboro . Fayetteville . Rome . Gumming Henry 1,680 . Houston ... 1,138 . Irwin 443 . Jack son.... l,2i 10 . Jasper 812 . Jefferson... 7C5 . Jones 739 . Laurens .... 634 . Lee 550. Liberty 360 . Lincoln 373 . Lowndes... 032. Lumpkin .. 1.381 . Macon 679. Mndison.... 692. Marion 1,101 . M Intosh... 283. Morri wether 1,428 . Monroe 1,104 . Montg mery 236 . . 14,726 . . .16,450.. . 3,334.. . 9,768 . . .11,486.. . 9,131 .. . 10,224 . . . 6,442 . . . 6,659.. . 7.926 . . . 5,998 . . . 8,351.. . 8,954.. . 7,052 . . . 5,603 . . .10,280.. . 6,023.. .16.476.. 16.985 . . 2,154.. 1,003 . . 750 .. 414.. 547.. 538.. 533.. 328.. 387.. 244.. 273 . . 649.. 593.. 419 .. 404.. 563 . . 117.. 824.. 746.. 168.. 3 . . M-Donough 23 . . Perry . . Irwinville 6 . . Jefferson 12 .. Monticello 43 . . Louisville 15 .. Clinton 6 . . Dublin 7 . . Starkcville 4 . . Hinesville 13 . . Lincolntoti 2..TroupvilIe . . Dahlonega . . Lanier 3 . . Danielsville 4 . . Tazewell 10 . . Darien . . Greenville 2 . . Forsyth . . Mount Yemon 245 GEORGIA. Counties. Dwell. Pop. Farms in cult. Manuf. Kstiib. Capitals. Counties. Dwell. Pop. Farms Manuf. Estab- Capitals. Morgan . . . 621 .. 10,744 .. 336 ..31 .. Madison Taliaferro . 408 .. 5,146 . . 294 . .16.. Crawfordsville Murray .. . . 2,047 . . 14,433 ..1,034 . . 25 . . Spring Place Tatnall . . . . 434 .. 3,227 . . 327 . .10.. Reidsville Muscogee.. 1,884.. 18,578 .. 5S1 . . 30 . . Columbus Telfair.... . 340 .. 3,026 . . 2SO . . 0.. Jacksonville Newton.... 1,374.. 13,296 .. 812 . . 23 . . Covington Thomas .. . 838 .. 10,103 . . 534 . . 6 .. Thomasville Oglethorpe. 819.. 12,259 .. 555 ..13.. Lexington Troup . 1,295 . . 16,S79 . . 7S9 . . 8.. Lagrange Paulding . . 1,059.. 7,039 .. 422 ..10.. Van Wert Twiggs . . . 696.. 8,179 .. 367. . 0.. Marion Pike 1,474 .. 14,305 .. S07 ..21 .. Zebulon Union . , . 1.141 . . 7,2:34 .. 911 3 Bkiirsville Pulaski 701 .. 6.627 .. 371 .. 2 .. Hawkinsville Upson . . . . 795 .. 9,424 . . 436 . . 19 .. Thomaston Putnam . . . 609 . 10,794 .. 351 . . 32 . . Eatonton Walker... . 1,867 .. 13,109 . . 600 . . 1 .. Lafavette Eabun 3S5 . . 2,448 .. 282 .. .. Clayton Walton... . 1,191 . . 10,S21 .. 864. .56.. Monroe Randolph.. 1,408 . . 12,S68 .. 930 ..38.. Cuthbert Ware . 561 .. 3.8S8 .. 339. . 0.. Waresboro* Richmond. 1,556 . . 16,246 .. 272 ..56.. Augusta Warren . . . 1,135 . . 12.425 .. 6( . .42.. Warrenton Scriven 567.. 6,847 .. 498 .. 0.. Jacksonboro* W T aslungtc n 1.077. 11,766 .. 632. 6 . Sandersville Stewart 1,432.. 16,027 .. 990 ..36.. Lumpkin Wayne 182 .. 1,499 . . 172 . . 0.. Waynesville Sumter .... 1,109 . . 10,322 .. 768 . . 34 . . Americus Wilkes . 709 .. 12,107 . . 463 . . 9 . "VV ush i n gton Talbot 1,324 . . 16,534 .. 923 . . 46 . . Talbotton Wilkinson .. 9S3.. 8,212 .. 645. . 5.. Irwinton The whole number of dwellings in the State, at the above date, was 91,011, of families 91,471, and of inhabitants 905,999, viz., whites 521,433 males 266,096, and lemales 255.342; free colored 2,SSO males 1,363, and females, 1,512; and slaves 3S1,6S1. Of the whole population, there were: deaf and dumb wh. 211, fr. col. 0, si. 41 ; Uind wh. 224, fr. col. 5, si. 80 ; insane wh. 281, fr. col. 2, si. 23; and idiotic wh. 476, fr. col. 3, si. 93. The number of free persons born in the United States was 517,995; the number of foreign birth was 5.907, and of birth unknown, 597; the native population originated as follows: Maine 173, New Hampshire 122, Vermont 186, Massachusetts 594, Rhode Island 138, Connecticut 712, New York 1,203, New Jersey 331, Pennsylvania 642, Delaware 117, Maryland 703, District of Columbia 72, Virginia 7,331, North Carolina 37,522, South Carolina 52.154, Georgia 402,5S2, Florida 1,103, Alabama 81, 154, Mississippi 1S4, Loui siana 42, Texas 23, Arkansas 25, Tennessee 8,211, Kentucky 453, Ohio 46, Michigan 3, Indiana 50, Illinois 41, Missouri 60, Iowa 1, Wisconsin 2, California 0, and the Territories ; and the foreign population was composed of persons from England 679, Ireland 3,202, Scotland 367, Wales 13, Germany 947, France 177. Spain 13, Portugal 5, Belgium 41, Holland 11, Turkey 1, Italy 33, Austria 3, Switzerland 38, Russia 8, Denmark 24, Norway 6, Sweden 11, Prussia 25, Greece 1, Asia 2, Africa 13, British America 108, Mexico 8, South America 8, West Indies 95, and other countries 58. The following table will exhibit the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State, taken by tlie United States authorities : Year. Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical. Per cent. 1790 52,886 398 .... 29,264 .... 29,662 .... 82,548 .... .. 1800 101,678 1.019 .... 59,404 .... 60,423 .... 162.101 .... 79.553 . . .... 96.4 1S10 145.414 1,801 .... 105,218 .... 107,019 .... 252,433 .... 90.332 .. .... 55.1 1820 189,564 1,767 ....149,656 .... 151,423 .... 340,987 .... 83.554 .. .... 35.1 1S30 296,806 2,486 .... 217,531 . . . 220,017 .... 516,823 .... 175.836 . . ....51.2 1840 407,695 ?, 753 280,944 .... 283,697 .... 691,392 .... 174.5C9 .. .... 33.8 1850 521,438 2,880 ....381,681 .... 384,561 .... 905,999 .... 214.607 . . ....31.0 The statistics of the industry and wealth of Georgia, as furnished by the census of 1S50, and other official returns referring to that year, are as follows : Occupied Lands, etc. Improved lands, 6,373,479 acres ; and unimproved lands, 16,442,900 acres valued in cash at $95,753,445. Number of farms under cultivation, 51,759. Value of farming implements and machinery, $5.894,150. Live-Stock. Horses, 151,331 ; asses and mules, 57,389 ; milch cows, 334,223 ; working oxen, 73,286 ; other cattle, 690,016; sheep, 560,435; and swine, 2,168,617 valued in the aggregate at $25,728,416. (In 1840 there were 157,540 horses, mules, etc. ; 884,414 neat cattle of all kinds ; 267,107 sheep, and 1,457,755 swine.) Grain Crops. Wheat, 1,083.534 bushels; rye, 53,750 bushels; Indian corn, 30,080,090 bushels; oats, 3,820,044 bushels; barley, 11,501 bushels; and buckwheat, 250 bushels. (The crops of 1839-40 were wheat, 1,801,830 bushels; barley, 12.979 bushels ; oats, 1,610,030 bushels ; rye, 60,693 bushels ; buckwheat, 141 bushels ; and Indian corn. 20,905,122 bushels.) Other Crops. Rice, 38,950,691 pounds; tobacco, 423.934 pounds ; ginned cotton, 300,901 bales of 400 pounds; peas and beans, 1,142,011 bushels; potatoes Irish, 227,379, and sweet, 6,986,428 bushels; hay, 23,449 tons; clover-seed, 132, and other grass-seed, 428 bushels ; hops, 261 pounds ; hemp dew-rotted, 0, and water-rotted, tons ; flax, 5,387 pounds ; flax- seed, 622 bushels; maple sugar, 50 pounds; cane sugar, 1,644 hogsheads of 1,000 pounds; molasses, 216,150 gallons; wine, 796 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $92,776, and of market-garden products, $76,500. The annexed table compares the crops of the great staples in 1S40 and 1850 : Staples. 1840. 1850. Cane Sugar 329.744 pounds 1,644,000 pounds . . Ginned Cotton 163,392,396 " 120,360,400 " Tobacco 162.894 " 423,934 " Movement. incr. 1.314,256 pounds, or 898.57 per cent deer. 43,031,996 " or 26.34 " incr. 261,040 " or 160.25 " Rice 12,384,732 38,950,691 .... incr. 26,565,959 or 214.51 Products of Animate. Wool, 990,019 pounds (in 1840, 371,303); butter, 4,640,559 pounds, and cheese, 46,976 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered in the year had been $6,339,762. Silk cocoons were produced to Hie amount of S13 pounds (in 1840, 2,992|) ; and beeswax and honey, to that of 732,514 pounds. Home-made mamifactures for the year ending 30th June, 1S50, were valued at $1,838,963 (in 1840, $1,467,630). Manufactures. Aggregate capital invested, $00.000,000 ; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $0,000,000 , ave rage number of hands employed, 00,000 males, 00,000, and females, 0,000 ; average monthly cost of labor male, $000,000, and female, $00,000; annual value of products, $00,000,000. The whole number of manufacturing establishments, pro ducing to the value of $500 and upward in 1850, was 1,407, and of these 35 were cotton factories, 3 woolen factories, 140 tanneries, and 10 iron establishments, of which 4 manufactured casting, 3 pig-iron, and 3 wrought iron. GEORGIA. The cotton manufactures employ a capital of $1,736,156; the cotton consumed in the year ending 30th June, 1850, was 20,230 bales, and the value of all raw material, fuel, etc., was $900,419; average hands employed males 873, and females 1,399 ; monthly cost of labor male, $12,725, and female, $10,352 ; value of entire products, $2,135,044, the products of the year having been 7,209,292 yards of sheeting, and 4,198,351 pounds of yarn. The woolen manufactures have a capital invested amounting to $68,000, and consume annually 153,816 pounds of wool ; value of all raw material, $30,392 ; hands employed males 40, and females 38 ; monthly cost of labor male $1,099, and female, $536; cloth manufactured, 340,660 yards; value of the entire products, $88.750. The tanneries employ a capital of $262,855, and use annually 81,484 hides, and 21,705 skins, valued at $185,604; hands employed, 402 ; monthly wages, or cost of labor, $7,107 ; skins tanned, 21,705, and sides of leather tanned, 162,963 valued together at $361,586. The various iron manufactures are in accordance with the following statistics : Specified Capital Value of Manufactures. Invested. Raw Material. Pig Iron $26,000 $25.840 Cast Iron 35,000 11,950 Hands. Male. Fern. 135 3 39 26 .., .. 1 .. Monthly Wages. Male. Female. $17.44 $5.00 Tons Entire Value Produced, of Products. , . . 900 $57,300 27.43 0.00 415 46,200 11.35 5.00 90 15,384 ih Perm t. . . . . 4,159 . . Temp ry. 6,278 Perm t. , . 8,524 . . Temp ry. 665 .. (under 20 tons.] 105 ... 1 Tonnage. 19,731 . . . by Steam. 6,479 ck. 524 10 534 :k .. .._ Wrought Iron 9,200 5,986 , The total capital invested in the iron manufacture is thus $70,200: the value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $43,776; and the total value of products. $118,884. The branches oCjndustry, others than those above enumerated, and forming the bulk of the manufactures of the State, consist chiefly of Mills of various descriptions, as saAv and flouring mills, paper mills, boot and shoe shops, wheelwright shops, agricultural-implement manufacturers, etc., etc., which, taken together, and in connection with the national manufactures in which this State is engaged, constitute a very respectable manufacturing interest, and place Georgia in a proud position first among its compeers of the Southern States. Foreign Commerce. Not more than a sixth of the commercial staples of Georgia are exported directly, or in shipping belonging to the State. The great bulk of Its products are carried coastAvise, and chiefly in northern vessels to northern ports, and thence trans-shipped to the foreign port ; and even of the one-sixth, constituting the material of its direct foreign commerce, more than three-fifths is exported in vessels of foreign nations; besides, a large moiety of the products of Western Georgia is shipped at Appalachicola, in Florida. The exports to foreign countries, in the year ending 30th June, 1850, were valued at $7.551,943, of Avhich $4,929,791 represents the value of merchandise carried in foreign bottoms ; and the direct imports were valued at $636,964, of which $330,081 was the value of goods carried in foreign bottoms. The whole of the exports were of domestic origin. The total entries were 118 (57,017 tons), of which 71 (45,134 tons) were foreign ; and the total clearances were 141 (72,563 tons), of which 83 (51,524 tons) Avere foreign. The whole of this com merce Avas done in the district of which Savannah is the port of entry. The amount of shipping oAvned in the State at the above-named period Avas 21,690 tons, distributed among the several collection districts as follows : Registered. Enrolled and Licensed. Collection Districts. Savanna! Sunbury Brunswic Hard wick St.Mary s 491 692 242 1,425 All the registered tonnage is employed in the foreign trade, and all the enrolled and licensed in the coasting trade: the vessels navigated by steam are of the latter classes. The number of vessels built in the year was 5 2 schooners and 8 steamers Avith a total burden of 684 tons. The statistics of the foreign commerce of Georgia for a series of years exhibit the following movements : iports. Years. Exports. 1811 $2.668,866.... 1812 1,066.703.... 1813 1/194,595 .... 1814 2,183,121.... 1815 4,172,319.... 1816 7,511.929.... 1817 8,790,662.... 1818 11,132,096.... 1819 6,310.434.... 1820 6,591.623 1821 6,014.310.... 1822 5,484,869 .... 1823 4,293,666 .... 1S24 4,623.982.... 1825 4,222,833 1826 4,368.504.... 1S27 4,261.555 1828 3,104.425 1S29 4,981,376 1830 5,336,626 Internal Communication. The rivers of Georgia furnish in the aggregate a long line of navigable channels, whioh give the greater part of the interior a ready access by steamboat or batteaux to the Gulf and Atlantic seaboards. The names, length, etc., of the principal of these are given elsewhere. Georgia has also furnished itself with extensive and Years. Exports. 1791 $491,250 . 1792 459,106 . 1793 520,955 . 1794 263.832 . 1795 695,936 . 1796 950.158 1797 644.307 . 1798 961,848 . 1799 1,396.759 isoo 2,174,268 . 1801 1,755 9:39 . 1802 1,854,951 . . . . . 1803 2,370,875 . 1804 2,077.592 . 1805 2,894,^46 . 1806 82,764 . 1807 8,744.845 . 1808 24.626 . 1809 1,082,108 . 1810 2,238,686 . Imports. Years. Exports. Imports. $ 1S31 $3,959,813 $399,940 1832 ....... 5,515,883 253,417 1833 6,270,040 318,990 _ 1834 7,567,337 546,802 1835 8,890,674 393,049 1-36 10,722,200 578,222 1S37 8.935,041 774,349 1838 8.8^3,839 776,068 1839 5.970,441 413,907 1840 6 862,959 491,428 1,002.654 1^41 3,696.513 449,007 989591 1842 4.300,257 341,764 670.7<>5 1S43 4,522.401 207.432 551.888 1S44 4,283,805 305,634 343,356 1845 4.557,435 206.301 330.993 1846 2,708,003 205,495 312.609 1847 5,712,149 207,180 30S.669 1S48 8.670,415 217,114 380,293 1849... 6.857,806 371,024 282,436 1 1850 7,551,943 C36,964 GEORGIA. magnificent lines of internal improvements; her railways now in active operation have a length of 859 miles, and there are about 800 miles now in progress of construction, or for which charters have been obtained. The direction of the Georgia railways is generally between the seaboard and the interior ; two lines, one from the port of Savannah and the other from that of Charleston, run south-west to a junction with the system of Tennessee railroads, terminating at Chat tanooga, distant from the first-named place 432 miles, and from the latter 448 miles; and in their course give off several branches and connect with other railroads passing westward into Alabama, etc. Among the projected railroads the most important are those from Savannah and Brunswick to the Flint River and the seaports of Florida. Georgia has also two short canals: the Savannah and Ogeechee Canal, 16 miles long, and the Brunswick Canal, 12 miles long; the former extends from Savannah to the Ogeechee River, but is now unused, and the latter from Brunswick to the Alatamaha River. The proportion of completed railroads to superficies in this State, in January, 1S53, was as 1 mile of road to every 67 square miles, and to the population as 1 mile of road to every 1,055 persons. Banks, etc. In December, 1850, there were in the State 11 banks and 10 branch banks, and their condition in the aggregate was as follows: liabilities capital, $13,482,198; circulation, $11,771.270; deposits, $3.035,680; due other banks, $3,035,893, and other liabilities, $23,260 ; and assets loans and discounts, $23,312,330 ; stocks, $963,611 ; real estate, $338,429; other investments, $236.205; due by other banks, $5.02(1,998; notes of other banks, $810,395; specie funds, $306,909, and specie $2,218,223. The branch banks are branches of the Bank of the State of Georgia, the head-quarters of which is at Savannah. Government. Georgia s first constitution was made in 1777; a second in 1785, and the one on which the present government is based, in 1798. It has subsequently undergone numerous amendments. Every citizen of the State, 21 years old, who has paid all taxes demanded for one year, and has resided in the county for six months next before an election, has the right to vote. The legislature is styled the General Assembly, and consists of a Senate and House of Representatives, the members of both of which are elected biennially. Representatives (130 in number) must be 21 years old and have been citizens of the State three years and of the United States seven years next before the election ; senators (47 in number) are chosen in districts, and must be 24 years old, and have been citizens of the United States nine years. A census of the State is taken every seven years and representatives apportioned in accordance with its results. The Governor is chief executive : he must be 30 years old, and have been a citizen of the United States twelve years and of the State six years, and be possessed of 500 acres of land, or $4,000 in other property above all debts. He is elected for two years by a popular majority vote, or in case there be not a choice, then one of the two candidates having the highest number of votes shall be elected by joint ballot of the General Assembly. In case of the office becoming vacant, the chair is filled by the President of the Senate, and after him by the Speaker of the House. The governor may veto a bill, but two-thirds of both houses subsequently voting in favor of the rejected bill, makes it law nevertheless. The executive officers of the government of the State are a Secretary of State, a State Treasurer, a Comptroller- general, a Surveyor-general, and a State Librarian. The Keeper of the Penitentiary, Commissioner of the Deaf and Dumb, and State Printer, come under this head. The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Superior Courts, and courts of inferior jurisdiction. The Supreme Court, for the correction of errrors, consists of three judges, one of which is chief judge, elected by the General Assembly for such term as the law may provide, and are removable upon address of two-thirds of each house. The judges of the Superior Court are elected for six years, with jurisdiction exclusive in criminal cases and in land cases, and concurrent in all other civil cases. Justices of the inferior courts are elected by the people in districts. All judges have fixed salaries. The State is divided into thirteen circuits with a judge for each, viz. : Northern, Eastern, Southern, Western, Middle, Ocmulgee," Flint, Chattahoochee, Cherokee, Coweta, South-western, Macon, and Blue Ridge. Savannah and Augusta have special courts of Oyer and Terminer. Each county elects an " ordinary," who holds office for four years, and has the ordinary jurisdiction of a judge of probate. Sheriffs are appointed for two years, but not for two terms in succession. On the institution of slavery, the constitution provides, that " There shall be no importation of slaves from Africa or any foreign place after October 1st, 179S, nor shall the legislature have power to free slaves without the owner s consent, or to prevent immigrants from bringing with them persons deemed slaves by any one of the United States. Slaves are protected in their persons, like free white persons, except in case of insurrection, and unless their "death should happen from accident in giving such slaves moderate correction." Amendments to the constitution, if passed by two-thirds of each house, shall be published six months before the next election of members of the General Assembly ; and if passed in the same manner at the first session thereafter, shall be adopted. The militia of Georgia consists of 78,699 men of all grades and arms, of which 5,050 are commissioned officers, and 73,649 non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 39 are general officers, 91 general staff officers, 624 field officers, and 4,296 company officers. The State benevolent institution* are an Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, under the management of commissioners, and another for Lunatics, in the hands of trustees. finances, Debt, etc. The balance in the treasury on the 20th October, 1849, amounted to $354,697 52, and the receipts into the treasury during the next fiscal year amounted to $355,226 98 total means for the year $709,924 50. Disburse ments for the same period $355,440 00, and balance remaining $354,484 50 ; less unavailing for execution warrants $286.746 00, leaving an actual balance of $67.733 50. The public debt of the State amounted to $1,829,072 22, and the bonds have from 18 to 20 years to run. Of this sum $72.000 are in sterling bonds, sold to Messrs. Reid, Irving & Co., of London, England, and the remainder Federal bonds. The semi-annual dividends, as well as the principal of the sterling bonds, are payable in London. The whole annual interest on the debt is $110,223 33. A committee of the legislature appointed to examine the State accounts in 1851, recommended that the balance then in the treasury should be applied to the redemption of the sterling bonds, and the State has a sinking fund for the ultimate redemption of the whole debt as it becomes due. The chief sources of income are the general tax and a special tax on bank stock. The principal items of expenditure are the pay of the legislature biennially, about $65,000, of the civil establishment, including judiciary, annually, about $45,000; the support of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, about $17,000; printing, an annual average of about $6,000, and miscellaneous expenses, about $12,000 annually. The items of interest on and reduction of the debt are additional to these. The assessed value of taxable property in the State in 1850 was $335,116.225. Federal ^presentation, Georgia, in accordance with the present law regulating the distribution of members to the United States House of Representatives, occupies eight seats in that body. 248 GEO GER Religious Statistics. The census of 1850 returns the several religious denominations, in reference to the churches church accommodation, and church property of each, as follows : Church Denomina- No. of Church Value of Denomina- No. of Church tioiis. Churches. Baptist 821 .. 310,063 .. $390,801 Jewish .. . Christian.... 5 .. 1,710 .. 12,050 Lutheran. ... 8 . . 2,825 . Congregat l . 1 . . 250 2,700 Mennonite . . . Dutch Kef... .. Methodist... 735 .. 233,143 . Episcopal... 19 .. 8,975 . . 109,910 Moravian ... 1 75 . Free 5 .. 1,550 2,650 Presbyterian 92 . . 39,996 . Friends 2 .. 500 400 K. Catholic.. 8 . . 4,250 . German Kef . . Swedenbo n. . Value of Denomina- No. of Property. tions. Churche $ Tunker . 84,S50 Union 16 . Unitarian... . 393,743 Universalist. 3 . 25 Minor Sects. 7. 218,805 79,500 Total.... 1,723 7,250 900 1,375 Value of Property. 21,100 1,000 1,625 ,.612,892.. $1,269,159 Georgia is a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and with all Florida east of Appalachicola Bay, forms the Eoman Catholic diocese of Savannah. Education. The State of Georgia in 1850 had 23 colleges or universities, 237 academies and high schools, and 822 common or primary schools. The chief collegiate institutions were, the University at Athens, founded in 1785, and in 1850 had 8 professors, 646 alumni, of which 65 were in the ministry, and 155 students, and a library of 13,600 volumes; Oglethorpe College, founded 1836, and located at Medway, had 6 professors, 83 alumni (13 ministers), 85 students, and a library of 4,500 volumes; Emory College, founded 1337 at Oxford, and belonging to the Methodists, had 5 professors, 138 alumni (16 ministers), 115 students, and 1,700 volumes; Mercer University, founded 1S3S at Penfield, had 7 professors, 32 alumni (10 ministers), 71 students, and 3,400 volumes ; and Wesleyan Female College at Macon, founded 1839, had 8 professors, 156 alumni, and 198 students. The academies had 400 teachers and 14,296 students, and the common or primary schools 2,008 teachers and 26,000 schools. Litrniics 517 volumes 117,594. Pauperism and Crime. The whole number of persons who received support from the public funds within the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 1,036, of whom 978 were native born and 58 foreigners ; and the number of paupers at that date was 854 S25 natives and 29 foreigners. Annual cost of support $27,S20. The whole number of persons convicted of crime in the year ending as above was 85, of whom 06 were natives and 19 foreign born; and the whole number in prison at that date was 41. The State Penitentiary is located at Milledgeville. Historical S/cetcfi. Georgia was the last settled of the old States ; the Charter under which the colony was founded was granted in 1732 by George II. in honor of whom it received its name to the Trustees for the Establishing the Colony of Georgia. The double purpose of making the settlement was to relieve the distresses of the poor at home, and to secure the frontiers of the Carolinas from the Indians and Spaniards. In 1733 General Oglethorpe, one of the trustees, con ducted the first colonists to the Savannah, and several bodies of Germans and Highlanders were soon after brought over. The lands were held on a military tenure. The country was repeatedly traversed by the Spaniards from Florida, who considered the occupation of the English as an encroachment upon their domain. In 1752 the proprietary government was abolished, and Georgia became a royal colony. The original limits of the State included the territory now divided into the two thriving States of Alabama and Mississippi. At the commencement of the Kevolutionary War, Georgia was only in the infancy of her strength, and had just begun to enjoy peace and the advantages of a better system of government. The inhabitants knew the operation of the royal government only by its favorable contrast with that of the Trustees. Notwithstanding, the people did not hesitate to take part with their northern brethren. During the war that ensued, Georgia was overrun by the British troops, and the principal inhabitants were compelled to abandon their possessions and fly into the neighboring States. In proportion to their numbers, the exertions and losses of her citizens were as great as in any of the States. After the war Georgia suffered on her frontiers from the incursions of the Creek Indians, whose hostility had been too often provoked by the whites. In 1790 a treaty was concluded with this nation, by which the boundaries of Georgia were established. In 1802 the Creeks ceded to the United States a large tract of country, which has since been ceded by the United States to Georgia, and forms the south-west corner of the State. Georgia possessed as included within her limits a claim to an immense body of Western land, of which in 1795 the Legislature sold a large portion, said to havo contained 22,000,000 acres, to a company, by which it was again sold to individuals. In the succeeding year the Legisla ture declared the sale unconstitutional, and on the ground that it was obtained through bribery, they declared it to ba void, and ordered all the records to be burned. In 1802 Georgia ceded to the United States all the lands west of the Chattahoochee lliver, and of a certain line including the contested lands; and in 1814 Congress passed an act by which a compromise was made with the purchasers, who received a certain amount of public stock. The history of Georgia since this period records no territorial or government changes ; but it is full of instruction, recording the gradual progress of a people in the arts, agriculture, manufactures, and commerce, from a small beginning to an elevation attained by few other members of the Confederation, in the escutcheon of which this State is one of the brightest stars. MILLEDGEVILLE is the political capital of the State. GEORGIA, t. and p. v., Franklin co., Verm. : 41 m. N. W. Montpelier. Drained in the N. by creeks of Lake Cham- plain, which bounds it on the W., and in the S. by Lamoille r., which furnishes water-power. Along the lake the sur face is level otherwise somewhat hilly ; soil in the S. sand, and covered with pine growths. The v. lies on the Ver mont Central R. K., 48 m. from Montpelier. In the t. there are several tanneries and mills, but the industry of the in habitants is chiefly devoted to agriculture. Pop. 2,636. GERMAN, t. and p. v., Chenango co., W. Y. : 106 m. W. Albany. Drained by affluents of Otselic and Chenango mers. Surface hilly; soil of moderate fertility and good for grazing. The v. is situate near the centre, and is a small agricultural settlement. Pop. of t. 903. GERMAN, t. and p. o., Darke co., Ohio : 94 m. W. Colum- 112 bus. Drained by tributaries of Greenville cr. of Miami r. Surface varied by hills ; soil rich and fertile. Pop. 1,502. GERMANNA, p. v., Orange co., Virg. : 59 m. N. W. Richmond. GERMANNO, p. o., Harrison co., Ohio : 112 m. E. N. E. Columbus. GERMAN SETTLEMENT, p. o., Preston co., Yirg. : a nour ishing village and settlement, 188 m. N. W. Richmond. It contains numerous mills, mechanic shops, etc., and about 600 inhabitants. GERMANTON, p. v., Stokes co., N. Car. : on Town fork of Dan r., 98 m. W. N. W. Raleigh. It was, until 1851, cap ital of the county, and contains the old court-house, a jail, etc., several stores, and about 200 inhabitants. GERMANTOWJJ, t. and p. o., Columbia co., N. Y. : 33 m. 249 GER GIL B. Albany. Drained by Hudson r., which is its W. bound ary. Surface gently undulating; soil, clayey loam, and fertile. Pop. 1,022. There are several buildings, with stores, etc., on Hudson r., and the Hudson Kiver K. B passes through the town. GERMANTOWN, p. v., Marion co., Ind, : on Fall cr., 15 m N. E. Indianapolis. GERMANTOWN, p. v., Mason CO., Ky. : 69 m. E. N. E. Frankfurt. GERMAN-TOWN, p. v., Montgomery co., Ohio: in a beauti ful valley near the junction of Big and Little Twin creeks of Miami r., and surrounded on the N. and E. by hills, 77 m. W. S. W. Columbus. It is a thriving place with several manufactures and mechanic shops, and has about 2,000 in habitants. It has a newspaper, the " Western Emporium, a weekly issue. It was settled by Germans from Penn sylvania. GERMANTOWN, t. and p. v., Philadelphia co., Penn. : 89 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. Drained by Wissihicken and Wingohocking creeks. Surface hilly; soil, loam and allu vial bottoms. The v. lies 6 m. N. W. of Philadelphia, and may be considered as one of its suburbs ; it is principally built on one street about 3 m. long, and contains numerous stores and mechanic shops. It is connected with Philadel phia by the Germantown Branch E. E. Germantown is noted as the scene of a great Eevolutionary battle, fought in October, 1777. The t. has several extensive manufactur ing establishments, and in 1850 contained 8,304 inhabitants. GERMANTOWN, p. v., Shelby co., Tenn. : on the Memphis and Charlestown E. E., 17 m. from Memphis and 182 m. \V. S. "W. Nashville. Pop. 245. GERMANTOWN, p. v., Fauquier co., Virg. : 72 m. N. N. "W. Richmond. GERMANTOWN, p. v., Clinton co., III. : 87 m. S. by E. Springfield. GERMAN VALLEY, p. o., Morris county, N. Jer. : 53 m. N. by E. Trenton. GERMANSVILLE, p. v., Edgefleld dist., S. Car. : on Cloud s cr. of Saluda r., 36 m. W. Columbia. GEERAEDSTOWN, p. v., Berkeley county, Virg.: 139 m. N. by W. Eichmond. GEBET, t. and p. v., Chautauque county, N. Y. : 278 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by Cassadaga cr. and its tribu taries. Surface undulating; soil gravelly loam, and well cultivated. It has a number of mills on the streams, but is essentially agricultural in its industry. Pop. 1,422. GETTYSBUEGH, p. v., Preble co., Ohio: 93 m. W. by S. Columbus. GETTYSBURG!!, p. b., and cap. Adams co., Penn. : on the heads of Monocacy r., 33 m. S. S. W. Harrisburg. It con tains a court-house, jail, etc., has several manufactures, and contains 2,1SO inhabitants. The place is supplied with water by pipes from a neighboring spring. Here is located the Theological Seminary of the Lutheran Church. This institution was founded in 1825, and in 1S50 had 2 profes sors, 226 alumni, and 26 students ; and a library of 9,000 volumes. Four periodicals are published in the borough, viz. : the "Adams Sentinel" (whig), the " Star and Banner" (whig), and the "Eepublican Compiler" (dem.), all weekly, issues, and the " Eeview" (whig), a monthly issue. Gettys burg is a place of considerable trade, and when connected with the system of railroads of the State will become a very important centre. It is surrounded by a fine agricultural country. Pop. 2,180. GUEST, p. v., Carroll co., Ky. : on the S. bank of the Ohio r., opposite Vevay, 37 m. N. by W. Frankfort. It is a pleasant v., and contains 3 churches, a tobacco manu factory, 7 stores, and about 400 inhabitants. GHENT, t. and p. v., Columbia co., N. Y. : 24 m. S. by E. Albany. Drained by Claverack cr., on which are mills. Surface broken ; soil gravelly loam. The v. contains about 300 inhabitants. The Harlem E. E., and also the Hudson and Berkshire E. E., pass through the t. Pop. 2,293. 250 GHOLSON, p. v., Noxubee county, Miss. : 95 m. E. N. E Jackson. GIIOLSONVILLE, p. v., Brunswick co., Virg. : on the N. side of Meherin r., 58 m. S. by W. Eichmond. GIBBON S TAVEEN, p. o., Delaware co., Penn.: 81 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. GIBB S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Cumberland co., N. Car. GIBBVILLE, p. v., Sheboygan co., Wise. : on the W. side of Onion r., a. branch of Sheboygan r., 89 m. E. N. E. Madison. GIBESONVILLE, p. v., Hocking co., Ohio : 47 m. S. E. Columbus. GIBRALTAR, p. v., Wayne co., Mich. : on the W. bank of Detroit r., at its entrance into Lake Erie, 84 m. S. E. Lans ing. The harbor is good and has a light-house. The Gibraltar and Clinton Canal, terminating here, has never been finished, but affords a good head of water for manu facturing purposes. The v. is small and not progressive. GIBSON county, Ind. Situate S. "W., and contains 512 sq. m. Drained by the Patoka and other streams. The "W abash lies on its W. and White r. on its N. border. Sur face agreeably undulating and generally well timbered; soil, loam and sand, and very productive. Farms 1,220 ; manuf. 23; dwell. 1,833, and pop. wh. 10,554, fr. col. 217 total 10.771. Capital: Princeton. Public Works: Wa- bash and Erie Canal, and Evansville and Illinois E. E. GIBSON, t. and p. o., Susquehannah co., Penn.: 123 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Tunkhannoc and Lack- awannoc creeks. Surface hilly ; soil clay and gravel. It is almost wholly agricultural, and contains 1.344 inhabitants. GIBSON, p. v., Pike co., Ohio : 61 m. S. Columbus. GIBSON, p. v., Steuben county, 2f. Y. : 184 m. W. by S. Albany. GIBSON S WELLS, p. o., Gibson county, Tenn. : 123 m. W. by S. Nashville. GIBSONVILLE, p. T., Livingston county, N. Y. : 213 m. W. by N. Albany. GIDLEY S STATION, p. o., Jackson county, Mich. : 35 m. S. by E. Lansing. GILBERTSBOEOUGH, p. v., Limestone co., Ala. : 176 m. N. by W. Montgomery. GILBERT S MILLS, p. o., Oswego county, Jf. Y. : 143 m. W. N. W. Albany. GILBERTSVILLE, p. v., Otsego co., 2f. Y. : on a branch of Unadilla r., 81 m. W. by S. Albany. GILBOA, t. and p. v., Schoharie co., 2f. Y. : 38 m. W. S.W. Albany. Drained by Schoharie cr. and its branches. Sur face varied in the W. hilly ; soil rich and fertile. The v. is located on Schoharie cr., and has several manufactures, mills, etc., and about 300 inhabitants. Blenheim is also a v. in this town. Pop. 3,024. GILBOA, p. v., Putnam co., Ohio : on the N. side of Blanchard s fork of Auglaize r., 87 m. N. W. Columbus. GILBOA, p. o., Louisa co., Virg. : 53 m. N. W. Eichmond. GILCIIEIST S BRIDGE, p. o., Marion dist., S. Car: 98 m. E. Columbia. GILCIIRISTVILLE, p. v., Dauphin co., Penn. GILDER, p. v., Greenville dist., S. Car. : 112 m. N. W. Columbia. GILEAD. p. o., Upshur county, Tex. : 248 m. N. E. Austin City. GILEAD, t and p. o., Oxford co., Me. : 59 m. W. Augusta Drained by Androscoggin r., which runs from W. to E. through it. Surface rough and hilly, and except on the river, fit only for grazing. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence E. E. traverses the S. bank of the Androscoggin. P. 359. GILEAD, p. v., Tolland co., Conn. : 16 m. E. S. E. Hartford. GILEAD, p. v., Miami co., Ind. : 89 m. N. Indiannpolis. GILEAD, p. v., Calhoun co., III. : on the E. side of the Mississippi, at the foot of the Bluffs, which are here about 2 m. back from the river, 71 m. S. W. Springfield. P. &~ft. GILEAD, t. and p. o., Branch co., Mich. : 71 m. S. S. "W. Lansing. Drained by Prairie and Fawn rivers of the St. GIL GLA Joseph s. Surface diversified ; soil fertile and deep mold It is one of the best farming sections of the State. P. 503. GILEAD, sta., Morrow co., Ohio : a station on the line ol the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati K. R.,43 m. from Columbus. GILEAD, p. v., "Wood co., Ohio : on the S. side of Maumee river, opposite Providence, 108 m. N. W. Columbus. GILES county, Virg. Situate S. W., and contains sq. m. Drained by Sinking, Big and Little Stony, Walker s and Wolf creeks, branches of New r., a head of Kaiiawha and by heads of the James r. It is very elevated, being 2,000 feet above the ocean. Surface much broken, and in parts stony; soil on the numerous streams very rich, It is celebrated for its White and Grey Sulphur Springs, The grains are raised liberally, and tobacco and sugar to some extent. Farms 539 ; manuf. ; dwell. 919, and pop. wh. 5,859. fr. col. 54, si. 65T total 6,570. Capital : Giles Court-house (Parisburg). GILES COURT-HOUSE, p. o., and cap. Giles co., Virg. : in the v. of Parisburg, on the left bank of New river, 1S2 m. W. by S. Richmond. Immediately below the village tl river passes through a gap of Peter s Mountain, a branch of the Great Alleghany Mountains. GILFORD, L, p. v., and cap. Belknap co., Sf. Hamp. : 26 m. N. by E. Concord. Drained by Gun-stock and Miles rivers, and the heads of Suncook r. Winnipiseogee Lake lies on its N. border, and on the S. E. part of the t. is Sun- cook Mountain. There are seven islands in the lake be longing to Gilford. The soil is generally productive and well cultivated. In the t. there are many mills and facto ries, chiefly of cotton goods. Pop. 2,425. The Boston, Concord, and Montreal R. R. passes through the E. part of the town. GILFORD VILLAGE, p. T., Belknap co., N. ITamp. : at the outlet of Winnipiseogee Lake, 25 m. N. by E. Concord. It is a pleasant and thriving village. GILL, L and p. o., Franklin co., Mass. : 97 m. W. by N. Boston. The Connecticut r. forms its E. and S. boundaries, and along its banks are extensive meadows. Fall r., on the W.. divides the t from Greenfield. Surface mountainous, but generally fertile, and the people are chiefly engaged in fanning. It has, however, several small manufactories. Pop. 7:>4. GILLELAND CREEK, p. o., Travis co., Teat. : on a creek of Eio Colorado so called, 16 m. E. S. E. Austin City. GILLESPIE county, Tese. Situate centrally, and contains about 2,200 sq. m. Drained by Sandy cr., Pedernales r., and Rio Llano, affluents to the Colorado, which passes its N. E. corner. Surface much diversified parts hilly and rough, but most of it rolling or level ; soil fertile, and well adapted to grain and pasturage. Farms 40 ; manuf. 7 ; dwell. 274, and pop. wh. 1,235, fr. col. 0, si. 5 total 2,240. Capital : Fredericksburg. GILLESPIBVILLE, p. v., Ross county, Ohio: 49 m. S. Columbus. GILL HALL, p. o., Alleghany county, Penn. : 171 m. W. Harrisburg. GiLLiox s, p. o., Baker county, Ga. : on the E. side of a branch of Ichawaynochaway cr., 131 m. S.W. Milledgeville. GILI.IONSVILLE, p.v., Beaufort disk, & Car. ; 120m. S. Columbia. GILL S MILLS, p. o., Bath co., Ky. : 73 m. E. Frankfort. GILL S STOKE, p. o., Lincoln county, Tenn. : 72 m. S. Nashville. GILI.SVILLE, p. v., Hall county, Ga. : on Hudson s Fork of Broad r., 93 m. N. N. W. Milledgeville. OILMAN, t. and p. o., Hamilton co., IT. Y. : 72 m.N.N.W. Albany. This is a lonsr, narrow township, extending N. from Sacandaga r., nearly 40 m. It has a number of lakes and streams, which afford fine water-power. The surface is diversified in the N. hilly, and most of it is yet a wil derness. Pop. 101. GILUANTON, t. and p. o., Belknap co., Jf. Uamp. : 19 m. N. by E. Concord. Drained by Suncook and Soucook rivers. Surface hilly ; soil generally fertile. It is the seat of a flourishing academy, to which is attached " Gilmanton Theological Seminary." This seminary, founded in 1S35, had in 1850 3 professors, 23 students, and 69 had completed their educational courses. The library contains 4,300 vols. Pop. of t. 3,282. GILMANTOWN IRON-WORKS, p. v., Belknap county, N~. ffamp. : on a branch of Suncook river, 17 m. N. N. E. Concord. GILMER county, Get. Situate on N. line, and contains 793 sq. m. Drained by Tocco r., an affluent of Tennessee r., and Coosawattee, a head of Alabama r. Surface elevated and broken; soil good and well watered. Cotton, corn, wheat, and tobacco are the staples. Farms 577 ; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 1,396, and pop. wh. 8,236, fr. col. 4, si. 200 total 8,440. Coital: Ellijay. GILMER county, Virg. Situate N. W., and contains 644 sq. m. Drained by Little Kanawha r. and its numerous affluents. Surface diversified; soils good. Coal and salt springs are abundant in this portion of the State, and add much to the resources of the inhabitants. The cereals are likewise successfully cultivated. Farms 325 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 571, and pop. wh. 3,403, fr. col. 0, si. 72 total 3,475. Capital: Glenville. GILMER, p. v., Lake co., III. : equidistant between Fox and Desplaines rivers, 186 m. N. E. Springfield. It stands on a fine elevated prairie, interspersed with groves of hand some timber. GILMER, p. o., and cap. Upshur co., Tex. : on an upper branch of Little Cypress r., 153 m. N. E. Austin City. GILMKU S STORE, p. o., Guilford county, 2f. Car. : 83 m. W. N. W. Raleigh. GILOPOLIS, p. v., Robeson county, JV[ Car. : 112 m. S. Raleigh. GILSUM, t and p. v., Cheshire co., N. JTamp.: 39 m. W. S. W. Concord. Drained by Ashuelot r., which fur nishes water-power. The v. on the N. side of the river has considerable manufactures. Pop. of t. 666. GINGER HILL, p. o., Washington co., Penn. : 1ST m. W. by S. Harrisburg. GINSENG, p. o., Wyoming county, Virg. : 246 m.W. by N. Richmond. GIN TOWN, p. v., Irwin county, Ga. : 117 m. S. by W. Milledgeville. GIRARD, p. v., Russell co., Ala. : on the W. side of Chat- tahoochee r., and opposite Columbus, 76 m. E. Montgomery A railroad, in continuation of the Muscogee R. R. of Georgia, is projected from this point to Mobile. GIRARD, t. and p. v., Branch co., Mich. : 53 m. S. S. W. Lansing. Drained by Hog r. of the St. Joseph s, and there are several small lakes in the town. Surface level ; soil rich. The village lies centrally on the S. side of the river, and is a small agricultural settlement. Pop. of t. 934. GIRARD, p. v., Burke co., Ga. : 79 m. E. Milledgeville. GIRARD, p. Y., Trumbull county, Ohio: 143 m. N. E. Columbus. GIRARD, t. and p. v., Erie county, Penn. : 221 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by creeks of Lake Erie. Surface diversified ; soils fertile. Lake Erie bounds it on the N. The v. lies on the line of the Franklin Canal Company s R. R., 15 m. W. S. W. Erie, and the North Branch Canal crosses the township. Pop. oft. 2,918. GLADDEN S GROVE, p. o., Fairfleld dist., S. Car. : 37 m. N. Columbia, GLADE HILL, p. o., Franklin co., Virg. : 146 m. W. S.W. Richmond. GLADE MILLS, p. o., Butler co., Penn. : 178 m. W. N. W. larrisburg. GLADE MINES, p. o., Hall co., Ga. : 106 m. N. K W. Milledgoville. GLADE RUN, p. o., Armstrong co., Penn. : 156 m.W. N.W. larrisburg. 251 GLA GLO SPRING, p. o., Harrison co., Tf-f. : \~-l m. X. K. Austin City. GLADES CROSS EOADS, p. o., Putnam co., Ga. : on a brand of Little r., 29 m. N. W. Milledgeville. GLADE SPRING, p. o., Washington co., Virg. : on a cr. of Middle Fork of Holston r., 246 m. W. S. W. Eichmond The Virginia and Tennessee E. E. will pass this point. GLADEVILLE, p. v., Preston co., Virg. : 173 m. N. "W Eichmond. GLADWIN county, Mich. Situate N. centrally of Lower Peninsula, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Tittiba- wassee r., an affluent of Saginaw r. Surface level or undu lating ; soil heavily timbered in part ; the rest adapted to grass and grain a good farming region. Set off since the year 1S50. GLADV CREEK, p. o., Eandolph co., Virg. : 158 m. N. TV. Eiehmond. GLASCO, p. v., Ulster co., 2T. Y. : on the W. side of Hudson river, 43 m. S. by W. Albany. Esopus cr. empties itself 3 m. to the N. It has a good landing, and is noted for th.; ex tent of its brick-yards. Pop. about 350. GLASGOW, p. v., Newcastle co., Del. : on Christian cr., 32 m. N. by W. Dover. The Newcastle and Frenchtown E. E. passes through it 11 m. from Newcastle. GLASGOW, p. v., and cap. Barren county, K>f. : a short distance E. of Beaver Branch of Big Barren r., 97 m. S. W. Frankfort. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and about 200 inhabitants. The line of the Nashville and Lexington E. E., as projected, will pass through the village. GLASGOW, p. v., Scott co., III. : 40 im.W. S. W. Springfield. GLASGOW, p. v., Jefferson county, la. ; on a cr. of Big Cedar cr., 53 m. S. by W. Iowa City. GLASGOW, p. v., Howard co., Mo, : on the left bank of Missouri r., 58 m. N. W. Jefferson City. It is a thriving v., and has considerable river trade. Two newspapers, the " Howard County Banner," and the " G. Weekly Times," are published here. Pop. about 1,600. GLASGOW, p.v., Columbiana co., Ohio: 136 m. E. N. E. Columbus. GLASSKOROUGII. p. v., Gloucester county, N. Jer. ; 43 m. S. by W. Trenton. It has several glass-houses and stores, and about ISO inhabitants. GLASS CREEK, p. o., Barry co., Mich.: 43 m. W. S. W. Lansing. GLASS VILLAGE, p. v., Conway co., Ark. : on the W. side of Port Eemove cr., 52 m. N. W. Little Eock. GLASTENRURY, t. and p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : S m. S. Hartford. Drained by creeks falling into Connecticut r., which makes its E. boundary. Surface rough ; soil fertile. The v. on Eoaring Brook, about 2 m. from Connecticut r., is engaged in manufactures. Pop. of t. 3,399. GLEN, t. and p.o., Montgomery co., AT. Y. : 86 m.W.N.W. Albany. Drained by Schoharie and other creeks of Mo hawk r., which latter forms its N. boundary. Surface hilly ; soil clayey loam. The Erie Canal traverses the Mohawk Valley, on which are the villages of Fultonville and Auries- Yille. Pop. of t. 3.043. GLEN, p. o., M Kean co., Penn. : 144 m. N. W. Harrisburg. GLENALTA, p. o., Marion county, Ga. : 100 m. W. S. W. Milledgeville. From this point streams flow in E., and S., and W. directions. GLEN BEOOK, p. o., Harteo., Ky. : 81 m. S.W. Frankfort. GLENBUEN, t. and p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : 65 m. N. E. Augusta. Drained by Kenduskcag stream, which also affords water-power. The v. is located on the borders of a large pond on the E. border of the town. Population of town, 9 5. GLKXCOE, p. v., Gallatin county, Ky. : 42 m. N. by E. Frankfort. GLENCOE, p. v., Bolivar co., Miss. : 112 m. N. N. W. Jackson. GLEN COVE, p. r., Queens co., IT. Y. : at the head of Glen Cove an arm of Hempstead Harbor, 118 m. S. Albany. It is a pleasant village, and is much resorted to in summer by j the citizens of New York, with which it is connected by regular steamboats. GLEXDALE, p. v., Berkshire co., Mass. : on the W. bank of the Housatonic r., where it is crossed by the Housatonic E. E., 118 m. W. Boston. GLEN DALE, p. o., Muscatine co., la. : 83 m. E. S. E. Iowa City. GLENFINLAS, p. v., Jefferson co., Mo. : on the right bank of Big r. of the Maramec, 88 m. E. S. E. Jefferson City. GLENHAM, p. v., Duchess co., N. Y. : on Fishkill cr.,"about 3 m. from Hudson r., 73 m. S. Albany. This is a thriving village, chiefly engaged in the manufacture of iron, wool, etc., and containing about SOO inhabitants. It has immense water-power. GLEN HOPE, p. o., Clearfleld co., Penn. : 102 m. N. W. Harrisburg. GLENMORE, p. v.. Oneida co., 2f. Y. GLENMORE, p. o., Buckingham county, Virg. : 61 m. W. Eichmond. GLENN GROVE, p. o., Fayette co., Ga. : 83 m. W. N. W. Milledgeville. GLBNN MILLS, p. o., Culpepper co., Virg. : 73 m. N. N.W. Eichmond. GLENN S, p. o., Gloucester co., Virg. : 69 m. E. Eichmond. GLENN S, p. o., Clark- county, la.: 128 m. W. S. W. Iowa City. GLENN S FALLS, p. v., Warren co., N. Y. : on the left bank of the Hudson r., 41 m. N. Albany. This is a great manufacturing v., and contains mills of all descriptions, furnaces, tanneries, etc., and about 2,500 inhabitants. Two newspapers, the " G. F. Clarion" (whig), and the " G. F. Eopublican" (dem.), are issued weekly. The falls at this place have a total descent of 50 feet, and afford extensive water-power, by which a vast amount of machinery is moved. A bridge. 500 feet long, crosses the Hudson. The feeder of the Champlain Canal affords a navigable commu nication with the canal. GLENN SPRINGS, p. v., Spartanburgh dist., S. Car. : on Fair Forest cr., 78 m. N. W. Columbia. GLEXNVILLE, p. v., Barbour co., Ala. : on Cowikee cr. of Chattahoochee r., 59 m. E. S. E. Montgomery. GLEN EOCK, p. o., York co., Penn. GLENVILLE, t. and p. o., Schenectady co., N. Y. : 22 m. N.W. Albany. Drained by tributaries of Mohawk r., which is its S. boundary. Delplass cr. crosses the E. part of the t., and falls into the Mohawk. The v. contains about twenty dwellings. The industry of the t. is chiefly devoted to agri culture. Pop. 3,409. The Utica and Schenectady E. E., and the Saratoga and Schenectady E. E., traverse the Mo hawk Valley through this town. GLKNVILLE, p. v., Fairfleld county, Conn. : 54 m. S. W. Hartford. GLF.NVILLE, p. v., and cap. Gilmer county, Virg. : on the S. side of Little Kanawha r., 208 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. GLEN WALD, p. o., Sullivan county, N. Y. : SO m. S. S.W. Albany. GLENWOOD. p.v., Erie co., N. Y.: 248 m.W. Albany. GLOBE, p. o., Caldwell co., Jf. Car. : 169 m. W. by N. Ealeigh. GLOBE, p. o., Johnson co., Mo. : 97 m. W. Jefferson City. GLOUCESTER county, A r . Jer. Situate S. W., and contains 2S7sq. m. Drained by Great Egg Harbor r., flowing into he Atlantic, Maurice r., flowing into Delaware Bay, and affluents of Delaware r., which lies on the W. Surface even; soil on the Delaware productive, and under fine cultivation, largely supplying Philadelphia with fruit and vegetables ; in the interior sandy, but well wooded with line timber. Corn, rye, and lumber are leading exports. Farms 954; manuf. 141 ; dwell. 2,600, and pop. wh. 15,035- fr. col. 620 total 15,655. Capital: Woodbury. Pullic Wo-ks: Woodbury Branch E. E. GLOUCESTER county, Virg. Situate S. E. on Chesapeake GLO GOL Bay, and contains 243 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Piankitank and York rivers, between which it lies, and creeks of Mobjack Bay. Surface broken, except on the rivers, where the soil is very rich. Corn, wheat, and oats are the chief productions; there is also much good timber. Farms 573; manuf. 53; dwell. 1,000, and pop. wh. 4,290, fr. col. 630, si. 5,55T total 10,527. Capital : Gloucester C. H. GLOUCESTER, t. and p. v., Providence co., R. I. : 14 m. W. N. W. Providence. Drained by Chepachet and Paw- tuxet rivers, which have good water-power. Surface uneven and rough ; soil of average fertility, but best adapted to grazing. The t. has considerable manufactures, and Chepachet, on the river so called, is a village of some celebrity for its productions. Pop. of t 2,864. GLOUCESTER, t., p. v., and port of entry, Essex co., Mass. : 27 m. N. by E. Boston. This is a maritime town, occupying (he greakT portion of Cape Ann, the N. boundary of Massa chusetts Bay, and the inhabitants are chiefly employed in navigation, commerce, and the fisheries. It has a fine har bor, open at all seasons, and accessible to vessels of great burden. Lat. 42 36 44" N., and long. 70 40 19" W. The harbor and principal settlement lies on the S. side of the peninsula. Sandy and Squam bays lie on the N. side, and afford harbors for small vessels. On Thrasher s Island are two light-houses. Gloucester has three newspapers, the " G. News (indep.), and the " G. Telegraph" (whig), issued semi- weekly, and the " Cape Ann Light" (whig), issued weekly. Pop. of t. 7,S05. The statistics of the foreign commerce of the district, of which Gloucester is port of entry, for the year ending 30th June, 1S50, are as follows : Clearances, 177 (11,183 tons), of which 161 (3,259 tons) were foreign bottoms ; and en trances, 178(11,667 tons), of which 159 (8,180 tons) were for eign. The shipping owned in the district amounted to 22,474 tons, of which 2,873 tons were registered and engaged in for eign trade ; 18,831 tons enrolled and licensed, of which 13,932 tons were employed in the cod fishery, and 4,899 tons in the mackerel fishery; and 720 tons licensed under 20 tons, of which 68 tons were employed in coasting and 652 tons in the cod fisheries; and the shipping built during the year was 26 schooners, of an aggregate burden of 1,996 tons. GLOUCESTER CITY, p. v., Camden co., 2f. Jer. : 30 m. S."W. Trenton. GLOUCESTER COURT-HOUSE, p. Y., and cap. Gloucester co., Tirg. : at the head of an arm of Mobjack Bay, 57 m. E. 8. E. Richmond. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., 2 academies, and about 200 inhabitants. Many wealthy peo ple reside here, and the neighborhood is one of the richest in Virginia. GLOUCESTER FURNACE, p.v., Atlantic co., N. Jer. : on a cr. of Little Egg Harbor r., 46 m. S. E. Trenton. It has, be sides the works from which it is named, several mills, etc., and about 400 inhabitants. GLOVER, t. and p. o., Orleans co., Verm. : 85 m. N. N. E. Montpolier. Drained by head branches of Black and Bar ton s rivers, flowing N. ; of Passumsic r., flowing E., and of Lamoille r., flowing W. It lies on an elevated watershed. Surface hilly, and soil indifferent. Husbandry and agricul ture are the chief occupations of the inhabitants. Popri,137. GLOVESVILLE, p. v., Fulton co., N. Y. : 42 m. N. W. Albany. It contains extensive manufactures of buckskin gloves, mittens, moccasins, etc., and hence its appellative. Population about 400. GLYMONT, p. v., Charles co., Md. : on the Potomac r., 8 m. below Fort Washington, and 48 m. 8. W. Annapolis. GLYMPUVILLE, p. v. Newberry dist., S. Car. : 47 m.N/W. Columbia. GLYNN county, Ga. Situate S. E. on the Atlantic, and contains 389 sq. m. Drained by Turtle r., Santilla r., which bounds it S., and affluents of Alatamaha r., which bounds it N. St. Simon s and Jykill islands belong to it. Surface low and level; soil fertile, and bears the best of cotton and rice. The islands produce the Sea Island cotton, so much valued, and the marshes an immense amount of rice. Farms 92 ; matiuf. 8 ; dwell. 145, and pop. wh. 693, fr. col. 3, si. 4,232 total 4,933. Capital : Brunswick. GNADENIIUTTEN, p. v., Tuscarawas co., Oldo : on the E. bank of Tuscarawas r., 85 m. E. N. E. Columbus. The Central Ohio E. E. will pass through the village. It was originally settled by the United Brethren, and contains, a Moravian Church, several stores and mills, and about 260 nhabitants. GOAT (or IBIS) island, N. T. : lies in the Niagara r. at the Great Falls, the waters of which divide as they descend over the ledge into the abyss below. This island is ap proached from the American side by a bridge. Its extent s about 65 acres, and its periphery about a mile. It is still well timbered. The lower end of the island is a perpen dicular bank of from 80 to 100 feet ; thence to the water s edge, below the Falls, a sloping descent of about 100 feet more. From points on this part of the island, both the Falls are seen to advantage. Here has been erected a tow er called Prospect Tower, with an observatory on the top, and a stair-case near by to descend to the water s edge. GODBOLD, p. o., Washita county, Ark. : 8S m. S. S. "W. Little Eock. GODDARD, p. T., Eush county, Ind. : 43 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. GODFRY, p. o., Madison county, III. : 71 m. S. S. "W. Springfield. GOFF S CORNERS, p. o., Cumberland co., Me. : 83 m. S.W. Augusta. GOFF S FALLS, sta., Hillsboro co., N. ffamp. : on the Merrimac r. at the falls so called, 22 m. S. Concord. The Concord E. E. crosses the river at this point. GOFF S MILLS, p. o., Steuben co., N. Y. : 192 m. TV. by S Albany. GOFFSTOWN, t. and p. T., Hillsborough co., N. Hamp. : 14 m. S. Concord. Drained by Piscataquoag r. and a trib utary of Merrimac r., which afford water-power. The Mer rimac runs along its E. border. Surface generally level, but diversified ; soil fertile and well cultivated. Amoskeag Falls of the Merrimac are opposite thist. and have a descent of 43 feet in half a mile, around which is a canal. The t. has considerable manufactures, several villages, and 2,270 inhabitants. The New Hampshire Central E. E. crosses it in an E. and W. direction. GOFFSTOWN CENTRE, p. v., Hillsborough co., N. ITamp. : on the Piscataquoag r., and on the line of the New Hamp shire Central E. E., 5 m. from Manchester, and 15 m. S. Concord. GOGGINSVILLE, p. v., Franklin co., Virg. : 134 m.TV. S.TV. Eichmond. GOLANSVILLE, p. v., Caroline co., Virg. : 26 m. N. Eich mond. It has several mills and mechanic shops, and about 150 inhabitants. In the vicinity there ara several mineral springs. GOLCONDA, p. v., and cap. Pope co., Til. : at the entrance of Lusk s cr. into Ohio r., 177 m. S. S. E. Springfield. It contains a brick court-house, etc., several stores, and about 300 inhabitants. GOLDEN GROVE, p. o., Greenville dist., S. Car. : on the E. side of Saluda r., 103 m. TV. N. TV. Columbia, or by tho route of the Greenville and Columbia E. E., which passes through it, 130 m. from Columbia. GOLDEN HILL, p. o., Dorchester co., Md. : 43 m. S. E. Annapolis. GOLDEN HILL, p. o.,TVyoming co., Penn. : 97 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. GOLDEN HILL, p. o., Chambers co., Ala. : 53 m. E. N. E. Montgomery. GOLDEN LAKE, p. o., TVaukesha co., Wise. : 56 m. E. Madison. GOLDEX POND, p. o., Trigg co., Ky. : 197 m. TV. S. TV. Frankfort. GOLDEX S BR-IDGB, p. v., TVestchester co., N. Y. : 93 m. S. by E. Albany. 263 GOL GOR GOLDEN SPRINGS, p. o., Anderson dist., S. Car. : on the "W. side of Baluda r., 2 m. above Golden Grove, and 105 m. W. N. W. Columbia. GOLDEN VALLEY, p. o., Rutherford co., 2f. Car. : 216 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. GOLD HILL, p. o., Meri wether county, Ga. : 94 m. "W. Milledgeville. GOLD HILL, p. o., Eowan co., N~. Car. : 106 m. "W. Ealeigh. GOLD MINE, p. o., Marion co., Ala. ; 153 m. N. W. Montgomery. GOLD MINE, p. o., Chesterfield dist., S. Car. : on the E. side of Lynch s cr., 62 E. N. E. Columbia. GOLD EEGION, p. o., Moore co., N. Car. : 53 m. 8. W. Ealeigh. GOLDSBOROXJGH, p. v., "Wayne co., 2f. Car. : on the N. side, and about 2 m. from Neuse r., 51 m. S. E. Ealeigh. It is a considerable v., with a good trade, and has two peri odicals, the " North Carolina Telegraph" (whig), and the " Patriot" (dem.), both weekly issues. It is an important station on the line of the Wilmington and Weldon E. E.; also the E. initial point of the North Carolina E. E. ; and a railroad hence is projected to Newbern, one of the best ports of the State. Pop. about 700. GOLDSVILLE, p. v., Cherokee co., Ga. : 118 m. N. W. Milledgeville. GOLDSVILLE, p. v., Tallapoosa co., Ala. : 49 m. N. E. Montgomery. GOLIAD county, Tex. Situate S. E. centrally, and con tains about 1,800 sq. m. Intersected by San Antonio r., and drained by its many branches, with the heads of Mission and Aransas rivers and affluents of the Guadaloupe. Surface moderately elevated, and gently undulating. Soil generally very good, and adapted to cotton growing. Some sugar may be raised, too. Farms 30; manuf. 0; dwell. SS, and pop. wh. 435, fr. col. 0, si. 213 total 648. Capital: Goliad. GOLIAD, p. v. and cap., Goliad co., Tex. : on a high rocky blufif on the S. bank of San Antonio r., 128 m. S. by E. Austin City. It is one of the oldest towns in Texas, dating from 1716, and was formerly a place of great importance, and, as its name implies, a place of strength. Its fortifica tions were immense and considered by the Spaniards as impregnable, and are still in existence, though decayed, as are also most of the old buildings, which were of stone. On the opposite side of the river was an ancient mission. Goliad is now recovering from its demolished condition, and is again a flourishing place with considerable trade and general business. GONIC, p. v., Strafford co., N. Samp. : on the E. side of Cocheco r., 28 m. E. Concord. It is a v. of considerable manufactures. The Cocheco E. E. passes through it, 8 m. from Dover. GONZALES county, Teas. Situate S. E. of centre, and con tains 1.227 sq. m. Intersected by Guadalupe r., and drained by San Marcos r. and Peach and Sandy crs., its affluents. Surface a rolling prairie in S. in the N. more broken. Soil sandy loam, covered with a rich vegetable deposit, and adapted to cotton, grain, or grazing. Salt-springs are found on Salt fork of Sandy cr. Farms 1 23 ; manuf. ; dwell. 18S, and pop. wh. 891, fr. col. 0, si. 601 total 1,492. Capital : Gonzales. GONZALES, p. o., and cap. Gonzales co., Tex. : on the N. or left bank of Eio Guadalupe r., 62 m. S. S. E. Austin City. It is the centre of an extensive trade. GOOCIILAND county, Virg. Situate E. centrally, and con tains 273 sq. m. Drained by several affluents of the James r., which forms its S. boundary. Surface in the S. rolling; elsewhere broken, affording many eligible mill sites. Soils various, and mostly long cultivated, though highly produc tive. Tobacco is the great agricultural staple, and coal is abundant, and the mines much worked. Gold has also been found in considerable quantities. Farms 405 ; manuf. 49; dwell. 876, and pop. wh. 3,854, fr. col. 653, si. 5,845 I 254 total, 10,352. Capital: Goochland C. H. Public Works: James Eiver Canal. GOOCHLAND C. II., p. v., and cap. Goochland co., Virg.; on the N. side of James r., and on the line of the canal, 25 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. It contains a court-house, jaU, and about 40 dwellings. GOOCII S MILLS, p. o., Cooper co., Mo. : on Little Saline cr. of Missouri r., 34 m. N. W. Jefferson City. GOODALL S, p. o., Hanover co., Virg. :15 m. N. Eichmond. GOOD FIELD, p. v., Meigs co., Tenn.: 114 m. E. S. E. Nashville. GOOD GROUND, p. v., Suffolk co., 2f. T. : 128 m. 8. E. Albany a v. of some 8 or 10 dwellings, situate in the t of Southampton. GOOD HOPE, p. v., Milwaukie co., Wise. : on the W. side of Milwaukie r., T5 m. E. by N. Madison. GOOD HOPE, p. o., Cumberland co., Perm. GOOD HOPE, p. o., Walton county, Go-. : on a cr. of Appalachee r., 55 m. N. N. W. Milledgeville. GOODING S GEOVE, p. o., "Will co., 111. : 138 m. N. E, Springfield. GOOD INTENT, p. o., "Washington county, Penn. : 182 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. GOOD LUCK, p. o., Prince George s co., Md. : on the E. side of the W. branch of Patuxent r., 26 miles S. W, Annapolis. GOODRICH, p. v., Genesee co., Mich. : 49 m, E. N. E. Lansing. GOOD S PRECINCT, p. o., Clark co., Ky. : 44 m. E. S. E. Frankfort. GOOD SPRING, p. o., "Williamson co., Tenn. : 11 m. S. Nashville. GOOD SPRINGS, p. o., Mead co., Ey. : 76 m. "W. by S. Frankfort. GOOD SPUR, p. o., Carroll co., Virg. : 183 m. "W. S. "W. Eichmond. GOODVILLE, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. GOODWATER, p. o., Coosa county, Ala. : 33 m. N. by E. Montgomery. GOODWIN S MILLS, p. o., York county, Me. : 74 m. S. "W. Augusta. GOODWINSVILLE, p. T., Dinwiddie county, Virg. : 42 m. S. by W. Eichmond. GOOSE CREEK, p. o., Eitchie co., Virg. : 226 m. N. W. Eichmond. GOOSE CREEK, Virg. : a branch of Eoanoke r. It has its rise in the Blue Eidge, 5 m. S. W. of the Peeks of Otter, and after a course of more than 40 m. enters the Eoanoke in the S. W. part of Campbell county. GOOSE POND, p. o., Oglethorpe co., Ga. : on a branch of Long cr. of Broad r., 69 "m. N. N. E. Milledgeville. GOOSE EIVER, p. o., Waldo co., Me. : 37 m. E. Augusta, GORDO, p. o., Pickens county, Ala. : 124 m N. W. Montgomery. GORDON county, Ga. Situate N. "W., and contains 302 sq. m. Drained by Coosawattee r. and other head streams of the Coosa r. Surface broken and cut up into many beautiful and fertile valleys. This is in the iron region, and possesses much undeveloped mineral wealth. Farms 419; manuf. ; dwell. 861, and pop. wh. 5,156, fr. col. 0. si. 828 total 5,984. Capital : Calhoun. Public Works : Atlantic and Western E. E. GORDON, p. v., Wilkinson county, Ga. : 17 m. S. by W. Milledgeville. The Milledgeville and Gordon E. E. di verges at this point from the Central Georgia E. E., 170 m. from Savannah. GORDON S SPRINGS, p. v., Walker co., Ga. : 179 m. N. "W. Milledgeville. GORDONSVILLE, p. v., Smith co., Tenn.: on the W. bank of Caney fork of Cumberland r., 49 m. E. Nashville. GORDONSVILLE, p. v., Logan county, Ky. : 152 m. S. W. Frankfort. GORDONSVILLE, p. v., Orange co., Virg. : at the E. base of GOft GOV excellent grass. The t. and neighborhood is noted for the superior quality of its milk and butter, which are daily car ried into New York by railroad. The v. is located on a completed in 1852. GORDONSVILLE, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. : 49 m. E. S. Pierson co., N. Car. : 51 m. N. "W. Harrisburg. GORDONTON, p. Raleigh. GOKHAM, t. and p. v., Cumberland co., Me. : 59 m. S. W. Augusta. Drained by Presumpscut r., which forms its E. border. Surface diversified ; soil excellent and well culti vated. The v. lies on the York and Cumberland K. R., 10 m. from Portland. The t. has a well-endowed academy and contains numerous mills and mechanic shops. Pop. 3,083. GORHAM, t. and p. o., Coos co., N. Hamp. : 81 m. N. by E. Concord. Drained by Peabody r. and other tributaries of the Androscoggin. Surface rough and broken the S. be- in" occupied by the White Mountains ; soil indifferent and population sparse. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence K. R. passes through it, following the valley. Pop. 224. GORHAM, t. and p. v., Ontario co., N. Y. : 173 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Flint cr. and creeks of Canandaigua Lake, which forms its W. boundary. Surface gently undu lating ; soil fertile and well cultivated. The v. is located on the E. side of Flint cr. ; and there are other villages, as Eushville, Gorham Centre, etc., in the town. Pop. 2,645. GORUAM, t and p. o., Fulton co., Ohio. : 136 m. N. W. Columbus. Drained by Tiffin r. and its branches. Surface uneven ; soil fertile and productive. Pop. 906. GOSHEN, p. o., Cherokee co., Ala. : 133 m. N. N. E. Montgomery. GOSHEX, t. and p. o., Addison co., Verm. : 36 m. S. "W. Montpelier. Drained by creeks of Great Trout Pond and Otter r. Surface mountainous; soil ordinary, but adapted to grasses. Iron ore and oxyde of magnesia abundant. Pop. 4S6. GOSHEN, t. and p. o., Litchfield co., Conn. : 34 m. "W. by N. Hartford. Drained by affluents of Housatonic and Nau- gatuck rivers, which rise in this t. from several small ponds. Surface elevated and moderately uneven ; soil excellent for grasses. It produces fine dairies, and has several manu fectures. Pop. 1,45T. GOSHEN, p. v., Lincoln county, Ga. : 74 m. N. E. Milled geville. GOSHEX, p. v., and cap. Elkhart co., Ind. : on the E. Bide of Elkhart r., 126 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. It is a thriving v., and contains commodious county buildings, several halls for societies, large flouring and saw mills, nu merous stores, about 200 dwellings, and 1,200 inhabitants. eommemorath _ .. the Revolution, large hotels, extensive stores, and many ot its dwellings are neat and tastefully built. It is a place of considerable business, and has about 1,200 inhabitants. The Erie R. K. passes through it, 45 m. from Piermont. Goshen has two semi-weekly newspapers, the "Banner of Liberty" and " Signs of the Times ;" two weeklies, the Independ ent Republican" (dem.) and " Democrat and Whig 1 (whig), and "Separate America" (abol.), the latter published quar terly. Pop. of t. 3,150. GOSHEX, t. and p. v., Clermont co., Ohio : 82 m. S. W. Columbus. Drained by affluents of Little Miami r., and possessed of a fine soil. The v. contains numerous mills, mechanic shops, and about 700 inhabitants. The Cincin nati, Ilillsboro , and Parkersburg R. R. passes through the t. and v., 32 m. from Cincinnati. Pop. off. 1,397. GOSHEN, p. v., Oldham county, Ky. : 33 m. W. N. "W. GOSHEN, p. v., Lancaster county, Penn. : 53 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. GOSIIEX HILL, p. v., Union dist, 8. Car. : between En- noree and Tiger rivers, 51 m. N. W. Columbia. GOSHEN HILL, v., Chesterfield dist., S. Car. : on Thomp son s cr. of Great Pee Dee r., 82 m. N. E. Columbia. GOSHEN PRAIRIE, p. o., Mercer co., Mo. : 147 m. N. "W. Jefferson City. GOSHENVILLE, p. v., Chester co., Penn. : 69 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. GOSPORT, p. v., Clark county, Ala. : on the W. su Alabama r., 93 m. S. W. Montgomery. GOSPORT, p. v., Owen co., Ind. : on the right bank of the W. fork of White r., 37 m. S. W. Indianapolis. It contains several warehouses, stores, and mechanic shops, and about 600 inhabitants. It is an important location, and is inter sected by two lines of railroad the New Albany and Salera R. R. and the Evansville, Vincennes, and Indiana R. R. It was founded in ISIS by E. Goss, from whom it is named, and in 1840 had less than 80 inhabitants its growth to its present prosperous condition is owing chiefly to its railroad connections. The river here affords good mill sites, and is navigable for steamers. GOTT S CROSS ROADS, p. o., Sullivan co., Tenn. : 252 m, E. by N. Nashville. GOULDSBOROITGH, t. and p. v., Hancock co., Me. : 86 m, E. Augusta. It occupies a large peninsula jutting into the Atlantic, between Gouldsborough Harbor and Frenchman s Bay. Prospect Harbor, on the S. E., is easy of access and It is well situate for a commercial dep6t, and is connected spacious ; it has also other good harbors which afford it by a branch with the Michigan, Southern, and Northern Indiana R. R. ; and a railroad is now in progress from In dianapolis via Peru to this point. The "G. Democrat" (dem.) is published weekly. Pop. 7PP. GOSHEX, t. and p. v., Hampshire county, Ma**. : 92 m. W. by N. Boston. Drained by heads of rivers falling into the Connecticut. Surface mountainous; soils indifferent, except for grasses. Lead, tin, emeralds, etc., are found. The v. lies near the centre. Pop. 5*2. GOSHKN, t. and p. v., Sullivan co., N. JTamp. : 31 m. "W. by N. Concord. Drained by branches of Logan r. of the Connecticut. Surface varies ; soil well adapted for cul tivation. Sunnpee Mountain lies in its S. E. part. The v. is located centrally. Pop. of t 059. GOSHEX, p. v.. Cape May co., A 7 ! Jer. : on Goshen cr. 3 m. up from Delaware Bay, 73 m. S. Trenton. GOSHEX, t.. p. v.. and one of the cap. Orange co., N. Y. : 84 m. 8. S. W. Albany. Drained by Wallkill cr. and other streams. Surface diversified Fn some parts hilly ; soil, rich loam, overlying slate and limestone, and which produces great facilities for navigation. The principal v. lies at the head of Gouldsborough Bay, on the W. side. The t. has some few manufactures, but its inhabitants are chiefly en gaged in navigation and the fisheries. Pop. 1,399. GOURDVINE, p. v., Union co., N. Car. : 113 m. W. S. "W. Raleigh. GOUVERNETJR, t. and p. o., SL Lawrence co., N. Y. : 154 m. N. W. Albany. Drained by Oswegatchie r. and its creeks. Surface generally level; soil various. The v. is located on the Oswegatchie, and contains about 300 inhab itants. The Watertown and Potsdam R. R. will intersect this t. Pop. of t 2,783. GOVANSTOWN, p. v., Baltimore county, Md. : 26 m. N. Annapolis. GOVERNOR S BRIDGE, p. o., Anne Anindel co., Md. GOVERNOR S island, N. Y. : an important island at the confluence of Hudson and East rivers, in New York Harbor, and which commands its entrance. It is strongly fortified. Castle William, Fort Columbus, and South Battery, are the names of the fortifications. 255 GOV GRA GOVERNOR S ISLAND, p. o., Macon co., JV: Car. : 27 m. W. by S. Kaleigh. GOWANDA, p. v., Cattaraugus co., 2f. Y. : 222 m. "W. by S. Albany. GOWDEYSVILLE, p. T., Union dist., S. Car. : 73 m. N. "W. Columbia. GOWEN S FERRY, p. o., Cedar co., la. : 23 m. E. by N. Iowa City. GOWENSVILLE, p. v., Greermlle dist., Car. : 97 m. N. W. Columbia. GRACEHAM, p. v., Frederick co., Md : on the "W. side of Monocacy r., C2 m. W. N. W. Annapolis. GRADYVILLE, p. v., Adair co., Ky. : 76 m. S. S. W. Frankfort. GRAFENSBERG, p. T., Adams co., Penn. : 49 m. S. S. "W. Harrisburg. GRAFTON county, N. ffamp. Situate "W., and contains 1,437 sq. m. Drained by Ammonoosuck r. and other afflu ents of Connecticut r., its W. boundary, and the head waters of Merrimac and Saco rivers. Surface elevated and rough, with good mill streams ; soil generally good, and adapted to grass or grain. Squam Lake, on its E. border, and New found Lake within it, are fine bodies of water and very attractive to strangers. "Wool growing is successful and general. Farms 5,063 ; manuf. 424 ; dwell. 7,S9S, and pop. wh. 42,316, fr. col. 27 total 42,343. Capital: Haverhill. Public Works: Northern (N. H.) RE.; Boston, Concord, and Montreal E. E. GRAFTON, p. v., Jersey co., III. : on the E. side of Mis sissippi r., 2 m. below the confluence of the Illinois, 71 m. S. W. Springfield. It is situate on an elevated slope of land under the bluffs, and has a good steamboat landing. Pop. about 1,200. GRAFTON, t, and p. v., Worcester co., Mass. : 7 m. E. "Worcester, 35 m. "W. S. TV. Boston. Drained by Black- stone r. and its tributaries, which afford excellent water- power. Surface varied; soil excellent. The principal v. is located centrally, and there are others, as Farnumville on the S. and New England Village on the N. of it. The Boston and Worcester E. E. traverses the N. part of the t., the Grafton station being 38 m. from Boston, and here diverges the Branch E. E. to Milbury on the Worcester and Provi dence E. E. ; and the Blackstone Canal passes through the S. W. corner. The t. has large manufactures, and 3,610 inhabitants. GRAFTON, t. and p. o., Grafton co., JVI JTamp. : 35 m. N.W. Concord. Drained by Smith s r. of the Merrimac, which rises in several small ponds in this t. Surface hilly ; soil rocky, but there is some good land. Glass Mountain, 150 feet perpendicular height, furnishes mica, or isinglass, an article of export. There are numerous mills on the streams, and the inhabitants number 1,322. The Northern New Hampshire E. E. passes through the t., 44 m. by route from Concord. GRAFTON, t. and p. o., Eenssalaer co., JV 7 ^ Y. : 16 m. N. E. Albany. Drained by Poestenkill and other smaller creeks. Surface hilly and well timbered; soil, clay loam. There are several mills in the t., and a pop. of 2,197 souls. GRAFTON, p. v., Lorain co., Ohio : on the E. branch of Black r., 103 m. N. N. E. Columbus. At this point the Cleveland, Norwalk, and Toledo E. E. diverges from the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati E. E., 25 m. from Cleveland. GRAFTON, t. and p. v., Windham co., Verm. : 77 m. S. Montpelier. Drained by Saxton s and William s rivers. Surface uneven ; soil generally fertile. The v. lies on the N. side of Saxton s r. The t. has some manufactures, and exports soapstone, which is abundant and of fine quality. GRAFTON, p. v., Monroe co., Midi. : 79 m. S. E. Lansing. GRAFTON, p. v., Washington co., Wise. : on the W. side of Milwaukie r., 76 m. E. N. E. Madison. GRAHAM, p. o., Jefferson co., Ind. : on Graham s fork of Muscackituck r., 66 m. S. E. Indianapolis. 256 GRAHAM, p. v., and cap. Allamance co., N. Car. : about 4 m. W. of Haw r. and 57 m. W. N. W. Ealeigh. The North Carolina E. E. passes the village. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and about 300 inhabitants. GRAHAM S STATION, p. o., Meigs co., Ohio : 84 m. S. E. Columbus. GRAHAM S TURN OUT, p. o., Barnwell dist., S. Car. : on the line of the South Carolina E. E., 81 m. from Charleston and 54 m. S. S. W. Columbia. GRAHAMSVILLE, p. v., Sullivan co., N. Y. : 68 m. S. W. Albany. GRAHAMTON, p. T., Clearfleld co., Penn. : 108 m.W. N.W. Harrisburg. GRAHAMVILLE, p. v., York county, Penn. : 32 m. S. E. Harrisburg. t GRAHAMVILLE, p. v., Beaufort dist., 8. Car. : 116 m. S. Columbia. GRAMPION HILLS, p. o., Clearfleld co., Penn.: 97 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. GRANBY, t. and p. o., Essex co., Verm. : 43 m. E. N. E. Montpelier. Drained by the heads of Paul s stream and of Moose r. Surface elevated, forming a watershed. It is an inhospitable country and thinly inhabited. Pop. about 200. GRANBY, t. and p. o., Hartford co., Conn. : 1 62 m. N. N.W. Hartford. Drained by tributaries of Farmington r. Sur face hilly and rough Barn Door Hills rise 400 or 500 feet high; soil generally stubborn, but there is considerable good farming lands. The t. has several pleasant villages and considerable manufactures. Pop. 2,498. This t. was taken from Simsbury in 17S6, and contains the famous Sims- bury copper mines the Old State Prison of Connecticut. This odious place, unfit for the residence of the worst of criminals, is a pit or cavern more than 50 feet deep, dark, damp, and dismal, and in this infernal region the State convicts were immured ; as such it was used fur a period of 40 years, to the no small disgrace of our Puritan friends of the East. GRANBY, t. and p. v., Hampshire county, Mass. : 76 m. W. by S. Boston. Drained by creeks of Connecticut r. Surface in the N. hilly Mt. Holyoke range bounding the t. in that direction, and in the S. diversified, with a fine soil. The mountainous parts are well wooded. It produces much garden stuff, which finds a market in Chicopee and Springfield ; and it has several woolen factories, mills, etc. Pop. 1,1)33. GRAND BLANC, t. and p. v., Genesee co., Mich. : 44 m. E. N. PI Lansing. Drained by Thread cr. of Flint r. and its affluents. Surface hilly; soil, deep black mold, well wood ed and fertile. The v. lies on the left bank of the r., and is a considerable place. GRAND BLUFF, p. o., Panola co., Tex. : 272 m. N. E. Austin City. GRAND CANE, p. o., De Soto par., La. : on a cr. of Sabine r. so called, 192 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. GRAND CANE, p. o., Liberty county, Tex.: 196 m. E. Austin City. GRAND COTEATJ, p. v., St. Landry par., La. : on the W. of Vermillion r., 55 m. W. Baton Eouge. Here is St. Charles College, a Eoman Catholic institution, founded 1835; in 1S50 it had 21 professors and 103 students. Its library contains 4,000 volumes. GRAND C6TE PRAIRIE, p. o., Perry co., Ill: on the prairie so called, 113 m. S. Springfield. GRAND DETOUR, p. o., Ogle co., III. : on a peninsula formed by a great bend of Eock r., 142 m. N. Springfield. It is a flourishing v., with considerable manufactures and a good trade. Pop. about 600. GRAND ECORE, p. o., Natchitoches par., La. : on the S.W. side of Eed r., at the entrance of Old r., 144 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. GRAND FALLS, p. o., Newton co., Mo. : on the N. side of Neh-hah r., at the falls, 174 m. S. W. Jefferson City. GRAND GULF, p. v., Claiborne co.. Miss. : on the E. bank GRA GRA of Mississippi r., 55 m. W. S. W. Jackson. The river, by a remarkable bend here, forms what is denominated the Grand Gulf. It contains a town-hall, hospital, market- house, theatre, etc., and has several manufacturing estab lishments and mechanic shops, numerous stores, and a pop ulation of about 1,200. It enjoys a considerable trade in cotton, and supplies a wide neighborhood with provisions and merchandise. GRAND HAVEN, p. v., and cap. Ottawa co., Mich. : on the S. bank of Grand r., near its entrance into Lake Michigan. This is one of the best harbors on the \V. side of the penin sula, and is a point made by steamers passing down the lake, and steamboats ply on the river as far as Grand Rapids. There is never less than 12 feet water on the bar, and opposite the harbor the depth varies from 15 to 80 feet, with a width of 65 rods. A light-house is erected at its mouth. The v. contains a court-house, etc., spacious ware houses, several steam saw and other mills, numerous stores, and is in a highly flourishing condition. In point of nat ural advantages, it has an excellent location ; it is elevated 25 or 30 feet above the river, and is very healthy. Popula tion about 900. GKAND ISLAND, p. o., Erie co., K Y. : 264 m. "W. by N. Albany. Grand Island forms a part of Tonawanda co., and is situate in Niagara r., equidistant between Black Eock and Niagara Falls. It is 9 m. long, and in its broadest part 6 m. wide, with an area of 17,381 acres. The land is level, well timbered, and very fertile. The river is deep, close in shore, and affords access to any part of the island. The v. of Whitehaven, at which the p. o. is kept, is located on its E. bank. This island was selected by M. M. Noah, on which to build a city and establish a colony of Jews, with the view of making it the " Ararat," or resting-place of that despised people. A monument, 15 feet high, with suitable inscriptions, was erected here by the projector in Sept., 1825, and is still standing. The undertaking was abandoned in consequence of the scheme having been non-approved of by the Rabbi of Europe. GRAND ISLE county, Verm. Situated N. W., consisting principally of two islands in N. part of Lake Champlain, and contains 76 sq. m. Surface gently elevated ; soil highly productive and well tilled. Their flocks of sheep form no small part of their wealth. Farms 339; manuf. 8; dwell. 691, and pop. wh. 4,142, fr. col. 3 total 4,1-15. Capital : North Hero. Public Works: Vermont and Canada Bail- road. GRAND ISLE, t and p. v., Grand Isle co., Verm. : 46 m. N. W. Montpelier. The t. consists of the N. part of a large island of Lake Champlain so called, and has a fertile soil, producing the grains and fruits. Marble, limestone, and rock crystals abound. The v. is a small settlement in its centre. Pop. 666. GRAND LAKE, p. o., Chicot co., Ark. : on the "W. side of tin- Mississippi r., near the S. E. corner of the State, 152 m. B. E. Little Rock. GRAND lake, Me.: a large collection of water lying on the E. border of Maine, and partly in New Brunswick. It con tains a large number of islands, and receives the waters of many small lakes arid rivers, and is the chief source of St. Croix river. GRAND LEDGE, p. o., Eaton co., Mich. : 12 m.W. Lansing. Here is a ledge of sandstone, 20 feet high, along the N. bank of Grand r., and in the neighborhood, iron ore of fine quality is abundant. GIIAND MARSH, p. o., Columbia co., Wise. : 29 m. N. W. Madison. GRAND PRAIRIE, t. and p. o., Marion co., Ohio : 49 m. N. X. W. Columbus. Drained by Scioto r. Surface level ; soil deep and black mold, very fertile. Pop. 474. GRAND PRAIRIE, p. o., Prairie co., Ark. : 31 m. E. N. E. Little Rock. GRAND PRAIRIE, t. and p. o Marquette co., TFwc. : 49 m. N. by E. Madison. 12 GRAND RAPIDS, p. v., and cap. Kent co., Mich. : on the S. bank of Grand r., at the rapids so called, 59 m. W. N. W. Lansing. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. ; numerous mills and workshops, warehouses, stores, etc., and about 3,000 inhabitants. It is one of the most important places in Michigan, and has great conveniences for an extensive com merce, being the natural dcp6t of the country above. There are published in the village two newspapers, the " G. R. In quirer" (dem.), and the " G. River Eagle" (whig), weekly is sues. Building material of every description is found in the neighborhood, and salt springs within a few miles. It is approached to the foot of the rapids by lake steamers and other craft, and a canal is proposed to overcome the fall, which is here 15 feet, and by employing the entire volume of water, an immense hydraulic power can be obtained. On the opposite side of the river are Indian mounds and burial places, and many remains of ancient habitations and corn fields. Pop. of v. 2,646. of t. 3,149. GRAND RAPIDS, p. v., Portage co., Wise. : on Wisconsin river, 93 m. N. by W. Madison. The river in this co. is full of rapids and portages, affording water-power of great ex tent, which is used in many places for the transportation of lumber, large quantities of which are annually sent down to St. Louis. The pineries commence about SO m. above Fort Winnebago, and here a railroad, 2 m. long, the first in Wisconsin, has been constructed to convey the logs from the forest to the mills. GRAND RIVER, p. o., Caldwell co., Mo. : 123 m. N. W. Jefferson City. GRAND RIVER, p. o., Wayne county, la. : 112 m. S. W. Iowa City. GRAND river, Utah Ter. : a large constituent of the Rio Colorado of California. It rises in the Rocky Mountains, in the neighborhood of Long s Peak and the " Parks," whence its course is generally W. S. W. to a junction with the main river, in about 38 N. lat. In its upper course it has many rapids and falls. GRAND river, Mich. : the largest stream lying wholly within the State. It rises in Washtenaw and Hillsdale counties by two branches, which unite in Jackson co. From this point the river has a very serpentine course, but runs generally in a W. direction to Lake Michigan. It is about 270 m. long, including its windings, and at its mouth, be tween 50 and 65 rods wide, and of sufficient depth to ad mit vessels of less than 12 feet draft. It is navigable 240 miles for batteaux, and receives in its course as its principal tributaries. Rouge, Flat, Maple, Looking-glass, and Red Cedar rivers, from the N., and Thornapple r. from the S. It is navigable for steamboats 40 m. to the Great Rapids, below which it has nowhere less than 4 feet water. The river is subject to freshets, and the intervales in some places to inundations. At the Rapids it sometimes rises 15 feet, but at its mouth seldom more than a foot. Many flourishing villages are now located on the banks of Grand river. GRAND SALINE, p. o., Cherokee Nation, Ind. Ter GRAND SPRING, p. o., Dane co., Wise. GRAND TRAVERSE, p. o., Michilimackinac co., Mich. : 172 m. N. N. W. Lansing. GRAND TRAVERSE bay : a considerable inlet of Lake Michigan, which sets up into the land in the N. W. part of Mackinac county. GRAND TRAVERSE islands, Mich. : a cluster of islands lo cated at the entrance of Green Bay into Lake Michigan. They number ten or twelve, the largest of which are Pala- waton, Plum, Detroit, Bn\le, etc. GRAND VIEW, p. o., Edgar co., lit. : at the head of Big cr. of Wabash r., 93 m. E. by S. Springfield. It is in the midst of a beautiful and fertile rolling prairie. Pop. 1,337. GRAND VIEW, p. v., Louisa co., let. : about 2 m. W. of Muscatine Slough, 31 m. S. S. E. Iowa City. GRAND VIEW, t. and p. v.. Washington co., Ohio : 106 m, E. S. E. Columbus. Drained by creeks of Ohio r., which makes its S. E. border. Surface on the r. fertile bottoms, 257 GRA GRA and in the uplands hilly, and fit only for grass. The v. lies on the Ohio, about 12 m. above Newport. Pop. 1,154 GRANDVILLE, p. v., Kent co., Mich.: on the S. side of Grand r.,at the confluence of Buck and Rush creeks, 63 m. W. N. W. Lansing. The river is navigable for first-class steamers to this point. It contains several mills, factories, and mechanic shops, and about 600 inhabitants. Consid erable water-power is furnished by the streams, and in the vicinity are extensive pineries, and within 8 m. are salt springs and gypsum beds. It was settled in 1S35, and is now one of the most flourishing villages in the W. part of the State. GRANGER county, Tenn. Situate N. E., and contains 354 sq. m. Drained by branches of Clinch r., its N., and Hol- ston r. its S. boundary, large tributaries of the Tennessee. Surface elevated in middle, and rough, but sloping toward the rivers, where it is more even and very fertile. The grains are the chief agricultural products. Farms 723 ; manuf. 84 ; dwell. 1,894, and pop. wh. 11,170, fr. col. 165, si. 1,035 total 12,370. Capital : Eutledge. GRANGER, t. and p. o., Alleghany co., N. Y. : 214 m. TV. Albany. Drained by affluents of Genesee r., which flows through it. Surface undulating ; soil sandy and clay loam. Pop. 1,801. GRANGER, t and p. v., Medina county, Ohio: 105 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by affluents of Cuyahoga and Eocky rivers, the surface forming a watershed between the waters of the two streams. The v. is situate in the centre. Pop. of 1. 1,212. GRANGERSVILLE, p. v., Macon county, Ga. : 79 m. S. W. Milled geville. GRANGERVILLK, p. v., Saratoga co., N. T.: 24 m. N. Albany. GRANITE, p. o., Knox county, Itt. : 91 m. N. W. by W. Springfield. GRANITEVILLE, p. Y., Edgefleld dist., S. Car. : on the line of the South Carolina K. E., 11 m. from Harrisburg, and 62 m. S. W. Columbia. GRANT county, Ind. Situate N. E. middle, and contains 426 sq. m. Drained by Mississinewa r., an affluent of the Wabash, and its tributaries. Except on the borders of the chief streams, which are beautifully rolling, the county is quite level, and was originally timbered. Soils rich, and of a more than average fertility. Farms 900; manuf. 52; dwell. 1,8S4. and pop. wh. 10,945, fr. col. 147 total 11,092. Capital: Marion. GRANT county, Ky. Situate N., and contains 211 sq. m. Drained by Eagle cr., a branch of Kentucky r., and afflu ents of Licking r. and the Ohio. Surface diversified ; soils various. Corn and tobacco are raised largely. Farms 730 ; manuf. 15; dwell. 1,031, and pop. wh. 5,994, fr. col. 5, si. 532 total 6.531. Capital: Williamstown. PullicWorks: Lexington and Covington E. E. GRANT county, Wise. Situate S. W. corner, and contains 1,122 sq. m. The "Wisconsin r. bounds it N., and on the S. and S. W. the Mississippi. The interior is drained by Blue, Grant, Platte, and other rivers. The surface is considerably broken, but the soils are highly productive, and the whole county abounds in galena or lead ore, which is extensively smelted. Farms 704; manuf. 73: dwell. 2, C 61. and pop. wh. 16.140, fr. col. 30 total 16.170. Capital : Lancaster. Public Worfa: Milwaukie and Mississippi E. E. GRANT, p. o., Grant co., Ind. : 54 m. N. E. Indianapolis. GRANTHAM, t and p. o., Sullivan co., N. Ifamp. : 38 m. N. "W. Concord. Drained by heads of Sugar r. of the Connecticut. Surface various. Corydon Mountain lies in the W. part, and in the E. there are low lands, adapted to tillage. It contains a noted mineral spring. The in habitants are mostly farmers. Pop. 784. GRANTSBOROUGII, p. v., Campbell county, Tenn. : 157 m. E. N. E. Nashville. GRANT S CREEK, p. o., Switzerland co., Ind. : at the mouth of a cr. of Ohio r, so called, 87 m. S. E. Indianapolis. 2*3 GRANT S LICK, p. o., Campbell co., Ky. : on a cr. of Lick ing r. so called, 57 m. N. N. E. Frankfort. GRANTSVILLE, p. v., Alleghany co., Md. : on the National Eoad, 27 m. W. Cumberland. GRANVILLE county, N. Car. Situate on N. line, and con tains 624 sq. m. Drained by affluents of the Koanoke, and upper streams of Tar and Neuse rivers. Surface agreeably diversified, with some high land and considerable water- power. Tobacco is the great staple. Cotton is raised extensively. Farms 1,074 ; manuf. 55 ; dwell. 2.0d3, and pop. wh. 10.296, fr. col. 1.083, si. 9,865 total 21.249. Capital: Oxford. Public Works: Gaston and Ealeigh Eailroad. GRANVILLE, p. v., Delaware co., Ind. : on the left bank of Mississinewa r., 57 m. N. E. Indianapolis. Pop. about 200. The Fort Wayne and Southern E. E., as projected, will pass near or through the village. GRANVILLE, t. and p. o., Washington co., JV. Y. : 52 m. N. N. E. Albany. Drained by Pawlet r. of Lake Cham- plain. Surface somewhat broken and uneven ; soil clay loam, and fertile. The v. is situate on Pawlet r., and on the line of the Eutland and Washington E. E. ; it has several manufactures, and about 600 inhabitants. The t. has nu merous mills, woolen factories, a pottery, etc., and 8,434. inhabitants. GRANVILLE, t. and p. v., Licking county, Ohio: 27 m. E. N. E. Columbus. Drained by W. fork of Licking river, which furnishes great water-power. Surface and soil adapt ed to agriculture. The t. was settled in 1S05 by immigrants from Granville, Mass. The v. contains furnaces, mills, mechanic shops, and about 771 inhabitants, and about 1 mile E. of the v. is Granville College, a Baptist institution, founded in 1S81. In the academic department, in 1850, it had 5 professors, 60 alumni, and 35 students, with a library of 5,000 volumes; and in the theological department 2 pro fessors and 8 students, with a library of 800 volumes. The " Granville Intelligencer" is issued weekly. Population of t. 2,116. GRANVTLLE, t. and p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : 102 m. N. Harrisburg. Drained by Tonawanda and other creeks of the N. branch of Susquehanna r. Surface vaiied; soil of moderate fertility. Pop. 797. GEANVILLE, p. v., Jackson co., Tenn. : on the left bank of Cumberland r., 54 m. E. by N. Nashville. GRANVILLE, p. v., Monongalia co., Virg. : on Dunkard a cr. of Monongahela r., 202 m. N.W. Eichmond. It contuins warehouses, mechanic shops, stores, etc., and about 200 inhabitants. GRANVILLE, t. and p. v., Addison county, Verm. : 23 m. S. S. W. Montpelier formerly known as Kingston. Drained by heads of White r., one of which falls 100 feet, 50 of which perpendicularly. Surface mountainous. The v. is a scat tered settlement on the E. side of the river. Population oft. 642. GKANVILLE, p. v., Putnam county, III. : 100 m. N. by E. Springfield. GRANVILLE, t and p. v., Milwaukie co., Wtic. : 73 m. E. by N. Madison. Drained by Milwaukie river and its branches, on one of which the v. is located. GRAPE GROVE, p. o., Greene co., Ohio : 56 m.W. S. W. Columbus. GIIAPE ISLAND, p. o., Tyler co., Virg. : on an island of Ohio r. so called, 237 m. N.W. Eichmond. GRAPE VINE, p. o., Perry co., Ky. : 108 m. S. E. Frankfort. GRASS HILLS, p. o., Carroll county, Ky. : 34 m. N. by W. Frankfort. GRASS LAKE, t. and p. o., Jackson co., Mich. : 40 m. S. S. E. Lansing. Drained by the E. branch of Grand r., which has its source here in several small lakes. Surface elevated and varied ; soil deep black mold. The p. o. is located in the V of Leoni, at the outlet of Grass Lake, and on the line of the Michigan Central E. E., which traverses the N. W. part of the town. Pop. 1,281 GRA GRA GBASS LAND, p. o., Harrison co,, Virg. : 200 m. N. W. Eichmond. GRASS river, N. Y. : a tributary of St. Lawrence r. from New York. It rises in the S. E. part of St. Lawrence co., and flows in a N. direction to the St. Lawrence, which it enters opposite to Cornwall Island, Canada. GRASS VALLEY, p. v., Butte co., Calif. : on the middle fork of the Feather r., 173 m. N. E. Vallejo. In. the vicinity is one of the most productive gold-diggings in the State. Population 2,500. GRASSY COVE, p. o.. Bledsoe co., Tenn. : 94 m. E. S. E. Nashville. GRASSY CREEK, p. y., Pendleton co., Ky. : on a cr. of Licking r. so called; 53 m. N. E. Frankfort. GRASSY CREEK, p. o., Yancey co., N. Car. : on a cr. of Nolidmcky r. so called; 192 m. W. Raleigh. GRASSY POND, p. o., Spartanburgh dist., & Car, : near the State line, 86 m. N. N. W. Columbia. GRASSY VALLEY, p. v., Harrison co., Ind. : on the E. side of Indian cr., 4 m. from the Ohio r., and 108 m. S. In dianapolis. GRATIOT county, Mich. Situate centrally in Lower Penin sula, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Pine r. in the N., waters of which flow into Lake Huron, and Maple r., which empties through Grand r. into Lake Michigan. Surface undulating, and well timbered with pine in the N. ; soils adapted to grass and the grains. Unorganized in 1S50. GRATIOT, p. v., Muskingum co., Ohio: 42 m. E. Columbus. GRATIOT, p. v., Lafayette co., Wise. : on the Picaunica r., 49 m. S. W. Madison. GRATIS, t. and p. o., Preble co., Ohio: 84 m. W. S. "W. Columbus. Drained by creeks flowing into Miami r. Sur face diversified ; soils light and fertile. It is a well culti vated country, and has 2,117 inhabitants. GRATITUDE, p. o., Sussex co., N. Jer. : 69 m. S. Trenton. GRATTAN, t and p. o., Kent county, Mich. : 57 m. N. W. Lansing. It is drained by numerous small lakes, which empty into creeks flowing to Grand r. Surface elevated and level ; soil deop and fertile. The t. has abundance of fine timber. Pop. 648. GRATZ, p. v., Dauphin county, Penn. : 2T m. N. by E. Harrisburg. GRAVE CREEK, p. o., Marshall Co., Yirg. : on a cr. of Ohio r. so called, 235 m. N. W. Richmond. GRAVEL HILL, p. o., McXairy co., Tenn. : 118 m. S. W. Nashville. GRAVEL HILL, p. o., Buckingham co., Virg. : 54 m. W. Richmond. GRAVELLY HILL, p. o., Bladen co., N. Car.: 85 m. S. Raleigh. GRAVELLY SPRING, p. o., Lauderdale co., Ala.: 178 m N. N. W. Montgomery. GRAVEL RIDGE, p. o., Bradley co., Ark. : 96 m. S. S. E. Little Rock. GRAVEL RUN, p. o., Washtenaw co., Mich, : on an afflu ent of Huron r. so called, 52 m. S. E. Lansing. GRAVEL SPRING, p. o., Frederick co., Virg. : 126 m N. N. W. Richmond. GRAVES county, Ky. Situate W., and contains 540 sq. m Drained by Mayfleld r. and Little Obion r., affluents of Mississippi r., and in the E. by affluents of the Ohio. Sur face generally level, and soil very productive of wheat, corn, and tobacco. Farms 1.279; manuf. 35; dwell. 1,694. and pop. wh. 9,949, fr. col. 9, si. 1,439 total 11,387. Capital Mayfield. GRAVES, p. o., Hempstead county, Ark. : 108 m. S "W Little Rock. GRAVES, p. v., Caswell co., N. Car. : 66 m. N. W. Raleigh. GRAVESEXD, t and p. v., Kings co., N. Y. : 8 m. S. New York City. Drained by several creeks. The t. faces on the Atlantic, and includes " Coney Island," a place of resort for the citizens of New York in the bathing-season. Surf-ice generally level, with extensive salt marshes and sandy hil locks. The v. contains a Dutch Reformed Church, and about 20 dwellings. Pop. of the 1. 1,064. GRAVES FEREY, p. o., Ohio co., Ky. : 131 m. "W. 8. W. Frankfort. GRAVE S MILL, p. o., Madison co., Virg. : 76 m. N. W. Richmond. GRAVESVILLE, p. v., Herkimer co., N. Y. : 71 m. W. N. W. Albany. GRAY, t and p. o., Cumberland co., Me. : 46 m. S. "W. Augusta. Drained by branches of Presumpscut and North Yarmouth rivers, and it contains a large part of Little Sebago Pond. It is a fine farming country, and has some manufactures. Pop. 1,788. GRAY ROCK, p. o., Titus county, Tex.: 280 m. N. E. Austin City. GRAYSBTTRG, p. o., Greene co., Term. : 226 m. E. Nashville. GRAY S CREEK, p. o., Cumberland co., N. Car. GRAY S Caoss ROADS, p. o., Randolph co., N. Car. : 93 m. W. Raleigh. GRAY S harbor, Oreg. Ter. : a fine bay in the N. W. of Oregon, into which the Chehalis r. empties. It is about 12 m. deep, and in its widest part about 5 m. The entrance is about 2 m. wide. This harbor takes its name from Capt. Gray, the celebrated discoverer of the Columbia r. and other important points, this among others, along the N. W. coast GBAYSON county, Ky. Situate W. centrally, and con tains 651 sq. m. Nolin cr. on the S. E., and Rough cr. on the N. W., tributaries of Green r., with numerous affluents, drain it. Surface various, with some good mill-sites. Soil of average productiveness. Corn and tobacco are the lead ing productions. Farms 824; manuf. 14; dwell. 1,065, and pop. wh. 6,512, fr. col. 5, si. 320 total 6,837. Capital ; Litchfield. Publio Works: Nashville and Louisville R. R. GRAYSON county, Tex. Situate N. on Red r., and con tains 956 sq. m. Drained by Big Mineral, Little Mineral, Iron Ore creeks, and Choctaw Bayou in the N., and in the S. by many head streams of Trinity r., which empties into Galveston Bay. Surface mostly undulating, with a few low hills on Red r. Soil on Red r. consists of a rich, black, friable mold, often very deep, and everywhere of almost in credible fertility: this is the cotton region. The interior is more sandy, and affords good grazing. Iron ore is abund ant, particularly on Choctaw Bayou. Farms 171 ; manuf. ; dwell. 295, and pop. wh. 1,722, fr. col. 0, sL 186 total 1,908. Capital: Sherman. GRAYSON county, Virg. Situate "W. on S. line, and con tains 494 sq. m. Intersected by New r. (the upper portion of Great Kanawha r.). and drained by its branches and Laurel Fork, the head of Holston r. Surface very elevated in parts mountainous, with productive valleys between, and abundance of water-power. A good grazing and farm ing county. Farms 604 ; manuf. ; dwell. 1,001, and pop. wh. 6,142, fr. col. 36, si. 499 total 6,677. Capital : Green ville. GRAYSON, p. v., and cap. Carter co., Ky. : on the "W. side of Little Sandy r., 117 m. E. by N. Frankfort. It has a court-house, two stores, and about 160 inhabitants. GRAYSON, p. v., Crittenden co., Ark.: 110 m. E. N. E. Little Rock. GRAYSON C. II., p. o., and cap. Grayson co., Virg. : in the v. of Greensville, on the right bank of New r., 198 m. W. S. W. Richmond. The v. contains a court-house, jail, etc., several stores and mechanic shops, and about 200 nhabitants. GRAYSON SPRINGS, p. o., Grayson county, Ky.: 108 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. GRAYSON SULPHUR SPRINGS, p. o., Carroll co., Virg. : 184 m. W. S. W. Richmond. GRAYSPORT. p. v., Yallabusha co., Miss. : on the S. side of Yallabusha r., 110 m. N. N. E. Jackson. GRAY S VALLEY, p. o., Tioga co., Penn. : 112 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. GRA GftE GRAYSVILLE, p. o., Monroe co., Ohio : on a tributary cr. of the Muskingum, 96 m. E. by S. Columbus. GRAYSVILLE, p. T., Herkimer co., j^ 1". : 73 m. W. N. "W. Albany. GRAYSVILLE, p. v., Huntingdon county, Penn. : 79 m. "W. by N. Harrisburg. GKAYVILLE, p. v., White county, III.: 119 m. S. E. Springfield. GREASY CREEK, p. o., Floyd co., Yirg. : 178 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. GREASY CREEK, p. o., Polk co., Tenn. : 144 m. E. S. E. Nashville. GREAT HARRINGTON, t. and p. v., Berkshire co., Mass. : 118 m. W. Boston. Drained by Housatonic r. and its branches. Surface, except in the valley of the river, un even and hilly ; soil generally fertile, and on the hills fine for grazing. Monument Mountain is a lofty eminence, and presents much wild and picturesque scenery. Iron ore and variegated marble abound. The v. is situate on the E. side of the river, and on the line of the Housatonic E. E., 85 m. from Bridgeport. It is a considerable place, and has sev eral manufactures. Van Deusenville is a pleasant v. 2 m. N. of the principal v. Two newspapers are published in the t., the " Berkshire Courier" (whig) and the " Transcript" (whig), both weeklies. The manufactures consist of cotton and woolen goods, boots and shoes, hats, pig iron, tin ware, etc. Pop. of t. 3,263. GREAT bay, Eockingham co., If. Hamp. : in the S. E. part of the State. It is formed by the united waters of Swamscot, Winnicut, and Lamprey rivers, and its waters pass N. E. through Little Bay, where Oyster r. unites with the current which passes into Piscataqua r. It is 4 m. wide. GREAT bay, Belknap co., N. Hamp. : an expansion of the outlet of Lake Winnipiseogee, and discharges its waters through Winnipiseogee r. into the Connecticut Eound and Long bays are situate between the lake and Great Bay, and there are two small bays in the river below GREAT BEND, p. v., Jefferson co., N. Y.: at the great bend of Black r., 133 m. N. W. Albany. It contains sev eral mills and about 200 inhabitants. A bridge here crosses the Black river. GREAT BEND, p. o., Meigs county, Ohio : 92 m. S. S. E. Columbus. GREAT BEND, t. and p. v., Susquehanna co., Penn. : 132 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. Drained by affluents of Susque hanna r. Surface hilly ; soil generally good, especially so in the valleys. The v. is situate on both side of Susque- hanna r., over which is a large covered bridge. The two parts of the v. are about a mile apart. It contains several spacious stores and about 400 inhabitants. As a station on the New York and Erie E. E. it is important, for it is placed at a great converging point of trade with many thriving towns in Pennsylvania, and the Legget s Gap E. E. runs hence into the Lackawanna coal and iron region. A large amount of business is done here, and the v. is rapidly fill ing up with an enterprising population. Pop. of the t. 1,150. GREAT BRIDGE, p. o., Norfolk co., Virg. : 72 m. S. E. Eichmond. GREAT CROSSINGS, p. o., Scott co., Ky. : on Elkhorn cr., 5 m. W. of Georgetown and 16 m. E. N. E. Frankfort, The Choctaw Academy was formerly located here, which pro vided, under the superintendence of the War Department, for the education of Indians. GREAT FALLS, p. v., Strafford CO., N. Hamp. : on the W. side of Salmon r., at the falls, 33 m. E. Concord. This is a large and beautiful v., with extensive manufactures of cot ton, etc., for which its immense water-power peculiarly adapts it. It lies at the point of junction of the Great Falls Branch of the Boston and Maine E. E., the Great Falls and Conway E. E., and the York and Cumberland E. E. Two newspapers are published here, the " G. F. Transcript" and the " G. F. Sketcher," both issued weekly. Pop. about 2,000. GREAT MILLS, p. o., St. Mary s co.j Md. : on a cr. of SI Mary s r., 53 m. S. Annapolis. GREAT OKONAGON lake and river, Oreg. Ter. : a long lake, or rather series of lakes, stretching between 48 and 50 N. lat., and forming the sources of the Okonagon r., a branch of the Columbia r., at the confluence with which is located Fort Okonagon, an establishment of the Hudson Bay Company. GREAT PEE DEE river, S. Car. : a continuation of the Yad- kin r. It rises under the latter name in Caldwell and Wilkes counties, N. Carolina, and continues thence in an E. direc tion to the W. line of Forsyth county, when it abruptly turns S., and in a S. E. course passes over the border into S. Carolina, when it is called Great Pee Dee. Its principal affluents are Lynch s cr. and Little Pedee r., both consider able streams. Uniting with Waccamaw r. a little below Georgetown, it enters and forms Winyaw Bay, which com municates with the Atlantic about 12 m. below the union. This river is navigable for boats of 60 or 70 tons burden for 200 m. Little Pee Dee r. enters it about 32 m. up, and Lynch s cr. about 47 m. up both are boatable for a con siderable distance. GREAT SALT LAKE county, Utah. Situate on the E. and S. shores of the Great Salt Lake, and comprises a district lying in the immediate vicinity. Surface low and level on the shore, but soon rises into mountains, which encircle the basin of the lake at no great distance. The soil is good, and, under cultivation, highly productive. Salt of a good quality, and in great quantities, is obtained from the lake; and on its shores the Mormons have settled, and emigrants for the Pacific shore here find refreshments and a halting place, before entering on the California desert. Farms 505; manuf 6; dwell. 1,283, and pop. wh. 6,142, fr. col. 15 total 6.157. Capiktl: Great Salt Lake City. GREAT SALT LAKE CITY, p. city, and cap. Great Salt Lake co., Utah Ter. (See SALT LAKE CITY.) The precise name of this is " City of the Great Salt Lake." GREAT SALT lake, Utah Ter. : a noted lake in the great California basin. It lies in lat 41 10 42" N., and long. 112 21 05" W. (the astronomical position of an island in the lake). It communicates with Utah Lake through a strait called Jordan r., but has a somewhat lower level. Utah Lake is fresh water, while Great Salt Lake is intensely salt, and its shores and bottom are incrusted with salt the former for a width of several miles. The Mormons are settled in its neighborhood, and their original settlement and chief city, the City of the Great Salt Lake, is located on the E. side of Jordan r. The lake and its vicinity has been surveyed by Captain Stansbury, whose able report to Congress is a work of great interest and value. In the valley of this lake the most valuable lands of the Territory are located, and of these the Mormons have got possession. GREAT VALLEY, t. and p. o., Cattaraugus co., N. Y. : 247 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by Great Valley, Tuniangu- ant, and other creeks of Alleghany r. Surface somewhat broken, rising from the valley of the Alleghany ; soils, clay loam, and fertile. The v. is a station on the Erie E. E., and is on the Eest-rvation belonging to the Seneca Nation, now numbering about 700. It commands the business of the valley, in which Ellicottville, is situate. Pop. 1,G3<\ GREAT WORKS, p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : on the E. side of Penobscot r., at the confluence of Great Works stream, 74 m. N. E. Augusta. The stream so called is an important branch of the Penobscot, into which it falls opposite tho Indian settlement of Old Town; it has many mill sites, and along its banks considerable manufactures are carried on. GREECE, t. and p. o., Monroe co., N. Y. : 203 m. W. N.W. Albany. Drained by creeks flowing through small bays tc Lake Ontario, which lies on its W. border, and Genesee r. lies on its E. boundary. Surface undulating ; soil, gravelly, sandy, and clay loams. Charlotte and Adams Basin are post-offices in this t. Pop. 4,219. GKEELAND DKP&T. p. o., Eockingham co.. AT. Hamp. GRE GRE GREEN BAXK. p. o.. Poeahontas co., Virg. : on Deep cr. of Greenbrier r., 14(3 in. W. N. W. Richmond. It lias several mills and mechanic shops, and about 80 inhabitants. GRKKN BANK, p. o., Burlington co., X. Jet: GRBKN BAY, p. o., Des Moines county, la. : 67 m. S. E. Iowa City. GKKKN BAY. p. v., Brown co., Wixc. : on the right bank of Xeenah or Fox r., at the head of Green Bay, 124 rn. N. E. by N. Madison. It occupies an important location, and lias a good harbor; and its commerce is considerable. Many of its stores and dwellings are large and elegant buildings. Fort Howard, on the W. side of the r., stands on a commanding; eminence, and in the v. is a U. S. land office. Pop. about 2.500. It is a place that must become, in the natural progress of events, a large commercial depdt. It was formerly the county capital. GREEX bay, Wise: : a large arm of Lake Michigan, ex tending inland from its N. W. corner for 100 m., and hav ing a breadth varying from 15 to 20 m. Its direction is almost parallel with the western shore of the lake ; at its entrance are the Grand Traverse Islands, extending in line about 3;> in. It is navigable to its head for vessels of 200 tons, and there communicates with Fox r. and the trans- terrene navigation of Wisconsin to the Mississippi r. The Menomonee, forming the N. E. boundary of the State, also empties into it. GKKKNBOROUGH, p. v., Oswego count} , & Y. : 136 m. W. N. W. Albany. GKKKN BOTTOM, p. o., Shelby county, Tenn. : 193 m. W. S. W. Nashville. GREEK BOTTOM, p. v., Cabell co., Virg. : 257 m. W. by N. Richmond, GREEXBRIER county, Virg, Situate W. centrally, aud contains 1,2SS sq. m. Drained by Greenbrier r. in the S. and E.. and W. by Meadow r., Cherry-tree r., and other heads of Gauley r., all which empty into the Great Kanawha, which furnishes numberless mill-sites. It lies W. of and at the foot of the Alleghany Mountains, and the surface is ele vated and rough. There is much timber, and much maple sugar is made. Excellent pasturage abounds, and the lower parts are very fertile. Farms 603 ; manuf. ; dwell. 1,419, and pop. wh. 8,549, fr. col. 156, si. 1,317 total 10,022. Capital : Lewisburg. Public Works : Virginia Central R. K. GRKEXBRIKR, p. o., Northumberland co., Penn. : 57 m. N. Harrisburg. GRKKNBRIER river, Virg.: a constituent of the Great Kanawha. It rises in Poeahontas county from the Great Alleghany Ridge, and passes in a general S. W. course (hro itrh Greenbrier county and into Monroe county, where it enters the Kanawha at its passage through Laurel Ridge. GRKENBRIER RUN, p. o., Doddridge co., Virg.: 212 m. W. N. \V. Richmond. GREEN BCD, p. o., Sussex county, Virg. : 43 m. S. E. Kichmond. GREKNBCSH, p. v., Warren co., III. : about 2 m. N. of the W. fork of Spoon r., 77 m. N. W. Springfield. GREEXBUSII, p. v., Polk co., la. : on North r., a branch of Des Moines r., 112 m. W. S. W. Iowa City. G KEEN BUSH, t. and p. o., Penobscot eo.. Mt. : 91 m. N. E. Augusta. Drained by Olamon and other affluents of Pen obscot r. Surface varied; soil generally fertile. The v. opposite Argyle is a pleasant and thriving place. Pop. of t. 417. GKRENBUSH, p. v., Grant county, Ind. : 58 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. GREEN-BUSH, t. and p. o., Clinton co., ]\Rc7i.: 22 m. N. Lansing. Drained by Maple r., a branch of Grand. Sur face elevated and level : soil, deep and fertile, with fine timber in abundance. Pop. 818. GREENBUSII, p. o., Scott county, 3fiss. : 48 m. E. by N. Jackson. Gr.EExu-sn, t. and p. v.. Renssalaer co., K Y. : opposite Albany, on the E. side of Hudson r. Drained by several small creeks. Surface generally hilly; soil, clay loam, with sand and gravel. The land on the Hudson is level and very fertile. The v. contains severaj factories and stores, aud about 1,200 inhabitants. There are several ferries to Albany, and the Hudson River R. R., and the Western (Albany and Stock-bridge) R. R., have their terminus at East Albany, and there connect with the Troy and Green- bush R. R. Pop. 4,945. GREEXBUSH, t. and p. v., Sheboygan co., Wise. : 84 m. N. E. Madison. Drained by Millet cr. of Sheboygan r., on which also the v. is located. A plank-road crosses the t., stretching from Sheboygan, on Lake Michigan, to Fond duLac. Pop 634. GREEN CASTLE, p. v., and cap., Putnam co., Ind. : on a high table-land, 1 m. E. side of Walnut fork of Eel r., 39 m. W. by S. Indianapolis, lat. 89 40 N., and long. 86 48 W. It was laid out in ISIS, and contains a court-house, jail, and other county buildings, numerous mechanic shops, stores, etc., and is the seat of Indiana Asbury University. The university was founded by the Methodist denomina tion in 1S37, and in 1S50 had a president, 8 professors, 120 alumni, and 120 students; and its library contained 4,000 volumes. It has a law department. Besides this there are several first-rate schools in the v., and the usual number of free schools. The " G. Sentinel" (neutral), is issued weekly. Population 1,382. Green Castle is on the line of the New Albany and Salem R. R., and also the Terre Haute aud Richmond R. R., which intersecting it at this point, con nects it with all parts of the State and United States. It is the commercial depdt of an extensive and fertile neigh borhood. GUEEN CASTLE, p. v., Fairfield co., Ohio: 19 m. S. E. Columbus. GREEN CASTLE, p. b., Franklin co., Penn. : on the E. of Conecocheague r., 62 m. S. W. Harrisburg. It lies on the line of the Franklin R. R., equi-distant between Chambers- burg and Hagerstown. It contains several manufacturing establishments, mechanic, shops, stores, etc., and about l,8:iO inhabitants. The " Conecocheague Herald" is issued weekly. It is surrounded by a fertile country. GREEN CREEK, p. o., Cape May co., 2f. Jer. : 71 m. S. Trenton. GREEN CREEK, t. and p. o., Sandusky co., Ohio. : 90 m. N. Columbus. Drained by Green and other creeks flowing into Sandusky Bay. Surface diversified, and soils well adapted to agriculture generally. The Mad River and Lake Erie R. R. (new line) is intersected in the E. part of this t. by the Cleveland, Norwalk, and Toledo R. P. 1,288. GREEN DEPOT, p. o., Kennebcc co., Me. : on the Andros- coggin and Kennebec R. R., 22 m. S. W. Augusta, 41 m. by route from Portland. GREENE county, Ark. Situate N. E. corner, and contains 989 sq. m. Drained by St. Francis r., its E. boundary, and Cache r., its W. boundary. Surface low and level, in parts marshy; soil fertile where capable of cultivation. Farms 345 ; manuf. ; dwell. 436, and pop. wh. 2,530, fr. col. 10, si. 53 total 2.593. Capital: Gainesville. GREENE county, Ga. Situate N. E. centrally, and con tains 503 sq. m. Drained W. by Oconee r., and E. by Ogeehee r. and Little r., a branch of the Savannah. Sur face elevated and swelling, and soil productive. There is good water-power, which is improved by mills and factories. Cotton is the staple. Farms 512; manuf. 47; dwell. 854, and pop. wh. 4,744, fr. col. 58, si. 266 total 13.063. Cap ital: Greensboro. P-iiblic Works: Georgia R. R., and Athens Branch R. R. GREENE county, Ind. Situate S. "W., and contains 534 sq. m. The W. fork of White r. divides it almost equally, and it has other streams which afford mill-sites. Surface rather hilly E., but level W. ; soils, clay, variously mixed. The products are wheat, com, and tobacco; lead, coal, and iron are abundant. Farms 1,227; manuf. 39; dwell. 2,OS9, and pop. wh. 12,238, and fr. col. 75 total 12,313. 261 GRE GRE Capital: Bloomfield. Public Works: "\Vabash and Erie Canal ; Vincennes and Indianapolis E. It., etc. GREENE county. III. Situate W., and contains 564 sq. m. Drained by Apple and Macoupin creeks, affluents of the Illinois r., which makes its W. line. Surface level, partly prairie and partly timbered ; soil highly productive. This is in the coal region, and coal is abundant and easily ob tained. Corn is the agricultural staple. Farms 1,155; manuf. 27; dwell. 2,024, and pop. wh. 12,389, fr. col. 50 total 12,439. Capital: Carrollton. GEKENE county, la. Situate W. centrally, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Eaccoon r., a tributary of the Des Moines r. Unorganized in 1S50. GREENE county, Ky. Situate centrally, and contains 316 sq. m. Drained by Little Barren r., Eussell r., and other head streams of Green r. Surface diversified and of mod erate elevation ; soils productive. Large numbers of cattle, sheep, and swine are raised. Tobacco is the great staple, but wheat and corn are produced largely. Manufactures are noticeable, for which the streams afford good facilities. Farms 791 : manuf. 201 ; dwell. 1,105, and pop. wh. 6.335, fr. col. 117, si. 2,608 total 9,060. Capital: Greensburg. Public Works: Danville and Nashville E. E, GBEENE county, Miss. Situate S. E., and contains 720 sq. m. Drained by Chickasawha r. and Leaf cr., which uniting S. of it, form the Fascagoula. Surface low and gen erally even ; soil, in parts unproductive, but covered mostly with forests of timber trees. Corn and potatoes, cotton and rice, are the products. Farms 93; manuf. 0; dwell. 217, and pop. wh. 1.379, fr. col. 1, si. 638 total 2,018. Capital: Leakesville. Public Works : Mobile and Ohio E. E. GBEENE county, Mo. Situate S. W., and contains 1,157 sq. m. Drained by the heads of White r., which empties into the Mississippi, and branches of the Osage r., which runs into the Missouri, The surface is broken, a range of hills or mountains occupying the middle, and forming a watershed between the waters running N. and S. The soil fertile and well timbered. Farms 1,283; manuf. 50 ; dwell. 2,046, and pop. wh. 11,543, fr. col. 7, si. 1,230 total 12,785. Capital: Springfield. GBEENE county, N. Y. Situate E. centrally, and contains 583 sq. m. Drained by Catskill and Coxsackie creeks, which flow into the Hudson r., which washes its E. border, and by the head branches of Schoharie cr., a tributary of Mohawk r. Surface diversified in the S. and "W. hilly and mountainous, and toward the N. E. more level. The mountains are sterile, but in the valleys there is much fine land. Iron ore, and many other minerals, are abundant throughout the county, as are marble, building stone, etc. Farms 2,672; manuf. 433; dwell. 5,745, and pop. wh. 32,232, fr. col. 894 total 33,126. Capital: Catskill. Pub lic Works: Albany and Goshen E. E. GBEENE county, N. Car. Situate E. centrally, and con tains 1S2 sq. m. Drained by Mockasin r. and its affluents, which flow into the Neuse. Surface generally even ; soil mostly productive. Corn and cotton are the leading crops. Eice is also raised. This is the pine region, and tar, pitch, and turpentine figure largely in the exports. Farms 372 ; manuf. 37 : dwell. 584, and pop. wh. 3,259, fr. col. 116, si. 3,244 total 6,619. Capital: Snow Hill. GREENE county, Ohio. Situate S. "W. centrally, and con tains 334 sq. m. Drained in the N. W. by Mad r., and in other parts by the Little Miami and its affluents. Surface level or undulating; soil fertile and well timbered. The numerous streams afford many water privileges, and all crops, especially of grain, are very large. Farms 1,626 ; manuf. 132 ; dwell. 3,760, and pop. wh. 21,460, fr. col. 486 total 21.946. Capital: Xenia. Public Worfa: Little Miami E. E. ; Columbus and Xenia E. E. ; Mad Eiver and Lake Erie E. E. ; Dayton and Xenia E. E., etc, GRKENE county, Penn. Situate in S. W. corner, and con tains 55S sq. m. Drained E. by branches of Monongahela r., which is its E. boundary, and W. by affluents of the Ohio. Surface mountainous, and water-power abundant soil very fertile, yielding great grain crops and supporting fine dairies. Timber plentiful, and much maple sugar made. Farms 1,789 ; manuf. 95 ; dwell. 3,777, and pop. wh. 21,600, fr. col. 476 total 22,186 Capital : Waynesburg. GBEENE county, Tenn. Situate N. E., and contains 515 sq. m. Drained by Licking cr. and Nolichucky r., heads of the Tennessee. Surface mountainous, with pleasant val leys ; soils very productive of the grains, and adapted to sheep and cattle, which are raised in great numbers. Wheat and corn lead the products. Farms 1,846; manuf. 47; dwell. 2,93S, and pop. wh. 16,522, fr. col. 209, si. 1,093 total 17,824. Capital: Greenville. Public Works: East Tennessee and Virginia E. E. GBEENE county, Virg. Situate E. centrally at foot of Blue Eulge, and contains US sq. m. Drained by Conway r., a head of the Eappahannock, and Eivanna r., a branch of the James. Surface elevated and broken, with fine water-power; soil fertile, producing tobacco and the cereals abundantly. Farms 301 ; manuf. 24; dwell. 494, and pop. wh. 2,667, fr. col. 34, si., 1,699 total 4,400. Capital: Stannardsville. GREENE county, Wise. Situate S., and contains 592 sq. m. Drained by Petitonica r. and Sugar cr., head waters of Eock r., which runs through Illinois into the Mississippi. Sur face level ; soils rich, with some prairie and good pasturage. The grains thrive abundantly. Lead mines are worked successfully, and copper is also found. Farms 763 ; manuf. 45 ; dwell. 1,481, and pop. wh. 8,563, fr. col. total 8,563. Capital: Monroe. GBEENE county, Ala. Situate W. middle, and contains 911 sq. m. Tombigbee r. forms its W. boundary, and the Black Warrior flows S. through the middle, by whose af fluents it is drained. Surface varied, in parts hilly, in parts level meadow. Soil very fertile, producing heavy crops of cotton, the staple, and corn and some wheat. It has abund ant water-power, and growing manufactures of flour, leather, cotton goods, and machinery. Farms 1,310 ; manuf. 71 ; dwell. 1,730, and pop. wh. 9,265, fr. col. 49, si. 22,127 total 31.441. Capital : Eutaw. GREENE, t. and p. v., Kennebec co., Me. : 24 m. S. W. Augusta. Drained by ponds and rivulets of Androscoggin r., which makes its E. border. Surface level; soil well adapted to grain producing. The v is a pleasant place on the E. bank of the Androscoggin. The Androscoggin and Kennebec E. E. passes through the town. Pop. 1,347. GBEENE, p. v., Cape Girardeau co., Mo. : on Crooked cr., 116 m. S. E. Jefferson City. GREENE, t. and p. v., Chenango county, N. Y. : 105 m. W. S. W. Albany. Drained by Chenango r. and its trib utaries. Surface hilly and broken ; soil generally fertile. The v. is situate on the line of the canal where it crosses the river, and contains numerous stores, mechanic shops, and about 800 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 8,781. GREENE, p. o., Lancaster county, Penn. : 44 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. GREENE, p. o., Noble county, Ind. : 114 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. Pop. 319. GREENE S STORE, p. o., Lawrence county, Ohio: 96 m. S. S. E. Columbus. GREENFIELD, p. v., and cap. Hancock co., Ind. : on the W r . side of Brandywine or Swamp cr., 20 m. E. Indianap olis. It was settled in 1 C 23, and contains a court-house and other co. buildings, and has 1,019 inhabitants. The Na tional Eoad and the Indiana Central E. E. pass through it. The "Spectator," a weekly newspaper, is published here. GREENFIELD, p. v., Greene co., III. : 43 m. S. W. Spring field. Pop. about 200. GREENFIELD, p. v., and cap. Dade co., Mo. : about 1 m. "W. of Sac river, a branch of Osage river, 122 m. S. W. Jefferson City. GREENFIELD, t., p. o., and cap. Franklin co., Mass. : 90 m. W. by N. Boston. Drained by Greenfield r., a branch GRE GRE of Deerfield r., which affords excellent water-power. Sur face varied ; soil fertile and well cultivated. The Connecti cut r., the recipient of its waters, winds along its 8. E. bor der. The v. is pleasantly situate and well built ; it has churches of all denominations ; several good academics and common schools, much trade, and is a manufacturing vil lage of considerable celebrity, its manufactures consisting of cutlery, boots and shoes, castings, guns, pistols, rifles, and iron work generally, harness, saddles, and a great variety of articles of domestic utility. Book publishing is also an ancient and valuable branch of business, and many works of lasting merit, especially on the subject of law, have issued from its press. It has three newspapers, the " Gazette and Courier" (whig), the " Franklin Democrat" (dem.), and the " American Republic" (free soil), all issued weekly. Cop per and iron ores are found in this town. Pop. 2,5SO. GREENFIELD, t and p. v., Hillsborough co., N. Ilamp. : 28 m. S. W. Concord. Drained by affluents of Contoocook river, which flows along its W. border. There are also several large ponds. Surface hilly and uneven; soil of moderate fertility ; the hills afford good pasturage, and the valleys and plains are favorable for grain. Crotchet and Lyndeborough mountains are partly in this town. The v. is situate almost centrally, and is a neat agricultural settle ment, indicative of the staple industry of the town, which is almost wholly devoted to farming. Pop. of t. 716. GREENFIELD, p. v., Poinsett county, Ark. : 97 m. N. E. Little Rock. GREENFIELD, p. v., Highland county, Ohio: on the "W. Bide of Paint cr.. 43 m. S. S. W. Columbus. There are nu merous manufacturing establishments in the vicinity, and the village, through which will pass the Cincinnati, Ilills- boro , and Parkersburg R. R., is a flourishing place of gome 900 or 1,000 inhabitants, with numerous stores and mechanic shops. A fine quality of limestone, suitable for building, is quarried near the village. GREENFIELD, t. and p. o., Erie co., Penn. : 204 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by N. branch of French cr. Surface diversified ; soil fertile. Pop. 929. GREENFIELD, p.v., Sullivan county, Tenn. : 248 m. E. by N. Nashville. GREENFIELD, p. T., Nelson county, Virg. : 82 m. W. by N. Richmond. GREENFIELD, t. and p. v., Milwaukie co., Wise. : 72 m. E. by S. Madison. Drained by creeks of Milwaukie and Root rivers. Surface level ; soil of great fertility, and deep. The v. lies on the N. branch of Root r., and contains about 200 inhabitants. A plank road, running S. W. from Mil waukie, passes through the town, intersecting the v. 8 m. from Milwaukie. Pop. 1,S94. GREENFIELD, t. and p. o., Hancock co., Me. : 96 m. N. E. Augusta. Drained by Olamon and Sunfohnze rivers, afflu ents of Penobscot r. Surface uneven ; soil generally fer tile. It is a fine grazing country, and is entirely devoted to farming. Pop. 305. GREENFIELD CENTRE, p. v., Saratoga co., N. Y. : 82 m. N. by W. Albany. GREENFIELD HILL, p. o., Fairfleld county, Conn. : 66 m. 8. W. Hartford. GREENFIELD MILLS, p. o., Frederick co., Md. : on Mono- cacy r., 6 m. above its confluence with the Potomac, and 11 m. S. of Frederick City. There are 9 or 10 dwellings here, and about 60 inhabitants. The vicinity is thickiy settlcd. GREENFORD, p. v., Mahoning county, Ohio : 139 m. N. E. Columbus. GREEN GROVE, p. o., Luzerne co., Penn. : 87 m. N. E. Harrisburg. GREEN HILL, p. o., Stewart county, Ga. : 126 m. S. W. MilU-dgeville. GREEN HILL, p. o., Lauderdale co., Ala. : 181 m. N. N.W. Montgomery. GREEN HILL, p. o., Columbiana co., Ohio: 181 m. N. E. Columbus. GREEN HILL, p. o., Wilson county, Tenn.: 14 m. E. Nashville. GREEN HILL, p. o., Campbell co., Virg. : 97 m. "W. S. "W. Richmond. GREEN HILL, p. o., Rutherford county, y. Car. : 218 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. GREEN island, N. Y. : in the Hudson r., opposite Troy. It is about 2 m. long and half a mile wide. It is now used chiefly for railroad depflts. GREEN LAKE, t. and p. o., Marquette co., Wise. : on the lake so called, 57 m. N. by E. Madison. Pop. 725. GREEN LAND, t. and p. o., Rockingham co., N. ffamp. : 39 m. E. S. E. Concord. Drained into Great Bay, which lies on the N. border. Surface level and low ; soil fertile, producing fruit and vegetables largely for the markets of Portsmouth, from which it is distant 5 m. The t. has sev eral mills and stores, and 739 inhabitants. GREEN LKAF, p. o., De Soto co., Miss. : 159 m. N. by E. Jackson. GREEN LEVEL, p. o., Southampton county, Virg. : 62 m. S. S. E. Richmond. GREEN LEVEL, p. o., "Wake co., & Car. GREEN MEADOW, p. o., Washington co., Tenn. : 240 m.E. Nashville. GREEN MOUNT, p. o., Adams co., Penn. : 4S m, S. W. Harrisburg. GREEN mountains, Verm. : a northern range of the Alleghany Mountains, rising in Canada East, and passing in a direction N. and S. through Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, and terminating near New Haven, on Long Island Sound. Their verdant appearance originated their nomenclature, and also gave name to the State of Ver mont. They decrease in height as they approach the S. Mansfield Mountain, the highest peak of the range, is 4,279 feet above the sea level ; Camel s Rump, 4,190 feet ; Killing- ton Peak, 3,675 feet ; and Ascutney Mountain, 8,320 feet. GREEN OAK, t. and p. o., Livingston co., Mich. : 47 m. E. S. E. Lansing. Drained by the upper waters of Huron r. and several lakes emptying into it. Surface level; soil deep and fertile. Timber is abundant. Pop. 941. GREENOCK, p. v., Crittenden co., Ark. : on the W. bank of Mississippi r., 136 m. E. N. E. Little Rock. GREEN PLAINS, p. o., Hancock co., III. : 93 m. W. N. W. Springfield. GREEN PLAINS, p. o., Northampton co., N. Car. : 81 m. N. E. Raleigh. GREEN PLAINS, p. o., St. Francis co., Ark. : 76 m. E. N. E. Little Rock. GREEN POINT, p. v., Kings co., JUT. Y. : at the confluence of Newtown cr. with the East r., opposite New York City, and above Williamsburg. This is a new village, chiefly built up by persons doing business in New York, and who have their residences here. The improvements within a year or two have been great, and it has many substantial brick houses, etc. Pop. about 3,000. GREEN POND, p. o., Union dist., & Car. : 81 m. N. N. W. Columbia. GREENPORT, p. v., Suffolk co., tf. Y. : near the end of the N. E. caudal extremity of Long Island, 124 m. S. E. Albany, and by railroad 95 m. from New York City. The steamboat route across the Sound to Stonington is 20 m. It is a thriv ing village, with numerous mechanic shops, stores, etc., a weekly newspaper, the " Republican Watchman," and about SOO inhabitants. Several whaling vessels and nume rous coasters are owned here. The harbor is deep, capa cious, well sheltered, and seldom closed by ice; it is one o| the best on the coast, and admits the largest class of shipping, GREENPORT, p. v., Cedar county, Mo. : 102 m, S. W- Jefferson City. GREEN RIVER, p. o., Henry co., III. : on an affluent of Rock r. so called, US m. N. N. W. Springfield. GREEN RIVER, p. o., Columbia eounty,V. Y. : 81 m. S. E. Albany. 268 ORE ORE GREEN RIVER, p. o.,Windham co., Verm. : on the W. side of the r. so called, 108 m. S. Montpelier. GREEN RIVER, p. o., Rutherford co., N. Car. : on the r. so called, 204 m.W. S.W. Raleigh. GREEN RIVER, p. o., Hart co., Ky. : on the r. so called 93 m. S. W. Frankfort. GREEN river, Ky. ; a large tributary of Ohio r. It rises in the highlands of Lincoln County, and after a course generally W. and N. W., enters the Ohio r. 50 m. above the tnouth of Cumberland r., and 200 m. below Louisville. I is 200 yards wide at its mouth, and is beatable for more than 200 miles. GREEN S, p. o., Polk county, Tew. : 184 m. E. by N Austin City. GREEN S BLUFF, p. o., Jefferson co., Tex. : on Neches r. 232 m. E. Austin City. GREENSBOROUGH, p. v., Green county, Ala. : 79 m. W. N. W. Montgomery. The vicinity is famous for its fine cotton. GREENSBOROUGII, p. v., and cap. Greene co., Ga. : on the Georgia R. R., 84 m. from Augusta, and 87 m. from Atlanta 86 m. N. MilledgevUle. GREENSBOROUGH, p. v., Henry co., Ind. : on Duck cr. of Blue r., 36 m. E. by N. Indianapolis. Pop. about 300. The Fort Wayne and Southern R. R. will pass near or through this village. GREENSBOROUGH, p. v., Caroline co., Md. : on the W. side of Choptank r., 43 m. E. Annapolis. GREENSBOROUGH, p. v., and cap. Choctaw co., Miss. : on one of the head branches of Big Black r., 93 m N. N. E. Jackson. It contains a court-house, etc., and about 400 in habitants. The vicinity is a fine cotton region, and is well settled. GREENSBOROUGH, p. v., and cap. Guilford co., N. Car. : between the N. and S. branches of Buffalo cr. of Haw r., 75 m. W. N. W. Raleigh. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., several stores, and about 600 inhabitants. Two periodicals are published here a weekly, the " G. Patriot" (whig), and the " Common School Advocate" (educat.), monthly. It is on the line of the North Carolina R. R., and the S. terminus of the Danville R. R. GREENSBOROUGH, p. v., Greene co., Penn. : on the "W. side ofMonongahela r., 168 m. W. S. W. Harrisburg. GREEXSBOROUGH, t., Orleans co., Verm. : 29 m. N. E. by N. Montpelier. Drained by the heads of Lamoille r. Caspian and other lakes are in this t., the outlets of which afford water-power. Surface uneven ; soil moderately fertile. The v. on Lamoille r. is a small settlement, and has several mills. Pop. 1,008. GREENS-BOROUGH, p. T., and cap. Decatur co., Ind. : on the heads of Sand cr.. 46 m. S. E. Indianapolis. It was laid out in 1821, and contains a court-house, etc., numerous stores and mechanic shops, about 200 dwellings, and a pop ulation of 1.202. A newspaper, the " Clarion." is published weekly. The Lawrenceburg and Upper Mississippi R. R., and the Michigan Road pass through the village. The country is fine rolling prairie, and has a rich soil. GREENSBURGH, p. v., and cap. Greene co., Ky. : on the right bank of Greene r., 69 m. S. S. W. Frankfort. It con tains a court-house, jail, etc., and about 600 inhabitants. The Nashville and Lexington R. R. will probably pass through this village. GREENSBURGH, p. v., and cap. St. Helena par., La. : on the W. side of Tickfau r., 42 m. N. E. Baton Rouge. It has a court-house and other county buildings, a United States Land Office, and about 200 inhabitants. The Tickfau empties into Lake Maurepas. GREENSBURGH, p. v., Greene county, Ark. : 147 m. N". E. Little Rock. GREENSBURGH, p. v., Trumbull co., Ohio: 156 m. N. E. Columbus. It contains several mills and mechanic shops, ^rith stores, etc.. and about 400 inhabitants. GREENSBUEGII, p. b., and cap. "Westmoreland co., Penn. : 264 146 m. W. Harrisburg. It contains a court-house, jail, etc.* several churches of different denominations, several facto ries, numerous stores and mechanic shops, about ISO dwell ings, and 1,050 inhabitants. Three newspapers are pub lished in the borough, viz. : the " Pennsylvania Argus" (dem.), the " Westmoreland Intelligencer" (whig), and the " Westmoreland Republic" all weekly issues. It is an im portant dep&t of internal trade, at which the Hempfield R. R. will form a junction with the Pennsylvania system of rail roads. GREEN S CORNERS, p. v., Oneida co., N. Y. : 96 m.W. N.W. Albany. It is on the line of the Syracuse and Utica R. R., 19 m. from Utica, and 34 from Syracuse. GREENSBUKGH CROSS ROADS, p. o., Sandusky co., Ohio. 92 m. N. N. W. Columbus. GREEN S FORK, p. o.,Wayne co., Ind. : on a fork of White Water r. so called, 58 m. E. by N. Indianapolis. The New castle and Richmond R. R. crosses the stream at this point. GREENSPORT, p. v., St, Clair county, Ala: : 97 m. N. Montgomery. GREEN SPRING, p. o., Orange county, N. Car. : 47 m. N. W. Raleigh. GREEN SPRING, p. o., Seneca county, Ohio : 84 m. N. Columbus. GREEN SPRING RUN, p. o., Hampshire co., Virg. : 157 m. N. N. W. Richmond. GREENTON, p. v., Lafayette co., Mo. : 106 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. GREEN TOP, p. o., Schuyler co., Mo. : 137 m. N. N. W. Jefferson City. GREENTOWN, p. v., Stark county, Ohio: 106 m. N. E. Columbus. GREENTOWN, p. v., Howard co., Ind. : on Wild Cat cr., 49 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. GREEN TREE, p. o., Alleghanv county, Penn. : 173 m. W. Harrisburg. GREENUP county, Ky. Situate N. E. corner, and con tains 339 sq. m. Drained by Tygert s cr. and Big and Little Sandy rivers, all which empty into the Ohio, which forms its N. and N. E. boundary. Big Sandy r. also separates the States of Virginia and Kentucky. Surface somewhat rough, except on the rivers, where the soil is very rich. The higher parts abound in coal and iron. Corn and wheat are easily raised. Farms 453; manuf. 20; dwell. 1,529, and pop. wh. 8,998, fr. col. 50, si. 606 total 9,654. Capital : Green- upsburg. Public Works: Maysville and Big Sandy R. R. GREENUP, p. v., and cap. Greenup co., Ky. : on the S. bank of the Ohio r., at the mouth of Little Sandy r., 123 m. E. by N. Frankfort. It is an important commercial point, and is intersected by the line of the Maysville and Big Sandy R. R. The v. contains a court-house and other co. build ings, several groceries and stores, and between 400 and 500 inhabitants. GREENUP, p. v., Cumberland co., HI. : on the E. bank of Embarras r., 86 m. E. S. E. Springfield. GREENVALE, p. o., Jo Daviess co., III. : 176 m. N. by W. Springfield. GREEN VALLEY, p. o., Bath co., Virg. : 133 m. W. by N. Richmond. GREEN VALLEY, p. o., Lafayette county, Miss. : 138 m. N. by E. Jackson. GREEN VILLAGE, p. v., Franklin co., Penn. GREENVILLE district, S. Car. Situate N. W., and contains 723 sq. m. Drained by Saluda r. in the W. : and in the E. y Ennoree r., both head streams of Congaree and Santee rivers. Surface elevated, and in the N. much broken, with many mill-streams. The soil is productive of all the grains, and cotton is much raised. Farms 1,068 ; manuf. 55 ; dwell. 2,351, and pop. wh. 13,372, fr. col. 93, si. 6,691 total 20,156. Capital: Greenville. Public Works: Greenville and Co- umbia R. R. GREENVILLE county, Virg. Situate on S. line, and rem ains 443 sq. m. Drained S. by Mehcrrin r., and N. by Not- ORE GRE N. boundary, both which empty into the Chowan Carolina. Surface diversified, and soils of lity. Corn, cotton, and tobacco yield largely, and __ Farms 242 ; manuf. 3 ; dwell. 3S5, and pop. wh. 1,731, fr. col. 123, si. 3,7S5 total 5.689. Capital: Hicks- ford. 1 ullic Works: Greenville aiid Roanoke E.E.; Pe tersburg and Weldon R. E. GREENVILLE, p. v., and cap. Butler co., Ala. : on the W. side of Sepulgah r., 41 m. S. S. W. Montgomery. It is a UK- railway system of the State, being the point of junction of the Girar Mobile E. E. GREENVILLE, p. v., New London co., Conn. : on the line of the Norwich and Worcester E. E., 1 m. N. Norwich, and 36 S. E. Hartford. GREENVILLE, p. v., and cap. Greenville dist., S. Car.: near the head of Eeedy r. of the Saluda. 106 m. N. W. Columbia, or, by way of Greenville and Columbia E. E.. 140 m. from Columbia. It contains a court-house, jail, and district offices, 4 churches, a market-house, 2 academies, several mechanic shops, 21 stores of various descriptions, about 1,305 inhabitants. Two newspapers are published here, the " Southern Patriot," a tri-weekly, and the " G oT^G,^ Mo,Ue I, I, and oHhe M,go m c, y an* | *%*?% cap . QrMne Tmn , : aboul 4 m. N. W. Nolichucky r., and 222 m. E. Nashville. It is id contains the court-house, jail, etc., and many stores and mechanic p. v,, and cap. Merriwether co., Ga. : 88 stores, and about 36 .) inhabitants. GRKENVILLE, p. v., Floyd county Indianapolis. It contains several stores, etc., and about 350 inhabitants. GREENVILLE, p. v., .and cap. Bond co., III. : on the E. fork of Shoal cr. of Kaskaskia r., 66 m. S. by E. Springfield. It has a court-house, jail, etc., several mechanic shops and stores, and about 400 inhabitants. The " G. Journal" is published weekly, and the " Western Fountain," a Meth odist periodical, semi-monthly GREENVILLE, p. v., and cap. Mcklcnbnrgh co., Ky. : on an affluent of Green r., 147 m.W. S. W. Frankfort. It con tains a court-house and other co. buildings, and about 160 inhabitants. The vicinity is a fine farming region, and thickly settled with an industrious population. GREENVILLE, p. v., and cap. Wayne co., Mo. : on the E. bank of St. Fran9ois r., 140 m. S. E. Jefferson City. It cot. Ind. : 97 m. S. by E. shops, and here is published a newspaper, the " G. Spy" (dem.), a weekly issue. Near the v. is Tusculum College, founded in 1S43; in 1850 it had two professors and 136 students. Pop. about 700. GREENVILLE, p. v., Augusta co., Virg. : on South r., an affluent of S. branch of Shenandoah r., 95 m. W. by N. Richmond. It contains mills, mechanic shops, and factories driven by water-power, several stores, and about 300 in habitants. GREENVILLE, p. o., Montcalm co., Midi. : 46 m. N. W. Lansing. GREENVILLE, p. v., and cap. Washington co., Miss. : on the E. bank of the Mississippi r., opposite Point Chicot, 91 m. N. W. Jackson. It contains a court-house, etc., and a few dwellings. GREENWICH, t. and p. v., Fairfleld co.. Conn. : the most tains a court-house, several stores, and about 300 inhab- south- western township in New England, 76 m. S. W. Hart- itants. GREENVILLE, t. and p. o., Piscataquis co., Me. : 86 m. N. Augusta. Drained in the E. by Wilson s r. of the Sebec, ford. Drained by Byram, Maharness, and other rivers, and bounded S. by Long Island Sound. Surface rough and uneven; soil generally fertile and productive. There are and in the W. by streams running to Moosehead Lake, a three several parishes and as many villages in the town. S. arm of which penetrates into this town. Surface hilly; soils good for farming, and the industry of the inhabitants is chiefly devoted to agriculture. There is a small v. or settle ment on HIP lake. Pop. of t. 326. GREENVILLE, p. v., and cap. Pitt co., N. Car.: on the S. tide of Tar river. 35 m. above its confluence with Pamlico Sound, 83 m. E. by S. Raleigh. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and has 1,893 inhabitants. GREENVILLE, p. v., Sussex county, N. Jer. : 51 m. N. Trenton. GREKNVILLE, p. v., Brown co., Wise. : 129 m. N. E. by N. Madison. GRKENVILLK, p. v., and cap. Hunt county, Tex. : 244m. N. N. E. Austin City. GREENVILLE, t. and p. v., Greene co., JV. Y. : 23 m. 8. W. Albany. Drained by Provost and Catskill creeks. Surface broken and hilly ; soil clay loam and fertile in grass. The V. lies on Provost cr. Pop. of t. 2,242. GREENVILLE, t., p. v., and cap. Darke co., Ohio: drained by several tributaries of Greenville cr. of the Miami r. Surface diversified : soil deep and rich, forming one of the finest farming towns in the Slate. The v. is situate on the S. Bide of Greenville cr., and below the junction of Mud cr., SI m. W. by N. Columbus, and on the site of old Fort Green ville, where General Wayne concluded his treaty of peace with the Indians in 1795. It contains a handsome court house, a jail, several mechanic shops, manufacturing estab lishments and stores, and about 1,<44 inhabitants. Two newspapers are published here, the "G. Journal" (whig), and the "Democratic Herald" (dem.), weekly issues. The Greenville and Miami R. R. passes through the v., con necting it with Cincinnati and other Ohio cities, and with the railroad system centering at Indianapolis. Pop. of t 3,416. GREENVILLE, p. v., Providence co., R. I. : 9 m. W. N. W. Providence. K9 The New York and New Haven R. R. passes through it, and there are several good landing-places on the Sound. Many persons doing business in New York city have then- residences in this town, the growth of which has been rapid since the opening of the railroad. Pop. in 1840, 3,921 ; in 1S50. 5,040. GREENWICH, t. and p. v., Hampshire co., Mass. : 66 m. W. Boston. Drained by Swift r. of the Chicopee, which affords extensive water-power. The t. has some manufac tures. The principal v. is located centrally on Swift r., about 3 m. S. of Greenwich village. Pop. of t. 833. GREENWICH, t and p. o., Cumberland co., N. Jer. : 48 m. S. S. W. Trenton. Drained by Newport, Stow, Cohansey, Mill, and Pine Mount creeks. Surface level ; soil clay and loam, fertile and well cultivated. Pop. 1,153. GREENWICH, t and p. o., Washington co., N. Y. : 32 m. N. by E. Albany. Drained by Battenkill and other creeks of Hudson r., which bounds it W. Surface uneven : soil a gravelly loam. There are numerous mills and factories in the t., and a newspaper, the " Union Journal" (whig), is issued weekly. The Champlain Canal passes along the Hudson. Pop. 3,803. GREENWICH, t. and p. v., Huron co., Ohio : 76 m. N. N. E. Columbus. Drained by branches of Vermillion r. Surface diversified ; soils deep and fertile. The v. is on the line of the Cleveland. Columbus, and Cincinnati R. R., 54 m. from Cleveland, and is a place of considerable business. In the t. there are numerous mills and several manufacturing es tablishments, and 1,050 inhabitants. GREENWICH VILLAGE, p. v., Hampshire co., Mass. : on Swift r., 66 m. W. Boston. It has some manufactures. GREENWOOD, p. v., Johnson co., Ind. : on the line of the Madison and Indianapolis R. R., 10 m. S. Indianapolis. The v. contains several stores and about 350 inhabitants. GREENWOOD, p. v., Marquette co., Wise. : 61 m. N. by E. Madison. 265 ORE GRO GREENWOOD, p. v., Caddo par., La. : 212 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. GREENWOOD, p. v., De Kalb co., Ala. ; 152 m. N. by E. Montgomery. GREENWOOD, t. and p. v., Oxford county, Me. : 46 m. W. Augusta. Drained by ponds which are the sources of Little Androscoggin r. The v., a small agricultural settle ment, is situate in the S. part of the t Agriculture, for which the soils are well adapted, is the chief employment of the inhabitants. Pop. 1,118. GREENWOOD, p. o., Doddridge CO., Virg. : 209 m. N. W. Richmond. GREENWOOD, p. v., Carroll co., Miss.: 84 m. N. by E. Jackson. GREENWOOD, p. v., McHenry co., IU. : 182 m. N. by E. Springfield. GREENWOOD, t. and p. o., Steuben co., N. T. : 198 m. "W. by S. Albany. Drained by Bennett s and other creeks of Canisteo r. Surface hilly and fine for grazing. Pop. GREENWOOD, p. v., Sumner co., Tenn. : 81 m. N. by E. Nashville. GREENWOOD, t and p. o., Columbia co., Penn.: 63 m. X. N. E. Harrisburg. Drained by tributaries of Fishing cr. Surface diversified ; soil good for grass and grain. There are several mills and factories in the t., and 1,326 inhabit ants. GEBENWOOD, p. v., Jackson co., Flor. : 63 m. W. N. W. Tallahassee. GREENWOOD, p. v., Abbeville dist., S. Car.: 71 m. W. N. W. Columbia, or, by route of Greenville and Columbia E. K., 85 m. from Columbia. GREENWOOD, v., Laurens dist, S. Car. : 77 m. N. W. Columbia. GREENWOOD, p. v., Union county, Get-. : 142 m. N. by TV. Milledgeville. GREENWOOD FURNACE, p. o., Huntingdon co., Penn. : 66 m. W. Harrisburg. GREGORY S MILL, p. o., Granville co., 2f. Car. : 49 m. N. Ealeigh. GREIGSVILLE, p. v., Livingston co., N. T. : on the W. side of Genesee r., and on the line of the Genesee Valley Canal, 204 m. W. by N. Albany. GKEIGSVILLE, p. v., Preston co., Virg. : 1ST m. N. W. Eichmond. GRENADA, p. v., Yallabusha co., Miss. : on the S. side of Yallabusha r., 100 m. N. by E. Jackson. It is the seat of a United States Land Office, and has a newspaper, the " G. Eepublican" (whig), a weekly issue. Pop. about 400. GREY EOCK, p. o., Hartford co., Md. GREYBVILLE, p. v., Sullivan co., Ind. : 84 m. W. S. "W. Indianapolis. GRIFFIN, p. v., Pike county, Ga.: 63 m. "W". N. W. Milledgeville. It is situate on the Macon and Western B. E., 58 m. from Macon, and 43 m. from Atlanta. This village has become a point of much commerce, and is one of the most important railroad stations in the State. Pop. 2,320. GRIFFIN S p. o., Johnson county, Ark. : 86 W. N. W. Little Eock. GRIFFINSBURGIT, p. v., Culpepper co., Virg. : on a branch of Eappahannock r., 76 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. GRIFFIN S CREEK, p. o., Benton co., Ala. : 94 m. N. by E. Montgomery. GRIFFIN S MILLS, p. v., Erie co., 2f. Y. : on Cazenove cr., 246 m. W. Albany. It has several saw and other mills, stores, etc., and about 30 dwellings. GRIFFIN S MILLS, p. o., Lowndes co., Ga. : 157 m. 8. Milledgeville. GRIFFITH S, p. o., Nicholas co., Ky. : 53 m. E. Frankfort. GRIFFITHSVILLE, p. v., Cabell co., Virg. : 248 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. GRIGGSTOWN, p. v., Somerset co., N. Jer. : on the E. side of Millstone r., 23 m. N. by E. Trenton. The Delaware 266 and Earitan Canal passes through it. It is a small v. of some 12 or 15 dwellings. GRIGGSVILLB, p. v., Pike co., Ill : 58 m. W. by S. Spring field. It is situate on the margin of a large undulating prairie, about 6 m. W. of Naples, on the Illinois river. GRIMES county, Tex. Situate E. centrally, and contains 1,288 sq. m. Drained in the W. by affluents of Navasoto r., which forms its W. boundary, and empties into the Brazos, which bounds it S. W. ; in the E. and S. by branches of the Trinity and head streams of the San Jacinto, both which empty into Galveston Bay. Surface in the N. hilly, but elsewhere undulating or level, with small prairies; soil of the bottoms a deep, rich, black mold of inexhaust ible fertility on the high land thin, and in the prairies af fords excellent grazing. On the streams are immense for ests of valuable timber pine in the W., oak, cedar, and ash in the E. Sulphur springs and iron ore are found. Farms 217; manuf. 0; dwell. 405, and pep. wh. 12,328, fr. col. 0, si. 1,6SO total 14,008. Capital: Anderson. GRIMESVILLE, p. v., Grimes co., Tex. : 112 m. E. N. E. Austin City. GRIMVILLE, p. v., Berks co., Penn. : 66 m. E. Harrisburg. GRINDSTONE, p. o., Daviess county, Mo. : 142 m. N. W. Jefferson City. GRINDSTONE POINT, p. v., De Kalb co., Mo. : on Grind stone cr., 144 m. N. W. Jefferson City. GRISWOLD, t. and p. o., New London co., Conn. : 39 m. E. by S. Hartford. Drained by Pachaug r. and other streams tributaries of Quinebaug r. Jewett City, a place of considerable manufactures, is situate at the confluence of the Pachaug, and is intersected by the Norwich and Worcester E. E. The water-power of these streams is immense. Pop. of t 2,065. GRISWOLD, p. v., Hamilton county, III. : 138 m. S. S. E. Springfield. GRISWOLD S MILLS, p. o., "Washington co., N. Y. : 53 m. N. by E. Albany. GRISWOLDSVILLE, p. v., Jones co., Ga. : on the Central E. E., 24 m. S. W. Milledgeville. GRISWOLDSVILLE, p. v., Franklin county, Mass. : 77 m. W. by N. Boston. GROGANSVILLE, p. v., Eockingham co., 2f. Car. : 89 m. W. N. W. Ealeigh. GROOM S CORNER, p. o., Saratoga co., 2f. Y. GROOVERVILLE, p. v., Thomas co., Ga. : about 3 m. "W. of Ocilla r., 176 m. S. S. W. Milledgeville. GROSSE ISLE, p. o., Wayne county, Mich. : SO m. S. E. Lansing. Grosse Isle, the largest island of Detroit Strait, is situate at its mouth and extends up the strait, interlock ing with Fighting Island. It is 8 m. long and from 1 to 2 broad, with a surface of about 12 sq. m. It constitutes the t, of Monguagon. GROSS TETE, p. o., Iberville par., La. : 36 m. S. Baton Eouge. GROTON, t. and p. o., New London co., Conn. : 39 m. S. E. Hartford. It occupies a peninsula jutting toward Long Island Sound, and bounded E. by Mystic r. and W. by Thames r. It has a good harbor on Mystic r., and some whaling and other shipping is owned here. The New London and Stonington E. E. passes through the t. Sur face hilly and rocky; soil indifferent, except along the Thames. There are several villages in the t. : Groton Bank, opposite New London ; Portersville, on the Mystic ; Paquonuck, and Groton Centre. Old Fort Griswold, one of the fortifications of New London Harbor, is on Groton Heights. A monument is here erected to the memory of the defenders of New London, who fell in the attack of Arnold on that place in 1781. Pop. of t. 3.7-12. GROTON, t. and p. T., Middlesex co., Mass. : 81 m. N. W. Boston. Drained by Nashua and Squanecook rivers, and it has a number of beautiful ponds. Surface diversified ; soils of extraordinary fertility. Groton is a t. of great wealth, and is the residence of many of the first families of GRO CUE the State. At Groton Junction no less than six railroads form a union, diverging in every direction. Here are im mense depots, warehouses, etc., and a considerable v. Groton Centre is about 3 m. N. of this v. The t. has con siderable manufactures, mechanic and machine shops. Its population has greatly increased of late years: in 1840 it was 2,139, and in 1^50, 2.515. GROTON, I. and p. v., Grafton county, & Ilamp. : 39 m. N. N. W. Concord. Drained by Baker s r. ; and it has several ponds. The river affords water-power. Surface diversified ; soil fertile. There is a small v. in the t., and it has some small manufactures, but the people are chiefly agriculturists. Pop. of t. 776. GROTON, t. and p. v., Tompkins co., N, Y.: 129 m. "W. Albany. Drained by Fall and other creeks. Surface un dulating; soil, gravelly loam, and fertile. The v.. on a creek of Owasco Lake, contains several mills and manufac turing establishments, and has about 400 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 3,343. GROTON, p. o., Huron co., Ohio. GROTON, t. and p. v., Caledonia county, Verm. : 16 m. E. Montpelier. Drained by Wills r. and its affluents. There are several large ponds in the. t, at the outlets of which are fine mill-sites. Surface uneven ; soil various, but generally good for grass. The v. is on Wills r., and has several mills. Pop. 895. GROTON CITY, p. v., Tompkins county, 2f. Y.: 132 m.W. Albany. GROTSE, p. o., Kane county, IU.: on Sugar cr., 147 in. N. N. E. Springfield. GROUT S CORNERS, p. o., Franklin county, Mam. : 75 m. W. N. W. Boston. The Vermont and Massachusetts K. R. has a station here, and at this point forms a junction with the Brattleboro Branch E. K., which diverges north, and the Amherst and Belchertown R. R., which goes south. There is a small v. here, with a tavern, etc. GROVE, p. o., Chatham co., N. Car. : 22 m. W. Ealeigh. GEOVE, t. and p. o., Alleghany co., N. Y.: 206 m. W. Albany. Drained by Cashaque and Canaseraga creeks. Surfare undulating; soil sandy loam. Pop. 1,154. GROVE CREEK, p. o., Jones co., la. : on a creek of Mako- queta r. so called, 44 m. N. by E. Iowa City. GROVE FARM, p. o., Henderson co., III. : 98 m. N. W. Springfield. GROVE HILL, p. o., Clark co., Ala.: 10S m. W. S. W. Montgomery. GROVE HILL. p. o., Warren co., N. Car. : on the N. side of Fishing cr., 47 m. N. N. E. Raleigh. GROVE HILL, p. o., Page county, Virg. : 93 m. N. W. Richmond. GROVE HILL, p. o., Jackson parish, La. : 152 m. N. W. Baton llouge. GROVEI.AND, p. v., Tazewell county, III.: 56 m. N. Springfield. GROVELAND, p. o., Essex co., Mass. GROVELAND, t. and p. o.. Oakland co., Mich. : 67 m. E. Lansing. Drained by affluents of Clinton river. Surface mostly level. Timber is very abundant. Pop. 989. GROVELAND, L and p. v., Livingston co., N. Y.: 201 m. W. by N. Albany. Conesus Lake lies on the N. E. corner. Drained by Canaseraga cr. of Genesee r. Surface elevated and ridgy; soil, sand and clay loam. The Genesee Val ley Canal passes through this t. to Danville. Pop. 1,724. GROVKLAND, p. o., Fulton county, Ohio: 127 m. N. W. Columbus. GROVKLAND, p. v., Winnebago co., Wise. : 91 m. N. N. E. GRUVELAND CENTRE, p. o., Livingston co., N. Y.: 204 m. W. Albany. GROVE LEVEL, p. o., Franklin county, Ga. : 98 m. N. Milled geville. (MIOVE MOUNT, p. o., Dyer county, Tenn.: 151 m.W. JJashville. GROVENOR S CORNERS, p. o., Sehoharie co., N. Y. GROVE PORT, p. o., Franklin co., Ohio. GROVE S, p. o., Rush county, Ind. : 42 m. E. by S. Indianapolis. GROVETON, p. v., Prince William co., Virg. : 85 m. N. Richmond. GROVEVILLE. p. v., Mercer co., N. Jer. GRUBB S MILLS, p. o., Putnam co., Ind. : 40 m. W. by S. Indianapolis. GRUB SPRINGS, p. o., Monroe co., Miss. : 147 m. N. E. Jackson. GBUNDY county, III. Situate N. E., and contains 324 sq. m. The Illinois r. divides the county, running from E. to W.; the junction of Des Plaines and Kankakee rivers, which form it, being on its E. border. Surface undulating and prairie land; soils rich, without much timber. Water- power abundant, and coal is found. Sulphur springs exist in S. part. Farms 217 ; manuf. ; dwell. 54-3, and pop. wh. 3,021, fr. col. 2 total 3,023. Capital : Morris. Public Works: Illinois and Michigan Canal; Chicago and Rock Island R. R. ; Chicago and Mississippi R. R. GRUNDY county, la. Situate centrally, and contains 504 sq. m. Drained by Black Hawk cr. and other affluents of Cedar r., which empties into the Iowa and Mississippi. Surface generally rolling, and soil productive, with some good timber. Unorganized in 1850. GRUNDY county, Mo. Situate N., and contains 451 sq. m. Drained by E. fork of Grand r., Waldon r., and other afflu ents of Grand r., a branch of the Missouri. Surface mostly even, and soil rich prairie or good pasture ground. Farms 255 ; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 477, and pop. wh. 2,756, fr. col. 1, sL 149 total 2,906. Capital: Trenton. GUADALUPE county, Tex. Situate S. centrally, and con tains 912 sq. m. Drained by Guadalupe r., which divides it about equally, and is a large and important stream; in the N. E. by San Marco r., its N. E. boundary, and in the S. W. by Cibolo r., its S. W. boundary. Surface broken in the W., but generally a rolling prairie ; soil on the rivers, the characteristic black mold of the region, inexhaustible in its fertility ; between them sand ia mixed with it, but it is very productive. Cotton and the grains are abundantly produced ; sugar-cane is also cultivated. Iron ore abounds in N. and W., and deposites of lime, or chalk-beds, are near the streams. Sulphur springs are in the S., and the streams are bordered with heavy timber. Farms 101 ; manuf. 3 ; dwell. 216, and pop. wh. 1,171, fr. col. 5, si. 335 total 1,511. Capital: Seguin. GUADALUPE, p. v., Victoria co., Tex. : on the Guadalupe river, 122 m. S. S. E. Austin City. GUADALUPE mountains, Tea:. : a long range of hills lying between the Rio Puerco, or Pecos, and the heads of the Red, Brazos, Guadalupe, and Colorado rivers, which have their sources from its E. slope. These mountains abound in minerals, as iron, gold, silver, and others, and are clothed in immense forests of the finest timber. GUADALUPE river, Teas. : one of the large rivers of the State, rising under the name of Gonzales r., from the E. slope of the Guadalupe Mountains. It is noted for its sin gular blue color, but the water when placed in a glass ap pears quite limpid and pure. Its principal tributaries are the San Marco (a large stream), Peach and Sandy creeks. Its navigation is interrupted by a reef at its mouth. It falls into Esperitu Santo Bay. GUERNSEY county, Ohio. Situate E. centrally, and con tains 656 sq. m. Drained by Wills cr. and branches of Muskingum r. Surface hilly, and soils moderately fertile. The cultivation of the grape has been succi-ssnil on the slopes of its hills, which also afford fine pnsturage as well as numerous water privileges. Bituminous coal is dug largely, and tobacco much cultivated. Farms 2 2 9 ; manuf. 73 : dwell. 5,079, and pop. wh. 30.273, fr. col. 165 total 80,43S. Capital: Cambridge. Public Works: the Cin cinnati and Wheeling R. R. 26T GtfE GUY Grr-ST STATION, p. o., Russell co,, Virg. : 232 m.\V. S.W. Richmond. GUILDERLAND, t and p. o., Albany county, Jf. Y. : 9 m. "W. N. W. Albany. Drained by Norman s Kill. Surface level; soil of average fertility. There are several mills and factories in the t., but agriculture is the chief occupation. Pop. 3,279. GUILDERLAND CENTRE, p. o., Albany co., N. T. : 12 m. W. N. W. Albany. GUILDHALL, u, p. v., and cap. Essex co., Verm. : on the W. side of Connecticut r., 50 m. E. N. E. Montpelier. Two bridges here span the r. Several small streams, on which are mill-sites, drain the land. Surface, except near the river, uneven and rough. The v. on the Connecticut con tains a court-house, jail, etc., and a number of substantial dwellings. The L is essentially agricultural, and contains 501 inhabitants. GUILFORD county, N. Car. Situate N. in W. part, and contains 603 sq. m. Drained by the heads of Haw and Deep rivers, by whose union Cape Fear r. is formed. Sur face elevated and broken, with many mill streams ; soils generally productive, adapted to grazing, and the culture of grain and cotton. Farms 1,6SS; manuf. 55; dwell. 3,048, and pop. wh. 15.ST4, fr. col. 694, si. 3,186 total 19,754. Capital: Greensboro. Pullic Works: N. Carolina R. R. GUILFORD, t. and p. v., New Haven co., Conn. : 36 m. S. Hartford. Drained by Menunkatuc and other streams run ning to Long Island Sound, which faces its S. shore. Sur face diversified ; soil rich and fertile, being well cultivated. The borough of Guilford, incoqxtrated in 1815, is located about 2 m. from the Sound, on an alluvial plain, and near the Menunkatuc; its buildings are antiquated in nppenr- ance. Guilford Harbor is frequented by coasting and fish ing vessels. This t. is much frequented for sea bathing, for which it has good accommodations, and the scenery in the vicinity of Sachem s Head is wild and picturesque. Sev eral manufactures are carried on in the t., but the people are generally employed in the fields or on the water. Pop. 2.650. The New Haven and New London E. E. passes through the E. part of the town. GCILFORD, t. and p. v., Piseataquis co., Me. : 67 m. N. N. E. Augusta. Drained by affluents of Piscataquis r., which passes through its S. territory. Surface diversified ; soil of excellent fertility. The v. is pleasantly sited on the N. side of Piscataquis r., and has several mills, etc. Pop. 834. GUILFORD, t. and p. v., Chenango county, N. Y. : 87 m. "W. S. W. Albany. Drained by creeks of Unadilla r., which makes its E. boundary. Surface hilly and broken; soil, clay loam, and fertile. The v. contains several stores, and about 250 inhabitants ; and in the t. there are several tan neries and numerous large mills. Pop. 2,612. GUILFORD, t. and p. v., Medina co., Ohio: 94 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. Drained by Chippewa r. and its branches. Surface diversified; soil deep and fertile, adapted to grain and grazing. The v. of Seville, at which the p. o. is kept, is a flourishing place, with several mills, stores, etc., and about 600 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 1,807. GUILFORD. t. and p. v., Windham co., Verm. : 108 m. S. by E. Montpelier. Drained by Green r. and several af fluents of Connecticut r., which afford water-power. Sur face diversified ; soil the best There is a mineral spring in this t, and also several mineral deposits. The principal v. is located centrally, and there is another flouring v. on Broad r. Guilford has several manufacturing establish ments and 1,329 inhabitants. GUILFORD. p. v.. Dearborn co., Ind. : on the line of the Lawrenceburg and Upper Mississippi E. E., 76 m. S. E. Indianapolis. GTTILFORD, p. v., Accomack co., Virg. : 112 m. E. by N. Richmond. GriLFORD CENTRE, p. v., Chenango co., N. Y. : S9 m. W. S. W. Albany. GUILFORD CENTRE, p. o., Windham co., Verm. GuiNEY 9, sta. and p. o., Caroline co., Virg. : on the line of the Richmond, Frederick, and Potomac R. R., 12 m. S. of Fredericksburg and 48 m. N. of Richmond. GUIONSVILLE, p. v., Dearborn county, Ind. : 73 m. S. E. Indianapolis. GULF MILLS, p. o., Montgomery co., Penn. : 88 m. E. Harrisburg. GULF PRAIRIE, p. T., Brazoria co., Tea.: 174 m. S. E. Austin City. GULISTAN, p. o., Davidson co., Tenn. GULLET S STORE, p. o., Johnson co., K Car. GUMBOROUGH, p. o., Sussex co., Del. : 42 m. S. Dover. GUM BRANCH, p. o., Darlington district, S. Car,.- 7S m. E. N. E. Columbia. GUM CREEK, p. o., Dooley <ro., Ga. : on a cr. of Flint r. so called, 93 m. S.W. Milledgeville. GUM GROVE, p. o., Union county, Ky. : 173 m. W. by S. Frankfort. GUM LAKE, p. o., Barry county, Mich. : 40 m. W. S. W. Lansing. GUM POND, p. o., Baker county, Ga. : 14 m. S. W. Milledgeville. GUM SPRING, p. o., Louisa county, Virg. : 88 m. N. W. Richmond. GUM SPRING, p. o., Smith county, Tex. : 218 m. N. E. Austin City. GUM SWAMP, p. o., Columbus co., 2f. Car. : on a cr. of Lumber r., 112 m. S. Raleigh. GUM SWAMP, p. o., Marion dist., S. Car. : 66 m. N. W. by N. Columbia. GUM TREE, p. o., Chester county, Penn. : 61 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. GUNTER S LANDING, p. v., Marshall co., Ala. : on the S. side of Tennessee r., at its most southerly bend. 128 m. N. Montgomery. It is one of the most important points in the railroad system of the State, and here will terminate the Selma and Tennessee River R. R., and through it a general connection will be made with the railroads of Georgia and Alabama, and the North-west. At present it is a well known steamboat landing, and is connected with all the principal towns by lines of stages. GUSTAVUS, t. and p. v.,Trumbull co., Ohio : 157 m. X. E. Columbus. Drained by Pymatuning cr. of the Shenango- Surface undulating ; soil of excellent quality. The v. is a flourishing agricultural settlement. Pop. 1,227. GUSTAVUS, p. o., Greene co.,Tenn. : on the S. side of Lick cr. of Nolichncky r., 212 m. E. Nashville. GUSTINE, p. o., Adams county, Ohio: 81 m. S. S. W. Columbus. GUTHRIE county, la. Situate S. "W. centrally, and con tains 432 sq. m. Drained by Upper Three r. and Raccoon river, branches of the Des Moines, which runs S. E. into the Mississippi. Unorganized in 1850. GUTHRIESVILLE, p. v., Chester co., Penn. : 59 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. GUTHRIESVILLE, p. v.,York dist., S. Car. : 66 m. N. by "W. Columbia. It lies on the route of King s Mountain R. E., 10 m. from Yorkville. GUTTENBURGH, p. v., Clayton co., la. : on the W. bank of the Mississippi r., about 7 m. above the mouth of Turkey river, and 77 m. N. by E. Iowa City. GUYANDOTTE, p. T., Cabell co., Virg. : on the Ohior., at the mouth of Guyandotte r., 267 m. W. by N. Richmond. It is one of the most important points of steamboat navigation in Western Virginia, and the great stage route to Winchester commences here. A railroad is also projected to Coving- ton and the east generally. It contains several extensive stores, various mechanic shops, and about 800 inhabitants. In the vicinity are found many relics of a former race of in habitants, as bones, arrows, stone-axes, etc. GUYANDOTTE river, Virg. : a large tributary of the Ohio, from Virginia. It rises in Wyoming co. from the Great Flat Top Mountain, and flowing in a N. N. W. direction, GUY HAG posses through Logan and Cnbell counties into the Ohio r., 17 m. above the mouth of Big Sandy r. It is about 200 in. long. There are falls and rapids in this river, which furnish extensive water-power. GUY S MILLS, p. o., Crawford co.j Penn. : 208 m. N W. Harrisburg. GUYSVJLLB, p. v., Athens co., Ohio: on the N. bank of Hock hocking r., 73 m. S. E. Columbus. GWYNNED, t. and p. o., Montgomery co., Penn. : 86 m. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Wissahickon and Towamensing creeks, which afford mill-sites. Surface rolling; soil sandy loam. It has several mills and stores, and 1.571 inhabitants. GWINXETT county, Get. Situate N. centrally, and con tains 541 sq. m. Drained by branches of Chattahoochee r., its N. W. boundary, which runs S. W. into Appalachicola Hay, and by Yellow r. and other heads of Ocmulgee and Oconce rivers, which run 8. E. into the Atlantic. Sur face elevated and mountainous, being the watershed be tween tin; Gulf and the Atlantic. Soils good on the streams, and productive of wheat, corn, and cotton. Farms 1.086; mannf. 26; dwell. 1,610, and pop. wh. 8.953, fr. col. 10, si. 2,294 total 11,257. Capital: Lawrenceville. GYPSUM, p. o., Ontario county, N. Y. : 17S m. W. by N. Albanv. II. HABERSIIAM county, Ga. Situate N. E., and contains 771 q. m. Drained N. E. by Savannah r.,W. by Chattahoochee r. and its branches. Surface elevated and mountainous, with mill-streams, good pasturage, and considerable timber. Soils in lower parts very good ; in higher, untillable; wheat and corn are the farming staples. This is in the mineral region, and the hills are rich in coal and iron, and gold is found. Farms 732; manuf. 5; dwell. 1.333, and pop. wh. 7,f>75. fr. col. 2. si. 1,218 total 8,895. Capital : Clarkesville. HABOXOCHITTO, p. o., Hancock co., Miss. : 122 m. S. S. E. Jackson. HAOKENSACK, p. r., and cap. Bergen co., N, Jer. : on the W. side of Hackensack r., 76 m. N. E. Trenton, and 11 m. N. by \V. New York City. It contains a court-house and co. oflU-e, both of brick, 3 churches, 12 or 15 stores, and abor.t l,<i(IO inhabitants. The r. is navigable for sloops up to this point, and the T. has considerable trade with New York. HACKENSACK, t, Bergen county, N. Jer.: 78 m. N. E. Trenton. It lies between Hudson and Hackensack rivers, and is a rich agricultural town, and has several manufac tures. Pop. 3,4S6. IlACKK.xsACK.river, N. Jer. : rises in Eoekland Lake, and has a course of about 40 m. to Newark Bay. In its upper nurse it is a fine mill-stream ; at Hackensack v. it meets the tide, and thence flows through a level marsh to its confluence. HACKETTSTOWN, p. v., Warren county, N. Jer. : on the W. side of Musconetcong r., 44 m. N. Trenton. The Morris Canal passes it a little to the W. It contains several mills and stores, and about 400 inhabitants. HACKNKY S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Chatham co., N. Car.: 24 m. W. llaleigh. HADDAM. t., p. v., and one of the capitals of Middlesex co., Conn.: 23 m. S. by E. Hartford. Drained chiefly by streams flowing into the Connecticut r., which makes its E. boundary. Surface uneven and rough; the lands on the river, however, are smooth and fertile, though not altogether alluvial. Soils generally gravelly loam. There are im mense quarries of freestone in the town, and large quanti ties are annually exported. The v. contains a court-house, jail, etc. Pop. of t. 2,284. HADDEL S POINT, p. o., Charleston dist., S. Car. HADDOCK S, p. o., Nassau county, Flor. : 172 m. E. by N. Tallahassee. HADDOXFIELD, p. v., Camden co., JV. Jer. : on the S. of Cooper s cr., 28 m. S. S. W. Trenton. It contains several mills, etc., and about 400 inhabitants. H ADEN S, p. o., Madison county, Ala. : 153 m. N. Montgomery. HADE^SVILLE, p. v., Todd county, Ky. : 163 m. S. W. Frankfort. HADENSYILLE, p. v., Goochlatid co., Virg. : 81 m.W. N.W. Richmond. HADLEY, t. and p. o., Lapeer co., Mich. : 46 m. E. by N", Lansing. Drained by the heads of Farmer s cr. of Flint r., which rise from many small lakes and ponds. Surface generally level, but varied ; soil, deep and rich vegetable mold. There are numerous water-mills in the town, and several stores. Pop. 846. HADLEY, p. v., Will co., III. : 148 m. N. E. Springfield. HADLEY, t. and p. v., Hampshire Co., Mass. : 77 m. "W. Boston. The Connecticut r. runs on its W. border, and is the recipient of two small mill-streams. It is connected with Northampton by a bridge 1,080 feet long. Hadley contains a large and fertile tract of alluvial meadow in the E. part the land is elevated, and on the S. border is Ilolyoke range. Tobacco and broom-corn are extensively grown. Thev. is built on two parallel street* extending across a peninsula, formed by an abrupt bend of the river, and called respec tively East and West Street each about a mile long, and each having a separate Congregational church. Hopkins Academy, an old, well endowed, and flourishing institution, is situate between the two streets. Hadley has several man ufactures, but is most celebrated for its manufacture of brooms, which are made by every farmer. Pop. oft. 1,986. Hadley was a retreat of the celebrated Goffe and Whalley, two of the judges who condemned Charles I. : they remain ed in seclusion here for more than 15 years, when Whalley died ; Goffe died and was buried in New Haven several years after. HADLEY, t. and p. o., Saratoga co., N. Y.: 44 m. N. by W. Albany. Drained by Sacandaga r., which here enters the Hudson r., which latter makes its E. boundary. Surface hilly ; soil in general fertile some only fit for grass. Had ley Falls, on the Hudson, a little above the confluence of the Sacandaga, afford extensive water-power. Timber is abund ant, and in the t. there are numerous saw-mills, and there are also grist and other mills in operation. Pop. 1,012. HADLEY S MILLS, p. o., Chatham co., W. Car. : 42 m. W. Ealeigh. HADLYME, p. v., New London co., Conn. : on the E. side of Connecticut r., 29 m. S. S. E. Hartford. It has some manufactures. HADNOT S, p. o., Carteret county, W. Car. : 122 m. S. E. Ealeigh. HAERLEM, p. v., New York co., 2f. Y. : on a plain on the S. side of Haerlem r., 7A m. N. N. E. City Hall. It forms a part of the twelfth Ward of the City of New York, and is connected therewith by the Haerlem K. R. and several lines ofstages. It has numerous and extensive manufacturing establishments, stores, and mechanic shops, and within the village, on the avenues leading to it, or in its vicinity, are many elegant residences, chiefly occupied by persons doing business in the city. On the opposite side of the river are several new suburban villages, which are rapidly filling up. HAGAMAN S MILLS, p. v., Montgomery co., N. Y.: 32 m. W. N. W. Albany. Here are several mills, and about 200 inhabitants. HAGER S GROVE, p. o., Shelby county, Mb. : 87 m. N. Jefferson City. HAGERSTOWN, p. r., Wayne co., Ind. : on the W. side of the West Fork of White Water river, 52 m. E. by N. Indianapolis. It is a thriving village of 603 inhabitants. The White Water Canal has its N. terminus here, and the village is also intersected by the Eichmond and Newcastle E. E. HAGERSTOWIT, p. v., and cap. Washington co., Md. : on HAG HAL the W. side of Antietam cr., 22 m. above its confluence with the Potomac, and 87 m. W. N. W. Annapolis. Lat 39 37 N., and long. 77 36 W. The v. is located in a fine and flourishing agricultural district, of which-it is the centre, and is connected by the Franklin E. E. with the railroads of Pennsylvania, It is well built, with regular and wide streets, and contains a number of substantial public edifices, a court-house, jail, town hall, etc. It has seven newspa pers, the " H. News" (neutral), the " Herald of Freedom" (whig), the " H. Mail" (dem.), the " People s Own" (neu tral), the " Torchlight" (whig), the " Eepublican" (dem.), and the " Casket" (neutral) all issued weekly. There are two banks in the v. In 1850 it had 3,884 inhabitants, of which 435 were free persons of color and 1S3 slaves. HAGERSTOWX, p. v., Preble county, Ohio : 84 m. W. Columbus. HAGERSVILIJE, p. v., Bucks county, Penn. : 87 m. E. Harrisburg. HAGUE, p. v., Logan co., Ky. : 147 m. S. W. Frankfort HAGUE, t and p. v., Warren co., JV. Y. : 67 m. N. Albany. Drained chiefly into Lake George, which lies on its E. bor der. Surface somewhat mountainous, and forming fine grazing fields. The v. overlooks Lake George, and is a small agricultural settlement. In the t there are several saw and grist mills, and 717 inhabitants. HAGUE, p. v., Westmoreland co., Virg.: 51 m. N. E. Richmond. HAIKESBUKGH, p. v., Warren co., N. Jer, : 41 m. N. N.W. Trenton. HAINESVILLK, p. v., Lake county, III. : 192 m. N. E. Springfield. HAINESVILLB, p. v., Clinton county, Mo. : 146 m. N. W. Jefferson City. HAINESVILLE, p. v., Sussex co., N. Jer. : 62 m. N. by W. Trenton. HALAWAKA, p. v., Chambers county, Ala. : on the cr. so called, an affluent of Chattahoocb.ee river, 74 m. E. N. E. Montgomery. HALCYON, p. o., Westmoreland co., Perm. : 147 m. W. Harrisburg. HAJLCYOXDALE, p. v., Scriven co., Ga. : on the left bank of the Ogeechee river, 112 m. E. S. E. Milledgeville. The Central (Georgia) E. E. passes through it 50 miles from Savannah. HALE, p. o., Ogle co., Itt. : 152 m. N. Springfield. HALE, t and p. o., Ilardin county, Ohio : 54 m. N. W. Columbus. Drained by head streams of Scioto r. Surface varied ; soil rich and productive. The Mad Eiver and Lake Erie E. E. passes through its N. W. corner. Pop. 428. BALE S EDDY, p. v., Broome co., N. Y. : on the Delaware river, 92 m. W. S. W. Albany. By route of the Erie E. E. (on which it has a station), it is distant from New York 182 miles, and from Dunkirk 287 miles. HALE S FOED, p. o., Franklin co., Virg. : 138 m.W. S. W. Richmond. HALE S MILLS, p. o., Fentress co., Tenn. : 106 m. E. by N. Nashville. HALEYSBURGH, p. v., Lunenburg co., Virg. : 49 m. S. W. Eichmond. HALF DAY, p. o., Lake county, Itt. : on the W. side of Desplaines r., 188 m. N. E. Springfield. HALF MOON, L and p. o., Saratoga co., N. Y. : 13 m. N. Albany. Hudson r. on the E. forms its boundaries in that direction. Surface varied ; soil sandy loam and clay. It has several mills and mechanic shops, and 10 or 12 stores. The Champlain Canal passes through it, and also the Eensselaer and Saratoga E. E., and the Albany Northern E.E. Pop. 2,785. HALF MOON, t. and p. o., Centre county, Penn. : 76 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by Bald Eagle cr. and Half Moon r., a branch of Spruce cr. Surface mountainous ; soil in the valleys, calcareous loam. It is situate between two ridges of the Alleghanies. Iron ore, etc., is abundant, 270 and there are several manufactories, mills, etc., in the town Pop. 1,519. HALF WAY, p. o., Polk county, Mo. : 98 m. S. W. Jefferson City. HALF-WAY HOUSE, p. v., York CO., Virg. : 47 m. E. S. E. Eichmond. HALF-WAY PBAIKIE, p. o., Monroe co., la. : 89 m. W. S. W. Iowa City. HALIFAX county, N. Car. Situate N. E., and contains 545 sq. m. Drained by Eoanoke r., which forms its N. and E. boundary, and Fishing cr., a branch of Tar r., which is its S. boundary. The Eoanoke is here navigable for large coasters, and makes marketing easy. Surface rolling or hilly. Soil good ; in parts very productive. Cotton, corn, and tobacco are the leading crops. Lumber is also ex ported. Farms 868 ; manuf. 4 ; dwell. 1,759, and pop. wh. 5,763, fr. col. 1,872, si. 8,954 total 16,589. Capital: Halifax. Public Works : Wilmington and Weldon E. E. ; Gaston and Ealeigh E. E. HALIFAX county, Virg. Situate on S. line centrally, and contains 765 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Eoanoke r., which bounds it N. and N. E., and of Dan r., a branch of the Eoanoke. Surface diversified with hill and valley, and covered in parts with fine pine timber. Soils generally pro ductive. Tobacco is the staple. Corn and wheat are good crops. Farms 1.309; manuf. 21; dwell. 2,152, and pop. wh. 11,006, fr. col. 504, si. 14,452 total 25,962. Capital : Halifax C. H. Public, Works: Eichmond and Danville E. E. HALIFAX, t. and p. v., Plymouth co., Mass. : 27 m. S. by E. Boston. Drained by several ponds, the outlets of which afford water-power. Surface generally level ; soil of average fertility. The v. is located centrally. Pop. of t. 784 HALIFAX, p. v., port, and cap. Halifax co., N. Car. : on the left bank of Eoanoke r., 7 m. below the great falls, and at the head of sloop navigation, 72 m. N. E. Ealeigh. It is laid out with great regularity, and contains a court-house, jail, etc., and is a place of considerable trade. It has a newspaper, the "Eoanoke Eepublican" (whig), a weekly issue. The Wilmington and Weldon E. E. passes the v., and by means of a canal around the falls, the Eoanoke is navigable for boats 130 miles above it HALIFAX, t. and p. v., Dauphin co., Penn. : 16 m. N. Harrisburg. Drained by several creeks which enter the Susquehanna on the W. border of the t Surface moun tainous ; soil red shale. The v. is on the E. bank of Sus quehanna r., and has about 400 inhabitants. The t. has several grist, saw, and flour mills, and tanneries. Pop. 2,822. HALIFAX, p. v.. and cap. Halifax co., Virg. : on the S. side of Bannister r., 87 m. S. W. Eichmond. HALIFAX, t and p. v., Windham co., Verm. : 106 m. S. Montpelier. Drained by Green and North rivers, both fine mill-streams. On a branch of North r. is a succession of cascades, extending 100 rods, with falls of 15 to 20 feet each. Surface elevated and uneven ; soil fertile and well adapted to grazing. The principal v. is situated toward the south. Pop. of t 1,133. HALIFAX, p. v., Wilson co., Tenn. : 23 m. E. Nashville. HALL county, Ga. Situate N. E., and contains 651 sq. m. Drained by Chattahoochee r., which intersects the N. half. Surface in the S. E. much broken by a range of hills or mountains, in the N. and W. more even, with some mead ows; Soil on the rivers very fertile, yielding good crops of tobacco, wheat, and corn; on the higher land is good graz ing. It has mineral resources, though but partially de veloped. Farms 697 ; manuf. ; dwell. 1,300, and pop. wh. 7,570, fr. col. 7, si. 1,336-total 8,713. Capital : Gaines ville. HALL, p. o., Lawrence county, Mo. : 142 m. S. W. Jefferson City. HALLETTSVILLE, p. v., Lavacca co., Tex. : 87 m. S. E. Austin City. HAL HAM HALLOCA, p. v., Muscogee co., Ga. : 113 m. W. S. "W. Milledgeville. HALLOWELL, t. and p. v., Kennebec county, Me. : 2 m. 8. by W. Augusta, and facing on Kennebec r., which is here navigable. It is a good farming section, and has excellent mill-power. The t. lies on the river bank, with which the principal streets run parallel, and these are crossed at right angles by others which rise in grade to 200 feet back from the stream. The business street on the river has numerous substantial brick warehouses and stores, and many of the dwellings are built with neatness and taste. Vessels drawing 9 feet water come up to the wharves, and regular steamboats ply between this place and Portland and Boston. It has also numerous vessels employed in the coasting trade. The principal exports are lumber, granite, etc. ; the granite quarries have been worked for upward of 80 years, and yield a beautiful building stone of a light color and easily wrought. A newspaper, the " II. Gazelle," is issued weekly. Pop. of the t. 4,709. The Kennebec and Portland It. 11. passes through the v., and has its present terminus at Augusta. HALLOWKLL CROSS ROADS, p. o., Kennebec co., Me. : 4 m. W. by S. Augusta. HALLSA S CREEK, p. o., Nodaway co., Mo. : 192 m. N. "W. Jefferson City. HALLSBOROUGH, p. v., Powhatan co., Virg. : 35 m. S. "W. Frankfort. HALL S CORNERS, p. v., Ontario county, N. Y.: 166 m. W. by N. Albany. The Canandaigua and Elmira R. R. passes Ui rough the y. 53 m. from Elmira and 14 from Canandaigua. HALL S CORNERS, p. o., Allen co., Ind. : 101 m. N. E. Indianapolis. HALL S CROSS ROADS, p. o., Harfbrd co., Md. : 47 m. N. by E. Annapolis. HALL S CROSS ROADS, p. o., Franklin co., 2f. Car. : 37 m. N. E. llaleigh. HALL S HILL, p. o, Rutherford co., Tenn. : 29 m. S. E. Nashville. HALL S STORE, p. o., Sussex co., Del. : 53 m. S. Dover. HALL S stream, N. Ifamp. : a small r. from the Highlands, forming the boundary between the United States and Cana da, and is one of the sources of Connecticut r. By the treaty of 1" 42, it is made a part of the boundary until it intersects the old line of 17S4, marked as 45 N. lat., but which is now ascertained to be a little N. of that parallel. HALL S VALLEY, p. o., Morgan co., Ohio: 67 m. E. by S. Columbus. HALLSVILLB, p. v., Boone county, Mo. : 81 m. N. N. W. Jefferson City. HALLSVILLE, p. v., Duplin co., N. Car. : on the E. bank of North East Cape Fear r., 76 m. S. E. Raleigh. HALLSVILLE, p. T., Montgomery co., N. Y. : 54 m. W. N. W. Albany. HALLSVILLE, p. v., Ross county, Ohio : 88 m. S. by E. Columbus. HALLTOWN, p. T., Jefferson co., Virg. : on the line of the Winchester and Potomac R. R., 7 m. from Harper s Ferry, and 129 m. N. N. E. Richmond. HALSELLVILLE, p. v., Chester dist., 8. Car. : 51 m. N. Columbia. HALSET S, sta., Campbell co., Virg. : on the line of tho Virginia and Tennessee R. R., 5 m. W. Lynchburg. HALSEY VALLEY, p. o., Tioga co., N. Y. : 182 m. W. S. W. Albany. HAMBAUGH S, p. o., Warren co., Virg. : 106 m. N. W. Richmond. HAMBURG, p. r., St. Charles co., Mo. : 86 m. E. by N. Jefferson City. HAMBURG, p. v., Perry co., Ala. : a little to the W. of Cahawba r., 61 m. W. N. W. Montgomery. HAMBURG, p. v., New London co., Conn. : 83 m. S. S. E. Hartford. It has considerable manufactures. HAMBURG, p. v., Macon county, Ga.: 81 m. S. W. Milledgeville. HAMBURG, p. v., Clarke co., Ind. : on a branch of Silver cr., 97 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. The Indianapolis and Madison R. R. passes it about a mile to the E., and the New Albany and Salem R. R. about 2 m. to the W. HAMBURG, p. v., Calhoun co., 111. : on the E. side of the Mississippi r., 68 m. S. W. Springfield. It has a good land ing, and contains several industrial establishments, stores, etc., and has a considerable trade. Pop. about 400. HAMBURG, p. v., and cap. Ashley co., Ark. : 119 in. S. by E. Little Rock. HAMBURG, p. v., Franklin co., Miss. : 74 m. S. W. by S. Jackson. HAMBURG, p. v., Preble county, Ohio : 87 m. W. by S. Columbus. HAMBURG, t. and p. o., Livingston co., Mich. : 40 m. S. E. Lansing. Drained by numerous lakes and ponds emptying into Huron r. Surface level ; soils fertile, but frequently wet. The v. lies on the S. or left side of the Huron. In the t there are several mills, stores, etc., and 895 inhab itants. HAMBURG, p. v., Sussex co., N~. Jer. : near the E. bank of Wallkill r., 67 m. N. by E. Trenton. It has several mills, and about 200 inhabitants. HAMBURG, t. and p. v., Erie co., 2f. Y. : 257 m. W. Albany. Drained by Cauquaga, Rush, and Smokes creeks of Lake Erie, which bounds it on the W. Surface undu lating ; soil a fertile calcareous loam. Hamburg, Hamburg- on-the-Lake, and East Hamburg are villages in this t. It has numerous saw and grist mills, and is a fine agricultural country. On the lake are several convenient harbors for small craft. The Buffalo and State Line (Lake Shore) R. R. passes through it. Pop. of t 5,219. HAMBURG, p. b., Berks co., Penn. : near the Schuylkill water-gap of Blue Mountain, 53 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. It is a place of considerable business, lying on the canal E. of the Schuylkill, and having the Reading R. R. on the opposite side of the stream. Pop. 1,035. HAMBURG, p. v., Hardin county, Tenn. : 113 m. S. W. Nashville. HAMBURG, v., Frederick co., Md. : at the base of Catocttn Mountain, 61 m. N. W. Annapolis. HAMBURGH, p. v., Edgefield dist., S. Car. : on the E. side of the Savannah r., 73 m. W. S.W. Columbia. Augusta, Ga., on the opposite side of the river, is connected by a bridge and viaduct. The South Carolina R. R. and the Georgia R. R. connect here, the one extending to Charleston 135 in., and the other to Atlanta, 171 m., and W. to Montgomery, Ala., and Nashville, Tenn,. Regular steamboats also ply on the r. The v. consists of two parts ; the lower town lies on the bank of the r., and is the business district, and the upper town stands on a height 60 or 70 feet above and back from the r., and has many commanding situations. It is regularly laid out, and contains many large stores and warehouses. It is a great cotton mart, and has a lanje interior trade ; and a weekly newspaper, the " II. Repub lican" (dem.), is supported. Pop. 647. HAMBURGH-ON-THE-LAKE, p. v., Erie co., N . Y. : on the E. shore of Lake Erie, 257 m. W. Albany. It is a consider able v. of about 300 inhabitants HAMDEN, t, and p. v., New Haven county, Conn. : 33 m. S. S.W. Hartford. Drained by Mill r., which affords water- power. Surface varies, the t, being located between two ranges of hills terminating at East and West Rocks, in the vicinity of New Haven. There are several villages, chiefly engaged in manufactures. Hamden Plains, Centreville, Ives Mount Carmel, etc., are on the line of the New Haven and Northampton R. R., and Whitney ville is located in the south-east. Pop. oft. 2,168. HAMDEN, t. and p. v., Delaware county, 2f. Y. : 72 m. W. S. W. Albany. Drained by W. branch of Delaware r. Surface mountainous and rugged ; soil, except in the valley 271 HAM HAM of the Delaware, not very fertile. The village, a small agricultural settlement, lies on the N. bank of the river. The t. has several mills and stores, and 1,919 inhabitants. HAMEK, p. v., Mason co., Ky. : 73 m. E. N. E. Frankfort. IlAMKn bviLLE, p. v., Brown co., Ohio : 84 m. S. 8. W. Colurabua. HAMILTON* county, Flor. Situate N. on Georgia line, and contains 434 sq. m. Drained by Allapahaw r., which runs through it; Suwanuee r., which is its S. and E., and Withla- coochee r.. its W. boundary. Surface low and level. Soil fertile, wilh some marshes, which favor the growing of rice, which, with cotton and corn, are the chief products. There are mineral springs in the S. frequented by invalids. Farms 205 ; manuf. ; dwell. 801, and pop. wh. 1,775, fr. col. 9, si. 6i>5 total 2,469. Capital: Jasper. HAMILTON county, 111. Situate S. E., and contains 436 sq. m. Drained by N. fork of Saline cr., an affluent of the Ohio. Surface level or moderately elevated ; soils of me dium fertility, with marshes in parts. Corn, wheat, and oats are good crops ; tobacco is also cultivated. Farms 417 ; manuf. ; dwell. 1,058, and pop. wh. 6,310, fr. col. 52 total 6,362. Capital : M Leansboro . HAMILTON county, Ind. Situate centrally, and contains 412 sq. m. Drained by White r., a branch of the Waba.su, arid its affluents Cicero, Stoney, Coal, Fall, and other creeks. Surface level or undulating, and the soil excellent Most of the co. was originally heavily timbered. Wheat, corn, and pork are the chief products. Farms 1,261 ; matiuf. 16 ; dwell. 2,159, and pop. wh, 12,504, fr. col. ISO total 12,684. Capital: .Nobles ville. Public Works: Indianapolis and Peru E. E. HAMILTON county, 2f. Y. Situate N. E,, and contains 1,064 sq. m. Drained by Indian r., a head, and Sacandaga r., a branch of Hudson r. on the E. ; and W. and S. by Bea ver r., emptying into Lake Ontario, and branches of the Mohawk. Surface elevated and mountainous, sending nu merous streams in all directions, and covered mostly with the primitive forests. It has numerous lakes: Long, Bea ver, Piseco, liound, and Pleasant lakes are noted for majes tic scenery and fine fishing. Around these, and on the streams, the soil is productive; its character is eminently agricultural. Farms 201 ; manuf. 17 ; dwell. 4o7, and pop. wh. 2,166, fr. col. 2 total 2,188. Capital : Lake Pleasant. Public Works : Saratoga and Sackett s Harbor E. E. HAMILTON county, Ohio. Situate in S. W. corner, and contains 404 sq. m. Drained by Mill cr., and White Water, Miami, and Little Miami rivers, all allluents of the Ohio, which washes its S. border. Surface made up on the Ohio of a series of terraces extending back for some distance, one above another, with moderate ascents between, and ter minating in a beautiful variety of hills and wooded valleys. Soil exceeding productive, and under high cultivation. Wheat and corn are easily and abundantly grown. The culture of the grape is extensive, and has proved very suc cessful, both in quantity and quality, the wines manufac tured comparing favorably with those of France. The vine yards are among the most beautiful sights seen on the Ohio. Manufactures of every kind are carried on extensively, and its relations with Cincinnati and the Ohio make it one of the first counties of the State. Farms 2,502 ; manuf. 1,463 ; dwell. 21,021, and pop. wh. 153,423, fr. col. 3,420 total 156,S43. Capital: Cincinnati. Public Works: Little Mi ami It. 11. ; Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton E. E. ; Cin cinnati, Ilillsboro , and Parkersburg E. 11. ; Cincinnati and Marietta E. E. ; Cincinnati, Wilmington, and Zanesville E. E. ; Cincinnati and Dayton (direct) E. E. ; Ohio and Mississippi E. E. ; White Water Canal ; Miami Canal, etc. HAMILTON county, Tenn. Situate S. E., and contains 615 sq. in. The Tennessee intersects it from N. to S., and its affluents, Sauda and Chickamauga creeks and Hiwassee river drain it. Surface in the E. broken or mountainous ; in the W. more even. Soils generally fertile, and adapted to grass and the grains. Some cotton is raised, and much pork fatted. Farms 633 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 1.590, and pop. wh. 9,216, fr. col. 1S7, si. 672 total 10,075. Capital : Har rison. Public Works: Western and Atlantic E. E. ; Nash ville and Chattanooga E. E. ; and Chattanooga and Charles ton E. E. HAMILTON, p. v., and cap. Harris co., Oa. : 101 m.W. S.W. Milledgeville. It is situate on the W. extremity of Oak Mountain, and contains a court-house, jail, etc., several stores, and about 300 dwellings. Pop. 1,41)6 HAMILTON, p. v., Mahaska co., la. : on Des Moines r., 62 m. S. W. Iowa City. HAMILTON, p. v., Steuben co., Ind. : at the S. end of a small lake emptying into Fish cr. of St. Joseph s r., 136 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. There are large mills at the outlet of the lake. HAMILTON, p. o., Lafayette county, Wise. : 51 m. S. W Madison. HAMILTON, p. v., Shelby co., Tex. : on the W. bank of Sabine r., 266 m. E. N. E. Austin. HAMILTON, p. v., Boone co., Ky. : 59 m. N. Frankfort. HAMILTON, p. v , and cap. Monroe co., Miss. : above the confluence of the Buttahatchie with Tombigbee r., 139 in. N. E. Jackson. HAMILTON, t. and p. o., Van Buren co., Mich. : 64 m. W. S. W. Lansing. Drained by Dowagiac r., on which are extensive marshes. Surface level ; soil fertile. Pop. 372. HAMILTON, t. and p. o., Essex co.; Mass. : 19 m. N. N. E, Boston. Drained by a branch of Ipswich river. Surface moderately uneven and diversified ; soil generally produc tive. It has some manufactures. Pop. 839. HAMILTON, p. v., Martin co., N. Car. : on the left bank of Eoanoke r., 92 m. E. by N. Ealeigh. HAMILTON, t. and p. v., Madison co., JK Y. : 89 m. W. Albany. Drained by the heads of Chenango r. Surface uneven ; soil, a fertile calcareous loam. The v. on Chenan go r. contains numerous stores, mechanic shops, etc., and about 1,600 inhabitants. It supports a newspaper, the " II. Eeflector" (dem.) issued weekly. It is the seat of Madison University, and the Hamilton Library and Theological Insti tution, the latter being the original institution, but now a de partment of the former. It was founded 1819, and in 1S46 re ceived a charter as a university. It is well endowed, and ia in a highly prosperous condition. The University in 1850 had 9 professors, 127 students, 200 alumni, and a library of 7,000 volumes; and the Theological Institution had 4 pro fessors, 32 students, and a library of 4,000 volumes. These institutions are both under the Baptists. Pop. of t. 3,599. HAMILTON, p. v., and cap. Butler co., Ohio: on the E. bank of Great Miami r., 92 m. W. S. W. Columbus. It is connected with Eossville, on the opposite side of the river, by a bridge. The v. has a court-house, jail, etc., numerous warehouses, stores, mills, factories, and mechanic shops, aad as a commercial and railroad centre is one of the most im portant places within the State. Here a junction is formed between the several railroads from Indiana and the Cincin nati, Hamilton, and Dayton E. E. ; and the Miami Canal passes through it. Pop. 3,207. Two newspapers are pub lished here, the "H. Intelligencer" (whig), and the "11. Telegraph" (dem ), both weekly issues. HAMILTON, p. v., Loudon co., Virg. : 116 m. N. Eichmond. HAMILTON CROSS EOADS, p. o., M Minn co., Tenn. : 123 m. E. S. E. Nashville. HAMILTON LANDING, p. o., Jackson co., Tenn. : 67 m. E. N. E. Nashville. HAMILTON SQUARE, p. o., Mercer co., 2f. Jer. HAMILTONVILLE, v., Mifflin co., Penn. : on the W. bank of Juniata r., and on the line of the Pennsylvania Canal, 52 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. It contains about 70 dwellings. HAMLET, p. o.. Chautauque county, N. Y. : 279 m.W. by S. Albany. HAMLET, v. and sta., Providence co., R. L : on the line of the Providence and Worcester E. E., 15 m. N. by W. Providence. HAM HAM HAMMELSTOWN, v. and sta., Burlington co., N. Jer. : on the Camden and Amboy R. B., 63 m. from New York City, and 19 m. from Philadelphia. HAMMOCK GROVE, p. o., Crawford co., Ga. : 5G m.W. S.W. ftGlledgefilte. HAMMOND, t. and p. v., St. Lawrence co., N. T. : 154 m. N. W. Albany. Situate between Black Lake and St. Law- l-enc.e r., and drained by their affluents. In the St. Law rence, off the shore, are numbers of the Thousand Isles. Surface generally level ; soil a fertile sand and clay. The v. contains about 200 inhabitants. In the t there are nume rous mills and several stores, and 1,819 inhabitants. HAMMOND S, p. o., St. Joseph county, Ind. : 126 m. N. Indianapolis. HAMMOND S MILLS, p. o., Steuben co., N. Y. : on Conhoc- ton r., 177 m. W. S. W. Albany. HAMMONDSPORT, v., Steuben co., N. Y. : at the base of Crooked Lake, 174 m. W. Albany. It contains large ware houses, several mills, numerous stores, and about 800 in habitants. A steamboat plies to Penn Yan, 22 m., and it communicates with Seneca Lake by Crooked Lake Canal. HAMMOND S STOKE, p. o., Anson co., N. Car. : 102* m. S. W. Raleigh. HAMMONDVILLE, v. and sta., Columbiana co., Ohio : on the line of the Cleveland and Pittsburg E. R., 5 m. from Wcllsville, and 122 m. E. N. E. Columbus. HAMMONTON, p. v., Atlantic county, A 7 ". Jer. : 42 m. S. Trenton. HAMMONVILLE, p. v., Hart county, Ky. : 79 m. S. "W. Frankfort. HAMORTON, p. v., Chester county, Penn. : 62 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. HAMPDEN county, Mass. Situate S. W., and contains 585 sq. m. The Connecticut divides it about equally in its S. course, and it is drained by its affluents W. by West- field and Agawam rivers, and E. by Ware and Chicopee ; the Quinnebaug r. also rises in the E. Surface much diver sified ; in the W. very hilly and broken, except on the streams ; in the E. less broken, and pleasantly varied, and on the banks of the Connecticut a narrow strip of low, level meadows. These are unsurpassed in fertility and loveliness. Aside from them there is much prime land In both sections of the county. The W. has some timber ; but the great business is manufactures these, hitherto confined to Palmer, Westfleld. Chicopee, and Springfield, now find the greatest power at Holyoke, where a dam across the Con necticut, built in 1849, affords the best water-power in the State. There are cotton and woolen factories in Palmer and Chicopee ; whip and cigar in Westfleld ; and railroad car and locomotive in Springfield. Farms 2,616; manuf. 389; dwe\l. 9,088, and pop. wh. 50,785, fr. col. 496 total 51,281. Capital : Springfield. Public Works: Western R. R. ; Connecticut River R. R. ; Chicopee Falls Branch R. R. ; New London, Willimantie, and Palmer R. R. ; Am- herst and Bclchertown R. R. ; New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield R. R. ; and New Haven and Northampton R. R. HAMPDEN, t. and p. o., Columbia co., Wise. : 20 m. N. by E. Madison. Drained by a head branch of Rock r. Surface rolling; soil deep mold and well wooded. Pop. 489. HAMPDEN, p. v., Marengo county, Ala. : 94 m. W. Montgomery. HAMPDEN, t. and p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : 59 m. E. N. E. Augusta. Drained by Sowadabscook r., which affords wa ter-power, and the Penobscot river forms its E. boundary. Surface beautifully diversified ; soil fertile. The v. is situate at the confluence of the two rivers, 6 m. below Bangor, and carries on an extensive trade in timber and agricultural produce. Pop. of t. 8,195. HAMPDEN, t. and p. o., Geauga co., OMo: 14T m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by affluents of Grand river, which empties into Lake Erie. Surface elevated and diversified ; soil rich and productive. The v. is situate centrally, and is a small agricultural settlement. Pop. of t. 919. L2 HAMPDEX-SIDNEY COLLEGE, p. o., Prince Edward county, Virg. : 62 m.W. S.W. Richmond. The College was found ed in 1783, and in 1850 had 6 professors, 1,500 alumni, 25 students, and a library of 80,000 volumes. A preparatory academy is attached to the College. HAMPSHIRE county, Mass. Situate W. centrally, and con tains 533 sq. m. Divided from N. to S. by the Connecticut river, and watered by its affluents, which afford much water-power. Surface much broken in the W. ; in the E. hilly, and on the Connecticut r. a beautiful meadow. Soil in the middle rich meadow, producing great crops of com, clover, hay, broom-corn, and tobacco ; in the W. excellent grazing land, with fine dairies ; and in the E. fine farms, except on the highest ground. Mount Tom and Mount Holyoke, with their adjacent ranges of hills, are well wood ed, and much maple sugar is made. Small factories occupy most of the streams, and every kind of " Yankee notion" is produced. Much paper is made, and at Easthampton are the largest button factories in the United States. A rich lead and silver mine, closed by accident, has been reopened in Southampton ; zinc-blende is largely dug in Hatfleld, and fine building stone is found in Pelham. Farms 2,965; manuf. 319 ; dwell. 5,905, and pop. wh. 35,4^5, fr. col. 327 total 35,732. Capital: Northampton. Pullic Works: Connecticut River R. R. ; Western R. R. ; Amherst and Belchertown R. R. ; New Haven and Northampton R. R. HAMPSHIRE county, Virg. Situate N., and contains 833 sq. m. Drained by S. branch of the Potomac r., Great and Little Cacapon r., North r., Patterson s cr., and other afflu ents of the Potomac r., whicfi forms its N. boundary. It lies between the Blue Ridge and East Alleghany mount ains, the latter intersecting the W. half. The surface is ele vated and broken, affording many mill privileges, and ex cellent grazing. All the grains yield finely in the numerous valleys, and the mountains are well timbered, furnishing material for many saw-mills. Farms 1,063; manuf. 57; dwell. 2,035, and pop. wh. 12,389, fr. col. 214, si. 1,433 total 14,036. Capital : Romney. Public Works : Baltimore and Ohio R. R. HAMPSHIBE, p. T., Kane county, III. : 172 m. N. N. E. Springfield. HAMPSHIRE, p. v., Lewis county, Tenn. : 58 m. S. W. Nashville. HAMPSTEAD, p. v., Carroll co., Md. : 6 m. N. E. West minster, and 55 m. N. W. Annapolis. HAMPSTEAD, t. and p. v., Rockingham co., Nl JTamp. : 32 m. 8. S. E. Concord. Drained by ponds, the outlets of which empty into Merrimac r. Surface generally level; soil hard and fertile. Pop. of t. 789. HAMPSTEAD, p. v., King George co., Virg.: 62 m. N N. E, Richmond. HAMPTON, t. and p. v., Windham co., Conn. : 85 m. E. Hartford. Drained by a branch of Shetueket r., which fur nishes water-power. Surface diversified, and somewhat uneven ; soil a gravelly loam- -fertile. The v. lies on an elevation, and consists of one long street, with about 60 dwellings and other buildings. The t. has some manufac tures and several stores. Pop. 928. The New York and Boston (direct) R. R. passes through it. HAMPTON, p. v., Hendricks county, Ind. : 12 m. W. Indianapolis, and connected with that city by a plank-road. HAMPTON, p. v., Rock Island co., Ill, : 126 m. N. N. E. Springfield. HAMPTON, t. and p. o., Saginaw co., Mch. : 64 m. N. E. Lansing. It lies on the E. side of Saginaw r., near its en trance to Saginaw Bay. Pop. 546. HAMPTON, t. and p. v., Rockinghnm co., JV 7 ! ITamp. : 41 m. S. E. Concord. Faces S. E. on the Atlantic Ocean, and on its shore is a singular cliff, called the Boar s Head. The soil is fertile, and about a firth of the surface is salt marsh. It has a good harbor, and is engaged in coasting and fishing. The Eastern R. R. passes through the 1. 10 ra. S. Portsmouth. Pop. 1,197. 278 HAM HAN HAMPTON, L and p. v., Washington co., N. Y. : 68 m. N. by E. Albany. Drained by Poultney r., which separates it from Vermont. Surface diversified by hills and valleys the valleys rich and productive. The v. is a small agricul tural settlement. In the t. there are several industrial es tablishments, and S99 inhabitants. HAMPTON, p. v., Adams co., Penn. : 22 m. 8. by W. Harrisburg. HAMPTON, p. v., and cap. Elizabeth City co., Virg. : on the W. side of Hampton r., about a mile from its entrance into Hampton Eoads, 74 m. 8. E. Richmond. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., about 20 stores of various descrip tions, 150 dwellings, and 1,200 inhabitants. HAMPTONBURGII, t. and p. v., Orange co., N. F. : S3 m. S. S. "W. Albany. Drained by Murderer s cr. and Wallkill, the latter of which bounds it on the N. "W. Surface undu lating ; soil a fertile clay loam. The p. o. is 4 m. N. of Goshen. Pop. of 1. 1,343. HAMPTON FALLS, t. and p. o., Eockingham co., IF. JTamp. : 43 m. S. E. Concord. Situate immediately S. of Hampton, and divided from it by the r., from which it is named. In physical character, etc., it is similar in every respect to Hampton, from it was separated in 1702. Pop. 640. HAMPTON roads, Virg.: a branch of Chesapeake Bay off the mouth of James r., between Old Point Comfort on the N. and Willoughby Point on the S. It has a sufficient depth of water for the largest ships of war, and is an im portant naval station. On Old Point Comfort is Fort Monroe, which mounts 335 guns, and on the opposite point is Fort Calho-m, which will mdunt 265 guns. The work at Old Point Comfort occupies an area of 56 acres, and includ ing the ditch, 70 acres, and Fort Calhoun about 7 acres. These forts completely command the entrance to the roads. HAMPTONVILLE, p. v., Surry county, N. Car.: 122 m. W. N. W. Ealeigh. HANANER S STORE, p. o., Randolph ca, Ark. : 137 m. N. N. E. Little Eock. HANCIIETTVILLE, p. v., Dane co,, Wise.: 17 m. N. E. Madison. HANCOCK county, Ala. Situate N. W., and contains about 500 sq. m. Drained by upper branches of the Black Warrior r. Surface moderately uneven, and soil generally good. Corn and cotton are the principal agricultural pro ducts. Farms 144 ; manuf. 1 ; dwelt. 251, and pop. wh. 1,480, fr. col. 0, si. 62 total 1,542. Capital : HANCOCK county, Ga. Situate E. centrally, and contains 481 sq. m. Drained by branches of Ogeechee r., its E. boundary, and of Oconee r., its N. W. boundary. Surface diversified, with some moderate hills ; soil very productive. This is in the great cotton belt of Georgia, and attention is directed mainly to its cultivation. Farms 444 ; manuf. 20 ; dwell. 761, and pop. wh. 4,212, fr. col. 60, sL 7,306 total 11,073. Capital: Sparta. HANCOCK county, III. Situate W., and contains 731 sq. m. Drained E. by branches of Crooked cr.. a tributary of the Illinois, and W. by affluents of the Mississippi, which divides it from Iowa and Missouri. Surface rolling; soil fertile, especially near the Mississippi; the E. has much prairie, and the county is deficient in timber, though a belt of forest extends along the Mississippi. All the grains thrive, and manufactures are increasing. This will long be remembered as the chosen seat of Joe Smith s adherents, and the field of the Mormon difficulties in 1S46. Their half- finished temple remains to tell of the fanaticism and intoler ance that in this, the 19th century, could array an otherwise noble people against their brethren, because of their opinions on religion. Farms 1,1 67; manuf. 43; dwell 2,585, and pop. wh. 14,633, fr. col. 19 total 14,652. Capital : Carthage. HANCOCK county, Ind. Situate E. centrally, and contains 308 sq. m. Drained by Blue r. and Sugar and Brandywine creeks. Surface level or gently undulating, and generally timbered ; soils rich, producing wheat, corn, the grasses, etc., in profusion. Farms 1,176; manuf. 36; dwell. 1.6S5, j 274 and pop. wh. 9,595, fr. col. 103 total 9,698. Capital: Greenfield. Pullic Works : Indiana Central E. E., Indian- apolis and Bellefontaine E. E. HANCOCK county, la. Situate N. middle, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Boone r., a branch of the Dea Moines, and the heads of Cedar and Iowa rivers. But little settled, and unorganized in 1850. HANCOCK county, Ky. Situate N. in W. part, and con tains 158 sq. m. Drained by Black Fork cr. and Indian cr., affluents of the Ohio, which washes its whole N. border. Surface considerably broken. Soil of average fertility. To bacco is cultivated. Large deposits of coal exist, and are wrought successfully ; iron ore is also found. Farms 319 ; manuf. 15 ; dwell. 551, and pop. wh. 3,216, fr. col. 15, si. 622 total, 3,853. Capital : Hawesville. HANCOCK county, Me. Situate S. E., and contains 1,656 sq. m. Drained by Union r. and its branches. It has the Atlantic on the S., and Penobscot bay and river on the W., which furnish it with good harbors. The coast is cov ered with many islands, some large, and the fisheries form an important branch of trade. The surface is somewhat hilly; timber and water-power abundant, and lumber tho great export. Soil good; wool is grown, and many po tatoes exported. Farms 2,271 ; manuf. 205 ; dwell. 5.550, and pop. wh. 34,343, fr. col. 29 total 34,372. Capital: Castine. HANCOCK county, Miss. Situate S., and contains 933 sq. m. Drained E. by Wolf r., emptying into St. Louis Bay, and W. by branches of Pearl r., its boundary toward Louisiana, a large navigable stream flowing into Lake Borgne. Surface rolling or low and level ; soil mostly tin- productive, with a growth of pine on much of it. Cotton and rice are the products. Farms 77; manuf. 11; dwell. 492, and pop. wh. 2,444, fr. col. 12, si. 1,216 total 3,672. Capital: Shieldsboro . HANCOCK county, Ohio. Situate N. W. centrally, and contains 528 sq. m. Drained by branches of Blanchard s Fork of Maumee r. and heads of Portage r., both of which flow into Lake Erie. Surface undulating ; soil very produc tive of all the grains, on which much pork is fattened. It is well wooded, and has several good mill streams. Farms 1,636 ; manuf. 35 ; dwell. 2,824. and pop. wh. 16,725, fr. col. 26 total 16,751. Capital : Findlay. Public Works : Find- lay Branch E. E. HANCOCK county, Tenn. Situate N. E., and contains 312 sq. m. Drained by Powells and Clinch rivers, heads of the Tennessee. Mill-sites are numerous and timber plenty and convenient. Surface much broken ; soil fertile. Cora wheat, and tobacco are the chief products. Farms 787 ; manuf. 17 ; dwell. 939, and pop. wh. 5,448, fr. col. 10, si. 202 total 5,660. Capital : Sneedsville. HANCOCK county, Virg. Situate in the extreme N., and contains 67 sq. m. Drained by affluents of the Ohio, which forms its N. and W. boundary. Surface uneven, favoring manufactures by the mill-sites it affords. Soils generally fertile, and adapted to grains and grazing. Bituminous coal is extensively found. Farms 306 ; manuf. 26 ; dwell. 690, and pop. wh. 4,140, fr. col. 7, si. 3 total 4,150. Capital Hancock C. II. HANCOCK, t. and p. o., Hancock co., Me. : 77 m. E. by N Augusta. Drained by several streams falling into Skilling and Taunton Bays, arms of Frenchman s Bay, and the S. E. part of the t. is a peninsula, bounded by these waters. The v. is situate near the middle of the peninsula. Hancock has some navigation, and is much engaged in the shore fisheries. Pop. of t. 962. HANCOCK, p. v., Washington co., Md. : on the N. side of the Potomac r., 112 m. N. W. Annapolis, and near the line of the Baltimore and Ohio E. E., 124 m. from Baltimore. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal also passes through it. It is the centre of a considerable trade, and has great facilities of transportation, which in the future may develop its des tiny. HAN HAN HANCOCK, t. and p. v., Berkshire co., Mass. : 117 m. W, Boston. The t. lies on the New York State Line, and is drained by branches of Kinderhook cr. and Housatonic r Surface mountainous; soil excellent for grass. It has numerous mills, mechanic shops, etc., and within the t. there is a Shaker settlement. Pop. 789. HANCOCK, p. v., De Soto co., Miss. : 158 m. N. Jackson. HANCOCK, t. and p. v., Hillsborough co., N. Hamp. : 29 m. S. W. Concord. Drained by branches of Contoocook r. which afford extensive water-power, and Long Pond, a con siderable body of water, lies on the W. border. Surface uneven and mountainous ; soil fertile, adapted to grazing with considerable intervale. The t. has numerous small manufactures. Pop. 1,012. HANCOCK, t. and p. v., Delaware eo., N. Y. : 86 m. S. W. Albany. Drained by Papacton or E. branch of Delaware r., which last makes the S. W. border. Surface broken and hilly ; soil in the v. rich and fertile. The v. lies on the New York and Erie R. R., 174 m. from New York City, and at the junction of the branches of the Delaware. It was formerly called " Chehocton," or union of streams, and is now a v. of considerable trade, and has about 800 inhab itants. Pop. of 1. 1,798. HANCOCK, L and p. v., Addison co., Verm. : 29 m. S. S. "W. Montpelier. Drained by head waters of Otter cr. and White r., flowing in different directions. Surface hilly, being situate on the Green Mountain range, and forming the dividing ridge between Lake Champlain and Connecticut river. It has a small central village. Pop. of t. 430. HANCOCK S BRIDGE, p. v., Salem county, N. Jer. : on Alloway s cr., 60 m. S. 8. W. Trenton. It contains a few stores, and about 200 inhabitants. HANDY, t and p. o., Livingston co., Mich. : 24 m. E. S. E. Lansing. Drained by branches of Cedar r. Surface diver sified by hills; soil fertile. It is a fine farming t., and has facilities for milling. Pop. 484 HANEYVILLE, p. v., Lycoming co., Penn. : 77 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. HA.NFORD S LANDING, p. o., Monroe co., N. Y. : on Genesee r., 198 m. W. N. W. Albany. HANGING ROCK, p. v., Lawrence co., Ohio : on the N. bank of Ohio r., 93 m. S. S. E. Columbus. It is a principal ship ping place for the iron of the region, and has several ex tensive iron manufactories. It is about 5 m. below Ironton, which, on account of its being the terminus of the Iron R. R., will, of course, draw away the business of Hanging Rock. Its name is derived from a cliff of rocks about 400 feet high, which projects over the rear of the village. Pop. about 300. HANGING ROCK, p. o., Kershaw dist., S. Car. : 24 m N. N. E. Columbia. HANGING ROCK, p. v., Hampshire co., Virg. : on a branch of Great Cacapon r., 137 m. N. W. Richmond. On the stream, both up and down, there are numerous mills. HANNAHATCHIE, p. v., Stewart co., Ga. : 117 m. S. W Milh-dgeville. HANXA S, p. o., Sumner co., Tenn. : 31 m. N. N. E. Nashville. The railroad between Nashville and Danville will intersect this point. HANNA S MILLS, p. o., Mahoning co., Ohio : 139 m. N. E. Columbus. HANNEGAN, p. v., Cherokee co., Ala. : 142 m. N. by E. Montgomery. HANNEGAN, p. v., Atchison co., 116.: on the E. side of Nishnabatona r., an affluent of the Missouri r., 218 m. N. W Jefferson City. HANNEOAN, p. o., Rush county, Ind.: 38 m. S. W. Indianapolis. HANNIBAL, p. v., Marion co., Mo. : on the W. bank of Mississippi r., 92 m. N. E. by N. Jefferson City. It is a place )f considerable enterprise and business, and has several arge and commodious warehouses, stores, dwellings etc I op. about 3,000. The Western Union" (whig), and the " Missouri Courier" (dem.), are newspapers issued weekly. This is the Eastern initial point of the projected Hannibal and Joseph R. R. HANNIBAL, t. and p. o., Oswego co., 2f. Y. : 143 m. W. N. W. Albany. Drained by several small creeks of Lake Ontario. Surface undulating ; soil sandy loam and fertile. The v. is an agricultural settlement of some 35 or 40 dwellings. In the t. are several mills, and 2,857 inhab itants. HANNIBAL CENTRE, p. v., Oswego co., N. Y. : 148 m. W. N. W. Albany. HANOVEK county, Virg. Situate E. centrally, and con tains 524 sq. m. Drained W. by South Anna r., which unites with North Anna to form Pamunky r., the last two bounding it N. and flowing into York r., and S. by Chick- aliominy r., a branch of the James. Surface uneven, and in parts hilly ; soils very unequal, with much excellent com and wheat land. Tobacco is grown in parts. Noted his torically as the birth-place of Patrick Henry, Wm. Henry Harrison, and Henry Clay. Farms 603 ; manuf. 32 ; dwelL 1,327, and pop. wh. 6,541, fr. col. 219, si. 8,393 total 15,158. Capital: Hanover C. H. Public Works: Virginia Central R. R. ; Richmond, Frederick, and Potomac R. R., etc, HANOVER, t and p. o., Oxford co., Me. Pop. 366. HANOVEK, p. v., Jo Daviess co., III. : on Apple r., 173 m. N. N. W. Springfield. HANOVEE, v., Jefferson co., Ind. : on the high bluffs of the Ohio r., 6 m. below Madison, and 81 S. E. Indianapolis. Here is located Hanover College, founded 1829 ; in 1850 it had a president, 9 professors, 120 alumni (of which 55 were ministers) 100 students, and a library of about 4,500 volumea. The v. contains about 120 dwellings, and, including stu dents, has about 800 inhabitants. HANOVER, t. and p. o., Jackson co., Mich.: 41 m. S. Lansing. Drained by branches of Kalamazoo r. Pop. 931. HANOVER, t. and p. v., Plymouth co., Mam. : 22 m. S. S. E. Boston. Drained by Pembroke and other streams, which unite on the E. border of the t. to form North r. ; these afford fine water-power. It has considerable manufacturing establishments, and a population of 1,592. HANOVER, t. and p. v., Grafton co., N. Ilamp. : 51 m. N. W. Concord. Drained by streams falling into Connecticut r., over which is a bridge connecting it with Norwich. Surface pleasantly diversified ; soils fertile. Moose Mount ain, an elevated ridge, crosses the t. in a N. and S. direction. There are several islands in the Connecticut belonging to Hanover. The v. is situate on a plain half a mile E. of the r., and is a place of some consideration for its general ndustry and its great college. Dartmouth College was founded in 1769, and has a medical department, founded 1797, both of which are in high repute as seats of learning. In 1S50 the college had 9 professors, 3,675 alumni, of which 788 had entered the ministry, 225 students, and a library of 22,400 volumes ; and the medical school had 6 professors, 50 students, and 800 graduates. Many of the most distin guished statesmen, literati, and physicians of the Union claim this institution as their alma mater, and among these may be mentioned Daniel Webster, Franklin Pierce*, Rufus Choate, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and other illustrious men, whose names are household words with their coun- rymen. The principal buildings of the v. are erected round a square level area of 12 acres, and the remainder stand on different streets leading from the green in all directions. A monthly religious paper, the " Parents Monitor," is pub- ished here. Pop. of t. 2,352. HANOVER, t., Burlington co., W. Jer. : 26 m. S. E. Tren- ;on. Drained by Black s and Crosswick s creeks, and a branch of Raucocus. Surface level ; soil sandy loam and sand. It has several iron-works, distilleries, grist and saw mills. Pop. 2,247. HANOVER, t and p. v., Morris co., N. Jer. : 47 m. N. N. E. Trenton. Drained by Whippany and Parsipany rivera ranches of Rockaway r., which runa on the N. border of 2T5 HAN HAR the t. Surface diversified, in the N.W. hilly ; soil, clay loam and gravel. The v. is near the Passaic r., and contains 120 inhabitants. The t. has several iron- works and other manu factures, including woolen, cotton, paper, etc., and numer ous grist and saw mills. Pop. 3,608. HANOVER, t. and p. v., Chautauque co., N. Y. : 267 m. W. Albany. Drained chiefly by Silver cr., and Cattaraugus r. bounds it on the N., and on the N. W. Lake Erie. Surface broken and hilly ; soil on the lake shore and on the streams very fertile. The v. is a small settlement. This t. is noted for its fine timber. It has considerable manufactures, and enjoys many water privileges for navigation and milling. The Buffalo and State Line It. li. passes through its N. W. part, and the New York and Erie li. K. through its S. por tions. Pop. 5,144. HANOVER, t. and p. o., Licking co., Ohio : 41 m. E. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Licking r., which runs through it. Surface generally level ; soil dark loam and sand, very fer tile. The Ohio Canal runs along the valley of the Licking, and also the Steubeuville and Indiana li. li., on the oppo site side of the r. Pop. 1,187. HANOVER, p. b., York co., Penn. : on a branch of Cone- wago cr. of Susquehanna r,, 31 m. S. Harrisburg. It is a highly flourishing place with several manufactures, and has two newspapers, the "II. Spectator" and the !!. Gazette," both weekly issues. Pop. 1,240. A branch of the Balti more and Susquehanna li. li. comes up to the borough. HANOVER, p. v., Coosa co., Ala. : 41 m. N. Montgomery. HANOVER, p. v., and cap. Hanover co., Virg. : near Pa- munky r., and on the line of the Virginia Central li. 11., 18 m. N. liichmond. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and about 200 inhabitants. HANOVER CENTRE, p. v., Grafton co., If. Hamp. : 53 m. N. W. Concord. HANOVER NECK, p. o., Morris co., JV. Jer. : 48 m. N. N. E. Trenton. HANOVERTON, p. v., Columbiana co., Ohio: on the line of the Sandy and Beaver Canal, 118 m. N. E. Columbus. It contains warehouses, numerous stores, mills, etc., and about SOO inhabitants. A branch of the Cleveland and Pittsburg li. li., lm. long, comes up to the village. HANSON, t. and p. v., Plymouth co., Mass. : 23 m. S. S. E. Boston. Drained by a branch of North r. and several ponds. It lies in the vicinity of extensive beds of iron ore, and manufactures largely ship anchors, nails, carriage springs, castings, etc. Pop. 1,217. The Old Colony li. li. passes through Hanson, 12 m. from Plymouth. HANSON, p. v., Marion county, Mo. : S2 m. N. N. E. Jefferson City. HANSONVILLE, p. v., Eussell co., Virg. : on the W. branch of Holston r., 2(53 m. W. by S. liichmond. HAP HAZARD, p. o., Catahoula par., La. : 122 m. N. W. Baton Rouge. HAPPY VALLEY, p. o., Carter county, Tenn. : 258 m. E. Nashville. HARALSON, p. v., Coweta co., Ga.: on the W. side of Flint r., 78 m. \V. by N. Milledgeville. HARBOR CREEK, t. and p. o., Erie co., Penn.: 216 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by several streams of Lake Erie, which forms its N. boundary. Surface broken ; soil of average fertility. The p. o. is situate on the line of the Erie and North-east li. K., 7 m. from Erie. Pop. 2,093. HARBOR HILL, Queens co., N. Y. : the highest point of land on Long Island, lying in the L of North Hempstead. It is 319 feet above the Atlantic Ocean, from which it is visible 25 miles. HARDEMAN county, Tenn. Situate S. W., and contains 912 sq. in. Drained by Big Hatchie r., a tributary of Mis sissippi r., aujl its branches. Surface mostly level or slightly broken, with a light and sandy soil. There are good water privileges and some timber. Cotton is the staple, though the grains produce largely, and tobacco pays well. Farms 1,027; oiuoiit. 64; dwell. 1,735. and pop. wh. 10,350, fr. 276 col. 3S. si. 7,108 total 17,496. Capital : Bolivar. Public Work* : Memphis and Charleston li. E. HARDIN county, 111. Situate S., and contains 184 sq. m. Drained by Saline cr. and other affluents of Ohio r., which bounds it E. and S. Surface high and broken ; soil fertile, with good pasturage. Lead and iron are abundant. Water- power good. Farms 326 ; manuf. ; dwell. 4S5, and pop. wh. 2,807, fr. col. 79 total 2,886. Capital : Elizabethtown. HARDIN county, la. Situate N. centrally, and contains 57G sq. m. Intersected by the Iowa and drained by its af fluents. Mostly unsettled. Unorganized in 1850. HARDIN county, Ky. Situate N. centrally, and contains 439 sq. m. Drained by Boiling Fork of Salt r. and Suit r., \vhich bounds it N. E., and Nolin and Bough creeks, branches of Green r., all which flow into the Ohio. Sur face much diversified ; soil fertile wheat, corn, and tobacco are staples. Many sheep and cattle are raised. Farms 1,406; manuf. 50; dwell. 2,005, and pop. wh. 12,023, fr. col. 43, si. 2,459 total 14,525. Capital: Elizabethtown. Public Work*: Nashville and Louisville li. E. HARDIN county, Ohio. Situate N. W. centrally, and con tains 580 sq. in. Drained centrally and S. by the Scioto r. and a branch of Miami r., and in the N. by Blanoh- ard s fork of Maumee r., an affluent of Lake Erie. Sur face elevated, but not much broken; soils fertile, and adapted to grain and grass, with good timber in parts. Farms 783; manuf. 26; dwell 1,402, and pop. wh. 8,237, fr. col. 14 total 8, 251. Capital: Kenton. Public Works: Mad Eiver and Lake Erie It. E. ; Ohio and Indiana It. li., and Indianapolis and Bellefontaine It. B. HARDIN county, Tenn. Situate S. W., and contains 1,048 sq. m. Drained by numerous creeks of Tennessee r., which flows through it from S. to W. Surface varied, with some low marshes; soil good and kind to the grains, which con stitute the staples. Tobacco and cotton are raised in smaller quantities. Farms 690; manuf. 19; dwell. 1,503, and pop. wh. 9,040, fr. col. 31, si. 1.257 total 10,328. Capital: Savannah. Public Works : Memphis and Charleston K. K., and Nashville and Memphis E. It. HAUDIN, p. v., Shelby co., Ohio : on Frith cr., 68 in. W. N. W. Columbus. HARDIN, p. v., and cap. Calhoun co., III. : on the W. side of Illinois r., 66 m. S. W. Springfield. HARDIX, p. o., Allemakee co., la. : 112 m. N. Iowa City. HARDINGSBURG, v., Dearborn co., 2nd. : on the W. side of Great Miami r., 2 m. N. Lawrenceburg and 80 m. S. E. Indianapolis. It is also on the line of the White Water Canal. HARDING S POINT, p. v., Mississippi co., Ark. : 138 m. N. E. Little Eock. HAKDINGVILLE, p. v., Gloucester co., A r . Jer. : 3S m. S. by W. Trenton. HARDINSBURGH, p. v., Washington county, 2nd. : 73 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. HARDINSBURGH, p. v., Montgomery county, III. : 47 nv S. by E. Springfield HARDINSBURGH, p. v., and cap. Breckenridge co., Ky. : about half a mile E. of Hardin s cr. and 93 m. W. S. "W. Frankfort. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and about 800 inhabitants. HARDIN S TAVERN, p. o., Albemarle co., Virg. : on the line of the Virginia Central It. E., 73 m. W. N. W. Kich- mond. HARDINSVILLE, p. v., Shelby co., Ky. : on Benson cr. of Kentucky r., 9 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. HARDSTONEY, p. o., Stewart county, Ga. : 114 m. S. W. Milledgeville. HARDWICK, t. and p. v., Worcester co., MOAS. : 61 m. "W. Boston. Drained by branches of Ware r., vdi:c:i runs along its S. border and furnishes wjitcr-p;>wer. Surface diversified ; soil of ordinary fertility. Thtr v.. situate cen trally, has two churches and about 250 inhabitants. Pop. , of t. 1,631. HAR HAR HARIHVICK, t and p. v., Caledonia co., Verm. : 24 m. N. N. E. Montpclier. Drained by Lamoille r. and its tribu taries, which have extensive water-power. Surface rolling; soil productive. There are several sulphur springs in the t. The v. is on the N. bank of the Lamoille. Top. of t. 1,402 HARD-WICK, v. and port of entry, Bryan co., Ga. : 147 m. 8. E. .Milledgeville. It is a port with commerce. HAKDWICKSVILLE, p. v., Nelson co., Virg. : 88 m.W. by N. Richmond. HARDY county, Virg. Situate N., and contains 1,168 eq. m. Drained by North Branch of Potomac r., its N. W. boundary, South Branch of Potomac, which, with numer ous branches, flows through the middle, and E, by Caca- pon r. Surface mountainous, with the Alleghany ridge in the W., and Shenandoah and Branch mountains in the E. and S., which, with the streams to which they give rise, af ford the best of water-power and of timber; soil rich in the valleys, with good pasturage on the hills. Beef, pork, and wool are exported. Farms 728; manuf. 49; dwell. 1,827, and pop. wh. 7,930, fr. col. 353, si. 1,200 -total 9,543. Capital: Moorefield. HAHFOKD county, Jfd. Situate N. E., and contains 442 sq. m. It has the Susquehanna for its N. E. boundary, Chesapeake Bay its S. E., and Little Gunpowder r. its S. W., and is drained by their affluents. Surface in the S. low and flat, with many arms of the bay ; in the N. elevated, stony, and hilly, with many fine water privileges; soil much di versified in the S. loam and clay predominate, and all parts are excellent grass lands. Deer cr., flowing into the Susquehanna, has perpendicular banks of stone from 200 to 800 feet high ; limestone and granite are found, and rich iron ore is abundant. Farms 1,278; manuf. 72; dwell. 2,977, and pop. wh. 14,413, fr. col. 2,777, si. 2,166 total 19,356. Capital: Bel-Air. Public Works: Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore R. R.; Tidewater Canal; Phil adelphia and Baltimore (direct) R. R. HARFORD, t. and p. v., Cortlandt county, N. Y. : 124 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by East Owego cr. Surface uneven ; soil fertile, sand and clay loain. The v. is a small settlement on the W. side of the creek. Pop. of t. 949. HARFORD, t. and p. v., Susquehanna co., Penn. : US m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. Drained by branches of Tunkhan- nock cr., which afford great water-power. Surface diver sified ; soil adapted to grass. The v. is a small but neat place. In the t there are some manufactures and 1,302 inhabitants. HARGKAVE, p. v., Copiah county, Miss. : 37 m. S. S. W. Jackson. HARGROVE S TAVERN, p. o., Nansemond co., Virg. : 74 m. 8. E. Richmond. HARKINSVILLE, p. v., Anderson dist., S. Car.: 113 m. TV. N. W. Columbia. HARLAN county, Ky. Situate S. E. corner, and contains 954 sq. m. Drained by the head and many branches of Cumberland r., which runs through it from N. E. to S. W. Cumberland Mountains form its S. E. border, and the sur face is elevated and mountainous, with fine forests and abundant water-power ; soil in the valleys productive and generally good pasturage. Farms 585; manuf. 0; dwell. 687, and pop. wh. 4,109, fr. col. 86, si. 123 total 4,268. Capital: Harlan. HARLAN, p. v., Allen co., Ind. : 100 m. N. E. Indianapolis. HARLAN, p. v., and cap. Harlan co., Ky. : on the Cum berland r., 118 m. S. E. Frankfort It contains a court house, jail, etc., and about 350 inhabitants. HARLEESVILLE, p. v., Marion dist., S. Car. : on the W. aide of Little Pee Dee r., 100 m. E. N. E. Columbia. HARLEM, p. o., Winnebago eo., III. : on Willow cr. of Rock r., 177 m. N. by E. Springfield. HARLEM t. and p. v., Delaware co., Ohio: IS m. N. N. E. Columbus. Drained by branches of Big Walnut and Big Lick creeks. Surface elevated and diversified ; soil moder ately fertile. The v. is situate in the S. W. part of the t, and is a small agricultural set lement Pop. 1,182. HARLEM river, N. Y. : a strait connecting the East r. with Hudson r., and forming the N. boundary of New York county. Its western terminus has the name of Spuyten Tuy vil cr. The whole is about 9 m. long, and is crossed by several bridges, and also by High Bridge, or Croton Aque duct, one of the finest works in the Union. HARLEM SPRING, p. o., Carroll co., Ohio : 5 m. S. E. Car- rollton and 108 m. E. N. E. Columbus. There is a noted mineral spring at this place, said to have remedial properties. HARLEMVILLE, p. v., Columbia co., N. Y. : 31 m. S. by E. Albany. HARLENSBCRGH, p. b., Lawrence county, Penn. : 193 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. HARLEYSVILLE, p. v., Montgomery co., Penn. : 84 m. E. Harrisburg. HARLINGEN, p. v., Somerset county, JW. Jer. : 16 m. N. Trenton. HARMAB, p. v., Washington co., Ohio : on the S. side of Muskingum r., opposite Marietta, and at its confluence with the Ohio, 88 m. E. S. E. Columbus. It is the site of old Fort Harmar, the first fort erected by Americans in Ohio, and is named after its commander. It is a flourishing place of about 1,200 inhabitants, and has several mills and manu factories, for which it has abundance of water-power from the dam on the Muskingum ; steamboats are also built here. HARMARVILLE, p. v., Alleghany co., Penn. : 177 m. W. Harrisburg. HARMONSBURGH, p. b., Crawford co., Penn.: on Con- neaut cr., at the N. end of Conneaut Lake, 212 m. W. N.W. Harrisburg. HARMONY, p. v., Clay co., Ind. : 64 m. S. W. Indianapolis. HARMONY, t, and p. o., Somerset co., Me. : 49 m. N. by E. Augusta. Drained by Higgins and Maine streams, which empty into Moose Pond, the source of a constituent of Se- basticook r. Surface diversified ; soil fertile and adapted to wheat. The are two villages in the t. Pop. 1,10T. HARMONY, p. v., Washington co., Mo. : on Courtoia cr. of Maramec r., S3 m. S. E. Jefferson City. HARMONY, t. and p. v., Warren co., N. Jer. : 43 m. N.W. Trenton. Drained by tributaries of Delaware r. Surface diversified ; soil generally good. The Delaware forms the W. border of the t The v. is a small settlement of some 30 dwellings. Pop. of 1. 1,564. HARMONY, t and p. v., Chautauque co., & Y. : 288 m; W. by S. Albany. Drained by Little Broken Straw cr., running S. into Pennsylvania, and Goose cr. and other streams into Chautauque Lake, which lies on its N. E. border. Surface rolling; soil, sandy and gravelly loam, with some clay. The v. is a small settlement on the lake. In the t. there are numerous saw and grist mills, tanneries, etc. Pop. 3,749. HARMONY, p. o., York dist, S. Car. : 77 m. N. Columbia, HARMONY, p. v., Kent co., Md. HARMONY, p. o., M Henry co., HI. : 172 m. N. N. E. Springfield. HARMONY, p. o., Elbert county, Ga. : 87 m. N. N. E. Milledgeville. HARMONY, p. v., Halifax co., Virg.: on an affluent of Dan r., 109 m. S. W. Richmond. HARMONY GROVE, p. o., Jackson co., Ga. : 82 m. N. by W. Milledgeville. HARMONY VALE, p. v., Sussex co., JT. Jer. : 74 m. N. Trenton. HARNAGEVILLE, p. v., Cherokee co., Ga.: on Etowah r., 136 m. N. N. W. Milledgeville. HARNEDSVILLE, p. v., Somerset county, Penn.: 118 m W. by S. Harrisburg. HAROLD, p. o., Montgomery co., Ark. : on Washita r 68 m. W. by S. Little Rock. HARPER S FERRY, p. v., Jefferson co., Virg. : at the con fluence of the Shenandoah and Potomac rivers, and where 277 HAR HAR the united stream passes through the Blue Ridge, 122 m N. by W. Richmond. Its scenery is most magnificent. The v. contains several considerable manufactures, and has nu merous large and well-stocked stores. A national armory is also located here, which has immense workshops, and in which are manufactured every variety of small arms an equipments. Among other products in 1S50 were 9.60C percussion muskets and 10,836 muskets altered to percus sion. The river is here spanned by a fine bridge nearlj 800 feet long, and the Baltimore and Ohio E. E. passes through it, 82 m. from Baltimore, and the Winchester an Potomac E. E. commences here. Along the N. bank of the r. the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal has its course. Pop, about 7,000. HARPER S FERBY, p. o., Abbeville dist., & Car. : on the Savannah r., 108 m. W. by N. Columbia. HARPERSFIELD, t and p. v., Delaware co., N. T. : 49 m W. S. W. Albany. Drained by Charlotte and Delaware rivers. Surface hilly and broken ; soil a dark fertile loam and well cultivated. The v. has about 260 inhabitants. There are in the L several grist and saw mills, fulling mills, and tanneries. Pop. 1,604. HARPEESFIELD, t. and p. o., Ash tabula co., Ohio. : 162 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Grand r., which runs through it. Surface diversified ; soils rich and fertile. It has sev eral mills and factories. Unionville, on the Cleveland, Painesville, and Ashtabula E. E., is the principal v. in the town. Pop. 1,279. HARPEK S HOME, p. o., Brunswick county, Virg. : 73 m. 8. S. W. Eichmond. HARPER S MILLS, p. o., Pendleton co., Virg. : 182 m. N.W. Eichmond. HARPERSVILLE, p. v., Shelby co., Ala. : 70 m. N. by W. Montgomery. HARPERSVILLE, p. v., Broome co., N. Y. : on the "W. side of Susquehanna r., 103 m. W. S. "W. Albany. Pop. about 260. HARPETU, p. T., "Williamson co., Tenn. : 24 m. S. S. E. Nashville. HARRELL S STORE, p. o., New Hanover co., IT. Car. : 112 m. S. S. E. Ealeigh. HARRELXSVILLE, p. v., Hertford co., N. Car. : 102 m. N. E. Raleigh. HARRIETTS-TOWN, t. and p. o., Franklin co., 2f. Y. : 114 m. N. by W. Albany. Drained by Lower Saranac Lake and several other lakes and ponds forming the sources of the Sar anac and Racket rivers. Surface in the S. E. mountainous, otherwise varied ; soil generally fertile, and timber is abundant The v, has several stores, and about 40 dwell ings. The t. is yet but sparsely settled and in a wilderness state. Pop. 187. HARRIETTSVILLE, p. v., Monroe co., Ohio : 108 m. E. by S. Columbus. HARRINGTON, p. v., Cumberland co., W. Car. : 56 m. S. by W. Raleigh. HARRINGTON, t. and p. o., Washington co., Me. : 104 m. E. Augusta. The t occupies two peninsulas, having Pleas ant Eiver Bay on the E., and Narragaugus Bay on its W. side ; and the rivers emptying into these, both of the same name, afford extensive water-power. It has numerous mills, etc. Pop. 963. HARRIS county, Ga. Situate W. centrally, and contains 414 sq. m. Drained by Long Canoe, Pine Mountain, and Mulberry creeks, affluents of Chattahoochee r., its W. boundary. Pine Mountain crosses the N., and the surface is much diversified. The soil is good, producing corn and the grains. Farms 878; manuf. 73; dwell. 1,175, and pop. wh. 6,709, fr. col. 30, si. 7,982 total 14,721. Capital: Hamilton. HARRIS county, Tese. Situate S. E., and contains 1,656 sq. m. Drained by Cedar Bayou, its E. boundary; San Jacinto r., which flows through the E. half, Spring cr., its branch, and N. line of county ; Buffalo Bayou and its afflu- 27S ents, Sims, Brays, Horse Pen, White Oak, Hunting, Green s, and Carpenter s bayoux, and by Clear cr., on its S. border, all of which empty into Galveston Bay. It is finely situated for the transportation of its products, having Galveston Bay in the S. E. and several large rivers ; the San Jacinto navigable 40 m., Buffalo Bayou 30, and Cedar cr. 20, all deep streams, with scarcely perceptible currents. The streams are lined with forests, but most of the county is open prai rie, with a rolling surface in the N. The soil just on the coast is of moderate fertility, but in the middle and N. con sists of a deep black mold, with a substratumTof shells, and the E. lias some of the best land in East Texas. Its timber is very valuable, consisting of pine on San Jacinto r. and Buffalo Bayou, and elsewhere of magnolia, cypress, cedar, and several kinds of oak. Rotten limestone and beds of clay abound in the N. Cotton is the great staple, but all the grains yield largely, and sugar is successfully cul tivated. In the S. E. was fought the famous Battle of San Jacinto. Farms 197; manuf. 42; dwell. 834, and pop. wh. 3,756, fr. col. 7, si. 905 total 4,668. Capital: Houston. Public Works : Houston and Galveston E. E., and Buffalo Bayou, Brazos, and Colorado E. E. HARRIS, p. v., Louisa co., Virg. : 47 m. N. W. Eichmond. HARRISBURGH, p. v., Fayette co., 2nd. : 50 m. E. by S. Indianapolis. HARRISBURGH, p. T., Pontotoc co., Miss. : 149 m. N. N. E Jackson. HARRISBURGH, p. T., Mecklenburgh co., N. Car. : 127 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. HARRISBURGH, p. v., Abbeville dist., & Car.: 103 m. W. by N. Columbia. HARRISBURGH, t. and p. o., Lewis co., N. Y. : 124 m. N. W. Albany. Drained by creeks, affluents of Black r., hich afford water-power. Surface generally level ; soil a brown loam. There are several mills and stores in the t. Pop. 1,367. HARRISBURGH, p. city, and cap. Dauphin co., Penn., and capital of the State of Pennsylvania : on the E. bank of Susquehanna r., in lat. 40 16 N., and long. 76 50 W., 110 m. N. Washington. The river though voluminous is not navigable here, except for rafts, which descend the cur rent; but it is accessible from all parts by canal or rail road, and is a very flourishing interior market. The city is >uilt on elevated ground, and commands a varied and pleasant prospect of the surrounding country. The public buildings are the State capitol, the court-house, the county prison, a Masonic Hall, the Lancasterian school, churches of all denominations, some built at great expense, school- ouses, etc. The Capitol, or State house, is an imposing structure, consisting of a main building and two wings, ach adorned with a portico and Ionic pillars ; the central difice is ISO feet wide, 80 feet deep, and 108 feet from the ground to the top of the dome, and the whole is surrounded jy an open area, adorned with two walks and an iron railing, larrisburg has considerable manufactures and most of the aechanic arts; its commerce is extensive. The press of larrisburg consists of 1 daily newspaper and 7 published veekly ; the daily is the " H. American" (whig), of which here is also a weekly edition, and the weeklies are the Yaterland Vechter" (whig), the "Democratic Union" dern.), the "Pennsylvania Telegraph" (whig), the "Key- tone" (dem.), the "Church Advocate" (relig.), and the Pensylvania Intelligencer" (whig). Water is supplied to he city through iron pipes from a reservoir on Mount Airy, nto Avhich it is elevated from the Susquehanna. The city s lighted with gas, and in its general police is one of the est conducted communities in the Union. Pop. in 1820 bout 3,000 ; in 1830, 4,307 ; in 1840, 5,980, and in 1S50, 8,173. larrisburg bridge, over the Susquehanna, is a fine covered tructure, extending to an island and thence to the opposite ank, 2,876 feet long, 40 feet wide, and 50 feet above the iver, and below is the bridge of the Cumberland Valley E. E., also a substantial structure. HAR II AR HARRISBURGIT, p. v., Franklin co., Ohio: on Darby cr., 14 in. S. W. Columbus. HARRIS CROSS ROADS, p. o., Franklin eo.,^ 7 ". Car. : 38 m. N. E. Raleigh. HARRIS FERRY, p. o., Washington co., Qrerj. : on the Tualatin r., an affluent of the Willamette, 86 m. N. by W. Salem. HARRIS HILL, p. o., Erie co., N. Y. : 258 m.W. Albany. HARRIS LOT, p. o., Charles county, Md. : 47 m. S. W. Annapolis. HARRISON county, Ind. Situate S., and contains 44G sq. m. Drained by Blue r. and Indian and Buck creeks, all affluents of the Ohio, which forms its S. E., S., and S. W. boundary. Surface rolling in parts broken ; soil good on the streams very productive, and occasionally barren, with thin soil. Sink-holes and caves occur in several parts. Corn, wheat, and pork are the staple products. Farms 1,650; manuf. 19; dwell. 2,645, and pop. wh. 15,206, fr. col. 80 total 15,286. Capital: Corydon. HARRISON county, la. Situate W., and contain 496 sq. m. Drained by Little Sioux, Soldier, and Boyer s rivers, afflu ents of the Missouri, which forms its W. boundary. Unor ganized in 1850. HARRISON county, Ky. Situate N., in E. part, and con tains 316 sq. m. Licking r., a branch of Ohio r., crosses its N. E. corner, and its branches drain it. Surface diversified, affording good water-power. Soil very fertile, producing great crops of the grains, on which cattle, hogs, and sheep are raised in large numbers. Farms 1,130; manuf. 54; dwell. 1,753, and pop. wh. 9,739, fr. col. 140, si. 3,185 total 13,064. Capital: Cynthiana. Public Works: Lex ington and Covington K. R. ; and Frankfort and Coving- ton R. K. HARRISON county, Miss. Situate S., and contains 1,064 sq. m. Drained by Wolf and Biloxi rivers in the S., and in the N. by Red and Black creeks, affluents of Pascagoula r. Surface mostly level, and in parts marshy ; soil light and sandy, of moderate fertility, and covered with a growth of pine. Cotton is the export Farms 84 ; manuf. 19 ; dwell. 727, and pop. wh. 3,378, fr. col. 56, si. 1,441 total 4,875. Capital: Mississippi City. HARBISON county, Mo. Situate N., and contains 792 sq. m. It lies between E. and W. forks of Grand r., a trib utary of the Missouri, and is drained by their branches. Surface various, and soil generally fertile and well wooded. Farms 141 ; manuf. ; dwell. 387, and pop. wh. 2,434, fr. col. 0, si. 13 total 2,447. Capital: Bethany. HARRISON county, Ohio. Situate E. centrally, and contains 412 sq. m. Drained W. by branches of Tuscarawas r., a head of Muskingum r., and E. by several small streams flowing E. into the Ohio. Surface very uneven, giving rise to nume rous mill-streams and good water-power. Soil very pro ductive, and finely adapted to grain and grazing. Beef, pork, and wool are largely raised, and manufactures are extensive. Farms 1,668 ; manuf. 74 ; dwell. 3,526, and pop. wh. 19,870, fr. col. 287 total 20,157. Capital : Cadiz. Public Works : Ohio Central R. R. HARRISON county, Tex. Situate N. E., and contains 1,082 sq. m. Drained by Duffon s cr., Potter s cr., Eight Mile cr., and other affluents of Sabine r., its S. W. boundary, and Little and Big Cypress rivers, the latter its N. boundary, with Ferry and Caddo lakes, by the affluents of which the N. is drained. The streams are small, but swift : surface almost level, with a gentle slope to the S. E., and, except a few prairies in the W., covered with a dense forest of huge pines, cypresses, elms, hickories, and oaks. Soil, except a few sandy ridges in the N. W., very productive, consisting of rich black mold, with a substratum of red loam. Cotton yields great crops, and wheat as good or better. Excellent coal is found on the Sabine r. Farms 521 ; manuf. 13 ; dwell. 972, and pop. wh. 5,604, fr. col. 5, si. 6,213 total 11,822. Cujn ttil : Marshall. HARRISON county, Virg. Situate N. W., and contains 459 sq. m. Drained by W. fork of Monongahela river and its branches. Surface elevated and broken, with fine mill- streams ; soil very fertile. All the grains thrive, and much attention is paid lo raising cattle and fattening pork. Maple sugar and tobacco are among the products. Farms 1,093; manuf. 84 ; dwell. 1,S66, and pop. wh. 11,214, fr. col. 26, si. 488 total 11,728. Capital: Clarksburg. Public Works: North-western K. R. HARRISON, p. v.,Winnebngo co., III. : on the S. of Pecka- tonica r., 182 m. N. Springfield. HARRISON, t. and p. o., Cumberland county, Me. : 51 m. W. S. W. Augusta. It has Crooked r. on the E., and on the W. Long Pond, or Bay of Naples. It is connected with Portland by Sebago Lake and the canal. Surface various; soil fertile, and adapted to wheat. Pop. 1,416. HARRISON, p. o., Washtenaw co., Mich. HARRISON, t. and p. o., Westchester co., N. Y. : 138 m. S. by E. Albany. Drained by Blind Brook and Mamaroneck cr., which run S. into Long Island Sound. Surface level, but diversified ; soil loam, and well cultivated. The p. o. is 26 m. from New York City, and the t. is intersected by the New York and New Haven R. R. Pop. 1,261. HARRISON, p. v., Hamilton co., Ohio: on the E. side of White Water r., and on the canal, 105 m. W. S. W. Colum bus. It is a flourishing v., with several mechanic shops, stores, etc., and about 700 inhabitants. A portion of the v. is within the limits of Indiana, its main street being in the dividing line of the two States. HARRISON, p. v., and cap. Hamilton co., Tenn. : on the left or S. bank of Tennessee r., 117 m. E. S. E. Nashville. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and about 400 inhabit ants. The projected railroad from Charleston to Chattanooga passes through this place. HARRISONBURGII, p. v., and cap. Catahoula par., La. : on the W. side of Washita r., 97 m. N. N.W. Baton Rouge. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and about 200 inhabitants. HARRISONBURGII, p. v., and cap. Rockingham co., Virg. : 110 m. N. W. Richmond. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and has numerous stores, being the trading cent/o of a large region of country. Two newspapers are published here, the " Rockingham Register" (dem.), and the " Ilar- risonburg Republican" (whig), both weekly issues. Pop. about 1,400. It is intended that the Manassas Gap R. R. shall be carried from its present terminus at Front Royal, southward through Harrisonburgh. HARRISON CITY, p. v., Westmoreland co., Penn. : 149 m. W. Harrisburg. HARRISON S MILLS, p. o., Crawford co., Mo. : on the E, side of Maramec r., 62 m. S. E. Jefferson City. HARRISON SQUARE, p. v., Norfolk co., Mass. : on the line of the Old Colony R. R., 4m. from Boston. HARRISON VALLEY, p. o., Potter co., Penn. : 131 m. N.W. Harrisburg. HARRISONVILLE, p. v., and cap. Monroe co., III. : on tho E. bank of the Mississippi r., 112 m. S. S. W. Springfield. It contains the county offices and several stores. Hercula- neum lies on the opposite side of the river. HARRISONVILLE, p. v., Shelby county, Ky. : 27 m. W. Frank for L HARBISONVILLE, p. v., and cap. Cass co., Mo. : on a fork of Grand river of the Osage, US miles W. Jefferson City. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and about 150 inhab itants. HARRISONVILLE, p. v., Baltimore co., Md. : on the Union- town Turnpike, 7 m. W. Baltimore, and 29 m. N. by W. Annapolis. HARRISONVILLE, p. v., Gloucester county, N. Jer. : 44 m. S. by W. Trenton. HARRISONVILLE, p. v., Meigs county, Ohio. : 82 m. S. E. Columbus. HARRISONVILLE, p. v., Fulton co., Penn. : 68 m.W. by 8. Harrisburg. HABIUSTOWN, p. v., Washington co., Ind. : on the line 27V HAIl HAE, of the New Albany and Salem E. E., 80 m. from the former place, and 79 m. S. Indianapolis. HABBISVILLE, p. o., Marquette county, Wise. : 52 m. N. Madison. HABBISVILLE, p. v., Montgomery county, 2f. Car. : 86 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. HARRISYILLE, p. v., Cheshire co., 2f. Hamp. : 73 m. S.W. Concord. HARBISVILLE, p.v., Harrison co., Ohio : in the S. E. corner of the county, 110 m. E. by N. Columbus. HABRISVILLE, p. v., Butler co., Penn. : 179 m. "W. N. W. Harrisburg. HARRISVILLE, p. Y., Brunswick co., Vlrg. : 51 m. S. by W. Eichmond. HARBODSBUBGH, p. v., Monroe co., Ind. : 54 m. S. S. W. Indianapolis. HABRODSBURGH, p. v., and cap. Mercer co., Ky. : on a branch of Salt r., 29 m. S. Frankfort. It contains a court house, jail, etc., several stores and mechanic shops, and 1,600 inhabitants. Bacon College is located here ; it \vas founded in 1S36, and in 1S50 had 5 professors, 75 students, and a library of 1,200 volumes. In the vicinity is a noted mineral spring, which is much resorted to by invalids. HABBY HILL, p. o., Marshall co., Miss. : 173 m. N. by E. Jackson. HAKSHMAXSVILLE, p. o., Montgomery co., Ohio: 74 m. W. S. W. Columbus. HAET county, Ky. Situate W. centrally, and contains 404 sq. m. Intersected by Green r., and bounded N. W. by Nolin cr., its branch. Surface mostly level, and soil pro ductive. Tobacco is the great staple. Farms 829 ; manuf. 12; dwell. 1,212, and pop. wh. 7,740, fr. col. 52, si. 1,301 total 9,093. Capital : Mumfordsville. Public Works : Danville and Nashville E. E. HARTFIELD, p. v., Chautauque co., N. Y. : 282 m. W. by S. Albany. HARTFORD county, Conn. Situate N. centrally, and con tains 727 sq. m. Intersected from N. to S. by the Connecti cut, and drained by its affluents, Farmington and Mill rivers on the W., and on the E. Podunk, Scantic, and other small streams. Surface much diversified, from alluvial meadows, annually overflowed, to high rocky hills ; soils also various, but generally very fertile, and under admirable cultivation. In the E. are unsurpassed farms and dairies, in the middle the delightful and invaluable meadows of the Connecticut basin, and on the W. streams, land almost as good. The facilities for manufactures are great, and all improved. The articles made embrace almost every thing in use ; but for Yalue and quality, those best known are carpets, powder, axes, clocks, tinware, and iron castings. For commerce and transportation, it has the Connecticut navigable through it, and railroads in every direction. It embraces one capital of the State and the penitentiary in its limits, besides munifi cent benevolent and literary establishments. In the S. W. is a copper mine of great extent and exceedingly rich ore. Iron is also found. Farms 3,S50 ; manuf. 734 ; dwell. 11,318, and pop. wh. 68,756, fr. col. 1,210 total 69,966. Capital : Hartford. Public Works : Farmington Canal (little used) ; Springfield, Hartford and New Haven E. E. ; New Haven and Northampton (or Canal) E. E. ; Hartford, Providence and Fishkill E. E. ; Collinsville Branch E. E. HARTFORD, p. city, and cap. Hartford co., Conn., and one of the capitals of the State : on the W. side of Connecticut r., at the head of ship navigation, 50 m. from its mouth, in lat. 41 45 59" N., and long. 72 40 45" W., 335 m. N. E. Washington. The site of the city rises gradually from the r., and on the S. and W. is considerably elevated. The compact part is more than a mile in length and about three- fourths of a mile wide ; and the streets are arranged with great regularity Little r., which crosses the city in its S. part, furnishes a valuable water-power ; bridges cross this and also the Connecticut r., those over the latter connecting it with East Hartford. The most conspicuous publie build ings are the State House, the City Hall, Trinity College, the American Asylum, the Eetreat for the Insane, the "Wadsworth Atheneum, numerous elegant churches, an arsenal, the market-houses, etc. There are 5 Congregational churches, 3 Episcopalian, 2 Baptist, 3 Episcopal Methodist, 1 Protestant Methodist, 1 Eoman Catholic, 2 Second Ad vent, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Unitarian, 1 Universalist, and 1 Jew s Synagogue in all 24 churches. Trinity (formerly Washington) College was founded in 1824, and in 1850 had a president, 8 professors, 300 alumni, of which 130 were in the ministry, and 80 students, and a library of 12,000 vol umes. It is under the control of the Episcopalians. The American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb was established by the late Eev. Thomas II. Gallaudet, and was the first in stitution of the kind in the United States ; it has extensive buildings in the W. part of the city, and is the most flour ishing and valuable asylum in the Union. The Eetreat for the Insane is a little S. of the city, and, like the asylum, is a well-conducted and successful institution. Hartford haa numerous academies and schools, which reflect great credit on the city ; and it has a public press not surpassed for mo rality and intelligence; it has 2 daily papers, of which weekly editions are also published, 6 weeklies, and 2 month lies. The dailies are the H. Courant" (whig), and the " H. Times" (dem.) ; the weeklies, the " H. Courier" (whig), the "Eepublican" (F. S.), the "New England Fountain" (temperance), and the " Christian Secretary" (Bapt.), the " Calendar" (Episc.), and the " Eeligious Herald" (Congr.), devoted to religious subjects. Hartford is also celebrated for its extensive book business. As a manufacturing city, Hartford stands high, and contains numerous lumber yards, machine shops, fire-arm manufactories, boot and shoe factories, and a variety of handicrafts ; and as a place of commerce, it has many advantages, its natural market being the valley of the Connecticut It is also a depdt of interior trade and railroad traffic, being in the centre of the State and intersected by railroads from every direction. Steam boats also ply regularly to New York. Pop. in 1810, 3,955 ; in 1820, 4,726; in 1830, 7,076; in 1840,9,468; and in 1850, 17,966. The Indian name of the site of Hartford was " Suckeag." In 1633 the Dutch built a fort here, and in 1635, the Dutch having relinquished their claims to the English, Hartford was permanently settled by emigrants from Massachusetts under charge of Eev. Mr. Hooker. It was incorporated as a city in 1784, and is now governed by a mayor and municipal officers. HARTFORD, p. v., Forsyth co., Ga. : 103 m. N. N. "W. Milledgeville. HARTFORD, p. v., Ohio co., Ind. : on Loughery cr., 82 m. S. E. Indianapolis. It contains about 50 dwellings, and 300 inhabitants. HARTFORD, p. v., Knox county, III. : 85 m. N. N. W. Springfield. HARTFORD, p. v., and cap. Ohio co., Ky. : on the S. side of Eough cr. of Green r., 125 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and about 400 inhabitants. HARTFORD, t and p. o., Oxford county, Me. : 31 m. W. Augusta. Drained by ponds and small streams emptying into Androscoggin r. It is a fine agricultural township, with a varied surface, and a soil well adapted for wheat and grass. The principal v. is located centrally, and there are also North and South villages of the same name. Pop. of 1. 1,293. HARTFORD, t and p. v., Washington co., N. Y. : 47 m. N. by E. Albany. Drained by branches of Wood cr. Sur face hilly ; soil sandy and clay loam. The v., situate on the old N. post road, contains 200 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 2,051. HARTFORD, t. and p. o., Trumbull co., Ohio: 156 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by affluents of Shenango creek. Sur face diversified ; soil fertile and well cultivated. Building stone is abundant. Pop. 1,258. HARTFORD, t and p. v., Windsor co., Verm. : 42 m. S. S. E. Montpelier. Drained by White and Waterquecchy river*; HAR EAR and the Connecticut, into which they fall, lies on the E. bor der. Surface somewhat uneven ; soils generally fertile, and on the rivers rich, warm, and very productive. The princi pal v. lies at the mouth of White r., and there are in the t the villages of West Hartford, Woodstock, White Kiver Village, and Queechy Valley, the three first of which lie on White r. and the Vermont Central 11. 11. The t. has con- eiderable manufactures. Pop. 2,159. HARTFORD, t. arid p. v., Washington co., Wuc. : 54 m. E. X. E. Madison. Drained by Eock r., which rises in this t. from a large pond. Surface elevated and level ; soil rich and fertile. The village is S. of the river, and is a small agricultural settlement. Pop. of 1. 1,008. HAUTIIKGIG, p. o., Mercer co., Penn.: 203 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. HAKTLAND, p. v., McIIenry co,, III. : 180 m. N. N. E. Springfield. HARTLAND, t. and p. v., Somerset co., Me. : 43 m. N. by E. Augusta. Drained by Sebasticook r., and Moose Pond lies on its X. border. Surface elevated and rolling ; soil adapted to grain and grass. There is a small v. toward the south part. Pop. of t. 960. HARTLAND, t and p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : 23 m. N. W. Hartford. Drained by branches of Farmington r., and has considerable water-power. Surface mountainous ; soil some what rocky, but fertile in grass. The principal v. is situate in the S. E., and there is a v. called West Hartland. The t. has several mills, and carries on some mechanical business. Pop. 848. HARTLAND, t and p. T., Livingston co., Mich. : 43 m. E. by S. Lansing. Drained by the heads of Shiawassee and Huron rivers. Surface elevated, but not broken, and form ing the watershed between streams flowing N. and S. to the rivers named above. It is an excellent farming country, producing wheat, corn, etc., and has fine grazing tracts. Pop. of t. 996. HARTLAND, t. and p. v., Niagara co., N. Y.: 244 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Johnson s and Eighteen Mile creeks, flowing into Lake Ontario. Surface level ; soil sandy and calcareous loam. The p. o. is a small agricultural vil lage on the N. side of Johnson s creek. Pop. of t. 8,028. HARTLAND, t. and p. o., Huron co., Ohio : 89 m. N. by E. Columbus. Drained by a branch of Vermillion r. of Lake Erie. Surface level ; soil sandy loam and fertile. It is a fine agricultural town and has 1,17G inhabitants. Pop. 1,024. HARTLAND, t. and p. v., Windsor co., Venn. : 51 m. S. S. E. Montpelier. Drained by Waterqueechy r. and Lull s brook, both affluents of Connecticut, which makes the E. border. The t. has immense water-power and numerous manufac tures. Surface diversified; soil generally productive, and there are meadows on the Connecticut. The v. is located on the line of the Vermont Central K. E., 4 m. above Wind sor, and 4 m. N. of it is the village of North Hartland. Pop. of t. 2,063. HARTLAND, p. y., Waukesha county, Wise : 54 m. E. Madison. HARTLETON, p. v., Union co., Penn. : 48 m. N. W. by N. Harrisburg. HART LOT, p. o., Onondaga co., N. T. : 122 m. W. by N. Albany. HART S GROVE, t and p. o., Ashtabula co., Ohio: 156 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by affluents of Grand river. Sur face level ; soil productive. Pop. 822. HARTSHORN, p. v., Orange co., 2f. Car. : 47 m. N. W. Ealeigh. HAKT S LOCATION, p. o., Coos co., 2f. Hamp. : 92 m. N. Concord. HART S MILLS, p. o., Kipley co., Ind. : on Laughery cr., 74 m. S. E. Indianapolis. HARTSTOWN, p. v., Crawford co., Penn. : 212 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. HART S VILLAGE, p. v., Dutchess co., N. Y. : 56 m. S. Albany. M3 HARTSVILLE, p. v., Bartholomew co., Ind. : on Clifty cr., 42 m. S. S. E. Indianapolis. HARTSVILLB, p. v., Berkshire co., Mass. : 109 m.W. by S. Boston. The Shakers have a settlement in this neighbor hood. HARTSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Wright co., Mo. : on Wood s Fork of Gasconade r., 94 m. S. by W. Jefferson City. HARTSVILLE, p. v., Onondaga co., N. Y. : 121 m.W. by N. Albany. It contains several factories, etc., and 200 inhab itants. HARTSVILLE, p. v., Bucks county, Penn. : 94 m. E. Harrisburg. HARTSVILLE, p. v., Darlington dist.^. Car: 73 m. E. byN. Columbia. HARTSVILLE, p. o., Sumner co., Tenn. : on the N. side of Cumberland r., 37 m. E. N. E. Nashville. Pop. about 400. HARTVILLE, p. v., Stark county, Ohio : 106 m. N. E. Columbus. HARTWELLVILLE, p. y., Shiawassee co., Mich. : 23 m. N. E. Lansing. HARTWICK, t. and p. v., Otsego county, jf. Y. : 66 m. W. Albany. Drained by Otsego cr. and Susquehanna r. Sur face hilly ; soil, fertile sandy loam. The v. in the valley of Otsego cr. contains several factories and stores, and about 400 inhabitants. The t. has also considerable manufac tures, and 2,352 inhabitants. HARTWICK SEMINARY, p. o., Otsego co., N. Y. : on Susque hanna r., 62 m.W. Albany. Here is also a v. of some 20 or 25 dwellings. Hartwick Seminary is a literary and theo logical institution, under care of the Lutherans ; it was founded in 1816, and endowed with a fund amounting to $80,000, by John Christopher Hartwick. In 1S50 it had 2 professors, 5 students, and 52 persons had been educated at the institution since its foundation. Its library contains 1.250 volumes. HARTWOOD, p. v., Stafford co., Virg. : 67 m. N. by W. Eichmond. HARTWOOD, p. v., Autauga co., Ala. : 42 m. W. N. W. Montgomery. HARVARD, t. and p. v., Worcester county, Mass. : S2 m. W. N. W. Boston. Drained by Stony river, which has its source in a pond in this t., and which falls into Nashua r., which makes its W. border. The v. is situate centrally, and contains two churches, etc. In the N. E. part of the t. there is a Shaker s village ; a good variety of monumental slate is found here. Pop. of 1. 1,632. The Worcester and Nashua K. E. intersects Harvard, 25 ra. from Worcester. HARVARD, p. v., Delaware co., N. Y. HARVEY S, p. o., Greene co., Penn. : J1S9 m. W. 8. "W. Harrisburg. HARVEYSBUBGH, p. v., Warren co., Ohio : 77 m. S. W. Columbus. HARVEY S FIVE POINTS, p. o., Westmoreland co., Penn. HARVEY S POINT, p. o., Polk co., la. : on a creek of Des Moines r., 102 m. W. Iowa City. HARVEY S STORE, p. o., Charlotte co., Viry. : 81 m. S. W. Eichmond. HARVEYSVILLE, p. v., Luzerne co., Penn. : 86 m. N. E. by N. Harrisburg. HARWICH, t. and p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : 72 m. S.E. Boston. Drained by Herring r., the outlet of Long Pond, and affording great water-power. Its S. shore is washed by the Atlantic. Surface and soil low and sandy, as in other parts of the peninsula. The v. is located centrally, and there are also S. and W. villages. The inhabitants are engaged in the salt manufactures, and also in navigation and the fisheries. Pop. of t. 8,258. HARWICH PORT, p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : 55 m. S. E. Boston. It has a good harbor for coasters and fishing smacks. HARWINTON, t. and p. v., Litchfleld co., Conn. : 23 m.W. Hartford. Drained by Lead r. and other tributaries of Naugatuck r., which last bounds it on the W. and furnishes 281 HAS HAW mill-sites. Surface elevated and rough, and the soil well adapted to grass. The v. contains 2 churches and about 35 habitations. The t. has numerous grist and saw mills and 1,176 inhabitants. HASBROUCK, p. o., Sullivan county, W. Y. : 84 m. S. "W. Albany. HASKELLVILLE, p. T., Lawrence co., Ohio ," 73 m. S. S. E. Columbus. HASKENVILLE, p. v., Steuben co., N. Y. : 203 m. "W. by S. Albany. HASKINSVILLE, p. v., Greene co., Ky. : 73 m. S. S. "W. Frankfort. HASTINGS, t., p. v., and cap. Barry co., Mich. : 38 m. W. Lansing. Drained by Thorn-apple r. and its affluents, which afford extensive water-power. Surface varied ; soil rich and productive. The v. lies on the S. or left bank of the Thorn-apple, and contains a court-house, jail, etc., and has several industrial establishments. The t. has numerous mills, stores, etc. Pop. 554. HASTINGS, L and p. o., Oswego co., N. Y. : 128 m. W. N. W. Albany. Drained by Salmon cr. on the N., and on the S. by creeks flowing into Oneida Lake and its out lets. Surface level ; soil mostly a sandy loam. It has nu merous mills, etc., and a pop. of 2,927 souls. HASTINGS, p. v., Eockland co., Ohio : 62 m. N. by E. Columbus. HASTINGS CENTRE, p. v., Oswego co., 27. Y.: 123 m. W. N. W. Albany. HASTINGS-UPON-HCDSON, p. v., Westchester co., N. Y. : on the E. side of Hudson r., 113 m. S. Albany. It lies on the Hudson Eiver E. E., 21 m. by route from New York City Hall. The landing on the river is good, and the v. contains several factories, stores, etc. Pop. about 400. HASTINGSVILLE, p. v., Columbiana co., Ohio: 127 m. E. N. E. Columbus. HAT, p. o., Lancaster co., Penn. : 89 m. S. E. Harrisburg. HATBOROUGH, p. v., Montgomery co., Penn. : near Pen- nypack cr., 97 m. E. Harrisburg. Pop. about 200. HATCHER S, p. o., Talladega county, Ala.: 62 m. N. Montgomery. HATCIIY TUENPIKE, p. o., Tippah co., Miss.: 192 m. N. N. E. Jackson. HAT CREEK, p. o., Campbell co., Virg. : 92 m. W. by S. Richmond. HATFIELD, t. and p. v., Hampshire co., Mass. : 76 m. E. Boston. Drained by Mill r., which falls into the Connecti cut on the W. border, and over which is a bridge to Had- ley. Surface diversified, with extensive meadows on the river ; soil everywhere fertile. Zinc blende is extensively deposited, and there are other minerals. The v. lies on the W. side of the Connecticut, and the Connecticut Eiver E. E. has a station a little back, which is fast rising into a place of consideration. Pop. of t. 1.041. HAT GROVE, p. o., Warren county, III. : 82 m. N. W. Springfield. HATTERAS cape, N. Car. : a low, sandy, and dangerous cape on the S. W. end of an island composed of sand and rocks which incloses Pamlico Sound, lat 35 15 N., and long. 75 30 W. It is the mariner s dread, and has been the scene of numerous shipwrecks. HAUSERTOWN, p. v., Owen county, Ind. : 47 m. S. W. Indianapolis. HA v ANNA, p. v., Greene county, Ala. : 91 m. N. W. Montgomery. HAVANNA, p. v., Mason co., HI. : on the E. side of Illi nois r., 42 m. N. "W. Springfield. Spoon r. enters the Illi nois immediately opposite. The village has a convenient landing, and is situate on a sandy ridge 50 feet above the highest floods. It is the chief shipping place for the county. HAVANNA, p. v., Chemung co., N. Y.: on a creek of Beneca Lake, about 3 m. from its inlet and 154 m. W. by S. Albany. The Chemung Canal, and also the Canandaigua and Elmira E. E. pass through the village. It has about 800 inhabitants, and contains several flourishing manufac turing establishments and yards for boat building, and two newspapers are published here, the " H. Journal" (whig), and the " H. Eepublican" (indep.), both weekly issues. HAVENSVILLE, p. v., Bradford county, Penn. : 107 m. N. Harrisburg. HAVERFORD, t. and p. o., Delaware co., Penn. : 86 m. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Darby and Cobb s creeks the former its "W. boundary. Surface hilly ; soil sandy loam, fertile, and well cultivated. It has several considerable cotton and woolen factories, mills, etc. Pop. 1,317. HAVERHILL, t. and p. v., Essex co., Mass. : 29 m. N. by "W. Boston. Situate between Merrimac r. and the N. line of the State, and at the head of navigation. It is connected with Bradford by several bridges from 800 to 1,000 feet long. The v. contains several large manufactories, mechanic shops, etc., and vessels of 100 tons come up to it; and it has two weekly newspapers, the " Essex Gazette" (whig), and the "Essex Banner" (dem.) There are also several other villages, with manufactures, etc. This t. is one of the first manufacturing places of the State, and is distinguished alike for the variety and quantity of its productions. The Boston and Maine E. E. passes through it. Pop. 5,877. HAVERHILL, t., p. v., and cap. Grafton co., JV. Hump. : 67 m. N. N. E. Concord. Drained by Hazen and Oliveriaa brooks, flowing into the Connecticut, which makes its "W. boundary. Surface, except on the meadows, elevated ; soil excellent for general farming. Granite suitable for mill stones, and beds of iron ore are found in this town. The v. called Haverhill Corner, is situate in the S. "VY. angle, and is built around an oblong square. It contains a court house, jail, etc., and about 80 dwellings ; and has a news paper, the " Democratic Eepublican," issued weekly. North Haverhill, in the N. W., is another village : it is built on a street a mile long, straight, and very level. The Boston, Concord, and Montreal E. E. passes through the town. Pop. 2,405. HAVERHILL CENTRE, p. o., Grafton co., N. Hamp. : 69 in. N. N. E. Concord. HAVERSTRAW, t and p. v., Eockland co., N. Y. : 92 m. S. Albany. Drained by several small creeks flowing into Hud son r., which bounds it on the E., and on which are several convenient landings, also Stony Point, an important mili tary post in the Eevolutionary War. Surface hilly and mountainous, being covered by the Dunderberg the val leys are fertile, consisting of clay-loam soil. The v. on the W. side of the Hudson has several large brick-fields, ship building yards, and about 600 inhabitants, and carries on a considerable river trade, chiefly with New York City. The river opposite the t. of Haverstraw is wide and expands into a fine bay, which, under the name of Haverstraw Bay, extends from Teller s Point to Verplank s Point, a distance of 6 m., and is from 2 to 3 m. wide. The t. has consider able manufactures, as iron, paper, etc., and numerous milla. Pop. 5,8SS. HAVILAND HOLLOW, p. o., Putnam co., 2T. Y. : 78 m. S. by E. Albany. HAVILANDSVILLE, p. v., Harrison co., Ky. : 38 m. N. E. Frankfort. HAVRE DE GRACE, p. v. and port, Harford co., Md. : on the W. side of Susquehanna r., at its confluence in Chesa peake Bay, 63 m. N. N. E. Annapolis. The Baltimore and Philadelphia E, E. passes through it, and here is the ter minus of the Tidewater Canal. The v. itself is small but well built, and contains several warehouses, stores, etc. It is principally noted as a commercial and trading port; it has also some manufactures, and in the fishing season has many engaged in that line of business. The " Harford Madisonian" is published weekly. Pop. 1,336. In 1S14 Havre was sacked and burned by the British under Admiral Cockburn. HAWESVILLE, p. T., and cap. Hancock co., Ky. : on tin S. side of Ohio r., at the mouth of Lead cr., 107 m. W. HAW HAZ Frankfort, It contains a court-house, jail, etc., 13 stores, several mechanic shops, and about 600 inhabitants. It de rives consideration from its extensive mines, which supply steamboats navigating the river with excellent coal. HAWFIELDS, p. o., Orange co., A 7 ". Car. : 37 m. N. W. Ealeigh. HAWKESVILLE, p. o., Franklin co., Tenn.: 81 m. 8. E. Nashville. HAWK EYE, p. v., Des Moines co., la. : 55 m. S. by E. Iowa City. HAWKINS county, Tenn. Situate N. E., and contains 712 sq. m. Drained by Clinch r., which bounds it N. W., Hol- Bton r., which passes through it from N. E. to S. W., and their branches, all affluents of the Tennessee. Surface broken, and soil mostly fertile. It has good water-power, which is used. Corn and wheat are the staples, and many swine and beeves are fatted. Farms 735 ; manuf. 21 ; dwell. 2,019, and pop. wh. 11,573, fr. col. 107, si. 1,690 total 13,370. Cap ital : Kogersville. Public Works : East Tennesse and Virginia E. K. HAWKINS LANDING, p. o., Ashley co., Ark. : 127 m. S. S. E. Little Hock. HAWKINSVILLE, v., Tuolumne co., Calif. : on the N. side of Tuolumne r., 112 m. S. E. Vallejo. HAWKINSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Pulaski co., Ga. : on the "W. bank of Ocmulgee r., 58 m. S. by W. Milledgeville. It con tains a court-house, jail, etc., and has about 400 inhabitants. A considerable amount of produce is shipped from this point. HAWKINSVILLE, p. v., Sussex co., Virg. : 44 m. S. by E. Richmond. HAWK POINT, p. o., Lincoln county, Mo. : on a cr. of Au Cuivre r., 62 m. K N. E. Jefferson City. HAWLET, t. and p. v., Franklin co., Mass. : 96 m."W. by N. Boston. Drained by branches of Deerfleld r., which afford water-power. Surface elevated and rough ; soil of average fertility, and well suited for grass. Iron ore abounds also building stone, etc. The v. is located centrally. Popula tion of t. 881. HA WLEY, p. o., "Wayne co., Penn. : 57 m. S.W. Harrisburg. HAWLEY S STOBE, p. o., Sampson county, N. Car. : 57 m. 8. S. E. Kaleigh. HAWLEYTON, p. v., Broome co., N. Y. : 112 m. W. S. W. Albany. HAWLEYVILLE, p. v., Fairfleld co., Conn. : on a cr. of Housatonic r., and on the line of the Housatonic E. E., 43 m. B. W. Hartford, and by railroad 23 m. from Bridgeport. HAW PATCH, p. o., La Grange co., Ind. : 123 m. N. by E. Indinnapolis. HAW river, N. Car. : one of the constituents of Cape Fear river. It rises in Eockingham and Guilford counties, and in Chatham co. unites with Deep r., which, together, under the name of Cape Fear r., empty into the Atlantic Ocean. HAWSIH-RGII, p. v., Eappahannock county, Virg 94 m N. W. by X. Eichmond. IlAWTiior.N, t p. v., Montgomery co., Ala. HAYDENVILLE, p. y., Hampshire co., Mass. : on Millr. of the Connecticut, 87 m. W. Boston. It is a manufacturing v. of about 500 inhabitants, and is much celebrated for its gold pens, which are sold throughout the Union. HAYDEXSVILLE, p. o., co., Calif. HAYDON S, p. o., Owen co., Ky. : 81 m. N. Frankfort. HAYES STORK, p. o., Gloucester county, Virg. : 48 m. E. Eichmond. HAYESVILLE, p. v., Ashland co., Ohio: 66 m. N. N. E. Columbus. HAYESVILLE, p. v., Chester county, Penn. : 64 m. E. by S. Ilarrisburg. HAYFIELD, t. and p. o., Crawford county, Penn. : 207 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by tributaries of French cnn-k, which makes its E. boundary. Surface rough ; soil avrniu c. Pop. 1,581. HAY MARKET, p. v., Prince William co., Virg. : 92 m N. by W. Eichmond. HAY MEADOW, p. o.,Wilkes co., & Car. : 144 m.W. by N. Raleigh. HAYNE S, p. o., Grainger co., Tenn. : 188 m. E. Nashville. HAYNESVILLE, p. o., Aroostook co., Me. : on the E. side of Mattawamkeag r., a branch of Penobscot r., 136 m. N. E. Augusta. HAYNESVILLE, p. v., York district, S. Car. : 71 m. N. Columbia. HAYNESVILLE, p. v., arid cap. Lowndes co., Ala. : on Big Swamp cr. of Alabama r., 22 m. S. W. Montgomery. It contains a court-house, etc., and about 400 inhabitants. HAYNESVILLE, p. v., Houston county, Ga. : 57 in. S. S.W. Milledgeville. HAYS county, Tex. Situate centrally, and contains 964 sq. m. Drained in the N. and E. by Pedernales r. and other affluents of Colorado r., and in the S. by Blanco r. of San Marco r., a branch of the Guadalupe. Surface elevated, with bold eminences and deep ravines in the S. ; in the N. less broken, with fine alluvial bottoms. Soil on the Peder nales, equal to any in the State ; the rest is thinner, but gives good crops of corn and cotton. Native indigo grows in abundance, and sugar-cane is cultivated. Limestone is everywhere ; beds of marl are frequent, and iron ore abounds. Timber forests skirt every stream, and water- power is always near. Farms 22 ; manuf. 3 ; dwell. 41, and pop. wh. 259, fr. col. 0, si. 128 total 387. Capital : San Marco. HAY S CREEK, p. o., Carroll co., Miss. : on a cr. of Big Black r. so called, 81 m. N. N. E. Jackson. HAY S SPRING, p. o., Jefferson county, Ky. : 47 m. W. Frankfort. HAY STACK, p. o., Surrey co., N. Car. : 123 m. W. N. W. Ealeigh. HAYSVILLE, p. v., Dubois co., Ind. : on the S. side of the E. fork of White r., 95 m. S. S. W. Indianapolis. Pop. 200. HAYSVILLE, v. and sta., Alleghany co., Penn. : on the lino of the Ohio and Pennsylvania E. E., 10 m. N.W. Pittsburg. HAYSVILLE, p. v., Marion county, Ky. : 42 m. S. by W. Frankfort. HAYTER S GAP, p. o., Washington co., Virg. : 253 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. HAYWOOD county, N. Car. Situate S. W., and contains 956 sq. m. Drained by Big Pigeon r., a branch of Noli- chucky r., and head of the Tennessee. Surface very high and broken in parts, affording excellent mill-streams. Soil productive, with fine pasturage and good timber. Many cattle are raised. Farms 653 ; manuf. 0; dwell. 1,110, and pop. wh. 5,931, fr. col. 15, si. 418, Indians 710 total 7,074. Capital : Waynesville. HAYWOOD county, Tenn. Situate W., and contains 506 sq. m. Drained S. by Big Hatchie river, N. by S. fork of Forked Deer r., both affluents of the Mississippi. Surface level, or gently undulating; soil very fertile; cotton is the staple; tobacco and com come next, and much pork is fatted. Farms 967; manuf. 13; dwell. 1,454, and pop. wh. 8,713, fr. col. 48, si. 8,498 total 17,269. Capital: Brownesville. HAYWOOD, p. v., Chatham co., N. Car. : at the conflu ence of Haw and Deep rivers of Cape Fear r., 27 m.W S W Ealeigh. HAZARD FORGE, p. o., Hardy co., Virg. : 154 m. N. W. Eichmond. HAZARDVILLE, p. v., Hartford county, Conn, : 16 m. N Hartford. It contains 58 houses, 2 stores, 2 churches a school-house, and Lyceum ; and in the immediate vicinity are the extensive mills of the Hazard Powder Company. HAZEL BOTTOM, p. o., Barry county, Mo. : 157 m S* W Jefferson City. HAZEL FLAT, p. o., Shelby county, Tenn. : 176m W S W Nashville. HAZEL GREEN, t. and p. o., Grant co., Wise. : 66 m S W Madison. Drained by Sinsinewa and other affluents of the Miss 1S sippi river Surface rugged ; soil not the most fertile HAZ HEL Lead ore is found in abundance. The v. is situate on the Galena and Platteville Turnpike. Pop. of t. 654. HAZEL GREEN, p. o., Madison co., Ala. : 177 m. N. by W. Montgomery. HAZEL GREEN, p. o., Morgan co., Ky. : S3 m. E. by S. Frankfort. HAZEL GROVE, p. o., Saline county, Mo. : 68 m. W. N.W. Jefferson City. HAZELTON, p. v., Luzerne county, Penn. : 79 m. N. E. Harrisburg. It is a noted mining village, and is connected with the Lehigh navigation by a railroad. Beaver Meadow is a few miles S. of Hazelton. HAZELWOOD, p. o., Ballard co., Ky. : 242 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. HAZLEWOOD, p. v., Chester district, S. Car. : 46 m. N. Columbia. HAZLEWOOD, p. o., "Wright co., Mo. : 104 m. S. by W. Jefferson City. HEADLEY S MILLS, p. o., Fountain county, Ind. : 67 m. W. X. W. Indianapolis. HEAD OF BARREN, p. o., Claiborne county, Tenn. : 173 m. E. by N. Nashville. HEAD OF CLINCH, p. o., Tazewell county, Yirg. : 22S m. W. by S. Richmond. HEAD OF PAINT, p. o., Morgan co., Ky, : at the head of Paint cr. of Big Sandy r., 109 m. E. by S. Frankfort. HEAD OF SASSAFRAS, p. v., Kent eo., Md. : at the head of the river so called, IS m. from its confluence with Chesa peake Bay, and 55 m. N. E. Annapolis. HEAD QUARTERS, p. o., Nicholas co., Ky. : 55 m. E. N. E. Frankfort. HEALING SPRINGS, p. o., Davidson co., N. Car. : 92 m.W. Raleigh. HEARD county, Ga. Situate W. centrally, and contains 267 sq. m. Drained by Chattahooehee river, which passes through its E. half. Surface mostly even, with good mill- sites ; soils very productive ; cotton is the staple production. Farms 512 ; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 724, and pop. wh. 4,520, fr. col. 3, si. 2,400 total 6,923. Capital : Franklin. HHARNVILLE, p. v., Putnam co., Ga. : 27 m. N. by W. Milledgeville. HEART PRAIRIE, p. o.,Walworth co., Wise. : 46 m. E. S. E. Madison. HEARTWELLVILLE, p. v., Bennington co., Verm. : 98 m. S. by W. Montpelier. HEATH, t, and p. v., Franklin county, Mass. : 98 m. W. N. W. Boston. Drained by branches of Deerfield r., one of which affords water-power. Surface mountainous; soil adapted to grazing. There is a central village. Population 803. HEATH S CREEK, p. o., Pettis co., Mo.: on a creek of Eiviere a la Mine so called, 60 m. "W. N. W. Jefferson City. HEATHSVILLE, p. v., Halifax co., N. Car. : 73 m. N. E. Raleigh. HEATIISTILLE, p. v., and cap. Northumberland co., Yirg. : near the head of Coan r., 63 m. E. N. E. Richmond. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and has several industrial establishments, and about 360 inhabitants. HEBBARDSVILLE, p. v., Henderson co., Ky. : 137 m. TV. by S. Frankfort HEBBARDSVILLE, p. v., Athens co., Ohio: 63 m. S. S. E. Columbus. HEBRON, t. and p. v., Tolland co., Conn. : 19 m. S. E. Hartford. Drained by Hop r., a branch of Willimantic r., which forms its N. border, and in the S. the outlet of North Pond affords water-power. Surface hilly and uneven ; soil generally of an average fertility, and good grazing land. The v. has 2 handsome churches, and about 40 neat dwell ings ; and besides the principal v. there are several others. The t. has considerable manufactures (iron, cotton, paper, leather, etc.), and 1,345 inhabitants. HEBRON, p. v., Washington county, Ga. 16 m. S. E. Milledgeville. 284 HEBRON, p. v., Porter co., Ind. : 119 m. N. N. W. Indianapolis. HBBRON, p. v., McHenry co., III.: 194 m. N. N. E. Springfield. HEBRON, t. and p. o., Oxford co., Me. : 37 m. W. S. W. Augusta. Drained by a branch of Androscoggin r. Surface diversified ; soil generally fertile. The v. is located about 2 m. W. of Buckfleld Branch R. R., which passes through the east part of the town. Pop. of t. 839. HEBRON, t. and p. o., Grafton county, N. Ilamp. : 38 m. N. N. W. Concord. Drained by creeks emptying into Newfoundland Lake, which occupies a third of the area of the town. Surface diversified ; soil generally fertile. The v. is located on a stream near the head and west of the lake. Pop. of t 565. HKBRON, t and p. v., Washington co., M Y.: 44 m. N. N. E. Albany. Drained by Black cr. Surface hilly and diversified ; soil sandy loam and fertile. The v. is a small settlement N. of Black r., and contains about 70 inhabitants. In the t. there are some small manufactures. Pop. 2,543. HKBRON, t. and p. o., Potter co., Penn. : 127 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by the head branches of Alleghany r. Surface somewhat broken ; soil generally productive on the whole a good farming section. HEBRON, p. v., Licking co., Ohio : on the Ohio Canal, 27 m. E. Columbus. HEBRON, p. v., Tyler county, Yirg. : 239 m. W. N. W. Richmond. HECKTOWN, p. v., Northampton co., Penn. : 95 m. E. N. E. Ilarrisburg. HECLA, p. o., Carroll county, Tenn.: 97 m. W. by S. Nashville. HECLA WORKS, p. v., Oneida co., N. Y. : 94m. W. N. W. Albany. HECTOR, t. and p. v., Tompkins co., N. Y. : 153 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by streams flowing in opposite directions into Cayuga and Seneca lakes, the latter of which forms its W. border. Surface elevated and undulating ; soil fertile, aiid adapted to grass. Hector is a smalt agricultural village, and there are several others, as Mecklenburg, N. Hector, Logan, Reynolds, Burdett, etc., in the town. Pop. of t. 6,056. HECTOR, t and p. o., Potter co., Penn. : 118 m. N. N. W. Ilarrisburg. HECTOR, p. v., Jay co., Ind. : 73 m. E. N. E. Indianapolis. HEDGERSVILLE, p. v., Berkeley co., Virg. :137 m. N. by W. Richmond. HEIDLERSBTJRGH, p. v., Adams co., Penn. : 24 m. S. W. Harrisburg. HELDERBERG mountains, N. Y. : the N. portion of the Kaatsberg mountains, extending through Albany and Scho- harie counties. They are 400 or 500 feet high, precipitous, and consisting of limestone based on graywacke. Caverns and fossil remains occur in the calcareous formations. HELENA, p. v., and cap. Philips co., Ark. : on the W. side of the Mississippi, 97 m. E. Little Rock. It contains a court house, jail, etc., a IT. S. land office, numerous stores, and has three newspapers, the " Southern Shield" (whig), and the " True Issue" (State-rights), published weekly, and the Bulletin," a monthly issue. It has a large trade with the back country and the settlements on St. Frances r., from which it receives considerable cotton for shipment. There is a very fine range of hills immediately back of the village, the only ones seen along the river for some distance ; and on this account the country is not so liable to be flooded. Helena is thought to be well located for a terminus of a rail road to the Pacific, and as such was highly recommended to the New Orleans Convention of 1852. Pop. about 600. HELENA, p. o., Peoria eo., III. : 76 m. N. Springfield. HELENA, p. v., Mason co., Ky. : 78 m. N. E. Frankfort, HELENA, p. v., St. Lawrence co., Jf. Y. : on St. Regis r., 158 m. N. N. W. Albany. It has several mills, and about 200 inhabitants. HELENA, v. and sta., Newberry dist., & Car. : on the line HEL HEN of the Greenville and Columbia R. R., 4S m. W. N. W. Columbia. The Laureus R. It. here diverges from the main track to Laurens C. H. HKLENA, p. o., Iowa co., Wise. : on the S. side of Wis consin r., 33 m. W. Madison. The Mihvaukie and Missis sippi II. II- will pass through this village. HELKNVILLE, p. v., Jefferson co., Wise,: 43 m. E. by S. Madison. II ELLAM, t. and p. o., York co., Penn. : 21 m. S. E. Har- risburg. Drained by Codorus and Grist creeks of Susque- hanna r., which forms its E. boundary. A bridge crosses the river at Wrightsville 5.690 feet long. Top. 1,622. HELL GATE, or Ilelle Gatt, N. Y. : a passage between the East r. and Long Island Sound, formed by the approxi mation of Great Barn and Long Island, 7 m. N. E. New York City. Jfelle Gatt means Eiust Gate, and has no refer ence to the locality usually meant by its synonym. The rocks and eddies that formerly rendered its passage danger ous to navigation have been removed, and the largest ships can now go through without fear of injury. HELLEN, p. Y., Elk co., Penn. : 142 m. N. W. Harrisburg. HELLERTOWN, p. v., Northampton county, Penn. : 94 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. HELTON, p. v., Ashe county, N. Car. : 173 m. W. by N. Ealeigh. HELTONVILLE, p. v., Lawrence co., Ind.: on Leather- wood cr., 57 m. S. Indianapolis. HKMLO, p. o., Whitesides oountv, J#. : 142 m. N. by W. Springfield. HEMLOCK LAKE, p. o., Livingston co., N. Y. : on the "W. side of the lake so called, 192 m. W. Albany. Hemlock Lake is 6 m. long and 1 m. wide, and discharges its waters into the outlet of Honeoye Lake. HEMMINGFORD, T., Clinton co., K Y.: on the line of the riattsburg and Montreal R. R., 26 m. N. Plattsburg. HBMPFIELD, p. v., Lancaster county, Penn. : 29 m. S. E. Harrisburg. HKMPHILL S STORE, p. o., Mecklenburgh co., N. Car. : 124 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. HKMPSTEAD county, Ark. Situate S. "W., and contains 1,804 sq. m. Drained by Saline Bayou, and other affluents of Red r., its S. W. boundary, and by affluents of Little Missouri r., its N. E. boundary, and a branch of Waehita r. Surface level or slightly rolling, and well wooded ; soils of moderate fertility, producing the grains and some cotton. Farms 550; manuf. 8; dwell. 55, and pop. wh. 5,180, fr. col. 32, si. 2,460 total 7,672. Capital: Washington. HEMPSTEAD, t. and p. v., Queens co., N. Y.: 128 m. S. Albany. Surface level ; soil sand and sandy loam, requir ing good cultivation. Hempstead Plains are a tract of some 15,000 acres, lying in a state of nature and common to the town. The village is situate on the S. margin of these plains, and contains 1,600 inhabitants. It has numerous stores, mechanic shops, etc., and a newspaper, the " II. En- qninr: is published weekly. Several islands belong to this t., and Hockaway Beach on the Atlantic, a place of resort for fashion in the summer season. Much garden produce is brought from this t. to New York. Pop. 8,S11. A branch of the Long Island R. R., 8 m. long, extends to Hempstead village. HEMPSTEAD BRANCH, p. v., Queens co., N. Y. : at the di- Tergence of Hempstead Branch R. R. from the Long Island E. R., 20 m. from Brooklyn. HENBY, p. o., Montgomery co., Ohio: 69 m. W. by S. Columbus. HENDERSON county, III. Situate W. toward the N., and contains 389 sq. m. Drained by Henderson s r. and Elison s and Honey creeks, affluents of the Mississippi, its W. bound ary. Surface generally level; soil productive, a part well timbered and part prairie. Farms 420; manuf. 27; dwell. 820, and pop. wh. 4,610, fr. col. 2 total 4,612. Capital: Oquawka. Public Works : Oquawka and Peoria R. R. HENDERSON county, Ky. Situate N. W., and contains 502 sq. in. Drained by affluents of Green r., its S. E. boundary, and smaller affluents of the Ohio, its N. bound ary. Surface various, with good mill streams ; soil fertile. Tobacco is the staple. Wheat and corn yield largely, and pork is an export. Farms 1,087; manuf. 44; dwell. 1,337, and pop. wh. 7,654, fr. col. 120, si. 4,397 total 12,171. Gipital: Henderson. Public W*rks : Nashville and Hen derson R. R. HENDERSON county, AT. Car. Situate W., and contains 422 sq. m. Drained by numerous heads of French Broad r., a branch of Nolichucky r., a head of the Tennessee. Surface broken and mountainous, having on the E. and S. ranges of high hills separating the Atlantic streams from the affluents of the Ohio ; soil fertile and finely adapted to grazing. Farms 413; manuf. 1 ; dwell. 931, and pop. wh. 5,892, fr. col. 37, si. 924 total 6,853. Capital: Henderson- yille. HENDERSON county, Term. Situate W., and contains 914 sq. m. Drained E. by Beech r., and other affluents of Ten nessee r., and W. by heads of Big Hatchee and Forked Deer rivers, affluents of the Mississippi. Surface level, and soil fertile. The grains flourish, cotton is grown largely, and much pork fattened. Farms 973 ; manuf. 25 ; dwell. 1,793, and pop. wh. 10,571, fr. col. 1, si. 2,592 total 13,164. Capital : Lexington. HENDERSON county, Tear. Situate N. E. centrally, and contains 1,189 sq. m. Drained by Cedar, Walnut, and Otter creeks, affluents of Trinity r., its W. boundary, and Kickapoo, Flat, and Caddo creeks, branches of Neches r., its E. boundary. Surface level or undulating ; soil on the Trinity rich loam, on the Neches more sandy, and between " hickory uplands," which are exceedingly fertile and easily cultivated. Much of the county is a forest of fine timber, black walnut, hickory, oak, and pine. Trinity r. is boat- able part of the year. Iron ore exists in large quantities, and silicifled or petrified trees, so hard as to be used for flints, are found projecting from the ground or lying on the surface. Cotton and corn give large returns, and wild grapes abound on eve:>- stream. Farms 106; manuf. 0; dwell. 192, and pop. wh. 1,155, fr. col. 1, si. 81 total 1,237. Capital: Athens. HENDERSON, p. v., Knox co., III. : 93 m. N.W. Springfield. HENDERSON, p. v., and cap. Henderson co., Ky. : on tho S. bank of Ohio r., 14S m. W. by S. Frankfort. It is a prin cipal shipping port for the tobacco, corn, etc., of the Green r. country, and it has also a considerable supply of coal and iron in its vicinity. It contains a court-house, 7 churches, 5 schools, 18 or 20 stores, 5 or 6 large tobacco factories, and about 1,800 inhabitants. Two newspapers, the "South Kentuckian" (whig), and the " Democratic Banner" (dem.), are published weekly. HENDERSON, p. v., Granville co., A r . Car. : on the line of the Gaston and Raleigh R. R., 45 m. N. Raleigh. HENDERSON, t. and p. v., Jefferson co., N. Y. : 143 m. N.W. Albany. Drained by Stony and Little Stony creeks of Lake Ontario, on which the t. fronts. Surface level ; soil sandy loam. Several considerable islands in the lake belong to this t., and the W. part of the mainland is peninsular. The v. called Henderson Harbor, at the head of Hungry Bay, is a port, and has considerable trading facilities; it has a good landing, and contains about 20 dwellings. The principal v. lies 3 m. back on Stony cr., and is double the size of the former place. The t. has several mills, etc., but is almost wholly agricultural. Pop. 2,239. The Ellisburg and Sackcts Harbor R. R. runs along the E. end of the township. HENDERSON, p. o., Houston co., Ga. : 51 m. S. S. W Milledgeville. HENDERSON, p. v., Mercer co., Penn. : 1S9 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. HENDERSON, p. v., and cap. Rusk co., Tex. : at the head of Big Shawnee cr., a constituent of Angelina r., 236 m. N. E. Austin City. It is a considerable v., and has three 286 HEN HEN newspapers, the " Texas Whig," the " JEgis of Truth," and the " Flag of the Union." Pop. about 800. HENDERSON S MILLS, p. o., Greene co., Term. : 218 m. E. Nashville. HENDERSONVILLE, p. v., and cap. Henderson co., N. Car. : on Mud cr. of French Broad r., 218 m. TV. S. W. Raleigh. It contains a court-house, etc., several stores, and about 300 inhabitants. HENDERSONVILLE, p. v., Suraner co., Tenn. : about 1 mile N. of Cumberland r., 16 in. N. E. Nashville. HENDBEXSVILLE, p. v., Henry county, Ky. : 26 m. N. "W. Frankfort. HENDRICK S county, Ind. Situate centrally, and contains 3S7 sq. m. Drained by Eel r., and White Lick and Mad creeks, head waters of White r. In the S. and N. W. the surface is undulating, elsewhere the county is level. More than half the soil is a rich loam mixed with sand. The staple products are wheat, corn, and pork. Farms 1,444 ; manuf. 10; dwell. 2,390, and pop. wh. 14,047, fr. col. 86 total 14,083. Capital: Danville. Public Works: Terre Haute and Richmond R. R. HENDRICK S, sta., Putnam co., Ind. : on the line of the Terre Haute and Richmond R. R., 44 m. W. Indianapolis. HENDRICK S p. o., Yazoo co., Miss. : 32 m. N.W. Jackson. HENDRICK S MILLS, p. o., Russell county, Yirg. : 26S m. W. by S. Richmond. HENDRICK S STORE, p. o., Bedford county, Yirg. : 131 m. W. by S. Richmond. HENDRICKSVILLE, p. v., De Kalb co., Ala. : 152 m. N. by E. Montgomery. HENDRYSBURGH, p. v., Belmont Co., Ohio: 94 m. E. Columbus. HENLOPEN cape, Del. : the S. W. point at the entrance of Delaware Bay, IS m. S. W. from Cape May, the opposite point A lighthouse is located here. Lat. 86 47 N., and Ion. 75 6 W. HENLY S STORE, p. o., Franklin co., Ga. : 100 m. N. Milledgeville, HENNEPIN, p. v., and cap. Putnam co., III. : on the E. bank of the Illinois r., at its great bend, 102 m. N. Spring field. It has an elevated and pleasant position, the ground rising gently from the river. It contains a court-house, jail etc., numerous stores and mechanic shops, and about 80( inhabitants. Steamboats ascend to this point at a moderate stage of the water. HENNIKER, t and p. v., Merrimac co., W. Hamp. : 13 m W. by S. Concord. Drained by Contoocook r., which affords water-power. In the W. part of the L is Long Pond which discharges itself into the Contoocook. Surface hilly soil moderately fertile. There are several villages in the t. the principal v. near the centre. The New Hampshire Central R. R. and the Contoocook Valley R. R. cross each other in passing through Henniker. Pop. 1,696. HENNING S p. o., Gibson county, Tenn. : 122 m. Nashville. HENRICO county, Yirg. Situate E., and contains 268 sq m. Drained by affluents of James r., which bounds it S. and by Chickahominy r., its N. E. boundary. Surface un dulating or broken, and much diversified ; soil good, pro ducing the cereals and tobacco; but the chief wealth of th co. arises from its vast mineral resources, its extensive com merce and growing manufactures. The great natural pro duct of the earth is bituminous coal, deposits of whicl extend over a large part of it, and which is much sough after for its superior quality. The mines are deep, an widely wrought, and the quantity of coal annually brough up and exported, very great. Lying along the noble Jame r., at the head of navigation for the largest vessels, it has fine situation for commanding the transportation of the pro ducts of the immense and fertile region of which it is th outlet. Ships from its ports visit all quarters of the work loaded with corn, flour, wheat, tobacco, and coal. The falls oi James r. furnish the best of water-power, with scarcely limit to its extent. This has been used in part, and hero re the largest flouring establishments in the State, and the est cotton and woolen factories. Though not a great agri- ultural county, its situation and other natural advantages ake it one of the most important in the State. Farmg 54 ; manuf. 230 ; dwell. 5,317, and pop. wh. 23,800, fr. col. !, si. 16,109 total 43,572. Capital: Richmond. Public Vbrks: James River Canal; Richmond, Frederick and otomac R. R. ; Virginia Central R. R., etc. HENRIC S FORK, p. o., Gilmer co., Yirg. : 222 m. W. N. W. lichmond. HENRIETTA, t. and p. o., Jackson co., Mich. : 26 m. S. S. E. ^ansing. Drained by Portage cr. of Grand r. There are everal ponds in the t., and a considerable portion is narshy. Pop. 832. HENRIETTA, t. and p. v., Monroe county, 2T. Y. : 193 m. V. by N. Albany. Drained by tributaries of Genesee r., which marks the W. border, and of Irondequoit cr. Surface oiling; soil sand and clayey loam, very fertile. The v. contains about 200 inhabitants. The industry of the t. is devoted almost wholly to agriculture. Pop. 2,513. HENRIETTA, t. and p. o., Lorain co., Ohio : 97 m. N. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Vermillion r. and other streams, which run northward to Lake Erie. Surface diversified; soil generally fertile. The v. is located on the old post road. Pop. of 1 1,042. HENRIETTA, p. o., Montgomery co., Tenn. : 47 m. N. W. Nashville. HENRY county, Ala. Situate in S. E. corner, and con- ;ains 9S2 sq. m. Drained W. by head of Choctawatchie r., S. by heads of Chipola r., a tributary of Appalachicola r., and E. by affluents of Chattahoochee r., which forms its E. boundary. Surface varied, affording water-power, to work up the pine timber that covers much of it. Cotton is the staple. Farms 671 ; manuf. ; dwell. 1,142, and pop. wh. 6,775, fr. col. 1, si. 2,242 total 9,019. Capital : Abbeville. PublicWorks: Fort Gainesand Pensacola R. R. HENRY county, Ga. Situate N. W. centrally, and con tains 3S7 sq. m. A head of Ockmulgee r. drains it N. E., and a branch its S. part. Surface diversified, and soils very productive of cotton and the grains. Farms 1,003 ; manuf. 3 ; dwell. 1,680, and pop. wh. 9,743, fr. col. 14, si. 4,969 total 14,726. Capital : McDonough. Public Works : Macou and Western R. R. HENRY county, III. Situate N. W., and contains 804 sq. m. Drained by Spoon r., an affluent of Illinois r., and Ed wards r. of the Mississippi in the S., and in the N. by Green r., a branch of Rock r., which bounds it N. W. Surface un dulating or level ; soil of great fertility, the river bottoms especially, and makes this a great farming county. Farms 281 ; manuf. ; dwell. 772, and pop. wh. 3,807, fr. col. total 3,807. Capital: Morristown. Public Works : Chicago and Rock Island R. R. HENRY county, Ind. Situate E. middle, and contains 413 sq. m. Drained by Blue r. and Falls cr. Surface level or undulating, and, with the exception of a small extent of prairie in the N., the land was originally well timbered. Wheat and corn are ihe chief staples, and a large amount of stock is raised. Farms 1,666 ; manuf. 124 ; dwell. 3,064; and pop. wh. 17,380, fr. col. 225 total 17,605. Capital: Newcastle. Public Works : Indiana Central R. R. ; Rich mond and Newcastle R. R. HENRY county, la. Situate S. E., and contains 432 sq. m. Drained by Chicagua or Skunk r., an affluent of Mississippi r., and its branches. Surface elevated, with good mill seats and a few prairies; soil highly productive of all the grains and grasses. Farms 947 ; manuf. 26 ; dwell. 1 ,545, and pop. wh. 8,695, fr. col. 12 total 9,707. Capital: Mount Pleasant. HENRY county, Ky. Situate N. in E. part, and contains 263 sq. m. Drained by Little Kentucky r., an affluent of Ohio r., in the W., and E. by branches of Kentucky r., its E. boundary. Surface diversified; soils very fertile. To- HEN HER bacco is the staple, but corn and wheat are largely grown, and many swine fattened. Farms 1,029 ; manuf. 75 ; dwell. 1,4.33, and pop. wh. 8,3T6, fr. col. 53, si. 3,013 total 11,442. Capital ; New Castle. Public Works : Louisville and Frankfort R. R., and Louisville and Covington R. R. HKNRY county, Mo. Situate W. centrally, and contains 755 sq. m. Drained by South Grand r., a branch of Osage r., and its affluents Big Thibeau r., Honey, Tebo, and Deepwater creeks. Surface varied, with considerable high land and much good timber ; soil well adapted to grazing and grain growing. Farms 385 ; manuf. 11 ; dwell. 561, and pop. wh. 8,377, fr. col. 3, si. 672 total 4,052. Capital: Clinton. HEXEY county, Ohio. Situate N. "W., and contains 516 sq. m. Maumee r. crosses it from "W. to E., and its branches drain it. Surface level or undulating, and soil fertile. Farms 807; manuf. 15; dwell. 610, and pop. wh. 3,435, fr. col. total 3,435. Capital : Napoleon. Public Works: Wabash and Erie Canal ; Fort "Wayne, Perrysburg, and Sandusky E.R. HENRY county, Tenn. Situate N. W., and contains 828 sq. m. Bounded E. by Big Sandy r., an affluent of Tennes see r., and drained W. by heads of Obion r., an affluent of the Mississippi. Surface level, and soil remarkably fertile. Tobacco is the leading staple ; wheat is a good crop, cotton is grown and many swine fatted. Farms 1,478 ; manuf. 51 ; dwell. 2,245, and pop. wh. 13,392, fr. col. 20, si. 4,821 total 18,233. Capital: Paris. Public Works: Nashville and Mississippi R. R. HENRY county, Yirg. Situate 8. centrally, and contains 858 sq. m. Drained by branches of Smith s r. and other affluents of Dan r., a branch of the Roanoke. Surface broken, affording good water privileges; soil highly pro ductive. Tobacco is the staple. Farms 528 ; manuf. 41 ; dwell. 986, and pop. wh. 5,324, fr. col. 208, si. 3,340 total 8,872. Capital: Martinsville. HENRT, p. v., Marshall county, III. : on the W. side of Illinois r., 92 m. N. by E. Springfield. HENRY, p. o., Spartanburgh dist., S. Car.: 93 m. N. "W. Columbia, HENRY, p. o., Lawrence county, Tenn. : 79 S. S. "W. Nashville. HESBY, p. o., Sussex county, Yirg.: 47 m. S. S. E. Richmond. HENRY cape, Yirg. : on the S. side of the entrance to Chesapeake Bay, 12 m. 8. of Cape Charles, the opposite point. Lfit. 36 58 N., and Ion. 76 21 W. HKNRY CLAY FACTORY, p. o., New Castle co., Del. HENRY S CROSS ROADS, p. o., Sevier co., Tenn. : 177m. E. Nashville. HENRYSVILLE, p. T., Monroe county, Penn. : 97 m. N. E. Ilarrisburg. HENRYVILLE, v. and sta., Clarke co., Ind. : on the line of the Jeffersonyille R. R., 19 m. N. Jefferson, and 88 m. S. Indianapolis. HEPBURN, t and p. o., Lycoming county, Penn.: 74m. N. by W. Ilarrisburg. Lycoming and Loyalsock creeks bound it W. and E. Surface hilly and mountainous ; soil slate and gravel. The L has numerous mills and several manufacturing establishments. Pop. 1,701. HERBERT, p. o., Kemper co., Miss.: 86 m. E. N. E. Jackson. HEKCULANEUM, p. v., Jefferson co., Mo. : on the "W". bank of Mississippi r., 23 m. below St. Louis, and 102 m. E. by S. Jefferson City. It is a thriving v., and one of the chief shipping ports of the Missouri lead region. There are several shot towers and factories in the vicinity. Pop. about 600. HEREFORD, p. v., Baltimore co., Md. : 48 m. N. by W. Annapolis. HEREFORD, t and p. o., Berks co., Penn. : 72 m. E. by N. Ilarrisburg. Drained by the branches of Perkiomen cr. Surface diversified. Shoub s Mountain being on the N. E. boundary ; soil generally fertile. There are several manu factures and numerous mills in the town, and 1,417 inhab itants. HEREFORD S, p. o., Mason co., Yirg. : on the E. side of Ohio r., 263 m. W. N. W. Richmond. HERKIMER county, N. Y. Situate E. centrally, and con tains 1,370 sq. m. Drained N. by heads of Oswegatchie r., an affluent of St. Lawrence r., Beaver r., Moose r., Inde pendence and Otter creeks, branches of Black r., which flows into Lake Ontario, and S. by East and "West Canada creeks, affluents of Mohawk r., which passes through it. Sur face much broken. The Adirondack Mountains occupy the E., crossing the Mohawk at Little Falls, and the Chateaugay and Otsquaga ranges cover much of the co. with high hills. Soil on the Mohawk very rich ; in the N. are extensive forests and the best of grazing, the co. being noted for its fine cattle and large dairies. It is well timbered, and the N. abounds in pine and hemlock. It also has great facilities for manufactures in W. Canada cr., which falls 23 feet per mile, and the Little Falls of the Mohawk, which descends 42 feet in three-quarters of a mile. The last are celebrated for their beauty, the river bed lying 300 to 400 feet below the banks it has cut through. Minerals of almost every kind are found, iron ore, lead, limestone, and gypsum, being the most useful, and others, noted the world over for the perfection and beauty of their crystals. Its staples are agricultural, butter, cheese, wool, and cattle. Farms 2,723 ; manuf. 277 ; dwell. 6,664, and pop. wh. 38,062, fr. col. 1S2 total 38.244. Capital: Herkimer. Public Works: Erie Canal; Utica and Schenectady R. R. ; Mohawk Valley R. R. ; Saratoga and Sackett s Harbor R. R. HERKIMER, t., p. v., and cap. Herkimer co., 2f. Y.: 66 m. "W. N. "W. Albany. Drained by "West Canada and other creeks of Mohawk r., which last runs along the S. border. Surface level in the S., being occupied by extensive alluvial flats in the N. it is somewhat hilly ; soil generally fertile. The v. on the N. bank of the Mohawk contains the court house, jail, etc., and has about 1,200 inhabitants. The " II. Democrat" is issued weekly. In the t. there are flouring and other mills, tanneries, stores, etc. Pop. 2,602. HERMAN, t. and p. o., Dodge co., Wise. : 53 m. E. N. E. Madison. Drained by affluents of Rock r. It is a fine agricultural section, and is connected with Milwaukie by a plank-road. HERMANN, p. o., Ripley county, Ind. : 68 m. S. E. Indianapolis. A small German settlement. HERMANN, p. v., and cap. Gasconade co., Mo. : on the S. bank of Missouri r., 42 m. E. by N. Jefferson City. It con tains the county buildings and several stores, and is chiefly inhabited by Germans. It is a place which, in the progress of events, must become of commercial importance. The " II. Wochenblatt" (dem.) is published weekly, and the " Licht Freund" (rationalist), monthly. Pop. about 700. In this vicinity, the cultivation of the vine is a prominent business ; at least 200 acres of land are now devoted to this department of industry, and the quantity of wine manufac tured has averaged, for the last few years, 18,000 to 20,000 gallons. HERMITAGE, p. o., Point Coupee par., La. : 42 m. N. W Baton Rouge. HERMITAGE, p. v., Floyd co., Ga. : near the Oostanaula r 142 m. N. W. Milledgeville. HERMITAGE, p. o., Decatur co., Tenn. : 81 m. "W. S. "W Nashville. HERMITAGE, p. v., Coles county, III.: 62 m. E. by S Springfield. HERMITAGE, v. and sta., Suffolk co., 2f. Y. : on the line of the Long Island R. R., 89 m. from Brooklyn and 6 m from Greenport. HERMITAGE, p. o., "Wyoming county, 2f. Y. : 219 m. "W. Albany. HERMITAGE, p. o., Mercer co., Penn. : 207 m. "W". N. W Harrisburg. 28T HER HIG HERMITAGE, p. v., Augusta co., Virg. : 107 m. "W. N. W Rich mond. HERMITAGE, p. T., Hickory co., Mo.: on the E. side of Pomme de Terre r., 78 m. S. W. Jefferson City. HERMOX, t. and p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : 55 m. N. E Augusta. Drained on the N. W. by a branch of Kendus- keag r., and in the S. by SowadabScook r., which passes through several large ponds. Surface elevated and rolling; soil moderately productive. Pop. 1,374. HERMON, t and p. o., St. Lawrence co., N.Y.: 186 m. N. N. W. Albany. Drained by small affluents of Grass and Oswegatchie rivers. Surface rolling ; soil clay-loani, adapt- to grazing. Timber very abundant, and iron, etc., exists in large quantities. Pop. 1,692. The "Watertown and Pots dam R. E. will run on the W. border of Hermon. HERNANDO, p. v., and cap. De Soto co., Miss. : on the N. of Coldwater r., and about 20 m. E. of Mississippi r., 168 m. N. Jackson. It contains a court-house, several stores, and about 400 inhabitants ; and a newspaper, the " People s Press" (dem.), is issued weekly. A railroad has been pro jected hence to Commerce, on the Mississippi river. HEROD, p. o., Bartholomew co., Ind. : 40 m. S. S. E. Indianapolis. HERRICK, t, and p. o., Bradford county, Penn.: 112 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. HERIUNG, p. o., Allen co., Ohio : 86 m. N. W. Columbus. HKKIIIOTTSVILLK, p. v., Alleghany co., Penn. : 173 m. W. Harrisburg. HEHEOUTOWN, p. v., Randolph co., Ga. : 184 m. S. W. Milledgeville. HERTFORD county, IT. Car. Situate N. E., and contains 339 sq. m. Drained by Meherrin r., and other affluents of Chowan r., which is its E. boundary. Surface low and level, with a good growth of pine; soil moderately fertile. Much lumber is exported. Farms 37S; manuf. 20; dwell. 631, and pop. wh. 8,553, fr. col. 873, si. 3,716 total 8,142. Capital: Murfreesboro . HERTFORD, p. v., and cap. Perquimans co., N. Car. : on the S. bank of Perquimans r., near its entrance into the bay of the same name, 132 m. E. N. E. Raleigh. It con tains a court-house, etc., and has about 200 inhabitants. Perquimans Bay is an arm of Albemarle Sound, and ad mits the navigation of vessels of considerable burden. HESS ROAD, p. o., Niagara co., N. Y. : 272 m. W. by N. Albany. HE^SVILLE, p. v., Montgomery co., N. Y. : 42 m.W. N.W. Albany. HESTER, p. v., Marion county. Mo.: 87 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. HETRICK S, p. o., York county, Penn. : 35 m. S. by E. Harrisburg. HEUVELTON, p. v., St. Lawrence co., Jf. Y. : on the N. or right bank of Oswegatchie r., 7 m. above Ogdensburg and 152 m. N. N. W. Albany. It contains several mills, stores, etc., and about 300 inhabitants. HEVKNER S STORE, p. o., Highland county, Virg. : 136 m. W. N. W. Richmond. HEWIT, p. v., Boone county, Virg. : 242 m. W. by N. Richmond. HIBE:INIA, p. o., Clark county, Ind. : 92 m. S. 8. E. Indianapolis. HiiiERNiA, p. v., Callaway co.,Mo.: on the N. side of Missouri r., opposite Jefferson City. HIBKRNIA, p. o., Butler co., Perm. : 173 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. HIBERNIA, p. o., Duval co., Flor. : 163 m. E. Tallahassee. HIBERNIA. p. v., Franklin co., Ohio: on the E. side of Big Walnut or., 8 m. E. Columbus. HIEERNIA, p.^o., Duchess co., y. Y. HICKEKSOX S CROSS ROADS, p. o., Morgan co., Ohio : 63 m. E. S. E. Columbus. HICKMAN county, Ky. Situate W., and contains 224 sq. m. Bounded W. by Mississippi r., and drained by Little 258 Obion r., and other of its affluents. Surface diversifled, and soil generally very fertile. The staple is tobacco, but corn and the other grains are large crops, and swine are raised in large numbers. Farms 546 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 656, and pop. wh. 3,982, fr. col. 18, si. 841 total 4,791. Capital: Columbus. Public Works: Mobile and Ohio R. E. HICKMAN county, Tenn. Situate W. centrally, and con tains 596 sq. m. Intersected by Duck r., a tributary of the Tennessee, and drained by its numerous branches. Surface varied, and soil productive of tobacco, the grains, and some cotton, and supporting great numbers of swine. Farms 778 ; manuf. 16 ; dwell. 1,296, and pop. wh. 7,559, fr. col. 22, si. 1,816 total 9,397. Capital: Vernon. HICKMAN (formerly MILLS POINT), p. v., and cap. Fulton county, Ky. : on the E. bank of the Mississippi r., 266 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., sev eral forwarding and commission houses, 14 or 15 stores, and a large tobacco stemmery. It is the shipping port of a large and fertile agricultural district ; and here is published the " II. News Letter" (neutral), a weekly issue. Pop. about 600. HICKMAN S BEND, p. o., Mississippi co., Ark. : 126 m. N. E. Little Rock. HICKORY county, Mo. Situate W. centrally, and contains 396 sq. m. Drained by Little Pomme de Terre r., and other affluents of the Osage. Surface undulating or prairie ; soil very good, well timbered, and adapted to grazing. Farms 190; manuf. 6; dwell. 364, and pop. wh. 2,143, fr. col. 1, si. 185 total 2,329. Capital: Hermitage. HICKORY, p. o., Carroll county, Ohio : 106 m. E. N. E. Columbus. HICKORY, p. v., Washington county, Penn. : 192 m. W. Harrisburg. HICKORY, p. v., Lake co., III. : 202 m. N. E. Springfield. HICKORY BARREN, p. o., Greene co., Mo. : 104 in. S. W. Jefferson City. HICKORY CORNERS, p. o., Barry co., Mich. : 42 m.W. S.W. Lansing. HICKORY CORNERS, p. o., Niagara co., N. Y.: 248 m. W. by N. Albany. HICKORY CREEK, p. o., Audrain co., Mo. : on a cr. of Au Cuivre r. so called, 52 m. N. E. by N. Jefferson City. HICKORY CBEEK, p. o., Coffee county, Tenn. : 67 m. S. E. Nashville. HICKORY CREEK, p. o., Fayette co., III. : on the creek of Kaskaskia r. so called, 68 m. S. S. E. Springfield. HICKORY FLAT, p. o., Cherokee co., Ga. : 108 m. N. N.W. Milledgeville. HICKORY FLAT, p. o., Simpson co., Ky. : 132 m. S. W. Frankfort. HICKORY FLAT, p. o., Tippah co., Miss. : 164 m. N. N. E. Jackson. HICKORY FORK, p. o., Gloucester county, Virg,: 48 m. E. by S. Richmond. HICKORY GROUND, p. o., Norfolk co., Virg. : 93 m. S. E. Richmond. HICKORY GROVE, p. o., Montgomery co., Ala. : 24 m. 8. Montgomery. HICKORY GROVE, p. o., Crawford co., Ga. : 49 m.W. S.W. Milledgeville. HICKORY GROVE, p. o., Jackson county, Mich. : 38 m. 8. Lansing. HICKORY GROVE, p. o., Oktibbeha co., Mm. : 118 m. N. E. Jackson. HICKORY GROVE, p. o., Warren co., Mo. : 60 m. E. by N. Jefferson City. HICKORY GROVE, p. o., Jackson county, la. : 63 m. N. E. Iowa City. HICKORY GBOVTS, p. o., York disL, S. Car. : 77 m. N. Columbia. HICKORY HEAD, p. o., Lancaster dist., S. Car. : 59 m. N. by E. Columbia. HICKORY HILL, p. o., Marion co., Itt.: 96 m. S. 8. E. Springfield. me HIG HICKORY HILL, p. o., Chester co., Penn. : 67 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. HICKORY HILL, p. v., Cole county, Mo. : 17 m. S. W. Jefferson City. HICKOIIY HILL, p. o., Beaufort dist., S. Car. : 105 m. 8. Columbia. HICKOKY HILL, p. o., Cass county, Tex. : 2S8 m. N. E. Austin City. HICKORY LEVEL, p. o., Talladega co., Ala. : 92 m. N. by E. Montgomery. HICKORY LEVEL, p. o., Carroll co., Ga. : 114 m. W. N. W. Milledgeville. HICKORY PLAIN, p. o., Prairie co., Ark. : 33 m. E. S. E. Little Eock. . HICKORY PLAINS, p. o., Tishemingo co., Miss. : 196 m. N. E. Jackson. HICKORY POINT, p. o., M Donough co., III. : 76 m. N.W. Springfield. HICKORY POINT, p. o., Lake co., Ind. : 136 m. N. W. Indianapolis. HICKORY EUN, p. o., Carbon co., Penn. : 67 m. N. E. Harrisburg. HICKORY TAVERN, p. o., Harford co., Md. : 47 m. N. N. E. Annapolis. HICKORY WITHE, p. o., Fayette county, Tenn. : 161 m. TV. S.W. Nashville. HICKSBURGU, p. v., Dorchester co., Md. : 67 m. S. E. Annapolis. HICKSFORD, p. v., and cap. Greenville co., Virg. : on the right bank of Meherrin r., 62 m. S. Eichmond. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and has about 150 inhabitants. The Petersburg E. E. passes near the v., and here forms a junc tion with the Greenville and Eoanoke E. E., which at Gaston connects with the Ealeigh E. E., etc. HICKSHIRVILLE, p. v., Schuylkill co., Penn. HICK S MILLS, p. o., De Kalb co., III. : on Sycamore r., 162 m. N. by E. Springfield. HICKSVILLE, p. v., Eutherford county, 2f. Car. : 192 m. TV. S. W. Ealeigh. HICKSVILLE, t. and p. v., Defiance county, Ohio : 128 m. N. TV. Columbus. Drained by affluents of Maumee river. Surface varied, but mostly level ; soil sandy loam or allu vion. The v. is a small agricultural settlement. Popula tion of t 507. HICKVILLE, p. v., Oakland co., Mich. : 56 m. E. by S. Lansing. Hico, p. o., Carroll co., Tenn. : 89 m.W. by S. Nashville. HIGGANUM, p. v., Middlesex co., Conn. : on the E. side of Connecticut r., 21 m. S. by E. Hartford. It has a conve nient lauding. HIGGINS, p. o., Fayette co., III. : 58 m. S. S. E. Springfield. HIGGIN S FERRY,p.v.,Edgcfield dist., S. Car. : onSaluda river, 44 m. TV. by N. Columbia. HIGGINSPORT, p. v., Brown co., Ohio: on the N. bank of the Ohio r., at the mouth of White Oak cr., 91 m. S. S. W. Columbus. It is a considerable v., containing 536 inhabit ants, and has several mills and stores, and enjoys some river trade. HIGGINSVILLE, p. v., Oneida co., N. Y. : 98 m. K W. Albany. HIGGINSVILLE, p. v.,Vermillion co., III. : 112 m. E. N. E. Springfield. HIGGINSVILLE, p. v., Hampshire county, Virg. : 162 m. N. W. Eichmond. HIGH BLUE, p. o., Jackson co., Mo.: 126 m. W. by N. Jefferson City. HIGH FALLS, p. v., Ulster co., N. Y. : at the high falls of Eondout cr., 116 in. S. by W. Albany. It contains several extensive mills, 6 stores, and 60 or 70 dwellings. About half a mile below the falls is a celebrated sulphur spring. The Delaware and Hudson Canal follows the valley of Eon dout creek. HIGHGATE, t and p. v. Franklin countv, Verm. : 53 m. N2 N. N. W. Montpelier. Drained by Missisqui r. in the S., and Eock r. in the N., and situate on Missisqui Bay, an arm of Lake Champlain. The t has fine water-power. Surface diversified ; soil sandy loam. Bog-iron ore is found here. The v. is located at the S. extremity of the bay, and is a small but pleasant settlement. Pop. of t. 2,653. HIGHGATE SPRING, p. o., Franklin county, Verm. : 55 m. N. N. W. Montpelier. HIGH GROVE, p. o., Nelson county, Ky. : 47 m. S. W. Frankfort. HIGH HILL, p. o., Montgomery co., Mo. : 54 m. N. E. Jefferson City. HIGH HILL, p. o., Muskingum co., Ohio : 57 m. E. by N". Columbus. HIGHLAND county, Ohio. Situate S., and contains 468 sq. m. Drained by Paint and Eattlesnake creeks of the Scioto r., Brush and White Oak creeks of Ohio r., and E. fork of Little Miami. Surface high and rolling, and soil very fertile. It has fine water privileges, and some timber, is an excellent farming co., and exports wool and pork. Farms 2,323 ; manuf. 151 ; dwell. 4,477, and pop. wh. 24,952, fr. col. 829 total 25,781. Capital: Hillsboro . Pullio Works: Cincinnati, Hillsboro , and Parkersburg E. E. HIGHLAND county, Virg. Situate centrally, and contains 436 sq. m. Drained by heads of S. fork of Potomac r. iu the N. ; in the S. by Cow Pasture r., and other heads of James river. Surface elevated, the county lying between the Alle- ghany and Shenandoah Mts., but a fine table-land of great fertility, producing the grains abundantly and feeding many cattle and sheep. Farms 3S9 ; manuf. 7 ; dwell. 651, and pop. wh. 3,S53j fr. col. 10, si. 364 total 4,227. Capital : Monterey. HIGHLAND, p. v., Vermillion co., Ind. : on the W. side of Wabash r., 64 m. W. Indianapolis. HIGHLAND, v., Clay co., Ind. : on the line of the Terre Haute and Eichmond E. E., 55 m. W. S. W. Indianapolis, and 12 m. from Terre Haute. HIGHLAND, p. o., Tishemingo co., Miss. : 197 m. N. E. Jackson. HIGHLAND, p. v., Madison co., III. : 73 m. S. Springfield. HIGHLAND, p. o., Shelby county, Ala. : 63 m. N. by W. Montgomery. HIGHLAND, t. and p. o., Oakland co., Mich. : 48 m. E. by S. Lansing. It lies on the high land forming the shed between the Shiawassee and Huron rivers. Pop. 851. HIGHLAND, p. v., Eitchie county, Virg. : 238 m. N. TV. Eichmond. HIGHLAND, p. v., Highland co., Ohio : on Lee s cr., 53 m. S. W. Columbus. HIGHLAND, p. o., Bath co., Ky. : 62 m. E. Frankfort HIGHLAND, p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : 113 m. N. Harris- burg. HIGHLAND, p. v., Jackson co., Tenn. : on the W. or right side of Cumberland r., 66 m. E. N. E. Nashville. HIGHLAND, p. o., Iowa county, Wise. : 42 m. W. by 8. Madison. HIGHLAND, p. o., Jackson co., Mo. : on the W. side of Little Blue r., 123 m. W. by N. Jefferson City. HIGHLAND GROVE, p. o., Greenville dist., S. Car. : 112 m. N. W. Columbia. HIGHLAND GROVE, p. o., Harford co., Md. : 62 m. N. Annapolis. HIGHLAND MILLS, p. v., Orange co., N. Y. : 90 m. S. by W. Albany. Here are several mills and stores, and about 30 dwellings. HIGHLAND MILLS, p. o., Morgan county, Virg. : 152 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. HIGHLANDS (Matteawan or Fishkill Mountains), N. Y. See FISHKILL MOUNTAINS. HIGH MARKET, p. v., Lewis co., N. Y. : 117 m. N. W. Al bany. HIGH PINE. p. o., Eandolph county, Ala. : 86 m. N. E. Montgomery. HIG HIL HIGH POINT, p. o., Mercer co., III. : on Edwards r., 114 m. N. W. Springfield. HIGH POINT, p. o., Cole co., Mo. HIGHLAND PRAIKIE, p. o., M Henry county, 111. : 194 m. N. N. E. Springfield. HIGH PUDGE, p. o., Fairfield county, Conn. : 47 m. S. "W. Hartford. HIGH SHOALS, p. o., Morgan co., Ga. : on the Appala- chee r., at the rapid so called, 49 m. N. N. W. Milledge- ville. HIGH SHOALS, p. o., Eutherfcrd county, N. Car. : 1S9 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. HIGH SPIKE, p. v., Dauphin co., Penn. : on the line of the Pennsylvania E. E., 6 m. S. E. Harrisburg. HIGH SPEING, p. o., Greene co., Mo, : 113 m. S. W. Jeffer son City. HIGHTOTVEE, p. o., Forsyth co., Ga. : 112 m. N. W. Mil- ledge ville. HIGHTOWEBS, p. o., Caswell co., N~. Car. : 63 m. N. W. Ealeigh. HIGHTSTOWN, p. v., Mercer co., If. J. : 19 m. E. Trenton. The Camden and Amboy E. E., 22 m. from South Amboy, and 41 m. from Camden, passes through it. It has a news paper, the " Village Eecord," a weekly issue. Population about 400. HIGH VIEW, p. o., Frederick co. Virg. : 137 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. HIGIIVILLE, p. o., Lancaster co., Penn. : 47 m. S. E. Har risburg. HIGHWAY, p. o., Greenville dist., & Car. : 107 m. N. W. Columbia. HILHAM, p. o., Overton co., Tenn. : 73 m. E. by N. Nash ville. HILL, t. and p. v., Grafton co., N. ffamp. : 28 m. N. N.W. Concord. Drained by Smith s r., which on the E. border empties into the Pemigewasset. Surface uneven and hilly Eagged Mountain lying on its S. boundary ; soil generally fertile. The v. is located in the S. E., and is built on one street, and by a bridge connected with Sanbornton. The Bristol Branch E. E. passes through Hill. Pop. 951. HILLABEE, p. v., Talladega co., Ala. : 67 m. N. by E. Montgomery. HILLEGAS, p. o., Montgomery county, Penn. : 81 m. E. Harrisburg. HILLER.MAN, p. o., Massac co., III. : on the N. bank of the Ohio r., 188 m. S. S. E. Springfield. HILL GEOVS, p. o., Darke co., Ohio : 87 m. W. Columbus. HILL GKOVE, p. o., Pittsylvania co., Virg. : 122 m. W. S.W. Eichmond. HILLHOTJSE, p. o., Lake co., Ohio : 147 m. N. E. Columbus. HILLIAM S STOEE, p. o., Marshall co., Ala. HILLIAED S, p. o., Shelby county, Tex. : 255 m. E. N. E. Austin City. HILLIAKDSTOX, p. v., Nash co., N. Car. : 52 m. E. N. E. Ealeigh. HILLIAEDSVILLE, p. T., Henry county, Ala. : 97 m. S. E. Montgomery. HILLSBORO county, Flor. Situate S. on W. side of the pe ninsula, and contains about 3,200 sq. m. It has the Gulf of Mexico for its W. boundary ; in the N.W. Tampa or Espiritu Santo Bay, a large inlet of the Gulf, into which flow Hills- boro r., Alafla r., Indian r., and Manatee r. ; and in the 8. W. Charlotte Harbor, another inlet, which receives Pease cr. and other streams. It covers a large extent of territory as yet unsettled, where nature exhibits some of her greatest productions in the majestic forests of cedar, magnolia, and cypress that cover it. The surface is various, parts being marshy, with impenetrable swamps, and parts fine rolling cotton lands. Soil, where cultivated, very fertile, and gen erally heavily timbered. The productions embrace figs, oranges, and pomegranates. Tampa Bay affords a fine harbor. Farms 120 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 253, and pop. wh. 1,711, fr. col. 6, si. 660 total 2,377. Capital: Tampa. 290 HILLSBOBOUGH county, N. Hamp. Situate S., and con tains 844 sq. m. Drained W. by Contoocook r., N. by Pis- cataquog r., S. by Souhegan r., and Nashua r., all tributa ries of the Merrimac, which flows S. through the E. part of the co. Surface uneven and broken. Much of the soil is fertile, and most finely adapted to grazing and grain-grow ing. Its streams afford great water-power, especially the Merrimac, on which are many large cotton and woolen factories, and thriving manufacturing cities and villages. Among these, Manchester and Nashua stand first, and have advantages hardly surpassed in New England. Farms 3,675 ; manuf. 399 ; dwell. 9,939, and pop. wh. 57,359, fr. col. US total 57,477. Capital: AmhersL Public Works: Nashua and Lowell E. E. ; Concord E. E. ; Nashua aud Worcester E. E. ; Peterboro and Shirley E. E. ; Wilton E. E. ; Contoocook Valley E. E. ; New Hampshire Central E. E., etc. HILLSBOBOUGH, p. v., Lawrence co., Ala. : on the Mem phis and Charleston E. E., 172 m. N. N.~W. Montgomery. HILLSBOBOUGH, p. v., Union county, Ark. : lib m. S. Little Eock. HILLSBOBOUGH, p. v., Oncida county, JV; T. : 96 m. N. W. Albany. HILLSBOBOUGH, p. v., Jasper county, Ga. : 26 m."W. N.W. Milledgeville. HILLSBOKOUGH, p. v., Fountain county, 2nd. : on the E. fork of Coal cr., 56 m. W. N. W. Indianapolis. It coataius about 20 dwellings. HILLSBOEOUGH, p. v., and cap. Montgomery co., HI. : on the E. of the Middle Fork of Shoal cr., 47 m. S. S. E. Spring field. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., several stores and mechanic shops, and about 600 inhabitants. The Terra Haute and Alton E. E. will pass through the village. HILLSBOEOUGH, p. v., Henry county, la. : 49 m. S Iowa City. HILLSBOEOUGH, p. v., Fleming couaty, Ky. : 74 m. E. Frankfort. HILLSBOKOUGH, p. v., and cap. Scott co., Miss. : on a small branch of Pearl r., 41 m. E. by N. Jackson. It con tains a court-house and several stores and mechanic shops, and about 500 inhabitants. The North Carolina E. E. passes through it. HILLSBOBOUGH, p. v., Caroline co., Md. : on the E. side of Tuckahoe cr., 55 m. E. Annapolis. HILLSBOBOUGII, p. v., and cap. Jefferson co., Mo. : on the high land between Big r. and the Mississippi, 92 m. E. S. E. Jefferson City. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and has several stores. HILLSBOEOUGH, p. v., and cap. Orange county, N. Car.: on Eno r. of the Neuse, 42 m. N. W. Ealeigh. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., has several stores and mechanic shops, and publishes two newspapers, the " Eecorder" (whig), and the "Democrat" (dem.), both weekly issues. Pop. about 600. HILLSBOEOUGH, t. and p. v., Hillsborough co., N. ITamp. 21 m.W. S.W. Concord. Drained by Contoocook and Hills- borough rivers, which supply water-power. Surface uneven and hilly ; soil of moderate fertility. The v. has considerable manufactures, and in the t. are numerous industrial estab lishments, as mills, factories, mechanic shops, etc. Popu lation 1,685. IIiLLSBOKOirGn, p. v., and cap. Highland co., Ohio: 61 m. S. S. "W. Columbus. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., several mechanic shops and stores, and in 1850 had 1,392 in habitants. Two newspapers are published here, the "H. Gazette" (dem.), and the " Highland News" (whig), both weekly issues. Hillsborough is a principal station on the Cincinnati, Hillsborough. and Parkersburg E. E., and as such must become the dep6t for a wide and fertile country. It is 60 m. by railroad route from Cincinnati. HILLSBOEOUGH, p. v., Washington co., Penn. : on the National Eoad, 173 m. "W". Harrisburg. Pop. about 200. The site is 1,002 feet above the Ohio r. at Wheeling. HIL HIN HILLSBOROUGH, p. v., Coffee county, Tenn. : 67 m. S. E Nashville. HiLLSBOROtiGn, p. v., and cap. Washington co., Or eg. , on a branch of Tualatin r., 42 m. N. Salem, and 14 m. "W, Portland. HILLSBOROUGH, p. v., London co., Virg. : 123 m. N. by W Richmond. It contains, several mills and stores, and aboul 200 inhabitants. HII.LSBOROUGH BRIDGE, p. o., Hillsborough co., N.Uamp. . on the N. side of Contoocook r., which is here crossed by a bridge, 20 m.W. S.W. Concord. The Contoocook Valley E. K. has its present terminus at this point. HILLSBOROUGH CENTRE, p. o., llillsborough county, Ham p. : 23 m.W. S. W. Concord. HILL S CORNERS, p. o., Penobscot co., Me. HILLSDALE county, Mich. Situate S., and contains 60S sq. m. Drained S. by heads of St. Joseph s r., flowing into Maumee r., and N. by heads of St. Joseph s r., emptying into Lake Michigan. Surface undulating, with occasional marshes, and some of the highest land in the peninsula ; soil a black, sandy loam, and very productive of grain, but less adapted to grazing. In the N. are "oak openings," but the rest of the co. was originally timbered heavily. Fine building sandstone is plenty in parts, and iron ore is found. Its streams have many fine mill-seats. Farms 1,411 ; manuf. 45 ; dwell. 2,965, and pop. wh. 16,153, fr. col. 6 total 16,159. Capital: Hillsdale. Pullic Works: Michigan Southern E. E. HILLSDALE, t. p. T., and cap. Hillsdale co., Mich. : on the outlet of St Joseph or Bourbese Lake, 55 m. S. Lansing, and on the lino of the Michigan Southern R. E., and about 70 miles from Monroe and Toledo. It is eligibly situate as a manufacturing place, having a large water-power, and as a centre of trade has many advantages. The v. contains a court-house, jail, etc., and about 600 inhabitants. Two news papers are published here, the " II. Gazette" (dem.), and " II. Standard" (whig), both weekly issues. Pop. oft. 1,067. HILLSDALE, p. v., Guilford co., JV. Car. : 84 m. W. N. W. Ealeigh. HILLSDALE, t. and p. v., Columbia co., N. Y. : 32 m. S. S. E. Albany. Drained by Ancram and Copake creeks. Surface hilly and mountainous, containing Taghkannac Mountain ; soil gravelly loam and clay. The village, sometimes called the " Turnpike," contains 2 churches and several stores, and 25 to 30 dwellings. The Housatonic Station, on the Harlem E. E., is IS m. from Chatham Four Corners. Pop. 2,123. HILL S GROVE, p. o., M Donough co., III. : 76 m.W. N. W. Springfleld. HILL S GROVE, p. o., Sullivan co., Penn. : So m. N. by E. Harrisburg. HILL S MILLS, p. o., Cook county, III. : 167 m. N. E. Springfield. HILL S STORE, p. o., Randolph co., A r . Car.: 7S m. W. Ealeigh. HILL S VALLEY, p. o., Williamson co., Tenn. HILL S VIEW, p. o., Westmoreland co., Penn. : 128 m.W. Ilarrisburg. HILLSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Carroll co., Virg. : on a cr. of New river, 203 m.W. S. W. Richmond. It contains the co. offices, and about 200 inhabitants. HILLSVILLE, p. v., Lawrence co., Penn. : 197 m.W. N.W. Ilarrisburg. HILL TOP, p. v., Wayne county, Penn. : 147 m. N. E. Harrisburg. HILLTOWN, t and p. v., Bucks county, Penn. : SB m. E. Ilarrisburg. Drained by branches of Nishamiuy river. Pop. 2,108. HILOCHEE, p. o., Washington co., Ark. : 143 m. N. W. Little Rock. HILTON, p. T., Monroe county, Ky. : 114 m. S. S. W. Frankfort HILTON S, p. o., Sullivan county, Tenn. : on the Holston 243 m. E. Nashville. HINCKLEY, t and p. o., Medina county, Ohio: 108 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. Drained by Rock r., which affords numerous mill-sites. Surface elevated and broken; soil fertile, adapted alike to grain and grass. Iron ores, coal, and red sandstone abound. Pop. 1,416. HINDS county, Miss. Situate W. centrally, and contains 851 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Pearl r., its E. boundary, and of Big Black r., its N. W. boundary, and S. by Tallaha cr., which flows into the Mississippi. Surface level or roll ing ; soil very fertile, and admirably fitted for cotton grow ing. Cotton is the great staple, corn yields well, and some rice is made. Jackson, the capital of the State, is in its E. part, on the Pearl r. Farms 852 ; manuf. 3 ; dwell. 1,656, and pop. wh. 8,690, fr. col. 25, si. 16,625 total 25,340. Capital : Jackson. Public Works : Vicksburg, Jackson, and Brandon R. R. ; Raymond Branch R. R. ; New Or leans, Jackson, and Northern R. E. HINDS, p. o., Brazoria co., Tex. : on the W. side of Oyster cr., 162 m. S. E. Austin City. HINDSBURGH, p. v., Orleans co., 2f. Y. : 216 m. W. N. W. Albany. HINESBURGH, t. and p. v., Chittenden co., Verm. : 24 m. W. by N. Montpelier. Drained by Platte r. and Lewis cr. Surface uneven ; soil fertile, well adapted to grass. The v. is on Platte r., and is built on one street. Some manufac tures are carried on in the L, and there are facilities for their increase. Pop. 1,837. HLNES MILLS, p. o., Ohio county, Ky. : 181 m. W. S. W. Frankfort HINESTON, p. o., Eapides parish, La. : 116 m. N. W. Baton Rouge. HINESVILLE, p. v., and cap. Liberty co., Ga. : on the pine land S. of Taylor s cr., 130 m. S. E. Milledgeville. It con tains about half a dozen dwellings. HINGHAM, t. and p. v., Plymouth co., Mass. : 13 m. S. E. Boston. Situate on the S. side of Boston Bay. Surface broken ; soil in parts fertile, but not generally so. The v. is located at the head of an arm of the bay, and on the line of the South Shore R. R. It is a place of considerable trade, and is much employed in coasting and the fisheries. lu the t. there are several manufactures. Pop. 8,9S2. HINKLESBURGII, p. v., Oldham co., Ky. : 38 m. W. N. W. Frankfort HINKLETON, p. o., Lancaster co., Penn. : on the N. side of Conestoga cr., 41 m. E. S. E. Ilarrisburg. HINMANSYILLE, p. v., Oswego co., N. Y. : 132 m. N. W. Albany. HINSDALE, t and p. v., Berkshire co., Mass. : 108 m. W. Boston. Drained by several creeks, affluents of Housa tonic river. Surface elevated ; soil generally good, and wen adapted to grass. The v. is a small central settlement. In the t there are several manufactories. Pop. 1,253. The Western R. R. passes through the t., and has a station a ttle W. of the village. HINSDALE, t. and p. v., Cheshire co., N. JTamp. : 59 m. S. W. by W. Concord. Situate in the extreme S. W. corner of the State. Drained by Ashuelot r. and its branches, and small streams falling into Connecticut r., which is its W. boundary. A range of hills, from 800 to 900 feet high, crosses the t. E. and W. Surface, with this exception, moderately uneven ; soil fertile and well cultivated. The Ashuelot R. R. passes through it. Pop. 1,903. HINSDALE, t and p. v., Cattaraugus co., ^ Y. : 234 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by Ischua and Olean creeks, and contains a small lake called the Reservoir. Surface lilly and somewhat broken; soil well adapted to grass. The v. is situate on the Genesee Valley Canal and on the New York and Erie R. R., and contains several mills, me chanic shops, stores, etc., and about 800 inhabitants. It is eligibly situate for a considerable trading town, and has unusual facilities for expansion. Pop. of t. 1,302. HINTON S GEOVE, p. o., Pickens co., Ala. : 126 m. N. W. Montgomery. 291 HIR HOL HIRAM, t. and p. o., Oxford co., Me. : 65 m. S. W. Augusta. Drained by Saco r., which runs through it and affords im mense water-power. Surface diversified; soil of average fertility. Pop. 1,210. HIKAM, t and p. T., Portage co., Ohio: 132 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Cuyahoga r. and its affluents, and also by some head branches of Mahoning river. Surface elevated ; soil rich and fertile. The v. is central, and on a branch of Mahoning river. Pop. of 1. 1,106. HIRAMBURGH, p. v., Morgan co., Ohio: 66 m. E. S. E. Columbus. HITCIICOCKVILLE. p. v., Litchfield co., Conn. : on the W. branch of Farmington r., 21 m. N. W. Hartford. It con tains several shops and stores, and about 250 inhabitants. HITESVILLE, p. v., Coles county, III. : 88 m. E. S. E. Springfield. HrwASSEE river, Go., and Tenn. : rises in Union county, Georgia, and flowing into Tennessee enters the Tennessee r., 12 m. S. W. Washington. Hix s FEKRY, p. o., Eandolph co., Ark. : at the crossing of Current r., 146 m. N. N. E. Little Eock. HIZERVILLE, p. v., Oneida county, W. Y. : 97 m. N. W. Albany. HOADLEY, p. o., Eacine county, Vise. : 76 m. E. by S. Madison. HOAG S CORNER, p. o., Eensselaer county, N. Y. : 12 m. E. by S. Albany. HOBART, p. v., Delaware co., N. Y. : on the head waters of Delaware r., 51 m. W. S. W. Albany. It contains several mills, stores, etc., and about 300 inhabitants. HOBART, p. v., Lake co., Ind. : on Deep r. of the Culumet, 123 m. N. W. Indianapolis. HOBBIEVILLE, p. v., Greene county, Ind. : 77 m. S. W. Indianapolis. HOBBIEVILLE, p. v., Alleghany co., N. Y. : 214 m. W. by S. Albany. HOBBYVILLE, p. v., Spartanburgh dist., S. Car. : 97 m. N. W. Columbia. HOBOKKN, p. v., Hudson co., N. Jer. : on the W. bank of the Hudson r., 62 m. N. E. Trenton. It lies immediately opposite New York City, with which it is connected by three ferries. Within the past few years it has become a large v., chiefly inhabited by persons doing business in the neigh boring metropolis. The Elysian Fields lie immediately N. of the v., and are a famous holiday resort in the summer and fall seasons. HOCKANUM, p. v., Hartford co., Conn. HOCKANUM, v., Hampshire co., Mass. : on the E. side of Connecticut r., and at the base of Mount Ilolyoke, S3 m. W. Boston. There is at this point a horse ferry across the r. The v. contains a tavern, and about a dozen dwellings. HOCKHOCKING river, Ohio: rises in Fairfield co., and after a course of about 80 m. through a hilly country, enters the Ohio at Hocking Port in the t. of Troy. Its name in the Delaware language means a lottte. It is navigable for small craft to Athens; 7 m. N. W. of Lancaster it falls over a ledge of rock 40 feet perpendicular, and above the falls resembles " a bottle" in shape, whence its name. The coun try through which it passes is wild and picturesque, and along its banks numerous ancient mounds and fortifications are found. The lower valley abounds in yellow pine. The Hocking Canal follows the valley of this river. HOCKING county, Ohio. Situate S. centrally, and contains 361 sq. m. Drained by Salt cr. and Hocking r. and its branches. Surface considerably broken, with a few high hills ; soil fertile, producing large crops of grain and some tobacco, and furnishing excellent grazing. Grain and pork are the chief exports. Farms 1,180; manuf. 15; dwell. 2,367, and pop. wh. 14,002, fr. col. 117 total 14,119. Capital : Logan. Public Works : Hocking Canal. HOCKING PORT, p. v., Athens co., Ohio : at the entrance of Big Hockhocking r. into the Ohio, 83 m. south-east Columbus. 292 HODGDON, t. and p. o., Aroostook co., Me. : 153 m. N. E. Augusta. Situate on the E. line of the State, and drained by branches of Meduxnekeag river, which empties in the St. John at Woodstock, N. B. Surface diversified ; soil ex cellent for wheat and grass. Pop. 862. HODGDON S MILLS, p. o., Lincoln co., Me. : 28 m. S. E. Augusta. HODGENSVILLE, p. v., La Eue county, Ky. : 64 m. S. W. Frankfort, HODGE S BEND, p. o., Fort Bend co., Tex. : 146 m. E. S. E. Austin City. HOFFMAN S FERRY, p. o., Schenectady co., N. Y. : IS m. N. W. Albany. HOFFMAN S GATE, p. o., Columbia county, JV. Y. : 29 m. S. S. E. Albany. HOGANSBURGII, p. v., Franklin co., N. Y. : on St. Eegis r., 2 m. from its entrance into the St. Lawrence, and 153 m. N. N. W. Albany. It has several large mills and stores, and about 300 inhabitants. Steamboats pass up the r. from the St. Lawrence to this point. HOGANSVILLE, p. v., Du Buque co., la. : 60 m. N. N. E. Iowa City. HOGANSVILLE, p. v., Troup co., Ga. : on Yellow Jacket cr. of Chattahoochee r., 100 m. W. by N. Milledgeville. The Lagrange E. E. passes through it 59 m. from Atlanta. HOG CREEK, p. o., Allen county, Ohio: 81 m. N. W. Columbus. HOGESTOWN, p. v., Cumberland co., Penn. : 9 m. S. W. Harrisburg. HOGLE S CREEK, p. o., St. Clair co., Mo. : on a cr. of Osage r. so called, 82 m. W. S. "W. Jefferson City. HOG MOUNTAIN, p. o., Hal! co.. Ga. : on the S. W. part of the co., 89 m. N. N. W. Milkdgeville. HOIIENLINDEN, p. v., Chlckasaw county, Miss. : 128 m. N. N. E. Jackson. HOLCOMB, p. v., Burke co,,Ga. :on the N. side of Ogeechce r., 64 m. E. S. E. Milledgeville. It is a station of the Con- tral E. E., 100 m. from Savannah, and 91 in. from Macon. HOLDEN, t. and p. o., Worcester co., Mass. : 43 m. "W. Boston. Drained by Blackstone and Nashua rivers, which have immense water-power. Surface somewhat uneven; soil, except on the rivers, indifferent. The manufactures of the town are considerable. Pop. 1,933. HOLDERMAN S GROVE, p. o., Kendall co., 111.: 128 m. N. N. E. Springfield. IIoLDERNESS, t. and p. v., Graflon co., N. Jlamp. : 37 m. N. Concord. Drained by tributaries of Merrimac r., which lies on its W. side ; and Squam Lake lies on its E. border, and affords by its outlets, which flow into Pemigewasset, excellent water-power. It has several mills and factories, and 1,744 inhabitants. The Boston, Concord, and Montreal E. E. passes through the S. W. corner, 45 m. by route from Concord. HOLUERNESS CENTRE, v., Grafton co., N. Ilainp. : 36 m. N. Concord. HOLLAND, t. and p. o., Hampden county, Mass. : 63 m. W. S. W. Boston. Drained by head branches of Quinne- baug r. It is a small town, with some manufactures. Pop. of t. 449. HOLLAND, t. and v., Ottawa co., Mich. : at the confluence of Black r. with the estuary so called, 76 m. W. Lansing. It has good harborage, and the v. is a thriving place of some 400 inhabitants. The " Hollander," a weekly newspaper, is published. Pop. of 1. 1 ,829. HOLLAND, t. and p. v., Erie co., Jf. Y. : 237 m. W. Albany. Drained by Seneca and Cazenova creeks. Sur face high and rolling ; soil moist clay and sandy loam. The village consists of about 25 dwellings. Pop. of t. 1,315. HOLLAND, p. o., Venango county, Penn. : 197 m. N. W. Harrisburg. HOLLAND, t. and p. o., Orleans co., Verm. : 59 m. N. N. E. Montpelier. Situate on the Canada border. Draired bj streams flowing N. into Lake Massawippi, S. inlo Soy mour HOL HOL Lake, and W. into Lake Memphremagog, the waters of all which are ultimately discharged through St. Francis r. into the St. Lawrence. Surface elevated, and has several ponds, the sources of the streams indicated ; soil fertile. Pop. 661). HOLLAND PATENT, p. v., Oneida county, 2f. Y.: 81 m. W. N. W. Albany. It contains 2 churches, an endowed cademy, and about 360 inhabitants. HOLLAND S, p. o., Laurens district, Car. : 63 m. N. W. Columbia. HOLLEY, p. v., Orleans co., N. Y. : on Sandy cr., 216 m. W. N. W. Albany. The Erie Canal and the Rochester, Lockport, and Niagara Falls R. R. here cross the creek. It is an active trading place of between 350 and 400 in habitants. HOLLIDAYSBURGII, p. 1)., and cap. Blair co., Penn. : on Beaver Dam cr., S3 m. W. N. W. direct, or by railroad 137 m. from Harrisburg. It is a place of considerable trade, and has some manufactures. The Alleghany Portage R. R. commences here and passes over the Alleghanies, uniting the two sections of the Pennsylvania Canal, and also the eastern and western divisions of the Pennsylvania R. R. Hollidaysburgh has four newspapers, the -Democratic Standard" (dem.), the " II. Register" (whig), the " Shield" (relig.), and the "Blair County Whig," all weekly issues. Pop. in 1S40, 1,896, and in 1850, 2,417. HOLLIDAY S COVE, p. o., Hancock county, Virg. : 276 m. N. W. Richmond. HOLLIDAYSVILLE, p. v., Dooly co., Ga. : on the E. bank of Flint r., 112 m. S. S. W. Milledgeville. HOLLINGSWORTU, p. v., Habersham co., Ga. : on a branch of Hudson s fork of Broad r., 94 m. N. by W. Milledgeville. HOLLIS, t. and p. v., York co., Me. : 69 m. S. W. Augusta. Drained by affluents of Saco r., which is its E. border, and Ossippee r. runs along its N. border. Surface diversified ; Boil generally fertile, with some fine meadows. The rivers afford excellent mill-sites. The v. lies on Saco r., opposite Buxton, with which it is connected by a bridge. The York and Cumberland R. R. crosses the t. and r. a little to the N. Lumber is extensively manufactured, and there are pot teries etc. Pop. of t. 2,683. HOLLIS, p. v., Peoria co., III. : 54 m. S. by E. Springfield. HOLLIS, t. and p. o., Hillsboro co., N. Hamp. : 35 m. S. Concord. Drained by Nashua and its tributaries, and ponds and other streams of Merrimac river. There is much fine farming land in the t.. which is well cultivated. The v. lies centrally. Pop. of t. 1,293. HOLLIS CENTRE, p. o., York county, Me. : 71 m. S. W. Augusta. HOLLISTER S MILLS, p. o., Holt co., Mo. : 204 m. N. W. Jefferson City. HOLLISTON, t. and p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : 25 m. W. S. W. Boston. Drained by a branch of Charles river. The v. is situate centrally, and there is a station on the Mil- ford Branch R. R. The t. has considerable manufactures. Pop. 2,428. HOLLOW CREEK, p. o., Lexington dist., & Car.: on a creek of Saluda r. so called, 27 m. W. Columbia. Popula tion 1,912. HOLLOW SQUARE, p. o., Greene co., Ala. : 98 m.W. N.W. Montgomery. HOLLY CKEEK, p. o., Murray co., Ga. : on a creek of Oostanaula r. so called, 147 m. N. W. Milledgeville. HOLLY GROVB, p. o., Walker co., Ala. : 139 m. N. W. Montgomery. HOLLY GBOVE, p. o., Stewart co., Ga, : 126 m. S. W. Milledgeville. HOLLY HILL, p. o., Charleston dist, & Car. HOLLY POINT, p. o., Drew county, Ark. : 97 m. S. S. E. Little Rock. HOLLIT RETREAT, p. o., Wilkinson co., Miss.: 108 m S. W. Jackson. HOLLY SPRING, p. v., Wake co., N. Car. : 16 m. N. N.W. Ealeigh, HOLLY SPRING, p. o., Dallas co., Ark. : 64 m. S. by W. Little Rock. HOLLY SPRINGS, p. v., and cap. Marshall co., Miss. : on n elevated site or watershed dividing the streams, 168 m. N. by E. Jackson. It contains a courtrhouse, jail, several stores, and about 600 inhabitants. Its success is prospective, but there is every reason to believe that it will shortly be come a great railroad and business centre, as it lies on the routes of several projected lines of important roads. Two newspapers, the " H. S. Gazette" (whig), and the " Jack- sonian" (dem.), are issued weekly. Pop. about 600. HOLMDEL, p. v., Monmouth co., N. Jer. : 33 m. E. by N. Trenton. It is a small v. on an affluent of Navesink r., and contains about 20 dwellings. HOLMES county, Flor. Situate N. W., and contains 732 sq. m. Choctawatchie r. runs S. through it, and it is drain ed by its branches. Surface mostly even, with some con siderable elevations ; soil on the streams fertile, and much covered with pine. Cotton is the staple. Farms 183 ; manuf. 0; dwell. 267, and pop. wh. 1,481, fr. col. 0, si. 163 total 1,644. Capital : Cerro Gordo. HOLMES county, Miss. Situate N. centrally, and contains 876 sq. m. Yazoo r. bounds it W., and Big Black r. E., by branches of which it is drained. Surface various, and soils excellent. It possesses much good water-power, a part of which is improved, and raises large numbers of cattle and swine. The principal business is the culture of cotton, for which the soil is very favorable. Farms 640 ; manuf. 21 ; dwell. 995, and pop. wh. 5,537, fr. col. 4, si. 8,377 total 13,918. Capital: Lexington. HOLMES county, Ohio. Situate E. centrally, and contains 439 sq. m. Surface diversified, and in parts broken ; soils of excellent quality, equally adapted to grass and grain. It has numerous manufactories, and raises many cattle, sheep, and swine. Farms 2,171 ^ manuf. 122 ; dwell. 3,436, and pop. wh. 20,448, fr. col. 4 total 20,452. Capital: Millersburg. Public Works : Millersburg Extension of the Akron and Hudson R. R. ; Ohio and Pennsylvania R. R. HOLMES BAY, p. o., Washington co., Me. HOLMESBURGH, p. v., Philadelphia co., Penn. : on Penny- pack cr., 96 m. E. Harrisburg, and 9 m. N. Philadelphia. The cr. is navigable to Lewis Mill, in the neighborhood. Pop. about 400. There is a mill here erected 1697, and built of stone. HOLMES HOLE, p. v., Dukes co., Mass. : on the W. side of the bay so called, 69 m. S. S. E. Boston. The village has about 400 inhabitants. Holmes Hole is an important har bor on the N. side of Martha s Vineyard, deep enough for the largest class of vessels, and secure. It is much resorted to by mariners when the winds are unfavorable to rounding Cape Cod, and as a port of refuge it has no superior. The inhabitants have a number of vessels, chiefly employed in coasting and the fisheries. HOLMES VALLEY, p. v., and cap. Washington co., Flor. : 94 m. W. Tallahassee. Situate on Holmes creek, which empties through Choctawatchie r. into the bay of the same name. It has a court-house and about 60 inhabitants. HOLMESVILLE, p. v., and cap. Appling co., Ga. : on a branch of Little Santilla river, 107 miles S. E. Milledge ville. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and about 160 in habitants. HOLMESVILLE, p. v., Avoyelles par., La. : on the W. bank of Bayou T6che, 73 m. N. W. Baton Rouge. HOLMESVILLE, p. v., and cap. Pike co., Miss. : on the W. side of Bogue Chitto r., 72 m. S. Jackson. It has a court house, and contains about 600 inhabitants. The "Tem perance Banner" is a weekly newspaper, published here. HOLMESVILLE, p. v., Holmes county, Ohio : 71 m. N. E. Columbus. HOLSTON, p. v., Washington co., Virg. : on Holston r., 279 m. W. S. W. Richmond. HOLSTON SPBINGS, p. v., Scott co., Virg. : 292 m.W. S.W. Richmond. 293 HOL HOLSTON VALLEY, p. o., Sullivan co.. Tenn. : 253 m. E Nashville. HOLT county, Mo. Situate N.W., and contains 442 sq. m Drained by Nodaway r., which bounds it E., and Big an Little Tarkio rivers, all affluents of Missouri r., which is it "W. boundary. Surface off the rivers, level or rolling ; on the Missouri are bluffs or high grounds. Soil productive and well adapted to grazing. Farms 305 ; manuf. 5 ; dwell 614, and pop. wh. 3,S2T, fr. col. 3, si. 127 total 3,957. Cap ital : Oregon. HOLT S STOKE, p. o., Orange co., W. Car. : 47 m. N. W Ealeigh. HOLY NECK, p. o., Nansemond co., Virg. : 76 m. S. E, Eichmond. HOLYOKE, t, and p. v., Hampden co., Mass. : 92 m. W. Boston. Taken from N. part of West Springfield, and for merly called Ireland Parish. Drained by several creeks flowing to Westfleld r., and the Connecticut forms its E. boundary. Surface, except on the Connecticut, hilly ; soil generally fertile. The v. is situate opposite South Hadley Falls, and dates back only a few years. It is intended to make it a large manufacturing place, and for this purpose a dam has been thrown across the river, securing to it an im mense water-power. The v. will be built up by Boston capital, and already between four and five million dollars are invested in the enterprise. The manufactures are chiefly cotton, and there is also a very extensive machine shop here, at which the mill machinery is built. The " Hampdeii Freeman" (whig), is issued weekly. Pop. of t. 3,245. HOLYOKE mountain, Hampshire co., Mass. : a range of mountains, terminating in a high peak on the E. side of Connecticut river, opposite Mount Tom, and is, in fact, the same range as the latter, broken through by the Connecticut. Its greatest elevation is about 1,000 feet Its faces oil the river, and toward the N. are very steep and precipitous, and generally well wooded. HOMASASSA, p. v., Benton co., Flor. : at the head of the river so called, 158 m. S. E. Tallahassee. HOME, p. o., Indiana county, Penn. : 123 m. "W. N. "W. Harrisburg. HOME, p. v., Jefferson co., Ind. : 86 m. S. E. Indianapolis. HOME, p. o., Van Buren county, la. : 73 m. S. by W. Iowa City. HOMER, p. o., Champaign county, III. : 90 m. E. N. E. Springfield. HOMEB, t and p. v., Calhoun county, Midi. : 42 m. S. by W. Lansing. Drained by S. branch of Kalamazoo r., which has large water-power. Surface generally level- sometimes marshy ; soil fertile. The v. is a thriving settle ment on the r., and has about 300 inhabitants. Pop. of t, 929. HOMER, t. and p. v., Cortlandt county, N. Y. : 122 m. "W". Albany. Drained by Tioughnioga cr. and its tributaries. Surface level ; soil sandy and clay loam. The v. on the "W. bank of the creek has numerous mills, factories, and me chanic shops, with stores, etc., and a population of 1,600 souls. The " Cortlandt County Whig" is published weekly. The t. is also largely engaged in manufactures. Pop. 3,836. HOMER, p. o., Potter co., Penn. : 137 m. N.W.Harrisburg. HOMEB, p. v., Licking co., Ohio : on the N. fork of Lick ing river, 31 m. N. E. Columbus. It contains several mills, mechanic shops, stores, etc., and about 400 inhabitants. HOMER, p. v., and cap. Claiborne par., La. : on the E. side of Bayou Dorcheat, 194 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. HOMEBVILLE, p. v., Medina county, Ohio : 84 m. N. N. E. Columbus. HOME SPRING, p. o., Holmes co., Flor. : 108 m. W. N.W. Tallahassee. HOMEWOOD, p. o., Scott county, Miss. : 42 m. E. N. E. Jackson. HOMMENEY CREEK, p. o., Buncombe co., N. Car. : 232 m. W. Ealeigh. HONEOYE, p. v., Ontario co., N. Y. : at the foot of Honeoye Lake, 1S9 m. W. by N. Albany. It has several mills and 294 HOO workshops, and about 200 inhabitants. Honeoye Lake is about 5 m. long and 1 m. wide, and is a beautiful sheet of water. HONEOYE FALLS, p. v., Monroe co., A r . Y. : on Honeoye cr., 192 m. W. by N. Albany. The cr. has here a fall of 100 feet in 2 m., of which 30 feet is a perpendicular fall in the centre of the village. It is the seat of numerous industrial establishments, furnaces, woolen factories, flouring mills, etc., and contains about 1,400 inhabitants. In the vicinity there is abundance of fine building stone. HONESDALE, p. b., and former cap. Wayne co., Penn. at the confluence of Dyberry and Lackawaxen creeks, 12T m. N. E. Ilarrisburg. It is the junction point of several railroads and canals, and may be considered as theW. termi nus of the Delaware and Hudson Canal. It is a compara tively new place in 1S40 it contained 1,086 inhabitants, and in 1850, 2,268. Two newspapers are published here, the " Wayne County Herald" (whig), and the " II. Democrat" (dem.), both weekly issues. The borough has some import ant manufactures. HONEY BROOK, t. and p. o., Chester co., Penn. : 54 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. Drained by branches of Brandywino river. Surface generally level ; soil sandy loam. There arc several mills, tanneries, stores, etc., in the t. Pop. 1,929. HONEY CREEK, p. o., M Donald co., Mo. : in the S. W. corner of the State, 196 m. S. W. Jefferson City. HONEY CREEK, p. o., Walworth co., Wise. : on Honey cr. of Fox river, 62 m. E. S. E. Madison. HONEY CUT, p. o., Baldwin co., Ala. : 156 m. S. S. W. Montgomery. HONEY GROVE, p. o., Fannin co., Tear. : on Honey Grove cr. of Bois d Arc r., 284 m. N. N. E. Austin City. HONEY POINT, p, o., Macoupin co., III. : 47 m. S. by W. Springfield. HONEY TOWN, p. v., Dale county, Ala. : 97 m. S. S. E. Montgomery. HONEYVILLE, p. v., Page co., Virg. : on Shenandoah r., 96 m. N. W. Eichmond. HOOD S MILLS, p. v., Carroll co., Ind. : on the W. branch of Patapsco r., and on the line of the Baltimore and Ohio E. E., 35 m. W. Baltimore, and 36 m. N. W. Annapolis. HOODSVILLE, p. v., Marion county, Virg. : 208 m. N. W. Richmond. HOOKER, p. o., Hunt county, Tex.: 255 m. N. N. E. Austin City. HOOKERSTO-WN, p. v., Greene co., N. Car. : on the W. side of Contentnea cr. of Neuse r., 63 m. E. S. E. Ealeigh. HOOKESTOWN, p. v., Beaver co., Penn. : on a branch of Mill cr., 212 m. W. Ilarrisburg. Pop. about 250. HOOKSET, t. and p. v., Merrimac co., N. Ilam/p. : 11 m. S. by E. Concord. Drained by Merrimac r., which runs hrough it, and has within the t. a descent of 16 feet in IS ods, around which is a canal a quarter of a mile long. The . is situate on the W. side of the r., and on the line of the Concord E. E., 9 m. S. Concord. In the t. there are several arge cotton and other manufactures, and there is plenty of jower for their expansion. Pop. 1,503. HOOKSTOWN, p. v., Baltimore county, Md. : 31 N. by W. Vnnapolis. Hoosu K, p. v., Greene county, Wise. : 83 m. S. by W. Madison. HOOSICK, t. and p. o., Eensselaer co., N. Y. : 24 m. N. E. Albany. Drained by Hoosick r. and its tributaries. Surface lilly; soil clay, sand, and loam, with some gravel, well dapted to grazing. The t. has several extensive mills and actories. In Iloosick the various railroads from Albany and Troy to Eutland, etc., north, and to Boston, etc., east, orm junctions. The Troy and Boston E. E. passes through n immense tunnel, driven through the Hoosick Mountains, n the south part of the town. Pop. 3,724. HOOSICK FALLS, p. v., Eensselaer co., N. Y. : on both ides of Hoosick r., 26 m. N. E. Albany. The r. here has a all of 40 feet, affording immense water-power. The manu- HOO HOP factures carried on are considerable, and the v. contains at least 600 inhabitants. HOOSICK mountain, Mass. : lies in Berkshire co., and is the source of a branch of Hoosick r. Its elevation is from 1,500 to 2,000 feet from its base. The Troy and Boston It. R. will pass through a tunnel in this mountain. HOOSICK (or Hoosack) river: rises from two heads, one having its sources in Berkshire co., Mass., and the other in the mountain tracts of Bennington co., Verm. ; these unite near Hoosick Falls in New York, and the single stream meets the Hudson at Schaghticoke, 15 m. N. Troy. This stream in many places is exceedingly rapid, and affords im mense water-power. HOOSIER GROVE, p. o., Linn co., la. : 14 m. N. Iowa City. HOOSIER GKOVE, p. v., Greene co., Wise. : 43 m. S. by W. Madison. HOOTENSVILLE, p. v., Upson co., Gd. : on the E. side of Flint r., 63 m. W. by S. Milledgeville. HOOVER HILL, p. o., Randolph co., N. Car.: 72 m. "W. Raleigh. HOOVER S POINT, p. o., Macoupin co., III. HOPALKA, p. v., Leake co., Miss. : 58 m. N. E. Jackson. HOPE, p. o., Stewart county, Term. : 65 m. W. N. "W. Nashville. HOPE, p. v., Pickens county, Ala. : on Lubbub cr. of Tombigbee r., 138 m. N. W. Montgomery. HOPE, p. v., Bartholomew co., Iiid. : on the S. side of Haw cr., 37 m. S. S. E. Indianapolis. It was originally set tled by the Moravians, and now contains about 300 inhab itants. HOPE, t and p. v., Waldo county, Me. : 81 m. E. S. E. Augusta. Drained by St. George s r. and its tributaries, and there are several small ponds in the town. Surface flat and soil sandy, but not unfertile. The village is in the E. part. Pop. of t 1,107. HOPE, t. and p. v., "Warren co., N. Jer. : 51 m. N. N. "W. Trenton. Drained by Beaver and other creeks, affluents of De aware r. The v. is on a branch of Beaver, and con tains about 300 inhabitants. Pop. of 1. 1,756. HOPE, t and p. v., Hamilton co., N. Y. : 52 m. N. W. Albany. Drained by Sacandaga r. and its tributaries, Stony creek, etc. Surface varied ; soil, except on the rivers, not very fertile. Hope village lies on the E. side of Sacandaga river, below the confluence of Stony cr. Pop. of t. 7S9. HOPE, p. v., Franklin co., Ohio : 17 m. N. E. Columbus. HOPE CENTRE, p. v., Hamilton co., N. Y. : on the E. side of Sacandaga r., 55 m. N. W. Albany. HOPEDALE, p. v., Harrison co., Ohio : 102 m. E. by N. Columbus. HOPEDALE COMMFNITY settlement, "Worcester co., Mass. : contains a population of 180 souls. The association owns 500 acres of land, and carries on a dozen different branches of industry. It is represented to be in a flourishing and harmonious condition. HOPE FALLS, p. o., Hamilton county, N. Y. : 53 m. N. E. Albany. HOPE FARM, p. o., Louisa county, la. : 36 m. S. S. E. Iowa City. HOPE HILL, p. o., Pike co., Miss. : 78 m. S. Jackson. HOPE HILL, p. o., Gibson county, Tenn.: 122 m.W. by S. Nashville. HOPE MILL, p. o., Maury county, Tenn. : 42 m. S. by W. Nashville. HOPE MILLS, p. o., Page co., Virg. : on Shenandoah r., 100 m. N. W. Richmond. HOPE STATION, p. o., Lexington dist., S.Car. : on the line of the Greenville and Columbia R. R., 20 m. from Columbia. HOPEWELL, p. v., Mahaska county, la. : 64 m. W. S. "W. Iowa City. HOPEWELL, p. v., Greene county, Ala. : 93 m. W. N. W. Montgomery. >Ioi-KWELL, p. v., Crawford co., Ga. : 49 m. "W. S. W. Milledgeville. HOPEWELL, p. o., Chickasaw co., Miss. : 108 m. N. N. E. Jackson. HOPEWELL, t. and p. o., Mercer co., N. Jer. : 16 m. N Trenton. Drained by tributaries of Raritan river. Surface moderately uneven ; soil good for wheat and grass. The t. has several grist, saw, and oil mills, etc.. and 3.696 inhab itants. HOPEWBLL, t. and p. v., Ontario county, XT. Y. : 172 m "W. by N. Albany. Drained chiefly by tributaries of Canan- daigua outlet. Surface rolling ; soil, clay loam. The v. is a station on the Canandaigua and Elmira R. R., 8 miles E. by S. of the former place. The t. has some manufactures. Pop. 1,923. HOPEWELL, p. v., Mecklenburg county, 2T. Car.j 127 m. "W. S. W. Raleigh. HOPEWELL, t. and p. o., Muskingum co., Ohio : 45 m. E. Columbus. Drained by Licking creek and its tributaries. Surface diversified ; soil sandy loam and alluvion. The village is on the National Road, and contains about 150 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 2,383. HOPEWELL, p. v., Macon co., III. : 42 m. E. Springfield. HOPEWELL, t. and p. v., Bedford county, Penn. : S3 m.W. Harrisburg. Drained by Raystown branch of Juniata river and its tributaries. Surface mountainous ; soil, chiefly cal careous loam. Bituminous coal is abundant. Pop. 1,392. HOPEWELL, p. v., Jennings co., Ind. : on a cr. of Muscata- tuk r., 66 m. S. S. E. Indianapolis. HOPEWELL, p. v., York district, Car. : 86 m. N. Columbia. HOPEWELL, p. o., Upshur county, Tex. : 248 m. N. E. Austin City. HOPEWELL COTTON-WORKS, p. o., Chester co., Penn. : 67 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. HOPEWELL CROSS ROADS, p. o., Harford co., Met. : on the main road between Baltimore and Philadelphia, where it is crossed by the Havre de Grace road, 4 m. W. of Susque- hanna r., and 6 m. N.W. Havre de Grace. Large droves of cattle for the Eastern market pass this point. HOPKINS county, Ky. Situate W., and contains 628 sq. m. Drained by Green r., its N. E. boundary, Deer and Otter creeks, and Pond r., its branches, the last forming its E. boundary, and S. by Clear cr., an affluent of the Ohio. Surface moderately uneven ; soil very good, and in parts timbered. Tobacco is the staple, corn and wheat yield well, and much pork is raised. Farms 1,354; manuf. 10 : dwell. 1,738, and pop. wh. 10,199, fr. col. 50, si. 2,192 total 13,441. Capital : Madisonville. Public Works : Nash ville and Henderson R. R. HOPKINS county, Tex. Situate N. E., and contains 1,064 sq. m. Drained N. by the S. fork of Sulphur r. and White Oak Bayou, affluents of Red r., and S. by heads of Lake Fork of Sabine r. Surface slightly uneven, and in the N. prairie ; soil mostly very fertile, generally covered with a dense growth of timber, and when cleared gives great returns of cotton and corn. Farms 221; manuf. 0; dwell. 435, and pop._ w h. 2,469, fr. col. 0; si. 154 total 2,623. Capital. Tarrant HOPKINS GROVE, p. o., Polk co., la. : a little E. of Des Moines r., 117 m. W. Iowa City. HOPKINS TURN OCT, p. o., Richland dist., S. Car. : on the Columbia Branch of the South Carolina R. R., 11 m. S. E. Columbia. HOPKINSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Christian co., Ky. : on Little r., 168 m. S. W. Frankfort. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., 7 or 8 churches, several academies, numerous stores and mechanic shops, and about 1,800 inhabitants; and it has two newspapers, the " People s Press" (dem.), and the " Green River Whig," both weekly issues. It lies on the proposed railroad line from Nashville to Henderson. HOPKINSVILLE, p. v., Warren co., Ohio : about a mile E. of the Little Miami R. R., 76 m. S. W. Columbus. It con tains about 250 inhabitants. HOPKINTON, t and p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : 27 m. HOP HOT W. S. W. Boston. Drained by branches of Charles and Mill rivers, which have some mill-sites. Surface rough ; soil indifferent, but well cultivated. The Boston and Worcester B. E. runs on its N. border. Hopkinton mineral springs are much visited in the summer, and are said to be reme dial. The v. is situate centrally. Pop. of t. 2,802. HOPKINTON, t. and p. v., Merrimac co., A 7 ". Ilamp. : 1 m. W. Concord. Drained by Contoocook r. and its branches, Warner and Blackwater rivers. Surface diversified ; soil on the rivers fertile. The principal v. contains the county jail. Contoocookville and West Hopkinton are flourishing villages on the W. side of Contoocook r. and on the line of the Contoocook Valley E. E. The Concord and Claremont E. E. also passes through the town. Immense water-power is furnished by the rivers, and manufactories have been es- established in all the villages. Pop. of t. 2,169. HOPKINTON, t. and p. v., St. Lawrence co., N. Y. : 140 m. N. N. W. Albany. Drained by the Eacket and St. Eegis rivers. Surface in the S. hilly and sterile, and in the N. level and fertile. The t. is about 35 m. long from N. to S., and about 8 m. wide ; but is scarcely inhabited in the S. part. The v. in the N. part of the t. contains about 200 inhabit ants. In the t. there are numerous grist and saw mills, tanneries, etc. Pop. 1,470. HOPKINTON, t and p. v., Washington co., 7?. 1. : 32 m. ti. W. Providence. Drained by Wood r. and other afflu ents of Charles and Pawcatuck rivers, which afford valu able water-power. Surface low and level; soil fertile, adapted to grain and grazing. The t. has cotton, woolen, and iron manufactures. The celebrated Brand s Iron Works are on Wood river. Hopkinton City is a flourishing v. on a branch of Charles r., in the S. part of the town. Pop. 2,478. Pawcatuck r. has productive fisheries of shad and alewives. HOPPER S MILLS, p. o., Henderson co., III. : 98 m. N. W. Springfield. HOKICON, t. and p. v., Warren county, W. Y. : 67 m. N. Albany. Drained by numerous lake creeks. Brandt Lake is wholly within this t., and Schroon Lake partly so both have their outlets in the Schroon r., which bounds it on the W. Surface hilly and mountainous ; soil indifferent, except on the alluvials of the streams. The v. lies in the S. part, and is a small agricultural settlement. Pop. of 1. 1,152. HOKICON, p. v., Dodge co., Wise. : on Eock r., 49 m. N. E. Madison. HORNBKOOK, p. o., Bradford county, Penn. : 109 m. N. Harrisburg. HORNBY, t. and p. v., Steuben co., 2f. Y. : 164 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by creeks of Conhocton rivers. Surface somewhat hilly ; soil of average fertility. Pop. 1,314. HORN ELLS VILLE, t. and p. v., Steuben co., Jf. Y. : 196 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by Canisteo r. and its tribu taries. Surface hilly and broken, but mostly arable. The v. lies on the Canisteo r., on the line of the New York and Erie E. E., and at the point where the Buffalo and New York City E. E. diverges. There are large workshops here, several stores, and about 1,200 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 2,637. HORNERSTOWN, p. v., Ocean co., .A 7 : Jer. : 39 m. S. E. Trenton. HORNET S NEST, p. o., Mecklenburgh co., N. Car. : 133 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. HORNSBOROUGH, p. v., Chesterfield dist., S. Car. : 79 m. N. E. Columbia. HOHNTOWN, p. v., Accomac co., Virg. : 112 m. E. by N, Eichmond. HORRY district, S. Car. Situate E., and contains 1,071 sq. m. Lies on the Atlantic Ocean, which is its S. E. bound ary, and drained by Waccamaw r., which crosses the county from N. E. to S. W., and branches of Little Pee Dee r., which forms its W. boundary. Surface low and level ; soil of moderate fertility, consisting in parts of marshes well adapted to rice growing. Corn, rice, and cotton are staples. 296 Farms 731 ; manuf. 7 ; dwell. 980, and pop. wh. 5,521, fr col. 50, si. 2,075 total 7,646. Capital : Conwaysboro. HORSE CREEK, p. o., Lexington dist., S. Car. HORSE CREEK, p. o., Dade county, Mo. : 123 m. S. W. Jefferson City. HORSE CREEK, p. o., Will county, III. : 123 m. N. E. Springfield. HORSE CREEK, p. o., Greene county, Tenn. : 226 m. E. Nashville. HORSE CREEK, p. o., Eutherford co., & Car. : 188 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. HORSE HEAD, p. o., Johnson co., Ark. : on a creek of Arkansas r. so called, 91 m. W. N. W. Little Eock. HOF.SE HEAD, p. o., Macon county, Ga. : 76 m. S. W. Milledgeville. HORSE HEAD, p. o., Prince George s co., Md. HORSE PASTURE, p. o., Henry co., Virg. : 148 rn.W. S.W. Eichmond. HORSE PEN, p. o., Choctaw co., Miss. : 97 m. N. N. E. Jackson. HORSE SHOE, p. o., Pickens dist., S. Car. : on a fork of Tugaloo r., 144 W. N. W. Columbia. HORSE SHOE BEND, p. o., Tallapoosa co., Ala. : on the Tallapoosa river, at the bend so called, 42 m. N. E. Mont gomery. HORSE SHOE BOTTOM, p. o., Eussell co., y. : on the S. side of Cumberland r., 87 m. S. Frankfort. HORSEUAM, t. and p. v., Montgomery co., Penn. : 97 m. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Neshaminy and Pennypack creeks. Surface level ; soil calcareous loam. The v. called Horseham Square, in the centre of the t., has a Friend s meeting-house, and about a dozen dwellings. Pop. of t. 1,209. HORSEY S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Sussex co., Del. : 37 m; S. Dover. HORTON S VALLEY, p. o., Eussell county, Virg. : 278 m, W. S. W. Eichmond. HORTONVILLE, p. v., Brown co., Wise, : 118 m. N. N. E. Madison. HOSENSACK, p. o., Lehigh co., Penn.: 82 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. HOSKINSVILLE, p. v., Morgan co., Ohio : 69 m. E. by S. Columbus. HOTCHKISSVILLE, p. o., Litchfield co., Conn. : between the branches of Pamperang r., 32 m. W. S. W. Hartford. It is a small manufacturing village of some 300 inhabitants. HOTEL, p. o., Bertie co., N. Car. : 101 m. E. Ealeigh. HOT HOUSE, p. o., Gilmer county, Ga.: 137 m. N. "W. Milledgeville. HOT SPRINGS county, Ark. Situate S. centrally, and con tains 969 sq. m. Drained centrally and W. by Washita r., and E. by Saline r., a branch of the Washita, and the E. line of the co. Surface high and broken, with level river bottoms ; soils fertile, excellent corn land, and the best of pasturage. Cattle and grain are the staples. It contains vast deposites of coal and celebrated hot mineral springs. Farms 320 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 579, and pop. wh. 3,237, fr. col. 11, si. 361 total 3,609. Capital : Eockport. Public Works : Little Eock and Shreveport E. E. HOT SPRINGS, p. v., and former cap. Hot Springs co., Ark. : 47 m. W. S. W. Little Eock. It is a v. of some 200 inhabitants. Here are a large number of hot springs break ing from the W. side of a mountain, and flowing into a small cr. of the Washita r., which is 6 m. S. of the Springs. The temperature of the several springs vary from 110 to 150 Fahr. About 3 m. N. E. are the chalybeate springs, the waters of which are cold; and in Montgomery co., about 30 m. W. by N., are also sulphur springs. The whole neighborhood is of volcanic formation, and affords fine scenery, which, in conjunction with the remedial properties of the waters, have a happy effect on the broken-down constitution. HOT SPRINGS, p. v., Bath co., Virg. : 123 m. W. N. W. HOU HOU ond Here is a fashionable watering-place, with 1 HOUSE S SPRINGS, p. o., Jefferson co., Mo. : about 2 m. E. every accommodation for travel or sojourn. Dr. Rogers s Big r ., an d 87 m. E. by S. Jefferson City, analysis of 64 cubic inches of the water gives the solid mat- HOUSEVILLK, p. v. Lew* co., N. K : Hte m N W. A bany. "Stained therein as fellows-carbonate of lime, 4-S2 HOUSTON county, Go. Situate S. W. centrally, and con sulate of lime, 1-52 ; sulphate of soda, 0-92 ; sul- tains 549 sq. m. Bounded E. by Ockmulgee r, and drained phate of magnesia, 57; muriate of soda, 37; and silica, by its affluents Big Indian and Mossy creeks and Echeconno 0-05 There are six baths, and the hot pool or bath ranges r . Surface various ; soils very fertile and productive of corn, frnni 10<P to 107 Fahr. There is a hot spout for ladies, and wheat, and cotton. Farms 750; manuf. 23; dwell. l,ids>, one for gentlemen, of the temperature of 1060 Fahr., with and pop ._ w h. 6,512, fr. col. 14, si. 9,924-total 16 450 Cap- a fall of about 5 feet The efficacy of these spouts in cases i ta l: Perry. Public Works : South-Western R. R., and of local physical derangement is well established their Muscogee R. R. curative properties being much more rapid in action than HOUSTON county, Tex. Situate E. centrally, and contains if not thermal. 1,362 sq. m. It lies between Neches r. on the E. and 1 rimty HOUCK-S STORE, p. o., Carroll co., Md. r. on the W., and is drained by Elkhart cr Hurricane HUGH S STOKE, p. o., Jasper co., Miss.: 66 m. E. by S. Bay0 u, Carigo, Lost, Negro, Wright s, and White Lock Jackson creeks of the latter, and San Pedro, Walnut, and Connor s HOUGHTON county, Mich. Situate on the Upper Penin- creeks> and Cochino Bayou of the former. Surface level, sula in the extreme N., and contains 1,910 sq. m. It con- or gent i y undulating ; soil on the Trinity of the best m the sists principally of a large peninsula, extending N. E. into statej on the Neches rather lighter and more sandy. Lake Superior, between which and the S. part lies a large Hickory uplands cover much of the co., and afford r bav bearin<* the same name Keewaiwona Bay. It has | ^^ and cot ton lands. Petrified trees are frequently met with, and iron ore of good quality is found. Cotton is th< staple. Farms 192 ; manuf. ; dwell. 357, and pop. wh. 2,036, fr. col. 12, si. 673 total 2,721. Capital : Crockett. HOUSTON, p. v., Heard co., Ga.: 113 m. W. by N. Milledgeville. HOUSTON, p. o., Jackson co., Ind. : on a branch of Salt cr., bay bearin- many small streams flowing into the bay, and lake on the E side Yellow Dog, Pine, Huron, Sturgeon, Russell s, and Tobacco rivers ; on the N. and W., Lower Montreal, Eagle, Salmon Trout, Elm, Misery, and Sleeping rivers. Surface much diversified, parts being rough and rocky, and parts cut up by numerous inlets of the lake. It has many lakes or ponds, the largest of which, Portage Lake, extends 51 m . 3. Indianapolis, across the peninsula to a mile of the N. W. coast, over HOUSTON, p. v., Adams county, Itt. : 73 m. W. N. W. which the Indians and hunters carry their canoes whence Springfield. the name. The agricultural resources of the co. have been HOUSTON, p. v., Marion co., Mo. : a little N. of South little examined as yet. It has much good timber and water- Fabius r., 96 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. power. But Us chief wealth is in its minerals, principally cop- HOUSTON, p. o., and cap. Chickasaw co., Miss. : on the per. Here, in immense masses, the purest and best of copper ncad O f Chuckaluckee cr. of Tombigbee r., 127 m. N. E. is found. The mines are of indefinite extent, and of surpris- j ac kson. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and about 600 ing richness, and the amount exported is immense, though inhabitants ; and three newspapers are published here, the but a small part is yet wrought. Farms 18; manuf. 5; dwell. "Southern Argus" (state rights), the "Southern Patriot" 116, and pop. wh. 707, fr. col. 1 total 70S. Capitol : Eagle ( wn ig), and the " Chickasaw Republican" (dem.), all weekly issues. Houston is a thriving v., and has a fine neighborhood. HOUSTON, p. v., Shelby county, Ohio: 71 m. W. N. W. Columbus. HOUSTON, p. o., AUeghany county, Penn. : 173 mi "W. Harrisburg. HOUSTON, p. v., Wayne co., Tenn. : on Indian cr. of Ten nessee r., 85 m. S. S. W. Nashville. HOUSTON, p. v., and cap. Harris co., Tex. : on Buffalo Bayou, at the head of steam navigation and directly op posite White Oak Bayou, 158 m. E. S. E. Austin City. It was commenced in October, 1836, and in November the old capitol was founded, and in the May following Congress held its first session in that building. In front of the city is a fine wharf 500 feet long, affording ample accommodation for its business. This wharf is flanked by two cotton presses, erected by individual enterprise. The public buildings are Episcopal, Presbyterian, Baptist, Catholic, and Methodist churches, each denomination one, a good market-house, and a jail. Regular stages run twice a week for Austin and San Antonio, and for Nacogdoches and the Sabine. There is a very large country business transacted, and several of its merchants have acquired large fortunes. The heavy business is done chiefly on Main Street, which faces the wharves on the bayou. There are in the city 16 large firms that advance capital to planters, and are reimbursed by the next crops. There are also many engaged in the grocery and provision business, and several extensive commission merchants, druggists, warehousemen, etc. Houston pos sesses superior advantages for manufacturing, and may at some future time become important in that branch of in dustry. At present all her manufactured articles are pur chased from the North and carried in steamboats up the bayou. There are five newspapers published here, the "Morning Star" (dem.), tri-weekly, and the "Telegraph and Texas Register" (dem.), the "Houston Gazette" (demj 297 River. Public Works : Green Bay and Copper Harbor R.R. HOUGHTON VILLE, p. v., Windham co., Venn.: 93 m. S. Montpelier. HOULKA, p. o., Chickasaw co., Miss. : 123 m. N. N. E. Jackson. HOULTON, t., p. v., and cap. Aroostook co., Me. : 163 m. N. E. Augusta. It lies on the New Brunswick boundary. Drained by Meduxnekeag r., a branch of the St. John. Surface elevated and level ; soil generally fertile. The v. is located on the E. bank of the r., and about a mile N. is the old United States barracks. Stages from Bangor run daily. Pop. 1,453 in 1840 it was 1,597 decrease consequent on the abandonment of the garrison. HOUMA, p. v., and cap. Terre Bonne par., La. : on Bayou Terre Bonne, 64 m. S. S. E. Baton Rouge. HOUSATONIC, p. v., Berkshire co., Mass. : on the W. side of Housatonic r., and on the line of the Housatonic R. R., 90 m. from Bridgeport. HOUSATONIO river, Mass, and Conn. : rises by two branches in the towns of Lanesboro and Windsor, Berkshire co., Mass., and these meet at Pittsfleld, where the river forms ; it then passes S., and enters Connecticut, and meets the tide 14 m. above its entrance into Long Island Sound. Its sources are more than 1,000 feet above the ocean; and in its course of 150 miles it affords numerous mill sites, and has on its banks many pleasant villages and seats of manufacturing industry. The volume of water is not ordi narily large, but in seasons of flood its valley is inundated, and the soil fertilized by the alluvion deposited by the waters. The scenery is everywhere beautiful; in some places it is enchanting. At Canaan there is a fall of 60 feet perpendicular. The name of the river, an Indian appella tive, signifies " over the mountains." HOUSE CREEK, p. o., Irwin Co., Ga. : on a cr. of Ockmulgee r. so called, 88 in. S. Milledgeville. 02 HOU the " Commercial Advertiser" (whig), and the " Wesleyan Banner" (relig.), all weekly issues. It is proposed to build a branch railroad, 50 m. long, from this point to the Brazos Valley, where it will form a junction with the Ked Eive and Galveston E. E. Pop. 6,000. Houston takes its name from Gen. Sam Houston, leader of the Texan army during the revolution her first president as an independent state and one of her present senators a man, a soldier, and a statesman, worthy of the highest honors that the people can confer. HOUSTON, p. v., and .cap. Texas co., Mo. : 97 m. S. by E Jefferson City. HOUSTON, p. v., Bourbon co., Ky. : 37 m. E. Frankfort. HOUSTON S STORE, p. o., Morgan co., Ala. : 152 m. N. N.W Montgomery. HOUSTONVILLE, p. v., IredeU co., J!K Car. : 127 m. W Ealeigh. HOWARD county, Ind. Situate N. centrally, and contains 296 sq. m. Drained by "Wild Cat cr. and its branches, j tributary of Wabash r. Surface level or slightly undulat ing, and soil uniformly rich. Timber is abundant, and corn, wheat, and the grasses grow finely. This county lies wholly on the Miami Eeserves, and is not fully settled. Farms 746; manuf. 26; dwell. 1,190, and pop. wh. 6,615, fr. col. 42 total 6,667. Capital : Kokomo (or Cocomo). Public Works: Indianapolis and Peru E. E. ; Andersontown and Logansport E. E. HOWARD county, la. Situate N. E., and contains 432 sq. m. Drained by Upper Iowa r. and heads of Turkey r., both affluents of the Mississippi. Unorganized in 1850. HOWARD county, Md. Situate centrally on TV. shore, and contains 226 sq. m. It lies between Patapsco and Patux- ent rivers, and is drained by their affluents. Surface undu lating, and intersected by numerous creeks, which afford good water-power ; soil mostly productive, with some waste land. This county was a part of Anne Arundel in 1S50, and the census of that comprises both. Capital: Ellicott s Mills. Public Works: Baltimore and Ohio E. E. HOWARD county, Mo. Situate N. centrally, and contains 453 sq. m. Bounded S. and S.TV. by the Missouri, and drain ed by Great Manitou and Bonne Femme rivers, its afflu ents. Surface varied, with some hills, and considerable water-power ; soil excellent, yielding fine crops of corn and wheat, and some tobacco ; it is admirably adapted to graz ing. Farms 1,105; manuf. 35; dwell. 1,635, and pop wh. 9,040, fr. col. 39, si. 4,890. Capital : Fayette. HOWARD, p. y., Parke co., Ind. : on Mill cr., near its en trance into the TVabash, and at the point where it is crossed by the Canal, 63 m. TV. N. TV. Indianapolis. HOWARD, t and p. v., Steuben co., Jf. Y. : 183 m. TV. Albany. Drained by creeks of Canisteo and Conhocton rirers. Surface undulating; soil clay-loam and fertile. The v. contains about 250 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 3,244. HOWARD, t. and p. o., Centre co., Penn. : 82 m. N. TV. Harrisburg. Drained by Bald Eagle cr. and its tributaries, and by Marsh and Beach creeks. Surface mountainous, the main ridge of the Alleghanies passing through it. Pop. 1,527. HOWARD S, p. o., TVaukesha county, Wise. : 62 m. E. Madison. HOWARD S, st, Bibb co., Ga. : on the Macon and "Western E. E., 6 m. TV. by N. Macon. HOWARD S GROVE, p. o., Sheboygan co., Wise: 92 m. N. E. Madison. HOWARD S POINT, p. o., Fayette co., III. : on the National Eoad, 69 m. S. E. Springfield. HOWARD S VALLEY, p. o., TVindham co., Conn. : 27 m. E. by N. Hartford. HOWARDSVILLE, p. T., Stephenson co., III. : 177 m. N. Springfield. HOWARDSVILLE, p. v., Albemarle county, Vira. : 76 m. TV. N. TV. Eichmond. HOWELL, t, p. v., and cap. Livingston co., Mich. : 30 m. HUD E. S. E. Lansing. Drained by the heads of Shiawassee and Cedar rivers. The v. is situate on the Grand Eiver Turnpike ; it contains the county buildings, several stores and mills, and about 400 inhabitants; and has a news paper, the "Livingston Courier," published weekly. HOWELL S DEPST, p. o., Orange co., N. Y. HOWELL S SPRINGS, p. o., Hardin co., Ey. : 69 m.TV. S.TV. Frankfort. HOWELLSVILLE, p. v., Eobeson county, A 7 . Car. : 77 m. S. by TV. Ealeigh. HOWELLSVILLE, p. v., Delaware co., Penn. : 87 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. HOWELL WORKS, p. v., Monmouth co., 2f. Jer. : on Man- asquan r., 37 m. E. by S. Trenton. Here are extensive iron works, and a number of dwellings and stores for the workers. HOWE S, p. o., Concordia par., La. : 87 m. N. N. TV Baton Eouge. HOWLAND, t. and p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : 86 m. N. N. E. Augusta. Drained by Piscataquis r. and its tributaries, the Penobscot forming the E. boundary. Surface varies, with wide intervales on the rivers. The v. lies on the TV. side of the Penobscot, opposite Enfield. Pop. 214. ROWLAND, t. and p. v., Trumbull co., OJiio : 143 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Mahoning and Mosquito rivers, the latter of which runs from N. to S. through the town. Surface diversified ; soils of average fertility. The v. lies about a mile E. of Mosquito r., and is a small settlement. Pop. of t. 919. HOWLET HILL, p. o., Onondaga county, 2?, Y. : 126 m. TV. N. TV. Albany. HOYSVILLE, p. v., Loudon co., Yirg. : on Kittoctan or., 126 m. N. Eichmond. It contains several flouring mills, etc. HUBBARD, t. and p. o., Trumbull co., Ohio : 151 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by tributaries of Sheuango r. It is a fine agricultural township, and contains 1,272 inhabitants. HUBBARD S CORNERS, p. o., Madison co., N. Y. : 94 m. TV. by N. Albany. HUBBARDSTON, t. and p. v., "Worcester co., Mass. : 51 m. TV. by N. Boston. Drained by Ware r. and its tributaries, on which are fine mill-sites. Surface various ; soil indiffer ent, but well cultivated. The v. contains about 400 inhab itants. Pop. of 1. 1,827. HUBBARDTON, t. and p. o., Eutland co., Verm. : 53 m. S. S. W. Montpelier. Drained by Hubbardton cr. and sev eral streams of Bombazine Lake, all which empty into Castleton r. of Lake Champlain, and also by creeks of Onion river. Surface uneven and rough in some parts mount ainous, and soil indifferent, but good for grass. The v. is central. Pop. of t 701. HUBBLETON, p. o., Jefferson co., Wise. : 37 m. E. Madison. HUBLERSBURGII, p. v., Centre county, Penn. : 88 m. N. "W. Harrisburg. HUDDLESTON, p. v., Pike county, Ark, : 97 m. W. S. TV. Little Eock. HTJDDLESTON, p. o., Eapides parish, La. : 102 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. HUDDLESTON CROSS EOADS, p. o., Wilson co., Tenn.: 26 m. E. Nashville. HUDSON county, N. Jer. Situate N. E., and contains 66 sq. m. Drained by Hackensack r. and Passaic r., both emptying into Newark Bay, and the latter its W. as the Hudson is its E. boundary. Surface diversifled,with high land n the N., and in the S. swamps ; soil good. In the W. near the Passaic, is an old copper-mine, called the Stuyvesant Mine, which was wrought as early as 1731. The E. portion is fast hanging into a suburb of the great metropolis opposite it. arms 254; manuf. 52; dwell. 2,861, and pop. wh. 21,319, r. col. 500, si. 2 total 21,821. Capital : North Bergen. Public Works : New Jersey E. E. ; Union E. E,, and Mor is Canal. HUDSON, p. v., La Porte co., Ind. : 133 m. N. by T\ ndianapolis. The Indiana Northern E.E. passes through it HUD HUF HUDSON, p. v., M Clean co., III. : 66 m. N. E. Springfield. HUDSON, t. and p. o., Lcnawee co., Mich. : 60 ra. S. by E. Lansing. Drained by Bear cr., Tiffin s cr., which affords extensive water-power. The v. lies on its W. bank, and is intersected by the Michigan Southern E. E., 54 m. from Monroe. Pop. of 1. 1,544. HUDSON, t. and p. v., Hillsborough co., N. Ifamp. : 34 m. S. by E. Concord. Drains into the Merrimac, which makes it.s W. border, and over which is a bridge to Little s Station. Surface level and fertile on the streams, but otherwise hilly and broken. The v. lies on the outlet of a small pond cen trally. Pop. oft. 1,312. HUDSON, p. city, port, and cap. Columbia co., N. Y.: at the head of ship navigation, and on the E. side of Hudson river, 29 m. S. Albany. Lat. 42 14 N., and long. 73 46 W., 845 m. N. E. Washington. Fronting on the river, opposite Athens, is a promontory, rising 60 feet above the water, which has been formed into a promenade, commanding an extensive view, and oii ei her side of this is a spacious bay, with sufficient depth of water for the largest shipping. The city is regularly laid out, and the streets, with the exception of those "near the shore, cross each other at right angles. The main street extends S. E. for more than a mile, to Pros pect Hill, 200 feet high, to which the ground rises. On the N. side of this street, toward its upper end, is a public square, and there is another, on which the court-house stands, in the S. part of the city ; this building is 116 feet long, the central part 40 by 60 feet, and the height 60 feet, sur mounted by a dome, and entered by a portico of 6 Ionic columns, and the wings are 34 feet front, 40 feet deep, and two stories high. There are numerous churches in the city, many of them handsome and substantial structures, and also several highly efficient institutions of learning. The Hudson Lunatic Asylum is situate on State-street, facing the court-house on the S., and is a very useful and flourish ing institution. Hudson is supplied with water by a com pany from a spring at the foot of Becraft s Mountain. For merly the city had a large West India trade, but this has been superseded by the whale-fishing business, in which it has several ships engaged. Its river trade is very consider able, and it is the market for a large back country. It has 1 several steamboats, barges, etc., employed, and the New York and Albany steamers usually make this a stopping- place ; a steam ferry connects it with Athens. The Hudson Eiver E. E. passes through it, and the Hudson and Berk shire E. E. connects it with the Western E. E., and thence i with New England. With regard to its manufactures, Hud- | son has great facilities from the water-power in its neigh borhood ; some of its manufacturing establishments numbering 77 in all are extensive and valuable. It has 1 daily paper, 5 weeklies, and 1 semi-monthly ; the " Morning Star" (neutral), is issued daily ; the " Columbia Eepublican" (whig), the "II. Gazette" (dem.), the "Democratic Free man" (free soil), the " Washingtonian" (temp.), and the "Columbia County Journal" (whig), are weeklies; and the semi-monthly is the " Eural Eepublican" (literary). The number of houses in the city in 1S50 was S32, and the inhab itants 6,214. Hudson was settled in 1783 by Thomas Jenkins and others, chiefly Quakers from Massachusetts and Ehode Island. In 1785 it was chartered as a city. HUDSON, t. and p. v., Summit co., Ohio: 117 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by numerous creeks flowing in several directions to the Cuyahoga r. Surface elevated and rolling ; soil clay loam, very fertile in grass and grain. The village is pleasantly located on a plain, from which the ground rises toward the N. It contains several stores, and about 600 inhabitants. The Cleveland and Pittsburg E. E. passes through it 26 m. from Cleveland, and from it diverges the Akron Branch E. E. Hudson is the seat of the Western Eeserve College, founded in 1S26, and which is under Presbyterian supervision : it has a theological department. The College has 8 professors, and in 1S50 had 1S1 alumni and 57 students, with a library of 8,000 volumes ; and the theological department had 8 professors and 14 students. The periodicals published here are the " Ohio Observer" (relig.), and the " Family Visitor" (literary) the first a weekly and the latter a semi-monthly issue. The t. is chiefly agricultural. Pop. of 1. 1,457. HUDSON, p. o., Franklin co., Get. : on Hudson s Fork of Broad r., 83 m. N. Milledgeville. HUDSON (or North) river, N. Y. : one of the most import ant rivers of the United States, though in length and volume of water it is much less than many others. It was discov ered in 1609 by llendrich Hudson, whose name it bears, and it is supposed that he explored it as far as Albany. The Hudson rises by two main branches in the mountains W. of lakes Champlain and George ; the E. or Schroon branch passes through Schroon Lake, and the other branch rises farther W. by various head streams, the two uniting in the S. part of Warren co., about 40 m. from their respective sources. After a course of 15 m. S., the Hudson receives Sacandaga river ; it then runs E. by S. 15 m. to Iladley s Falls, and thence 20 m. N. by E. to Glen s Falls ; it then flows S. 40 m., and receives from the W. its principal tribu tary, the Mohawk. Its fall in this distance is 147 feet; thence running a little W. of S. 156 m., it enters the ocean at Sandy Hook. The whole length of the river from its sources to its entrance into New York Bay, is a little over 300 m. ; and so straight is the river between Albany and New York, that the distance by water is less than that by laud. The influence of the tide is felt a little above Albany, though it properly does not flow so far. It is navigable for large ships 118 m. above New York, to Hudson, and for sloops and large steamers to Albany, 145 m. Sloops and steamboats proceed 6 m. farther to Troy, and sloops, by a dam and lock, to Waterford, 8 m. above Albany. Through a considerable part of its course its banks are elevated, par ticularly on the W. side, and in some parts are high, rocky, and precipitous. The Hudson Eiver E. E. skirts its E. shore, and often is carried into the river on embankments. No part of the Union presents more picturesque scenery than the banks of the Hudson, and the passage through the Highlands, 53 m. above New York City, is grand here the mountains, over 1,400 feet high, come down to the very margin of the stream. New York owes much of its pre eminent advantages to this noble river; being connected with the great western lakes by the Erie Canal and several lines of railroad, and with Lake Champlain and Canada also by both canal and railroad, and with Delaware r. and the coal region of Pennsylvania by the Delaware and Hudson Canal, it becomes the main trunk of an immense commerce ; it forms, indeed, one of the great connecting links of the chain which binds the East and West, and bears upon its bosom in the noblest steamers the world ever saw, and in a vast number of other craft, the traveler and the mer chandise to and from the American metropolis. As might have been expected, its banks are lined by many large and flourishing cities and villages, the principal of which on the E. side, are Troy, Hudson, Poughkeepsie, and New York ; and on the W . side, Albany, Catskill, and Newburg. Its wa ters were the theatre of the first successful attempt to apply steam to the propelling of vessels, and the very first to witness the application of caloric to the same purposes. The one dates from 1808, and immortalizes the names of Fulton and Livingston, and the latter from January, 1S53, immortalizing the name of Ericsson. Little did those who saw the com" mencement of the era of steam navigation dream of the ex tent of its application to the purpose of commerce ; and as little may the lookers-on of to-day foresee the vastness of tho project just initiated by the later discovery. HUDSONVILLE, p. v., Brcckenridge co., Ky. : on the N". side of Eough cr., 91 m. W. S. W. Frankfort HUDSONVILLE, p. v., Marshall co., Miss. : 176 m. N. by E. Jackson. HUFF S CBEEK, p. o., Logan county, Tirg. : 24T m. W Eichmond. HUG HUN HUGGIN S CREEK, p. o., M Nairy county, Tenn. : 122 m. S. W. Nashville. HUGHES VILLE, p. v., Lycoming co., Perm. : on Muney cr., 67 m. N. Harrisburg. HUGHESVILLE, p. v., London co., Virg. : 114 m.N. by W. Richmond. HUGIISONVILLE, p. v., Duchess co., 2f. Y. : 76 ra. S. Albany. It contains about 35 dwellings. HUGUENOT, p. v., Orange county, 2f. Y. : 92 m. S. S. "W. Albany. HULBERTON, p. v., Orleans co., W. Y. : on the line of the Erie Canal, 214 m. W. byN. Albany. It contains several stores and about 300 inhabitants. HULL, t. and p. v., Plymouth co., Mass.: 11 m. E. S. E. Boston occupies a long, narrow peninsula, forming the S. E. boundary of Boston Harbor. The village is situate on Nantasket Head. Salt is manufactured in the town. Pop ulation 253. HULLS, p. o., Athens co., Ohio : 68 m. S. E. Columbus. HULL S CORNERS, p. o., Oswego co., N. Y. : 146 m. W. N.W. Albany. HULL S MILLS, p. o., Duchess co., W. Y. : 51 m. S. Albany. HULMESVILLE, p. v., Bucks co., Penn. : 107 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. HUMANSVILLE, p. v., Polk co. r : Mo. : 97 m. S.W. Jefferson City. HUMBOLDT county, la. Situate N. "W. centrally, and con tains 576 sq. m. Drained by several head streams of Des Moines r. Unorganized in 1850. HUMBOLDT, v., Trinity co., Calif. : on the E. side of Ilum- boldt Harbor, opposite its entrance to the Pacific ocean, and about 200 m. N. X. W. Vallejo. There is a v. called West Humboldt at the N. of the entrance to the bay. These are small and uncertain settlements. HUMBOLDT harbor, Calif.: a large bay, on the coast of California, the entrance of which is in lat. 40 44 N. It was discovered in 1850 by the gold hunters, and it is said that a considerable quantity of gold has been collected in its neigh borhood. Some settlements have been made on its shores. HUMBOLDT lake, Utah Ter. : a large lake in the California desert, in about lat. 40 15 N., and long. 118 20 W., and the recipient of Humboldt r. It has no outlet HUMHOLDT mountain s, Utah Ter. : a chain of hills so called, extending between the 118th and 119th meridian, and from about 39 to 41 41 N. lat. The Humboldt r. has its sources in the W. slope of this range. HUMBOLDT river, Utah Ter. : a river rising about 118 W. long., in the Humboldt Eiver mountains. It has a tor tuous course S. and "W. until it falls into Humboldt Lake. The valley of this river is the route usually pursued by the overland emigration between the Salt Lake and California. HUME, t. and p. v., Allegh any county, JV. Y.: 217 m. W. Albany. Drained by tributaries of Genesee r., which passes through it. Surface undulating ; soil clay loam, very fertile. Hume is a small agricultural village. Pop. of t. 2,478. HUMILITY, p. o., Pulaski county, Virg. : 192 m. "W. by S. Eichmond. HUMMELSTOWN, p. b., Dauphin co., Penn. : on Swatara cr., 9 m. E. Harrisburg. Pop. 620. HUMPHREYS county, Tenn. Situate N. W., and contains 519 sq. m. Bounded W. by Tennessee r., and drained by its affluents, Turkey cr., Eichland cr., Bay cr., Duck r., etc. Surface mostly even, with good mill seats. Soil very good. Corn is the staple, but fine wheat is raised, and many hogs fattened. Farms 679 ; manuf. 16 ; dwel. 919, and pop wh. 5,304, fr. col. 21, si. 1,097 total 6.422. Capital: Waverley. Public Works: Nashville and Mississippi E. E. HUMPHREY S VILLA., p. o., Holmes co., Ohio : 74 m. N. E Columbus. HUMPHREYSVILLE, p. v., New Haven co., Conn. : on Naugatuck r., 6 m. from its confluence with the Housatonic, and 37 S. W. Hartford. It has considerable manufactures, 800 also iron and copper works, several stores, and about 400 inhabitants. HUMLOCK S CREEK, p. o., Luzerne co., Penn. : 87 m. N. E Harrisburg. HUNGARY, sta., Hanover county, Virg. : on the line of the Eichmond, Frederick, and Potomac E. E., 8 m. N. Eichmond. HUNT county, Teas. Situate N. E., and contains 976 sq. m. Drained by heads of S. fork of Sulphur r., and heads of the Sabine. Surface undulating, or hills of small elevation and gentle slope, and generally densely wooded ; soil a rich loam in the river bottoms, which comprise a large part of the co., and though more sandy or clayey between them, yet always very productive. The timber common to this region abounds, and on the streams are found the best of grapes in great quantities. It is well adapted to the staple of this quarter (cotton), and grows fine crops of corn. Farms 93; manuf. 0; dwell. 268, and pop. wh. 1,477, fr. col. 2, si. 41 total 1,520. Capital: Greenville. HUNTER, p. v., Belmont co., Ohio : 106 m. E. Columbus. HUNTER, p. v., Boone county, III. : 187 m. N. by E. Springfield. HUNTER, t. and p. v., Greene co., W. Y. : 38 m. S. S. W. Albany. Drained by heads of Schoharie cr. Surface mount ainous, lying on the principal range of the Kaatsbergg. Eound Top, their highest peak, is 3,804 feet above the Hudson river. Soil sterile, except in some exceptional valleys, and along the streams. Wood, timber, and bark are exported. The v. is on Schoharie cr., and contains a number of mills, etc., and about 400 inhabitants. Pop. oft. 1,849. HUXTERDON county, N. Jer. Situate N.W., and contains 484 sq. m. Drained by Musconetoung r. and other affluents of Delaware r., its S. W. boundary, and E. by Earitan r., which empties into the Atlantic. Surface in the N. high and broken ; in the S. much more even ; soil mostly fertile, producing fine crops of all the grains, ad affording excel lent pasturage. It has considerable water-power, and con venient markets by land or water. Farms 2,486; manuf* 309 ; dwell. 5,167, and pop wh. 23,212, fr. col. 769, si. S total 28,989. Capital : Flemington. Public Works : Bel- yidere Delaware E. E. ; Flemington Branch E. E. ; New Jersey Central E. E. HUNTER S CAVE, p. o., Greene co., Penn. : 1SS m.W. S.W. Harrisburg. HUNTERSLAND, p. o., Schoharie co.. 2f. Y. : 28 m. W. by S. Albany. HUNTERSTOWN, p. v., Adams co., Penn. : 23 m. S. W. Harrisburg. HUNTERSVILLE, p. v., Lycoming co., Penn. HUNTERSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Pocahontas co., Virg. : on Knapp s cr. of Greenbrier r., 154 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. The site is 1,800 feet above the level of the Atlantic Ocean ; and in the vicinity are several mineral springs. The v. contains a C. II., jail, etc., and has several stores and about 200 inhabitants. HUXTERSVILLE, p. v., Hardin county, Ohio : 63 m. N. W. Columbus. Pop. 84. HUNTINGBURGH, p. v.. Dubois co., Ind. : 107 m. S. S. "W. Indianapolis. Pop. 250. HUNTING CREEK, p. o., Accomack co., Virg. : 106 m. E. Eichmond. HUNTINGDON county, Penn. Situate S. centrally, and contains 754 sq. m. Drained by Eaystown Branch and other affluents of Juniata r., which crosses the N. part from E. to W. Surface much varied ; parts are mountainous, but there are many beautiful valleys, which are exceed ingly fertile. A part is too rough for cultivation, but abounds in fine timber and numerous mill streams. The lower lands produce excellent crops of wheat, rye, corn, buckwheat and oats, and the higher afford the best of grazing. The dairies are fine, and beef, pork, and wool, staples. Iron ore and bituminous coal are abundant; lead, salt, and alum HUN HUR are found. Farms 1,445; manuf. 93; dwelL 4,293, and pop.-wh. 24.461, fr. col. 325 total 24,786. Capital : Hun tingdon. Public Works : Pennsylvania Canal ; Pennsylva nia" K. R. HUNTINGDON, p. b., and cap. Huntingdon co., Penn: on the W. side of Frankstown branch of Juniata r., at its en trance into the latter, 61 m. direct, or by railroad 97 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and has considerable manufactures and a good trade. The II. Globe" (dem.) and the "II. Journal" (whig) are issued weekly. The Pennsylvania Canal and R. li. pass through the borough. Pop. in 1S40, 1,045 in 1S50, 1,479. HUNTINGDON, p. v., and cap. Carroll co., Tenn. : on the 8. fork of Obion r., 90 m. W. by S. Nashville. It contains a court-bouse and other county buildings, several stores, aud about 300 inhabitants. The neighborhood is one of the finest agricultural regions of the State, beautifully diversified, well watered, and rich and deep soil. HUNTINGDON VALLEY, p. o., Montgomery co., Penn. : 88 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. HUNTINGTON county, Ind. Situate N. E., and contains 884 sq. m. Drained by "W abash r., and Little r., and Sala- monie r., its branches. Surface level or undulating ; soils a mixture of clay and sand, deep, and very fertile. Forest land predominates. Wheat, corn, beef, and pork are the leading products. Farms 782 ; manuf. 32 ; dwell. 1,356, and pop wh. 7,847, fr. col. 3 total 7,850. Capital: Hunting- ton. PMic Works : Wabash and Erie Canal ; Wabash Valley R. R. HUXTINGTON, t and p. v., Fairfield co., Conn. : 44 m. S.W. Hartford. Drained by several creeks of Housatonic r., which makes the E. border, and is crossed by several bridges. Surface somewhat uneven ; soils generally fertile. The v. is located centrally, about equi-distant between the Housatonic and the Naugatuck Railroads. The manufac tures of the town consist of woolen goods, paper, leather etc. Pop. of 1. 1,301. HUNTINGTON, p. v., and cap. Huntington co., Ind. : at the mouth of Flint cr., on Little r., 2 m. above its entrance into the Wabash, and on the line of the canal, 81 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., about 160 dwellings, and 800 inhabitants, and has two newspapers, the " Herald" (whig) and the " Age" (dem.), both weekly issues. It is the shipping place of a large and fertile back country. HUNTINGTON, t. and p. v., Suffolk co., N. Y. : 124m. S. S. E. Albany. This t. stretches across Long Island, and embraces Oak Island beach, which here divides Great South Bay from the Atlantic Ocean. In the N. the shores are deeply indented by several bays in the S. the land is drained by numerous small streams flowing into Great South Bay Surface generally level toward the N., however, it is some what hilly ; soils various, none very fertile, but usuallj under the highest state of cultivation, The v. is situate a the head of Huntington Harbor, a continuation of Hunting- ton Bay, and contains about 690 inhabitants. There arc three newspapers published in the town, the "Long Islander," the "Suffolk Democrat," and the "Eastern State Journal," all issued weekly. The manufactures of Hunting- ton are considerable. Pop. 7,481. HUNTINGTON, t. and p. v., Lorain co., Ohio : 86 m. N. N. E Columbus. Drained by the W. branch of Black r. Surface elevated and rolling ; soil clay loam, very fertile. The v. is central, and is a small farming settlement. Pop. of 1. 1,173 HUXTINGTON, p. v., Laurens dist., S. Car.: 66 m. N. W Columbia. HUNTINGTON, t. and p. v., Chittendcn co., Verm. : 19 m W. Montpelier. Drained by Huntington r., a branch of UK Onion. Surface mountainous ; soil generally adapted tc grass. The t. contains Camel s Rump, one of the highes peaks of the Green Mountains. The v. is situate on the W side of the r., which here affords water-power. Pop. o township 885. HUNTINGTOWN, p. v., Calvert co., Md. : on the S. side of a r. so called, 31 m. S. Annapolis. HUNTSBUKGH, t. and p. o., Geauga co., Ohio : 145 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by the head-waters of Cuyahoga r. Surface elevated and rolling ; soil fertile. Pop. 1,007. Hi NT S HOLLOW, p. v., Livingston co., N. Y. : 212 m. W. Albany. Pop. about 200. HUNT S STOKE, p. o., Guilford county, N. Car.: 77 m. W. N. W. Raleigh. HUNTSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Madison co.,Ala. : on Indian cr. of Tennessee r., 10 m. from the confluence, and 167 in. M. by W. Montgomery. It is the seat of a U. S. land office ; and contains a court-house, jail, etc., a bank, several hand some churches, and has two newspapers, the " Democrat" dem.) and the " Southern Star," both weeklies. It has con siderable business, and promises to become one of the most flourishing towns of the State. The Memphis and Charles- on R. R. will pass through it, and others in a N. and S. di rection will connect with that important line. A canal ex tends hence to Triana, on the Tennessee, 16 m. Pop. 6,000. HUNTSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Madison county, Ark.: on War Eagle cr. of White r., 123 m. N. W. Little Rock. It has a court-house, etc., and about 100 inhabitants.. HUNTSVILLE, p. v., Paulding co., Ga. : 116 m. W. N. W. Milledgeville. HUNTSVILLE, p. v., Choctaw co., Miss. : 83 m. N. N. E. Jackson. HUNTSVILLE, p. v., Schuyler co., HI. : 67 m. W. N. W. Springfield. HUNTSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Randolph co., Mo. : on the E. side of East Chariton r., 64 m. N. by W. Jefferson City. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and has several stores. Pop. 300. HUNTSVILLE, p. v., Tadkin (formerly Surry) county, N. Car. : on the W. bank of Yadkin r., 103 m. W. N. W. Raleigh. HUNTSVILLE, v. and sta., Wake co., IT. Car. : on the lino of the Gaston and Raleigh R. R., 9 m. N. Raleigh. HUNTSVILLE, p. v., Luzerne co., Penn. : 107 m. N. E. Harrisburg. HUNTSVILLE, p. v., Laurens dist., S. Car. : 53 m. N. W. Columbia. HUNTSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Walker co., Teat. : on Har mon s cr. of Trinity r., 143 m. E. by N. Austiu City. It is one of the progressive settlements of Texas, and is sur rounded by a thickly peopled and well cultivated country. The v. contains a court-house, etc., and several large stores. Two newspapers, the "Texas Presbyterian" (relig.), and the "II. Item," are published weekly. It is proposed to erect at this place a Female. College, under charge of the Methodists, and other foundations are spoken of which, if completed, will make Huntsville a great seat of learning. Pop. about 600. HUNTSVILLE, p. v., Madison co., Ind. : on the N. side of Fall cr. of White r., a little above Pendleton, and about 26 m. N. E. Indianapolis. It is named after the families that first settled here. HUNTSVILLE, p. v., Logan co., Ohio : on Cherokee-mans cr., 49 m. W. N. W. Columbus. The Mad River and Lake Erie R. R. passes through it 98 m. from Sandusky. HUNTSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Scott co., Tenn. HUKLEY, t. and p. v., Ulster co., N. Y. : 47 m. S. S. W. Albany. Drained by Esopus cr. Surface hilly ; soil fertile loam, underlaid with limestone. The v. on Esopus cr. is a small agricultural settlement, and contains 30 or 35 dwell ings. Pop. of t. 2,003. HURON county, Mich. Situate E. between Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron, and contains 859 sq. m. Drained by Pinnebog and Willow rivers, flowing N., Zappopoie r., flowing E., and other small streams. Surface mostly level; soil of moderate fertility, without stone, but marshy u places. It is well timbered with beech, maple, pine, and tamarack, the last two supplying great numbers of spars. 801 HUR HYD Lumber is the greatest export, the county being little settled. Farms 18 ; manuf. ; dwell. 52, and pop. -wh. 210, fr. col. total 210. Capital : HURON county, Ohio. Situate N. centrally, and contains 764 sq. m. Drained by Huron and Vermillion rivers and their branches. Surface rolling or level; soil very fertile and finely adapted to grain and grass. Wheat and corn are leading crops, and great numbers of cattle, sheep, and swine are fed. Farms 2,414 ; manuf. 256 ; dwell. 4,619, and pop. wh. 26,16T, fr. col. 36 total 26,203. Capital : Newark. Public Works: Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati E.E. ; Sandusky and Newark E. E. ; Cleveland, Norwalk, and Toledo E. E. HUEON, t. and p. o., Wayne co., Mich,: 72 m. S. E. Lansing. Drained by Huron r., which affords water-power and navigation. In the S. W. there are swamps, but the general surface is elevated and fertile. Pop. 4S2. HURON, p. v., Des Moines co., la. : on the W. bank of the Mississippi, 58 m. S. E. Iowa Gity. HURON, t. and p. v., Wayne co., N. Y. : 159 m. W. N. W. Albany. Drained by streams falling into Lake Ontario through East, Port, and Sodus Bays, which lie in this town. Surface level ; soil gravelly and sandy loam. The villages are Huron and Port Glasgow. Pop. of 1 1,966. HURON, t, and p. v., Erie co., Ohio : 100 m. N. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Huron r. and other affluents of Lake Erie. Surface level ; soil sandy alluvion. The v. is located at the mouth of Huron r., and has a good harbor. It contains numerous warehouses, stores, commission-houses, etc., and about 800 inhabitants ; and is intersected by the Junction (Lake Shore) E. E. Pop. of 1. 1,397. HURON isles, Mich. : on the S. shore of Lake Superior, E. of Kew-y-wee-non Bay. HURON lake : one of the five great lakes of North Amer ica. It lies between Lake Superior on the N. W., Michigan on the N. W. and W., and Erie and Ontario on the S. and S. E. ; and in regard to its astronomical position, lies be tween 43 5 and 46 15 N. lat., and between 79 30 and 84 50 W. Ion. Its length is 260 m. along the coast of its W. shore it is 860 m. ; and its greatest breadth is 160 m., but exclusive of the bay on the ^f. E., it is only about 90 m. ; and its circumference is about 1,100 m. Its principal inden tations are, Saganaw Bay, extending into Michigan, and two others, one immediately N. of the Manitou Islands, and the other S. E. of them. The latter, called Georgian Bay, is about 170 m. long and 70 m. broad, and is not far from one-fourth the whole size of the lake. Manitou, or Great Spirit Islands, extend from a peninsula in the S. E. part, through its N. part and with Drummond s Island, separate another sheet of water from the main lake SO m. long and 20 m. wide. The boundary between the United States and Canada passes along the main Huron 225 m., and between Lesser Manitou and Drummond s Island by what is called the Middle Passage, and curves round to the N. and W. 25 m. to the entrance of St. Mary s r. The elevation of the surface of the lake is 596 feet above the ocean, or less than that of Lake Superior by 45 feet, or than that of Lake Michigan by 4 feet. The greatest depth toward the W. shore is at least 1,000 feet, and its mean depth 900 feet, or about 300 feet below the level of the Atlantic. The largest of the Manitou Islands, called Great Manitoulin, is 90 m. long, and in its widest part nearly 30 m. broad. The islands of Lake Huron are said to amount in number to 32,000. It receives the waters of Lake Superior by St. Mary s r., ayd those of Lake Michigan by the Straits of Michilimackinac ; and discharges its own waters by the Strait of St. Clair. Lake Nipissing empties into it through Francis r., and Lake Simcoe by Severn r. The Huron is subject to violent storms, which render its navigation dangerous. It has, however, fine harbors, and in process of time cities and a crowded population will vitalize its shores. HURON river, Mich. : a considerable stream of the Upper Peninsula, having its source in the Porcupine Mountains, from which it flows N. E., and discharges its waters into Lake Superior. It is navigable for canoes. HURON river, Mich. : one of the most considerable streams watering the E. part of the lower peninsula. It rises from many heads in Oakland and Livingston counties, and flows in a S. W. course to the N. boundary of Washtenaw county, where it expands into Portage Lake. It then contracts and passes S. for a few miles, and then, pursuing a S. E. direc tion through Washtenaw and Wayne counties, enters Lake Erie a few miles below the mouth of Detroit r. It has few tributaries in its lower course. The Huron is a beautiful transparent stream, passing alternately through rich bot toms, openings, plains, and sloping Avoodlands. Its length, by its meanderings, is about 90 miles. HURON river, Ohio: rises in Eichland co., and flows through Huron and Erie counties into Lake Erie at Huron. It is navigable by a crooked channel six or seven miles from its mouth, and has a canal along its border to Milan. It affords good water-power. HURRICANE, p. o., Conway county, Ark.: 47 m. N. W. Little Eock. HURRICANE, p. r., Montgomery co., III. : 57 m. S. S. E. Springfield. HURRICANE, p. o., Franklin par., La. : 118 m. N. N. W. Baton Eouge. HURRICANE, p. o., Spartanburg dist., S. Car. : 103 m. N. W. Columbia. HURRICANE CREEK, p. o., Lauderdale co., Miss. : 92 m. E, Jackson. HURRICANE CREEKJ p. o., Saline co., Ark. : 28 m. S. W Little Eock. HURRICANE CREEK, p. o., Henderson co., Tenn. : 112 m, W. S. W. Nashville. HURRICANE GROVE, p. o., Grant county, Wise. : 3 m. E. of Grant river. HURRICANE HILL, p. o., Lafayette co., Ark. : 118 m. S.W. Little Eock, 73 m. W. S. W. Madison. HURT S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Maury county, Tenn. : 36 m. 8. Nashville. HURT S MILLS, p. o., Harrison county, Jnd. : 112 m. 9. Indianapolis. HITSSAW, p. o., Carroll co.,Arfc. : 132 m. N. W.Little Eock. HUSTISFORD, p. v., Dodge county, Wise. : 48 m. N. E. Madison. HUSTONVILLE, p. v., Lincoln co., Ky. : 51 m. S. S. E. Frankfort, HUTSONVILLE, p. v., Crawford co., III. : on the W. bask of Wabash r., 114 m. E. S. E. Springfield. HUTTON S FORK, p. o.,Wilkes county, Ga. : 54 m. N. N. E. Milled geville. HUTTONSVILLE, p. v., Eandolph coounty, Virg. : 162 m. W. N.W. Eichmond. HYANNJS, p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : 5 m. S. Barnstable Court-house, and 63 m. S. S. E. Boston. It contains 2 churches and 120 inhabitants. HYANNIS PORT, p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : 65 m. S. S. E. Boston. The v. has a good harbor, with a breakwater con structed by the United States, and is a refuge for wind- bound vessels. HYATTSTOWN, p. v., Montgomery co., Md. : on the N.W. line of the co., 62 m. W. N. W. Annapolis. HYATTSVILLE, p.v., Miami co., Ohio : on the Miami Canal, 62 m. W. Columbus. It has several stores, and about 250 inhabitants. HYCO, p. o., Halifax co., Virg. : 93m. S. W. Eichmond. HYCO FALLS, p. o., Halifax co., Virg. : on Hyco cr., 98 m. S. W. Eichmond. HYDE county, N. Car. Situate E., and contains 809 sq. m. It has Pamlico Sound on the E. and S., and Pungo r. (or bay) on the W., and is drained by small creeks flowing into these. Surface low, level, and frequently marshy; soil moderately productive, with a heavy growth of pine. Corn is the chief crop lumber the export. Farms 293 ; manufi HYD ILL 6; dwell. 923, and pop. wh. 4,798, fr. col. 211, si. 2,627 total 7,036. Capital: Swan Quarter. HYDE, p. v., Warren co., N. Y. : 58 ra. N. W. Albany. HYDE PARK, p. v., Grundy county, IU. : 129 m. N. E. Springfield. HYDE PARK, v. and sta., Queen s co., 2T. Y. : on the line of the Long Island K. B., 17 m. from Brooklyn. HYDE PARK, t. and p. v., Duchess co., N. Y.: 61 m. S. Albany. Drained by Crum Elbow cr., and bounded W. by Hudson r. Surface uneven ; soil gravelly loam and clay ; on the river very fertile. The v. is situate on the E. side of Hudson r., and has commodious landings and a horse-ferry across the river. It is a considerable place, with stores, mechanic shops, etc., and carries on a trade with New York City, with which it is connected by the Hudson Eiver E. E. and steamboats. Pop. of t. 2,426. HYDE PARK, p. v., Luzerne co., Penn. : 113 m. N. E. Harrisburg. HYDE PARK, v., Halifax county, N. Car. : 64 m. N. N. E. Ealeigh. HYDE PARK, t., p. v., and cap. Lamoille co., Verm. : 26 m. N. Montpclier. Drained by numerous tributaries of La moille river, which afford water-power. Surface hilly ; soil fertile, and easy of cultivation. The v. contains a court house, jail, etc. Agriculture is the sole occupation. Popu lation of 1. 1,107. HYDESBURGH, p. v., Balls co., Mo. : on a cr. of Salt r., 82 m. N. N. E. Jefferson City. HYDE SETTLEMENT, p. v., Broome co., N. Y. : on the "W. eide of Tioughnioga cr., 113 m.W. S. W. Albany. HYDEVILLK, p. v., Eutland co., Verm. : on the line of the Saratoga and Washington E. E., 3 m. from Castleton, aud 57 m. S. S. W. Montpelier. HYDRAULIC MILLS, p. o., Albemarle county, Yirg. : 73 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. HYOEIA, p. o., Hamilton county, Ohio : 100 m. S. W. Columbus. HYNDSVILLB, p. v., Schoharie co., JV. Y. : on Cobbleskill creek, 89 m. W. Albany. I. IBERIA, p. v., Miller co., Mo. : about 2 m. W. of Tavern cr. of Osage r., 32 m. S. by W. Jefferson City. IBERIA, p. v., Morrow co., Ohio: on the line of the Cin cinnati, Cleveland, and Columbus E. 11., 50 m. N. by E. Columbus and 85 m. from Cleveland. IBERVILLE parish, La. Situate S. E. centrally, and con tains 239 sq. m. It lies on both sides of the Mississippi, and has Iberville and Amit rivers on its E., and Atchafa- laya and Grand rivers on the W. Surface level and very low ; soil very fertile on the rivers, where it is principally cultivated. Corn produces good crops, but cotton and su gar are the staples, of which large amounts are made and exported. Farms 219; manuf. 10; dwell. 638, and pop. wh, 3,568, fr. col. 104, si. 8.542 total 12,214. Capital. Iberville. IBERVILLE (or Bayou Manchae), La. : an outlet of the Mississippi, about 15 m. below Baton Eouge, and uniting it with Amit6 r., which flows into Lake Maurepas. It is nav igable for small vessels in time of flood. IBERVILLE, p. v., and cap. Iberville par., La. : on the E. bank of the Mississippi, 23 m. S. S. E. Baton Eouge. It contains besides the county buildings, a fine hotel, severa stores and private dwellings, and is surrounded by a tract of excellent cotton and sugar land. ICE S FERRY, p. o., Monongalia co., Virg. : 199 m. N. W. Eichmond. ICHEPUCKESASSA, p. o., Hillsboro co., Flor. : on Hillsboro r., 213 m. S. E. Tallahassee. ICKESBURGII, p. v., Perry co., Perm. : on a branch of the Susquehanna r., 29 m. N. W. Harrisburg. IDA county, la. Situate N. W., and contains 432 sq. m. Drained by Little Sioux r., an affluent of the Missouri, and its branches. Unorganized in 1850. IDA, t. and p. o., Monroe co., Mich. : 69 m. S. E. Lansing. It has a rolling surface, a fertile soil, mostly sandy loam, and excellent pastures. The Michigan Southern E. E. passes through the N., and Ida sta. is 13 m. from Monroe. Pop. of t. 345. IJAMSVILLE, p. v., Frederick co., Md. : on the N. side of Bush cr., 6 m. from Monocacy r. and 51 m. N.W. Annapolis. The Baltimore and Ohio E. E. passes through the v. 54 m. from Baltimore. ILCHKSTER MILLS, p. v., Howard co., Md. : on S. side of Patapsco r., 24 m. N. W. Annapolis. The Baltimore and Ohio E. E. passes this v. 13 m. from Baltimore. There arc extensive flouring mills at this place. ILION, p. o., Herkimer county, N. Y. : 69 m. W. N. W. Albany. THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. ILLINOIS lies between latitudes 37 00 and 42O 30 N., and between longitudes 87 49 and 91 23 W. from Greenwich, or 10 47 and 14 26 W. from Washington. It is bounded N. by Wisconsin ; N. E. by Lake Michigan ; E. by Indiana the Wabash Eivcr forming the boundary in half its length ; S. by the Ohio Eiver, which separates Illinois from Ken tucky, and W. by the Mississippi Eiver, which flows between this State and the states of Wisconsin and Iowa.* The extreme length of Illinois, on the meridian of Cairo City, is 378 miles, and its greatest breadth, which occurs on the parallel of Danville, is 212 miles ; but the average length and breadth are much less. The periphery of the State measures 1,160 miles, the whole of which, with the exception of 305 miles, is formed by navigable waters; and its superficial land area is estimated at 55,405 square miles. As a physical section Illinois occupies the lower part of that inclined plane of which Lake Michigan and both its shores are the higher sections, and which is extended into and embraces the much greater part of Indiana. Down this plane, in a very nearly south-western direction, flow the Wabash and its confluents, the Kaskaskia, the Illinois and its confluents, and the Eock and Wisconsin rivers. The lowest section of the plane is also the extreme southern angle of Illinois, at the mouth of the Ohio Eiver, about 340 feet above tide-water in the Gulf of Mexico. Though the State of Illinois dews contain some low hilly sections, as a whole, it may be regarded as a gently inclining plane in the direction of its rivers^ as already indicated. Without including minute parts, the extreme arable elevation may be safely stated at 800 feet above tide-water, and the moan height at 550 feet * In some former period, observes Mr. Schoolcraft, there has been an obstruction in the channel of the Mississippi, at or near Grand Tower, producing a stagnation of the current at an elevation of about 130 feet above the present ordinary * The Act of Congress admitting this State into tlie Union prescribes the boundaries as follows : Beginning at the mouth of the Wabash River, tJienca up the middle of the main channel thereof to the point where a line drawn due north of Vincennes lust crosses that stream, thence due north to the north-west corner of the State ot Indiana, thence east with the boundary line of the same State to the middle of Lake Michigan, thence due north along the middle of said lake to north latitude 40 W, thence west to the middle of the Mississippi River, thence down the middle of the main channel thereof to the mouth of the Ohio River, thence up the latter stream along its northern or right shore to the place of beginning. ILLINOIS. water-mark. This appears evident from the general elevation and direction of the hills, which for several hundred miles above are separated by a valley from 20 to 25 miles wide, that deeply embosoms the current of the Mississippi. Wherever these hills exhibit rocky and abrupt fronts, a series of water-lines are distinctly visible, and preserve a re markable parallelism, uniformly presenting their greatest depression toward the sources of the river; and, at Grand Tower, these water-lines are elevated about one hundred feet above the summit of the stratum, in which petrifactions of the madrepora and various fossil organic remains are deposited. Here the rocks of dark-colored limestone, which per vade the country to a great extent, by their projections toward each other, indicate that they have, at a remote period, been disunited, if not by some convulsion of nature, by the incessant action of the water upon a secondary formation, and that a passage has been effected through them, giving vent to the stagnant waters on the prairie lands above, and open ing for the Mississippi its present channel. Next to Louisiana and Delaware, Illinois is the most level State in the Union. A small tract in the southern part of tho State is hilly, and the northern portion is also somewhat broken. There are, likewise, considerabletelevations along the Illinois River, and the bluffs of the Mississippi in some places might pass almost for mountains. But by far the greater portion of the State is either distributed in vast plains, or in barrens, that are gently rolling like the waves of the sea after a storm. The largest prairie in Illinois is denominated the Grand Prairie. Under this general name is embraced the country lying between the waters falling into the Mississippi, and those which enter the "VVabash rivers. It does not consist of one vast tract, but is made up of continuous tracts with points of timber projecting inward, and long arms of prairie ex tending between. The southern points of the Grand Prairie are formed in Jackson County, and extend in a north-eastern course, varying in width from one to twelve miles through Perry, Washington, Jefferson, Marion, Fayette, Effinghara, Coles, Champaign, and Iroquois counties, where it becomes connected with the prairies that project eastward from tho Illinois River. A large arm lies in Marion County, between the waters of Crooked Creek and the east fork of the Kas- kaskia River, where the Vincennes road passes through. This part alone is frequently called the Grand Prairie. Much the largest part of the Grand Prairie is gently undulating, rich, and fertile land ; but of the southern portion, con siderable tracts are flat, and of rather inferior soil. No insurmountable obstacle exists to its future population. No por tion of it is more than six or eight miles distant from timber ; and coal in abundance is found in most parts. Those who have witnessed the changes produced upon a prairie surface within twenty or thirty years, consider these extensive prairies as offering no serious impediment to the future growth of the State. Dr. Beck, in his Gazetteer of Missouri, published in 1823, describes the uplands of St, Louis County as generally prairie ; but almost all of that- tract of country thus described is now covered with a young growth of fine thrifty timber, and it would be difficult lo find an acre of prairie in the county. This important change has been produced by keeping the fires out of the prairies. The first improvements are usually made on that part of the prairie which adjoins the timber; and thua we may see, at the commencement, a range of farms circumscribing the entire prairia The burning of the prairies is then stopped through the whole distance of the circuit in the neighborhood of these farms, to prevent injury to the fences ad other improvements. This is done by plowing two or three furrows all round the settlement. In a short time the timber springs up spontaneously on all the parts not burned, and the groves and forests commence a gradual encroachment on the adjacent prairies; by-and-by you will see another tier of forms springing up on the outside of the first, and farther out on the prairie ; and thus farm succeeds farm, as the timber grows up, until the entire prairie is occupied. Illinois inl$$I. Illinois possesses immense advantages for internal navigation. Its north-eastern corner for fifty miles is washed by the waters of Lake Michigan, which open a communication with the whole lake-country of the North. The Mississippi River forms its western border, and the Ohio and Wabash rivers demark its southern and eastern limits, together forming a natural water highway of unexampled extent. The rivers which have their courses within the limits of the State are Rock, Illinois, Kaskaskia, and Big Muddy, affluents of the Mississippi ; the Embarras and Little Wabash, tributaries of the Wabash, and the Saline and Cash rivers, which empty into the Ohio. The Illinois is much the largest of these ; it is formed by the union of the Kankakee and DCS Plaines, and in its course of 500 miles toward the Mississippi receives Fox and Spoon rivers, Crooked Creek, and several other streams from the north, and the Vermillion, Mackinaw, Sangamon, and others from the south. The current of the Illinois is in general gentle, with a wide, deep bed in some places opening into broad and lake-like expanses. Rock Pdver rises in Wisconsin, and has a course of 300 miles ; it is navigable for some distance, but in its upper course is impeded by several rapids. The Kaskaskia rises in the eastern part of the State and pursues a direction nearly parallel to that of the Illinois and Rock rivers, and after a course of 300 miles reaches the Mississippi in latitude 8S north. The Big Muddy is also a considerable stream. The rivers flowing to the Ohio and Wabash are generally of less volume than the smaller class of rivers flowing toward the Mississippi, but several are navigable, and all contribute much to the wealth of the country by the abundance of water-power they supply for mechanical purposes. The northern portion of Illinois is inexhaustibly rich in minerals, while coal, secondary limestone, and sandstone are found in almost every part. Iron ore is also widely distributed. The minerals most common to the north-western section are lead and copper. The lead diggings extend over a vast tract and into the adjoining States, and are, doubt less, the most productive of any hitherto known. Silver has also been found in this region intermixed with galena. Tho coal of Illinois is bituminous, and is spread over a large extent of country ; it is found in the ravines and bluffs of the Mississippi, and large veins were struck in excavating the canal below Ottawa. The great coal region, however, extends from central Iowa to northern Kentucky, across the State. Building stones of almost every description are quarried. Sulphur and chalybeate springs exist in several parts of the State, and thefe are salt springs in Gallatin, Jackson, Ver million, and other counties. Immense boulders of graftite are frequently seen upon the surface. The soils of Illinois, though of such various character, are all highly fertile and productive. In the bottoms, or alluvial borders of the rivers, the soil is chiefly formed from the deposits of the waters during flood. In some cases the mold so formed is twenty-five feet and upward in depth, and of inexhaustible fertility. One-sixth of the alluvial land, however, is unfit tot present cultivation, although it is productive in timber. A tract called the " American Bottom," extending along the Mississippi for 90 miles and about 5 miles in average width, is of this formation. About the French towns it has been cultivated, and produced Indian corn every year, without manuring, for a century and a half. The prairie lands, although not so productive, are yet not inferior for many agricultural purposes, and are preferred, where wood is to be had. on account of their superior salubrity. The barrens, or oak openings, have frequently a thin soil. In the 304 ILLINOIS. north there are tracts somewhat stony, yet in every other part the plough may pass over millions of acres without meeting so much as a pebble to impede its course. Illinois, extending as it does over five and a half degrees of latitude, must possess some variety in its climate, and the level surface that characterizes it, exposes it alike to sun and storm. The winters are everywhere severe, and the sum mers hot and prolonged. The climate is also subject to sudden changes, especially from November to May, and below the parallel of 40 the summer heat is extremely enervating. The prevailing winds are the south-west, which blow for three-fourths of the year. The north and north-westerly prevail in the winter months. On the whole, however, the climate is favorable to out-door occupations, the proportion of clear and cloudy days being as 245 of the former to 120 of the hitter. Vegetation commences with April, and the first killing frost occurs from the 1st to the 15th September. The general salubrity of Illinois is well attested, and few suffer from endemic diseases, except those who are imprudent or Bottle near swamps and other sources of miasms. In general Illinois is well supplied with timber, and were it equally distributed through the State, there would be no part wanting. The kinds of timber most abundant are oaks of various species, black and white walnut, ash of several kinds, elm, sugar maple, honey locust, hackbcrry, linden, hickory, cotton wood, pecaun, mulberry, buckeye, sycamore, wild cherry, box elder, sassafras, and persimmon. In the southern and eastern parts of the State, yellow poplar and beech are the peculiar growths, and near the Ohio are clumps of yellow pine and cedar. The under growths are red- bud, pawpaw, sumac, plum, crab-apple, grape-vines, dog-wood, spice-bush, green-brier, hazel, etc. The alluvial soil of the rivers produces cotton-wood and sycamore timber of amazing size. Many valuable medicinal plants are found in every part of the State. The wild animals found in Illinois are similar to those existing in other parts of the Great "West, but many species have become extinct. Of wolves the species still found are the gray wolf (cttnis lupus), the black wolf (can/is lycavri), and the common prairie wolf (canis lutran-s). The latter is most common, and is found in considerable numbers. Panthers and wild cats are less frequently seen, but occasionally do mischief. The buffalo no longer roams on the prairies, and the deer and bear have retreated from the settlements. Foxes, raccoons, opossums, gophars, and squirrels, however, are numerous, as are muskrats, ottors, and occasonally beavers about the rivers and lakes ; but all these are being destroyed rapidly, and in a few years the trapper and hunter will have to move westward for sport and prey. Ducks, geese, swans, and many other aquatic birds visit the waters in spring time, and the small lakes and sloughs are often literally covered with the prairie fowl, and partridges are also abundant. The bee is found in the trees of every forest, and few States can boast of such variety and abundance of fish as are here found in the rivers and lakes. Illinois is divided into 99 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each in 1S50 were as follows: Connties. Dwell Pop. Farms in cult. ManuC Estab. Capitals. Counties. Dwell. Pop. Farms in cult. Ksu Capitals Adams 4,459 . . 26,503.. 2,294 . 118. Quincy Johnson . . . 718 .. 4,113 .. 801.. 4 . . Vienna Alexander. . 455.. 2,4S4 . 202 . 8. Thebes Kane 2,828 . . 16,702 . . 1,015 . . . . Geneva Bond 1,076 . . 6,144 . . 665 . 17 . Greenville Kendall . . . 1,253 .. 7,730 .. 659.. . . Oswego Boone 1,352 . . 7,626 . 697 . 17. Belvidere Knox 2,193 . . 13,279 . . 619 .. loo . . Knoxville Brown 1,353.. 7,193 . 818 . 73 . M t Sterling Lake 2,455 . . 14,226 . . 1,595 . . tf . . "VYaukegan Bureau 1,464.. 8,841 . . 741 . 20. Princeton La Salle . . . 3,074 . . 17,815 . . 1,336 . . 4l i . . Ottawa Calhoun 600.. 3,231.. 205. . 0. Hardin Lawrence . 1,057 ... 6,121 . . 656 .. 26 . . Lawrenceville Carroll 814.. 4,5S6 . . 482. . 17. Mount Carroll Lee 905 .. 5,292 .. 473.. 12 . . Dixon Cass 1,169 . . 7,253.. 606. . 26. Beardstown Livingston. 261 .. 1,552 .. 185.. . . Pontiao Champaign . 480.. 2,649 . . 273. . 0. Urban a Logan 835 .. 5,128 .. 476.. 14 . . PostviUe Christian . . . 555.. 8,202 . . 434. .12.. Taylorville M-Donough. 1,262 .. 7,616 .. 843 .. 1 J . . Macomb Clarke 1,621 . . 9,532 . . 636. . 14.. Marshall M llenry... 2,650 . . 14,979 . . 1,950 . . 17 .. Dorr Clay 715.. 4,289 . . 237. . 6.. Louisville M Lean ... 1,851 . . 10,163 .. 916.. 8 . . Bloomington Clinton 947.. 5,189.. 628. . 8.. Carlyle Macon 693 .. 8,938 . . 487 .. 17 . . Decatur Coles 1,571.. 9,835.. 996. . 0.. Charleston Macoupin . . 2,037 . . 12,355 ..1,183.. 84 . . Carlinville Cook 7,674 . . 43,885 . . 1,857. . 227 . . Chicago Madison... 3,490 . . 20,436 . . 1,367 . . 182 . . Edwardsville Crawford .. . 1,192 . . 7,135 . . 542. . 0.. Robinson Marion 1,132 .. 6.720 .. 827.. 9 . . Salem Cumberland 634.. 3,720 . . 826. . 0.. Greenup Marshall... 910 .. 5.180 . . 464 .. 11 . . Lacon Do K:ilb.... 1,303 . . 7,540 . . 812. . 4.. Sycamore Massac 704 .. 4,092 .. 885.. 11 . . Metroplls City DuWitt 881.. 5,002 . . 482. . 18.. Clinton Mason 1,041 .. 5,921 . . 727 . . 8 . . Bath Du Page . . . 1,563 . . 9,290 . . 960 . .18.. Naperville Menard ... 1,035 .. 6,349 . . 706 .. 88 . . Petersburgh Edgar. 1,702 . . 10,692 . . 1,175 . . 33 .. Paris Mercer .... 892 .. 5,246 . . 517 .. o Millersburg Edwards ... 595.. 8,524 . . 829. . 7.. Albion Monroe 1,421 .. 7,679 . . 874 .. 88 . . Harrisonville Kfflngham. . 712.. 8.799 . . 891. . 0.. Ewington Montgomery 1,051 .. 6,276 . . 811 .. If . . Hillsboro Fayette 1,431 . . 8,075.. 826. . 4.. Yandalia Morgan 2,661 . . 16,064 . . 1,574 . . 80 . . Jacksonville Franklin ... 971.. fi.i i^i 577. . .. Ben ton Moultrie . 554 .. 8,234 . . 804 .. 11 Sullivan Fulton 3,SU . . 22,508 . . 1,942 . .104.. Lewlston Ogle 1,678 . . 10,020 ..1,053.. M . . Oregon City Gallatin 1,000.. 5,448.. 570. .17.. Shawneetown Peoria 3,036 . . 17,547 ..1,191 .. 184 .. Peoria Greene 2,024 . . 12,429.. 1,155. .27.. Carrollton Perry 967 .. 5,278 .. 633.. T . . Pinckneyville Grundy 543.. 8,088 .. 827. . 7.. Morris Pike 3,152 ..18,819 . . 1,382 . . 87 . . Pittsfleld Hamilton... 1,053 . . 6,362 . . 417. . .. M Lcansboro Piatt 157 .. 1,606 .. 163.. g ..Monticello Hancock . . . 2,585.. 14,652 . . 1,167 . . 43.. Carthage Pope 747 .. 3,975 .. 504.. 12 . . Golconda Hardin 485.. 2,887.. 826. . 0.. Eli/.abcthtown Pulaski .... 418 .. 2,265 . . 266 .. 18 . . N. Caledonia Henderson.. 805.. 4,612 . . 420. .27.. Oquawka Putnam .... 636 .. 8,924 .. 817.. 16 . . Henncpin Henry 772 . . 3,807 . . 231. . 0.. Cambridge Randolph. . . 2,046 ..11,079 ..1,100.. an . . Chester Iroquois 713.. 4,149 . . 887. . 0.. Middleport Kidihind... 704 .. 4,012 . . 204 .. 8 ..Olney ln. ksou 1,033 . . 5,362 . . 604. . 23.. Murphrysboro Rock Island 1,246 .. 6,937 .. 585.. 11 . . Rock Island Jasper 583.. 3,220 . . 233. . 0.. Newton St. Clair.... 3,727 . . 20,181 ..1,961 .. C2 . . Belleville Jeflfcnon . . . 1,363 . . 8,109 . . >470. 2.. Mount Yernon Saline 961 .. 5,538 .. 678.. 11 ..Raleigh Ji-rscy 1,222 . . 7,354.. &45. . 44.. Jerseyville Sangamon . 3,173 . 19,223 1,573 . . 9 . SPRINGFIELD Jo Day-less.. 3,431 . . 18,604 . . 1,870 . . 279 . . Galena Schuyler . . . 1,783 . 10,573 . 624 .. 52. . Rushville P2 806 ILLINOIS. Counties. Dwell Pop. Farms Manuf. Estab. Capitals. Counties. Dwell. Pop. Farms > cult Manuf. Estab. Capitals. Scott . 1,800 .. 7,914 .. 712.. 54.. "Winchester Washington. 1,288 .. 6,953 .. 829 .. 9 .. Nashville Shelby . 1,411 .. 7,807 . . 834 ,. 7.. Shelbyville Wayne 1,209 .. 6,825 .. 492 .. 6.. Fairfleld Stark . 594 .. 8,710 .. 843.. 23.. Toulon White 1,537 .. 8,925 . . 1,101 .. 22.. Carmi Stephenson . 1,950 ..11,666 . . 1,179 . . 75.. Freeport Whitesides. . 923 .. 5,361 .. 404 .. 24.. Sterling Tazewell . . . 1,991 ..12,052 ..1,110.. 76.. Fremont Will 2,796 . . 16,703 . . 1,200 .. 94.. Joliet Union . 1,259 .. 7,615 .. 810.. 21 .. Jonesboro Williamson. 1,195 .. 7,216 .. 752 .. 10.. Marion Vermillion . 1,935 . . 11,492 . . 1,269 . . 15.. Danville Winnebago. 1,979 ..11,773 .. 919 .. 62.. Eockford Wabash . . . . 808 .. 4,690 .. 533.. 9.. Mount Carmel Woodford . . 747 .. 4,416 .. 506 .. 14.. Metamora Warren . . . . 1,401 .. 8,176 .. 956.. 42.. Monmouth The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 146,544; of families, 149,153; and of inhabitants, 851,470, viz.: whites, 846,104 males 445,644, and females 400,460; free colored, 5,366 males 2,756, and females 2,610. Of the whole population, there were, deaf and dumb\i\\. 473, fr. col. 2 total 475; Mind wh. 253, fr. col. 4 total 257; insane wh. 246, fr. col. 8 total 249 ; and idiotic wh. 368, fr. col. 8 total 871. The number of free persons born in tho United States was 736,931 ; the number of foreign birth, 110,593, and of birth unknown, 3,947 ; the native population originated as follows: Maine 8,693, N. Hamp. 4,288, Term. 1,331, Mass. 9,230, K. 1. 1,051, Conn. 6,399, N. York 67,180, N. Jer. 6,848, Penn. 37,979, Del. 1,397, Md. 6,398, Dist. of Col. 226, Virg. 24,697, N. Car. 13,851, S. Car. 4,162, Ga. 1,341, Flor. 23, Ala. 1,335, Miss. 490, La. 4SO, Tex. 63, Ark. 727, Tenn. 32,303, Ky. 49,508, Ohio 64,219, Mich. 2,158, Ind. 30.953, Illinois 043,618, Mo. 7,288, la. 1,511, Wise. 1,095, Calif. 3, Territories 16. And the foreign population was composed of persona from England 18,628, Ireland 27,786, Scotland 4.661, Wales 572, Germany 38,160, France 3,396, Spain 70, Portugal 42, Belgium 33, Holland 220, Italy 43, Austria 65, Switzerland 1,635, Eussia 27, Denmark 93, Norway 2,415, Sweden 1,123, Prussia 286, Greece 4, China 1, Asia 2, Africa 11, British America 10,699, Mexico 30, South America 12, West Indies 75, Sandwich Islands 9, and other countries 495. The following table will exhibit the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the United States authorities : Census. Year. 1S10 . 1320 . 1830 . 1340 472,254 ... 1850 846,104 ... White Persons. 11,501 . . . 53,788 ... 155,061 ... Colored Persons. Free. Slave. Tptal. 613 1CS 781 , 506 917 1.423 1,637 747 2,384 , Total Population. Decennial Incr Per cent Numerical. 12,282.... 55,211 .... 42,929 349.5 157,445 .... 102,234 135.2 ... 3,589 331 3/J29 476,183 .... 818,738 202.4 ... 5,366 5,366 851,470 .... 375,237 78.8 The statistics of the wealth and industry of Illinois, as furnished by the general census of 1350 and other official returns referring to that year, are as follows : Occupied Lands, etc. Improved lands, 5,039,545 acres, and unimproved laml.s, 6,997,867 acres together valued in cash at $96,133,290. Number of farms under cultivation, 76.208. Yalue of farming implements and machinery, $6,405,561. Live Stock. Horses, 267,653; asses and mules, 10,573; milch cows, 294,671; working oxen, 76,156; other cattle, 541,209 ; sheep, 894,043 ; swine, 1,915,910 valued in the aggregate at $24,209,253. In 1S40 there were in the State 199,235 horses, mules, etc. ; 626,274 neat cattle ; 395,672 sheep, and 1,495,254 swine. Grain Crops. Wheat, 9,414,575 bushels ; rye, 83,364 bushels ; Indian corn, 57,646,934 bushels ; oats, 10,037,241 bushels; barley, 110,795 bushels; and buckwheat, 134,504 bushels. The crops of 1839-40 consisted of wheat, 3.835,393 bushels; barley, 82,251 bushels; oats, 4,938,008 bushels; rye, 83,197 bushels ; buckwheat, 57,334 bushels ; and Indian corn, 22,634,211 bushels. Other Crops. Hiee, pounds ; tobacco, 841,394 pounds ; ginned cotton, 1 bale of 400 pounds ; peas and beans, 82,814 bushels ; potatoes Irish, 2,514,861, and sweet, 157,433 bushels; hay, 601,952 tons ; clover-seed, 3,427, and other grass-seeds, 14,330 bushels; hops, 3,551 pounds; hemp dew-rotted, 142, and water-rotted, 141 tons; flax, 160,063 pounds; flax-seed, 10.735 bushels; sugar maple, 243,904 pounds, and cane, hogsheads of 1,000 pounds; molasses, 8,354 gallons; wine, 2,997 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $446,039, and of market-garden products, $127,494 The following table compares some of the principal staples at the two periods, 1840 and 1350 : Staples. 1840. 1850. Tobacco ................... 564,326 pounds ..... 841,394 pounds Movement ..... incr. 277,063 pounds, or 49-09 per cent Hay ...................... 164,932 ..... 601,952 tons ..... incr. 437,020 tons or264 96 Products of Animals. Wool, 2,150,113 (in 1S39-40, 650,007) pounds; butter, 12,526,543 pounds; and cheese, 1,278,225 pounds. Yalue of animals slaughtered in the year 1849-50, $4,972,236. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 47 (in 1839-40, 1,150) pounds ; and beeswax and honey, to that of 869,444 pounds. Homemade Manufactures for the year ending 30th June, 1350, were valued at $1,155,902. In 1839-40, the value is set down at $993,567. Manufactures. Aggregate capital invested, $00,000,000; value of raw materials, fuel, etc., consumed, $0,000,000; average number of hands, 00,000 males, 0,000, and females, 0,000; average monthly cost of labor male, 00,000, and female, $00,000 ; annual value of products, $00,000,000. The whole number of manufacturing establishments producing to the value of $500 and upward in 1350, was 3,099, and of these were cotton factories, 16 woolen factories, 96 tanneries, and 31 iron manufactories, of which 29 made castings, 2 pig iron, and wrought iron. The woolen manufactures employ a capital of $154,500 ; and consume annually 396,964 pounds of wool ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $115,367 ; hands employed males 124, and females 54 ; monthly cost of labor male, $2.723, and female, $676 ; cloth manufactured, 306,995 yards, and yarn, 137,000 pounds : value of entire products, $206,572. The tanneries have a capital of $183,373 ; value of hides and skins used, $129,907 ; male hands employed, 240 ; monthly cost of labor, $5,145 ; sides of leather tanned, 101,650, and of gkins, 21,575; value of products, $244,028. 306 ILLINOIS. The iron manufactures, under the three separate heads as given in the census, are exhibited as follows in the manu facture of pig iron the capital invested amounts to $65,000 ; ore consumed, 5,500 tons, and coke and charcoal, 170,000 bushels; value of all raw material, $15,500; hands employed, 150; monthly cost of labor $3,310; pig iron produced, 2,700 tons ; value of entire products, $70,200 ; and in the manufacture of cast iron, $260,400 is invested ; material consumed pig iron 4,818 tons, old metal 50 tons, mineral coal 1,412 tons, and coke and charcoal 12,500 bushels valued in the ag gregate at $172,330 ; hands employed, 332, at average monthly wages $23 50 ; castings made, 4,160 tons ; and other pro ducts to the value of $89,250 ; total value of products, $441,185. According to the census no wrought iron is manufac tured in the State. The total capital invested in the manufacture of iron is thus $325,400 ; the value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $187,830 ; the annual cost of labor, $153,264 ; and the value of products, $511,385. The manufactures, otherwise than those enumerated, consist chiefly of the various trades and mechanic arts which usually exist in agricultural States, as saw, grist, oil, flour, and other mills ; wheelwright shops ; agricultural implement factories, etc., etc., which, taken together and in connection with the staple manufactures above detailed, exhibit a very respectable condition of the country in relation to this branch of industry. Foreign Commerce. The direct foreign commerce of Illinois is chiefly with the British provinces. The exports, all of domestic origin, for the year ending 30th June, 1850, were valued at $17,669 ; and the imports at $15,705. Of the exports only $1,232, and of the imports $7,783^ were the values of goods carried in American bottoms. This represents the com merce of the collection district, of which Chicago is the port of entry, the ports on the Mississippi being in the district of New Orleans. The total entries were 22 (7,838 tons), of which 4 (648 tons) were foreign ; and the total clearances were 9 (2.041 tons), of which 5 (998 tons) were foreign. The shipping owned in the district of Chicago on the 30th June, 1830, amounted to 21,242 tons, all " permanent register," and engaged in the coasting trade, and of this 649 tons was navi gated by steam. The total number of vessels built in the district during the year as above was 13 (1,691 tons), of which 2 were brigs, 7 schooners, 3 sloops, and 1 steamer. The statistics of the foreign commerce for several years exhibit the fol lowing exports In 1847 $52,100, in 1S4S $41,835, in 1849 $88,417, and in 1850 $17,669 ; and imports in 1847 $266, in 1848 $4,365, in 1849 $9.766, and in 1850 $15,705. Internal and Coasting Trade. The means of internal communication in Illinois, except in one or two favored local ities, are as yet very limited. Some of her interior rivers are navigable, and a cordon of navigable water almost insulates the State ; but until access to these be facilitated by railroads, their use to commerce must be comparatively small. Never theless, there are few ports that equal Chicago in its commerce, and Alton on the Mississippi is fast rising into importance, nor is Galena to be left unnamed in the list of commercial places. At these ports, as well as those on the Illinois Kiver and Canal, a vast amount of business is transacted that of Chicago with the East, and that of Galena, Alton, etc., chiefly with the South. The interests of the two sections are partially blended by the canal, which opens the lakes to the South and West, and will be completely united, when the vast system of railroads in course of construction is brought into action. The length of railroad now in operation within the State is 287 miles ; the length in progress is 1,822 miles ; and the length projected and surveyed about 600 miles. The principal points from and to which the several lines extend are Chicago, where at least seven lines centre ; Alton, which is the terminus of three lines ; Galena, which is connected with Chicago on the east, and Cairo on the south ; Cairo, where the great central railroad connects with the Mobile and Ohio railroad; Eock Island, the west terminus of the Chicago and Bock Island Eailroad; and on the Indiana line, Vin- cennes, Terre Haute, etc., from which latter places the principal east and west lines pass, uniting the system of Illinois with those of Indiana, Ohio, etc. All the lines referred to will be completed within the next three years, and by that time Illinois will have fairly entered upon that great commercial destiny that awaits her career. The proportion of completed railroads to superficies in this State in January, 1853, was as 1 mile of road to every 19i square miles, and to the popula tion as 1 mile of road to every 2,971 persons. Hanks, etc. The condition of the State bank of Illinois on the 1st January, 1851, was as follows : assets debts of all kinds due, $706,890 57 ; real estate at cost, $747,575 05; Illinois State bonds, $17,501 54, and interest, $20,240 48; Illinois State scrip, $14,555 20, and coupons, $4,750 36 ; sundry stocks, $9,674 99 ; due by other banks and bankers, $18,358 93 ; broken bank notes, $12,801 ; specie, $36,666 85 ; total, $1,675,554 94 ; and liabilities other than to stockholders bonds of the bank outstanding, $184,000; interest on same to date, $49,560; due toother banks and individuals, $1,652 89; and notes and certificates outstanding, $218,978 01 ; total, $445,190 90. All other banks in operation at the present time, 16 or 17 in number, are organized under the Free Banking Law of the State, and the notes are considered to be well secured, having government bonds and stocks as their basis. Government. The first constitution of Illinois is dated 26th August, 1818. The constitution on which the government is based at the present time was adopted in convention 31st August, 1847, and accepted by the people 7th March, 1848. It provides that every white male citizen, 21 years old, resident in the State for one year, may vote for all elective offices. The legislature is termed the General Assembly, and consists of a Senate and House of Representatives ; the Senate composed of 25 members, elected for four years, one-half every two years ; and the House of Eepresentatives composed of 75 members, elected for two years. Members of both houses must be citizens of the United States senators must be 30 years old. and have been resident in the State for 5 years ; and representatives must be 25, and have resided in the State 3 years. These numbers may bo increased when the population amounts to 1,000,000, but the number of representatives must never exceed 100. Pay of members $2 a day for 42 days, and $1 a day afterward. In forming senatorial or repre sentative districts, the number of ichite inhabitants is only to be regarded. The Governor is elected quadrennially by a plurality of votes. He must be 85 years old, a citizen of the United States and a resident of the State for the 10 years next preceding. The Governor must reside at the seat of government, and is not eligible for re-election at a consecutive term. A majority of the members elected to both houses may nullify the Gover nor s veto on any act of the legislature. The Lieutenant-Governor is required to have the same qualifications as the Governor ; and in case of the death or disability of the chief executive, the Lieuteuunt-Governor acts in his stead, and he is also ex-officw President of the Senate. The judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, and County Courts. The State is divided into three grand judicial divisions, each of which elects a judge for nine years, who must be 35 years of age, a citizen of the United States, and resident in the State five years; and the three judges compose the Supreme Court, the jurisdiction of which is original in cases relating to the revenue, cases of mandamus and habeas corpus, and in some impeachments in all other cases appellate. One of the judges is elected every three years. This court holds one session in each division annually : the terms are : 1st division, at Mount Vernon, on the second Monday in November ; 2d division, at Springfield, on the third Monday in December, and 3d division, at Ottawa, on the first Monday in February. There are fifteen judicial circuits, each 307 ILLINOIS. of which elects a judge for six years, who must be 30 years of age, and otherwise qualified as are judges of the Supreme Court. Judges are not eligible to any other office during their term, nor for one year after. Cook County has a District Court of Common Pleas. Each county elects a judge for four years, who holds a county court for the transaction of county and probate business, with limited civil and criminal jurisdiction. Among the provisions of the Constitution are the following : no State bank can be created nor revived ; acts creating banks must be submitted to the people and receive a majority of votes in their favor to become law ; stockholders are individually liable to the amount of their shares ; corporations not for banking purposes may be established under general laws ; slavery and lotteries are prohibited ; duelling is a disqualification for office ; colored persons, free or slave, are not permitted to come into the State. To alter the Constitution, the amendments must be passed by a two-thirds vote of the whole number of members elected to both houses, published and referred to the next legislature, and if passed again by a majority, then they must be submitted to the people, whose approval by a majority vote makes them law. The calling of a convention to amend the Constitution, if recommended by a two-thirds vote of the legislature, is submitted to the people, and if a majority of votes are in its favor, the convention shall be called by the succeeding legislature. Amendments can be proposed to but one article of the Constitution at one session. The militia of Illinois, according to the Army Register for 1851, consists of 1TO,359 men of all arms, of which 4,618 are commissioned officers, and 165,741 non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 30 are general officers, 99 general staff officers, 1,297 field officers, and 8,192 company officers. The principal State ~b&nevolent institution is the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb at Springfield. This institution was opened in January, 1S46. The number of pupils in January, 1849, was 60, of whom 26 were females ; and 10 were from Missouri and 1 from Iowa the remainder from Illinois. The annual session commences the first Thursday in October. Finances, Public Debt, etc. The receipts into the treasury for the two years ending 30th November, 1850, were $402,179 27, of which $394,103 53 was derived from taxes, and $8,075 74 from all other sources ; and the expenditures for the same period amounted to $326,126 27, of which $137,196 16 was ordinary expenses of the government, $78,436 90 special appropriations and expenditures, $4,618 98 interest on funds due deaf and dumb asylum, $105,698 OS issued to school commissioners, and $176 10 interest paid on old warrants. The receipts for the two years exceeded the disburse ments $76,053. The amount of interest fund tax received for the same period was $296,326 89, and the amount of interest paid was $263,034 50. The whole amount of real and personal estate subject to taxation in 1849 was $105,432,752, upon which the State tax was $612,428, but which netted only $578,763 31. In 1850 the value of taxable property amount ed to $114,782,645 (true or estimated valuation according to the census $156,595,006). The aggregate of the public debt on the 1st January, 1S51, was $16,627,509 91 ; of this $8,784,481 43 was state debt proper,.and $7,843,028 43 the canal debt These two debts are explained as follows : STATE DEBT. Principal debt funded under act of 1S47 $5,590,565 36 Interest on same to same date 1,020,278 18 Arrears of interest funded 1,945,485 27 Unfunded internal improvement bonds $180,000 00 Other kinds of indebtedness 144,680 00 Interest on last two amounts 173,261 40 Wiggins loan, princ l and interest 142,000 00 Liquidation bonds 150,000 00 7S9,941 40 $9,346,270 21 From which deduct interest paid from mill and a half tax, bonds surrendered, and sale of lands, etc. 561,783 73 $3,784,481 48 CANAL DEBT. Principal debt, exclusive of $1,600,000 loan.. $7,079,117 03 Balance due on canal loan of $1,600,000 1,033,000 00 $8,112,117 08 From which deduct : Interest paid from mill and a half tax $255,813 51 Bonds and scrip redeemed and interest 13,27014 269,08365 Total canal debt $7,843,023 48 AGGKEGATE DEBT. State debt proper $8,784,431 43 Canal debt 7,843,028 43 Total debt $16,627,509 91 Federal Representation. Illinois, in accordance with the law regulating the distribution of members to the United States House of Representatives, occupies nine seats in that body. Education. Illinois has large funds devoted to school purposes. On the 29th December, 1S50, the permanent funds applicable to the support of common schools amounted to $790,120 66 ; and the university fund amounted to $90,889 58, and the seminary fund to $58,788 72 together making a total of $939,793 96. The whole of this sum has been borrowed by the State, which pays six per cent, interest on the amount. The interest on the common school fund is $47,407 23, which is divided among the several counties in proportion to the number of white children under 21 years of age. In 66 counties that made returns for the year 1850, there were 2,641 organized districts and school-houses, of which 1,370 were log- houses, 925 frame, 139 brick, and 37 stone, and of the whole number 106 contained more than one room. There were school libraries in 108 districts. The total amount of public moneys paid out for teachers wages during the year was $148,871 09 ; amount, other than public moneys, $81,341 20 total cost of teaching, exclusive of buildings, repairs, etc., $230,712 29. The principal colleges in the State are, Illinois College, at Jacksonville, founded in 1829, and in 1S50 it had 7 professors, 93 alumni, 34 students, and a library of 3,000 volumes ; Shurtleff College, at Upper Alton (Baptist), founded in 1835, and in 1850 it had 6 professors, 3 alumni, and 13 students, with a library of 1,600 volumes; M Kendree College, at Lebanon (Methodist), founded in 1835, and in 1850 it had 4 professors, 33 alumni, 57 students, and a library of 1,700 volumes ; Knox College, at Galesburg, founded in 1837, and in 1850 it had 5 professors, 16 alumni, 53 students, and a library of 3,000 volumes. Shurtleff College has connected with it a theological seminary ; and at Chicago is located the Rush Medical School, founded 1342. and in 1850 it had 6 professors, 70 students, and 16 graduates. Public Libraries. One State Library of 4,000 volumes, 2 social libraries of 2,821 volumes, 4 college libraries of 8,120 volumes, 2 student s libraries of 625 volumes, 2 academic libraries of 2,000 volumes, and 16 public school libraries of 2,350 volumes total 27 libraries, and 19,916 volumes. Periodical Press, etc. The whole number of newspapers and other periodicals published within the State Is 119, of which 73 are political, viz. : 39 whig and 36 democratic, and 43 are devoted to literature, science, religion, etc. ; and 10 are published daily, 4 tri-weekly, 94 weekly, and 11 at other periods. The daily papers have an aggregate average ILL ILL circulation of 3,530 copies, the tri-weekly of 1,650 copies, the weekly of 69,472 copies, and those published at other period of 14,438 copies. Of the eleven periodicals published at other periods, as above, 2 are semi-monthlies, 7 monthlies, 1 quarterly, and one is issued eight times a year. /. -liffloua Denominations. The statistics of the several religious denominations in 1850 are exhibited m the following table : Church ISO .. 16,440 .. E enomma- No. of tions. Churches. Baptist 265 .. Christian.... 67 .. Congregat l. . 46 . . Dutch Lief... 2 .. Episcopal . . . 27 . . Free 2 Church accoin. 91,620 1,754 15,576 875 14,000 750 Value of Property. . . $204,095 . . 42,950 .. 89,250 2.700 . . 78,850 6,400 Denomina- No. of tions. Churches. German Eef. 2 . . Jewish Lutheran 40 Mcnnonite.. . Methodist . . .389 Moravian 2 .. Friends 6 . . 1,550 2,340 Presbyterian.198 . . Value of Denomina- I> o. of Church Value of Property. tions. Cli j relies. accom. Property. $310 E. Catholic.. 5S .. 29,000 . . $220,400 Swedenbor n. 1 .. 140 800 40,120 Tunker 4 .. 1,225 2,250 Union 31 .. 8,S75 . . 32,050 327,290 Unitarian . . . 6 .. 1,500 9,000 350 Uni verbalist 4 1.800 . 11,500 895,180 Minor Sects.. 17 .. 6,890 . . 11,050 400 .,529 Making a total of 1,167 churches, having accommodation for 686,478 persons, and valued at $1,476,385. The State con stitutes the L rotcstant Episcopal diocese of Illinois and the Roman Catholic diocese of Chicago. Pauperism, The whole number of paupers who received support within the year ending June 1st, 1S50, was 797, of which number 876 were native born and 411 foreign ; and at the date specified the number of paupers on the list was 484, of which 279 were native and 155 foreign born. The cost of supporting these had been during the year $45,218. Historical Sketch. The name which now pertains exclusively to this State was, during a great part of the last century, bestowed upon all that vast country which lies north-west of the Ohio, and was derived from the Eiver Illinois, which in the indigenous language signifies the River of Men. The first settlements were made by the French, and were the con- sequence of the enterprise of La Salle in search of the Mississippi. This traveler set out from Canada in 1670, and passing across the lakes to Michigan, descended the Illinois Eiver. After examining the country, with which he was greatly pleased, he returned to Canada, leaving Chev. de Tonte in command of a small fort he had built and named Crevecceur. While in Canada he procured a number of volunteers to unite in the scheme of forming a settlement on the Mississippi in the Illinois country. They reached their destination in 1673, and founded the villages of Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and several others of less note ; here La Salle left his colony, while he descended the Mississippi to its mouth. Soon after this settle ment, many enterprising persons explored the country in search of mineral wealth, and after the establishment of a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi, Iberville, the French governor, in company with others, undertook a similar expedition. At the beginning of the eighteenth century the settlements in Illinois are represented to have been in a flourishing condition. Kaskaskia had become a considerable town before any great progress had been made in the settlements on the Lower Mississippi ; and one who calculated the future by what the present exhibited would have seeu little reason to foretell the rapid growth of Louisiana and the decline of Illinois, which afterward occurred. The descriptions given of Illinois by French writers were of the most captivating kind its beautiful scenery, its fertile prairies, ite supposed (now n-Hliml) mineral wealth, were painted in glowing colors, and a new paradise was opened to Frenchmen on the banks of the Illinois; and to add to the attractions of the country, a monastery of Jesuits was established at Kaskaskia; the however, soon degenerated, and assimilated by degrees their manners to those of the Indians among whom they resided. Of these savages, their number and varieties, at the epoch of the first settlements, and soil, are not well ascer tained. From the beginning to the middle of the ISth century, we hear little of the settlers ; as the colonies of France and England extended, disputes arose respecting the boundaries, which had never been sufficiently defined. The French, anticipating a struggle for the preservation of their American possessions as early as 1749, strengthened themselves by r.rtifkations on the lakes, on the Ohio, the Wabash, and Illinois, and in other parts of the Valley of the Mississippi, to which they laid claim. The British, on the other hand, claimed the country on the. Ohio and the neighboring streams by virtue of the charters they had granted. The Ohio Company, which was formed soon after, produced hostilities between the two nations. At the clos? of the war, which gave to Britain the province of Canada, the whole of the French claim to the Illinois country was also ceded to Great Britain. During its continuance as a British dependency, nothing of importance seems to have occurred. Few or no additions were made to the settlements at Kaskaskia and the other French ports, the inhabitants of which were but little removed in scale of civilization above the Indians. At the peace . the Illinois country fell to the United States, and the whole territory, north-west of the Ohio Eiver, was claimed by Virginia and other States as included in their charters. At the instance of Congress, a liberal cession of these claims was made to the General Government, and by the ordinance of 1781 a territorial government was established over the whole region. Ohio was made a separate territory in 1799, and in 1S02 was admitted into the Union as a State, while the remainder of the territory retained its territorial attributes under the name of Indiana. In 1S09 this territory was again divided. the eastern portion retaining the name of Indiana, and the western taking that of Illinois. Indiana was admitted as a State in 1816, and Illinois, within its present limits, in 1818, since which period the progress of the country in popu lation, general industry and wealth, has been still onward, and at the present day it has grander works of internal improvement than many of the States that at the era of the Revolution were flourishing and populous communities. SPRINGFIELD is the political capital of the State, and has been such since 1840. Kaskaskia and Vandalia were suc cessively the metropolitan cities. ILLINOIS CITY, p. v., Rock Island co., /#.- 2 m. from the Mississippi r. ; 124 m. N. N. W. Springfield. ILLINOIS river, Lid. Ter. : an affluent of the Arkansas. l! rises in Benton and Washington counties, Ark., and after receiving several tributaries in its course, falls into Arkan.-as r.. about 4 m. above the confluence of Canadian r. Along its lower course there are numerous salt springs. ILLINOIS river, III.: one of the largest affluents of the ;>i r. It is formed by the union of Des Plaines and Kauknkee rivers, which come together at Kankakee village. The / ..x Plains rises in Wisconsin, a few miles above the boundary of Illinois, and about 6 m. from Lake Michigan. It runs a S. course over a bed of limestone, and through a fertile country. Groves of timber are found on its banks, and are interspersed through the vast prairie region. In many places along its banks rock is abundant, and in some measure compensates the comparative scarcity of timber for buildings and fences. This r. is frequently written Aux Plaines or O Plane. The Kankakee rises in the N. part of Indiana, near the S. bend of St. Joseph s r., and runs a westerly course into Illinois, where it receives the Iroquois, and forms a junction with the Des Plaines in section 35, township 34 N., and range 8 E. from the third principal I meridian. Here is a large body of fine timber, but along 309 ILL IND the river itself there is very little. It is a rapid stream, and runs through a limestone bed. (See KANKAKEK r.) The Illinois, formed by these two main constituents, is the largest navigable river within the State. From the junction it runs nearly a W. course for part of the distance over the Grand Kapids to Ottowa, at the mouth of Fox r., receiving Au Sable from the N. and Little cr., or Mazon, from the S. Along this line, and especially at Marseilles, there is im mense water-power, but no convenient navigation. The canal runs on the N. side, parallel with its bank. At Ottowa the r. is deep, and there is a convenient basin harbor for large steamboats, which ascend to this point in a high stage of the waters. The Lower Kapids, at a low stage of water, however, interrupt navigation between Ottowa and La Salle, where the Illinois and Michigan Canal terminates. The iunction of the canal with the r., where have been con structed commodious basins for both canal and steamboats, and it being the crossing place of the Central R. R., makes La Salle a business place of pre-eminent importance to the State. A short distance above, the Illinois receives Vermil- lion r. from the S., and Little Vermillion from the N., and about 6 m. above Hennepin it curves to the S., and then to the S. "W., receiving Bureau and several smaller streams, and then expands into the beautiful sheet of water known as Peoria Lake. Three miles below Peoria the Illinois receives the Kickapoo cr. from the N., and the same dis tance below Pekin comes in Mackinaw from the W. Cop peras er. enters from the E. part of Fulton co., where for many miles the W. bank of the r. below the bluffs is a low, swampy region, interspersed with strips of land elevated above high water, the most conspicuous of which is Bailey s Island, or Liverpool, handsomely situated above the highest flood. Near Havanna, on the E. side, is a lagoon or slough, which in former times was frequently mistaken for the main stream, and directly opposite that village Spoon r. comes in from the N. E. Pursuing the course of the r. downward the mouth of Otter cr., from the W., is passed, and one or two other trifling streams, and at the N. W. corner of Cass oo. the Sangamon r. flows in. Sugar cr. comes in from the W., near the bluffs of which is located Schuyler City. Six miles below Beardstown, Crook cr. enters from the W., and a few miles farther down, Indian cr., which loses itself in the inundated bottoms before its waters enter the Illinois. M Kee s cr., from the W., enters the Illinois 2 m. below Naples, and 2 m. below that, from the E., the Mauvaise Terre. Passing Big and Little Blue rivers, two magnificent streams from the W., the Sandy, from the S. W. part of Scott co., enters the r. Macoupin cr., Otter, Raccoon, and other creeks, enter the r. farther down. At Naples the Illinois turns to a more southerly course, which it pursues till within 6 m. of the Mississippi, where it bends to the S. E., and finally to an E. course, where its waters unite with that river behind a cluster of islands. The parting of the chan nels of the Mississippi and Illinois rivers for steamboat navigation is at Grafton, 2 m. below its mouth. IMLAYSTOWN, p. v., Monmouth co., N. Jer. INDEPENDENCE county, Ark. Situate N. E. centrally, and contains 1,007 sq. m. Big Black r. bounds it on the E., and "White r. flows through from "W. to E., and their affluents drain it. Surface mostly rolling, and soil highly productive. Cotton and tobacco are grown, but it is best adapted to grain and grass, which yield finely, and feed many cattle and hogs. On the rivers are the best of ash and cypress forests. Farms 694 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 1,159, and pop wh. 6,92T, fr. col. 12, sL 823 total 7,T67. Capital: Bates- ville. INDEPENDENCE, p. v., Warren co., Ind. : on the "W. side of Wabash r., 63 m. N. W. Indianapolis. A plank-road runs hence to Oxford, Benton co. INDEPENDENCE, p. o., Grayson co., Virg. : 217 m.W. S. W Richmond. INDEPENDENCE, p. v., and cap. Kenton co., Ky. : 51 m. N. N. E. Frankfort. It contains a court-house, jail, several stores, and about 30 dwellings. It is 10 m. from Covington. Pop. 250. INDEPENDENCE, p. v., and cap. Jackson co., Mo. : about 4 m. S. of Missouri r., and 129 m. W. by N. Jefferson City. It has a court-house, jail, etc., several extensive stores, and about 800 inhabitants. There are two newspapers published here, the " Missouri Commonwealth," issued semi-weekly, and " Occidental Messenger," weekly. This is a great ren dezvous of overland emigration to the Pacific, and a point through which the Pacific R. R. will be carried. Ite busi ness, which is immense, is chiefly connected with emigra tion, and here many of the emigrants obtain the bulk of their supplies. It has also some Indian trade. INDEPENDENCE, t. and p. v., Alleghany co., N. Y. : 203 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by Independence and Cryder s creeks, heads of Genesee river. Surface derated and rolling ; soil clayey loam, and superior for grass-growing. A farming t., which makes some woolen goods. In the v. are several stores and mills. Pop. of 1. 1,701. INDEPENDENCE, t. and p. o., Cuyahoga co., Ohio : 117 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. Drained by the Cuyahoga and its branches. Surface diversified ; soils rich and fertile. The Ohio Canal passes through the v., about 9 m. S. Cleveland. Pop. 1,485. INDEPENDENCE, sta., Richland oo., Ohio: on the San- dusky. Mansfield, and Newark R. R., 76m. from Sandusky, and 41 from Newark. INDEPENDENCE, p. v., Washington CO., Penn. : 173 m. W. Harrisburg. INDEPENDENCE, p. o., Autauga county, Ala. : 23 m. N.W. Montgomery. INDEPENDENCE, p. v., Washington co., Tex. : about 8 m. W. of Brazos r., 81 m. E. Austin City. It has a high situa tion in La Bahia prairie, 10 m. from Washington, with extensive beds of coal in its vicinity. INDBPHNDENCE, p. o., M Lean county, III. : 76 m. N. E. Springfield. INDEPENDENCE, p. v., and cap. Buchanan co., la. : on the E. side of Wabsipinicon r., 59 m. N. N. E. Iowa City. It has a court-house, etc., and about 30 dwellings. INDEPENDENCE HILL, p. o., Prince William co., Virg. : 84 m. N. Richmond. INDEPENDENCE river, N. Y. : an affluent of Black r. It rises in Hamilton co., and flows W. to its confluence with the Black, about 2 m. E. of Martinsburg. INDESVILLE, p. v., Surry co., N. Car. : 127 m. W. N. W. Raleigh. THE STATE OF INDIANA. INDIANA* lies in the form of a parallelogram between Ohio and Illinois, and extends from Michigan, on the north, to the Ohio River, on the south. Geographically, it is situated between the latitudes 37 51 and 41 40 north, and between the longitudes 85 49 30" and SS 2 30" west from Greenwich, or 8 47 30" and 11 30" from Washington. Its ex treme length from north to south is 276 miles, and its greatest width 176 miles ; but its average length is only abon * The definite boundaries of the State, according to the ordinance of Congress, dated 19th April, 1816, are as follows : " Bounded on the , tail by the meridian line which forms the western boundary of the State of Ohio, being a north line from the mouth of the Miami; or, the oM b> river Ohio, from the month of the Great Miami to the mouth of the river Wabash ; on the west by a line drawn along the middle ol t from its mouth to a point where a due north line, drawn Irom the town of Vincennes, would last touch the north-western shore of the said i and from thence by a due north line until the same shall intersect an east and west line drawn through a point ten miles north of extreme of Lake Michigan : on the north by the said east and west line," etc,, to beginning. 310 INDIANA. 242 miles, and its average breadth not more than 153 miles ; and within these limits the area of its superficies is ; square miles. The general features of Indiana are those which pertain to all countries where mountain, in the strict sense of the word, is wanting ; for if we except the river-hills and the accumulations of sand on the southern shore of Lake Michigan, no portion of the country has any continuous or definite elevation which even a florid imagination could dignify by such a term, and all of mountain that really appears is a few isolated " knobs," which serve only to diversify the scenery. Nearly two-thirds of the State is level, or at most, undulating, and a most singular feature of the country is the absence of any watershed or dividing ridge, such as almost every geographical region presents, from which the waters flow La different directions ; still, however, the country has continuous slopes of great extent, and the difference in elevation of the highest land and the Ohio Kiver at the Falls is nearly 600 feet, and a considerable difference is observed (about 70 feet) between the levels on the Ohio, at the FaMs, and at the mouth of the "W abash, the latter being the lowest. The river-hills, of which previous mention has been made, extend at various distances from, and parallel to, the courses of the Ohio and other streams, and inclose what are termed the bottom-lands, which are chiefly covered with a rich alluvial soil, and thickly set with forests. These hills, along the Ohio Kiver, are generally as high as the highest levels of the interior, often of a rugged and broken aspect, and where torn through by the tributaries of the Ohio, present much imposing scenery. Behind these a table-land spreads out and forms what with propriety may be termed the interior of the country ; and now every thing is changed. Instead of the bottoms, with their mighty forests, the most various landscape appears ; here are extensive groves of oak, ash, and other trees there vast prairies, sea-like in their dimen sions, and with untroubled surface ; here the land undulates or rolls, as if formed into billows, by the dalliance of soft winds, and occasionally hills, rising from 100 to 300 feet high, remind us of a tempest-tossed sea, when the waves accu mulate in their might There is such a marked difference between the several parts of the country, however, that no general description could embrace its topography, and hence it is necessary to detail its principal characteristics and its divisions as indicated by nature. 1. The Ohio Yalley, including that of the White Water, contains some 5,000 square miles. This is a limestone region ; it was originally clothed with heavy forests ; and the soil in the bottoms, hill-tops, and Bides is very rich. The hills are abrupt and broken, and the numerous tributaries of the Ohio Kiver break through them in every direction. Many of these streams in dry weather show only the marks where the torrents have disappeared almost as soon as the storms which occasioned them. Of this division of the State, about two-thirds is good farming land, and the residue either too hilly or the soil too poor for profitable culture. The poorest part is in the flats at the heads of the streams. 2. The White River Valley extends from the Wabash centrally through the State to the Ohio line, and covers about 9,000 square miles of surface. It is almost uniformly level and heavily timbered, except in the western parts, where there are some prairies and barrens, and ranges of low rugged hills. The whole valley is destitute of rock, and the soils are of the richest kind, with little that is unprofitable. Most of the streams are clear and never-failing, and water-power is generally abundant. 3. The Wabash Valley is the largest division, and embraces an area of upward of 12,000 square miles. It interlocks with the valley of the White Kiver, and the eastern portion resembles it. It is equally fertile, but more broken. The middle part of the valley has abundant water-power, but in the upper and lower parts it is less plentiful. From the river-hills, on the Ohio, to the Wabash, the surface is an inclined plane, and it is not a little curious to find streams, the head waters of which are near the borders of the Ohio Valley, traversing toward the Wabash, a river so much farther distant from their sources. 4. The north part of the State, watered by the St. Joseph s and the Kankakee, is much similar in its general character to the Wabash country, but is, perhaps, more swampy, and near the lake the country has extensive sand-hills, which are covered only with stunted and shriveled pines and burr-oaks. Indiana has numerous fine rivers, but for navigable purposes few of them except the Ohio, Wabash, White, etc., arc at all eligible ; most of them, however, afford valuable water-power. The Ohio, the final reservoir of the principal water courses of the State, borders the whole country on the south, from the mouth of the Miami to that of the Wabash, a distance, by the river s course, of 3SO miles. Between these two points few streams of any volume empty into it, and none exceed 30 or 40 yards in width at their mouths. Laughery, Indian Kentucky, Silver, Indian, Blue, Anderson, Big Pigeon, Little Pigeon, etc., are the principal. The White Water joins the Miami six miles above its entrance into the Ohio. The Wabash, which rises in Ohio, runs first north, then north-west, then west, then south-west, then south, and again south west, making the whole distance to its junction with the Ohio, upward of 600 miles, of which more than one half is navigable. Its principal tributaries are : from the south and east, the Salamonie, Mississinewa, Wild Cat, Sugar or Rock, Kac-eoon, White, and Patoka rivers; and from the west and north, Little Wabash and Embarras rivers in Illinois, Yennillion in both States, and in Indiana altogether, Tippecanoe, Eel, and Little rivers. White Kiver, the most important of these, empties into the Wabash, 100 miles above its mouth ; the West Fork, its longest branch, rises in Kandolph County, near the Ohio line, and runs in a south-west direction, receiving in its course Eel Kiver, Fall Creek, etc. ; and the Ka4 Fork, the principal tributaries of which are Salt Creek, the Muscatatuck, Sand Creek, Clifty, Flat Kock, and Miijar creeks, rises in Kipley County, and has a western course to its junction with the West Fork the two form ing White Kiver proper about fifty miles from its entrance into the Wabash. The St. Joseph s and St. Mary s form the Manmec, which passes to Ohio and Lake Erie. Another St. Joseph s and its tributaries, the Elkhart, etc., pass tlir >ugh the northern tier of counties, and ultimately fall into Lake Michigan. The Kankakee, the principal branch of the Illinois Kiver, rises near South Bend, and runs sluggishly through the north-western counties for 100 miles, and in its course receives Yellow Kiver, a stream about 50 miles long ; extensive marshes everywhere bound its course. Deep and Calumic rivers lie near and south of Lake Michigan, and in some places are only separated from it by banks of sand. The Iroquois or Pickamink rises south of the Kankakee, and runs nearly parallel to it for 50 miles, and joins it in Illinois. Besides Lake Michigan, on the northern border, there are numerous other but small lakes in different parts of the State, principally to the north of the Wabash Kiver. Several of them have no outlets; they are generally clear, howeverj and have sandy shores and bottoms. They seldom exceed a few acres in extent, though some at the head of Tippecanoe Kiver and Turkey Creek, and near La Porte, cover several hundred acres. Mexancukkee Lake, a beautiful sheet of water, in Marshall County, is three miles long and half as broad ; and Beaver Lake, six miles long and three miles wide covers 10,000 acres. All these lakes abound in fish, and form in the surrounding scene objects which attract the gaze of the traveler. The concluding chapter of the Report of D. D. Owen on the Geology of Indiana, thus sums up the results of his recon- noissance on that topic : Three geological formations exist in Indiana. 1st, a bituminous coal formation, occupying that portion of the State west of the second principal meridian ; 2d, a limestone formation (similar to the mountain limestone of European geologists), prevailing in the counties east of that meridian ; 8d, a diluvium, consisting of deposits of clay, 311 INDIANA. sand, gravel, and boulders, overlying, and in many places covering up, the two other formations to a greater or less depth, particularly in the northern part of the State. Now, as in this country no perfect seams of bituminous coal are found associated with calcareous deposits, similar to those of Middle and Eastern Indiana, the geologist can confidently predict that it is a waste of time and labor to search for coal in any part of the State east of this second meridian for instance, as has been done in the neighborhood of the black bituminous aluminous slate, stretching north in a narrow band, com mencing at New Albany, in Floyd County, and extending through part of Clarke, Scott, Jennings, Bartholomew, Decatiir, and probably beneath the diluvium in a northerly direction toward Elkhart If we were to speculate, from geological observations, on the future condition of Indiana, we should say that the western counties are destined to become one day the chief manufacturing counties ; since, with a few exceptions, all large manufacturing towns and districts are situated on the coal formation. The freestones of this formation being soft and fissile, owing to the existence of mica disseminated in layers through their substance, and to the ferruginous cement which unites their particles, being liable to undergo alterations by the action of the atmosphere upon it, a careful selection by the builder is always neces sary. In several places, particularly toward the base of the formation, or near its eastern boundary, as at Attica, Williams- port, on Pine Creek, and near the French Lick, with a little care, freestone, white and fine grained, and excellently suited for architectural purposes, may be readily obtained. In character and geographical position it resembles the celebrated Scotch freestone, of which the new town of Edinburgh, and a portion of the town of Glasgow are built. At New Harmony there is a quarry of freestone, yielding rock that has stood the test of twenty years, yet it is by no means equal to the strata above alluded to in our eastern counties. A freestone of a very fine grain and white color is quarried at the French Lick, west of Paoli; it is manufactured into whetstones, that answer admirably for putting a fine edge on tools, and fur polish ing ; they are exported to all parts of the United States. Good grindstones are also manufactured from a similar stratum of these freestones, of a coarser grain. The eastern boundary or base of the coal formation is the most likely place to afford salt water; for we find the most productive salt wells throughout the Western country occupying in the inferior members of the coal formation. Thus, should symptoms of salt water make their appearance in the counties of Perry, Spencer, Dubois, Martin, Daviess, Greene, Owen, Clay, Putnam, Montgomery, or Tippecanoe, the encouragement to make a search would be greater than if found elsewhere in the State. Salt, however, is not, strictly speaking, constant in its geological position. In Europe it usually occurs in the new red sandstone, a formation higher and of more recent origin than the bituminous coal formation ; while on the Holston, a tributary of the Tennessee Eiver, there is a fine salt deposit, surrounded by gypsum or plaster of Paris, lying on the grauwacke formation. Two or three salt wells have been sunk in the knobs east of Bloomington, through the silicious beds belonging to the sub-carboniferous group. The salt is of excellent quality ; but the water has hitherto proved too weak to afford a fair profit The boring after salt is, in truth, at all times attended with considerable uncertainty. Quantities of argillaceous iron ore from which in Great Britain 600,000 tons of jron are annually obtained occur in some of the clay slates of the bituminous coal formation of Indiana. Some of the clay slates answer well for fire-brick ; that now excavated near Troy is to be manufactured into fire-brick for sale an important article of commerce in a country where steam-engines are so extensively used, and indispensable where furnace operations are carried on to any extent. Some of our clays in the coal formation answer well for the manufacturing of stone-ware and gray pottery-ware : such wares are now manufactured from them at Troy. Since I first called the attention of the proprietors to the deposit* of the hydrated brown oxide of iron, near the Falls of Eel Eiver, examinations have been made by digging in four or five different places ; ore has been struck in all of them ; many tons have been thrown up, and the prospects are so encouraging that the proprietors of the Falls are now endeavoring to form a company, to erect a furnace, and commence, on an extensive scale, smelting the ore. Sandstone being the predominating rock in the coal formation, and the greatest part of the soil of those western counties being formed from its disintegration, we find it generally of a sandy character. The dip and position of the various beds belonging to coal measures are generally constant, unless where, from the protrusions of basalt or greenstone, thoso volcanic disturbances, called by the miners faults, 1 troubles, or dykes? have disturbed the regularity of position. If, then, the general dip and order of succession of the strata can be ascertained, and these should appear to be free from faults or material undulation, a pretty correct estimate might be formed of the depth of the various seams of coal and other strata in different parts of the coal-fields of Indiana. Most of the limestones in the oolitic series that is, those occurring in the counties of Crawford, Orange, Lawrence, Monroe, Owen, and Putnam make good building materials. The encrinital limestones in Harrison, Washington, Jackson, Bartholomew, and Morgan counties, are also very suitable for that purpose ; but the silicious strata, or sand rocks, in these counties, are generally soft and crumbling, and by no means durable. The only use that the black bituminous aluminous slate, occurring in the sub-carboniferous group, can be put to, is for the manufacture of alum. The sub-carboniferous group affords a water-lime, which appears to be a compound chiefly of limestone and clay, with some bituminous matter. It is associated with the black bituminous aluminous slate above mentioned. Some of the limestone in its neighborhood for instance, those rocks which are excavated at the top of the hill behind Madison contain green earth, and some are impregnated with bitumen and sulphuret of iron. In making a selection of building materials in such strata, care should be taken not to use any such unless their durability has been well tested, for they are generally liable to decay. The fossiliferous limestones of East Indiana, namely, those found in Jefferson, Switzerland, Dearborn, Eipley, Franklin, Fayette, and Union counties, are durable rocks, and some of them make beautiful marbles. The sub-carboniferous formation of Indiana is identical with the formation occurring in Middle Tennessee, in which the enormous deposits of the hydrated brown oxide of iron, constituting so much of the mineral wealth of that State, are found. The deposits of this kind of ore in Indiana, how ever, although found in the same formation, are not associated with exactly the same strata. In Tennessee they are in the silicious strata, just above the encrinital limestone: those at present discovered in Indiana are either resting on the oolitic series of limestone, or near the bituminous aluminous slate. The soil in Crawford, Lawrence, Orange, Monroe, Owen, and Putnam counties, being formed chiefly from the oolitic limestones, has a calcareous character, and is admira bly adapted for the growth of grasses. Clay will be found to predominate in the soil of the counties of Floyd, Clark, Scott, Jennings, and parts of Bartholomew, Decatur, Shelby, Johnson, Marion, and Hancock, because the soil of these counties is underlayed by clay slates. Hence we find the beech-tree, which delights in a clayey soil, there growing luxuriantly. The soil of Jefferson, Switzerland, Dearborn, Eipley, Franklin, Fayette, Union, and parts of Decatur and Eush, being formed upon alternating strata of clay and limestone, must partake chiefly of these two earths. This soil is also well adapted to the growth of grasses. The soil of the north-western counties appears to be a siliceo-calcareous sand, resting upon a clay bottom ; this I conceive to be the reason why it is so much more productive than its external appearance promises. These points, however, I intend more fully to verify by analysis so soon as I can get samples 312 INDIANA. of all the various soils. As yet, my opinion has been formed chiefly from ocular observation, and reasoning from gen eral principles. The water in the north-western counties is strongly impregnated with carbonic acid ; this, acting as a solvent upon limestone and the protoxide of iron, dissolves them whenever it meets them in its passage to the surface. And thus we find these waters, often highly charged with these two ingredients, forming calcareous and chalybeate springs. As they lose very soon, by exposure to the air, the excess of carbonic acid, which acts as a solvent of these ingredients and as iron is brought also by the same exposure to air to a higher degree of oxidation, and therefore to a more insoluble form these two causes acting together, soon produce deposits of calcareous tufas and bog-iron ore, so frequently found in that country. The quantity of bog-iron ore is therefore continually on the increase. The greater part of Indiana must have been, at some period of the earth s history, covered by an ocean, for most of the fossils in the limestones are of a marine origin. None of the precious metals will ever be found in Indiana, unless in minute portions to boulders, or in small quantities in combination with other metals, because the primitive and grauwaofce formations, in which alone productive mines of gold and silver ore occur, do not exist in Indiana. It is true that, in some rare instances, silver is found as a sulphuret and as red silver ore in such formations as exist in the Western country ; but I have seen no symptoms of any such in our State. The same may be said of bismuth, tin ore, and native arsenic. The only metals which we need look for are iron, lead, antimony, manganese, zinc, cobalt, and possibly some varieties of copper and ar.-viiic ores. It is not likely that anthracite coal will ever be found in Indiana, because that mineral is usually found in the primitive and grauwacke formations. Several detached pieces of native copper have been found in the State, one weighing five pounds ; but, from the nature of the ore, its occurring in washed gravels, and only in isolated pieces, I have reason to believe that they do not originate in the State. I may add, that the Kupferschiefer of the German miners yields, at the mines of Mansfield, in Thuringia, an abundant supply of copper ore. This copper slate, as found at the bottom of the new red sandstone formation, which overlies the bituminous coal formation, and copper ores, have been found in the carboniferous and mountain limestone ; there is, therefore, a possibility of discovering workable copper ore in the formations of Indiana. The fertility of the soil of Indiana is universally admitted, yet few are aware that it arises mainly from its geological position. It is well known to geologists that that soil is the most productive which has been derived from the destruction of the greatest variety of different rocks ; for thus only is produced the due mixture of gravel, sand, clay, and limestone, necessary to form a good medium for the retention and transmission of nutritive fluids, be they liquid or aeriform, to the roots of plants. Now, Indiana is situated near the middle of the Great Valley of north-western America, and far distant from the primitive range of mountains ; and her soil is accordingly formed from the destruction of a vast variety of rocks, both crystalline and sedimentary, which have been minutely divided and intimately blended together by the action of air and water. It has all the elements, therefore, of extraordinary fertility." The forests of Indiana contain all the trees natural to the soil and climate of the whole central region of the United States ; oaks and bcoch-trees, however, preponderate ; they are found in almost every portion of the State, and probably count two-thirds of the whole number of its forest trees. Next in order are the sugar-tree, hickory, ash, walnut, poplar, elm, sycamore, cherry, hackbcrry, linden, coffee-tree, honey locust, and white maple, which are as "widely diffused as the oak and beech. The black locust is abundant near the Ohio River, but is not found in the interior; the chestnut is only found in the neighborhood of the upper course of the east fork of White Eiver; the pine is only found on the "knobs," near the Ohio, and on the sand-hills near Lake Michigan, while the tamarack is found only in the swamps of the Kankakee. The cypress, catalpa, and pecan, are chiefly found in the counties on both sides of the White River, below the junction of the forks ; and cotton-wood is rare, except on the bottoms of the southern streams. Of the smaller trees and uudergrowths, the principal are the dogwood, pawpaw, spear, plum, and thorn, and the persimmon and crab- apple. Many of the forest trees attain magnificent dimensions, and in numerous instances the oak, sycamore, walnut, and poplar have been found, measuring from five to seven feet in diameter, and more than 120 and 130 feet in height. The indigenous fruit trees found in Indiana comprise the wild plum, hawthorn, persimmon, pawpaw, wild cherry, mulberry, crab-apple, etc. These are found intermingling with forest trees, or bordering the prairies and barrens. Cranberries aro abundant in the north, and wild grapes, blackberries, gooseberries, and strawberries of excellent flavor grow sponta neously, and giving assurance that the corresponding domestic fruits can be cultivated with success. Walnuts, hickory nuts, and hazel nuts, are unusually abundant, and generally oak and beech mast is found in such quantities as to con tribute largely both to feeding and fattening hogs. Indiana is divided into 91 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each in 1S50 were as follows : Counties. Dwell. Pop. Farms in cult. Manf. .. . Kstab. Cll It--> 3- Counties. Dwell. Pop. Farms V c- 1 .1 f. capitals. Adams .1,002. . 5,797. . 574. . 11. .Decatur Fountain... ...2,251 .13,253 .1,357.. 103 ..Covington .Allen .3,097. .16,919. .1,300. .127. . Fort Wayno Franklin... ...3,286. .17,968. .1,739. .121 . .Brookville Bartholomew .2,149. .12,428. .1,249. . 49. . Columbus Fulton ...1,085.. 5,982. . 777.. 13 ..Rochester Benton . 180. . 1,144. . 149. . 0. .Oxford Gibson . .1,833 .10,771. .1,220 . 23 ..Princeton Blackford . 514. . 2,860. . 306. . 6. . Hartford Grant ...1,884 .11,092. . 900 . 52 ..Marion Boone .1,914. .11,631. .1,393. . 28. .Lebanon Greene ...2,089 .12,313. .1,227 . 39 ..Bloomfield Brown . 790. . 4,846. . 535. . 5. .Nashville Hamilton . . ...2,159 .12,684. .1.261 . 16 ..Noblesville Carroll Cagg .1,909. 1 863 .11,015. 11 021 .1,129. . 79. .Delphi Hancock ... ...1,685.. 9,698 .1,176 . 36 ..Greenfield Clark .2,757. .15,828. .1,048. .108. . 88. . Logansport .Charlestown Harrison . . . Hendricks ...2,645. ...2,390. .15,286. .14,083. .1,650. .1,444. . 19 .110 . .Corydon Clay Clinton Crawford . . . Dariess Dearborn Decatur DeKalb Delaware .... Dubois Elkhart .1.326. .3,001, .ijasa .1.H03. .3,549. .2,662 .1,421. .1,874. .1,146. .2,254. .1,818. .2,448 . 7, J44. .11,869. .10,352. .20.] fa. .15.107. . 8,251. .10,843. . 6,321. .12,690. .10,217. .14,875. . 829. .1,411 . 540 .1221 .1,520 .1,377 . 831 .1,084. . 794. .1,226 . 956 . 428 . 10. . 21. . 33. . 11. . 72. . 39. . 16. . 34. . 9. . 70. .116. .106. .Bowling Green .Frankfort . Levenworth . Washington .Lawrenceburg . Greensburg . Auburn .Muncietown .Jasper .Goshen .ConnersTille .New Albany Henry Howard . . . Huntington Jackson Jasper Jay ...3,064. ...1,190. ...1,356. ...1,956. ... 592. 1,179. .17,605. . 6,657. . 7,850. .11,047. . 3,540. . 7,047. .23,916. .12,096. .12,101. .11,084. .10,243. . 8,387. .1,666. . 746. . 782. .1,173. . 343. . 876. .1,396. .1,208. .1,153. . 961. .1,127. .1.062. 124.. Newcastle . 26..Kokomo . 32.. Huntington . 18..Brovvnstow . 4..Rens9elaer . 9.. Portland .138.. Madison . 78..Vernon . 25.. Franklin . 37..Vincenne3 . 21.. Warsaw . 64. .La Grange Jefferson . . Jennings. .. Johnson ... Knox Kosciusko . La Grange. ...4,092. ...2,064. ...2,067. ...1,969. ...1,783. ...1,479. Fayette Floyd Q2 313 INDIANA. Counties. Dwell Pop. Farms in cult. 2 Capita,,. Counties. Dwell. Pop. Farms in cult. JS ; Capita,, Lake .. 715. . 3,991. . 423.. 5. .Crown Point Rush .2,824. .16,445. .1,809.. 59. .Rushville La Porte... ..2,124 .12,145. .1,116.. 129 .La Porte Scott .1,040. . 5,885. . 719.. 14. .Lexington Lawrence . . ..2,012. .12,097. .1,031.. 19 .Bedford Shelby .2,721. .15,502 .1,620. 59. .Shelby villa Madison ..2,159. .12,375. .1,494.. 67 .Anderson Spencer .1,485. . 8,616. . 988.. 28. .Rockport Marion ..3,984. .24,013. .1,581.. 179. .INDIANAPOLIS Stark . 100. . 557. . 53.. 0. .Knox Marshall... .. 928 . 5,348 . 570.. LO .Plymouth Steuben .1,109. . 6,104 . 586.. 28. .Angola Martin ..1,025. . 5,941. . 633.. 18. .Dover Hill St. Joseph.... 1,885. .10,954 . 847.. 45.. South Bend Miami ..1,944. .11,304. .1,184.. 48. .Peru Sullivan .1.675. .10,141. .1,215.. 31. .Sullivan 1,892 .11,286. .1,230.. !>; Bloomington Switzerland . .2,254. .12,932. .1,270.. Tit. .Vevay Montgomery ..2,971. .18,084. .1,880.. Efr. . Crawfordsville Tippecanoe .. .3,227. .19,377. .1,377.. 204. .Lafayette Morgan ..2,401. .14,576. .1,392.. it . Martinsville Tipton . 627. . 3,532. . 339.. 1. .Tipton Noble ..1,395. . 7,946. . 772.. i>; .Albion Union .1,220. . 6,944. . 606.. 35. .Liberty Ohio .. 946. . 5,308. . 386.. ::i .Rising Sun Vanderburgh .2,059. .11,414. . 743.. ? !. .Evansville Orange ..1,841. .10,809. .1,118.. 8. .Paoli Vermillion... .1,509. . 8,661. . 733.. 46, .Newport Owen ..2,000. .12,106. .1,142.. 96. .Spencer Vigo .2,645.. 15,289. .1,113.. 130. .Terre Haute Parke ..2,468. .14,968. .1,390.. 63. .Rockville Wabash .2,079. .12,138. .1,068.. SI, .Wabash Perry ..1,231. . 7,268. . 540.. 14. .Rome Warren .1,273. . 7,387. . 782.. vL .Williamsport Pike ..1,261. . 7,720. . 909.. 8, .Petersburg Warrick.... .1,513 . 8,811 . 994.. 89 .Booneville Porter .. 885. . 5,234. . 467.. 13. . Valparaiso Washington . .2,897. .17,040. .1,718.. S3. .Salem Posey ..2,260. .12,549. .1,270.. 96, .Mount Vernon Wayne .4,515. .25,320 .1,934.. 313. .Centreville Pulaski .. 454. . 2,595. . 286.. I!. . Winnamac Wells 1,021. . 6,152. . 640.. 1 1 Bluffton Putnam ..3,088. .18,615. .1,696.. -1-J. .Green Castle White . 821. . 4,761. . 458.. Ji). .Monticello Randolph . . . ..2,513. .14,725. .1,477.. 18. .Winchester Whitley . 913. . 5,190. . 522.. 8. .Columbia Ripley ..2,667. .14,820. .1,495.. 49. . Versailles The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 170,1 T3 ; of families 171,564, and of inhabitants 9SS,416, viz. : whites 977,605 males 506,400, and females 471,205 ; free col. 10,785 males 5,472, and females 5,316. Of the whole population, there were deaf and dumb wh. 514, fr. col. 4 total 518 ; Hind wh. 340, fr. col. 9 total 3-19 ; insane wh. 5C9, fr. col. 10 total 579 ; and idiotic wh. 906, fr. col. 13 total 919. The number of free persons born in the United States was 931.392, the number of foreign birth 54,426, and of birth unknown 2,593; the native population originated as follows : Maine 976, N. Hamp. SS6, Verm. 3,183, Mass. 2,678, E. I. 43S, Conn. 2,4S5, N. York 24,310, N. Jer. 7,837, Penn. 44,245, Del. 2,737, Md. 10,177, Dist. of Col. 227, Virg. 41,819, N. Car. 33,175, S. Car. 4,069, Ga. 761, Flor. 21, Ala. 395, Miss. 2S7, La. 321, Tex. 44, Ark. 151, Tenn. 12,734, Ky. 68,651, Ohio 120,193, Mich. 1,817, Indiana 541,079, 111. 4,173, Mo. 1,006, la. 407, Wise. 99, Calif. 0, Territories 11 ; and the foreign population was composed of persons from England 5,550, Ire land 12,7S7, Scotland 1.341, Wales 169, Germany 28,584, France 2,279, Spain 3, Portugal 6, Belgium 86, Holland 43, Italy 6, Austria 17, Switzerland 724, Russia 6, Denmark 10, Norway 13, Sweden 16, Prussia 740, Asia 4, Africa 4, Brit. America 1,878, Mexico 31, Cent. America 0, S. America 4, West Indies 12, and other countries 10S. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the United States authorities : Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. Years. 1800 .... 1S10 .... Persons. .. 4,577 .. 23,890 Free. 163 393 Slave. 135 .... . 237 Total. .. 298.. 630 Population. 4,875. 24520 Numerical. . 19,645 Per cent. . . . 402.9 1820 . . 145,758 1,230 190 1 420 147 173 122 658 . . 500.2 1830 .... 15-10 .... 1S50 .... .. 339,399 . . 673,698 . . 977,605 3,629 7,165 10,811 3 . . . . . . 3,632 . .. 7,163 ., .. 10,811 .. 343,031 . 685,866 . 988,416 . ...195,853 . . . . 342,835 . ... 302.550 . .... 133.1 .... 9D.9 .... 44.1 The statistical returns of the industry and wealth of Indiana, as furnished by the census of 1S50, and other official documents referring to that period, are as follows : Occupied Lands, etc. Improved lands 5,046,543 acres, and unimproved lands 7,746,879 acres valued in cash at $136,385,173. Number of farms under cultivation 93,896. Value of farming implements and machinery $6,704,444. Live-Stock Horses, 314,299 ; asses and mules, 6,599 ; milch cows, 284,554 ; working oxen, 40,221 ; other cattle 389,591 ; eheep, 1,122,493 ; swine, 2,263,776 total value of live-stock, $22,473,555. In 1S40 there were in the State 241,036 horses, mules, etc., 619,980 neat cattle of all descriptions, 675,932 sheep, 1,623,606 swine, etc. Grain Crops. Wheat, 6,214,453 bushels; rye, 78,792 bushels; Indian corn, 52,964,363 bushels ; oats, 5,655,014 bushels; barley, 45,433 bushels ; buckwheat, 149,740 bushels. The crops of 1839-40 were wheat, 4,049,375 bushels ; barley, 23,015 bushels ; oats, 5,981,605 bushels ; rye, 129,621 bushels ; buckwheat, 49,019 bushels, and Indian corn, 23,155,837 bushels. Oilier Crops. Tobacco, 1,044,620 pounds ; ginned cotton, 14 bales of 400 pounds each ; peas and beans, 35,773 bushels; potatoes Irish, 2,083,337, and sweet, 201,711 bushels ; hay, 403,230 tons ; clover-seed, 18,329 bushels ; other grass-seed, 11.951 bushels; hops, 92,796 pounds; hemp dew-rotted, 341, and water-rotted, 1,071 tons; flax, 534,469 pounds; flax- eeid, 36,888 bushels ; maple sugar, 2.921,642 pounds ; molasses, 130,325 gallons ; wine, 14,055 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $324,940, and of market-garden products $72,364. In comparing the principal crops of 1840 and 1S50, the following results are shown : Staples. Tobacco Hemp dew-rotted " water-rotted, Flax Wme 814 1840. 1,820,306 pounds ... j- 8,605J tons -j ... 10,265 gallons 1850. 1,044.623 pounds 341 tons 1,071 tons 534.460 pounds 14,055 gallons ... deer. Movement. 775,636 pounds, or 42.61 per cent deer. 15,528,971 pounds, or 80.56 incr. 3,790 gallons, or 8C.92 INDIANA. Products of Animals. Wool, 2,610,287 (in 1S40, 1,237,919) pounds; butter, 12,831,535 pounds, and cheese, 624,564 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered in the year had been $6,567,935. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 3ST (in 1840, 379) pounds ; and beeswax and honey to that of 935,329 pounds. Home-made Manufactures for the year ending 30th June, 1850, were produced to the value of $1,631,039. Manufactures Aggregate capital invested, $7.235,220 ; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $6,229,113; average number of hands employed, 27,312 males, 24,137, and females, 3,205 ; average monthly cost of labor, $600,000 male, $520,000, and female, $80,000 total value of products for the year, $19,199,651. The whole number of manufacturing establishments in the State in 1850, producing to the value of $500 and upward, was 4,326, and of these 2 were cotton factories, 83 woolen factories, 353 tanneries, and 19 iron manufactories, viz. : 14 for castings, 2 for pig iron, and 3 for wrought iron. The cotton manufactures employ a capital of $48,000 ; the cotton consumed during the year ending 1st June, 1S50, was 675 bales ; and the value of all raw material, fuel, etc., was $28,220 ; average hands males, 38, and females, 57 ; monthly cost of labor male, $495, and female, $3S6; entire value of products, among which were 800,000 pounds yarn, $44,200. The woolen manufactures had a capital of $171,545, wool consumed, 413,350 pounds, and value of all raw material, fuel, etc., $120,486 ; hands males, 189, and females, 57 ; monthly cost of labor male, $4,122, and female, $G30 ; products of the year, 235,500 yards of cloth and 104,000 pounds of yarn valued at $205,802. In tanneries the capital employed, $514,897; value of raw material, $405,838; hands male, 836, and female, 2 monthly cost of labor male, $15,199, and female, $14; products skins, 57,070, and sides of leather, 283,098 valued at $714,813. The condition of the iron manufactures is exhibited in the annexed tabular form : Pig Iron. Castings. Wrought Iron. Total. Capital invested dollars.... 72,000 82,900 17,000 171,900 Ironore tons 5,200 8,150 8,350 Pig iron " 1,968 50 2,018 Old metal " 5 5 Coal,mineral " 132 132 Coke and charcoal bushels... 810,000 29,600 85,000 424,600 Value of raw material, etc dollars.... 24,400 66,918 4,425 95,743 Hands male number... 88 143 22 253 " female " ... 2 2 Monthly cost of labor male dollars.... 2,290 8,681 604 6,575 " " female " .... 8 8 Ironmade tons 1.850 1,757 175 8,782 Value of entire products dollars.... 53,000 149,430 11,760 219,190 Indiana has also a large number of flour, grist, oil, saw, and other mills, asheries, etc., and the numerous trades and handicrafts, which constitute the aggregate of its manufacturing industry. Among its principal manufacturing places may be named Madison, Indianapolis, New Albany, Cannelton, etc. the last destined to become, at no distant day, the seat of a vast industry. Inland Communication. Indiana has no direct foreign commerce, but it has a vast domestic and inter-state trade by means of its navigable waters and magnificent systems of canals and railroads, and besides it is well supplied with plank, M-Adam, and other roads, which facilitate travel and transportation. The State has (January, 1853), within its borders 454 miles of canal and 929 miles of railroad completed. The canals are, the Wabash and Erie Canal, extending from Evansville, on the Ohio, to Toledo, on Lake Erie, 467 miles, of which 879 miles are in Indiana ; and the White Water Canal, extending from Lawrenceville, on the Ohio, via Cambridge, on the National Eoad, to Hagerstown, 75 miles. The principal railroads of the State centre at Indianapolis, radiating in all directions, and forming links in the great national system which is rapidly springing into existence. There is also a large number of railroads in course of con struction, the most important of which are, the Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad, the Lawrenoeburg and Upper Missis sippi Railroad, the upper portions of the New Albany and Salem Railroad, and the Fort Wayne and Southern Railroad. These will be opened within a year or two, and there are others already projected that must be built within a very short spaojfi of time. Bank*, etc. There are in Indiana 1 bank and 13 branch banks, the same being the State Bank of Indiana, at Indianapotfe, and its several branches at Bedford, Evansville, Fort Wayne, Indianapolis, Lafayette, Lawrenceburg, Mad iMiii. Michigan City, New Albany, Richmond, South Bend, Terre Haute, and Vincennes. The aggregate condition of ih"<- institutions in November, 1850, was as follows liabilities : capital, $2,082,958 ; circulation, $3,422,455; deposits, -> ; due other banks, $112,175 ; and assets loans and discounts, $4,395,099 ; real estate, $364,233 ; other investments, :. ; <lue by other banks, $815,062 ; notes of other banks, $224,842 ; specie, $1,197,880. The constitutional provisions rr-p"<-;iiii, banking in this Ftate arc : that no banks shall be established except under a general law, and the stockholders shall l>e individually responsible for the debts of the corporation, in addition to their stock, to an amount equal thereto, and every bank must close banking operations within twenty years from its organization and promptly close its business. There arc, besides the above-named banks, several others organized under the general banking law, but these have only lately been established, and have not yet published any returns. Their circulating notes are secured by pledge of public stocks. Government, etc. The first constitution of Indiana is dated 29th June, 1S16; the constitution on which the present State government is based was done in convention 10th February, 1851 ; ratified by the people 4th August, aud went into operation 1st November of the same year. It provides as follows : Every white male citizen of the United States, 21 years old, resident in the State six mouths next preceding an election, ana . very white male of foreign birth, 21 years old, resident in the United States one year, and in the State six months next preceding an election, who shall have duly declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, may vote. No negro or mulatto can vote. All elections by the people are by ballot, and all elections by the General Assembly vtr.t r<>< <\ All general elections are held on the second Tuesday in October. The General Assembly consists of a Senate and House of Representatives. The senate, not exceeding 50 members, and representatives, 100 members, are chosen in their respective districts the former for four years (half every two years), 815 INDIANA. and the latter for two years. They must be citizens of the United States, residents of the State for the two years next preceding their election, and for one year of the district from which they are chosen. The sessions of the General Assembly are biennial, commencing on the Thursday next after the first Monday of January ; and no session can be prolonged beyond sixty-one days, and no special session beyond forty days. Eepresentation is apportioned according to a census of all white males over 21 years of age, taken every six years. " In all cases where a general law is applicable, general and not special laws shall be passed." The Governor and Lieutenant-Governor are chosen for four years by a plurality of votes ; they must be severally 30 years of age, and residents of the United States and of the State for the five years next preceding their election. The gubernatorial term commences on the second Monday of January. The Lieutenant-Governor is ex-officio President of the Senate ; and in case of the removal or death of the Governor, he first, and after him such person as the General As sembly may appoint, shall act as Governor. The Governor is not eligible more than four years in any period of eight years. The Governor has power to grant pardons for all offenses, except in cases of treason and impeachment ; and he may veto a bill, but, if afterward passed by a majority of those elected to each house of the General Assembly, it becomes a law nevertheless. The administrative officers of the government are a Secretary of State, a State Auditor, and a State Treasurer, elected biennially by the people, and no one is eligible to either of these offices more than four out of any six years. The officers elected by the people in each county are a Clerk of the Circuit Court, an Auditor, a Kecorder, a Treasurer, a Sheriff, a Coroner, and a Surveyor the three first for four years and the others for two years, and none are eligible for more than two out of any three consecutive terms. All county officers must be residents for one year of the places from which they are chosen ; and they and all town officers must reside in their precincts. The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Circuit Court, and Courts of Common Pleas, for the counties of Tippecanoe and Marion. These consist of not less than three nor more than five justices, chosen from districts by the people at large, for six years. At present it has three, of whom one is chief judge. A clerk of this court is chosen by the people for four years. The Supreme Court has appellate and such original jurisdiction as the General Assembly may confer. The State is divided into thirteen circuits, and each Circuit Court has a judge elected by the people of the circuit for six years, and he must reside therein. A prosecuting attorney is also elected for each circuit for two years. The Courts of Common Pleas for Tippecanoe and Marion counties are Special Courts, and have each one judge. Justices of peace are elected by the people of each township for four years. The Constitution provides, in this connection, for the establishment of tri bunals of conciliation, the decisions of which are obligatory on those voluntarily submitting thereto ; for commissioners to revise and simplify practice, and to codify the laws ; that any voter of good moral character may be admitted to practice law in all the courts of tho State ; that the Assembly may modify or abolish the Grand Jury system ; that no person shall be an incompetent witness in consequence of his opinions on matters of religion ; that in all criminal cases the juries may determine the law and the facts ; that no man s property shall be taken without just compensation is first awarded and tendered. Eespecting colored people, it is provided that no negro or mulatto shall come into or settle in the State ; all contracts made with such shall be void, and all persons employing them shall be punished by a fine of $10 to $500, and the proceeds of such fines shall be appropriated for the colonization of those negroes and mulattoes, and their descendants, in the State, at the adoption of tho Constitution, and who are willing to emigrate. Amendments to the Constitution are to be passed on by a majority of one Legislature, and referred to the next ; and if passed by a like majority, then the amendments proposed are submitted to the people for ratification or rejection. The militia of Indiana has not been reported to the U. S. authorities since 1832, since which period the population of the State has nearly trebled. At that time it consisted of 53,913 men of all grades and arms, and at present probably numbers 150,000 men. Indiana has several benevolent institutions, among which the principal are the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, the Institution for the Blind, and the Hospital for the Insane at Indianapolis. At the Asylum all the Deaf and Dumb of the State, between the ages of 10 and 30, are entitled to education without charge for board or tuition ; and at the Institute the same privileges are granted, but except in extraordinary cases, applicants over 21 years of age are not admissable. The Hospital for the Insane, in the year ending 30th October, 1S50, admitted 58 (31 males and 27 females) ; 54 were dis charged (26 males and 28 females) ; and at the end of the year 80 (40 males and 40 females) were left under treatment. This last institution was opened for the reception of patients (part of the buildings only being erected) in December, 1843. From that time to 30th October, 1S49, there were 104 admitted, of whom 20 recovered, 4 improved, and 4 died, leaving 76 in the hospital, which, added to the 53 admitted in 1849-50, makes a total of 162 since the opening of the institution. Finances, Debts, etc. The balance in the Treasury on the 31st October amounted to $42S,941 19, and the receipts for the fiscal year 1850 were $1,432.442 78 total revenue $1.861 ,333 97 ; and the expenditures for the same period amounted to $1,518,534 04, leaving a balance for future draft of $347,849 93. The chief sources of income are permanent revenue, $455,630; state prison, $11,145; common school fund, $55,863; university fund, $9,479; bank tax, $1,934; saline tax, $4.999 ; Wabash and Erie Canal (by trustees), $857,149, etc. And the principal expenditures were on account of Legis lature, $31,010; Executive, $5,S7S; Judiciary, $19,706; public printing, $11,522; state prison, $3,606 ; treasury notes cancelled, $144.575 ; interest on treasury notes, $59,428 ; interest on public debt, $188,595 ; Wabash and Erie Canal (by trustees), $824.988 ; deaf and dumb, $27,979 ; blind, $11,781 ; insane, $32,501 ; university fund, $14,332 ; saline fund, $7,765 ; bank tax fund, $3,624, etc. Prior to 1847 the State owed on her foreign debt principal $11,048,000, and interest $3,326,640 total $14,374,640. In accordance with the acts of the Legislature of 19th January, 1846, and 27th January, 1847, proposals were made to the bond holders that they should complete the Wabash and Erie Canal, and take the State s interest in it for one half this debt, and the State would issue new certificates for the other half, upon which she would pay interest at the rate of 4 per cent, per annum, until January, 1853, and after that time 5 per cent., and issue certificates for one half the arrears of interest, upon which she would pay interest at the rate of 2 2 L per cent, per annum after January, 1853. In this 2$ per cent, stock is also included 1 per cent, per annum upon the principal, which gives the holder of the old bond, when surrendered, 5 per cent, per annum upon the new 5 per cent, stock, from the dividend day next preceding his surrender of the old bonds. On the 5th August, 1850, there had been surrendered of the old bonds, and new certificates taken of principal $9,563,000, leaving then outstanding of her old bonds of principal, $1,736,727 50. The liabilities of the State and Canal, at the date last mentioned, may be thus stated : State Debt. State s half principal of bonds surrendered, $4,781,500 ; State s half interest on bonds with 1 per cent of 316 INDIANA. principal with half of coupons added, $1,736,727 50 total foreign debt, $6,513,227 50. To which add domestic debt $257,295. Aggregate debt, $6,775,522 50. State and Canal Stock. The amount of the several stocks issued under the act for liquidating the public debt, up 10 5th August, 1S50, is as follows : 5 per cent. State stock, $4,781,500 ; 2^ per cent. State stock, $1.736,727 50 ; 5 per cent, pre ferred Canal stock, $4,079,500 ; 5 per cent, deferred Canal stock, $702,000 ; 2 per cent, special preferred Canal stock, $1,216.250 ; 2 per cent, special deferred Canal stock, $207,400 total stock issued to 5th August, 1850, $12,723,877 50, of which amount deduct for 2J per cent. State stock redeemed, $20,000, and the total outstanding is reduced to $12,703,377 50. The State is paying interest only* on the 5 per cent. State stock, at the rate of 4 per cent. ; after 1S53 the rate will be 5 per cent.; and after 1853 also the 2 per cent State stock will draw interest at that rate. The remaining stocks are thrown upon the Canal, and their redemption, principal and interest, depends upon the receipts from the Canal, in accordance with the provisions of the acts heretofore referred to. In 1639-40 the State issued $1,500,000 treasury notes to pay off her internal improvement liabilities, but these having been made receivable for all State dues, have now been almost all returned to the treasury. The State also issued bonds for the State Bank capital, and treasury notes to pay the bank a debt which the State owed it. But these treasury notes were based upon a sinking fund belonging to the State, and held by the bank, which institution attends to the bonds issued for its capital, and also to the redemption of the notes based upon the sinking fund. The means held by the bank are considered ample for these purposes. The assessed value of personal and real estate in Indiana in 1S50 was $152,870,399, but the true or estimated value amounted to no less a sum than $202,650,264. Federal Representation. Indiana, in accordance with the law apportioning federal representation, sends eleven representatives to Congress. lieligious Denominations. The statistics of the several religious denominations in 1850 were as follows : Denomina- No. of tions. Churches. Baptist 412 .. Christian.... 182 .. Congregat l.. 2 .. Dutch Ref . . 4 . . Episcopal .. 24 .. Free 10 .. Friends 85 .. German Ref. 2 .. Church at-com. 136,333 64,266 1,400 1,025 7,300 2,750 43,015 450 Value of Property. . . $211,585 . . 88,640 8,000 .. 1,650 .. 74,000 5.700 .. 59,555 .. 8,500 Denomina- No. of tions. Churches. Jewish . . Lutheran 60 .. Mennonite .. .. Methodist... 745 .. Moravian 53 Presbyterian 267 . . R. Catholic . . 63 .. Swodenbo n . . . Church accom. 18,000 .. 256,372 .. 17,400 .. 103,432 . . 25,115 . . Value of Property. $- 36,825 482,460 20,900 324,170 167,725 Denomina- No. of tions. [Churches Tnnker 5.. Union 5 . . Unitarian ... 1 . . Universalist. 15 .. Minor Sects . 12 . . Church accom. 3,000 1,250 250 5,050 2,822 Value at Property. . . $3,100 2,350 600 . . 17,800 . . 4,025 Total.... 1,947 689,230 $1,512,485 Indiana constitutes a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal church, and also the Roman Catholic diocese of Vincennes. Education. Indiana has endowed her common schools and colleges more liberally than any others of the New States. The constitution provides that " the common school fund shall consist of the congressional township fund, and the lands belonging thereto, of the surplus revenue, saline, and bank tax funds, the fund to be derived from the sale of county seminaries, and money and property heretofore held for such seminaries, all fines, forfeitures, and escheats, and lands not otherwise specially granted, including the net proceeds of the sales of the swamp lands granted to the State by the Act of Congress of September 28th, 1850. The principal of the fund may be increased, but shall never be diminished, and its income shall be devoted solely to the support of common schools." The value of these several funds and incomes is elated by Governor "Wright in his Message of December 2, 1851, to be $4,664,279 ; and in addition to this sum, the school fund will be constantly augmented by the receipt of fines and forfeitures, and the profits of the sinking fund. The schools of the State are under the supervision of a Superintendent of Public Instruction, who is elected by the people, and holds office for two years. From the report of this officer, it appears that there were in 1851 about 400,000 between the ages of 5 and 21 years. The number of common schools was 5,899, and the number of children attending school was 225,318. Indiana has also a large number of high schools and academies ; and among her collegiate establishments the follow ing are the most conspicuous : the Indiana State University, at Bloomington, founded in 1816 ; Hanover College, founded in 1S29 ; Wabash College, founded in 1834, and Indiana Ashbury University, at Green Castle, founded in 1837. At Han over is also the Indiana Theological Seminary (Presbyterian), a department of Hanover College. The Universities have each a law department; and there are medical schools at La Porte and Indianapolis at the first place the Indiana Medical College, and at the latter, the Indiana Central Medical College, both highly-flourishing institutions. -One State library (7,000 volumes) ; four social libraries (10,700) ; six college libraries (17,300) ; four BtadeBtf libraries (4,890) ; one public school library (200) total, sixteen libraries and 40,000 volumes. Periodical Press. The public press consists of 121 periodical publications, of which 79 are political 13 whig, and 36 democratic and 42 are devoted to literature, science, religion, etc. Of the whole number, 9 are published daily, 2 tri weekly, In9 weekly, and 1 monthly. The average circulation of the dailies, at each issue, is 8,984; of the tri-weeklies f the weeklies, 49,734; and of the monthly, about 2,000 copies. Pauperism and Crime. The whole number of paupers who received support from the public funds within the year ending June 1st, 1850, was 1,182, of which 860 were natives, and 322 foreigners; and the whole number of paupers at the date referred to was 583, of which number 446 were natives, and 137 foreigners costs to the public for the year $57 560 The whole number of convk-ts hi tin- State Prison on the 30th November, 1850, was 142, and the number received during the following official year was 103, and during the same period there were discharged by expiration of sentence 21 by escape, 8 ; by pardon, 16 ; by order of court, 1 ; by death, 7 total 53 ; and hence there were in prison on the 30th Novem ber, 1851, 192 convicts, of which 8 were committed for life, 1 for 36 years, and 96 for less than 2 years- and 151 are com mitted for offenses against property, and 39 for offenses against the person. The State Prison is situate at Jeffersonville Historical Sketch. InM&no. originally constituted a part of "New France," and subsequently of the "Territory North West of the Ohio River." The exact period of its first settlement is not ascertained. It appears, however that about 1690 the French Indians visited the site of Vincennes, at that time occupied by the Indian village of Appecauo-hke and in 17n2 a party of the same nation descended the Wabash, and established several posts on its banks, and amono- others Vincennes. The tribes inhabiting the country at that time, either from intestine feuds, or inability made little o position to the new-comers. The colonists at Vincennes, insulated, as it were, from the rest of mankind and buried in the f the wilderness, gradually approximated the manners and customs of the Indians by whom they were sur- 817 IND IND rounded, and formed marriages with their women, joined in their hunting parties, and subsisted more by the chase thau by the proceeds of their agriculture. Of their simple annals they have left no records, for until 1T63, when the country was ceded to England, we hear nothing of them. By the treaty of cession, the settlers were confirmed in their posses* sions ; but immigration did not reach the country till some time afterward. During the Eevolutionary "War they displayed their hereditary animosity to the English, and seized the first opportunity to join with the people ; and in 1778 a Spanish resident gave such information respecting the strength and position of the British forces stationed at Vincennes, that by his directions General Clarke easily obtained possession, which, however, he did not long retain. By the treaty of 1788, the country was included in the United States, and again the settlers were confirmed in their possessions. In 17SS an Indian war broke out, which caused great distress among them, but they did not suffer to the same extent as the Ameri cans, against whom vengeance was directed without mercy ; but by the attack of General Wilkinson in 1791 at the mouth of the Tippecanoe, and by the subsequent victories of General Wayne, a dangerous confederacy was broken up, and the tribes obliged to submit, when the district began to enjoy that repose of which it had for many years been deprived. By the treaty of Greenville in 1795 the United States obtained several eligible parcels of land, for which, as a compensation, they paid the Indians sums of money and sundry goods. Other cessions were made at subsequent periods ; but notwith standing these, a part of the Indians still remained hostile, and, excited and exasperated by the eloquence of Tecumseh, a leader of the Shawnees, and one of the most extraordinary men that ever appeared among them, several of the tribes united in resistance to the increasing power of the whites ; and depredation had been committed to such an extent that in 1S11 the government determined to exert its power. A force of regulars and militia was concentrated at Vincennes, and placed under the command of William Henry Harrison, then Governor. On the Oth November of the same year, the Governor appeared before Prophetetown, or Tippecanoe, on the Wabash, and demanded restitution of the property the Indians had carried off. After a conference, it was agreed that hostilities should not commence until next morning, that an amicable arrangement might be made, but in violation of this armistice, the Americans were attacked before daybreak by a large body of savages. Governor Harrison, however, knowing the character of the enemy, had so dis posed his troops as to be able immediately to arrange them in order of battle ; and therefore, though taken by surprise, the Americans received their insidious enemy in a state of preparation. The combat, though short, was unusually severe ; the Indians fought with desperate courage, but the precision of action on the part of the troops was such that the fate of the battle was soon decided, and the Indians driven in all directions, leaving forty of their number on tho field, while their whole loss was not less than one hundred and fifty ; nor was the American loss less in proportion. After the action, Governor Harrison having burned the town, and laid waste the surrounding settlements, returned to Vincen* nes, and not long afterward the tribes sued for peace. The war with England in 1812 gave a fresh impetus to Indian hostility. Seduced into the service of England, the Indians, after committing great cruelties and excesses, received full retribution from the Americans ; their villages were destroyed, and their whole country laid waste. During the latter part of the war with England, Indiana enjoyed comparative repose, and after the conclusion of peace in 1815, the Indians ocased to molest or trouble the settlers. They are now wholly removed from the State. Until 1801 the territory now included in Indiana remained a portion of the Territory North- West of the Ohio ; in that year it was erected into a separate territorial government, and at that time included all the territory West and North of the Ohio boundary. In December, 1815, ttie territorial legislature petitioned Congress for admission into the Union, and the privilege of forming a State Constitution. A bill for these purposes passed Congress in April, 1816 ; a State Constitution (dated 29th June, 1S16) was framed by a convention of delegates called for that special purpose ; and the same having been acceptable to the federal legislature, Indiana was, in accordance with the law before mentioned, admitted in the December following, and became an independent member of that Union of which she is now so bright an ornament. The constitution formed at this period has since been revised, and in 1S51 it was set aside by the adoption of a new constitution more consonant with the altered condition of the affairs and policy of the country. INDIANAPOLIS, near the centre of the State, is the political capital ; Corydon was capital until 10th January, 1825. INDIANA county, Penn. Situate W. centrally, and con tains 753 sq. m. Bounded S. by Kiskiminitas or Conne- maugh river, and drained by its affluents, and by Ma- honing cr. and other streams all branches of Alleghany river. Surface uneven ; soil generally a sandy or clayey loam, and very productive. Its crops of wheat are very large, as are most grains, and it is especially fitted for grazing and dairies. It has much good water-power and mineral resources coal and salt particularly, which are very pro ductive. Iron ore is found in the N. Farms 2,496 ; manuf. 75; dwell. 4,644, and pop. wh. 26,916, fr. col. 254 total 27,170. Capital: Indiana. Public Works: Pennsylvania E. K. and Canal. INDIANA, p. b., and cap. Indiana county, Penn. : 122 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and about 1,000 inhabitants. It has several large stores, 2 hotels, 2 flourishing academies, and several manufactories and fine churches. Three weekly newspapers are printed here. Pop. 963. INDIANAPOLIS, p. city, and cap. Marion co., 2nd., and cap. of the State of Indiana : near the geographical centre of the State, and on the E. side of the W. fork of White r., in lat. 39 55 N., and long. 86 05 W. 573 m. W. by N. Wash ington. The city is located on a beautiful, fertile, and ex tensive plain just below the mouth of Fall cr. In the ordi nance of Congress, authorizing the formation of a State constitution, 4 sections, or 2,560 acres of land, were donated for the permanent seat of government : commissioners were 818 appointed in 1820 to make the selection, and in 1S21 tho city was laid outr in the October of which year 314 lots, central in the old plot of the city, were sold for $35,596 ; lots which then sold for $200 or $300, now readily realize from $8,000 to $10,000. At the period referred to the site was covered by dense forests, and for 40 or 50 miles around the country still remained in its pristine condition of an un touched wilderness. The original town plot was a mile square, but like all progressive cities, Indianapolis has over stepped its artificial limits, and extended itself on all sides The streets are at right angles with each other. Washington through which the National Eoad passes, the principal strcc of the city, is 120 feet wide ; Circle-street SO feet, and other 90 feet ; the alleys, E. and W., are 30 feet wide, those N. an. S. 15 feet The lots in the full lots are 97A feet by 195, bv on the diagonal streets and in the central blocks, touchin Circle-street, the lots contain about a fourth of an acre eacl On the 1st January, 1825, the public offices of the Slate wo removed from Corydon, the former capital, to Indianapoli and the permanent seat of government established hen but the Legislature held its sessions in the county com house until December, 1834, when the State House, . elegant building, 180 feet by 80, was completed, at a cost about $60,000: it is on the model of the Parthenon Athens. The Governor s House is near the centre of t city, and is a fine four-fronted building, standing on a n ural mound 60 feet high, and circumscribed by Circle-strei and from this also diverge four diagonal streets in the IND IND rection of the several corners of the city plot The State House, governor s residence, and the State offices, were built by the proceeds of the sales of lots in the dontttion, as the Congressional grant was called. The other public buildings are its spacious market-houses, its many elegant and substan tial churches, its fine hotels, its dep6ts, bridges, etc. No city of its size in the Union, indeed, has so many public accom modations ; it is also a place of considerable manufactures, trade, and general business, being the centre of a vast sys tem of railroads from every direction. From the Ohio Eiver comes the Lawrenceburg and Upper Mississippi R. R., the Madison and Indianapolis R. 11., the Jeffersonville R. R., and a branch from the Evansville and Illinois R. R. ; from the Wabash r. the Terre Haute and Richmond R. R., the Lafayette R. R., the Peru and Indianapolis R. R., and the Fort Wayne and Southern R. R. ; and from the State of Ohio, the Indianapolis and Bellefontaine R. R., the Indiana Central R. R., etc. All these roads centering in the " railroad city of the West," bring to it an immense amount of business and travel, and will ultimately make this one of the most prosperous cities of the north middle section of the Union ; most, if not all of these, connect with each other on the Union Track and Dep6t, constructed at the joint expense of the several companies, and are but as so many links in the chain of intercommunication between the North and South, and the East and West, connecting as they do, at their exterior termini, with the railroads of the Union generally. The newspapers published in Indianapolis are the " In diana State Journal" (whig), daily and weekly ; the " Indiana State Sentinel" (dem.), tri-weekly; the "Indiana States man," weekly ; the " Family Visitor" (temp.), weekly ; the "Locomotive" (neutral), weekly ; the "Home Miscellany" (literary), weekly; the "Volkblatt," and "Suabia P. Or gan" (Germ, dem.), both weekly. In reference to educa tion, Indianapolis has made ample provision; it has 14 public schools, open to all, and numerous academies, sem inaries and classical schools. The Indiana Central Medical College was founded in 1849, and in 1S51 had 49 students, and 10 had graduated : the lectures commenced 28th Oct., 1S50. There is a United States land office at Indianapolis. The general statistics of the city embrace about 90 dry- goods stores, 80 groceries, 22 warehouses, 120 mechanic shops, 4 breweries, and about two-fifths of the dwellings are of more than one story in height, and about one sixth are of brick, the others being frame dwellings. In 1S30 the in habitants numbered 1,OS5, in 1840 2,692, and in 1S50 8,034. INDIANAPOLIS, p. T., Mahaska co., la. : on the E. side of.N. fork of Skunk r., 49 m. W. 8. W. Iowa City. INDIAN CREEK, p. o., Jackson county, Ga. : 82 m. N. by W. INDIAN CREEK, p. o., Monroe co., Mo. : on a cr. of Salt r. eo called, 73 m. N. N. E. Jefferson City. < >.EEK, p. o., Monroe eo., Virg. : near a branch QfNew r. so called, 1G9 m. W. Richmond. INDIAN CREEK, p. o., Monroe co., Ind. : near a branch of Salt r. so called, 57 m. S. S. W. Indianapolis. INDIAN CKEEK, p. o., Kent co., Midi. : 02 m. W. N. W. Lansing. INDIAN CUEKK, p. o., Pike county, Ala.: 43 m. 8. E. Montgomery. INDIAN GBOVB, p. v., Livingston eo., III. : 85 m. N E Springfield. INDIAN HILL, p. o., Abbeville dist., /S.Car. : 87 m.W. by N. Columbia. INDIAN KEY, p. o., Bade county, Flor. : on one of the Florida Keys so called, 453 m. S. E. by S. Tallahassee. This key contains some 7 or 8 acres of rich alluvial soil, and is based on coral rock, as are most of the neighboring keys. It lies about equidistant between Florida Cape and Key West, and has a very equable and salubrious climate. Here is a small village, with a fine hotel, etc., for the accommo dation of visitors. INDIAN lake, Hamilton co., 2f. T. : a small lake in a wild and mountainous region. It is 4 m. long and about a mile wide, and abounds in various descriptions of fish. INDIAN MOUND, p. o., Stewart co., Tenn. : 66 m.W. N.W, Nashville. INDIANOLA, p. v., Warren county, la. : 3 m. S. Prairie branch of Des Moines r., 107 m. W. by S. Iowa City. INDIANOLA, p. o., Yermillion county, III. ; 107 E. N. E. Springfield. INDIANOLA, p. v., Calhoun co, Tex. : on Matagorda Bay, 142 m. S. S. E. Austin City. It has a good landing, several large stores, and about 800 inhabitants. INDIAN ORCHARD, sta., Ilampden co., Mass. : on Western R. R., 6 m. E. Springfield, 92 m. from Boston. INDIAN PRAIRIE, p. v., Van Burea county, la. : 79 m. 8. 8. W. Iowa City. INDIAN RIVER, hund., Sussex co., Del. : 47 m. 8. by E, Dover. Situate on Indian r. and Rehoboth Bay, and ap proached from the Atlantic through an inlet so called. Area 54,420 acres. It has some trade, but is chiefly a manufac turing district. Pop. 1,822. INDIAN RIVER, p. o., St. Lucie co., Flor. : 309 m. 8. E> Tallahassee. INDIAN RIVER, p. o., Washington co., Me. : near a cr. so called, 114 E. by N. Augusta. INDIAN RIVER, p. o., Lewis co., N. Y. : 103 m. N. W. Albany. INDIAN river, Ni Y. : a tributary of Oswegatchie r. It rises in Lewis county, and passes through Jefferson into St. Lawrence co., where it enters Black Lake, through which it flows to the Oswegatchie, and thence to the St. Lawrence. INDIAN river, Flor. : a long lagoon on the E. side of the peninsula, running nearly parallel with the coast line. It is about 120 m. long, and varies much in breadth, frequently expanding into lakes 3 or 4 miles wide, and again contract ing to less than 50 yards. Its depth varies likewise, and it is not safe to navigate a sloop of more than 6 feet draft. The stream empties into the Atlantic through Indian River out let. Along its shores are excellent sugar lands. INDIAN river, or stream, N. Ilamp. : the principal head stream of Connecticut r. It rises in the highlands on the N. line of the State, and after a S. W. course of about 30 m. unites with the eastern constituent of the Connecticut, which has its source in the lake of the same name. INDIAN SPRINGS, p. v., Butts co., Ga. : 46 m. W. N. W. Milledgeville. Here are, near a branch of the Ocmulgee, sulphur springs of great efficacy in curing diseases of the skin, rheumatism, etc., and much visited. The v. has a large hotel, some substantial houses, three stores, and 200 inhabitants. THE INDIAN TERRITORY. THE INDIAN TERRITORY is an extensive country bordering on Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas, and situate generally between latitude, W 40 and 89 o 8<X north, and between longitudes 94 and 100O west from Greenwich or iroTnd23O west from Washington. It is about 420 miles from north to south, and about 350 miles from east to west but within thfe compass is included only the Indian Territory proper, or that extending from the Kansas to the Red R ver and from the B west !, of Missouri and Arkansas to the old line of Texas. Beyond these limits the allotment of territory h^ecn gradually go.ng on, and the Indian settlements now range as far north as the Missouri River, across th ^ propose?lS i.t NH, a-ska and are stated m the census of 1S50 to contain in the aggregate an area of 187,171 square miles This Territory was set apart by Congress for the permanent residence of the Indian tribe, transported from the settled 319 IND IOW States, and here they are secured a residence from the encroachments of the white races. They live under governments of their own, and many of the tribes have made great advances in civilization. The number of Indians resident in the Territory is computed at about 120,000, four-fifths of which number has been transported from the countries east of the Mississippi. The most numerous tribes are the Cherokees, the Creeks, the Pawnees, the Choctaws, the Osages, and the Seminoles. The other tribes are numerically small. Those tribes which have made most progress in civilization are the Choctaws, who have a written constitution and laws, their legislative, executive, and judicial officers, their schools, churches, and all the ordinary appliances of civilized societies ; the Creeks, who, though not so far progressed in intelligence and industry, yet have made good advance, and have also a written constitution, recognizing a chief and council of the nation, and the Cherokees, who are, perhaps, on the whole, more civilized than either of the above. These nations are described in their proper alphabetical order. The other transported tribes are also improving under the efforts of the missionary and schoolmaster. They occupy various determined sections of the Territory, and are not allowed to interfere with each others governments. They have each their own laws, and are considered as so many distinct nations. The indigenous tribes have not, as a general thing, advanced in the same degree as their brethren from the East. Some tribes, however, are settling into habits of in dustry. The barbarism of the Indian, indeed, is passing away, and the symbols of civilization are becoming every day more apparent. Of late years considerable quantities of cotton, peltry, and other staples of the Territory have been brought down to New Orleans, and there is every prospect of this branch of commerce becoming permanent and ex tensive. The Indians have also a competent knowledge of many useful manufactures, such as the manufacture of domestic cloths, agricultural implements, wagons, etc., and as builders are equal to the most ingenious among their white brethren. In fact, they now manufacture almost every thing necessary to their comfort. A proposition is on foot, advocated by the Indians themselves, to petition Congress for the removal of all the Indian tribes within the United States to the lands at the base of the Eocky Mountains, and there secure to them a permanent residence ; and also to constitute them a State of the Union, with Senators and Kepresentatives in Congress. This elev tion will doubtless be effected at no distant period, but at present few persons acquainted with the Indian charact under its present circumstances, would be found to advocate such a proceeding. The next generation will be fitted by education and civilized habits to take part in the affairs of a confederation of which they may have become a member. er INDIAN TOWN, p. v., Currituck co., N. Car. : on North r., 143 m. E. N. E. Ealeigh. INDIAN TOWN, p. v., Bureau county, III.: 123 m. N. Springfield. INDIAN-TOWN, p. v., Williamsburg dist., S. Car. : 86 m. E. S. E. Columbia. It contains several stores, 20 dwellings, and 120 inhabitants. INDIAN VALLEY, p.o., Floyd co., Ylrg. : 161 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. INDIAN VILLAGE, p. o., Wachita par., La. : 139 m. N. N.W. Baton Eouge. INDIGO HEAD, p. o., Coffee co., Ala.: 63 m. S. S. E. Montgomery. INDUSTRY, t. and p. v., Franklin co., Me. : on the N. side of Sandy r., a branch of the Kennebec, 29 m. N. N. W. Augusta. The t. is fertile, with fine grazing land, and a large pond in the N. furnishing water-power. The v. is near the pond, has several mechanic shops, two churches, a hotel, and 200 inhabitants. Pop. of 1 1,041. INDUSTRY, p. o., Beaver co., Penn. : 187 m. "W. by N. Harrisburg. INDUSTRY, p. o., Austin co., Tex. : on W. fork of Mill cr., 74 m. E. S. E. Austin City. INGHAM county, Mich. Situate S. centrally, and contains 564 sq. m. Drained N. by Cedar r., and W. by Portage r., which form Grand r., and flow into Lake Michigan. Sur- fiice mostly level, and well timbered with beech and sugar maple ; the " openings" are more uneven and chiefly in the 8. ; soil very good, and, like the adjacent country, excel lent grain and grass land. It has good water privileges, and there are indications of bituminous coal. Farms 991 ; manuf. 32 ; dwell. 1,583, and pop. wh. 8,606, fr. col. 25 total 8,631. Capital: Lansing. INGHAM, t. and p. v., Ingham co., Mich. : 17 m. S. E. Lansing. A branch of Cedar r. flows on its E. border, which is mostly level and well timbered. Pop. 754. INGRAM S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Lauderdale county, Ala. : 1S9 m. N. N. "W. Montgomery. INLAND, p. o., Summit county, Ohio: 108 m. N. E. Columbus. INMANSVILLE, p. o., Eock county, Wi&c.: 37 m. S. E. Madison. INSTITUTE, p. o., Eandolph co., 2f. Car.: 68 m. W. Ealeigh. INTERCOURSE, p. o., Bumter co., Ala. : 114 m. "W. by N. Montgomery. INTERCOURSE, p. v., Lancaster CO., Penn. : 43 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. INVERNESS, p. o., Columbiana co., Ohio: 126 m. E. N. E. Columbus. IONI, p. o., Anderson co., Tea. : equidistant from Trinity and Neches rivers, 159 m. N. E. Austin City. IONIA county, Mich. Situate W. centrally, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Grand r., which crosses it from E. to W., and its branches Maple and Flat rivers, and Lake, S^bewa, and Prairie creeks. Surface gently undulating; soil, black sandy loam, and on the streams alluvial bottoms of great fertility generally timbered with oak, ash, and maple, free from stone, and excellent for grazing; good building stone is found on Grand r. Farms 601; manut 17 ; dwell. 1,367, and pop. wh. 7,589, fr. col. 8 total 7,597. Capital: Ionia. IONIA, t., p. v., and cap. Ionia county, Mich. : 23 m. "W". N. W. Lansing. The t. lies on both sides of Grand r., with Prairie cr. in the N.; has a rich alluvial soil, and plenty of timber, and raises many cattle and sheep. The village is on the right bank of Grand r., at the head of boat navigation, and contains a court-house, jail, etc., a U. S. land office, and about 500 inhabitants. Population of t 774. IOSEO county, Mich. Situate E. on Saginaw Bay, and con tains 549 sq. m. Drained N. by Au Sable r., and S. by Augrais r. Surface broken, and in parts covered with swamps. Timber of all kinds is abundant, and lumber the chief export of this yet unsettled county, in 1850. THE STATE OF IOWA. IOWA, the fourth of those magnificent States carved out of that vast territory acquired of France in 1S03, is situate gener ally between the latitudes 40 35 and 43 30 north, and between longitudes 90 18 and 960 53 west of Greenwich, or 13 16 and 19 51 west of Washington; and is bounded north by Minnesota Territory, east by the Mississippi Eiyer, which separates it from Wisconsin and Illinois, south by the State of Missouri, and west by Missouri Eiver and its tribu IOWA. tary the Tchankasndata or Big Sioux River, which divides it from the old North- West Territory.* Its width from north to south is 196 miles, and its greatest length from east to west SOTTniles ; included within which limits is an area of 50,914 square miles. Situate nearly midway between the two great oceans; bounded on both sides by the great rivers of the continent, and w:it( rci by innumerable smaller streams ; possessing a fertile soil, inexhaustible mineral resources, a healthful climate, a free constitution, and a hardy and industrious population, the State of Iowa has commenced its career with prospects of far more than ordinary brilliancy. In extent of boundary, it is one of the largest in the Union, and it may safely be prophesied, that with these great advantages, it is destined at no distant day to rank among the first in point of wealth and political importance, as it already exceeds its compeers in rapidity of growth. The general face of the country is that of a high, rolling prairie watered by magnificent streams, and on the rirer courses skirted with woodland. An idea prevails at the East that the prairies are uniformly level. This is by no means the case. Sometimes, indeed, they spread out in boundless plains ; but the high or upland prairies, which are much the most beautiful, as well as the best adapted to cultivation, present a series of graceful undulations not unlike the swell of the sea, from which they derive the appellation "rolling." /Sargent, 1S4S. The chief rivers of the State are : the Mississippi, which winds along its eastern border for nearly 450 miles, and the Missouri, which bounds it on the west from the mouth of Big Sioux lliver to the parallel of 40 86 N. lat., a distance of more than 300 miles, both furnishing an almost unprecedented extent of external navigation, and their banks affording many eligible sites for commercial cities. Besides these magnificent streams, Iowa has many large interior navigable rivers, the most prominent of which are the Des Moines, extending through and dividing the State into two nearly equal sections, Skunk River, the Iowa, from which the State has its name, Wapsipinicon River, the Makoqueta, the Turkey lliver, the Upper Iowa River, and others flowing into the Mississippi, and numerous fine streams affluents of the Mis souri. The Des Moines passes diagonally from north-west to south-east, and reaches the Mississippi at the foot of the lower rapids in the south-east corner of the State the whole distance from the point where it strikes the northern bound ary line of Iowa to its confluence being over 400 miles. It is this river represented as being one of the most beautiful of all the noble rivers of the great West that the State has undertaken, with the aid of a grant of lands made by Con gress, to render navigable for steamboats of a medium class up to Fort Des Moines, a distance of over 200 miles from its mouth. It passes through the great coal fields and through a country scarcely equaled for its agricultural capacities. The stream is said to be peculiarly adapted to improvement in accordance with the plan proposed a succession of substantial locks and dams creating slack-water from the fact of its having rock bottom and high banks, which are not subject tJ overflow. The Iowa, Skunk, etc., are rivers secondary in magnitude to the Des Moines, but they are of inestimable local value, being navigable into the interior for distances varying from 20 to 60 miles, and by their numerous affluent streams, furnishing to the settler hydraulic power sufficient for all the varied wants of a large manufacturing State. Most of these rivers pass over lime or sand-rock beds, and are generally skirted with fine timber. Limestone, indeed, is distributed abundantly over a great portion of the State. Iowa is numbered as one of the great mineral producing States of the Union. Its lead mines in th% north-east, and of which Dubuquc is the centre, have been worked for a long period, and have been very productive in proportion to the number engaged in mining. The lead mines of Iowa are continuous of those of Illinois and Wisconsin. A review of the resources and capabilities of this country, says Doctor Owen, induces me to say, with confidence, that 10,000 laborers and miners could find profitable employment within its confines. The lead mines alone afford as much of that metal as the whole of Europe, excepting Great Britain, and their capabilities are unbounded. Zinc occurs in fissures, along with the lead ; it is chiefly in the form of electric calamine, and is found in cellular masses; in some "diggings" this mineral is found in a state of carbonate, and in others as a sulphuret. Iron ore is abundantly distributed, but as yet no large amount has been converted into metal. In reference to the coal deposits, the geologist above quoted remarks, that between Johnson and Iowa counties an uplift of carboniferous sandstone is encountered which is probably near the eastern limits of the Des Moines coal-field. The Iowa River meanders near the east margin of this deposit, but the seams presented on the river bluff are of inferior quality. It is upward of two hundred miles in the direction of the i;tll<>y of th* Des Main** across the great coal-field ; westwardly it extends from the Des Moines River, nearly across the State. The entire area of this field in Iowa alone can not be less than 20,000 square miles in all, em- brariug a country equal in extent to more than one half the State of Indiana. lie estimates the beds of coal at 100 fivt in thickness ; and lying near the surface, they must be capable of being worked easily, and at small expense. Cop- 1" r is also found in this State. But Iowa mainly owes its prosperity to its agricultural resources. Its fine prairies are easily converted to cultivation, mid its natural pastures afford peculiar facilities for the rearing of cattle and sheep-farming ; wool-growing, indeed, has become one of the staple employments of the settlers, and the raising of hogs for market has become no less a profitable occupation. The ^lu-cp and hog are here fed with little or no trouble, the natural productions of the earth affording a plentiful subsistence. For all agricultural purposes, indeed, Iowa is perhaps as fine a region as ever the sun cherished by its beams. It is demonstrated by actual survey that no State in the Union has a less quantity of inferior land. The timber lands are less extensive than the prairies, but the growths are so distributed as to negative any objection that might be interposed on this account. Compared to the lifetime of labor it takes to open a farm in the woods, the facility with which one can be established on the prairie is most striking and gratifying to the settler; and as sufficient timber for all ordinary purposes is always within reasonable distance, the comparative absence of forests is not so important as it otherwise would be, and artificial groves of that useful and ornamental tree, the locust, can be easily and quickly raised. Nothing can exceed the beauty of a prairie cottage, surrounded by its grove of locust, and, wherever met with, * Tlie constitutional boundaries of Iowa nre as follows : " Beginning in tlie middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River at a point due fast of the middle of the mouth of the main channel of the Des Moines River ; thence up the middle of the main channel of the said Des Moines Kiver to a point on said river where the northern boundary line of the State of Missouri, as established by the constitution ol that State, adopted June 1 2th, 1820, crosses the said middle of the main channel of the said Des Moines River; thence westwardly along the said northern boundary line of the State of Missouri, as established at the time aforesaid, until an extension of said line intersects the middle of the main channel of the Missouri River; thence up the middle of the main channel of the said Missouri River, to a point opposite the middle of the main channel of the l!ig Sioux River, until it is intersected by the parallel of forty-three degrees and thirty minute* north latitude; thence east, along said parallel of forty three degrees and thirty minutes, until said parallel intersects the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River; thence down the middle of the main channel of said Mississippi River to the place of beginning." K2 321 IOWA. it marks the abode of taste and comfort. In riding over the State, however, the chief characteristic observed is its evenness the monotony of its very beauty and fertility becomes tiresome. In point of salubrity, Iowa is not surpassed by any of the new States. It is not exempt from the diseases incidental to rich and uncultivated regions, but from the openness of the country it is less liable to the scourge of malaria than ordina ry. Take it altogether, it is a most attractive country for the immigrant. The salubrity of the climate, however, depends much on locality. The thermometer does not range so widely here as in similar latitudes east of the Alleghanies ; it is exempt, too, from those easterly winds so searching and baneful in their effects on the pulmonic invalid. Along the low bottom-lands of the rivers, which are occasionally subject to inundation, there will be liability and predisposition to bilious affections, fevers, etc. ; but upon the uplands and rolling prairies the air is buoyant and free from all baneful influences. Period ic breezes blow over these elevated portions of the country as regularly and refreshing as from the ocean between the tropics, tempering the extremes incidental to the latitude. Iowa is divided into 49 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each in 1S50 were as follows : Counties/ Dwell. Pop. Rfc. Capitals. Allamakee.... 152... 777... 2... 0.. .Poatville Appanoose... 521... 3,131... 153... 2... Centre ville Benton 121... 672... 67... O...Vinton Black Hawk.. 26... 135... 9... 1... Boone 119... 735... 0... 0.. .Booneville Buchanan 74... 517... 45... 1. ..Independ nce Cedar 686... 3,941... 358.. . 4...Tipton Clark 14... 79... 0...0... Clayton 728... 3,873... 200.. .12...Garnavillo Clinton 499... 2,822... 306.. .10.. .De Witt Dallas 156... 854... 0... O...Adell Davis 1,180... 7,264... 613.. .11.. .Bloomfield Decatur 145... 965... 46... 0.. .Nine Eagles Delaware.... 338... 1,759... 141.. . 3.. .Delhi DesMoines ..1,919... 12,987... 383.. .23.. .Burlington Dubuque 1.952... 10,841... 755.. .46.. .Dubuque Fayette 153... 825... 8... 0... West Union Fremont 222... 1,244... 105... 0... Sidney Henry 1,545... 8,707... 947... 26... Mt Pleasant Iowa 143... 822... 70.. . 1.. .Marengo Jackson 1,277... 7,210... 703.. .10.. .Andrew- Jasper 214... 1,280... 150... 0... Newton Jefferson 1,649... 9,904... 1,067.. .54... Fairfield Johnson 799... 4,472... 377.. .19.. . IOWA CITY Jones 559... 3,007... 225... 3...Anamosa Count! Dwell. Farms Mamif. - in cult. Kstab. Keokuk 820... 4,822... 326. ..12.., Lee 3,252. . .18,860. . .1,350. . .78. . . Linn 991... 5,444... 526. ..23... Louisa 842... 4,939... 388. ..18.., Lucas 92... 471... 32... 0... Madison 180... 1,179... 53. ..0... Mahaska 981... 5,989... 480. ..18.., Marion 930... 5,482... 342. ..24.. Marshall 62... 338... 34... 0... Monroe 515... 2,884... 337... 0... Muscatine.... 999... 5,731... 460... 19... Page 94... 551... 61... 0... Polk 756... 4,515... 321... 9... Potto wattomeel.475... 7,828... 82... 5... Poweshiek.... 102... 615... 71... 0... Scott 991... 5,986... 384. ..19... Tama 1... 8... 0...0... Taylor 38... 204... 27. ..0... Van Buren .. . .2,069. . .12,270. . . 998. . .23. . . Wapello 1,416... 8,471... 828... 7... Warren 152... 961... 47. ..0.., Washington.. 856... 4,957... 428... 1... Wayne 57... 340... 0... 0... Winneshiek .. 100... 546... 0...0... Capitals. .Lancaster Fort Madison Marion , Wapello Chariton P t .Winterset .Oskaloosa .Knoxville .Marietta Albia Muscatine Nod away F.DesMoines Kanesville Montezuma Davenport Taylor C. H. Keosauqua Ottumvva Indiar.ola Washington Cambria Winneshiek Since the census of 1850 was taken, Pottowattomee county has been divided into the following named counties : Adair, Adams, Audubon, Bancroft, Bremer, Buena Vista. Buncombe, Butler, Carroll, Cass, Cerro Gordo, Cherokee, Chickasaw, Clay, Crawford, Dickinson, Emmett, Floyd, Fox, Franklin, Greene, Grundy, Guthrie, Hancock, Hardin, Harrison, How ard, Humboldt, Ida, Kossuth, Manona, Mills, Mitchell, Montgomery, O Brien, Oceola, Palo Alto, Plymouth, Pocahon- tas, Risley, Sac, Shelby, Sioux, Union, Wahkou, Winnebago, Worth, Wright, and Yell. The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 32,962, of families 33,517, and of inhabitants 192,214, viz. : whites 191,8T9 males 100,885, and females 90,994, free colored 885 males 1G8, and females 16T. Of the whole population, there were deaf and dumb wh. 51, fr. col. total 51; Mind wh. 47, fr. col. total 47; insane wh. 40, fr. col. total 40 ; and idiotic wh. 93, fr. col. total 93. The number of free persons born in the United States was 170,620, the number of foreign birth 21,232, and of births unknown 362; the native population originated as follows: Me. 713, N. Hamp. 580, Verm. 1,645, Mass. 1,251, E. I. 256, Conn. 1,090, N. Y. 8,184, N. Jer. 1,199, Perm. 14,744, Del. 539, Md. 1.8S8, Dist. of Col. 70, Virg. 7,861, N. Car. 2,589, S. Car. 676, Ga. 119, Flor. 51, Ala. ISO, Miss. 18S, La. 133, Tex. 10, Ark. 163, Tenn. 4,274, Ky. 8,994, Oh. 30,713, Mich. 521, Ind. 19,925,111. 7,247, Mo. 8,807, Iowa 50,330, Wise. 692, Calif. 8, Terri tories 135 ; and the foreign population was composed of persons from England 3,785, Ireland 4,888, Scotland 712, Wates 352, Germany 7,152, France 382, Spain 1, Portugal S, Belgium 4, Holland 1,108, Italy 1, Austria 13, Switzerland 175, Russia 41, Denmark 19, Norway 36. Sweden 331, Prussia 88, Greece 1, Asia 2, British America 1,756, Mexico 16, Cent. America 0, South America 1, West Indies 14, and other countries 124. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census taken by the United States authorities: c olored Persons. Decennial Increase. White Total Year. Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical. Percent. 1840 .. 42,924 172 .... ...16 188 .. . . . 43.112 . . 1850 . . .... 191,879 335 .... ... 835.. . . . 192,214 . . .. 149,102* . . . . . 345.7 * A census of this State was taken in the latter part of the year 1852 : the population of the counties was as follows: Allamakee 2,000, Appanoose 4,243, Benton 1,237, Black Hawk 315, Boone 1,024, Bremer 209, Buchanan 1,023, Butler 73, Cedar 4,971, Clark 649, Clayton 6,318, Clinton 3,822, Dallas 1,216, Davis 7,553, Decatur 1,184, Delaware 2,615, Des Moines 12,525, Dubuque 12,.WO, Fayette 2,065, Fremont 2,044, Guthrie 300, Henry 9,603, Iowa 1,323, Jackson 8,231, Jasper 1,974, Jefferson 10,225, Johnson 5,788, Jones 4,201, Keokuk 5,306, Lee 20,360, Linn 6,890, Louisa 5,476, Lucas 1,046, Madison 1,832, Mahaska 7,479, Marion 6,289, Marshall 710, Mills 1,403, Monroe 3,430, Muscatine 6,812, Page 636, Polk 5,939, Pot towattomee 5.0"i7, Poweshiek 915, Ringgold 250, Risley 122, Scott 8,628, Story 214, Tama 262, Taylor 479, Union 79, Van Bursn 12,753, Wapello 8,888, Warren 1,488, Washington 5,881, Wayne 794, Winneshiek l,.V23,Yell 250. IOWA. The statistics of the industry and wealth of Iowa, as ascertained by the census of 1850, and in accordance with other public documents referring to the same period, were as follows : Occupied Lands, etc. Improved lands, 824,682 acres, and unimproved lands, 1,911,382 acres valued in cash at $16.657,567; number of farms under cultivation, 14,305; value of farming implements and machinery, $1,172,869. /.ire-Stock. Horses, 38,536; asses and mules, 754; milch cows, 45,704; working oxen, 21,852; other cattle, 69,025 ; sheep, 149,960 ; and swine, 323,247 valued in the aggregate at $3,689,275. In 1840 there were horses, mules, etc., 10,794; neat cattle, 83,549; sheep, 15,354; and swine, 104,899. Grain Crops. Wheat, 1,530,5S1 bushels ; rye, 19,916 bushels; Indian corn, 8,656,799 bushels; oats, 1,524,345 bushels; barley, 25,093 bushels ; and buckwheat, 52,516 bushels. The crops of 1839^0 consisted of wheat, 154,693 bushels ; barley, 72S bushels ; oats, 216,3S5 bushels ; rye, 3,792 bushels ; buckwheat, 0,212 bushels ; and Indian corn, 1,406,241 bushels. Other Crops, Rice, 500 pounds ; tobacco, 6,041 pounds ; peas and beans, 4,775 bushels ; potatoes Irish, 276,120, and sweet, 6,243 bushels ; hay, 89,055 tons ; clover-seed, 342, and other grass seed, 2,096 bushels ; hops, 8,242 pounds ; hemp dew-rotted, 0, and water-rotted, tons; flax, 62,553 pounds; flax-seed, 1,959 bushels; maple sugar, 78,407 pounds ; molasses, 8,162 gallons; wine, 420 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $8,434, and of market-garden products, $8,848. Products of Animals. Wool, 373,898 (in 1840,23,039) pounds; butter, 2,171,188 pounds; and cheese, 209,840 pounds; and the value of animals slaughtered during the year had been $821,164. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 246 pounds; and beeswax and honey, to that of 321,711 pounds. Home-made manufactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were valued at $221,292 (in 1840, at $25,966). Manufactures. Aggregate capital invested, $000,000 ; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $000,000; average hands employed, 00,000 males 00,000, and females 000; average monthly cost of labor male $00.000, and female $0,000; annual value of products, $000,000. The whole number of manufacturing establishments producing to the value of $500 and upward, in 1850, was 4S2 ; and of these, 1 was a woolen factory, 14 were tanneries, and 3 were for the manu facture of cast iron. The balance of the manufactures and handicrafts, making up the sum of the establishments, consist of such as minister to the immediate wants of agricultural communities. The woolen manufacture employed a capital of $10,000; wool consumed, 14,500 pounds ; value of all raw material, $3,500; hands employed, 7; monthly cost of labor, $78; entire annual value of products, $13,000; cloth produced, 14,000 yards. The tanneries employed a capital of $20,350 ; value of raw material consumed, $10,745 ; average hands, 28 ; monthly cost of labor, $543; number of skins tanned, 850, and of sides tanned, 10,680 ; value of products, $24,520. In the manufacture of cast iron, $5,500 invested ; pig iron, 81 tons, and coke and charcoal, 200 bushels valued at $2,524 consumed ; average hands, 17 ; monthly cost of labor, $550 ; castings made, 71 tons ; value of entire products, $3.500. These summaries of the different national manufactures are relatively small; but they are a germ which the immense water-power of the country and the spirit of the people will soon foster into interests of magnitude and importance. Commerce and Internal Communication. Iowa has no direct trade with foreign countries, but its trade with the Atlantic and Gulf ports is comparatively extensive, its exports consisting principally of the products of agriculture and the mines, and its imports of the manufactures of Europe and the Eastern States, groceries, wine, etc. The shipping ports are Keokuk, Fort Madison, Burlington, Muscatine City, Davenport, Lyons, Bellevue, Dubuque, etc., at all which places a busy trade is carried on with the interior. The annual value of the commerce of Keokuk, at the mouth of Des Moines River, though a city numbering less than seven years existence, amounts to between five and six million dollars, and at the other ports the value of the import and export trade is little less in value. Keokuk is the entrepfit and dep6t of the whole valley of the Des Moines a region in which more than half the population and agricultural wealth of the State is concentrated ; and when the contemplated improvements in the navigation of the river are completed, it must of neces sity become one of the most important of Western commercial cities. The exports from Dubuque consist chiefly of lead. Keokuk, Davenport, Lyons, and Dubuque will shortly be connected with the interior by railroads, and hence their commerce will be indefinitely enlarged, and the interests of the whole State be developed by the increased facilities these highways will afford to transportation. Most of the railroads will centre at Iowa City, from which point a grand trunk railroad will be carried westward to Council Bluffs, on the Missouri, and thence, in the progress of events, to the Pacific Ocean. None of these roads are completed ; but, perhaps, as a means of developing the wealth of the interior, these lines arc of inferior importance to the grand project of opening the channel of the Des Moines to. steam navigation, as before alluded to -. it will thus become the channel through which the greater part of the commerce of the country will pass, and along its banks will rise up cities and towns, equal in magnitude and wealth, to those on the Illinois or the Hudson in fact, it will become as important to Iowa as those rivers are to the States through which they have their courses. Through I<wa will also pass a link of the great chain of North and South railroads, connecting St. Louis with the extreme settle ments of Minnesota, etc. That portion of this chain within Missouri is already provided for, and will have the aid of the State to build it, and the same policy in relation to State aid will probably be pursued in Iowa. Banking. The constitution provides that "no corporation with banking privileges shall be created; and all persons or associations Mi;ill be prohibited by law from banking or creating paper to circulate as money." Government. The constitution, the basis of the present government of Iowa, was adopted 3d August, 1846. Its prin cipal provisions are as follows: Every white male citizen of the United States, twenty-one years of age, insane and infamous persons excepted, having resided in the State six months and in the county in which he claims to vote thirty days, is allowed the right of suffrage. The general election is held biennially on first Monday in August The legislature is styled the General Assembly, and consists of a Senate of 30 members, and a House of Representa tives of 69 members. The number of representatives is not to exceed 72, and senators not less than a third, nor more than a half of that number. Senators are chosen for four years, one half every two years, and must be 25 years of age ; and representatives are chosen for two years both senators and representatives mus t have been resident in the State at least one year next before the election. The governor s veto to any act of the Legislature is nullified by a subsequent two-thirds vote of both houses in favor of the rejected law. No member of either house is eligible to any office created or the emoluments of which have been increased during his term of service. No person holding any lucrative office under J State or United States, is eligible to a seat in the House of Representatives. No law shall embrace more than one st, and that shall be expressed in its title. No divorce shall be granted by the Legislature. A census of the State a every two years, and after each enumeration members are apportioned among the several counties according to 823 IOWA. the number of white inhabitants in each. The Legislature meets at Iowa City biennially on the first Monday of De cember. The governor is chosen for four years by a plurality of votes ; he must be at least 80 years of age, and have resided in the State two years next preceding. In case of disability of the governor, his place is occupied by the Secretary of State, and after him by the President of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives. The chief administrative officers are a Secretary of State, a State Auditor, and a State Treasurer, chosen by the people each for two years. The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, and courts of local jurisdiction. The Supreme Court con sists of a chief and two associate justices, elected by joint vote of the General Assembly for six years, and until their successors are elected and qualified. Any two of the judges form a quorum. The court holds a session each year in each of the five Supreme Court districts into which the State is divided. This court has appellate jurisdiction only in all chancery cases, and corrects errors at law under restrictions provided by the Legislature. The Supreme Court has a re porter. For the purpose of holding District Courts, the State is divided into six districts. The judges of this court are elected by the voters of their district for five years, and until their successors are elected and qualified ; a prosecuting attorney and clerk of the District Court are elected each for two years by the voters of each county. Each county also elects a judge of probate, etc. Justices of the peace have jurisdiction in civil cases where the amount in controversy does not exceed $100, and by consent of parties when it is below $500. Among the special provisions of the constitution are the following: No State debt shall be created exceeding $100,000 except in case of war or insurrection, unless authorized by a special law which shall provide for the payment of the in terest and of the principal within 20 years, which law shall be irrepealable, and before going into effect must be submitted to the people at a general election, having been published in at least one newspaper in each judicial district for three months preceding, and be approved by a majority of the voters. Corporations other than for banking purposes may be organized under general laws with certain resolutions. The State shall never become a stockholder in any corporation. Finances, Public Debt, ete,On the 30th November, 1550, the funded debt of the State amounted to $79.442, on which the annual interest was $5,304; to this should be added auditor s warrants unpaid, $10,711 total debt, $90,313. The expenditures for the two years ending at the above period amounted to $75,410, namely expenses of legislature, $7,458; executive, $11,200; judiciary, $18,979; public buildings at Iowa City, $3,200; interest, $11,692; and public printing, $8,028. The revenue is derived from taxes upon real and personal property, which, according to the assessors returns for 1850, was valued at $22,623,334, being $4,114,567 more than in 1819. The levy for State purposes was 2} mills on the dollar the tax for 1849 was $47,296, and for 1850 $56,558. The following are the various objects of taxation in 1850 polls, 332,289 ; land, 3,752,168 acres $13,277,483 ; town lots, etc., $3,640,546 ; capital employed in merchandise, $887,237; mills, manufactories, distilleries, carding machines, and tan yards, with stock, etc., $432,238 ; horses over two years old, 38,585 $1,460,475; mules and asses over a year old, 305 $15,591 ; neat cattle over two years old, 99,406 $1,106.055; sheep over six months old, 140,599 $155,765 ; hogs six months old, 206,452 $202,897 ; pleasure carriages, 3,922 $151,904; watches, 3,577 $43,702 ; piano fortes, 55 $8,135; capital, stocks, and profits in any incorporated or unincor porated company, $13,107 ; boats and vessels, $15,089; all other personal property over $100 $207,554; gold and silver coin and bank notes in actual possession, $238,371; claims for money or other consideration, $470,858; annuities, $9S1; notes, mortgages, etc., $105,956; miscellaneous property, $90,809 total, $22,623,334. Federal Representation. Iowa, in conformity with the law regulating the apportionment of members to the United States House of Representatives, occupies two seats in that body. Religious Denominations, The statistics of the several religious denominations in 1&50 were as follows : Denomina- No of lions. Churches. Baptist 16 .. Christian 8 .. Congregatl. . . 14 .. Dutch Eef Church accom. 3,497 . . 2,125 .. 4,725 . . Value of Property. $19,55D 6,300 21,550 Denomina- No of tions. Churches Jewish . Lutheran 4 . Mennonite ... . Methodist 50 Church accom. . 1.000 .. 12,197 Vnlueof Property. $ 6,950 43,450 Denomina- No. of tions Churches Tunker Union 2 . Unitarian . Univcrsalist 1 Episcopal 4 . . Free. 670 .. 5,000 Moravian 2 . Presbyterian 24 . . 500 .. . 6,655 .. 2,200 28.350 Minor Sects . . Friends 5 . . German Ref. . 1 .. 1,550 .. 200 .. 6,800 800 R. Ca tholic... 17 . Swedenbor g . . 3,990 .. 28,250 Total.... 148 Cl.urch accom. 450 200 Value of Property. 7,100 1,600 37,759 $177,400 The total number of churches in the State is 148, in which is provided accommodation for 37.759 persons, and the value of church property is $177,400. Iowa constitutes a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and is included in the Eoman Catholic diocese of Dubuque. Education. A superintendent of public instruction is chosen by the people for three years. All lands granted by Congress to this State, all escheated estates, and such per centage as may be granted by Congress on the sale of the Pub lic Lands in Iowa, constitute a perpetual fund, the interest of which, and the rents of the unsold lands, are applicable to the support of common schools. It is the duty of the Legislature to provide a school in each school district for at least three months in each year ; and all moneys received from exemption from military duty and for fines imposed by the courts, are appropriated to such schools, or for the establishment of school libraries. The moneys arising from the sale or lease of public lands granted for the support of a University remain a perpetual fund to maintain such an institution. The school fund amounts to about $260,000. Libraries. One State library, containing 2.500 volumes ; and 4 public school libraries, containing 160 volumes total 5 libraries, and 2,660 volumes. Public Press. The public press of Iowa consists of 32 periodicals and newspapers, of which 24 are devoted to politics (12 whig and 12 democratic), and S to literature, religion, science, etc. One of these is published tri-weekly, and circu lates 1.200 copies at each issue; 28 are weekly issues, with an aggregate circulation of 18,390 copies, and there are issued at other periods 1 semi-monthly, and 2 monthly, circulating 4,050 copies. The tri-weekly arid 3 weekly papers are pub lished at Burlington, 4 weeklies at Dubuque, 2 weeklies and 1 monthly at Mount Pleasant, 1 weekly at Andrew. 2 at Fail-field, 2 at Iowa City, 2 at Fort Madison, 1 at Keokuk, 1 at Wapello, 1 at Oskaloosa, 2 at Muscatine. 2 at Fort Des Moines, 2 at Davenport, 1 at Keosauqua, 2 at Ottumwa, 1 semi-monthly at Kanesville, and 1 monthly at Tipton. Indian Cessions. Until as late as the year 1832, the whole territory north of the State of Missouri was in undisputed possession of the Indians. By a treaty made in 1330, the Sacs and Foxes, who were then the principal tribes, had ceded IOW IRA to the United States the best of their lands east of the Mississippi Kiver. Their unwillingness to leave the ceded terri tory, in compliance with the treaty, led to the "Black Hawk War," which resulted in the total defeat of the Indians at the Battle of the Bad Axe, in Wisconsin, on the 2d of August, 1S32. In the September following, partly as an indemnity for the expenses of the war, and partly to secure the future safety and tranquillity of the invaded frontier, a slip of country on the west of the Mississippi, extending nearly 300 miles north of Missouri, and about 50 miles in width (now commonly called the Black Hawk purchase), was ceded to the United States, and in June, 1833, the settlement of Iowa by the white man was commenced. Further purchases were made successively in the years 1836 and 1837 ; and in 1842, by a treaty concluded by Governor Chambers, an immense tract of land, containing some 15,000,000 acres, was purchased of the Sacs and Foxes for tho sum of $1,000,000. Thia tract, known as the " new purchase," now contains some of the finest counties in the State, though a large part of it was occupied by the Indians until October in 1845. The Pottowattomies, who inhabited the south-western corner of the State, and the Winnebagoes, who occupied the " neutral ground," a strip of country on the northern borders, have been peaceably removed within the past few years, and the Indian title thus became extinct in the whole country lying within the established limits of the State of Iowa. Sargmt, Historical Sketch. Iowa was originally a part of the French province of Louisiana, which was purchased by the United States in 1803. The first white settlements were made in 1686, at Dubuque, by Frenchmen, who built a fort at that point and commenced a trade with the Indians, which was the sole dependence of the place for more than a oentury and a half. It is here that the great lead mines of the State were first discovered, but at a later period. The territory now comprised within the State was a part of the Missouri Territory from 1S04 to 1S21, but after that was placed suc cessively under the jurisdiction of Michigan and Wisconsin territories. In June, 1838, it was erected into the separate Territorial Government of Iowa; under which was also included all that portion of the present Territory of Minnesota west of the Mississippi Eiver, and on the 3d December, 1846, it was admitted into the Union as an independent State. IOWA CITY, on the left bank of Iowa River, is the political capital of the State ; previous to May, 1839, Burlington, on the Mississippi, was the seat of government. IOWA county, la. Situate S. E. centrally, and contains 576 eq. m. Iowa r. passes E. through the N., and its branch, English r., through the S. Surface rolling ; soil fertile, and adapted to grain. Good timber on the streams, and some prairie between. Farms 70 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 143, and pop. wh. 822, fr. col. total 822. Capital: Marengo. ftiUic Works: Council Bluffs B. E. IOWA county, Wise. Situate S. W., and contains 752 sq. m. Bounded N. by Wisconsin r., and drained N. by its affluents, S. by heads of Peckatonica r., a branch of Eock r. Surface considerably broken, and inclining N. and E. from a ridge or watershed crossing the county ; soil very pro ductive, with a basis of limestone. The chief wealth con sists in its great mineral deposites ; of these lead and cop- por are the principal, and great quantities of them are dug. Zinc and ir-on are also found. Farms 470; manuf. 24; dwell. 1,S46, and pop. wh. 9,502, fr. col. 28 total 9,530. Capital: Mineral Point Public Works : Milwaukie and Mississippi E. R., and Mineral Point E. E. IOWA, p. v., Perry co., 111. : on a branch of Little Muddy cr., 129 m. S. by E. Springfield. IOWA CITY, p. v., and cap. Johnson co., /., and cap. of the State of Iowa : on the E. bank of Iowa r., 52 m. from the Mississippi r., 68 m. from Burlington, 51 m. from Davenport, and 70 ra. from Dubuque from Washington, D. C., 1,485 rn. Tho river is navigable to this place at all stages of the wat.-r, and regular steamboats from the Mississippi ascend it iluily. The surface consists of a succession of plateaux rising from the margin of the r., the first plain, about 100 yards wide, being devoted to a public promenade; the see- on.] plateaux is about 12 feet, and the third about 30 feet Bbore the promenade, and on these the city is built. The principal avenues run along the brows of these eminences, and are intersected centrally by Iowa Avenue, a magnifi cent street, on which stands the State House, an elegant building of bird s-eye marble, a richly variegated species of limestone ; it is 100 feet long and 60 feet wide, and is built in the Grcco-doric style, surmounted by a dome resting on 2-2 Corinthian columns. The avenues are 160 feet wide. Iowa City, as tho capital of a wealthy State, is well situated^ being easy of access from all points, and is capable of every species of improvement for manufacturing, mechanical oper ations, trade, and commerce. Already it is being made the centre of communication from all the principal ports of the Mississippi toward Council Bluffs and the Pacific in which direction railroads will soon be built. Above the city the river affords immense water-power, and has been improved by the erection of several extensive mills. It is the seat of a U. S. land office ; and here, also, is an elegant county court-house, a jail, several substantial church buildings, and here will be located the State University recently char tered by the General Assembly of the State. The news papers published here are the " Iowa Eepublican" (whig), and the " Iowa Capital Eeporter" (dem.), both weekly issues. The site of the city previous to 1839 was in the wilderness: in that year it was selected by the legislature as the seat of government. Pop. 2.262. IOWA river, la. : a considerable affluent of the Mississippi. It rises in Hancock county, and passes in an E. S. E. and E. direction through Franklin, Ilardin, Marshall, Tama, Iowa, and Johnson counties, in the latter of which it sud denly turns to the S., and on entering Louisa county, again changes its direction S. E., and disembogues into the Mis sissippi by two mouths, forming a delta, the sides of which are about six miles in length ; the upper fork is the main stream, and empties opposite Edward s r. of Illinois, and the other, called the Iowa Slough, is tho lower fork. The river is navigable for light draft steamers at all seasons, and for boats much farther up. Its whole length is 300 miles. Eed Cedar r., its main branch, enters at Fredonia, and at certain seasons is navigable for keel-boats 100 miles from its mouth. The Iowa is a fine clear stream, and affords in its course innumerable mill seats and eligible city sites. IOWAVILLE, p. v., Van Buren county, la. : on the N. side of Des Moincs r., 61 m. S. S. W. Iowa City. It has several large stores, 3 mills. 50 houses, and about 300 in habitants. IPSWICH, t., p. v., and cap. Essex co., Mass. : on Ipswich r., 25 m. N. N. E. Boston. The t. has an uneven surface and a productive soil. The v. lies on both sides of the r., which is passed by a stone bridge, 2 m. from its mouth. It has a court-house, jail, a noted female seminary, a bank, several commercial houses, and about 1,000 inhabitants. On the r., just above, are large factories. The r. is navigable, and the port had in 1850, 578 tons shipping, mostly in the coasting trade. The Eastern E. E. passes through the v. 25 m. from Boston. The " Ipswich Clarion," a semi-monthly literary, is published here. Pop. of t. 3.349. IKA, t. and p. v., St. Clair county, Mich. : 93 m. E. by S. Lansing. It lies on the N. shore of Lake St. Clair, and is drained by Swan and Lautries rivers. Soil fertile, and sur face undulating, and well covered with pine timber Pop of t. 597. IRA, t and p. v., Cayuga co., Jff. T. : 141 m, W. N. W. Albany. Little Sodus cr. touches the K, but the stream* are small. Surface level, and soil very fertile. Farming is IRA ISL the chief pursuit. The v. has a hotel and several stores. Pop. of t. 2,110. IRA, t. and p. v., Rutland co., Verm. : on Castleton r., 54 m. S. S. "W. Montpelier. The t. is rough and fitted for graz ing. The T. has a church, 2 or 3 stores, and 20 houses. The Troy, "Whitehall, and Castleton K. K. crosses the N. of the town. Pop. of t. 407. IBASBURGH, t., p. T., and cap. Orleans co., Verm. : 42 m. N. N. W. Montpelier. Surface of the t. gently broken, and Boil productive. Drained by Black r., which flows into Lake Memphremagog. The v. is on the river, and con tains a court-house, jail, 2 stores, and a few houses. The " Orleans Gazette" (whig), is published here weekly. Pop. of 1. 1,0:34. IRKDKLL county, 2f. Car. Situate "W. centrally, and con tains 685 sq. m. Bounded S. W. by Catawba r., a head of Santee r., and drained N. and E. by numerous affluents of Yadkin r. Surface broken and hilly, affording excellent water-power; soil very productive of wheat, corn, and cotton, which are the leading staples, and furnishes fine pasturage. It has some good timber. Farms 1,096 ; manuf. 28, dwell. 1,834, and pop. wh. 10,547, fr. col. 30, si. 4,142 total 14,719. Capitttl : Statesville. IRELAND, p. o., Ilampden co., Mass. : 82 m. "W. by S. Boston. IRELAND, p. o., Lewis county, Virg. : 1S9 m. "W. N. W. Kichmond. IRELAND CORNERS, p. o., Albany co., N. Y. IHTSH GROVE, p. o., Atchisou co., Mo. : 214 m. N. W. Jefferson City. IRISII EIPPLE, p. o., Lawrence county, Penn.; 1S9 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. IRON county, Utah Ter. Situate S., stretching E. and W. across the Territory between latitudes 37 80 and 33 30 . Surface much varied, and where best known, well wooded and abounding in bituminous coal, salt, and gypsum. Fa-ma 54 ; nianuf. 2 ; dwell. 86, and pop. wh. 360, fr. col. .1 total 360. Capital: IRON CRKHK, p. o., "Washtenaw co., Mich. : 43 m. S. E. Lansing. IRONDBQUOIT, t. and p. v., Monroe co., 2T. Y. : 189 m. W. N. W. Albany. Genesee r. bounds it on the W., Lake Ontario N., and W. Irondequoit Bay. Surface level, with sand-hills in the E., and soil productive. It has some com- aerce, and is a resort for fishing. Pop. 2,397. IRONDEQUOIT bay, Monroe co., W. Y. : an arm of Lake Ontario, 6 m. deep and 1 m. wide. A creek of the same name, which affords numerous mill-sites, falls into the bay. Fish of various descriptions are taken here in abundance. IRON FURNACE, p. o., Scioto co., Ohio: 83 m. S. by E. Columbus. IRON MOUNTAIN, p. o., St. Francis co., Mo. : 9S m. S. E. Jefferson City. The celebrated Iron Mountain lies on the E. extreme of the Ozark Mountains, is li m. long, 1 m. broad, and 444 feet high. The top is solid ore, a micaceous oxide of iron of superior quality, yielding 60 per cent, of metal, and in the crude state is used to manufacture edge tools. The amount that may be made is immense, and is eoon to be brought into universal use by a railroad from St. Louis. IRON RIDGE, p. Y., Dodge co., Wise. : 51 m. N. E. by E. Madieon. IBOKTON, p. v., Lawrence co., Ohio: on the Ohio r., near the month of Stormes cr., 97 m. S. S. E. Columbus. It is a fine little village of rapid growth, the terminus of the Iron R. R., and the shipping port for the iron of a rich and ex tensive mining region. It has a fine depfit, several large stores and warehouses, and a large trade. The " Ironton Register" (neutral), is published here weekly. IRONWOOD BLUFF, p. o., Itawamba county, Miss. : 179 m. N. N. E. Jackson. IROQUOTS county, III. Situate K E., and contains 1,398 B^. m. Drained by Sugar cr., Iroquois r., and other branches 326 of Kankakee r., which flows on its N. border, and soon into the Illinois. Surface mostly low and level, with many swamps and marshes, and some prairie ; soils usually pro ductive, raising good crops of corn, and feeding numbers of cattle and swine. Farms 3S7 ; manuf. ; dwell. 7 IS, and pop. wh. 4,072, fr. col. 77 total 4,149. Capital: Middleport. IROQUOIS, p. v., Iraquois co., III. : on the Iroquois r., 131 m. E. N. E. Springfield. It contains a large hotel, several fine stores, and two mills. IKVILLE, p. v., Muskingum co., Ohio : about 2 m. from the Ohio Canal, 45 m. E. by N. Columbus. It has several stores, and 200 inhabitants. ISVINE, p. v., and cap. Estill co., Ky. : on the N. side of Kentucky r., 57 m. S. E. Frankfort. It has a fine loca tion, and contains the court-house, jail, etc., about 40 dwell ings, and 300 inhabitants. IRVINE, p. o., Warren county, Perm.: 171 m. N. "W. Harrisburg. IRVINE S STORE, p. o., Weakly co., Tenn. : 92 m. W. by N. Nashville. IRVING, p. v., Chautauque co., 2f. Y. : on Lake Erie, at .the mouth of Cattaraugus cr., 205 m. W. by S. Albany. It has a good landing, and several stores and dwellings. IRVING, p. o., Barry co., Mich. : 44 m. W. by S. Lansing. IRVING COLLEGE, p. o., Warren co., Tenn. : 58 m. S. E. Nashville. IRWIN county, Ga. Situate S. centrally, and contains 2,064 sq. m. Drained by Ocmulgee r., its N. E. line, and heads of Santilla (or St. Ilia) r., streams flowing into the Atlantic, and Little r., New r., Allapahaw r., and their branches, heads of Suwanee r., emptying into the Gul Surface diversified, with no great elevations, and much low land ; soil productive of the grains, on which many cattle and hogs are raised, and cotton. Timber is abundant, pine particularly. Farms 414; manuf. 0; dwell. 448, and pop. wh. 2,8S3, fr. col. 1, si. 450 total 3,334. Capital : Irwins- ville. Public Works : Savannah and Pensacola R. R. IBWIN S CROSS ROADS, p. o., Washington co., Ga. : 26 m. S. E. Milledgeville. IRWINSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Irwin co., Ga. : about 3 m. E. Allapahaw r., 102 m. S. by W. Milledgeville. It has a court-house, jail, etc., a few stores, and 20 dwellings. IRWINTON, p. v., and cap. Wilkinson co., Ga. : about 6 m. W. Oconee r., 19 m. S. Milledgeville. It has a court-house, jail, academy, three churches, and 160 inhabitants. ISABELLA county, Mich. Situate centrally on Lower Peninsula, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Salt, Chip- pewa, and Pine rivers, affluents of the Saginaw. A new county, unorganized in 1850. IscnuA river, 2f. Y. : an affluent of Oil cr., from Catiar- augus co., and which, through that river, empties into the Alleghany at Olean. ISLAND CREEK, t. and p. o., Jefferson co., Ohio : on the Ohio r., 126 m. E. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Island cr. Surface uneven, and soil rery fertile, and excellent razing. Wool is largely grown. Pop. 1,987. ISLAND FORD, p. o., Rutherford county, N. Car. : 202 m. W. by S. Raleigh. ISLAND GROVE, sta., Morgan co., III. : on the Sangamon and Morgan R. R., 19 m. from Springfield. ISLE AU CHATS, N. Y. : an island of the St. Lawrence, of which there is another on the British side of the same name, between which the dividing line of the two countries passes. The one on the American side of theline belongs to the t. of Louisville, St. Lawrence co. ISLE Atr GALLOP, 2f. Y. : an island of the St. Lawrence, and a part of the t. of Lisbon, in St. Lawrence co. ISLK AT; RAPID, an island of St. Lawrence r., in the t of Madrid, St. Lawrence co. ISLEBOROUGII, t. and p. v., Waldo co., Me. : in Penobscot Bay, 47 m. E. Augusta. It is composed of a large, and several small islands near it, which have a fertile soil, with ISL IZA fine harbors, much frequented by fishermen and coasters. Fishing is the chief pursuit. Pop. of t. 984. ISI.E BREVILLE, p. o., Natchitoches par., La. : 159 m. N.W. Baton Rouge. ISLE OF SHOALS ; a cluster of islands in the Atlantic, 8 m. from Portsmouth Harbor, and called Hog, Duck, Star, Smutty Nose, Londoner, White, and Malaga. They consti tute the t. of Gosport, and are chiefly composed of rocks. Sacral of the islands have been connected with each other by sea walls, and their harbors otherwise improved. The inhabitants are fishermen, and besides supplying the Ports mouth market, salt large quantities for export. Pop. 103. ISLE OF WIGHT county, Virg. Situate S. E., and contains 852 sq. m. Bounded W. by Black r., a head of Chowan r., and N. E. by James r. Surface various, with some good mill seats; soil mostly fertile. Corn is the staple. Sweet potatoes are much grown, and many hogs fattened. It has fine peach orchards, and its peach brandy is much noted. Farms 629; manuf. 13; dwell. 1,200, and pop. wh. 4,724, fr. col. 1.234, si. 3,395 total 9,353. Capital : Smithfleld. Public Works : Norfolk and Petersburg E. E. ; Seaboard and Roarioke K. R. ISHP, t. and p. v., Suffolk CO., N. Y. : on the Atlantic, 129 m. S. 8. E. Albany. The surface is level, and soil sandy and mostly producti vc,with few streams. The v. contains two churches, and several stores and dwellings. Pop. of t.2,602. ISNEY, p. o., Choctaw county, Ala.: 122 m. W. by S. Montgomery. ISORX S STOBE, p. o., Maury co. f Tenn. : 33 m. B. S. W. Nashville. ISPAHAN, p. o., Fayetto county, Tenn. : 163 m. 8. W. Nashville. ISKAEL S river, Coos co., N. ITamp. : a noted tributary of the Connecticut r., formed by the cascades and falls from the summit of Mt Adams and Mt Jefferson, and meeting the Connecticut at Lancaster. It is a beautiful stream, and along i .s banks is much picturesque scenery. ISSAQUENA county, Miss. Situate W. centrally, and con tains 964 sq. m. Yazoo r. is on its E. border, and the Mis sissippi its W. boundary ; between these are Sunflower r., Williams bayou, and other streams. Surface low and even ; soil highly productive. Cotton is the staple. Farms 75; manuf. ; dwell. 110, and pop wh. 866, fr. col. 7, si. 4,105 total 4,473. Capital: Tallula. ITALY HILL, p. o., Tales co., N. T. : 173 m. W. Albany. ITALY HOLLOW, p. o., Yates county, N. Y. : 176 m. W. Albany. ITASCA county, Mnn. Situate N. E. part of the Territory, and i-xtMit not ascertained. It lies on the N. line of the I . s., and has on the N. a chain of lakes and rivers, extend ing frm Lake of the Woods to Lake Superior, the last f< nning its E. boundary. It is bounded S. by Ramsey and WaaUafton counties, and W. by the Mississippi r. and Pembtau co. It embraces a large territory, hardly settled at all by white men, and little known, except by hunters and the natives, between whom a lively trade is kept up in furs, the only important product of the co. Many streams afford fine fishing and facilitate travel, most of which have one or more lakes emptying into them. The largest of these are Mississippi r. and its lakes, Cass, and Winnibigos- hish. Flowing E. into Lake Superior are Embarras r., East Swan r., Second Embarras r., and Cloquet r., branches of St. Louis r. a large stream Knife r., Gooseberry r., Bap tism r., etc. Farms 86 ; manuf. ; dwell. 23, and pop. - wh. 97. ITASCA LAKE, Minn. Ter. : a small lake, the source of the head stream of the Mississippi r. Lat. 47 10* N., and long. 95 54 W. 8,160 m. above the Gulf of Mexico. It is a beautiful lake, lying among the hills, surrounded by pines. Its outlet is 10 or 12 feet wide, and from 12 to 18 inches deep. It was discovered by Schooleraft, July 13, 1832. ITAWAMBA county, Miss. Situate N. E., and contains 943 gq. m. Drained by several head streams of Tombigbee r. Surface level or undulating ; soil mostly very productive. Cotton is the staple, and corn but little inferior in its yield. Farms 1,499 ; manuf. 6 ; dwell. 1,862, and pop, wh. 11,395. fr. col. 6, si. 2,127 total 13,528. Capital : Fulton. Public Works: Mobile and Ohio R. K. ITHACA, t, p. v., and cap. Tompkins co., N. Y. : 134 m. W. Albany. Drained by Fall, Six Mile, and Cascadilla creeks, which fall into Cayuga Lake. The v. is situated on a plain, 1 m. S. of the lake, and on both sides of Cayuga inlet, which is navigable for large canal boats. The alluvial flat, on which the city is chiefly located, is inclosed on three sides by hills, which rise gradually to the height of 500 feet, and a part of the v. Hea on the hill overlooking the beautiful lake in its front The streets are at right angles, forming square blocks ; its buildings are usually neat and commodious, and most of the thoroughfares are orna mented with shade trees. In available hydraulic power applicable to manufactures Ithaca is second to no other vil- lago in the State, and it is already engaged largely in indus trial pursuits. The streams before named, in descending from the hills, have numerous falls. Fall cr. descends 438 feet in the course of a mile, having three successive falls of 70, 50, and 116 feet, the latter a grand cataract, and in an unbroken sheet, and other falls in the vicinity of the place are almost co-equal in extent and grandeur with these. The manufactures of the place comprise extensive cotton and woolen mills, flouring mills, iron works, machine shops, plaster mills, paper mills, and a variety of other industrial establishments. Its commercial advantages are also great. Southward the Cayuga and Susquehanna P.. R. gives it access to the iron and coal fields of Pennsylvania, and at Owego it unites with the New York and Erie R. R., forming a direct route to New York City; and Northward through Cayuga Lake and Seneca Canal it communicates with the Erie Canal and the central chain of railroads extending between Albany and Buffalo. The principal export? south are plaster, flour, etc., which are exchanged for the coal, iron, etc., of that region. Ithaca has two newspapers, the "I. Chronicle" (whig), issued daily and weekly, and the " I. Journal" (dem.), issued weekly. The v. was planned in 1800 by Simeon De Witt, and in 1821 it was incorporated. Pop. in 1830, 3,324; in 1S40, 5,650 ; and in 1850, 6,909. ITHACA, p. o., Darko county, Ohio: 81 m. W. N. W. Columbus. IVE S, sta., Hampden t, New Haven co., Conn. : on the New Haven and Northampton R. R., 7 m. from New Haven. IVE S GEOVE, p. v., Racine co., Wise.: 79 m. E. S. E. Madison. A plank road passes W. through this village 11 m. from Racine. IVE S STORE, p. o., Princess Anne co., Yirg. : 94 m. S. E. Richmond. IVY, p. o., Yancey co., N. Car. : 206 m. W. Raleigh. IVY ISLAND, p. o., Edgefield dist, & Car. : 78 m. W. S. "W. Columbia. IVY LOG, p. v., Union county, Qa. : 147 m. N. N. W. Milledgeville. IVY MILLS, p. v., Delaware co., Penn. : 83 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. IXONIA, t. and p. v., Jefferson co., Wise. : on Rock r., 41 m. E. by N. Madison. The t has a rolling surface, well timbered, and fine water-power. The soil is very rich, with prime grass lands. The v. lies on the left bank of Rock r., and contains several stores and mills, and about 250 inhab itants. The plank road from Milwaukee to Madison passes through the town. Pop. of 1. 1,118. IZAKD county, Ark. Situate N. centrally, and contains 841 sq. in. Drained by White r., which runs through the county from N. W. to S. E., and its branches Pine cr., Buffalo fork, etc. Surface somewhat elevated, "but pretty even ; soil very fertile and excellent for grass and grain. The pine is very abundant. Cattle and swine are raised in large numbers. Farms 332; manuf. 7; dwell. 496, and pop. wh. 8,017, fr. col. 0, si. 196 total 3,213. Capital: Athens. JAG JAC J. JACINTO, p. v., and cap. Tishemingo co., Miss. : 191 m. N. N. E. Jackson. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., sev eral stores and shops, and about 150 inhabitants. The "North Mississippi Union," a weekly paper, is published in this village. JACKSBOKOUGH, p. v., and cap. Campbell co., Tenn. : 148 m. E. by N. Nashville. It has a court-house, jail, a few stores and dwellings, and 100 inhabitants. JACK S CREEK, p. o., Henderson county, Tenn. : 102 m. W. S. W. Nashville. JACK S FOKKS, p. o., Texas co., Mo. : on a branch of Cur rent r. so called, 106 m. S. S. E. Jefferson City. JACKSON county, Ala. Situate N. E., and contains 1,037 sq. m. Tennessee r. runs S. W. through the E. part, and Eaccoon cr. and other branches drain it. Surface various, with considerable low land ; soil very fertile. Cotton and corn are the great staples. Wheat grows well, and many hogs are raised. Farms S56 ; manuf. 4 ; dwell. 2,000, and pop. wh. 11,756, fr. col. 40, si. 2,292 total 14,089. Cap ital : Bellefonte. Public Works : Memphis and Charleston E. E. ; Nashville and Chattanooga R. E. JACKSON county, Ark. Situate N. E., and contains 679 sq. m. It lies between Big Black and White rivers on the W., and Cache r., a branch of White r., on the E. Surface mostly undulating or level ; soil fine and well adapted to grazing. Corn is the staple, and large numbers of cattle and swine are raised. It has a great deal of excellent ash and cypress timber on its streams. Farms 232 ; manuf. 4 ; dwell. 447, and pop. wh. 2,517, fr. col. 6, si. 563 total 3,086. Capital: Elizabeth. JACKSON county, Flor. Situate N. W., and contains 929 sq. m. Appalachicola r. forms its E. boundary, and Chipola r., a branch of it, with its affluents, drains it. Surface level, with slight hills ; soil generally fertile, on the streams very rich. Cotton is the great staple. Corn and wheat are good crops, and many cattle and swine are kept. Farms 287 ; manuf. ; dwell. 560, and pop. wh. 3,075, fr. col, 30, si. 3,534 total 6,639. Capital : Mariana. JACKSON county, Ga. Situate N. E. centrally, and con tains 523 sq. m. Drained by North and Allen s forks and Appalachee r., head streams of Oconee r. Surface broken and elevated, with good meadows and water-power ; soil fertile, and well adapted to grass. Cotton grows well. Farms 547; manuf. 6; dwell. 1,200, and pop. wh. 6,808, fr. col. 19, si. 2,941 total 9,763. Capital : Jefferson. JACKSON county, III. Situate S. W., and contains 5S3 sq. m. Drained by branches of Big Muddy r., a navigable stream crossing it S. W. to the Mississippi, which is its S.W. boundary. Surface rolling or slightly broken, with much timber and some prairie and swamp land ; soil very fertile, with excellent grazing. On Big Muddy r. are salt springs and immense deposits of coal. Copper is found. Farms 604 ; manuf. 23 ; dwell. 1,038, and pop. wh. 5,829, fr. col. 33 total 5,862. Capital : Murphysboro . Public Works : Illinois Central E. E. JACKSON county, Ind. Situate S. centrally, and contains 524 sq. m. Drained by Driftwood, White, Salt, and Mus- catatuck creeks, all fine mill streams. Surface level or un dulating, with some " knobs" in the N. The bottoms are large and rich, and the soil generally sandy clay. Most of the county is well timbered. All the grains yield great crops, and much beef and pork is fattened. Indian mounds are found in the N. Farms 1,173 ; manuf. 18 ; dwell. 1,965, and pop. wh. 10,837, fr. col. 210 total 11,047. Capital: Brownstown. Public Works: Jeffersonville E. E. JACKSON county, la. Situate E., and contains 643 sq. m. Drained by Macoquetais r. and its branches, affluents of the Mississippi, its E. boundary. Surface diversified, in parts broken ; soil good and well timbered, producing the cereals in abundance. This county is rich in minerals. It 323 lies opposite the Galena lead district, and is abundantly supplied with lead, iron ore, copper, zinc, and gypsum. Farms 703 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 1,277, and pop. wh". 7,201, fr. col. 9 total 7,210. Capital : Andrew. JACKSON parish, La. Situate N. centrally, and contains 927 sq. m. Drained by Dugdemona r. and branches W., and E. by branches of Wachita r., all affluents of lied r. Surface undulating, and covered mostly with a heavy growth of oak, hickory, sassafras, and poplar ; soil on tho river bottoms very fertile, and well adapted to cotton, which is the staple production. Farms 290 ; manuf. 6 ; dwell. C22, and pop. wh. 3,406, fr. col. 2, si. 2,153 total 5,566. Cap ital: Vernon. JACKSON county, Mich. Situate S. centrally, and con tains 720 sq. m. Drained N. and W. by Portage r., a head of Grand r., and heads of Kalamazoo r., both flowing into Lake Michigan, and S. E. by heads of Eaisin r., flowing into Lake Erie. Surface undulating, with few hiils; soil a rich, sandy loam, bearing great grain crops and grass. It has good water-power, abundance of limestone and marl, fine building stone, and some coal. Farms 2,250 ; manuf. 95; dwell. 3,540, and pop. wh. 19,346, fr. col. 85 total 19,431. Capital: Jackson. Public Works: Michigan Central E. E. JACKSON county, Miss. Situate S, on the Gulf, and con tains 1,243 sq. m. Drained by numerous branches of Pas- cagoula r., which crosses it from N. to S., and empties into Pascagoula Bay. Surface level and much of it wooded with pine ; soil of moderate fertility. Corn is the staple, and many cattle and swine are raised. Farms 212 ; manuf. 8; dwell. 440, and pop. wh. 2,273, fr. col. 100, si. 825 total 3,198. Capital: Jackson C. H. JACKSON county, Mo. Situate W., and contains 7S9 sq. m. Drained by Big and Little Blue rivers, affluents of the Mis souri, its N. boundary. Surface elevated and somewhat undulating ; soil excellent, particularly for grain and grass. Corn is the agricultural staple. Large numbers of cattle, hogs, and sheep are raised on its fine pastures and abund ant mast. It is well timbered and has good water-power. Farms 9S6 ; manuf. 78 ; dwell. 1,719, and pop. wh. 10,992, fr. col. 39, si. 2,969 total 14,000. Capital : Independence. Public Works : Pacific E. E. JACKSON county, N. Car. Situate S. W., and contains 834 sq. m. Drained by Tuckassege r., a head of the Ten nessee r., and its affluents. Surface broken and mountain ous. Soil very productive, yielding large crops of all the grains, and affording excellent pasture. Corn and pork are staples. Erected since 1850. JACKSON county, Ohio. Situate 8., and contains 354 sq. m. Drained by Eaccoon and Symmes creeks, and Lit tle Scioto, affluents of Ohio r., and Salt cr., a branch of Scioto r. Surface somewhat broken, and soils highly pro ductive of the grains and grass. Coal and iron ore are abundant. Corn, wheat, wool, and pork are farming sta ples. Farms 1,164; manuf. 14; dwell. 2,120, and pop. wh. 12,330, fr. col. 391 total 12,721. Capital : Jackson. Public Works: Cincinnati, Hillsboro , and Parkersburg E. E. ; Scioto and Hocking Valley E. E. JACKSON county, Tenn. Situate N. centrally, and con tains 369 sq. m. Drained by small affluents of Cumber land r., which crosses it from N. E. to S. W., and is boatable at all seasons. Surface diversified, but not rough, with some water-power ; soils fine. Tobacco and all the grains grow well, and many sheep and swine are raised. Farms 1,211 ; manuf. 4; dwell. 2,325, and pop wh. 14,000, fr. coL 115, si. 1,553 total 15,673. Capital: Gainesboro . JACKSON county, Teop. Situate S. near the Gulf, and contains 834 sq. m. Drained by Arenosa bayou W., Car- ancua bayou E., but mostly by Lavacca and Navidad rivers, which are navigable for vessels of light draft, and their branches. Surface a rolling prairie, wholly destitute of stone. The streams are lined with forests, the rest of the county is open; soil a deep black mold lying over red JAG JAG loam, and very rich. Corn and cotton yield enormously, and most esculents flourish. Indigo is raised abundantly. Cattle are an important staple, requiring little attention, and grazing on the prairies the year round. Farms 73 ; manuf. ; dwell. 114, and pop. wh. G2T, fr. col. 80, si. 339 total 996. Capital: Texana. JACKSON county, Virg. Situate N. W., and contains 412 sq. m. Drained E. by branches of Little Kanawha r., and W. by Big Mill, Big and Little Sandy creeks, affluents of Ohio r., which bounds it N. W. Surface varied, with good mill seats; soil very good, adapted to grain growing and grazing. Corn, wheat, and pork arc staples. Farms 602 ; manuf. 16; dwell. 1,034, and pop. wh. 6,480, fr. col. 11, si. 53 total 6,544. Capital : Ripley (Jackson C. 11.) JACKSON, p. v., Clarke co., Ala. : on the left bank of Tombigbee r., 112 m. S. W. by W. Montgomery. JACKSON, p. v., Stephenson co., III. : on a branch of Peckatonica r., 171 m. N. Springfield. JACKSON, p. v., and cap. Butts co., Get. : 46 m. W. N. W. Milledgeville. It lies about S m. W. of Ocmulgee r., and contains a court-house, jail, an academy, several churches and stores, and about 200 inhabitants. JACKSON, p. o., Elkhart county, Ind. : 87 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. JACKSON, p. v., and cap. Breathitt co., Ky. : on the N. fork of Kentucky r., 92 m. E. S. E. Frankfort. It is a pretty village, containing the county buildings, and has valuable salt works in the vicinity. JACKSON, p. v., and cap. East Feliciana par., La. : on the E. side of Thompson s cr., 26 m. N. Baton Rouge. Here is located Centenary College, founded in 1S39, with 7 in structors, 40 alumni, 94 students, and 5,000 volumes in its library. The v. contains the court-house, several stores, and about 1,000 inhabitants. JACKSON, t. and p. v., "Waldo co., Me. : on a branch of Marsh r., 87 m. N. E. Augusta. It has a fine soil, produ cing superior wheat Pop. of t. 833. JACKSON, t., p. v., and cap. Jackson co., Mich. : on Grand r., 82 m. S. by E. Lansing. The t. is drained by Grand and Portage rivers, affording excellent water-power, and has a rich soil adapted to grass or grain. Coal and abundance of white sandstone and limestone are found. The v. is on Grand r., where the falls furnish abundant water-power, and is extensively engaged in manufactures of flour, leather, iron ware, machinery, etc. It contains a court-house, jail, the State penitentiary, a branch of tho university, and several banks. Its situation and facilities for transportation and travel give it a large trade with the interior and the l.:ist. The Michigan Central R. R. passes through the v. 76 m. from Detroit. Two newspapers, the " American Cit- i/<-ii" (whig), and the "Jackson Patriot" (dem.), are pub- li.-lird weekly. Pop. of t. 4,147. JACKSON, p. v., and cap. Hinds co., Miss., and capital of the State of Mississippi : on the W. bank of Pearl r., in lat. 82 23 N., and long. 90 08 W. 1,035 m. W. S. W. Wash ington. The site is level, and about a quarter of a mile from the river. The v., regularly laid off, contains a hand some State house, the governor s house, the State peniten tiary, a U. S. land office, etc., several mechanic shops, about 40 stores of various descriptions, and 8,000 inhabitants. Three newspapers are published here, viz., the "Mississip- pian" (dem.), the "Flag of the Union" (whig), and the "Hinds Gazette" (whig), all -weekly issues. The Vicks- burg, Jackson, and Brandon R. R. passes through Jack son, as will also tho New Orleans, Jackson, and Northern E. R., etc. JACKSON C. H., p. v., and cap. Jackson co., Miss. : on Cedar cr., near Pascagoula r., 139 m. 8. E. Jackson. It contains a court-house, jail, hotel, and a few houses. JACKSON, L and p. v., Washington co., N. Y.: on S side of Batten Kill, 86 m. N. N. E. Albany. The t has a varied surfaec, a soil of moderate fertility, and considerable water-power. The Rutland and Washington E. E. crosses Si the E. part. The v. contains an academy, several stores, nd 800 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 2,129. JACKSON, p. v., and cap. Cape Girardeau co., Mo. : ou Hubbes cr. of Whitewater r., 12 m. from the Mississippi, 162 m. S. E. by E. Jefferson City. It conlains a court-house, ail, etc., a U. S. land office, and about 600 inhabitants. The " Southern Democrat" is published weekly. JACKSON, t. and p. v., Coos co., Jf. Ifamp. : at the E. base of White Mountains, 64 m. N. N. E. Concord. Drained by Ellis s r., a branch of Saco r., affording water-power. Sur face very rugged ; soil good. The v. lies near the E. branch of Ellis s r. ^Pop. of t. 5S9. JACKSON, p. v., and cap. Northampton co., N. Car. : about 5 m. N. Eoanoke r., 84 m. N. E. Raleigh. It contains the court-house, and a few stores and dwellings. JACKSON, t, Jackson co., Ohio : 56 m. S. S. E. Columbus. A fine grazing town. Drained by Salt creek. Pop. 717. JACKSON, p. v., and cap. Jackson co., Ohio : on a branch of the Scioto, 65 m. S. S. E. Columbus. It contains a court house, jail, several stores and small mills, and 4*80 inhabit ants. The Iron R. R. will connect here with the Scioto and Hocking Valley R. R. The "Jackson Standard" (whig), and "Jackson Union" (dem.), are issued hero weekly. JACKSON, t. and p. v., Susquehanna co., Penn. : on head of Tunkhannock cr., 135 m. N. E. by N. Harrisburg. Sur face rough, and soil good pasture. The v. has 3 stores and 25 houses. JACKSON, p. v., and cap. Madison co., Tenn. : on Forked Deer r., 118 m. W. S. W. Nashville. It contains a court house, jail, 3 churches, 12 stores, and 600 inhabitants. JACKSON C. H., p. v., and cap. Jackson co., Virg. : on Big Mill cr. of Ohio r., 241 m. W. N. W. Richmond. It contains, besides a court-house and jail, several stores and mills, an academy, and 250 inhabitants. JACKSON, p. o., Louisa county, Virg. : 45 m. N. W. Richmond. JACKSON, p. v., and cap. Calaveras co., Calif.: at the junction of N. and S. forks of Mokelumne r., 106 m. E. by N. Vallejo. It contains a court-house, several stores, and 600 inhabitants. The washings in the vicinity are very rich in gold, and the soil excellent. JACKSONBOROUGII, p. v., and cap. Scriven co., Ga. : on Brier cr., 104 m. E. by S. Milledgeville. It contains a court house, jail, high school, several stores, and 150 inhabitants. JACKSONBOROUGH, p. v., Butler co., Ohio : 83 m. W. S.W. Columbus. JACKSON BROOK, p. o., Washington co., Me. : 123 m. E. N. E. Augusta. JACKSONBURGH, p. v., Wayne county, Ind. : 73 m. E. Indianapolis. JACKSONBUBGH, p. v., Herkimer co., JV. Y. : 8 m. N. W. Albany. JACKSON CORNERS, p. v., Duchess co., N. Y. : 43 m. 8. Albany. JACKSON CREEK, p. v., Will co., 111. : on an affluent of Illinois r. so called, 139 m. N. E. Springfield. JACKSON FURNACE, p. v., Jackson co., Ohio: near the Little Scioto r., 77 m. S. by E. Columbus. JACKSON HALL, p. v., Franklin co., Penn. : 56 m. W. 3. W Harrisburg. JACKSONHAM, p. o., Lancaster dist., S. Car. : 53 m. N. N. E. Columbia. JACKSON HILL, p. o., Davidson co., N. Car. : 96 rn. W. Raleigh. JACKSON HILL, p. o., Spartanburgh dist., S. Car. : 89 m. N. N. W. Columbia. JACKSON POINT, p. o., Holt co., Mo. : 203 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. JACKSON POET, p. o., Jackson co., Ark. : 97 m. N. N. E. Little Rock. JACKSON S CAMP, p. o., Tallapoosa co., Ala.: N. E. Montgomery. JAG JAM JACKSON S CREEK, p. o., Fairfleld dist., & Car. : 28 m. N. by W. Columbia. JACKSON S FERKY, p. o., Wythe co., Virg. : near New r., 195 m. "W. S. W. Eichmond. JACKSON S MILLS, p. v., Lenawee co., Mich. : 59 m. S. S.E. Lansing. JACKSON S MILLS, p. o., Ocean co., W. Jer. : 26 m. E. Trenton. JACKSON S river, Virg. : rises in Highland co., on E. side of Allcghany Mountains, and flows S. to Covington, then E. to its junction with Cowpasture r., which two form the James. It has a very rapid descent, and furnishes much water-power. JACKSONTOWN, p. v., Licking co., Ohio: about 4 m. E. of the Ohio Canal, 29 m. E. Columbus. It has several stores and 300 inhabitants. JACKSON VALLEY, p. v., Susquehanna ca, Perm.: 132 m. N. E. by N. Harrisburg. JACKSONVILLE, p. v., and cap. Benton co., Ala. : on Chocoloche cr. of Coosa r., 102 m. N. N. E. Montgomery. It contains a court-house, jail, several large stores, a few manufactories of farming implements, and 850 inhabitants. The " Eepublican" (dem.) is issued weekly. JACKSONVILLE, p. v., and cap. Duvall co., Flor. : on the left bank of St. John s r., about 20 m. from its mouth, 162 m. E. Tallahassee. The St. John s, here 1 m. wide, furnishes access to the interior and the N. coast, carrying hence heavy cargoes of cotton, and bringing hither many invalids at tracted by the mildness of the climate. It contains a court house, jail, academy, and several stores and dwellings. JACKSONVILLE, p. Y., and cap. Telfair co., Ga. : on the left bank of Ocmulgee r., 94 m. S. by E. Milledgeville. It con tains a court-house, jail, academy, and about 100 inhab itants. JACKSONVILLE, p. v., and cap. Morgan co., III. : 30 m. "W. Springfield. It is near Mauvaiseterre cr., surrounded by rich prairie, and is one of the most flourishing villages in the State. It has extensive manufactures of flour, cotton goods, leather, machinery, etc., a court-house, jail, several excellent high schools, and 2,000 inhabitants. Illinois Col lege, founded in 1S30, has a fine location here, 6 instructors, 94 graduates, of whom 35 are ministers, 32 students, and a library of 2,500 volumes. The State institutions for the deaf and dumb, the insane, and the blind are pleasantly located and in successful operation in the outskirts of the village. The Sangamon and Morgan E. E. passes the v. 33 m. from Springfield, and 21 from Naples. The " Morgan Journal" (whig) publishes weekly and tri-weekly editions. JACKSONVILLE, p. v., Switzerland co., Ind. : 82 m. S. E. Indianapolis. JACKSONVILLE, p. v., Burlington county, N. Jer. : on Assincunk cr., 10 m. S. Trenton. JACKSONVILLE, p. v., Tompkins co., N. Y. : 149 m. W. Albany. JACKSONVILLE, p. v., Darke co., Ohio : 81 m. W. by N. Columbus. JACKSONVILLE, p. v., Lehigh co., Penn. : 79 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. JACKSONVILLE, p. v., Windham co., Verm. : 105 m. S. by W. Montpelier. It contains several stores and 200 in habitants. JACKSONVILLE, p. v., Cherokee co., Tex, : 176 m. N. E. Austin City. JACKSONVILLE, p. o., Bourbon county, Ey. : 43 m. E. Frankfort. JACKSONVILLE, p. v., Tuolumne co., Calif. : on Tuolumne r., near the junction of Eattlesnake cr., 93 m. E. S. E. Yallejo. It is the centre of a rich gold district, and has several stores and 500 inhabitants. JACK S EEEF, p. v., Onondaga co., 2f. Y. : 141 m. W. by N. Albany. JACKSVILLE, p. v., Butler co. Penn. : 177 m. W. N. W. Harrk,burg. JAOOBSBURGII, p. v., Belmont county, Ohio: 107 m. E. Columbus. A village of about 300 inhabitants. JACOBSBURGII, p. v., Northampton co., Penn.: 94 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. Here is a bloomery forge making 50 tons iron per annum, and a few dwellings. JACOB S FORK, p. o., Catawba co., N. Car. : 124 m. "W. Ealeigh. JACOBSTOWN, p. o., Burlington co., N. Jer. : S. S. E. Trenton. JAFFREY, t and p. v., Cheshire co., 2f. ITamp. : at the head of Contoocook r., 87 m. S. W. by S. Concord. It lies 8. E. of Monadnock Mountain, has a fine soil for grass, several ponds, affording excellent mill streams, a mineral spring furnishing yellow ocher, and small factories for cot ton and woolen goods. The v. has a high school, a hotel, several stores, and 200 inhabitants. Pop. of 1. 1,497. JAKE S PRAIRIE, p. v., Gasconade county, Mo. : near Bourbeuse cr., 43 m. S. E. Jefferson City. JAKE S EUN, p. o., Monongalia co., Virg. : 191 m. N. "W. Eichmond. JALAPA, p. v., Grant co., Ind. : on Mississinewa r., 63 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. JALAPA, p. o., M Minn co., Tenn.: 126 m. E. S. E. Nashville. JALAPA, p. o., Greene co., Itt. : 43 m. S. "W. Springfield. JAMAICA, t. and p. v., Queens co., N. Y. : 137 m. S. Albany. Surface level, with slight hills in the N. ; soil a sandy loam, and mostly fertile, with extensive salt meadows in the S., producing large crops of grass. Jamaica Bay occupies the S., and the Union Eace-course is in the W. part, 8 m. from Brooklyn. The v. is on the Long Island E. E., 11 m. from Brooklyn, and contains the county clerk s and surrogate s offices, an academy, a female seminary, 6 churches, 6 hotels, 20 stores, several manufactories, an ex tensive repair shop for the railroad, and about 1,SOO inhab itants. Two weekly papers are published, the " Long Island Farmer" (whig), and the " Long Island Democrat." Pop. of t. 4,247. JAMAICA, L and p. T., Windham co., Verm. : 86 m. S. by W. Montpelier. Drained by West r., which affords fine water-power. Surface uneven, and soil mostly good. Limestone is abundant. The v. is on a branch of the river, has valuable mills, several stores, and 450 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 1,606. JAMAICA, p. o., Middlesex county, Virg. : 51 m. E. Eichmond. JAMAICA PLAIN, p. v., Norfolk co., Mass. : on the Boston and Providence E. E., 3 m. S. "W. Boston. Jamaica Pond, 5 m. from the Exchange in Boston, supplied that city with water through 40 m. of pipe, from 1795 to Oct., 1S48, when the Cochituate Aqueduct was opened. The v. is a beauti ful suburb of the city, containing many splendid private residences and fine schools, and has some trade and manu factures. JAMES CITY county, Virg. Situate E., and contains 113 sq. m. It has James r. on the S., Chickabominy r., its branch, on the W., and York r. on the N. E. Surface gen erally level, and soil mostly fertile. Corn and wheat are the staples. In this county was the first permanent settle ment made by the English in America, Jamestown, its site, lying in the S. on James r. This town is noted now only for its monuments; but Williamsburg, 8 m. distant, was long the capital of the colony, and is the seat of William and Mary College, the oldest, save Harvard, in the U. S., and widely distinguished for the elegance and refinement of its society. Farms 129 ; manuf. ; dwell. 396, and pop. wh. 1,489, fr. col. 663, si. 1,868 total 4,020. Capital : Williarns- burg. JAMES river, Mo. : with its branches, drain most of Green< county, and then by a S. course empties through Stone county into White river. JAMES river, Virg. : the most important river of the State, and having its course wholly within it It rises in the Al- JAM JAS lechauies, and is formed by the union of Cowpasture and Jackson s rivers. North r. joins it at the passage of the Blue Eidge, and it is afterward joined by the Eivanna and Appomattox, the latter of which is its largest affluent. James r. is upward of 500 m. long, and enters Hampton Eoads near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. Lynchburg and Richmond are on this river. Above Eiehmond the navigation has been improved by the James Eiver Canal, which is now completed to Balcony Falls. This river and its improved navigation form the outlet of a country abound* m<r in tobacco, wheat, corn, hemp, coal, etc. Below Eich- niond the navigation is open to large vessels 120 ton ships come up to Socket s, just below ; 250 tons to Warwick, and to Jamestown a 40 gun man-of-war. On Ilarrison s bar there is 15 feet water at low tide. JAMESBUHGII, p. v., Middlesex co., JV. Jer. : N. E. Trenton. JAMES CKEEK, p. v., Huntingdon oo., Penn,: on an af fluent of the Juniata so called, 67 m. W. Harrisburg. JAMES CROSS EOADS, p. o., Washington co., Team, : 244 m. E. Nashville. JAMES FOKK, p. o., Crawford co., Ark. : on a branch of Poteau r. so called, 124 m. W. N. W. Little Eock. JAMES MILL, p. o., Monroe co., III. : 112 m. S. S. W. Springfield. JAMISON S, p. o., Owen co., Ky. : 22 m. N. Frankfort. JAMESPORT, p. v., Suffolk co., N. Y. : about 2 m. from Great Peconic Bay, 134 m. S. E. by S. Albany. It is on the Long Island E. E., 16 m. from Greenport. JAMESTOWN, v., Tuolumne co., Calif. : on the Tuolumno r., above the junction of Eattlesuake cr., 99 m. E. S. E. Yallejo. JAMESTOWN, t and p. v.,Boone co., Ind. : 26 m.W.N.W Indianapolis. JAMKSTOWN, p. o., Clinton county, III. : 85 m. S. by E. Springfield. JAMESTOWN, p. v., and cap. Eussell co., Ky. : about 5 m. N. of Cumberland r., S3 m. S. Frankfort. It contains the county buildings, several stores, and 200 inhabitants. JAMESTOWN, p. o., Moniteau co., Mo. : W. Jefferson City. JAMESTOWN, p. v., Chautauque county, JV. Y. : 2S1 m. W. by S. Albany. It is near the S. E. end of Chautauque |lake, or Cone wango cr., its outlet, which furnishes fine water- power. The lake is crossed to Maysville, 21 m., by steam boats. The v. has numerous and valuable manufactures of flour, woolens, cabinet ware, leather, iron ware, and agricultural implements. It contains 6 churches, a bank, au academy, 25 stores, and about 2,000 inhabitants. , JAMESTOWN, p. o., Gullford co., A r . Car. : on W. side of Deep r.. SI m. W. by N. Raleigh. JAMESTOWN, v., Virg. : on the N. bank of James r., 46 m. K. S. E. Eichmond. Here, 32 m. above the mouth of James r., was the first permanent English settlement in America, made in 1607. Historical associations have made it classical ground, which business does not disturb. The only remains of the first settlement are the ivy-covered ruins of a church and the moss-grown stones in the church yard. JAMESTOWN, p. v., Greene co., Ohio : on Caesar s cr. of the Little Miami, 44 m. S. W. by W. Columbus. It con- Uiius 3 churches, several mills, a high school, 6 stores, and .about 400 inhabitants. JAMESTOWN, p. v., Mercer co., Penn. : on Shenango cr., 214 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. It contains several stores and mills, and 300 inhabitants. JAMESTOWN, p. o., Muscogee oo., Ga. : 115 m. W. S. W. Milledgeville. JAMESTOWN, p. v., and cap. Fentress co., Tenn. : 126 m. E. by N. Nashville. It lies at the foot of Cumberland Mountain, and contains the county buildings and a few Btoreg and dwellings. JAMESTOWN, t. and p. v., Newport co., R. I. : in Narra- gansctt Ray, 22 m. S. Providenoe. The t. comprises Co- nouicut Island, and has a rich soil, adapted to grass and corn. A fine farming t., 1 m. W. from Newport and 1 re. E. South Kingston, with ferries to both places. Pop. oft. 353. JAMESTOWN, t. and p. v., Grant co., Wise. : on the Mis sissippi, 74 m. W. S. W. Madison. The t. is well drained by affluents of the Mississippi, affording good mill-sites, is uneven, and very fertUe. The v. is small and on the river. Pop. of t. 622. JAMESVILLE, p. v., Onondaga co., N. Y. : on the W. side of Butternut cr., which furnishes water-power, 124 m. W. by N. Albany. It contains 4 churches, 2 hotels, 6 mills for flour and gypsum, and 450 inhabitants. JAMISON S, sta., Orangeburg dist., S. Car. : on the Colum bia Branch of the S. Carolina E. E., 7 m. N. Orangeburg, 43 m. S. Columbia. JANELEU, p. o., Lewis county, Virg. : 187 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. JANESVILLE, t. and p. v., Eock co., Wise. : on Eock r., 34 m. S. S. E. Madison. The t. has a rich and highly cul tivated soil and even surface. The v. occupies both sides of Eock r. back to the bluffs, which are 100 feet high, and has several large mills on the excellent sites the falls here afford. The court-house occupies a bold eminence, over looking a jail, several large stores, and many fine dwellings. Its trade is extensive and rapidly increasing. A railroad to Chicago is commenced. Two weeklies, the " Janesville Gazette" (whig), and " Eock County Badger" (dem.), are published. Pop. 3,419. JARBATTS, p. v., Sussex co., Virg. : on Nottaway r., 43 m. S. Eichmond. The Petersburg E. E. passes through the v. 81 m. from Petersburg and 83 m. from Weldon. JARRETTS FORD, p. o., Kanawha county, Virg. : 219 m. W. by N. Eichmond. JABRETTSYILLE, p. v., Harford co., Md. : near Deer cr., 45 m. N. Annapolis. JASPER county, Ga. Situate N. centrally, and contains 369 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Ocmulgee r., its W. boundary, and E. by heads of Oconee r. Surface various; soils very fertile. Cotton is the staple, for which the country is admirably adapted, raising very large crops of excellent quality. Corn and wheat yield well. It has some water- power. Farms 5SS; manuf. 12; dwell 812, and pop. wh. 4,323, fr. col. 29, si. 7,134 total 11,4S6. Capital: Monti- cello. JASPER county, III. Situate S. E., and contains 456 sq. m. Drained by Embarras and heads of Little Wabash r., both branches of Wabash r. Surface low and level, and in parts marshy ; soil wet and not sufficiently drained. This done it would be very productive. Much of it is prairie, and part well timbered. Corn is chiefly grown. Farms 2S3 ; manuf. ; dwell, 588, and pop. wh. 3,206, and fr. col. 14 total 3,220. Capital: Newton. JASPER county, Ind. Situate N. W., and contains 973 sq. m. Drained by Kankakee r., its N. boundary, and Pickamink, or Iroquois r., its branch, with their affluents. Beaver Lake, in the N. W., is the largest sheet of water ra. the State, and abounds in excellent fish. Surface level, mostly wet or dry prairie, interspersed with groves or oak openings. Much of the land is fertile, and well adapted to grazing. Wheat, corn, and oats are the cereal staples. Farms 343 ; manuf. 4; dwell. 592, and pop. wh. 3,539, fr. col. 1 total 3,540. Capital : Eensselaer. JASPER county, la. Situate E. centrally, and contains 743 sq. m. Drained by N. and S. forks of Chicagua, or Skunk r., which runs S. E. to the Mississippi. Surface level or undulating ; soil mostly prairie and very fertile. Good timber on the streams, which furnish some water-power. This region is a fine farming and grazing country. Farms 150 ; manuf. ; dwell. 214, and pop. wh. 1.2SO, fr. col total 1,280. Capital : Newton. Pullic Works : Council Bluffs E. E. JASPER county, 3fiss. Situate S. E. centrally, and con tains 661 sq. m. Drained by Bogue Hume, Tallahala, and Leaf creeks, and branches of Chickasawha r., all flowing 831 JAS JEF through Pascagoula r. into the Gulf. Surface level with moderate hills ; soil productive. Cotton is the staple, corn a good crop, and large numbers of cattle and hogs are fat ted. Its many streams furnish considerable water-power. Farms 540 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 674, and pop. wh. 4,296, fr. col. 1, si. 1,SS7 total 6,184. Capital: Paulding. JASPER county, Mo. Situate S. W., and contains 1,179 eq. m. Drained N. by Big Dry Wood, Dry Wood, Clear, and Horse creeks, flowing N. into Osage r., and S. by N. and S. forks of Spring r., Centre cr., and other affluents of Neosho r., which runs into the Arkansas. Surface elevated and broken in parts, but mostly undulating; soil highly productive. Corn is the chief crop, but all the cereals thrive, and there is excellent pasturage. Cattle and hogs are raised in great numbers. Farms 408 ; manuf. 8 ; dwell. 664, and pop. wh. 4,009, fr. col. 1, si. 213 total 4,223. Capital : Carthage. JASPER county, Tke. Situate E. near Sabine r., and con tains 8S2 sq. m. Drained N. by Angelina r., and other affluents of Neches r., which forms its W. boundary, and with its branches drains most of the county. Surface un dulating in the S., in the N. hilly; soil on the Angelina and Neches, which overflow their banks, a rich alluvial bottom of great fertility, producing heavy crops of corn, cotton, and sugar. Back of this the soil is sandy and much less fertile. The county is well timbered, and the Angelina and Neches, large navigable streams, make exportation easy and markets convenient. Farms 123 ; manuf. 6 ; dwell. 192, and pop. wh. 1,226, fr. col. 0, si. 541 total 1,7G7. Capital: Jasper. JASPER, p. v., and cap. Walker co., Ala. : 116 m. N. N.W. Montgomery. JASPKK, p. v., and cap. Newton co., Ark. : 104 m. N. N.W. Little Rock. It contains a court-house and a few dwellings. JASPEK, p. v., and cap. Hamilton co., Flor. : about 5 m. E. of Allapahais r., SI m. E. by N. Tallahassee. It contains a court-house and a few stores and dwellings. JASPER, p. v., and cap. Dubois co., Ind. : on the right bank of Patoka cr., 101 m. S. S. W. Indianapolis. It con tains a court-house, jail, hotel, several stores, and 400 in habitants. JASPSR, t. and p. v., Steuben co., N. T. : 204 m. W. by S. Albany. The t. has an undulating surface and loamy soil, well fitted for grazing, and is drained by Bennett s and Tuscarora creeks. It is a farming t. and has a pop. of 1,749. JASPEK. p. v., Pike co., Ohio : on the Scioto r. and Ohio Canal, 61 m. S. Columbus. Pop. 84. JASPEK, p. v., and cap. Marion co., Tenn. : on Sequatchy r., 92 m. S. E. Nashville. It is a small v. containing the county buildings. JASPER, p. v., and cap. Jasper co., Tex. : on the W. bank of Sandy cr., a branch of the Neches, 124 m. E. by N. Austin City. It occupies the centre of an extensive plain, and contains a court-house, 3 stores, hotel, and 200 in habitants. JATT, p. o., Eapides par., La. : 117 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. JATTON, p. o., Grant county, Ind.: 64 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. JAVA, t. and p. o., Wyoming county, Jf. T. : 244 m. W. Albany. Drained by Seneca cr., which has a few mill sites. Surface rolling; soil clayey loam, adapted to grass. Farm ing is the chief business. Pop. 2,245. JAVA, p. v., Lucas co., Ohio : 117 m. N. N.W. Columbus. JAVA VILLAGE, p. v., Wyoming co., If. Y. : on Seneca cr., 245 m. W. Albany. It contains a church, hotel, several mills, and 200 inhabitants. JAY county, Ind. Situate on middle of E. line, and con tains 362 sq. m. Drained by Wabash r., and Salamonie r., its branch, with their affluents. Surface rolling or level; soils everywhere very productive, with plenty ^of timber. It is a fine grazing region. Corn, wheat, and pork are the staples. Farms 876 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 1,179, and pop. wh. 7,017, fr. col. 30 total 7,047. Capital: Portland. JAY, t. and p. v., Essex co., N. Y. : 116 m. N. Albany. Drained by Au Sable r., which furnishes water-power. Surface mountainous, the Adirondack Mountains being in the E. part. On the Au Sable are rich flats. The v. is on the E. branch of the Au Sable, and contains a hotel, 3 churches, a forge, several mills, and 500 inhabitants. Pop. of t 2,688. JAY, t. and p. v., Orleans co., Verm. : on N. line of tho State, 51 m. N. Montpelier. Drained by branches of Mis- sisqui r., affording water-power. Surface very rugged. In the S. W. is Jay s Peak ; soil fertile. Pop. of t. 871. JAY, t., Franklin co., Me : on the Androscoggin, 27 m. W. N. W. Augusta. A fine farming town. Pop. 1,733. JAY BRIDGE, p. v., Franklin co., Me. : on the Androscog gin, 26 m. W. N. W. Augusta. It contains several stores and mills, and is surrounded by a fine wheat and grazing region. Pop. 450. JAY C. H., p. o., and cap. Jay co., Ind. : on the N. side of Salamonie r., 73 m. N. E. by E. Indianapolis. It eon- tains a court-house, jail, academy, several stores, and about 400 inhabitants. Formerly called Portland. JAYNESVILLE, p. v., Covington co., Miss. : 44 m. S. E. Jackson. JEANERETT S, p. o., St. Mary a par., La. : 53 m. S. S. "W. Baton Eouge. JEANSVILLE, p. v., Luzerne county, Penn. : 93 m. N. E. Harrisburg. JEDDO, p. v., Orleans county, N. Y. : 241 m. W. by N. Albany. JEDDO, p. T., Jefferson county, Ohio : 123 m. E. N. E. Columbus. JEDDO, p. v., Luzerne co., Penn. : 11 m. N. E. Harrisburg. JEFFERSON county, Ala. Situate N. centrally, and con tains 916 sq. m. Drained by Locust Fork and its affluents, flowing into Black Warrior r., which touches its W. border, and by heads of Cahawba r., a branch of Alabama r., iu the E. Surface somewhat broken ; soil excellent generally. Cotton, wheat, corn, and other grains yield largely, and there is much good pasturage. Coal is abundant in this part of the State. Farms 752; manuf. 4; dwell. 1,140. and pop. wh. 6,714, fr. coL 8, si. 2,267 total 8,939. Capital: Elyton. JEFFERSON county, Ark. Situate S. E. centrally, and con tains 1,293 sq. m. Drained by Saline r. and Bayou Barthol omew, flowing S. into Eed r., and the Arkansas r., which crosses the county, running &. E. Surface varied, and gen erally well wooded, with good mill streams ; soil very pro ductive, particularly of cotton and corn, and well fitted for raising cuttle and swine, of which many are fatted. Farms 817 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 595, and pop. wh. 8,197, fr. col. 16, si. 2,621 total 5,834. Capital : Pine Bluff. JEFFERSON county, Flor. Situate N. centrally, and con tains 453 sq. m. It extends from Georgia to the Gulf, and and is bounded E. by Oscilla r., emptying into Appalacheo Bay. Lake Mickasukie lies on its N. W. border, and gives rise to a large stream, which in a mile or two disap pears in one of the " sinks" common in parts of this State. Surface even, and soil fertile. Cotton is the staple. O>rn does well, and some rioe and sugar are made. Farms 377; manuf. 7 ; dwell. 520, and pop. wh. 2,775, fr. col. 5, sL 4,938. Capital: Monticello. JEFFERSON county, Ga. Situate E. centrally, and con tains 627 sq. m. Drained N. by Briar cr., an affluent of Savannah r., and S. by Ogeechee r. and its branches. Sur- face moderately uneven, Avith good mill streams ; soil very productive, and good pasture in parts. Cotton is the great product of the county, of which a very large amount is grown. Corn is a good crop. Farms 533 ; manuf. 4S dwell. 765, and pop. wh. 8,717, fr. col. 47, si. 5.367 total 9,121. Capital: Louisville. PuUic Works: Georgia Central E. E. JEFFERSON county, III. Situate S. centrally, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by heads of Big Muddy r., an affluent JEF 1 of Mississippi r., and branches of Little Wabash r. of the Ohio, Surface undulating, timbered in part with much prairie; soil of moderate fertility, and adapted finely to grazing. Corn is the cereal staple, and beef and pork are leading products. Farms 470 ; manuf 2 ; dwell. 1,368, and pop. wh. S,OS3, fr. col. 26 total 8,109. Capital: Mount Yemen. JEFFBKSON county, Ind. Situate 8. E. on the Ohio, and contains 35T sq. m. Drained by heads of Muscatatuk r. flowing W. into White r., and Indian Kentucky r. and other small streams, affluents of Ohio r. Except on the Ohio the surface is generally level, but at Hart s Falls, near Hanover, and the falls of Clifty, near Madison, the scenery is grand and beautiful. Bottom lands are rich, sandy loam, and the adjacent hills are very fertile. Uplands chiefly covered with beech and fitted for grass. Corn, wheat, beef, pork, and wool are staples. It has good water-power, and its manufactures are important and increasing. Farms 1,396; manuf. 188 ; dwell. 4,092, and pop. wh. 23,348, fr. col. 568 total 2S,916. Capital : Madison. Public Works : In dianapolis and Madison R. R. JEFFERSON county, la. Situate S. E., and contains 432 sq. m. Drained by Big Cedar cr. and other affluents of Skunk r., which crosses its N. E. border. Surface diversi fied, furnishing much excellent water-power ; soil very fer tile, bearing heavy crops of corn and wheat, and affording fine pasture. Cattle and grain are farming staples. Good coal is found. Farms 1,067; manuf. 54; dwell. 1,649, and pop. wh. 9,903, fivcol. 1 total 9,904. Capital : Fairfleld. Public Works : Dubuque and Keokuk R. R. JEFFERSON county, Ky. Situate N. centrally, and con tains 479 sq. m. Drained by Floyd s fork and Pond cr. of Salt r., and Mill cr., Harrod s cr., and other small affluents of Ohio r., which forms its W. boundary. Surface diversi fied, and soil very productive. It lies on the Ohio, above and below the falls or rapids, which have been avoided by a ship canal around them, affording easy navigation at all seasons and abundance of excellent water-power. Lime stone is abundant, and fine crops of wheat and corn are grown, and large numbers of cattle, sheep, arid hogs are fatted. Though a good farming county, its great interests are commerce and manufactures, the Ohio supplying am ple facilities for both, which centre in Louisville, the largest city in the State, and one of the most important in the Great West. The manufactures embrace almost every tiling wanted in the West, and a large tract of country on both sides of the Ohio exports its various products from this point. Farms 887; manuf. 614; dwell. 7,690, and pop. wh. 47.329, fr. col. 1,591, si. 10,911 total 59,831. Capital: Louisville, Public Works : Louisville and Portland Canal ; Louisville and Frankfort R. R. ; and Nashville and Louis ville U. R. ; Louisville and Covington R. R., etc. JEFFERSON parish, La. Situate S. E., and contains 876 sq. m. Drained by Mississippi r., which crosses the N. part, and numerous bayoux running into the bays and lakes around the country. There are Lake Pontchartrain on the N., Catouche, Washa, and Little lakes on the W., and Bar rataria Bay on the S. Surface low, arid much of it covered with swamps ; soil immediately on the rivers exceedingly fertile, but much is untillable back of them, though furnish ing great quantities of fine timber. Sugar is the greal staple. Corn thrives abundantly and some rice is grown Farms 81 ; manuf. 54 ; dwell. 8,S25, and pop. wh. 18,021 fr. col. 874, si. 6,196 total 25,091. Capital: Lafayette City Public Works : New Orleans, Jackson, and Northern R. R, JEFFBKSON county, Miss. Situate S. W., and contains 513 sq. m. Drained by small affluents of Mississippi r. which forms its W. boundary. Surface moderately uneven, with numerous mill seats ; soil in the W. very fertile, in the E. lighter, with a good growth of pine. Cotton is the staple its culture commands almost exclusive attention, an<i give* immense returns. Farms 239 ; manuf. 7 ; dwell. 514 and pop. wh. 2,657, fr. col. 48, si. 10,493 total 13,193 JEF Capital: Fayette. Public Works: Natchez and Mai. colm R. R. JEFFERSON county, Mo. Situate E. on the Mississippi, and contains 639 sq. m. Drained W. by Big r., a branch of tfaumee r., which runs on and near its N. border into the Slississippi, and E. by Isle au Bois, Plattin, Joachin, and other small creeks. Surface moderately elevated and Broken, with low land in parts ; soil very good, affording fine grazing and large crops of corn and wheat. Much pork is made. It is rich in minerals ; lead mines are numer ous and inexhaustible; iron and copper are found, and mineral springs abundant. It has water-power, and makes arge quantities of shot. Farms 704; manuf. 12; dwell. 1,119, and pop. wh. 6,407, fr. col 9, si. 512 total 6,928. Capital : Hillsboro . Public Works : Iron Mountain R. R. JEFFERSON county, N. Y. : Situate along E. shore of Lake Ontario, and contains 1,125 sq. m. Bounded N. W. by St. Lawrence r., and drained by Indian r. flowing N. into it, and Black r.,Chaumont, Stoney, and Sandy creeks, flowing nto the lake. Surface for 10 m. back from the lake, level or undulating; it then slopes to the S. E., and becomes broken and hilly. Most of the county is of the transition formation, consisting of Potsdam sandstone and varieties of limestone and shale. Bog, specular, and spaltic iron ores, tremolite, fluor spar, green malachite, heavy spar, peat, etc., are found. Soil a rich sandy loam, very productive. In the N. W. great crops of wheat are raised ; in the S. E. is ex cellent grazing, and the swamps produce many cranberries for export Farming is the chief pursuit ; large dairies are kept, thousands of cattle and swine sent to market, much flax raised, and many sheep sheared. Its manufactures are extensive, chiefly of flour, lumber, iron, leather, potash, and woolen goods. Its commerce and shipping are large, and interior communication good and improving. Sackett s Harbor is one of the best on the lake, and the water-power on Black r. immense. Farms 5,490; manuf. 630; dwell. 11,926, .and pop. wh. 6T,971, fr. col. 182 total 68,153. Capital: Watertown. Public Works: Watertown and Rome R. R. ; Sackett a Harbor R. R. ; Watertown and Potsdam R. R. JHFFERSON county, Ohio. Situate E. on Ohio r., and con tains 362 sq. m. Drained by Yellow, Cross, Short, and Wells creeks, affluents of the Ohio, its E. boundary. Sur face considerably broken, with numerous good mill streams ; soil very productive, equally adapted to grain and grass. Wheat, corn, and oats are farming staples, and much atten tion is paid to wool growing. Its manufactures are impor tant, chiefly flour, leather, and woolen goods. Its lumber is valuable, and coal and iron are abundant Farms 1,881 ; manuf. 331; dwell. 5,191, and pop. wh. 28,526, fr. col. 606 total 29,132. Capital : Steubenville. Public Works : Steubenville and Indiana R. R. ; Wellsville and Wheeling Railroad. JEFFERSON county, Penn. Situate W. centrally, and con tains 479 sq. m. Drained by Mahoning and Bank creeks, flowing W. into Alleghany r. Surface broken and hilly, affording many fine mill seats; soil good, with beautiful and very fertile valleys, and generally excellent pasturage. The grains yield abundantly, and there is good timber. Iron ore and coal exist in all parts in profusion. Farms 1,1 70 ; manuf. 222; dwell. 2,253, and pop. wh. 13,421, fr. col. 97 total 13,578. Capital: Brookville. JEFFERSON county, Tenn. Situate N. E., and contains 412 sq. m. It lies between Holston and Nolichucky rivers, and is drained by their branches. Surface rough and broken, well wooded, and abundantly supplied with water-power: soil fertile. Corn and wheat are staples. A great many hogs are raised. It has several manufactures of importance, flour, leather, liquors, powder, woolen goods, etc. Farms 904 ; manuf. 72 ; dwell. 1,975, and pop. wh. 11,469, fr. col. 107, si. 1,62S total 13,204. Capital : Dandridge. Public Works: East Tennessee and Virginia R. R. JEFFERSON county, Tex. Situate S. E., and contains 2,017 JEF JEF sq. m. It is bounded S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and E. by Sabine r. and lake. Drained by Neches r., which runs through the county into Sabine lake, its branches Pin Island bayou and Big Sandy cr., Cypress, Adams, and Cow- bayous, affluents of Sabine r., and Taylor s bayou, of Sabine lake. Surface almost uniformly level, and, except a strip of timber land across the N., an open prairie, with many large swamps ; soil on the Neches, in the N. E. and in the N. V., a black mold over yellow clay and sand, and very fertile the rest fit only for grazing. The swamps are finely adapted to rice growing. Cotton and corn are the staples as yet, the county being little settled. The Neches and Sabine are large streams ; the latter has a good harbor near its mouth, and Adam s, Cypress, and Cow bayous are navi gable for boats of light draft. Farms 91 ; manuf. 4 ; dwell. 259, and pop. wh. 1,504, fr. col. 63, si. 269 total 1,836. Capital: Beaumont JEFFERSON county, Virg. Situate N. E., and contains 221 sq. m. Drained by Opequan and Shenandoah rivers, branches of the Potomac, which bounds it N. E. Surface broken in parts mountainous, with abundance of fine water-power ; soil excellent, among the best grain and graz ing land and the most valuable, taking the county through, in the State, Its scenery is very fine, that on the Shenandoah having no superior in the world for beauty or majesty. Its crops of wheat, corn, rye, oats, and potatoes are equally good, and all superior for yield and quality. For grazing, it is admirably fitted, and sheep and swine are reared in great numbers. Its manufactures are various and extensive, ex clusive of the great U. S. armory, at Harper s Ferry. Farms 447; manuf. 165; dwell. 1,960, and pop. wh. 10,476, fr. col. 540, si. 4,841 total 15,357. Capital: Charles town. Public Works: Baltimore and Ohio B. It. ; Winchester and Poto mac E. E. JEFFERSON county, Wise. Situate S. E., and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Eock r., which crosses the county diag onally, and Bearer Dam r., and other of its branches. Koshkonong lake, through which Eock r. flows, is in the S. "W. corner, and it has several fine ponds, which, with the streams, supply abundance of water-power. Surface varied, parts are hilly and rough, and parts quite marshy ; soil fer tile, very productive on Eock r. and the streams generally, and most is heavily timbered, there being little prairie. Grain and grass thrive equally, and this is a fine farming county. Manufactures are increasing, and already of much importance. Farms 9S2 ; manuf. 74 ; dwell. 2,934, and pop. wh. 15,314, fr. col. 3 total 15,317. Capital: Jefferson. Public Works : Milwaukie and Mississippi E. E. JEFFERSON, p. v., and cap. Jackson county, Ga. : 79 m. N. by W. Milledgeville. It contains a court-house, an acad emy, and a few stores. JEFFERSON, p. v., Clinton CO., Ind.: 4 m. W. Frankfort, 42 m. N. N. W. Indianapolis. JEFFERSON, p. v., Cook co., III. : on N. branch of Chicago r., 179 m. N. N. E. Springfield. JEFFERSON, L and p. v., Lincoln co., Me. : at the head of Damariscotta r., 18 m. E. S. E. Augusta. The t. embraces a large part of Damariscotta Pond, and has many mill streams, which are used to saw great quantities of lumber. It has a good soil and several manufactories of leather and woolens. Pop. of t. 2,223. JEFFERSON, p. v., Frederick co., Md. : about 4 m. from the Potomac, 77 m. W. N. W. Annapolis. It lies between Catoctin cr. and mountain, and has several stores and 350 inhabitants. JEFFERSON, t. and p. v., Coos co., 2f. ITamp. : 79 m. N. Concord. Drained by Israel s r. and its branches, which fur nish water-power. John s r. rises in Pondichcrry Pond, in the S. "W. corner. Surface mountainous ; soil in the lower parts fertile, and generally good pasture. The v. has 3 stores and a few dwellings. Pop. of t. 629. JEFFERSON, v., Chemung co., 2i. Y.: at the S. end of Seneca lake, 165 m. W. Albany. It has a fine landing, and 334 a steamboat plies daily to Geneva, at the other end of the lake, which never freezes over. It contains several hotels, stores, and warehouses, 9 flour, plaster, and lumber mills, and 1,000 inhabitants. The Canandaigua and Elmira E. E. passes the v. 21 m. from Elmira. Two papers are published, the " American Standard" and " Corona Borealis." JEFFERSON, t and p. v., Schoharie co., W. Y. : 47 m. W. by S. Albany. Surface mountainous, the high hills forming the watershed between the affluents of the Hudson and Delaware; soil unproductive, except in the valley* Farming and grazing form the chief business. Pop. of town 1,743. JEFFERSON, p. v., and cap. Ashe co., 2T. Car. : about 2 m, W. of New r., 15S W. N. W. Ealeigh. It contains, besides a court-house and jail, several stores and 200 inhabitants. JEFFERSON, p. v., and cap. Ashtabula co., Ohio: on a branch of Grand r., 164 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. The t is slightly uneven, and has a fertile soil. The v. is about 10 m. S. of Lake Eric, and contains a fine court-house, jail, i academy, and several stores. Pop. of t. 625. JEFFERSON, t. and p. v., Greene county, Penn.: Monongahela r., 177 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. The t. has i rolling surface, rich soil, and fine water-power. The v. ! on Ten Mile cr., near its mouth, and contains an a dozen stores, 3 mills, and 600 inhabitants. JEFFERSON, p. v., Eutherford co., Tenn.: 24 m. S. Nashville. JEFFERSON, p. v., Cass CO., Tea). : between Big Cypress r. and Black Cypress cr., about 4 m. above their confluence, 249 m. N. E. Austin City. The land around it is among the best for cotton and corn in the State. JEFFERSON, p. o., Powhatan co., Virg. : 26 m. "W. by . Eichmond. JEFFERSON, p. o., Marengo county, Ala. : 87 m. "W. Montgomery. JEFFERSON, t., p. v., and cap. Jefferson co., Wise. : on Eock r., 81 m. E. by S. Madison. The v. lies a little above the junction of Crawfish r., and by a dam across Eock r. has abundant water-power, which is largely used in manufac turing. It has a good trade, several large stores, and 800 inhabitants. Pop. of 1. 1,610. JEFFERSON BARRACKS, p. v., St. Louis co., Mo. : on the Mississippi, 11 m. S. St. Louis, 104 m. E. Jefferson City. This is a U. S. military post, and contains a few stores and dwellings. JEFFERSON CITT, p. o., and cap. Cole co., No., and cap. of the State of Missouri : on the 8. bank of Missouri r., oppo site the mouth of Cedar cr., and 137 m. from its entrance into the Mississippi r. lat. 38 36 N., and long. 92 OS "W. 9SO m. W. Washington. The site is elevated and uneven, and furnishes many beautiful building locations. It contains the State House, Governor s House, a large and elegant mansion, the State Penitentiary, etc., and has several exten sive mercantile houses, stores, and mechanic shops, equal to the demands of the locality. Two newspapers are pub lished here, the " Metropolitan," and " Jefferson Enquirer" (dem.), both weekly issues. Population about 2, 600. JEFFERSON FURNACE, p. v., Clarion co., Penn.: 161 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. Here is a furnace producing 1,000 tons iron per annum. JEFFERSON MILLS, p. o., Jefferson co., Mo. : 96 m. E. S. E. Jefferson City. JEFFERSON MILLS, p. v., Coos co., N. ITamp. : on Israeli r., 81 m. N. Concord. JEFFERSONTON, p. v., and cap. Camden co., Ga. : on the S. side of Santilla river, at the head of navigation. 177 m. S. E. by S. Milledgeville. It has a court-house and jail, sev eral large stores, and 300 inhabitants. JEFKERSONTON, p. v., Culpepper co., Virg.: 74 m. N. N.W. Eichmond. It contains several stores and 350 inhabitants. Lee s Sulphur Springs are in the vicinity. JEFFERSONTOWN, p. v., Jefferson county, JZy. : 89 rn. W Frankfort. JEF JER JEFFERSON VALLEY, p. o., "Westchester co, N. Y. : 104 m. S. Albany. JEFFERSONYILLE, p. v., Sullivan county, N. Y. : 87 m. S. S. W. Albany. JEFFERSONVILLE, p. v., Clark co., Ind. : at the head of the falls on the Ohio, 103 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. It lies on elevated ground, has a fine landing, and is the site of the State Prison. Steamboats are built here, and it has great facilities for trade and commerce, lying opposite Louisville, and being connected by railroad with the interior. It con tains a United States land office, several large stores and warehouses, and about 3,000 inhabitants. The Jefferson- ville K. R. terminates here. JEFFERSONVILLE, p. o., Twiggs co., Oa. : 27 m. S. by W. Milledgeville. JEFFERSONVILLE, p. v., Fayette co., Ohio : 35 m. S. W. Columbus. JEFFERSONYILLE, p. v., Montgomery co., Penn. : near tie Schuylkill, 87 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. JEFFERSONVILLE, p. v., Lamoille co., Verm. : on Lamoille river, 29 m. N. N. W. Montpelier. It has email manufac tories, several stores, and 350 inhabitants. JEFFKESS STOKE, p. o., Nottoway co., Virg. : 45 m. S. "W. Richmond. JEFFKY S CREEK, p. o., Marion dist., S. Car. : on a branch of Great Pedee r. so called, 79 m. E. Columbia. JELLOWAY, p. v., Knox county, Ohio : 41 m. N. E. Columbus. JENA, p. o., Tuscaloosa co., Ala. : 102 m. N. "W. by W. Montgomery. JENKIN S BRIDGE, p. v., St. Clair co, Mo. : on "Warblow cr. of the Osage, 86 m. S. W. by "W. Jefferson City. JEN-KIN S STORE, p. o., Union co., N. Car. : 99 m.W. S.W. Ealeigh. JENKINTOWX, p. v., Montgomery county, Penn. : 85 m. E. JIarrisburg. JENNEF. S CROSS ROADS, p. v., Somerset co., Penn. : 117 m. W. Harrisburg. JENNERSVILLE, p. v., Chester co., Penn. : 69 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. It contains several stores, and about 300 in habitants. JENNINGS county, Tnd. Situate S. E., and contains 853 sq. m. Drained by Yemon and Graham forks of Muscata- tuck r., Sand cr., and their numerous branches, all flowing W. into White r. Surface rugged and broken, with several beech flats. Soil of good fertility near the streams; the beech flats at their heads are used only for grazing. It has ; good water-power, abundance of excellent timl>er, fine limestone-quarries, much used for building, and a millstone- quarry. Corn, wheat, and pork are farming staples. Farms 1.20S ; manuf. 78 ; dwell. 2,064, and pop. wh. 11,773, fr. col. 323 total 12,006. Capital: Vernon. Public Work* : Madison and Indianapolis E. R. JENNINGS, p. o., Franklin connty, Ind. : 66 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. JENNINGS, p. o., Hamilton county, Flor. : 69 m. E. Tallahassee. JENNING S GAP, p. o., Augusta co., Virg. : on E. side of Shenandoah mountains, 123 m.W. N.W. Richmond. North river, a branch of the James, rises here, and branches of the Shenandoah in the vicinity. JENNING S ORDINARY, p. o., Nottoway co., Virg. : 45 m. S. W. Richmond, on the Richmond and Danville R. R., 50 m. from Richmond (by cars). JENNY LIND, p. o., Chatham county, N. Car. : 46 m. W. Ealeigh. JENNY LIND, p. o., Sebastian county, Ark. : 123 m. W. Little Rock. JERICHO, p. v., Perry co., Ala. : near Catawba r., 64 m. N. W. by W. Montgomery. JERICHO, p. v., Queens co., 2f. Y. : about 2 m. from the Sound and Long Island R. R., 129 m. S. S. E. Albany. It has 2 hotels, several stores, and 300 inhabitants. JERICHO, p. o., Wayne co.,^ Car. : 41 m. S. E. Raleigh. JERICHO, L and p. v., Chittenden co., Verm. : on N. side of Onion r., 26 m. N. W. by W. Montpelier. Drained N. by Brown s r. of the Lamoille, which affords good water- power. Surface moderately uneven, and soil good ; pasture on the hills, and fine meadows on the streams. The Ver mont Central R. R. passes through the S.W. part. The v. is in the N. on Brown s r., and has several mills and factories, and 500 inhabitants. Pop. of 1. 1,839. JERICHO, p. v., Kane co., III. : near Big Rock cr. of Fox river, 149 m. N. N. E. Springfield. JERICHO CENTRE, p. v., Chittenden county, Verm. : 22 m. N.W. by W. Montpelier. It contains a hotel, saveral stores, and 40 dwellings. JERNIGAN, p. o., Orange county, Flor. : 228 m. S. E. Tallahassee. JBEOME, t. and p. v., Union co., Ohio: on Big Darby cr., 18 m. N. W. Columbus. The t. has a rolling surface and fertile soil, with some mill-power. The v. has a few stores and 200 inhabitants. Pop. of 1. 1,249. JEROME, p. v., Howard co., Ind. : on the N. side Wild Cat cr., 46 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. JEROMESVILLE, p. v., Ashland county, Ohio : on Wal- honding r., 63 m. N. N. E. Columbus. JERSEY county, III. Situate W. centrally, and contains 320 sq. m. Drained N. by Macoupin cr., W. by Illinois r. } S. by the Mississippi, and by their affluents. Surface gen erally level ; soil very productive of corn and wheat, and excellent grazing land. On the Mississippi are bluffs, 100 or 200 feet high, of alternate limestone and sandstone strata, and through the county coal is found just below the surface. There is some prairie, but timber is plenty. Farms 645 ; manuf. 44 ; dwell. 1,222, and pop. wh. 7,300, fr. col. 54 total 7,354. Capital : Jerseyville. JERSEY, t and p. v., Licking county, Ohio : 17 m. N. E. Columbus. The t. has a rich soil and some water-power. Pop. 1.230. JHRSEY, p. v., Oakland co., Mich. : 56 m. E. Lansing. JERSEY CITY, p. city, and p. of entry, Hudson co., N. J. : on the W. bank of Hudson river, opposite the city of New York, and connected with it by steam ferries. Incorporated in 1820, and in 1851 the v. of Harsimus, Pavonia, etc., were annexed. The streets run at right angles along and from the river front. There are several important manufactories here, as soap, glass, iron, pottery, ropes, starch, etc., and ship-building, and it has good wharves. The Cunard Steamships Dock is here, and much business is created by the Morris Canal and the railroads terminating at this point. Southern and Western travel from New York City properly commences at Jersey City. Pop. of the city proper, 6,856, or with its recent accessions, 11,473. JERSEY PRAIRIE, p. o., Cass co., III. : 31 m. W. by N. Springfield. JERSEY SETTLEMENT, p. o., Davidson co., If. Car. : 92 m. W. Raleigh. JERSEY SHORE, p. b., Lycoming co., Penn. : on N. side of W. branch of Susquehanna r., 78 m. N. by W. Harris- burg. It lies in a great coal and iron region, and has a large trade, some small manufactories, a dozen stores, and 725 inhabitants. A furnace and forge is 4 m. distant The Pennsylvania Canal passes through the b. 53 m. from Nor thumberland. The "Jersey Shore Republican" (dem.) is issued weekly. JERSEYTOWN, p. v., Montour co., Penn. : 56 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. It contains two stores, a high school, and 200 inhabitants. JERSEYVILLK, p. v., and cap. Jersey county, III. : 59 m. S. W. by S. Springfield. Situate near Jersey Prairie, and contains a court-house, jail, several stores, and 200 inhab itants. JERUSALEM, t and p. v., Yates co., N. Y. : on the W. side of Crooked Lake, 137 m. W. Albany. Surface somewhat hilly ; soil a fertile loam, yielding good grass and grain. 335 JER JOH Farming is the chief occupation. The v. has two hotels, a high school, several stores, and 400 inhabitants. Popula tion of t, 2,912. JERUSALEM, p. v., and cap. Southampton co., Virg. : on the N. side of Nottoway r., 62 m. S. by E. Kichmond. It contains a court-house, jail, two hotels, and a few houses and stores. JERUSALEM, p. o., Durie co., N. Car. : 106 m."W. by N. Raleigh. JERUSALEM, p. v., Monroe county, Ohio: 97 m. E. by 8. Columbus. JERUSALEM MILLS, p. o., Harford co., Md. : on E. side of Little Gunpowder Falls, 41 m. N. by E. Annapolis. JERUSALEM SOUTH, p. v., Queens co., 2T. Y. : 187 m. S. Albany a small village settled by Friends. JESSAMINE county, Ky. Situate N. centrally, and contains 184 sq. m. Bounded S. E., S., and S. W. by Kentucky r., and drained by Ilickman and Jessamine creeks. Surface uneven, affording fine mill-seats; soil very good, equally for grain and grass. Large numbers of sheep and swine are raised. Farms 651 ; manuf. 67 ; dwell. 1,093, and pop- wh. 6,289, fr. col. 135, si. 3,825 total 10,249. Capital: Nicholasville. Public Works : Lexington and Danville II. E. JESSE S STORE, p. o., Shelby co., Ky. : W. Frankfort. JKSSUP S CUT, sta., Anne Arundcl co., Md. : on Washing ton Branch E. E., 14 m. from Baltimore. JETERSVILLE, p. o., Amelia co., Virg. : 41 m. TV. S. "W. Richmond. JEWETT, t. and p. v., Greene county, N. Y. : 32 m. S. W. Albany. Drained by heads of Schoharie cr. Surface un even, and soil mostly fertile. Fanning is largely carried on. The v. has a hotel and several dwellings. Population oft. 1.451. JEWETT CENTRE, p. v., Greene co., N. Y. : 35 m. S. "W. Albany. JEWKTT CITY, p. v., New London co., Conn. : on the E. side of Quinncbaug r., at the junction of the Patchaug, 38 m. E. S. E. Hartford. The rivers have a large fall here, which furnishes abundance of water-power. The v. has several large cotton factories, a bank, academy, machine-shop, and 1,500 inhabitants. Its trade is considerable. On the Nor wich and Worcester E. E., 16 m. from Norwich. JIM TOWN, p. o., Monongalia co., Yirg. : 209 m. N. W. Richmond. JOANNA FURNACE, p. v., Berks county, Penn. : 53 m. E. Ilarrisburg. A furnace of 1,000 tons capacity is located hero. JORE, p. o., Oregon co., Jfo. : 103 m. S. S. E. Jefferson City. JORSTOWN, p. v., Burlington co., Jf. Jet: : 12 m. S. S. E. Trenton. Jo DAVIESS county, III. Situate N. W. corner, and con tains 594 sq. m. Drained by Sinsinewa, Fevre, Small Pox, Apple, Rush, and Plum rivers, affluents of the Mississippi, its W. boundary. Surface undulating and in parts broken ; soil generally very good. A good farming county, with some water-power, but its minerals engross almost exclusive attention. It is in the heart of the great lead region of N. W. Illinois, S. W. Wisconsin, and E. Iowa, and its lead mines are apparently inexhaustible, the amount exported from Galena in 1851 being more than 33,000,000 pounds. Copper of excellent quality is abundant ; considerable silver, and even gold, has been found ; and limestone, freestone, and sandstone exist through the county. Farms 1,370; manuf. 279 ; dwell. 3,431, and pop. wh. 1S,3S6, fr. col. 218 total 18,604. Capital: Galena. Public Works : Central Illinois R. E. JOHN S, p. o., Liberty county, Tea). : 171 m. E. S. E. Austin City. JOHN S river, N. ITamp. : rises in Jefferson, Coos co., and flows N. W. into the Connecticut. Bordered by forests of huge pines. JOHNSBURGH, t. and p. v., Warren co., N. Y. : on W. sido of Hudson r., 63 m. N. by W. Albany. Drained by afflu ents of the Hudson, which furnish many mill-sites. Sur face mountainous ; soil a light sandy loam adapted to grass. The v. contains 2 hotels, 4 stores, and 300 inhabitants. Pop. of 1. 1,503. JOHNSON county, Ark. Situate N. W., and contains 979 sq. m. Drained by Horse Head, Great Pine, Caney creek, etc., affluents of the Arkansas, which crosses the S. of the county. Surface uneven, and in parts hilly ; soil fertile on the streams, and generally excellent pasture. Corn, cattle, and pork are staples, and good cotton is raised. Farms 526 ; manuf. 24 ; dwell. 777, and pop. wh. 4,489, fr. col. 7, si. 731 total 5,227. Capital : Clarksville. JOHNSON county, III. Situate S., and contains 326 sq. m. Drained by Cedar, Big Bay, and Cash creeks, affluents of the Ohio. Surface mostly level, with low land and ponds in the S. ; soil sandy and well timbered. Corn and pork are the leading products. Sulphur springs are found. Farms 301 ; manuf. 4 ; dwell. 718, and pop. wh. 4,096, fr. col. 17 total 4,113. Capital : Vienna. JOHNSON county, Ind. Situate centrally, and contains 321 sq. m. It lies between the upper portions of E. and W. forks of White r., and is drained by their branches, Su<*ar, Young s, Indian, and other creeks. Surface varied, in the S. W. hilly, S. and S. E. undulating, in other parts level. It has no waste land, but a rich loamy soil, generally cover ed with excellent timber. The staples are grain and pork. Tobacco is also raised. Farms 1,153; manuf. 25; dwell. 2,067, and pop. wh. 12,086, fr. col. 15 total 12,101. Cap ital: Franklin. Public Works: Madison and Indianapo lis R. R. ; Martinsville Branch R. R. JOHNSON county, la. Situate E., and contains 534 sq. m. Drained by Iowa r., Clear and Old Man s creeks, and in the N. E. by Cedar r., all branches of the Iowa. Surface diversified, with some prairie ; soil very fertile. The Iowa s navigable part of the year, and furnishes excellent water- power above Iowa City. It has quarries of fine building stone, beautifully variegated, and known as "bird s-eye marble." Farms 877 ; manuf. 19 ; dwell. 799, and pop. wh. 4,450, fr. col. 22 total 4,472. Capital: Iowa City. Public Works: Lyons and Iowa City R. R. ; Camanche and Iowa City R. R. ; Davenport and Council Bluffs E. R.; Dubuque and Keokuk R. R., etc. JOHNSON county, Ky. Situate N. E., and contains 379 sq. m. Drained by W. fork of Big Sandy r. and Big Paint cr. Surface elevated and uneven; soil well adapted to grazing. Cattle and hogs are the leading products. Farms 504 ; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 603, and pop. wh. 3,843, fr. col. 0, si. 30 total 8,873. Capital : Painesville. JOHNSON county, Mo. Situate W. centrally, and contains 809 sq. m. Drained by Black Water r., flowing into Mis souri r., and Panther r., a branch of the Osage. Surface slightly broken, with excellent timber and good mill streams; soil fine, generally, and superior for grazing. Corn and pork are the staples, and some tobacco is grown. Farms 750; manuf. 23; dwell. 1,030, and pop. wh. 6,573, fr. col. 12, si. 879 total 7,464. Capital : Warrensburg. JOHNSON county, Tenn. Situate in N. E. corner, and eon- tains 312 sq. m. Drained by Watauga r. and its branches, affluents of Holston r. It lies between mountain ridges and is much broken in parts, but has a rich soil in the valleys and fine grazing. It has good water-power and consider able iron ore. Farms 325; manuf. 42; dwell. 565, and pop. wh. 8,435, fr. col. 14, si. 206-total 3,705. Capital: Taylorsville. JOHNSON, t. and p. v., Lamoillc co., Verm. : on the Lf moille, 29 m. N. by W. Montpelier. Surface uneven and well wooded with hemlock, spruce, and oak ; soil largely alluvial and very fertile ; back of the streams chiefly fitted or grazing. The v. is in the S., on the Lamoille, and h: several mills and 800 inhabitants. Soapstone is found. Pop. of t, 1,331. JOH JON JOHNSON, p. o., Floyd county, Ga. : 149 ra. N. "W. Millwlgeville. JOHNSON, p. o., M Donough county, III. : 63 m. N. W. Springfield. JOHNSON, p. o., "Washington county, Mo. : 78 m. 8. E. Jefferson City. JOIINSONBURGH, p. v., Warren co., N. Jer. : about 4 m. from Pequost r., 51 m. N. by W. Trenton. It has several mills and about 300 inhabitants. JOHNSON S, p. o., Montgomery co., Tenn. : 51 m. N. W. NaahviQe. JOHNSON S, sta., Barnwell dist., S. Car. : on S. Carolina E. R., 22 m. from Augusta and 115 from Charleston. JOHNSONSBURGII, p. v., Wyoming co., N. Y. : 236 m. W. Albany. JOHNSON S CORNERS, p. v., Summit ca, Ohio: 111 m. N. E. Columbus. JOHNSON S CREEK, p. v., Jefferson co., Wise. : on a branch of Rock r. so called, 31 m. E. Madison. JOHNSON S CREEK, p. v., Niagara co., N". Y. : on a creek so called, flowing into Lake Ontario, 249 m. W. by N. Albany. JOHNSON S FORKS, p. o., Morgan co., Ky. : 93 m. E. S. E. Frankfort. JOHNSON S MILLS, p. o., Pitt co., 2f. Car. : on Swift cr., an affluent of the Neuse, 59 m. E. S. E. Raleigh. JOHNSON S MILLS, p. o., Clark co.. III. : on N. fork of Embarras r., 101 m. E. S. E. Springfield. JOHNSON S SPRINGS, p. o., Goochland co., Virg. : 27 m. "W. N. W. Richmond. JOHNSONTOWN, p. o., Northampton co., Virg. : on the Eastern Shore, 94 m. E. by S. Richmond. JOHNSONVILLE, sta., Rensselacr co., N. Y. : on the Troy and Boston R. R., 16 m. from Troy. JOHNSONVILLE, p. o., Cumberland co., N. Car. : 44 m. 8. S. W. Raleigh. JOHNSONVILLE, p. v., Trumbull co., Ohio : 117 m. N. E. Columbus. JOHNSONVILLE, p. o., Williamsburgh dist., S. Car. : near Black r, 91 ra. E. S. E. Columbia. JOHNSTON county, N. Car. Situate E. centrally, and con tains 664 sq. m. Drained by Moccasin and Little rivers, and Swift. Middle, and Black creeks, all affluents of the Neuse, which crosses the county in its S. E. course. Sur face uneven and broken, with numerous mill-seats ; soil of average fertility. Cotton and corn, beef and pork are lead ing products. Farms 1,002; manuf. 102; dwell. 1,704, and pop. wh. 8,900, fr. col. 163,1. 4,663 total 13,726. Capital: Smithfield. Public Works: N. Carolina Central R. R. JOHNSTON, p. o., Poinsett county, Ark. : 112 m. N. E. Little Rock. JOHNSTONVILLE, p. o., Monroe co., Ga. : 51 m. W. by N. Milled geville. JOHNSTOWN, t. and p. v., Barry co., Mich. : 38 m. W. S.W. Lansing. The t. has an uneven surface and good soil, is well timbered, and has several ponds, the sources of afflu ents of Thorn-apple r. on the N., and S. of the Kalamazoo. The v. has a few houses and stores. Pop. of t 450. JOHNSTOWN, t, p. v., and cap. Fulton co., N. Y. : 39 m. N. W. Albany. Drained by Cayuduta and Garoga creeks of the Mohawk. Surface hilly, and soil a fertile loam. ; Noted for the manufacture of buckskin gloves, mittens, and moccasins. The v. is on Cayuduta, or Little Canada cr., 4 m. N. of Mohawk r. and the Utica and Schenectady R. R. It has some water-power, and manufactures carriages, arms, leather, and various kinds of machinery. It has a court house and jail, the oldest in the State, the county clerk s office, a bank, an academy, 7 churches, 6 hotels, 20 stores, and 1,500 inhabitants. There is a sulphur spring near here, The " F. County Democrat" (dem.), and " F. County Re publican" (whig), are published weekly. Population of town 6,131. T2 JOHNSTOWN, p. v., Licking co., Ohio: 21 m. N. E. Co lumbus. It contains 3 churches, several large stores, a high school, and 357 inhabitants. JOHNSTOWN, p. b., Cambria co., Fenn. : at the junction of Stony cr. and Kiskiminitas r, 114 m. W. by N. Harris- burg. It is regularly laid out, has good water-power, some manufactures, and 2,000 inhabitants. There are 4 furnaces near here, with an aggregate capacity of 7,000 tons. The Pennsylvania Canal and R. R. pass through the borough 85 m. from Pittsburg. Two newspapers, the " Echo" (dem.), and " Valley Wreath" (whig), are published weekly. JOHNSTOWN, t. and p. v., Rock co., Wise. : 34 m. 8. E. Madison. The town has an undulating surface, and a soil adapted to grain. Fine limestone is quarried in this vicin ity. The v. has several stores and workshops. Population of town 1,571. JOHNSTOWN CENTRE, p. v., Rock co., Wise. : 38 m. S. E. Madison. JOHNSVILLE, p. v., Montgomery co., Ohio : 51 m."W. by S. Columbus. JOHNSVILLE, p. v., Frederick co., Md. : near Sam s cr., 52 m. N. W. Annapolis. The v. is not large, but surrounded by excellent farms. JOLIET, p.v., and cap. "Will co., III. : on the O Plain r.,148 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. The r. affords valuable water- power, which is used for several factories and mills. Tho principal buildings are a court-house, jail, an academy, sev eral fine hotels and churches, and large warehouses. The Illinois and Michigan Canal passes through the v., and the Chicago and Rock Island R. R. 40 m. from Chicago. The " Joliet Signal" (dem.), and the " True Democrat" (whig), are published weekly. Pop. about 2,700. JOLLY, t. and p. v., Washington co., Ohio : 79 m. E. S. E. Columbus. Pop. of 1. 1.015. JOLLYTOWN, p. v., Greene co., Pmn. : 189 m. W. by S. Ilarrisburg. JONATHAN S CREEK, p. o., Hay wood co., N. Car. : near a branch of Big Pigeon r. so called, 249 m. W. Raleigh. JONES county, Ga. Situate N. centrally, and contains 316 sq. m. Drained by Walnut and Falling creeks, affluents of Ocmulgee river, which touches its W. border. Surface somewhat broken, affording fine mill-streams ; soil very fertile, producing large cotton crops, a good yield of wheat and corn, and good pasturage. It has important manufac tories of flour and iron ware. Farms 405; manuf. 15; dwell. 739, and pop. wh. 3,899, fr. col. 46, si. 6,279 total 10,224. Capital: Clinton. Public Works: Central Geor gia R. R. JONES county, la. Situate E. centrally, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Makoqueta r. and its branches, Fall r. and Bear cr., and Wapsipinicon r. and its branches, Walnut and Buffalo creeks. Surface level or undulating. It has a fine soil for grain and grass, plenty of timber, and good water-power. The grains form the staple exports. Farms 225 ; manuf. 8; dwell. 559, and pop. wh. 3,006, fr. col. 1 total 3.007. Capital : Anamosa. Public Works : Dubuque and Keokuk R, R. JONES county, Miss. Situate S. E., and contains 7S8 sq. m. Drained by Bogue Hume, Tallaha, and Leaf creeks, afflu- uents of Pascagoula r. Surface slightly uneven, and soil of moderate fertility. Corn, cattle, and swine are the chief products. Farms 274; manuf. 0; dwell. 819, and pop. wh. 1,887, fr. col. 3, si. 274 total 2,164. Capital: Ellis- ville. JONES county, W. Car. Situate S. E., and contains 329 sq. m. Drained by Trent r., which flows E. into the Neuse. Surface level, and much of it low and marshy ; soil, in parts, very fertile in others, waste, irreclaimable land. Cotton is the chief product ; corn is a large crop, and the marshes produce rice. Farms 240 ; manuf. 14 ; dwell. 440, and pop. wh. 2,139, fr. col. 142, si. 2,757 total 5,038. Capital : Trenton. 387 JON JUN JONES, p. o., Panola county, Teas. : 236 m, E. N. E. Austin City. JONES BLUFF, p. v., Sumter co., Ala. : on the right bank of Tombigbee r., 108 m. W. by N. Montgomery. JONESBOROUGII, p. v., Grant co., Ind, ; on Mississinewa r., 54m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. JoNESBOROuGn, p. v., Jefferson co., Ala. : 79 m. N. N. TV. Montgomery. JONESBOROUGH, p. T., Fayette co., Ga. : 76 m. W. N. W. Milledgeville. The Macon and Western E. R. passes through the v. 79 m. from Macon, and 22 from Atlanta. JONESBOROUGH, p. v., and cap. Union county, III. : 167 m. 8. by E. Springfield. It contains a court-house, jail, a few large stores, and 300 inhabitants. The " J. Gazette" (dem.) is issued weekly. JONESBOROUGH, t. and p. v., "Washington co., He. : at the head of Englishman s Bay, 114 miles E. by N. Augusta. Chandler s r. flows through the t., affording water-power, at the mouth of which the v. lies. Pop. oft. 466. JONESBOBOUGH, p. v.. Saline co., Mo. : on Salt fork of La Mine r., 61 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. JONESBOBOUGH, p. v., and cap. Washington co., Tenn. : 239 m. E. by N. Nashville. It contains a court-house, jail, two academies, and about 500 inhabitants. JONESBOROUGH, p. v., Brunswick county, Virg. : 52 m. S.W. by S. Richmond. JONES CREEK, p. o., Randolph co., III. : on the cr. so called, and near the Mississippi, 137 m. S. Springfield. JONES CREEK, p. o., Liberty county, Ga. : 76 m. S. E. Milledgeville. JONES MILLS, p. o., Yallabusha co., Miss. : 109 m. N. N. E. Jackson. JONES MILLS, p. o^ M Nairy co., Term. : 123 m. S. W. Nashville. JONES MILLS, p. o., Merriwether county, Ga. : 83 m. W. Milledgeville. JONES MILLS, p. v., Westmoreland co., Penn. : 147 m.W. Harrisburg. JONES NURSERY, p. o., Clark county, Ey. : 51 m. E. S. E. Frankfort. JONESPORT, t. and p. o., Washington county, Me. : 112 m. E. by N. Augusta. It has an excellent harbor, and is engaged in ship-building, the fisheries, and coasting trade. Pop. 826. JONES S, sta., Hamilton co., Ohio : on the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton R. R., 20 m. from Cincinnati. JONES S SWITCH, sta., Morgan co., III. : on the Sangamon and Morgan R. R., 39 m. from Springfield. JONES TAN- YARD, p. o., Galloway co., Mb. : 34 m. N. E. Jefferson City. JONESTOWN, p. v., Lebanon co., Penn. : at the junction of Great and Little Swatara creeks, 24 m. E. N. E. Harris- burg. It contains several stores, and 616 inhabitants. Near the v. is a forge producing annually 150 tons of bars. JONESVILLE, p. v., Hillsdale co., Mieh. : on E. side of St. Joseph r. of Lake Michigan, 49 m. S. Lansing. There is fine water-power here and extensive mills, manufacturing flour, woolens, coarse cottons, and machinery. It has a considerable amount of trade. The Michigan Southern R. R. passes through the village 75 m. from Monroe. The " Jonesville Telegraph" (neutral) is published weekly, and the " Union S. S. Visitor" (religious), semi-monthly. Popu lation 565. JONESVILLE, p. Y., Saratoga co., N. T. : 17 m. N. by W. Albany. JONESVILLE, p. o., Tadkin co., 2f. Car. : on the S. side of Yadkin r., 122 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. JONESVILLE, p. v., Monroe co., Ohio : near Sunfish creek, 110 m. E. by S. Columbia. JONESVILLE, p. v.,Union district, S. Car. : about 3 m. from Pacolet r., 69 m. N. N. W. Columbia. JONESVILLE, p. v., Harrison county, Tex. : 241 m. N. E. Austin City. JONESVILLE, p. v., Chittenden co., Verm. : on N. side of 333 Onion r., 19 m. W. N. W. Montpelier, on the line of the Vermont Central R. R., 23 m. from Burlington. JONESVILLE, p. v., and cap. Lee co., Virg. : on a branch of Powell s r., about 6 m. from the Cumberland mountains, 316 m. W. by S. Richmond. It contains a court-house, jail, a few stores, and 300 inhabitants. JOPPA, sta., Plymouth county, Mass. : on Bridgewater Branch of Old Colony R. R., 26 m. from Boston. JORDAN, p. v., Onondaga co., & T. : on the outlet of Skeneateles Lake, 141 m. W. by N. Albany. It contains 4 churches, 6 hotels, 15 stores, several flouring and saw mills, and manufactories of wooden ware. The Erie Canal passes through the v. 19 m. W. Syracuse. Pop. of v. 1,500. JORDAN S MILLS, p. o., Orangeburgh dist., S. Car. : on a branch of South Edisto r., 37 m. S. by W. Columbia. JORDAN S PRAIRIE, p. o., Jefferson co., III. : 103 m. S. S. E, Springfield. JORDAN S SALINE, p. v., and cap. Vanzandt county, Tex. : near the Sabine r., 197 m. N. E. Austin City. It contains a court-house, a few stores, and 150 inhabitants. In the vicin ity are salt springs of much value, and excellent pasture land. JORDAN S STORE, p. o.,Williamson co., Tenn. : 26 m. S.W. Nashville. JORDAN S VALLET, p. o., Rutherford co., Tenn. : 26 m. S. E. Nashville. JORDANVILLE, p. v., Hcrkimer co., JV. T. : 131 m.W. N/W. Albany. Josco, t. and p. v., Livingston co., Mich. : 37 m. E. 8. E. Lansing. Drained by heads of Cedar r. Surface undulat ing ; soil sandy loam. A farming town. Pop. of t. 645. JOSEPHINE, p. o., Woodford co., III. : on a branch of Mackinac cr., 76 m. N. N. E. Springfield. JOY, p. v., Wayne co., 2f. Y. : 182 m. W. by N. Albany. JOYNER S DEP&T, p. v., Edgecombe co., N. Car. : 46 m. E. by N. Raleigh. The sta. is on theWilmington and Weldon R. R., 38 m. from Weldon, and 126 from Wilmington. JUDA, p. Y., Greene county, Wise. : 34 m. S. by "W. Madison. JULIA DEAN, p. o., Davidson co., Tenn. JULIANN FURNACE, Centre co., Penn.: 72 m. N. "W. Harrisburg. The furnace produces 1,400 tons of iron annually. JULIAN S GAP, p. o., Hamilton co., Tenn. : 112 m. S. E. Nashville. JULIUSTO-WN, p. v., Burlington co., 2f. Jer. : 15 m. S. S. E. Trenton. JUNCTION, p. o., Du Page o., III.: 165 m. N. N. E. Springfield. On the line of the Galena and Chicago Union R. R., 30 m. from Chicago, and here the branches diverge to Aurora and Geneva. JUNCTION, sta., Providence co., li. I. : on the Stoningion R. R., 5 m. S. Providence. JUNCTION, sta., New Haven co., Conn. : on the E. bank of Housatonic r., at the divergence of Naugatuck R. E. from the New York and New Haven Railroad, 9 m. from Bridgeport. JUNCTION, p. o., Rensselaer co., 2T. Y. : 14 m. N. by E. Albany. JUNCTION, sta., Chemung co., N. Y. : at the junction of the Canandaigua and Elmira R. R. with the Erie R. R., 4 m. W. Elmira. JUNCTION, p. o., Contra Costa co., Calif. JUNCTION, p. o., Yuba co., Calif. : on Yuba r., 127 m. N. E. Vallejo. JUNCTION, p. v., Paulding co., Ohio : at the junction of Miami Canal with the Wabash and Erie Canal, 112 m. N. W. Columbus. JUNCTION, p. v., Hanover co., Virg. : on N. side of South Anna r., at the junction of the Virginia Central R.E. and the Richmond, Frederick, and Potomac R. R., 23 m. by the latter from Richmond. JUNCTION, sta., Greenville co., Virg. : on the Petersburg JUN E. E., 20 ra. N. "Weldon. The Greenville and Eoanoke E. E. diverges hence and connects with the Gaston and Ealeigh E. K. JUNCTION STOBB, p. o., Botetourt co., Virg. : 129 m. "W. Eichmond. JUNEAU, p. v., and cap. Dodge co., Wise. : on a branch of Beaver Dam r., 39 m. E. N. E. Madison. It contains the court-house, a few stores, and 150 inhabitants. JUNIATA county, Penn. Situate S. centrally, and con tains 826 sq. m. Drained by Juniata r. and Licking and Tuscarora creeks, affluents of the Susquehanna, which its E. border touches. Surface broken and mountainous ; soil very fertile in the valleys and very good, producing great crops of wheat, rye, corn, and buckwheat, and affording the best of grazing. This is an excellent farming and dairy county, and great numbers of cattle and sheep feed on its fine pastures. Much pork is fatted also, and it is not want ing in deposits of coal and iron. Farms 832 ; manuf. 58 ; dwell. 2,16S, and pop. wh. 12.904, fr. col. 125 total 13,029. Capital : Mifflintown. Public Works : Pennsylvania E. E. and Canal. JUNIATA river, Penn. : formed by the junction of Franks- town and Eaystown branches, and flows E. to the Susque hanna. 15 m. above Harrisburg. The Pennsylvania Canal and E. E. pass along its banks. JUNIATA, L and p. v., Perry co., Penn.: on S. side of Juniata r., 26 m. N. "W. Harrisburg. Drained by Buffalo and Eaccoon creeks. Surface broken ; soil m the valleys very rich. It has fine water-power, and manufactures flour, leather, and iron. The Pennsylvania E. E. crosses the N. part. Pop. of t. 8,215. JCNIATA CROSSINGS, p. v., Bedford co., Penn.: 86 m. W. S. W. Harrisburg. JUNIOR, p. v., Scioto co., Ohio: about 3 m. from the Ohio, 92 m. S. by E. Columbus. JUNIUS, L and p. v., Seneca co., N. Y. : 165 m. "W. by N. Albany. Surface rolling* soil a rich loam, producing fine wheat It has little water-power, and farming is the chief occupation. The v. has several stores and 200 inhabitants. ! Pop. of 1 1,516. JUNO, p. o., Henderson co., Tenn.: 95 m. W. S. W. Nashville. ; JUSTUS MILLS, p. o., Hempstead co., Ark. : 116 m. S. "W. Little Eock. JTKILL island, Ga. : at the mouth of Turtle and Little Santilla rivers, and on the S. E. coast of Glynn co. It pro duces the best of sea-islaiid cotton. K. KAATERSKILL, Jf. Y. : an affluent of Catekill cr. It has its sources from two ponds, each a mile and a half in cir cumference, in the town of Hunter, west of the Mountain House, on Catskill Mountain. Two miles from the house are a succession of beautiful and romantic water-falls the first being a descent of 175 feet the second, immediately following, 95 feet more; making the whole descent 260 feet, then plunging through a dark chasrn, from which it takes a meandering course to Catskill creek. KABLKTOWN, p. o., Jefferson co., Virg. : 123 m. N. by "W. Eichmond. KALAMA river, Oreg. Ter. : a tributary of Columbia r., which it meets about 12 m. above the mouth of Cowlitz r. KALAMAZOO county, Mich. Situate S. "W., and contains 5T6 sq. m. Drained by Kalamazoo r. in the N. and by Four Mile, Bear, and Gull creeks. Surface level, or slightly un dulating ; soil, a black loam of extraordinary fertility. It has much heavy timber, beech, maple, ash, and black wal nut, and a small part is prairie. It is an excellent farming and grazing co., producing all the grains in the greatest profusion, and is hardly less adapted to manufacturing, hav ing an abundance of the best water-power. Bog-iron ore KAN is extensively found. Farms 1,098 ; manu-f. 51 ; dwell. 2,3ST, and pop. wh. 13,070, fr. col. 109 total 13,179. Cap- ital : Kalamazoo. Public Works : Michigan Central E. E. KALAMAZOO, t., p. v., and cap. Kalamazoo eo., Mich. : 51 m. "W. S. "W. Lansing. Drained by Kalamazoo r. and sev eral small tributaries. Surface moderately level, thickly wooded, and rich and productive. The v. lies on the W. bank of the Kalamazoo r., and on the line of the Michigan Central E. E. The principal buildings are the court-house, jail, Huron Literary Institute, and a branch of the Univer sity of Michigan. Pop. 2,507. This is a very thriving, com mercial, and manufacturing town, and is surrounded by a rich farming district There are two papers published weekly, the " Kalamazoo Gazette" (dem.), and " Michigan Telegraph" (whig). There is here an U. S. land office. Pop, of t. 3,284. KALAMAZOO river, Mich. : it has its sources in Hillsdale and Jackson counties, and with its affluents drains also Calhoun, Eaton, Barry, Kalamazoo, and Allegan counties. Its course is circuitous, with a length of 200 m., generally W. N. "W., emptying into Lake Michigan only 93 m. in a direct line from its source, and 41 m. N. of St. Joseph s r. This river, with its tributaries, affords extensive mill-power, and flows through farming districts of unsurpassed fertility. It is navigable for vessels of 50 tons to Allegan, 38 m. from the mouth, where there is 6 or 7 feet of water on the bar, when the stream pours its least amount into the lake. KALAMO, t. and p. o., Eaton co., Mich. : 24 m. W. S. W. Lansing. Drained by the Big Fork of Thorn-apple river. Pop. 429. KALAPOOTA, v., Linn co., Oreg. Ter. : on Kalapooya cr., which falls into the Willamette at Albany. KALCASKA county, Mich. Situate N.W. on Lower Penin sula, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Manistee river, emptying into Lake Michigan, and Grand Traverse r., into Grand Traverse Bay. Erected since 1850. KALIDA, p. v., and cap. Putnam co., Ohio : on the E. bank of Ottawa r., 92 m. N. "W. Columbus. It contains a court house and jail, and supports one newspaper, the " K. Vent ure" (dem.), a weekly issue, KANAWHA county, Virg. Situate N. W., and contains 1,218 sq. m. Intersected by Great Kanawha r., and drained by its affluents in the N., Elk r., Pocataligo r., and Sycamore, Sajidy, and Big Sandy creeks ; in the S., by Coal and Little Coal rivers, and Paint and Cabin creeks. It has a broken surface, and an ordinary soil, but great mineral resources ; these consist principally of bituminous coal, of which six or seven million bushels are dug annually, and salt springs, which are very numerous and rich, the salt made from their waters exceeding two million bushels per year. It has, be sides, good water-power on the numerous branches of Great Kanawha r., which is here a large navigable stream. Farms 777 ; manuf. 110 ; dwell. 2,110, and pop. wh. 12,002, fr. coL 211, si. 3,140 total 15,353. Capital: Kanawha. PubUo Works : Covington and Ohio E. E. ; Improvements in tho Kanawha river by James Eiver Canal Company. KANAWHA COURT-HOUSE, p. v., and cap. Kanawha co., Virg. : on the N. bank of Great Kanawha r., at the junction with Elk r., about 6 m. above its confluence with Ohio r., 228 m. "W. by N. Eichmond. Is pleasantly situated, with an extended front on the river, which is here navigable for steamboats at low water. Also called CHARLESTON. It con tains a court-house, jail, etc., numerous stores, several steam and water mills saw and flour and about 170 dwellings. KANA\VHA SALINE, p. o., Kanawha co., Virg. : on the N.W. side of Great Kanawha r., 223 m."W. by N. Eichmond. It derives its name from the salt business pursued in its vicinity, and is a place of growing importance. KANAWHA river, Virg. : it has its source in Ashe co., N. Carolina, where it receives the waters of a number of mill- streams, and passing into Virginia, it drains Grayson, Car roll, Wythe, Pulaski, Montgomery, Giles, Monroe, Mercer, Greenbrier, Fayette, Nicholas, Kanawha, Putnam, and Ma 339 KAN KEA son counties : taking a circuitous course, with many mcau- derings, nearly 300 miles, it empties into the Ohio r. at Point Pleasant, in lat 38 52 N., 174 m. N. by W. of its source, and 252 m. below Pittsburg. At Point Pleasant, 66 in. above ths mouth, are the Kanawha Salt-works, where the river is nearly 500 feet wide. The salt district extends 15 m. on the river, where the salt water is obtained by boring 300 to 500 feet through rock formation, tubing being passed down to exclude fresh water from the sides, and through which the brine rises to a level with the river. Steam-power is used for raising it still higher, and the bituminous coal of the same vicinity is used to effect evaporation. There are on this river and its tributaries five veins of common bitumin ous coal and two of caunel, all capable of being worked, and all above the level of the river. The largest is said to have an aggregate thickness of 24 feet. The cannel-coal is said to be equal to any of this kind in the world. About 100 m. from the mouth are the Great Falls, where there is a single perpendicular descent of 50 feet. The principal affluents are the Elk, Coal, and Greenbrier rivers ; the other tributaries are numerous, and afford very extensive water- powers. KANE county, III. Situate N. E., and contains 543 sq. m. Drained by Fox r., a branch of the Illinois, which flows S. through the E. part. Surface level or rolling; soil of great fertility, and well cultivated a superior farming co, On the branches of Fox r. is fine water-power and timber, and limestone is abundant. Farms 1,015; manuf. 49; dwell. 2,828, and pop. wh. 16,696, fr. col. 6 total 16,702. Capi tal : Geneva. Public Works : Galena and Chicago Union K. K. ; St. Charles Branch E. E. ; Aurora Branch E. E. and its extension. KANE, p. o., Greene co., III. : 53 m. S. W. Springfield. KANESVILLE, p. v., and cap. Pottowattomee co., la.: 6 m. N. from Fort Croghan, and 4 m. E. from Missouri r., 224 m. W. by S. Iowa City. This place was settled and built by the Mormons, and is an intermediate station for the overland emigration to Great Salt Lake Valley. The " Frontier Guardian" (whig), is published weekly. Pop. about 1,200. KANEVILLE, p. o., Kane county, III.: 150 m. N. N. W. Springfield. KANKAKEE river, III. : its source is in St. Joseph s co., Indiana. This river, with its tributaries, drains the N. W. part of the State of Indiana, and Iroquois and Mill counties, in Illinois, and uniting with the Des Plaines river, their waters form the Illinois river. The principal tributary is the Iroquois river. On the S. side of the Kankakee, in Illinois, are extensive fields of bituminous coal, and on the upper portion of the river are beds of iron ore. This river forms the northern boundary of the coal region of Illinois, E. of the Illinois r. A company has been chartered for the improve ment of the river, to render it navigable by a system of dams and locks, which at some future day will probably open for 150 miles as beautiful a country as there is in the West. The prairie country is interspersed with groves and barrens, and on the E. side there are some sand-ridges. The river was discovered by the French at an early period. KANSAS river, Ind. Ter. : its source is in lat. 39, near the E. base of the Eocky Mountains, and pursues a generally eastern course to the Missouri river, at the point where the west boundary of the State of Missouri leaves the Missouri river. Its whole course is about 1,200 m., and navigable 900 m. Its width at its mouth is 340 yards. KAMZAS, p. o., Jackson co., Mo. : on the S. side of the Missouri r., 135 m. W. by N. Jefferson City. KAPOSIA, v., Dacotah co., Minn. Ter.: on the "W. side of the Mississippi r., about 6 m. below St. Paul. It i? a flue site for a town, but as yet is little more than an Indian set tlement. KARTHAUS, p. v., Clearfield co., Penn. : on the N. bank of the W. branch of the Susquehanna r., 93 m. "W. N. W. Harrisburg. Coal, iron, and salt are produced in the vicinity. 340 KASEY S, p. o., Bedford county, Virg. : 123 m. W. by S. Eichmond. KASKASKIA, p. v., and cap. Eandolph co., Itt. : on Kas- kaskia r., 10 m. above its confluence with the Mississippi r., and on a neck of land between the two, 127 m. S. S. W. Springfield. This town is one of the oldest in the Valley of the Mississippi, having been settled by the French in 16S3, and in 1763, when ceded to the English, had some 130 families. It is beautifully situate in a lovely country. It contains a brick court-house and county jail, and also a nunnery and Catholic church, and a U. S. land office. Pop about 1,000. KASKASKIA river, III. : its source is in Champaign co., and runs in its general course S. S. W., draining with its numerous but small affluents the counties of Piatt, Moultrie, Coles, Shelby, Montgomery, Fayette, Bond, Marion, Clin ton, "Washington, Madison, St. Clair, Monroe, and Ean dolph. The navigation of this river has been improved by the labor applied under the direction of the Board of Public Works, the drift-wood and other obstructions being removed from the channel, and sloping timber cut from the banks. In high water the river is navigable for 150 m. to Vandalia, and some seasons to Shelbyville. At Vandalia the river is spanned by a substantial bridge for the National Eoad. The country drained by this river is very fertile, and varied by suitable proportions of prairie and timber-belts and groves. The source is 1S3 m. N. N- E. from the mouth in a direct line, and its length in full. 300 m. KASOAO, p. v., Oswego county, N. Y. : 152 m. W. N. W, Albany. KATAHDIN IRON WORKS, p. o., Piscataquis co., Me. : 96 m. N. N. E. Augusta, near Katahdin Mountain, which rises 5,300 feet above the sea level, and affords a vastly grand and beautiful view. This mountain may be seen from Bangor, 70 miles distant, and is particularly noted for its steep ac clivities, and its isolation in the district. KATTELVILLE, p. o., Broome co., N. Y. : 124 m. W. S. W. Albany. KAUFMAN county, Teac. Situate N. E. centrally, and con tains 1,10S sq. m. Drained by E. and W. fork of Trinity r., its S. W. boundary, Ferry s and Lacy s forks of Cedar cr., its branch, and many small affluents, and in the N. E. by heads of Sabine r. Surface undulating, with some con siderable elevations in the N., and good timber on the streams ; soil a sandy loam, and mostly very productive- adapted to corn and cotton. Here is also excellent grazing in many parts. Its streams are not large, but some of them furnish good mill-seats. Farms 94; manuf. 0; dwell. 170, and pop. wh. 982, fr. col. 0, si. 65 total 1,047. Capital: Kaufman C. H. KAUFMAN C. H., p. v., and cap. Kaufman co., Tex. : oa the upper waters of Cedar cr., 180 m. N. N. E. Austin. KAUKAUNA, p. v., Browne co., Wuc. : 112 m. N. N. E. Madison. At the rapids so called, and on the W. side of the Fox or Neenah river. KAUTATINCHUNK, p. o., Northampton co., Penn.: 84 m. N. E. by E. Harrisburg. KEARSAGE mountain, Merrimac co., JST. Hamp. : about 20 m. N. W. Concord. Elevation, 2,461 feet above sea level. KAYAUEKOSSEBAS mountains, N. Y. : extending through a part of Warren, Saratoga, and Fulton counties, in a S. W. direction. Their greatest elevations are in the northern portions, which rise 800 to 1,200 feet above tide level ; they gradually subside to the Mohawk Valley. KEARSARGE mountain, A 7 : Hamp. : a mountain in Merri mac co. Its summit, composed of naked granite rock, is 2,463 feet above the sea, and affords, on a clear day, an extensive and interesting view of the country. Its slopes are c<*rered with a heavy growth of timber. KEARSLY, p. o., Genesee co., Jfich. : about 40 ro. W. N.W. ^Lansing. KEATCIIIE, p. o., De Soto par., La. : 176 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. KEA KEN KEAKNETVILLE, v., Jefferson co., Virg. : on the line of the Baltimore and Ohio E. E., 93 m. from Baltimore, and 126 m. N. N. W. Richmond. KEATON S SHOALS, p. o., Baker co., Ga. :147 m. S. W. by S. Milledgeville. KEOK S CHUECH, p. o., Martin co., Ind. : 76 m. S. S. "W. Indianapolis. KKKDYSVILLE, p. v., Washington co., Md. : on Antietam cr., 78 m. N. W. by W. Annapolis. KEEPER S STORE, p. o., Franklin co., Penn. : about 50 m. 8. W. Harrisburg. KEELEKSBURGII, p. o., Wyoming co., Penn. : 48 N. N. E. Harrisburg. KEELERSVILLE, p. v., Tan Buren county, Mich. ; 88 m. "W. S. W. Lansing. KEENE, p. v., Jessamine co., Ky. : 26 m. S. E. Frankfort. The line of the Lexington and Danville E. E. passes through the village, KEENE, p. t, and cap. Cheshire co., N. ffamp. : 43 m. S. W. Concord. Drained by Ashuelot r. and its tributaries, \vhich flows through it, and affords excellent water-power. Surface diversified; soil rich, fertile, and well cultivated. At Keeno the Ashuelot E. E. forms a junction with the Cheshire E. E. The v. on the W. side of Ashuelot r. is beautifully situated, and contains many pleasant residences ; and its wide streets are well shaded by ornamental trees. The court-house and jail are here. The v. supports very considerable commercial and manufacturing interests ; and has 3 newspapers, the " Spirit of the Times" (whig), " N. II. Sentinel" (whig), and " Cheshire Eepublican and Farmer" (dem.), all weekly issues. Pop. of t, 3.392. KEKNE, L and p. v., Essex co., N. Y. : 112 m. N. by W. have their sources. Surface mount amous, te^ |"ira^l?k \\ by the Adirondack range ; and here it has its loftiest culmi nations, Mount Marcy, Mount M Intire, and Mount M Mar- tinu Soils along the rivers and in the valleys are fertile, but in other parts the rugged face of the country forbids culti vation. The v., a small agricultural settlement, lies on the E. side of the Ausable. Iron ore and other minerals abound in all this region. Pop. of t. 79S. KKRNB, t. and p. v., Coshocton co., Ohio : 63 m. E. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Mill cr., an affluent of Walhonding r. Surface elevated and rolling; soil deep, rich, and pro ductive. The v lies on the E. side of the cr.. and is a small agricultural settlement of about 200 inhabitants. Population of 1. 1,079. KEENEVILLE, p. o., Wayne co., III. : 116 m. S. W. by S. Springfield. KEKNF.Y S SETTLEMENT, p. o., Cortlandt co., N. Y. : 125 m. W. Albany. KEENSVILLE, p. o., Union co., Penn. : 36 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. KEESEVILLE, p. v., Essex county, 2f. Y. : on both sides of Ausable r., 4 m. from Lake Champlain, 128 m. N. by E. Albany. There is here an extensive water-power, used by a number of thriving manufactories of iron and other pro ducts. It supports a paper, the " Essex Co. Eepublican" (whigX which is issued weekly. Pop. about 1,800. KKKZLETOWN, p. v., Eockingham co., Virg. : 65 m. N.W. Richmond. KEITH S, p. o., Morgan county, Ohio: 88 m. E. by S. Columbus. KEITIISUCRGH, p. Y., Mercer co., III. : on the Mississippi at the confluence of Pope r., 112 m. N. W. Springfield. It is a thriving v., and was once the county seat. KEITH S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Kent cb., Del. KELLERSVILLE, p. v., Monroe co., Penn. : 95 m. N. E. flarrisburg. KELLERTOV? N, p. v., Wilkinson co., Miss. : 108 m. S. W Jackson. KELLEY S MILLS, p. o., Lawrence co., Ohio : 96 m. S. S. E. Columbus. KELLOGGSVILLE, p. v., Cayuga co., W. Y. : between lakes Owasco and Skaneateles, 2 m. W. of the latter and 138 m. W. Albany. KELLOGGSVILLE, p. v., Ashtabula co., Ohio: on the N. side of Ashtabula cr., 172 m. N. E. Columbus. KELLEY S CREEK, p. o., St. Clair co., Ala, : 96 m. N. Montgomery. KELLY S FERRY, p. o., Meigs co., Term. : oil the Tennes see r., 117 m. E. S. E. Nashville. KELLY S SPRINGS, p. o., Talladega county, Ala.: 78 m. N. by E. Montgomery. KELLYSVILLE, p. v., Delaware county, Penn.: 83 m. S. E. by E. Harrisburg. KELLYSVILLE, p. o., Culpepper co., Virg. : 73 m. N. W. by N. Eichraond. KELSO, t and p. v., Dearborn co., Ind. : 71 m. S. E. In dianapolis. Drained by the upper branches of Tanner s cr. and affluents of White Water river. Surface somewhat broken ; soils of average fertility, and productive. Pop. of 1. 1,712. KELVIN GROVE, p. o., Wake co., N. Car. : 10 m. N. Ealdgh. KEMBLESVILLE, p. T., Chester co., Penn. : 58 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. KEMPEK county, Miss. Situate on E. line, and contains 745 sq. m. Drained E, by heads of Suquinochee r., flowing into Tombigbee r. ; S. by heads of Chickasawha r., and W. by heads of Pearl r. Surface elevated and somewhat un even, with several good mill streams; soil very fertile. Cotton is the great staple, and its culture is almost exclu- &ft&Jfi^J%iE&60 . w - el !j aml S reat numbers of cattle and KEMP, p. o., Kaufman county, Tex. : 183 m/NVN. Ti! Austin City. KEMP S CUEEK, p. o., Bcnton co., Ala. : 95 m. N. by E. Montgomery. KEMPSVILLE, p. v., Princess Anne oo., Virg. : on a branch of Elizabeth r. and at the head of tide-water, 88 m. S. E. Eichmond. It contains several stores and about 300 in habitants. KENANSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Duplin co., N. Car. : on the E. side of Grove cr., 71 m. S. E. Raleigh. The v. con tains the court-house and about 150 inhabitants. KENDALL county, III. Situate N. E., and contains 324 sq. m. Drained by Fox r., which crosses the N. W., and in the S. E. by Au Sable r., a small branch of Des Plaines r. Surface level or undulating ; soil fertile, and much of it prairie, with timber on a few streams. It has considerable water-power and large deposits of coal. Farms 659 ; manuf. ; dwell. 1,258, and pop. wh. 7,724, fr. col. 6 total 7,730. Capital : Oswego. Public Works : Aurora Extension E. E. KENDALL, t. and p. v., Orleans co., Jf. Y. : 232 m.W. byN. Albany. Drained by Sandy and other creeks. Surface nearly level, with a gradual ascent from Lake Ontario, which forms the N. boundary; soil sandy and gravelly loam, and well tilled. Pop. 2,289. KENDALL, p. o., Beaver co., Penn. : 184 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. KENDALL, p. o., Kendall county, III. : 123 m. N. N. E. Springfield. KENDALL CREEK, p. o., M Kean co., Penn. : 151 m. N. W. 1 larrisburg. KENDALL MILLS, p. o., Orleans county, JVi Y. : 229 m. W. by N. Albany. KENDALL S MILLS, p. o., Somerset co., Me. : on the W. bank of Kennebec r., 20 m. N. by E. Augusta. KENDALL S STORE, p. o., Stanley co., N. Car. : 67 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. KENDALLVILLB, p. v., Noble co., Ind. : on Little Cedar 341 KEN cr. and on the line of the Fort Wayne and Lima plauk road, 126 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. KENDBICK S SPUR, p. o., Patrick county, Virg. : 168 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. KENDUSKEAG stream, Me. : a tributary of the Penobscot r., which it joins at Bangor. It furnishes a large and val uable water-power. KENNEBEC county, Me. Situate S. "W. centrally, and con tains 1.109 sq. m. Drained by Kennebec and Sebasticook rivers, and their affluents, and W. by the Androscoggin. Surface undulating, without being hilly, and soil highly productive. It has many ponds, which, with their streams and the Kennebec, afford immense water-power. It abounds in fine timber, and the lumber trade is of great importance. The Kennebec ia a large navigable stream, and its com mercial facilities fine. Wheat, corn, oats, and barley yield well, and its pastures feed groat numbers of cattle and sheep. The great export is potatoes, of which immense quantities are raised and sent to all parts of the Union. Farms 5,256; manuf. 331; dwell. 10,162, and pop. wh. 62,379, fr. col. 142 total 62,521. Capital : Augusta. Pub lic Works : Androscoggin and Kennebec E. E. ; Andros coggin E. E. ; Portland and Kennebec E. E. KENNEBEC, t. and p. v., Kennebec co., Me. : 5 m.W. S.W. Augusta. About one-third the surface is covered by lakes ; soil rich and well cultivated. The principal v. lies on the N. E. corner. KENNBBEC river, Me. : one of the most important rivers of New England. Its principal source is at the outlet of Moosehead lake, but its more remote source is that of Dead r., which empties into Kennebec r., 20 m. below the outlet. _The_BOurcejo{ J?^^fcclafttolrVe and draining with its tributaries, Somerset, Franklin, and Kennebec, and por tions of Penobscot and Waldo counties, and traversing Lin coln. Its length from its remotest source is about 200 m. It is navigable for boats 60 m. to Waterville, for sloops to Augusta, 42 m., and for ships to Bath, 12 m. from its mouth. Its largest tributary is the Androscoggin, flowing in 18 m. from its mouth. The confluent stream is sometimes called the Sagadahock. At Waterville, and other places above, are very valuable water-powers. The whole fall of the river ia more than 1,000 feet, affording, with its tributaries, in calculable hydraulic power. The river ia closed by ice generally for four months of the winter season, except be low Bath, where the salt water usually keeps the port open at all seasons. The principal towns on the river are Bath, Hallowell, Augusta, Waterville, and Norridgewock. It flows through a fertile country and bears an extensive trade. KENNEBUNK, t. and p. v., York co., Me. : 66 m. S. S. W. Augusta. Drained chiefly by Mousurn r., on which and on ttie Kennebunk there are several mills and factories. The v. is on the S. W. side of Mousum r., and at the entrance of the Kennebec into the Atlantic there is a good harbor. It is a port of entry, and has some shipping employed in the fish eries and coasting trade. Formerly it had an extensive trade with the West Indies, and many fine ships are still built in the town. Pop. 2,650. KENNEBUNK DEPOT, p. o., York co., Me. : on the N. bank of Mousum r., and on the Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth E. E., 60 m. S. S. W. Augusta. KENNEBUNKPOKT, t. and p. v., York co., Me. : 62 m. S. S. W. Augusta, on the N. E. side of Kennebec r. and opposite to Kennebunk, with which its chief interests are connected. It has considerable shipping, and many of the inhabitants are engaged in coasting and the fisheries. Granite, much resembling that of Quincy, is abundant, and furnishes a staple of export. This t. and Kennebunk were in former times among the most active and busy shipping places in Maine, but their trade has immensely diminished. Pop. of t. 2,706. 842 KEN KENNEDY S, p. o., Brunswick co., Virg. : 63 m. S. S. "W. Eichmond. KENNEDYVILLE, p. v., Steuben county, 2f. Y. : 188 m. W. by S. Albany. The v. lies on the Buffalo, Corning, and New York E. E., 24 m. from Corning. It contains several stores and workshops, and about 260 inhabitants. KKNNEMEK, p. o., Marshall county, Ala.: 136 m. N. Montgomery. KENNETT S SQUARE, p. v., Chester county, Penn. : 71 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. It contains a Quakers meeting-house and about a score of dwellings. KENNON, p. o., Belmont county, Ohio : 89 m. E. by N. Columbus. KENNONSBUBGII, p. o., Guernsey co., Ohio : 85 m. E. by N. Columbus. KENOSIIA county, Wise. Situate S. E. corner, and con tains 232 sq. m. Drained by Fox and Des Plaines (or O Plain) rivers, which flow S. into Illinois r. Surface gently undulating ; soil a fertile prairie for the most part, and very productive of the grains and grasses. Its stock is very fine and dairies large. There is some timber on the streams, but where wanting, the lake supplies lumber and coal Limestone is quarried on the rivers. Farms 914 ; maiiuf. 51 ; dwell. 1,812, and pop. wh. 10,T14, fr. col. 18 total 10,732. Capital: Kenosha. KENOSHA, p. v., and cap. Kenosha co., Wise. : on Lake Michigan, 89 m. E. S. E. Madison, 10 m. S. Eacine. Has an excellent harbor, and commands the trade of one of the finest farming districts in the world, the prairies of the county being of the richest and most beautiful character of the West. Two small creeks empty intojhe lake, one 5,460. KENSICO, p. v., Westchester co., JV. Y. : on the Harlem E. E., 125 m. by route from Albany. KENSINGTON, p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : on a S. branch of Little r., 14 m. S. S. W. Hartford. The New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield E. E. passes it about a mile to the east. The v. has several manufactures, etc. KENSINGTON, p. v., Oakland co., Mich. : on Woodruff cr., . a branch of Huron r., 46 m. W. S. W. Lansing. A thriving v., surrounded by a rich farming district, and it has several flourishing mills and about 200 inhabitants. KENSINGTON, t. and p. v., Eockingham co., N. Hamp. : 36 m. S. E. Concord. Surface is nearly level and almost without streams. The v. has several stores. Pop. of t. 700. KENSINGTON, t. and p. v., Philadelphia co., Penn. : 96 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. Although under a separate govern ment, Kensington is in reality a part of Philadelphia and a suburb of that city. It is situate N. E. on the Delaware, and contains a large number of industrial establishments for the manufacture of cotton and woolen goods, etc., and has also manufactures of iron, glass, etc. Ship-building is also extensively carried on. It has a large wholesale and re tail trade. Dwellings 7,555, families 9,066, and pop. 46,776. KENT county, Del. Situate centrally, and contains 614 sq. m. Drained by Duck, Little, Jones, Motherkill, and Mispillion creeks, emptying into Delaware Bay, and Nan- ticoke and Choptank rivers, flowing into Chesapeake Bay. Surface moderately uneven; soil mostly very productive. Corn, wheat, rye, and oats are the chief crops, and great numbers of cattle and sheep are reared. It has some water-power, and exports considerable lumber. Farms 1,655; manuf. 121; dwell. 3,873, and pop. wh. 16,119, fr. col. 6,350, si. 347total 22,816. Capital : Dover. Public Works : a projected railroad from New York to Norfolk [air line). KENT county, Md. Situate N. E., and contains 272 sq. m. It has Sassafras r. on the N., Chesapeake Bay on the \V., and Chester r. on the S., and a few creeks flowing into hese. Surface high and rolling ; soil fertile. Corn, wheat, oats and sweet potatoes are the leading products of the BoiT Marl and lime, from shell beds, are abundant. It has sonie mill-seats and considerable manufactures. Farms 667- manuf. 35; dwell. 1,584, and pop.-wb. 5,616, fr. col. 8143 si 2,627-total 11,386. Capital: Chestertown. KENT county, Mich. Situate S. TV., and contains 576 B q m Drained by Grand r., which crosses it, running to the TV., and its branches, Eouge and Thorn-apple rivers. Surface rolling, except on Grand r., where it is hilly ; soil a rich vegetable loam. It is equally adapted to gram or grass, and produces great crops. The TV. is well timbered with black walnut, beech, and sugar maple, and on Eouge r. are valuable pine forests. It has immense water-power, especially on Grand r. Limestone and superior gypsum are abundant, and salt springs are found. Farms 847; manuf. 67 ; dwell. 2,251, and pop. wh. 11,982, fr. col. 34- total 12,016. Capital: Grand Eapids. KENT county, R. I. Situate TV. centrally, and contains 186 sq. m. Drained by Pawtuxet and Flat rivers. Surface uneven and rough, with level tracts in the E. ; soil a sandy or gravelly loam, and of great fertility. Its pastures are excellent, and many sheep are reared. It has fine orch ards and gardens, known in all the markets around. The streams are small, but afford much water-power, and its manufactures of wool and cotton are extensive. Narrnjran wh. 14,821, fr. col. 247 total 15,068. Capital: Eas Greenwich. Public Works: Providence and Stouington 11. H. ; Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill E. E, KENT, t and p. v., Litchfleld co., Conn. : 41 m. TV. by S Hartford, brained by the Housatonic r. and several of it affluents, all which afford excellent water-power. Surfac generally mountainous, with fine valleys and intervales soil in the mountains gravelly and hard in the valleys cal careous loarn, and fertile. The v. lies on the line of UI Housatonic E. E. and on the E. side of the river, which i here spanned by a bridge. In the t. there are extensivi deposits of iron ore and several furnaces, etc. Pop. 1,848. KENT, p. o., Stephenson co., III. : 184 m. N. Springfield. KENT t and p. v., Putnam co., N. Y. : 84 m. S. Albany. Drained by head branches of Croton r. Surface generally (illyin the N. mountainous. Pop. 1,557. KENT, p. o., Indiana co., Penn, : about 118 m. W. by N. larrisburg. KENT, p. v., Jefferson county, Jnd.: 73 m. S. 8. fc. [ndianapolis. KENT island, Md. : the largest and most important island of Chesapeake Bay, containing 42 sq. m. of surface. The first settlement within the present limits of the State was made on this island by Claiborne, and here is the scene of many interesting events in the early colonial history of tl State. It lies opposite Annapolis. KENTON county, Ky. Situate in most N. point, and con tains 145 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Licking r., its E. boundary, and Ohio r., its N. boundary. Surface moder ately uneven ; soil fertile, admirably adapted to grain-grow ing and grazing. Tobacco, corn, wheat, and pork are the farming staples. It has much fine water-power and exten sive manufactures. The N. is quite level, is under high cul tivation, and densely populated, being a kind of dependency of Cincinnati, which is just opposite Covington, the largest town in the county. Farms 656 ; manuf. 109 ; dwell. 2,854, iVup.-wh. ie,iifi, fr. ool. 92, si. 880-total 17,038. Cap ital: Independence. Public Works: Nashville and Cov ington E. E. ; Covington and Ohio E. E. ; Lexington and Covington E. E., etc. KENTON, p. v., and cap. Hardin co., Ohio : on the N. side of Scioto r., 56 m. N. TV. by W. Columbus. The Mad Elver and Lake Erie E. E. passes through the v., 78 m. from Sandusky. Two papers are issued here weekly, the " K. Eepublican" (whig), and " K. Herald" (dem.) This is the business centre of an excellent farming district. Population of v. 1,065. KENTONTOWN, p. v., Harrison co., Ky. : 54 m. N. E. by E Frankfort. KENT S HILL, p. v., Kennebec co., Me. : 13 m. TV. N. TV- Augusta. THE STATE OF KENTUCKY. KENTI-CKT is separated from Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois by the Ohio Eiver, which demarks its north boundary; and from Missouri by the Mississippi Eiver, its western boundary. The east boundary is formed chiefly by Big Sandy Eiver and the Cumberland Mountains, which separate it from Virginia, and on the south the boundary is co-terminus with the nortli boundary of Tennessee. The State lies generally between the latitudes 36 30 and 39 12 N., and between the longitudes 82 02 and 89 40 TV. from Greenwich, or 5 0(X and 12 38 W. from Washington. Its greatest length on the parallel of Cairo, in Illinois, is 368 miles, and its greatest width on the meridian of North Bend, in Ohio, is 168 miles ; but the irregularity of its outline in some parts narrows its width to 40 miles, as on the east line of Graves County, and its length varies as much as 100 miles from a maximum. The estimated land area of the State is 37,680 square miles. The face of the country may be generally described as level or moderately uneven. The levels, however, are not like a carpet, but are interspersed with small risings and declivities, which make a scene of varying interest. In the south-east the Cumberland Mountains, which form the boundary toward Virginia, except from this character ; but even here no great elevations are attained, yet they give to that portion of the country a rugged and mountainous aspect, and their mmit-rous spurs or offshoots, projecting quite into the middle of the State, render the surface of the whole eastern division somewhat broken and hilly. Farther westward the country becomes undulating, abounding in bold features, although the hills are much less abrupt than in the east, and gradually sink down with more rounded forms and gentler acclivi- tii .*. until merged into the almost level plains of the Cumberland, Tennessee, and Mississippi rivers. Along the Ohio, and cxtrn.liiifr from 10 to 20 miles in different places from it, are the Ohio Hills, parallel with that beautiful stream. These hills arc often high, generally gracefully rounded and conical, with narrow vales and bottoms around their bases, and give to the country through which they extend a rough appearance ; they are covered with lofty forests, and have often a good soil on their sides and summits ; and the alluvial bottoms between them and the Ohio, and along the streams which fall into that river, are of the richest description. In the geology of Kentucky the blue limestone occupies a conspicuous place ; it forms the surface rock in a large part of the State, and is used for building purposes. Among the cliffs of the Kentucky Eiver is found an excellent marble, capable of a fine polish. The cliff limestone is the base of the Ohio Falls at Louisville ; the slate or shale is very common, bituminous, and supports combustion, and contains iron pyrites and ores, giving rise to mineral springs. The sand or freestone extends from Danville to Louisville, etc., and is used in the arts, and even for grindstones. The cavernous limestone, as its name imports, gives rise to many caves, the most famous of which is the Mammoth Cave (see MAMMOTH CAVE). The limestone region, indeed, abounds in caverns, sinks, and subterranean water-courses. Several of the caves are of extraordinary dimensions, but the one above mentioned is the most spacious and best known. The sinks or sink holes are cavitic3or depressions on the surface of the ground, resembling those of Florida, already described, but of infe- 843 KENTUCKY. f ey are commonly in the shape of inverted cones, 60 or 70 feet in depth, and from 60 to 300 feet in circum- ference at the top Their sides and bottoms are generally covered with willows and aquatic productions, and the ear cTn often distinguish the sound of waters flowing under them. It is believed that these sinks are perforations in the bed of l,me.tone below the soil, wh.ch have caused the earth to sink. Sometimes the ground has been opened, and disclosed a subterranean stream of water at the bottom of these cavities. The conglomerate or pudding-stone consists of quartz pebbles, rounded and united with fine sand by a kind of natural cement : it underlies the coal formation The coal-bed, of Kentucky are continuous of those of the Illinois and Ohio ; they cover 10,000 or 12,000 square miles and are very accessible, but hitherto the quantity of coal mined has not been to any great amount-not more than five or six million bushels a year. Iron is equally abundant in the State, and it, too, is comparatively neglected, but from its depots being mainly on or near navigable streams, it must inevitably become a source of future wealth to the country An estimate of the quantity embraced has been fixed at 33,000,000 tons. Small quantities of lead are also traced in Kentucky and silver ore has lately been discovered near the Cumberland Falls. Salt springs abound in the sandstone formation ar lave become very productive. Saltpetre-earth, or nitrate of lime, gypsum, or plaster of Paris, are found in the caves al springs are numerous, embracing sulphur, saline, chalybeate, etc. The salt springs received the name of " licks a the early settlers, on account of their being the favorite resorts of the wild animals, which were fond of liekinn- the so abundant around them. The name is also applied to the sulphureted fountains which occur in various The most productive soil of Kentucky is that of the blue limestone formation ; and in the neighborhood of Lexington and toward the Ohio, the country based on that route is said to be the garden of the State. The line demarking^this region passes from the Ohio round the heads of Licking and Kentucky rivers, Dick s Kiver, and down Great Green r to the Ohio ; and in this great compass of above 100 miles square is found one of the most fertile and extraordinary countries on which the sun has ever shone. The soil is of a loose, deep, and black mold, without sand on first-rate lands, from two to three feet deep, and exceedingly luxuriant in all its productions. It is well watered by fine sprint and streams, and its beautiful climate and the salubrity of the country ure unequaled, the winter, even, being seldom so inclement as to render the housing of cattle u.c^ury. In a state or .._. ncar] the w hole ^ of ^ f a dense forest of majestic trees, and a close undergrowth of gigantic i^^, ,.._^_ .,...* ._ ^ country are called cane _ brakes. In the southern part, however, on the head waters of Green Eiver and its tributaries, is an **.?*, ~ A , v wooded, and covered in summer with high grass growing amid scattered and stunted oaks : struck with the contrast this re gion presented to the luxuriant forests of the neighboring districts, the first settlers gave the country the unpromising name of " barrens." As a general thing, the term is by no means appropriate. There are, indeed, portions of the barrens, which are known as the knobs, that are too sterile and rugged to admit of cultivation ; but the soil is generally productive, although not of the first quality, and is well suited for grazing. There are also tracts in the mountain regions and portions of land on the Ohio Hills too much broken for general agriculture ; but as a whole, Kentucky has as great a proportion of the best soils as any other of her sister States, and from the splendor of its climate, has many advantages possessed b; few other regions. The country in general may be considered as well timbered, producing large trees of many kinds, and to be exceed by no country in variety. Perhaps among its forest growths none is more valuable to the settler than the sugar- which grows in all parts, and furnishes every family with a plenty of excellent sugar ; and the honey-locust, so cu: surrounded by large thorny spikes, bears long pods in the form of peas, having a sweet flavor, and from which do beer is made. The coffee-tree, greatly resembling the black oak, grows large, and also bears a pod in which is i coffee. The pawpaw bears a fine fruit like a cucumber in shape and size, and of a sweet taste. The cane, on wh cattle feed and grow fat, in general grows from three to twelve feet high, is of a hard substance, with joints at eight ten inches distance along the stalk, from which proceed leaves resembling the willow. There are many cane-brakes, thick and tall that it is difficult to pass through them. Where no cane grows there is an abundance of wild rye, and buffalo-grass covering vast tracts, and affording excellent pasture for cattle ; and the fields are covered with herbage not common to other countries. Here is seen the finest crown imperial in the world, the cardinal flower, much extolled for its scarlet color ; and all the year, except the short winter months, the plains and valleys are adorned with a variety of flowers of the most admirable beauty. Here is also found the tulip-bearing laurel-tree, or magnolia, which is very fragrant, and continues to blossom and seed for several months together. Among the agricultural staples of Kentucky, hemp and flax are the most conspicuous. Tobacco is also extensively grown ; and the Indian corn and wheat of this State are large crops and excellent in quality. The first-named hemp, flax, and tobacco are, however, the great staples. The hemp crop of Kentucky is five-eighths of the whole yield of the United States that of dew-rotted hemp is two-thirds, and that of water-rotted hemp is seven-twelfths of the whole of the respective descriptions ; four-sevenths of the crop of flax is grown in Kentucky ; and the tobacco crop yields more than a fourth of the aggregate of that production. Its wheat crop is surpassed in quantity by only ten States ; its Indian corn crop is surpassed only by that of Ohio ; only two States have larger crops of oats ; only six produce more wool ; only four a larger abundance of market-garden products ; only seven more butter ; only two more beeswax and honey ; and only one exceeds it in its home-made manufactures. The cash value of its farms makes it fourth in the list of States in point of agricultural wealth, and only three other States possess a greater wealth in live-stock, and one other equals it in the latter respect. And yet, with all this vast amount of wealth and production, not one-half of its surface was under cultiva tion in 1849-50, to which period the above returns refer. Nature has been most bountiful to this State in its noble rivers and useful streams. Beside the great peripheral waters, the Ohio, Mississippi, etc., several large and important water-courses traverse the interior, and, with the single exception of the Upper Cumberland, these flow in a uniform direction from south-east to north-west; and while the Ohio is the recipient of all the great rivers of the Slate, the Mississippi only receives a few inconsiderable streams of trifling use as avenues of commerce. The Sandy, Licking, Kentucky, and Cumberland rise in the same region in the mountains of the south-east The Kentucky is a rapid stream, running, like the other rivers of the State, in a deep channel with a rocky bed and generally perpendicular banks ; it flows through a rich and highly cultivated country, and in high stages of the water is navigable for steamboats to Frankfort, 60 miles, and for flat boats about 100 miles further. The Lickiny, which also flows through a rich region of country, enters the Ohio, opposite Cincinnati, and affords boat navigation for about SO miles. Salt River rises in the centre of the State ; it has a great volume of water in proportion to the length of its course, and is navigable for boats for 100 miles. It receives from the south a large tributary, called the Boiling Fork. Green River, likewise, rises in the centre of the State, and takes a westerly course, until having received the Big Barren Eiver 344 KENTUCKY. from the south, it turns to the north-west ; it has a gentle current, with great depth of water. Steamboats go up to Bowling Green, on the Big Barren, ISO miles, and flat boats ascend nearly to the heads of the river. The Cumberland has its sources and its mouth in Kentucky, but the greater part of its course is in Tennessee. Eising on the western declivity of the Cumberland Mountains, it passes into the latter, and returning north, enters the Ohio in the former State Its course is about 600 miles long, and steamboats go up to Nashville, Tenn., 200 miles, and in high stages of water even to Burkesville, in Kentucky. The Tennessee, being separated from the Cumberland by the mountains of that name, has no portion of its head waters in Kentucky, but it enters the State about 70 miles above its mouth, and admits steamboats to Florence, in Ala., a distance of about 300 miles. The navigation of several of these rivers has been improved by locks, etc., and in some the obstructions are overcome by canals and railroads. Kentucky is divided into 100 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each in 1S50 were as follows : Counties. Adair Dwell. ..1,513.. Pop. 9,898. Farms M in cult. K .1,010.. nml J| ; (. HI Capitals. Columbia Scottsville Lawrenceburg Blandville Glasgow O wings ville Burlington Paris Danville Brookville Jackson Hardinsburg .Shepherdsville . Morgantown Eddyville .Newport .Carrollton .Gray son .Liberty .Hopkinsville .Winchester .Manchester .Albany .Marion . Burkesville. . Owensboro .Brownsville .Irvine .Lexington .Flemingsburg . Prestonburgh .FRANKFORT .Hickman .Warsaw . Lancaster .Williamstown .Mayfield .Litchfleld .Greensburgh Counties. Jefferson Jessamine Johnson Kenton Knox Laurel LaEue Lawrence . . . Letcher Lewis Lincoln Livingston... Logan M Cracken . . Madison Dwell. ..7,690. ..1,093. . . 608. ..2,854. ..1,060. .. 671. .. 845. .. 9S9. .. 416. .1,223. ..1.145. .. 915. ..1,917. . 835. .1,847. .59,831.. 877. .10,249.. 651. . 3,873.. 504. .17,033.. 656. . 7,050.. 657. . 4,145.. 234. . 5,359.. 420. . 6,231.. 655. . 2,512.. 343. . 7,202.. 651. .10,093.. 614. . 6,573.. 435. .16.531.. 1,130. . 6,067.. 343. 15,727.. 1,135. .614 . 67. . 5. 109. . 6. . 0. 12. 10. . 0. 21. . 67. 13. 40. 87. 39. 47. .211. . 7 . 87. 9 .Louisville .Nicholasville .Paintsville .Independence .Barboursville . London .La Eue C. H. . Louisa . Whitesburgh .Clarksburgh .Stanford .Salem .Eussell ville . Paducah .Richmond . Lebanon . w asiiiiigwm .Brandenburg .Harrodsburg .Tompkinsville Allen Anderson . . . Ballard ..1,249. .. 883. . . 775 8,742. 6,260. 5.49fi . 740.. . 420.. . 433 . 7. SI. T Barren Bath Boone Bourbon Boyle Bracken Breath itt Breckenridge Bullitt Butler Caldwell Campbell Carroll Carter Casey Christian Clark Clay Clinton Crittenden. . Cumberland. Daviess Edmonson... Estill Fayette Fleming Floyd ..2,667.. 20,240. ..1,595.. 12,115. ..1,615.. 11,185. ..1,348.. 14,466. .. 927.. 9,116. ..1,437.. 8,903. .. 625.. 3,785. ..1,452.. 10,593. .. 970.. 6,774 .. 897.. 5,755. ..1,746.. 13,048. ..2,819.. 13,127 .. 766.. 5,526. .. 944.. 6,241. ..1,005.. 6,556 ..1,965.. 19,550 ..1.364.. 12,683 .. 782.. 5,421 .. 774.. 4,839. .. 978.. 6,351 .. 942.. 7,005 ..1,631.. 12,353 .. 651.. 4,083 .. 934.. 5,985 ..2,089.. 22 ,735 ..1,983.. 13,914 .. 862.. 5.714 .1,313.. 33. .1,018.. 23. . 982.. 16. . 734.. 84. . 443.. 58. . 728.. 21. . 433.. 15. . 889.. 18. . 562.. 14. . 629.. 8. . 8S9.. 85. . 730.. 12. . 876.. 17. . 654.. 7. . 758.. 11. .1,190.. 77. . 792.. 17. . 511.. 11. . 499.. 8. . 662.. 13. . 607.. 11. .1,057.. 18. . 507.. 4. . 604.. 2. . 799.. 156. .1,211.. 96. . 865.. 4. Mason Mead Mercer Monroe ..2,423. .. 947. ..1,762. ..1,190. .18,344. . 7,393. .14,067. . 7,756. yt*}. . 883. . 489. . 881. . 746. Montgomery. Morgan Muhlenburgh Nelson Nicholas Ohio. ..1,103. ..1,201. ..1,451. ..1,613. ..1,497. ..1,425. . 9,903. . 7,620. . 9,809. .14,789. .10,361. . 9,749. . 7.629. . 856. . 615. . 921. . 844. . 711. .1,122. . 414. 32 . 0. 16. . 52. . 83. . 24. 8 Mount Sterling .West Liberty .Greenville .Bardstown .Carlisle .Hartford . Westport Oldham .. 856. Owen ..1,623. .10.444. . 917. , 16 .Owenton Owsley Pendleton Perry Pike Pulaski Eock Castle.. Eussell Scott Shelby Simpson Spencer Taylor Todd Trigg TrimRle .. 583.. 8,774.. 481. ..1,057.. 6,774.. 606. .. 471.. 2,192.. 896. .. 905.. 5,365.. 448. ..2,203.. 14,195.. 1,528. .. 746.. 4,697.. 441. .. 840.. 5,349.. 665. ..1,566.. 14,946.. 758. ..1,803.. 17,095.. 1,202. .. 963.. 7,733.. .686. .. 810.. 6,842.. 578. .. 971.. 7,250.. 648. ..1,316.. 12,268.. 930. ..1,231.. 10,129.. 843 .. 865.. 5,963.. 469. ..1,140.. 9,012.. 631. . 25. . 7 . . 5 . 8 . 13 . 59 .132 . 37 . 18 . 22 . 23 . 37 . 19 7 .Booneville .Falmouth .Perry .Piketon .Somerset .Mount Vernon .Jamestown .Georgetown .Shelby ville .Franklin .Taylorsville .Campbcllsville ..Elkton .Cadiz .Bedford . Morganfleld Franklin Fulton Gallatin Garrard Grant Graves Gray son Green ..1,453. .. 586. .. 747. ..1,255. ..1,031. ..1,694. ..1,065. ..1,105. .12,462. . 4.446 . 5,137 .10,237 . 6,531 .11,397 . 6,837 . 9,060 . 850.. . 361.. . 414.. . 666.. . 730.. .1,279.. . 824.. . 791 . 88. 9. 11. n. w. 85. it. "!| Greenup Hancock ... Hard in JIarlan ..1,529. .. 551. . . .2,005 ... 687 . 9,654 . 3,853 .14,525 . 4,268 . 453.. .. 819.. ..1,406.. .. 535.. 80. u 50. A . Greenup .Hawes ville .Elizabethtown .Harlan 1 753 18064 1 130 51 Hart ...1,212 . 9.093 .. 829.. 11 44 T5. f 10 .Munfordsville .Henderson .New Castle . Columbus .Madisonville Warren Washington. Wayne Wh itley Woodford... ..1,798.. 15,123.. 1,145. ..1,517.. 12,194.. 867 ..1,359.. 8,692.. 929 ..1,214.. 7,447.. 980 ..1,053.. 12,423.. 580 . 88 . 21 . 17 . . 98 .Bowling Green .Springfield . . Monticello ..Whiiley ..Versailles. Henderson . Henry Hickman ... Hopkins.... ...1,337.. 12,171.. 1,037.. ...1,438.. 11,442.. 1,029.. ... 656.. 4,791.. 646.. ...1,738.. 12,441.. 1,354.. The whole number of dwellings in the State was. at the above date, 130,769; of families, 132,920; and of inhabitants, 982,405 ; viz., whites 761,6S8 males 892,840, and females 363,843 ; free colored 9.736 males 4,771, females 4.965, and slaves 210,081. Of the whole population there were, dtaf and dumb wh. 485, fr. col. 4, si. 50 total 539; Hind wh. 421, fr. col. 19, si. 90 total 530; insane vrh. 488, fr. col. 8, si. 16 total 507, and idiotiavrh. 749, fr. col. 20, si. 80 total 849. The number of free persons born in the United States was 740,881, the number of foreign birth 29,139, and of birth unknown 1,354 ; the native population originated as follows : Me. 227, N. Hamp. 225, Verm. 277, Mass. 6C5, E. I. 226, Conn. 443, N. Y. 2,831, N. Jer. 1,249, Penn. 7,491, Del. 507, Md. 6,470, Dist. of Col. 176, Virg. 54,694, N. Car. 14,279 S. Car. 3,164, Ga. 892, Flor. 30, Ala. 792, Miss. 657, La. 671, Tex. 71, Ark. 271, Tenn. 23,623, Kentucky 001,764, Oh. 9,9S5, Mich. 59, Ind. 5,898, 111. 1.649, Mo. 1,467, la, 59, Wise. 11, Territories 8; and the foreign population was composed of persons from England 2,805, Ireland 9,466, Scotland 683, Wales 171, Germany 13,607, France 1,116, Spain 21, Portugal U3 345 KENTUCKY. 6, Belgium 27, Holland 38, Italy 143, Austria 12, Switzerland 279, Russia 70, Denmark 7, Norway 18, Sweden 20, Prussia 198, Sardinia 1, Greece 1, Asia 3, Africa 4, British America 275, Mexico 42, Central America 1, South America 2, West Indies 41, and other countries 133. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by tho United States authorities : Colored Persons. Decennial Increas*. Total . Year. Persons. Free, Slave. 11 830 Total. 11 944 Population. . 73,077 Numerif.aL Per cent. 40 343 41 084 . 220,955 . . 147,878 . 202.3 80 561 82 374 406,511 .... . . 185,556 . 84.2 1 2Q fi7^ 564817 157,806 . 33.8 1S20 434,044 2,941 1 fiQ *>">(> 687 917 123 600 21.9 1830 517,767 4,037 779 S8 919 111 . . . 13.3 1840 1*50 590.253 7fi1 fiSS 7.317 ... 9.736 ... 210.981 . . 220,717 , . . 982.405 .... . . 202,577 . 25.9 The statistics of the wealth, industry, productions, and institutions of the State, according to the census of 1S50, and other official returns referring to the same period of time, are as follows : Occupied Lands, etc. Improved lands, 11,368.270 acres, and unimproved lands, 10,972,478 acres valued in cash at $154 330,262 ; whole number of farms under cultivation, 74,777 ; value of farming implements and machinery, $5,169,037. Live Stock Horses, 315.682; asses and mules, 65,609; milch cows, 247,475; working oxen, 62,074; other cattle, 442.768 ; sheep, 1,102,121 ; and swine, 2,561,163 valued in the aggregate at $29,591,387. In 1840 there were in the State 395,853 horses, mules, etc. ; 787,093 neat cattle of all kinds ; 1,008,240 sheep ; and 2,310,533 hogs. Grain Crops. Wheat, 2,140,822 bushels; rye, 415,073 bushels; Indian corn, 58,675,591 bushels ; oats, 8,201,311 barley 95343 bushels; and buckwheat, 16,097 bushels. In 1840 the crops were as follows wheat, 4,803,152 bushels; barley, 17,491 bushels ; oats, 7,155,974 bushels; rye, 1,321,373 bushels; buckwheat, 8,169 bushels; Indian corn, 39,847,120 Bother Crons.Vi * eoa-o*, , potatoes man, i,4S,4S< ousneis, ana sweet, TWS,I 84 biisnels; rf$f,ltlijftfif ^MsTc)o"-l? seed, 3.230, and other grass-seed, 21.451 bushels ; hops, 5,304 pounds; hemp dew-rotted, 40,936, and water-rotted, 14.756 tons; flax, 7,793,123 pounds ; flax-seed, 75,579 bushels; maple sugar, 437,345 pounds; cane-sugar, 284 hogsheads of 1,060 pounds ; molasses, 40,047 gallons; wine, 8,093 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $106,160, and of market- garden products, $293,120. The annexed form will exhibit the staple crops of 1840 and 1850 comparatively : Staples. 1840. 1850. Moiement. Tobacco 53,436,909 pounds .... 55,501 T l 96 pounds .... incr. 2,064,287 pounds, or 3 86 per cent. Hemp dew-rotted \ i .... 40,936 tons \ " water-rotted V 9,992J tons < 14,756 " t . . . . incr. 110,382,640 " " 492-17 Flax ) (.... 7,793,123 pounds ) Kice 16,376 pounds 5,688 " deer. 10,688 " c > 65-26 " Ginned cotton 691,456 " 303,200 " deer. 388,256 " " 5615 " Products of Animals. Wool, 2,297,403 (in 1S40, 1,786,847) pounds ; butter, 9,877,868 pounds ; cheese, 213,784 pounds; and the value of animals slaughtered during the year had been $6,459,318. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 1,301 (in 1840, 787) pounds; and beeswax and honey to that of 1,156,939 pounds. Home-made Manufactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were produced to the value of $2,456,838. In 1840 the same class of goods were valued at $2,622,462. Manufactures. Aggregate capital invested, $00,000,000; value of raw material, fuel, etc., use<i amd consumed, $00,000,000 ; average number of hands employed, 00,000 males 0,000, and females 000 ; ayerage monthly cost of labor male $000,000, and female $0,000 ; total value of products during tho year, $00,000,000. The whole number of man ufacturing establishments producing to the annual value of $500 and upward was 3,471 ; and of these 8 were cotton factories, 25 woolen factories, 275 tanneries, and 45 iron works 20 for the manufacture of castings, 21 for pig iron, and 4 for wrought iron. The cotton manufacture employs a capital amounting to $239,000 ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $180,907; average hands employed males 181, and females 221 ; entire wages per month to males $2,707, and females $2,070 ; value of entire products during the year. $273,439. The annual quantity of cotton consumed was 3,760 bales, and the products consisted of 1,003,000 yards of sheetmg, etc., and 725,000 pounds of yarn. Mineral coal used, 720 tons. The woolen manufactures employ a capital of $249,820 ; value of raw material consumed, $205,287 ; average hands employed males 256, and females 62 ; monthly cost of labor male $3.919, and female $639 ; value of annual products, $318,819. The quantity of wool consumed was 673,900 pounds, and there were produced in the year 878,034 yards of cloth. The capital invested in the tanneries amounts to $763,455 : the value of raw material used was, in 1849-50, $537.147 ; the average number of hands employed males 877, and females 2 ; at a monthly cost of labor male $14,417, and female $9; skins tanned, 69.380; and sides tanned, 392,400 together valued at $985,267. The iron interest is in accordance with the following schedule referring to the year 1849-50 : Specifications. Pig Iron. Cast Iron. Wrought Iron. Total. Capital invested .- dollars.... 924,700 502,201) 176,000 ..1,602.900 Ore used tons 72,010 72,010 Pig iron used " 9,731 2,000 11,731 Blooms used " 1,600 1,600 Mineral coal used " 2,649 2,649 Coke and charcoal used bushels. . .4,576,269 432,750 280,000 5,989,019 Value of all raw material, fuel, etc. .dollars. . . . 260,152 295,533 180,800 736,433 346 KENTUCKY. - ... Specifications. Hands employed males ..number .. Pig Iron. 1,845 Cast Iron. 558 Wrought Iron. 1S3 TotaL 2,586 30 females Monthly cost of labor male ..dollars 10 .... 37,855 .... 13,889 83 5,S67 57,111 130 " female.... . . " .... 3 070 . . 33,203 Iron produced ..tons 24,245 .... 10,000 Value of other products ..dollars fiO-i 037 . . 744,316 299,700 1,648,053 " entire products fetrad t( to this Stau- up and made ready for the market ^^^^^^=^^^^^^s, of which the following are the values-183., ^S^^J^ ^^^!^ * T9 73S - and 1S50, $190,987. The n excel lent system of urn- between the two points at which it joins the river is 22} feet, wh excavatfti * ~fX-"-<"^">"eucea to build plank-roads. With regard to railroads, as yet about 130 miles only have been completed ; but there are several vitally important works of this description in a state of forwardness, and which v ill lie completed within the next two years. Of these the principal are the Kentucky portion of the Mobile and Ohio K. E., the Nashville and Henderson E. E., the Louisville and Nashville E. E., the Covington and Lexington E. E., the Maysviiie and Lexington E. E., and several others pointing to the south and south-east, to the Gulf of Mexico and tho ports of the Atlantic ; and the Maysville and Big Sandy E. E., which will connect with the lines terminating at Eich- mond, Petersburg, and Norfolk in Virginia. Upward of 600 miles of these projected lines are now (January, 1853) in process of construction, and a considerable length of the whole contemplated has been surveyed and partially located. The several railroads named (and others, no doubt, there are), when in full steam, will have a mighty effect on the inter ests of the State, even as local channels of trade; but when their importance to the North and South, being links in the great chains in those directions, is considered, their rery existence becomes the lever of all connection between the two ! divisions of the Union. In this point of view, Kentucky to the West of the mountains, and New Jersey to the East, are on a par, both essential to the building up of a national system of roads to connect the extremes of the country. The influence of these roads, even in the prospective, is well illustrated in the rapid advance in the value^of property. In 1S45 the assessment roll amounted to $228,488,161 ; in 1S50 it amounted to $299,331,465; and in 1851 it had increased to $317,082,604 ; or in the latter year, which was one of great projects in matters of internal improvement, the increase amounted to $17,751,139, or about 6 per cent Such facts as these are lessons applicable to every State and to every indi- viJual who has at heart the advancement of his country in wealth and prosperity. Banks, ftf. In January, 1S51, Kentucky had 5 banks and 21 branch banks; the Bank of Kentucky (Louisville), has ! -ranches at Bowling Green, Dansville, Frankfort, Greenburg, Hopkinsville, Lexington, and Maysville; the Farmer^ Jltnl: <>j K-ntucky (Frankfort) has branches at Covington, Henderson, Maysville, Mount Sterling, Princeton, and Somer set ; the Northern Bank of Kentucky (Lexington), has branches at Covington, Louisville, Paris, and Eichmond ; the South ern Rink of Kentucky (Eussellville), has branches at Hickman, Owensboro, and Smithland ; and the Bank of Louisville has branches at Paducah and Flemingsburgh. There are also other banks at Paducah, Covington, and Newport. At the dati above referred to the aggregate statistics of all the banks and branches then existing, were as follows: Liabilities capital $7.".36,927, circulation $7,613,075, deposits $2,323,607, and due other banks $1,256,5>9; and assets loans and dis counts $t-_>.,V)6.305, stocks $694,962, real estate $419,070, other investments $440,127, due by other banks $2,451,155, notes of other banks $550,879, and specie $2,791,351. Gorernment, etc. The present constitution of Kentucky was adopted in convention on the llth June, 1S50, and was subsequently ratified by the people by a vote of 71,563 in favor to 20,302 against it. The first State constitution was framed Jn 1790, and a second in 1799 Every free white male citizen. 21 years of age, resident in the State two years, or in the county, town, or city one year next preceding tho election, has the right of suffrage, but he shall have been for 60 days a resident of the preoinct in which he oflVrs his vote. The general election is held on the 1st Monday of August. All votes are given viva voce. The Legislature consists of a Senate and House of Eepresentatives. Senators, thirty-eight in number, are chosen in single districts, one-half the number biennially, and at the time of election must be citizens of the United States, thirty years of ngf, and resident in the State six years, and in the district one year next preceding the election; and representa tives, one hundred in number, are chosen from single districts for two years, and must be twenty-four years of age, and resident of tho State for two years the last year of the district Eepresentation depends on the number of qualified voters. In 1857, and every eight years thereafter, a census is to be taken, and representation apportioned accordingly. Ibe sessions of the Legislature are biennial, commencing 1st November (odd years). No session is to continue more than 347 KENTUCKY. is increased during such term ; nor are collectors of the public moneys eligible, unless s.x months before the election their accounts are closed and settled. The Legislature cs not grant divorces, or change of names, or sales of estates of persons under legal disabilities, nor change the venue in an criminal or penal prosecution by special legislation, but by general laws shall confer such powers upon the courts The governor and lieutenant-governor are chosen quadrennially by a plurality of votes; they must be thirty-five veara of age, citizens of the United States, and inhabitants of the State for the six years next precedin- the election The eov tot eligible for two consecutive terms: he enters upon office the fifth Tuesday after the general election and ntmues in office until his successor has taken the oath of office. He grants pardons, etc., and may veto a bill but a majority of all the members elect of both houses negatives his objections, and the bill becomes law. The lieutenant- governor is H0M0 President of the Senate, with, Vie right to debate and vote, and when there is a tie to throw a sting vote; and if the office of governor become vacant he, and after him the Speaker of the Senate shall act as eov ernor if the vacancy occur after the first two years of the gubernatorial term-if before, the people fill the vacancy tie administrative officers of the government are a Secretary of State, appointed by the governor and the peoole ct a State Treasurer for two years, and an Auditor of Public Accounts, a Eegister of the Land Office an Attorney general, and other inferior officers for four years. The Judiciary consists of a Court of Appeals, Circuit Courts, and County Courts. At Louisville there is a separate Chancery Court The Court of Appeals has appellate jurisdiction only; the judges are elected for ei-ht years by the stricts, one every two years, and the judge having the shortest period to serve is chief justice The juVes st have been eight years practicing lawyers, and must be resident citizens, etc. Any three of the judges may consti- te a court for the transaction of business. Circuit courts are established in each county, and for the election of judges >f these courts the State is divided into twelve judicial circuits, each of which elects a judge to serve for six years There is also a County Court in each county, consisting of a presiding judge and two associates, elected for four years any two uf whom may transact business. There are also in each county two justices of the peace, to hold office for four years. r the Commonwealth, clerks of courts, surveyors, coroners, jailers, and assessors are elected in their several circuits, districts, or counties, and their terms of office are the same as that of the presiding judge of the circuits districts, etc. Each county elects a sheriff for two years, and each justice s district a constable. Ke gWnimjsgJo^to revise and arrange the statute law of the State, and another to prepare a code of practice, civil and consent of their owners, or without paying intf c/i\fleit,*f,inn." removal from the State. Owners of slaves may emancipate them, saving the rights of creditors. iuuri%. u .,^-.j.., , may bring their slaves with them, but slaves are not allowed to be introduced as merchandise, nor under any circum stances slaves imported into the Union since January 1st, 1789. Masters must treat their slaves humanely, or the slaves shall be sold. Slaves shall not have the right of an inquest by the Grand Jury, but shall not be deprived of an impartial trial by a petit jury. Free negroes or mulattoes coming into or refusing to leave the State, are deemed guilty of felony, and may be sent to the Penitentiary. To amend the constitution, a majority of the members elect of each house must, within the first twenty days of a regular session, vote to lay the matter before the people, and at the next general election a majority of those entitled to vote for representatives, must vote therefor ; the Assembly, at its next regular session, must pass a vote to lay the matter again before the people, and the majority of all the votes, as before, must be given therefor, and then at its next session, the Assembly shall appoint an election for members to compose the convention, which shall consist of as many members as there may be in the House of Representatives, and no more such convention to meet within three months after elec tion for the re-adopting, amending, or changing the constitution. The State militia of Kentucky, according to a return of 1851, consists of 81,840 men of all arms, of which 4,S05 are commissioned officers, and 77.035 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers -13 are general officers, 145 general staff officers, 1.65S field officers, and 3.459 company officers. According to the constitution, all free white, able-bodied male persons in the State, between 18 and 45 years of age, except such as are by law exempt, compose the militia of the State, and elect their own officers. The principal State institutions for the relief of the unfortunate are the Lunatic Asylum, at Lexington, which, on the 1st January, 1850, had 366 inmates; the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, at Danville, which had at the same date 48 pupils; and the Institution for the Blind, at Louisville, which had 38 pupils. A second Lunatic Asylum, at Hopkinsville, is nearly completed. Finances, Public Debt, etc. The ordinary receipts into the treasury for the year ending 10th October, 1851, amounted to $738.245 52, and the ordinary expenditures for the same year to $733,653 40 excess of income (including balance from 1850), $4,592 12. The value of taxable property in 1851 was $317,082,604 increase since 1S50, $17,751.139. The rate of taxation is 17 cents on every $100 worth of property (10 cents for the ordinary expenses, 5 cents for the sinking fund, and 2 cents for the school fund). The objects of taxation are general : land, 19,845,672 acres, valued al $146,477,116; town lots, 34,357 $35,742,374 ; slaves, 196,188 $68,656.217; horses, 832,998 $12,658.510; mules, 49.694 $2.264,009: jennies, 2,476 $174,953 ; stores, 3,718 $9.362.457 ; surplus cash, bonds, etc., $39,092.992; and specific: car riages and barouches, 3,463 tax $1 each ; buggies, 4,679 tax 50 cents each ; pianos, 1,833 tax $1 each ; gold spectacles, 1,422 tax 50 cents each ; gold watches, 6,943 tax $1 each ; silver lever watches, 3.058 tax 50 cents each ; studs, jacks, and bulls, 2,357 taxed $5,636. Total white males over 21 years old who pay a poll tax for cownty purposes, 157.410. The public debt has been chiefly contracted for the purposes of internal improvement. In 1S29 so economically had the government been administered, that there was a surplus in the treasury of some $200,000. This was distributed among the counties, and applied to internal improvements ; and stimulated by the resulting benefits and the " new impulse" which had seized upon the adjohiing states, Kentucky, in 1S35, borrowed $1,000,000, to be expended also on turnpike roads, of which the country was then woefully deficient ; other sums were subsequently borrowed, to be applied in the same way, forturnpikes, for railroads, and for locking, and damming, and creating slackwater navigation in the Kentucky, Green, and Licking rivers. For these purposes, also, a large share of the school fund was appropriated, for which the State now pays interest The entire debt on the 1st January, 1S52, was $5,726,307 80, composed as follows: debt to 343 KENTUCKY. individuals, $4,247,537 40 ; to Southern Bank of Kentucky for stock, $150,000 ; to what is known as the Craddock Fund, $2,000; and to Board of Education, $1,326,770 40. To pay the interest and principal of this debt, the State has a sinking fund, the receipts into which, in 1851, were $531,044 54, and the expenditures were $506,445 06 excess of receipts, $24,589 48. The sources of income to this fund are a tax from banks and dividends on stocks in the same, premiums on State bonds, dividends on stocks in turnpike-roads, dividends for slackwater improvements, of 5 cents on $100 worth of property listed for taxation, tax on brokers and insurance companies, excess of ordinary revenue at the end of each fiscal year over $5,000. The interest on the State debt has been punctually paid and some portion of the principal Kentucky stocks are always held at a large premium in the markets. Federal Representation. Kentucky, in accordance with the ratio of apportionment adopted by the act of 23d May, 1S50. sends 10 representatives to the national legislature. Education. The school fund in December, 1851, amounted to $1,400,270, consisting of State and bank stock, and besides this the 2 per cent, tax, before named, is devoted to school purposes. The common schools are under a superin tendent of public instruction, elected by the people for four years. According to his exhibit at the above date 99 counties and 5 cities and towns had made reports; the number of children reported as attending the district schools was 186,111, and the average attendance was 74,343. Money distributed to the reporting counties, cities, and toAvns $111,666 60, the same having been paid from the interest on the permanent fund and 2 per cent. tax. These statistics embrace only the schools connected with the State system ; the number of children in the State between the ages of 5 and 16 years was 205,755, many of whom are doubtlessly attending the numerous private schools and academies which exist in every part of the State. The principal collegiate institutions in the State are Transylvania University, at Lexington, founded 1798 in 1S50 it had 7 professors, 610 alumni, and 40 students, and its library contained 14,000 volumes ; St. Joseph s College, at Bardstown, founded 1829 (Catholic) in 1850 it had 15 professors, 196 alumni, 155 students, and a library of 5,000 vol umes; the Center College, at Danville, founded 1S20 in 1850 it had 7 professors, 363 alumni, and 152 students, and 5,500 volumes in its library ; Augusta College (Methodist), at Augusta, founded 1S25 in 1850 it had 4 professors, 60 alumni, 51 students, and a library of 2,500 volumes ; Georgetown College (Baptist), at Georgetown, founded 1840 in 1850 it had 7 professors, 80 alumni, and 66 students, and a library of 6,500 volumes; Bacon College, at Harrodsburg, founded 1S36 in 1S50 it had 5 professors and 75 students, and its library contained 1,200 volumes ; Western Military Institute, at Dren- non Springs, founded 1847 in 1850 it had 10 professors and 150 students, and a library of 1,000 volumes; and Shelby College, at Shelbyville in 1850 it had 4 professors and 93 students, and a library of 4,000 volumes ; the Western Baptist Theological Institution, at Covington, was founded in 1840, and in 1S50 had 4 professors and 13 students, and a library of 2,000 volumes. There is a law school attached to the University at Lexington, and another to that of Louisville both have 3 professors, and the former had in 1850 75 students and the latter 52 students. Medical schools are also attached to these universities that attached to Transylvania University was founded 1818, and in 1850 had 7 professors, 214 students, and 1,351 graduates, and that to Louisville University, founded 1837, 7 professors, 376 students, and 53 graduates. The law and medical schools of the University of Louisville are its most flourishing and important departments. Public Libraries. One State library, 9,000 volumes ; one social library, 3,500 volumes; ten college libraries, 37,150 volumes; ten students libraries, 7,190 volumes; three academic and professional libraries, 4,000 volumes; one library of scientific and historical society, 1,500 volumes ; one public school library, 1,100 volumes ; total, 27 libraries, 63,440 volumes. Periodical Press. The whole number of periodicals published in Kentucky in 1S50 was 64, of which 27 were news papers devoted to whig and 12 devoted to democratic principles, the remainder being devoted to neutral politics, literature, religion, etc. Of the total number, 9 are published daily, and circulate at each issue an aggregate of 28,163 copies; 5 tri-weekly (1,356 copies); 4 semi-weeklies (4,000 copies); 41 weekly (21,412 copies); 1 semi-monthly (5,000 copies); and 7 monthly (5,150 copies). The monthly publications are the "Methodist Monthly," at Frankfort; the "Baptist Review," the "Ciceronian Magazine," the "Examiner," and the "Medical Journal," at Louisville; the " Gazette," at Covington, and the " Delphian Oracle," at Georgetown College. The principal daily newspapers are the "Democrat," "Journal," " Advertiser," " Courier," "Journal of Commerce," published at Louisville. Daily papers also published at Covington, Lexington, and Frankfort. Jleligious Denominations. The statistics of the several religious denominations in 1850, according to the census of that year, were as follows : Denomina- No. of lions. Churches. Baptist 789 .. Christian... 112 .. Congregat l. .. Dutch Ref.. .. Episcopal.. 17 .. Church accom. 290,460 48,040 7,050 Value of Property. . . $571,655 .. 165.725 112 150 Denomina- No. of lion?. Churches. Ger n Eef. . . . Jewish 1 .. Lutheran... 5 .. Mennonite . Methodist.. 522 .. Moravian . . Presbyter n. 222 . . Church accom. 600 2,850 167,860 99,006 Vxtue of Property. .. $- .. 13,000 .. 21,300 .. 462,955 .. 492,303 Denomina- No of tions Churches. E. Catholic. 48 .. Swedenb g. .. Tunker 1 . . Union 31 .. Unitarian.. 1 .. Universalist 6 .. Minor Sects 31 . . Church ncrom. 24,240 . 200 . 11,600 . 700 . 2,000 . 8,650 . Value of Property. . $336,910 200 . 18,000 . 15.000 . 10,650 . 27,150 Free Friends 32 .. 8,777 . . 13,000 Making a total of 1,818 churches, having accommodation for 672,033 persons, and church property valued in cash at $2.259,998 ; or 1 church, accommodating 370 persons, to every 540 inhabitants, and valued as property at $1,2-13. Ken tucky is a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and also constitutes the Roman Catholic diocese of Louisville. Pauperism and Crime. The whole number of paupers who received support within the year ending 1st June, 1S50, was 1,126, of which number 971 were native born, and 155 foreigners; and the whole number on the pauper list at that date was 777, of which 690 were natives and 87 foreigners. Cost of support for the year, $57,513. The whole number of convicts in the State Penitentiary, on the 1st December, 1S50, was 159-16 more than were incarcerated at the same period of the year 1849. IRstoricat Sketch. It was not until the middle of the eighteenth century that the white man s foot-print was traced in Kentucky. The region was one great hunting-ground and battle-field for the savages of the North and South. Among the earliest American explorers were Boone and Knox, and these, after incredible perils, returned to Virginia and Caro lina, spreading everywhere the fame of the backwoods. Then came Bullitt, Harrod, and Henderson. The foundation of Booncsboro was laid by Daniel himself, who had brought to the banks of the Kentucky the first white women IMS wifo and daughter. Kenton, Calloway, and Logan arrived next. Kentucky was now made a county of Virginia and in 1777 the first court was held at Harrodsburg. 849 KENTUCKY. A review of the political history of Kentucky presents but few prominent landmarks. The war of the Revolution closed, but left the Kentuckian in constant danger of Indian outrage. The citizens assembled at Danville, which became afterward famous for conventions west of the mountains, and soon came to the conclusion that the government at Rich mond was too far distant to be relied upon for the means of defending the scanty settlements from the savage. Two other conventions at Danville recommended a peaceable and constitutional separation from Virginia. The third con vention sent a petition to Eichmond, and in 1T86 an act was passed complying with the desires of Kentucky ; but from several causes the separation was not completed, chiefly from a disinclination of the people to bind themselves to the old confederation, and for some time after this period the Kentuckian sought to obtain an independent nationality. A fourth convention at Danville only served to inflame more and more the minds of the people against the Central Government, and a report having become current that Mr. Jay had ceded the navigation of the Mississippi Elver to Spain, the utmost ill-feeling was the consequence. A fifth convention met, and on petition, a delegate to Congress was allowed by Vir ginia ; but the Constitution having been adopted, Congress turned over to the now government all action upon the claims of Kentucky. The whole State was again in ferment at this delay, and at this early period the refusal of Congress was attributed by able minds to the jealousy of New England of any increase of Southern power, and this jealousy was expected to continue under the new government. Taking advantage of this state of things in the West, Spain proposed clandestinely through her minister peculiar com- mercial favors and facilities to Kentucky if she would erect herself into an independent government. These propositions had the effect of disturbing the public mind, and the risk of a severance from the Union was imminent. But a sixth and seventh convention were held at Danville ; and though party politics ran high in the debates, constitutional measures at length prevailed, and an address to Congress was moved and voted. Two more conventions were subsequently held, and the question was determined by Kentucky becoming a separate territory in 1790, and its admission into the Union on the 1st June, 1T92. Indian wars continued frequent on the frontiers, and complaints of the inefficiency of the federal powers were again heard. The whisky tax also became oppressive, and the American policy toward the French Republic was denounced in every cabin. Enthusiasm was at its height, and the agents of the mad minister Genet were received in triumph throughout the West. It was even proposed to raise troops in Kentucky to make a descent on New Orleans. Democratic clubs were extending everywhere, and even the governor did not scruple to write to the Secretary of State, " I shall feel but little inclination in restraining or preventing my fellow-citizens, etc., to gratify or remove the fears of a minister of a prince who openly withholds from us an invaluable right, and who secretly instigates against us a savage and cruel enemy." The old idea of independence was again mooted, but the storm passed over. In the ten or twelve years which succeeded, and which included the period of negotiation for the navigation of the Mississippi, and then for the purchase of Louisiana, Kentucky was again destined to be agitated to her very centre. The treaty of 1795 with Spain gave to the United States the right of deposit at New Orleans, and the freedom of the river. Pending the negotiations, the Governor of Louisiana had approached some leading KentuckidKs, with the view of a different treaty, but action on these premises was stayed by federal interference, and the faithlessness of the Spaniard was soon made evident. Seven years now passed in comparative quiet and prosperity, when the whole nation was excited by the intelligence that the Spaniards had violated the treaty by a denial of the right secured by the treaty of 1795, and it became known that even Louisiana itself had been retroceded to France. The purchase of Louisiana by the United States would forever have composed the turbulent elements of the West but for the appearance there, at that period, of a man whose genius was of the most profound character, whose popularity had been wide, but whose career and ambition had been prematurely arrested. Aaron Burr was prepared for any great and desperate enterprise, and the West seemed to promise the widest field for his abilities. What the designs of Bun really were, has never, perhaps, been fully divulged. The probability is, they have been exaggerated ; nor can am faith be placed in Eaton s story about the assassination of the President, the corruption of the navy, and the violent over throw of Congress. Thirty years after this, when on his deathbed, Burr solemnly denied these treasonable designs. Th* policy, if not the ambition or virtue, of Burr was opposed to such a course. The material that he could rely on was en tirely in the West ; and within the bounds of a not very clearly ascertained national policy or duty at that period, an arm; of adventurers might be found to precipitate themselves upon the Spanish colonies of the South-west, and entirely revc , lutionize them. The success of the citizen Genet, a few years before, evinced this, but now the times were even riper, a the Spanish troops, in the first heart-burnings of Spain after the cession to Bonaparte, had been ordered to our frontie and an American army, under Gen. Wilkinson, was ready to check their advance. War with Spain was daily expectec This Southern empire, or republic, which loomed up so magnificently in the mind of Burr, was not intended to disposse Spain ; only a part it is difficult to say how much of the territory lately purchased by our own government, was to t included, certainly New Orleans. The result of these transactions, however, belong to general history, and hence, in th connection, may be passed over in silence. Suffice it to 6ay, that Burr was tried for treason, but though acquitte the stain of the imputation cast on his patriotism has never been effaced ; and to our own times, and in every school, b treason and its consequences are held before the youth of our land as a warning to their ambition. The lesson th taught, however, seems to have little effect, else the extension of the area of freedom would still be more limited than is found to be ; in fact, the dream of Burr has become a real existence ; and what he coveted Louisiana, Texas, Ne Mexico, and California are parts and parcels of the Union. Burr s great fault, then, appears to be, that he was in a vance of the times in which he lived. Kentucky took an active part in the war of 1S12. When the United States proclaimed against Great Britain, the w was hailed with acclamation, and supported with zeal by the inhabitants. When the news of the surrender of Genei Hull reached the State, it excited no feelings but those of a warmer enthusiasm in the cause. The whole quota of t State, consisting of upward of 5,000 men, was composed of volunteers, and was called into active service. In additi to these a force of mounted volunteers was raised, and at one time upward of 7,000 Kentuckians are said to have be in the field. So universal was the desire.to share in the dangers and glories of the war, that the executive authority v obliged to interpose, to limit the numbers. During this period the chair of the State government was filled by Isr Shelby, a hero of the Revolutionary War, who, at an advanced age, manifested the same enterprise and bravery that I gained him an honorable distinction in the battle of King s Mountain. At the battle of Frenchtown, and the barban massacre that followed it, many of the best citizens of Kentucky were destroyed ; and the impetuous, but ill-regulat courage of her militia at the unfortunate attempt to relieve Fort Meigs, proved fatal to a large body of her troops. Since the termination of this war by the treaty of 1815, the history of Kentucky is undisturbed by any stirring eve; KEN KEW Its progress has been rapid, and the development of the country in agriculture and other national industries has occupied the minds of the people in preference to warfare and strife. True, the war with Mexico was engaged in by many of its best citizens, but the scene of action was too far distant to affect the fortunes of the State. This happy termination of the feuds and fights of the first periods of its history, has resulted in Kentucky becoming one of the wealthiest and most prosperous States of the Union, and in many respects she elands conspicuous as an example of wisdom and patriotism for the instruction of future political communities. FRANKFORT, on the Kentucky Eiver, is the political capital of the State. KENTUCKY river, Ky. : one of the largest and most impor tant tributaries of the Ohio Eiver, from which the State de rives its name, has three principal sources, by the north, middle, and south forks, which unite in Owsley co. The most remote source is that of the north fork in Letcher co., but all three are in the Cumberland Mountains. The length of the river to the junction is 260 m., and in a direct line only 108 m. ; its general course being N. "W. The navigation of this river has been improved by a system of dams and locks, creating slackwater, and affording a least depth of six feet, to the confluence of the forks. There are 17 dams and 17 locks, giving a rise of 20 to 25 feet each. The locks are 178 feet long, and 38 feet wide, allowing boats of heavy tonnage to pass. The whole ascent is 216 feet For beauty and grandeur Of scenery, the river is not surpassed by any in America, excepting the Hudson. For a great part of its course it runs through a deep channel in lime-rock, as it were worn by attrition. Coal is found in its banks at sev eral localities, and a species of marble is found which is ca pable of a fine polish. KEXTUCKYVILLE, p. o., Susquehanna co., Penn. : 120 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. KKNYON, p. o., Jackson co., Ark. : 67 m. N. E. Little Eock. KEOKUK county, la. Situate S. E. centrally, and con tains 576 sq. m. Drained by N. and S. forks of Skunk r., which unite in the S. E., and in the N. by S. fork of English r., a branch of Iowa r. Surface rolling or almost level. Soil a sandy loam of great fertility, producing all the cereals in abundance, and feeding large dairies. It has excellent water-power. Farms 326 ; manuf. 12 ; dwell. 820, and pop. wh. 4,322, fr. col. total 4,822 Capital: Lancaster. KBOKUK, p. v., Lee co., la. : on W. bank of Mississippi r. (at the foot of the Lower Eapids), 3 m. above the confluence of Des Moines r., 86 m. S. by E. Iowa City. It has a good landing and levee. The main body of the town Is built back upon the bluff, which is nearly level. It stands upon a basis of limestone rock, of the finest quality, affording in exhaustible supplies for building. The settlement of this place was originally owing to the existence of the " Lower Eapids" of the Mississippi r., at the foot of which it is situ ated. These are eleven miles in length, running over a limestone bed. The fall in that distance is 24 feet. Hence, at low water, steamboats are compelled to here discharge their freight, towing it over the rapids with lighters. A company has been incorporated to build a canal around these rapids, sufficient to pass large steamers. The water of the canal will also be used for machinery. The locality of Keokuk, at the confluence of the Des Moines r., makes it the depdt, and cntrep6t of the fertile valley of the Des M< lines, which contains more than half the population and agricultural wealth of the State. Pop., in 1840, was about 150; in 1845, 460 ; 1850, 2,773 ; 1852, 3,963. The town con tains 2 steam flour-mills, 3 steam saw-mills, 2 large found ries, between 80 and 90 stores, several hotels, a good market, and steam-ferry. The number of steamboat arrivals in 1 -" ! and 1852, was 1,590. Here is the Medical Department of the State University, which is well endowed, and has 7 professorships. There are 6 churches, 1 hospital, 3 acade mies, 3 public schools, 3 select schools. The newspapers are - The Keokuk Dispatch" (dem.), ""Whig and Eegister" (whig), a medical journal, and a temp, newspaper. KEOSAUQUA, p. v., and cap. Van Buren co., la. : on the N. or left bank of Des Moines r., 66 m. 8. 8. "W. of Iowa city. It contains the C. II., jail, etc., numerous stores, and about 600 inhabitants; and is a place of shipment for a fer- tile and extensive district of country. The " K. Jeffersonian" (dom.) is published weekly. KEPNER S p. o., Schuylkill co., Penn. : 63 m. N. E. Ha> risburg. KERNERSVILLE, p. o., Forsyth co., A T . Car. : 94 m. "W". N.W. Ealeigh. KERNETBVTLLE, p. o., Jefferson co., Virg. :122 m. N. byW. Eichmond. KERB S CREEK, p. o., Eockbridge county, Virg. : 112 m. W. by N. Eichmond. KERB S STORE, p. o., Clarion co., Penn. : 144 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. KERSEY S, p. o., Elk co., Penn. : 118 m. N. "W. Harrisburg. KERSHAW district, S. Car. Situate N. E., and contains 833 sq. m. Lynch s cr., a branch of Great Pedee r., forms its N. E. line, into which Little Lynch cr. flows. Wateree r. flows 8. through the "W., and has many small tributaries. Surface diversified ; soil on the streams of great fertility, the higher lands are somewhat sandy, but are all productive. Corn ia the chief agricultural product. It has good pastures, on which are fed large numbers of cattle and sheep. Its water-power is large and important. Farms 888 ; manut 21 ; dwell. 923, and pop. wh. 4,6S1, fr. col. 214, si. 9,578 total 14,473. Capital: Camden, Public Works: Camden Branch E. E. KESSLER S, p. o., Northampton county, Penn.: 94 m. N. E. by E. Harrisburg. KESWICK DEPOT, p. o., Albemarle county, Virg. : 63 m. N. E. by E. Eichmond, on the line of the Virginia Central E. E., 7 m. E. Charlottesville. KETCH Aii s COBNEBS, p. o., Saratoga co., 2T. T. : 20 m. N. Albany. KETTLE CREEK, p. o., Potter co., Penn. : 95 m. N. N. "W. Harrisburg. KETTLE CREEK, p. o., Monmouth co., 2f. Jer. : on the creek so called, 86 m. E. S. E. Trenton. KEW ANNA, p. o., Fulton co., Ind. : 80 m. N. Indianapolis. KEWASKUM, p. o., "Washington co., Wise. : 63m. E. N. E. Madison. KBWAUNEE county, Wise. Situate N. .E., and contains 342 sq. m. It lies on the neck of the peninsula between Green Bay and Lake Michigan, and is drained by East and "West Twin rivers, Scarboro r., and other small streams. Surface uneven, and covered with heavy timber ; soil little cultivated as yet. The county is but partially settled, and the timber business is the chief pursuit. Unorganized in 1850. Capital: Kewaunee. KEWAUNEE, v., p. t., and cap. Kewaunee co., Wise. : on the W. side of Lake Michigan, 137 m. N. E. Madison. KEWENAW PENINSULA, Mich. : a part of Houghton co., projecting into Lake Superior from its southern shore. Its .ength is about 43 miles, with an average width of 15 miles. It is surrounded on the N. "W., N., and E. by the lake, on ;he S. by Kewenaw Bay, and on the S. "W. by Portage lake, aving an isthmus, which is but a mile across, and is used as a portage by the Indians and traders, with whom it has been :he custom, when arriving here, to transport on their backs ,heir peltries and canoes to the opposite shore. The penin sula is drained by a great number of small streams, which afford ample hydraulic power ; and the same may be said of the whole coast of the mineral district of the trap rock elevations, extending from Kewenaw Point to Presquo Isle river. The principal harbors are the Copper, Eagle, and Carp rivers, Kewenaw Bay, and Ontonagon river, which has a depth of six feet over the bar at the en- 351 KEW trance. The post-offices are, Algonquin, Kewenaw Bay, North-West Mine, Ontonagon, and Peninsula. The soil of the peninsula is rich, and very favorable for cereals, as the climate is comparatively mild, on account of the moderat ing effect of a large body of water on three sides. At Fort "Wilkins the meteorological observations instituted by order of the General Government, proved the mean temperature to be two degrees milder than at Fort Brady, although the latter post is 60 miles farther south. The Hon. Truman Smith, who spent a season in examinations of the mining country, pronounces it to be decidedly more favorable for agriculture than large portions of New England, including the northern part of Connecticut Corn, potatoes, and sum mer and winter grains have yielded fair returns. The principal mining operations are for copper and iron, though gold, silver, lead, and other metals are found. The greater part of the copper is obtained pure in its native state, some containing a portion of silver. Masses are frequently raised of many hundred weight, and often give great labor in their removal from the deep shafts. The shipments of native copper and ore for the year 1850 were equal to 4.000 tons of copper, and for 1S51 equal to the consumption of the United States, or about 6,000 tons. The iron mines have been worked very extensively the past two years, and there are some 80 organized companies engaged in active operations in the vicinity of the celebrated iron mountains. The metal produced is remarkable for malleability, and peculiarly adapted to boiler plate and wire. By an act of the General Government passed Sept. 26th, 1850, the mineral lands of this whole region were thrown into the market with the rights of pre-emption as to occupants of other public lands ; and to occupants and lessees the privilege of purchasing one full section and no more, at the minimum price of $2 50 per acre. The State of Michigan sent to the Wash ington National Monument a block of native copper 8 feet long, 1A feet wide, and 2 feet deep, polished, and bearing this inscription : KEY FROM MICHIGAN, AX EMBLEM OF HER TRUST IN THE UNION. KEWENAW BAY, p. o., Houghton county, Mich.: on Lake Superior, 336 m. N. N. W. Lansing. Kewenaw (or Kew-y-wee-non) Bay is an indentation of Lake Superior, on its southern shore. It is an inlet extending into the Upper Peninsula, dividing a peninsula of the same name on the N. from the mainland on the opposite side. KEY PORT, p. o., Monmouth co., N. Jer. : on a cove of Earitan Bay, 32 m. E. N. E. Trenton. Great efforts have been made of late years to bring this place into notice, and with some success. It is eligibly situated for a port, and has excellent water accommodation. The southern route of railroad to Norfolk it is intended shall commence here, and it is also the N. terminus of a plank road to Trentou and Philadelphia. Steamboats run regularly to and from New York City distance in a direct line, 24 miles. KEYSBURGH, p. o., Logan co., Ky. : 156m. S.W. Frankfort. KEYSBURGH, p. o., Pike county, III.: 11 m. W. S. W. Springfield. KEYSER S BRIDGE, p. o., Alleghany co., Md.: 176 m. "W. N. W. Annapolis. KEYSPORT, p. v., Clinton co., III.: on the "W. bank of Kaskaskia r., 81 m. S.by E. Springfield. KEY STONE, p. o., Perry county, Penn. : 23 m. W. Hnrrisburg. KEYSTONE, p. v., Jackson co., Ohio: on a branch of llaccoon cr., 69 m. S. S. E. Columbus. Here are extensive iron works. KEYSVILLE, p. r., Charlotte co., Yirg. : 66 m. S. W. by W. Eichniond. 352 KEYTESVILLE, p. v., and cap. Chariton co., 31o. : on the E. side of Muscle Fork of Chariton r., near its confluence, and about 15 m. from the Missouri r., 74 m. N. W. Jefferson City. KEY WEST, p. v., port of entry, and cap. Monroe co., Flor. : on the island so called, about 480 m. in a direct S. S. W. line from Tallahassee. Lat 24 32 N., and long. 81 47 80" W. The island is 4 m. long by 1 m. in its widest part, and, including the salt pond, contains 197 acres. It is of coral formation, with little available soil, and very low and flat, nowhere 20 feet above the sea. Dogwood. Madeira- wood, mangrove, and some other species, cover the unoc cupied parts, and the cocoa-nut, orange, and guava, flourish luxuriantly where they can find soil sufficient The key was granted by the Spanish crown, some 40 years ago, to John P. Salas, and in Dec., 1S21, it was purchased of him by Col. Simonton, who took possession in person on the 22d Jan., 1832, and in the following April he erected thereon the first small house. In April, 1S23, a custom-house was established here, and it was made a station for the G squadron. In 1S32 it was made a military post, but barracks were not completed until 1845. The buildings large, airy, and commodious, and are placed on three of a quadrangle, the open side being toward the sea. Mallory, mother of Senator Mallory, was the first white female that settled on the island. This was in 1S23, and for a long time she was without a single companion of her sex. As pioneer matron of the place she was presented with a choice lot of land, on which she has erected a mansion, now occupies it as a boarding-house. John Halleck, now printer in Washington City, was the first white child on the keythis was in Aug. 1829. From these small recent beginnings, Key West has grown to be anim and prosperous place of about 2,000 inhabitants. It is largest town in Florida, and in 1S50 contained a court-! jail, the latter a substantial stone building, 80 feet square, U. S. District Court, which has cognizance of all w and disasters, the State Circuit Court, the Marine Hospital, etc., and had 26 stores, 10 warehouses, 4 look-out cupolas,! churches, 11 wharves, and 650 dwellings. The Marine Hospital is 100 feet by 45, in the shape of the letter H ; it Is a handsome building, well ventilated, and commodious. The churches are Episcopal, Baptist, Methodist, and Romail Catholic small but neat buildings. There are 4 private schools, and 1 county school the latter open free to the fatherless only. Fort Taylor is situate at the N. W. angle of the island, within the main entrance to the harbor; ith built on an artificial island, made by the deposit of many thousand tons of stone. It stands about 1,000 feet from the shore, and is 700 feet long in the rear, and 250 deep. The front facade is 253 feet within the bastions, the curtains being of the same length as the front. It is very substantially built, and has cost about $1,500,000. The harbor is capacious, safe, and easy of access. It may be enlarged by several different channels, the principal one being at the N. W. angle of the island ships of 22 feet draft can enter there with safety. It is the only port admitting such between Pensacola and Hampton Roads. The principal business of Key West is wrecking, but numbers are employed in fishing, sponging, salt making, and other similar occupations. Wrecking is a business peculiar to the reefs, and a matter of the highest importance. (On this subject, see K Hunt s Merchants Magazine," for Jan., 1852.) Sponges abound on the reefs, and the people are making a profitable business in gather ing them. A large portion of the population comes from the Bahama Islands, and are called couch-men, from their skill in diving, and the part of the city this class inhabits is called Couchtown. Many of the leading merchants are from New England. The position of Key West is impor tant ; it is the Key of the United States to the Florida Pass and the Gulf of Mexico ; and hence it has been strongly fortified. The light-house stands on the highest ground of the island, and can be seen 16 miles at sea ; and there is a KEZ light-ship anchored on the reef at the W. ontnmce of the harbor. Tin-re is also a substantial iron lighthouse on Sandy Key, 11 in. S. S. W. At the E. part of the island thm- is a natural salt pond, from which 30,000 bushels of R;i!t are annually manufactured. The steamers to Havanna and the Isthmus touch here regularly, and afford un oppor tunity for visiting it, and convoying to its sunny shores and fine climate the invalid of the North. In l-5 >, 66 vessels (0>. 7-j:) tons) cleared, and OS vessels (5,879 tons) entered the port. Shipping owned by residents, 6,766 tons, of which 4.4i"> was registered tonnage. Of the remaining tonnage, J7 vessels (1,539 tons) were wreckers, and S vessels (7*20 tons) wore engaged in coasting and the fisheries. KEZAR FALLS, p. o., \~ork co., Me. : 91 m. S. S. W. Augusta. KICKAPOO, p. v., Peoria co., III. : 66 m. N. Springfield. KICKAPOO, p. o., Anderson county, Tex. : 156 m. N. E. Austin City. KinoviLLE, p. o., Clark county, Ky. : 44 m. E. byS. Frankfort. KIDRON, p. v., Cherokee Nation, Ind. Ter. : on the "W. side of Sullivan cr., 17 m. above its confluence with the Arkansas. Dwight mission station is located here, and also a flourishing school for the education of Indian youth. The stream is navigable for keel boats. KIDRON, p. v., Coweta co., Ga. : on a branch of Flint r., 76 m. N. W. Milledgeville. KILGARE, p. v., Carroll co.,0h. : 107 m. E, N. E. Columbus. KILLAMOOK river, Oreg. Ter. : a stream emptying into the Pacific Ocean, in 45 36 N. lat. Its sources are almost in terlocked with those of Tualatin and of the Willamette. KILLBOURNE, p. o., Delaware co., Ohio : 21 m. N. Columbus. KILLBUCK, p. o., Cattaraugus co., jV. Y. : 258 m. W. by S. Albany. KILLBUCK, p. o., Ogle co., HI : 163 m. N. N. E. Springfield. KILLBUCK, t. and p. o., Holmes co., Oh. : 64 m. N. E. Co lumbus. Drained by Killbuck and its tributary creeks, which are fine mill-streams. Surface diversified; soil deep and fertile. Oxford, on the E. side of Killbuck, is the principal village. Pop. of 1 1,245. KILLIAN S MILLS, p. o., Lincoln co., N. Car. : 134 W. by S. Raleigh. KILLINGLY, t. and p. v., "Windham county, Conn.: 44 m. E. by N. Hartford. Drained by Quinnebaug r. and its branch es, which afford valuable mill-power. Surface uneven and rough ; soil generally adapted to grass on the streams, very fertile. There are, besides the principal v., several others, p.t uhirh extensive manufactures are carried on. The Nor- v.- u-h and Worcester E. 11. skirts the Quinnebaug in this t, and the New York and Boston (direct) E. E. will pass gfa its X. part. The manufactures of the t. consist Won goods, but there are also numerous handi- f ininur importance. The " Windham County Tele graph" (wh:.uo, is issued weekly. Pop. of t. 4,54o. Kiu.iv.ii.N I IAK. I". //;?.: one of the highest culmina tions of the ( ; reen Mi umtains. It is located in the S. part of Sherburne township, ami lias an elevation of 2,924 feet above tide-water. KiLi.iNGwo-m;. t. and p. o ., Middlesex co., Conn.: 82 m. S. by E. Hartford. Drained by Ilammonasset and Menuk- etesuck rivers, which empty into Long Island Sound. Sur face uneven in the N. rough ; soil sandy and gravelly loam. It is a good farming t, and has excellent dairies. Pop". 1,104. KILMARNOCK, t. and p. v., Piscataquis co., Me.: 94 m. N. N. E. Augusta, Drained by Piscataquis r., and several of its affluents, one of which is the outlet of Otter Pond. Sur face and soil adapted to grazing. The v. lies on the S. side of the Piscataquis, and has several mills, etc. Pop. of t. 822. KILMARXOCK, p. v., Lancaster co., Virg. : on Chesapeake Bay, 54 m. E. by N. Richmond. It contains about 200 in habitants. The vicinity is a fine timber region. KILMICIIAEL, p. o., Choctaw county, J/m. : 65 m. N. E. Jackson. W2 KIN KIMBALL S LANDING, De Soto par., La. : on tha S. end of j Bayou Piere Lake, 176 m. N. "W. Baton Eouge. KIMBKRLIN, p. o., Giles county, Virg. : 192 m. "VT. by S. Richmond. KIMBERTOX, p. v., Chester county, Penn. : C3 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. KIMBOLTOX, p. o., Guernsey county, Oh. : 83 m. E. by N. Columbus. KIMULGA, p. o., Talladega co., Ala. : on the Coosa r., 88 m. W. Montgomery. KINCANNON S FERRY, p. o., Meigs county, Tenn. : 120 m. E. S. E. Nashville. KINCARA, sta., Burlington co., A 7 ! Jer. : on the Camden and Amboy E. R., 4 m. W. of Bordentown. KINDER, p. o., Hancock county, Ind. : 2.6 m. E. by N. Indianapolis. KINDEUHOOK, p. v., Van Buren co., Ark. : on the N. side of Little Eock r., 58 m. N. Little Eock. KINDERIIOOK, p. v., Pike county, III. : 77 m. W. S. "W. Springfield. KINDERIIOOK, t. and p. o., Branch county, Mich. : 68 m. S. S. "W. Lansing. There are several small lakes in this town. Pop. 356. KINDERIIOOK, t. and p. v., Columbia co., 2i. Y. : 16 m. S. Albany. Drained chiefly by Kinderhook cr., an affluent of the Hudson and its numerous tributaries, one of which is the outlet of Fish Lake, and all afford extensive water-power. Surface beautifully diversified ; soil sandy loam and clay, and highly cultivated. The village, 5 m. E. of the Hudson r., and N. of the creek, contains about 1,500 inhabitants, and has numerous stores, etc. ; and a newspaper, the " K. Sentinel" (clem.), is published weekly. About 2 m. S. of the village is Lindenwald, the residence of the venerable Martiu Van Buren, ex-president of the United States; and there axe several other villages. The manufactures of the t. are con siderable. Pop. 3,972. KIXDERIIOOK, p. o., Lincoln co., Tenn. : 2 m. 8. by E. Nashville. KIXIIERIIOOK, p. o., "Washington county, Virg. : 248 m. W. by S. Richmond. KING AND QUEEN county, Virg. Situate E., and contains 337 sq. m. Mattapony river forms its W. boundary, and Piankitank r. its S. E. Surface agreeably diversified, and in parts quite hilly. Soil generally fertile. Dragon Swamp, on the head of the Piankitank, has been drained, and affords a large tract of diluvial soil of great depth and almost incredible fertility. The crops of corn grown on the same spot, year after year, are unsurpassed in the Union. The staples of the co. are corn and wheat. Farms 502 ; manuf. 6 ; dwell. 892, and pop. wh. 4,094, fr. col. 461, si. 5,764 total 10,319. Capital : King and Queen C. II. KIXG AND QUEEN COURT-HOUSE, p. v., and cap. King and Queen co., Virg. : b3 m. E. N. E. Richmond. It is situate on a plain about 1 m. from Mattapony r., and contains a court-house, the co. jail, and about 70 or SO inhabitants. KIXG CREEK, p. o., Barnwell dist., S. Car. : 86 m. S. by W. Columbia. KINGFIELD, t. and p. o., Franklin county, Me. : 48 m. N. by "W. Augusta. Drained by Seven Mile Brook, an affluent of Kennebec r. Surface generally hilly in the \V is Mount Abraham, a considerable elevation, from which the stream has its source ; soil of average fertility. The v. is a small settlement in the S. E. corner. It i* a fine grazing country. Pop. of t. 662. KING GEORGE county, Virg. Situate N. E., and contains 217 sq. m. It has Eappahannock river on the S. "W., and Potomac r. on the N. E., lying between them, and drained by small creeks flowing into them. Surface broken, and in parts marshy ; soil of average fertility ; corn and wheat are j the staples. It has good timber. Farms 279 ; manuf. S : j dwell. 526, and pop. wh. 2,303, fr. col. 265, si. 3,403 total 5,971. Capital: King George C. If. KING GEORGE COURT-HOUSE, p. v., and cap. King Gcorgo 853 KEW KEY trance. The post-offices are, Algonquin, Kewenaw Bay, North-West Mine, Ontonagon, and Peninsula. The soil of the peninsula is rich, and very favorable for cereals, as the climate is comparatively mild, on account of the moderat ing effect of a large body of water on three sides. At Fort Wilkins the meteorological observations instituted by order of the General Government, proved the mean temperature to be two degrees milder than at Fort Brady, although the latter post is 60 miles farther south. The Hon. Truman Smith, who spent a season in examinations of the mining country, pronounces it to be decidedly more favorable for agriculture than large portions of New England, including the northern part of Connecticut Corn, potatoes, and sum mer and winter grains have yielded fair returns. The principal mining operations are for copper and iron, though gold, silver, lead, and other metals are found. The greater part of the copper is obtained pure in its native state, some containing a portion of silver. Masses are frequently raised of many hundred weight, and often give great labor in their removal from the deep shafts. The shipments of native copper and ore for the year 1850 were equal to 4,000 tons of copper, and for 1S51 equal to the consumption of the United States, or about 6,000 tons. The iron mines have been worked very extensively the past two years, and there are Borne 30 organized companies engaged in active operations in the vicinity of the celebrated iron mountains. The metal produced is remarkable for malleability, and peculiarly adapted to boiler plate and wire. By an act of the General Government passed Sept. 26th, 1850, the mineral lands of this whole region were thrown into the market with the rights of pre-emption as to occupants of other public lands ; and to occupants and lessees the privilege of purchasing one full section and no more, at the minimum price of $2 50 per acre. The State of Michigan sent to the Wash ington National Monument a block of native copper 3 feet long, l feet wide, and 2 feet deep, polished, and bearing this inscription : FROM MICHIGAN, AN EMBLEM OF IIEB TRUST IN THE UNION. BAY, p. o., Houghton county, Mich. : on Lake Superior, 336 m. N. N. W. Lansing. Kewenaw (or Kew-y-wee-non) Bay is an indentation of Lake Superior, on its southern shore. It is an inlet extending into the Upper Peninsula, dividing a peninsula of the same name on the N. from the mainland on the opposite side. KEY PORT, p. o., Monmouth co., N. Jer. : on a cove of Earitan Bay, 32 m. E. N. E. Trenton. Great efforts have been made of late years to bring this place into notice, and with some success. It is eligibly situated for a port, and has excellent water accommodation. The southern route of railroad to Norfolk it is intended shall commence here, and it is also the N. terminus of a plank road to Trenton and Philadelphia. Steamboats run regularly to and from New York City distance in a direct line, 24 miles. KEYSBURGH, p. o., Logan co., Ky. : 156 m. S. W. Frankfort. KEYSBURGH, p. o., Pike county, III. : 77 m. W. S. W. Springfield. KEYSBR S BRIDGE, p. o., Alleghany co., Md. : 176 m. W. N. W. Annapolis. KEYSPORT, p. v., Clinton co., Ill : on the W. bank of Kaskaskia r., 81 m. S.by E. Springfield. KEY STONE, p. o., Perry county, Penn.: 23 m. "W. Hnrrisburg. KEYSTONE, p. v., Jackson co., Ohio: on a branch of Raccoon cr., 69 m. S. S. E. Columbus. Here are extensive iron works. KEYSVILLE, p. v., Charlotte co., Virg. : 66 m. S. W. by W. Richmond. KEYTESVILLE, p. v., and cap. Chariton co., JJ/o. : on the E. side of Muscle Fork of Chariton r., near its confluence, and about 15 m. from the Missouri r., 74 m. N. W. Jefferson City. KEY WEST, p. v., port of entry, and cap. Monroe co., Flor. : on the island so called, about 480 m. in a direct S. S. W. line from Tallahassee. Lat 24 32 N., and long. 81 47 80" W. The island is 4 m. long by 1 m. in its widest part, and, including the salt pond, contains 197 acres. It is of coral formation, with little available soil, and very low and flat, nowhere 20 feet above the sea. Dogwood, Madeira- wood, mangrove, and some other species, cover the unoc cupied parts, and the cocoa-nut, orange, and guava, flourish luxuriantly where they can find soil sufficient The key was granted by the Spanish crown, some 40 years ago, to John P. Salas, and in Dec., 1S21, it was purchased of him by Col. Simonton, who took possession in person on the 22d Jan., 1832, and in the following April he ereeted thereon the first small house. In April, 1S23, a custom-house was established here, and it was made a station for the Gulf squadron. In 1832 it was made a military post, but the barracks were not completed until 1845. The buildings are large, airy, and commodious, and are placed on three sides of a quadrangle, the open side being toward the sea. Mrs. Mallory, mother of Senator Mallory, was the first white female that settled on the island. This was in 1S23, and for a long time she was without a single companion of her sex. As pioneer matron of the place she was presented with a choice lot ofland, on which she has erected a mansion, and now occupies it as a boarding-house. John Halleck, now a printer in Washington City, was the first white child born on the key this was in Aug. 1829. From these small and recent beginnings, Key West has grown to be an important and prosperous place of about 2,000 inhabitants. It is the largest town in Florida, and in 1S50 contained a court-house, jail, the latter a substantial stone building, 30 feet square, tho U. S. District Court, which has cognizance of all wrecks and disasters, the State Circuit Court, the Marine Hospital, etc., and had 26 stores, 10 warehouses, 4 look-out cupolas, 4 churches, 11 wharves, and 650 dwellings. The Marine Hospital is 100 feet by 45, in the shape of the letter H ; it is a handsome building, well ventilated, and commodious. The churches are Episcopal, Baptist, Methodist, and Koman Catholic small but neat buildings. There are 4 private schools, and 1 county school the latter open free to the fatherless only. Fort Taylor is situate at the N. W. angle of the island, within the main entrance to the harbor ; it is built on an artificial island, made by the deposit of many thousand tons of stone. It stands about 1,000 feet from the shore, and is 700 feet long in the rear, and 250 deep. The front facade is 253 feet within the bastions, the curtains being of the same length as the front. It is very substantially built, and has cost about $1,500,000. The harbor is capacious, safe, and easy of access. It may be enlarged by several different channels, the principal one being at the N. W. angle of the island ships of 22 feet draft can enter there with safety. It is the only port admitting such between Pensacola and Hampton Roads. The principal business of Key West is wrecking, but numbers are employed in fishing, sponging, salt making, and other similar occupations. Wrecking is a business peculiar to the reefs, and a matter of the highest importance. (On this subject, see " Hunt s Merchants Magazine," for Jan., 1852.) Sponges abound on the reefs, and the people are making a profitable business in gather ing them, A large portion of the population comes from the Bahama Islands, and are called couch-men, from their skill in diving, and the part of the city this class inhabits is called Couchtown. Many of the leading merchants are from New England. The position of Key West is impor tant ; it is the Key of the United States to the Florida Pass and the Gulf of Mexico ; and hence it has been strongly fortified. The light-house stands on the highest ground of the island, and can be seen 16 miles at sea ; and there is a KEZ KIN light-ship anchored on the reef at the W. entrance of the harbor. There is also a substantial iron lighthouse on Sandy Key, 11 m. S. S. W. At the E. part of the island there is a natural salt pond, from which 30,000 bushels of salt are annually manufactured. The steamers to Havanna and the Isthmus touch here regularly, and afford an oppor tunity for visiting it, and conveying to its sunny shores and fine climate the invalid of the North. In 1850, 66 vessels (8,723 tons) cleared, and GS vessels (5,379 tons) entered the port. Shipping owned by residents, 6,766 tons, of which 4,415 was registered tonnage. Of the remaining tonnage, 27 vessels (1,539 tons) were wreckers, and S vessels (720 tons) were engaged in coasting and the fisheries. KKZAR FALLS, p. o., York co., Me.: 91 m. S. S. W. Augusta. KICKAPOO, p. v., Peoria co., III. : 66 m. N. Springfield. KicKAi oo, p. o., Anderson county, Tex. : 156 m. N. E. Austin City. KIDDVILLE, p. o., Clark county, Ky. : 44 m. E. by S. Frankfort. KIDIION, p. v., Cherokee Nation, Ind. Ter. : on the "W. side of Sullivan cr., 17 m. above its confluence with the Arkansas. Dwight mission station is located here, and also a flourishing school for the education of Indian youth. The stream is navigable for keel boats. KIDROX, p. v., Coweta co., <?. : on a branch of Flint r., 76 m. N. W. Milledgeville. KILGAEE, p. v., Carroll co.,07i. : 107 m. E, N. E. Columbus. KILLAMOOK river, Oreg. Ter. : a stream emptying into the Pacific Ocean, in 45 36 N. lat. Its sources are almost in terlocked with those of Tualatin and of the Willamette. KILLBOURNE, p. o., Delaware co., Ohio : 21 m. N. Columbus. KILLBUCK, p. o., Cattaraugus co., A r . Y. : 258 m. W. by S. Albany. KILLBUCK, p. o., Ogle co., III. : 163 m. N. N. E. Springfield. KILLBUCK, t. and p. o., Holmes co., Oli. : 64 m. N. E. Co lumbus. Drained by Killbuck and its tributary creeks, which are fine mill-streams. Surface diversified; soil deep and fertile. Oxford, on the E. side of Killbuck, is the principal village. Pop. of 1 1,245. KILLIAN S MILLS, p. o., Lincoln co., N. Car. : 134 "W. by S. Ealeigh. KILLINGLY, t. and p. v., "Windham county, Conn. : 44 m. E. by N. Hartford. Drained by Quinnebaug r. and its branch es, which afford valuable mill-power. Surface uneven and rough ; soil generally adapted to grass on the streams, very fertile. There are, besides the principal v., several others, at which extensive manufactures are carried on. The Nor wich and Worcester E. E. skirts the Quinnebaug in this L, and the New York and Boston (direct) E. E. will pass through its X. part. The manufactures of the t. consist chic-ily of cotton goods, but there are also numerous handi crafts of minor importance. The " Windham County Tele graph" (whig), is issued weekly. Pop. of t. 4,545. KILLINGTON PEAK, Venn. : one of the highest culmina tions of the (Jreen Mountains. It is located in the S. part of Bherburne township, and has an elevation of 2,924 feet above tide-water. Kn.i.iM, \voirrn, t. and p. o., Middlesex co., Conn.: 32 m. S. by ];. Hartford. Drained by llammonasset and Menuk- etesuck rivers, which empty into Long Island Sound. Sur face uneven in the N. rough ; soil sandy and gravelly loam. It is a good farming t, and has excellent dairies. Pop. 1,104. KILMARXOCK, t. and p. v., Piscataquis co., Me. : 94 m. N. N. E. Augusta, Drained by Piscataquis r., and several of its affluents, one of which is the outlet of Otter Pond. Sur face and soil adapted to grazing. The v. lies on the S. side of the Piscataquis, and has several mills, etc. Pop. of t. 822. KILMARXOCK, p. v., Lancaster co., Virg. : on Chesapeake Bay, 54 m. E. by N. Eichmond. It contains about 200 in habitants. The vicinity is a fine timber region. KIL.MICIIAEL, p. o., Choctaw county, Miss. : 65 m. N. E. Jackson. W2 KIMBALL S LANDING, De Soto par., La. : on th S. end of Bayou Piere Lake, 176 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. KIMBEKLIX, p. o., Giles county, Virg. : 192 m. "VT. by S. Eichmond. KIMBERTOX, p. v., Chester county, Penn. : 68 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. KIMBOLTON, p. o., Guernsey county, Oh. : 83 m. E. by N. Columbus. KIMULGA, p. o., Talladega co., Ala. : on the Coosa r., 88 m. W. Montgomery. KINCAXNOX S FERRY, p. o., Meigs county, Tenn. : 120 m. E. S. E. Nashville. KIXCAKA, sta., Burlington co., N. Jer. : on the Camden and Amboy E. E., 4 m. W. of Bordentown. KINDER, p. o., Hancock county, Ind. : 26 m. E. by N. Indianapolis. KIXDERHOOK, p. v., Yan Buren co., Ark. : on the N. side of Little Hock r., 58 m. N. Little Eock. KIXDERHOOK, p. v., Pike county, III. : 77 m. W. S. W. Springfield. KIXDERHOOK, t. and p. o., Branch county, Mich. : 68 m. S. S. W. Lansing. There are several small lakes in this town. Pop. 356. KIXDERHOOK, t. and p. v., Columbia co., N. Y. : 16 m. S. Albany. Drained chiefly by Kinderhook cr., an affluent of the Hudson and its numerous tributaries, one of which is the outlet of Fish Lake, and all afford extensive water-power. Surface beautifully diversified ; soil sandy loam and clay, and highly cultivated. The village, 5 m. E. of the Hudson r., and N. of the creek, contains about 1,500 inhabitants, and has numerous stores, etc. ; and a newspaper, the " K. Sentinel" (clem.), is published weekly. About 2 m. S. of the village is Lindenwald, the residence of the venerable Martiii Yaa Buren, ex-president of the United States; and there are several other villages. The manufactures of the t. are con siderable. Pop. 3,972. KINDERHOOK, p. o., Lincoln co., Tenn. : 62 m. S. by E. Nashville. KINITERHOOK, p. o., Washington county, Virg. : 248 m. W. by S. Eichmond. KING AXD QUEEX county, Virg. Situate E., and contains 337 sq. m. Mattapony river forms its W. boundary, and Piankitank r. its S. E. Surface agreeably diversified, and in parts quite hilly. Soil generally fertile. Dragon Swamp, on the head of the Piankitank, has been drained, and affords a large tract of diluvial soil of great depth and almost incredible fertility. The crops of corn grown on the same spot, year after year, are unsurpassed in the Union. The staples of the co. are corn and wheat. Farms 502 ; manuf. 6 ; dwell. 892, and pop. wh. 4,094, fr. col. 461, si. 5,764 total 10,319. Capital: King and Queen C. II. KING AND QUEEN COURT-HOUSE, p. v., and cap. King and Queen co., Virg. : b3 m. E. N. E. Eichmond. It is situate on a plain about 1 m. from Mattapony r., and contains a court-house, the co. jail, and about 70 or SO inhabitants. KING CREEK, p. o., Barnwell dist., S. Car. : 86 m. S. by W. Columbia. KINGFIELD, t. and p. o., Franklin county, Me. : 48 m. N. by W. Augusta. Drained by Seven Mile Brook, an affluent of Kennebec r. Surface generally hilly in the W is Mount Abraham, a considerable elevation, from which the stream has its source ; soil of average fertility. The v. is a small settlement in the S. E. corner. It is a fine grazing country. Pop. of t. 662. KING GEORGE county, Virg. Situate N. E., and contains 217 sq. m. It has Eappahannock river on the S. W., and Potomac r. on the N. E., lying between them, and drained by small creeks flowing into them. Surface broken, and in | parts marshy ; soil of average fertility ; corn and wheat are | the staples. It has good timber. Farms 279 ; manuf. 8 : dwell. 526, and pop. wh. 2,303, fr. col. 265, si. 3,403 total 5,97 1 . Capital : Ki ng George C. II. KING GEORGE COURT-HOUSE, p. v., and cap. King Georgo 853 KIN KIN co., Virg.: about 2 m. from Rappahaimock river, 51 m. N. by E. Richmond. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and about 100 inhabitants. KING OF PRUSSIA, p. o., Montgomery co., Penn. : 84 m. E. Harrisburg. KINGS county, N, Y. Situate on the W. end of Long Island, and contains 76 sq. m. It has East r., Wallabout, Gowanus, and New York bays on the W., and the Atlantic and Jamaica Bay on the S. Its streams are all small. New- town cr., emptying into East r., is the largest. Surface near East r. hilly ; S. is a sandy plain. Various ores of iron, porcelain clay, and peat are found in small quantities. Soil the best on the island, and under high cultivation. Its gar dens are objects of great attention, and its fruit, especially grapes, very superior. Butter, potatoes, fruit, and market vegetables are the principal farming products. The great interests of the co. are manufacturing and commercial, and centre mostly in Brooklyn and Williamsburg. The chief manufactures are distilled liquors, cordage, iron ware, oils, oil-cloths, flour, leather, glass, etc. For particulars of these, and its commerce and ship-building, see BROOKLYN and WILLIAMSBURG. Farms 363 ; manuf. 576 ; dwell. 15.809, and pop. wh. 134,898, fr. col. 3,984 total 138,882. Capital: Brooklyn. Public Works : Long Island R. R. KING S, p. o., Barbour county, Ala. : about 65 m. S. E. Montgomery. KINGS BENCH, p. o., Franklin county, Get. : 104 m. N. Milled geville. KINGSBERRY, t and p. o., Piscataquis county, Me. : 59 m. N. by W. Augusta. Drained by the heads of Piscataquis river, one of which rises from small lakes in the S. W. part of the t., and the other from two others at the base of Rus sell Mount, in the N. E. Surface diversified ; soil well adapted to grazing and wheat-growing. Pop. oft 181. KINGSBOROUGH, p. v., Fulton co., N. Y. : 44 m. N. W. Albany. It is a nourishing v. of some 400 inhabitants. KINGS BRIDGE, p. v., New York co., N. Y. : 121 m. S. Albany. The p. o. is at the bridge so called, which crosses Spuyten Tuyvil creek, the dividing line between New York island and Westchester county. KINGSBURY, p. v., Whitesides county, III. : 12 m. from Albany, and 133 m. N. N. W. Springfield. KINGSBURY, p. o., Cumberland co., N. Car. : 43 m. S. by "W. Raleigh. KINGSBTTRY, p. v., Laporte county, Ind. : on a branch of Kankakee river, 122 m. N. by W. Indianapolis, and 6 m. from Laporte. KINGSBURY, t. and p. v., "Washington co., N. Y. : 49 m. N. by E. Albany. Drained by Wood cr., which empties into Lake Champlain ; also by the Hudson r. on the S. W. angle. Surface generally level ; soil sand, clay, and sandy loam, well cultivated and productive. The village contains about 25 dwellings. The v. of Sandy Hill, the county seat of justice and scene of B. F. Butler s "Stated Preachings," is also in this town.. Pop. 3,032. KING S CREEK, p. o., Caldwell co., N. Car. : 165 m.W. by N. Raleigh. KINGSESSING, p. t. and v., Philadelphia co., Penn. : 89 m. E. by S. Harrisburg, and 7 m. S. "W. Philadelphia City. Schuylkill on the E., and Darby cr. on the W., bound it in those directions ; both flow into the Delaware on its S. bor der; surface level; soil alluvial, and highly cultivated. In the Delaware are several islands belonging to the t., one of which, Mud Island, is the site of Old Fort Mifflin, noted for its protracted resistance to the Britisli in 1777. On the Schuyl kill is the botanical garden founded by the naturalist Bar- tram. Pop. of 1. 1,178. KINGS FERRY, p. v., Cayuga co., N. Y. : 136 m.W. Albany. It contains about 40 dwellings. KINGS GAP, p. v., Harris county, Ga. : 97 m. W. by S. Milledgeville. KINGSLEY S, p. o., Crawford co., Penn. : 197 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. 354 KING S MILLS, p. o., Kane county, III. : 153 m. N. N. E. Springfield. KING S MILLS, p. v., Montgomery county, Mo.: 58 m. N. E. by E. Jefferson City. KING S MOUNTAIN, p. v., Lincoln co., N. Car. : 156 m. W. by S. Raleigh. In the neighborhood of this mountain is the scene of the celebrated battle of the 7th Oct., 1780, in which the British were defeated and compelled to surrender to the American militia. KING S POINT, p. v., Dade county, Mo. : 131 m. S. W. Jefferson City. KINGSPORT, p. v., Sullivan co., Tenn. : above the junction of the forks of Holston r., 236 m. E. by N. Nashville. Con tains several stores and about 30 dwellings. KING S RIVER, p. o., Carroll co., Ark. : on the r. so called, 144 m. N. W. Little Rock. KING S SETTLEMENT, p. o., Chenango co., N. Y. : 97 m. W. Albany. KINGSTON, p. T., and cap. Autauga co., Ala. : on the W. side Autauga cr., 22 m. N. "W. Montgomery. The court house is here, and a few dwellings. KINGSTON, p. v., Cass co., Ga. : on a branch of the Coosa r., 136 m. N. W. Milledgeville. The Western and Atlantic R. R. passes through the v. ; and here is the eastern termi nus of Rome R. R., which is to be continued to Jacksonville, Ala., where it will connect the Selma and Tennessee Hiver Railroad. KINGSTON, p. v., De Kalb co., III. : on Sycamore cr., 162 m. N. N. E. Springfield. KINGSTON, p. o., Madison county, Ky. : 48 m. S. E. Frankfort, KINGSTON, p. v., Somerset co., Md. : at the head waters of Annemesix r., 74 m. S. S. E. Annapolis. KINGSTON, t. and p. v., Plymouth co., Mass. : 32 m. S. S. E. Boston. Drained by Jones r. and its branches, which have their sources in several ponds, and empty into a branch of Plymouth Harbor. The harbor, in common with that of Duxbury, lies within the Gurnet, which forms the N. boundary of Plymouth Harbor. Surface level ; soil thin, sandy, and barren. Monk s Hill, on the borders of Ply mouth, commands extensive views in every direction. The v., on Jones r., has an elevated site, and contains 3 churches and 50 or 60 dwellings, many of them neat and substantial. The t. has many vessels engaged in the cod and mackerel fisheries; and has also several factories and commercial houses. Pop. 1,593. The Old Colony R. R. passes through the town. KINGSTON, p. v., and cap. Caldwell co., Mo. : 128 m. N. W. by W. Jefferson City. KINGSTON, t. and p. v., Rockingham co., W. Hamp. : 35 m. S. S. E. Concord. Drained by two large ponds, the out lets of which unite and empty into the Merrimac; the largest, Great Pond, contains about 300 acres, and a wooded island of about 12 acres. Surface diversified, with several tow hills ; soil a fertile loam. Pop. of 1. 1,192. KINGSTON, p. v., Middlesex co., N. Jer. : on Millstone r., 15 m. N. E. by N. Trenton, on the line of the New Jersey R. R. and the Delaware and Raritan Canal. Part of the v. lies in Somerset co. It contains several industrial estab lishments, stores, etc., and about 60 dwellings. KINGSTON, t., p. v., and cap. Ulster co., If, Y. : 53 m. S. by W. Albany. Drained by Esopus cr. and its tribu taries, and the Hudson r. makes its E. boundary. Surface somewhat uneven ; soil sandy loam, overlying limestone. The v., on the right bank of Esopus cr., is 3 m. W. of the landing on the Hudson. It contains the court-house, jail, numerous stores, factories, and here are printed 3 news papers, the " Ulster Republican," the " Democratic Jour nal," and the Ulster Democrat." Kingston, originally called Esopus, was early settled by the Dutch. Here was held the first convention of the State Representatives, which formed the old constitution this was in April, 1777. On the 16th day of Oct. following, the British army burnt the village. KIN KIR Gen. Vanghan was marching to the relief of Gen. Burgoyne, who was compelled to surrender to the American army the day following at Bemus Heights. Kingston is now a flour ishing town, with very considerable commercial and manu facturing interests. Pop. 10,236. KINGSTON, p. v., Boss county, Ohio: 34 m. S. by E. Columbus. KINGSTON, p. o., Cumberland co., N. Car. : 50 m. S. by "W. Raleigh. KINGSTON, t. and p. v., Luzerne co., Penn. : 81 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. Drained into Susquehanna r., which forms its S. E. border. Surface uneven; soil generally fertile. The v., formerly called Wyoming, is situate on the N. bank of the river, and is the shipping place of the coal mined in the neighborhood. It contains several stores, and about SO dwellings* The railroad surveyed along the Susquehanna will pass through Kingston. The t. has some manufactures and mines. Pop. 2,306. KINGSTON, p. v., Marquette co., Wise. : on a branch of Neenah r., into which it empties at the head of Puckawa Lake, 47 m. N. by E. Madison. KINGSTON, p. v., and cap. Washington co., R. I. : pleasantly situate, 27 m. S. by W. Providence. It contains a court house, church, and about 30 dwellings. KINGSTON, p. v., and cap. Koane co., Tenn. : on the point formed by the junction of Tennessee and Clinch rivers, 128 m. E. by S. Nashville. It contains the court-house, jail, and several stores. KINGSTON, p. o., Decatur county, Ind.: 54 m, 8. E. Indianapolis. KINGSTON CENTRK, p. o., Delaware co., Ohio: 24 m. N. by E. Columbus. KINGSTON MINKS, p. v., Peoria co., III. : on the bluff near Illinois r., 52 m. N. E. Springfield. KINGSTOWN, v., Talbot county, Md.: on the W. side of Choptank r., 34 m. E. S. E. Annapolis. KINGSTREE, p. v., and cap. "Williamsburgh dist., S. Car.: on the N. E. side of Black r., 73 m. E. S. E. Columbia. KINGSVILLE, t. and p. v., Ashtabula county, Ohio: on Conneaut r., 172 m. 1ST. E. Columbus. The t is bounded on the N. by Lake Erie, and is traversed by Conneaut r. Sur face somewhat broken; soils rich and fertile. The v. is situate at the westernmost bend of the Conneaut, and about 2 m. S. of the line of the Cleveland and Erie E. R. Popu lation of t. 1,494. KINGSVILLE, p. v., Clarion co., Penn. : 152 m. "W. N. W. Harrisburg. KINGSVILLE, p. o., Talledega co., Ala. : N.E. Montgomery. KING WILLIAM county, Virg. Situate E. centrally, and contains 235 sq. m. It lies between Mattapony r. and Pa- munky r., which, uniting at the S. end of the county, form York r. Surface uneven, and pleasantly varied; soil gen erally good, with many very fine plantations. Corn and wheat are the staples ; some cotton and tobacco are raised. It has several good mill-streams. Farms 338 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 625, and pop. wh. 2,702, fr. col. 346, si. 5,731 total 8,779. Capital: King William C. II. KING WILLIAM, C. H., p. v., and cap. King William co., J *rff. : 24 m. N. E. by E. Richmond. It contains a hand some court-house, a clerk s office, and co. jail, all of brick, handsomely inclosed with iron railing, and shaded by locust trees. ^KINGWOOD, t. and p. o., Hunterdon co., IT. Jer. : 29 m. N. W. Trenton. Drained by Loakatong r. Surface hilly il the red shale, clay, and loam, peculiar to this State tile.^ The t. contains serveral thriving villages. Popula- KINGWOOD, p. v., and cap. Preston co., Virg.: 174 m N. W. by N. Richmond. KINKEAD, p. o., St. Francois co., Mo. : US m. S. E.by E Jefferson City. KIN-LOCK, p. o., Lawrence co., Ala. : 169 m. N. N. W. Montgomery. KINLOCK, p. o., Panola co., Tex. : 240 m. N. E. by E. Austin. KINNAKD, p. o. ; Hancock county, Ind. : about 20 m. W. Indianapolis. KINNAKD S STORE, p. o., Maury co., Tenn. KINNE, p. v., Du Page county, III. : 165 m. N. N. E. Springfield. KINNEY S FOTTR CORNERS, p. o., Oswego co., JW. T. : 154 m. W. N. W. Albany. KINNICONICK, p. o., Lewis county, Ky. : 98 m. N. E. Frankfort. KINSDALE, p. o., Westmoreland co., Virg. : 57 m. N. E. Richmond. KINSMAN, t. and p. v., Trumbull co., Ohio : 156 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Pymatuning cr., an affluent of She- nango cr. in Pennsylvania. Surface diversified ; soil deep, dark mold, and fertile. The v. lies on the left bank of the creek. Pop. of 1 1,005. KINSTON, p. v., and cap. Lenoir co., 2T. Car. : on the N. side of Neuse r., 73 m. S. E. by E. Raleigh. It contains the court-house, jail, and several stores. KINTABISH, p. o., Sumter co., Ala. : on Kintabish cr., a tributary of Tombigbee r., 118 m. W. Montgomery. KINZER S, p. o. and sta., Lancaster co., Penn. : on the Columbia and Philadelphia R. R., 52 m. E. 8. E. Harris burg. KINZTTA, L and p. v., Warren co., Penn. : 158 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by Kinzua cr. of Alleghany r., which makes its N. boundary, and supplies an immense water- power which operates a large number of saw and other mills. Surface very diversified ; soil of average fertility. Pop. 431. KIOMATIA, p. o., Red River co., Tex. : 268 m. N. E. by N. Austin. KIRBY, p. o., Greene county, Penn. : 178 m. W. S. W. Harrisburg. KIRKEKSVILLE, p. v., Licking co., Ohio: on the S. side of a branch of Licking r., 21 m. E. Columbus. It contains several stores, and about 250 inhabitants. KIRKLAND, t. and p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : 68 m. N. E. Augusta. Drained by streams, affluents of Pushaw Lake, the latter emptying through the river of the same name into the Penobscot, which it reaches opposite the village of Old Town. Surface level; soil generally fertile. There is a email v. in the centre. Pop. of t. 717. KIRKLAND, t. and p. o., Oneida co., JV. T. : 92 m.W. by N. Albany. Drained by Oriskany cr. Surface diversified by hills and fertile valleys; soil rich calcareous loam. The Chenango Canal passes through the t. about 10 m. 8. W. of Utica. There are several flourishing villages in the town which have considerable manufactures, and the town gen erally is engaged in a variety of handicrafts. Pop. of t. 3,421. KIRKLAND, p. o., Cabarras co., Jf. Car. : 112 m. W. by 8. Raleigh. KIRK S CROSS ROADS, p. o., Clinton county, Ind. : 30 m. N. N. W. Indianapolis. KIRK S FERRY, p. o,, Tensas parish, La.: 102 m. N. Baton Rouge. KIRK S MILLS, p. o., Lancaster co., Penn. : 47 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. KIRKSVILLE, p. v., Madison county, Jfy. : 49 m. 8. E. Frankfort. KIRKSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Adair county, Mo. : 112 m. N. by W. Jefferson City. KIRKVILLE, p. o., Butler county, Ala. : 33 m. 8. S. W. Montgomery. KIRKVILLE, p. v., Wapello county, la.: 63 m. S. W. Iowa City. KIRKVILLE, p. v., Onondaga county, N. Y. : on the Erie Canal and Syracuse and Utica R. R., 119 m. W. by N. Albany, by route of canal 158 m. and by railroad 137 m. from Albany. It contains several stores and about 300 Inhabitant!. 855 KIR KNO KIRKWOOD, p. v., Broome co., 2f. Y.: 118 m. W r . S. W. Albany. The v. lies on the New York and Erie E. E., 216 m. from New York City. KIRSEY S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Edgefield dist., S. Car. : 67 m. W. Columbia. KIRTLAND, t. and p. v., Lake county, Ohio: 138 m. N. E. by N. Columbus, about 8 m. from Lake Erie. Here the Mormons erected their first temple, which, since their leaving, has been used as a normal school. A tributary of Chagrine r. traverses the town. Soil rich and productive. Pop. 1,598. KISHACO-QUILLAS, p. o., Mifflin co., Penn. : 46 m. N. W. Harrisburg. KISKATOM, p. o., Greene co., 2T. Y. : 43 m. S. W. Albany. KISKIMINITAS, t. and p. v., Armstrong co., Penn. : 142 m. "W. by N. Harrisburg. Drained chiefly by affluents of the Kiskiminitas, or Conemaugh r., which forms its S. W. border, and Crooked cr. makes its N. border. Salt is man ufactured here. The Pennsylvania Canal has its course through the town. Mills of various descriptions are found on its streams. Pop. 2,503. KISWAUKEE, p. v., W innebago co., III. : 163 m. X. N. E. Springfield. A thriving town on Kock r. at the junction of Kiswaukee river. KITCHING S MILM, p. o., Orangeburgh dist., S. Car. : 43 m. S. Columbia. KITTANING, t., p. b., and cap. Armstrong co., Penn. : 152 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. Drained by several creeks of Alleghany r. and its tributaries, Crooked, Cowanshannock, and other creeks the Alleghany making its W. and Crook ed cr. its 8. boundary. Surface hilly ; soil a fertile, gravelly loam. The b. is situate on the Alleghany in the N. W. corner of the t., and contains a court-house, jail, etc., a number of stores, tanneries, and workshops, and about 800 inhabitants. Two newspapers are published here, the "Armstrong Democrat" (dem.), and the -Free Press (whig), both weekly issues. The Alleghany Valley E. E. will pass through Kittaning. Pop. 1,017. KITTERY, t. and p. v., York co., He. : 104 m. S. S. "W. Augusta. On the N. E. side of Piscataqua r., opposite Portsmouth, and having its E. front on the Atlantic. It is the S. W. extremity of the State. Its coasts are deeply in dented, and Spruce cr., or inlet, affords convenient harbors for the coasters and fishing vessels frequenting them. Ship building is carried on at Kittery to some extent, and ou Badger s Island, with which connection is made by a bridge, is located a U. S. navy yard. A bridge also connects it with Portsmouth. This t. was settled at an early date, and formerly enjoyed considerable trade with the West Indies. The Portsmouth, Saco, and Portland E. E. crosses the river here. Pop. of t. 2,706. KLECKXERSVILLE, p. o., Northampton co., Penn. : 94 m. N. E. by E. Harrisburg. KLINESVILLE, p. o., Henderson county, JN 7 ; Jer. : 35 m. N. by W. Trenton. KUNESVILLE, p. o., Berks co., Penn. : 55 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. KNAP OF EEEDS, p. o., Granville co., 2T. Car. : 35 m. N. Ealeigh. KNAPP S, sta., St. Lawrence co., N. Y. : on the Northern (Ogdensburg) E. E., 23 m. E. Ogdensburg and 85 m. W. Rouse s Point. KNAPS, p. o., Carter co., Ky. : 113 m. E. by N. Frankfort. KNIGHT S, sta., Lenawee co., Mich. : on the Erie and Kalamazoo E. E., 20 m. from Toledo and 12 from Adrian. KNIGHTSTOWN, p. v., Henry co., Ind : on a high bluff "W. side of Blue r., 33 m. E. Indianapolis. The National Eoad and Central Indiana E. E. pass through it, and are here tapped by the Knightstown and Shelbyville E. E., and this point will also be the terminus of the Fort Wayne and South-rn E. E. This is a flourishing v., with extensive water-power, and is situate in the midst of a fine agricul tural region. It contains about SOW inhabitants ; but is des- j :;f>6 | tined to bocome a place of great commercial importance | and the centre of a large local trade. KNIGIITSVILLE, p. v., Providence co., R. I. : 5 m. S. W. I Providence. It is a small manufacturing village. The I Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill E. E. will pass a little to the E. of it. KNOB, p. o., Tazewell county, Virg. : 233 m. W. S. TV. Richmond. KNOB CREEK, p. o., Barren co., Ky. : 103 m. S. S. "VV Frankfort. KNOB FORK, p. o., Wetzel co., Virg. : 219 m. W. N. W Richmond. KNOB LICK, p. o., Daviess co., Ky. : 133 m. W. by S. Frankfort. KNOBNOSTER, p. T., Johnson co., Mo. : 75 m. W. by N Jefferson City. KNOTTSVILLE, p. o., Daviess co., Ky. : 132 m. W. by S. Frankfort. KNOWEKSVILLE, p. o.. Albany county, N. Y. : 14 m. "W. Albany. KNOWLESVILLE, p. v., Orleans co., N. Y.: on the Erie Canal, 246 m. W r . by N. Albany. It contains several ware houses, stores, and about SO dwellings. KNOWLTON, t. and p. o., Warren co., JV r . Jer. : 49 m. N. N. W. Trenton. Drained by Paulin s Kill, Beaver Brook, and Shawpocussing creeks. Surface hilly and varied ; soil on the hills slaty, and in the valleys calcareous loam. Blue Mountain lies on its N. boundary, where is the Water Gap of the Delaware, and through which the connection will be made between the Belvidere Delaware E. E. and Cobb s Gap E. E. The v. lies on the S. side of Paulin s Kill, at its confluence with the Delaware, opposite the vil lage of Columbia, and on the line of the Belvidere Dela ware E. E. The Morris and Essex E. E. will also form a junction at this point Pop. of 1. 1,356. KNOX county, III. Situate N. W. centrally, and contains 720 sq. m. Drained principally by Spoon r. and its W. branch, affluents of the Illinois. Surface level or undulating ; soil a very rich prairie over most of the county. It has ex cellent timber on several of its streams. It is well calculated for grain crops and has the best of pasture. Corn and wheat are the leading staples, and much beef and pork is sent to market. Farms 619 ; manuf. 100 ; dwell. 2.193. and pop. wli. 13.221, fr. col. 58 total 13,279. Capital: Kriox- ville. Public Works : Oquawka and Peoria E. E., etc. KNOX county, Ind. Situate S. "W., and contains 496 sq. m. It lies between Wabash r. on the W., its branch, White r., on the S., and W. fork of White r. on the E. Surface undulating, with some river hills. It has rich prai ries, and the timbered lands, which occupy a large share of the county, are mostly productive. Here are some sandy barrens and swamps, and the bottoms are subject to inun dation. Corn and wheat are most raised. Tobacco is grown. It is a very fine grazing county, and cattle, wool, and especially pork, are much exported. Farms 961 ; manuf. 37 ; dwell. 1.969, and pop. wh. 10,546, fr. col. 53S total 11,084. Capital: Yincennes. Public Works: Evansville and Illinois E. E. ; Cincinnati and St. Louis E. E., etc. KNOX county, Ky. Situate in S. E. corner, and contains 6G5 sq. m. Drained by Eichland and Stinking creeks, and other affluents of Cumberland r., which crosses the county. Surface uneven in parts mountainous ; soil in the valleys fertile and generally good grazing land. It has many mill streams. Corn is the chief product, and great numbers of hogs are kept. Farms 657; manuf. 6; dwell. 1,060, and pop. wh. 6,239, fr. coL 199, si. 612 total 7,050. Capital: Barboursville. KNOX county, Ho. Situate N. E., and contains 513 sq. m. Drained by North, Middle, and South Fabius rivers and their branches, and S. W. by N. fork of Salt r. Surface gently uneven ; soil excellent. The streams are skirted with valuable timber, and the bottoms very productive. Corn KNO KOS and cattle are the principal exports. Numerous mill-seats are found on the rivers. Farms 303 ; manuf. 7 ; dwell. 427, and pop. wh. 2,626, fr. col. 2, si. 266 total 2,894. Capital : Edina. KNOX county, Ohio. Situate centrally, and contains 523 sq. m. Drained by Vernon, Walhonding, and N. branch of Licking rivers, affluents of Muskingum r., which, with their branches, afford abundant water-power. Surface slightly broken in E. part, in the W. level or undulating ; soil a vegetable loam in the W., and generally very productive. It is an excellent farming county, and immense quantities of wheat and corn are sent to the East. The dairy is of much importance, and large flocks of sheep are everywhere kept. Pork is also a very large export. It has superior facilities for manufactures, which are large and rapidly increasing, and great conveniences for reaching distant markets. Farms 2,268 ; manuf. 117 ; dwell. 4.S53, and pop. wh. 28,811, fr, col. G2 total 28,873. Capital: Mount Vernon. Pullic Works: Springfield, Mount Vernon, and Pittsburg E. E. ; Mansfield and Sandusky City E. E. ; Columbus and Lake Erie E. E., etc. KNOX county, Tenn. Situate N. E., and contains 445 sq. m. Drained by Holston, Nolichucky, French Broad, and Clinch rivers, all branches of Tennessee r., and affording fine water privileges. Surface broken and mountainous ; soil fertile, especially in the numerous beautiful valleys. Corn and wheat are very large crops, and the staples. The graz ing is excellent, and many cattle, horses, sheep, and swine are reared. The manufactures of the co. are important and growing, consisting of flour, leather, iron, oils, liquors, paper, earthenware, etc. Farms 1,403; manuf. 67; dwell. 2.804, and pop. wh. 16,337, fr. col. 225, si. 2,195 total 18,755. Capital : Knoxville. Pullic Works : Georgia and E. Tennessee E. E.; E. Tennessee and Virginia E. E.; Knoxville and Cincinnati E. E. ; Blue Eidge E. E., etc. KNOX, t and p. v., Albany co., N. Y. : 22 m. W. Albany. Drained by Bozrakill and a tributary of Foxes cr. Surface rough and hilly the t. being partly covered by the Ilelder- berg scries of limestone; soil of average fertility. The v. (Knoxville) contains about 200 inhabitants. The t. has numerous mills and tanneries, and 2,021 inhabitants. KNOX, p. v., and cap. Stark co., Ind. : on the S. side of Yellow r.. 108 m. N". by W. Indianapolis. Kxox, p. v., Knox co., Ohio : 88 m. N. E. Columbus. Kxox, t. and p. v., Waldo county, Me. : 31 m. E. X. E. Augusta. Drained by branches of Sebasticook r. ;, surface somewhat hilly; soil rich, and fine grass land. The v. lies toward the N. W. Pop. of t. 1,102. KNOX CENTRE, p. v., Waldo co., Me. : 31 m. E. N. E. Augusta. KNOX CORNERS, p. o., Oneida co., 2f. T. : 93 m.W. N.W. Albany. KNOXVILLE, p. v., Greene co., Ala. : 98 m. N. "W. by W. Montgomery. KNOXVILLE, p. v., and cap. Crawford co., Ga. : on an affluent of Flint r., 58 m. S. W. by W. Milledgeville. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and about 40 dwellings KNOXVILLE, p. o., Franklin county, Miss. : 78 m. S. "W. Jackson. KNOXVILLE, p. v., and cap. Knox co., III. : near Haw cr., 83 m. N. N. W. Springfield. Beautifully located on high rolling prairie, contains about 350 inhabitants. The court house is here. The "K. Journal" is published weekly. KNOXVILLE, p. v., and cap. Marion co., /. : on an ele vation between White Breast r. and English cr., 81 m. W. S. W. Iowa City. KNOXVILLE, v., Frederick co., Mel. : on the lines of Ches apeake and Ohio Canal and of the Baltimore and Ohio E. E., 79 m. W. Baltimore. KNOXVILLE, p. v., Eay co., Mo. : 117 m. N. W. by W. Jefferson City. KNOXVILLE, p. v., Jefferson co., OMo : 4 m. from Ohio r. and 126 m. E. by N. Columbus ; contains several stores. The t. of Knox contains several villages, is bounded on the E. i by the Ohio r., and has 1,902 inhabitants. KNOXVILLE, p. o., Tioga co., Penn.: 115 m. N. by W. I Harrisburg. KNOXVILLE, p. city, and cap. Knox co., Tenn. : on the : N. bank of Holston r., at the head of navigation, and about 4 m. below the confluence of French Broad river, 157 m. E. Nashville. LaL 35 59 N., and long. 83 54 W. The city is most eligibly situate for an extensive inland trade, being at the navigable head of a great river, and on the line of intercommunication E. and W. nearly through the mi<i- dle zone of the Union, and at a point whence will diverge N. and S. lines of railroad, extending on the one hand to Cincinnati, and on the other to the chief ports of the south ern Atlantic States and Gulf of Mexico. Here, indeed, a junction is formed by three great railroads the East Ten nessee and Georgia E. E., connecting S. with lines to Charleston and Savannah, and S. W. with those to Memphis and the Gulf cities ; the Knoxville and Ohio E. E. termi nating at Covington on the Ohio; and the East Tennessee and Virginia E. E., which, connecting with the Virginia and Tennessee E. E. on the State line, and the latter uniting at Lynchburg with the railroads to Petersburg and Norfolk, Eichmond and Alexandria, reaches directly to the great seaboard marts, which will take the vast productions of the interior, and return in exchange the manufactures and pro ducts of the outer world. The city itself is regularly laid out, and handsomely built. It contains a fine court-house, a jail, and other county buildings. It is also the seat of East Tennessee College, founded 1792. This is a very efficient and flourishing institution. In 1850 it had a presi dent, 5 professors, 122 alumni, and 57 students ; and its libra ry contained 4,500 volumes. A preparatory department ia attached to the college, which has usually from 70 to 80 scholars. The public press of Knoxville consists of 5 peri odicals, A T iz. : 1 semi-weekly and 4 weekly papers; the semi-weekly is the "K. Eegister" (whig), of which also a weekly edition is issued; and the weeklies are the "K. Whig" (whig), the " Plebeian," (dem.), the "Method ist Episcopalian" (relig.), and the "Holston Christian Ad vocate" (relig.) The city has already a good trade with the neighborhood, and contains wholesale and retail stores, churches of several denominations, two academies, and sev eral primary schools. The present population is over 2,000. KOKOMO, p. v., and cap. Howard co., Ind. : on Wild Cat cr., 53 m. N. Indianapolis. The site of an Indian v. by the same name. The Indianapolis and Peru E. E. and the New Castle and Logansport E. E. intersect each other at this point. It is the centre of a fine farming region, and must become the dep6t of a considerable internal traffic. Pop. about 600. KOOSKOOSKIK river, Oreg. Ter. : a tributary of Lewis, or Snake r. It rises in the Eocky Mountains, and flowing W. falls into Lewis r. in about 46 lat. and 117 long. The Presbyterians have missions on this stream. KOOTANIE (Kutunaha, or Flat Bow) river, Oreg. Ter. . a large affluent of Columbia r. It has its sources in the Eocky Mountains in about 51 N. lat. In its first part it flows along the base of the mountains to 48, and then bends W., and passing through Flat Bow Lake enters the Columbia above the British line. At its extreme S. bend is Fort Kootanie, a settlement of the Hudson Bay Company. KORO, p. o., Winnebago county, Wise. : 79 m. N. N. E. Madison. KORTRIGIIT, t. and p. v., Delaware county, XT. Y. : 58 m, W. by S. Albany. Drained by tributaries of the Delaware r. Surface hilly and mountainous ; soil fertile loam. The v. ig situate centrally. South Kortright and Bloomville are other villages. Pop. of t 2,181. KoscrcsKO county. Ind. Situate N. centrally, and con tains 579 sq. m. Drained by Tippecanoe and Eel rivers and j their branches, flowing S. W. into the Wabash, and Tur- i key cr., flowing N. through St. Joseph s r. into Lake Michi- 857 KOS LAC gan. Surface undulating. Soil fertile, and timber abund ant In the N. are some wet prairies, and several lakes or ponds abounding in fish. It has many ponds that feed fine mill-streams, and afford much water-power. Corn and wheat are leading staples. Great numbers of hogs are fat tened. Farms 1,127 ; manuf. 21 ; dwell. 1,783, and pop* wh. 10,242; fr. col. 1 total 10,243. Capital: Warsaw. Public Works : Goshen, Warsaw, and Peru R. R. Koscirsco, p. v., and cap. Attala co., Miss. : on the W. side of Yockonockony r., 61 m. N. N. E. Jackson. There are 3 papers issued here weekly the " Chronicle" (whig), "Attala Democrat" (dem.), "Sentinel and Pilot" (dem.) The v. contains a court-house, etc., several stores, and 400 inhabitants. KOSKONONG, t and p. o., Jefferson co., TFi w. : 32 m. E. S. E. Madison. Within this town lies Lake Koskonong, through which Rock r. flows. Several tributaries also pour into the lake and r. within its limits. Pop. 1,512. KOSSUTH county, la. Situate N. centrally, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Boone r. and other heads of Des Moines r. Erected since 1850. KOSSUTH, p. o., Jackson co., Tenn.: 73 m. E. N. E. Nashville. Kossurn, p. o., Des Moines co., la. : 56 m. S. E. Iowa City. KOSSUTH, p. o., Racine county, Wise. : 59 m, E. by S. Madison. Kossirrn, p. o., Boone county, III. : 185 m. N. by E. Springfield. KOSSUTH, p. o., Auglaize county, Ohio: 78 m. N. W. Columbus. Pop. 76. KOSSUTH, p. o., Washington county, Ind. : 83 m. S. Indianapolis. KOSSUTH, p. o., Cherokee county, Go.: 117 m. N. W. Milledgeville. KOSSUTH, p. o., Washington co., Me. : 112 m. W. by N. Augusta. KOSSUTH, p. o., Clarion co., Penn.: 148 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. KOWALIGA, p. o., Tallapoosa county, Ala. : 43 m. N. E. Montgomery. KOWE S river, Oreg. Ter. : a small r. emptying into the Pacific Ocean above Cape Arago. KRATZERSVILLE, p. o., Union co., Penn. : 48 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. KREIDERSVILLE, p. v., Northampton co., Penn. : on Hock- endocque cr. of Lehigh r., 79 m. N. E. by E. Harrisburg. KBESGEVILLH, p. o., Monroe county, Penn. : 79 m. N. E. Harrisburg. KKOH S MILLS, p. o., Carroll co., Md. : 63 m. N. N. W. Annapolis. KULPSVILLE, p. o., Montgomery county, Penn.: 83 m. E. Harrisburg. KUNKLETOWJT, p. o., Monroe county, Penn. : 88 m. N. E. Harrisburg. KrrzTowN, p. b., Berks co., Penn. : on a branch of Maiden cr., 53 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. It contains several stores, mechanic shops, etc, and has 642 inhabitants. KYGBR, p. v., Gallia county, Ohio: 83 miles S. E. by S. Columbus. KYSEEIKE, p. o., Ulster county, 2f. Y.: 68 m. S. by W. Albany. KYSERVILLE, p. o., Livingston county, 2f. Y. : 214 m. W. Albany. KYTE RIVEE, p. o., Ogle county, III. : 148 miles N. by E. Springfield. L. LABANUS, p. o., Robertson county, Tenn. : N. by W. Nashville. LACEY, p. v., De Kalb co., HI. : about 2 m. S. of Sycamore r., 166 m. N. by E. Springfield. LACEY SPRING, p. v., Rockingham county, Virg. : 93 m. N. W. Richmond. LACEY S SPRING, p. o., Morgan co., Ala. : about 2 m. N. from Tennessee r., 143 m. N. by W. Montgomery. LACEYVILLE, p. v., Wyoming co., Penn. : 89 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. LACEYVILLE, p. v., Harrison co., OMo : 104 m. E. by N. Columbus. LACKAWACK, p. v., Ulster co., JV. Y.: on a branch of Rondout cr., 68 m. S. S. W. Albany. LACKA WANNA, t. and p. o., Luzerne co., Penn. : 96 m. N. E. by N. Harrisburg. Drained by Lackawanna r. Iron ore is dug. The N. branch division of the Pennsylvania canal crosses the t 73 m. from Northumberland. Pop. 511. LACKAWANNA river, Penn. : a tributary of Susquehanna r. It rises in Wayne and Susquehanna counties, and pursues a course S. and S. W. 30 m. to its confluence. It affords ex tensive and valuable water-power. LACKAWA.NNOC mountains, Penn. : these mountains run between the sources of Lackawaxen and Lackawannoc rivers. One of their W. peaks is called Moosack Mount ain, and is traversed by the railroad from Carbondale to Honesdale. LACKAWAXEN river, Penn. : a tributary of Delaware r. It rises chiefly in Wayne co., and flows through a deep val ley, receiving Dyberry, Middle, and Waullenpaupack creeks, and enters the Delaware in Pike co., where is a dam across the Delaware to supply the Delaware and Hudson Canal water, and to enable the boats to cross the river. This canal follows the course of the Lackawaxen 25 m. to the mouth of Dyberry creek at Honesdale, whence is a railroad to the- Lackawanna coal mines, 16 miles distant. LACKAWAXENT, p. v. and sta., Pike co., Penn.: on the Delaware r., 124 m. N. E. by E. Harrisburg. Drained by Lackawaxen r. and other streams flowing into the Delaware. Surface rugged and heavily timbered ; soil productive. The v. is at the junction of the Lackawaxen and Delaware, the latter being dammed, and affording great water-power for the lumber mills and iron works, which constitute its chief business. The Delaware and Hudson Canal crosses the Delaware here in an aqueduct supported by an iron wire suspension bridge, and proceeds up the valley of the Lack awaxen, which the Erie R. R. here crosses on two bridges. The sta. is 121 m. from New York. Pop. of t, 2,060. LACKEMUTE, p. o., Polk co., Oreg. Ter. : on the branch of the Willamette so called, 18 m. S. W. Salem. LA CLATR, p. v., De Kalb county, HI.: 136 m. N. by E. Springfield. LA CLEDE county, Mo. Situate S. centrally, and contains 703 sq. m. Drained E. and S. E. by Gasconade r. and its branch, Osage Fork; N. and N. W. by Dry Auglaize cr. and Niangua r., branches of Osage r. ; all flowing N. into the Missouri. Surface quite elevated and rolling, with some hills. Soil very productive. A very fine farming and gra zing co., with good timber, rich bottoms, and a sufficiency of water-power. Corn and wheat are the staple cereals. Cattle and hogs are exported in large numbers. Farms 233 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 385 ; and pop. wh. 2,357, fr. col. 1, si. 140 total 2,498. Capital : Wiota. LACON, p. v., and cap. Marshall co., Til. : on the left bank of the Illinois r., 79 m. N. by E. Springfield. It has a favor able position for trade and manufactures, and contains the county buildings, a high school, several stores, and 500 in habitants. The " Lacon Herald" (dem.), and " Illinois Ga zette" (whig), are published weekly. LACONA, p. o., Jefferson co., Ky. : 49 m. W. Frankfort. LACONIA, p. v., Harrison co., Ind. : about 2 m. from the Ohio r., 117 m. S. Indianapolis. LACONIA, p. o., Desha co., Ark. : 87 m. S. E. Little Eock. LAC QUI PARLE, p. o., Dakotah co., Minn. Ter. : 137 m. W. St. Paul. This is a trading post on the Minnesota or St. Peter s r., which here expands to a considerable body of water, called by the French, Lac qui Parlc (lake that LAC LAP talks), from the remarkable echoes produced by its rugged shores. LA CROSSE county, Wise. Situate "W. centrally, and con tains about 3,450 sq. m. Drained by Mountain, Black, and La Crosse rivers, and their many branches, affluents of the Mississippi, which is its S. W. boundary. This co. covers a large territory, as yet little settled. It has fine large streams, lined with vast forests of valuable pine timber, which is in great demand, and furnishes the chief trade of the county. The surface ia much varied, and the rivers afford excellent water-power. The soil is very fertile, and there is little prairie. That portion of La Crosse county lying N. of the N. line of township No. 9, has lately been erected into a separate county, under the name of Jackson. Capital : La Crosse (Prairie La Crosse). LA CROSSE, p. v., La Crosse co., Wise. : on the left bank of the Mississippi, at the mouth of La Crosse river, 108 miles N. "W. by W. Madison. It has a good landing, and contains several stores, and 300 inhabitants. LACY, p. o., Drew co., Ark, : 77 miles S. S. E. Little Eock. LACY S HILL, p. o , Pickens co., Ala. : 112 m. W. N. W. Montgomery. LADP S, sta., Erie CO., Ohio : on the Sandusky, Mansfield, and Newark K. E., 8 m. from Sandusky. LADDSBURGII, p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : 106 m. N. by E. Ilarrisburg. LABIKSBURGH, p. v., Frederick co., Md. : on the S. side of Sam s cr., 58 m. N. W. Annapolis. LAIMGA, p. o., Benton co., Ala.; on a branch of Coosa r., 112 m. N. N. E. Montgomery. LADOGA, p. v., Montgomery co., Ind. : on N. side of Big Eaccoon cr., 34 m. W. by N. Indianapolis. LADSON S, station, Charleston dist, S. Car. : on the South Carolina E. E., 17 m. from Charleston. LA FARGEVILLE, p. v., Jefferson co., 2f. Y. : on Chamount r., near its head, 158 m. N. W. Albany. LA FAYKTTE county, Ark. Situate S. "W. corner, and contains 1,664 sq. m. Drained TV. by Eed r., and Sulphur fork of Eed r., and E. by bayous Bodeau and Dorcheat, aflluents of Eed r. Surface gently uneven, with some hills, on the rivers, and a few swamps. Soil on the streams of exceeding fertility ; back of these it is sandy and less pro ductive. Cotton is raised in immense quantities on the river plantations, and constitutes the almost sole object of cultiva tion and export. Corn produces well, and there is some good pasture. Farms 177 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 349, and pop. wh. 1,900, fr. col. 0, si. 3,320 total 5,220. Capital: Lewisville. LA FAYETTE parish, La. Situate S. "W., and contains 376 sq. m. Drained by Yermillion r., which flows through it S. into Yermillion Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. Surface low and level, with frequent swamps. Soil of great fertility, where not too wet for cultivation. Cotton and sugar are the staple products, of which great amounts are exported. Corn grows luxuriantly, and yields finely. Some rice is raised in the swamps. Farms 441; manuf. 0; dwell. 630, and pop. wh. 3,390, fr. col. 160, si. 3,170 total 6,720. Cap ital: Vermillionsville. LA FAYETTE county, Mixs. Situate N., and contains 785 sq. m. Drained by Tallahatchie and Yocanapatafa rivers, and Olackatuffa or., aflluents of Yazoo r. Surface level or gently rolling. Soil generally very productive, and affords fine pasturage. Cotton is the great staple. Corn yields finely, and is extensively exported, and cattle and hogs are raised in large numbers. It has good facilities for manufacturing, which is a growing interest in the co. Farms 1,044 ; manuf. 49; dwell. 1,382, and pop. wh. 8,346, fr. col. 4, si. 5,719 total 14,069. Capital: Oxford. PuUio Works: Missis sippi Central E. E. LA FAYETTE county, Mo. Situate N. "W., and contains 653 sq. m. Drained by Dan s fork and Salt fork of Black r. flowing E., and Big Synbar and Big Terre Bean creeks flowing N. into the Missouri, its N. boundary. Surface va ried ; hills and broken ground in the S., and gentle swells in the N. Soil of great fertility, adapted to grain and grass. Corn and wheat are the cereal staples. Great numbers of sheep and swine are fed on its fine pastures and abundant mast, and pork is an important export. It has fine water- power, the use of which is extensive and rapidly increasing. Farms 895 ; manuf. 67 ; dwell. 1,459, and pop. wh. 9,005, fr. col. 70, si. 4,615 total 13,690. Capital: Lexington. Public Works: Pacific E. E. LA FAYETTE county, Wise. Situate S. W., and contains 631 sq. m. Drained by Otter cr., Pecatonica and Wassemon rivers, affluents of Eock river, and Fevre river, an affluent of the Mississippi. Surface broken and hilly, with a little prairie. Soil of good quality, and adapted to grazing or grain, but the great interest of the co. is mining. It lies on the S. line of the State, and in the rich mining district around Galena and Dubuque, the former of which is the outlet of its wealth. This consists chiefly of almost inexhaustible de posits of rich galena or lead ore, the working of which is the principal pursuit, and less extensive but valuable cop per and iron ores, with some silver. It has several mineral springs, good water privileges, and some timber. Farms 399 ; manuf. 21 ; dwell. 2,076, and pop. wh. 11,527, fr. coL 14 total 11,541. Capital: Shullsburg. Public, Works: Milwaukie and Mississippi E. E. LA FAYETTE, p. v., and cap. AYalker county, Ga. : 172 m. N. W. Milledgeville. It contains a court-house, jail, two academies, a dozen stores, and 500 inhabitants. LA FAYETTE, p. v., Stark co., 111. : on middle branch of Spoon r., 96 m. N. by "W. Springfield. LA FAYETTE, p. v., and cap. Tippecanoe co., Ind. : on the E. bank of Wabash r., at the head of steamboat navigation, 58 miles N. W. Indianapolis. Lat 40 25 N., and long. 86 49 "W. ; it is the centre of railroad, canal, and plank- road traffic of great amount, and has several important manufactures. It contains about 40 dry goods stores, 13 clothing stores, 26 groceries, etc. About a dozen warehouses, and a variety of minor sales stores ; also foundries, packing houses, paper-mills, printing establishments, etc. It has also a large flouring business ; three newspapers are pub lished here, the " L. Courier" (dem.), daily and weekly, the " L. Journal" (whig), daily and weekly, and the " "Wabash Atlas," weekly. The means of education are ample, and there are churches of all the leading denominations. A branch of the State bank is located at La Fayctte, and two other banks have been established under the new law of the State. The Wabash and Erie Canal passes through the v., and intersecting it the New Albany and Salem Extension E. E. ; and here also the La Fayette and Indianapolis E. E. forms a connection with the foregoing. Plank-roads extend hence to Oxford, Frankfort, CraAvfordsville, etc. The situa tion of La Fayette is a very fine one ; the ground rising grad ually from the river, and the neighboring hills presenting much delightful scenery. It is also surrounded by an exten sive body of land, which can not be excelled in fertility, and it abounds with streams, which afford much valuable water- power. Pop. about 6,000. LA FAYETTE, p. v., Linn co., /a. : on a branch of Cedar r., 32 m. N. by "W. Iowa City. LA FAYETTE, p. o., Christian co,, Ey. : 182 m. S.W. by "W. Frankfort. LA FAYETTE, p. o., Grafton county, N. Hamp.: 66 m. N. by W. Concord. LA FAYETTE, p. v., Sussex co., N. Jer. : on Paulinskill r., 58 rn. N. Trenton. It contains a furnace, mill, several stores, and 100 inhabitants. LA FAYETTE, t and p. o., Onondaga co., JvT Y. : 126 m. "W. by N. Albany. Drained E. by Butternut cr., and W. by Onondaga cr., which furnish power for several flouring, saw, and grist mills. Surface hilly ; soil a clayey loam, and very productive. In the N. W. is a large Indian Eeserva- tion, through which the proposed railroad from Binghamp- ton to Syracuse is to pass. Pop. 2,532. 359 LAF LAH LA FAYETTE, p. v., Madison co., Ohio : on Deer cr., 22 m. W. Columbus. Pop. 147. LA FAYETTE, t. and p. o., M Kean co., Penn. : 142 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by branches of Alleghany r. Surface broken, and soil adapted to grass. Pop. 923. LA FAYETTE, p. v., and cap. Macon co., Tenn. : on Long creek, a head of Greene r., 47 m. E. N. E. Nashville. It contains a court-house, jail, a half dozen stores, and 200 in habitants. LA FAYETTE, p. o., Montgomery county, Ylra. : 149 m. "W. by S. Richmond. LA FAYETTE, t. and p. o., "Wai worth co., Wise. : 55 m. E. S. E. Madison. The t. has a varied surface, fertile soil, and fine mill streams flowing into Fox r. A plank-road passes through to Racine. Pop. of 1. 1,008. LA FAYETTE, p. v., and cap. Yam Hill co., Oreg. Ter. : at the falls just below the junction of the N. and S. forks of Yam Hill r., 24 m. N. N. W. Salem. The Yam Hill r. is navigable for batteaux to within 8 m. of this place, and empties into the Willamette r., about 22 m. above the mouth of Tualatin river. LA FAYETTE CITY, p. o., and cap. Jefferson par., La. : on the left bank of the Mississippi, 71 m. S.E. byE. Baton Rouge. It is a continuation of New Orleans, and was consolidated under the same municipal government in 1S52. The New Orleans and Carrolton 11. R. passes through it, and several ferries cross the river. In 1S50 four papers were published, the " State Republican" (whig), and " Statesman" (dem.), semi-weekly ; the " Spectator" (whig), weekly ; and " Ger man Courier" (dem.), daily. Pop. 14.190. LA FAYETTE HILL, p. o., Fluvanna county, Virg. : 49 m. "W. N. "W. Richmond. LA FAYETTE SPRINGS, p. o., La Fayette co., Miss. : 135 m. N. N. E. Jackson. LA FAYETTEVILLE, p. o., Duchess county, W, T. : 47 m. S. by E. Albany. LA FONTAINE, p. o., Harlan co., .ZTy. : 129 m. S. S. E. Frankfort. LA FONTAINE, p. o., Wabash co., Ind. : 76 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. LA FOURCIIE INTERIOR parish, La. Situate S. E., and con tains 1,837 sq. m. Drained by Bayou La Fourche, which flows S. E. through the length of the co., and Bayou Blue, its S. W. boundary, both connecting the Mississippi with the Gulf. Along the E. border are Allemande, Washa, and Little lakes, and Barrataria Bay, connected by rivers, and emptying into the Gulf, and smaller ones in the interior. Surface low and level, much of it too wet for tillage. Soil of great productiveness, yielding heavy crops of cotton and sugar, which are the great staples, and universally culti vated. Corn thrives very well, and some rice is grown. Farms 235 ; manuf. 4 ; dwell. 938, and pop. wh. 5,143, fr. col. 22, si. 4,368 total 9,533. Capital : Thibodeauxville. LA FOTJRCHE river, La. : an outlet of the Mississippi, which leaves (he river above Donaldsonville, and after a S. E. course of 90 m. falls into the Gulf of Mexico. LAGADA, p. o., "Wilson co., Tenn. : 22 m. E. Nashville. LA GRANGE county, Ind. Situate N. E., and contains 386 sq. m. Drained by Fawn, Pigeon, and Little Elkhart rivers, branches of St. Joseph s of Lake Michigan ; with these are connected many ponds, which feed fine mill streams, and afford excellent water-power. Surface mostly level ; about two-thirds of the county are barrens or oak-openings ; the rest is mostly well timbered, and a little prairie. Soil in the openings, a sandy loam; in the forest-lands clay prepon derates everywhere good, and adapted to grain or grass. The openings produce wheat in profusion the prairie corn, and the wooded parts grass and oats. The produce of all the grains is large, and great numbers of cattle, horses, and swine are raised for market. Farms 1,062 ; manuf. 64 ; dwell. 1,479, and pop. wh. 8,369, fr. col. 18 total 8,387. Capital : La Grange. LA GRANGE, p. v., Franklin co., Ala. : 171 m. N. N. W. ! Montgomery. It occupies a commanding eminence. La I Grange College, founded in 1S30, is located here. In 1S50 it had 5 instructors, 140 alumni, 96 students, and a library of 4.000 volumes. LA GRANGE, p. v., and cap. Troup co., Ga. : on a small branch of Chattahoochie r., 109 m.W. Milledgeville. The v. contains a court-house, jail, 2 academies, several stores, and 600 inhabitants. It is on the La Grange R. R., 15 in. from West Point. The " Citizens Reporter" is published weekly. LA GRANGE, p. v., a .d cap. La Grar _e co., Ind. : 131 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. It contains a court-house, academy, several large stores, and 500 inhabitants. A plank-road leads hence 12 m. to the N. Indiana R. R. LA CHANGE, p. o., Monroe co., la.: near Cedar cr., 87 W. S. W. Iowa City. LA GRANGE, p. v., Oldham county, Ky. : 30 m. N. W. Frankfort. The v. is on the Louisville and Frankfort R. R., 33 m. from Louisville, and is the site of a Masonic College, under the supervision of the Grand Lodge of the State. LA GRANGE, t. and p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : 78 m. N. E. Augusta. Drained by Birch and Pushaw rivers, branches of the Penobscot. Soil good, and well timbered. Lumber ing is the chief business. Pop. 482. LA GRANGE, t. and p. v., Cass county, Mich. : 92 m. S.W. by W. Lansing. Drained by affluents of St. Joseph s river, affording good mill-seats. Surface level, well tim bered in parts, with prairie in the centre. Soil, superior wheat land. Pop. of 1. 1,327. LA GRANGE, p. v., Lewis co., Mo. : on the Mississippi, at the mouth of Wyaconda r., 104 m. N. N. E. Jeflersou City. A landing-place, with a few stores. LA GRANGE, p. o., Wyoming county, N. Y. : 224 m. W. Albany. LA GRANGE, sta., Erie co., N. Y. : on Buffalo and State Line R. R., 29 m. from Buffalo. LA GRANGE, p. o., Randolph co., 2f. Car. : on E. side of Ultarie r., 82 m. W. by N. Raleigh. LA GRANGE, t. and p. o., Lorain co., Ohio : 97 m. N. N. E. Columbus. Drained by E. and W. branches of Black r., which afford water-power. Surface varied, and soil adapted to grain. The Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati R. E. passes through it, 29 m. from Cleveland. Pop. 1,402. LA GRANGE, p. o.,Wyoming co., Penn. : 97 m. N. E. by N. Harrisburg. LA GRANGE, p. v., Fayette co., Tenn. : on the N. side of Wolf cr., 181 m. W. S. W. Nashville. The Memphis and Charleston R. R. passes through this place, which contains an academy, several stores, and 500 inhabitants. LA GRANGE, p. v., and cap. Fayette county, Tex. : 58 m. E. S. E. Austin City. It is pleasantly situated on the left bank of the Colorado, about 100 m. above its mouth, and contains a court-house, jail, academy, and 700 inhabitants. In the vicinity are quarries of a fine-grained sandstone, and dense forests of pine and cedar, affording the best of build ing materials in immense quantities. LA GRANGE, t. and p. o., Walworth co., Wise. : 44 m. E. S. E. Madison. The t. has an elevated surface, several ponds, and a good soil, producing grain, etc. Pop. 966. LA GRANGE BLUFF, p. v., Brown co., III. : on the right bank of the Illinois, 47 m. W. by N. Springfield. LA GREW SPRINGS, p. o., Arkansas co., Ark. : 59 m. S. E. Little Rock. LAORO, p. v., Wabash county, Ind. : on the N. side of Wabash r., 78 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. The Salamonie r. here joins the Wabash ; the Erie and Wabash Canal passes through the v., and plank-roads lead to Marion and Man chester. It has a large trade, and growing manufactures, and 700 inhabitants. The " Indiana Eagle" (dem.) is pub lished weekly. LA HARPE, p. v., Hancock co., M : 87 m. W. N. W. Springfield. LAIIASKA, p. o., Bucks co., Penn. : 93 m. E. Harrisburg. LAI LAK LAING S, p. o., Monroe county, Ohio: 103 m. E. by S. Columbus. LAINGSBURGH, p. o., Shiawassee co., Mich. : 31 m. N". E. Lansing. LAIUDSVILLE, p. v., Oueida co., XT. Y. : 96 m. W. N. W. Albany. LAIRDSVILLE, p. o., Lycoming county, Penn. : 74 m. N. Harrisburg. LAKE county, III. Situate N. E. corner, and contains 468 Bq. m. Fox r. passes S. on or near the W. border, and tbrougb Pistakee lake in tbe N. "W. corner, and Des Plairies (or OTlain) r. passes S. through the E., parallel to the shore of Lake Michigan, its E. boundary. It has numerous smaller lakes or ponds, and in the E. several swamps. Sur face level or gently undulating ; soil very fertile, and much of it prairie, adapted to grain or grass, raising heavy crops of wheat, corn, buckwheat, oats, and potatoes, and feeding great herds of cattle and swine. The dairies are large, and very profitable ; pork is a large export, and wool beginning to be. Its lake trade is important, markets convenient, water-power plenty, and is being brought into use. Farms 1,595 ; manuf. 43 ; dwell. 2,455, and pop. wh. 14,187, fr. col. 89 total 14.226. Coital : Waukegan. LAKE county, Ind. Situate N. W. corner, and contains 4C9 sq. m. Kankakee r. bounds it S., and Lake Michigan N., and their affluents Calumic, Cedar, and Eagle rivers, etc., drain it. Surface diversified generally somewhat broken ; soil various, on the lake shore sand-hills, covered with dwarf pine and cedar ; farther S. is a rich alluvial tract, and S. of that a sandy loam, and on Kankakee r. large marshes. The central parts are excellent grazing ; the S. grows an abundance of grain. A large part is prairie and marl is plentiful. Farms 423; manuf. 5; dwell. 715, and pop. wh. 3,990, fr. col. 1 total 3,991. Capital : Crown Point. FuUie Works : Northern Indiana 11. E. ; Central Michigan E. E. LAKE county, Mich. Situate W. middle, on Lower Pen insula, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Notipecagon or Marquettc, and Memoosie rivers, and a branch of Manistee r., affluents of Lake Michigan. Its bottoms are well tim bered with oak and pine, and the soil is said to be very pro ductive. It is thinly settled, and has been organized since 1850. LAKE county, Ohio. Situate N. E. on Lake Erie, and contains 221 sq. m. Drained by Chagrine and Grand rivers and their branches. Surface rolling, and soil exceeding fer tile. Corn and wheat are the leading crops. The other grains thrive well, and the grazing is of the best. Great numbers of cattle and hogs are raised for the Eastern markets, and the growth of wool is very heavy. It has good commercial facilities, and very important manufactures of lumber, flour, leather, iron, liquors, etc. Farms 1,449 ; manuf. 250 ; dwell. 2,700, and pop. wh. 14,616, fr. col. 38 total 14,654. Cap ital : Painesville. Public Works : Cleveland, Painesville, and Ashtabula E. E. LAKE, p. o., Washington county, N. Y. : 35 m. N. by E. Albany. LAKE, t. and p. o., Luzerne county, Penn. : 84 m. N. E. by N., Harrisburg. Surface rough. Bowman s Mount ains are in the N., and Harvey s Lake in the E., which fur nishes a good mill-stream. Grazing is chiefly attended to. Pop. 730. LAKE, t. and p. o., Stark county, Ohio: 105 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1,732. LAKE, sta., Lake co., Ind. : on the Michigan Central E.E., 20 m. W. of Michigan City. LAKE CARRAWAY, p. o., Carroll par., La. : 151 m. N. by "W. Baton Eouge. LAKE CHAMPLATN (see CHAMPLAIN lake). LAKE CHARLES, p. o., Calcasieu par., La. : 129 m. "W. Baton Rouge. LAKE COMFORT, p. o., Hyde co., N. Car. : 133 m. E. by S. Ealeigh. X2 LAKE CUEEK, p. o., Lamar co., Tex. : on an affluent of Sulphur cr. so called, 251 m. N. E. by N. Austin City. LAKE DKUMMONB, p. o., Norfolk co., Virg. : 88 m. S. E. Richmond. LAKE ERIE (we ERIE lake). LAKE G BIFFIN, p. o., Marion co., Flor. : at the head of Oclawaha r., 18$ m. S. E. by E. Tallahassee. LAKE HURON (see HURON lake). LAKELAND, p. o. and sta., Suffolk co., N. Y. : 129 m. S. S. E. Albany. The station is 49 m. from Brooklyn on the Long Island E. E. LAKE LANDING, p. o., Hyde co., Jf. Car. : 152 m. E. by S. Ealeigh. LAKE MARIA, p. v., Marquetta co., Wise. : near the lake of that name, 46 m. N. by E. Madison. LAKE MICHIGAN (see MICHIGAN lake). LAKE MILLS, t. and p. o., Jefferson co., Wise. : 23 m. E. Madison. The t. has a fine soil for the grains, good water- power, and rapidly increasing manufactures. Pop. 884. LAKE OF THE DESERT, Mich, and Wise. : an inconsiderable lakelet, about half-way between the mouths of the Montreal and Menomonee rivers, through the former of which it empties into Lake Superior. The boundary line between the Upper Peninsula and the State of Wisconsin passea through its waters. LAKE ONTARIO (see ONTARIO lake). LAKE PLEASANT, t. and p. v., Hamilton co., N. Y. : 65 m. N. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Sficandaga, Cedar, and Jessup s rivers, branches of the Hudson. It extends some 50 m. N. and S., and is mostly a wilderness dotted with beautiful lakes, the largest of which are Eound Lake, Lake Emmons, and Lake Pleasant, on the W. shore of which latter is the small village of that name. It affords unsur passed facilities for hunting and fishing, and is much resorted to for those purposes. Pop. 305. LAKEPOKT, p. v., Madison co., 2T. T.: 112 m. W. by N. Albany. LAKE PROVIDENCE, p. v., Carroll par., La. : on the right bank of the Mississippi, 156 m. N. Baton Eouge. It con tains a court-house, jail, hospital, several stores and ware houses, and 600 inhabitants. Cotton is shipped in large quantities, and a considerable trade with the interior is carried on. Two newspapers are published here, li Le Ee- publicain" (whig) and the "Carroll Watchman," both weekly issues. The lake consists of an ancient bed of the Missis sippi r., which has taken a different course, and in the north and south part the entrance from the river is entirely closed. Its outlet to the S. forms Tensas r. This v. is selected as one of the points from which the Louisiana and Texas E. E. ought to commence. LAKE KIDGE, p. o., Tompkins co., N . Y. : 149 m. W. by S. Albany. LAKE ST. CLAIR, Mich. ; between Canada and Michigan. It is by far the smallest of the chain of lakes connecting Lake Superior with the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Lai. 42 52 N., and long 82 25 W. It is 24 m. long, and in circumfer ence 90 m., and 20 feet deep. Its banks are alluvial, ele vated 20 feet above the water, and have an undulating surface. Its principal tributary streams are the Clinton r. from the W., and the rivers Chenal, Ecarte, and Thames from Canada. It is a beautiful lake, with clear and trans parent waters. LAKESVILLE, p. v., Dorchester co., Md. : S. of Little Chop- tank r., 41 m. S. E. Annapolis. LAKE SUPERIOR (ses SUPERIOR lake). LAKE SWAMP, p. o., Horry dist., & Car.: about 4 m. S. of Lumber r., 107 m. E. by N. Columbia. LAKETON, p. v., Wabash co., Ind. : about 1 m. W. of Eel r., S3 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. LAKE VIEW, p. v., Dane co., Wise. : 6 m. S. by E. Madison. The Milwaukie and Mississippi E. E. will pass through it. LAKE VILLAGE, p. v. and sta., Belknap co., N. ILimp. : on an arm of Winnepiseogee Lake, 25 m. N. by E. Concord. 361 LAK LAN It is on the Boston, Concord, and Montreal E. E., 29 m from Concord. LAKEVILLE, p. v., Litchfleld co., Conn. LAKEVILLE, p. v., Oakland county, Mich.: 71 m. E Lansing. LAKEVILLE, sta., Ashland county, Ohio: on the Ohio and Pennsylvania E. E., 16 m. W. of Wooster. At or near this point, the Springfield, Mount Vernon, and Pittsburg E. E will intersect the line and form its best and most direc connection with Cincinnati. LAKEVILLE, p. v., Livingston co., N. Y. : at the N. end of Conesus Lake, 209 m. W. by N. Albany. The Buffalo. Corning, and New York E. E. passes near it. LAKEVILLE, p. o., St. Joseph county, Ind. : 118 m. N. Indianapolis. LAKE WAOCAMAW, sta., Columbus co., 2f. Car. : 32 m. W. of Wilmington, on the Wilmington and Manchester E. E. LAKE ZURICH, p. v., Lake county, III. : 188 m. N. N. E. Springfield. It is a thriving v. on the borders of a pond so called. LAMAR county Tex. Situate N. E. on Bed r., and con tains 1,189 sq. m. Drained N. by Sander s and Upper and Lower Pine creeks of Bed r., and S. by N. fork of Sulphur r. and its affluents, Brigham s, Crockett s, Honey, Hickory, Sandy, Mulberry creeks, etc. Surface diversified, with hills in the S., and a wide belt of river bottom in the N. ; soil of great fertility, that on Bed r. yields almost incredible crops of corn and cotton, and is never failing. The other portions afford excellent grazing, and good returns of potatoes and grain. Most of the county is heavily timbered with oak, walnut, ash, elm, and cedar. Cotton is the staple. Farms 409 ; manuf. 7 ; dwell. 497, and pop. wh. 2,893, fr. col. 0, si. 1,085 total. 3,978. Capital : Paris. LAMAR, p. o., Marshall county, Miss. : 179 m. N. by E. Jackson. LAMAR, p. o., Eandolph county, Ala. : 77 m. N. N. E. Montgomery. LAMAR, p. v., Eefugio co., Tex. : on the N. side of the en trance into Aransas Bay, 154 m. S. by E. Austin City. It has a favorable position for commerce, having a fine harbor in its vicinity and a limited trade on the coast. Pop. 500. LAMAR, p. v., Lake co., III. : 197 m. N. N. E. Springfield. LAMAR, t. and p. o., Clinton co., Penn. : 67 m. N. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by Big Fishing and Cedar creeks. Surface rugged, with valleys of rich loam. It is well sup plied with water-power, and has large flouring and saw mills and extensive iron-works. LAMARTINE, p. o., Clarion co., Penn. : 107 m. "W. N. W. Harrisburg. LAMARTINE, p. o., Washita co., Ark. : 86 m. S. S. W. Little Eock. LAMARTINE, p. o., Giles county, Tenn.: 69 m. S. by W. Nashville. LAMARTINE, p. o., Carroll co., Ohio: 103 m. E. N. E. Columbus. LAMARTINE, p. o., Benton county, Ala. : 98 m. N. N. E. Montgomery. LAMARTINE, L and p. o., Fond du Lac co., Wise. : 66 m. N. E. Madison. It has an even surface, with some water- power and some low land. Pop. 518. LAMASCO, v., Yanderburg co., Ind. : on the N. side of Ohio r., at the confluences of Little cr., ana immediately W. of Evansville. It is a new village founded by Law, M Call, and Scott, and is named from the first letters of the several names La-ma-sco of those gentlemen. Its prosperity will be developed wilh that of Evansville. LAMBERTSVILLE, t. and p. v., Hunterdon county, JV: Jer. : on the E. bank of Delaware r., 14 m. N. W. by N. Trenton. It has a favorable situation for trade and manufactures, which are prosecuted extensively. The Belvidere Dela ware E. E. passes the v. 17 m. from Trenton. A literary weekly, the " Delaware Yalley Diarist," is published. Pop. of 1. 1,417. LAMBERTVILLE, p. o., Monroe co., Mich. : 73 m. S. E. Lansing. LAMBURGH, p. v., Iroquois co., III. : on the right bank of Kankakee r., 132 m. N. E. Springfield. LA MINE, p. o., Cooper co., Mo. : on the river so called, about 4 m. S. of the Missouri, 44 m. N. W. Jefferson City. LA MINE river, Mo.: a tributary of the Missouri. It rises in Lafayette and Johnson counties, and flowing E. en ters the above river 5 or 6 m. above Booneville. It receives the Blackwater about 20 m. from its confluence with the Missouri. These rivers are navigable for keel boats for a considerable distance. LAMINGTON, p. o., Eussell county, Ala.: 63 miles E. Montgomery. LA MIRA, p. o., Belmont co., Ohio : 102 m. E. Columbus. LAMOILLE county, Verm. Situate N. W., and contains 454 sq. m. Drained by Lamoille r. and its branches, and S. by Waterbury r., a branch of Onion r., both affluents of Lake Champlain. Surface broken and mountainous. The Green Mountains pass through the co. The Mansfield Mountains, a branch of the Green Mountain range, lies in the S., and are among the highest in the State one summit is 4,279, and another 3,933 feet high. The face of the co. is not prepossessing, being much scarred by rough and rocky elevations, but it has many fertile valleys and much fine pas ture. Corn and wheat yield well, but oats and potatoes much better, and grazing is the chief business. The pro duce of the dairy, live stock, beef, and wool, are the leading exports. The rugged hills are well grown with timber, and the maple furnishes abundance of pugar for consumption and export. The hills are also the sources of many streams, which furnish much water-power for its valuable manufac tures of leather, woolen goods, and "Yankee notions." Farms 1,082 ; manuf. 42 ; dwell. 2,022, and pop. wh. 10,809, fr. col. 3 total 10,872. Capital : Hyde Park. LAMOILLE, p. v., Bureau co., III. : on a tributary of Illi nois r., 123 m. N. Springfield. LAMOILLE river, Verm. : a considerable stream rising in Long Pond, on the N. W. border of Caledonia county, whence its course is "W. by N. to Lake Champlain, into which it falls, 12 m. N. Burlington. It has numerous trib utaries, and its falls produce an immense and valuable water-power. LA MOTTE, p. v., Jackson co., la. : 61 m. N. E. Iowa City. LAMPETER, t. and p. o., Lancaster county, Penn. : 37 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Mill and Pecquea creeks and Conestoga r^ which furnish good water privileges. Surface uneven, and soil fertile and highly cultivated. Leather and woolen goods are made. Pop. 3,5S6. LAMPSVILLE, p. v., Belmont county, Ohio : 108 miles E. Columbus. LAMSON S, p. o. and sta., Onondaga co., N. Y. : about 1 m. W. of Oswego r., 141 m. W. by N. Albany. The sta. ia 18 m. S. of Oswego, on the Oswego and Syracuse E. E. LANARK, p. o., Bradley county, Ark. : 69 m. S. by E. Little Eock. LANCASTER county, Penn. Situate S. E., and contains 933 sq. m. Drained by Conestoga, Pecquea, Conewango, and other creeks, affluents of the Susquehanna, which forms ts S. "W. boundary. Surface much diversified ; parts very hilly, and parts with only an agreeable variety of hill and valley ; affording much of the most delightful scenery to be found in the Union, particularly on the banks of the Susque hanna. Soil of excellent quality, equally adapted to grass and grain, and under a superior cultivation. Corn, wheat, rye, and oats, produce great crops the cereal staples. The dairies are large, widely known, and very profitable ; beef and pork are important exports, and wool is sheared to a arge amount. The streams afford unlimited water-power, which is all employed in manufactures of iron, flour, lum ber, woolen and cotton goods, leather, liquors, earthenware, etc. Iron, flour, and lumber, furnaces and mills, employ a arge capital, and form a leading interest with the citizens. LAN LAN Farms 5,629; manuf. 1,146; dwell. 17,133, and pop. wh. 95,318, fr. col. 3,626 total 93,944. Capital: Lancaster. Public Works: Philadelphia and Columbia K. E. ; Colum bia Branch E. E. ; Ilarrisburg and Lancaster E. E. ; Tide water Canal, etc. LANCASTER district, S. Car. Situated K centrally, and contains 562 sq. m. Bounded W. by Catawba r., E. by Lynch s cr., and drained by their affluents. Surface ele vated, and somewhat broken. Soils mostly very fertile. Cotton is the staple product, and very large crops are raised. Corn is the chief cereal, and wheat of a good quality is con siderably raised. It has several good water privileges, and some manufactures. Farms 580 ; manuf. 203 ; dwell 1,096, and pop. wh. 5,861, fr. col. 113, si. 5,014 total 10,988. Capital : Lancaster. LAXCASTEB county, Virg. Situate E., at the mouth of Eappahannock r., and contains 96 sq. m. The Eappahan- nock forms its S. "W. boundary, and several small creeks flow through the co. into it among them, Carter s cr., noted for its excellent oysters. Surface varied, with no great elevation. Soil of average fertility, producing chiefly corn and oats. It has good timber, pine and oak in abund ance. Farms 299; manuf. 4; dwell. 426, and pop. wh. 1,805, fr. col. 263, si. 2,640 total 4,703. Capital: Lancas ter Court-house. LANCASTER, p. v., Cass county, III. : 21 m. W. N. W. Springfield. LANCASTER, p. v., Jefferson county, Ind. : 72 m. S. S. E- Indianapolis. It lies within 2 m. of the Madison and In dianapolis E. E. LANCASTER, p. v., and cap. Garrard co., Ky. : about 3 m. E. of Dick s r., 42 m. S. S. E. Frankfort. It contains a court house, jail, 2 academies, several stores, and 600 inhabitants. LANCASTER, t. and p. v., Worcester co., Mass. : 33 m. W. by N. Boston. Drained by Nashua r. and its W. branch large streams, which supply fine water-power. Surface much varied parts are quite hilly, while the rivers are bordered with extensive alluvial meadows; soil generally of superior quality, equally fitted for grass or grain. For farming its facilities are great, and none of them over looked, and for manufacturing little inferior. The articles made are numerous and steadily increasing in amount ; among them are cotton and woolen goods, boots and shoes, leather, hats, combs, mechanic s tools, cabinet ware, etc. The Worcester and Nashua E. E. passes through the town along the river, and the sta. is 19 m. N. of Worcester. The village is on a plain, at the junction of the two branches of the river, surrounded by hills, and contains an academy, a bank, and several stores. Pop. of 1. 1,688. LANCASTER, p. v., and cap. Schuyler co., Mo. : 133 m. N. by W. Jefferson City. It contains a court-house, and several stores and dwellings. LANCASTER, t., p. v., and cap. Coos co., JV. JTamp. : on the Connecticut r., along which the t. extends about 10 m., 88 m. N. Concord. Drained by Israel s r. and its branches, which afford good water-power. Surface level, and soil very fertile along the Connecticut ; the E. parts are too rug ged for tillage, but furnish excellent pasture. The v. ex tends N. from Israel s r., which has several dams on it, about 1 m. from the Connecticut, and contains a court house, jail, 2 banks, an academy, and several stores and mills. The " Coos County Democrat" is published here weekly. Pop. of 1. 1,550. LANCASTER, fe, p. v., and sta., Erie co., N. Y. : 258 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Ellicott s, Cayuga, and Seneca creeks, on which are several large mills. Surface undulating; soil a rich loam, yielding fine crops of grass and grain. The Buffalo and Eochester E. E. and Buffalo and New York City E. E. cross the township, and the sta. is 10 m. from Buffalo. The v. is on Cayuga cr., and contains 3 hotels, several mills and stores, and 800 inhabit ants. Pop. of t. 3,794. LAXCASTEB, p. v .. and cap. Fairfield co., Ohio : on the upper part of Hocking r., 27 m. S. E. Columbus. It is well j laid out on both sides of the r., and contains a court-house and jail, several large flouring and other mills, extensive machine shops, and many elegant stores. It enjoys a large trade with the surrounding country, and is the outlet of its produce, which here reaches the Hocking Canal 9 m. from its junction with the Ohio Canal. The " Ohio Eagle" (dem.), and "L. Gazette" (whig), both publish daily and weekly editions, and the " L. Telegraph" (dem.), is published week ly. The Wilmington and Zanesville E. E. passes through it. Pop. 3,433. LANCASTER, t., p. city, and cap. Lancaster co., Penn.: on the right side of, and l. m. from, Conestoga cr., 18 m. from its confluence with the Susquehanna, and 34 miles E. S. E. Ilarrisburg. Lat. 40 02 36" N., and long. 76 20 83 W 109 m. N. N. E. Washington. It is a comfortable city, with wide streets crossing each other at right angles, well paved, and lighted with gas. The city is divided into four wards. Many of the dwellings have an antique appearance, but generally are well built of brick and stone ; and the inhab itants are supplied with water by means of an artificial basin and conducting pipes. The court-house is a hand some structure. Pop. in 1810, 5,407 ; in 1820, 6,663 ; in 1830, 7,704 ; in 1840, 8,417 ; and in 1850, 12,365. Previous to 1812 it was the capital of the State ; it was originally chartered as a borough in 1754, and was incorporated as a city in 1818. Lancaster is venerable on account of its associations with the past, and remarkable for its modern progress. It has ever been a place of trade, and a main entrep6t of the commerce between the sea-board and interior. The rapid increase of the city in later days is owing chiefly to its railroad con nections, and the consequent development of the vicinity on account of the increased facilities of travel and transporta tion. The lines connecting at this point, 70 miles from Philadelphia, and 37 from Harrisburg by route, are the Philadelphia and Columbia E. E., and the Lancaster and Ilarrisburg E. E. ; forming portions of the great east and west line across the State. The improvements of Conestoga cr. are also available to Lancaster. Numerous manufactures are carried on in the town and city ; it has two large cotton mills, 1 steam furnace, 1 rolling mill, and three forges tl>e latter using water-power and a large variety of mechanic shops. Stores of every description are numerous, and have a large wholesale and retail trade ; and the large number of hotels and taverns are evidence of the prosperous condition of the country trade, which requires such accommodation. There are four banks in Lancaster ; and there are, besides the manufactures above-named, numerous distilleries, brew eries, potteries, printing establishments, binderies, etc. It is also well supplied with churches and schools one of the latter, a well-endowed institution, and formerly known as Franklin College, founded chiefly by Germans in 1787 ; and has several libraries, and other literary institutions. The public press of the city consists of nine weekly newspapers and one monthly; the latter being the "American Law Journal." The newspapers are, the " Union and Tribune," the "Folks Friend," the "Examiner and Herald," the "L. Gazette," and the " American Press and Eepublican" (all whig); the " Lancasterian" and "L. Intelligencer" (both dem.), the " Saturday Express" (temperance), and the " Co lumbia Spy." The city is surrounded by a very fertile, highly cultivated, and populous country. LANCASTER, p. v., and cap. Keokuk county, la.: be tween Skunk river and its N. fork, 39 m. S. W. Iowa City. It contains a court-house, several stores, and about 300 inhab itants. LANCASTER, t., p. v., and cap. Grant county, Wise. : 69 m. W. S. W. Madison. Drained by a branch of Grant r., which has considerable fall. Surface uneven, and soil well adapted to wheat It is in the mineral region, and has lead veins in the S. part. , The v. contains a court-house, high school, several stores, and 300 inhabitants. The " Grant County Herald" (whig) is published weekly. Pop. of 1 1,682. 863 LAN LAN LANCASTER, p. v., Smith co., Tenn. : on W. side of Cancy fork of Cumberland r., 51 m. E. by S. Nashville. LANCASTER C. II., p. v., and cap. Lancaster dist., S. Car. : on a small branch of Catawaba r., 48 m. N. by E. Columbia. It contains a court-house, jail, 2 academies, several stores, and 200 inhabitants. LANCASTER C. II., p. v., and cap. Lancaster co., Ylrg. : 53 m. E. by N. Eichmond. It contains a court-house and several dwellings. LANDAFF, t and p. o., Grafton county, N. Hamp. : 57 m. N. by W. Concord. Dr~ ned by branches of Ammonoosuc r. Surface much broken. Landaff Mountain is in the E. Soil in the lower parts very fertile. Iron ore is found in the north. Pop. 943. LANDERS VILLE, p. o., Lawrence co., Ala. : 157 m. N. N. "W. Montgomery. LANDGROVE, t. and p. o., Bennington co., Verm. : 72 m. S. by W. Montpelier. Drained by West r. Surface elevated, and generally too rough for cultivation. Pop. 337. LANDISBUBGH, p. v., Perry co., Penn. : 23 m. "W. by N. Ilarrisburg. It contains several stores, and a furnace of 1,100 tons annual capacity. LANDISVILLE, p. o., Lancaster co., Penn. : 26 m. E. by S. Ilarrisburg. LAND OF PROMISE, p. o., Princess Anne co., Yirg. : 102 m. 8. E. Eichmond. LANDSDOWN, p. o., Prince William co., Yirg. : 84 m. N. Richmond. LANDSFORD, p. o., Chester dist., S.Car. : 2 m.~W. Catawba river, 49 m. N. Columbia. LANE county, Oreg. Situate S., and contains a large area of perhaps 50,0i~0sq. m. It has Linn co. on the N., Ump- qua co. on the W., between it and the Pacific, and an unorganized region, attached to Umpqua co., on the S. The Cascade range of mountains, which run parallel to the ocean through the territory, crosses the W. part of the co., separating the waters of its streams. West of this range it is drained by Long Tom, Coast, Middle, and M Kenie s forks, head streams of Willamette r., which flows N. into the Columbia, and E. by Fall r. and its branches, pursuing a N. course, and emptying into the Columbia far to the E. of the Willamette. It has fine streams, skirted with noble forests of gigantic growth, and is mostly in possession of the red man. Of its soil and products under cultivation, little is known, it being scarcely settled, and but just organized. LANE. p. o., Elkhart county, Ind. : 127 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. LAMTIELD, p. v., Ilaywood co., Tenn.: on S. bank of Forked Deer r., 141 m. W. by S. Nashville. LANESBORO , t and p. v., Berkshire co., 3fass. : 114 m, W. by N. Boston. It consists chiefly of a valley of great fertility, through which flow several heads of Housatonic and Iloosic rivers. The higher parts are excellent grazing land, and the lower highly cultivated and very productive farms. Wool is a heavy export ; limestone is abundant, and beautiful marble and graphic slate are found. In the S. is a pond much resorted to by fishing parties, and through the E. passes the Pittsfield and North Adams E. E., EastLanes- boro Station being 6 m. N. of Pittsfield. The v. contains an academy and several stores. The new State Prison has recently been located here. Pop. 1,226. LANESBOROUGII, p. o., Anson co., N. Car. : on Lane cr. of Eocky r., 107 m. S. W. by W. Ealeigh. LANESBOROUGII, p. v., Susquehanna co., Penn. : on the E. side of Cannewacta cr., 132 m. N. E. by N. Ilarrisburg. It contains 2 hotels, several mills and tanneries, and 500 in habitants. The Erie E. E. passes over the r. on a tressle bridge, 450 feet long, and 70 feet above the creek. LANE S CREEK, p. o., Union co., N. Car. : on a branch of Eocky r., 112 m. S. W. by W. Ealeigh. LANE S PRAIRIE, p. o., Osage county, Mo. : 86 m. S. E. Jefferson City. LANESVILLE, p. v., Harrison county, Ind. : 103 m. S. 364 Indianapolis. A plank-road passes through from Corydon to New Albany. LANESVILLE, sta., Marion co., Ind. : on the Indianapolis and Bellefontaine E. E., 9 m. from Indianapolis. LANESVILLE, p. v., Floyd co., Ky. : on the W. fork of Big Sandy r., 162 m. E. S. E. Frankfort. LANESVILLE, p. o., King William co., Yirg. : 26 m. N. N. E. Eichmond. LANGDON, p. v., Du Page county, III. : 164 m. N. N. E. Springfield. LANGDON, t. and p. o., Sullivan co., 2f. Hamp. : 41 m. W. by S. Concord. Drained by Cold r. Surface various ; soil fertile and well timbered. A farming and grazing town. Pop. 575. LANGDON S, sta., Jackson co., Ind. : on the Jcffersonville E. E., 25 m. S. of Columbus. LANGIIARNE S TAVERN, p. o., Cumberland co., Yirg. : 41 m. W. Eichmond. LANGLEY, p. o., Fairfax co., Yirg. : 89 m. K Eichmond. LANGSBURY, p. o., Camden co., Ga. : near Little St. Ilia river, 166 m. S. E. by S. Milledgeville. LANGSTON, p. o., Jackson county, Ala. : about 7 m. E. Tennessee r., 145 in. N. by E. Montgomery. LANGSVILLE, p. v., Meigs county, Ohio : 73 m. S. E. Columbus. LANGUILLE, p. o., St. Fransois co., Ark. : near the branch of St. Francis r. so called, 82 m. E. by N. Little Eock. LANIER, p. v., and cap. Macon co., Ga. : about 3 m. W. Flint river, 69 m. S. W. Milledgeville. It contains a court house, jail, and 150 inhabitants. LANNAHASSEE, p. o., Stewart co., Ga. : near Kickafoone cr. of Flint r., 107 m. S. W. Milledgeville. LANSING, p. v., Outagamie co., Wise. : 122 m. N. N. E Madison. LANSING, t., p. city,.and cap. Ingham co., Mich., and cap. of the State of Michigan : on the right or N. bank of Grand river, in a direct line, 4S3 m. N. W. by W. Washington. Lat. 42 43 N., and long. 84 29 W. The t. is drained by Grand river, which in the centre receives Cedar r. from the E.. and has also several minor streams, all affording an im mense hydraulic power. Grand r. is here navigable for batteuux ; the surface is level, and the soils rich and pro ductive, yielding the grains and esculent vegetables abund antly. The city was commenced in 1847, and on the 25th December of that year became the permanent seat of the State government; previous to that it was a wilderness, without an inhabitant. It is now a place of considerable pretension, and its future is predestined to be one of pros perity. The streets and squares are well arranged, and its public buildings projected on a scale of more than ordinary elegance. The State House, a large and handsome edifice, surrounded by an inclosed park, is situate on an eminence 50 feet above the river, and overlooking a beautiful region of woodland and intervale. It contains, besides, several steam and water mills for flouring and sawing, and has two fine hotels, about 250 dwellings, and 10 or 12 wholesale and retail stores. Two newspapers, the "Michigan State Jour nal" (dem.), issued weekly, and the " Primitive Expounder" (whig), semi-weekly. Pop. of 1. 1,226. LANSING, p. v., and cap. Allemakee co., la. : on the right bank of the Mississippi, 113 m. N. by E. Iowa City. It has a landing on the river, and contains a few stores and dwell ings. LANSINGBURG, t and p. v., Eensselaer oo., N. Y. : 9 m. N. by E. Albany. Drained by creeks of Hudson r., which on the W. forms its boundary. Surface near the river level, in the E. somewhat hilly ; soil gravelly and clay loam. The village, at the head of sloop navigation, on the Hudson, is a flourishing place, and with streets intersecting at right angles, and contains many substantial and neat buildings. It has 9 churches, numerous stores, wholesale and retail, hotels, groceries, etc., a bank, and several extens ive and important manufactures, among which are those LAN LAS of are-arms, brushes, iron and copper ware, oil floor-cloth, | etc., and also plaster, flour, and other mills ; it is noted, also, j for its malt. Three newspapers are published in the v., the "L. Democrat," and the " L. Gazette," both issued weekly, and the " Golden Eule," a monthly issue. The v. has also several schools and a good academy. Several sloops, etc., are owned here, and are employed on the river. The State Dam, between here and Troy, 1,100 feet long and 9 feet high, forms a spacious basin, and by means of a lock ena bles vessels to come up to this place ; and a bridge across the Hudson connects it with Waterford ; and the Troy and Boston E. E. passes through it, connecting it with the rail roads to the North and South. Pop. in 1840, 3,830, and in 1S50, 5,752, of which about 4,300 are in the village. It is one of the most improving villages of the State, and with its present facilities of water and land travel and transporta tion, must continue to rise in the scale of importance. LANSIXGVILLE, p. v., Tompkins co., AT. Y. : 146 m. "W. Albany. LAONA, p. v., Chautauque county, 2f. Y. : on Canadawa creek, 293 m. W. Albany. It is a thriving village, contain ing several mills and 500 inhabitants. LAONA, p. v., "Winnebago co., III. : 192 m. X. Springfield. LAPEEB county, Mich. Situate S. E., and contains 720 gq. m. Drained by Flint r. and its branches flowing into Saginaw r. and bay, and Mill cr., Belle r., and X. branch of Clinton r., flowing into St. Clair r. and lake. Surface gently undulating. The soil is mostly oak-openings ; the X. is well wooded with oak, elm, beech, maple, and pine the last abundant on Flint r., and of excellent quality. Soil on the streams very fertile, and superior for tillage. There is much first-rate pasture between them. Cattle, pork, and grain are the staples. There are many small streams in the oo. ; all are fine mill-streams, and the water-power is of great value. Farms 62S ; manuf. 45; dwell. 1,286, and pop. wh. 7,007, fr. col. 22 total 7,029. Capital : Lapeer. LAPEKR, t. and p. o., Cortlandt county, JV~ Y. : 122 m. "W. by S. Albany. Drained by Tioughnioga creek and branches. Surface uneven, and soil clayey loam, admirably r.daptcd to grain-growing, which is the chief business. In corporated in 1845. Pop. S22. LAPEI-.R, t.. p. v., and cnp. Lapeer county, Mich. : 66 m. E. by N. Lansing. Drained by Flint r. and its branches, which afford much superior water-power. Surface rolling, and soil very fertile. The v. is at the junction of Farmer s cr. with Flint r., and has abundant water-power in its vicin ity. It contains a court-house and jail, an academy, several flouring and other mills, and growing manufactures. The U L. County Democrat is published weekly. Pop. of 1. 1,467. LAPIIAMSVILLE, p. v., Kent co., Mich. : 47 m. W. by N. Lansing. LAPLAND, p. o., Buncombe county, 2f. Car. : 245 m. W. Ealeigh. LA POINTE county, IFiV. Situate X. "W., and contains about 4.4 sq. m. Drained S. W. by St. Croix r. and its numerous tributaries, S. E. by heads of Chippewa r.. all affluent-! of the Mississippi, and N. by St. Louis r., Mashkeg r., Burnt Wood r., and smaller streams flowing X. into Lake Superior, its X. boundary. "With its streams are con nected many large ponds, affording excellent fish, and much of the co. is covered with swamps. The chief products are fish, game, and furs, and the inhabitants Indians, hunters, and trappers, with a few traders. Farms f>; manuf. 1; dwell. 74, and pop. wh. 4S3, fr. col. 6 total 4S9. Capital : La Pointe. LA POINTE. p. v., La Pointe co., Wise. : on S. end of Madeline Island, 2-6 m. X. by W. Madison. LAPOMIJA, p. o., La Fayette co., Mi-ss. : 129 m. X. by E. Jackson. LA PORTE county, Ind. Situate X. "W., and contains 552 sq. m. Drained by Kankakee r. and its affluents. Calimuc river and Trail cr.. the last emptying into Lake Michigan, where the co. touches the lake in the X. W. Surface undu lating prairies, groves, and ponds varying the scenery with sand-hills near the lake, and marshes on the Kanka kee. Except near the lake and in the S., the soil is very productive, raising large crops of the grains, and much of it excellent grazing land. Corn, wheat, cattle, and hogs are the farming exports. Its ponds and streams furnish fine water-power, and it enjoys a good share of the lake trade. Farms 1,116; manuf. 122; dwell. 2,124, and pop. wh. 12,070, fr. col. 75 total 12,145. Capital : La Porte. Pub lic Works : Xorthern Indiana K. E. ; Xew Albany and Salem Extension 11. E. ; Michigan Central E. K. LA POKTE, p. o., "Warren county, Penn. : 166 m. X. W. Harrisburg. LA PORTE, p. v., and cap. La Porte co., Ind. : 123 m. N. by W. Indianapolis. It lies near several ponds on the edge of a prairie, and contains a court-house and jail, a bank, an academy and several high schools, and has an extensive trade in grain and live-stock, with 2,000 inhab itants. The Indiana Medical College is located here, and in 1850 had 7 instructors, 19 alumni, and 104 students. The Xorthern Indiana E. E. passes tho v. 58 m. from Chicago. The "L. County Whig" is published weekly. LA PORTE, p. o., Lorain count}*, Ohio: 98 m. X. X. E. Columbus. LAPPON S CROSS EOADS. p. o., Washington co., Md. : S4 m. X. W. by W. Annapolis. LAPUTA, p. o., Franklin co., E~i/. : 8 m. W. Frankfort. LAREDO, p. v., and cap. Webb co., Tex. : on the left bank of the Eio Grande, 227 m. S. W. by W. Austin City. This was an old Spanish settlement of much importance, but through its border position, has lost its superiority. It is surrounded by a fine grazing region, and is rising again as a place of trade. It has steamboat communication with the- Gulf cities, is a U. S. military post, and contains a court house and 500 inhabitants. LARISSA, p. o., Cherokee county, Tex. : 1S3 m. E. X. E. Austin City; LARKINSBUBG, p. v., Clay county, III. : 69 m. S. E. Springfield. LARKIN S FORK, p. o., Jackson co., Ala. : on a branch of Tennessee r. so called, 166 in. X. Montgomery. LARKIXSVILLE, p. v., Jackson county, Ala.: 155 m. XV Montgomery. It contains an academy and 150 inhabitants. LAKNED S CORNERS, p. o., Ontario county, N. Y.: 179 m. W. by X. Albany. LAEOME, p. o., Somerset co., Me. : 47 m. X. Augusta. LARRABEE S POINT, p. v., Addison co., Verm. : ou the E. side of Lake Champlain, near the entrance of Lake George, 48 m. S. W. Montpelier. LARRY S CREEK, p. o., Lycoming county, Penn. : 72 m. X. Harrisburg. LA HUE county, Ky. Situate centrally, and contains 213 sq. m. Drained by Eolling Fork of Salt r., an affluent of the Ohio, and S. fork of Xolin cr., an affluent of Greeu r. Surface various; soil fertile, and grazing excellent. Corn, wheat, and tobacco arc staple products. Many hogs, horses, and cattle are raised and exported. Farms 420 ; manuf. 12 ; dwell. 845, and pop. wh. 5,177, fr. col. 10, si. 672 total 5,^59. Capital : La Hue. LA SALLE county, IU. Situate X. E., and contains 994 sq. m. Illinois r. crosses the middle, and its branches drain it; X., Fox r. and its affluents, Indian and Somonauk creeks; S. Vermillion r. Surface undulating; soil very productive. Much of the co. is dry prairie, and deficient in timber. All the grains produce largely, and, with live stock, beef, and pork, constitute the farmers staples. It has abundance of fine mill streams, and manufactures extensively. Beds of excellent coal yield fuel in abundance for consumption and export. Farms 1.336; manuf. 46; dwell. 3.074, and pop. wh. 17.799, fr. col. 16 total 17,815. Capital: Ottawa. Pullic Worte : Illinois and Michigan Canal; Chicago and Eoek Island E. E. ; Aurvra Extension E. E. ; Illinois Central E. E., etc. 365 LAS LA SALLK, t, and p. o., Monroe co., Mich. : on Lake Erie, 78 m. S. E. Lansing. Drained by Otter cr. and Aux Vases r., small streams, entering the lake. Surface level, and soil somewhat sandy, but finely adapted to wheat and grass. Pop. 1,106. LA SALLE, p. v., La Salle co., Itt. : on the right bank of Illinois r., 86 m. N. by E. Springfield. It is at the junction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal with the Illinois r., 1 m. above Peru. The r. is navigable for the largest steamboats, and immense quantities of grain are shipped from this point by r. and canal. Huge warehouses line the river bank, and the dwellings occupy the high bluffs a little back. It is chiefly a commercial place, and fast increasing in importance and population. Pop. about 3,000. LA SALLE, p. v., Calhoun co., Tea. : on the S. W. shore of Matagorda Bay, 147 m. S. S. E. Austin City. It is a landing place for steamers, and has a small coasting trade. LA SALLE, p. o., Niagara county, N. Y. : 298 m. W. by N. Albany. LAS CASAS, p. v., Eutherford co., Tenn.: 27 m. E. S. E. Nashville. LASSELLSVTLLE, p. v., Fulton co., N. Y. : on a branch of the Mohawk, 52 m. N. W. by W. Albany. LASSITEE S MILLS, p. o., Randolph ca, N. Car. : 71 m. W. Ealeigh. LAS VEGAS, p. v., San Miguel co., N. Mex. : on Gallinas r., a branch of the Pecos, 45 m. (direct) E. by S. Santa Fe. It is on the great route from Fort Leavenworth to Santa F6, and in a sandy valley, made productive by artificial irriga tion from the Gallinos, which is a small and sluggish stream. It is well laid out, and mostly built of adobes, or sun-dried bricks. A considerable trade centres here, and it contains several mercantile houses, and about 1,000 inhabitants. LATIIROP, p. o., Susquehanna co., Penn. : 116 m. N. N. E. ITarrisburg. LATONIAN SPRINGS, v., Kenton county, JTy. : 4 m. S. Covington. It is a fashionable watering-place, and is much resorted to in the summer season. LATROBE, sta., "Westmoreland co., Penn. : on "W. division of Pennsylvania E. E.. 42 m. from Pittsburg. LATTAS, p. o., Eoss co., Ohio : 44 m. S. by W. Columbus. LAUBACII, p. o., Northampton co., Penn. : 83 m. E. N. E. Ilarrisburg. LAUDERDALE county, Ala. Situate N. "W., and contains 653 sq. m. It lies between Tennessee r. on the S. and W., and the State of Tennessee on the N., and is drained by Elk r., Blue Water and Cypress creeks, and other affluents of the Tennessee. Surface undulating or slightly broken ; soil very fertile. Cotton is the staple, of which great crops are raised. Corn grows about as well, and wheat yields largely. The pastures are very good, and great numbers of swine are fattened. It has a large supply of water-power, and important and growing manufactures. The Muscle Shoals in the S. E. obstruct the navigation of the Tennes see, but a long canal has been built around them, and markets are easily accessible. Farms 1,180 ; manuf. 32 ; dwell. 1,868 ; and pop. wh. 10,097, fr. col. 60, si, 6,015 total 17.112. Capital: Florence. Public Works: Muscle Shoals Canal, 35 m. long. LAUDERDALE county, Miss. Situate E. middle, and con tains 703 sq. m. Drained by Chankey, Octibbeha, and Backalony creeks, heads of Chickasawha r., and E. by small affluents of Tombigbee r. Surface varied ; soil of average fertility, producing cotton, corn, and oats, and furnishing mast and grazing for many swine and cattle. It has a good growth of pine forest, and a few good mill streams. Farms 922 ; manuf. 31 ; dwell. 1,008 ; and pop. wh. 5,029, fr. col. 27, si. 2,661 total 8,717. Capital: Marion. LAUDERDALE county, Tenn. Situate "W. middle, and contains 474 sq. m. Drained by Forked Deer r. N.. and Big Hatchie r. S., affluents of the Mississippi, its W. boundary. Surface pleasantly diversified, with some low 366 LAU land; soils various, and mostly of great fertility. Corn, cotton, and tobacco are the agricultural staples. Swine aro fatted in great numbers. It has considerable water power, which is fast coming into use. Farms 287; manuf. 4; dwell. 563, and pop. wh. 3,397, fr. col. 6, si, 1,766 total 5,169. Capital : Eipley. LAUDERDALE FACTORY, p. v., Lauderdale county, Ala. : 181 m. N. N. W. Montgomery. There is an extensive cotton factory, and a growing v. of 400 inhabitants. LAUDERDALE SPRINGS, p. o., Lauderdale co., Miss. : 77 m, E. Jackson. LAUGHERY creek, Ind. : an affluent of Ohio r., which it joins 2 m. below Aurora. It is a large and valuable mill stream, and is navigable for flat boats nearly 40 m. from its mouth. It rises in the S. E. corner of Decatnr co., and runs through Eipley, Ohio, and Dearborn counties. Captain Laughery s company was massacred by the Indiana on this cr., and hence its name. LAUGHLINTOWN, p. v., Westmoreland co., Penn. : 118 m. W. Ilarrisburg. A charcoal furnace, of 1,400 tons annual capacity, is moved by a small stream near it LAURA, p. o., Miami co., Ohio : 69 m. W. Columbus. LAURAMIE, p. o., Tippeeanoe county, Ind. : 65 m. N. "W. Indianapolis. LAUREL county, Ey. Situate S. E,, and contains 355 sq. m. Drained by Eockcastle and Laurel creeks, branches of Cumberland r. Surface uneven ; soil good, better adapted to grazing than grain. Corn is the chief cereal. Attention is mostly directed to the rearing of cattle, horses, and swine, and large numbers are sent to market. Farms 284 ; manuf. ; dwell. 671, and pop. wh. 3,946, fr. col. 7, si. 192 total 4,145. Capital: London. Public Works: Knoxville and Ohio E. E. LAUREL, p. v., Sussex county, Del.: on Broad cr. of Nanticoke r., 39 m. S. Dover. LAUREL, p. o., Franklin co., Ind. : on the W. branch of White Water r., 52 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. The v. (called Laurel City) is on the Whitewater Canal, and has consider able manufactures, and a large trade, with 600 inhabitants. LAUREL, p. o., Clermont county, Ohio: 86 m. S. W. Columbus. LAUREL, p. o., Washington co., Yirg. : on a branch of S. fork of Holston r., 246 m. W. by S. Eichmond. LAUREL, p. o., Marion co., Mo. : 82 m. N. N. E. Jefferson City. LAUREL mountains, Penn., Virg., and Tenn. : a ridge of the Alleghanies, west of the main chain. They extend from Pennsylvania across Virginia to Kentucky, and under the name of Cumberland mountains, divide the two latter States, and cross Tennessee, terminating near its S. border. LAUREL BRANCH, p. o., Henrico co., Virg. LAUREL CITY, v., Franklin co., Ind. : on the Whitewater Canal, 14 m. N. W. Brookville. LAUREL CREEK, p. o., Fayette co., Tenn. : 151 m. W. S.W. Nashville. LAUREL FACTORY, p. v., Prince George s co., 3fd. : on the right bank of Big Patuxent r., 21 m. W. N. W. Annapolis. The Washington Branch E. E. passes the v., 22 m. from Baltimore. LAUREL FORK, p. o., Bath co., Ky. : on a cr. of Licking r, so called, 66 m. E. Frankfort LAUREL GAP. p. o., Greene cq., Tenn-. : on W. side of Lick cr., 219 m. E. Nashville. LAUREL GROVE, p. o., Pittsylvania co., Yirg. : 118 m. S. W. by W. Eichmond. LAUREL HILL, p. o., Marengo co., Ala. : on Beaver cr. of Tombigbee r., 82 m. W. by S. Montgomery. LAUREL HILL, p. o., Carroll co., Ga. : about 2 m. S. Talla- poosa r., 122 m. W. by N. Milledgeville. LAUREL HILL, p. o., Eichmond co., & Oar. : near Shoe Heel Swamp, 77 m. S. W. by S. Ealeigh. LAUREL HILL, p. o., Lunenburg co., Virg. : 54 m. S. W. Eichmond. LAU LAW LAUREL HiLL,sta., West Feliciana par., La. : 36 m. N. by "VV. Baton Eouge. The West Feliciana li. E. passes here, 12 miles from Bayou Sara. LAUREL MILLS, p. o., Eappahannock county, Virg. : 86 m. N. N. W. Richmond. LAUREL POINT, p. o., Monongalia county, Virg. : 107 m. N. W. by W. Kichmond. LAUREL SPRINGS, p. o., Ashe co., N. Car. : at the west base of the Blue Eidge, 165 m. W. N. W. Ealeigh. LAURELVILLE, p. v., Westmoreland co., Penn. : 134 m. W. Harrisburg. LAURENS county, Ga. Situate S. E. centrally, and con tains 763 sq. m. Intersected by Oconee r., and drained by its affluents, Big, Cool Spring, Palmetto, and Mercer s creeks, and north fork of Little Ocmulgee r. Surface considerably broken; soil excellent. Cotton and corn are the staples. It is a fine grazing county, and raises great numbers of cattle and hogs, and has superior dairies. Its water-power is plentiful. Farms 328 ; manuf. 6 ; dwell. 634, and pop. wh. 8,459, fr. col. 9, si. 2,974 total 6,442. Capital : Dublin. LAURENS district, S. Car. Situate N. W., and contains 926 sq. m. Bounded S. W. by Saluda r., and N. E. by En- noree r., a branch of Broad r., and drained by their affluents, Eeedy and Eedburn rivers, and Duncan s cr., all flowing into the Santee. Surface much diversified ; in parts hilly ; soil of great fertility producing fine grass, great crops of corn and wheat, and an immense yield of cotton. Cotton is the great staple. Many cattle and sheep are reared, and great quantities of pork fatted. It has superior and abund ant water-power, and limestone and marl are extensively found. Its mamifactures are large, and much capital is in vested in making woolen and cotton goods, leather, lumber, flour, etc. Farms 1,603 ; manuf. Ml ; dwell. 2,132, and pop. wh. 11,371, fr. col. 83, 1. 11,953 total 23,407. Capital: Laurensville. Public Works : Laurens E. E. L^URENS, t. and p. o., Otsego co., N. Y. : 71 m. W. Albany. Drained by Otsego cr. Surface hilly ; soil a rich sandy loam. Farming is very profitable, and the leading interest Iron ore is found. The v. called Laurensville is on the cr., and contains two hotels, a foundry, several stores, and 500 inhab itants. Pop. oft. 2,163. LAURENSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Laurens dist, & Car: near the head of Little r., 63 m. W. N. W. Columbia. It stands on high land, and contains a court-house, jail, 3 acad emies, 15 stores, and 700 inhabitants. The " L. Herald" is published weekly. The p. o. is Laurens C. II. The Laur ens E. E. extends hence to Helena, on the Greenville and Columbia E. E. LAURENS HILL, p. o., Laurens co., Ga. : near Eocky cr., 39 m. S. Milledgeville. LAURETTA, p. o., Sauk co., Wise. : 38 m. K W. Madison. LAUSANNE, t. and p. o., Carbon co., Penn. : on the W. side of Lehigh r., 72 m. N. E. Harrisburg. Surface mount ainous, and soil unpropitious for farming. It is rich in coal, and the Beaver Meadow mine lies within it. A canal fol lows the Lehigh, with which several railroads connect the mines. LAVACCA county, Texas. Situate S. E. centrally, and contains 1,064 sq. m. Drained by Lavacca r., its branches, &mither s, Clark s, Supple Jack, and Big and Little Brushy creeks, Navidad r., and its branches, Upper and Lower Eocky, Nixon s, and Sandy creeks. Surface mostly undulat ing, intersected in places by ravines, generally of no great depth ; soil a rich black mold near the stream, with a sub stratum of reddish loam, which, mixed, are of a chocolate color, indicative of, and peculiar to, the finest lands in the State. Back of the rivers is more sandy, but scarcely less fertile. The streams are skirted with heavy timber; between them are a few prairies. Corn and cotton yield enormously, and most other crops are heavy. The grazing is peculiarly fine, and horses and cattle, requiring little or no attention, are reared in great numbers for the eastern markets and ex portation. Indigo is easily raised, and peaches, figs, and melons are abundant Farms 139; manuf. 0; dwell. 203, and pop. wh. 1,139, fr. coL 0, si. 432 total 1,571. Capital : Petersburg. LAVANSVTLLE, p. v., Somerset co., Penn. : 117 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. LAVONA, p. o., Lucas co., Oh. : 112 m. N. N.W. Columbus. LAWN EIDGE, p. o., Marshall county, HI. : 87 m. north Springfield. LAWRENCE county, Ala. Situate N. W., and contains 758 sq. m. Bounded N. by Tennessee r., and drained by its af fluents, and S. by head streams of Black Warrior r. Surface much diversified ; in the S. elevated and broken, in the N. less broken, with some marshes ; soil of great fertility. Cot ton and corn are the leading and almost exclusive staples. The annual yield of each is very large among the highest in the State. Large numbers of cattle, and especially of swine, are fattened for consumption and export It has many mill streams and growing manufactures, and excellent facilities for marketing its staples. Farms 930; manuf. 24; dwell. 1,469, and pop. wh. 8,343, fr. col. 63, si. 6,852 total 15,253. Capital: Moulton. Public Works : Memphis and Charleston E. E. LAWRENCE county, Ark. Situate N. E., and contains 1,363 sq. m. Big Black r., a branch of White r., runs S. through the E. of the co., and the W. is drained by its afflu ents, Spring and Strawberry rivers, with their branches. Cache r., another branch of White r., is its E. boundary. Surface in the E. low and level ; generally undulating, or slightly broken ; soil fertile, adapted equally to grass or grain, and producing superior qualities of both. Corn is the staple. It is an excellent wheat region, and produces good crops of nearly every thing planted. The streams are heavily tim bered with pine, ash, and oak, and the forests furnish mast for vast herds of swine. The Big Black is navigable through the co. Farms 601 ; manuf. ; dwell. 800, and pop. wit. 4,882, fr. col. 4, si. 388 total 5,274. Capital : Smithville. LAWRENCE county, HI. Situate S. E., and contains 354 sq. m. Drained by Embarras r. and its branches, and Bompas and Fox creeks, affluents of Wabash r., its E. bound ary. Surface undulating or level ; soils various ; in the N. E. are large swamps, on the Embarras r. rich bottoms, and W. large prairies, with good timber on the streams. Much of the co. is fine land, and in good cultivation. Corn, wheat, beef, and pork are staples. Farms 656 ; manuf. 26 ; dwell. 1,057, and pop. wh. 5,843, fr. col. 278 total 6,121. Capital : Lawrenceville. Public Works: Cincinnati and St Louis Eailroad. LAWRENCE county, Ind. Situate S. centrally, and contains 438 sq. m. Intersected by E. fork of White r., and drained by its branches, Indian, Salt, Leatherwood, and Guthrie s creeks. Surface generally rolling, with some hilly and broken land ; soil excellent, and timber abundant Corn, wheat, pork, cattle, and horses are the chief exports, pork being a very large one. Limestone is found in abundance. Farms 1,031 ; manuf. 19 ; dwell. 2,012, and pop. wh. 12,003, fr. col. 94 total 1 2,097. Cap ital : Bedford. Public Works : New Albany and Salem E. E. LAWRENCE county, Ky. Situate N. E., and contains 442 sq. m. Bounded E. by Big Sandy r., and drained E. by its branches, Westfork and Blanes creeks, and W. by heads of Little Sandy r., flowing N. into the Ohio. Surface moder ately hilly ; soil of great productiveness. Corn is the staple grain ; wheat, oats, and rye yield well. This co. is abund antly supplied with excellent pastures, and grazing is a leading interest Its cattle and swine are superior, and reared in large numbers for N. and E. markets. Horses of a fine breed are also sent to Virginia and Maryland. It has good salt springs. Farms 655 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 989, and pop. wh. 6,143, fr. col. 1, si. 137 total 6,281. Capital: Louisa. LAWRENCE county, Miss. Situate S. W., and contains 786 sq. m. Pearl r. passes S. through the co., and its affluents drain it ; E., Silver and White Sand creeks, W., Babala cr., 367 LAW LAW Fair r., Falling cr., and heads of Bogue Chitto. Surface mostly uneven, without being rough ; soil fertile. Cotton is the leading product ; corn and potatoes give good returns, and rice is cultivated. Cattle and swine are raised largely. It has good mill streams, and some pine timber. Farms 453 ; manuf. 12 ; dwell. 613, and pop. wh. 3,549, fr. col. 0, si. 2,920 total 6,473. Capital : Mouticello. LAWRENCE county, JIo. Situate S. "W., and contains 573 sq. m. Drained by Spring r., Centre cr., and Neh-hah r. flowing W. and into Arkansas r., and by heads of Sac r. flowing N. into the Osage. The Ozark mountains lie on its E. border, and the surface is much broken, giving rise to many streams and good water-power. The streams are small, but skirted with timber, and, in the lower parts, rich bottoms. The soil is well fitted for grazing, and parts arc excellent grain land. Cattle and corn are the staples. Farms 4,107 ; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 743, and pop. wh. 4,G07, fr. col. 4, si. 24S total 4,859. Capital : Mount Vernon. LAWRENCE county, Ohio. Contains an area of 430 sq. m., and is the most S. county in the State. Bounded S. E. and S. by the Ohio, and drained by its affluents, Storm s cr., Symmes cr., and Indian Guyandotte r. Surface hilly and broken; soil very productive, and excellent grazing land. Corn, wheat, and oats yield fine crops, and great numbers of cattle and sheep are reared. Live stock, wool, and pork, are leading agricultural exports. A fine farming co., with plenty of mill-seats, but the great interest is mining the ex tensive deposits of iron ore and coal that are here so abund ant, and manufacturing the iron into castings of all kinds. These employ a large capital and many laborers, and the exports of coal, and pig and east iron, are very large. Ex cellent stoneware is made from clay found here. Farms 254; manuf. 29; dwell. 2,553, and pop. wh. 14,920, fr. col. g-26 total 15,246. Capital: Burlington. Pullic Works: Iron E. E. LAWKHNCE county, Fenn. Situate "W., on State line, aud contains 353 sq. m. Drained by Beaver r. and its branches, Mahoning r., and Shenango and Neshannock creeks. Sur face hilly and broken; soil excellent, and water-power abundant. All the grains grow well, and produce large crops. It has fine pastures, and raises beef and pork, wool and stock for export. Its greatest resources are its mines of coal and iron, which are very rich and extensive. These are much wrought, and iron is manufactured, both cast and wrought, very largely. For all its produce good markets are easily accessible in every direction. Farms 1,606; manuf. 49 ; dwell. 8,687, and pop. wh. 20,947, fr. col. 132 total 21,079. Capital : New Castle. Public Works : Penn sylvania and Ohio Canal.; Beaver and Erie Canal. "LAWRENCE county, Tenn, Situate centrally on S. line, and contains 564 sq. m. Drained by Buffalo r., flowing W., and Blue Water cr., and Moody s fork, flowing south into the Tennessee. Surface uneven, and soil fertile. Corn and wheat are the staples. A great deal of pork is exported. It has good mill streams, and extensive manufactures of iron, cotton, leather, and flour. Farms 993; manuf. 43; dwell. 1,364, and pop. wh. 8,095, fr. col. 23, si. 1,162 total 9,230. CW/wfo/L-Lawrenceburg. Ptillio Works : Nashville and New Orleans E. E. ; Memphis and Nashville E. E. LAWRENCE, t. and p. v., Van Buren co., Mich. : SI m. W. S. W. Lansing. Drained by Pawpaw r., which is navi gable for batteaux. Surface varied, and soil mostly good. The village is on the S. side of the Pawpaw. Population of t. 510. LAWRENCE, sta., Stark county, Ohio: on the Ohio and Pennsylvania E. E., 15 W. of Canton. LAWRENCE, t and p. o., Washington county, Ohio : 92 m. E. S. E. Columbus. Drained by Little Muskingum r., which has good mill-seats. Surface uneven, and soil fertile. Coal, iron ore, and salt springs are found. Pop. 814. LAWRENCE, t. and p. v., Essex co., Man*. : 26 m. N. by W. Boston. The Merrimac r., which passes through the t., fur nishes an immense water-power, by means of a stone darn 863 900 feet long, with wings 324 and 405 feet, affording a head and fall of 23 feet for the whole river, and a water-power equal to that enjoyed by Lowell. This dam was erected by the Essex Company, organized, with lion. Abbot Lawrence at its head, in 1345. For manufacturing purposes a canal 5,330 feet long, 100 feet wide at its head, and 60 at its tail, and 12 feet deep, and running parallel with the river 400 feet distance, has been excavated, and between the canal and river the space is occupied by the factory buildings. With these facilities, the progress of manufactures and general industry has been rapid and sustained ; and numerous mills for the manufacture of cotton and woolen goods, etc., have sprung into existence, chiefly belonging to companies ; the Atlantic Cotton Mills employ 1,000 hands, and consume an nually 14,000 to 15,000 bales in the manufacture of coarse sheeting and shirting. The Bay State Mills employ about 2,000 hands in the manufacture of woolen goods, and con sume between three and four million pounds of wool annu ally. The Plymouth Company, manufacturing ducks, and the Pacific Mills for the manufacture of bareges, lawns, etc., are also large establishments. The Essex Company, the original owners of the property, have a large machine shop here, at which are manufactured steam-engines, machinery, locomo tives, and employ 700 or 800 hands. Paper-hangings are also manufactured by the Charter Paper Company. Besides these, there are various smaller establishments, among which may be named a steam saw-mill, a piano-forte factory, a carriage factory, a steam planing mill, etc. The city is well planned, and contains a town hall, a handsome brick build ing, 120 feet by 62, containing the town offices, and a hall capable of containing 1,600 persons ; and a common of 18 acres in the centre of the t. has been planted and laid out in walks for the benefit of the inhabitants. There is also a bank in the village. The public buildings and factories are lighted with gas, supplied by the Lawrence Gas Light Company; and water is supplied from a reservoir 150 feet above the canal, and of 1,400,000 gallons capacity, into which water is pumped by the force pumps of the several mills. Such is the material of the v. or future city. Its religious and educa tional welfare is equally well attended to ; it has 7 church edifices, and 10 religions societies of various denominations; and its school department consists of a high school, 2 gram mar schools, and 15 others, with an aggregate of 23 teachers, and 1.800 scholars. Provision is also made for public lectures, and a public library. Two newspapers are published in tho village, the "L. Courier" (whig), and the " L. Sentinel" (dem.), both weekly issues, and circulating upward of 1,000 copies each. There are 5 railroads centering here, viz., the Lowell and Lawrence E. E., the Boston and Maine E. E., the Essex County E. E., the Newburyport E. E., and the Manchester and Lawrence E. E. Lawrence was taken from Methucn and Andover in 1347, and contains 2,030 acres, of hich area 1,930 acres belonged to the latter, and 2,050 to the former. It took its name from the Lawrence family, the great manufacturing heroes of Massachusetts, and the liberal and enlightened patrons of literature and education. Pop. of t. in 1350, 8,233; in 1352, 12,186; increased 3,902, or 47 per cent in two years. LAWRENCE, p. o., Monroe co. T Miss. : 13 m. N. E. by N. Jackson. LAWRENCE, p. o., Marion co., Incl. LAWRENCEBURG, p. city, and cap. Dearborn co., Ind. : on the Ohio, 2 m. below the mouth of tho Great Miami, 79 m. S. E. by E. Indianapolis. It is built on a rich bottom, and the terrace back of it is the outlet for the rich valleys of the Miami, and W. Whitewater. The Whitewater Canal terminates here, and furnishes fine water-power. It contains a court-house, ank, several academies, 8 large flouring mills, a very large distillery, and numerous minor manufactories. Its advant ages for trade and commerce are great, and the shipping business very heavy. The Lawrenceburg and Upper Mis sissippi E. E. commences here, and is connected with the lincinnati and SL Louis E. E. near the city The " Indiana LAW Register" (clem.), and " Independent Press," are publishe weekly. Incorporated a city 1S46. Pop. 3,500. LAWRENCEBURG, p. v., and cap. Anderson co., Ky. : 9 m S. Frankfort. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, an several stores. LAWRENCEBURG, p. v., Armstrong co., Penn. : on the W. bank of Alleghany r., 153 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. A furnace of 1,400 tons annual capacity is near it, and the Alleghany Valley R. R. passes through it. LAWRENCEBURG, p. v., and cap. Lawrence co., Tenn. : on Shoal cr. of Tennessee r.,67 m. S. by W. Nashville. It con tains a court-house, jail, an academy, high school, a bank several stores, and 400 inhabitants. A weekly paper, the " Middle Tennessean" (whig), is published. LAWRENCEPORT, p. v., Lawrence co., Ind. : on Driftwood r., 68 m. S. by W. Indianapolis. LAWRENCE S, sta., Colleton dist., S. Car. : on the South Carolina R. R., 28 m. from Charleston. LAWRENCEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Monroe county, Ark. : about 4 m. E. of White r., 62 m. E. by S. Little Rock. It contains a court-house and several stores. LAWREXCEVILLE, p. v., and cap. G winnett co., G(t. : 81 m. N. W. by N. Milledgeville. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, several large stores, and 350 inhabitants. LAVREXCEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Lawrence co., Itt. : on the W. side of Embarras r., 131 m. S. E. by E. Springfield. The v. contains the county buildings, several stores and mills, and 350 inhabitants. The "L. Banner" (whig) is published weekly. LAVUENCEVILLE, p. v., Dearborn co., Ind. : 76 m. S. E. Indianapolis. LAWRENCEVILLE, p. v., Mercer co., N. Jer. : 6 m. N. N. E. Trenton. It contains an academy, several stores, and 200 inhabitants. LAWRENCEVII.LE, p. v. and sta., St. Lawrence co., N. Y. : 156 m. N. N. W. Albany. The station is 41 miles E. of Ogdensburg, on the Northern (Ogdensburg) R. R. LAWRENCEVILLE, p. v. and sta., Tioga co., Penn. : on Tioga r., which supplies it with water-power, 112 miles N. by W. Harrisburg. It has a large trade in lumber. The eta. is on the Corning and Blossburg R. R., 15 m. from Corning. LAWRENCEVILLE, p. o., Henry co., Ala. : 94 m. S. S. E. Montgomery. LAWRENCEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Brunswick co., Virg. : on a branch of Meherrin r., 55 m. S. S. W. Richmond. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, several stores, and 400 inhabitants. LAWSONVILLE, p. v., Rockingham co., N. Car. : 77 m. N. W. by W. Raleigh. LAWSVILT.E CENTRE, p. o., Susquehanna county, Penn. : US m. N. N. E. Ilarrisburg. LAWTOX, p. o., Van Burcn co., Mich. : 83 m. "W. by S. Lansing. LAWTONVILLE, p. o., Beaufort dist., S. Car. : 84 m. S. by W. Columbia. LAWYEHSVILLE, p. v., Schoharie county, N. Y. : on the Cobleskill, 36 m. W. byN. Albany. It contains several mills and 200 inhabitants. LAYSVILLK, p. v., New London co., Conn. LAYTOSSVILLE, p. v., Montgomery co., Md. : W. N. "W. Annapolis. LAZARETTO, sta., Delaware county, Penn.: 11 m. from Philadelphia, on the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Balti more R. R. LEACHMAX, p. o., Buchanan co., Mo. : near the Missouri, 165 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. LKACOCK, t. and p. o., Lancaster county, Penn. : 42 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Conestoga and Pcequea creeks. Surface even, and soil rich. It has fine mill streams and large flouring mills, distilleries, and various manufactur ing establishments. Pop. 3,829. LEADING CREEK, p. o., Lewis county, Virg. : near the LEB branch of Little Kanawha r. so called, 195 m. W. N. W. Richmond. LEADSVILLE, p. o., Randolph county, Virg.: 158 m. N. W. by W. Richmond. LEADVALE, p. o., Jefferson co., Tenn. : 193 m. E. Nashville. LEAKE county, Mm. Situate centrally, and contains C35 sq. m. Drained by Pearl r. and its branches, Tuscalameta, Yocanucani, and Yalobusha creeks, which furnish some water-power. Surface pleasantly diversified, without great elevations ; soil of average fertility. Cotton is the staple product. Corn yields good crops. Great numbers of cattle and hogs are raised, and beef and bacon are considerable exports. Farms 437; manuf. 4; dwell. 635, and pop. wh. 3,982, fr. col. 2, si. 1,549 total 5,533. Capital : Carthage. LEAKE S STORE, p. o., Washita co., Ark. : 78 m. S. S. W. Little Rock. LEAKESVILLE, p. v., Newton co., Ga.: 48 m. N. W. Milledgeville. LEAKESVILLE, p. v., and cap. Greene co., Miss. : on Chickasawha r., 118 m. S. E. by E. Jackson. It contains a court-house and jail, and a few houses and stores. LEAKSVILLE, p. v., Rockingham co., N. Car. : near the confluence of Smith s and Dan rivers, 91 m. N. W. by W. Raleigh. LEANDER, p. o., Graves county, Ky. : 229 m. W. S. W Frankfort. LEASBITRG, p. o., Caswell county, N. Car. : on Tycotee r., 62 m. N. W. Raleigh. LEATHERWOOD, p. o., Guernsey co., Ohio : on the cr. so called, S3 m. E. Columbus. LEATHER-WOOD, p. o., Clarion co., Penn. : 143 m.W. N.W. Harrisburg. A furnace of 1,400 tons annual capacity is ocated here. LEATHERWOOP S STORE, p. o., Henry co., Virg. : 143 m. S. W. by W. Richmond. LEAVENSWORTII, p. o., Darlington dist., & Car. : 59 m. E. N. E. Columbia. LEAVITT, p. o., Carroll county, Ohio : 106 m. E. N. E. Columbus. LEBANON county, Penn. Situate S. E. centrally, and contains 376 sq. m. Drained by Swatara cr., an affluent of he Susquehanna, and its branches. Surface moderately uneven, with some broken tracts ; soil exceedingly rich, Constituting an excellent farming and dairy co., where vheat, rye, corn, oats, and potatoes thrive almost equally, and all produce largely, where cattle and sheep find the best >f grass, and the products of the dairy are hardly surpassed, iut it has also abundant water-power, good timber, and ?reat quantities of iron ore and coal. Its manufactures are arious and extensive, but cast and wrought ironware is he most important product. Woolen goods and earthen- care arc largely made. Farms 1,449; manuf. 146; dwell. ,452; and pop. wh. 25,985, fr. col. 86 total 26,071. Capital: Lebanon. Public Works: Union Canal. LEBANON, p. v., and cap. Do Kalb co., Ala. : on W. side f Big Wills cr. of Coosa r., 134 m. N. by E. Montgomery, t contains a court-house, jail, U. S. land office, several tores, and 300 inhabitants. LEBANON, p. v., and cap. Searcy co., Ark. : on the S. side f Buffalo fork of White r., 85 m. N. N. W. Little Rock, "he v. consists of a court-house and a few dwellings. LEBANON, p. o., Laclede county, Mo. : 66 m. S. S. W. efferson City. LEBANON, t., p. v., and sta., New London co., Conn.: 6 m. E. S. E. Hartford. Drained by branches of Yantic r., hich afford numerous mill-seats. Surface hilly, but not ngged ; soil a deep mold, and exceedingly fertile. Farm- ig and the dairy engross attention, and their products are ot exceeded in amount or quality by any t. in the State, t has also several mills and factories. The New London, nilimantio, and Palmer R. R. crosses the E. part, and the a. is. 8 m. S. of Willimantic. The v. lies near the centre, nd consists of a wide street, about 1 m. long, and mostly, LEB LEE though not compactly built, with a flourishing academy. Pop. of 1. 1,901. LEBANON, p. o., Cobb co., Ga. : about 3 m. N. Chatta- hoochee r., 98 m. N. W. Milledgeville. LEBANON, p. v., St. Clair co., III. : 85 m. S. Springfield. It has considerable manufactures, though destitute of water- power, and contains an academy, several stores, and 600 inhabitants. M Kendree College, founded in 1835, is located here, and in 1850 had 9 instructors, 72 alumni, of whom 23 were ministers, 83 students, and 7,000 volumes in its library. The " Illinois Advocate" (Meth.) is published weekly. LEBANON, p. v., and cap. Boone co., Ind. : 24 m. N. "W. Indianapolis. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, several stores, and 600 inhabitants. The Lafayette and Indianapolis E. B. passes through it, 37 m. from Lafayette. LEBANON, p. v., and cap. Marion co., Ky. : on a small branch of Salt r., 44 m. S. by W. Frankfort. It contains a court-house, jail, several stores and workshops, and 700 inhabitants. LEBANON, t. and p. o., York co., Me. : 87 m. S. W. by 8. Augusta. Drained by branches of Salmon Falls r., which separates it from N. Hamp., and furnishes water-power. Surface uneven, and soil well adapted to farming and grazing, which are the leading interests. Pop. 1,473. LEBANON, t and p. v., Grafton co., A r . Hamp. : on the Connecticut r., 45 m. N. W. Concord. Drained by Mascomy r., which, rising in a pond on its E. line, flows through it into the Connecticut, and affords fine water-power. It contains extensive meadows on both the rivers, and is an excellent farming region. Yeins of lead and iron ore are found. The v. is in a plain, near the centre, at the falls of Mascomy r., and has extensive trade, and valuable manufactures. It contains a bank, an academy, and several stores and mills. The " Granite State Whig" is published here weekly. It is on the Northern K. E., 4 m. from its connection with the Yermont Central E. E., at White Eiver Junction. Pop. of t 2,136. LEBANON, t and p. v., Hunterdon county, N. J. : 29 m. N. by W. Trenton. Drained by Spruce Eun and S. branch of Earitan r. Surface hilly; soil rich loam, well cultivated. The streams furnish many mill-sites, which are much improved in various manufactures. The New Jersey Central E. E. crosses the t, and the sta. is 54 m. from New York. The v. contains an academy, several distilleries and stores, and 500 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 2,127. LEBANON, t and p. o., Madison county, W. T. : 98 m. "W. by N. Albany. Drained by Chenango r. and its branches, which furnish power for many small mills. Surface uneven ; soil clayey loam, and very productive of grain. It is a farming t. Pop. 1,709. LEBANON, p. v., and cap. Warren county, Ohio : 72 m. S. W. by W. Columbus. Turtle cr. furnishes some water- power, and flour, iron, and woolen goods are manufactured. It contains a court-house, jail, and academy, and is the terminus of a branch of the Miami Canal. The " Western Star" (whig) is published weekly. Pop. 2,083. LEBANON, p. b., and cap. Lebanon county, Penn. : 24 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. The b. contains a court-house, jail, and other county buildings, an academy, 2 furnaces, pro ducing 7,000 tons of iron per annum, a bank, a dozen stores, and several large warehouses on the Union Canal, which passes it 33 m. from Middletown, its terminus, on the Susquehanna. Four weeklies are published, the "L. Courier" (whig), and the " L. Advertiser," " L. Democrat," and " True Democrat" (dem.) Pop. about 3,000. The t. is drained by Swatara cr. and branches, and has an uneven face and generally fertile soil. Leather, earthen ware, and iron are the leading mechanical products. Pop. of t. 7,360. LEBANON, p. o., Abbeville dist, S. Car. : 73 m. W. by N. Columbia. LEBANON, p. v., and cap. Wilson co., Tenn. : on a branch Of Cumberland r., 27 m. E. Nashville. It has a pleasant location amid a great tobacco district, and contains a court- 870 house, jail, 3 academies, 20 stores, and 1,700 inhabitants In the vicinity are extensive cotton factories. Cumberland University was founded here in 1844, and in 1850 had 6 instructors, 30 alumni, of whom 21 were ministers, 63 stu dents, and a library of 5,000 volumes. Connected with the University is a Law School, which had in 1350 3 instructors and 56 students. Two weokly papers are published, the " L. Packet" (whig) and " Banner of Peace." LEBANON, p. v., and cap. Eussell co., Virg. : near Big Cedar cr. of Clinch r., 163 m. W. by S. Eichmond. It contains the county buildings, and several stores and dwellings. LEBANON WHITE SuLriniB SPRINGS, p. o., Augusta co., Virg. : 86 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. LE CLAIBE, p. v., Scott co., la. : on the Mississippi, 62 m. E. by S. Iowa City. LE COMPTE YALLEY, p. o., (Unknown) co., Utah Ter. LEDLIES, p. o., Meigs co., Ohio : 68 m. S. E. Columbus. LEDYAKD, t. and p. v., New London co., Conn. : on the E. side of Thames r., 42 m. S. E. Hartford. Surface pleasantly diversified ; soil mostly productive. Fanning is the chief employment. Good granite is found in abundance. The Norwich and Worcester E. E. terminates at Allyn s Point on the Thames, 7. m. S. of Norwich, where is a ferry and a growing village, with a brisk trade, and some commerce. Pop of 1 1,588. LEDYAKD, t and p. o., Cayuga co., N. T. : on the E. side of Cayuga Lake, 154 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by small streams flowing into the lake. Surface rolling. Soil, clay and loam. Marl is abundant, and great crops of grain are raised. In the town are 2 academies. Pop. 2,043. LEE county, Ga. Situate S. W., and contains 506 sq. m. Bounded E. by Flint r., and drained by its affluents, Muck- alee, Kickafoonee, and other creeks. Surface agreeably va ried; soil mostly fertile. Cotton is extensively cultivated, and forms the great staple, a very large amount being rais ed. Other branches of agriculture are little attended to, corn-growing an exception. It has considerable water- power, which is not much used. Farms 337; manuf. 7; dwell. 550, and pop. wh. 3,025, fr. col. 8, si. 3,626 total 6,659. Capital : Starkville. LEE county, ILL Situate N. W. centrally, and contains 718 sq. m. Drained by Eock r., which crosses the N. W. corner, and its branch, Green r. Surface undulating or level; soil very fertile. It has much prairie, interspersed with occasional groves of timber, and some large swamps. Large crops of corn and wheat are grown, and the grazing is excellent Eock r. affords fine water-power, and a bottom of great fertility. Farms 478 ; manuf. 12 ; dwell. 905, and pop. wh. 5,288, fr. col. 4 total 5,292. Capital: Dixon. LEE county, la-. Situate S. E. corner, and contains 476 sq. m. Bounded N. E. by Skunk r., E. by Mississippi r., and S. W. by Des Moines r., and drained by their affluents, Half Breed and Sugar creeks, etc. Surface pleasantly di versified; soil very productive. A superior farming co., which raises large crops of wheat and corn, affords excel lent pasture, and exports live stock, beef, and pork. It has also fine timber, and abundance of water-power, which is much used in manufacturing. Its means, natural and arti ficial, for transportation of produce and passengers, are ex tensive, and make it a great thoroughfare for emigration and freight destined E. or S. Farms 1,350; manuf. 78; dwell. 3,252, and pop. wh. 13,809, fr. col. 51 total 13,860. Cap ital : Fort Madison. LEE county, Virg. Situate S. W. corner, and contains 623 sq. m. Drained by Powell s r., a branch of Clinch r. , and its affluents, Stone Fork, and Indian, Martin s, and Pigeon creeks. Surface broken, the Cumberland Mountains bound ing it N. W., with beautiful valleys. Soil very fertile in the lower parts, and excellent pasturage in the higher. Corn and wheat are grown largely, and are the staple grains. Most grains thrive, and some tobacco is raised. Great num bers of cattle and sheep arc kept, and large quantities of LEE LEH pork exported. It has fine facilities for manufacturing, am plenty of iron ore. Farms 595 ; manuf. 5 ; dwell 1,536, am pop. wh. 9,440, fr. col. 40, si. T8T total 10,26T. Capital Jonesville. LEE, t and p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : 106 m. N. E. Augus ta. It has several large ponds, which are the sources ol Passadumkrag and Mattakeunk rivers, and afford goo< mill-streams. It produces fine crops of grain, and is wel timbered. Pop. 917. Lee, t and p. v., Berkshire co., Mass. : 113 m. W. Bos ton. Drained by Housatonic r. and its branches, which sup ply it with superior water-power. Surface hilly ; soil adapt ed to grazing, with fine farms and meadows on the larger streams. It has fine facilities for manufacturing in its abun dant water-power and fuel, and convenient markets, and makes a great variety of articles, among which paper is the most important, and employs a large capital. Other leading articles are cotton and woolen goods, leather, boots and shoes, bar iron, iron castings, mechanical and agricult ural implements, cabinet and wooden ware, etc. Excellent iron ore and marble are abundant. The v. contains an academy, a bank, and several stores and workshops, and is 11 m. S. of Pittsfield on the Ilousatonic E. E. Pop of t. 3,220. LEE, t and p. v., Strafford co., 2f. JTamp. : 27 m. E. S. E. Concord. Drained by Lamprey r. and its branches, which move several saw-mills. Surface uneven, and soil mostly good. Farming is the chief business. Pop. 864. LEE, t and p. v., Oneida co., N: Y. : 104 m. W. N. "W. Albany. Drained by branches of Fish, "Wood, and Lan sing s creeks, which furnish numerous mill-sites. Surface undulating ; soil clayey or sandy loam, and very fertile. It has fine timber, and makes iron, leather, woolens, and flour. Pop. 3,033. LEE, t. and p. o., Athens co., Ohio: 64 m. S. E. Colum bus. Pop. 961. LEE, p. o., Warwick county, Ind. : 124 miles S. S. W. Indianapolis. LKE, p. v., Ogle co., 111. : 159 m. N. Springfield. LEE CENTRE, p. v., Lee co., HI. : 138 m. N. Springfield. LEE CENTRE, p. o., Oneida co., 2i. Y. : 106 m. "W. N. W. Albany LEECHBURG, p. v., Armstrong co., Penn.: on the N. bank of Conemaugh r., 143 m. W. by N. TIarrisburg. It is on the W. division of the Pennsylvania Canal, 3T m. from Pittsburg. LEECHVILLE, p. o., Beaufort co., N. Car. : 112 m. E. by S. Raleigh. LEEDS, t and p. v., Kennebec co., Me. : on the E. side of Androscoggin r., 21 m. "W". S. W. Augusta. Androscog- gin Pond, a large sheet of water in the N., furnishes abun dance of water for manufacturing, which is an important interest, though excelled by farming, for which the soil is excellent The v. is on the r., and contains an academy and several stores. The Androscoggin E. E. passes through the town, and joins the Androscoggin and Kennebec E. E. in the S. part. Pop. of 1 1,952. LEEDS, p. o., Hampshire co., Mass. : 95 m. "W. by N. Boston. LEEDS, p. v., Greene co., AT Y. : on CatskiU cr., 4 m. from Catskill, 28 m. S. by W. Albany. It contains a hotel, fur nace, and several flouring mills, with 300 inhabitants. LEEDS CENTRE, sta., Kennebec co., Me. : on the Andros coggin E. E., 7 m. from its junction with the Androscoggin and Kennebec E. E. LEEDS MANOR, p. o., Fauquier county, Virg. : 86 m. N. Eichmond. LEEDS POINT, p. v., Atlantic co., N. Jer. : about 2 m. S. of Little Egg Harbor r., 53 m. S. S. E. Trenton. LEEDS STATION, p. o., Kennebec county, Me. : 17 miles "W. S. W. Augusta. The Androscoggin E. E. here diverges from the Androscoggin and Keanebec E. E., 44 m. from Portland. LEEDSVILLE, p. v., Monmouth co., Jf. Jer. : about 1 m.W. of Navesink r., 33 m. E. by N. Trenton. LEEDSVILLE, p. v., Duchess co. , Jf. Y. : on Ten Mile cr 58 m. S. by E. Albany. It contains a bank, several mills, and 450 inhabitants. LEEPERTOWN, p. Y., Bureau county, HI. : 116 m. N Springfield. LEESBOROUGH, r., Montgomery co., Md. : see COTTAGE. LEESBURG, p. o. Cherokee co., Ala., : 126 m. N. N. E . Montgomery. LEESBURG, p. v., Kosciusko co., Ind. : 107 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. LEESBURG, p. o., Harrison county, Ky. : 31 m. E. by N. Frankfort. LEESBUKG, p. v., Highland co., Ohio : 62 m. S. W. by 8. Columbus. The Cincinnati, Hillsboro , and Parkersburg E. E. passes the v. 50 m. from Cincinnati. LEESBURG, p. v., Mercer co., Perm. : on the E. side of Neshanock cr., 183 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. On the creek is a furnace of 900 tons annual capacity. LEESBURG, p. v., "Washington county, Tenn. : 235 m. E. Nashville. It contains several stores, a high school, and 200 inhabitants. LEESBURG, p. v., and cap. Loudon co., Virg. : about 2 m. W. of the Potomac. 107 m. N. Eichmond. It occupies a commanding position at the base of Kittoctan Mountains. is tastefully laid out, and has a fine aqueduct leading from the hills. It contains a court-house and jail, a bank, 3 aca demies, 30 stores, several manufactories, and about 3,000 inhabitants. The " Washingtonian" and Loudon Chron icle" are published weekly. LEE S COVE, p. o., Shelby county, Ala. : 59 m. N. N. W. Montgomery. LEE S CREEK, p. o., Clinton county, Ohio: 56 m. S. "W. Columbus. LEE S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Cumberland co., Penn. : 29 m. W. S. W. Harrisburg. LEE S MILLS, p. o., Owen co., Ky. : N. Frankfort. LEESPORT, p. o., Berks county, Penn. : 48 m. E. by N. Ilarrisburg. LEE S EIDGE, p. o.. Eandolph co., Ala. : 73 m. N. N. E. Montgomery. LEESVILLE, p. r., Middlesex co., Conn. LHESVILLE, p. v., Lawrence county, Ind.: 63 miles S. [ndiunapolis. LEESVILLE, p. v., Hart county, Ky. : on Bacon cr., 74 m. S. S. "W. Frankfort. LEESVILLE, p. v., Schoharie co., N. Y. : 49 m. "W. by N. Albany. LEESVILLE, p. T., Eobeson co., 2V 7 : Car.: on a branch of .umber r., 89 m. S. by W. Ealeigh. LEESVILLE, p. Y., Carroll county, Ohio : 95 m. E. N. E. Oolumbus. LEESVILLE, p. o., Lexington dist., & Oar. : 27 m. "W. by S. Columbia. LEESVILLE, p. v., Campbell co., Virg. : at the junction of Goose cr. and Stanton r., 104 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. It ontains several mills and 150 inhabitants. LEESVILLE CROSS EOADS, p. o., Crawford co., Ohio : 57 m. tf. by E. Columbus. LEETOWN, p. v., Jefferson co., Virg. : on Ocoquan r., 24 m. N. by W. Eichmond. It contains several mills and 00 inhabitants. LEE VALLEY, p. o., Hawkins county, Tenn. : 3 m. S. of Clinch r., 236 m. E. by N. Nashville. LEFEVER, p. o., Bartholomew co., Ind : 83 m. S. by E. ndianapolis. LEFLORE, p. o., Carroll county, Miss. : 83 m. N. by E. "ackson. LEGAL LAW, p. v., York dist., S. Oar. : 67 m. N. Columbia. LEHI CITY, v., Utah co., Utah Ter. : on the E. side of "ordan r., and at the outlet of Utah Lake, 104 m. N. by E. allmore City. It is one of the Mormon settlements. 371 LEH LEN LEIII, p. o., Jefferson co., Ark. : S. S. E. Little Eock. LEUIGII county, Perm. Situate E. middle, and contain 821 sq. m. Drained by Lehigh r., which runs on its N. E border, and its branches. The Blue Eidge occupies the N border, and parts of the county are broken most is delight fully varied ; soil generally excellent, raising fine crops of wheat, corn, rye, and oats, and feeding large dairies. It has much water-power, and its manufactures are very large The chief of these is iron, which Is found in abundance with inexhaustible beds of coal in the vicinity. Cotton anc woolen goods, powder, leather, stoneware, and distillec liquors are also made. Farms 2,074; manuf. 270; dwell 5,589, and pop. wh. 32,431, fr. col. 43 total 32,479. Cap ital: Allentown. Public Works: Philadelphia and Dela ware Water Gap E. E. ; Easton and Mauch Chunk E. E. LEHIGH river, Penn.: a tributary of Delaware river. I rises in Luzerne county, near Wilkesbarre, and flows abou 100 m. to Easton. Along this river, by means of locks, dams, and canals, a navigation is opened from Easton tfi "Whitehaven, 84i m., of which 30i consist of pools, 391 of canal, 2} of locks, and the remainder of sluices. This forms a most important opening to the coal mines, to which rail roads are continued. The river in its upper part is a rapid mountain stream, with many falls and cascades. LEHIGH GAP, p. v., Carbon co., Penn. : 74 m. E. N. E. Ilarrisburg. The Lehigh r. here passes through the Blue Mountain, which rises about 1,200 feet above the chanuel on either hand, and forms a spectacle of great grandeur. Water cement is made in the v. from limestone found here. A few miles distant are 2 blonmeries and a charcoal forge, which together make 220 tons of bars per annum, mostly from the magnectic ores of New Jersey. LEIHGHTON, p. v., Carbon co., Penn. : on Lehigh r., 7C m. N. E. Harrisburg. A bridge crosses the river. In and near the v. are 2 bloomery forges, producing 75 tons of bars per annum, and a charcoal furnace of 2.060 tons capacity. LEHMAN, t. and p. o., Luzerne county, Penn. : 82 m. N. E. by N. Harrisburg. Drained by Lehman s, Harvey s, and other creeks, which furnish fine mill-sites. Surface much broken, and soil good. Farming and grazing are thu principal pursuits. LEICESTER, t. and p. v., Worcester co., Mass. .- 46 m. W. Boston. It lies on the highest land between Boston Harbor and the Connecticut, and has many hills, from which de scend branches of Cbicopee, Quinnebaug, and Blackstone rivers, affording numerous mill-seats. Surface very uneven, and soil deep and fertile. It contains many excellent farms and large dairies and orchards. Woolen and cotton goods are largely manufactured, and machinery of various kinds, cards, combs, chairs, cabinet-ware, farming implements, boots and shoes, etc. The Western E. E. has a sta. in the E. part 9 m. W. Worcester. The v. is on a hill command ing an extensive and charming view, is beautifully laid out, and contains a celebrated and well-endowed academy, in corporated in 17S4, a bank, several hotels, stores, and work shops, and many elegant mansions. Pop. of t. 2.2i39. LEICESTER, t. and p. o., Addison co., Verm. : 3S m. S. W. Montpelier. Drained by Otter cr. and its branches. Great Trout Pond, a large sheet of water, lies partly in it on the N. Surface broken, and in the E. mountainous ; soil, except in the highest parts, a fertile sandy loam, with some clay flats. The Eutland and Burlington E. E. crosses the W. part along Otter cr. Pop. 596. LEIGHTON, p. v., Lawrence co., Ala. : 171 m. N. N. W. Montgomery. The Memphis and Charleston E. E. passes here. LKIGHTON S, p. o., Yalabusha co., Miss. : 118 m. N. by E. Jackson. LKIGHTON S CORNERS, p. o., Carroll co., Jf. Ilamp. : 35 m. N. E. Concord. LKIPEU S FORK, p. o., Williamson co., Tenn. : on a branch of Harpett r. so called, 22 m. S. S. W. Nashville. LEII EIISVILLE, p. v., Delaware co., Penn.: about 1 m. 372 from Delaware r., 84 m. E. by S. Ilarrisburg. A canal, 2 m. long, leads through it from stone quarries on Eidley a cr. to the Delaware. LEIPSIC, p. v., Kent co., Del. : on Little Duck cr., 7 m. N. Dover. LEIPSIC, p. o., Putnam co., Ohio : 95 m. N. W. by N. Columbus. LEISTVILLE, p. T., Pickaway county, Ohio: 23 m. S. Columbus. LEITEP.SBURG, p. v., Washington co., Md.: 2 m. E. of Antietam cr., 77 m. N. W. Annapolis. Pop. 298. LELANAU county, Mich. Situate N. W. on Lower Penin sula, and contains 6S7 sq. m. Bounded W. and N. by Lake Michigan, and N. E. by Grand Traverse Bay, and drained by Betsie r., and other small rivers flowing into the lake. Surface in parts low and marshy, with bold bluffs on the lake shore and hills farther back. It has numerous ponds filled with fine fish, and is well timbered, the last being the the chief attraction, as the co. is little settled. It includes Great, and Little Manitou islands, which have a beautiful appearance on the water, and are resorted to for hunting and fishing. Unorganized in 1S50. LELAND S MILL, p. o., Sauk co., Wise. LEMINGTON, t. and p. o., Essex county, Venn. : on the Connecticut, 67 m. N. E. Montpelier. Drained by several small streams, on one of which is a beautiful cascade of 50 feet. Surface mountainous, and mostly incapable of culti vation. Pop. 187. LEMON PLACE, sta., Lancaster co., Penn.: 12 m. E. of Lancaster, on the Columbia and Philadelphia E. E. LEMONT, p. v., Cook county, III. : 167 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. LEMPSTER, t. and p. o., Sullivan co., Jf. ffamp. : 33 m. W. Concord. Drained by heads of Cold and Sugar rivers, which supply water-power. Surface uneven, and in the E. mountainous; soil best adapted to grass. It contains several small manufactories. Pop. 906. LKNAWEE county, Mich. Situate S. E., and contains 733 sq. m. Drained by Eaisin r. and its branches, Macon and tittle Eaisin rivers, and Bear, Wolf, and Evan s creeks, and N. and S. branches of Eaisin r. ; and W. by Tiffin s or Bear cr. of the Maumee. Surface mostly undulating in the N. imewhat hilly ; soil a black, sandy loam, free from stone, and very prolific of wheat, corn, oats, and grass a superior rming or grazing co. The S. is well timbered. In the Js. W. are several large ponds or lakes, the largest being Michemanetuc, or Devil s Lake, Wampler s and Evans s, ind the co. is abundantly supplied with excellent water- >ower, and has extensive manufactures. Marl is abundant, ind good iron ore is found. Wheat, corn, live-stock, beef, ind pork are leading exports. Farms 2,470; manuf. 156; I well. 4,892, and pop. wh. 26.2S2, fr. col. 90 total 26,372. Capital: Tecumseh. Public Works: Michigan Southern 1. E. ; Erie and Kalamazoo E. E. ; Tecumseh Branch Railroad. LENN S CREEK, p. o., Kanawha county, Virg.: 137 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. LENOIR county, N. Car. Situate S. E., and contains 353 q. m. Intersected by Neuse r., and drained by Mockasin nd Trent rivers, and smaller branches of it. Surface nostly level or slightly uneven ; soil on the streams rich, but iack of them sandy and much less fertile. Corn is the chief rop; wheat, cotton, sweet potatoes, and, in the marshes, ice, are successfully cultivated. It has considerable excel- ent pine timber and some water-power. Farms 362 ; manuf. 7; dwell. 702, and pop. wh. 3,567, fr. col. 145, si. 4,116 otal 7,S2S. Capital : Kingston. Public Works : Goldsboro nd Newbern E. E. (projected). LENOIR, p. v., and cap. Caldwell co., N. Car.: 160 m. V. by N. Ealeigh. It contains a court-house and jail, and cveral dwellings. LENOIR S, p. o., Eoane county, Tenn. : 141 m. E. by S. Nashville. LEN LER LENOX, t., p. v., and cap. Berkshire co., Mass. : 115 m. "W. Boston. Drained by Ilousatonic r., which flows on its E. border, and affords some water-power. Surface checkered with rugged hills and lovely valleys, and soil very produc tive. It has rich deposits of iron ore and quarries of beauti ful marble, both of which are wrought, but is chiefly a farming town, the attractive scenery of which has made it the favorite retreat of genius, native and foreign, and a sum mer resort of the beauty and fashion of the land. The v. is neatly built on elevated ground, and contains a court-house, jail, an academy, founded in 1803, and many elegant man sions. The Ilousatonic R. R. passes along the river, and Lenox sta. is 9 m. S. of Pittsfield. Pop. of 1. 1,598. LENOX, t, and p. o., Madison co., N. Y. : 108 m. "W. N. W. Albany. Drained by Oneida, Canaseraga, Cowaseon, and Chittenango creeks, flowing into Oneida Lake, its N. bouzidary. It is a large t., and has an extensive swamp in the N. The surface is mostly level, and soil adapted to wheat, and very fertile. It contains an academy, and sev eral manufactories. The Syracuse and Utica R. R. and Eric Canal cross the town. On the latter is the v. of Lenox Basin, where are several stores and warehouses, 27 m. E. of Syracuse. Pop. of t. 7,597. LBNOX, t. and p. o., Ashtabula co., Ohio : 1C1 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by branches of Grand r. Surface un even, and soil generally good. Pop. 731. LENOX, t. and p. o., Susquehanna co., Penn. : 112 m. N. E. by N. Harrisburg. Drained by Tunkhannock and Martin s creeks. Surface rough, and soil adapted to pastur age. Timber is largely exported. The Lackawanna and Western R. R. crosses the W. part. LENOX, t. and p. o., M Comb co., Mich. : 87 m. E. Lansing. Drained by branches of Clinton and Saline rivers. It is well timbered, and has a salt spring in the S. part. Pop. C54. LENOX CASTLE, p. o., Rockingham co., N, Car. : 73 m. N. W. by W. Raleigh. LENOX FUENACE, p. o,, Berkshrre co., Mass. : 116 m. "W. Boston. LENOXVILLE, p. v., Susquehanna co., Penn. : 116 m. N. E. by N. Harrisburg. LEO, p. o., Allen co., Ind. : 123 m. N. E. by E. Indian apolis. LEO, p. o., Washington co., N. Car. : 119 m. E. Raleigh. LEO, p. o., Habersham county, Ga. : 107 m. N. by W. Milledgeville. LEOMINSTER, t. and p. v., Worcester co., Mass. : 37 m. W. N. W. Boston. Drained by branches of Nashua r., on which are many fine mill privileges. Surface moderately uneven, -with no large hills; soil clayey and mostly of ex cellent quality on the large streams are extensive meadows. Rich rock alum is found. Farming and grazing are the chief occupations ; but numerous and various manufactories are operated. Paper, cabinet- ware, boots and shoes, combs, chairs, harnesses, carriages, and mechanics tools are made. The v. contains an academy and several stores. The Fitchburg R. R. and Fitchburg and Worcester R. R. pass through the L The station of the latter is 9 m. S. of Fitch burg. Pop. of t. 3,121. LEON county, Flor. Situate N. middle, and contains 9S5 sq. m. Drained by Little and Ocklockony rivers, which bound it W., and St. Mark s r., all flowing into Appalachee Bay. Surface moderately uneven, with low marshes in parts, and largely covered with a growth of pine; soil various much is very fertile. It has large ponds or lakes in the N., but its streams are small, though furnishing many mill-seats^ Cotton is the great staple, and is raised in very large quantities. Corn and sweet potatoes yield well, and eome sugar is made. Farms 356 ; manuf. 15 ; dwell. 737, and pop. wh. 3,1S3, fr. col. 46, si. 8,203 total 11,432. Capital: Tallahassee. Public Works: St. Marks and Tal lahassee R. R. LEON county, Ten. Situate E. centrally, and contains 1,134 eq. m. Bounded W. by Navasoto r., a branch of the Brazos, and E. by Trinity r. Drained W. by Birch and Deer creeks ; E. by Alligator, Buffalo, Upper and Lower Keechi, Leona, and Boggy creeks. Surface undulating in the E. are hills of gentle ascent, but no great elevation ; soil on the Navasoto and Trinity a deep loam, variously mixed with sand and clay, and of great fertility in the S., between the rivers, are sandy ridges. Corn and cotton produce great crops, and most of the grains thrive. It is also a fine grazing co., and many cattle and horses are sent to market. On the Trinity are dense forests of excellent timber, but a large portion is prairie, dotted over with post oak groves. The Trinity is a large stream navigable for light draft steam boats, and the Navasoto is boatable in most seasons. Farms 151 ; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 231, and pop. wh. 1,325, fr. col. 0, si. 621 total 1,946. Capital : Leona. LEON, t. and p. o., Cattaraugus co., N. Y. : 278 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by Conewango cr., on which are numer ous saw-mills. Surface generally level ; soil sandy loam. A good farming t. Pop. 1,340. LEON, p. o., Madison county, Virg. : 78 m. N. W, Richmond. LEON, p. o., Ashtabula co., Ohio : 152 m. E. Columbus. LEONA, p. v., and cap. Leon co., Tex. : about midway between Navasoto and Trinidad rivers, 121 m. N. E. by E. Austin City. It is in a rolling and somewhat sandy region, but sparsely settled, and contains a court-house, jail, and 150 inhabitants. LEONARD-TOWN, p. v., and cap. St. Mary s co., Md. : on the E. side of Britton s Bay, a small branch of the Potomac, 46 m. S. by W. Annapolis. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, several stores, and 350 inhabitants. The "St. Mary s Beacon" is published weekly. LEONARDSVILLE, p. v., Madison co., N. Y. : on Unadilla river, 81 m.W. by N. Albany. It contains several mills and 400 inhabitants. LEONI, t. and p. o., Jackson co., Mich. : 36 m. S. S. E. Lansing. Drained by heads of Grand river, flowing from numerous ponds within it, and furnishing mill-seats. Sur face undulating, and soil rich loam, producing large crops of grain. The Michigan Central R. R. crosses the N. part. Pop. 290. LEONIDAS, t. and p. o., St. Joseph s county, Mich. : on St. Joseph s river, 59 m. S. W. by S. Lansing. Drained by Bear and Pine creeks ; soil a fertile prairie. Pop. 858. LEOPOLD, p. v., Perry co., Ind. : about 7 m. from the Ohio, 114 m. S. by W. Indianapolis. LE RAYSVILLE, p. v., Jefferson co., N. Y. : 142 m. N. W. Albany. LE RAYSVILLE, p. v., Bradford co., Penn. : 109 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. It contains an academy, several stores, and 300 inhabitants. LE ROY, p. v., M Lean county, III. : 53 m. N. E. by E. Springfield. LE ROY, t. and p. v., Genesee co., N. Y. : 226 m.W. by N. Albany. Drained by Allen s cr., which affords great water- power. Surface mostly level ; soil sandy loam, and exceed ingly productive of wheat and other grain. The Buffalo, Corning, and New York R. R. crosses it. The v. is on the creek, which falls 125 feet within 2 miles, and is largely engaged in manufacturing flour, oil, and leather. It is mostly built of stone, and contains a bank, an academy, 25 stores, several large flouring mills, and about 2,000 inhab- tants. The "L. Gazette," and "Genesee Courier" (both whig), are published here weekly. Pop. of t. 3,472. LE ROY, p. o., Medina county, Ohio: 89 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. LE ROY, t. and p. o., Dodge county, Wise. : 56 m. N. E. Madison. The t. has fine land in the E., but the W. is a portion of the great Winnebago Marsh. Pop. 397. LE ROY, t. and p. o., Bradford county, Penn. : 91 m. N. Ilarrisburg. Drained by Towanda creek and its branches, which move numerous saw-mills. Surface uneven, and soil good ; woolens are manufactured, and lumber exported. 373 LER LEW LE EOT, t. and p. o., Ingham co., Mich. : 19 m. E. S. E. Lansing. Drained by Cedar r. and its branches. It has a fertile soil, and is well supplied with timber and mill-sites. Pop. 254. LESLIE, t. and p. v., Ingham co., Melt. : 21 m. S. by E. Lansing. Drained by a branch of Grand r. Surface level, and soil finely adapted to grain. Top. 673. LE SOURDSVILLE, p. v., Butler co., Ohio : S9 m. "W. S. "W. Columbus. LESSER CROSS EOADS, p. o., Somerset co., N. Jer. : 34 m. N. Trenton. LESSLEY, p. o., Benton co., Mo. : on Beaver creek of the Osage, 63 m. W. S. W. Jefferson City. LESTER S DISTRICT, p. o., Burke co., Ga. : 84 m. E. by S. Milledgeville. LESTERVILLE, p. o., Eeynolds co., Jtfo. : on the E. side of Big Black Water r., 93 m. S. E. Jefferson City. LETART FALLS, p. y., Meigs co., Ohio: on the Ohio r., 92 m. S. E. Columbus. LETCHER county, JTy. Situate S. E., and contains 305 sq. m. It has the Cumberland Mountains on the S. E., and gives rise to the Kentucky r., by small head streams of which it is drained Boone s, Carr s, King s, and Line Fork creeks. Surface broken, with fine mill-streams in parts, and many rich bottoms. Soil generally very fertile; corn and oats grow finely, and the pastures are excellent, feeding many cattle, horses, and sheep. Pork is the principal export. Farms 343; manuf. 0; dwell. 416, and pop. wh. 2,440, fr. col. 10, si. 62 total 2,512. Capital: Whitesburg. LETCHEK, p. o., Harlan co., Ky. : 107 m. S. E. Frankfort. LETCIIERVILLE, p. v., Greene co., III. : 48 m. "VY. S. "W. Springfield. LETIMBERYILLE, p. v., Marion county, Ohio : 49 m. N. Columbus. LETTER A No. 2, t. and p. o., Oxford county, Me. : 61 m. W. by N. Augusta. Surface elevated, and mostly covered with heavy timber. It is little cultivated. Pop. 108. LETTER B, t. and p. o., Oxford co., Me. : 66 m. W. N. "W. Augusta. Lake Umbagog occupies the N., and its affluents afford abundant mill privileges. Soil fertile ; lumbering is the chief business. Pop. 174. LEV ANNA, p. v., Cayuga co., N. T. : on the E. side of Cayuga Lake, 156 m.W. by N. Albany. It has a steamboat landing, and contains a flouring mill, several warehouses, and 400 inhabitants. LEV ANNA, v., Brown co., Ohio : on the N. bank of the Ohio r., opposite Dover, 92 m. S. S.W. Columbus. Pop. 174. LEVANT, t. and p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : 59 m. N. E. Augusta. Drained by Kenduskeag r., which crosses the E. part, and its branches. Surface uneven, and soil fertile. The v. is on the r., which turns several mills. Population of 1. 1,842. LEVANT, p. v., Chautauque co., N. T. : on Conewango cr., 287 m. W. by S. Albany. LEVEE, p. o., Montgomery county, Ky. : 62 m. E. by S. Frankfort LEVEL, p. o., Eichland dist., S. Car. : on Eice cr., 12 m. N. by E. Columbia. LEVEL, p. o., Warren county, Ohio: 74 miles "W. S. "W. Columbus. LEVEL GREEN, p. o., Giles county, Virg.: 164 m. W. Eichmond. LEVENWOETH, p. v., and cap. Crawford co., Ind. : on the Ohio, 107 m. S. Indianapolis. It has a fine landing, and an extensive trade with the interior. In the vicinity is the coal region, and ship timber is abundant. It contains a court house, several stores, and 600 inhabitants. LEVERETT, t and p. v., Franklin co., Mass. : 74 m. W. by N. Boston. Drained by affluents of the Connecticut, which furnish power for small mills. Surface uneven, with large fertile meadows, and superior pasture land. Farming and grazing form its great interests, but timber is plenty, and much maple sugar is made. Wooden-ware, leather, and 374 woolens are manufactured. The Amherst and Belcher- town E. E. passes through it Pop. 943. LEVEEING, p. o., Knox co., Oh. : 43 m. N. by E. Columbus. LEVERINGTON, p. o., Philadelphia county, Penn. : 92 m. E. by S. llarrisburg. LEVI, p. o., Jackson co., Ohio : 73 m. S. S. E. Columbus. LEVY county, Flor. Situate on the neck of the peninsu la, W. side, and contains 778 sq. m. Bounded N. W. by Suwanee r., and S. by Withlacoochee r., between which Wakasse, Wakasassa, and Ten Mile creeks empty into Wa- kasassa Bay. Surface low and level, and covered Exten sively with swamps abounding in heavy timber, with occa sional dry elevations. Soil, when tillable, very rich, pro ducing abundantly corn, cotton, and semi-tropical fruits and melons. Farms ; manuf. ; dwell. 64 ; and pop. wh. 320, fr. col. 0, si. 145 total 465. Capital : Wakasassa. LEWES, p. v., Sussex co., Del. : 33 m. S. S. E. Dover. It contains an academy, several stores, and 350 inhabitants. LEWES AND EEHOBOTH, hund., Sussex co., Del. : at the mouth of Delaware Bay, with the Atlantic on the E. and Eehoboth Bay on the S. Has a level surface, sandy soil, and an area of 35,030 acres. The Delaware Breakwater is on its N. coast Pop. 2,015. LEWIS county, Ky. Situate N. E., and contains 316 sq. m. Bounded N. by the Ohio, and drained by its affluents, Salt Lick and Kinniconink creeks, and North Lick, a branch of Licking r. Surface uneven, and soil fertile. Corn and wheat are staple cereals. It has good pastures, and raises considerable pork for export. In the N. copperas, lime stone, and fine clay for fire-brick and stoneware are found. Farther S. are the ^Esculapian Springs, a celebrated water ing-place, and salt-springs are found. Farms 651 ; manuf. 21 ; dwell. 1,223, and pop. wh. 6,869, fr. col. 11, si. 322 total 7,202. Capital: Clarksburg. Public Works: COT- ington and Ohio E. E. LEWIS county, Mo. Situate N. E., and contains 519 sq. m. Bounded E. by the Mississippi, and drained by Wyaconda r., and N., Middle and S. Fabius rivers, and Taylor s fork. Surface rolling or slightly uneven. Soil highly productive, affording excellent grass and grain lands ; raising large crops of corn and wheat, and good tobacco, and feeding numer ous cattle and sheep. It has fine mill streams, abundance of timber, and growing manufactures. The forests furnish mast for great numbers of swine, and pork is a large article of export Bituminous coal, salt springs, and lead, exist abundantly in parts. Farms 448; manuf. 15; dwell. 905, and pop. wh. 5,364, fr. col. 8, si. 1,206 total 6,578. Cap ital: Monticello. LEWIS county, N. Y. Situate N., a little E. of Lake On tario, and contains 1,122 sq. m. Drained by Black r. and its tributaries, Beaver r., Independence r., Otter cr., and Moose river, all E., and several minor ones W. ; S. W. by Salmon river of Lake Ontario, and Fish cr. of Lake Oneida, and N. by Indian r. and W. fork of Oswegatchie r., flowing into the St Lawrence. Surface in the E. hilly, rising from Black river toward the mountains E. of it ; W. rolling, with fre quent hills, and an inclination to the W. and S. ; on Black r. are broad alluvial flats. Soil various ; the bottoms are very fertile ; the rest a gravelly, sandy, or clayey loam, produces well under good cultivation, and is especially fitted for past ure. The E. has large forests of pine, spruce, hemlock, beech, maple, and ash. From the maple much sugar is made. Farming and grazing are the chief pursuits. Pota toes, oats, wheat, and barley, the chief crops, and the pro duce of the dairy very large. The streams afford water- power almost without limit, but it is little used. F16ur, lum ber, leather, and woolen goods are the chief manufactures. Wool, butter, and cheese, the chief exports. W. of Black r. fine limestone abounds. Superior iron ore is found in abun dance, and lead ore in smaller quantities. Farms 2,374; manuf. 67; dwell. 4,624, and pop. wh. 24,524, fr. col. 40 total 24,564. Capital: Martinsburg. Public Works : Black Eiver Canal ; Saratoga and Sackett s Harbor E. E., etc, LEW LEW LEWIS county, Oregon. Situate N. W., and covers an area of about 80,000 sq. m. It has the British Possessions and Strait of Juan de Fuca on the N., the Pacific on the "W., and extends S. to the Columbia, with Pacific co. occupying the corner N. of the lower part of that river. There are several inlets from the ocean around it; Shoalwater Bay, Gray s Harbor, Hood s Channel, Puget Sound, and Admi ralty Inlet, into which flow streams of considerable length, but of difficult or impossible navigation. These are Chikeelis r. of Gray s Harbor, and its branches, M Kenzie s Fork, New- aukum, and Skukumchuck rivers ; and Tenalquit or Shute s and Nisqually rivers, with others of Puget s Sound. It is deficient in harbors, except in the Straits of Fuca, the inlets and mouths of the rivers being obstructed by shifting sand bars, which render their entrance uncertain and hazardous. The rivers abound in fine fish, particularly salmon, and fish ing is extensively pursued, furnishing the natives and recent emigrants with a large share of their food. The coast abounds in all varieties of shell-fish, which are taken in great quantities, and furnish an important article of diet. "Whales are often caught off the shore, and even in the straits of Fuca. Surface broken by spurs of the Cascade Mountains, and much varied. There are dense forests in all parts of excellent timber, pine, fir, spruce, white and red oaks, ash, cedar, and maple. Soil various, from a brown loam to a thin vegetable mold, and generally productive of all kinds of grain, corn exccpted. The climate is mild? snow seldom .remaining longer than a week together, ex cept in the most N. and elevated parts, and free from ex tremes of heat or cold. This county is little settled, but is scoured by hunters in search of the abundant game and fine furs it produces. Coal is found on the Chikeelis and Cowlitz rivers in abundance. In 1S50 it had Farms 55 ; manuf. 3 ; dwell. 146, and pop. wh. 457, fr. col. 101 total 658. Capital: Monticello. LEWIS county, Tenn. Situate "W. middle, and contains 337 sq. m. Drained by Buffalo and Duck rivers, branches of Tennessee r., and their affluents. Surface pleasantly di versified; soil fertile. Corn is the staple. "Wheat and to bacco grow well, and there is much good grazing land. Pork is largely exported. Farms 394; manuf. 18; dwell. 599, and pop. wh. 3,697, fr. col. 5, si. 736 total 4,438. Capital: Newburg. LEWIS county, Virg. Situate N. "W., and contains 603 eq. m. Drained by heads of E. and "W. forks of Mononga- hela r., and branches of Little Kanawha r., Leading, Sand, Stone, Coal, and French creeks. Surface elevated and much broken ; soil generally very productive, raising good crops of wheat, corn, and potatoes, and furnishing excellent pasture. Large numbers of cattle and sheep are reared, and wool and pork are exported. It has fine mill streams, and many small manufacturing establishments. Coal and iron are found. Farms 878; manuf. 27; dwell. 1,533, and pop. wh. 9,621, fr. col. 42, si. 368 total 10,031. Capital : Weston. LEWIS, p. o., Vigo county, Jhd.: 67 miles "W. S. "W. Indianapolis. LEWIS, t. and p. o., Essex co., N. Y. : 113 m. N. by E. Albany, Drained by Boquet r. and its branches. Surface mountainous in the W., in the E. more even. Soil generally good, and everywhere heavily timbered. It is rich in iron ore, and contains several forges, and numerous mills for sawing lumber. Pop. 2,058. LEWIS, t. and p. o., Brown co., OJiio : on the Ohio, 88 m. S. W. by S. Columbus. Drained by "White Oak and Eagle creeks. Surface somewhat uneven, and soil very fertile. Pop. 1,997. LEWISBERRY, p. v., York co., Penn. : 8 m. S. Harrisburg. LEWISBOROUGH, t. and p. o., "Westchester co., N. Y. : 95 m. S. by E. Albany. Drained by branches of Croton r., its "W. boundary. Surface uneven, and soil sandy loam of good fertility. A farming town. Pop. 1,609. LBWIBBUBG, p. v,. and cap. Conway co., Ark. : on the left bank of Arkansas r., 37 m. N. "W. Little Kock. It has a good landing, a court-house and jail, and 200 inhabitants. LEWISBURG, p. v., Cass co., Ind. : on the N. bank of "Wa- bash r., 66 m. N. Indianapolis. The "Wabash and Erie Canal passes through the v., 8 m. from Logansport. LEWISBURG, p. v., Preble county, Oh. : 81 m. "W. by 8. Columbus. LEWISBURG, r., Champaign county, Oh. : 51 m. W. by N. Columbus. Pop. 302. LEWISBURG, p. b., Union co., Penn. : on the right bank of Susquehanna r., just below the mouth of Buffalo cr., 48 m. N. by "W. Harrisburg. A short branch crossing the river connects it with the "W. branch division of the Pennsylvania Canal. It has a brisk trade in farming products, and con tains an academy and about 20 stores. A college was found ed here by the Baptists in 1849, and in 1851 had 5 instructors and 46 students. Three newspapers are published, " Der Christliche Botschafter," a religious semi-monthly, in Ger man, and the " L. Democrat" (dem.), and " L. Chronicle" (independent), weekly. Pop. 2,012. LEWISBURG, p. v., and cap. Marshall co., Tenn. : near a branch of Duck r., 43 m. S. Nashville. It is the centre of a rich corn region, and contains a court-house, jail, several stores, and 300 inhabitants. LEWISBURG, p. v., and cap. Greenbrier co., Virg. : 162 m. W. by N. Eichmond. It contains a court-house and jail, two academies, several large stores, and about 1,000 inhab itants. Within a few miles are the celebrated "White and Blue Sulphur Springs, which are reached through the v., and add much to its other attractions. The "L. Chronicle" is issued weekly. LEWIS FORK, p. o., "Wilkes co., XT. Car. : on a branch of Yadkin r. so called, 162 m. "W. N. "W. Ealeigh. LEWISPORT, p. v., Hancock co., Ey. : on the S. bank of the Ohio, 112 m. W. by S. Frankfort It contains 3 stores, 30 houses, and 250 inhabitants. LEWIS STORE, p. o., Spottsylvania co., Virg. : 47 m. N. by W. Eichmond. LEWISTON, Virg. See Lunenburg C. H. LEWISTON, t. and p. v., Niagara co., N. Y. : on the E. side of Niagara r., 278 m. W. by N. Albany. Surface generally level; soil calcareous or sandy loam, and mostly fertile. The Eochester, Lockport, and Niagara Falls E. E. passes through it, and a branch extends to the v. The v., at the head of steamboat navigation, 7 m. from Lake Ontario, has a good landing and constant communication, and an exten sive trade with most of the lake ports. A ferry connects it with Queenstown, and railroads leading west. It contains an academy, about 20 stores and warehouses, and 1,000 in habitants. Pop. oft. 2,933. LEWISTON, t. and p. v., Lincoln co., He. : on the E. side of Androscoggin r., 28 m. S. "W. Augusta. The t stretches along the r. about 13 m., and has a fine soil, which is well cultivated. The leading interest is manufactures, and cen tres in the v., on the r., which descends about 50 feet in 15 rods. A dam has been thrown across it, and almost unlim ited water-power obtained. Large cotton-mills are built, and it bids fair to become one of the large manufacturing places of the Union. A bridge, 1,000 feet long, connects it with Auburn, on the opposite side. The Androscoggin and Kennebec E. E. passes it, 33 m. from Portland. The "L. Falls Journal" (ncut.) is published weekly. Pop. oft. 3,584. LEWISTOWN, p. v., and cap. Fulton co., Hi. : about 4 m. from Spoon r., 48 m. N. "W. Springfield. It contains a court house, jail, high school, and about 400 inhabitants. LEWISTOWN, p. v., Logan co., Oh.: on the E. side ol Miami r., 56 m. N. "W. by W. Columbus. LEWISTOWN, p. b., and cap. Mifflin co., Penn. : on the N". side Juniata r., at the mouth of Kishcoquil cr., 43 m. N. "W. by W. Harrisburg. It is regularly laid out, with a square in the centre, containing the court-house and other co. build ings. It also contains an academy, 25 stores, a furnace of 1,800 tons capacity, and a forge producing 500 tons of blooms 875 LEW LEX per annum. In the vicinity are mineral springs, and a fur nace of 1,600 tons capacity. The U L. Gazette" (whig) and " True Democrat" (dem.) are published weekly. The Penn sylvania Canal passes through it, 88 m. from Ilollidaysburg, and the Eastern division of the Pennsylvania K. 11., 61 m. from Harrisburg. Pop. 2,735. LKWISVILLE, p. v., and cap. Lafayette eo., Ark. : about 6 m. E. of Eed r., and 126 m. 8. W. Little Eock. It is surrounded by rich cotton and corn plantations, and contains a courts house, a few stores, and 200 inhabitants. LEWISVILLE, p. v., Monroe co., Ohio: 92 m. E. by S. Columbus. LEWISVILLE, p. v., Henry co., IncJ. : on the E. side of Flat Eock cr., 39 in. E. Indianapolis. The Indiana Central E. E. passes near it LEWISVILLE, p. o., Chester dist, & Car. : near Fishing cr., 43 m. N. by E. Columbia. LEWISVILLE, sta., Orangeburg dist., S. Car. : on the Co lumbia Branch E. E., 87 m. from Columbia. LEWISVILLE, p. o., Brunswick co., Vii Q. : 62 m. S. by W. Eichmond. LEWISVILLE, p. v., Chester co., Penn.: 62 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. LEXINGTON district, S. Car. Situate W. centrally, and contains 834 sq. m. Drained by N. Edisto r., its 8. W. boundary ; Saluda r. and its branches in the N., and Broad r., which, uniting with the Saluda, takes the name of Conga- ree r., and forms the N. E. boundary, and has small afflu ents, which drain the central and E. portions. Surface di versified, with moderate swells, and a few considerable elevations. Soil generally of good quality, producing cotton, corn, wheat, and potatoes largely, and furnishing pasture for large numbers of cattle. Some of the low lands grow good rice in small quantities. It has much water-power along its rivers, a part of which is profitably employed in manufactures. Farms 837; manuf. 40; dwell. 1,312, and pop. wh. 7,352, fr. col. 21, si. 5,557 total 12,930. Capital: Lexington. LEXINGTON, p. o., Lauderdale co., Ala. : about 3 m. E. Blue Water creek of the Tennessee, 1S4 miles N. by W. Montgomery. LEXINGTON, p. v., and cap. Oglethorpe co., Ga. : 59 m. N. Milledgeville. It contains a court-house, jail, a well-endowed academy, a public library, 20 stores, and 300 inhabitants. The Athens branch of Georgia E. E. passes a little W. of the v., 17 m. from Athens. LEXINGTON, p. v., M Lean co., III. : about 2 m. N. of Mackinau cr., 74 m. N. E. Springfield. LEXINGTON, p. v., and cap. Scott co., Ind. : 81 m. S. S. E. Indianapolis. It is connected with Madison by a plank- road, and contains a court-house and 600 inhabitants. LEXINGTON, p. city, and cap. Fayette co., Ky. : on Town branch of Elkhorn r., 24 m. E. S. E. Frankfort Lat 36 6 N., and long. 84 18 W., and by railroad distant from Louis ville 65 m., from Covington 96 m., from Maysville 75 m., from Danville 35 m., from Nashville 187 m., from Savannah 716 m., from Charleston 732 m., and from Mobile 975 m. It is one of the oldest cities of Kentucky, and was formerly capital of the State. The city occupies a square of 2 m., and is laid out in wide, rectangular streets, the main street being 80 feet wide, and containing many elegant buildings. There is a square in the centre of the city, upon which is the mark et-house. The public edifices are generally of brick, and substantially built, as are also many of the stores and dwell ings. The public buildings are the court-house, jail, and several literary and benevolent institutions, etc. Transyl vania University is the oldest college hi the State, having been established in 1798 ; it has departments of law and medicine, and every department is in a flourishing condi tion. The University Hall and Medical College are fine buildings. The State Lunatic Asylum is also located here, and is a noble institution. Lexington has several manufac tories and large tobacco warehouses, and its trade with the 376 interior is extensive. It is the head-quarters of the Northern Bank of Kentucky, and there is also a branch of the Bank of Kentucky. The newspapers published here are the " Kentucky Statesman" (dem.) and the " Observer and Ee- porter" (whig), both semi-weekly issue,*, and the "Locomo tive" (neutral), a daily paper. The railroads diverging from Lexington are the Louisville and Lexington E. E., the Frankfort and Lexington E. E., the Covington and Lexing ton E. E., the Maysville and Lexington E. E., the Lexington and Danville E. E., etc. There are also several turnpikes diverging from the city. About li m. S. E. of the City is Ashland, the seat of the late lamented statesman, lion. Henry Clay, and there are many others in the vicinity which give tone and character to the country. Lexington was settled about 1779 ; incorporated by the Virginia Legislature in 1782, and was chartered as a city in 1831. LEXINGTON, t. and p. o., Somerset co., Me. : 51 m. N. N. "W. Augusta. It has several ponds flowing into Seven Mile branch of Kennebec r., and affording fine mill-seats. Sur face uneven ; soil fertile. Timber forms the chief source of wealth. Pop. 533. LEXINGTON, t. and p. v., Middlesex co.. Mass. : 10 m. N. W. Boston. Drained by branches of Shawsheen r. Surface pleasantly varied, with many hills and extensive meadows; soil of medium quality, rendered highly pro ductive by skillful cultivation. It is principally a farming t., with excellent gardens and orchards, but manufactures boots and shoes, cabinet-ware, farming and mechanical im plements, carriages, etc. The v. contains an academy and about 75 houses and stores, neatly arranged around a pleas ant green. Here was fought, on the 19th of April, 1775, the first action of the American Eevolution. A tasteful monu ment, erected by the State, marks the spot and commemo rates the valor of the first victims. The v. is 11 m. from Boston, on the Lexington and West Cambridge Branch of the Fitchburg E. E. Pop. of t. 1,894. LEXINGTON, t. and p. v., St. Clair county, Midi. : 105 m. E. N. E. Lansing. Black r. crosses the W. part and Lake Huron lies on the E. It is well timbered, and lumbering is the chief business. Pop. 1,176. LEXINGTON, p. v., and cap. Holmes co., Miss. : on Black cr. of the Yazoo, 54 m. N. by E. Jackson. It comprises a court-house, jail, several hotels, stores, and small manufac- factories, and a pop. of 600. Two weeklies are published, the " L. Advertiser" (whig), and " Equal Eights" (dem.) LEXINGTON, p. v., and cap. Lafayette co., Mo. : about 1 m. S. of the Missouri, 98 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. It con tains a court-house and jail, an academy, a bank, several large stores, and 600 inhabitants. Two newspapers are published, the "L. Weekly Journal" and the "Western Missouri Express." LEXINGTON, t, and p. v., Greene co., 2f. T. : 45 m. S. "W. Albany. Drained by Schoharie cr., on which are many saw-mills. Surface much broken by the Catskill Mountains; soil generally good. Timber is abundant, and tanning ex tensively carried on. Pop. 2.263. Hallcott is a new town, set off from Lexington in 1851. LEXINGTON, p. v., and cap. Davidson co., N. Car. : about 1 m. W. of Abbot s cr. of the Yadkin, 97 m. W. by N. Ealeigh. It contains the county buildings and several stores, and is on the line of the North Carolina Central E. E. LEXINGTON, p. v., Eichland co., Ohio : on Clear fork of Mohiccan cr., which has a good fall here, 51 m. N. by E. Columbus. It contains several stores and mills, and 500 in habitants. The Sandusky, Mansfield, and Newark E. E. passes through it 9 m. from Mansfield. LEXINGTON C. H., p. v., and cap. Lexington disl., S. Car. : on a branch of Saluda r., 12 m. W. Columbia. It contains a court-house, jail, an academy, several fine stores, and 800 nhabitants. A Lutheran Theological Seminary was found ed here in 1S35, and in 1350 had 2 instructors, 10 students, 20 alumni, and a library of 2,000 volumes. LEXINGTON, p. v., and cap. Henderson co., Tenn. : at the LEX LIB head of Beech r., 92 m. W. S. W. Nashville. Great num bers of hogs are fatted in the vicinity of the v., which con tains a court-house, jail, an academy, several mills and stores, and SCO inhabitants. LEXINGTON, p. v., and cap. Eockbridge co., Virg. : on the W. side of North r., 107 m. W. by N. Eichmond. It lies on a high bank of the river, and contains a court-house, jail, an academy, a female seminary, 15 stores, and 1.500 inhabitants. Washington College was founded here in 179S, and liberally endowed by George Washington. In 1850 it had G instructors, 600 alumni, 42 of whom were min isters, 50 students, and a library of 5,000 volumes. The Virginia Military Institute, modeled after that at West Point, was located here in 1889, and in 1S50 had 6 instruct ors, 107 alumni, 120 students, and 2,000 volumes in its li brary. The " L. Gazette" (whig), and " Valley Star" (dem.), are published weekly. LEXINGTON, p. v., Clatsop co., Oreg. Ter. : on the W. or left bank of Willamette r., 49 m. N. by E. Salem. LEYDEN, t. and p. v., Franklin co., Mass. : 84 m. W. N.W. Boston. Drained by Green r., a branch of Deerfield r., on which are fine mill-sites. Surface mountainous, and soil adapted to grazing. Large numbers of sheep and good dairies are kept. On Green r. is a narrow ravine, inclosed by high rocks, called the " Glen," or " Ghor," which attracts many visitors by its wildness and beauty. Pop. of t. 716. LEYDEN, p. v., Cook county, III. : 179 m. N. N. E. Springfield. LEYDEN, t. and p. o., Lewis co., N. Y. : 104 m. N.W. by W. Albany. Drained by branches of Black r., which forms its E- line, and falls 63 feet before leaving the town. Surface hilly, and soil a fertile sandy loam. A large farming town. The Black River Canal passes down the river to the falls. Pop. 2.253. LEYDEN, p. o., Eock co., Wise. : S. E. Madison. LIBERTY county, Get. Situate S. E. on the Atlantic, and contains 759 sq. m. Drained N. E. by Little Cannowchee r. and Taylor s cr., E. by Newport and Midway rivers, and W. by Beard s and Doctor s creeks and Altamaha r. Sur face level, and in parts low and marshy ; soil mostly of great fertility near the water-courses, with poorer land at a distance from the shore. Cotton is the staple. St. Cath arine s Island forms a part of the county, and raises sea- island cotton of a superior quality. Corn and potatoes produce largely, and the marshes on the coast and some of the creeks raise much excellent rice. Cattle are reared in large numbers, though the grains do not succeed. It has valuable forests of pine, hickory, and live oak. Farms 244 ; manuf. 4; dwell. 360, and pop. wh. 2,002, fr. col. 16, si. 5,908 total 7,926. Capital: Hinesville. LIBERTY county, Tex. Situate S. in E. part, and contains 2,746 sq. m. Trinity r. flows S. through the middle ; on the N. E. is Big Sandy cr., and farther S. Pin Island bayou, both affluents of the Neches ; S. E. are Oyster and East Bay bayoux, flowing into East Bay ; and W. it is drained by E. fork of San Jacinto r. and Cedar bayou, flowing into Galveston Bay, which, with the Gulf of Mexico, forms its S. boundary. Surface level, with scarcely a noticeable hill ; soil of various fertility in the S. a thin, black mold, resting on sand and shells ; in the N. the mold is deeper, and fre quently has a substratum of yellow loam ; on the Trinity is rich bottom land, often overflowed, and exceedingly pro ductive. The S. is a grassy plain destitute of trees, and adapted to grazing. The N. is prairie, with lines of wood on the streams, and is excellent cotton land. The Trinity is a large stream, about 80 yards wide and 10 feet deep, and navigated by steamers through the county and a consider able distance N. of it. Farms 149; manuf. 1; dwell. 312, and pop. wh. 1,623, fr. col. 7, si. 892 total 2,522. Capitol: Liberty. LIBERTY, p. v., Adams co.. III. : 76 m. W. Springfield. LIBERTY, p. o., Jackson county, Ala. : 165 m. N. by E. Montgomery. Z2 LIBERTY, p. v., and cap. Union co., Ind. : 62 m. E. by S. Indianapolis. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, and 700 inhabitants. LIBERTY, p. v., and cap. Casey co., Ky. : on Greene r., here a small stream, 59 m. S. Frankfort. It contains a court-house and jail, several stores, ana 200 inhabitants. LIBERTY, t. and p. o., Waldo co., He. : 22 m. E. Augusta. St. George s r. rises from a large pond in the N., and Muscongus r. flows from the S. part. Surface uneven, and soil adapted to grass. Pop. 1,116. LIBERTY, t. and p. o., Jackson co., Mich. : 42 m. S. by E. Lansing. Surface undulating, and soil productive of all the grains and grasses. Pop. 891. LIBERTY, p. v., and cap. Amit co., Miss. : on a branch of Amite r., 82 m. S. S. W. Jackson. It contains a court house and jail, and 200 inhabitants. LIBERTY, p. v., and cap. Clay co., Mo. : about 3 m. N. of the Missouri, 134 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. It has a con venient landing on the Missouri, and carries on an extensive trade with the back region. It contains a court-house and jail, 3 academies, several large stores, and SOO inhabitants. LIBERTY, t. and p. o., Sullivan co., A 7 ". Y. : 78 in. S. W. Albany. Surface elevated and hilly, giving rise to Collikoon and Mongaup creeks of the Delaware, on which are nu merous saw-mills ; soil gravelly loam. Lumber is a large export. Pop. 2,612. LIBERTY, p. v., Montgomery co., Ohio : 71 m. W. by S. Columbus. LIBERTY, t. and p. o., Tioga co., Penn. : 92 m. N. by W. Ilarrisburg. Drained by branches of Pine and Lycoming creeks, which turn many saw-mills. Surface rou<rh, and grazing is the chief business. Iron and coal are found. LIBERTY, p. v., De Kalb county, Tenn.: on a branch of Caney fork of Cumberland r., 44 m. E. by S. Nashville. LIBERTY, p. v., and cap. Bedford co. Virg. : on a branch of Otter r., 112 m. W. by S. Eichmond. It contains a court house and jail, several stores and small manufactories, and 500 inhabitants. It is on the Virginia and Tennessee E. E., 25 m. from Lynchburg. LIBERTY, sta., Alleghany co., Penn. : on W. division of Pennsylvania E. E., 5 m. from Pittsburg. LIBERTY, p. v., and cap. Liberty co., Tea: : on the left bank of Trinity r., about 30 m. from its mouth, 174 m. E. by S. Austin City. It has a good landing, and steam boats touch here on their way from the interior to Galveston, which is 70 m. S. of it. The vicinity produces fine cotton. The v. contains a court-house and 200 inhabitants. LIBERTY, p. o., Eacine co., Wise. : 74 m. E. S. E. Madison. LIBERTY, p. o., Washita co., Ark. : 91 m. S. by W. Little Eock. LIBERTY CORNER, p. o., Somerset eo., N. J. : about 1 m. from Dead Eiver, a branch of the Passaie, 30 m. N. by E. Trenton. LIBERTY CORNERS, p. o., Crawford co., Ohio : 63 m. N. Columbus. LIBERTY FALLS, p. v., Sullivan co., W. Y. : 81 m. S. W. Albany. LIBERTY HALL, p. o., Warren co., Ohio : 72 m. W. S. W. Columbus. LIBERTY HALL, p. o., Newberry dist., S. Car. : 46 m. N. W. Columbia. LIBERTY HALL, p. o., Washington co., Virg.: 246 m W. S. W. Eichmond. LIBERTY HILL, p. o., Dallas county, Ala.: 61 m. "W. Montgomery. LIBERTY HILL, p. v., New London co., Conn. : in the N. part of Lebanon, 32 m. E. by S. Hartford. LIBERTY HILL, p. o., Pike co., Ga. : 56 m. W. by N Milledgeville. LIBERTY HILL, p. o., Iredell co., N.Car. : near South Yad- kin r., 165 m. W. Ealeigh. LIBERTY HILL, p. o., Kershaw dist., S. Car. : 33 m . N. by E. Columbia. 377 LIGHT-HOUSES. Geographical Position. Astronom. Position Latitude. Long ude d. m. s d. m. e. fl Fairwenthcr Island Conn. Norwalk Island " Great Captain s Island North Dumplin Sttt-tietfa AW/(145 tons) .... " Eel Grass Shoal (41 tons) ... " Eaton s Nei-k N. Y. Execution Kocks " Sand s Point " Old Field Point " Fire Island Inlet " Throgg s Neck " Stony Point " FortTompkins " Coxsackie " Four Mile Point " Saugerties " Stuy vcsant " Eondout Creek " Montauk " Little Gull Island " Plumb Island " Buffalo (on pier) " Portland Harbor " Dunkirk " Galloo Island " Oswego Beacon " Cattaraugus Beacon " Dunkirk Beacon " Genesee (temp, beacon) " Sodus Bay and Beacon " Tibbett s Point. " Horse Island " Niagara Fort " Stony Point " Ogdensburg " rrince sBay Esopus Meadows " bobbin s Reef " Cedar Island " Silver Creek " Salmon River " Eock Island Beacon " Sunken Rock Beacon " Conover Island Beacon " Cumberland Head " Split Rock Stratford Point (100 tons) . . " Sandy Hook (230 tons) " Sandy Hook (light and 2 b ns)-ZV\ Jer. Ilighi ds of Nev sink (2 lights) " Barnegat Shoals " Cape May " Egg Island (gas) " Cohanzey Creek (gas) " Tucker s Beach (red shades) " Bergen Point " Maurice River " Passaic River " Presque Island Penn, " Beacon " Fort Mifflin Brand y wine Shoal " Cape Henlopen Del. Cape Henlopen Beacon " Bombay Hook Mahon s Ditch " Mispillion Creek Christiana River (gas) 380 Entrance to Black Rock Harbor, Fairfield At entrance of Norwalk River . . On G. C. Island, near Greenwich Pt,, Fairfield co. On North Dumplin Island, in Fisher s Island Sound Off New London (1 lamp, 9 wicks) . . On Eel Grass Shoal (1 lamp, 12 wicks) On E. side of Huntington Bay, Long Island Off Sand s Point, Long Island Sound On Sand s Point, E. entrance to Cow Bay 41 08 27 41 02 50 40 58 52 40 5T 09 40 51 52 On 0. F. Point, N. side L. Isl., opposite Strat. Light 40 53 On E. side of F. Island Inlet, S. side of Long Island On S. E. point of Throgg s Neck, E. of Hell Gate On W. side of Hudson River, below West Point. . . On Staten Island, W. side of Narrows On fhe "W. side of Hudson River, near Coxsackie. . At F. M. Point, 4 m. from Hudson, W. side of river At mouth of Saugerties Creek Near Stuyvesant, on E. side of Hudson River Oppos. mouth of R. Cr. and ent. Del. & Hud. Canal E. end of Long Island 40 37 46 40 48 15 73 13 31 73 25 4 73 37 5 73 24 1 73 44 2 73 07 4 73 13 3 73 48 40 37 57 74 03 5 41 04 10 71 51 58 On L. G. I., near N. E. end of L. I. S., S. side of m. ent. Near N. E. end of L. I. S d, and N. of Gardiner s Baj At junction of Buffalo Creek and Lake Erie At Portland, S. E. shore of Lake Erie , At Dunkirk, S. E. shore of Lake Erie On W. point of G. Island, E. part, of Lake Ontario On end of "W. pier, at entrance of 0. Harbor On pier, Cattaraugus Creek, Lake Erie Dunkirk Harbor, Lake Erie Entrance to port of Genesee, Lake Ontario "W. side entrance to Sodus Bay, Lake Ontario S. E. side of S. entrance to St. Lawrence River On "W. end of H. Isl., and W. of Sackett s Harbor. At junction of Niagara R. and Lake Erie, E. side. On Stony Point, E. end of Lake Ontario 41 12 18 72 06 5 On St. Lawrence River, mouth of Oswegatchie R.. On Staten Island, near S. E. end Opposite Esopus, "W". side of Hudson River Off the N. end of Staten Isl., S. W. part of N. Y. Bay Near N. end of Long Island, in Sag Harbor Entrance to Silver Creek Harbor, on Lake Erie . . . N". side of entrance to Port Ontario On R. L, one of the Thousand Isles, St. Lawr nce R. On S. R., or Rush I. (1,000 isles) St. Lawrence R.. . On C. I (Thousand Isles), St. Lawrence River Mear Plattsburg, on Lake Champlain 44 42 00 Near Essex, on Lake Champlain 44 12 00 Off St. Pt., on middle ground, L. I. Sound (2 lights). m. outside S. Hook, in 15 fathom water (2 lights). 3. of ent to N. Y. liar, (main light and 2 beacons) 40 27 39 On H. of N. to S. of Sandy Hook lights ^. side of B. Inlet and N. end of Long Beach S. W. point of C. M. and N. of entrance to Del. Bay Del. Bay, N. side, nearly N. N. W. of Cape May. . W. side Cohangy Creek and N. side Delaware Bay Near Medway, between Old and New Inlets n a block at the end of a reef of rocks of B. point On the bank of M. R. Cove and S.W. side Hays k I. ear head of Newark Bay \.t entrance of Presque Island Bay, Lake Erie On pier in Delaware River, opposite Fort Mifflin. . On Brandy wine Shoal in Delaware Bay On Cape Henlopen, S. side of entrance to Del. B . . About three-fourths of a mile from main light . W. end of Bombay Hook Isle, in Delaware Bay On Mahon s Ditch, S. side Delaware Bay At mouth of M. Creek, in Delaware Bay, S. side. . At mouth of Christiana River, N. side 41 10 21 42 50 00 42 32 41 43 51 00 28 00 43 12 30 43 19 00 44 09 00 43 IS 20 44 45 00 40 30 22 40 39 21 41 02 18 72 16 06 72 13 14 73 59 0( 75 30 OC 74 13 24 74 04 3( 73 20 OC 73 18 OC 74 00 42 3 59 42 4 06 56 4 58 33 5 08 56 5 22 12 4 17 31 40 23 40 39 45 54 38 55 45 10 28 39 20 15 39 30 17 42 08 14 58 46 35 75 05 87 J8 47 21 75 05 44 J9 21 43J75 31 13 59 10 18,75 24 38 8 56 34 75 19 24 9 43 12,75 31 50 Fixed Revol g Fixed Fixed Fixed Revol g Fixed Fixed Revol g Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Revol g Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed R. & F Fixed Fixed Fixed RcvoPg Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed R. & F. Fixed Revol g Faxed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed FJxed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed LIGHT-HOUSES. Names. j Geographical Position. Astronom. Position. Character of Light. II feet. 45 45 50 36 31 120 85 40 39 83 41 S3 40f 34 110 50 95 30 5<>L 75 05 40 40 40 40 40 40 39 83 42* 125* 87* 89 40 00 56 SO 74 Latitude. d. m. s. Long ude. d. m. B, Eeedy Island (pas) Del. On Eeedy Island, entrance of Delaware Kiver On Delaware Breakwater 39 29 57 38 47 50 39 08 00 39 00 45 39 00 35 38 54 25 39 17 22 37 53 13 39 32 30 38 23 00 33 02 14 39 15 39 3S 13 52 39 26 55 38 37 42 36 56 00 37 00 00 37 51 00 37 18 00 37 13 00 37 05 00 37 54 36 37 45 00 33 51 30 33 56 30 35 15 00 35 47 21 35 06 30 34 37 00 32 42 00 33 01 00 33 07 30 32 46 51 32 45 29 32 00 CO 31 OS 00 31 21 80 75 34 44 75 07 03 76 25 50 76 27 17 76 26 54 76 27 34 76 16 21 76 14 39 76 05 4L 76 23 17 7G 19 43 76 34 38 75 58 50 76 00 54 76 22 36 76 04 00 76 22 12 76 22 00 76 21 00 75 52 00 76 21 0( 7521 45 76 04 00 77 59 30 77 55 00 75 30 00 75 31 39 75 58 00 74 33 00 79 54 12 79 24 (10 79 01 30 79 53 00 79 5 2 55 SO 52 CO 31 36 00 31 24 00 Fixed Fixed Fixed I Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed EevoFg Eevol g Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Eevol g Eevol g Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed 1 lp. 9 w. llp.llw. 1 lp. 9 w. 1 lp. 9 w. 1 lp. 9 w. 1 lp. 9 w. 1 lp. 9 w. Ilp.l2w. 1 lp. 9 w. 1 lp.!2w. Eevol g Fixed Fixed Fixed J. Fixed Ip.l2w. Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Eevol g 381 Five Fathom Rock (195 tons) " Upper Middle Shoal (131 tons) " Bodkin Maud Md. On Sandbank off Cape May (2 lights) N. W. of Brandywine Shoal, near middle of Del. B. On B. Island, S. side of entrance to Patapsco Eiver On N. side of ent. to Pat. E. and Port of Baltimore -j North Point, No. 1 " j 2 " J Thomas Point " Pool s Island " In Chesapeake Bay, N. E. of North Point In Chesapeake Bay, opposite entrance to Potomac At entrance of Susquehanna Eiver Smith s Island " Cove Point " N side of entrance to Patuxent Eiver N side of entrance to Potomac Eiver Lazaretto Point " N side of entrance to Baltimore Harbor Clav Island ** N. extremity of Tangier S nd, mo th of Nanticoke E. At entrance of Elk Eiver, W. side On Potomac Eiver, E. side, 14 m. from its mouth . . Off the entrance of Choptank Eiver Turkey Point " Sharp s Island " N. side of entrance to Annapolis Harbor Hooped Shoals (72| tons) ... " Cape Henry Virg. In Chesapeake Bay, E. side and S. of Hooper s Isl. S. side of entrance to Chesapeake Bay Old Point Comfort " Smith s Point New Point Comfort " N. side of entrance to Hampton Eoads Near the mouth of Potomac Eiver, S. side IS m. N. of 0. P. C. and W. side Chesapeake Bay N. E. of C. Charles and of N. ent. to Chesapeake B. About 5 m. N. E. 0. P. C. and S. side of ent. to B. E. On an isl. between C. Hen. and C. Char, on the ooean On L. W s I., E. side of C. B., N. E. of S. ent. T. S. S. E. of S. P. in Ches ke B. and of m th of Potomac Near C. I., W. side of ent. to Eliz. E. and Norfolk S. side of entrance to Hampton Eoads Smith s Island " Back Kiver Point " Assateaque Island " Little Watt s Island " Smith s Point (120 tons) .... " Craney Island (70 tons) " Willouahl>y s Spit (400 tons) " Wolftrap Shoals (ISO tons).. " Windmill P(rint(125 tons). . . " Bowlers Rock (54 tons) " Upper Cedar Point (72 tons) " Lmcer Cedar Point (72 tons) " Bald Head N. Car. Between mouths of York and Eappahannock Eivers Off W. P.. N. side of entrance to Eappahannock E. Xear said rock in Eappahannock Eiver Off said Pt., b. the Narrows, and 44 m. b. Mt. Vernon Between said P. and Yale s P. above Kettle Bottom Near mouth of C. Fear Eiver, E. side On Federal Point, N. side of inlet to C. Fear Eiver. On C. Hatteras, about 1 m. N. of high-water mark. S. side of entrance to Pamptico Eiver On said Island, 1} m. S. of a new inlet made in 1S47 S. TV. of C. Hatteras, and E. side of Ocracoke Inlet. Xear the end of the Cape Federal Point " Cape Half eras " Pamptico Point " Body s Island .... " Ocracoke " Cape Lookout " Oak Island (2 beacons) " Bights range with chan. on entering Cape Fear E. On W. bank of Cape Fear Eiver Orion s Point " Price s Creek (2 beacons) " Campbell s Island " Long Shoal (1^5 tons) . " )n W. bank of C. Fear E., mouth of Price s Creek )n C. I., in C. Fear E., S. W. cor. of its lower end )n E. point of Shoal, in Pamlico Sound S. W. pt. ofR.Shoal (140 tons) Nine Feet Shoal (70 tons). . . " Mouth ofNeuse R. (125 tons) " Brant Island Shoal (1 25 tons) " Harbor Inland (72 tons) " Wade s Point Sho(tl (76 tons) " Roanoke Island (72 Ions). . . " Mouth Roanoke R. (130 tons) " Horse Shoe (72 tons) " Charleston (and beacon) S. Car. On pt. of Shoal, Pamlico S d. W., 9 m. from Ocracoke : m. N. by W. of Ocracoke, & N. E. side of Eoyal S. Near ent. of E. into Pamlico Sound, off Marsh Pt. On point of Shoal in S. part of Pamlico Sound On II. Isl. Bar, between Pamlico and Cove Sounds S. side of Pasquotank Eiver, on Albemarle Sound Near E. I., between Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds Xear its enlrancc into Albemarle Sound )n II. S., bet n N. in. and Price s Or. in C. Fear E.. Hi Lighthouse Isl., and \V. of^hip chan. to harbor On C. Eomain, 10 m. S. "W. of ent. to Santee Eiver On S. end of N. Isl., E. side of enl. to Peedee Eiver )n M. Isl., for the overall cha-nnel to Charleston. . . Jack of S. Isl., | tf) - d Charleston Bar \ S. of F. Moultrie, f 1 Off the entrance to St. Helena Sound, etc N. E. end of T. L, and S. side of ent. to Savannah E. f m. E. light-house North Island " Morris I. (2 beacon lights) . . * Sullivan s I. Beacon, No. 1. . " " " Beacon, No. 2.. " St. Helena Bar (72 tons) " Tybee Ga. Tybee Beacon . " Fig Island Beacon " St. Simon s Island " Sapelo Island " On E. end of F. I., in Savannah Eiver (red shades) )n S. end of St. S. Isl., and N. side ent. to the Sound On S. end of S. Isl., and N. ent. to Doboy Sound. . LIGHT-HOUSES. Names. Geographical Position. Astronom. Position. Characte of Light. .d 11 feet. Latitude d. m. s Long ude d. m. B Wolf s Island Beacon, No. 1. Ga. ) " " Beacon, No. 2. " ) Little Cumberland Island .... " IE. side, near N. end W. Isl i brick | 31 20 30 56 29 52 1 30 20 3 25 41 24 37 2 24 28 3 24323 30 040 30 20 4 30 42 2946 2 30 134 30 44 30 13 30 13 40 30 18 55 30 20 00 30 03 00 29 08 30 23 58 30 28 59 42 29 19 30 41 23 00 41 21 00 2 55 00 81 243 81 34 81 250 31 32 80 05 82 52 2 81 49 3 81 48 3 84 11 87 170 81 36 3 84 88 87 58 88 12 38 10 5 89 05 00 89 10 26 88 40 00 90 00 00 39 01 24 89 20 00 89 07 24 91 33 00 1 23 00 1 51 00 2 22 00 j Fixed 1 Fixed Eevol g Fixed Fixed llp.4w 1 Ip.l2w Fixed Fixed Eevol g Fixed Eevol g Fixed Fixed Fixed Eevol g Eevol g Eevol g Eevol g Fixed 1 Ip.l2w Ilp.l2w 91p.l2w 1 Ip.l2w Eevol g Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Eevol g Fixed Fixed Fixed Eevol g Fixed Fixed Eevol g Fixed Fixed Fixed 1 lamp 2 Ips. j. Ip.l2w. Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed 25 15 80 40 70 65 70 70 70 67 73 80 40 30 55 44 53 30 78 70 30 34 30 30 45 35 91 24 40 41 60 45 40 40 40 37 74 46 12 65 and S. S. E. of Sapelo Light \ wood ! S. side of ent to St Andrew s Sound and Santilla E On Oyster Beds in Savannah Eiver Cockspur Island Beacon.... " Tt/bee Channel (125 tons) " Tybee I. Knoll (72 tons) " St Augustine Flor. On a knoll connected with C. Isl., in Savannah E At Martin s Industry 15 m E Tybee Light Off the knoll N. of T. Island, in Savannah Eiver. On N. end of Anastatia I., and S. side of ent.to St. A Near mouth of St. John s Eiver, S. side of entranc On Cape Canaveral, S. S. E. of St Augustine Off S. E. point of Florida or on Key Biscayne On Bush I., one of the Westernmost of Florida Eee About 8$ m. S. W. by S. Key West (destroyed 1846 Key West Island S W of Cape Sable. St John s Eiver " Cape Canaveral . . . . " Cape Florida . ... " Dry Tortugas . " Sand Key. . " Key West " Cape St George " About 2| m. E. of W. pass to St. George Sound. . . E side of entrance to St Mark s Harbor St. Mark s " E. side ent. to P. Bay, N. W. of fort on St. Eosa Isl S. side of ent to St Mary s Eiver, N. end of island On C St Bias about 2 m from its S point Amelia Island " Cape St Bias " Do** Island " On Dog Isl., E. side of middle ent. of Tampa Bay En-mout Key " Carysfort Keef(225 tons) .... " Key West (145 tons) " About 1 E of Cape Sable (two lamps) At N. W. passage, near 12 m. from Key West Mobile Point Ala, E. side of entrance to Mobile Bay Choctaw Point " On Choctaw Point, a little S. of Mobile About 3 m. S. S. W. from Mobile Point Sand Island " Cat Island Miss. On W. point of C. Isl., E. of ent. to Lake Borgue. On mainland, about 6 m. N. W. of Cat Island ligh On Eound Island, off Pascagoula Bay Pass Christian " Biloxi " In Biloxi village, W. of W. entrance to Biloxi Bay Mouth B. St. J., on L. Pontchartrain, 5 m. N. Orleans On F. L, at mouth of Mississippi E., N. E. pass, N. s Entrance of Mississippi Eiver, S. W. pass, W. side Entrance of Mississippi E., near S. Pass, S. W. side E. of L. Pontchartrain, near mouth of Pearl Eiver Lake Pontchartrain, near Madisonville Bayou St John G-d Frank s Island " South- West Pass (2 lights) ... South Point (Gordon s Island) " Pleasanton s Island. " Tchefuncta Biver u Point de Fer M Near E. end of railroad Pass Manchac (red) " S. side m. P. M.,b. Lakes Maurepas & Pontchartrain New Canal " Lake Pontchartrain, entrance canal Vermillion Bay " On March Island, near S. W. entrance to V. Bay. . Near mouth of Bayou Bon Fouca On N. end of said island On Lake Borgue Merrill s ShellBank (400 tns.) " Ship Sh.Plea$onton (160 tns.) " Atchafalaya Say (72 tons) . . " Grand Kiver. Ohio. At Merrill s Shell Bank (iron-boat) W. end S. I. Shoal, in 5 fath. water, near Dernier I. In Alchafalaya Bay Mouth of Grand E., F airport, Lake Erie Grand River Beacon " On pier mouth of Grand Eiver Cleveland " Cleveland Harbor, Lake Erie Cleveland Beacon " On pier Cleveland Harbor Lake Erie Vermillion Eiver Beacon " Turtle Island. " On pier Vermillion Harbor, Lake Erie On Turtle Island, mouth of Maumee Bay Sandusky Near entrance to Sandusky Bay Port Clinton On Lake Erie, N. W. of Sandusky Bay On Lake Erie, on pier, N. E. corner of Ohio On Lake Erie, Huron co., on pier. Conneaut Eiver Beacon " Mouth Huron Eiver Beacon. " Mouth Black Eiver. On Lake Erie, Loraine co., on pier Ashtabula Beacon. " On Lake Erie, Ashtabula co., on pier . ... Cedar Point Beacon Entrance to Sandusky Bay (on Keeper s House). . . On Western Sister Island, W. part of Lake Erie. . . m. above outlet of Lake Huron Western Sister Island " Fort Gratiot Mifh. Windmill Point Near head of Detroit Eiver W side Monroe W end of Lake Erie Bois Blanc S". side of Bois Blanc Island, near Mackinaw At mouth, E. side Lake Michigan (& beacon on pier) St. Joseph s Eiver 332 LIGHT-HOUSES. Names. Geographical Position. Astronom. Position. Character of Light - C 11 Hri feet Latitude. Long ude 1 R T 1 d M h Lake Huron N E of Saginaw Bay 42 49 33 37 49 22 8T 40 22 122 28 33 Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Eevol g Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed 1 Ip.l2w. Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Eevol g Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed Fixed 1 Ip. 9 w. FLxed 45 40 42 120 CO 86 892 Gibraltar Mouth of Detroit Eiver Grand Elver " E side of Lake Michigan S Manitou Island " N part of Lake Michigan New Buffalo (and beacon) ... " Presque Isle u Near S end E. side of Lake Michigan N W shore of Lake Huron 8 E shore of Lake Michigan Pottawottamie " On Pottawottamie Island, entrance Green Bay In bay at mouth of Saginaw Eiver Clinton Eiver " Mouth of Clinton Eiver, in Lake St. Clair. . Point aux Barques " Detour " Mouth of Saginaw Bay At D., where the E. Sault St. Marie enters L. Huron "White Fish Point " On White Fish Point in Lake Superior Copper Harbor " At Copper Harbor, in Lake Superior Eagle Harbor " In Ea^le Harbor, in Lake Superior Manitou Island ** On Manitou Island, in Lake Superior Grass Island Beacon " On Grassy Island, in Detroit Eiver Mamajuda Beacon. ... " On Mamajuda Shoals, in Detroit Eiver Skillagalee Eock " On Skillagalee Eock, Lake Michigan Mackinaw Straits (121 tons) " Michigan City Ind: At junction of Lakes Huron and Michigan S. end of Lake Michigan Chicago (and beacon) III. S. bank C. Eiver, Lake Michigan (beacon on pier) In L. F. V., S. side of r., S. W. shore L. Michigan Mouth of Milwaukie Eiver, W. side of L. Michigan Mouth of Eoot Eiver, W. side of Lake Michigan. . Mouth of Sheboygan Eiver, W. side Lake Michigan Mouth of M. Eiver, W. side Lake Michigan On Warrino ton Island, in Southport Little Fort " Milwaukie (and beacon) Wise. Eoot Eiver (Eacine) " Sheboyan " Manitouwoc u South Port (Kenosha) " Tail Point . " Near mouth of Fox Eiver, Green Bay Port Washington " At Port Washington, N. E. part of Green Bay On Plum Island Port de Mort . " Galve&ton Bar (145 tons) Tar. Point Lobos... .. Calif. On Bar off Galveston S. side of entrance to San Francisco Harbor. ... BRITISH LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE BAT OF FUNDY, ETC. Cape Enrage. Fixed light : 161 feet above high tide. Lat. 450 36 , and long. 64 46 40". Quaco. Eevolving lights (white and red) : 70 feet above high tide. Lat, 45 19 33", and long. 65 31 54". St. John Harbor. On Partridge Island. Fixed light : 119 feet above high tide. Lat, 45 14 03", and long. 66 35 . St. John Harbor. Beacon tower. Fixed light : 41 feet above high tide. Lat 45 15 , and long. 66 03 36". Point Lepreau.TvfO fixed lights, 23 feet apart : 81 and 58 feet above high tide. Lat. 45 03 50", and long. 66 27 30". Campo Bello Island. Fixed light : 64 feet above high tide. Lat. 44 57 40", and long. 66 53 55". St. Andrew s Point. Fixed light : 42 feet above high tide. Lat. 45 04 13", and long. 67 03 4S". Machias Seal Islands. East Isl. Two fixed lights, 200 feet apart : 48 ft. above tide. Lat. 44 30 03", long. 67 06 10". Gannet Rock. Eevolving (20 seconds) : 56 feet above high tide. Lat. 44 30 40", and long. 66 52 . Bryer Island. West part. Fixed light : 92 feet above high tide. Lat 44 15 51", and long. 66 23 02". Annapolis Gut. Fixed light: 76 feet above high tide. Lat, 44 40 50", and long. 65 47 20". Bryer Island Light Beacon. At S. entrance to Westport. Two white lights: 40 feet above high tide. Barrington Light. On Cape Latour. Eevolv g light : 50 feet above sea level. Lat. 43 26 09", and long. 65 2S 07". And the following lights are on the outer coast of Nova Scotia : D. M. 8. D. M. S. Pictou Harbor Lat. 45 41 30 Long. 61 29 20 Cansco Gut " 45 41 49 " 61 29 20 Guysboro Harbor " 452200 " 613100 Canseau " 45 20 00 " 60 51 4G Sidney 46 16 16 " 60 10 00 Scatarie Island " 460217 " 594000 Louisburg Harbor 455300 " 595000 Beaver Islands 444900 " .625100 Halifax Harbor 44 36 05 " 63 35 40 Sambro Island 44 26 17 " 63 35 16 Lunenburg Bay 44 22 00 " 64 06 00 Liverpool Bay 44 01 50 " 64 40 49 Shelbourne Harbor..... 433731 651630 Seal Island 42 23 50 66 00 20 Yarmouth " LIGHTS CORNERS, p. o., Waldo co., Me.. : about 1 m. E. of Muscongus r., 25 m. E. by S. Augusta. LIGHT STREET, p. v., Columbia co., Penn. : on the E. side of Fishing cr., 56 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. It contains 2 anthracite blast furnaces, of 2,000 tons capacity each, and 4S9 inhabitants. LIGONIER, t and p. v., Westmoreland county, Penn. : 119 m. W. Harrisburg. Drained by Loyalhanna cr. and branches, which turn several large flour and saw mills. It is mostly a rich valley, on the W. side of Laurel Hills, and farming and grazing are the leading interests. The village contains an academy, several stores, and a printing- office, whence the " Ligonier Free Press" (neut.) is issued weekly. LIG LIN LIGONIKR, p. v., Noble co., Ind. : on Elkhart r., 118 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. LIKENS, t. and p. o., Crawford county, Ohio: 65 m. N. Columbus. Drained by branches of Sandusky r. Surface varied, and soil adapted to grain. Pop. 1,185. LILESVILLK. p. o., Anson co., N. Car. : 94 m. S."W. by "W. Ealeigh. LILLECASH, p. v., Will county, HI. : 158 miles N. N. E. Springfield. LIMA, p. o., Adams county, III. : about 6 m. E. of the Mississippi, 93 m. W. by N. Springfield. LIMA. p. v.. La Grange county, Ind. : on the N. side of Pigeon r., 1:37 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. It enjoys a large trade with the fertile country around it by means of several plank-roads centering here, and contains an academy, several mills and stores, and SOO inhabitants. The "La Grange Whig" is published weekly. LIMA, t. and p. v., Washtenau co., Mich. : 43 m. S. E. Lansing. Drained by Mill cr. and its N. branch, affluents of Huron r., which supply fine mill-sites. Surface gently rolling, and soil excellent for wheat and corn. The Michigan Central E. E. crosses the N. part. The v. is on the N. branch, and contains several stores and mills. Pop. of t. 912! LIMA, t. and p. v., Livingston co., N. Y. : 202 m.W. by N. Albany. Drained by Iloneoye cr. and its branches, which furnish good mill-sites. Surface rolling; soil clay and cal careous loam, and under high cultivation. A superior forming t, with several flouring mills and small manufac tories. The v. is not compact, bnt very pleasantly built, and contains a number of stores, and 500 inhabitants. The Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, incorporated here in 1S34, is a large, well endowed, and flourishing institution. The Canandaigua and Niagara E. E. crosses the t. Pop. of t. 2,433. LIMA, p. v., and cap. Allen co., Ohio : on Ottawa cr., a branch of Maumee r., 79 m. N. W. Columbus. It contains a court-house and jail, an academy, a dozen stores, and 757 inhabitants. The "L. Argus" (dem.) is published weekly. LIMA. p. v., Delaware county, Penn.: 78 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. LIMA, p. o., St. Tammany par., La. : 69 m. E. Baton Rouge. LIMA, t. and p. o., Eock co., Wise. : S3 m. S. E. by E. Madison. Surface undulating, and soil very productive. The Milwaukie and Mississippi E. E. passes through it. Pop. 839. LIMA, sta., Stark county, Ohio: on the Cleveland and Pittsburg E. E., 53 m. from Cleveland. LIMAVILLE, p. v., Stark co., Ohio : 116 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. LIMBER LOST, p. o., Adams co., Ind. : on a branch of Wabash r., 82 m. N. E. Indianapolis. LIMKUICK, t. and p. v., York county, Me. : 72 m. S. W. Augusta. Drained by Little Ossipee r. and a cr. flowing into it, which furnish good mill-sites. Soil very productive of most fanning staples. The v. contains a large and flourishing academy, incorporated in 1S12, several stores and industrial establishments, and a printing office, where the "Free Will Baptist Eepository" is published weekly. Pop. of t. 1,473. LIMF.RICK, p. v. and sta., Jefferson co., N". Y. : on Perch cr., 152 m. N. W. Albany. It contains several stores and 800 inhabitants. The sta. is 8 m. W. of Watertown, on the Watcrtown and Eome E. E. LIMERICK, t., p. o., and sta., Montgomery co., Penn. : on the left bank of Schuylkill r.. 71 m. E. Ilarrisburg, Surface varied, and soil highly productive. The Philadelphia and Eeading E. E. passes along the r., and the sta. is 14 m. from Eeading. Pop. of t. 2,165. LIMERICK BRIDGE, p. o., Montgomery co., Penn. : 69 m. E. Harrisburg. 884 LIME EIDGE, p. o., Columbia co., Penn. : 58 m. N. N. E. Ilarrisburg. LIME EOCK, p. o., Litchfield co., Conn. : near Salmon cr. of the Housatonic, 41 m. W. by N. Hartford. The iron mines of Salisbury are in its vicinity. LIME EOCK, p. v., Providence co., R. I. : 8 m. N. by W Providence. The chief business carried on is the manufac ture of lime, which employs a large capital and many hands. It contains a bank, an academy, and several stores. LIMESTONE county, Ala. Situate N., and contains 549 sq. m. Drained by Elk r., Moody s Fork, Swan, Pinery, and Limestone creeks, affluents of the Tennessee, which forms its S. boundary. Surface gently broken, with some quite low land ; soil very productive. Cotton is the leading staple, and is raised in very large quantities, the land being inferior to little in the State for its cultivation. Corn yields fine crops, and wheat and oats generally do well. Pork is an important article of export. Its streams afford many water privileges, and its manufactures are considerable and rapidly increasing. Farms 649 ; manuf. 28 ; dwell. 1,429, and pop. wh. 8,405, fr. col. 15, si. 8,063 total 16,483. Capital: Athens. LIMESTONE county, Tex. Situate E. centrally, and contains 856 sq. m. Drained by Navasoto r. and its branches, Lake, Plumer, Christmas, and Steel s creeks, and Big cr. of the Brazos. Surface -considerably broken and hilly; in the S. undulating. Much of the co. is prairie, with groves of post oak, and the soil a deep loam of great fertility. Corn and cotton grow finely, and the grazing is superior. Limestone and sandstone are abundant, and salt springs are found. Iron ore in immense quantities is found in or near the hi":ly regions ; and coal is supposed to be in the vicinity. Farms 279 ; manuf. ; dwell. 380, and pop. wh. 1,990, fr. col. ; S l. 618 total 2,608. Capital: Springfiel !. LIMESTONE, p. o., Buncombe co., N. Car. : 228 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. LIMESTONE, p. o., Clarion co., Penn. : 139 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. LIMESTONE, p. o., Hamilton co., Tenn.: 107 m. S. E. Nashville. LIMESTONE, p. o., Cattaraugus co., N. Y. : 257 m. W. by S. Albany. LIMESTONE, p. v., Iroquois co., HI. : on the left bank of the Kankakee r., 131 m. N. E. Springfield. LIMESTONE EIVER, p. o., Aroostook co., Me.: 138 m. N. N. E. Augusta. LIMESTONE SPRINGS, p. o., Spartanburg dist., S. Car. : 78 m. N. N. W. Columbia. LIMESTONE SPRINGS, p. o., Greene co., Tenn. : 221 m. E. Nashville. LIMESTONE WELL, p. o., Forsyth co., N. Car.: 109 m. W. N. W. Ealeigh. LIMETOWN, p. o., Washington co., Penn.: 173 m. W. Ilarrisburg. LIMINGTON, t. and p. o., York co., J}fe. : 65 m. S. W. Augusta. Bounded N. and E. by Saco r., and 8. by Little Ossipee r., its branch, on which are numerous water priv ileges. Surface broken ; soil very fertile, and excellent grain land. Incorporated in 1762. Pop. 2,116. LINCOLN county, Ga. Situate N. E.. and contains 195 sq. m. Bounded E. by Savannah Eiver, S. by its branch, Little r., and drained by their branches, Broad r., Fishing, Soap, and Loyd s creeks. Surface diversified, in parts hilly ; soil fertile. Cotton is the great and almost exclusive staple, being universally cultivated, and producing great crops. Corn and wheat are raised with considerable success, and large numbers of swine are fatted. It has good mill streams, on which are several flourishing manufactories. Farms, 273; manuf. 13; dwell. 378, and pop. wh. 2,187, fr. col. 31, si. 3,780 total 5,998. Capital: Lincolnton. LINCOLN county, Ky. Situate E. centrally, and contains 368 sq. m. Drained N. E. by Dick s r. and its branch, Hanging Fork, affluents of the Kentucky, and S. and W LIN LIN by small affluents of Cumberland r., and heads of Green r. Surface elevated table land ; soil very productive, and well adapted to rearing cattle. Corn is the staple cereal ; wheat, rye, and oats yield well. Particular attention is given to raising cattle, horses, and sheep. Live stock, wool, and pork are important exports. The streams are small, but furnish many mill-seats. Farms 614; manuf. 67; dwell. 1,145, and pop. wh, 6,635, fr. col. 103, si. 3,355 total 10,093. Capital : Stanford. LINCOLN county. Me. Situate S. W., and contains 824 sq. m. Androscoggiu r. bounds it S. W. ; in the W. Kennebec r. and farther E. Sheepscott, Damariscotta, Muscongus, and St. George rivers flow through the co. into the Atlantic, which forms the S. boundary. In the S. are Sheepscott and Muscongus bays, and E. the mouth of Penobscot Bay, with numerous smaller ones, which, sheltered by innumerable islands that cover almost the Avhole coast, furnish many ex cellent harbors. Surface much varied, and cut up by ponds and large water-courses ; soil mostly very fertile, and supe rior grazing land. Corn, barley, oats, wheat, and rye are grown with profit ; but the staple is the potato crop, whicli is very large, and furnishes a valuable export. Sheep are special objects of care, and the shearings are very large and of superior quality. Water-power is abundant, and the manufactures of lumber, leather, woolen goods, ironware, and earthenware are extensive. Large cotton factories have lately been built in the W., and bid fair to become its lead ing interest. Its rivers are navigable for vessels of all sizes ; the lumber trade and ship-building are much prosecuted ; and its facilities for commerce are hardly equalled. It has a large trade with the West Indies, and is extensively concerned in the coast trade and fisheries. Farms 4,975; manuf. 526; dwell. 12,176, and pop. wh. 74,616, fr. col. 259 total 74,875. Capitate : Warren, Wiscasset, and Topsham. Public Works : Portland and Kennebec K. E., Penobscot and Kennebec B. E,, etc. LINCOLN county, No. Situate E. on the N. of Missouri r., and contains 577 sq. m. Drained by Au Cuivre r., its branches Indian cr. and Eagle Fork, and smaller affluents of the Mis sissippi, which forms its E. boundary. Surface generally un even ; soil very fertile, and well adapted to grain and grass. Corn is the staple cereal. Wheat and tobacco are successfully cultivated. Cattle and pork are exported. The streams are of good size, with considerable water-power, and timber is plenty. Farms 849 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 1,239, and pop. wh. 7,389, fr. col. 5, si. 2,027 total 9,411. Capital: Troy. LINCOLN county, N. Car. Situate W., and contains 269 sq. m. Drained by Catawba and Little Catawba rivers and their branches. Surface somewhat broken ; soil of good fertility. Cotton, corn, and wheat are the staples, and largely raised. It has fine pasture, and exports live stock and pork. The streams are numerous, and afford much water-power, a large part of which is used in manufacturing flour, leather, oil, and cotton goods. Farms 711 ; manuf. 61 ; dwell. l,0i"2. and pop. wh. 5,661, fr. col. 80, si. 2,055 total 7,746. Capital : Lincolnton. LINCOLN county, Tenm. Situate centrally on S. line, and contains 332 sq. m. Drained by Elk r. and its branches, afflu ents of the Tennessee. Surface moderately elevated, and somewhat hilly ; soil highly productive. Corn is the chief staple. Cotton and wheat are good crops, and pork is a very large export. A fine co. for farming or grazing, with good mill streams and large manufactures of flour, leather, liquor, cottons, etc. Farms 1,926; manuf. 100; dwell. 3,010, and pop. wh. 17,Su9, fr. col. 62, si. 5,621 total 23,492. Capital : Fayetteville. LINCOLN, t. and p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : 9S m. N. E. by N. Augusta. It lies on the left bank of the Penobscot, below Matakeunk r., and has a large territory of fertile soil, with numerous ponds, and abundance of timber. The lumber trade is very heavy. Pop. 1,353. LINCOLN, t, and p. v., Middlesex co., Mas.: 13 m. W. N. W. Boston. Drained by branches of Sudbury r., its W. boundary, and a branch of Charles r. Surface rough and hilly ; soil various. It has many excellent farms, and a pond, much visited for its fine pickerel. Various manu factures are carried on in a small way. The Fitchburg E. E. passes through it, and has a sta. about 2 m. from the v., and 17 m. W. of Boston. Pop. of t. 632. LINCOLN, p. o., Yazoo co., Miss. : on a branch of Yazoo r., 31 m. N. N. W. Jackson. LINCOLN, p. v., Winnebago co., HI. : 182 m. N. Springfield. LINCOLN, t. and p. o., Grafton co., IT. Samp.: 59 m. N. by W. Concord. It is very mountainous, subject to fre quent land slides, and has a sterile soil, but abounds in game of all kinds, and is a favorite summer resort. Pop. 57. LINCOLN, t. and p. o., Morrow co., Ohio : 34 m. N. by E. Columbus. The Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati E. E. crosses the N. W. corner. Pop. 891. LINCOLN, t and p. o., Addison county, Verm. : 23 m. W. S. W. Montpelier. Drained by New Haven r., a branch of Otter cr., which supplies it with fine mill-sites. Surface uneven, and soil better adapted to grazing than grain growing. The clip of wool is large, and several forges are successfully operated. Pop. 1,057. LINCOLN CKNTKE, p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : on the left bank of Penobscot r., 101 m. N. E. by N. Augusta. LINCOLNTON, p. v., and cap. Lincoln co., Ga. : 73 m. N. E. Milled geville. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, and 200 inhabitants. LINCOLNTON, p. v., and cap. Lincoln co., N. Car. : on the E. side of Little (or South) Catawba r., 178 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. It contains a court-house, 3 academies, 15 large stores, and about 1,000 inhabitants. Its trade is extensive, and near it are several mills and furnaces, producing large amounts of cotton goods, ironware, etc. The " Courier" and " Eepublican" are published weekly. LINCOLNVILLE, t and p. o., Waldo co., Ms. : 37 m. E. Au gusta. The t lies on the W. side of Penobscot Bay, and has a large pond in the W., which, and a stream on the N.line, afford good water-power. It has a fine soil for grain and potatoes, and manufactures woolens, leather, and lumber. Duck Trap in the N. E. is a good harbor, and the t has a valuable coasting trade. Pop. 2,174. LIND, p. o., Winnebago co., Wise. : 84 m. N. N. E. Madison. LINDEN, p. v., and cap. Marengo co., Ala. : on Chicka- saw Bogue, 9 m. E. of the Tombigbee, 85 m. W. Montgom ery. It contains a court-house, jail, 2 academies, several large stores, and 400 inhabitants. Two weekly papers are published, the " L. Free Press," and the " Alabama Argus." LINDEN, p. o., Copiah co., Miss. : 37 m. S. S. W. Jackson. LINDEN, p. v., and cap. Atchison county, Mo. : 249 miles N. W. by W. Jefferson City. It contains a court-house, hotel, and a few stores. LINDEN, p. v. and sta., Genesee county, N. Y. : 231 ? m. W. by N. Albany. The sta. is 7. m. E. of Attica on the Buffalo and New York City E. E. LINDEN, p. v., Lycoming co., Penn. : on the N. bank of Susquehanna r., 68 m. N. by W. Ilarrisburg. The Penn sylvania Canal passes through it 8 m. W. of Williamsport. LINDEN, p. v., Iowa co., Wise. : on a branch of Pecka- tonica r., 44 m. W. by S. Madison. Mining is the chief business. LINDEN, p. v., and cap. Perry co., Tenn. : 66 m. W. S. W. Nashville. It contains a court-house, and a few stores and dwellings. LINDEN GROVE, Kenton co., Ey. : the site of a fine cem etery, about a mile from Covington. LINDENVILLE, p. v., Ashtabula co., Ohio: 153 m. N. E. Columbus. LINDENWOOD, p. V., Ogle county, Itt. : 164 miles N. by E. Springfield. LINDLEY S, p. o., Ohio co., Ky.: near Green r., 132 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. LINDLEY S STORE, p. o., Orange county, N. Car. : 37 m. N. W. Ealeigh. 885 LIN LIS LINDLEYTOWN, p. v., Steuben co., 2f. Y. : 1S1 m. W. by S. Albany. It is near Tioga r., along which the Corning and Blossburg R. R. passes. LINDLY S MILLS, p. o., Washington co., Penn.: 182 m. W. Harrisburg. LINDSAI B MILL, p. o., Trigg co., Sy. : 191 m. 8. W. by W. Frankfort. LINDSAY S TURNOUT, sta., Albemarle co., Virg. : on the Virginia Central R. R., 5 m. 8. W. of Gordonsville. LINE, p. o., De Kalb co., Ill, : 167 m. N. by E. Springfield. LINE, p. o., Fulton co., Ky. : 256 m. W. 8. W. Frankfort. LINE CEEEK, p. o., Laurens district, / Car.: 74 miles N. W. by W. Columbia. LLNE CHEEK, p. o., Montgomery co., Ala. : 26 m. E. 8. E. Montgomery. LINE CREEK, p. o., Oktibbeha county, Miss.: 104 m. N. E. by N. Jackson. LINE LEXINGTON, p. v., Bucks county, Penn. : 83 m. E. Harrisburg. It contains about 100 inhabitants, and lies on the county line, where three towns meet in it LINE MILLS, p. o., Crawford county, Penn.: 207 miles N. W. by W. Harrisburg. LINE MOUNTAIN, p. o., Northumberland co., Penn. : 34 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. LINE POET, p. o., Stewart co., Tenn. : 55 m. W. N. W. Nashville. LINE STOEE, p. o., Hinds county, Mm. : 17 m. S. by W. Jackson. The New Orleans, Jackson, and Northern R. R. passes here. LINGLESTOWN, p. v., Dauphin co., Penn. : 8 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. LINKLAEN, t. and p. o., Chenango co., N. Y. : 109 m. W. Albany. Drained by branches of Otselic r. Surface even, and soil adapted to grain growing, which is the leading interest Pop. 1,196. LINN county, la. Situate centrally, and contains 720 sq. m. Drained by Prairie and Cedar creeks and branches, and N. E. by Buffalo cr. and Wapsipinicon r. Surface undulating, and soil very fertile, equally adapted to grain and grass, raising heavy crops of corn and wheat, and feeding many cattle and sheep. The streams are large, with considerable fulls, and skirted with good timber. Farms 526; manuf. 23; dwell. 991, and pop. wh. 5,441, fr. col. 8 total 5,444. Capital: Marion. LINN county, Mo. Situate N. middle, and contains 64S sq. m. Drained by Locust, Elk, Turkey, Yellow, and Little Yellow creeks, branches of Grand r. Surface rolling, and soil generally fertile. It has plenty of timber, fine grazing, and abundance of mast, and exports corn and pork in large quantities. Farms 429 ; manuf. ; dwell. 625, and pop. wh. 3,6S1, fr. coL 0, si. 377 total 4,058. Capital : Linneus. LINN county, Oreg. Ter. Situate S., and contains about 18.000 sq. m. It has the Willamette for its W. boundary, and is drained by its branches, North and South forks of Santiam r., with their affluents, Thomas, Crab Tree, and Beaver creeks, and Calapooga and M Kenzie s forks. The settled parts are between Cascade mountains and the Willamette, where the surface is but slightly broken, and the valleys alluvial bottoms of great beauty and fertility. Grains, fruits, and vegetables of most kinds yield abundantly. The water-power is very superior, and timber of the tallest kind. Farms 136 ; manuf. 6 ; dwell. 172, and pop. wh. 994, fr. col. total 994. Capital : New Albany. LINN, p. v., and cap. Osage co., Mo. : at the head of Loose cr. of the Missouri, 18 m. E. by S. Jefferson City. It consists of a court-house, an academy, and several stores. LINN CITY, p. v., Washington co., Oreg. Ter. : on the left bank of the Willamette, 33 m. N. E. by N. Salem. It is situate at the extreme bend of the r., opposite to Oregon City, and has a great water-power, which is improved by several saw and flouring mills. Pop. about 185. LINNEUS, t and p. o., Aroostook county, Me. : 154 m. N. E. by N. Augusta, It has several ponds, which give rise to streams flowing into the St. John and Penobscot. An elevated surface, and a dense growth of timber. The soil is fertile. Pop. 561. LIXNEUS, p. v., and cap. Linn co., Mo. : on a branch of Locust cr., 102 in. N. W. by N. Jefferson City. It contains a court-house and several dwellings. LINN FLAT, p. o., Nacogdoches co., Tex. : 216 m. E. N. E. Austin City. LINN GKOVE, p. v., Adams county, Ind. : on W. side of Wabash r., 82 m. N. E. Indianapolis. LINNVILLE, p. v., Licking co., Ohio : 34 m. E. Columbus. Pop. 188. LINVILLE CREEK, p. o., Rockingham co., Virg. : 106 m. N. W. by W. Richmond. LINNVILLE RIVEK, p. o., Burke co., N. Car. : on a branch of Catawba r. so called, 184 m. W. Raleigh. LINTON, p. v., Des Moines co., la. : 45 m. S. by E. Iowa City. LINTON, p. v., Greene co., Ind. : 72 m. S.W. Indianapolis. LINWOOD, p. o., Cherokee county, Tex>. : 184 m. E. N. E. Austin City. LION S BEABD, p. o., Sevier co., Ark. : 128 m. W. S. W. Little Rock. LIONVILLE, p. v., Chester co., Penn. : 64 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. LISBON, t. and p. v., New London county, Conn. : 36 m. E. S. E. Hartford. It lies chiefly between Shetucket and Quinnebang rivers, which unite in the S., and with their branches supply fine water-power. Surfacd uneven ; soil sandy or gravelly loam, and excellent farming land, with extensive meadows on the streams. Farming is the leading pursuit Cotton and woolen goods are made, and several kinds of " Yankee notions." The Norwich and Worcester R. R. passes tlirough the E. part along the Quinnebaug. Pop. 937. LISBON, p. v., Kendall county, HI.: 134 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. LISBON, t and p. o., Lincoln county, Me. : 27 m. S. S. W. Augusta. Drained by Little r. and the Androscoggin, which bounds it S., and has fine falls here, 6 m. below Lewiston falls. Soil very fertile, and well cultivated. Cotton and woolen goods are made, and large saw-mills run. A bridge crosses the r. here. Pop. of 1 1,495. LISBON, p. v., Howard co.. Md. : on the Baltimore and Frederick turnpike, 13 m. from Ellieott s Mills, 37 m. N. W Annapolis. LISBON, t and p. v., Graft on county, 2T. Uamp. : 68 m. N. by W. Concord. Drained by Ammonoosuc r. Surface varied. In the S. is Blueberry Mountain. Soil fertile, and divided into alluvial meadows and strong uplands. It is well timbered, makes maple sugar largely, and abounds in iron ore and limestone. Pop. 1,832. LISBON, t, p. o., and sta., St Lawrence co., N. Y. : on St Lawrence r., 166 m. N. W. by N. Albany. Surface un dulating and heavily timbered with pine, oak, and hemlock. Soil a fertile loam. Lumber and dairy products are valuable exports. The sta. is 9 m. E. of Ogdensburg, on the Northern (Ogdensburg) R. R. Pop. 5,295. LISBON, p. o. and sta., Bedford co., Virg. : on the Virginia and Tennessee R. R., 32 m. W. of Lynchburg, 121 m. W. by S. Richmond. LISBON, t and p. o., Waukesha co., Wise. : 59 m. E Madison. Drained by heads of Rock r., affording numerous mill-sites. Soils adapted to grass or grain. A plank-road to Milwaukie passes through the S. part. Pop. 1,056. LISBON, p. o., Union co., Ark. : 106 m. S. by W. Little Rock. LISBON, p. v., Noble co., Lid.: 119 m. N. N. E. Indian- apolis. A plank-road from Fort Wayne passes through it LISBON CENTKE, p. o., St Lawrence co., N. Y. : 162 m. N. W. by N. Albany. LISBURN, p. o., Sampson co., 2T. Car. : on Black r., a branch of Cape Fear r., 69 m. S. by E. Raleigh. LIS LISBTTRN, p. v., Cumberland co., Penn.: on Yellow Breeches cr., 7 m. S. S. W. Harrisburg. It contains a char coal forge, which makes 520 tons of blooms, and 30 tons of bars per annum. LISHA S KILL, p. o., Albany co., N. T, LISLE, p. v., Osage co., Mo. : on the E. bank of Osage r., about 3 M. from its mouth, 10 m. E. by S. Jefferson City. It has a fine landing, and considerable trade. LISLB, t. and p. o., Broome co., N. Y. : 122 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by Tioughnioga r., on which are numer ous saw-mills. Surface undulating, and soil well adapted to grazing. Timber is abundant. Popf 1,681. LITCHFIKLD county, Conn. Situate N. "W., and contains SS5 sq. m. Drained W. by Housatonic r. and its branches, and E. by Naugatuck and Farmington rivers and their branches. Surface hilly, and in parts rugged and mountain ous ; soil a gravelly loam, well cultivated, very productive of all the grains, and generally capital grazing. Large dairies are kept, and a large amount of wool sheared. The exports are butter, cheese, beef, pork, and wool. It has an abundance of excellent water-power, and very extensive man ufactures. Iron ore of great fineness, and a kind much sought after, is found in parts, and largely wrought, and a valuable copper mine lies in the S. E. Farms 3,621 ; manuf. 4ST ; dwell. 8,721, and pop. wh. 44,266, fr. col. 9ST total 45,253. Capital: Litchfield. PiCblic, Works: Housatonic E. E.; Naugatuck E. E. ; Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill E. E. LrrcHFiELD, t., p. b., and cap. Litchfield co., Conn, : 28 m. W. by S. Hartford. The t. lies between the Naugatuck and Shepaug rivers, and is well drained by their affluents and other streams, many of which have large water-power. Great Pond occupies 900 acres, and is the largest water- surface in the State. Surface elevated, and diversified by- hills and valleys ; soil generally loam, and admirably adapt ed for grazing. The v. on Litchfield Hill is environed by a rich and glowing scenery, and is built mainly on two streets crossing each other at right angles, at the intersection of which is an elegant square. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., an academy, and several schools, 3 churches, 2 printing- offices, and about TOO inhabitants. Two newspapers are published here, the "L. Enquirer" (whig), and the " L. Ee- publican" (dem.), both issued weekly, and circulating about 1,200 copies each. There are several other villages in the t., South Farms, Milton, etc. The t has numerous manu factures of woolens, paper, leather, iron, etc., and mills of all descriptions. It has also a good wholesale and retail trade, and is connected with the sea-board and interior by the Naugatuck E. E., which follows the valley of the river in the east border of the town. Pop. of t. 3,957. Litchfield has been the birthplace of many men distinguished in national history, science, and in literature. LITCHFIELD, p. v., and cap. Grayson co., Ky.: 88 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. It contains a court-house, jail, acad emy, and several stores. The Nashville and Louisville E. E. will pass through it. LncHFiELD, t and p. v., Kennebec co., Me, : 12 m. S. "W. by S. Augusta. In the N. and E. are two large ponds, trib utary to the Kennebec, which afford mill-sites. Surface rough in parts, and soil very productive of grain and pota toes. The v. is in the N., and contains several stores. Pop. of t. 2,106. LITCHTIELD, t and p. v., Hillsdale co., Mich. : 47 m. S. by W. Lansing. Drained by St. Joseph s and Sandy rivers, which furnish excellent water privileges. Surface diversi fied ; soil very productive of wheat. Sandstone and iron ore are found. The v. is on St Joseph s r., and has exten sive mills and a considerable trade. Pop. of 1 1,362. LITCIIFIICLD, t and p. o., Herkimer co., N. Y. : 116 m. "W. by N. Albany. Surface broken, and soil calcareous loam. A farming town, well supplied with timber. Pop. 1,676. LITCHFIELD, t. and p. o., Medina co., Ohio : 95 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. Drained by branches of Black r. Sur face elevated, and soil fertile. Pop. 1,332. LIT LITCHFIELD, t and p. o., Bradford co., Penn-. : on the N. ine of the State, 114 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. Drained by Weposseping cr. Surface rough, and soil adapted to graz ing. It is mostly covered with fine timber, which consti tutes its wealth. LITCIIFIELD COENEES, p. o., Kennebec oo., Me. : 17 m. S. S. W. Augusta. LITHGOW. p. o., Duchess co., AT. Y. : 59 m. S. Albany. LITUONIA, sta., De Kalb co., Ga. : 24 m. E. of Atlanta, on the Georgia E. E. LITHOPOLIS, p. v., Fairfield county, Ohio: 15 m. 8. E. Columbus. Pop. 386. LITIZ, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn.: 30 m. E. by S. Harris- burg. It contains an academy, and about 500 inhabitants. LITTLE BEAVER BRIDGE, p. v., Columbiana co., Ohio: on Little Beaver cr., and Sandy and Beaver Canal, about 3 m. from the Ohio r., 136 m. E. by N. Columbus. LITTLE BLUE EIVER, p. o., Shelby co., Ind. : near a branch of White r. so called, 23 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. LITTLE BRITAIN, p. o., Orange co., N. Y. : 117 m. S. by W. Albany. LITTLE CACAPON, sta., Hampshire co., Virg. : on the Bal timore and Ohio E. E., 21 m. E. Cumberland. LITTLE CHUCKY, p. o., Greene county, Tenn. : 213 m. E. Nashville. LITTLE CHUTE, p. v., Brown co., Wise. : on the left bank of Neenah or Fox r., 103 m. N. N. E. Madison. The r. has a foil here of 32 feet in less than 2 m., and affords superior facilities for manufacturing. LITTLE COMPTON, t and p. o., Newport co., R. I. : 25 m. S. S. E. Providence. It lies on the Atlantic, at the E. sido of Narragansett Bay, and has a somewhat uneven surface, and a very fertile and highly cultivated soil. Farming is the chief pursuit, and wool, live stock, and dairy produce, the staples. At Seaconnet Point, in the S. W. corner, is a breakwater, erected by government. The t. is a favorite summer resort for those in search of sea-air. Pop. 1,462. LITTLE COMPTON, p. o., Carroll co., Mo. : on Grand r., 88 m. N. W. Jefferson City. LITTLE CREEK, hund., Kent co., Del. : extends across the State, bounded S. by Dover hund., and N. by Little cr., con taining 45,300 acres. Surface even, with small elevations in the W., and soil productive. Lumber is exported. Popu lation 2,237. LITTLE CREEK, hund., Sussex county, Del. : occupies the S. W. corner of the State, has a fertile soil, well timbered, and numerous mill-sites. Bog-iron ore is found. Area 61,030 acres. Pop. 3,226. LITTLE CREEK LANDING, p. v., Kent co., Del. : on the cr. so called, about 8 m. N. E. Dover. LITTLE DELAWARE river, JW. Y.: an affluent of the Mohawk or W. branch of Delaware r. It rises in the t. of Bovina, in Delaware co., and flows W. to its confluence. LITTLE DETROIT, p. v., Tazewell co., III. : on the left bank of Illinois r., 66 m. N. Springfield. LITTLE EAGLE, p. o., Scott co., Ey. : E. N. E. Frankfort. LITTLE ELKHART, p. o., Elkhart co., Ind. : 132 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. LITTLE FALLS, p. v., Passaic co., N. Jer. : on the Passaic r., 49 m. N. E. by N. Trenton. The r. here falls 33 feet, and furnishes immense water-power, used in extensive cotton factories and large iron works. An excellent freestone is quarried here. The Morris Canal crosses the river on au aqueduct, 80 m. from Jersey City. Pop. 700. LITTLE FALLS, Herkimer co., Jf. Y. (see EOCKTON). LITTLB FLAT, p. o., Bath county, Ky. : 58 miles E. by S. Frankfort LITTLE GAP, p. o., Carbon co., Penn. : 69 m. N. E. by E. Harrisburg. LITTLE GENESEE, p. o., Allcghany co., 2T. Y. : 238 m. "W. by S. Albany. LITTLE GROVE, p. o., Montgomery county, Tenn. ; 51 m W. N. W. Nashville. LIT LIT LITTLE GUNPOWDER, p. o., Baltimore co., Md. : on W. side of cr. so called, 2 m. from Gunpowder r., 34 m. X. by E. Aimapolis. LITTLE HOCKHOCKING, p. v., Washington co., Ohio: on the Ohio, at the mouth of the r. so called, 81 m. S. E. by E. Columbus. LITTLE LEVEL, p. o., Pocahontas county, Virg. : near Greenbrier r., 155 m. W. by N. Richmond. LITTLE MARSH, p. o., Tioga co., Penn. : 107 m. N. by "W. Harrisburg. LITTLE MEADOWS, p. o., Susquehanna co., Penn. : 119 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. LITTLE MILL CREEK, p. o., Delaware co., Ohio : 82 m. N. Columbus. LITTLE MILLS, p. o., Richmond co., N. Car. : 85 m. S. W. Raleigh. LITTLE MUDDY, p. o., Franklin co., III. : about 1 m. E. of Little Muddy cr., a branch of Big Muddy r., 132 m. S. by E. Springfield. LITTLE OSAGE, p. o., Bates co., Mo. : on a branch of the Osage so culled, 126 m. W. S. W. Jefferson City. LITTLE PINE CREEK, p. o., Lycoming co., Penn. : 82 m. N. N. W. Harrisburg. LITTLE PINEY, p. o., Pulaski co., Mo. : near the junction of Little Piney creek with Gasconade river, 43 m. S. by E. Jefferson City. LITTLE PLYMOUTH, p. v., King and Queen county, Virg. : 33 m. E. by N. Richmond. It contains an academy and about 100 inhabitants. LITTLE PRAIRIE, p. o., Crawford co., Mo. : 47,m. S. E. by S. Jefferson City. LITTLE PRAIRIE, p. o., Cass county, Ga. : 132 m. N. W. Milledgeville. LITTLE PRAIRIE, p. o., Chatahoula parish, La. : 94 m. N. N. W. Baton Rouge. LITTLE PRAIEIE, p. v., Walworth co., Wise. : 53 m. 8. E. Madison. LITTLE PRAIRIE RONDE, p. v., Cass county, Mich. ; 81 m. S. W. Lansing. LITTLE REST, p. o., Duchess co., 2f. Y. LITTLE RIVER, p. v., Blount co., Tenn. : on a branch of Tennessee r. so called, 257 m. E. by S. Nashville. LITTLE RIVER, p. o., Columbia co., Flor. : 91 m. E. by S. Tallahassee. LITTLE RIVEB, p. o. Caldwell co., N. Gar. : on a branch of Catawba r., 149 m. W. by N. Raleigh. LITTLE RIVER, p. o., Horry dist., S. Car. : on a stream of that name, flowing into the Atlantic, 128 m. E. by S. Columbia. LITTLE RIVER, p. o., Floyd co., Virg. : on a branch of New r., 171 m. W. S. "W. Richmond. LITTLE RIVER VILLAGE, p. v., Lincoln co., Me. : near the junction of Little r. and the Androscoggin, 27 m. S. S. W. Augusta. It contains several mills and 400 inhabitants. LITTLE river : a tributary of Peedee river, and forms the boundary between North and South Carolina. LITTLE river, Ey. : a tributary of Cumberland river. LITTLE river, Ind. : a tributary of W abash r., which it enters above Yincennes. LITTLE river, Ga. : a tributary of the Savannah, which it meets 30 m. above Augusta. It rises in Oglethorpe county, and in its course to the E. passes through Taliaferro, and between Wilkes and Lincoln on the N., and "Warren and Columbia on the S., forming their boundaries. LITTLE ROCK, p. v., and cap. Pulaski county, Ark. : and capital of the State of Arkansas ; on the S. side of Arkansas river, 300 miles above its mouth lat. 34 40 N. and long. 92 12 w. 1,086 m. W. by S. Washington. It was first settled in 1S29. The v., as its name implies, is situate on a high rocky bluff, 150 to 200 feet above the r., and is the first place where rocks appear above its mouth. It is regu larly laid out, the streets intersecting at right angles, and contains the State House and the State Penitentiary, the County Court-house, jail, etc., and a United States arsenal, the offices of the Surveyor General of Public Lands for the district of Arkansas, and a Register and Receiver s Office. It has also numerous stores and warehouses, and several flour and saw mills, both steam and water. It has a large trade with the interior, and may be considered as the dep6t of all the region extending far into the Indian Territory. Many of the churches are well built, and even elegant, and number some dozen, including the Catholic Cathedral of St. Andrew. The Catholic Bishop of the diocese of Little Rock, and the Protestant Episcopal Bishop of the diocese of Arkansas reside in the village. There are several academies and schools, and in this connection it may be stated that the Catholics have charge of the most efficient and flourishing. At Little Rock is the head of ordinary steam navigation; during high flood, however, steamboats ascend the river to Fort Gibson, 1,000 m. further up. Pop.2,167r LITTLE ROCK, p. o., Kendall co., III. : 146 m. N. by E. Springfield. LITTLE ROCK Fisn, p. o., Cumberland co., 2f. Car. : on a branch of Cape Fear r., 59 m. S. Raleigh. LITTLE S, sta., Hillsboro county, 2T. ffamp. : llm. N. of Lowell, on Nashua and Lowell R. R. LITTLE SANDUSKY, p. v.,Wyandott co., 07iio: on a branch of Sandusky river, 53 m. N. by W. Columbus. It contains several stores and 300 inhabitants. LITTLE ST. JOSEPH river, Ind. : a constituent of Maumee river. It rises in Ohio, and after passing through De Kalb and Allen counties of Indiana, joins St. Mary s r. at Fort Wayne the two forming the Maumee. It is otherwise called St. Joseph of Lake Erie. LITTLE SANDY, p. o., Morgan co., Ky. : SS m. E. by S. Frankfort. LITTLE SCIOTO, p. o., Marion co., Ohio : 45 m, N. by "W. Columbus. LITTLE SKIN CREEK, p. o., Lewis county, Virg. : 187 m. W. N. W. Richmond. LITTLE SODUS, p. v., Cayuga co., N. T. : on Little Sod-us Bay, 161 m. W. by N. Albany. LITTLE SODUS bay, Cayuga co., N. Y. : a small inlet of Lake Ontario, about 3 m. deep and 1 m. wide. It is situate about IS m. E. of Sodus Bay, in the town of Sterling, and receives near its outlet Sodus cr. The water is deep, but a bar obstructs the entrance from the lake. LITTLESTOWN, p. v., Adams co., P&nn. : 34 m. S. S. W. Harrisburg. LITTLETON, p. v., Schuyler co., III. : 43 m. W. N. W. Springfield. LITTLETON, t. and p. v., Middlesex co., Mass.: 24 m. N. W. by W. Boston. Drained by Stony Brook, a branch of the Merrimac, and Beaver r., a branch of Concord r., which supply it with water-power. Surface uneven, and soil generally of good quality. Superior rye and hops aro raised, and fine dairies kept. Various small factories occupy the streams, which are fed by two large ponds. A variety of limestone is quarried. The Fitchburg R. R. crosses the t., and has a sta. 31 m. from Boston. Pop. of t. 991. LITTLETON, t and p. v., Grafton co., N. Ilamp. : 76 m. N. by W. Concord. The t. extends 14 m. on the Connec ticut r., which, for the whole distance, has an impetuous cur rent that no boat can stem, known as the Fifteen Mile Falls. Surface broken by numerous high hills, and soil adapted to- grazing chiefly. Drained S. by Ammonoosuc r., on which are fertile meadows ; and the v., which is at the falls, con tains several mills and factories. Pop. of t. 2,003. LITTLETON, p. o., Morris co., N. Jer.:44m. N. N. E. Trenton. LITTLETON, p. o. and sta., Halifax co., N. Car.: 63 m. N. E. by N. Raleigh. It is on the Gaston and Raleigh R. R., 9 m. from Gaston. LITTLETON, p. o. and sta., Richland dist, S. Car. : at the junction of Little and Broad rivers by the Greenville and Columbia R. R., 15 m. from Columbia. LIT LIV LITTLETON, p. o., Sussex county, Virg. : 46 m. S. by E. Eichmond. LITTLE TRAVERSE bay, Midi. : in the N W. part of the Lower Peninsula. It has the best harbor N. of Grand r. and Saginaw Bay. The anchorage is good, and vessels may come -within 10 feet of the shore. LITTLE UTICA, p. o., Onondaga co., N. Y. : 126 m. "W. by N. Albany. LITTLE VALLEY, t, p. v., and sta., Cattaraugus co., Jf. Y. : 283 m. W. by S. Albany. Intersected by Alleghany r., and drained by its branches, which furnish many mill-sites. Surface broken, and soil of average fertility. Timber is plenty. The Erie R. E. crosses the N. part of the t., and the sta. is 38 m. E. of Dunkirk, Pop. 1,383. LITTLE WOODS, p. v., Kane co., III. : about 2 m, E. of Fox r., and near the Galena and Chicago Union E. E., 172 m. N. N. E. Springfield. LITTLE YADKIN, p. o., Stokes co., Jf. Car. : on a branch of Yadkin r., 118 m. "W. N. W. Ealeigh. LITTLE YOKE, p. v., Warren co., 121. : on S. side of Hender son s r., 101 m. N. W. by N. Springfield. LITTLE YORK, p. o., Washington co., Ind. : 74 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. LITTLE YORK, p. o., Hunterdon co., N. Jer. LITTLE YORK, p. o., Cortlandt co., N. Y,: 126 m. W. Albany. LITTLE YORK, p. v., Montgomery co., Ohio: on the Miami r., 67 m. W. by S. Columbus. LITWALTON, p. o., Lancaster co., Virg. : 51 m. E. by N. Eichmond. LIVELY, p. v., St. Clair co., III. : on the left bank of Kas- kaskia r., 105 m. S. Springfield. LIVELY OAK, p. o., Lancaster county, Virg. : 54 m. E. Eichmond. LIVE OAK, p. o., Ascension par., La. : 26 m. S. S, E. Baton Eouge. LIVE OAK, p. o., Dewitt co., Tex. : 86 m. S. S. E. Austin City. LIVERMORE, p. o., Ohio county, Ky.: 118 m. W. S. W. Frankfort LIVERMORE, t. and p. o., Oxford co., Me.: on the right bank of Androscoggin r., 22 m. W. Augusta. Soil excellent, and large crops of wheat and potatoes are raised. The r. has a large descent, and moves several factories and mills. Pop. 1,764. LIVERMORE, p. v., Westmoreland co., Penn. : on the S. side of Conemaugh r., 127 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. The Pennsylvania Canal passes through it LIVERMORE CENTRE, p. o., Oxford co., Me. : 24 m. W. Augusta. LrvERMORE FALLS, p. v., Kennebee co., Me. : on the left bank of Androscoggin r., 23 m. W. N. W. Augusta. The r. furnishes excellent water-power, which is improved to move several factories, mills, and mechanic shops. The Andros coggin E. E. terminates here, 20 m. from its junction with the Androscoggin and Kennebee E. E. Pop. 480. LIVERPOOL, p. v., Onondaga co., A T . Y. : on the E. side of Onondaga Lake, 132 m. W. by N. Albany. The manufac ture of salt from the springs here is the principal business of the v., and the produce in 1850 was 64S,S32 bushels of fine or table-salt It is on the Oswego Canal, 5 m. N. of its junc tion with the Erie Canal at Syracuse, and contains a dozen stores, and about 1,000 inhabitants. LIVERPOOL, t. and p. o., Medina county, Ohio: 99 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. Drained by Eocky r., which fur nishes water-power. Surface somewhat broken, and soil fertile. Iron ore, salt, sulphur, and rock oil are found. Pop. 2,164. LIVERPOOL, t. and v., Columbia co., Ohio : 182 m. E. N. E. Columbus. The Ohio r. flows on its S. boundary. The v. is situate on the r., about 50 m. below Pittsburg, and has S35 inhabitants. The manufacture of earthen-ware is car ried on extensively. Pop. of 1. 1,564. LIVERPOOL, t. and p. b., Perry co., Penn. : on the W. side of Susquehanna r., 24 m. X. by W. Harrisburg. Sur face rough in parts, with rich loamy valleys. It is well sup plied with water-power and timber, and has many flour and saw mills. The v. is on the r., at the mouth of a cr,, and contains several stores and establishments for making iron. LIVRRPOOL, p. o., Brazoria co., Teas.: on Chocolate Bayou, 157 m. E. S. E. Austin City. LIVERPOOL, p. v., Fulton co., III. : on the right bank of Illinois r,, 44 m. N. N. W. Springfield, LIVINGSTON county, III. Situate N. E., and contains 1,029 sq. m. Drained by Vermillion r. of the Illinois and its branches. Surface level ; soil fertile. It consists mostly of extensive prairies, some of which are low and wet, with few streams, and little timber. It has some water-power, and in parts, deposits of coal and limestone. Farms 185 ; manuf. ; dwell. 261, and pop. wh. 1,552, fr. ool. total 1,552. Capital: Pontiac. LIVINGSTON county, Ky. Situate W., and contains 236 sq. m. Bounded N. and W. by the Ohio, and S. by the Tennessee, and intersected by the Cumberland. Surface pleasantly varied, and soil very productive. Tobacco is the forming staple, but com and wheat are fine crops. It ex ports a great deal of pork, and manufactures leather, and agriciiltural machinery. Farms 4S5 ; manuf. 13 ; dwell. 915, and pop. wh. 5,404, fr. col. 56, si. 1,118 total 6,578. Cap ital: Salem. LIVINGSTON parish, La. Situate S. E., and contains 7S6 sq. m. Bounded W. and S. by Amitie r. and Lake Mau- repas, into which it flows, and E. by Tangipahoa r., enter ing Lake Pontchartrain, between which are Tickfaw r. and many small streams. Surface level, with extensive marshes ; soil fertile. Cotton, corn, and rice, are staples. There are on some of its streams water-privileges, which are profit ably employed. Farms 219; manuf. 13; dwell. 480, and pop._wh. 2,523, fr. col. 20, si. 842 total 3,385. Capital: Springfield. Public Works: New Orleans, Jackson, and Northern E. E. LIVINGSTON county, Midi. Situate S. E., and contains 576 sq. m. Drained N". by heads of Shiawassee r., W. by heads of Cedar r., a branch of Grand r,, and S. by heads of Huron r. Surface undulating. The N. is heavily timbered ; the S. is open land, a black, sandy, or clayey loam, and su perior for grain-growing. The grain and pork are the ex ports. It has numerous ponds and streams, furnishing abundant water-power for its growing manufactures. Good iron ore is extensively found, and salt springs in parts. Farms 1,<544 ; manuf. 40 ; dwell. 2,368, and pop. wh. 13,481, fr. col. 4 total 13,485. Capital: Howell. LIVINGSTON county, Mo. Situate N. W., and contains 537 sq. m. Drained by Grand r. and its affluents. Medicine, Indian, and Shoal creeks, and Crooked Fork. Surface un dulating or level ; soil fertile, well timbered, and much of it excellent pasture. Corn is the staple product, and pork a large and the chief export Farms 457 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 658, and pop. wh. 3,933, fr. col. 6, si. 308 total 4,247. Capital: Chillicothe. LIVINGSTON county, N. Y. Situate W. middle, and cow- tains 563 sq. m. Drained by Genesee r. and its branches, Cashaqua and Canaseraga rivers, and Conesus outlet The last carries to it the water of Conesus Lake, which, with Hemlock Lake, lies in the co., and both feed its tribu taries. Surface elevated in the S., and slopes toward Lake Ontario in two terraces divided N. and S. by the Geneeee, which flows in a deep valley of 3 or 4 miles width. Soil very fertile ; a sandy loam mixed with decomposed lime stone, on which the co. rests, and especially adapted to grain. Wheat, pork, and cattle, are the great staples. But ter, wool, corn, and oats, are large exports, and in the Gen esee valley great quantities of hemp and flax are grown. It has abundant water-power, and extensive manufactures of flour, paper, iron, leather, lumber, etc., and unsurpassed facilities for reaching markets in all parts of the Union. 3S9 LIV LOG Gypsum is abundant; bog-iron ore and salt springs arc found, and sulphur springs, long known and visited by the Indians, and now widely celebrated. Farms 2,503 ; manuf. 8G3 ; dwell. 7,172, and pop. wh. 40,690, fir. col. 185 total 40,875. Capital: Geneseo. Public Works: Genesee Yal- ley Canal ; Buffalo, Corning, and New York E. E ; Canan- daigua and Niagara Falls E. E., etc. LIVINGSTON, p. v., and cap. Sumter co., Ala. : near Su- quinochee r., a branch of the Tombigbee. 107 m. W. by N. Montgomery. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, and 350 inhabitants. The " Sumter County Whig" is published weekly. LIVINGSTON, p. v., Clark co., III.: about 10 m. W. of Wabash r., 112 m. E. by S. Springfield. LIVINGSTON, t> and p. v., Livingston co., Mich. : 45 m. E. S. E. Lansing. It occupies high land on Woodruff s cr., which has a large fall, and moves several mills. Pop. 450. LIVINGSTON, p. o., Madison co., Miss. : 16 m. N. Jackson. LIVINGSTON, p. v., and cap. Polk co., Tex. : on the E. side of Long King cr. of Trinity r., 163 m. E. by N. Austin City. It is surrounded by rich cotton plantations, and con tains a court-house and several stores. LIVINGSTON, t. and p. o., Essex co., N. Jer. : on the E. side of Passaic r., 42 m. N. N. E. Trenton. Short Hills or Second Mountains occupy the E., but the W. is more even ; soil of average fertility. Pop. 1,151. LIVINGSTON, L and p. o., Columbia co., N. Y.: on the E. side of Hudson r., 85 m. S. Albany. Drained by Copake and Eocliff Jansen s creeks. Surface varied; soil clayey or gravelly loam. It belongs to the Livingston manor, and has in it several furnaces, flouring mills, and other manu factories. The Hudson Eiver E. E. passes through it. Pop. 2,022. LIVINGSTON, p. v., and cap. Overton co., Tenn.: 79 m. E. by N. Nashville. It contains a court-house, several stores, and 150 inhabitants. LIVINGSTONVILLE, p. v., Schoharic county, N. Y. : 27 m. W. S. W. Albany. LIVONIA, p, v., Washington co., Ind. : 82 m. W. S. W. Indianapolis. LIVONIA, p. o., Point Coupee par., La. : 37 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. LIVOXIA, t. and p. o., Wayne co., Mich. : 62 m. E. S. E. Lansing. Drained by Power s and Bell s creeks, and AT. branch of Eouge r., affording good mill-seats. Surface rolling ; soil clayey loam, and fine grazing land, generally timbered. Pop. 1,376. LIVONIA, t. and p. o., Livingston county, IT. Y. : 204 m- W. by N. Albany. Drained by the outlets of Hemlock and Conesus Lakes, which lie partly in it. Surface rolling; soil loam, on a substratum of limestone, and very fertile of grain. It has an academy, and several flouring mills and woolen factories. The Buffalo, Corning, and New York E. E. passes through it. Pop. 2,627. LIVONIA CESTKE, p. o., Wayne co., Midi. : 66 m. E. S. E. Lansing. LLEWELLYN, p. r., Schuylkill co., Penn.: 42 m. N. E. Harrisburg. LLOYD, t. and p. o., Ulster co., N. Y. : on the W. side of Hudson r., 63 m. S. Albany. Surface somewhat hilly ; soil loam, overlying limestone. It has some water-power on Black cr. and the Wallkill, and is a superior farming region. Incorporated in 1845. Pop, 2,035. LLOYDS, p. o., Essex county, Virg. : 39 miles N. N. E. Richmond. LLOYD S NECK, Queen s co., N. Y. : a peninsula on the N. side of Long Island, in the t. of Oyster Bay. It has Hunt- ington Bay on the E., and Oyster Bay on the W., with a deep indentation from Huntington Bay on the S., called Lloyd s Harbor. LOACIIAPOKA, p. o., Macon co., Ala. : on the line of the Montgomery and West Point E. E., 53 miles E. by N. Montgomery. S90 LOAG, p. o., Chester co., Penn. : 54 m. E. by S. Harrisburg, LOBACIISVILLE, p. o., Berks county, Penn. : 54 miles E, Harrisburg. LOBDELL S STOKE, p. o., W. Baton Eouge par., La. LOCAL, p. o., Talladega co., Ala*: 71 m. N. by E. Montgomery. LOCATION, p. o., Coweta county, Go,.: 92 m. W. by K Milledgeville. LOCK, p. o., Knox co., Ohio : 47 m. N. E. Columbus. LOCK BEELIN, p. v., Wayne co., N. Y. : 169 m. W. by N. Albany. It is 4 m. E. of Lyons, on the Erie Canal. LOCKBOITENE, p. v., Franklin co., Ohio : on Big Walnut cr., 11 m. a by E. Columbus. The Ohio Canal passes through it, 45 m. from Newark, and a branch diverges hence to Columbus. LOCKE, t. and p. o., Cayuga co., N. Y. : 138 m. W. Albany. Drained by Owasco inlet, \vhich affords power for several flour-mills and woolen factories. Surface hilly ; soil gravelly loam, raising fine crops of grass. Pop. 1,478. LOCKE, p. o., Elkhart county, Ind.: 124 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. LOCKE S MILLS, p. o., Miffln co., Penn. : 47 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. LOCKE S MILLS, p. v. and sta., Oxford co., Me. : near the head of Alder r., 45 m. W. Augusta. The sta. is 65 m. from Portland, on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence E. E. LOCKIIAET, p. v., and cap, Caldwell co., Tex. : on Plurn cr. of the San Marcos, 24 m. S. by E. Austin City. It lies in a fine grazing and mineral district, and contains a court house, academy, several stores, and 300 inhabitants. LOCKHAET S STOEE, p. o., Holmes co., Jttiss. : 2 m. W. Big Black r., 57 m. N. N. E. Jackson. LOCK HAVEN, p. b., and cap. Clinton co., Penn. : between and near the confluence of Bald Eagle cr., and the Susque- hanna, 67 m. N. N. W. Harrisburg. The Pennsylvania Canal here crosses the Susquehanna, and proceeds up the valley of Bald Eagle cr. to Bellefonte. It contains a court house, academy, and several stores and warehouses, and has an extensive trade. The " C. Tribune" (whig), and " C. Democrat" are published weekly. Pop. 830. LOCKINGTON, p. T., Shelby county, Ohio: 68 m. W. by N. Columbus, LOCKLAND, p. o., Macon county, Ala. : 53 m. E. by S. Montgomery. LOCKLAND, sta., Hamilton co., Ohio : on the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton E. E. 11 m. from Cincinnati. LOCK LEVEN, p. o., Lunenburg co., Virg. : 53 m. S. W. Eichmond. LOCK LOMOND, p. o., Goochland co., Virg. : W. N. W. Eichmond. LOCKPOET, p. v., Will co., IH. : on the E. side of Des Plaiues r., 151 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. It is on the Illi nois and Michigan Canal, 6 m. from Joliet, with 50 feet descent by locks between. This, and 15 feet fall in the Des Plaines, near the v., furnish abundant water-power, and large quarries of limestone ample building material. It has valuable manufactures, an extensive trade, and 1,800 inhab- tants. The " L. Telegraph" is published weekly. LOCKPOET, p. v., Carroll co., Ind. : on the N. bank of Wabash r., 67 m. N. N. W. Indianapolis. It is on the Wa bash and Erie Canal, 17 m. from Logansport LOCKPORT, p. o., Henry co., Ky. : N. W. Frankfort. LOCKPOET, t, p. v., and cap. Niagara co., N. Y. : 249 m. W. by N. Albany. Lat. 43 11 N., and long. 78 46 W. Drained by streams flowing N. into Lake Ontario, and S. nto Tonawanda cr. Surface elevated and varied, sloping from a ridge or terrace which forms the water-shed dividing the streams above noticed. Soil calcareous and sandy loam, rery fertile, and admirably adapted to grazing. There are extensive quarries of fine building-stone in the town. The ., one of the most prosperous of the W. section of the State, is situate on the line of the Erie Canal, 81 m. from Buffalo, and on tho Canandaigua and Niagara Falls E. E., 23 m. LOO Loa from Niagara Falls. The business activity depending on these avenues of commerce is immense ; and the water- power created by the surplus of the canal, which here rises 60 feet by locks, is of the greatest importance to the manu- fticturing interests of the place. Among the large number of manufactures carried on, especial mention may be made of its cotton and woolen mills, its furnaces, its machine-shops, agricultural machinery and implement factories, and of its flouring, grist, saw, plaster, and other mills, and in the neigh borhood manufactures are rapidly springing into existence. Four banks are located here. The village contains a court house, jail, and other county buildings, 17 or 18 churches of various denominations, several good schools and academies, and numerous common schools, and has a public press num bering four separate publications, viz.: the "L. Courier" (whig), daily and weekly, the " Niagara Democrat" (dem.), the " Niagara Cataract" (F. S.), and the " Iris of Niagara" (lit), all weekly issues. The v. was incorporated in 1S27, and will probably, at no distant period, be entered on the list of cities. The population of the t in 1830 was 3,823 ; in 1840 it was 9,1.25, and in 1850 12,323, having increased from 1830 in the decennial ratio of 13S 6S and 35 04 per cent. The railroad from Canandaigua has been opened since the lat ter period, and its access eastward thus fully established, which will greatly accelerate its growth in wealth and popu lation. LOCKPORT, sta., Westmoreland co., Penn.: on the W. di vision of the Pennsylvania E. E., 65 m. E. of Pittsburg. Here is a thriving v., with a brisk trade, on the Conemaugh r. and W. division Canal, and a charcoal furnace of 1,000 tons annual capacity. LOOKPORT, p. v., Williams co., Ohio: on W. side of Tiffin cr., 128 m. N. W. by N. Columbus. LOCKPORT, v., Licking co., Ohio : on the Ohio Canal, 3 1m. E. by N. Columbus. Population 42. LOCKPORT, v., Tuscarawas co., Ohio: on the Ohio Canal, about a mile S. of New Philadelphia, and 83 m. E. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 178. LOCKRTDGE, p. v., Jefferson county, la. : 47 m. S. by W. Iowa City. LOCK S VILLAGE, p. v., Franklin co., Jfass. : 71 m. W. by N. Boston. LOCKVILLE, p. v., Fairfield co., Ohio : 17 m. 8. E. by E. Columbus. It is on the Ohio Canal, 30 m. from Newark. LOCK-WOOD, p. o., Sussex co., N. Jer. : 49 m. N. Trenton. Loco PRAIRIE, p. v., M Henry co., Itt. : 189 m. N. by E. Springfield. LOCUST BAYOU, p. o., Washita co., Ark. : on an affluent of Washita r. so called, 98 m. S. S. W. Little Eock. LOCUST CORNER, p. o., Clermont co., Ohio : 76 m. S. W. Columbus. LOCUST CREEK, p. o., Louisa county, Virg. : 29 m. N. W. Eichmond. LOCUST DALE, p. o., Madison co., Virg. : on a branch of Eapid Ann r., 62 m. N. W. Eichmond. LOCUST GROVE, p. o., Searcy co., Ark. : 93 m. N. by W. Little Eock. LOCUST GROVE, p. o., Henry co., Ga. : 56 m. W. N. W. Milledgeville. LOCUST GROVE, p. o., Callaway county, Ky. : 112 m. 8. W. by W. Frankfort. LOCUST GROVE, p. v., Williamson co., III. : 146 m. S. S. E. Springfield. LOCUST GROVE, p. v., Adams co., Ohio : on the E. side of Brush cr., 67 m. S. by W. Columbus. LOCUST GROVE, p. o., Weakly co., Tenn. : 98 m. W. by N. Nashville. LOCUST GROVE, p. o., Orange co., Virg. : 58 m. N. W. Eichmond. LOCUST GROVE, p. o., Montgomery county, Ind. : 44 m. W. N. W. Indianapolis. LOCUST GROVE, p. o., Henry co., Mo. : about 3 m. S. of Grand r., 76 m. W. by S. Jefferson City. LOCUST HILL, p. o., Caswell co., XT. Car. : 66 m. N. W. Ealeigh. LOCUST HILL, p. o., Washington county, Penn. : 141 W. Harrisburg. LOCUST HILL, p. o., Anderson district, 8. Car. : 105 m. W. N. W. Columbia. LOCUST LANE, p. o., Fayette co., Virg. : 194 m. W. by N. Eichmond. LOCUST MILLS, p. o., Bracken co., Ky. : 58 m. N. E. by E. Frankfort LOCUST MOUNT, p. o., Accomac co., Virg. : 96 m. E. N. E. Eichmond. LOCUST MOUNT, p. o., Washington co., Tenn.: 238 m. E. Nashville. LOCUST SHADE, p. o., Overton county, Tenn.: 82 m. E. Nashville. LOCUST SPRING, p. v., Macoupin co., Itt. : 27 m. S. S. W. Springfield. LOCUST SPRING, p. o., Cumberland county, Ky. : 106 m. S. by W. Frankfort. LOCUST TREE, p. o., Niagara co., N. T. : 263 m. W. by N. Albany. LOCUSTVILLE, p. o., Accomac co., Virg. : 89 m. E. by N. Eichmond. LODDT, p. o., Hamilton co., Tenn. : near Saluda cr. of the Tennessee, 79 m. E. S. E. Nashville. LODI, t. and p. o., Bergen county, W. Jer. : 53 m. N. E. Trenton. It is mostly level, and lies between Hackensack r. on the E. and the Passaic and its branch, Saddle r., on the W., which furnish good mill-sites. The Union E. E. crosses the Passaic on its W. border, 12 m. from New York. Pop. 1,113. LODI, p. o., Coweta county, Ga.: 106 m. W. by N. Milledgeville. LODI, p. o., Choctaw co., Miss. : 88 m. N. N. E. Jackson. LODI, p. v., Clark co., III. : 106 m. E. by S. Springfield. LODI, t and p. o., Washtenaw co., Mich. : 52 m. S. E. Lansing. Surface level, and soil admirably adapted to grazing. Pop. 1,234. LODI, t. and p. v., Seneca co., N. Y. : on the E. side of Seneca Lake, 164 m. W. Albany. Surface rolling; soil clayey loam, and very fertile. Farming is the chief pursuit Gypsum is found. Pop. 2,269. LODI, t. and p. o., Columbia co., Wise. : on the E. side of Wisconsin r., 18 m. N. Madison. Drained by Ockee cr. It has a good soil and excellent timber. Pop. 308. LODI, p. v., Medina co., Ohio : on E. branch of Black r., 87 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. It contains several mills and 200 inhabitants. LODI, sta., Seneca co., Ohio: 23 m. from Sandusky on the Mad Eiver and Lake Erie E. E. LODI, p. o., Abbeville clist, & Car. : about 2 m. W. of Saluda r., 56 m. W. by N. Columbia. LODI, p. o., Jackson co., Tenn. : 67 m. E. N. E. Nashville LODI BAR, p. o., Sumter dist, S. Car. : E. Columbia. LODI CENTRE, p. o., Seneca co., N. Y. : 161 m.W. Albany LODIVILLE, p. v., Parke co., Ind. : on the E. bank of Wa- bash r., 44 m. W. by N. Indianapolis. It ia at the mouth of Coal cr. and on the Wabash and Erie Canal. LODORE, p. o., Amelia co., Virg. : 82 m. S. W. Eichmond. LOGAN county, HI. Situate centrally, and contains 538 sq. m. Drained by Salt cr., a branch of Sangamon r,, and its affluents, Lake Fork, Sugar, and Kickapoo creeks. Sur face undulating and nearly level ; soil exceedingly fertile, being mostly rich prairie with occasional grovos of timber, and producing large crops of corn and wheat with little effort. It is especially adapted to grazing, and live-stock, beef, and pork, are the exports. Farms 476 ; manuf 14 ; dwell. 835, and pop. wh. 5,128, fr. col. total 5.128. Cap ital: PostYille. Public Works: Central E. E. ; Chicago and Mississippi E. E. LOGAN county, Ky. Situate S. W., and contains 591 sq. m. Drained S. by Ecd and Big Whippoorwill rivers, M LOG- branches of the Cumberland, and N. by Elk Lick, Wolf Lick, and Big Muddy creeks of Green r. Surface elevatee table-land ; soil generally fertile. Tobacco, corn, oats, an wheat are staple products. It has fine facilities for manu factures, and they are extensively improved in producing woolen and cotton goods, flour, leather, earthen-ware, etc. Farms 1,130 ; manuf. 40 ; dwell. 1,917, and pop. wh. 10,751 fr col. 363, si. 5,467 total 16,581. Capital : Eussellville. LOGAN county, Ohio. Situate W. centrally, and contains 438 sq. m. Drained E. by Bush, MiU, and Big Darby creeks of the Scioto ; "W. by Little Miami and branches, Stony and Cherokee creeks, etc. Surface undulating or slightly broken ; soil productive and well adapted to grain. Corn is the staple. Wheat is a successful crop and pork an ex port. It has many mill-streams and flourishing factories, with convenient markets. Farms 1,626; manuf. 88; dwell. 8,243, and pop. wh. 18,631, fr. col. 531 total 19,162. Cap ital : Bellefontaine. Public, Works : Bellefontaine and In diana E. E. ; Mad Eiver and Lake Erie E. E., etc. LOGAN county, Virg. Situate S. W., and contains 702 sq. m. Tug fork of Big Sandy r. bounds it W., the Guyan- dotte and branches drain it E., and Laurel and Caney creeks flow between into the Ohio. Surface hilly and broken ; soil fertile, and excellent pasturage. Corn, oats, and potatoes are staples. It has fine mill-streams, which are used prin cipally to work up the timber of the higher portions. Farms 469 ; manuf. ; dwell. 572, and pop. wh. 3,533, fr. col. 0, si. 87 total 8,620. Capital : Logan C. II. LOGAN, p. v., Dearborn county, Lid. : 74 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. LOGAN, p. o., Tompkins co., N. T. : 161 m. W. Albany. LOGAN, p. v., and cap. Hocking co., Ohio : on the N. bank of Hocking r., 42 m. S. E. Columbus. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, and several mills. Excellent water-power is furnished by the falls, which are 1 m. above the v. The " H. Sentinel" (dem.), and " H. Valley Eepub- lican" (whig), are published weekly. The Hocking Canal passes through the v. 28 m. from Athens. Pop. 793. LOGAN, p. o., Laclede county, Mo. : 69 m. S. by W. Jefferson City. LOGAN C. H., p. v.. and cap. Logan co., Virg. : on the right bank of Guyandotte r., 244 m. W. Eichmond. It con tains a court-house and several stores. LOGAN MILLS, p. o., Clinton co., Penn. : 59 m. N. N". W. Harrisburg. A charcoal furnace of 800 tons annual capa city is located here. LOGAN S CREEK, p. o., Eeynolds co., Mo. : 127 m. S. S. E. Jefferson City. LOGAN S FEEEY, p. o., Alleghany co., Penn. : 12S m. W. Harrisburg. LOGANSPORT, p. v.,De Soto par., La. : on the left bank of Sabine r., 191 m. N. W. by W. Baton Eouge. LOGANSPORT, p. v., and cap. Cass co., Lid. : at the junc tion of Eel r. with the Wabash, 68 m. N. by W. Indian apolis. It is at the head of steamboat navigation, and just below the falls, which furnish immense water-power, and has a large trade, by river, canal, and plank-roads, with the fer tile region on every side ; the products of which are ship ped here for the E. and S. markets. It contains a court house and jail, 2 banks, an academy, several large mills, and 2,251 inhabitants. The " L. Journal" (whig), and the " Dem ocratic Pharos," are published weekly. "LOGAN S STORE, p. o., Eutherford co., If. Car.: 211 m. "W. by S. Ealeigh. "LoGANviLLE, p. r., Logan co., Ohio: on Miami r., 54 m. W. N. W. Columbus. LOC&.NYILLE, p. v., York co, Penn. : 26 m. S. Harrisburg. LOG <CABIN, p. o. Morgan co., Ohio: 64 m. E. S. E. Columbus. Loc X.ICK, p. o. Switzerland county, Ind. : 87 m. S. E. Indianapolis. -LOGTOWN, p. o., Wachita par., La. : 151 m. N. N. W. Eaton Eouge. 392 LON LOMBARDY, p. o., Columbia co., Oa. : 69 m. E. N. E. Milledgeville. LOMBARDY GROVE, p. o., Mecklenburg co., Virg. : 68 m, S. S. W. Eichmond. LOMIRA, t. and p. o., Dodge co., Wise. : 62 m. 1ST. E. Madison. Drained by heads of Eock r., furnishing good mill-seats. Surface varied, and soil excellent Pop. 653. LONACONING, p. v., Alleghany co., Md. : on W. side of George s cr., about 6 m. from the Potomac, 141 m. W. N. W Annapolis. It is in the mining region, and connected by a private railway with the Baltimore and Ohio E. E. A furnace here producing 3,000 tons of iron per annum. LONDON, p. v., and cap. Laurel co., Ky. : 83 m. S. S. E. Frankfort It consists of a court-house and a few dwellings. The Knoxville and Lexington E. E. will pass through it. LONDON, t and p. o., Monroe co., Mich. : 67 m. S. E. Lansing. Drained by Stony cr. and a branch of Eiver Eaisin. Surface level, and well-timbered ; soil very pro ductive of wheat Pop. 626. LONDON, p. v., Mercer co., Penn.: 133 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. LONDON, p. v., and cap. Madison co., Ohio : 25 m. W. by S. Columbus. It contains a court-house, jail, and an academy, and has a large trade in domestic products. The Columbus and Xenia E. E. passes through it, 35 m. from Xenia. The " L. Sentinel" is published weekly. Pop. 513. LONDON BRIDGE, p. o., Princess Anne co., Virg. : 86 m. E. S. E. Eichmond. LONDON CITY, p. v., Fayette co., Hi. : 64 m. S. E. by S. Springfield. LONDONDERRY, t and p. v., Eockingham co., N. ffamp. : 29 m. S. by W. Concord. Drained by Beaver r., a branch of the Merrimac, which touches the N. W. corner. Surface uneven ; soil fertile, making it a very superior farming and dairy district The Manchester and Lawrence E. E. crosses the N. part, and the sta. is 6 m. S. of its connection with the Concord E. E. at Manchester. The v. is in the S., and con tains an excellent and well-endowed academy. Population of 1 1,731. LONDONDERRY, t. and p. o., Guernsey co., Ohio: 88 m. E. by N. Columbus. Drained by a branch of Tuscarawas r. Surface rolling, and soil excellent for grass and grain. Pop. 1,551. LONDONDERRY, t and p. o., Windham co., Verm. : 74 m* W. by S. Montpelier. Drained by branches of West r., M hich furnish good water-power. Surface uneven ; soil on the streams very fertile in the higher parts fit only for graz ing. Wool is a large export It has several manufactories of woolens and farming implements. Pop. 1,274. LONDONDERRY, t. and p. o., Chester co., Penn.: 62 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Doe Eun, a branch of the Brandywine. Surface even, and soil sandy and well culti vated. Farming is the chief business. LONDON GROVE, t. and p. o., Chester co., Penn. : 59 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. Drained by White Clay cr. and its branches, which furnish valuable mill privileges. Surface somewhat uneven, and soil a rich loam. It has extensive manufactories of cotton and woolen goods, flour, leather, etc. LONE JACK, p. o., Jackson co., Mo. : 106 m. W. by N. Jefferson City. LONE STAR, p. o., Titus co., Tex. : 271 m. N. E. Austin ity. LONE TREE, p. o., Bureau co., III. : 99 m. N. Springfield. LONG-A-COMING, p. v., Camden co., N. Jer. : 30 m. S. by W. Trenton. LONG BOTTOM, p. o., Meigs co., Ohio : 83 m. S. E. by E. Columbus. LONG BOTTOM, p. o., Marshall co., Virg. : 234 m. N. W. rSichmond. LONG BRANCH, p. o., Monroe co., Mo. : on a branch of Salt r., 52 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. LONG BRANCH, p. o., Franklin co., Virg. : 145 m.W. S. W. Richmond. LON LON LONG BRANCH, p. v., Monmouth county, N. Jet; : 38 m. E. by N. Trenton. The beach known by that name is a long sandy peninsula, having the Atlantic on the E. and Shrewsbury r. on the TV., and is much resorted to in sum mer for its fine bathing, fishing, and gunning. Ample accommodations are afforded for visitors, and many cottages are occupied by permanent residents. In the vicinity there are many pleasant and romantic villages, and much fine natural scenery. Steamboats ply regularly in the summer season from New York City. LONG CANE, p. o., Troup county, Ga. : about 2 m. E. Chattahoochee r., 117 m. W. Milledgeville. LONG CANE, p. o., Abbeville district, & Car. : 73 m. W. Columbia. LONG CREEK, p. o., New Hanover county, N. Car. : 97 m. 8. S. E. Kaleigh. LONG CREEK, p. o., Louisa county, Virg. : 34 m. N. W. Richmond. LONG CREEK, p. o., Panola co., Miss. : 146 m. N. Jackson. LONG FALLS CKEEK, p. o., Daviess co., Ky. : on a branch of Green r. of that name, 136 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. LONG GLADE, p. o., Augusta co., Virg. : 102 m. W. N. "W. Richmond. LONG GREEN ACADEMY, p. o., Baltimore co., Mil. : 34 m. N. Annapolis. LONG GROVE, p. v., Lake co., Jtt. : on Buffalo cr. of the Des Plaines, 189 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. LONG HALL, p. o., Caldwell co., Ky.: 191 m. W. S. TV. Frankfort. LONG HILL, p. o., Morris county, N. Jer. : 44 m. N. N. E. Trenton. LONG ISLAND, 2f. Y. : a long narrow island, forming the S. E. portion of the State of New York, and lying between the Atlantic on the South and Long Island Sound on the North. Its length from the "Narrows 5 to Montauk Point is 113 m., and its general width varies from 12 to 20 miles. It is divided into the counties of Kings, Queens, and Suffolk, and contains about 1,448 sq. m. Its coasts are much broken by indentations, forming innumerable small bays and har bors, many of which embosom marshy islands, and almost the whole south coast is lined with a long sandy beach, between which and the main island is a fine inland naviga tion for small craft. A ridge or chain of hills, more or less elevated, but not exceeding 300 feet in height, extends east and west; the surface N. of the ridge is in general rough and broken, while on its S. side the surface is a plain, gently falling toward the Atlantic. On both sides of the island are numerous streams emptying into bays and inlets, affording, however, but small hydraulic power the bays abounding in fine fish, oysters, etc. The streams at the W. end of the island are destined to furnish water for the cities of Brooklyn, Williamsburg, etc., by means of dams and culverts. Light houses hare been erected at several points on both sides of the island and on Montauk Point, its E. extremity. The Long Island E. E. traverses the island almost through its middle from Brooklyn to Greenport. LONG ISLAND sound, If. Y. : a large and important body of water, between the State of Connecticut and Long Island. It is about 100 m. long, and from 10 to 20 m. wide, and receives from Connecticut all its great rivers. The sound connects with the ocean on the E., and on the TV. with New York Bay, through Hell Gate and the East river. The coasting vessels and the steamers plying between New York and the New England States almost invariably take the sound or inside route. LONG JOHN, p. o., Will county, III. : 157 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. LONG LAKE, p. o., Genesee co., MicJi. : near a pond so called, tributary to Shiawassee r., 43 m. E. Lansing. LONG LANE, p. o., Dallas county, Mo. : 68 miles S. S. TV. Jefferson City. LONG MARSU, p. o., Queon Anne co., Md. . 87 m. E. N. E. Annapolis. LONG MEADOW, t. and p. v., Hampden co., Mass. : on the E. side of Connecticut river, and S. line of the State, 81 m. TV. S. TV. Boston. Drained by small affluents of the Connecticut Surface mostly level, a large part of the town being alluvial meadows. Soil very fertile and highly culti vated. It has several tanneries, and makes excellent bricks, but is eminently a farming t., with markets for its produce at its doors. A superior kind of red building stone is abundant, and extensively quarried. The New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield E. E. passes through it, and has a sta. 4 m. S. of Springfield. The v., a long broad street, about 1 m. from and parallel with the river, is beautifully shaded by rows of tall elms, and contains many elegant farm houses and country residences. Population of town 1,252. LONG MEADOW, p. o., Page county, Virg. : on E. side of Shenandoah r., 91 m. N. TV. Eichmond. LONGMIRE, p. o., Washington county, Tenn. : near the Nolichucky r., 245 m. E. Nashville. LONGMIKE S STOKE, p. o., Edgefield disk, S. Car. : C3 m. W. Columbia. LONG OLD FIELDS, p. o., Prince George s co., Md. : 26 m. W. S. W. Annapolis. LONG PERCIMMON, p. o., Yallabusha co., Miss. : 119 m. N. by E. Jackson. LONG PLAIN, p. o., Bristol county, Mass. : 46 m. S. by E. Boston. LONG POINT, p. v., Livingston co., III. : on a TV. branch of Yermillion r., 95 m. N. N. E. Springfield. LONG POINT, p. o., Washington county, Tex. : 92 m. E. Austin City LONG POND, p. o., Caldwell co., Ky. : 1S6 m. W. S. TV. Frankfort. LONG PRAIKIE, p. o., Walmahta co., Minn. Ter. : near the river of that name, a branch of Crow W T ing r., 103 m. N. W. St. Paul. LONG EIDGE, p. o., Fairfield co., Conn.: 55 m. S. W. Hartford. LONG EITN, p. o., Jefferson co., Ky. : 26 m. W. by N. Frankfort. LONG SAVANNAH, p. o., Hamilton county, Tenn. : 140 m. S. E. by E. Nashville. LONG S BRIDGE, p. o., Hancock co., Ga. : near Buffalo cr, of the Oconee, 17 m. E. by N. Milledgeville. LONG S MILLS, p. o., Randolph county, N. Car. : 61 m. W. by N. Ealeigh. LONG STREET, p. o., Moore co., JV. Car. : 35 m. S. W. Ealeigh. LONG STREET, p. o., Pulaski co., Ga. : 42 m. S. by W. Milledgeville. LONG STREET, p. o., Lancaster dist., S. Car. : about 3 m. E. of Catawba r., 42 m. N. by E. Columbia. LONG SWAMP, p. o., Marion co., Flor.: 169 m. S. E. Tallahassee. LONG SWAMP, t. and p. o., Berks county, Penn. : 66 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. Drained by Little Leliigh r., on which are several mills and small factories. Surface hilly, and soil gravelly loam. Leather, powder, and iron are made. At the v. is a furnace of 1,000 tons capacity. LONGTOWN, p. o., Fairfield dist., S.Car. : 23 m. N. N. E. Columbia. LONGTOWN, p. o., Panola co., Miss. : 133 m. N. by E. Jackson. LONG VALLEY, p. o., Monroe co., Penn. : 93 m. N. E. by E. Harrisburg. LONG VIEW, p. o., Bradley co., Ark. : on the W. bank of Sabine r. of the Washita, 94 m. S. by E. Little Eock. LONG VIEW, p. o., Morgan county, Tenn. : 127 m. E. Nashville. LONG VIEW, p. o., Christian co., Ky. : 176 m. TV. S. TV. Frankfort. LONGWOOD, p. o., Fayette county, Ind. : 49 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. LON LOU LONGWOOU, p. o., Sabine co., Tex. : near Patroon bayou, 249 m. E. N. E. Austin City. LONGWOOD, p. o., Union county, Ky. : 171 m. "W. by S. Frankfort. LONSDALE, p. v. and sta., Providence co., JR. I. : on Black- Btone r., 7 m. N. Providence. It has a good share of trade, and is largely interested in manufactures of various kinds, for which its situation is well fitted. The sta. is 7 m. from Providence on the Providence and Worcester E. E. LONSVILLE, p. o., Pike county, Ky. : 143 m. E. S. E. Frankfort. LOOKING GLASS, p. r., Clinton co., III. : on the "W. side of Sugar cr. of Kaskaskia r., 89 m. S. Springfield. LOOKING GLASS (or Wabenassebee) river, Mich. : a beau tiful clear stream rising in a small lake on the S. border of Shiawassee co., flowing first N. and then "W. through Shia- wassee, Clinton, etc., into Grand r. It is 70 m. long and about 40 yards wide, and navigable for canoes to near its sources. The country near its sources is somewhat swampy, but in its lower course is well timbered and fine lands. LOOK OUT, p. o., Cole co., Mo. : N. side of N. Moreau cr., 15 m. W. Jefferson City. LOOKOUT mountain, Ga. : a remarkable elevation in the N. W. part of the State. At its highest culmination it is crowned with a watch-tower of rock palisades, from which the eye obtains a most extensive and beautiful prospect of the wild scenery of the country. LOOMISVILLE, p. v., Kent co., Mich. : 52 m. W. N. TV. Lansing. LOONEY S CREEK, p. o., Marion co., Term. : on an affluent of the Tennessee so called, 97 m. S. E. Nashville. LOONIESVILLE, p. v., M Donald co., Mo. : on Elk r., an E. branch of the Neosho, 172 m. S. TV. by S. Jefferson City. LOOSAHATCIIEE, p. o., Shelby co., Tenn. : near an affluent of Mississippi r. so called, 174 m. TV. S. W. Nashville. LOOSE CIIEEK, p. o., Osage county, Mo. : 14 m. E. S. E. Jefferson City. LOOXAIIOMA, p. o., De Soto co., Miss. : 156 m. N. Jackson. LOEADO, p. o., Greene co., Ark. : 147 m. N. E. by N. Little Eock. LORAIN county, Ohio. Situate N. on Lake Eric-, and con tains 727 sq. m. Drained by Black r. and its branches, and TV. by T T ermillion r. Surface undulating and sloping to the N. ; soil fertile, adapted equally to grass and grain. "Wheat and corn are the cereal staples, and they yield luxuriantly. It has large dairies, and many sheep are reared. Live stock, beef, wool, and pork are important exports. The streams afford excellent water-power, and manufactures are extensively prosecuted. It also has a large trade on the lake. Farms 2,430; manuf. 64; dwell. 4,674, and pop. wh. 25,824, fr. col. 262 total 26,086. Capital: Elyria. Public Works : Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Columbus E. E. ; Toledo, Norwalk, and Cleveland E. E. ; Junction E. E., etc. LORAMIE, t. and p. o., Shelby co., Ohio : 74 m. TV. by N. Columbus. Drained by branches of Miami r. ; soil mostly fertile. Miami Canal passes the N. E. corner, and the Belle- fontaine and Indiana E. E. crosses it. Pop. 1,049. LOREXTZ S STORE, p. o., Lewis co., Virg. : 1S2 m. TV. N.TV. Eichmond. LORENTZOVILLE FOUNDRY, p. o., Shenandoah co., Virg. : 107 m. N. TV. Eichmond. LORBTTO, p. o., Essex county, Virg. : 41 m. N. E. by N. Eichmond. LORETTO, p. o., Marion co., Ky. : 49 m. S. S.TV. Frankfort LORETTO, p. o., Cambria co., Penn. : 94 m. TV. by N. Harrisburg. LORRAINE, t. and p. o., Jefferson county, JV. T. : 138 m. N. TV. by TV. Albany. Drained by branches of Sandy cr., which move several flour and numerous saw mills. Surface broken, and soil clay and sandy loam, well fitted for graz ing. A fine farming t. and heavily timbered. Pop. 1,511. Los ANGELOS county, Calif. Situate S., and comprises about 13,000 sq. m. The streams emptving into the Pacific, 304 along the coast of which the county extends about 150 m., are Santa Clara, the N., and Santa Anna, the S. boundary, San Pedro, San Gabriel, and Los Augelos; the principal stream E. is Mohave r., a branch of the Colorado. San Pedro Bay, on the S., is a good harbor, and opposite it is Santa Catalina, and separated from the N. by the channel of Santa Barbara, is Santa Cruz, two large and beautiful islands. Surface broken in the W. by the Sierra Nevada Mountains and their spurs, extending to the coast ; in the E. are many high hills, with extensive sandy pluins. The soil has been suffered to lie waste a long time, but is capa ble of producing in abundance all the grains and fruita of the Atlantic coast, with bananas, plantains, pomegran ates, indigo, and olives. Grapes and olives are abundant of the best quality. Corn is the staple. The climate ia equable, mild, and very healthy. The white population is about 10,000. Capital : Los Angelos. Los ANGELOS, p. v., and cap. Los Angelos co., Calif. : on the TV. side of the Eio de los Angelos, which falls into San Pedro Bay, and 300 m. S. S. E. Vallejo. It is the seat of an ancient mission, and was capital of California Alta previous to the Mexican TVar. The v. has several substantial military and ecclesiastical buildings, and in many respects is now a flourishing inland place. It was here that General Kearney and Colonel Fremont had their famous dispute for command, which led ultimately to court-marshalling of the latter. Lat. 190 00 15" N., and long. 100 22 45" TV. Loss CREEK, p. o., Crawford county, Ohio: 55 m. N. Columbus. LOST CREEK, p. o., Saline co., Ark. : 36 m. TV. Little Eock. LOST CREEK, p. o., Lincoln co., Mo. : about 3 in. TV. of the Mississippi, 79 m. E. N. E. Jefferson City. LOST CREEK, p. o., Campbell co., Tenn. : between Pow ell s and Clinch rivers, 163 m. E. by N. Nashville. LOST CREEK, p. o., Harrison co., Virg. : on a branch of Monongahela r. so called, 189 m. N. TV. by TV. Eichmond. LOST CREEK, p. o., Breathitt co., Ky. : on a branch of Kentucky r., 102 m. E. S. E. Frankfort. LOST GROVE, p. o., De Kalb co., HI. : 157 m. N. by E. Springfield. LOST MOUNTAIN, p. o., Cobb co., Ga. : 109 m. N. W. Milledgeville. LOST EIVER, p. o., Orange co., Ind. : near the branch of "White r. so called, 78 m. S. by TV. Indianapolis. Lost r. rises in Washington co., and takes a W. course through the N. part of Orange, and forms a junction with Lick cr., and falls into the E. fork of White r. near the S. line of Martiu county. This stream, as well as many of its tributaries, sinks and runs underground for considerable distances, and then rises again. LOST EIVER, p. o., Hardy co., Virg. : on a branch of Great Cacapon r., 118 m. N. W. Eichmond. LOST VILLAGE, p. o., New Madrid co., Mo. : 94 m. S. E. Jefferson City. LOTTRIDGE, p. o., Athens co., Ohio : 69 m. S. E. Columbus. LOTTS, p. o., Edgefield dist., S. Car. : 35 m. W. Columbia. LOTTSBURG, p. o., Northumberland co., Virg. : 55 m. E. N. E. Eichmond. LOTTSVILLE, p. v., Warren co., Penn. : on Little Broken Straw cr., which affords power for several mills here, 177 m. N. W. Harrisburg. LOUDON county, Virg. Situate N. E., and contains 473 sq. m. Bounded N. E. by the Potomac, and drained by its affluents, Goose, Kittoctan, and other small creeks. Surface broken by several ridges of mountains, and very uneven, with beautiful and fertile valleys; soil various, but mostly very productive. Wheat, corn, oats, and rye bring large crops, and are the staples. Great numbers of cattle and sheep are raised ; beef and wool are exported, and pork largely. It has good water-power, and numerous flourish ing manufactories, especially of flour and lumber. Farms 1,256; manuf. 189; dwell. 2,834, and pop. wh. 14,031, fr. col. 1,357, si. 5,641 total 21,079. Capital : Leesburg. LOU LOU LOUDON, t. and p. v., Merrimac co., JV. Ifamp. : 6 m. N. E. Concord. Drained by Suncook r., which supplies it with fine water-power. Suncook r. rises from a pond in the E. Surface Lilly ; soil on the Suncook fertile, and gen erally adapted to grass. The v. is in the S., and contains several m.lls. Pop. of t. 1,553. LOUDON, p. b., Franklin co., Penn. : 57 m. "W. S. W. Harrisburg. Here are 2 charcoal forges, making 90 tons of bars per annum, and 2 m. distant is a charcoal furnace of 600 tons annual capacity LOUDON CENTRE, p. o., Merrimac co., N. Ilamp. : 10 m. N. E. Concord. LOUDON EIDGE, p. o., Merrimac co., N. Hamp. : 11 m. N. N. E. Concord. LOUDONVILLE, p. v., Ashland co., Ohio : on Black fork of Walhonding r., 58 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. LOUDSVILLE, p. v., Habersham co., Ga. : 126 m. N. by "W. Milledgeville. It lies in the heart of the gold region, and near the head of Chestatee river. LOUISA county, la. Situate S. E., and contains 413 sq. m. Drained by Iowa r., its branches, Cedar r., and Long cr., find Muscatine Slough. Surface moderately uneven; soil very fertile, equally adapted to grass and grain. Corn, wheat, beef, and pork, are leading products. It has large streams, which afford abundance of water-power. The Iowa crosses the co. from N. W. to S. E., diagonally, and is navigable the whole length, and the E. line is formed by the Mississippi. Limestone, copper, and lead are found. Farms 388 ; manuf. 18 ; dwell. 842, and pop. wh. 4,913, fr. col. 26 total 4,939. Capital : Wapello. LOUISA county, Virg. Situate E. centrally, and contains 427 sq. m. Drained by N. and S. Anna rivers, which form the Pamunky, and flow into York r. Surface diversified, with pleasant river valleys; soil of great productiveness. Tobacco is a very large crop, and the staple. Corn and wheat yield finely, and there is much good pasture. Water- power is plentiful for working up all the products, and gold in small quantities has been found. Farms 838; manuf- 22 ; dwell. 1,254, and pop. wh. 6,423, fr. col. 404, si. 9,864 total 16,691. Capital: Louisa C. II. Public Works: Vir ginia Central E. E. LOUISA, p. o., Eandolph county, Ala. : 79 miles N. N. E. Montgomery. LOUISA, p. v., Stephenson co., III. : 185 m. N. Springfield. LOUISA, p. v., and cap. Lawrence co., Ky.: near the junction of Big Sandy r. and its W. fork, 129 m. E. Frankfort LOUISA C. II., p. v., and cap. Louisa co., Virg. : 42 m. N. W. Eichmond. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, and several stores and dwellings. The Virginia Central E. E. passes the v. 62 m. from Eichmoud. LOUISBTTKG, p. v., and cap. Franklin co., N Car. : on the left bank of Tar r., 31 m. N. N. E. Ealeigh. It has an ex tensive trade, and contains a court-house, jail, an academy, a dozen stores, and 500 inhabitants. THE STATE OF LOUISIANA. LOUISIANA occupies all the territory of the purchase of 1803 below the 33d paraUel, and that portion of Spanish Florida west of Pearl Eiver, and below the 31st parallel, its front stretching along the Gulf of Mexico for nearly 300 miles. It lies generally between the latitudes 29 and 33 N., and between longitudes 8S 40 and 94 23 W. ; and is bounded north by Arkansas and Mississippi ; east by Mississippi, from which it is divided by the river of the same name, and Pearl Eiver; south by the Gulf of Mexico ; and west by Texas, the Sabine Eiver being its boundary in this direction more than two- thirds the distance. The area of the land surface of the State is computed at 46,431 square miles. The surface of Louisiana is low and generally level, with some hilly ranges of little elevation in the western part, and numerous basins or depressions of the soil. The great delta of the Mississippi, included within the Atchafalaya and the Iberville, and amounting to one-fourth part the area of the State, is seldom elevated more than ten feet above the sea, and is annually inundated by the spring floods. A great part of the delta is composed of sea marsh, which also forms the whole southern coast to the Sabine, and which, through its whole extent, is subject to inundations by the high tides. To the north of this marsh, spreads out the vast level of the prairies, which is but slightly elevated above the former district. The western margin of the Mississippi is also a low country, intersected by numerous small rivers, and liable to inunda tion. To the west and north of these is an extensive region comprising one-half of the State, considerably broken, but no where exceeding 200 feet in elevation. The section north of the Iberville and Lake Pontchartrain and cast of the Missis sippi is of a similar description with the north-western region, and, like that, is principally covered with pine. The State presents but a limited geological field. It is divided into the leading grades or divisions of tertiary, diluvial, and alluvial. The tertiary, occupying about two-fifths of the State, lies north of a w r aving line, commencing on the Sabine near the mouth of the Neches, crossing Eed Eiver 20 miles north of Alexandria, and the Washita 10 miles north of Ilarris- burg. Its beds contain coal (aluminous brown coal), salt, iron, ochre, gypsum, and marls. The coal is inferior to that of Pittsburg, and could not compete with it in the market, but is worth developing for use in those portions of the State where the better coal would not bear the expense of transportation. It abounds in Sabine, Natchitoches, Caddo, and De Soto, and all the parishes thence east to the "Washita. Salt springs are common in Natchitoches and Eapides, and have been wrought in earlier times. A saline bed, it is thought, underlies the tertiary series generally. Iron is found in great quantities in all the tertiary parishes, and is well worth the attention of those who would develop the State s resources. Ochre, gypsum, and marls, too, are found the first in the native form, and the others co-extensive with the tertiary beds. The gypsum is very fine, equal to any known to commerce, and the marls very rich in the regions where they will be most Meded. About one-fifth of the whole surface is periodically overflowed by the waters of the Mississippi, and a great portion of these inundated lands is rendered unfit for cultivation in its present state. This immense alluvial tract embraces soil of various descriptions, which may be arranged into four classes the first, which is thought to be equal to two-thirds of the whoK is covered with heavy timber, and an almost impenetrable undergrowth of cane and other shrubbery. This portion is quickly drained as the river retires into its natural channels, and has a soil of the greatest fertility. The second class e<>;i^~ts of cypress swamps: these are basins or depressions of the surface, from "which there is no natural outlet, and which, being filled with water by the floods, remain covered with it until carried off by evaporation or absorption; these, ? v .lr;ii;i] (;_ . might become excellent rice lands. The third class embraces the sea marsh, a belt of land partially covered by common tides, and subject to inundation from the high waters of the Gulf during the equinoctial gales ; it is generally without timber, and its soil is partially clayey, and, in part, as black as ink, cracking by the heat of the sun into fissures wide enough to admit a man s arm. And the fourth class consists of small bodies of prairie land dispersed in different parts of the alluvial territory. These spots are elevated and without timber, but of great fertility. The pine lands have usually a poor soil, but the interval lands on the rivers, or bottoms, as they are universally called in the West, are always rich. On the Eed Eiver the soil contains a portion of salt, and is of a dark-red color, from its containing the oxide of iron. A great portion of the prairies is second-rate land, and some of them are sterile. The richest tract in the State is a nar- 395 LOUISIANA. row belt, called the coast, lying along the Mississippi on both sides, and extending from 150 miles above to 140 miles below New Orleans ; it is from 1 to 2 miles wide, and lies below the level of the water in the river in ordinary times of flood, and is only defended from drowning by a dyke or Iev6e 6 or 8 feet in height, and sufficiently broad for a highway. The whole of this tract is under cultivation, and produces valuable crops of sugar. The prairies, or unwooded plains, occupy the interior section between the Teche and Sabine ; the water-courses are here lined with trees, and occasionally little groves or clumps, called, from their isolated appearance in these grassy expanses, " islands," are met with. Northward of the prairies is an extensive tract, before alluded to as the tertiary region, reaching to the northern boundary, and approaching the Washita on the east, the surface of which is much broken into hills, though of moderate height. It consists mostly of pine barrens covered with a vast forest of pitch pine, interspersed with oaks, elms, cypress, honey-locust, etc., in low spots and on the margins of the streams. The tract east of the Mississippi and north of the Iberville and the connected lakes, closely resembles that last described in its surface and finest growths. It is, in fact, a part of the same upland plain whose margin on the western side is separated from the river-bed by the low. inun dated lands, but on the east comes up to the channel of the river, in many places forming those prominent bluffs on which stand Baton Rouge, St. Francisville, Fort Adams, Natchez, and Vicksburg. The Mississippi, after having formed the boundary of the State for about 450 miles, enters its limits 350 miles from the sea, by the course of the river channel. Throughout this distance of 800 miles, its western bank is low, and flooded in high stages of the water. At the point where it enters the State, it throws off its first outlet, the Atchafalaya, and here may be said to commence the delta, of the river. The Atchafalaya, here called the Chafalio, receives the waters of the Mississippi only in flood, and the navigation is obstructed by collections of timber, often covered with mud and weeds, which choke up its channel. The Teche and Courtableau are its principal tributaries. The Bayou Plaquemine, the next considerable outlet of the Mississippi, discharges the waters of that river into the Atchafalaya during the floods, and is the channel of trade between the country on the Atchafalaya and New Orleans. Lower down is the La Fourche outlet, which has high banks along its upper course, and admits vessels of 4 or 5 feet draft nearly to its head. On the left bank the Bayou Manehac, a little below Baton Eouge. or the last highland passed in descending the Mississippi, is the first arid prin cipal outlet ; after receiving the Kiver Amite from Mississippi, it takes the name of Iberville Eiver. It may here be re marked that the term bayou," applied to arms of rivers in Louisiana, is generally confined to those that have no proper current, but are sometimes stagnant, and flow sometimes in one direction, and sometimes in another, according to the high or low stage of the waters it appears to be a corruption of boyau, used in the sense of the corresponding English sen-term " gut." The Eed Eiver is the most important and, indeed, with the exception of two or three magnificent streams on the eastern side above Baton Eouge, the only tributary of the Mississippi within this State ; for the surrounding country being lower than the river banks, its waters can not gain access to the bed. The Eed Eiver rises in the Eocky Mountains, and flowing eastwardly along the north border of Texas, and into Arkansas, turns to the south, and passes into Louisiana. Soon after entering this State, its bed is choked up by an immense accumulation of fallen timber, called the " Eaft," and the water is dispersed into numerous channels, and spread over wide expanses. The Eaft extended formerly over a distance of 160 miles, but its length has been materially diminished, and, in fact, its complete removal is considered certain. Below Nachitoches the river divides into several arms, which again unite above Alexandria, and its waters reach the Mississippi just above the first outlet, after a course of 2,000 miles, of which 1,500 miles is open to steam navigation. The Black Kiver, its principal tributary, is formed by the junction of the Tensas, Washita, Catahoula or Little Eiver, all considerable streams, and navigable by steamboats ; but most of the country along their courses is overflowed. The Bayou du Bon Dieu is also a large ana navigable river, which enters it above the Black. There are numerous lakes in this section of the State, formed chiefly by the overflowings of the rivers, M r hich fill the low basins back of their banks. lu the south are the Vermillion, Mermenteau, and Caleasieu, which, rising in a tract of pine hills to the south of the Eed Eiver, and flowing through the great pastoral plains of the west, reach the low marshy strip to the Mexican Gulf, and spread into shallow lagoons. The Sabine, which partakes of the character of the last described rivers, is, however, a considerable stream, rising farther to the north in Texas, and is a navigable river beyond the Louisiana boundary, but its mouth is obstructed by a bar. From the north-eastern pine region, the Pearl, Tangipaod, Chefuncta, and Iberville, large navigable rivers, flow into the lakes and passes which separate that region from the fluviatile district. The Iberville, formed by the junction of the Amite from the north, and the Manehac from the west, enters the head of Lake Maurepas, which is from 10 to 12 feet deep, and connected with Lake Pontchartrain by the Pass Manehac. Lake Pontchartrain is about 40 miles long, an ! 24 miles wide, with an average depth of 10 fathoms, but is shallow near the shores. Vessels drawing 8 feet of water can, however, go up to Madisonville and to the mouth of Bayou St. John, in the rear of New Orleans; and not more than that draft can be carried through the passes or channels called the Eigolets and Chef Menteur, through which i.t communi cates with Lake Borgne. This last is, properly speaking, no lake, but the termination of Pascagoula Sound ; it approaches to within 15 miles of New Orleans, and boats can go up the bayoux that empty into it to within a short distance of the city. It is of about the same average depth with Lake Pontchartrain, but somewhat deeper along the shores. Louisiana is remarkably destitute of good harbors. Vessels drawing 8 feet of water can go up to Madisonville on Lake Pontchartrain, but the other inlets on the coast are shallow. There is, however, a good roadstead on the west side of Chandeleur Islands, called the Eoad of Naso, in which the heavy 7 vessels of the English fleet lay during the expedition against New Orleans. Numerous sheets of water, improperly called lakes, lie along the coast. Of Lake Borgne mention has already been made. Barataria, Vermillion, Cote Blanche, Atchafalaya, and Simballier Bays, are shallow tide basins. In the interior, lakes L Allemands and Chetimaches are large bodies of waters. Although Louisiana extends more than a degree farther south than any other portion of the Union, except the Penin sula of Florida, its winters are longer and more severe there than in the corresponding latitudes on the Atlantic borders. Thus, according to Darby, New Orleans has the winters of Charleston, which is nearly two degrees farther north, and the live oak, which on the Atlantic is found as far north as 34, does not in Louisiana occur above 30 30 ; but that writer has overlooked the fact that the live oak is a maritime tree, and does not grow more than 20 or 25 miles from the sea. The tall palmetto, or cabbage palm, and the long leafed pine, so characteristic of the southern Atlantic States, do not appear here ; nor does the China orange thrive higher than 30 30 . The climate is favorable to the peach and fig tree ; but the apple can not be cultivated to advantage, and the cherry is wholly unproductive. The agricultural staples are cotton and sugar ; rice, maize, or Indian com, and tobacco, are also cultivated, but have been neglected for the first named articles; and indigo, which was formerly a staple, has been abandoned. The prairie lands of the west afford valuable pastures ; and here are found large herds of cattle and horses. In the north-western part of the State, between the Mississippi and LOUISIANA. Pearl Rivers, much lumber is cut for exportation, and much tar, pitch, and turpentine is prepared. The cotton plant is cultivated chiefly on the Eed Eiver and in the north-eastern parts of the State ; but there is no parish in which it is not produced in a greater or less quantity. Sugar is planted as far north as the head of the delta, and it has been raised with success in the parish of Eapides. It was formerly asserted that it would not thrive farther north than the 30th parallel. Those interested in the productions of the south and south-west will find elaborate essays on each staple cultivated in those regions in De Bow s work, " The Industrial Resources, etc., of the Southern and. Western States? published in 1S52, in 3 volumes, a work which every statesman and commercial man ought to place within his immediate reach, and frequently consult. It is a perfect encyclopedia of national economics. Louisiana is divided into two Districts ; the Eastern District has 21 parishes, and the "Western District 26 parishes, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each in 1850, were as follows : EASTERN LOUISIANA. Parishes. Ascension Assumption E. Baton Eouge. EastFeliciana.. JberviUe Dwell. 755. 926. 1,044. 712. 633. n Farms P P in cult. 10,752.. 157. . 10,538.. 520. . 11,977.. 237. . 13,598.. 361. . 12,214.. 219. JSlf <"*"- O..Donaldsonville . 0.. Assumption 0.. BATON ROUGE 49.. Jackson 10..Iberville . 54..LaFayette . 4..Thibodeauville . 36.. Springfield .521.. New Orleans . 0.. Fort Jackson . 0.. Point Coupee Parishes. Dwell. St Bernard .. sss p Farms P P- in cult 3802 - 34- Estab . 0. f - Capitals. Terre Aux Boeufs .St. Charles C. H. .Greensburg . Bringiers .Bonnet Carre . Covington Houma .Franklinton .Baton Eouge C.H. .StFrancisville. St. Charles St. Helena St James St. John Baptist. St Tammany... Terre Bonne "Washington "W. Baton Eouge W. Feliciana. . . . .191. .390. .591. .530. .786 .550. .406. .392. .599. . 5,120. . 4,561. .11,098. . 7,317. . 6,364. . 7,724. . 3,408. . 6,270. .13,245. . 70. .273. .145. .162. . 90. .224. .260. .138. .234. . 3. . 9. . 6. . 14. . 33. . 4. . 0. . 10. .147. Jetferson La Fourche Livingston Orleans Plaquemines Point Coupee... 3,825. 938. 480. 15,621. 615. 760. . 25,091. . 9,533. . 3,335. .119,461. . 7,390. . 11,339. . 81. 235. .219. . 51. .205. .248. Parishes Avoyelles. Bienville . Bossier . . . Caddo . . . Calcasieu Caldwell. Carroll . . . Catahoula Claiborne Concordia DeSoto.. Franklin . Dwell. ...792.. Pop. ..9,326. Farms, in cult. ...393.. Manuf. Estab. . 5... WESTEEN Capitals. .Marksville LOUISIANA. Parishes. LaFayette.. Madison . . . Morehause. . Nachitoches Eapides Sabine StLandry.. St Martin s. St Mary s. . . Tensas Union Yermillion. . Wachita . . . Dwells. .. 630.. .. 448.. .. 372.. ..1,432.. ..1,032.. .. 632.. ..2,421.. .. 940.. .. 746.. .. 244.. .. 942.. .. 406.. .. 442.. Pop. . 6,720.. . 8,773.. . 3,913.. .14,201.. .16,561.. . 4,515.. .22,253.. .11,107.. . 8,803.. . 9,040.. . 8,203.. . 3,409.. . 5,008.. Farms, in cult. ..441. ..218. ..260. ..842. ..187. ..522. ..775. ..420. ..198. ..165. ..717. ..193. ..242. .. 0. ..24. .. 4. .. 9. ..11. .. 5. ..18. .. 0. .. 0. .. 6. .. 1. .. 0. .. 4 . . Yermillionville . . Eichmond . .Bastrop . . Nachitoches . .Alexandria . . Manny . . Opelousas ..St. Martinsville . .Franklin ..St. Joseph s . .Farmersville . .La Fayette . .Monroe ...571.. ...478.. ...742.. ...548.. ...300.. ..5,539. ..6.962. ..8,884 ..3,914. ..2,815. ...271.. ...333.. ...305.. ...239.. ...185.. . 2... . 0... . 0... . 0... . 1... .Mount Lebanon .Belleview . Shreveporjt .Marion . Columbia ...582.. ...655.. ..8,789. ..6,982 ...233.. ...358 . .10... . 3 .L. Providence . Harrisonburg ...842.. ..7,471 ...554 . 3 . . Homer ...219.. ..7,758. ...148.. . 0... .Yidalia ...633.. ...346 . ..8,019. .3.251 ...427.. 283 . . 9... .Mansfield Winn sb orough Jackson . ...622.. ..5,566. ...290.. . 6... .Yeraon The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 49,101 ; of families 54,112, and of inhabitants 511,974, viz.: whites 255,416 males 141,059, and females 114,357; free col. 17,537 males 7,593, and females 9,939, and slaves 239,021 Of the whole population, there were deaf and dumb^\\. 89, fr. col. 5, si. 34 total 128 ; Hind wh. 67, fr. col. 25, si. 126 total 218; insane wh. 150, fr. col. 15, si. 43 total 203; and idiotic wh. 104, fr. col. 13, si. 36 total 173. The number of free persons born in the United States was 205,921 ; the number of foreign birth 66,413, and of birth un known 620. The native population originated as follows: Maine 816, N. Hamp. 247, Yerm. 283, Mass. 1,620, E. I. 239, Conn. 469, N. York 5,510, N. Jer. 498, Penn. 2,493, Del. 117, Ind. 1,440, Dist of Col. 156, Yirg. 3,216, N. Car. 2,923, S. Car. 4533, Ga. 5,917, Flor. 372, Ala. 7,346, Miss. 10,913, Louisiana 145,474, Tex. 864, Ark. 803, Tenn. 3,352, Ky. 2,968, Ohio, 1,473, Mich. 68, Ind. 414, 111. 401, Mo. 909, la. 28, Wise. 7, Calif. 1, Territories 1 ; and the foreign population was composed of persons from England 3,550, Ireland 24,266, Scotland 1,196, Wales 43, Germany 17,507, France 11,552, Spain 1,417, Portugal 157, Belgium 115, Holland 112, Turkey 48, Italy 915, Austria 156, Switzerland 723, Eussia 65, Denmar k288, Norway 64, Sweden 249, Prussia 380, Sardinia 9, Greece 23, China 33, Asia 17, Africa 90, Brit. America 499, Mexico 405, Cent. America 3, S. America 15, West Indies 1,337, Sandwich Islands 1, and other countries 1,173. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the United States authorities : Census Years. 1810.... 1820.... 1830.... 1S40.... 1350... White Persons. .... 84,311. .... 73,333. .... 89,231. ....153,457. ....255,416. Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. Total , , Population. Numerical. Per cent, 76,556 153,407 76,851 100.4 215,529 62,122 40.5 .852,411 136,882 63.5 .17,537 239,021 256,558 511,974 159,563 45.2 Free. Slave. Total. : . 7,535 ... 84,660 .. 42,245 .10,960 ... 69,064 ..170,024 .16,710 ...109,588 ..126,293 .25,502... ...163,452... ..193.954... The statistical returns of the industry and wealth of Louisiana, as furnished by the seventh census of the United States taken in 1350, and other official documents refering to the same period, are as follows : Occupied Lands, etc. Improved lands, 1,590,025 acres, and unimproved lands, 3,939,018 acres valued in cash at $75.814,398 ; number of farms under cultivation, 13,422 in western division, 9,209, and in eastern division, 4,213. Yalue of farming implements and machinery, $11,576,938. Lixe-Stock. Horses, 89,514 : asses and mules, 44,849 ; milch cows, 105,576 ; working oxen, 54,968 ; other cattle, 414,798 ; sheep, 110,333 : swine, 597,301. The returns under this head in 1340 sum up thus horses, mules, etc., 99,333 ; neat cattle of all descriptions, 331,243; sheep, 93,072; and swine, 323,220. 397 LOUISIANA. Grain Crops, Wheat, 417 bushels ; rye, 475 bushels ; Indian corn, 10,226,373 bushels ; oats, 89,637 bushels ; barley, bushels ; and buckwheat, 3 bushels. The crops of 1839-40 were wheat, 60 bushels ; barley, bushels ; oats, 107,353 bushels; rye, 1,812 bushels; buckwheat, bushels; Indian corn, 5,952,912 bushels. OOter Staple Crops Kice, 4,425,349 (in 1S40, 8,604,534) pounds; tobacco, 26,878 (in 1840,119,824) pounds; ginned cotton, 178,737 bales of 400 pounds each, or 71,494,800 (in 1840, 152,555,308) pounds ; sugar maple, 255 pounds, and cane, 226,001 (in 1840, 119,9471-) hogsheads of 1,000 pounds ; and molasses, 10,931,177 gallons. Miscellaneous Cfopa. Peas and beans, 161,732 bushels ; potatoes Irish, 95,632, and sweet, 1,428,453 bushels ; hay, 25,752 tons ; clover-seed, 2 bushels, and other grass-seeds, 97 bushels ; hops, 125 pounds ; hemp dew-rotted, tons, and water-rotted, tons; flax, pounds; flax-seed, bushels; wine, 15 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products for the year was, $22,359, and of market-garden products, $148,329. Products of Animals. Wool, 109,897 (in 1840, 49,2S3) pounds; butter, 683,069 pounds; cheese, 1,957 pounds; and value of animals slaughtered during the year had been $1,458,990. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 29 (in 1840, 317) pounds ; and beeswax and honey, to that of 96,701 pounds. Home-made manufactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were produced to the value of $139,232. The comparison of the principal crops in 1S40 and 1850 results as follows : Staples. 1840. Indian Corn 5,952,912 bushels Eice 3,604,534 pounds Tobacco 119,824 " Ginned Cotton 152,555,368 " Cane Sugar 119,947,720 " 10,226,373 bushels .... incr. 4,425,349 pounds incr. 26,878 " .... deer. 71,494,800 .... deer. Movement. 4,273,461 bushels, or 71-79 per cent, 820,815 pounds, or 22 78 " 92,946 " or 77-57 " 81,060,568 " or 5314 226,001,000 .... incr. 106,053,280 or 88-42 " It is thus apparent that all the great crops, except that of cotton, have materially increased ; but the falling off in the cotton crop is more apparent than real, the greater part of it having been destroyed by the extraordinary and destructive floods, which swept over whole plantations in the fall of 1849, to which year the census returns of 1850 refer. It is a well- known fact, however, that the culture of sugar in Louisiana is employing the labor formerly devoted to cotton, and this change of crops is annually progressing. Manufactures. Aggregate capital invested, $0,000,000; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $0,000,000; average number of hands employed, 00,000 males, 00,000, and females, 0,000 ; average monthly cost of labor $000,000 male $000,000, and female $00,000 ; total value of products for the year ending 1st June, 1850, $0,000,000. The whole number of manufacturing establishments in the State producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, at the above date was 1,021 in western district 121, and in eastern district 900 ; and of these, 8 were manufacturing castings of iron, and there were 15 tanneries, the remainder consisting of mills, and other establishments usual in a Southern agricultural State. The iron manufacture employed a capital of $255,000 ; pig iron consumed, 1,660 tons; mineral coal consumed, 3,205 tons ; value of all raw material used, $75,300 ; hands employed, 347 ; average monthly wages, $35 60 ; castings made, 1,570 tons ; value of entire products, $312,500. The tanneries employed a capital of $38,800 ; value of raw material used, $26,440 ; average number of hands employed, 54 males 51, and females, 3 ; monthly cost of labor male, $930, and female, $22 ; number of skins tanned, 2,850, and of sides, 21,000 ; value of skins and hides when tanned, $55,025. The distribution of the manufactures is very unequal, and many of the parishes are entirely without them : of the 900 establishments in the eastern district, 521 are in Orleans parish, 147 in West Feliciana, 54 in Jefferson, 49 in East Feiieiana, 36 in Livingston, 33 in St. Tammany, 14 in St. John Baptist, 10 each in West Baton Eouge and Iberville, 9 in St Helena, 6 in St. James, 4 each in La Fourche and Terre Bonne, and 3 in St. Charles Ascension, Assumption, East Baton Eouge, Plaquemines, Point Coupee, St. Bernard, and Washington, returning no manufactures ; and of the 121 in the western district 24 are in Madison, 18 in St. Laundry, 11 in Eapides, 10 in Carroll, 9 each in De Soto and Nachitoches, 6 each in Tensas and Jackson, 5 each in Avoyelles and Sabine, 4 each in Morehause and Wachita, 3 each in Catahoula and Claiborne, 2 in Bienville, and one each in Caldwell and Union Bossier, Caddo, Calcasieu, Concordia, Franklin, Lafayette, St Martin, St. Mary, and Vermillion returning none. Commerce. In the aggregate of exports and imports, Louisiana is second only to New York, but in the amount of its imports both Massachusetts and Pennsylvania exceed it. The total value of its exports to foreign countries in the year ending 30th June, 1850, was $38,105,350, of which $37,693,277 was the value of domestic produce exported, and $407,073 the value of re-exported foreign produce. The value of domestic produce carried in American bottoms was $20,927,751, and in foreign bottoms $16,770,526 ; and the value of foreign re-exports carried in American bottoms, was $328,930, and in foreign bottoms $78,143. The total value of imports was $10,760,499, of which the value brought in American bottoms was $8,107,929, and in foreign bottoms $2,652,570. The shipping employed in this trade was as follows: SIITPPIXG ENTEKED. Nationality. Number. " Tons Men. American 524 175,969 6,620 Foreign 374 174,884 6,442 Total 898 350,853 SHIPPING CLEAP.ED. Nationality. Number. Tons. Men. American 493 211,800 7,575 Foreign 350 158,137 5,780 Total 843 369,937 13,355 The whole of this commerce and navigation belongs to the district of which New Orleans is the port of entry, except two American ships of 904 tons and 1* men, which are entered in the district of Teche. The aggregate of the shipping owned in Louisiana amounted at the date specified to 250,090 tons, of which the whole, except 1,881 tons enrolled and licensed shipping owned in the district of Teche, belonged to the district of New Orleans. Of the aggregate, 83,663 tons were registered, 160,632 tons were enrolled and licensed, and 5,789 tons were licensed (under 20 tons.) Of the registered shipping, 6,889 tons, and of the two latter classes 144,724 tons were navigated by steam ; and dunng the year 24 vessels, viz., 1 ship, 16 schooners, 3 sloops, and 4 steamers, of an aggregate burden of 1,592 tons, were built in the State. 893 LOUISIANA. The Years. 1804. statistics of the foreign trade of th Kxports. Imports. $1,600,362 $ 3 State for a sc Years. 1820 ries of year Exports. $7.596.157 7.272,172 7,978,645 7,779,072 7,928,820 12,582,924 10,284,380 11,728,997 11,947,400 12,386,060 15,488,692 16,761,989 16,530,930 18,941,373 23,759,607 36,270,823 3, exhibit the fol Imports. $ owing movement : Years. Exports, 1836 37.1 70..S-2S Import", ...$15,117,649 1821 1822 . . . 8,379,717 . . . 8,817,238 . . . 4,283,125 . . . 4,539,769 . . . 4,290,034 . . . 4,167,521 . . . 4,531,645 . . . 6,217.881 . . . 6,857.209 . . . 7,599,083 ... 9,766,693 . . . 8,871,653 . . . 9,590,505 ... 13,781,809 ... 17,519,814 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 35,338,697 31,502,248 33,184,167 34,236,936 34,387,483 28,404,149 27,390,424 30,498,307 27,157,465 31,275,704 47,051,633 40,971,361 37,611,667 38,105,350 ... 14,020,012 . . . 9,496,803 ... 12,864,942 ... 10,673,190 ... 10,256,350 . . . 8,033,590 ... 8,170,015 ... 7,826,789 . . . 7,354,397 . . 7,223,090 . . . 9,222,969 . . . 9,330,439 ... 10,050,697 ... 10,760,499 1806. 1807.. 1808.. 1809 8,887,828 4,820,555 1^261,101 541 904 1S23 1824 1825 1810.. 1811.. 1812.. 1^13 1 SOO 95 1826 2 650 050 - 1827 1828 1 015 1*>3 1829 1845 1846 1S14 387 191 1830 1831 1S32 1815.. 1816.. 1817.. IO-IQ 5,102,610 1847 1848 1849 1850 9 01 Sl^ 1833 1 001 <?f)Q 1834 1835... 1819 . 9,768,753 .. . Coasting and River Trade. The coasting trade of Louisiana is equally valuable with its foreign trade, and its trade with the interior is perhaps fully equal to both the foreign and coastwise trade together. These, however, will be fully examined under the head of "New Orleans," and hence, in this connection, the aggregates alone need be exhibited, arrivals and clearances in the coasting trade for the year ending 30th June, 1851, were as follows: The Movements. J Entrances 205 93608 2d Quarter. Vessels, Tons. 303 .... 124,585 275 .... 76,789 3d Quarter. Vessels. Tons. 365 .... 125,032 424 .... 121,362 $11,707,593 ne of the principal 4th Quarter. Vessels, Tons. 305 .... 123,190 329 .... 97,579 Total. Vessels. Tons. 1,173 .... 466,415 1,227 .... 353,173 Clearances 199 57,442 Value of exports coastwise . $2,359,567 $6,177,128 I destination of soi $6,484,624 staples of export $27,223,912 in the year above The following will show the quantity anc Flour. Ports. bbls. Pork. bbls. Bacon. Lard. Beef. Whisky, Corn. Cotton. Tobacco. Sugar. Molasses hhds. kegs. bbls. bbls. sacks. bales, bhds. bhds. bbls. lilids. bbls, New York .72,584. . .55,849. . 9,856. . .209,825. . . .3,055. . .1,381. . .160,728. . .52,398. .10,087. . . 13,595. . 655. . .509. . .22,646 Boston ..... 88,925. . .77,806. . 6,530. . .224,333. . .13,435. . .2,242. . . 32,461. . .82,540. . .1,594. . . 733. . 27. ..... 2,172 Philadelphia 418.. . 5,538. . 2,763. .. 41,045... 421... 268... 9,477. . .14,867. . .1,118.. .10,264. . 867. ..... 7,735 Baltimore... ...13,421.. 1,843... 32,585... 955.. .1,542... ... 2,511... 745... 3,670.. 237...... 2,862 Charleston.. 6,175... 1,003.. 2,872... 2,769... 119. .11,514. .. 23,978. .. ... ...3,517.. 660... 9... 7,031 Other ports 150,960 . . . 22,890 . . 19,972 . . . 40,046 . . . 3,785 . . 30,383 . . . 150,125 ... 1 ... 291 ... 12,363 . . 6,193 ... 118 ... 24,573 The total quantities of the above specified articles exported to foreign and domestic ports, were as follows: 583,418. .192,737. .46,241 . . .733,956. . .42,415. .67,392. . .535,382. .997,458. .54,501. . .44,147. .8,644. . .636 . . 67,024 The receipts from the interior by the Mississippi Eiver in the same year (1850-51) were valued at $106,924,083, and comprised all the various staples for which the several regions of production are noted, alike mineral, vegetable, and ani mal ; and there is, besides the river trade, an immense traffic on the new canal. The total number of flat-boats arriving at New Orleans during the year was 941, of which 213 were from Ohio, 58 from Kentucky, 298 from Indiana, 12 from Vir ginia, 222 from Pennsylvania, 19 from Illinois, 104 from Tennessee, and 10 from Mississippi; and the whole number of steamboat arrivals was 2,918. Internal Improvements. Uiiherto Louisiana has depended with confidence on the great natural facilities for inland communication the State enjoys by means of the magnificent river and its dependencies which traverse its surface ; but when it was discovered that the North had, by means of the Illinois Canal, constructed an artificial outlet for this great river into the lakes, this dream of security vanished, and the people interested in the commerce of the Gulf ports at once beset themselves to remedy the impending destruction of a commerce \inequaled in extent by but one other section of the Union. The magnificent lines of railroads from the father of waters" to the Atlantic Ocean, were also diverting a vast amount of the legitimate trade which naturally concentrated at New Orleans. And all these changes in the avenues of trade had been allowed to proceed, and with the exception of a few local railroads, Louisiana had not even extended her arms to arrest their influences. Awakened to a sense of duty, however, by the results of these new works decreased receipts of produce, and decreased returning merchandise no time was lost in premises, but the whole south-west met in convention at New Orleans, and unanimously resolved to cope with the leviathans which were sapping the foundations of their commercial prosperity. The principal remedies proposed were the extension of the railroad from New Orleans and the Gulf ports to the north and north-east, and seek a new market in the west by building lines into Texas, Arkansas, etc, The first would countervail the northern improvements, which had superseded the old river-course of trade, and by offering a more direct and rapid channel to the sea, recover the preference the deposit at New Orleans had formerly enjoyed. The improvement of the channel of the Mississippi below New Orleans, was also recommended, and will doubtlessly be undertaken by the general government at no distant period. The results of the convention have been an active enforce ment of its recommendations, and numerous lines of railroad are being laid out and constructed in the directions indicated, the most important of which are the New Orleans, Jackson, and Northern E. E., and the railroads from the Mississippi toward Texas, from Lake Providence, via Shreveport, Marshall, etc., from Natchez, via Shreveport, etc., and from New Orleans, via Opelousas, Huntsville, etc. Eailroads are also being, built in almost every direction, to connect with the lines of other States, or afford facilities to the gulf ports generally ; and at no distant day, it may be foreseen, Louisiana will be on a par with, or have outstripped many of her now successful competitors. JBanfa, etc. In December, 1S50, the bank returns of Louisiana showed that there were at that period 5 banks, and 20 branch banks in the State, the aggregate condition of which waa as follows : Liabilities capital $12,870,890, circulation 399 LOUISIANA. $5,059,229, deposits $3,464,889, and due other banks $1,334,232 ; and assets loans and discounts $19,309,103, real estate $2,255,169, other investments $2,042,149, due by other banks $2,225,896, specie funds $1,200,000, and specie $5,716,001. The whole number of banks are located at New Orleans, the country banks being their branches. Government The present constitution, which superseded the first constitution of the State, formed in 1812, was ratified by the people on the 5th November, 1845. Every free white male person 21 years of age, two years a citizen of the United States, or resident in the State for two consecutive years next preceding the election, and the last thereof in the parish in which he proposes to vote, is allowed the right of suffrage. Absence from the State for more than 90 consecutive days, unless his house or place of business be occupied by his family or servants, interrupts the residence of the absentee. The Legislature consists of a House of Eepresentativcs and a Senate ; representatives not less than 70, nor more than 100 in number (now 97), and 16 senators, being half the whole number of senators, are chosen every second year, on the first Monday in November, and convene at the capital every second year, on the third Monday in January. Bepresenta- tives must be free white males, 21 years of age, citizens of the United States, and residents of the State for the three years and residents of the parish for one year next preceding their election. A census will be taken in 1855, and every ten years thereafter, which will form the basis of apportionment ; but every parish is entitled to at least one representative. Senators are chosen for four years. A senator must be 27 years of age, ten years a citizen of the United States, four years a resident of the State, and one year of the district he represents. Deducting the population of New Orleans from that of the State, the remainder, divided by 28, is the senatorial ratio for the districts. No session of the legislature shall last more than 60 days, and no act passed after being 60 days in session is valid. Members may address either house in the French or English languages, and the proceedings are published in both languages. Any one who fights a duel, acts as second, or sends or accepts a challenge, shah 1 neither hold an office, nor enjoy the right of suffrage in the State. The Governor is chosen by a plurality of votes, and holds office for four years. He must be 35 years of age, and a citi zen of the United States, and resident in the State for 15 years next preceding his election. The Lieutenant-governor is elected for the same term, in the same manner, and must be similarly qualified. The governor is ineligible for the four years succeeding his term. He may veto a bill, but two-thirds of both houses may pass it again, and it thus becomes law. The lieutenant-governor is ex-officio president of the Senate. The principal administrative officers are the Secretary of State, State Treasurer, Surveyor-general, Adjutant and In spector-general, Auditor of Accounts, etc. The Treasurer is chosen biennially by joint ballot of the legislature. The Judiciary consists of the Supreme Court and District Courts. The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and three associate Justices, appointed by the Governor, with the advice and consent of the Senate, for the term of eight years. The Court sits in New Orleans from the first Monday in November to the end of June inclusive. The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction only when more than $300 is in dispute, when the legality of any tax is in question, on all fines and penalties imposed by municipal corporations, and in criminal cases on points of law where death, hard labor, or a fine of more than $300 is imposed. The Court may issue writs of habeas corpus in all cases where they have appellate jurisdiction. If the Judges are equally divided, the judgment appealed from stands affirmed. The Court has a reporter and clerks in New Orleans, Opelousas, Alexandria, and Monroe. The State is divided into seventeen districts. One district judge is appointed for each district, except for the district of New Orleans and Lafayette, where as many are appointed as are necessary. District judges must be citizens of the United States, above thirty years old, resident of the State for five years, and have practiced law therein five years. District Courts have jurisdiction when more than $50 is at stake, and in all criminal cases. The State has an Attorney-general, and in each district there is a District Attorney, appointed for two years. All civil officers, except the governor and the judges, are removable on an address of a majority of both houses of the legislature. Amendments of the constitution must first be approved by three-fifths of both houses, then published in the news papers throughout the State three months before the next general election, then approved by a majority of both houses in the next succeeding legislature, then published again as before, then submitted to the people, and if ratified by a majority of voters, the amendments shall form a part of the constitution.* The militia of Louisiana consists of 43,823 men of all arms, of which number 1,392 are commissioned officers, and 42,431 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 10 are general officers, 55 general staff officers, 159 field officers, and 1,168 company officers. Every free white male person between the ages of 18 and 45 is liable to militia duty, unless exempt by law. The most noted of the benevolent institutions of the State is the Charity Hospital at New Orleans, the benefits of which have been experienced by thousands who have been taken sick in that malarious city, and as many thousands have blessed the nursing hand of the kind sisters whose vocation it may have been to attend to their wants. In 1849 the number of admissions to this famous hospital was 15,553, of which 1,782 were natives of the United States, and 13,634 were foreigners, and 71 were blacks and 12,216 white males, and 3,342 white females. The number of deaths was 2,745, of which 2.369 were males and 376 females, and 1,122 died of Asiatic cholera, 5i5 of yellow fever, 224 of typhus fever, and 56 of other fevers. The number of patients remaining in the hospital on the 1st January, 1850, was 719. The in come of the hospital for the year was $89,951 30, and the expenditures $92,993 43, averaging $4 26 for each patient. Such an institution as this is an oasis in the wilderness of humanity. Finances, Debts, etc. The financial statement is made up biennially. The total receipts into the treasury for the year 1850 were $1,008,175 91, and for the year 1851 $336,247 44 total $1,844,423 35 ; and the expenditures for 1850 were $951,545, and for 1851 $852,787 54 total $1,804,332 54, leaving a balance of $40,090 81 for future appropriation. In 1345 the liabilities of the State on account of the property banks amounted to $14,321,596 ; this has since been reduced $3,744,596, leaving the liabilities of the State in 1850 $10,577^000. The State debt proper amounted at the latter period to $915.566. The State holds property not now productive valued at $2,416,938. The constitutional provisions respecting legislative finance were made very stringent in the new fundamental law. The constitution provides that the credit of the State shall not be lent to any person or corporation whatever, but new * A convention -was held at Baton Rouge in July, 1852, to revise the constitution, and the revised constitution would be submitted to the people for ratification on (he 2d November of the same year. If ratified, the general elections were to take place on the fourth Monday of December, and the first Legislature would meet on the third Monday of January, 18.53. The revised constitution provides for annual sessions of the Legis lature, an elective judiciary, and removes some of the restrictions against the State s contracting debts, and permits the establishment of corporations. 400 LOUISIANA. bonds may be issued to replace outstanding bonds. No State debt shall be contracted for more than $100,000, except in case of war, invasion, or insurrection, unless authorized by law for some distinctly specified object or work, which law Bhall impose taxes to pay the current interest during the whole term of the debt, and also to pay the debt itself at maturity, and this law shall be irrepealable till the debt and interest are fully discharged, and shall not go into force till again enacted by the next legislature after its first passage. The State shall not subscribe to the stock of any company or cor poration. No corporate company shall be hereafter created, renewed, or extended with banking or discounting privileges. After 1890 the charters of all corporations may be revoked, and no charter shall now be granted, except for municipal or political purposes for more than 25 years. The assessed value of all real and personal property in Louisiana, on the 1st June, 1S50, was $220,165,172 ; but the true or estimate valuation of the same amounted, according to the returns of the federal census, to $233,908,764. Federal Representation. Louisiana, according to the law of 23d May, 1S50, apportioning federal representation, is entitled to send four representatives to Congress. Religious Denominations. The statistics of the several religious denominations in 1S50, as ascertained by the census of that year, were as follows : Denomina- No. of tions. Churches. Church accom. Value of Property. Denomii tions. Baptist 72 .. 15,358 . $30.470 Germ r Christian 2 . . 1,500 . 61,000 Jewish Congregat l . . . Luther Dutch Itef. . . . . , Menno Episcopal 12 .. 4,410 . 57,900 Metho< Free 3 . 675 10 430 Moray Friends Presby No. of Church Value of Denomina- No. of Church Value of Churches. accom. Property. tions. Ch ird eg. Property ef. 1 .. 500 .. $4,000 E. Catholic . 55 ,. 37,240 . . $1,045,650 1 .. 600 .. 20,000 Swedenb g . .. .. Tunker .. c. Union 6 1,350 .. 8,220 106 .. 30,260 .. 236,500 Unitarian .. .. .. Universalist 1 .. 1,000 . . 100,000 n. 17 .. 9,510 .. 149,300 Minor Sects 2 1,650 .. 59,000 Making the aggregate number of churches 26S, valued as property at $1,732.470, and capable of accommodating 104,053 persons. Louisiana forms a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church; and the arch-diocese, or province of New Or leans in the Roman Catholic Church, which has for its suffragan sees, Mobile, Natchez, Galveston, and Little Eock. Education. The constitution provides that " there shall be a superintendent of education, to hold office for two years. Free public schools shall be established throughout the State ; the proceeds of lands granted for the purpose, and of lands escheated to the State, shall be held as a permanent fund, on which six per cent, interest shall be paid by the State for the support of these schools." The school fund, 1st January, 1850, amounted to $40,272 63, on which $19,105 84 of interest had accrued up to that date ; and besides the proceeds of the school fund, the yearly sum of $250,000 is appropriated for the support of the free schools of the State, and is derived from a mill tax on property, and a poll tax of one dollar on each white male inhabitant. The whole number of school districts in the State on the 30th September, 1849, was 521 ; number of schools in operation, 704 ; number of children between 6 and 16 years of age, 53,716 ; average attendance for the year, 22,927; and 20,262 children did not attend school. The average period of tuition was 6 months and 13 days. Amount expended for teachers salaries, $195,389 ; expended for building, renting, and purchasing school-houses, $134,689. There are also in almost every parish numerous private, classical, and other high schools. The principal collegiate institutions in the State are the University of Louisiana at New Orleans, founded in 1849, and established with 7 professors ; it has also a medical department, which in 1850 had 7 professors and 188 students ; the Centenary College (Methodist), at Jackson, founded 1839 in 1S50 it had 7 professors, 40 alumni, 94 students, and a library of 5,000 volumes ; the St. Charles College (Eoman Catholic), at Grand Cotcau, founded 1838 in 1850 it had 21 professors and 103 students, with a valuable library of about 4,000 volumes ; Eaton Eouge College, founded 1838 in 1850 it had 4 professors and 45 students ; Franklin College, at Opelousas, founded 1839 in 1850 it had 4 professors and 70 students ; and several others, among which are the Catholic Colleges at Baton Eouge and New Orleans, both of which are flourishing institutions. Libraries. One State library, 7,000 volumes ; 1 social library, 10,000 volumes ; 4 college libraries, 13,000 volumes- being a total of 6 libraries and 30,000 volumes. The census makes no returns of students libraries, the libraries of acade mies and professional schools, the libraries of scientific and historical societies, nor of school libraries, although there are numbers of each descriptioiun the State. Periodical Press. The whole number of periodicals and newspapers published in the State on the 1st June, 1850, was 60, of which 17 were whig and 17 were democratic the remaining 26 being neutral in politics or devoted to literature, science, religion, etc. Of the whole number 11 were issued daily, circulating 31,730 copies ; 2 tri-weekly, 1,900 copies; 6 semi-weekly, 3,300 copies ; 40 weekly, 32,017 copies ; and 1 monthly, 12,200. Among the publications in New Orleans are many of the best conducted and most talented papers of the Union ; and no other city can boast of such a magazine of statistical information as De Bow s Eeview. Pauperism and Crime. The whole number of paupers that received support within the year ending June 1st, 1850, was 423, of which 133 were native born, and 290 foreign ; and the whole number of paupers at the above date was 106, of which 76 native born, and 30 foreign annual cost of support, $39,806. The State Penitentiary is at Baton Eouge. The number of convicts remaining in confinement, 1st October, 1848, was 152, and the number received during the year fol lowing was 105 male, 257; 52 discharged, 2 pardoned, 7 died, and 2 escaped in all 63, leaving, Isi October, 1849, 194. The receipts for the year were $49,283 74; and the expenditures, $42,628 69 making a net gain from convict labor equal to $6,655 05 Historical Sketch. The legends of De Soto, Marquette, and La Salle, shall not arrest our attention. These wild and daring passages belong rather to the romancer than to the historian. Louis XIV. seized upon the proposal of Iberville, and addressed himself in earnest to a new and vast country, which dazzled his ambition. Iberville, and Bienville, his brother, founded a colony of Frenchmen on the shores of Louisiana in 1699. This is the earliest era in the history of Louisiana. In 1712 the King of France granted a charter to M. Crozat, which covered the whole province. The aims of both parties were commercial, and included the whole of the Mississippi and its tributary bays, lakes, rivers, and bordering territories. M. Crozat was endowed for twenty years with exclusive privileges of trade in these countries to work mines for gold and precious stones, with a large share of the results. The laws, edicts, and ordinances of the realm and the customs of Paris were extended over Louisiana. The privileges allowed to Crozat were ample ; but so vain are the calculations of men when employed upon novel enterprises, they satisfied not one of his greedy desires after wealth in the C3 401 LOUISIANA. Western World. The grant was surrendered, after five years, into the hands of the king, with the bitter complaint that from the imbecility of the colony, the strength of the Indians, the presence of the British, and the sterility of the soil, it had proved of no kind of value whatever to him, but rather a ruinous expense. There settled in Paris about this time a man from Scotland by the name of John Law ; he was a restless projector, a daring financier, and full of enterprise. This extraordinary man soon succeeded in gaining an influence over the Duke of Orleans, then regent, obtained a charter for a bank of $1,200,000, substituted paper for specie, and set the whole French nation mad with magnificent schemes of creating wealth, as it were, by the wand of a magician. The Chancellor D Aguesseau opposed this daring scheme with infinite peril to himself. To the Royal Bank of Law was attached a great commercial company, in which were to be concentred all the rights, privileges, and possessions of all the trading compa nies then chartered in France. To this company was granted the great territory of Louisiana as it was surrendered up by Crozat. All France was in commotion every man, woman, and child became a financier ; the boot-black and collier of to-day were the grandees of to-morrow, and their splendid equipages dazzled the bewildered populace. The Eoyal Bank stock went up to six hundred times its par value, and dividends were rendered at 200 per cent. The exhaustfess mines near the Mississippi would reimburse any investment, it was said ; but in three years John Law was a bankrupt, the government itself was prostrated, the deluded votaries of stock-jobbing Avere undone, the magnificent Western Company the Mississippi Scheme became a by-word ; the banking bubble, when inflated to the skies, had burst ! The charter of the company was granted for twenty-five years ; it was to have exclusive privileges of trade, and of the purchase of beaver skins for exportation. To it belonged by prescription the right to make all Indian wars and treaties, work all mines, grant lands, construct fortifications, nominate governors, and appoint inferior judges. Its vessels and crews to be of the French nation, and the descendants of the colonists to be counted natural born subjects of France, etc. There are different accounts of the condition of Louisiana during the time it remained under the Western Company, who enjoyed the privileges granted to Law. By some it is represented to have been in a deplorable condition ; while others assert that these were the best years which Louisiana knew under the dominion of France, the white population having increased from 700 to 5,000, and the black from 20 to 2,000 ; " a vast number of handsome cottages lined both sides of the river at the German coast; the culture of rice, indigo, and tobacco, and a regular administration of justice were provided for." The Western Company, in despair of finding the gold they had anticipated in Louisiana, from mineral researches turned their attention to agriculture. To promote their aims, large grants were made to powerful and wealthy individu als : to Law they granted a plot of twelve miles square. These grantees were to introduce settlers, but they succeeded to an extent far less than was anticipated, while sanguinary Indian wars desolated the colony. The company, in utter hopelessness, threw up their charter in April, 1732, which the king accepted, and declared the commerce of Louisi ana thenceforward free. The French colonial government was now initiated. The commissioner, Salmon, took possession for the king. The new government established consisted of a Superior Council, of the Governor-general of New France, the Governor and Commissary of Louisiana, the King s Lieutenant, and the Town Mayor of New Orleans, six councilors, an attorney, and a clerk. A war broke out between Great Britain and France in 1760, the influence of which was felt throughout all America, In this war our own Washington began his career of glory. Canada fell into the hands of the English, and rather than submit to the consequences, large numbers of its inhabitants sought a home in southern climes, fixing themselves on the Acadian coast of Louisiana, or taking their course westward of the river, formed the settlements of Attakapas, Opelousas, and Avoyelles. France looked to Spain in her emergencies, and the Due de Choiseul, the minister, entered into a family compact with the Spanish king on the 15th August, 1760, and on the 3d Nov., 1762, a secret treaty between the two governments ceded the territory of Louisiana west of the Mississippi, with New Orleans, to Spain. The bad system of government under which Louisiana had long suffered, was attended with the consequences which were to be expected from it, and the sovereignty of the finest country of the world, says Marbois, a country which might have become another France, was of no use to the parent State, but was even a charge to her. After the experience of several years, the government, wearied with a possession which its faults and ignorance had made burdensome, felt disposed to abandon it. In 1768 Great Britain, France, and Spain entered upon the Treaty of Paris, and terminated their difficulties. France abandoned to Great Britain all her northern possessions, the whole of Louisiana east of the Mississippi, except New Orleans, and the navigation of that river was made free to the subjects of either nation. Thus did France, by her cessions to Britain and Spain, divest herself of every foot of territory she held in North America. The private treaty of cession to Spain was long held secret, and it was not till 1764 that D Abadie was ordered by Louis XV. to announce the fact to the colony. D Abadie was broken-hearted at the intelligence, and died before he could communicate it. The duty devolved upon his successor, Aubry. A day of lamentation and sorrow had dawned upon the Louisianians, and they heard their fate with settled gloom. A general meeting of the leading inhabitants was hastily assembled in New Orleans, and entreaties were sent up to the throne that this painful treaty might not be made to go into effect. The king declared the treaty to be irrevocable. Don Ant. de Ulloa arrived in Louisiana in 1766, appointed, as he professed, by Charles of Spain to take possession of the province. His powers being demanded by the colonists, were not shown, and hence he was notified to depart, which he did in a few days, amid the universal rejoicing of the people. Scarcely, however, had the colony breathing time, before it was announced, that a Spanish frigate was upon the coast, and notwithstanding the threats of the populace, Don Alex. O Reilly, commander of the Spanish forces, landed and sent up a message to Governor Aubry, informing him that he was prepared to take possession of the country, and that any show of resistance would be signally punished. The in habitants returned a declaration to the Spaniard, declaring their intention to abandon the colony, and requested two years delay to effect the arrangement, O Reilly consented with apparent cheerfulness and with the warmest professions ot regard. He soon after landed at the city and took formal possession in the name of the king. But this display ot clemency was but the precursor of the worst excesses of tyranny. Some of the first citizens were arrested and thrown into prison, declared guilty of treason, and tried under the statute of Alphonzo, making it death to incite insurrection against the king. Sentence and execution followed. " Posterity," says the historian Martin, " will doom this act to public execration," and posterity, we may add, has already branded it as one of the blackest which it is the shame of history to record. What was the precise character of the powers conferred upon O Reilly has never yet been satisfactorily de termined. The King of France, in writing to D Abadie at the period of the cession, conceded that the laws, forms, and usages of the colony would be preserved, but this does not appear to have been inserted in the treaty of cession. O Reilly, as soon as he was at ease in his government, made a proclamation to the people, declaring himself empowered to establish that form of government, dependence, and subordination which should accord with the good of his master s 402 LOUISIANA. service and (he happiness of his subjects in the colony. The laws of Spain were now gradually extended over Louisiana, and in the end but little trace of French legislation remained. The transition, however, was not sudden, and littlo inconvenience resulted from it. When the American Revolution had progressed, and Spain, in an endeavor to mediate between the contestants had failed, the Catholic king prepared himself for war. Galvez, governor of Louisiana, threw himself upon the British garrison at Baton Rouge, and captured it. An American minister was sent to Madrid to nego tiate a favorable treaty for his countrymen, and to obtain for them, if possible, the free navigation of the Mississippi to the sea. The treaties between Great Britain, France, and Spain, and the United States concluded in 17S3, opened the navigation of the river, ceded the Floridas to Spain, and bounded the possessions of the two countries by a line eastward of the 31st parallel on the Mississippi to the Appalachicola River, through the middle of that river to its junction with the Flint, from the Flfnt .to the head of St. Mary s liiver, and down the St. Mary s to the Atlantic. These treaties were soon followed by embarrassing disputes, in which the Spaniards laid claim to a large tract of country and an exclu sive right to the navigation of that portion of the Mississippi which passed through their territories, against both which claims the United States protested. It may be remarked that very little, if any, intercourse was tolerated by the Spaniards through the Mississippi, with the people of the United States. Any attempt to navigate the river, or to introduce merchandise into New Orleans by boats was resisted and the property seized. About the year 1787, General Wilkinson, a revolutionary officer, conceived the design of making a settlement of American families in Louisiana, for which he expected to receive some commercial favors from the Spaniards. lie descended the river to New Orleans with a small adventure of tobacco, flour, etc., and by an artifice, so worked upon the fears of Miro, the governor, that he was disposed to listen to the proposals of opening a traffic with the people of the Western States. Miro flattered himself that the result would be a division of the States of the Union, and that those westward of the Alleghanies would attach themselves to the interests of Spain. In 1783 the navigation of the Mississippi was conceded to the young West, on condition of its forming an empire distinct from that of the Atlantic States. That the people of the West entertained the project can not be denied, but on second thoughts returned loyally to their country, and on the admission of Kentucky into the Union, the whole scheme of separation fell through. In 1790 it was again attempted to procure from Spain the navigation of the Mississippi for the United States, also the island on which New Orleans is situate, and the Floridas. The propositions were not assented to, but five years after the American plenipotentiaries signed, at San Lorenzo, a treaty stipulation for the freedom of the river to their countrymen, and a freedom to use for ten years the City of New Orleans as a dep6t for their merchandise. Spain had no sooner signed the treaty than she began to regret her liberality. Her alliance with France and the position of the United States, determined her by all means to hold on to the territory of Upper Louisiana, which she had agreed to cede. In vain the United States sent its officers to take possession of the ports and settlements in vain the settlers protested against the delay. A magnificent scheme had been planned and was in progress, the design of which was to prevent Louisiana forever from falling into the hands of the American government. The Baron de Carondolet endeavored to sound General Wilkinson on the subject, and to bring him over to the plan by flatteries and by the most liberal offers. Wilkinson, however, dismissed the messenger with an expression of views little favorable to the- project that had been opened to him. The blame or innocence of the general on these premises is a canvassed subject, and need not be further mentioned in this connection. Nor need we here mention his connection with Burr on a future occasion, further than to state that whatever plans of aggrandizement either might have entertained were never brought to fruition, and are subjects now only interesting to the historical antiquary. The face of European affairs in May, 179S, influenced the American people to put on their armor. Washington was again appointed to the head of the army, and difficulties with regard to Louisiana, and consequent losses to the govern ment, forced upon all minds the absolute necessity for the acquisition of New Orleans, whatever might be the hazard. Louisiana, indeed, occupied an unenviable position at this time. She had been abandoned by France, and the French people had regarded the cession with regret and indignation, so much so, indeed, that on the breaking out of hostilities with the Spaniards, Mons. Genet, the young and rash minister from France, employed himself, immediately after his arrival, in devising and carrying out a comprehensive scheme for the invasion of Louisiana with troops and arms procured in the United States. IIow his course was denounced at Washington how he appealed from the President to the people and though his conduct was disowned by his .own government, how that same government demanded the restoration of Louisiana to the French Republic, are matters of general history. In other respects Avas the position of Louisiana remark able. The United States had long been regarding with jealousy the existence of a territory in the hands of a foreign power, capable of influencing the destiny of the great central valley. A plot had been laid, too, by an American citizen. Blount, then governor of Tennessee, the object of which was to throw down upon Louisiana, during the wars between England and Spain, in 1797, through the medium of the western waters, large numbers of British troops from Canada. The plot was discovered, Blount degraded by the Senate, and the English Government exonerated from the charge of any knowledge of the proceedings. The eyes of Spain were not closed to the difficulties of her position. Bonaparte had by this time assumed the reins of government, and he cherished the idea of bringing back to the parent country a province he conceived had been unnaturally severed from her. His sophisms soon prevailed over Spain ; ho represented " that Louisiana, restored to France, would be a bulwark for Mexico, and a security for the tranquillity of the Gulf." On the 1st October, 1SOO, was concluded the celebrated treaty of San Ildefonso, and Louisiana again became a French colony. Bonaparte took immediate steps to enter upon his new possession. Gen. Victor was appointed Commissioner for accept ing the transfer, and proclamations announcing the changed circumstances of the colony were issued. The Louisiauians prepared an address in reply, in which they declared that the proclamations had filled the people with joy, and that they already felt the happiness of their reunion with their ancient nationality. Every thing, indeed, seemed favorable for the re-establishment of the French government in the province and all was rejoicing and congratulation, when a vessel arrived at the leve from Bordeaux, and the news soon spread that the Corsican had sold their country and themselves to the neighboring republic. The treaty of Paris, signed 13th April, 1S03, had ceded Louisiana and all its appurtenances for ever to the United States ; and the United States had agreed to pay 60,000,000 francs to discharge certain claims of their citizens on France. The difficulties which immediately followed the acquisition were perplexing ; and even in the United States many there were who viewed the treaty as unconstitutional ; but, like all difficulties, these came to an end, and the American flag waved over the city of New Orleans on the 20th December the same day having witnessed the descent of the Spanish ensign and the elevation of the tri-color, me latter only having been raised to be re-placed by the stars and 408 LOUISIANA. The first act of Governor Claiborne, on taking the chair of authority, was to organize a judiciary, which he did by es tablishing a Court of Pleas, consisting of seven justices. The Act of Congress, 20th March, 1S04, established a territorial government, Louisiana was divided into two sections, of which that now constituting the State of the same name was to be known as the Territory of Orleans. The Act provided for a governor, appointed for three years, a secretary for four years, a legislative council of thirteen freeholders, a judiciary, according to the regulations of the legislative council, but to be appointed by the President. The period that elapsed between the Act of 1804 and the one of 2d March, 1305, which set up another territorial government, was one of dissatisfaction to the people. They complained that the governor was unacquainted with the language, their laws, and their interests, and that he favored only his own countrymen, etc. On these subjects the citizens memorialized Congress. The council as established in the meanwhile passed several acts bearing upon the proper organization ot the territory, dividing it into 12 parishes or counties, with inferior courts in each, institut ing modes of procedure, defining crimes, etc., chartering the city, and establishing (on paper) a university. The effect of the dissatisfaction before alluded to produced the territorial act of 1805, by which Congress set up a government in Louisiana similar to that of the Mississippi Territory, and provided for its admission into the Union when it should have 60,000 inhabitants. This act gave to the people the election of a legislature, and to the legislature the election of a legis lative council or Upper House. The first acts of the new government were the adoption of the " code Noir," or black code, for the government of the slaves, and the appointment of a commission to prepare a civil code based upon the former laws of the country. The latter was completed in 1808, and embraced, besides the compilation of the old codes, many of the provisions of the "code Napoleon." Having settled these points, Louisiana was prepared to meet the position of things which was forced upon her in relation to Spain, and in the anxieties which arose in relation to boundaries, and the opposing claims of the two nations, it is likely that hostilities would have occurred, had not the intimation of a vast scheme on foot for the separation of the western country from the Union, at the head of which was Aaron Burr, influenced Gen. Wilkinson and the Americans to compromise matters with the Spaniards, and concentrate every thing to meet the threatened danger. The reports which reached Louisiana each day in relation to this plot were alarming ; military preparations were being urged on all sides, and Burr himself, after a reward offered for his arrest, was taken at Fort Stoddard, and conveyed to Richmond. The conflicting claims of the United States and Spain, to the strip of territory east of the Mississippi River, and south of the 31st parallel to the Perdido Eiver, were brought to something like a crisis in 1810, by the seizure of the Spanish post at Baton Rouge, the holding a convention at St. Francisville, declaring their independence, and setting up a constitution, and, by a proclamation of the President, taking possession of the territory. The event was peaceable, and the parishes of Feliciana, East Baton Rouge, St. Helena. St. Tammany, Biloxi, and Pascagoula were soon after established. On the llth February, 1811, an act of Congress was passed to enable the inhabitants of Louisiana to form a constitution and State government, if the same should be the desire of the people, signified by the calling of a convention. This body being called, assembled at New Orleans, and unanimously signed a constitution based upon that of Kentucky, on the 22d January, 1812. This constitution was superseded by that of 1S45, and another constitution, or a revision of the latter, is now about to be voted on by the people. The share that Louisiana took in the war of 1S12, though signalized in history, is so familiar as to require only a short notice. Wilkinson took possession of the country west of the Perdido. then in the occupation of Spain. The English eolonel, Nichols, arrived at Pensacola, and made proclamation to all Englishmen, Spaniards, and Frenchmen to join his standard, and resist the encroachments of the United States. To the people of Kentucky this officer proposed similar terms ; and to the privateer La Fitte and his followers at Barrataria, he was most prodigal in his offers. The overtures, says Marbois, were repelled with indignation, and the men who saw no degradation in enriching themselves by plunder, had a horror of treason. The course of General Jackson, in relation to the Spaniards and English at Pensacola, is familiar to all. An attack on New Orleans being now inevitable, the most extraordinary preparations were made to raise forces, and provide fortifications and armaments to meet the impending danger. The city was all excitement. "The people were preparing for battle, as if for a party of pleasure," says a historian; "the streets resounded with martial airs, several corps of militia were constantly exercising, every bosom glowed with the feelings of national honor." The west was pouring down upon the city martial law was proclaimed. The battle of New Orleans, of 8th January, 1815, was fought and won to the high honor of the American people ; and the lasting laurels of the great man who commanded, and who, whatever his faults, is becoming every day more and more honored in the memory of his grateful and admiring countrymen. The history of Louisiana, since she has become a State, has yet to be written. The uninterrupted prevalence of peace in our country takes away from this chapter those lively features which characterize anterior periods. The records of revolution, of changing dynasties, of deeds of arms, and high renown, are not presented here, and perhaps to the general reader the whole is a hopeless blank. But to those seeking higher views of individual good and national destiny, the onward march of the arts of peace, the extraordinary development of industrial resources, the unmatched augmentation of population and wealth, the erection of an opulent State, with laws, government, and order, in a former French and Spanish province, are events worthy of the highest efforts of the historian, replete with interest, and deserving of careful study. BATON ROUGE, on the east bank of the Mississippi, has been the seat of government since the constitution of 1845 went into effect, until which time New Orleans was the State capital. LOUISIANA, p. v., Pike co., Mb. : on the left bank of the Mississippi, about 2 m. below the mouth of Salt r., 82 m. 1ST. E. Jefferson City. It has a good landing, and considerable river trade. It contains several stores, warehouses, and lumber yards, and 1,340 inhabitants, of whom 130 are slaves. Two weekly papers are published, the "L. Weekly Record" (whig), and the " Democratic Banner." LOUISVILLE, p. o., Barbour co., Ala. : 8 m. E. of Pea r., 67 m. S. E. Montgomery. LOUISVILLE, p. v., and cap. Jefferson co., G(t. : a little E. of Ogeechee r., 54 m. E. by S. Milledgevffle. It contains a court-house, formerly the State house, an academy, jail, and 404 200 inhabitants. Here the Legislature of the State met from 1835 to 1837, and here, on the 13th February. 1796, the cele brated Yavoo Acts were burned. LOUISVILLE, p. v., Clay co., HI. : on the W. bank of Little Wabash r., and E. side of Twelve Mile Prairie, 94 nx S. E. Springfield. LOUISVILLE, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Jefferson co., Ky. : on the S. or left bank of the Ohio r., at the head of the rapids, 51 m. W. Frankfort. Lat. 38 03 N., and long. 85 30 W. 590 m. W. by S. Washington ; and by the course of the river 625 m. below Pittsburg, and 394 m. above the mouth of the Ohio. Jeffersonville, the terminus of the LOU Jeflfersonville K. E. from Indianapolis, lies on the opposite side of the river. The navigation of the Ohio is here inter rupted by rapids, and except in the time of flood Louisville is the natural head of steam navigation, but the navigation is continued around this obstruction by means of the Louis ville and Portland Canal, which is capacious enough to admit the passage of the largest river craft. It is 50 feet wide, 10 feet deep, and 2| m. in length. Its influence in directing trade to the upper ports, however, is supposed to be prejudicial to Louisville. This city is the commercial and manufacturing metropolis of the State, and is the natural entrepQt of a large country, reached by several railroads and turnpikes. The lines of railroad diverging from this point (including those in progress) are the Louisville and Lexington R. K., which at Lexington connects with railroads to the Gulf and Southern Atlantic ports, the Louisville and Covington R. E., which at the latter place meets the railroads of Ohio and those pointing to Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Eichmond, etc., and the Louisville and Nashville R. R., pointing to the South, and the Jeflfersonville R. R. gives it access to the N. and N. W., via Indianapolis. A company has also been organized for the purpose of bridging the Ohio at Louisville. Hitherto the railroads have had comparatively little influence on its trade ; their benefits are in the future. Louisville was laid out as early as 17T3, but no settlement was made for the subsequent five years, nor until after the expulsion of the British from their posts on the Wabash. The first block house was built in 1778, but this was subse quently removed to make way for Fort Nelson, erected in 17S2. In 1780 the town was established by an act of the Legislature of Virginia. At this period the inhabitants numbered only thirty. In 1800 the population amounted to 600; in 1S10 to 1,300 ; in 1820 to 4,000 ; in 1830 to 10,341 ; in 1840 to 21,210; and in 1S50 to 43.196. The city is built on a spacious sloping plane 70 feet above low water mark, and is laid out with regularity, the streets intersecting at right angles, in a direction with and from the river, on which are extensive wharves. Ten streets run parallel with the river, and thirty streets intersect them. It contains the County Court-house and a City Hall, both ex tensive and handsome edifices, the county jail, the city prison, a marine hospital, and numerous benevolent institu tions, the University of Louisville, a School of Medicine, and a Law School, departments of the University, and two banks and one branch bank, two savings banks, several insurance companies, etc. It is liberally supplied with churches and schools, some of the church buildings being fine specimens of architecture. Louisville may proudly claim a pre-eminence both as to the early foundation, the progress and the present condition of its public schools, and within the limits of the city there are besides many private nnd church schools, which would compare well with the best eastward of the mountains. It has orphan asylums and a Magdalen retreat, a school for the blind, a public hos pital, and many other liberally supported establishments, designed to relieve the unfortunate of the city. The streets are lighted with gas, and it is supplied with excellent water: both accommodations by companies. Its hotels are spa cious and fitted with every convenience, and its markets abound in all esculent products, for which the vicinity is famed. Among the literary and scientific institutions of the city the most prominent arc the Mercantile Library Association, the Kentucky Historical Society, the Agricul tural and Horticultural Society, etc. The whole number of church buildings is 46, capable of accommodating 19,610 persons, and valued as property at $590,900. Of these 5 are Baptist, 3 Episcopal, 17 Methodist, 5 Presbyterian, 4 German Evangelical, 1 German Lutheran, 1 German Reformed, 2 Disciples, 1 Unitarian, 4 Roman Catholic, and 2 Jewish. The public press, of Louisville is conducted with great talent, and several of the papers are rich in statistical information. The daily papers are the " Democrat" (dcm.), LOU " Journal (dem.), the " Advertiser" (neut.), the " Courier" (whig), the "Journal of Commerce" (whig), and the "Beo- bachter am Ohio" (Germ.), and of these the Democrat and the Journal have tri-weekly and weekly editions, the Adver tiser and Beobachter semi-weekly and weekly editions, and the Courier and Journal ot Commerce weekly editions. The weekly papers, others than those above named, are the " Presbyterian Herald" and the " Baptist Banner" (relig.), and the "Indian Advocate," and the monthly periodicals are the " Baptist Eeview" (relig.), the " Ciceronian Maga zine" (liter.), the "Medical Journal" (med.), and the " Examiner," devoted to the cause of negro emancipation. The papers having the largest circulation are the Democrat, Journal, and Courier. The manufactures of Louisville are very extensive, and embrace a great variety of objects. It has several founde- ries and machine-shops, at which a vast amount of ma chinery, etc., is annually turned out; several large steam bagging factories and ropewalks> cotton and woolen facto ries, tobacco factories, flouring mills, distilleries, breweries, agricultural implement factories, and numerous other estab lishments, small and large, which in the aggregate con stitute a vast industry. Louisville is also extensively engaged in ship-building, and in the year ending 30th June, 1850, no less than 34 steamers, of 6,460 tons, were built in the district. The shipping owned at the period specified amount ed to 14,820 tons, all navigated by steam and employed in the river trade. As a commercial and shipping point, Louisville is the third in importance on the Ohio. Its immediate trade ex tends into all the surrounding country, and embraces, within the State of Kentucky, a circuit of the most pro ductive region in the world. Its wharves are at all times thronged by steamboats and other river craft, carrying to and fro a merchandise in amount inferior only to that com ing to and going from Cincinnati and Pittsburg. The value of its commerce has been estimated at $70,000,000 per an num. Its exports consist chiefly of tobacco, bagging, rope and cordage, spirits, pork, flax and hemp, live-stock, ma chinery for steamboats and railroads, factories, mills, and farms, and a great amount of groceries and assorted goods, which are carried to every river-town, or to the sea-board for exportation ; and its exports comprise every article and product needed in its interior commercial range. In the year 1S50 its chief imports were as follows : Sugar, 13,320 hhds., 9,200 bis., and 755 boxes ; molasses, 13,010 bis. ; coffee, 34,572 bags ; rice, 752 tierces ; bagging, 65,250 pieces ; rope, 56,300 coils ; twine, 2,056 bales ; hemp, 15,354 bales ; cotton, 7,857 bales ; cheese, 20,378 boxes ; flour, 75,350 bis. ; whisky, 39,897 bis. ; liquors and wines, 5,988 casks ; nails, 45,261 kegs ; tobacco, 7,425 hhds. and 6,530 boxes ; salt Kanawha, 112,250 bis. ; Turks Island, 40,525 bags ; and Liverpool, 10,350 bags ; merchandise, 105,750 boxes, bales, and pkgs. ; drugs, dyes, etc., 14,378 pkgs. ; hides, 18,891 dozen ; mer chandise, 5,132 crates and casks ; hogs for slaughter, 197,750 ; pork, 75,500 bis., etc. In addition to this quantity of pork, there are annually received thousands of tons of bacon by Avagon, etc., which is packed in this city in casks, and largely exported. The detail of the exports can not well be ascer tained, as no record whatever has been kept of them ; but some estimate may be formed as to their amount from the foregoing. Steam-packets, carrying the mail and passen gers, come and go several times daily. It is estimated that at least 10 steamboats leave the port daily, and also from 6 to 7 packets. The following statistical information is from Mr. Casse- day s History of Louisville: "Louisville contains 25 exclu sively wholesale dry goods houses, whose sales are made only to dealers, and whose market reaches from Northern Louisiana to Northern Kentucky, and embraces a large part of the States of Kentucky, Indiana, Tennessee, Alabama, Illinois, Mississippi, and Arkansas. The aggregate amount of annual sales by these houses is $5,853,000, or an average 405 LOU LOW of $234,000 to each house. The sales of three of the largest of these houses amount in the aggregate to $1,789,000. if ei ther this statement nor those which follow include any auc tion sales. In boots and shoes, the sales of eight houses of the above description reach $1,184,000, or $184,000 to each house. The sales of the three largest houses in this business reach $630,000. The aggregate amount of eight houses in drugs, etc., is $1,123,000, or $140,375 to each hnuse ; and the sales of the three largest houses amount to $753.000. The sales of hardware by nine houses amount annually to $590,000, being an average of $65,555 to each house. The sales of saddlery reach $930,000, of which nearly one-half is of domestic manufacture. The sales of hats and caps, necessarily including sales at retail, amount to $683,000. The sales of queens-ware, less reliably taken, reach $265,000. There are thirty-nine wholesale grocery houses, whose ag gregate sales reach $10.623,400, which gives an average of $272.400 each." The amount of imports, before given, will perhaps afford a better idea of this business than these figures, and hence are referred to. The following recapitu latory table will enable the reader to see at a glance all that has just been stated: Description of Number Business. of Houses. Aggregate Annual Sales. Average Sales of each House. Groceries ........ 39 ........ $10.623,400 ........ $272,400 Dry Goods ...... 25 ........ 5,853,000 ........ 234.000 Boots and Shoes.. 8 ........ 1,184,000 ........ 148,000 Drugs .......... 8 ........ 1,123,000 ........ 140,375 Hardware ....... 9 ........ 590,000 ........ 65,555 Queens-ware . . . . 6 ........ 265,000 ........ 44,166 Hats,Caps,F s,etc. 8 ........ 683,000 ........ 85,375 Total 103 $20,321,400 $197.295 Louisville was named by the Virginia Legislature after Louis XVI. of France, in commemoration of his alliance with the great Eepublic of the West, then just rising from its probationary condition of colonial dependence. LOUISVILLE, p. v., and cap. Winston co., Miss. : 82 m. N. E. Jackson. It contains a court-house, jail, 3 academies, several large stores, and 400 inhabitants. The"L. Tele graph" is published weekly. LOUISVILLE, p. o., Lincoln co., Mo. : 64 m. N. E. Jeffer son City. LOUISVILLE, t. and p. v., St. Lawrence co., JV. T. : on the St. Lawrence, 169 m. N. N. TV. Albany. Drained by Grasse river. Surface undulating ; soil fertile loam, lying upon limestone. Agriculture is the leading interest. The v. lies on Grasse r., and contains a bank and several stores. Pop. of t 2,054. LOUISVILLE, p. v., Stark co., Ohio : 10-1 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. It is on the Ohio and Pennsylvania E. K., 12 m. from Alliance. LOUISVILLE, sta., Licking co., Ohio: on the Sandusky, Mansfield, and Newark E. E., 7 m. from Newark. LOUISVILLE, p. v., Blount co., Tenn.: on the S. or left bank of Tennessee r., 154 m. E. by S. Nashville. LOUISVILLE LANDING, p. v., St. Lawrence co., N. Y. : on the bank of St. Lawrence r., 172 m. N. N. TV. Albany. LOUTRE ISLAND, p. o., Montgomery co., Mo. : near the entrance of Loutre r. into the Missouri, 41 m. E. by N. Jef ferson City. LOVELACE, p. o., TVilkes co., W. Car. : 162 m. TV. by N. Ealeigh. LOVELACEVILLE, p. o., Ballard co., Ky. : 242 m. TV. S. TV. Frankfort. LOVELADT, p. o., Caldwell co., N. Car. : 15S m. TV. by N. Ealeigh. LOVELAND, p. o., Clinton co., Penn. : 82 m. N. TV. by N- Harrisburg. LOVELAND, p. v. and sta., Clermont county, Oliio: 82 m. 8. TV. by W. Columbus. The sta. is 27 m. from Cincinnati, by the Little Miami E. E., and from this point the Cincinnati, Hillsboro , and Parkersburg E. E. diverges. 406 LOVELIA, p. v., Monroe co., la. : 11 m. TV. S. TV. Iowa City. LOVELL, t. and p. o., Oxford co., Me. : 67 m. TV. S. TV. Augusta. It contains a large, and many small ponds, send ing out branches of Saco r., on one of which is a curious fall, of 40 feet perpendicular descent. Soil very fertile, and water-power and timber abundant. Pop. 1,196. LOVELY MOUNT p. o., Montgomery co., Virg. : near New river, 167 m. TV. by S. Eichmond. LOVE S MILLS, p. o., "Washington county, Virg. : 235 miles W. by S. Eichmond. LOVE S, sta., Baltimore co., Md. : on the Baltimore and Susquehanna E. E., 20 m. N. of Baltimore. LOVETTSVILLE p. v., Loudon county, Virg. : 114 miles N. Eichmond. LOVETTS, p. o., Adams county, Ohio : 73 miles S. by TV. Columbus. LOVEVILLE, p. v., New Castle co., Del. : 39 m. N. Dover. LOVINGSTON, p. v., and cap. Nelson county, Virg. : 76 m. TV. by N. Eichmond. It contains a court-house, jail, and several stores. LOVINGTON, p. v., Moultrie co., 111. : 46 m. E. Springfield. LOWELL, p. o., Eandolph co., Ga. : on Patoula cr. near its entrance into Chattahoochee river, 149 miles S. TV. Milledgeville. LOWELL, p. v., Henry co., la. : on the left bank of Skunk river, 57 m. S. Iowa City. LOWELL, p. o., Johnson co., 2f. Car. : 26 m. S. E. Ealeigh. LOWELL, t. and p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : 91 m. N. E. Augusta. A large pond lies on the N., and Passadumkeag river flows through the S. into the Penobscot, turning sev eral lumber-mills. Lumbering is the principal occupation. Pop. 378. LOWELL, t., p. city, and one of the caps. Middlesex co., Mass. : 24 m. N. TV. Boston. Drained by Concord r., which falls into the Merrimac in the N. E. part of the town. Low ell was taken from Chelmsford in 1826, and embraces also some territory and the v. of Belvidere, E. of Concord r., formerly belonging to Tewksbury. The city lies at the con fluence of the Concord, in lat. 42 38 46" N., and long. 710 19 02" TV. It is this city which, from the amount, va riety, and character of its manufactures, has been appro priately designated the "Manchester of America." Few other places in the Union have sustained so rapid a growth. In 1820 scarely 200 inhabitants were found within its limits, nor was it until 1821 that the site was chosen whereon to establish a manufacturing community. In the next suc ceeding year the Merrimac Manufacturing Company, with a capital of $1.500,000, was established, and their first mill went into operation in 1823. From these small beginnings the city has risen to its present eminence and world-wide celebrity. In thirty years what a change ! In 1850 it had ten manufacturing companies making cot ton or woolen goods, and two other companies one bleach ing and the other owning the machine shop, and the aggregate condition of the establishments of each at that period was as follows : Companies. Conf d Mer. Manf. Co. 1823 Ham. Maf. Co. 1825 Appleton Co. 1828 Low. Manf. Co. 1828 Middlesex Co. 1832 Suf. Manf. Co. 1S32 Tremont Mills 1832 Law. Manf. Co. 1S33 Low. Bleach y 1S32 BoottCot.MillslS36 Mass. CoLMills 1840 Low. Mach.Sh. 1845 Company No. 1. Capital. Mills. $2,500,000 6 1,200,000 4 600,000 2 1,500,000 3 1,000,000 4 600,000 3 600,000 2 1,500,000 5 262,400 - 1,200,000 5 1,800,000 6 600,000 - No, of No, of Spind s. Looms. 69,440 2,108 38,416 1,124 17,920 600 11,362 154 16.340 403 17,528 590 14,560 557 44.800 1.3S2 49,434 1,432 45,720 1,556 Hands Emp. M. F. 645 1,614 325 840 120 400 225 550 575 730 100 400 100 400 200 1,200 200 20 262 870 250 1.250 700. Total $13,362,400 40 325,520 9,906 3,702 8,274 LOW LOW In the ten cotton and woolen establishments, consisting of forty mills, the weekly consumption of cotton was 705,400 pounds, and of wool 69,000 pounds ; and the number of yards of fabric produced was 2,136,417, of which 1,190,000 yards were cotton, 20.477 woolen, 15,000 carpeting, and 40 rugs. In the dyeing and bleach works the goods finished per week amounted to 9,889,000 yards. In these manufac tures the consumption of coal was annually 28,520 tons, of charcoal 84,993 bushels, of wood 2,270 cords, of oil 107,577 gallons, of starch 1,390,000 pounds, and of flour 1,640 bar rels. The whole of these establishments are warmed by steam and lighted with gas. The average wages of females, clear of board, is $2 per week, and the average wages of men, clear of board, 80 cents a day. Medium produce of a loom, No. 14 yarn, is 45 yards a day, and of No. 80 yarn, 33 yards average per spindle, 1-J- yard a day. The Middlesex Company also own the Wamcset Carpet Mill on Concord River, where are consumed annually 93,600 pounds coarse wool and 36,400 pounds of worsted yarn, producing annu ally 91,000 yards of ingrain carpeting. Other manufactures are produced in the city than those specified above, of a value of $1,500,000, employing a capital of $400,000, and about 1,500 hands, and embracing several different handi crafts powder-mills, paper-mills, batting-mills, a foundery, a planing-mill, etc., owned by individuals. The Lowell Machine Shop, included among the establishments noted in the table, can furnish machinery complete for a mill of 6,000 spindles in three months, and a mill can be built in the same time. The association called "The Proprietors of the Locks and Canals on the Merrimac River," are the principal owners of the water-power at Lowell. This company was organ ized 1792, for the construction of a canal from the head of Pawtucket Falls, in Merrimac River, to Concord River, and open a passage for boats and rafts. This canal is 1 m. long, 60 feet wide, and 6 or 8 deep, and is still used to some extent for its original purpose ; but the company s revenue chiefly consists of rents for supplying water-power to the several mills. In 1S47 this; canal was found to be insuffi cient for the increasing wants of the community, and the company constructed a new canal of greater capacity ; this Is a mile long, and 100 feet wide, and 15 feet deep, and for solidity of workmanship and completeness in its arrange ments, is unsurpassed by any like work in the Union. The facilities thus created have been the means of building up the important manufactures which distinguish the place, and place- it so far ahead of all other manufacturing centres. Lowell, as a city, is regularly planned, and has many im portant public buildings and institutions. The Court-house, City Hall, Marketrhouse, Hospital, Mechanics Hall, etc., are edifices worthy the greatness of the place. The Me chanics Hall was erected by an association of mechanics in l->45, and is a splendid building, with philosophical ap paratus and a mineralogical museum, and lectures on sci entific and literary subjects are delivered in it at stated periods. The library, containing about 7,000 volumes, is open to all at a charge of 50 cents a year. The Hospital was erected in 1839 by the several companies, for the con venience and comfort of persons employed by them re spectively when sick, and is under the superintendence of an able surgeon and physician. Among the institutions of Lowell, perhaps none speak more loudly of a moral community than its two savings in- Btitutions the Lowell and the City. The Lowell had on deposit the first Saturday of November, 1850, from 4,609 depositors $736,628 12 ; and the City, from 615 depositors $75,970 51. The operatives in the mills are the principal depositors in these institutions. For business purposes Lowell has four banks, The churches of the city are many of them neat and sub stantial edifices, and are twenty-three in number, including sectaries of every denomination. These are well attended by the young people employed in the mills. Schools are also amply provided for. The appropriation for the pur poses of education in 1850 was $43>000, which goes toward the support of the City High School, 10 grammar schools, and 46 primary schools. The total expenditure of the city in the same year was $178,614. The public press of Lowell - consists of one daily, two tri-weekly, three weeklies, and two monthly publications. The daily is the " L. Journal" (whig), which has also a weekly edition ; the tri-weeklies are the " L. Advertiser" (whig), and " L. American" (dem.), the latter of which issues also a weekly edition ; the weeklies are the " Patriot and Republican" (dem.), the " Vox Pop- uli," and the " Business Directory ;" and the monthlies, the "New England Offering," and the "Insurance Intelli gencer." The " Offering" was originally written and edited by the ladies attached to the factories, and was one of the best edited periodicals of the State, reflecting credit alike on the fair editors themselves and the institutions which could furnish education sufficiently extended to fit them for such occupations. A reservoir of great capacity has been built on the high ground in Belvidere, east of the city, for the purpose of furnishing a ready supply of water to any part of the city in cases of fire. The water is conveyed into the reservoir by force-pumps from the Lowell Machine Shop. Pipes are laid from the reservoir to various parts of the city, at which points hose can be attached to the hydrants without delay, when necessary. The railroads diverging from Lowell are the Salem and Lowell R. R., the Boston and Lowell R. R., the Nashua and Lowell R. R., and the Lowell and Lawrence R. R. ; and these connect it with the sea-board and interior, and make it a great centre of transportation and local trade. The population of Lowell in 1830, was 6,474; in 1840, 20,796, and in 1850, 33,383, being an increase from 1830 to 1840 of 221.22 per cent., and from 1840 to 1850, 60.52 per cent. The present (1853) population can not be less than 40,000. LOWELL, t. and p. o., Dodge co., Wise. : 33 m. N. E. by E. Madison. Drained by Beaver dam (or Crawfish) r., the W. branch of Rock r. and its branches. Soil superior for grass growing. Pop. 834. LOWELL, p. o., Oneida co., 2f. Y. LOWELL, p. v., "Washington co., Ohio: on the left bank of Muskingum r., S3 m. E. by S. Columbus. LOWELL, t and p. o., Orleans co., Verm, : 88 m. N. by E. Montpelier. Mississippi r. rises in the S., and furnishes water-power. Surface somewhat rugged, but soil mostly fertile and productive. Pop. 637. LOWELL, p. v., La Salle county, Itt. : on the "W. side of Vermillion r., 109 m. N. by E. Springfield. Here are con siderable falls in the river, and extensive mills. LOWELLVTLLE, p. v., Mahoning co., Ohio : on the left bank of Mahoning r., 143 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. LOWER BARTLETT, p. v., Coos co., N. Hainp. : on Saco r., 61 m. N. N. E. Concord. LOWER BERN, p. o., Berks co., Penn. : 48 m. E. by N. Ilarrisburg. LOWER CHANCEFORD, t and p. o., York co., Penn. : 38 m. S. E Harrisburg. Susquehanna r. bounds it E., and Muddy cr., which furnishes good water-power, on the 8. and W. Surface varied, and soil very productive. The Tidewater Canal passes through it along the Susquehanna. LOWER COLUMBIA, p. o., Coos co., N. Samp. : 106 m. N. by W. Concord. LOWER GILMANTON, p. o., Belknap co., 2f. ffamp. ; 13 m N. E. Concord. LOWER LAWRENCE, p. v., Washington co., Ohio: 92 m. E. S. E. Columbus. LOWER MAIIANTANGO, t. and p. o., Schuylkill county, Penn.: 29 m. N. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Deep and Swatara creeks, on which are large saw-mills. Surface mountainous ; soil in the valleys very fertile. Anthracite 40T LOW LUC coal is largely found and conveyed east and west by rail roads. LOWER MARLBOROUGH, p. v., Calvert co., Md. : on the E. side of Patuxent r., 24 m. S. S. W. Annapolis. LOWER MERION, t. and p. o., Montgomery co., Penn. : on the W. side of the Schuylkill, 86 m. E. by S. Ilarrisburg. Drained by Mill and Cobb s creeks, and well supplied with water-power. Surface moderately uneven, and soil a highly cultivated loam. It is extensively engaged in manufacturing cotton a-nd woolen goods, paper, etc. The Columbia and Philadelphia K. E. and Philadelphia and Beading K. E. pass through it. LOWER NEWPORT, p. v., Washington co., Ohio: on the Ohio r., 96 m. E. S. E. Columbus. LOWER PEACH TREE, p. v., Wilcox co., Ala. : on right bank of Alabama r., 76 m. W. S. W. Montgomery. Here is a good landing, several stores, and 200 inhabitants. LOWER SALEM, p. v., Washington county, Ohio : 86 m. E. by S. Columbus. LOWER SAUCON, t and p. o.j Northampton co., Penn. : on the S. side of Lehigh r., S3 m. E. by N. Ilarrisburg. Drain ed by Saucon cr., and well furnished with mill privileges. Surface hilly, and soil adapted to grass or grain. Two bridges cross the Lehigh, along which the Lehigh Naviga tion Canal passes. LOWER SQUANKUM, p. v., Monmouth co., N. Jer.: 34 m. E. S. E. Trenton. LOWER THREE EUNS, p. o., Barnwell dist., S. Oar. : on a branch of Savannah r., 6 m. S. S. W. Columbia. LOWER WATERFORD, p. v., Caledonia co., Verm. : near the Connecticut r., 82 m. E. by N. Montpelier. LOWERT,P. o., Barnwell dist., & Car.: S. W. Columbia. LOWEVILLE, p. o., Meriwether county, Ga. : 97 m. W. Milledgeville. Low HAMPTON, p. v., Washington co., 2T. T.: 51 m. N. N. E. Albany. It is near the Eutland and Washington Eailroad. LOWHILL, t. and p. o., Lehigh co., Penn. : 69 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. Surface hilly; soil gravelly loam and mostly productive. It has considerable trade in lumber, and several small manufactories. LOWNDES county, Ala. Situate S. centrally, and contains 869 sq. m. Drained by Pintala, Big Swamp, and Mask creeks, affluents of the Alabama, which is its N. boundary. Surface rolling or gently uneven ; soil of average fertility. Cotton and corn are the leading crops. Swine are fed in great numbers, and the export of pork is very large. It has several mill streams, and a good growth of pine forest. Farms 874; manuf. 2; dwell. 1,354, and pop. wh. 7,258, fr. col. 8, si. 14,649 total 21,915. Capital: Haynesville. Public Works: Montgomery and Mobile Eailroad (pro jected). LOWNDES county, Ga. Situate S., and contains about 1,650 sq. m. Drained by Allapahaw r., ita E. boundary, Withlacoochee, Little, and New rivers, all branches of the Suwanee, which flows into the Gulf. Surface level or undu lating ; soil various in parts very fertile, in parts sandy bar rens. It is generally well wooded, and has some excellent timber near the rivers. Cotton, corn, buckwheat, and potatoes produce largely, but the great business is raising cattle and swine. Live-stock, beef, butter, and pork are the exports. It is on the S. line, and the State boundary is in dispute with Florida. Farms 649 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 932, and pop. wh. 5,845, fr. col. 22, si. 2,484 total 8,351. Capi tal: Troupsville. Public Works: Brunswick and Florida E. E. and Albany Branch E. E. LOWNDES county, Miss. Situate N. E., and contains 5S9 eq. m. Drained by Little Tombigbee r. and its numerous branches. Surface undulating, and somewhat uneven ; soil very fertile. Cotton is the great staple, and it is one of the largest cotton-growing counties in the State. Corn yields a good crop, and some parts grow wheat. It has fine water- power and extensive and rapidly increasing manufactures. 408 Lying at the head of navigation on the Tombigbee, it has easy access to market, and is the outlet for a large district. Farms 7 25; manuf. 63; dwell. 1,168, and pop. wh. 6,523, fr. col. 28, si. 12,993 total 19,544. Capital : Columbus. LOWNDES, p. o., Wayne county, Mo. : 137 m. S. E. Jefferson City. LowNDESBOROirsn, p. o., Lowndes county., Ala. : 18 m. W. by S. Montgomery. LOWNDESVILLE, p. o., Abbeville dist., S. Car. : about 5 m. E. of Savannah r., 94 m. W. by N. Columbia. Low POINT, p. v., Woodford co., III. : 71 m. N. by E. Springfield. Low POINT, sta., Duchess co., N. Y. : on the left bank of the Hudson, 11 m. S. of Poughkeepsie by the Hudson lliver E. E. Here is a ferry to Newburg on the W. side, and a convenient landing for vessels and steamboats, with several large warehouses. LOWRANCE S MILL, p. o., Lincoln co., 2f. Car.: 113 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. LOWRY, p. o., Athens co., Ohio: 81 m. S. E. by E. Columbus. LOWRY S CROSSING, sta., Bedford co., Virg.: 19 m. W. of Lynchburg, on the Virginia and Tennessee E. E. LOWRYVILLE, p. v., Madison co., III. : 68 m. S. by W. Springfield. LOWRYVILLE, p. v., Hardin co., Tenn.: 102 m. S. W. Nashville. Low r s CORNER, p. o., Sullivan county, 2f. Y. : 84 m. S. W. by S. Albany. LOWVILLE, t. and p. v., Lewis co., 2f. Y. : 122 m. N. W. Albany. Drained by branches of Black r., which turn many saw and grist mills. Surface rolling ; soil very fertile, especially in the E. on Black r. A superior farming t., well timbered. The v. is near Black r., and contains a bank, an incorporated academy, a dozen stores, several mills, and 800 inhabitants. Two weekly papers are published, the "L. County Eepublican" (dem.), and "Northern Journal" (whig). Pop. of L 2,377. LOWVILLE, t and p. o., Columbia co., Wise.: 24 m. N. by E. Madison. Surface slightly broken, and soil fine grain land. Pop. 297. LOYDSVILLE, p. v., Belmont co., Ohio: 103 m>E. by N. Columbus. LOY S CROSS EOABS, p. o., Anderson co., Tenn. : 154 m. E. Nashville. LUBEC, t. and p. v., Washington co., Me. : at the W. en trance of Passamaquoddy Bay, 146 m. E. N. E. Augusta ; soil fertile. The chief interests are commerce and the fisheries, and centre in the v., which occupies a point of land extend ing into the harbor, 3 m. from Eastport The harbor is of easy access, admits vessels of any size, and is well protected by Grand Menan and Campobello islands. On the most E. point of the t. is W. Quoddy Head light-house. An exten sive coasting trade is carried on, and cod and mackerel fish ing largely followed. Pop. of t 2.814. LUBEC MILLS, p. o., Washington co., Me. : 141 m. E. N. E. Augusta. LUCAS county, la. Situate S. middle, and contains 432 sq. m. Drained by Fox cr. and Chariton r. of the Missouri, and White Breast Eiver, and other branches of the Des Moines. Surface rolling, and soil fertile, adapted to grass or grain, and generally timbered, with a sufficiency of mill-seats. Little settled. Farms 32; manuf. 0; dwell. 92, and pop. wh. 471, and fr. col. total, 471. Capital: Polk. LUCAS county, Ohio. Situate N. W., and contains 332 sq. m. Drained by Ottawa and Maumee rivers, and Swan cr., emptying into Maumee Bay, the W. end of Lake Erie, which is the E. boundary of the county. Surface generally even, and soil mostly fertile. Wheat, corn, oats, and bur- ley grow easily and produce well. It is a good grazing co, and rears many cattle, and exports much pork. Water- power is abundant, and its manufactures, already large, are LUC LUZ growing rapidly. It has considerable lake-trade, and is the great thoroughfare for W. travel and freight, by water and land routes. Farms 6S3 ; manuf. 101 ; dwell. 2,225, and pop. wh. 12,223, fr. col. 140 total 12,363. Capital: Maumee City. Public Works: "\Vabash and Erie Canal; Erie and Kalamazoo K. E., etc. LUCAS, p. o., Bichland county, Ohio: 66 m. N. by E. Columbus. LUCASVILLE, p. v., Scioto co., Ohio: on the left bank of Scioto r., 73 m. S. Columbus. LUCERNE, p. o., Washtenau co,, Mich. : 51 m. 8. E. Lansing. LUCERNE, p. o., Knox co., Ohio : 47 m. N. E. Columbus. LUCINDA FURNACE, p. o., Clarion co., Penn.: 148 m. W. N. W. Ilarrisburg. Here is a charcoal furnace of 1,500 tons annual capacity. LUCKY HIT, p. o., Limestone co., Ala. : 176 m. N. by W. Montgomery. LUDA, p. o., Washita co., Ark. : 81 m. S. S. W. Little Eock. LUDLOW, t. and p. v., Hampden county, Mass. : 73 m. W. by S. Boston. Drained by Chicopee r. and its branches, which aiford good water-power. Surface agreeably un even ; soil productive and well tilled. It is mostly a farm ing t. and well wooded. In the S. on the Chicopee, and near the Western E. E., is a thriving manufacturing village where are cotton factories with abundance of water. Pop. of 1 1,186. LUDLOW, p. o., Scott co., Miss. : E. Jackson. LUDLOW, sta., Hamilton co., Ohio : 8 m. N. of Cincinnati, on the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton E. E. LUDLOW, t. and p. v., Windsor co., Verm.: 61 m. S. Montpelier. Drained by Black and Williams rivers, which afford excellent water-power. Surface hilly, and soil finely adapted to grazing. Live-stock and wool are valuable ex ports. The v. is on Black r., and has a large trade and growing manufactures. It contains a nourishing academy, and several stores and mills, and is 28 m. by the Eutland and Burlington E. E. from Bellows Falls. Pop. of t. 2,063. LUDLOWVILLE, p. v., Tompkins co., W. Y. : on Salmon cr., near the E. side of Cayuga Lake, 146 m. W. Albany. The cr. has a very large fall here, and in the v. are 6 or 8 mills, and 600 inhabitants. LUMBER BRIDGE, p. o., Eobeson co., W. Car.: 85 m. S. by W. Ealeigh. LUMBER CITY, p. o., Telfair co., Ga. : near the confluence of Oconee and Ocmulgee rivers, 89 m. S. by E. Mil- ledgeville. LUMBERLAND, t. and p. o., Sullivan co., IT. Y.: On Delaware r., 96 m. S. W. by S. Albany. Drained by Mongaup r. and other branches of the Delaware, on which are great numbers of large saw-mills. Surface hilly, and soil gravelly loam, and densely covered with pine and oak timber. The soil is little tilled, but lumber, which is exported by the r. and canal in immense quantities, and leather, are products of great value. The Delaware and Hudson Canal passes along the r. in the S., crossing it at the mouth of Lackawaxen cr., and the Erie E. E. enters the t. some miles above from the Pennsylvania side. Pop. 2,635. LUMBERPORT, p. o., Harrison county, Virg.: 203 m. N. W. by W. Eichmond. LUMBER EIVER, sta, Horry district, S. Car.: on the "Wilmington and Manchester E. E., 72 m. from Wilmington. LUMBERTON, p. v., and cap. Eobeson co., 2f. Car. : on the E. bank of Lumber r., 83 m. S. by W. Ealeigh. It contains a court-house and several stores, and is engaged in the turpentine and lumber trade. LUMBERTON, p. o., Clinton county, Ohio: 65 m. S. W. Columbus. LUMBERTON, p. v., Burlington co., N . Jer. : 19 m. S. by W. Trenton. LUMBERVILLE, p. T., Bucks co., Penn. : on the right bank of Delaware r., 96 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. The Delaware D 3 division of the Pennsylvania Canal passes through it, 27 m. S. of Easton. LUMPKIN county, Ga. Situate N., and contains 546 sq. m. Drained by Chestatie r., a branch of the Chattahoochee, and Etowah r. of the Coosa, heads of the Alabama and Appa- lachicola respectively. Surface rugged and mountainous, with beautiful fertile valleys on the streams. Corn and pork are the staples. It has some excellent grazing and good dairies, and raises fine wheat in small quantities. It is in the heart of the gold region, and has the richest mines E. of the Mississippi, and a branch mint at its capital. Farms 593; manuf. 0; dwell. 1,381, and pop. wh. 7,993, fr. col. 22, si. 939 total 8,954. Capital : Dahlonega. LUMPKIN, p. v., and cap. Stewart county, Ga. : 123 m. S. W. by W. Milledgeville. It contains a court-house, jail, a dozen stores, and 300 inhabitants. LUMPKIN S, sta., Burke co., Ga.: on the Augusta and Waynesboro E. E., 41 m. from Augusta. LUNENBUKG county, Virg. Situate S. E., and contains 403 sq. m. It has Nottoway r. on the N., and Meherrin r- on the S., which form the Chowan, and is drained by their branches. Surface diversified agreeably, with some con siderable hills ; soil of good fertility, yielding great crops of tobacco, which is the staple product, and fair crops of corn and wheat. It has many mill-streams and small manu factories. Farms 548; manuf. 13; dwell. 820, and pop. wh. 4,310, fr. col. 195, si. 7,187 total 11,692. Capital: Lunenburg C. H. LUNENBURG C. H., p. v., and cap. Lunenburg co., Virg.: 61 m. S. W. Eichmond. It contains a brick court-house, jail, and clerk s office, and 150 inhabitants. LUNENBURG, t and p. v., Worcester co., Mass. : 39 m. W. N. W. Boston. Drained by branches of Nashua r., which are fed by three large ponds. Surface elevated and uneven ; soil clayey and adhesive, and generally productive. Farming and grazing are the leading pursuits, but it manu factures boots and shoes, leather, cabinet-ware, and agricul tural implements, etc., in small amounts. The Fitehburg E. E. passes through the S. part, and has a sta. there 8 m. E. of Fitchburg. Pop of t, 1,249. LUNENBURG, t, and p. o., Essex co., Verm. : on Connec ticut r., 45 m. E. by N. Montpelier. It lies immediately above the Fifteen Mile Falls on that r., and is well furnished with water-power by Neal s and Catbow branches. Surface uneven and soil very stony, but mostly fine pasture. Cattle and dairy products are the chief exports. Pop. 1,124. LUNEY B CKEEK, p. o., Hardy county, Virg. : 161 in. N. W. Eichmond. LURAY, p. v., Henry county, Ind. : 44 miles E. N. E. Indianapolis. LURAY, v., Licking co., Ohio : on the S. branch of Licking river, 23 m. E. Columbus. Pop. 83. LUBAY, p. v., and cap. Page co., Virg. : on a branch of Shenandoah r., 88 m. N. W. by N. Eichmond. It contains a court-house, several stores, and 500 inhabitants. LUTHERSBURG, p. v., Clearfleld county, Penn.: 113 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. Limestone is quarried near it LUTHERSVILLE, p. o., Meriwether co., Ga. : 97 m.W. by N. Milledgeville. LUZERNE county, Penn. Situate N. E., and contains 1,265 sq. m. Bounded S. E. by Lehigh r., and W. by the Susquehanna, and drained by its numerous branches, the largest, Lackawanna r., and its affluents, draining the N. half. Surface much diversified, in parts rugged and broken, with lovely valleys; soil generally very fertile; parts are untillable. Oats, corn, wheat, buckwheat, rye, and potatoes are all fine crops, and produce largely. It is a fine grazing region, and feeds great numbers of sheep, and markets much live-stock, beef, and pork. Anthracite coal abounds, and forms a valuable export. It has great facilities for manufactures, which are very largely prosecuted, especially of flour, iron, iron-ware, and lumber. Farms 1,936; manuf. 175 ; dwell. 9,537, and pop. wh. 55,699, fr. col. 373 409 LTJZ LYN total 56,072. Capital: Wilkesbarre. Public Works: Lackawanna and Western E. E. ; Cobb s Gap E. E.; Pennsylvania Coal Co. E. E. ; North Branch Division of Pennsylvania Canal, etc. LUZERNE, t. and p. v., Warren co., N. T. : 36 m. N. Albany. Bounded W. and S. by Hudson river, on which are Hadley and other large falls. Surface very hilly in the E. ; on the Hudson level bottom of great fertility. Lumber is the chief product. The v. is on the r., and contains several mills and 300 inhabitants. Pop. of 1. 1,300. LYCOMING county, Penn. Situate N. centrally, and con tains 927 sq. m. Drained by W. branch of the Susquehanna, and Pine, Lycoming, Lycosock, and Muncy creeks, its afflu ents. Surface broken and mountainous in the middle ; more even, though hilly, in the N. and S. parts. Soil of great fer tility, especially on the streams, in its numerous valleys. Wheat, corn, buckwheat, rye, oats, and potatoes are the staples, all growing excellent crops of superior quality. It is eminently a grazing co., pasturing large numbers of cattle and sheep, with fine dairies and valuable exports of butter, cheese, wool, and pork. Water-power it has in abundance, and superior timber. Its manufactures are varied, extensive, and employ a large capital. Iron, flour, lumber, leather, liquors, and woolen goods are made. Farms 1,561 ; manuf. 232 ; dwell. 4,586, and pop. wh. 25,890, fr. col. 367 total 26,257. Capital: Williamsport, Public Works: Penn sylvania Canal ; Williamsport and Elmira E. E. LYCOMING CREEK, p. o., Lycoming county, Penn. : 78 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. LYELL S STORE, p. o., Eichmond county, Virg. : 44 m. E. N. E. Eichmond. LYMAN, t. and p. o., York co., Me. : 74 m. S. W. by S. Augusta. Drained by a branch of Saco r. and Kennebuuk r., which rises in a pond near its centre. Surface somewhat uneven, and soil fertile and well cultivated. The York and Cumberland E. E. passes near the N. corner. Pop. 1,376. LYMAN, t. and p. v., Grafton co., N. Ilamp. : on the Con necticut river, 78 m. N. N. W. Concord. Drained E. by branches of Ammonoosuc river. Surface uneven, but not mountainous. Soil generally productive, and good pasture land. The v. is on the Connecticut, which has several falls, and is crossed by a ferry. Pop. of 1. 1,442. LYMAN CENTRE, p. v., York co., Me. : 76 m. S. W. by S. Augusta. LYMANSVILLB, p. v., Potter co., Perm. : 119 m. N.W. by N. Harrisburg. LYME, t. and p. v., New London co., Conn. : at the mouth of the Connecticut, on the E. side, 39 m. S. S. E. Hartford. Drained by Blackball and Four Mile rivers, and other small streams flowing into the river and Sound. Surface in the S. mostly level, with extensive salt meadows ; in the N. broken and stony, with much excellent pasture. Farming and grazing are leading interests, and wool a considerable export. Small factories of cotton and woolen goods are operated on the streams, and the indentations of the coast afford several harbors and give it facilities for commerce. The village is a wide street, lined with fine farm-houses, half a mile E. of the river, and has a landing for steam boats and a ferry to Saybrook. The New Haven and New London E. E. crosses the town, and connects with the W. side of the river by a ferry. The station at the ferry is 16 m. W. of New London. Pop. of t. 2,668. LYME, t. and p. v., Grafton co., N. flump. : on the Con necticut, 52 m. N. W. by N. Concord. Drained by small affluents of the Connecticut, on which are numerous saw mills. Surface moderately uneven, and soil generally fertile and well timbered. The village is on the Connecticut, and contains a nourishing academy and several stores. Pop. of 1. 1,613. LYME, t. and p. o., Huron county, Ohio : 88 m. N. by E. Columbus. Drained by Pipe cr., which flows into Lake Erie. Surface level, and soil superior for grain-growing. The Toledo, Norwalk, and Cleveland E. E., and Mad Eiver 410 and Lake Erie E. E. pass through it and intersect near ita W. line. Pop. 1,859. LYNCHBUBO, p. v., Campbell co., Virg. : on the S. side of James r., 22 m. below Balcony Falls, and 91 m. W. by S. Eichmond. Lat. 87 36 N., and long. 79 22 W. The James Eiver and Kanawha Canal, now finished W. to the mouth of North r., is at present the great channel of ita commerce with the sea-board ; but it is soon to be connected E. and W. by a magnificent line of railroads the South Side E. E. to Petersburg, 120 m., and Eichmond, 122 m., and the Virginia and Tennessee E. E., and connections to and beyond the Ohio r. and the Mississippi, passing through the principal commercial centres of the great interior basin ; these lines are rapidly being completed, and before the ex piration of the year 1855 the whole will be in operation. The v. is well located for business and health, on ground rising gently from the river, and on every side environed by magnificent scenery, overlooked on the W. by the lofty peaks of the Blue Eidge mountains, rising in one place the Peaks of Otter to an elevation of 4,260 feet above the sea level. In 1793 Lynchburg contained but five dwellings, and it is now one of the largest, most wealthy, and busy places of the State, and has an amount of trade surpassed by no other place between the Ohio Eiver and the Atlantic sea-board. Its buildings, public and private, are substan tial, and in many instances handsome structures ; and its warehouses are large and filled with the produce of a wide tributary country. It has 6 or 7 extensive tobacco ware houses, in which from 10,000 to 12,000 hogsheads of tobacco are annually inspected, and there are some 25 or 80 tobacco factories, each of which on an average turn out 1,500 boxes annually. Cotton and iron are also manufactured here to a considerable extent, and there are several extensive flouring and other mills. Lynchburg has three banks; and there are published in the v. three newspapers, the " L. Virgin ian" (whig), the " Virginia Patriot" (whig), and the " L. Ee- publican" (dem.) ; the water-power applicable to manufac tures is large and valuable, and has been greatly increased by a dam above the v., which latter also creates the reser voir or source of the water supplied to the inhabitants, which is raised to an elevation by means of pumps and distributed through pipes. Below this, and connecting the city with the opposite bank, a bridge crosses the river, over which ia the road to Charlottesville. Pop. about 8,000. LYNCHBITRG, p. v. and sta., Highland co., Ohio : on the E. branch of Little Miami river, which affords several fine mill-sites, 63 m. S.W. by S. Columbus. The station is 10 m. from Hillsboro , on the Cincinnati, Hillsboro , and Parkers- burg E. E. LYNCHBITBG, p. o., Lincoln co., Tenn. : 56 m. S. by E. Nashville. LYNCIIBTJEG, sta., Sumter dist., S. Car. : on the Wilming ton and Manchester E. E., 28 m. from Manchester. LYNCH S CREEK, p. o., Marion district, & Car. : on the stream so called, 87 m. E. by S. Columbia. LYNCH S creek, S. Car. : rising in North Carolina, after a S. S. E. course of 125 m. flows into Great Pedee r., and is navigable through half its length. LYNCH S LAKE, p. o., Williamsburg dist., S. Car. : 81 m. S. S. E. Columbia. LYNCHWOOD, p. o., Kershaw dist., S. Car. : on the "W. side of Lynoh s cr., 47 m. N. E. by E. Columbia. LYNDEBOROTJGH, t. and p. o., Hillsborough co., N.Hamp.: 26 m. S. W. by S. Concord. Drained by branches of Sou- hegan r. Surface rough and stony, but it has very superior pastures, and some good farms. Pop 96S. LYNDON, p. v., Whitesides co., III.: about 1 m. W. of Eock r., 134 m. N. by W. Springfield. It was the former cap. of the co., and contains an academy, several stores, and 450 inhabitants. LYNDON, t. and p. v., Caledonia co., Verm. : 35 m. N. E. Montpelier. Drained by Passumpsic r. and its branches, which supply it with an abundance of excellent water-power- LYN LYT The Great Falls of the Passumpsic descend C5 feet in 30 rods, within the t., and the Little Falls 18. Surface undulating, and soil rich loam, free from stone, and of easy tillage. Live-stock, wool, and dairy products, form heavy exports. The v. is on the Passumpsic, and contains an academy, and several manufactories. The Connecticut and Passump- sic Rivers E. R. passes through the t Pop. of 1 1,752. LYNDON CENTKE, p. o., CaJedonia co., Verm. : 37 m. N. E. Montpelier. LYNDONVILLE, p. v., Orleans co., N. Y. : on Johnson s cr. 246 in. W. by N. Albany. It contains several mills and stores, and 500 inhabitants. LYKF.SVILLE, p. v., Granville county, N. Car. : 55 m. N. Eak-igh. LYNX, t., p. city, and port, Essex co., Mass. : 9 m. N. E. Boston. The town extends some 6 in. along the sea, and is almost surrounded with wator. On the "W. is Saugus river, on the S. the harbor, on the S. E. the ocean, and on the N. are the Lakes of Lynn, a chain of ponds. The S. part of the t. is an inclined plane, bounded on the N. by bold por- phyritic hills, beyond which the surface is thickly covered with timber. From its S. E. corner, extending into the ocean 4 m., is Nahant peninsula, at the S. extremity of which is located the celebrated watering-place of the same name. Phillip s Point, another peninsula, ia also a fine summer resort, and in the N. part of the t. is a noted min eral spring, much frequented by invalids. The city of Lynn is pleasantly situated, and well laid out in broad and airy streets, and has an excellent harbor. Lat. 42 27 51" N., and long. 70 57 25" "W. It contains 15 churches, 10 school-houses, an academy, 2 banks, a savings institution, 2 insurance offices, and several literary, scientific, and benev olent institutions. Two newspapers, the " L. News (whig), and the " Bay State" (dem), are issued weekly. It is cele brated for its manufacture of ladies shoes, and its extensive cod and mackerel fisheries. The shoe business is the life of Lynn. Only womens , misses , and childrens shoes are made here. Engaged in this business, there are of manu facturers, or men who " carry on the business," 89 ; of cut ters, or men who " cut out" the shoes, 175 ; of men and boys employed in " making" shoes, 2,458 ; of men and boys so employed, but living out of the town, about 900; of women and girls employed in " binding" shoes, 4,925 ; of the, same so employed, and living out of the town, about 1,600 ; making of employees an aggregate of 10,058. The number of men and boys employed in making shoes is more than 70 per cent, now than it was in 1842. The in crease in the number of women and girls employed in bind ing shoes has been correspondingly great. The number of pairs of shoes made last year (1849), was 3,540,000 pairs. The cost of material of these was $1,635,545 ; that of making them $957,030 making the cost of the 3,540,000 pairs of shoes to have been $2,392,575. Shoe-making was a princi pal business of the inhabitants before the Revolution, and hence the people of the " City of Shoes" ought to be en dowed with good understandings. The population of the town in 1790 was 2,291; in 1800, 2,837; in 1810, 4,087; in 1820, 4,515 ; in 1830, 6,133 ; in 1840, 9,367, and in 1850, 14.259 the increase for the last two decennial periods hav ing been upward of 52 per cent The Eastern 11. 11. passes through Lynn, 9 m. from Boston. LYNN, p. o., Susquehanna co., Penn. : 114 m. N. N. E, Earrisburg. LYNN, p. o., Randolph county, Ind. : 53 m. E. by W. Indianapolis. LYNN CAMP, Knox county, Ky.: 93 m. S, E. by S. Frankfort. LYNNFIKLD, t and p. v., Essex co., Mass. : 12 m. N. -Bos ton. Drained by Ipswich and Saugus rivers, which afford good water-power. Surface rugged ; soil unproductive, with some arable land of superior quality, mostly well wood ed, and in parts covered with large forests. Woolens, boots and shoes, iron-ware, and several kinds of tools, etc., are manufactured. Its romantic scenery makes it a favorite resort in summer of parties from the neighboring cities. The South Reading Branch of the Boston and Maine R. R. passes through it, and has a sta. 6 m. W. of Salem. Pop. of 1. 1723. LYNNFIELD CENTRE, p. v., Essex co., Mass. : 15 m. N. Boston. LYNNFORD, p. o., Jefferson county, Ey. : 41 m. W. Frankfort. LYNNVILLE, p. v., Morgan county, III. : 37 m. W. by S. Springfield. LYNNVILLE, p. o., Jasper co., la. ; 79 m. W. of Iowa City. LYNNYILLE, p. v., "VVarrick co., Ind. : 121 m. S. W. by S. Indianapolis. A plank-road leads hence to Newburg on the Ohio. LYNNVILLE, p. v., Lehigh county, Penn. : 64 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. Here is a furnace of 800 tons capacity. LYNNVILLE, p. o., Giles co., Tenn.: on a branch of Elk r., 54 m. S. by W. Nashville. LYONS, p. v., Clinton co., la. : on the Mississippi, 71 m. E. by N. Iowa City. LYONS, t. and p. v., Ionia county, Mich. : 32 m. N. "W. Lansing. Drained by Maple and Grand rivers and their branches. Surface level or rolling. Soil a rich alluvium, producing fine grass and grain. The v. is 1 m. above the union of Maple and Grand rivers, on the latter, and at the head of steamboat navigation. The r. has a considerable fall, and the facilities for manufacturing are very good. Pop. of t 850. LYONS, t, p. v., and cap. "Wayne county, N. Y. : 172 m. "W. by N. Albany. Surface hilly. Soil sandy and calcareous loam, and very productive of grain. Flour, leather, aud earthen-ware, are important manufactures. The Erie Canal passes through it, on which is the v. 44 m. E. of Ro chester, and near the junction of Mud cr. and Canandaigua r., which form the Clyde, and from which it is amply sup plied with water-power by a canal half a mile in length. It is largely engaged in manufacturing flour, iron cast ings, leather, carriages, etc. It contains a court-house, jail, and the county offices, several large hotels, 25 stores, an ex cellent high school, and 2,000 inhabitants. Two weeklies are published, the""W. County Whig," and "L. Gazette" (dem). A railroad from Rochester to Syracuse direct will pass through it Pop. of t 4,926. LYONS, p. o., Fulton co., Ohio : 122 m. N. N. W. Columbus. LYONS, p. v., Cook co., III. : 168 m. N. E. Springfield. LYONS, p. v., Walworth co., Wise. : on a branch of Fox r., 63 m. E. S. E. Madison. LYONS, p. o., Fayette co., Tea-. : 49 m. E. S. E. Austin City. LYONSDALE, p. v., Lewis co., If. Y. : about 2 m. S. of Moose r., 99 m. N. W. Albany. LYON S HOLLOW, p. o., Steuben co., ^ Y. : 204 m. W. by S. Albany. LYON S LANDING, p. o., Bladen co., N . Car. : 74 m. S. Raleigh. LYONS STORE, p. o., Hawkins co., Tenn. : 222 m. E. byN. Nashville. LYONSVILLE, p. v., Cook co., HI. : about two miles W. of Des Plaines r., 165 m. N. E. Springfield. LYRA, p. o., Scioto co., Ohio : 86 m. S. Columbus. LYSANDEE, t. and p. o., Onandaga county, JV. Y. : 142 m. W. by N. Albany. Bounded E. by Oswego r., and S. by Seneca r. Surface mostly level, and soil of excellent qual ity. It is a large t., principally devoted to agricultural pur suits, for which it is admirably adapted. The Oswego and Syracuse R. R. crosses the E. part, and has a sta. near Seneca r. Pop. 5,833. LYTHONIA, p. o. and sta., De Kalb county, Ga. : on the Georgia R. R., 24 m. from Atlanta, 71 m. N. W. Milledge- ville. LYTLESVILLE, p. Y., M Lean county, III. . 63 m. N. E. Springfield. 411 M AF M. M AFEE, p. o., Mercer co., Ky. : 23 m. S. Frankfort. M ALEVY S FORT, p. o., Huntingdon co., Penn. : 59 m Vf. by N. Harrisbiirg. MCALLISTER S CKOSS EOADS, p. o., Montgomery co., Tenn., 89 m. N. W. Nashville. M-ALLISTERVILLE, p. v., Juniata co., Penn.: 35 m. N. W. Harrisburg. M ARTHUR, p. o., Vinton co., Ohio : 53 m. S. E. Columbus. M ARTIICRSTOWX, p. v., and cap. Vinton co., Ohio: on a branch of Kaccoon cr., 55 m. S. E. Columbus. There is an extensive burr-millstone factory here. The "Vinton co. Republican" (whig) is published here. Pop. 424. M BEEN, p. o., llichmond county, Ga. : 85 m. E. by N. Milledgeville. M BEIDE S MILLS, p. o., Heard co., Ga. : 97 m. W. by N. Milledgeville. M B RIDES VILLE, p. v., Union dist., S. Car, : near M Bride r., 69 m. N. "W. Columbia. M CALL S CREEK, p. o., Franklin co., Miss : 71 m. S. "W. Jackson. M CALLUM S STORE, p. o., Montgomery co., JV. Cur. : 71 m. S. W. Ealeigh. M CLELLANDTOWN, p. v., Fayette co., Penn. : 155 m. "W. by S. Harrisburg. M CLEXNAN county, Tex. : situate centrally, and contains about 940 sq. m. It lies on the upper part of, and mostly to the "W. of Brazos r., that river intersecting the E. part and its branches, the largest of which is N. Bosque r., draining it. It is a new co. erected since 1S50, and but little settled. M COMB, p. v., Hancock county, Ohio : 73 m. N. N. "W. Columbus. M CoNNELLSBiTRG, p. v., Fulton co., Penn. : in a valley on Big Cove cr., 59 m. W. S. W. Harrisburg. The Hanover Blast Furnaces of 2,000 tons capacity are at this village. The Fulton Connty " Democrat is issued weekly. M CoxxELL s GROVE, p. o., Stephenson co., HI. : 179 m. N. Springfield. M COXXELLSTOWX, p. o., Huntingdon co., Penn. : 63 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. M CoxxELLSviLLE, p. o., Oneida county, 2f. Y.: 135 m. W. by N. Albany. M COXXELLSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Morgan co., Ohio : on the E. side of Muskingum r., 63 m. E. S. E. Columbus. The v. is situate on an elevation of from 15 to 20 feet above high water mark. There is a C. IL, jail, 2 churches, and several tanneries here. The "Morgan Chronicle" (dem.), and "Morgan Herald" (whig), are published weekly. Pop. 1,600. M COYSVILLE, p. o., Juniata county, Penn. : 35 m. N. TV. Harrisburg. M CRACKEX county, Ky. Situate "W., and contains 223 sq. m. Bounded N. by the Ohio, E. by the Tennessee, and drained by Clark s and Mayfield s rivers. Surface mostly even, and soil fertile. Corn is the staple ; wheat and to bacco are considerably raised. It has good pastures, and exports a large quantity of pork. Its manufactures are im portant, and fast increasing. Farms 34S ; manuf. 33 ; dwell. 835, and pop. wh. 5,241, fr. col. IS, si. SOS total 6,067. Capital: Paducah. M CuLLocn s MILLS, p. o., Juniata county, Penn. : 37 m. TV. N. TV. Harrisburg. M CuTcnENviLLE, p. o., Vanderburg co., Ind. : 131 m. S. W. Indianapolis. M CUTCHENVILLE, p. o., TVvandott county, Ohio: on a branch of the Sandusky r., 71 m. N. by W. Columbus, and 2 m. E. from Mad River and Lake Erie E. E. M CrrciioN s, p. o., St. Charles par., La. : 59 m. S. E. Baton Eouge. H DAXIEL S,P. o., Orange county, N. Car. : 41 m. N. TV. Ealeigh. 412 M GR M DOXALD county, Mo. Situate S. TV. corner, and con tains 519 sq. m. Drained by Elk r. and its branches, affluents of Neosho. Surface pleasantly diversified, and soil of superior fertility. Corn is the staple. It grows grass or grain in profusion, and is an excellent grazing co. It is well timbered, and has very good water-power. Farms 126; manuf. 42; dwell. 371, and pop. wh. 2,132, f. col. 21, si. 83 total 2,236. Capital: Eutledge. M DOXALD, p. o., Wilkinson co., Ga. : 17 m. S. Milledge ville. The Central (Georgia) E. E. passes it 160 m. from Savannah, and 31 m. from Macon. M DOXALD, p. v., Barry co., Mo. : on Flat cr., 157 m. S. W. Jefferson City. M DOXALD S MILL, p. o., Montgomery co., Virg. : 159 m. W. by S. Eichmond. M DoxouGii county, III. Situate N. W., and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Drowning Fork, Troublesome, Tur key, and Grindstone creeks, branches of Crooked cr., a branch of the Illinois. Surface level, or gently undulating. Soil very fertile, in the TV. particularly. In the E. is a strip of prairie; the rest is sufficiently wooded. It has a few milV streams. Corn and wheat are staples, and pork a large ex port Farms 843; manuf. 19; dwell. 1,262, and pop. wh. 7,61 1, and fr. col. 5 total 7,616. Capital : Macomb. PuUia Works: Central Military Tract E. E. M DoxouGH, p. o., New Castle co., Del. : 23 m. N. Dover. M DoxouGH, p. v., and cap. Henry co., Ga. : near a branch of the Ocmulgee r., 63 m. W. N. TV. Milledgeville. It con tains a fine court-house, jail, and two churches, an academy, 60 dwellings, and about 350 inhabitants. M DoxouGii, t and p. v., Chenango co., N. Y. : 109 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by Geneganslette cr. Surface uneven ; soil fertile, and well adapted to grazing. The v. is situate on Geneganslette cr., and has several mills, tanneries, and a printing-office. Pop. of t. 1,522. M DOWELL county, N. Car. Situate W., and contains 545 sq. m. Drained by Catawba r. and its heads, Turkey, Goose, and Crooked creeks. Surface elevated, and in parts mountainous, the water-shed between E. and TV. rivers lying on its W., and the Catawba rising here. Soil mostly fertile, adapted especially to grazing and producing fine crops of wheat and corn, with some cotton and tobacco. It has much ater-power and flourishing manufactures. This is in the gold region, and the production has been considerable. Farms 508 ; manuf. 29 ; dwell. 860, and pop. wh. 4,777, fr. col. 207, si. 1,262 total 6,246. Capital : Marion. M DOWELL, p. o., Highland co., Virg.: 123 m. N. TV. Richmond. M ELAVET FORT, p. o., Huntington co., Penn. The Ee- )ecca Blast Furnace, of 800 tons annual capacity, also a charcoal forge (of same name), which produces 200 tons of )looms annually, are located here. M EwEx s CROSS-EOADS, p. o., Morrow co., Ohio : 49 m. S". by E. Columbus. M EWEXSVILLE, p. o., Northumberland co., Penn. : 55 m. ST. Harrisburg. M FARLAND S, p. o., Lunenburg co., Virg. : 57 m. S. "W. Richmond. M GAHEYSVILLE, p. o., Eockingham co., Virg.: 93 m. tf. W. Eichmond. M GARY, p. o., Hancock co., Hi. : 89 m. N. W. Springfield. M GEE S p. o., Polk co., Teat. : 169 m. E. by N. Austin City. M GEE s BRIDGE, p. o.. Yallabusha co., Miss. : 119 m. N >y E. Jackson. M GiiEE s STORE, p. o., Jackson co., Ohio: 63 m. S. by E. Columbus. M GRAWVILLE, p. v., Cortlandt co., 2f. Y. : on a branch f Tioughnioga r., 131 m. W. Albany. Contains several hurches. and a number of workshops and stores. The Cortlandt County Express" (neutral), "Morning Star" E. Meth.), and " Christian Contributor" (Baptist), are issued icre. It is the seat of a college for the promiscuous educa tion of-colored and white persons. M GR M MI M GREGOR S LANDING, p. v., Clayton co., la. : in N. E. part of co., on W. bank Mississippi r., 91 m. N. Iowa City. M^HAKGVE S MILLS, p. o., Knox co., Ky. : 107 m. S. E. Frankfort M-HKXRY county, 111. Situate N. E., and contains 486 eq. in. Drained E. by Fox r. and its branches, and W. by Piskashau and Rush creeks, and N. branch of Kishwaukee r., affluents of Rock r. Surface undulating ; soil mostly a sandy loam, and very productive. On Fox r. is much good timber ; the W. mingled grove and prairie. Wheat, corn, oats, and potatoes yield well, and great numbers of cattle and hogs are raised. It has many ponds in the E., and a suffi ciency of water-power. Farms 1,950; manuf. IT; dwell. 2,650, and pop. wh. 14,9TT, fr. col. 2 total 14,979. Capital : Dorr (formerly Woodstock). Public Works: Galena and Chicago Union R. R., etc. M HENRY, p. v., and cap. M llenry co., III. : on the W. Bide of Fox r., 195 m. N. N. E. Springfield. The country round about the v. is excellent farming land. M lNDOE s FALLS, p. o., Caledonia co., Verm. : on W. bank Connecticut r., 27 m. E. Montpelier, and at the head of navigation. The Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers E. R. passes through the v., 48 m. from White river junction. M lKTOsu county, Ga. Situate S. E. on the Atlantic, and contains 548 sq. m. Altamaha r. bounds it S., and S. New port r. N., and drain it by their affluents. Sapelo r. flows into Supelo Sound between them. Surface level, and much of it low and swampy ; soil fertile generally, in parts exceed ingly rich. The W. is a pine barren ; on the coast are very productive rice marshes. Sapelo L, which lies off shore a little, is very fertile, as is the land between the barrens and coast, and produces Sea Island cotton largely. Rice is a very large and the chief crop. Cotton and corn are much less raised, but the former is very superior. Farms 117 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 2S3, and pop. wh. 1,327, fr. col. 72, si. 4,629 total 6,028. Capital: Darien. M KAIG S MILLS, p. v., Columbiana co., Ohio: 121 m. E. N. E. Columbus. M KAY, p. o., Ashland county, Ohio : 65 m. N. N. E. Columbus. M KAY, p. o., Dallas co., la. : 125 m. W. Iowa City. M*KEAX county, Penn. Situate N. W., and contains 1,122 sq. m. Drained by Alleghany r. and its branches, Potato and Kenjua creeks, and affluents of "W. branch of the Susquehanna. Surface rough and hilly ; soil generally good, and adapted to grazing. Wheat, corn, oats, and po tatoes are raised in small quantities. Cattle and sheep are largely reared, and live-stock, butter, and wool exported. It has abundant water-power, and timber, and valuable manufactories of salt, iron, lumber, etc. It abounds in coal, iron ore, and salt-springs. Farms 246; manuf. 40; dwell. 953, and pop. wh. 5,218, fr. col. 36 total 5,254. Capital: Smithport. M KEAX, t. and p. T., Erie co., Penn. : 205 m. N. W. Har- risburg, and 9 m. S. Erie. Drained by Elk cr. Surface varied, in parts hilly ; soil sandy loam. It has several mills. Pop. of t. 2,809. M KEAXSBURG, p. v., Schuylkill co., Penn. Situate about 1J m. W. Little Schuylkill river and railroad, 53 m. N. E. Harrisburg. M KEAN S OLD STAND, p. o., Westmoreland co., Penn. : 185 m. W. Harrisburg. M KF.E S HALF FALLS, p. o., Union co., Penn. : 41 m. N. Harrisburg. M KEE S PORT, p. v., Alleghany co., Penn. : on the E. Bide of Monongahela r., near the mouth of the Youghiogeny r., 155 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. It contains a church, sev eral stores, and from 50 to 60 dwellings. M KINLEY county, Tex. Situate S. W., and contains 3,989 sq. m. It lies between the Neuces and Grand rivers, the latter its W. boundary for 150 miles, the former its E. for 120. San Felipe, Pedro, Mavericks, Zoquette, Las Morns, Elm, and San Ambrosio creeks flow into the Grand and Turkey, Elm, Live Oak, Mustang, and St. Mary s creeks, into the Neuces. Surface much varied ; in the N. mount ain ridges and broken intervals, in the S. plains of great extent, with ravines and high hills in parts ; soil various ; on the large streams fertile, producing corn abundantly, with most of the grains, fruits, and vegetables. A large part of the co. is but moderately productive, and used mostly to pasture horses and cattle, which thrive with little or no attention in this mild climate. The Grande is here a stream of good size, but too swift for navigation; the Neuces is smaller ; the banks of both are generally well wooded, as are their branches. The parts back of the rivers are some what deficient in timber. This large tract is recovering the population it has lost in long border strifes, but is as yet sparsely settled. Capital: Fort Duncan. Unorganized in 1850. M KINLEY, p. v., Marengo county, Ala. : 71 m. W. by S. Montgomery. M Ki^NEY, p. v., and cap. Collins co., Tea*. Situate cen trally between Ten Mile and Honey creeks, 215 m. N. by E. Austin City. M KixsTRY s MILLS, p. o., Carroll county, Md. : 37 m. E. Annapolis. M KISSACK S GROVE, p. o., Fremont county, la. : 219 m. W. S. W. Iowa City. M LAINS MILLS, p. v., Waldo co., Me. : on the St. George r., 31 m. E. by. S. Augusta. M ; LEAN county, III. Situate N. E. centre, and contains 1,064 sq. m. Drained by Mackinau, Kickapoo, and Sugar creeks, affluents of the Illinois. Surface elevated and un dulating ; soil very fertile. A large share is prairie, dotted with groves of excellent timber. Its streams afford good mill-seats, and limestone and coal are found in parts. Corn is the staple, on which pork is largely fatted for export. Wheat is a good crop, and the grazing very fine. Farms 916; manuf. 3; dwell. 1,851, and pop. wh. 10,121, fr. col. 42 total 10,163. Capital : Bloomington. Public Works: Illinois Central R. R. ; Chicago and Mississippi R. R. ; Peoria and Oquawka R. R., etc. M-LEAN, p. v., Tompkins co., N. T. : 133 m. W. Albany, on Fall cr., which affords great water-power. It has several manufactories, mills, and workshops, 60 dwellings, and about 400 inhabitants. M LEANSBOROUGIT, p. v., and cap. Hamilton co., III.: 133 m. S. S. E. Springfield. It contains a court-house and jail, etc. M-LEAN Q STORE, p. o., Tippah co., J/ws. : 167 m. N. E. Jackson. M LEANSVILLE, p. o., Jackson co., Tenn. : 59 m. E. by N. Nashville. M LEMARESVILLE, p. v., Carroll co., Tenn. : 97 m. W. by S. Nashville. M LEOD S, p. v., Greene county, Miss. : on W. side of Pascagoula r., 101 m. S. E. Jackson. M MANTJS, p. o., Greene co., Miss. : 99 m. S. E. Jackson. M MATII S, p. v., Tuscaloosa co., Ala. : on the Tuscaloosa and Ellington post-road, 75 m. N. W. Montgomery. M MEEKIN B, p. v., Fairfield dist., & Car. : 23 m. N. N. W. Columbia. M MILLAN S, p. o., Panola county, Tew. : 247 m. N. E. Austin City. M MILLEN S GROVE, p. o., DTI Page co., HI. : 161 m. N. N. E. Springfield, and 31 m. W. A N. Chicago. M MiNN county, Tenn. Situate S. E., and contains 503 sq. m. Bounded N. W. by the Tennessee, S. W. by ita branch, the Hiwassee, and drained by its affluents. Surface varied, with broken land and hills E. and S., which send down many streams, affording excellent water-power ; soil generally fertile, and good pasture. Corn is the leading crop, and wheat yields largely. Pork and beef are exported, and it has very fine horses. Its facilities for manufacturing are well improved by many extensive and flourishing es tablishments that produce cottou and woolen goods, flour, 413 M MI MAC leather, lumber, liquors, oil, etc. Farms 1,688 ; manuf. 115 ; dwell. 2,040 ; and pop. wh. 12,286, fr. col. 52, si. 1,563 total 13,906. Capital : Athens. Public Works : East Tennessee and Georgia K. K.; Chattanooga and Charleston Kail- road, etc. M MINNVILLE, p. v., and cap. Warren co., Tenn. : on N. side Barren Fork, which flows into the Caney, a fork of the Cumberland r., 61 m. S. E. Frankfort. The M Minnville and Manchester E. E., a branch of the Nashville and Chatta nooga E. E., comes up to the village from Tullahoma, and it is the S. terminus of the Danville and M Minnville E. E. Pop. about 600. M NAIRY county, Tenn. Situate S. "W., and contains 871 sq. m. Drained W. by heads of Big Hatchie r., and E. by White Oak, Mud, Snake, and Owl creeks of the Tennessee. Surface moderately uneven ; soil of good fertility. Corn, wheat, and tobacco are leading crops. Pork is a heavy ex port. It has good mill-streams, and some manufactures of much importance. Farms 1,3T9 ; manuf. 33 ; dwell. 1,895, and pop. wh. 11,44T, fr. col. 24, si. 1,393 total 12,864. Capital : Purdy. Public Works : Memphis and Charleston Eailroad. M Nurr, p. o., Sunflower co., Miss. : 93 m. N. by W. Jackson. M EAE S MILLS, p. o., Montgomery co., 2f. Car. : 71 m. S. W. Ealeigh. M EAE S STORE, p. o., Telfair co., Ga. /near a tributary of the Altamaha r., 85 m. S. by E. Milledgeville. M SHERRYSTOWN, p. v., Adams co., Perm-. : in the S. E. part of the co., 30 m. S. by W. Harrisburg. M VEYTOWN, p. v., Mifflin co., Perm. : on the W. side of the Juniata r., and on the line of the E. division of the Pennsylvania E. E., 14 miles S. W. Lewiston, and 49 miles W. N. W. Harrisburg. M WiLLiAMSTowN, p. o., Chester co., Penn. : 61 m. S. E. Harrisburg. MABBETTSVILLE, p. o., Dutchess county, Iff". T. : 63 m. S. Albany. MABEE S, p. o., Jackson co., Ohio: 70 m. S. E. Columbus. MACEDON, t and p. v., Wayne co., N. Y. : 190 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Mud cr. Surface uneven ; soil very fertile. The Erie Canal passes through the centre of the t. It has a number of mills, etc. Pop. of t 2,384. MACEDON, p. o., Mercer county, Ohio : 97 m. W. N. W. Columbus. MACEDON CENTRE, p. o., Wayne co., N. Y. : in centre of Macedon t., 193 m. W. by N. Albany. MACEDONIA, p. o., Montgomery co., 2f. Car.: 71 m. S. W. Ealeigh. MACEDONIA, sta., Summit co., OMo : on the Cleveland and Pittsburg E. E., 20 m. S. E. Cleveland. MACEDONIA, p. v., Carroll co., Tenn. : on a tributary of Obion r., in N. part of co., 95 m. W. Frankfort MACEDONIA, p. o., Pottowotamie co., la. : 203 m. W. by S. Iowa City. MACE S, sta., Middlesex co., Mass. : on the Lowell and Lawrence E. E., 113 m. W. Lawrence. MACHIAS, t., p. v., port of entry, and cap. Washington co., Me. : 123 m. E. N. E. Augusta. Drained by the Machias r., which passes through the t, and a number of small lakes in the N. E. part, which connect with the r. by a small creek. Surface varied ; soil good, with much timber land. The v. is situate on the Machias r., near its mouth, and contains the usual number of public buildings. It has a fine harbor, ad mitting vessels of 250 tons to within a very short distance of the place. It is the seat of numerous mills, and carries on the lumber trade and fisheries. The v. was first settled in 1762, incorporated in 1784, and was the first corporate town between Penobscot and St. Croix rivers. It is now an interesting and flourishing place. Whitney ville is the name of a v. and p. o. in the N. W. of the town, from which to Machias Port, a distance of 9 m., the Franklin E. E. extends. Pop. of 1. 1,590. 414 MACUIAS, t. and p. v., Cattaraugus county, N. Y. : 225 m W. by S. Albany. Drained by outlet of Lime Lake, which empties into Cattaraugus cr., and other small streams flowing into Nine Mile cr. Surface elevated, but even or table land ; soil fertile and adapted to grazing. There are in the t. several stores and mills. The v. is situate in N. E. part of t., near Lime Lake, and contains several stores, mills, etc., and about 45 dwellings. Pop. of 1. 1,342. MACHIAS river, Me. : rises in two main streams, which originate in small lakes in Washington co., and unite at Machias Port, in their courses affording extensive mill- power. The bay of the same name lies between Machiag Port and Chester, and is 10m. long, and from 4 to 5 wide at its mouth, and contains several coves, harbors, and islands. MACHIAS PORT, t. and p. v., Washington co., Me. : at the mouth of Machias r., 3. m. S. of Machias, 123 m. E. N. E. Augusta. It is a port of entry, having an excellent harbor for vessels of ah" classes. The fishing and lumber trade is carried on to a great extent, and considerable navigation in coasting. It has several mills and considerable trade in lumber. Pop. 1,266. MACKESVILLE, p. o., Clark county, Miss. : 85 m. E. by S. Jacksonville. MACKINAC, p. v., and cap. Michilimackinac co.,Mie7i.: 219 m. N. Lansing. Situated on S. side of an island of same name, 4 m. N. the W. extremity of Bois Blanc Island, in Lake Huron. Fort Mackinac, on an eminence com manding the v. and surrounding coast, is a U. S. military post The harbor is very fine and secure, capable of accom modating some 200 vessels. Furs and fish are the materials of the chief traffic, the former quite extensive. There is a court-house and several dwellings here. MACKINAW, p. v., Tazewell county, III : 53 m. N. by E. Springfield. The v. is situated on and surrounded by fine prairie land, near Mackinaw river. MACKINAW creek, III. : an excellent mill-stream, falling into the Illinois 3 m. below Pekin. It has rich bottoms, but the bluffs have a thin and poor soil. MACKSBURG, p. o., Giles county, Virg. : 171 m. W. i S. Eichmond. MACK S PLACE, p. o., St. Clair co., Mich. : 95 m. E. by N. Lansing. . MACKSVILLE, p. v., Eandolph co., Ind. : on the W. Fcrk of White r., 59 m. N. E. Indianapolis. MACKVILLE, p. v., Washington co., Ky. : in E. part of co., 31 m. S. by W. Frankfort MACOMB county, Mich. Situate S. E., and contains 459 sq. m. Drained principally by Clinton river and its branches, S., Eed r., and N. E. fork, N. branch and middle branch flowing into Lake St. Clair, its S. E. boundary. Surface E. mostly level, W. rolling and somewhat broken ; soil generally very fertile, adapted particularly to grass and wheat The E. is heavily timbered, and ship building is carried on extensively near the lake. The W. is mostly openings and prairie. Most of the grains produce well, and fine dairies are kept. It has excellent water-power and rapidly increasing manufactures. Valuable salt springs are found, and a fine clay for pottery. Farms 1,277 ; manuf. 65 ; dwell. 2,666, and pop. wh. 15,516, fr. col. 14 total 15,530. Capital : Mount Clemens. MACOMB, p. v., and cap. M Donough county, III. : near Downing Fork, a branch of Crooked creek, 69 m. N. W* Springfield. It contains a court-house, a few stores, and about 200 inhabitants. The v. is situate on a fertile prairie. MACOMB, t and p. o., Macomb county, Mich. . 81 m. E. Lansing. Drained by Clinton r. and Middle and Partridge, two of its branches. Surface gently undulating ; soil rich loam, well adapted to grain. The rivers afford excellent water-power. There are several grist and saw mills in the town. Pop. 757. MACOMB, p. o., St Lawrence co., N. Y.: 143 m. N. W. Albany. MACON county, Ala. Situate S. E., and contains 933 sq. m, MAC Drained by Tallapoosa river and its branches, Ufawpee, Callebee, Crepia, and Oakfuskee creeks. Surface moderately uneven ; soil of average fertility. Corn and cotton are the leading products. It has good mill-seats and plenty of fine timber. Farms 1,208 ; manuf. 19 ; dwell. 1,849, and pop. wh. 11,280, fr. col. 22, si. 15,596 total 26,898. Capital : Tuskegee. Public Works: Montgomery and West Point E. R. ; Girard and Mobile R. R., etc. MACON county, Ga. Situate S.W. centrally, and contains 873 sq. m. Intersected by Flint river, and drained by its branches, N. and S. Whitewater and Beaver creeks. Sur face uneven; soil very productive. Cotton is the staple, and the crop very large. Corn is an excellent crop, and very large numbers of cattle and swine are fatted. Farms 419; manuf. 0; dwell. 679, and pop. wh. 4,090, fr. col. 1, si. 2,961 total T,052. Capital: Lanier. Public, Works: Muscogee R. R. ; South Western R. R. MACON county, III. Situate near centre, and contains 469 sq. m. Sangamon r. passes W. through the middle, and with its branches drains the co. Surface undulating or level ; soil generally fertile. Much of the co. is prairie, but there is some good timber. Corn is the chief, and wheat a good crop. Pork is a large export, and the pastures are excellent. It has not much water-power. Farms 4S7; manuf. IT; dwell. 693, and pop. wh. 8,983, fr. col. 0, total 8,988. Capital : Decatur. Public Works : Illinois Central It. R. ; Sangamon and Morgan R. R, ; and extensions to Terre Haute and Covington, etc. MACON county, Mo. Situate N. E., and contains 823 sq. m. Drained by Wolf cr., Chariton and E. Chariton rivers of the Missouri, and N. and S. forks of Salt river of the Mississippi. Surface moderately elevated and mostly even; soil very fertile and fine, adapted to grazing. Corn is the leading crop. Tobacco is considerably raised. Mast is abundant*, cattle and sheep are largely reared, and pork is a heavy ex port. It is well furnished with timber and water-power. Farms 711; manuf. 8; dwell. 1,079, and pop. wh. 6,262, fr. col. 0, si. 803 total 6,565. Capital: Bloomington. MACON county, jtf~. Car. Situate W., and contains 776 sq. m. Drained by Tennessee r. and its branch, Tuck- aseege r. Surface elevated and in parts mountainous, with many broad and fertile valleys. Corn is the staple; the other grains are not extensively grown, and the co. is better adapted to grazing. It has fine mill-streams and numerous email manufactories. Iron ore is found. Farms 631 ; manuf. 18 ; dwell, 936, and pop. wh. 5,613, fr. col. 106^ si. 549, Indians 121 total 6,389. Capital : Franklin. MAOON county, Tenn. Situate N. middle, and contains 244 sq. m. Drained by branches of Big Barren r. on the N. ; on the S. by branches of Cumberland r. Surface somewhat hilly ; soil very fertile. Corn, wheat, and tobacco are the staples. Pork is fatted and exported largely. It has good mill-sites. Farms 782; manuf. 3; dwell. 1,044, and pop. wh. 6,137, fr. col. 45, si. 766 total 6,948. Capital : Lafayette. MACON, p. v., Marengo county, Ala. : near E. side Black "Warrior r., 83 m. W. N. Montgomery. MACOX, city, and cap. Bibb co., Ga. : on the W. side of the Ocmulgce r., at the head of steamboat navigation, 29 m. 8. W. Milled geville, at the junction of the Central (Georgia) R. R. with the Macon and Western and South Western R. R., Which connect it with Savannah, Augusta, and Charleston. A bridge 300 feet in length affords communication with the opposite shore. A number of steamboats and other craft are employed on the river chiefly in carrying cotton, of which a large amount is shipped from here. From a mere village (in 1S22) Macon has risen to be quite an important commer cial dep6t There is now a fine court-house and jail, market- house, and several churches, besides foreign commission houses, printing offices, stores, lumber yards, and grist mills. The "Journal and Messenger" (whig), "Georgia Tele graph (dem.), "Georgia Citizen" (dem.), and "Southern Tribune," weekly, and " Reformer" (med.), monthly issues, MAD are published here. It is the site of the Wesleyan Female College, founded in 1839, having (in 1850) a president, 8 professors, 156 alumni, and 198 students. This institution is said to have been the first female college founded in the United States. MACON, p. v., and cap. Noxubee co., Miss. : on Noxubee r., 107 m. N. E. Jackson. The "Planter s Advocate" (neut.), a weekly issue, is published here. MACON, t. and p. o., Lenawee co., Mich. : 57 m. S. by E. Lansing. Drained by the Middle and South branches of Macon r. Surface somewhat hilly ; soil black sandy loam, adapted to grass, corn, oats, and wheat. Ridgeway is the name of a v. in the S. W. part of the town. In the t. there are some saw-mills. Pop. of 1. 1,030. MACON, p. o., Fayette co., Tenn. : on a branch of Wolf cr., 163 m. S. W. Nashville. MACON, p. o., Powhattan co., Virg. : 27 m. W. Richmond. MACON DEP&T, p. v., Warren co., N. Car. : 51 m. N. E. Raleigh. The Gaston and Raleigh R. R. passes it, 20 m. from Gaston and 67 m. (by railroad) from Raleigh. MACOUPIN county, III. Situate S. W., and contains 864 sq. m. Drained by Apple, Otter, Macoupin, and Cahokia creeks, affluents of the Illinois and Mississippi. Surface undulating ; soil highly productive a large part is prairie, and equally adapted to grass and grain. Corn and wheat are the staples, and heavy crops. Live-stock, beef, pork, and wool are the exports. It has fine water-power and rapidly increasing manufactures. Farms 1,183 ; manuf. 24 ; dwell. 2,037, and pop. wh. 12,272, fr. col. 83 total 12,355. Capital: Carlinville. Public Works: Chicago and Mis sissippi R. R., etc. MACOUPIN river, III. : a considerable stream rising in the N. part of Montgomery county, and running S. W. into Greene county to the Illinois, which it enters 26 m. above its mouth. Its branches are Phill s, Dry Fork, Bear, and Hodge s creeks and Lake Fork. The country along its banks is generally fertile, suitably apportioned into timber and prairie. MACUNGIE, t. and p. o., Lehigh co., Penn. : 69 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. Drained by tributaries of Lehigh r. Surface in most part level ; soil fertile, and well cultivated. It is rich in minerals as in agricultural resources. MADBURY, sta., Stratford co., If. Ilamp. : on the line of Boston and Maine R. R. 7 m. S. Dover. MADDENVILLE, p. o, Huntingdon co., Penn. : 59 m. W. Ilarrisburg. MADDOX, p. o., Hanover co., Tlrg. : 23 m. N. Richmond. MADISON county, Ala. Situate on N. line, and contains 763 sq. m. Bounded S. by Tennessee r. and drained by its branches. Surface somewhat hilly ; soil highly productive. Cotton is the staple, and in quantity produced this is about the first county in the State. Corn and wheat are also very large crops. It has much fine pasture, and exports a large amount of pork. The facilities for manufacturing are very fine and extensively improved. Farms 1,OSO ; manuf. 92 ; dwell. 2,046, and pop. wh. 11,937, fr. col. 164, si. 14,326 total 26,427. Capital: Huntsville. Public Works: Mem phis and Charleston R. R. ; Huntsville Canal, etc. MAJJISON county, Ark. Situate N. W., and contains 963 sq. m. Drained by White r. and its branches, Kings r., and War Eagle and Richland creeks. Surface elevated, in the S. mountainous ; soil productive, and well adapted to grass. Corn is the leading cereal. Other grains and tobacco do well. Hogs are fatted largely. It has abundant timber and water-power, and is rich in galena or lead ore. Farms 660 ; manuf. 12 ; dwell. 843, and pop. wh. 4,659, fr. col. 0, si. 164 total 5,823. Capital: Huntsville. MADISON county, Flor. Situate N. middle, and contains 2,946 sq. m. Bounded E. by the Suwanee and W. by Au- cilla (or Ocilla) r., and has a few creeks flowing into the Gulf. Surface even or rolling ; soil very fertile S. E., mid dle poor, and N. and W. excellent. Cotton and corn are loading crops. It has some fine sugar lands, and swamps 415 MAD MAD well fitted for rice growing. Timber is abundant, pine, cypress, and cedar. The Gulf is its S. W. boundary, and markets are convenient. Farms 262 ; manuf. 4 ; dwell. 498, and pop. wh. 2,802, fr. col. 0, si. 2,6SS total 5,490. Cap ital: Madison. MADISON county, Get. Situate N. E. ; and contains 272 BQ. m. Drained by Hudson s and South forks, and Beaver Dam cr. of Broad r., a branch of the Savannah. Surface elevated and somewhat hilly ; soil of average fertility. Cot ton is grown largely for the region, and corn is the staple grain. Other crops are not large. Grazing is the chief use of much of the county. Mill-streams are plenty, and valu able mineral springs are found. Farms 404; manuf. 3; dwell. 692, and pop. wh. 3,767, fr. col. 8, si. 1,933 total 5,703. Capital : Danielsville. MADISON county, III. Situate S. "W. on the Mississippi, and contains 728 sq. m. Drained by Wood r. and Cahokia cr. of the Mississippi, and Silver cr. and its E. fork of the Kaskaskia. Surface on the Mississippi low, and in places marshy, but of exceeding fertility; this is separated by bluffs from the back country, which is an elevated table land, gently undulating ; soil very rich. The W. parts have excellent timber in abundance; the E. is mostly prairie, with wood on the streams. The principal crop is corn. Wheat, oats, and potatoes produce good crops, and the pas tures are very fine. Cattle, sheep, and particularly swine, are reared largely. Corn, beef, pork, horses, and lumber are heavy exports. Coal, limestone, and freestone are abundant, the last a fine building and monumental material, and excellent water cement is made. It lies opposite the mouth of the Missouri, and has very superior advantages for commerce and manufactures, the last are very large and important. Farms 1,367; manuf. 182; dwell. 8,490, and pop. wh. 19,990, fr. col. 446 total 20,436. Capital : Edwardsville. Public Works : Ohio and Mississippi E. R. ; Mississippi and Atlantic E. E. ; Terre Haute and Alton E. E. ; Chicago and Mississippi E. E., etc. MADISON county, Ind. Situate centrally, and contains 370 sq. m. Drained by "W. fork of White r., and Pipe, Kill- buck, Fall, and Lick creeks. Surface level or undulating, with some wet prairies and a few hills ; soils various, gen erally clayey loam, mixed with sand, and very productive. Wheat and corn are raised largely, and much stock fatted. It has excellent mill-sites and extensive manufactures, and was originally well timbered. Limestone and marble abound. Farms 1,494 ; manuf. 67 ; dwell. 2,159, and pop. wh. 12.358, fr. col. 17 total 12,375. Capital : Anderson. PuUie Works : Indianapolis and Bellefontaine R. E. ; Eich- mond and Newcastle E. E. ; Logansport E. E., etc. MADISON county, la. Situate S. W., and contains 576 oq. m. Drained by North and Middle rivers, and Prairie branch, affluents of the Des Moines. Surface rolling, and soil fertile, adapted to grazing. It has abundant timber and water-power, with a sparse population as yet. Farms 53 ; manuf. ; dwell. 180, and pop. wh. 1,179, fr. col. total 1,179. Capital: Winterset. MADISON county, Ky. Situate E. centrally, and contains 488 sq. m. Bounded N. and N. E. by the Kentucky drained by its branches, Paint Lick, Silver, Muddy, and Drowing creeks, and S. by affluents of the Cumberland. Surface considerably broken ; soil very productive. Corn is the staple ; rye, wheat, and tobacco yield well. Sheep are reared in large numbers, and pork is a very heavy export. Fine horses for the Eastern markets are raised here. Its mill-seats are numerous and extensively occupied. Farms 1,185 ; manuf. 89 ; dwell. 1,847, and pop. wh. 10,270, fr. col. 64, si. 5,393 total 15,727. Capital: Eichmond. Public Works : Knoxville and Covington E. E., etc. MADISON parish, La. Situate N. E., and contains 656 eq. m. Bounded E. by the Mississippi and W. by Bayou Macon, and drained by Tensas r., and Walnut, Eoundaway, and Vidal bayoux. Surface level, in parts low and marshy; Boil, where tillable, exceedingly rich. Cotton is the almost 416 exclusive product. The plantations on the Mississippi are very large and profitable, and the cotton crop is enormous. It is well timbered and has some water-power. Farms 218 ; manuf. 24 ; dwell. 448, and pop. wh. 1,416, fr. col. 4, sL 7,353 total 8,773. Capital: Eichmond. MADISON county, Miss. Situate W. centrally, and contains 656 sq. m. Bounded W. by Big Black r., S. E. by Pearl r., and drained by their affluents. Surface moderately uneven; soil exceedingly rich. Cotton is the great staple, and this county is one of the best in the State for cotton growing. It has also good pasturage, and rears large numbers of cat tle and swine. Water-power is plenty, and markets very convenient. Farms 552 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 767, and pop. wh. 4,328, fr. col. 2, si. 13,843 total 18,173. Capital : Can ton. Public Works : New Orleans, Jackson, and Northern E. E. ; Mississippi Central E. E. MADISON county, Mo. Situate S. E., and contains 653 sq. m. Drained by SL FranQois r. and Big, Castor, and Twelve Mile creeks. Surface considerably broken and hilly ; soil of average fertility. Corn is the leading crop. Wheat, oats, and potatoes are grown in small quantities. Pork is the chief farming export. It has much good water- power, and is exceedingly rich in lead, copper, and iron ores. In the N. is Pilot Knob, an iron mountain 300 feet high, where ore containing 80 per cent of pure metal is found in huge masses of several tons weight. Farms 515 ; manuf. 19; dwell. 878, and pop. wh. 5,278, fr. col. 29, sL 696 total 6,003. Capital: Fredericktown. MADISON county, N. Y. Situate centrally, and contains 582 sq. m. Drained S. by Chenango r. and N. by Chkten- ango, Cowasalon, and Canaseraga rivers flowing into Oneida Lake, its N. W. boundary. Surface generally hilly, with a great swamp on the border of Oneida Lake, and the water shed of the Ontario and Susquehanna streams in the mid dle ; soil fertile, very rich in the valleys N. better for grain, and S. for grazing. It is well wooded M ith hemlock, maple, and beech. The dairies are large and superior, and sheep raising the leading business of a large part. Wool, hops, butter, cheese, maple sugar, and potash are large ex ports. Iron ore much used for castings, water lime, and gypsum are abundant. Sulphur and s.alt springs, and marl are extensively found. Water-power is abundant, and manufactures very largely carried on. Flour, leather, lum ber, woolens, iron, and potash are the leading articles made. Farms 3,845 ; manuf. 404 ; dwell. 8,198, and pop. wh. 42,783, fr. col. 289 total 43,072. Capital : Morrisville. PuUic Works : Erie Canal ; Chenango Canal ; Syracuse and Utica E. E. MADISON county, OMo. Situate W. centrally, and con- tains 420 sq. m. Drained by Little and Big Darby and Deer creeks of Scioto r. Surface undulating or slightly broken ; soil fertile, adapted to grass or grain. Corn and wheat are the staple crops. Grazing is the great business. Live-stock, beef, wool, butter, cheese, and pork are exported largely. It has very good mill-seats and flourishing manufactures. Farms 474; manuf. 48; dwell. 1,742, and pop. wh. 9,946, fr. col. 69 total 10,015. Capital: London. Public Works: Columbus and Xenia E. E. ; Springfield and London E. E. ; Columbus, Pequa, and Indiana E. E., etc. MADISON county, Tenn. Situate W., and contains 906 sq. m. Drained by branches of Big Hatchie and Forked Deer rivers, affluents of the Mississippi. Surface some what broken; soil very productive. Cotton and corn are the staples. Wheat and tobacco are successful crops. It has some water-power, which is well improved in making woolen and cotton goods, flour, leather, and iron. Farms 1,408 ; manuf. 49 ; dwell. 2,282, and pop. wh. 12,861, fr. col. 57, si. 8,552 total 21,470. Capital: Jackson. Pullia Works : Mississippi Central E. E. MADISON county, Teas. A new county set off in Feb., 1753, from portions of Walker, Grimes, and Leon counties. It extends from the Trinity to the Navasoto, and is drained by Bedais cr. and other affluents of these rivers. MADISON county, Virg. Situate N. E. centrally, and con- MAD MAD tains 261 sq. m. Drained by Robertson, Wolf, and Conway rivers, branches of the Eappahannock. Surface elevated, uneven, and in parts mountainous, the Blue Ridge forming- its W. boundary; soil generally good, with rich and beauti ful valleys. Corn and wheat are the staple cereals. Eye and tobacco are successfully cultivated. It has fine pasture and grass land. Manufactures of flour, lumber, and woolen goods are large and flourishing. Farms 513; manuf. 88; dwell. 827, and pop. wh. 4,458, fr. col. 149, si. 4,724 total 9,331. Capital: Madison. MADISON, t. and p. T., New Haven co., Conn. : 81 m. S. Hartford. Bounded on the S. by Long Island Sound, and embraces Hammonasset Point. Drained by East and Neck rivers, Hammonasset r. forming its PI boundary. Soil stony and hard to cultivate, but is made quite productive by plowing in white fish, which are taken in the Sound in large quantities. This place has a small but secure harbor, and some navigation. There is a large quantity of lumber here, and ship-building is carried on to some extent. The v. is situate near the coast, on the line of the New Haven and New London R. R., 20 m. distant from New Haven and 30 m. from New London. It contains some fine buildings. There are in the t. several mills and some manufactories. Pop. of t. 2,063. MADISON, p. v., and cap. Madison co., Flor. : 59 m. E. Tallahassee, Situate in the N. part of co., and contains a court-house, etc. MADISON, p. v., and cap. Morgan co., Ga. : 38 m. N. N. W. Milledgeville. Situate on a branch of the Oconee r. and on the line of Georgia E. E., 104 m. W. Augusta. It has a court-house, jail, 2 academics, a number of stores, and about 80 dwellings. MADISON, p. o., city, and cap. Jefferson co., Ind. : on the N. side of the Ohio r., at the S. terminus of the Madison and Indianapolis E. E., 86 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. It is the seat of the county court-house. The v. is finely laid out and neatly built, and there is much traffic, both wholesale and retail. There are a number of manufactories of various de scriptions in active operation. The elevated ground in the rear of the v. affords a delightful prospect. The " Madison Courier" (whig), and " Republican Banner" (dem.), are issued here. Pop. of v. 7,800. MADISON, p. o., Livingston co., Mich. : 37 m. W. by S. Lansing. MADISON, p. v., Monroe co., Mo. : on N. side of Elk fork of Salt r., 63 m. N. Jefferson City. MADISOX, p. v., Morris co., N. Jer. : 37 m. N. N. E. Trenton. The Morris and Essex E. E. passes through the village 2S m. W. New York and 16 m. S. E. Dover. MADISON, t. and p. v., Madison co., A 7 ". Y. : 93 m. W. by N. Albany. Surface high and rolling; soil rich and fertile. Drained by Chenango r. S., and Oriskany cr. N., which empties into the Mohawk r. The Chenango Canal passes through the town. The village, incorporated in 1816, is situate on the Cherry Valley Turnpike, and contains several considerable factories and numerous stores, and about 600 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 2,405. MADISON, p. o., Eockingham co., JV: Car. : 81 m. N. W. Raleigh. MADISON, t. and p. v., Lake co., Ohio 157 m. N. E. Co lumbus. Drained by Grand r., which passes through it centrally. Surface rolling ; soil fertile. The Cleveland and Erie R. R. passes through the N. part of town 40 m. from Cleveland. Unionville and Centreville are villages on the post road ; on the R. E. is Madison Station. Population Of t. 2,987. MADISON, p. v., "Westmoreland co., Penn. : 143 m. TV. Earrisburg. MADISON COURT-HOUSE, p. v., and cap. Madison county, Virg.; in centre of county, T3 m. N.W. Richmond. There are several stores and mills here, and a population of about 350. MADISON, p. v., and cap. Dane co., TTwe., and cap. of the E8 State of Wisconsin : on what are called the Four Lakes, al most directly S. of the portage between Wisconsin and Fox rivers, 71 m. W. Milwaukie. Madison occupies the isthmus between the Third and Fourth lakes. It is in the centre of the county, near the centre of the basin of the Catfish. The land on which it is located rises abruptly from the shore of the Third Lake about 50 feet, and from thence ascends gradually until the centre of the Capitol Park is reached, about 70 feet above the lakes. From thence it descends gradually until near the Fourth Lake, when it rises with considerable abruptness about 75 feet, and then falls off boldly to the shore of the Fourth Lake distance across being about three-fourths of a mile. Following the cardinal points, the ground descends every way from the Capitol, all the streets from the corners of the square terminating in the lakes, save the western, which slopes gradually about half a mile, and then rises until, at a distance of exactly one mile from the capitol, it attains an elevation of at least 125 feet. This is College Hill, the magnificent site of the Wis consin University, founded in 1843. It is rapidly increasing in its population, buildings, and other improvements. A telegraph line connects with the lakes and the Mississippi. There is excellent water-power, which is used in running some of the most extensive mills in the State. It contains several stores and workshops. There are three papers issued here, the " Wisconsin Express" (whig), " Wisconsin Argus" (dem.), "Wisconsin Democrat" (dem.) Pop. (in 1S50) 1,871. The Milwaukie and Mississippi E. E. will probably intersect Madison. MADISONBOROUGII, p. v., Alachua county, Flor. : 121 m. E. S. E. Tallahassee. MADISON CENTRE, p. v., Somerset co., Me. : 29 m. N. Augusta, and near a beautiful pond, the outlet of which is at Skouhyau. MADISON CROSS EOADS, p. y., Madison co., Ala. : 169 m, N. by W. Montgomery. MADISON MILLS, p. o., Madison co., Virg. : 75 m. N. W. Eichmond. MADISON SPRINGS, p. T., Madison county, Ga. : 83 m. N". Milledgeville, in N. part of the co., near Broad r. There is a chalybeate spring hero which is beneficial in many com plaints, and there is a fine hotel for the accommodation of visitors to the springs. MADISONVILLE, p. v., and cap. Hopkins co., Ky. : situate on the E. side of Green r. (on an elevation), 169 m.W. S,W. Franklbrt. It contains a court-house and about 60 inhab itants. MADISONVILLE, p. v. and seaport, St. Tammany par., La. : on the N. bank of Lake Pontchartrain, and W. of Bogue Fallia, which empties itself at this point, 59 m. E. Baton Rouge, and 29 m. N. New Orleans. It is an important place, and will be made the W. terminus of the line of rail road from Alabama toward New Orleans, to which city the connection will be by steamboat. MADISONVILLE, p. o., Madison co., Miss. : 21 m. N. by E. Jackson. MADISONVILLE, p. v., Rails co., Mo. : on Spencer s cr., 71 m. N. E. Jefferson City. MADISONVILLE, p. v., Hamilton co., Ohio : 91 m. S. W. Columbus, 4 m. N. of the Ohio river. It contains about 650 inhabitants. MADISONVILLE, p. v., and cap. Monroe co., Tenn. : 137 m. S. E. Nashville. MAD river, Ohio : a large branch of the Great Miami from the E., rising in Logan co., and after a course of 50 m. terminates at Dayton. It has a rapid and broken current, and supplies an immense water-power. MADRID, t. and p. o., Franklin co., Me. : 49 m. N. W. Augusta. Drained by branches of Sandy river. Surface varied; in some parts mountainous, containing a part of Saddleback Mountain. Soil is excellent, well adapted to wheat, of which it yields a large quantity. Pop. of t. 404. MADRID, t. and p. v., St. Lawrence CO., 2i. T. : 161 m 41T MAD MAI N. W. Albany. Drained by Grass river and several small creeks flowing into the St. Lawrence r., which bounds it on the N. W. The " Isle au Eapid Platt" belongs to the t. Surface undulating ; soil of good quality, rich and pro ductive. The t. contains several manufactories, mills, etc., in active operation. The v. is situate on the line of the Northern Ogdensburg E. R., in S. part of town. The " True Democrat" (dem.) is issued here. Pop. of t. 4,856. MAGNOLIA, p. o., La Eue county, Ky. : 59 m. S. "W. Frankfort. MAGNOLIA, p. v., Putnam county, HI. : 91 m. N. by E. Springfield. Situate on the S. boundary of the county, sur rounded by prairie land. MAGNOLIA, t. and p. v., Eock county, Wise. : 29 m. S. Madison. Drained in the N. by a branch of Sugar r., and in the S. by Bass cr. Surface level; soil fertile. The v. is on the Janesville post-road. There are some mills and workshops in the t. Pop. 673. MAGNOLIA, p. o. and sta., Harford county, Md. : on the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore E. E., 18 m. N. E. Baltimore, and 43 m. N. N. E. Annapolis. MAGNOLIA, p. v., Chautauque co., N. Y. : on "W. side of Chautauque Lake, 303 m. "W". by S. Albany. MAGNOLIA, p. v., Crawford county, Ind. : 103 m. S. J "W. Indianapolis, 4 m. N. Ohio river. MAGNOLIA, p. v., Stark co., Ohio: on the Tuscarawaa r., 99 m. N. E. Columbus. The Beaver Canal passes through the village. MAGNOLIA SPRINGS, p. o., Jasper county, Tex. : 227 m. E. by N. Austin City. MAHALA, p. o., Adams county, Ohio : 79 m. S. by W. Columbus. MAIIAXOY, p. v., Northumberland co., Penn. : on a trib utary of the Susquehanna r., 33 m. N. Harrisburg. MAHASKA county, la. Situate S.E. centrally, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Des Moines r. and N. and S. forks of Skunk r. Surface undulating ; soils very fertile, equally adapted to grass and grain. Corn and wheat, cattle aud pork, are the leading products. It has abundant water- power and timber, with some rich prairie. Farms 480 ; manuf. 18 ; dwell. 981, and pop. wh. 5,983, fr. col. 1 total 5,989. Capital: Oskaloosa. MAHOMET, p. v., Champaign co., 111. : on the W. side of the North Fork of Sangamon r., 67 m.W. N.W. Springfield. MAHONING county, Ohio. Situate N. E., and contains 506 sq. m. Drained by Mahoning r. and its branches. Sur face rolling and somewhat broken ; soils highly productive and admirably adapted to grazing. Corn, wheat, and oats are the staple grains. Cattle and swine are fatted largely ; the dairies are superior, and live-stock, beef, pork, and wool are heavy exports. Excellent water-power is abundant, and manufactures of woolens, leather, lumber, flour, etc., ex tensive ; marl, common and water limestone, and iron ore are found. Farms 2,052; manuf. 105; dwell. 4,293, and pop. wh. 23,646, fr. col. 89 total 23,735. Capital: Can- field. Public Works : Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal ; Cleveland and Mahoning E. E. ; Ohio and Pennsylvania E. E., etc. MAHONTNO, p. o., Stark county, Ohio : 95 m. N. E. Columbus. MAHONING, t. and p. o., Indiana county, Penn. : 125 m. W. N. "W. Harrisburg. Drained by Mahoning cr. Surface uneven ; soil loam, mixed with clay. Iron ore is found in the t. It has several distilleries and grist and saw mills. MAHONING river, Ohio and Penn. : a large tributary of Beaver r., which it joins in Pennsylvania. The Pennsylva nia and Ohio Canal follows the valley of the stream, and will also the Cleveland and Mahoning E. E. MAHOPAC, p. o., Oakland co., Mich. : 55 m. E. Lansing. MAUOPAC, p. o., Putnam co., N. Y. : near a lake of same name, 87 m. S. Albany. MAIDEN CEEEK, t. and p. o., Berks co., Penn. : 101 m. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Schuylkill river and Maiden cr. Surface finely diversified ; soil fertile. It contains several grist and saw mills. MAIDEN SPRING, p. v., Tazewell co., Virg. : on N. side of a fork of Clinch r., 235 m. W. S. TV. Eichmond. MAIDSTONE, t. and p. v., Essex co., Verm. : 53 m. N. E. Montpelier. Drained by branches of Connecticut river and Maidstone Lake, which has its outlet into Paul s stream. Surface undulating; soil fertile, and productive of grain. There are in the town several grist-mills, stores, and work shops. The village is one mile "W. Connecticut r. Popu lation of t. 237. THE STATE OF MAINE. MAINE, occupying a little less than one half the surface of New England, is of a long, irregular shape, extending between latitudes 43 and 47 3ff N., and between longitudes 66 52 , and 71 06 TV. from Greenwich, or 5 56 and 10 10 E. from "Washington. The boundaries of Maine* as established by the treaty of Washington, 1842, are the result of a controversy with Great Britain of a quarter of a century s standing, and one which came near involving the two countries in a war. By the treaty, the St. Croix. and a line running due north from a monument at its source to St. John s Eiver form the boundary on the east. On the north the line follows the St. John s and St. Francis rivers to Lake Pohenagamook. On the north-west it follows the highlands from that lake in a south-west direction to the- north-east corner of New Hampshire? which State forms the greatest length of its west boundary. The Atlantic lies on the south. Within these limits the esti mated area contains 80,000 square miles. There are said to be as many islands on the coasts, and in the bays of Maine, as there are days in the year. Most of these are small, but many are of considerable size, fertile, and inhabited. The bays and inlets are proportionally numer ous, and afford a series of excellent harbors. The length of the coast in a straight line from Kittery Point to Quoddy Head is about 225 miles, but following its windings, nearly 1,000 miles. The Isles of Shoals are seven in numbcr,t and lie about eight miles south-easterly from the mouth of the Piscataqua Eiver. Four of them belong to Maine, and the three others to New Hampshire. These islands are little more than masses of rock, but at one time had 500 or 600 inhabitants, * The following are the astronomical positions i if several important points on the line of the new boundary survey, Lat. N Long. W. Fish River, mouth of. 47 15 13 683526 Fort Fair-field, (upper block-house) 464607 Fort Fairfie d, (lower block-house) 674942 Fort Kent (block-house) 4T 15 09 6S 35 25 Hancock Harracks (flagstaff) 46 07 39 Head of!,. Black Rapids (St. John River) 4705 30 Head of Connecticut River 45 14 58 Houlton (hotel) fTlie " Isles of Shoals" are seven in number, tute the town of Comport, N. Hamp., and the four latter the town of Isles of Shoals, Me. They were originally called Smith s Island discovered by the celebrated John Smith in 1614. The present population is 132 in N. Hamp. 103, aud in Maine 29. 418 67 49 00 69 08 34 71 12 57 Lat. N. Pine Island of Seven Islands (St. John River)... 46 46 53 . Pohenagamook Lake (monument at outlet) 472733 . Pohenagamook Lake (head of) 473139 . Saddleback Mountain 452056 . St. Croix River (monument at source) 45 56 37 . St. Francis R. (Hammond s Barn near m th of) 47 10 57 . _ Taschereau s House 45 43 37 . 46 07 28 .... 67 49 25 , Hog, Smutty Nose, Star, Duck, White, Malaga, and Londonner Islands. The tl Long. W. D. M. 9. ... 6: 35 5& ... 69 13 19 ... 69 17 31 ... 71 01 13 ... 67 47 00 ...63 53 59 ... 70 24 10 first consti- , having been MAINE. attracted thither by the superior advantages they afforded for the pursuit of the fisheries, and they became celebrated for their dried fish, known by the name of Isles of Shoal dun-fish, which were prepared by drying them slowly and carefully on the rocks. Their population in 1850 was 182. Casco Bay, a spacious basin between Cape Elizabeth and Cape Small Point, contains a great number of fine islands, among which Great Gebrag and Sebascodegan Islands are the largest. The shores of the bay afford several excellent harbors. Seguin Island, further east, is a noted landmark at the mouth of the river Kennebec. Parker s Island, on which is Georgetown, the island of Cape Newagen, and Jeremisquam, are large bodies of land betweeen the Kennebec and Damariscotta rivers, south of which are the Damariscove islands, a group of small but inhabited islets. Farther from the shore are Monhegan, St. George s, Matinic, and Matinicus islands. Monhegan was formerly famous for its fisheries. The Fox Island, Long Island, and Deer Island, are the principal islands in Penobscot Bay, which extends from White Head, on the west, to life au Haut on the east, and runs up about 85 miles inland. But the largest island on the coast is Mount Desert, containing about 60,000 acres. Several of its heights are conspicuous objects far off at sea, and some of them attain an elevation of from 1,500 to 1,800 feet. Farther east is Petit Menan, often corrupted to Titmenan, and at the entrance of Passamaquoddy Bay is Grand Menan, belonging to New Brunswick, to which province, also, Campobello and Deer Island, in that bay, are politically attached. Moose Islands belong to Maine. The surface of the interior country beyond the coast region, which is somewhat flat and sandy, is, in general, pleasantly varied with hills and valleys. There is no connected ridge of mountains in the State, but the north-western part contains numerous detached elevations, which may be considered as "outliers" of the White Mountains, and from this section all the principal rivers descend in different directions. The Bald Mountain, to the west of Moosehead Lake, Katahdin Mountain, between the east and west branches of Penobscot Eiver, Saddleback, Mt. Abraham, and Mt. Bigelow, be tween the Androscoggin and the Kennebec, and the Sugar Loaf Mountains at the head of the west branch of the Walloostook are thought to be the loftiest points. The highest point of land in the State is Mt. Katahdin, which rises 5,885 feet above the sea level. It is estimated that one tenth part of the State is covered with water ; and every portion is abundantly supplied with streams and rivulets which, for the most part, flow from or through lakes, and are copiously supplied from these reser voirs throughout the year. The rivers of Maine are characterized by numerous falls, which, while they impede the navigation of large craft, do not interrupt the descent of logs and rafts, and furnish excellent mill-seats. Along the coasts the tide-waters often penetrate far inland, filling natural channels, which take the name of rivers, but which are, in truth, arms of the sea. The whole of the northern part is drained by the constituents of St. John Eiver the St. Francis, and Madawaska from the north, and the Walloostook, Allagash, and Aroostook from the south. The great river of the southern section is the Penobscot, which collects its tribute of waters from the whole breadth of the State. Its western branch rises near the heads of the Chaudiere, and flows east, receiving in its course several streams from the vicinity of the sources of the Allagash and Walloostook, and passing through Chesuncook and Pemadumcook lakes below which it has a fall of 50 feet It receives the eastern or Seboois branch formed by confluents coming from the same tract which sends off the Aroostook to the north. The Mattawamkcag and the Piscataquis, its principal tributa ries, then come in from opposite sides, and at Orono the river falls about 50 or 60 feet to the tide level. The tides at Bangor, 60 miles from the sea, and 30 from Belfast Bay, riso 15 feet, and the river is navigable for the largest vessels to that place, but navigation is closed four or five months in the year by ice. The total length of its course is about 350 miles. The Kennebec preserves a remarkable parallelism with the Penobscot, but drains a less extent of country. Its head stream, the Moose, rising in the highlands, from which issue the south-eastern branches of the Chaudiere, flows east into Moosehead Lake, the outlet of which takes the name of Kennebec, and runs south to the sea. It is broken at Embden by the Carratuck Falls ; at the mouth of Sandy Eiver by the Norridgewock Falls; below Norridge- wock by Skowhegan Falls, and at Waterville by Teconnet Falls. The tide flows up to Augusta, 50 miles from the sea, and small vessels and steamboats go up to that place, and its whole length is about 200 miles. Below Merry Meeting Bay, where it unites with the Androscoggin, it often has the name of Sagadahock. The Androscoggin runs in a winding course, much broken by falls from the north-west corner of the State, south through Moosetogmagunke and Umbago lakes, into New Hampshire, then turning east repasses into Maine, and pursues a south-easterly direction to Merry Meeting Bay. At Brunswick, a few miles from its mouth, are Pejepscot Falls, with a total descent of 50 feet, and higher up are Lewiston Falls, and Pennacook Falls in Eumford. The Magalloway, which flows into Lake Umbagog, is its principal tributary. The Dead Eiver and Sebasticook are useful mill streams flowing into the Kennebec. The Saco, Union, and Machias, are small streams. The St Croix, or Schoodic, which forms a part of the boundary toward New- Brunswick, is formed by the confluence of two large branches, each issuing from a cluster of lakelets ; the northern branch, called also the Cheputnatecook, is a rapid and broken stream, and there are several foils below the junction of the west branch. At Calais, 12 miles from its mouth, the tide rises 15 feet. The lakes of Maine are so numerous, and some of them so extensive, as to form one of the characteristic features of the country. Some of them are remarkable for the picturesque beauties of their scenery, and many of them will be use ful channels of communication when their neighborhoods become more thickly peopled. In the north the Temiscouata discharges its waters into the Madawaska, and the Baamchcnungamook and Pongokwahcm are the reservoirs from which the Allagash is fed. In the centre are Moosehead Lake, the largest in the State, being about fifty miles in length, but very irregular from five to fifteen miles in width, Chesuncook, twenty miles long, and Pemadumcook. The Moose- togmaguntic and Umbagog are on the western border, and the Schoodic, and the Upper Shoodic lakes on the eastern border. These are the largest and most conspicuous on the map, but there are hundreds of others, in every direction, giving rise to, and receiving streams of various magnitudes. Maine is a country chiefly of primary rocks, with a large division of those that refer to the transition period, and toward New Brunswick it has an important region of the lower secondary formation. Everywhere it has alluvial and diluvial deposits, and vast igneous formations, not only in the interior, but forming a barrier against the ocean surge alone a considerable part of an immense sea-coast. Its mineral deposits are various, and extensively distributed throughout its limits. Iron ore of excellent quality is found in great abundance, and in the south-eastern district, between the Kennebec and the St. Croix, there are indications of the existence of bituminous coal. Marble, granite, and limestone, however, constitute the principal mineral products, and all are extensively quarried. Lime is abundant, particularly at Thomaston and Camdcn, where it is burnt in great quantities for exportation. Maine, indeed, supplies most of the States with this article, Granite is chiefly found near Hallowell, and is peculiarly well adapted for material in public buildings. It is abundant also in many other parts. Mica, talcose, and other slates occur in extensive beds between the Kennebec and the St. John. 419 MAINE. Soapstone, sandstone, and brecciated rocks of many varieties are found ; also jasper, including the beautiful greenstone trap and its varieties and porphyry. The trap-dykes are numerous and exceedingly distinct; they cut through most of the other rocks, and produce upon them most distinctly those peculiar effects which to a demonstration prove their igneous origin; while the diluvial deposits, the boulders and ruins, the diluvial furrows in the rocks, the sea-shells now adhering to and inherent in rocks, which once formed the sea-coast, although now elevated 26 feet above the water, a salt spring at Lubec, and many other interesting phenomena illustrate other parts of scientific geology. Maine is also said to have its gold region, and of late some excitement has been produced among the inhabitants, by reports of successful mining, but it does not seem that any great amount of the mineral has been collected, nor is the estimate important enough to beguile the more wary from their usual occupations. There is no doubt, however, of its existence in the State. It is found on the streams that rise on the east side of the height of land, and flow east into the west branch of the Penobscot, and also in the tributaries of Moose River. The whole neighboring country is mountainous, and similar, in many respects, to the mining regions of other countries. The Chaudiere Eiver, on the British side, is also said to yield the metal in considerable quantities. The soils of this State are of various compost and fertility : ne<ir the sea the lands are sandy, and generally unsuited to the purposes of agriculture. In the more mountainous regions, though the soil is thin and not of the best quality, extensive tracts are found which might be used as grazing lands. The district between the Penobscot and Kennebec rivers, however, is eminently rich, fertile, and productive. That part of the State lying between the Penobscot and the Passama- quoddy, is what is called " White Pine Land" the soil is moist and of considerable strength, and the principal natural growth is the white pine mixed with oak, white ash, and beech. At "Wells and Scarboro are several tracts of salt marsh. Maine has a climate of extremes, but it is seldom so severe as to interrupt farm operations. Vegetation commences late, but it is rapid and vigorous. The season of growth extends from the middle of April to the middle of October, but it does not continue in its full force for more than three and a half months. The temperature ranges between 100 above and 20 below zero, but the changes are seasonal, and seldom interfere with personal health. Near the coast the summers are tempered and rendered pleasant by the recurrence of sea breezes, and in the eastern districts the atmospheric temperature is modified by the fogs and vapors rising from the Gulf Stream which in these latitudes sweeps the shores. The frosts of winter are uninterrupted, and the lakes and rivers may be passed upon the ice from December to the beginning of April. The less hardy cereals frequently suffer from the early frosts. The greater part of the surface of Maine is covered with dense forests of pine, oak, beech, birch, etc. White pine and spruce, when dressed into masts, boards, and shingles, are largely exported. There is also abundance of timber suitable for ship-building, and from the facilities with which it is procured, Maine has become the greatest ship-building State of the Union, and in this department of industry on an average of years produces more tonnage than the three great States of Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania together, or more than one-third that of the whole Union. Of the aboriginal tribes that formerly hunted in the deep forests of Maine, but few now inhabit the country. There are about 500 still in the State; they live principally on the islands of the Penobscot River, which they own, and enjoy a consid erable annuity secured to them by the government There is also an Indian settlement on the western side of Passama- quoddy Bay. The present inhabitants are chiefly of British descent, and the greater portion of them the immediate descendants of the original colonists of New England. There are, however, large numbers of emigrants from other European countries, but the proportion of those classes is by no means so great as in most of the other States. The colored races form but a small moiety of the people. Maine is divided into 13 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each, in 1S50, were as follows : Counties. Dwell. Pop. - " Capitals. Penobscot 10,3T4. .63,089. .3,983. .407. .Bangor Piscataquis 2,559.. 14, T35.. 1,779.. 61. .Dover Somerset 5,917. .35,581. .8,813. .155. .Norridgewock Waldo 7,631.. 47,230.. 4,415.. 347.. Belfast Washington .... 5,835. .38,810. .1,875. .310. .Machias York 10,564 . . 60,101 . . 5,004 . . 352 . . York Counties. Dwell. Pop. f^" g^ Capitals. Aroostook 2,038.. 12.535.. 1.223.. 5a..IIoulton Cumberland 12,762. .79,549. .5,352. .614. .Portland Franklin 3,487. .20,027. .2.521. .135. .Phillips Hancock 5,550. .34,372. .2,271 . .205. .Castine Kennebec 10,162. .62,521 . .5,256. .331. . AUGUSTA Lincoln 12,176. .74,875. .4,975. .526. . Wiscasset Oxford 6,712. .39,663. .4,233. . 150. .Paris The whole number of dwellings in the State was. at the above date, 95,797 ; of families, 103,787 ; and of inhabitants, 583,038; viz., whites 581,763 males 296,635, and females 285,123; free colored 1,325 males 705, and females 620. Of the whole population there were, deaf and dumbvfl\. 229, fr. col. 1 total 230; Mind wh. 201, fr. col. total 201; insane wh. 533, fr. col. 3 total 536, and idiotic wh. 555, fr. col. 3 total 553. The number of free persons born in the United States was 551,129, the number of foreign birth 31.456, and of birth unknown 584; native population originated as follows: Maine 517,117, N. Harnp. 13,509, Verm. 1,177, Mass. 16.535, E. I. 410, Conn. 460, N. Y.973, N. J. 134, Penn. 201, Del. 36, Md. 113, Dist. of Col. 23, Virg. 94, N. Car. 27, S. Car. 31, Ga. 24, Flor. 24, Ala. 6, Miss. 16, La. 21, Tex. 9, Ark. 6, Tenn. 6, Ky. 14, Oh. 68, Mich. 19, Ind. 5, 111. 38, Mo. 11, la. 1, Wise. 10, Calif. 2,Territories 4. And the foreign population was composed of persons, from England 1,949, Ireland 13,871, Scotland 532, Wales 60, Germany 290, France 143, Spain 19, Portugal 53, Belgium 2, Holland 12, Turkey 4, Italy 20, Austria 3, Switzerland 11, Eussia 2, Den mark 47, Norway 12, Sweden 55, Prussia 27, China 3, Asia 5, Africa 5, British America 14,131, Mexico 2, Central America 0, South America 31, West Indies 61, Sandwich Islands 1, and other countries, 51. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the United States authorities : Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. Year. 1790 Persons. 96002 Free. Slave. 533 Total. 538 Population. 96540 Numerical. Percent. 1800 150 901 818 . . 818 . 151.719 . . .... 55,179 . . .... 57.1 1S10 1S20 .... 227,736 . 297 340 969 .. 995 . . 969 995 . 228,705 . . . 298,335 . . .... 76,936 . . .... 69.630 . . .... 50.7 .... 30.4 1830 . 398 263 1 190 1 1 192 399 455 101,120 .. ... 33.9 1840 .... 1S50 .... 500.433 . 581.763 1,355 .. 1.325 ... . .. 1,355 1.325 .., . 501,793 . . . 583,083 . . .... 102,338 . . ... S1.295.. .... 25.6 .... 16.2 MAINE. The statistical returns of the wealth and industry of Maine, as furnished by the census of 1st June, 1850, and other official documents referring to that period, are as follows : Occupied Lands, etc. Improved lands 2,039,596 acres, and unimproved lands 2,515,797 acres valued in cash at $54,861,743. Number of farms under cultivation, 46,760 ; value of farming implements and machinery, $2,284,554. Live-Stock. Horses, 41,721 ; asses and mules, 55; milch cows, 133,556; working oxen, 83,893; other cattle, 125,890 ; sheep, 451,577 ; and swine, 54,598 total value of live-stock, $9,705,726. In 1840, there were in the State horses, mules, etc., 59,203 ; neat cattle of all descriptions, 327,255 ; sheep, 649,264 ; swine, 117,386, etc. G rain Crops. Wheat, 296,259 bushels; rye, 102,916 bushels; Indian corn, 1,750,056 bushels ; oats, 2,181, 037 bushels; barley, 151,731 bushels ; and buckwheat, 104,523 bushels. The same crops in 1840 amounted to wheat, 848,166 bushels; rye, 137,941 bushels; Indian corn, 950,528 bushels; oats, 1,076,409 bushels; barley, 855,161 bushels; and buckwheat, 51,543 bushels. Thus, while the wheat and barley crops have diminished about five-eighths, all the other crops have increased, and most of them have doubled in quantity. Other Food Crops. Peas and beans, 205,541 bushels ; Irish potatoes, 3,436,040 bushels. In 1840, the production of the potato crop amounted to 10,392,231) bushels, or nearly three times that of 1850. Miscellaneous Crops. Hay, 755,889 (in 1840, 691,358) tons ; clover-seed, 9,097 bushels ; other grass-seed, 9,214 bushels ; hops, 40,120 (in 1840, 36,940) pounds; flax, 17,081 pounds; flax-seed, 580 bushels; maple sugar, 93,542 pounds; molasses, 3,167 gallons ; bees wax and honey, 189,618 pounds ; silk cocoons, 252 (in 1840, 211) pounds ; wine, 724 gallons. The value of orchard products was $342,865, and of market-garden products, $122,387. Products of Animals. Wool, 1,364,034 (in 1840,1,465,551) pounds; butter, 9,243,811 pounds; cheese, 2,434,454 pounds; and the value of animals slaughtered during the year was $1,646,773. Home-made Manufactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were produced to the value of $513,599. Manufactures. Aggregate capital invested, $00,000,000; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $00,000,000; average number of hands employed, 00,000 males, 00,000, and females, 0,000 ; monthly cost of labor, $000,000 males $000,000, and females $00,000 total value of products for the year, $00,000,000. The whole number of manufacturing establishments in the State, in 1850, producing to the value of $500 and upward, was 3,682 ; and of these, 12 were cottoa factories, 36 woolen factories, 213 tanneries, and 26 establishments for the manufacture of iron 26 for castings, and 1 for pig iron. The cotton manufactures employ a capital of $3,329,700; value of all raw material consumed, $1.573,110; monthly cost of labor male $22,895, and female $35,973 ; value of entire products, $2,596,356. In this department of manufactures 81,531 bales of cotton were used, and 2,921 tons of coal consumed ; and the number of hands employed males 780, and females 2,959. The products for the year were 32,852,556 yards of sheeting, etc. The woolen manufactures employ a capital of $467,600; and use 1,433,434 pounds of wool, valued at $495,940 ; number of hands males 310, and females 314; monthly cost of labor male $6.998, and female $3,697 ; value of entire products, $753,300, and quantity of products, 1,023,020 yards of cloth, and 1,200 pounds yarn. In tanneries, the invested capital is $732,747 ; value of hides and skins, $892.343 ; hands employed males, 787, and female? 3; monthly cost of labor male $17.229, and female $28; skins tanned 31,350, and sides of leather tanned 632,668 ; value of products, $1,620,636. In the manufacture of pig iron, the capital invested is $214,000; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., $14,939; hands employed males, 71 ; monthly cost of labor, $1,562 ; pig iron made, 1,484 tons ; value of products, $36,616. The material consumed consisted of 2,907 tons ore, and 213,970 bushels coke and charcoal. In the manufacture of iron castings, the invested capital is $150,100; value of raw material, fuel, etc., $112.570; number of hands employed males 243, and females 1 ; average \yages per month to males $29, and to females $5 ; entire value of products 3,691 tons castings $265,000. The material and fuel consumed consisted of pig iron, 3,591 tons ; old metal, 245 tons ; mineral coal, 1,319 tons ; and coke and charcoal, 14,000 bushels. Besides the above, Maine has other considerable interests numerous mills, and various mechanical establishments, etc., which, in the aggregate, make up a long list of industrial pursuits, for the profitable prosecution of which the fine streams of the country afford special facilities. Commerce, Navigation, etc. The total value of merchandise exported to foreign countries, from Maine, during the year ending 30th January, 1850, was $1,556,912, of which $1,536,818 was the value of domestic produce and manufac tures, and $20,094 that of foreign goods re-exported. The value of domestic merchandise, exported in American vessels, was $1,135,993, and in foreign vessels $400,820; and the value of foreign merchandise, re-exported in American vessels, was $14,564, and in foreign vessels $5,530. The total value of imports for the same year was $856,411, of which $609,155 was the value of goods carried in American vessels, and $247,256 in foreign vessels. The following table exhibits the statistics of shipping employed in the foreign trade : SHIPPING ENTERED. Nationality. Vessels. Tonnage. Crews. American 253 53,309 2,084 Foreign 1,040 89,877 5,083 Total. .1,293 143,186 7,167 SHIPPING CLEARED. Nationality. Vessels. Tonnage. Crews. American 585 111,123 4,543 Foreign 1,046 91,014 5,131 Total 1,631 202,137 9,674 The tonnage cleared from Passamaquoddy district was 63.367 tons ; from Machias, 5,145 tons ; from Penobscot, 3,441 tons; from Waldoboro , 2,546 tons; from "VViscasset, 4.509 tons ; from Belfast, 11,950 tons; from Bath, 19,382 tons ; from Bangor. 12.310 tons; from Portland, 77,645 tons; from Kennebuck, 1,343 tons; and from Saco, 496 tons ; and the tonnage entered at Passamaquoddy was 58,453 tons ; at Machias, 389 tons ; at Penobscot, 4,140 tons ; at Waldoboro , 492 tons ; at Wiscasset, 1,025 tons; at Belfast, 820 tons; at Bath, 10,094 tons; at Bangor, 8,365 tons; at Portland, 64,195 tons, and at Saco, 213 tons. The shipping owned in the State, on the 30th of June, 1850, amounted to 501,421 tons; registered permanent, 193,955 tons, and temporary. 41,524 tons; enrolled nnd licensed permanent, 259,845 tons, and temporary 499 tons ; licensed (under 20 tons) employed in coasting 904 tons, and in the cod fisheries 4,694 tons. Of the registered shipping 321 tons, and of the enrolled and licensed shipping 5,25 ,) tons, were navigated by steam. The proportion of the enrolled and licensed shipping employed in coasting was 209,079 tons, in the cod fisheries 37,218 tons, and in the mackerel fisheries 12,046 tons. 421 MAINE. The statistics of the commerce of Maine for a series of years exhibit the following movements : Yer. 1820.... 1821 1822 Exports. ..$1,108,031 1,040,848 1.036,642 Imports. .... $ - 930,294 943,775 891.644 76S.443 .... 1,169,940 . . . . 1,245,235 1.3*3,390 Year. 1S31 Exports. . . $805,573 1S32 1S33 .. 981,443 ..1,019,831 1823 895,501 1S34 .. 815,277 1824 1825 1826 1827. ... 900,195 ...1,031,127 ...1,052,575 . 1,070,134 1S35 1S36 1S37. ..1,059,367 .. 850,986 955 952 l^iK 986 532 1S28 1829 ...1,019,517 737,832 . . . . 1,24G,S09 . . . . 747,781 572,066 ls-39 .. 895,485 1S40 1 018 69 1880. . . . .. 670,522 1841... ..1,091,565 Imports. $941,407 Year. 1842. Exports. $1 050 523 Imports. $606 864 1,123,326 1843. 682 891 250 260 1,880,308 1844. 1 176 135 570 S4 1,060,121 1845 . 1,255 105 855 645 833,389 1846 ..1,328,368 787 092 930,086 1847. 1 634 203 574 056 801,404 1848 .. 1,957,395 795 565 899,142 982.724 1S49 1850 ...1,286,681 ...1.556,912 721,409 856,411 628,762 1851 1 551 438 1 176 590 700,961 1862.... Internal Communication. -The bays and estuaries of Maine, many of which, however, penetrate to a considerable distance inland, are the only natural ways for internal intercourse enjoyed by the State. The great interior back from the sea-board district is beyond their reach, and the chief rivers, except as far as they can be made to float down the timber and rafts of the vast forests which abound at their upper courses, are almost useless to navigation. The State, then, has had to depend on artificial channels for travel and transportation ; and from necessity, these are extensive and systematic. But the position of Maine to the British provinces has demanded of it something more than roads to the interior, and hence we find its system, completed and projected, extending into Canada on the one hand, and into New Brunswick and Nova Scotia on the other; while lines of railroad are in operation from the south-east part of the State to Boston, connecting with the general system of the Union, and furnishing a link in the great chain extending from Halifax, the northern terminus of European steam navigation, to the ports of the Gulf of Mexico. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad, one of the greatest enterprises of the age, gives to Montreal and Quebec an outlet on the Atlantic, and avoids the tedious navigation down the St. Lawrence Kiver. The European and North American Railroad will greatly facilitate and shorten the period of travel between Europe and the Union. The first of these is now about complete, and the latter has so far progressed as to insure its completion within the next four or five years. "With the exception of one or two short lines, the railroads as yet complete are found in the south-east part of the State, between the Kennebec Eiver and the line of New Hampshire. The total length of completed railroad in the State, on the 1st January, 1853, was 417 miles. The State has also constructed the Cumberland and Oxford Canal, connecting Portland with Sebago Pond, twenty and a half miles long. It has 25 locks, and by another lock, in Saco Eiver, it is extended through Brandy and Long Ponds, making its whole length 50 miles. Banks. The bank returns for October, 1S50, reported 32 banks. The following statement exhibits their condition at that period: Liabilities capital $8,243,000, circulation $2,651,208, deposits $1,223,671, due other banks $48,036, and other liabilities $38,235 ; and cusetti loans and discounts $5,830,330, real estate $111,805, due by other banks $778,955, notes of other banks $187,435, and specie $475,589. The banks are subject to the control of Bank Commissioners appointed by the Governor. Government, etc. The constitution of Maine went into operation in 1820, on the separation of the State from Massa chusetts. It confers the right of suffrage on every white male citizen (except paupers, persons under guardianship, and Indians not taxed) 21 years of age, and for throe months next preceding any election a resident, and such citizen may rote in the town where a residence is so established. The general election is held annually on the second Monday in Sep tember. The Legislature is composed of a House of Representatives and a Senate ; representatives not less than 100, nor more than 200 in number (now 151), and elected annually, must be 21 years of age, five years citizens of the United States, one year residents of the State, and three months next preceding the election inhabitants of the town they may represent. A town having 1,500 inhabitants, is entitled to one representative; having 3,750, tioo; having 6,775, three; having 10,500, four; having 15,000, ./?<? ; having 20,250, six; and having 26,250, seven; and no town can ever be entitled to more than seven representatives. Senators not less than 20 nor more than 31 in number (now 31), must be 25 years of age, and otherwise their term of office and qualifications same as for representatives. Vacancies in the Senate shall be filled by joint vote of the senators and the representatives, from those who had the highest number of votes in each district at the popular election. The Senate tries all impeachments, and a two-thirds vote is necessary to conviction ; but judgment in such cases only extends to removal from and disqualification for office, the party being still liable to indictment No senator or representative shall, during his term, be appointed to any civil office of profit that may have been created, or its emolu ments increased during such term; and no member of Congress, or person holding office under the United States, post- officers excepted, can hold a seat in either house. The legislature convenes on the second "Wednesday in January annually. The Governor is chosen by a plurality of votes, and holds office for ono year. He must be 30 years of age, a natural born citizen of the United States, and for five years, and at the time of his election, and during his term, a resident of the State. If no person has a majority of votes, the House of Representatives, from those having the four highest numbers, if there be so many, shnll elect two, and return their names to the Senate, one of whom the Senate shall elect and declare governor. No person holding office under the United States, this State, or any other power, shall be governor. If the office become vacant, the president of the Senate, and after him the speaker of the Representatives, shall act as governor, A two-third vote of both houses in favor of a bill vetoed by the governor, nullifies his objection, and it becomes law never theless. The gubernatorial term commences on the second "Wednesday of May. The Executive Council, consisting of seven councilors, not more than one from any senatorial district, is chosen annually by joint ballot of the senators and representatives. They must be citizens of the United States, and residents of the State ; and their proper office is to advise the governor in the executive part of the government. The principal administrative officers are the Secretary of State and the State Treasurer. They are chosen annually in the same manner as the executive council. The Treasurer is not eligible more than five years successively. The constitutional organization of the judiciary was essentially altered by an act of the Legislature of 1852. The dis trict courts, which took the place of the old courts of Common Pleas were, abolished, and all their jurisdiction transferred MAINE. to the supreme judicial court, to which three additional justices were authorized by the above act. The State is now divided into three judicial districts western, middle, and eastern, and for the purpose of hearing and determining ques tions of law and equity, instead of being as heretofore held in the several counties, the terms are annually held for these districts; at Portland for the western district, at Augusta for the middle district, and at Bangorfor the eastern district. The other classes of cases are tried as formerly in the several counties where they are commenced. There is a probate court in each county, with a judge and register ; and each county has a clerk of the judicial court. Municipal and police courts are established at Portland, Bath, Bangor, Augusta, Gardiner, Belfast, Calais, Eockland, and Brunswick. All State judges are appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent of the council, and hold office for seven years, unless sooner removed for cause. Among the general provisions of the constitution, are the following: Quakers, Shakers, justices of the Supreme Court and ministers of the gospel, shall be exempt from military duty. Suitable provision shall be made by towns to support and maintain public schools. No grant shall be made by the legislature to any literary institution, unless it has control over its charter. No religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or trust. In all libel cases, the truth may be given in evidence, arid the jury shall determine both the law and the facts. Amendments to the constitution must receive a two-thirds vote of both houses, and bo submitted to the people at the next general election ; and if a majority is in favor of the amendment, it shall become a part of the constitution. The militia of Maine, according to the returns of 1851, consists of 62,533 men of all arms and grades, of which 183 are commissioned officers, and 62,350 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers, 12 are general officers, 18 general staff officers, 24 field officers, and 129 company officers. All persons between 13 and 45 years of age, not exempt by law, are liable to do military duty. Maine has several benevolent institutions, among which the Insane Hospital at Augusta stands pre-eminent. On the 4th of December, 1850, the two wings and most of the main building were destroyed by fire ; the books, library, and papers of the institution were saved, but 27 of the inmates and one of the assistants perished in the flames. The north wing was made habitable by the 1st of January, 1851, and has since been occupied. The returns for the year ending 31st March, 1850, exhibited the condition of the hospital at that time as follows : number of patients in hospital at the commencement of the past year, 12T ; and received during the year, 126 total 253, .of which number 142 were males, and 111 females. Discharged during the year: recovered males 38, and females 23; improved males 10, and females 10 ; unimproved males 8, and females 8 ; and died males 8, and females 7 ; making a total of 117. Of the 126 admitted, 64 were married males 35, a-rid females 29 ; 50 were single 28 males, and 22 females ; and 12 were widows ; and of the number, 97 had been diseased less than one year, and 29 more than a year. In ordinary cases, the expense,?, in cluding board, washing, medical attendance, etc., do not exceed, for males, $250, and for females, $225 per week. In 1850 a commission was appointed to establish a Keform School, and construct appropriate buildings therefor. Finances, Debt, etc. According to the annual report of the State Treasurer, the amount of receipts for the year ending 30th April, 1S50, was $525.688 26, which, with a balance remaining from the last past year of $79,038 26, made the total resources of the Treasury $604,726 52. The expenditures for the same period amounted to $478,802 45, leaving a surplus of $125,92-4 07 for future appropriation. The principal objects of expenditure were pay of Legislature, $41,690 ; execu tive expenses, $5,007 93 ; salaries, $25,163 02 ; clerks, $2,800 ; roll of accounts, $13,044 20 ; printing, etc., $2,500 ; cost of criminal prosecutions, $23,578 66; officers of the State prison, $4,756 25; Insane Hospital, $1,519 50; deaf, dumb, and blind, $9.750 09; school fund, No. 16, $24,435 56; Teachers Institute, $2,600; Board of Education, $785; Penobscot In dians fund, $4,187 33; agricultural products of Indians, $219 80; Indian annuities, $1,500; State roads and bridges, $1,SOO ; militia pensions, $2,123 ; Maine Eeports, $1,560 ; Eastman s Digest of the same, $1,875 ; agricultural societies, $2,202 90 ; county taxes, $24,479 92 ; furniture and repairs, $1,100 ; contingent fund of Treasurer, $1,000 ; State prison, $3,300; public debt paid, $124,250; interest on debt, $61,574 29 ; temporary loan, $82,350, etc. ; and the chief sources of income were direct taxes, $190,976 60 ; land office, $132,340 95 ; permanent school fund, $2,009 30 ; school fund, No. 17, $27,230 21; county taxes, $14 ; 508 14; interest on United States loan, $8,100; premium on United States stock sold, $7,725 ; interest, $3,678 08 ; bank dividends, $700 ; duties on commissions, $2,170, etc. The resources of the State are esti mated at $819,267 39, among which are enumerated, besides cash on hand and the proceeds of the annual taxes, 100 shares in the Augusta Bank, $10,000, and United States six per cent, stock due 1856, $20,000. The whole amount of the public debt at the date above referred to was $854,750, which pays an annual interest of about $55,000. Federal Representation. Maine, according to the provisions of the Act of 23d May, 1850, apportioning representation, is entitled to send 6 representatives to the United States Congress. Iteligious Denominations. According to the census returns of the United States, taken in 1850, the statistics of the several religious denominations in this State were as follows : Denomina tions. C No. of Church Value of Denomina- No. of Church Value of Denomma- No. of Church Value of Baptist 283 .. 93,079 . . $426,787 German Eef. _ _ _ Property. * E. Catholic.. 11 .. 6,650 .. 1* roperty. $20,700 Christian . . . Congregat l. 9 .. 165 .. 3,580 . 67,153 . . 13,800 . 526,270 Jewish Lutheran . . . -. .. Swedenbo n 2 .. Tunker 640 .. 8,000 Dutch Eef. Episcopal . Free 8 .. 19 8,937 . 6742 . 52.600 25700 Mennonite . . Methodist . . Moravian . 171 .. 55,111 .. 259,695 Union 83 .. Unitarian. . . 15 .. Univcrsalist. 53 26,087 . . 10,144.. 19 893 108,670 103,000 120 150 Friends 24 .. 7,225 . . 14,580 Presbyter n.. 7 .. 4,084 . . 32,000 Minor Sects .. 1 . . 150 .. 200 making a total of 851 churches, with accommodation for 804,475 persons, and valued as property at $1,712,152. Maine constitutes a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and a part of the Eoman Catholic diocese of Boston. Education. The Board of Education has been abolished, and an Act has been passed, authorizing, instead thereof, the appointment by the governor of a school commissioner for each county, to hold office for one year from 1st May, and it is made the duty of each commissioner to spend 50 days at least in his county during the whiter term of the schools, in visiting and examining the scholars, etc. In 1S28 twenty townships of public land were reserved as a basis for a school fund the proceeds of the land already sold are $104.363 63, which constitute the permanent school fund of the State; and in 1850. twenty-four half townships were added to this fund. The banks pay one-half of one per cent, of their capital stock semi-annually for school use. This tax in 1850 amounted to $27,230 27. Of the school fund thus constituted, $33.492 10 was apportioned among tho 423 MAINE. towns, and the towns receiving their share are obliged to raise an amount of school money equal to 40 cents for each in habitant. In 3,94S districts and 279 part districts, which made returns for I860, there were 2,706 male and 3,921 female teachers; average monthly wages male $16 66, and female $5 92; average length of schools in weeks, 18.S; schools sus pended by incompetency of teachers, 152; number of good school-houses, 1,596; number of poor school-houses, 2,012 ; number of school-houses built the past year, 120 ; whole number of scholars, 230,274 ; whole attendance in winter, 151,360 average attendance, 91,519. The whole amount of school money raised by tax was $264,351 17, which was $41,010 31 more than required by law. The sum of $29,921 46 was expended for private schools. There were school libraries in 9 towns. The whole number of chartered academies in the State in 1850 was 92, of which 64 sustain schools during a greater or less part of the year. Teachers institutes have been in successful operation for several years; 1,732 teachers attended them in 1S50 801 males, and 931 females ; and the session of each institute lasted ten days. The two great colleges of Maine are Bowdoin and Waterville colleges. Bowdoin College, at Brunswick, was founded in 1802, and in 1850 had 14 professors, 1,062 alumni, of whom 1S7 had entered the ministry, 129 students, and a library of 27,500 volumes; and Waterville College, of Waterville, under Baptist jurisdiction, was founded in 1820, and in 1850 had 5 professors, 267 alumni, of whom 82 had entered the ministry, 88 students, and a library of 15,500 volumes. There is a Theological Seminary at Bangor, under Congregational auspices. It was founded in 1816, and in 1S50 had 3 professors, 87 students, 202 graduates, and 7,000 volumes in its library. The Maine Medical School, at Brunswick, was founded in 1820, and in 1850 had 5 professors, 51 students, and 634 graduates. These institutions are liberally endowed, and have all the appliances, apparatus, etc., necessary to illustrate the various subjects taught. Public Libraries. One State library 9,000 volumes ; two social libraries 6,370 volumes ; two college libraries 16,800 volumes ; six students libraries 13,134 volumes ; two academical and professional libraries 10,800 volumes ; one scientific and historical library 300 volumes ; seventeen public school libraries 152 volumes total 31 libraries and 56,856 volumes. There is a great discrepancy between the account of the college libraries given by the census as above and that published in the annual catalogues of the respective institutions. Periodical Press. The whole number of periodicals in Maine, according to the ascertainments of the census of 1S50 was 55, of which 15 were whig in politics, 15 democratic, and 25 neutral or devoted to literature, science, religion, etc. ; and of the whole number 4 were published daily, 3 tri-weekly, 4 semi-weekly, 43 weekly, and one semi-monthly. The aggregate circulation of each issue of the dailies was 6,100 ; of the tri-weeklies, 370 ; of the semi- weeklies, 1,850 ; of the weeklies, 53,567 ; and of the semi-monthly, 2,500. Of the dailies 2 were published in Portland, and 2 at Bangor ; of the tri-weeklies, 2 at Portland, and 1 at Bath ; of the semi-weeklies, 1 at Gardiner, 1 at Bath, 1 at Thomaston, and 1 at Biddeford; of the weeklies, 9 at Portland, 1 at Farmington, 4 at Augusta, 1 at Hallowell, 2 at Waterville, 4 at Bath, 1 at Newcastle, 1 at Lewiston,! at Eockland, 2 at Paris, 2 at Norway, 1 at Dover, 4 at Bangor, 2 at Skowhegan, 3 at Calais, 2 at Belfast, 2 at Saco, and 1 at Limerick ; and the semi-monthly, the " Scholar s Leaf," at Portland. The " Maine Farmer," an agricultural paper, published at Augusta, circulates 5,300 copies at each issue, and has the highest circulation of any periodical in the State. The " Transcript," a literary issue, published at Portland, circ i ates 4,608 copies, and has the second highest circulation. Pauperism and Crime. The whole number of paupers who received support within the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 5,5U3, of which 4,553 were natives, and 950 foreign born ; and the whole number of paupers on the list at the above date was 3,535, of which 3,209 were natives, and 326 foreign born ; annual cost of support, $154,664. The State prison is located at Thomaston. The whole number of convicts in this institution 30th April, 1849, was 97, and the number received in the year next following was 31 total 93. Discharged by expiration of sentence 17, by pardon 5, and by death 1 ; and on the 30th April, 1850, 75 remained incarcerated. Of those convicted in 1849-50, 4 were for arson, 5 for burglary, 2 for forgery, 49 for larceny, 5 for murder, and 1 for passing counterfeit coin. The whole number of convicts received into the prison since 2d July, 1824, up to the end of the official year 1850, was 931. Historical Sketch. The first settlements of Maine were for a long period interrupted by savage incursion. Though visited at an early period, no permanent colonies were established until the commencement of the seventeenth century. In 1604 the French settled on the Kennebec, and in 1607 Sir John Gilbert arrived at the mouth of the same river with 100 colonists, but having passed the winter in great suffering, the party returned to England, representing the country as a " cold, barren, and mountainous desert." The unfortunate result of this enterprise discouraged any further attempts on the part of the English for some years. The French, however, had established themselves on different parts of the coast, and the Dutch also had a settlement at a place called Newcastle. After the formation of the Plymouth Company a more regular system of colonization was attempted, but no effectual settlement by the English was made before 1635. In that year the country was parceled into shares, but none of the holders, except Sir Ferdinand Gorges, who received a grant of the kinds between the Piscataqua and Kennebec, obtained their patents. His charter, granted in 1639, gave him despotic power over the district, and the laws he promulgated on taking possession were aristocratic and feudal in their character, and little suited to the English emigrant of the time. The population of the province seems accordingly to have increased but slowly. The first general council was held at Saco in 1640. The government was administered in the name of Gorges until 1617, when, on his death being announced, the people took the administration of affairs into their own hands, and elected a governor from among themselves until 1652, in which year the province was incorporated with Massachusetts, and so remained until Charles II. restored it to the heirs of Gorges. The government of Massachusetts, however, shortly after ward purchased the whole country for 1,200 sterling, and thenceafter it was governed as part of her territory, and was included in the new charter of Massachusetts in 1691. At that time the present State of Maine was divided into two parts the country between the Piscataqua and Kennebec, which contained the principal settlements, and was exclusively called Maine, and that between the Kennebec and the St. Croix. which was known by the ancient French name of Acadie. The province was not supposed to extend back from the sea farther than 120 miles, and the territory beyond that distance was considered as crown, lands. The whole country, from the Piscataqua to the St. Croix, was now granted to Massachusetts. From its first settlement to the middle of the eighteenth century the inhabitants suffered grievously from Indian warfare. The savages opposed step by stop the progress of the colony. In 1675 almost all the settlements were destroyed, and from 1692 to 1703 the province was a uniform scene of rapine. In 1720 the harassing conflict was renewed, and the settlers Buffered severely until 1726, when a treaty was concluded which secured peace for several years. So late as 1744 and 1748 many of the inhabitants were killed or carried off from the towns. Since 1749, however, when another treaty was made, tranquillity has prevailed, and at the present time few Indians remain within the State. From the period of the union with Massachusetts to the final separation in 1820, the history of Maine has been merged 424 MAI MAM in that of Massachusetts. We hear little of the former during the Ilevolutionary War. In Ihe war of 1812-15 a portion of the district was compelled to submit to the British arms, and remained under their control until the return of peace* No attempt was made to dislodge the enemy. The separation of the district from the jurisdiction of Massachusetts, and its erection into an independent State, were frequently attempted, but without success. In October, 1785, a convention met at Portland for the purpose of considering the subject. In the succeeding year the question was submitted to the people of Maine, to be decided in town meetings, when it was found that a majority of the freemen were against the measure. The subject was renewed in 1802, when again a majority, appeared adverse to a separation. In 1319, numerous petitions having been presented to the Legislature, an act was passed for ascertaining the will of the people, in conformity to which a vote was taken in all the towns. A large majority now voted in favor of the separation, and in consequence of the desires of the inhabitants thus expressed, a convention was called under the authorization of the Legislature of Massachusetts. A constitution was adopted which received the approbation of the people, and on the 15th March, 1820, the District of Maine became an independent State and a member of the United States. AUGUSTA, on the Kennebec Eiver, is the political capital and seat of the State Government. MAINB, t. and p. v., Broome co., W. Y. : 125 m. W. S. W. Albany. Drained by two creeks flowing into the Susque- hanna r. Surface much broken ; soil best adapted to graz ing. The v. is situate in S. W. part of t., on Nanticoke cr. The t,. contains several saw-mills, grist-miils, and tanneries. Pop. 1,843. MAINE, p. o., Cook co., III. : 175 m. N. E. Springfield. MAINESBURG, p. o., Tioga county, Penn.: 103 in. N. Harrisburg. MAISEVILLE, p. v., Columbia co., Penn. : 61 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. There is a cold blast furnace (the Catta- wissa), constructed in 1815, of 1,300 tons annual capacity, also a forge of same name, constructed in 1S24, which produces annually 100 tons of bars. MALAGA, p. v., Gloucester co., XT. Jer. : near Scotland Branch fork of Maurice r., 47 m. S. S. W. Trenton. It con tains a glass manufactory, several stores, and workshops. MALAGA, t. and p. v., Monroe co., Ohio : 95 m. E. by S. Columbus. Drained by tributaries of Seneca cr. Surface hilly and rough ; soil varied. The v. is situated in N. part. Pop. 1,561. MALCOLM, p. v., Jefferson co., Miss. : 61 in. S. W. Jack son. There is a railroad running from Natchez to this v., a distance of 29 miles. MALDEN, t. and p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : 5 m. N. Boston. Bounded on the S. by Mystic r., which separates it from Charlestown, to which it is connected by a bridge. Drained by Charles r. Surface uneven, abounding in salt meadows and timber lands. Maiden, like Medford, Som- merville, and Cambridge, is considered as a suburb of Boston. First settled in 1648, incorporated in 1649. It is a busy town, with several manufactures, workshops, and nu merous stores. The Boston and Maine E. E. passes through it, from which point the Medford Branch E. E. diverges. Pop. of t. 3,520. MALDEN, p. v., Ulster co., A T . Y. : on the W. side of the Hudson r., 41 m. S. by W. Albany. There is a regular steamboat landing, and large quantities of leather and flag ging stones are shipped. MALDEN BRIDGE, p. v., Columbia county, W. Y.: on Ktnderhook cr., 17 m. S. by E. Albany. MALIIECREUX islands, La. : a small cluster of islands lying off the mouth of Lake Borgne. MALLET CREEK, p. v., Medina co., Ohio: on a fork of Eocky r., 97 m. N. N. E. Columbus. MALLORYSVILLE, p. v., Wilkes co., Ga. : 66 m. N. N. E. Milledgeville. MALONE, t., p. v., and cap. Franklin co., N. Y. : 145 m. N. by W. Albany. Drained by Salmon and Trout rivers, which flow into Canada. The Northern (Ogdcnsburg) R. E. crosses the N. part of the t., running through the T., which is pleasantly situate on both sides of Salmon r., over which there is a bridge built of stone. Surface level ; soil in general fertile. There are very fine specimens of the Potsdam sandstone quarried here. Magnetic iron ore, bog iron ore, and other minerals, are to be found along the river. There is fine water-power, which is employed extensively in manufactories, of which there are a great number. The v. is the seat of justice for the county, and has several manu factories of cotton goods, leather, scythes, pails, etc. The Franklin Gazette" (dem.), and "Frontier Palladium" (whig), are issued weekly. Pop. of t. 4,547. MALTA, t. and p. o., Saratoga co., JV. Y. : 23 m. N. Albany. Drained by a small stream which bounds it on the N. and Saratoga Lake on the E., and Anthony s Kill (outlet of Eound Lake), in the S. Surface undulating ; soil fertile. In the t. there are several stores, mills, and manufactories. Pop. 1,349. MALTA, t. and p. v., Morgan co., Ohio : 61 m. E. S. E. Columbus. Drained by Muskingum r., which forms its E. boundary. Surface uneven; soil fertile. The v. is situate in the N. E. part of the t. on the Muskingum river. Pop. of t. 1,302. MALTA VILLB, p. T., Saratoga co., N. Y. : 21 m. N. by W. Albany, near Eound Lake. It contains a factory and mill, and about 25 dwellings. MALUGIN GEOVE, p. o., Lee co., III. : 133 m. N. by E. Springfield. MALVERN, p. o., Carroll county, Ohio: 101 m. N. E. Columbus. MAMAKATING, t and p. o., Sullivan co., N. Y. : 81 m. S. S. W. Albany. Surface hilly and mountainous, having on the E. the Shawangunk Mountain, and in the W. a high ridge ; through the centre flows Bashe s Kill, and the Delaware and Hudson Canal. The New York and Erie R. R. crosses the S. part of town. It contains numerous stores, 6 tanneries, 3 distilleries, a number of grist-mills and saw-mills. Pop. of t. 4,107. MAMARONECK, t. and p. v., Westchester co., IT. Y. : 119 m. S. Albany. Drained by Mamaroneck cr., flowing into Long Island Sound, which bounds it on the S. The New York and New Haven E. E. passes through the t. Surface uneven in parts hilly ; soil good and well cultivated. The v. is situate on the Sound. Several sloops owned here ply between the v. and New York. There are 2 churches, several stores, and a salamander safe manufactory in the v., and about 300 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 928. MAMMOTH CAVE, p. o., Edmonson county, Ky. : 95 m. S. W. Frankfort, and near Green river. It is situated mid way between Louisville and Nashville, and is a fashionable place of resort. The cave is approached through a roman tic shade. At the entrance is a rush of cold air ; a descent of 30 feet by stone steps, and an advance of 150 feet inward brings the visitor to the door, in a solid stone wall, which blocks up the entrance of the cave. A narrow pas sage leads to the great vestibule or ante-chamber, an oval hall, 200 by 150 feet, and 50 feet high. Two passages, of 100 feet width, open into it, and the whole is support ed without a single column. This chamber was used by the races of yore as a cemetery, judging from the bones of gigantic size which are discovered. A hundred feet above your head you catch a fitful glimpse of a dark-gray ceiling, rolling dimly away like a cloud, and heavy buttresses, apparently bending under the superincumbent weight, pro ject their enormous masses from the shadowy wall. Tho scene is vast, solemn, and awful. In the silence that per- 425 MAN MAN vades, you can distinctly hear the throbbings of your heart. InAudubon Avenue, leading from the hall, is a deep well of pure spring water, surrounded by stalagmite columns from the floor to the roof. The Little Bat Room contains a pit 280 feet deep, and is the resort of myriads of bats. The Grand Gallery is a vast tunnel, many miles long and fifty feet high, and as wide. At the end of the first quarter of a mile is the Kentucky Cliffs and the Church, 100 feet in diameter and 63 feet high. A natural pulpit and organ-loft are not Avanting. " In this temple religious services have frequently been performed." The Gothic Avenue, reached by a flight of stairs, is 40 feet wide, 15 feet high, and 2 m. long. Mummies have been discovered here which have been the subject of curious study to science ; there are also stalagmites and stalactites, Louisa s Bower, and Vulcan s Furnace. On the walls of the Register Rooms are in-scribed thousands of names. "The Gothic Chapel, when illumi nated with lamps, inspires the beholder with feelings of solemnity and awe." At the foot of the DeviPs Arm Chair is a small basin of sulphur water. Then there is the Breast work, the Elephant s Head, Lover s Leap, Gat&icood s Dining Table, and the Cooling Tub, a basin 6 feet wide and 3 feet deep, of the purest water Napoleon s Dome, etc., etc. The Ball Room contains an orchestra 15 feet high ; near by is a row of cabins for consumptive patients the atmosphere being always temperate and pure. The Star Chamber presents an optical illusion. " In looking up, the spectator seems to see the firmament itself, studded with stars, and afar off a comet with a bright tail." The Temple is an immense vault, covering an area of two acres, and covered by a single dome of solid rock, 120 feet high. It rivals the celebrated vault in the Grotto of Antiparos, which is said to be the largest in the world. In the middle of the dome there is a large mound of rocks rising on one side nearly to the top, very steep, and forming what is called the Mountain. The River Hatt descends like the slope of a mountain ; the ceiling stretches away before you, vast and grand, as the firmament at midnight. A short distance on the left is a steep precipice, over which you can look down by the aid of torches upon abroad, black sheet of water, SO feet below, called the Dead Sea. This an awfully impres sive place, the sights and sounds of which do not easily pass from memory. The Mammoth Cave is said to be explored to the distance of ten miles without reaching its termina tion, while the aggregate width of all the branches is over forty miles ! Next to Niagara, it is the wonder of nature in the western world, or perhaps throughout all her domains. MANACK, p. o., Lowndes county, Ala.: 27 m. S. "W. Montgomery. MANAHAWKIN, p. v., Ocean co., N. Jer. : on Manahawkin cr., 4 m. W. Little Egg Harbor Bay, 45 m. S. E. Taunton. It contains 3 churches, several small stores, and about 260 inhabitants. MANALAPAN, p. o., Monmouth co, N~. J. : 21 m. E. Trenton. MANASQTTAM, p. v., Monmouth co., N. Jer.: on Manas- quam cr., 35 m. E. S. E. Trenton. MANASQUAM river, Monmouth county, N. Jer. : rises in Freehold t., and after a S. E. course of 18 m., enters the Atlantic by Manasquam inlet The tide-water, 3 m. above its mouth, is crossed by Squam Bridge. MANASSES GAP, p. o.,Warren co., Virg. : the gap is a pass on the Blue Ridge, which here divides the counties of Fau- quier and Warren. The Manasses Gap E. E., from Alexan dria to Front Eoyal, passes through it. MANATAWNY, t and p. o., Berks county, Penn. : 61 m. E. N. E. Ilarrisburg. Drained by Sacony cr., a tributary of Maiden cr. Surface level ; soil loam and gravel, and very productive. The v. of Kutztown is situated in the W. part of t., and has a church, 3 stores, and about 90 dwellings. MANATEE, p. v., Hillsboro co., Flor. : on an arm of Spiritu Santo Bay, 37 m. S. Tampa, 241 m. S. S. E. Tallahassee. MANAYUNK, t. and p. v., Philadelphia co., Penn. : one of the suburban districts of Philadelphia, 7 m. N. N. W. Phila- 426 delphia, and 89 m. "W. by S. Harrisburg. It is situate on E. bank Schuylkill river, at the junction of Philadelphia and Eeading E. E. with the Philadelphia, Germantown, and Norristown E. E. It has fine water-power, created by the waste water of the canal. Two bridges cross the Schuylkill river at this place. There is a forge situate here, as also a rolling mill ; the latter produced (in 1849) 600 tons boiler and flue iron, and otherwise considerable manufacturing and other business are carried on. Pop. 6,189. MANCHAC, p. v., E. Baton Eouge par., La. : on E. bank Mississippi r., 9 m. S. Baton Eouge. MANCHAO HOUSE, p. o., Travis county, Tern. : 11 m. S. Austin City. MANCHATO, p. Y., "Worcester co., J/oss. : on a fork of Blackstone r., 39 m. S. W. Boston. MANCHESTER, t. and p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : 9 m. E. Hartford. Drained by Hockanum r., which affords excel lent water-power. Surface uneven; soil fertile and pro ductive. In 1794 the first cotton-mill in the State was built here. It is a very important manufacturing town. There are several paper-mills, 2 powder-mills, and a number of woolen and other manufactories. The v. is pleasantly sitr uated in the N. of t., on line of the Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill E. E., 23 m. W. by N. "Willimantic. Pop. of town, 2.546. MANCHESTER, p. v., Scott county, III. : 40 m. "W. S. W. Springfield. MANCHESTER, p. v., Dearborn county, Ind. : 72 m. S. E. Indianapolis. MANCHESTER, p. v., and cap. Clay co., Ky. : situate on S. side of Little Goose cr., a tributary of Kentucky r., 93 m. S. E. Frankfort. There are salt works ill the vicinity. It con tains a court-house, etc. MANCHESTER, p. v., Carroll county, Md. : 49 m. N. by W. Annapolis. MANCHESTER, t. and p. T., Essex county, Mass. : on Massachusetts Bay, 7 m. N. E. Marblehead, 21 m N. E. Boston. Manchester has a fine harbor, suitable and safe for vessels of moderate draft. Fishing is the chief employ ment of the inhabitants. The surface of the t. is rough, and the soil varied. Ship-building is carried on to some extent, besides which there are manufactories of leather, boots, shoes, cabinet-ware, palm-leaf hats, and ships wheels are manufactured here. The village is pleasantly situated, and commands a delightful prospect. The Gloucester Branch E. E. passes through it, connecting at Beverly (9 m. W.) with the Eastern E. E. Pop. of the 1 1,638. MANCHESTER, p. o., Washtenaw co., Mich. : 45 m. S. E. Lansing. MANCHESTER, p. v., St. Louis co., Mo. : on the St. Louis and Jefferson City post-road, 18 m. W. St. Louis, 93 m. E. Jefferson City. MANCHESTER, t., p. city, and one of the capitals Hillsbor- ough co., JV 7 : Hamp. : 18 m. S. E. Concord. Drained by a number of small streams which discharge themselves into the Merrimac r., which forms the W. boundary, and affords excellent water-power. Massabesick Pond is on the E. border of the t., from which Cohas brook issues and flows into the Merrimac river. Surface undulating; soil varied, that along the river being easy of cultivation and very productive. The canal by Amoskeag Falls, 1 m. in length, is in this town. These are the largest falls on the Merrimac, having a descent, in the course of a mile, of from 50 to 60 feet There are now in operation at this place several large cotton-mills, owned and operated by the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company, and three by the Stark Mills Corporation, consuming annually 36,000 bales of cot ton, 635,000 pounds of potato starch, 31,000 gallons sperm oil, 6,700 cords wood, 1,200 tons anthracite coal, and pro ducing 39,500,000 yards of sheeting, shirting, ticking, denims, merino stripes, and cotton flannel. There is a blue-dyeing establishment, cotton warehouses, repair shops, counting- houses, and numerous blocks of dwelling-houses used for MAN oarding-houses for the operatives, all built of brick, and neat a appearance. There is an extensive machine-shop and sundry owned by the Amoskeag Company, with houses djoining for the accommodation of the hands employed, "he Mousselin De Laine Works, owned by the Manchester Vint Works Corporation, produce 10,000,000 yards of lousselin de laine and fine prints annually, which are cele- nited for their superior quality. There is quite a large village tear the mills, having a good town-house, two stories high, vith a spacious hall, cupola, clock, etc., and the usual num- ier of other public buildings, a large number of neat dwell- ngs and stores, and several hotels and schools. The city f Manchester is situate on a plain about 95 feet above the iver ; it is neatly laid out with wide streets, the principal one >eing 100 feet wide, extending more than a mile N. and S. ; he chief part of the other streets intersect it at nearly right tngles, while four run parallel with it. There are extensive >ublic squares, ornamented with trees. A public cemetery, ailed the Yalley, containing some 20 acres, laid out with vinding paths and avenues, is situate near the v. by the ide of a beautiful stream. The t. is connected by bridges Vith Goffstown and Bedford. The villages of Piscata- mog and Amoskeag, on the W. side of the r., are connected >y these bridges with Manchester, and constitute with it rat one place of business. The growth of the city is rapid md unrivaled by any other in the country except Lowell, f The Manchester and Lawrence E. E., Concord E. E., and Jie New Hampshire Central E. E., all diverge from this point, 18 m. distant from Concord. The city is lighted with ^as. There are 10 churches in the town 2 Congregational, 1 Episcopalian, 3 Baptist, 2 Methodist, 1 Universalist, and 1 ; Unitarian ; 2 banks, the Manchester Bank, capital $125,000, and the Amoskeag Bank, capital $150,000. The "Granite Farmer" (weekly, agric.), " Manchester Messenger" (week ly), " Manchester American" (weekly, whig), " Manchester Mirror" (daily), and " The Democrat" (weekly, dem.), are published here. Pop. of 1. 13,923. MANCHESTER, p. o., Ocean county, W. Jer. : 35 m. S. E. Trenton. MANCHESTER, t. and p. v., Ontario county, N. Y. : 183 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by outlet of Canandaigua Lake. Surface undulating; soil sandy loam and clay, un derlaid by lime, and very fertile, b<*ing well adapted to wheat. There is a sulphur spring in the E. part of town, called Clifton Springs, of some celebrity. The v. is situate on Canandaigua outlet, and contains several churches, stores, a woolen factory, a furnace, 35 dwellings, and about 250 inhabitants. There are in the t. a number of manufac tories. Pop. of t. 2,940. MANCHESTER, p. v., Adams co., Ohio : 91 m. S. by W. Columbus. Pleasantly situate on the N. side of the Ohio r. MANCHESTER, t and p. o., York co., Penn. : situate on the 8. side Susquehanna r., between Conewago cr. and Codorus creek, 15 m. S. E. Harrisburg. Surface uneven ; soil fer tile. I There are several distilleries, a flour and grist mill, and saw-mills. There is a hot blast furnace situate here, the annual capacity of which is 1,400 tons. Pop. of t. 6,139. MANCHESTER, p. v., Sumter dist, 8. Car. : 31 m. E. S. E. Columbia. The Wilmington and Manchester E. E. passes , it 156 m. from Wilmington, and 6 m. from the junction. MANCHESTER, p. v., and cap. Coffee co., Tenn. : on a fork of Duck r., W. part of county, 49 m. S. E. Nashville. MANCHESTER, t., p. v., and cap. Bennington co., Verm. : 81 m. S.W. Montpelicr. Situate between the Green and Equi nox mountains. The scenery is very beautiful. Drained by Battenkill r. and its branches, which afford good water- power. The soil along the water-course is good, but the principal part of the t. is better adapted to grazing than till age. There are extensive quarries of beautiful marble, and also several manufactories, saw-mills and grist-mills. The v. is pleasantly situate in the centre of t. on an elevation. The Western Vermont E. E. passes through it 30 m. from Rutlatid. Pop. 1,782. MAN MANCHESTER, p. v., Chesterfield co., Virg. : on the W. bank of James r., 2 m. below Eichmond. Mayo s Bridge connects the v. with Eichmond. It contains several facto ries and mills, 400 dwellings, and about 2,000 inhabitants. Immense water-power is furnished by the falls at this place. MANCHESTER BRIDGE, p. o., Duchess co., N. Y. : 63 m. S. Albany. MANCHESTER CENTRE, p. o., Ontario co., N. Y. : 181 m. W. by N. Albany. MANCHESTER STATION, p. o., Hartford co., Conn. : 9 m. E. Hartford. MANDANA, p. v., Onondaga co., N. Y. : near Skaneatles Lake, 141 m. W. by N. Albany. MANDARIN, p. v., Duval co., Flor. : on E. bank of St. John s r., 165 m. E. Tallahassee. MANDEVILLE, p. v., St. Tammany par., La. : on N. bank of Lake Pontchartrain, 63 m. E. \ S. Baton Eouge, and 13 m. E. Pass Manchac. MANGOHICK, p. o., King "William co., Virg. : 27 m. N. E. Eichmond. MANHASSET, p. v., Queens co., N. Y. : at the head of Cow Neck, 127 m. S. Albany. MANHATTAN, p. v., Putnam co., Ind. : 39 m. W. S. W. Indianapolis, 2 m. W. Eel river. MANHATTAN, t. and p. v., Lucas co., Ohio : 117 m. N. byW. Columbus. Situate at the mouth of the Maumee r., which divides it in two parts, and bounded on the N. E. by Mau mee Bay. Drained by the Maumee and Ottawa rivers, and the Wabash and Erie Canal terminates here. Surface level ; soil fertile. Pop. 541. MANHATTAN island. (See NEW YORK CITY). MANHATTANVILLE, p. v., New York co., W. Y. : on the line of the Hudson Eivcr E. E., 8 m. from City Hall, New York, 130 S. Albany. Situate on the E. side of the Hudson river, contains several stores and a white-lead factory, etc., and there is a fine wharf here. About half a mile distant, on an elevation, is the New York Lunatic Asylum. MANHEIM, t. and p. v., Herkimer co., W. Y. : 63 m. N. W. Albany. Bounded on the S. by the Mohawk r. Drained by East Canada cr., which flows into the Mohawk r. Sur face level; soil rich ard very productive on the alluvial flats along the river. It contains several stores and mills. The village is situate in S. part of town, near the line of the Utica and Schenectady E, E. Pop. of 1. 1,902. MANIIEIM, t. and p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. : 25 m. E. S. E. Ilarrisbnrg. Drained by Great Conestoga and Little Cones- toga creeks, which bound it on its E. and S. W. sides. Sur face uneven ; soil calcareous loam and clay. It has flouring, grist, and saw mills, and an oil mill. The "Sentinel," a weekly issue, is published here. Pop. of t. 2,089. MANHEIJI CENTRE, p. o., Herkimer co., & Y. : 65 m. N. W. Albany. MANILLA, p. v., Eush co., Ind. : on the W. boundary of county, 29 m. S. E. Indianapolis, and on the Eushville and Shelby ville E. E., 11 m. from Eushville. MANISTEE county, MicJi. Situate N. W. on Lower Penin sula, and contains 551 sq. m. Drained by Manistee and M Moosic rivers, flowing into Lake Michigan, its N. bound ary. Capital: Manistee. Not organized in 1850. MANISTEE, p. o., Manistee county, Mich.: 125 m. N. "W. Lansing. MANITOWOC county, Wise. Situate E. on Lake Michigan, and contains 584 sq. m. Drained by Manitowoc. Centre, and E. and W. Twin rivers, and smaller breams. Surface considerably broken ; soils deep and rich, generally clay, with strips of sandy loam. Most grains do well, and the pasturage is fine. It is heavily timbered with pine, oak, and maple, and the lumber trade is the chief business. The rivers furnish fine mill-seats, and on the lake it has a good harbor, with a growing lake trade. Farms 35 ; manuf. 22 ; dwell. 715, and pop. wh. 3,702, fr. col. total 3,702. Capi tal: Manitowoc. MANITOWOC, t, p. v., and cap. Manitowoc county, TTwo. .- 427 MAN MAP 113 m. N. E. Madison. Surface undulating ; soil fertile, with good timber lands. Drained by Manitowoc r., which falls Into Lake Michigan. The v. at the mouth of the r. has consider able trade, and is indicated as a future place of importance. Exports in 1651, $13,71 9; and imports, $49,129. Top. of t. 766. MANITOWOC RAPIDS, t. and p. o., Manitowoc co., Wise. : 107 m. N. E. Madison. Drained by Manitowoc r. and Silver cr. Surface undulating; soil fertile, with much tim ber land. It has excellent water-power, capable of supply ing a large number of mills. Pop. of t. 966. MANKAIITAH county, Minn. Situate N., and contains about 18,000 sq. m. The territory thus named stretches from the Mississippi to the Missouri, and is drained by Tehan Sansan or a Jaques r., a branch of the Missouri, and Red r., of the N., flowing into Lake Winnipeg, with their branches, and innumerable smaller streams. The E. is almost covered with small lakes, which abound in fish, and furnish abund ance of wild rice. This region is chiefly inhabited by Indians, and visited only by hunters and fur traders, who collect great numbers of skins and furs for the eastern and European markets. Farms 9 ; manuf. ; dwell. 16, and pop. wh. 153, fr. col. total 158. Not yet organized. MANLIUS, t. and p. o., Allegan county, Mich. : 73 m. "VV. Lansing. Drained by Kalamazoo and Rabbit rivers. Sur face undulating; soil varied on the banks of the river, rich alluvion. There is lumber here in abundance. The v. of Richmond is situate in the N. W. part of the t, on the N. side of the Kalamazoo r. Pop. of L S2. MANLIUS, t and p. o., Onondaga co., JV! Y. : 127 m. N. W. Albany. Drained by Limestone and Chittenango cr. Sur face level ; soil calcareous loam and vegetable mold, very productive. The v. is situate in centre, on the Syracuse and Utica R. R. There are sulphur springs in the vicinity. Pop. of t. 6,293. MANLIUS CENTRE, p. v., Onondaga co., If. Y.: on the Erie Canal, 129 m. N. "W. Albany. MANLY, p. o., Ashe co., N. Car. : 185 m. W. by N. Raleigh. MANLYVILLE, p. o., Henry co., Tenn. : S3 m. W. by N. Nashville. MANNBOROL T GII, p. v., Amelia county, Vtrg.: 2 m, S. Appomattox r., and 23 m. S. by W. Richmond. MANNINGHAM, p. v., Butler co., Ala. : near a branch of Cedar r., 41 in. S. W. Montgomery. MANNINGTON, p. v., Leon county, Flor. : 5 m. N. E. Tallahassee. MANN S CHOICE, p. o., Bedford co., Penn. : 87 m. S. S. W. Harrisburg. MANNBVILLE, p. v., Jefferson co., N. Y. : 141 m. N. "W. Albany. The Watertown and Rome R. R. passes through the village. MANNY, p. v., and cap. Sabine par., La. : on Bayou Haspoon, 5 m. S. Fort Jessup, 153 in. N. "W. Baton Rouge. MANONA county, la. Situate N. W., and contains 7SO sq. m. Drained by Little Lion and Soldier rivers, affluents of the Missouri, its "W. boundary. Unorganized in 1S50. MANOR, t. and p. v., Lancaster co., Pevn. : on the N. side of Susquehanna r., 31 m. S. E. Harrisburg. The Conestoga r. forms its S. E. boundary, by which and its branches it is watered. Surface hilly ; soil fertile. It has several flouring, grist, and saw mills. Pop. of t. 3,826. MANOR, sta., Suffolk co., N. Y. : on the Long Island R.R., 66 m. E. New York. MANOR HILL, p. o., Huntingdon co., Penn. : 65 m. W. Harrisburg. MANORVILLE, p. o., Suffolk co., JV: 3" ; 131 m. S. by E. Albany. MANSFIELD, t. and p. v., Tolland co., Conn. : 23 m. E. Hartford. Drained by Natchaug r. and its branches, tribu taries of Willimantic r., which latter bounds it on the W. Surface uneven in parts hilly ; soil fertile. It has excellent water-power. This t is important for its silk manufactories, which are the most extensive in the United States. Besides the silk, there ure cotton and other factories in the town. 423 j The v. is situate on N. side of the t., near the New London, Willimantic, and Palmer R. R., 38 m. N. New London. Eagleville is the name of a v. in W. part of t., situate on the railroad. Pop. of t. 2,530. MANSFIELD, p. v., De Soto par., La. : on a small cr. flow ing into Big Pierre Lake, 115 m. N. W. Baton Rouge. It contains the court-house of the parish. The " Mansfield Advertiser" (lit.) is issued weekly. MANSFIELD, t and p. v., Bristol co., Mass. : 24 m. S. by "W. Boston. Drained by branches of Taunton r. Surface level soil good. This place bids fair to be of some importance as a coal region. A mine of anthracite coal is situate here (discovered 20 years ago), the vein 5 feet in thickness, dip- ping to N. "W. ; besides which there are numerous other veins. The coal is of fine quality. There are several cotton and wool manufactories, as also a nail factory. Mansfield sta. is in N. part of t., on the Boston and Providence R. K., at which place the New Bedford and Taunton, and Taunton Branch R. R. diverges. Pop. of t 1,789. MANSFIELD, p. v., Warren co., N. Jer. : 37 m. N. N. W. Trenton. The Morris Canal passes through the village. MANSFIELD, sta., Cattaraugus co., N. Y. : on the Corning and Blossburg R. R., 25 m. from Corning. MANSFIELD, p. o., Henry county, Tenn. : 83 m. W. by N. Nashville. MANSFIELD, p. v., and cap. Richland co., Ohio : on the Sandusky, Mansfield, and Newark R. R., 67 m. N. by E. Columbus. It is pleasantly situated, and has a court-hoase, jail, 2 churches, several stores and workshops, and a large number of dwellings. There are 5 papers published here, the " Richland Democrat" (dem.), " Richland Jeffersonian" (whig), "Shield and Banner" (dem.), "Mansfield Herald" (whig), the "Rainbow" (lit.). Pop. of t. 3,557. MANSFIELD, p. v., Kendall county, III. : 135 m. N. E. Springfield. MANSFIELD, p. o., Tioga co., Penn. : 113 m. N. by "W. Harrisburg. MANSFIELD, p. o., Louisa county, Virg.: 37 m. N. "W. Richmond. MANSFIELD CENTRE, p. v., Tolland co., Conn. : on the cross roads, in S. E. part of Mansfield t., near Natchaug r., 25 m. E. Hartford. MANSFIELD DEP&T, p. v., Tolland county, Conn. : on the New London, Willimantic, and Palmer R. R., 33 m. N. by W. New London and 21 m. E. Hartford. MANSFIELD mountains, Verm. : a branch of the Green Mountains, which presents some of the loftiest culminations in the State. MANSKER S CREEK, p. o., Davidson co., Tenn. : 13 m. N. Nashville. MANSURA, p. v., Avoyelles par., La.: on W. side of Eed river, and about 2 m. N. Mississippi r., 53 m. N. W. Baton Rouge. MANTI CITY, v., Sanpete co., Utah Ter. : in a hilly region, nearly 5,000 feet above the sea, and 45 m. N. E. Filluiore City. MANTON, p. o., Providence county, R. I. : 11 m. W. Providence. MANTON, p. o., Marion county, Ey. : 47 m. S. by "W. Frankfort. MANTUA, p. o., Pickens county, Ala.: 119 m. N. "W. Montgomery. MANTUA, p. o., M Minn county, Tenn.: 125 m. S. E. Nashville. MANTUA CENTRE, p. o., Portage co., Ohio: 125 m. N. E. Columbus. MANVILLE, p. T., Providence co., R. T. : on the Blaekstone river, and line of Providence and Worcester R. R., 12 m. N. Providence. MANWARING S, p. o., Shelby county, Ind. : 23 m. S. E. Indianapolis. MAON. p. o., Panola co., Mis*. :183 m. N. Jackson. MAPLE, p. o., Ionia co., Mich. : at the junction of Maple MAP iver with First cr., branches of Grand river, 25 m. N. W. Lansing. MAPLE, p. o., Brown co., Ohio : 81 m. S. S. W. Columbus. MAPLE river, Mich. : a considerable stream, rising near he centre of Shiawassee co., and pursuing a N. W. course hrough Shiawassee, etc., into Gratiot, and then a S. "W. course through Gratiot, etc., into Ionia co., whe.re it enters he Grand river, about 8 m. below the mouth of Looking- jlass river. It is 60 yards wide at its mouth, and is not less han 100 miles long. The bottoms on this stream are jxceedingly rich and fertile. MAFLI BOTTOM, p. o., Iredell county, 2T. Car.: 119 m.W. Kaleigh. MAPLK CREEK, p. o., "Washington co., Penn. : 169 m. "W. ETarrisburg. MAPLE FURNACE, v., Butler co., Penn. : 169 m. W. N. W. Jarrisburg. There is a coal blast furnace here (constructed n 1S43) which has an annual capacity of 1,400 tons. MAPLE GROVE, L and p. o., Barry county, Mich. : 81 m. S. W. Lansing. Drained by a small cr., tributary of Big Tork of Thorn-apple r. Surface undulating ; soil fertile ; abounds in fine timber lands. Pop. 153. MAPLE GROVE, p. o., Aroostook co., Me. : 133 m. N. E. Augusta. MAPLE GROVE, sta., Berkshire co., Mass. : on Pittsfield and North Adams E. K., 13 m. Pittsfield, 107 m. W. by N. Boston. MAPLE GROVE, p. o., Knox county, Ohio : 85 m. N. E. Columbus. MAPLE GROVE, p. o., Otsego county, N. Y.: 85 m. W, Albany. | MAPLE HILL, p. o., Davidson co., A r . Car. : 85 m. "W. Raleigh. 1 MAPLE SPRINGS, p. o., Eed Eiver co., Tex. : 285 m. N. E. Austin City. MAPLESVILLE, p. v., Bibb county, Ala. : on N. side of , Mulberry cr., 41 m. N. W. Montgomery. !MAPLETON, p. o., Abbeville dist., & Car.: 79 m. W Columbia. MAPLETON, p. o., Niagara co., 2T. Y. : 271 m. W. by N Albany. ! MAPLETON, p. o., "Waukesha county, Wise.: 59 m. E. Madison. MAPLETON, p. o., Stark co., Ohio : 25 m. N. E. Columbus. MAPLETOWN, p. v., Greene co., Penn. : on Whitelay cr., 1 159 m. S. by W. Harrisburg. I MAPLEVILLE, p. o., Providence county, R. I. : 9 m. W. Providence. MAQUOKETA, p. v., Jackson county, la. : in S. part of co., on a branch of the Maquoketa r., 53 m. N. E. Iowa City. MAQUON, p. v., Knox co., III. : situate in a fertile prairie 1 m. W. Spoon r., 73 m. N. N. W. Springfield. MARAMEC, p. v., Crawford co., Mo. : situate in an exten sive iron region on the W. bank of the Maramec r., 52 m. 8. E. Jefferson City. There is a blast furnace and several forges (called " Massey s Iron Works") in operation, yield ing from 1,000 to 1,500 tons bar iron annually of excellent quality. " Big Spring" (so called, at the junction of the river), affords excellent water-power to the v., on the site of which are several saw and grist mills. MARAMEC river, Mo. : rises in Dent county, whence its course is, generally N. E. through Crawford and into Frank lin, and thence it passes in an E. and E. N. E. direction into Jefferson and St. Louis counties, and falls into the Mis sissippi about 20 m. below St. Louis City. Its principal af fluents are Osage Fork and Big r. from the S. and Bourbeuse cr. from the W., besides many smaller streams from both directions. The river is about 180 m. long, and navigable for steamboats 60 miles. MARATHON county, Wise. Situate N. middle, and con tains about 5,100 sq. m. Drained by Wisconsin r and its branches, heads of Black and Chippewa rivers, and of Montreal r. of Lake Superior. Many of the rivers have MAR lakes, or chains of lakes, at their sources, and most furnish water-power. The surface is much varied, and parts are very hilly. The soil is various, with much excellent grain land, and is generally well timbered. Only the S. is yet settled, and that but sparsely. Farms 7 ; manuf. 15 ; dwell. 76, and pop. wh. 508, fr. col. total 508. Capital: Wassau. MARATHON, t. and p. v., Cortlandt co., N. Y. : 123 m. W. J S. Albany. Drained by Tioughnioga r. and its branches, which pass through the town. Surface undulat ing ; soil gravelly loam, intermingled with lime and slate, and very fertile. The v. is situate on the E. side of the Tioughnioga. Pop. of t. 1,149. MARATHON, p. o., Clermont county, Ohio: 85 m. S. W. Columbus. MARBLE CREEK, p. o., Jessamine co., Ky. : 26 m. S. E. Frankfort. MARBLE DALE, p. o., Litchfield co., Conn. : 37 m. W. Hartford. MARBLE FURNACE, p. o., Adams co., Ohio : 91 m. S. by W. Columbus. MARBLE HALL, p. o., Hawkins co., Tenn. : 203 m. E. by N. Nashville. MARBLEHEAD, p. o., Ottowa county, Ohio: 107 m. N. Columbus. MARBLEHEAD, t., p. v., and port of entry, Essex co., Mass. : 14 m. N. E. Boston. Situate on a peninsula formed by the harbor of Salem on the N. and Nahant Bay on the S. Sur face elevated and rocky. The v. is pleasantly located on a deep inlet of the coast called the harbor, and is accessible to the largest vessels ; and a branch of the Eastern E. E. comes up here. The people are noted for their devotion to the fisheries and coast navigation. The clearances in the foreign trade in 1850 numbered 176 vessels (11,414 tons), and the entrances 177 vessels (12,086 tons) nearly all for eign shipping from the British provinces. Shipping owned in the district 6,842 tons, of which 2,281 tons were employed in coasting, 2.6S9 tons in the cod fisheries, and 248 tons in the mackerel fisheries, etc. Coasting steamers touch at this point several times daily. Pop. of the t. 6,167. MARBLEHEAD, p. o., Gilrner county, Ga, : 135 m. N. W. Milledgeville. MARBLE HILL, p. T., Prince Edward co., Yirg.: on a fork of Appomattox r., 99 m. S. W. Richmond. MARBLE HILL, p. o., Franklin county, Tenn. : 61 m. S. Nashville. MARBLETOWN, t. and p. v., Ulster county, N. Y. : 57 m. S. by W. Albany. Drained by Esopus cr. on the N. E. and Eondout Kill on the S. E., both which afford excellent water-power. The Shawangunk Mountains are in the S. E. part of town. Surface hilly; soil on the mountains barren, and in the lower parts fertile, being a rich vegetable mold. The v. is situate near Esopus cr. The t. has numerous mills, tanneries, etc., and 3,839 inhabitants. The Delaware and Hudson Canal passes through it. MARBURYVILLE, p. v., St. Tammany par., La.: on E. bank of Tangipahoa r., 43 m. E. by N. Baton Rouge. MARCELLISE, p. o., Adams county, Itt. : 79 m. N. by W. Springfield. MARCELLON, t. and p. v., Columbia co., Wise. : 37 m. N. Madison. Drained by branches of Wisconsin r. Surface varied ; soil fertile, with good timber land. The v. is in the S. E. part of t., on a branch of Wisconsin r. The t. has ex cellent water-power and some mills. Pop. 505. MARCELLUS, p. o., Washington county, la.: 27 m. S. Iowa City. MARCELLUS, t. and p. v., Onondaga co., N. Y. : 131 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Nine Mile cr. Surface un even, in parts hilly ; soil calcareous loam, and highly fertile. The v. is situate on Nine Mile cr. in N. part of t., and on the line of tne Eochester and Syracuse E. E. There are several mills and factories in operation. Pop. of t. 2,759. MARCELLUS FALLS, p. v., Onondaga co., A T . Y. : situate 429 MAR MAR about 1 m. S. Marcellus on Nine Mile cr., 129 m. W. by N. Albany. MARCIIAXD, p. o., Indiana co., Perm. : 117 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. MARCUS, p. v., Jackson co., Ga. : on a fork of the Oconee r., 83 m. N. N. W. Milledgeville. MAKCUS HOOK, p. v., Delaware co., Penn. : on the Del aware r., 81 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. It is on the line of the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore E. E., 18 m. Philadelphia. MAKCY, p. o., La Grange county, Ind. : 127 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. MAKCY, p. v., Wnukesha co., Wise. : on the Milwaukie post-road, 63 m. E. Madison. MARCY, t. and p. o., Oneida co., N. Y. : S3 m. W. N. W. Albany. Drained by Nine Mile cr. ; and Mohawk r. bounds it on the S. Surface hilly, the Hassencleaver Mountain cov ering it in part ; soil clay and sandy loam. Pop. of 1. 1,857. MARDISVILLE, p. v., Talladega co., Ala. : near Talladega river, 113 m. N. Montgomery. A United States land office is situate here. There are a number of stores and dwellings in the village. MAREXGO county, Ala. Situate S. "W., and contains 1,OSS sq. m. Bounded W. by Tombigbee r., and drained by its affluents, and E. by affluents of the Alabama. Surface mod erately uneven ; soil in parts pine-barrens, but most of it is very fertUe. Cotton is the great and almost exclusive product. Corn is largely grown in parts ; some rice and tobacco is raised ; coal and iron ore are found. Farms SIS ; manuf. 4; dwell. 1,353, and pop. wh. 7,101, fr. col. 37, si. 20.693 total 27,831. Capital : Linden. PuUic Works : Alabama Southern E. E. MAREXGO, p. v., and cap. Iowa co., la. : on S. side of Iowa river, 29 m.W. by N. Iowa City. A post-road passes through the v., connecting with the contemplated line of the Dubuque and Keokuk E. E. and Iowa City. MAREXGO, p. o., Laurens district, S. Car. : 67 m. N. "W". Columbia. MAREXGO, p. v., M Henry county, HI. : 175 m. N. N. E. Springfield, on the Kishwaukee r., and on the Galena and Chicago Union E. E., 66 m. from Chicago. MAREXGO, t. and p. v., Calhoun co., Mich. : 31 m. S. by W. Lansing. Drained by Kalamazoo r. and Eice cr., one of its branches. Surface undulating ; soil of a rich sandy loam. There are extensive sand-stone quarries along the banks of the river, which here affords excellent water-power. The v. lies on the S. side of the Kalamazoo. The Michigan Central E. E. passes through the t. on N. side of the r., and a short distance from the village, 101 m. "W. Detroit, and 177 N. E. Chicago. Pop. of 1. 1,013. MAREXGO, p. v., Wayne co., N. T. : 167 m. W. by N. Albany. MAREXGO, p. o., Morrow co., Ohio : 39 m. N. Columbus. MARGALLAWAY river, N. Hamp. : rises in the highlands which separate Canada from Maine, and after a short course enters the latter ; and from thence, after flowing a distance of 40 m., turns into New Hampshire, and enters the Andros- cogo-in r. a few miles below Umbagog Lake. MARGARETTA, p. v., Clark co., III. : 3 m. E. North Fork Embarras r., 93 m. E. S. E. Springfield. MARGARETTA, sta., Erie co., Ohio: on the Mad Eiver and Lake Erie E. E., 211 m. Cincinnati, 97 m. N. Columbus. MARGARETTA FURNACE, p. o., York co., Penn. : 25 m. S. E. Harrisburg. There is a furnace here with annual capacity of 1.200 tons, constructed in 1S23. MARGARETTSVILLE, sta., Northampton co., N. Car. : on the Sea-board and Eoanoke E. E., 17 m. N. E. Weldon. MARIA CREEK, p. v., Knox co., Ind. : on a cr. of West Fork White river so called, S5 m. S. W. Indianapolis. MARIA FORGE, p. o., Talladega co., Ala. : 51 m. N. by E. Montgomery. MARIAXA, p. v., and cap. Jackson co., Flor. : on the Chipota r., 63 m. N. W. Tallahassee ; contains the county court-house and other public buildings, a number of stores and workshops. MARIA STEIN, p. o., Mercer county, Ohio: 139 m.W. N.W. Columbus. MARIAVILLE, t. and p. o., Hancock co., Me. : 75 m. N. E. Augusta. Drained by Union r. and its branches. Surface uneven ; soil good. The river affords extensive water- power, which keeps several mills in active operation. There is a great quantity of lumber sent from here. Potatoes and wool are the chief agricultural products. Pop. 375. MARIAVILLE, p. o., Schenectady co., N. Y. : 25 m.W. by N. Albany. MARIETTA, p. v., and cap. Cobb co., Ga. : 7 m. W. by N. Chattahoochie r., 100 m. N.W. Milledgeville. The Western and Atlantic E. E. passes through it 20 m. from Atalanta, It contains the county buildings, 2 academies, and about 150 dwellings. The " M. Advocate" (dem.), and " Constitutional Union" (union), are issued weekly, and " Masonic Journal," monthly. The business of a fine agricultural region centres at this point. MARIETTA, p. v., Fulton co., HI. : on S. side Sheen s cr., 61 m. N. W. Springfield. Situate on a fertile prairie. MARIETTA, p. o., Onondaga county, N. Y. : 137 W. by N Albany. MARIETTA, p. v., Shelby county, Ind. : on the E. branch White r., 27 m. S. E. Indianapolis, and on the ShelbyviUe Lateral Branch E. E., 7 m. from Edinburg. MARIETTA, t., p. v., and cap. Washington co., Ohio : 87 m. S. E. Columbus. Its W. part is crossed by the Muskingnm river at its entrance into the Ohio river. The Ohio bounds it in the S. W., and it is drained by Duck cr. and Little Muskingum r. The streets are well laid out and thickly built. There is a court-house, jail, U. S. land office, a bank ing establishment, all handsomely built, and forming orna ments to the place. Several mounds are found in the vicinity. The Marietta College is situate here, founded iu 1S35, having (in 1S50) a president, 6 professors, 113 alumni, of whom 44 are in the ministry, and 55 students, with a library containing 6,400 volumes. The L was founded in 17SS, and is the oldest in the State. There are a number of steam saw-mills, flouring-mills, tanneries, foundries, and other factories here. The v. is pleasantly situate on the N. bank of the Ohio r., at the mouth of the Muskingum river. There are two newspapers published in the village, the " M. Intelligencer" (whig), and the " M. Eepublican" (dem.), both weekly issues. Marietta is destined to be a place of considerable business, and its future railroad connections will give it direct access to the principal centres. Several steamboats are owned here, and ply regularly to Pittsburg, Cincinnati, etc. Pop. of the t 4,292, of which 3,133 are in the village. MARIETTA, p. o., Itawamba county, Miss. : 159 m. N. E. Jackson. MARIETTA, p. b., Lancaster county, Penn. : 25 m. S. E. Harrisburg, on the E. bank of Susquehanna r., and near the mouth of Little Chiques cr. It contains about 1,000 in habitants. MAKIX county, Calif. Situate W. middle, and contains 516 sq. m. Bounded W. by the Pacific, and E. by Pablo Bay, and lies on the N. side of the entrance to San Fran cisco Bay. The streams are small, American river flowing W., and Petaluma cr. S. E., are the principal. The surface is broken with extensive valleys. Soils very productive of wheat and most other grains, and generally well wooded. Pop. about 1,036. Capital: San Eaphael. MARIXE MILLS, p. v., St. Croix co., Wise. : on E. side of St. Croix r., 225 m. N. W. Madison. MARIXE SETTLEMENT, p. o., Madison co., HI.: 71 m. S. Springfield, near Silver cr., on a rich and fertile prairie. MARION county, Ala. Situate N. W., and contains 1,032 sq. m. Drained by Buttahatchie r. of the Tombigbee, Big Bear cr. of the Tennessee, and E. by Nine Island cr. Sur face rolling or slightly broken ; soil of moderate fertility, MAR best fitted for grazing. Corn, wheat, and cotton are raised, but cattle and pork are leading products. It is well wooded with oak, pine, hickory, and chestnut. Farms 573 ; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 1,108, and pop. wh. 6,922, fr. col. 3, si. 908-^total 7,833. Capital: Pikeville. MARION county, Ark. Situate N. middle, and contains 537 sq. m. Drained by Crooked cr. and other branches of White r., which flow 8. E. through it. Surface varied; soil very fertile and excellent grazing. Corn ia the chief crop, and live-stock and pork the exports. White river is navigable to this co., and is skirted with noble forests of pine timber, and its branches furnish good mill-seats. Farms 255; manuf. 2; dwell. 361, and pop. wh. 2,047, fr. col. 129, si. 126 total 2,302. Capital : Tellville. MARION county, Flor. Situate on N. part of the penin sula, and contains 3.127 sq. m. Drained E. by Ocklawaha r., a branch of St. John s r., and S. W. by Withlacoochee r. Surface low and level, with numerous lakes and swamps ; soil exceedingly fertile, producing large crops of cotton, sugar, and corn, and raising many semi-tropical fruits and vegetables in profusion. It has extensive forests of valuable live oak, cedar, and cypress timber, and in parts fine water- power. Sulphur and magnesia springs of great medicinal virtues attract many invalids who seek a mild climate, and salt springs are found. Farms 329 ; manuf. ; dwell. 394, and pop. wh. 2,068, fr. col. 1, si. 1,269 total 3,333. Capital : Ocola. MARION county, Ga. Situate S. "W., and contains 519 sq. m. It lies midway between Chattahoochee and Flint rivers, and is drained by small branches of both, N. and S. Whitewater creeks being the largest. Surface moderately hilly ; soil fertile. Cotton is the chief product, and the crop a very large one. Corn is an average crop, and wheat not much grown. Grazing is generally good, and cattle and swine receive much attention. Farms 563; manuf. 4; dwell. 1,1 01, and pop. wh. 6,568, fr. col. 8, si. 3,604 total 10,180. Capital : Tazewell. Public Works : Muscogee E. E. MARION county, III. Situate S. centrally, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Crooked cr. and E. fork of the Kaskaskia, and E. by Adam s and Skillctt forks of the Little W abash. Surface gently undulating, and soil of good fertility. It lies on the E. side of the Grand Prairie, and is largely made up of prairie, with wood on the streams, which atford some good mill-seats. Corn is the staple. Cattle are raised in large numbers, and pork is an important export. Bituminous coal and water-lime are found. Farms 827 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 1,132, and pop. wh. 6,716, fr. col. 4 total 6,720. Capital: Salem. Public Works : Ohio and Mississippi K. K.; Chicago Branch of Illinois Central Eailroad, etc. MARION county, Ina. Situate centrally, and contains 316 eq. m. Drained by W. fork of White r., Fall, Eagle, and other creeks. Surface beautifully rolling and diversified by slight elevations toward the streams. Prairie bottoms and woodland are pleasantly mingled. Soil generally a black loam, mixed with sand or clay, and resting on limestone, and is very fortile. Corn, wheat, and oats are all large crops, and the chief farming products. The grazing is very fine; cattle and sheep are raised in great numbers, and pork is a large export. It has much water-power, and very extensive manufactures of woolen and cotton goods, flour, lumber, leather, liquors, oil, earthen- ware, etc. Farms 1,581 ; manuf. 179 ; dwell. 3 : 9S4, and pop. wh. 23,453, fr. col. 650 total 24,103. Capital: Indianapolis. Public. Works: Madison and Indianapolis E. E. ; Indiana Central E. E. ; Terre Haute and Eichmond E. E. ; Lafayette E. E. ; Indianapolis and Peru E. E. ; and Indianapolis Belle- fontaine E. E. ; Jeffersonville E. E., etc., all of which centre here at the union dep6L MARION county, la. Situate 8. centrally, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by the Des Moincs and its branches, Coal, English, and Cedar creeks, and Whitebreast r. ; Skunk r. touches the N. E. corner. Surface somewhat MAR broken; soil fertile, adapted equally to grass and grain. Corn, wheat, live-stock, and pork are the leading products of the farm. It has excellent water privileges, growing manufactures, and much fine timber. Coal and iron ore are found near the Des Moines. Farms 342 ; manuf. 24 ; dwell. 930, and pop. wh. 0,453, fr. col. 29 total 5,482. Capital : Knoxville. MARION county, Ky. Situate centrally, and contains 332 sq. m. Drained by Eolling Fork of Salt r., a branch of the Ohio. Surface uneven, but not rough; soils generally fertile. Corn and wheat are the staple cereals. Eye, oats, and tobacco are successfully cultivated. Large numbers of sheep are kept, and a good deal of pork exported. This region is stocked with fine horses, which are much attended to and furnish Eastern markets largely. Water-power is plentiful, and manufactures an important interest. Farms 963 ; manuf. 47 ; dwell. 1,428, and pop. wh. 8,599, fr. col. 80, si. 3,OS6 total 11,765. Capital: Lebanon. PublioWorks: Danville and Nashville E. E., etc. MARION county, Miss. Situate S., and contains 1,544 sq. m. Drained by Pearl r. and its branches. Surface level or undulating; soil sandy and of no great fertility, except on the streams, where is much excellent land. Cotton and corn are the staples. Eice is grown in the marshes. Great numbers of cattle and swine are reared, and form the leading interest of the co. It is well timbered with pine. Farms 322 ; manuf. 7 ; dwell. 377, and pop. wh. 2,215, fr. col. 0, si. 2,195 total 4,410. Capital: Columbia. MARION county, Mo. Situate N. E., and contains 423 sq. m. Drained by N. and S. Fabius and N. and S. two rivers and their branches, affluents of the Mississippi, its E. boundary. Surface moderately uneven; soil very rich. Corn, wheat, oats, and potatoes yield great crops, and the pasture is very fine. Live-stock, beef, wool, and pork are exported. It has excellent mill streams and very important manufactures, and abounds in timber, bituminous coal, and lead. Salt springs are found. Farms 810; ma-nuf. 75; dwell. 1,595, and pop. wh. 9,322, fr. col. 76, si. 2,832 total 12,230. Capital: Palmyra. MARION county, Ohio. Situate IS. centrally, and contains 303 sq. m. Drained by Scioto r. and its branches, Eush cr. and AVhetstone r. Surface mostly a level table land ; soil very productive, adapted to grass or grain. Corn, wheat, rye, oats, and potatoes produce largely. It is a superior grazing co., supports fine dairies and large numbers of cattle and sheep, and exports live-stock and pork to a large amount. It has also good water-power, and considerable manufactures of flour, leather, and woolens. Farms 919 ; manuf. 14; dwell. 2,153, and pop. wh. 12,597, fr. col. 21 total 12.618. Capital : Marion. Pullic Works : Bellefon- taine and Indiana E. E. MARION county, Oreg. Ter. Situate centrally, and con tains 21,000 sq. m. It has Cluckamas co. on the N., Polk on the W., and Linn on the S., and is drained by branches of the Willamette, its W. boundary, Butte, Aberque, Silver, and Mill creeks, and N. fork of Santiam r. Surface diversi fied ; extensive and very rich valleys in the W., and in the E. elevated and mountainous ; soil in the bottoms a black vegetable loam ; in higher lands a stiff clay or loose gravel, mostly very productive. All kinds of grain except corn grow finely, and fruits and vegetables are abundant. It has the best of timber, pine, fir, spruce, and oak, and very superior water-power. Farms 293 ; manuf. 11 ; dwell. 502, and pop. wh. 2,740, fr. col. 9 total 2,749. Capital ; Salem. MARION district, 8. Car. Situate E., and contains 1,032 sq. m. Drained by Great and Little Pedee rivers, and Lynch s cr. and their branches, Lumber r. and Jeffries and Catfish creeks. Surface level, much of it low and marshy ; soil generally of good fertility, and many parts best adapted to grazing. Corn and cotton are the principal crops. The marshes produce considerable rice. Many cattle are raised and great quantities of pork fatted. It has a large growth of pitch-pine timber. Farms 1,374 ; manuf. ; dwell. 1,856, 431 MAR MAR and pop. wh. 9,784, fr. col. 108, si. 7.520 total 17,407. Capital: Marion. Public Works: Wilmington and Man chester R. E. MARION county, Tenn. Situate S. E., and contains 583 sq. m. Drained by the Tennessee and its branches, Se- quatchy r., Little Sequatchy, and Battle creeks. Surface elevated and broken; soil fertile and fine pasture land. Corn, wheat, and outs are the staple grains. Great numbers of cattle and swine are reared, and live-stock and pork are heavy exports. Farms 724 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 957, and pop. wh. 5,720, fr. col. 43, si. 551 total 6,314. Capital: Jasper. Public Works: Nashville and Chattanooga E. E. MARION county, Virg. Situate N. W., and contains 163 sq. m. Drained by Monongahcla r., E. and W. forks, and Buffalo cr. Surface elevated and uneven ; soil very fertile, and excellent grazing land. Corn, wheat, oats, and potatoes are raised largely, and great numbers of cattle, sheep, and swine are reared. It has fine water-power and extensive manufactories of iron, flour, woolen goods, leather, liquors, etc. Iron ore and coal are found in abundance in parts of the co. Erected in 1842 from Harrison and Monongalia. Farms 904 ; manuf. 44 ; dwell. 1,786, and pop. wh. 10,438, fr. col. 20, si. 94 total 10,552. Capital : Fairmount Public Works: Baltimore and Ohio E. E. MARION, p. v., and cap. Perry county, Ala, : on E. side Washington cr., 61 m. W. N. W. Montgomery. It contains a college, a theological seminary, several schools, a court house, and about 1.500 inhabitants. The " South-Western Baptist" (Baptist) and " Alabama Commonwealth," weekly issues, are published here. Howard College, situate here, was founded in 1841 ; in 1850 it had a president, 6 professors, 29 alumni, 88 students, and a library of 2,200 volumes ; and Howard Theological Institution was founded in 1843; in 1850 it had a professor and 13 students, and a library of about 1,000 volumes. Both are Baptist schools. MARION, p. v., and cap. Crittenden co., y. : 187 m. W. 8. W. Frankfort. It contains a court-house, several stores, and workshops. MARION, sta., Shelby county, Ind. : on the Knightstown and Shelbyville E. E., 4 m. N. Shelbyville, 25 m. S. E. Indianapolis. MARION, p. v., and cap. Twiggs co., Get. : near a branch of the Ocmulgee r., 32 m. S. W. Milledgeville. MARION, p. v., Williamson co., III. : on a branch of Big Muddy r., 145 m. S. S. E. Springfield. MARION, p. v., and cap. Grant co., Ind. : on the Missis- sinewa r., 59 m. N. E. Indianapolis. The " Whig Thermom eter" (whig) is issued weekly. MARIOX, p. v., and cap. Linn co., la. : on a fork of Cedar r. in centre of co., 23 m. N. Iowa City. The v. is situated on the edge of a beautiful grove, and contains several stores, saw-mills, etc., and the county offices. MARION, p. o., Union par., La. : 169 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. MARION, L and p. v., Washington co.. Me. : 126 m. E. N. E. Augusta. It has on its W. a large pond which separates it from Mechisses r., and by which it is drained. Surface hilly ; soil variable, chiefly good. It has several saw-mills. The v. is situate on N. E. part of t., on the post-road leading to Dennyville. Pop. of t 207. MARIOX, p. T., and cap. Angelina co., Tex. : on S. bank of Angelina r., 209 m. E. N. E. Austin City. MARIOX, t. and p. o., Livingston co., Mich. : 31 m. S. E. Lansing. Drained by a number of small streams, tributa ries of Shiawassee and Cedar rivers. Surface generally un dulating; soil fertile. There are several small ponds in S. part. Pop. 873. MARION, p. v., and cap. Lauderdale co., Miss. : at the head of Octibbeha cr., 89 m. E. by N. Jackson. MARION, p. v., and cap. Cole co., Mo. : on the S. bank of the Missouri r., 5 m. N. by W. Jefferson City. MARIOX, t. and p. v., Wayne co., A r . F. : 183 m. W. N. W. Albany. Drained by a branch of Mud cr. Surface much broken by hills and ridges ; soil fertile, and well adapted to grain. The v. is situate centrally. There is a steam-fur nace, grist-mill, and tannery here. Pop. of 1. 1,839. MARION, p. v., and cap. M Dowell co., 2f. Car. : near a fork of the Catawba r., 190 m. W. Ealeigh. MARION, p. v., and cap. Marion co., Ohio : 41 m. N. by W. Columbus. Drained by a fork of the Scioto r., which passes through its W. part. Surface level ; soil fertile. The v. is situate in S. part of t. and contains many fine buildings, the most conspicuous of which are the court-house, jail, and churches. There are also tanneries, grist-mills, saw-mills, and flouring-mills. There are 2 newspapers printed here, the " Buckeye Eagle" (whig), and " Democratic Mirror" (dem.) Pop. of v. 1,307, and of t. 2,287. MARIOX, p. v., Franklin co., Penn. : 47 m. W. S. W. Harrisburg. MARION, p. o., Hartford co., Conn. : 7 m. N. Hartford. MARION, p. v., and cap. Smyth co., Virg.: on S. side middle fork Holston r., 237 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. The Virginia and Tennessee E. E. passes through the village. MARIOX, p. o., Kenosha county, Wise.: 77 m. S. E. Madison. MARION CITY, p. v., Marion co., Mo. : 93 m. N. E- Jefferson City, on the W. bank of the Mississippi r., 7 m. below Quincy, and 7 m. E. Palmyra, the capital of the county, for which latter place it is the shipping port The country round about is very rich, and abounds in excellent timber and coal. It contains several steam, saw, and other mills, and has about 600 inhabitants. MARIOX C. II., p. v., and cap. Marion dist, S. Car. : on the E. side of Catflish cr., an affluent of Great Pedee River, 91 m. W. N. W. Columbia. The Wilmington and Man chester E. E. runs through the v. It contains a court-house, jail, several stores, and dwellings. The "Marion Star" (ind.) is issued weekly. MARION MILLS, p. o., Washington co., Me. : 125 m. E. Augusta. MARIPOSA county, Calif. Situate S. middle, and contains about 16,000 sq. m. It lies E. of the Coast Eange, and ex tends to the E. line of the State. The N. W. part is drained by the San Joaquin and its branches, and forms the head of the San Joaquin valley. This part is rich in gold mines, which are much wrought, and very productive. The soil here is very fertile. The Sierra Nevada, or Snowy Mount ains and their spurs, occupy a large part of the N. E., and E. of the county, passing through it in 9 S. S. E. direction. Between them and the Coast Eange in the S. is a large basin, drained by numerous small rivers, emptying into Tulare Lake, a sheet of water 50 miles long, and 10 or 12 broad. In this basin is excellent grain and grass land, but little of which is under cultivation. MAKIPOSA, p. v., and cap. Mariposa co., Calif. : on the S. bank of a r. so called, an affluent of the San Joaquin. It is a growing place, and in common with an extensive tract around it, is owned by Colonel Fremont The quartz in this region is highly auriferous, and is attracting the atten tion of capitalists and miners. MARISSA, p. v., St. Clair, co., HI. : situate on the bordei of a fertile prairie, S. E. part of county, 109 miles 8. Springfield. MARIT S, p. o., Morrow co., Ohio : 39 m. N. Columbus. MARKESAX, p. o., Marquette county, Wise. : 45 m. N. Madison. MARKESBOROUGII, p. o., Warren co., N. Jer. : 53 m. N. Trenton. MARKBVILLE, p. v., and cap. Avoyelles par., La. : near Lake Pearl, 67 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. It is the seat of the parish court-house. MARKSVILLE, p. v., Page co.. Tirg. : in a valley of the Blue Eidge Mountains, which form the E. boundary of the co., 85 m. N. W. Eichmond. MARLBORO , p. o., Carroll co., Tenn. : 88 m. W. by S. Nashville. MAR MARLBOROUGH district, & Car. Situate N. E., and con tains 44S sq. m. Bounded W. by the Great Pedee, and drained by its branches, and E. by heads of Little Pedee. Surface elevated and somewhat uneven. Soil generally fertile. Cotton is the chief product. Corn is a good crop, aad large numbers of hogs are reared. It has fine water privileges, and valuable manufactures of cotton goods and flour. Farms. 621 ; manuf. 23 ; dwell. 929, and pop. wh. 5,033, fr. col. 15C, si. 5,600 total 10,789. Capital : Bennets- ville. MARLBOROUGH, p. o., Hartford co., Conn. : 5 m. Hartford. . MARLBOROUGH, t. and p. v., Middlesex co., Mass.: 25 m. "W. Boston. Drained by branches of Concord r., and a number of small ponds. Surface undulating, and soil very fertile. Agricultural pursuits are the chief employment of the in habitants. Products of the t. are large, consisting of cattle, pork, the dairy, etc., which are sent to Boston market chiefly by the Lancaster and Sterling Branch R. R., which passes through the N. W. part of t., at Feltonville, and connects with road to the city. Manufactures of t. consist of boots, shoes, and cabinet-ware. The v. is pleasantly situated, sur rounded by beautiful scenery. Pop. of t 2,941. MARLBOROUGH, t. and p. v., Cheshire county, 27". Hamp. : 41 m. S. W. Concord. Drained by branches of Ashuelot r. I Surface uneven ; soil rocky, but good for grazing. There | are a number of small ponds in the t. There are several mills, manufactories, and workshops. The v. is in W. part, | and through it the Cheshire R. E. passes, distant 36 m. j from Fitchburg. Pop. of t. SS6. MARYBOROUGH, p. o., Monmouth co., N. Jer. : 81 m. E. Trenton. MARLBOROUGH, t and p. .v., Ulster co., N. Y.: 69m. S. Albany. Drained by Old Man s Kill, flowing into the Hud son r., which latter bounds it on the E. Surface very uneven ; soil clay loam, and very fertile. The v. is situate near the Hudson r. and Old Man s Kill. It contains several lumber yards, manufactories, etc. Pop. of t 2,405. MARLBOROUGH, t. and p. v., Stark co., Ohio: 107 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by several small streams. Surface -. uneven ; soil very good, abounding with beech and sugar maple. The v. in N. E. part of t. is a thriving settlement. Pop. of t. 2,133. MARLBOROUGH, t and p. o., Chester co., Penn. : 63 m. S. E. Harrisburg. Drained by several small streams flowing into the Delaware. Surface rolling; soil, red shale. Iron ore is found in the vicinity. MARLBOROUGH, t and p. v., Windham co., Verm. : 99 m. S. Montpelier. Drained by a branch of West r. and Whet stone brook. Surface rolling ; soil fertile, and very pro ductive of all kinds of grain, fruit, and potatoes. There are some mineral and medicinal springs in the t ; and it has several stores, mills, and workshops. The v. is in 1ST. part of t., through which the Brattleboro and Beiinington post- road passes. Pop. of t 896. MAP.LBROOK, p. o., Hempstcad ce., Ark. : 115 m. S. W. Little Rock. MARLFA S MILLS, p. o., Randolph co., N. Car. : 71 m. "W. Raleigh. MARLIX BOTTOM, p. o., Pocahontas co., Virg. : 147 m. ; W. N. W. Richmond. MARLOW, t. and p. T., Cheshire co., N. JTamp. : W. by S. Concord. Drained by Ashuelot r. Surface level ; soil good. The v. is situate N. of the r. The t. has several mills and workshops. Pop. 70S. MARLTOX, p. o., Burlington co., & J. : 25 m. S. Trenton. MARVLE, t. and p. o., Delaware co., Penn. : 83 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. Pop. 902. MARQUETTE county, Mich. Situate N. W. on Upper Pe ninsula, and contains 3,880 sq. m. It touches Lake Superior on the N. E., and is drained by Esconaba, Ford, and heads of Menomonee r., flowing into Green Bay and Stur geon and Ontonagon rivers of Lake Superior. Surface diversified, but not rugged or very hilly. Soil of moderate G3 MAR fertility, covered largely with immense forests of pine, which constitute the chief wealth of this region. The streams are small, but are supposed to furnish abundant water-power to work up the timber which must, ere long, be very valuable. It is little visited except by hunters and fur traders. Unor ganized in 1850. . MARQUETTE county, Wise. Situate S. centrally, and con tains S60 sq. m. Drained by the Neenah or Fox r. and its branches. In the S. are 3 large ponds, Buffalo, Puckaway, and Green lakes; and the streams furnish much water- power. Surface beautifully diversified ; soil of great fer tility, producing grass or grain in profusion, and furnishing excellent pasturage. Corn, wheat, live-stock, and pork, are the leading products. The facilities for manufacturing are very superior, and good timber is abundant. Farms 327 ; manuf. 7 ; dwell. 1778, and pop. wh. 8,622, fr. col. 20 total 8,642. Capital: Marquette. MARQUETTE, t., p. v., and cap. Marquette co., Wise. : 45 m. N. Madison. Drained by Neenah r., a tributary of Wis consin r. Surface even ; soil excellent. Puckaway Lake, an expansion of Neenah r., bounds the t. on the N. The v. is pleasantly situated on the S. bank of the lake. Population of t. 246. MARQUETTE, t and p. o., Marquette co., Mich. : 239 m. N. W. Lansing. Pop. 136. MARIOTTSVILLE, p. o., Anne Arundel co., Md.: 25 m. 1ST. W. Annapolis. MARROWBONE, p. v., Cumberland co., Ky. : 97 m. S. by W Frankfort. MARS, p. v., Bibb co., Ala. : in N. W. part of co., 73 m. N. W. Montgomery. MARS BLUFF, p. v., Marion dist, S. Car. : on the E. side of Great Pedee r., 81 m. N. N. E. Columbia. The Wil mington and Manchester R. R. passes through thev. 101 m. Wilmington, and 61 miles from the junction. MARSEILLES, p. v., La Ralle, co., III. : on the N. aide Illi nois r., at the Grand Rapids, 113 m. N. E. Springfield. An immense water-power for manufacturing purposes is af forded by the rapids, on which there are a number of lum ber and flour mills, etc. The Illinois and Michigan Canal runs through the village. MARSEILLES, p. v., Noble co., Ind, : on the Fort Wayno and Ontario post-road, 123 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. MARSEILLES, t, and p. o., Wyandott co., Ohio : 53 m. N. by W. Columbus. Drained by branches of Tyenochee r. Surface level, or table land ; soil fertile. Pop. 539. MARSH, p. o., Chester county, Penn.: 59 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. MARSHALL county, Ala. Situate N. E., and contains 645 sq. m. Drained N. by the Tennessee and its branches ; S. by Mulberry and Locust forks of the Black Warrior. Sur face uneven, in parts broken ; soil very productive. Cotton is the great staple, and the crop very large. Cora yields well generally, and pork is a considerable export It has fine water privileges, and valuable and increasing manu factures. Farms 586; manuf. 12; dwell. 1,301, and pop. wh. 7,953, fr. col. 25, si. 868 total 8,846. Capital: War- renton. Public Works: Alabama and Tennessee River Railroad. MARSHALL county, HI. Situate N. centrally, and contains 472 sq. m. Intersected by the Illinois, and drained by its branches, Crow, Sand, and Senachwine creeks. Surface level or gently undulating. Soil very rich, consisting of large prairies, and heavily wooded alluvial bottoms. Corn and wheat are the leading crops. The pasturage is superior, and raising cattle and sheep much attended to. Farms 464 ; manuf. 11; dwell. 910, and pop. wh. 5,178, fr. col. 2-^ total 5,1 SO. Capital: Lacon. Public, Works : Illinois Cen tral R. R. MARSHALL county, Ind, Situate N. middle, and contain* :2 sq. m. Drained by Yellow r. centrally, and Pine cr. N. W., branches of Kankakee r., and S. E. by Tippecanoe r. Surface mostly level, sometimes rolling, and about one MAR MAR half good timber land. Soil fertile, and adapted for farming in all its branches. Corn and wheat, live-stoek and wool, are produced. Water-power is plentiful, and iron ore abun dant. Farms 570 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 928, and pop. wh. 5,346, fr. col. 2 total 5,348. Capital: Plymouth. MARSHALL county, la. Situate centrally, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by the Iowa and its branches. Surface slightly uneven ; soil fertile, and finely adapted to grazing. It has excellent mill streams and abundance of timber. Farms 34 ; manuf. ; dwell. 62, and pop. wh. 338, fr. col. total 3-38. Capital : Timber Creek. MARSHALL county, Ky. Situate W., and contains 278 sq. m. Bounded N. and E. by the Tennessee, and drained by its affluents, Clark s r. and Jonathan s cr. Surface diversi fied, and in parts hilly ; soil very productive. Corn, wheat, oats, and tobacco, are the agricultural products. Pork is exported in large quantities. "Water-power is plentiful, and manufactures increasing. Farms 415 ; manuf. 7 ; dwell. 865, and pop. wh. 5,020, fr. col. 0, si. 249 total 5,269. Capital : Benton. MARSHALL county, Miss. Situate N., and contains 806 sq. m. Drained N. by "Wolf cr. and branches of Cold Water r., affluents of the Mississippi, and S. by Tallahatchie r., a branch of the Yazoo. Surface rolling, or moderately uneven ; soil fertile. The staple products are cotton and corn, which are excellent crops. Wheat, oats, and potatoes are success fully cultivated, and large numbers of neat cattle and swine are raised, the latter furnishing a considerable export It has extensive manufactories of cotton and woolen goods, flour, lumber, and leather. Farms 1,611 ; manuf. 54 ; dwell. 2,306, and pop. wh. 14,271, fr. col. 1, si. 15,417 total 29,689. Capital: Holly Springs. MARSHALL county, Tcnn. Situate S. centrally, and con tains 267 sq. m. Drained by Duck r., a branch of the Tennessee, and its affluents. Surface diversified, in parts somewhat broken ; soil highly productive. Corn is the staple cereal, and a very heavy crop. Wheat, cotton, oats, and tobacco are all profitable crops. It is also a supe rior grazing county, and feeds large numbers of cattle and sheep, besides exporting a great deal of pork. Good mill streams are numerous, and occupied by many small manu factories. Farms 1,032 ; manuf. 38 ; dwell. 2,061, and pop. wh. 11.916, fr. col. 66, si. 3,634 total 15,616. Capital : Lewisburg. MARSHALL county, Virg. Situate N. W., and contains 371 sq. m. Drained by Wheeling, Big and Little Grave, and Fish creeks of the Ohio, which forms its W. boundary. Surface various, in parts quite hilly ; soil fertile. Corn, wheat, oats, and potatoes are thrifty crops, and it is well fitted for grazing. It has good water-power, and rapidly increasing manufactures of flour, iron, lumber, etc. Coal and iron ore are extensively found. Farms 847 ; manuf. 19 ; dwell. 1,668, and pop. wh. 10,050, fr. col. 39, si. 49 total 10,138. Capital: Elizabethtown. Public Works: Baltimore and Ohio E. E. MARSHALL, p. r., and cap. Clark co., HI. : on the National Eoad, 105 m. E. S. E. Springfield. It contains a court-house and other county offices. The railroad between Terre Ilaute and Alton will pass through it. MARSHALL, t, p. v., and cap. Calhoun co., Mich. : 31 m. S. S. W. Lansing. Drained principally by Kalamazoo river and Eice cr. There are a number of other small streams running through it. Surface undulating ; soil, sand and rich clay loam, producing large quantities of grain. It has ex tensive water-power, and a number of mills, manufactories, and a furnace. The v. is pleasantly situate at the confluence of Eice cr. with the Kalamazoo. It contains the court house and several fine buildings. The Michigan Central E. E. passes through it, 108 m. from Detroit. There are 2 weekly papers here, the " Statesman," and " Democratic Expounder." Pop. of t. 2,S23. MARSHALL, p. v., and cap. Saline co., Mo. : near Salt Fork, a branch of Black r., 63 m. N. W. Jefferson City. 434 MARSHALL, t and p. o., Oneida county, N. Y. : 89 m. W. N. W. Albany. Surface rolling ; soil fertile. Drained by Oriskany cr. The Chenango Canal passes through its N. W. part Deans v. is situate on the canal. The t. has several flouring and grist mills, and eome other industrial establishments. Pop. 2,115 MARSHALL, p. o., Bath co., Ky. : 59 m. E. Frankfort. MARSHALL, p. v., Highland co., Ohio : at the head of a fork of Brush cr., 59 m. S. S. W. Columbus, and on the Cin cinnati, Ilillsboro , and Parkersburg E. E., 7 m. E. Jlillsboro . MARSHALL, p. o., Marshall county, 2nd.: 107 m. X. Indianapolis. MARSHALL, p. v., and cap. Harrison co., Tex.: on the water-shed between the Sabine r. and Caddo Lake, 266 m. N. E. Austin City, and distant about 24 m. from Shreveport, La. It is a flourishing v., containing the co. offices, etc., and has two newspapers, the " Texas Eepublicau" and the " Star State Patriot," both issued weekly. The Texas and Louisiana E. E. will probably pass through Marshall , as does now the post-road from Shreveport Pop. about 2,000. MARSHALL S CREEK, p. o., Monroe co., Penn. MARSHALL S FERRY, p. o., Grainger co., Tenn. : on Holston r., 193 m.E. Nashville. MARSHALLSVILLE, p. v., Wayne co., Ohio : 91 m. N. E. Columbus. MARSH ALLS VILLE, p. v., Macon county, Go,. : 65 m. S. W. Milledgeville. The South-western E. E. passes through it, 85 m. from Macon. MARSIIALLTON, p. v., Chester co., Penn. : 65 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. MARSHFIELD, t. and p. v., Plymouth co., Mass. : 27 m. S. E. Boston. Drained by North and South rivers. Surface level ; soil fertile. It is finely situate on Massachusetts Bay. Ship-building is carried on to some extent, and there are several manufacturing establishments in the town. North, East, and South Marshfield, are names of villages. The homestead and farm of the late Hon. Daniel Webster is sit uate in the S. part of the t, about 12 m. N. Plymouth. Pop. of 1 1,837. MARSHFIELD, p. o., Erie county, Jf. Y. : 263 m. W. by N. Albany. MARSHFIELD, t and p. v., Washington co., Verm. : 13 m. E. by N. Montpelier. Drained by Onion r. and its branches, which pass through it Soil varied; a part is good and well timbered, the rest wet and stony. The v. is situate on the left side of the r. Pop. of 1. 1.102. MARS HILL, Me. : a celebrated mountain near the line of Maine, toward New Brunswick, in lat. 46 33 N. The ap proach to this mountain is difficult ; its sides are rugged and its summit bold. It has two culminations, one 1,363 feet and the other 1,506 feet above the waters of Goose Quill r., New Brunswick. MARSIIPEE district, Barnstable co., Mass. : 59 m. S. S. E. Boston. This is an ancient Indian settlement, and is still chiefly inhabited by the descendants of the Marshpee tribe, but of mixed blood. It contains 15,000 acres, or about 16 sq. m., and is secured to the Indians in perpetuity. The Marshpee and Quashmet are considerable streams, which, with numerous ponds and the ocean, afford an abundant supply of fish. The inhabitants are occupied chiefly in agriculture and in the manufacture of various kinds of In dian ware. Many occupy themselves in the fisheries. They are docile and hospitable, and have long supported a Chris tian minister. The population numbers only 102, and yet it is the largest remnant of any of the tribes that once were lords of the whole country. MARSH S, station, Edgefield dist, 8. Car.: on the South Carolina E. E., 128 m. from Charleston, and 55 m. S. W. Columbia. MARSTON S MILLS, p. o., Barnstable co., Mass. : 61 m. S. E. Boston. MARTHA FURNACE, p. o., Hardin co., III. : 175 m. S. E. Springfield. MAR MAR MARTHA FURNACE, p. o., Centre co., Pen-it. : 45 m. N. W. Harrisburg. There is a furnace here having an annual capacity fur 1,100 tons; it was constructed in 1S32. MARTHA MILLS, p. o., Fleming county, Ky. : 73 m. E. Frankfort. MARTIIASVILLE, p. v., Warren co., Mo. : on the N. side of the Missouri r., C3 m. E. Jefferson City. MARTIIASVILLE, sta., Macon co., Ga. : on the South West ern II. It., 42 m. S. by W. Macon. MARTHA S VINEYARD, p. o., Chatham co., 2f. Car. : 36 m. W. Raleigh. MARTHA S VINEYARD, Mass. : an island lying off the S. shore of Massachusetts, S. of Falmouth, and W. N. W. of Nantucket Island. It is 21 m. long, and is a component of Dukes co. The soil is poor, and some sheep and cattle are reared, but the inhabitants are chiefly engaged in the fish eries. An Indian church was founded here in 1666. Orig inally the colony was governed independently ; in 1664 it was united to New York, but in 1692 it Avas granted to Massachusetts. MARTICKVILLE, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. : 37 m. S. E. Harrisburg. MARTIN county, Ind. Situate S. W., and contains 334 Bq. m. Drained by E. fork of White r. and its branches, Lick, Beaver, and Indian creeks. Surface somewhat hilly. A large part of the co. is heavily timbered, and the soils are various ; but mostly of clay, and generally fertile. Corn is the staple cereal ; the pastures are fine, and beef, pork, and flax-seed are exported. It has good mill streams, and ex ports much lumber in various forms. Farms 633; manuf. IS; dwell. 1,025, and pop. wh. 5,844, fr. col. 97 total 5,941. Capital: Mount Pleasant.. Public Works: Cincinnati and St. Louis E. E. MARTIN county, 2f. Gir. Situate N. E., and contains 841 sq. m. Bounded N. by the Eoanoke, and drained by its small affluents. Surface level, with marshes in parts ; soil of moderate fertility. Corn is the chief cereal. Cotton and rice are good crops in some portions. The wealth of the co. lies in extensive forests of pine timber, which furnish large quantities of lumber, lar, pitch, and turpentine for ex portation. Farms 510; manuf. 17; dwell. 923, and pop. -wh. 4,615, fr. col. 325, si. 3,367 total 8,307. Capital: Williamston. MARTIN, L and p. o., Allegan county, Mich.: 51 miles "W. S. W. Lansing. Drained by a branch of the Kalama- 200 and Eabbit rivers. Surface undulating; soil varied, in most parts fertile. It has extensive wooded plains. Pop. 329. MARTINDALE, p. o., Mecklenburg co., N. Car.: 109 m. S. W. Ealeigh. MARTINDALE, sta., Eensselaer co., N. Y.: on Harlem E. E., 35 m. E. Albany. MARTINEZ, p. v., Contra Costa co., Calif. : on the S. shore of the Strait of Carquines, between San Pablo and Suisun bays. It is favorably situate for commerce, and has been commenced under such auspices as to insure its future pros perity. The strait is here about a mile wide, and on the opposite shore are the cities of Vallejo, the State capital, and Benicia, MARTIXSBCTRG, p. v., Washington co., Ind. : 89 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. It is a small v., in S. E. part of co., con taining about 200 inhabitants. MAUTINSBURG, t., p. v., and cap. Lewis co., N. Y. : 119 m. N. W. Albany. Drained by Martin s cr., which flows into Black r., which latter bounds it on the E. Surface undulat ing ; soil fertile loam, well adapted to grain. The v. is situ ate on the post-road between Utica and Ogdensburg, and contains a court-house, jail, female academy, banking-house, and several fine stores. There is a valuable lead mine in the vicinity. Pop. of t 2,677. MARTINSBURG, p. v., Knox co., Ohio : on a tributary of the Muskingum r., 39 m. N. E. Columbus. It contains 90 dwellings, and about 500 inhabitants. MARTINSBURG, p. v., Pike co., III.: 63 m. S. S. W. Springfield. MARTINSBURG, p. v., Eipley co., Mb. : on a branch of Current r., 153 m. S. E. Jefferson City. MARTINSBURG, p. v., Blair co., Penn.: near a fork of Clover cr., 75 m. W. Ilarrisburg. There is a blast furnace here with an annual capacity of 1,500 tons. MARTTNSBCJRG, p. v., and cap. Berkeley co., Vlrg. : on the Baltimore and Ohio E. E., 19m. from Harper s Ferry, and 131 m. N. by W. Eichmond. The " Virginia Eepublican" (whig), and " Virginia Patriot" (dem.), are issued weekly. Martinsburg enjoys a large country business, and has several considerable manufacturing establishments. It con tains the court-house and county offices, and is well pro vided with schools and churches. Pop. about 2,000. MARTIN S CREEK, p. o., Northampton co., Penn. : 89 m, N. E. Harrisburg. MARTIN S CREEK, p. o., Carroll co., Tenn. : 95 m. E. by S. Nashville. MARTIN S CREEK, p. o., Pickens district, S. Car.: on an affluent of Savannah Eiver so called, 119 m. N. W. Columbia. MARTIN S DEP6T, p. o. and sta., Laurens dist, S. Car.: 52 m. N. W. Columbia. The p. o. was formerly called Huntsville, and the sta. is 16 m. from Newberry court-house on the Laurens E. E. MARTIN S FERRY, p. o., Belmont county, Ohio: 117 m, E. by N. Columbus. MARTIN S FERRY, sta., Merrimac co., .A 7 ". JIamp. : on the Merrimac r., and on line of the Concord E. E., 13 m. from Concord. MARTIN S HILL, p. a, Chemung co., IF. 3*. : 165 m. W. by S. Albany. MARTIN S LANDING, p. o., Perry co., Ind. : on N. side of Ohio r., Ill m. S. by W. Indianapolis. MARTIN S LIME KILNS, p. o., Stokes co., N. Car, : 101 m N. W. Ealeigh. MARTIN S MILLS, p. o., Buchanan co., Mb. : 157 m. N. W. Jefferson City. MARTINSVILLE, p. v., Clark co., HI. : on the E. side of N. fork of Embarras r., 95 m. E. by S. Springfield. MARTINSVILLE, p. o., Lancaster co., Penn. : 39 m. S. E. Ilarrisburg. MARTINSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Morgan co., Ind.: about half a mile E. of the E. fork of White r., and W. terminus of the Martinsville E. E., 25 m. S. W. Indianapolis. The county court-house and other public buildings are situate here. The "Morgan County Gazette" (neut.) is a weekly issue. Pop. about 600. MAETLNSVILLE, p. v., Somerset co., Jf. Jer. : on N. bank of Earitan r., 29 m. N. Trenton. MARTINSVILLE, p. v., Clinton co., Ohio: at the head of E. fork Little Miami r., 59 m. S. W. Columbus. It con tains several stores, a steam-mill, 50 dwellings, and about 300 inhabitants. MARTINSTILLE, p. o., Niagara co., 2f. Y. : 273 m. W. by N. Albany. MARTINSVTLLE, p. v., Henry co., Tiro. : near Smith s r., a branch of Dan r., 143 m. S. W. Eichmond. The county court-house and other public buildings are situate here, and it contains about ISO inhabitants. MARTVILLE, p. v., Cayuga co., W. Y. : 154 m. N. W. Albany. It is situate on Little Sodus cr., and contains sev eral mills, etc., and about 260 inhabitants. MARVEL, p. v.. Vernon Co., Mo. : on the N. side of Marais des Cygnes r., 129 m. W. S. W. Jefferson City. MARVIN, p. o., Chautauque co., Jf. Y. : 277 m. W. by S. Albany. MARY, p. o., Pulaski co., Ark. MARY (or HUMBOLDT) river, Utah Ter.: rises by two branches in the Humboldt Eiver Mountains, in Weber and Tooele counties, running W. 95 m., and S. 63 m., empties into Humboldt Lake. 435 MARYLAND. THE STATE OF MARYLAND. MAEYLAND, the most southern part of that division of the United States of America usually called the "Middle States," is situate between the latitudes 33 and 39 43 north, and between the longitudes 75 03 and 79 32 west from Greenwich, or 2 31 and 1 55 east from Washington. Its outline is extremely irregular, except on the north and east, where Mason and Dixon s line constitutes the frontier, and separates Maryland from the adjoining states of Pennsylvania and Delaware. On the south the Potomac Eiver, with a winding channel and circuitous general course, is its limitary stream, arid divides it from Virginia. The main body of the eastern section is bounded by Delaware State line ; but a narrow strip, projecting eastward to the sea, intrudes itself between that State and the Virginia portion of Chesapeake peninsula. The periphery of the State is estimated to be about 766 miles, namely : from the mouth of Potomac Eiver to the source of its north branch, 320 miles ; thence north to the Pennsylvania line, 35 miles; thence along that line east ward, 199 miles ; thence along the west and south line of Delaware, 122 miles ; thence along the Atlantic Ocean, 32 miles ; thence across the peninsula to the mouth of Pocomoke Eiver, 20 miles; and directly west to the confluence of Potomac Eiver with Chesapeake Bay, the place of beginning, about 38 miles. Within this outline is contained a superficies of 13.959 square miles ; but of this extent only 9,674 square miles are land, the residue being covered by the waters of Chesapeake Bay and its numerous inlets and bays. Maryland is naturally divided into three distinct geographical sections. The first section comprises that portion lying to the east of Susquehanna Eiver and Chesapeake Bay, known locally as the "Eastern Shore," and which contains the counties of Worcester, Somerset, Dorchester, Talbot, Caroline, Queen Anne, Kent, and Cecil. It forms a part of that long peninsula which, projecting southward toward and into the Atlantic Ocean, divides the waters of Chesapeake and Delaware bays, and which, though of very limited extent, comprises the whole of one state, and portions of two others. The surface of the whole tract is level, and but slightly elevated above the sea ; and in every part its soils are more or less sandy, but, in their general character, may be considered as above the average in respect of their adaptation to the pur poses of agriculture. Few rocks are found in any part, and the mineral deposits arc chiefly bog-iron ore, chromes, etc., with aluminous and magnesia salts. Marl, shell-lime, marsh mud, peat or turf, and other agents used as fertilizers, abound. In the northern districts of this region, however, the country is hilly, and in some parts has a rocky substratum the rocks chiefly sandstone and slate. The forest growths consist principally of oaks of various species, hickory, chestnut, pine, locust, walnut, cedar, gum, beech, and a great variety of shrub and herbaceous annuals. Wheat, Indian corn, and tobacco are the staple productions ; and in the more southern counties, the cotton plant is said to succeed well. The climate is temperate, and highly favorable to the enjoyment and extended duration of life. The land area of this section is computed at 3.8S6 sqare miles, or 2,167,040 acres. The peninsula, of which this portion of Maryland forms a part, is about 180 miles in length from the north line of the State to Cape Charles, and has an area of about 5,980 square miles; the neck between the inclosing bays is only about 17 miles wide ; but as it stretches southward, it expands gradually to the width of 70 miles, and then as gradually contracts until it terminates in a long, narrow tongue, called Aocomac Penin sula, about 50 miles in length and 10 miles wide. The coast on the Chesapeake is deeply indented by numerous spacious gulfs and estuaries; such as those at the confluence with the bay of the Pocomoke, Nanticoke, Choptank, Chester, and Elk rivers, each receiving considerable streams from the interior and affording great facilities to navigation. The eastern coast presents a striking contrast when compared with the western coast. " Between the ocean and the cultivated portion of the country, there is a prolonged sandy beach, varying from a few hundred yards to a quarter of a mile or upward in breadth, and extending the whole length of the coast, without a single outlet to the ocean, from Indian Eiver, in Delaware, to the southern extremity of Chincotcague Island, in Virginia. Between this beach and the mainland lies Sincpuxcnt Bay, from one to lour or five miles wide, and nearly 30 miles in length. It is a shallow sheet of water, navigable only to a short distance above South Point, at the lower end of Sinepuxent Neck." Some inlets that formerly existed in this beach, and admitted the sea, are now closed, and the waters of the bay have become comparatively fresh. The second section, comprising what is usually called the Western Shore, consists of another peninsula lying inland between the Potomac Eiver and Chesapeake Bay, and up to the line of the river falls, which extend from above Port Deposit to above Georgetown. In its general features, soil, and productions, it closely resembles the section of country already described. It is alluvial in its formation, and lying principally on the western shores of the bay, or upon the eastern bank of the lower Potomac, has the same climate as the "Eastern Shore." The counties comprised in this section are St. Mary s, Calvert. Charles, Prince George, Anne Arundel, Howard, parts of Montgomery, Baltimore, and Ilarford. The territorial extent of these counties is about 3,698 square miles, or 2,366,520 acres. The leading geographical feature of the north-western part of this section, is the ledge of primitive rocks which runs from the left bank of the Potomac, in Montgomery County, north-eastwar.lly to the Susquehanna Eiver, where it crosses the north line of the State. The primitive ledge forms a naturnl boundary between the alluvial region and the mountainous district of Maryland, which latter constitutes the third, or western section, passing through which we meet with, in succession, South-East Mountain, or Parr s Eidge, terminating with Sugar-Lonf Mountain, on the Potomac; Catoctin Mountain, reaching the same river at the Point of Eocks : South Mountain, or Blue Eidge, crossing it at Harper s Ferry ; the Kittatinny, crossing it at Hancock ; Eusrsed Mountain, Wills Mountain, and other detached ridges ; and the great Alleghany ridge, traversing the far western part of the State. Many fine valleys interlie the mountains, which in climate and soil are not surpassed by the most favored regions of the earth. This section extends along the left bank of the Potomac to the western boundary of the State, and following the sinuosities of the river, is nearly 175 miles in length, but so irregular in shape, that though it is more than 100 miles wide at the eastern end, it is compressed in the middle by the near approach of the border lines of Virginia and Pennsylvania to a width of less than 3 miles. From the base of the primitive ledge, which is, in fact, a lower branch of the Appalachian chain, the surface gradually rises to the head waters of the Potomac Eiver 2,000 or more feet. This represents the rise from tide-water at Baltimore to the dividing grounds in Alleghany County, between the waters of the Potomac and those falling into Ohio Eiver. Embraced in this section are Carroll, Frederick, Washington, and Alleghany counties, which together cover an area of 2,590 square miles, or 1.657,600 acres. Chesapeake Bay, which divides the State into two unequal parts, in its greatest extent, lies within Maryland. It is a noble sheet of water, equaled in its commercial capacities by few of the great estuaries that in various parts of the world have attracted the notice and admiration of the mariner. Its entrance between Cape Charles and Cape Henry, in Virginia, is about 15 miles in width, and opens from east to west; but on penetrating the land it suddenly changes its direction, and stretches from south to north over a distance of ISO miles, with a width in the southern part of 20 to 30 miles, and in the northern part of about 10 miles. It is, throughout, deep and navigable for large vessels, and it receives MARYLAND. a -real many deep and navigable rivers, of which the largest and principal are from Virginia. Its area is about 8,500 equare miles. The Susquehanna Eiver has its lower course in Maryland ; the tide reaches Port Deposit 5 miles from its mouth, above which there are falls; the Patapsco Paver is a fine mill stream falling into the bay of the same name below Baltimore; the Patuxent, the principal river of the Western Shore, is a wide stream, flowing nearly parallel with the Potomac, and navigable to Nottingham, about 50 miles, for large vessels; the Elk, Chester, Choptanlc, Nanticoke, and Pocomoke, on the Eastern Shore^are navigable for 30 or 40 miles; and the Monocacy Paver, Antietam and Coneco- cheague creeks are the principal tributaries of the Potomac in Maryland. All these contribute to the rolume of the waters of Chesapeake Bay, and, in their several courses, furnish fine avenues of internal trade, or provide water-power sufficient for all the purposes of extensive manufacturing operations. The Potomac, common to Virginia and Maryland, forming the boundary between the two, is the most important of all the streams of the latter, and the largest of the tributaries of the Chesapeake. It rises in the recesses of the Alleghany Mountains, and reaches the bay between Point Lookout and Smith s Point. This river is 7* miles wide at its mouth, and navigable for ships of the greatest burden for 300 miles from the sea, 8 miles below the head of tide-water. Above this point, the navigation is obstructed by a succes sion of falls, around which, however, canals have been dug, and the navigable channel so far improved as to render the river passable for boats to Cumberland, 191 miles above Washington. The descent of the Potomac, from the mouth of Savage Paver to Cumberland, a distance of 31 miles, is 445 feet; from Cumberland to the Shenandoah Falls, 130 miles, it is 49iTfeet ; hence to Great Falls, 40 miles, 39 feet; and between these and tide-water, 12 miles, 143 feet; making the whole descent from the mouth of Savage Paver to tide-water, a distance of 213 miles, 1,117 feet, or on the average 5i feet in each mile. Rising westward of the Alleghany Mountains is the Youghiogeny, the only river of Maryland that does not empty its waters into Chesapeake Bay ; it flows northward through Alleghany County, and passing into Pennsylvania, falls into Monongahela Paver, 18 miles south-east of Pittsburg ; and thence its waters are carried through the Ohio and Mississippi rivers to the Gulf of Mexico. To comprehend the geology of Maryland,* we must understand the general facts as to the structure of the broad plain which skirts the ocean in the Middle and Southern States; of the less elevated region lying west of this plain, called sometimes the Atlantic slope ; and of the great Apalachian chain, which includes the greatest variety of rocks and the most important formations. Commencing at the ocean and proceeding westward, we find a low and almost level region. This plain extends from New Jersey through the Southern States. As the soil composing this plain consists of incoherent materials, which are easily washed away, the tide flows across it and forms large estuaries, where it meets the rivers which flow from the interior. This plain does not now present an unbroken surface, but is marked by minor irregularities and undulations, which have been due to the action of brooks, creeks, and rain torrents ; still, the general character of a broad level is preserved, as it is in the ocean, notwithstanding its surface is broken by waves. The portion of the plain lying in Mary land, which is sometimes called the tide-water district, embraces nearly one-half of the territory of the State. This great region, which once formed the bed of an ancient ocean, and has risen by means of those elevatory forces which have acted upon all the continents, contains beneath its surface unquestioned records of the epochs when its materials were deposited. In the strata which compose this plain toward the north, in New Jersey, fossils are found indicating that the strata belong to the cretaceous or chalk formation, which occupies in the geological scale the upper part of the secondary formation. The cretaceous strata, if they exist in Maryland, are concealed by the overlying deposits : but they probably form the floor of these deposits from New Jersey to North Carolina, where they again appear at the surface. The fossils found in the cliffs and banks of the Atlantic plain, prove that the strata which compose it belong principally to the ter tiary formation, which lies next the chalk.t All the tertiary deposits, with the exception of the pliocene, occur in the State. The inclination of the tertiary beds in Maryland is very slight, and toward the south-east, so that the Potomac below Washington presents sections of each of the divisions, the lower beds rising to the surface as we proceed west. The later tertiary, or post pliocene, which represents the epochs next antecdent to the introduction of the human race, occurs in Maryland only in limited patches. The principal one is in St Mary s County. To this period are referred the numerous beds of oysters which skirt the low margins of the islets and rivers of Maryland, and which are usually attributed to the agency of the aborigines. The deposit in St. Mary s County is interesting, as containing several southern species, and particularly the gnuthadon caneatus, which is now found only in the warmer waters of the Gulf of Mexico; a fact indicating the prevalence in this region of a climate like that of Florida, at the period of the formation of this deposit. The miocene formation, which underlies the last named deposits, is the most widely extended of the tertiary beds. The principal marl beds are in this formation. It occurs near Chestertown, Wye Mills, on Choptank River, near Easton, and at other places near the Eastern Shore ; also through the counties of St. Mary s, Calvert, etc. Within the miocone, at Piscataway, has been traced a remarkable bed of silicious clay, entirely composed of silicious cases (of infusoria) so minute as only to be detected by a powerful microscope, yet containing distinct specific characters, enabling us to refer them to the miocene. Of the shells in the miocene deposits in this State, about seventeen per cent, have been identified with living species. Thus, at this remote period, the peculiar distribution of living mollusca, which now exists, had begun to prevail in the region of Maryland, while at this geological era the fauna were so distinct from the present, that four-fifths of the species now living had not come into existence. An abrupt line of demarkation exists between the fossil groups of the miocene and eocene, which lies next below the former. Before the deposition of the miocene beds, some event has occurred, like a sudden fall in the temperature of the ocean, which has destroyed every kind of animal life ; for in the miocene deposits not a single form of the lower tertiary bed exists, even where the two beds are in juxtaposition. The eocene, which toward the ocean has been sunk beneath the miocene, rises shortly after passing a line from Fort Washington to Annapolis. Of two hundred species of shells found in this formation, not one now exists on the coast, or is found in the more recent deposits of the United States, although many are identical with the eocene fossils of the Paris basin. A circumstance of much econom ical interest in relation to this formation is the occurrence, in many localities of the eocene, of that most valuable fertilizer, the green sand, which occurs in the secondary beds of New Jersey, and has added so much to the agricultural wealth of * The whole of this article on geology is taken from the census of Maryland, the less important points being omitted or abbreviated. t By collecting all the fossils contained in any tertiary deposit, and comparing them with existing species, the geologist is enabled to classify the deposits into one of three great groups. In the lowest deposit, or group, but few recent species are found. It is thence called the eocene, or dawn of rerer.t species. The next above contains * minority o( recent species, and is thence called miocene. Over this occurs a deposit contain inga majority of recent species, which is called pliocene, and abore the last a deposit called the post pliocene 437 MARYLAND. that State. The decomposed shells, or marl, of the tertiary have contributed, in scarcely a less degree, to the fertility of the lower counties of Maryland. The head of tide-water forms the limit of the tertiary. On the western borders of this formation, all along the Atlantic coast, all the great rivers descend by falls and rapids. At these points the navigation is stopped, and large cities have sprung up. Thus the western boundary of the tertiary is a line of great geographical and political interest. Proceeding westward from the limit of the tertiary, we find a b#lt of stratified metamorphic, or hypogene rocks, which ranges nearly parallel with the Atlantic coast. These rocks include gneiss, micaceous, chloritic, and talcose slates, and beds of serpen tine, granite, and limestone. The width of this belt, in Maryland, from its eastern border to the points where its rocka begin to be covered unconformably with new red sandstone, is from 20 to 30 miles. This region is characterized by hills generally of moderate height, but sometimes rising as high as 900 feet above mid tide. Their summits are rounded, and present a striking contrast to the long, steep, parallel ridges of the Alleghanies. The beds of the rivers which pass through this region are in deeply-cleft valleys, with rounded or abrupt sides, that afford small tracts of alluvial soil. The general inclination of these hypogene rocks is to the south-east, at an angle of about 45 ; the direction of the range is north-east and south-west. The principal minerals and rocks of economical value in this belt are the gneiss, which forms an excellent and indestructible material for ordinary building purposes; primary limestone, or saccharoidal marble, extensively used for building purposes in Baltimore and Washington; hydrosilicates of magnesia, which furnish a material for the production of a large amount of magnesia. The serpentine of Harford County, and the northern border of Cecil County, has yielded a large amount of ferroxide of chrome, for making pigments and dyes ; titaniated iron, which occurs in gneiss, has been worked with success in Ilarford County. Ores of brown hematite, extensively used in Maryland for the manufacture of iron of excellent quality, occur in beds of clay and loam, particularly on the borders of the primary limestone within this belt. Near Frederick, in passing westward, we perceive that the hypogene rocks begin to be covered with unconformable beds of red sandstone. This group of rocks is one of the most remarkably uniform in the country, possessing the same characteristics from the Hudson to North Carolina. It consists of dark reddish brown argillaceous sandstones, of crumbly-brown shales and coarse conglomerates. The strata dip gently toward the north-west, or toward the mountains. The beds, which show themselves along the south-eastern edge of the tract, consist mostly of coarse sandstones, alternat ing with red shales. The central parts consist more exclusively of brown shales and brown argillaceous sandstone. The uppermost beds, or those occurring along the north-western margin of the formation, have frequently the character of coarse conglomerates, made up of pebbles derived from a great variety of rocks, chiefly those which occur at the base or on the sfde of the adjoining South Mountain. The beds of rock on the Potomac, which have furnished the material from which the columns in the House of Representatives in the Capitol at Washington have been constructed, belong to this formation, the pebbles and the cementing materials in these beds being of limestone. The few fossil fishes and shells found in this formation establish its age to be that of the upper new red sandstones of Europe, or the period of the middle ages of geological history. To this formation belong the most important localities of*copper ores in Maryland. Indeed, this formation is the depository of the principal copper mines in the United States, the beds containing the copper of Lake Superior being referred to this formation. After passing the formation of new red sandstone, which occupies, as we hare seen, a narrow trough in the hypogene or metamorphic rocks, proceeding westwardly, we approach the first ridge of the Alleghanies, or the great Apalachian chain. A rapid glance at the general features in the structure of the whole chain wild enable us to comprehend more fully the portion of the chain which exists in this State. This chain, geologically considered, extends from Vermont to Alabama, being more than 1.000 miles long, from 50 to 100 miles broad, and varying in height from 800 to 4,000 feet Unlike the great chains of many countries which contain a principal central mountain, to which all the minor ranges tend, this system consists of a bread zone of almost innumerable parallel ridges of nearly equal parallel height The characteristic features of the ridges are great length, narrowness, and steepness, the evenness of their summits, and their remarkable parallelism ; many of them are almost straight for more than 50 miles. This feature, combined with their steep slopes and sharp and level summits, gives them the appearance, seen in perspective, of so many colossal intrench- ments. The first belt of the chain, having in a less degree the characteristics above mentioned, is the narrow undulating mountain range, called in New York and New Jersey, the Highlands; in Pennsylvania, the South Mountain; in Mary land, the South Mountain or Blue Eidge the latter name being applied to the range in Virginia the Catoctin Mountain, which is the first chain of importance which presents itself in Maryland as we proceed west, being a spur of the Blue Bidg-e. The rocks of this belt are, for the most part, of the older metamorphic strata, including gneiss, micaceous, chloritic, argillaceous, and talcose slates, and the Pottsdam sandstone. Such is the character of the rocks exposed by tho canal and railroad excavations at Harper s Ferry. Immediately north-west of this mountain range is the great Ap. ila- chian Valley, which ranges from Vermont to Alabama under various local names. The portion lying in Maryland is called the Ilagerstown Valley. The latter, like the continuation of the same valley north and south, is principally based upon the Trenton limestone, remarkable as containing all the great caverns in the country. Beyond this valley to the north-west is a wide belt of long, narrow, parallel ridges and included valleys, spreading north-westward to the foot of the great plateau of the Alleghany or Cumberland Mountain. This belt has a breadth varying from 30 to 60 miles. These narrow and parallel ridges consist of stra -a folded into a succession of convex and concave strata, which have been sub sequently laid open by denudation. They consist of Silurian, devonian, and carboniferous formations, adopting the terms applied to similar formations in England the older groups, or Silurian, lying chiefly along the south-eastern flank of the Apalachians, and the carboniferous making their appearances as we proceed west. It is evident that these beds, now so much folded and fractured, were originally horizontal, and formed continuous deposits with the rocks of the great western coal field. It appears that the bending and fracture of the beds is greatest on the Atlantic side of the chain, and the strata becomes less and less disturbed as we proceed toward the west. The most important feature in the geology of the Apalachian chain, a3 it exists in Maryland, is the occurrence among its strata of the carboniferous formation, and its included beds of coal and ores of iron. There are three important coal areas within the State ; two north-west of the so-called Backbone of the Alleghany Mountain; the north-west, or Yioughiogeny field, estimated to contain 250 square miles; the middle area, between Negro and Meadow mountains, estimated to contain 120 square miles. These fields, lying in the midst of a forest region, have not been thoroughly explored. The estimates of their value can not be much relied on. This is of comparatively little importance, as from their location they must remain for a long time undisturbed. The Frostburg, or Cumberland conl basin, lies between Davis Mountain to the east, and Savage Mountain to the west, extending within the State 20 miles in length, with an average breadth of 4} miles. The carboniferous strata, composing MARYLAND. (he coal series, consisting, as elsewhere, of shale, gritj sandstone, limestone, argillaceous iron ore, and coal, dip on every side toward the centre of the trough. The successive beds have been compared, in shape, to a great number of Indian canoes, placed one within the other. The entire thickness of the coal measures about 1,500 feet. The present surface of the basin is irregular, as it has been intersected by numerous deep ravines, formed by streams and rivers. By these means large portions of the beds have been swept away. Wherever the beds have been cut off by the intervention of a valley, they are seen on the opposite sides at the same level, showing that the beds were once continuous. The whole amount of denudation has been estimated at 26,250 acres, 86,847 acres or 135 square miles, being the supposed present area of the coal. This denudation has given great facility for exploration of the strata and working the coal, and saves the large expenditures necessary in other regions for draining the mines. The whole quantity of coal may be extracted without the use of a shaft. The principal seam has been 10 feet in thickness of workable coal, and there are several other workable beds of less thickness ; the whole thickness of available coal having been estimated at 45 feet. The data above given, supposing the whole coal to be accessible, would make the gross amount in this basin 6,805,137,827 tons, and the available quantity, making the ordinary deductions, over four thousand million tons. The analysis of the Cumberland coal shows it to be of the kind denominated dry or close burning, or intermediate between the fat coal of Pittsburg and the anthracite of Pennsylvania. Experiments prove that this coal, in evaporative power, occupies the very highest place among American coals. This is further demonstrated by its extensive use in the ocean steamers. It will be seen from this rapid sketch, in which, from want of space, many interesting details are omitted, that the State of Maryland, in the extended range of its geological formations, is favored with one of the most important physical elements of prosperity. The same cause has been, in a high degree, conducive to the wealth of England. The tertiary of Maryland has contributed a soil of easy tillage and inexhaustible supplies of the best and cheapest material for enrich ing it Its incoherent beds have suffered the tide to penetrate far inland, thus giving the advantages of the sea-board to the inhabitant of the interior. The metamorphic rocks furnish the best materials for construction near the points where they are most needed, and producing waterfalls on the rivers at the borders of the Atlantic plain, have placed the sites of manufactures near the great water highways. The shales and sandstones of the secondary have formed new varieties of soil, and contributed new material for architecture and metallurgy. To the Silurian formation is due the broad and fertile valley resting on the Trenton limestone, and to the peculiar structure of the Apalachian chain, the rich glades of the upper mountain valleys. Finally, the carboniferous beds supply without limit the minerals most essential to com merce and the arts coal, the indispensable aliment of industry, and iron, the instrument with which all wealth is created. Maryland, in 1S50, was divided into twenty counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, was as follows: Counties. Dwell. Pop. ^ c ^stab" Ca P itals - Alleghany 3,S50.. 22,769.. 892.. 24. .Cumberland AnneArundel. 3,710.. 32,393. .1,295.. 159. .ANNAPOLIS Baltimore 30,065. .210,646. .1,655. .2,377. .Balt e City Calvert 1,006.. 9.646.. 434.. . . Pr. Fredto n Caroline 1,526.. 9,692.. 730.. O..Denton Carroll 3,476. . 20.616. .1,337. . 121 ..Westminster Cecil 3,056.. 18,989. .1,208.. 170..Elkton Charles 1.335.. 16,162.. 709.. .. Pt. Tobacco Dorchester 2,705.. 18,377.. 1,049.. 12. .Cambridge Frederick 6,397.. 40,987.. 1,983.. 253 .. Frederick Counties Dwell Pop. J Capitals. ITarford 2,977. .19,356. .1,278. . 70. .Bel-Air Kent 1,534.. 11,3S6.. 667.. 84. .Chestertown Montgomery . . .1,923. .15,860. .1,051 . . 80. .Eockville Prince George s 1,875.. 21,549.. 885.. 23 .. Up r Marlboro Queen Anne s . .1,864. .14,484. . 936. . 29 . . Ceutreville St. Mary s 1.512. .13,698. . 813.. ll..Lconardstown Somerset 3,158. .22,456. .1,485. . 90... Princess Aline Talbot 1,751.. 18,511.. 793.. 36..Eastou Washington. . . .5,052. .30,843. .1,292. .169. .Hagcrstown Worcester 2,884.. 18,859.. 1,318.. 45.. Snow Hill The whole number of dwellings in the State, at the period referred to, was 81,708, of families 87,384, and of inhabitants 583,034, viz. : whites 417,943 males 211,187, and females 206,756 ; free colored 74,723 males 35,192, and females 39,531 ; and slaves 90,368 males 45,944, and females 44,424. Of the whole population, there were deaf and dumb wh. 195, fir. col. 36, and si. 23 total 254 ; Wndwh. 193, fr. col. Tl, and si. 43 total 307 ; insane wh. 477, fr. col. 52, and si. 24 total 553 ; and idiotic wh. 263, fr. col. 53, and si. 72 total 393. The number of free persons born in the United States was 433,916; the number of foreign birth 53,2S3; and the number of birth unknown 462. The native population originated as follows : Maine 456, N. Hamp. 260, Verm. 262, Mass. 1,421, E. I. 209, Conn. 484, N. York 2,646, N. Jer. 1,321, Pt-nn. 16,076, Del. 4,373, Man/land 400,594, Dist. of Col. 1,940, Virg. 7,030, N. Car. 225, S. Car. 158, Ga. 74, Flor. 37, Ala. 61, Miss. 1-43, La. 181, Tex. 24, Ark. 14, Tenn. 39, Ky. 131, Ohio 535, Mich. 16, Ind. 65, 111. 54, Mo. 86, la. 5, Wise. 4, Calif. 1, and territories 1 ; and the foreign population was compo sed of persons from England 3,467, Ireland 19,557, Scotland 1,093, Wales 260, Germany 26.936, France 507, Spain 18, Portugal 29, Belgium 5, Holland 106, Turkey 11, Italy 82, Austria 16, Switzerland 63, Russia 23, Denmark 35, Norway 10, Sweden 57, Prussia 188, Greece 0, China 1, Asia 2, Africa 10, British America 215, Mexico 8, Central America 0, South America 52, West Indies 279, Sandwich Islands 2, and other countries 251. The following table will exhibit the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the United States authorities : Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. Census White , , Total , , Years. Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical. Per ceut. 1790 208,649 8,043 103.086 111,075 319,728 1SOO 216,326 19,587 105,635 125.222 341,543 21,820 6.82 1S10 235.117 33,927 111.502 145.429 380,546 33,998 11.41 1820 260,222 39,730 107,393 147.123 407,350 26,804 7.04 1830 291.108 52.938 102.994 155,932 447,040 39,690 9.74 1840 318,204 62.078 89,737 151,315 470,019 22,979 5.14 1850 417,943 74,723 90,368 165,091 533,034 113,015 24.04 The statistics of the wealth and industry of the State, as ascertained by the census of 1350, and in accordance with other official documents referring to the same period, are as follows : Occupied Lands. Improved lands 2,797,905 acres, and unimproved lands 1,836,445 acres valued in cash at $87,178,545. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, 1850, 21,860. Value of farming imple ments and machinery, $2,463,443. MARYLAND. Livestock. Horses, 75,634 ; asses and mules, 5,644; milch cows, 86,S59; working oxen, 34,135; other cattle, 93,595; sheep, 177,902; and swine, 352,911 the value of these in the aggregate, $7.997,634. In 1840 the number of horses, mules, etc., was 92.220; of neat cattle, including milch cows, working oxen, and other cattle, 225,714; of sheep, 257,922 ; and of swine, 416,943. These statistics exhibit in the decade intervening, a decrease of 10,892 horses, mules, etc., of 6,125 cattle, of 80,020 sheep, and 64,032 swine. Grain Crops. Wheat, 4,494,680 bushels ; rye, 226,014 bushels ; Indian com, 10,749,859 bushels; oats, 2,242,1 51 bushels; barley, 745 bushels ; buckwheat, 103,671 bushels. The production of the same crops, according to the census of 1840, was : wheat, 3,345,785 bushels; rye, 723,577 bushels; Indian corn, 8,233,086 bushels; oats, 3,534,211 bushels; barley, 3,591 bushels ; and buckwheat 73,606 bushels. Other Food drops. Peas and beans, 12,816 bushels; and potatoes Irish, 764,939 bushels, and sweet, 208,993 bushels. The potato crops together in 1839-40, were 1,036,433 bushels. Miscellaneous Crops Tobacco, 21,407,497 (in 1S40, 24,816,012) pounds; hay, 157,956 (in 1840, 106,687) tons; clover- seed, 15,217 bushels; other grass-seed, 2,561 bushels; hops, 1,670 pounds; hemp dew-rotted, 63 tons, and water-rotted, tons; flax, 85,6S6 pounds ; flax-seed, 2,446 bushels; maple sugar, 47,740 pounds, and maple molasses, 1,430 gallons (all from Alleghany County); wine, 1,431 gallons, etc- Value of orchard products, $164,051; and of market-garden products, $200,865. Products of Animals. "Wool, 480,226 (in 1S40, 488,201) pounds ; butter, 3,806,160 pounds ; and cheese. 8,975 pounds. Value of animals slaughtered during the year, $1,954,800* bilk cocoons were produced to the amount of 30 pounds ; and beeswax and honey to that of 74,802 pounds. Aggregate value of home-made manufactures for the year, $111,821. Manufactures Capital invested, $14,753,143; value of raw material, fuel, etc., $17,326,734; average hands employed, 30,124 males 22,641, and females 7,483 ; average monthly cost of labor $614,556 male $544,931, and female $69,623; annual value of products $32,477,702. The amount of capital invested in 1840 was $6,450,234, and hence the manufacturing interests of Maryland have duplicated in the decade. The whole number of industrial establishments, manufacturing to the value of $500 and upward, on the 1st June, 1850, was 3,708, comprising 148 several pursuits, and of these 76 were agricultural implement factories, 232 blacksmith shops, 464 boot and shoe shops, 61 brick fields, 141 cabinet-ware factories, 234 carpenters and builders shops, 125 cigar factories, 265 clothing shops, 52 coach, etc., factories, 99 coopers shops, 21 curriers shops, 16 distilleries, 33 cotton factories, 43 woolen factories, 5 forges, 10 brass founderies, and IS iron fouuderies, 19 furnaces, 15 machine shops, 245 flour-mills, 147 grist mills, 25 paper-mills, 118 saw-mills; mines 3 coal, 3 copper, 1 gold, and 21 iron; 10 piano-forte factories, 12 plumbing shops, 71 saddleries, 24 ship-building yards, 116 tanneries, 33 wheelwright shops, etc., the remaining handicrafts being those common to every civilized country. The following table will show the details of some of the largest manufactures : Mn,,r. Capital In- Value of Raw Average Hands Monthly Cost Value of Annual Tested. Material, etc. Employed. of Labor. Products. Boot and Shoe $297,965 $504,210 2,756 $50,264 $1,372,358 Brick-kilns 280,536 124,279 1,381 33,334 471,450 Cabinet-ware 301,215 208,895 903 23,031 705,175 Clothing 628,940 1,327,481 5,293 70,616 2,602,127 Distilleries 184,300 457,638 53 1,435 666,064 Factories Cotton . . 2,248,600 1,353,361 3,247 88,112 2,021,a9G " Woolen. 258,100 176,518 370 6,144 319, 240 Forges Iron 94,500 78,935 90 2,353 136,000 Foundries " 253,100 230,562 555 15,444 515,862 Furnaces " 1,033,500 576,225 1,351 26,671 1,048,250 Machinery 257,500 120,843 458 12,591 497,550 Mills Flour 1,833,460 4,126,324 502 9,055 4,918,576 " Grist 264,150 432,533 185 2,806 539,689 Paper 134,300 118,668 186 2,401 234,365 Boiling 196,000 210,564 175 5,015 282.531 Saw 195,350 185,630 304 5,191 399,778 Mining Coal 605,000 210 5,450 196,000 Iron 34,750 274 5,344 171,675 Ship-building 164,000 273,985 673 26,722 832,100 Tanneries 628,900 725,612 479 8,034 1,103,139 In the cotton manufacture there were consumed 23,325 bales of cotton ; in the woolen manufacture, 430,300 pounds of wool ; and in the tanneries, 169.585 hides and 63,810 skins. Internal Communication. Maryland has projected and completed a magniflcent system of railroads and canals. At an early period of its State history the necessity of opening communication with the west and the interior was agitated, and in some measure the projects of that day were matured by opening the navigation of the Upper Potomac, and more recently by building the great national road west from Cumberland. These works, however, have been superseded by the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, extending from Alexandria in Virginia to Cumberland, 191 miles, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, from Baltimore to "Wheeling, on the Ohio Eiver, 319 miles. These two great thoroughfares secure to the principal sea-port of the State a vast amount of "Western commerce, and open to the markets of the East the rich mineral deposits of Alleghany County, etc. The other great avenues within the Stale are the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad, the Baltimore and Susquehanna Railroad, and the Washington Branch Railroad, etc., which, with their external connections, communicate with every portion of the Union. Besides these there is a short canal and railroad across the neck of the Delaware Peninsula, the canal being navigable for sloops and barges, and also the Susque hanna and Tide-water Canal. The total length of completed railroad within Maryland in January, 1853, was 544 miles, or in the proportion of 1 mile to every 18 square miles of its territory, or to every 1,072 inhabitants. Foreign Commerce. In regard of foreign commerce, Maryland ranks fifth or sixth among the United States. Accord ing to the report of the Register of the Treasury for the year ending 30th June, 1850, the total exports were valued at 440 MARYLAND. $6,007,353; the value of domestic produce was $6,589,481, of which the value of that portion carried in American ships was $4,6W,185, and of that carried in foreign, $1,932,296; and the value of foreign produce was $377,872, of which the value exported in American ships was $250,861, and in foreign ships, $121,011. The value of imports amounted to $6 124 201, of which $5,529.632 was the value of merchandise carried in American ships, and $594,515 of that carried in foreign ships. The character, tonnnge, and crews of the shipping employed in the foreign trade were as follows Entrances : Vessels 438, burden 09,588 tons, and crews 4,111 men and boys, viz., American, 295 vessels, 70,427 tons, and 2.770 men and boys ; and foreign, 143 vessels, 29,161 tons, and 1,341 men and boya ; and Clearances ; Vessels 521, burden 126.819 and crews 5,275 men and boys, viz., American, 359 vessels, 89,296 tons, and 3,605 men and boys; and foreign, 162 vessels, 37,523 tons, and 1,670 men and boys. The shipping owned within the State, at the date above appearing, was as follows : Enrolled and Licensed. Licensed Aggregate Districts. Perm t. Temp ry. Pernvt. Temp ry. ^unuer i ions.; loima-e. Baltimore 67,061 23,609 57.612 737 149,019 . . . Oxford - 12,0(56 - 277 12,343... Vienna 1-4-941 537 15,478 Snow Hill - - 9,226 - 285 9,511.... St. Mary s 2,143 42 2,185.... Town Creek 2,227 2,227..., Annapolis - - 2,299 - 25 2,324... Navigated 13,115 336 Total 67,061 23,609 100,514 1,903 193,087 13,451 The total amount of shipping built in the State, in the year ending as above, was 15 vessels, of an aggregate burden of 15,965 tons, of which 16 were ships, 5 brigs, 125 schooners, and 4 steamers; and of the whole amount, 66 vessels (11,683 tons) were built in Baltimore district, 31 schooners (1,758 tons) in Oxford, 27 schooners (1,533 tons) in Vienna, and 26 schooners (990 tons) in Snow Hill. The following table exhibits the movements in the values of imports and exports for a series of years embraced between : 1791 and 1850 inclusive : i Years. Exports. 1791 , . . . $2.239.691 . . . t 1792 2,623.808 i 1793 .... < 1794 .... 1795 .... 1796 ... 3,665,056 ... 5,686,191 ... 5.811,380 .... 9,201,315 ... 1797 .... . 1798 ... 9,811,960 12,746,190 ; 1799 ... . . 16.299,609 12,264,331 ... 1801 .... 1802 .... 1803 .... 1S04 .... 1805 . . , . . . 12,767,530 ... 7,914,225 ... 5,078,062 .... 9.151,939 . . 10,859.480 mports. Years. 1811 ... Exports. . . $6 833 987 ... Imports. Years. 1831 Exports. $4,308,647 ... 4,499,918 ... 4,062,467 ... 4,168,245 ... 3,925,234 ... 3,675,475 ... 3,789,917 ... 4,524.575 ... 4,576,561 ... 5,768.768 ... 4,947.166 ... 4 904 766 Imports. $4,826,577 4,629,303 5,437,057 4,647,483 5,647,153 7,131,867 7,857,033 5,701,869 6,995,285 4,910,746 6,101,313 4,417,078 2,479,132 3,917,750 4,042,915 4.042.915 1812 1813 .... 1814 ... 5,885,979 ... ... 3,787,865 ... 248 434 1832 1833 1834 1815 5 036 601 18:35 1816 7 338 767 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1817 .... 1818 .... 1819 ... 8,933,930 ... ... 8,570,634 ... 5 926 9 16 6 609 364 1S21 3 850 394 4,070,841 4,792.486 4,946,179 4,551,442 4,751.815 4,928,569 4,405,708 5,629,694 4,804,135 4.523.866 1841 1S22 .... 1823 .... 1824 .... 1825 ... 4,536,796 ... ... 5,030,228 ... .... 4,863,233 ... 4 501 394 1842 1S43 5,015.556 ... 5,133,166 ... 6,869,053 ... 6.869,055 ... 1844 1845 . . 1826 .... 1827 . . . .... 4,010,748 ... ... 4,516,406 ... 1846 1847 1843 1849 1850 . . . 9,762,244 ... 7,129,782 ... 8,000,660 ... 6,967,353 .. 4,482,314 5,343,643 4,976,731 6,124,201 1828 .... 1829 .... 1830 . . , .... 4,334,422 ... .... 4,804,455 ... . 3,791,482 .. 1806 14,580,905 .. 1807 14,298,984 . . , 1808 2.721,106 . . 1809 6,627,326 .. 1810 6,489.018 . . , anks. The aggregate condition of 23 banks and 2 branch banks in Maryland, according to the returns of January, 1851, were as follows: Liabilities capital $18,128,881, circulation $3,532,869, deposits $5,833,706, due other banks $1,923.206, and other liabilities $9.895; and assets loans and discounts $14,900,816, stocks $760,417, real estate $405,245, other investments $768, due by other banks $1,178,200, notes of other banks $965,796, specie fund $78,552, and specie $2,709,055. Government. The present constitution of Maryland was done in convention 13th May, 1851, ratified by the people 4th June, 1851, and went into operation 4th July, 1851. It supplanted the old constitution of 1776, which had, however, been amended more than twenty times. This constitution provides that every free white male citizen of the United States, 21 years of age, resident in the State one year, and in the county, town, or city where his vote is offered, for the six months next preceding the election, may vote. Citizens removing from one part of the State to another do not lose one residence before acquiring another. Persons convicted of giving or receiving bribes, and persons knowingly casting illegal votes, are forever disqualified to hold any office of trust or profit, or to vote at any election thereafter, and are in addition pun ishable by fine and imprisonment. No citizen convicted of larceny or other infamous crime, unless pardoned, and no lunatic or non compos can vote. The general election is held on the first "Wednesday in November. The Legislature is composed of a Senate of 22 members, one from each county and the city of Baltimore, and chosen for four years, and a House of Delegates, composed of not less than 65 nor more than 80 members (now 74) chosen for two years from single districts. Members of both houses must have resided in the State for three years, and in the district for which elected for the last year thereof, and Senators must be at least 25, and delegates 21 years of age. After the returns of each federal census are published, commencing with that of 1850, the Assembly shall reapportion the delegates according to population, but Baltimore city shall always have four delegates more than the most populous county, and no county shall have less than two members. After 1854 the sessions will be biennial. No bill shall become a law unless passed by a majority of all the members elected, and on its final passage the ayes and noes shall be recorded ; and no law shall take effect until the 1st June next after the session when it is passed. The Legislature meets at Annapolis on the first Wednesday in January annually. H3 441 MARYLAND. The Governor is chosen by a plurality of votes, and his term, commencing on the 2d Wednesday of January, shall continue four years. He must be 30 years of age, a citizen of the United States, and a resident of the State for five years preceding his election, and three years a resident of the district from which he is elected. For the purpose of electing the Governor the State is divided into three districts, and he is elected from each successively. The first district comprises St. Mary, Charles, Calvert, Prince George, Anne Arundel, Montgomery, and Howard counties, and Baltimore City ; the second district, the eight counties of the Eastern shore, and the third district, Baltimore, Frederick, "Washington, Alleghany, and Carroll counties. He is obligated to reside at the seat of government during his official term. He may grant pardons, but not until after a publication in the newspapers of the applications made therefor and the day when a hearing will be had, and he shall report every case to the Legislature. In case of vacancy the President of the Senate, and after him the Speaker of the House of Delegates shall act as Governor until an election by the people. The administrative officers of the State are a Secretary of State, appointed by the Governor to hold office during his term ; a State Treasurer and Comptroller, whose accounts the Governor is bound to examine semi-annually, or oftener if necessary ; Commissioners of the Land Office, of Stamps, and of Public "Works, and an Adjutant-general, the latter of which is appointed by the Governor, with the consent of the Senate, to hold office for six years. The Judiciary consists of a Court of Appeals, Circuit Court, Orphans Court, etc. The Court of Appeals has appellate jurisdiction only ; the judges, four in number, are elected from districts by the voters therein for 10 years, unless they before reach the age of 70 years. They must be above 30 years of age, citizens of the State at least five years, resident of the judicial district from which elected, and have been admitted to practice in the State. The court appoints its own clerk, to hold office six years, and he may be re-appointed at the end thereof. The Governor, with the consent of the Senate, may designate any one of the four judges elected to be Chief Justice. The judicial districts are, 1st Alleghany, Washington, Frederick, Carroll, Baltimore, and Harford counties ; 2d Montgomery, Howard, Anne Arundel, Calvert, St. Mary, Charles, and Prince George s counties ; 3d Baltimore City ; and 4th the eight counties of the Eastern shore. For the holding of circuit courts the State is divided into eight circuits, cacn of which elects a judge of the circuit court to hold office for 10 years. The circuits are, 1st St. Mary, Charles, and Prince George counties ; 2d Anne Arundel, Howard, Montgomery, and Calvert counties ; 3d Frederick and Carroll counties ; 4th Washington and Alleghany counties; 5th Baltimore city; 6th Baltimore, Harford, and Cecil counties; 7th Kent, Queen Anne, Talbot, and Caroline counties ; and Sth Dorchester, Somerset, and Worcester counties. The qualifications of judges of the circuit courts are the same as those required for judges of appeals, except that they must be citizens of the United States, and residents for two years in their judicial districts. There is in the 5th district a court of common pleas, with jurisdiction in civil cases between $100 and $500, and exclusive jurisdiction in appeals from justices of the peace in the city of which it is composed ; and a superior court, with jurisdiction in cases over $500. Each of these courts consist of one judge, elected by the people for ten years. There is also a criminal court, consisting of one judge, elected for six years. Clerks of the circuit courts in each county, and of the Baltimore courts, are chosen for six years, and are re-eligible. Each county, and Baltimore city, elects three persons as judges of the orphans court, to hold office for four years ; a register of wills for six years; justices of the peace, two sheriffs, and constables for two years. Attorneys for the commonwealth are chosen in each county by the people for four years. The office of Attorney-general was abolished by the new constitution. The court of chancery will cease to exist on the 4th July, 1853, having been granted that time to finish up its business. Among the provisions of the constitution are the following: "Teachers of religion, and those holding offices of profit under the State or United States, except justices of peace, are ineligible to the House of Delegates; two commissioners to revise and codify the laws of the State, and one or more to revise and simplify the practice, form of pleading, and con veyancing, were to be appointed by the legislature at its first session ; persons any way engaged in any duel shall be for ever incapable of holding any office of honor or trust in the State, and holders of public money are ineligible until they pay the same into the treasury ; the Assembly shall pass laws to protect and secure the property of married women ; im prisonment for debt is abolished ; a reasonable amount of debtor s property, not exceeding in amount $500, is exempt from seizure; the relation of master and slave, as now existing, shall not be altered by the legislature ; no bank shall be established, except with the individual liability of the stockholders to the amount of their shares; corporations shall not be created by special laws, except for municipal and other specified purposes ; private property shall not be taken for public use unless compensation be first paid or tendered ; the rate of interest shall not exceed six per cent. ; in all criminal cases the jury shall be judges of the law as well as the facts ; all officers, except the Governor, whose pay exceeds $3,000 per annum, shall account for the excess under oath ; after 1st April, 1859, no lottery scheme shall be drawn nor ticket sold, and until that time the system shall be under a commissioner of lotteries ; no debt shall be contracted exceeding $100,000, nor unless the act creating it shall provide for a tax sufficient to pay the interest as it falls due, and the principal in 15 years, nor shall such taxes be repealed or applied to other purposes ; the credit of the State shall never be given nor lent, nor shall the State be any way concerned in internal improvements ; the monies levied to pay the public debt shall never be diverted until the debt is paid, or until the sinking fund equals the outstanding debt At its first session after every federal census, the legislature shall pass a law to ascertain the sense of the people in regard to calling a convention to revise the constitution ; and if a majority vote therefor, a convention shall be called at the earliest convenient day the delegates to be elected by the several counties, and Baltimore city, in proportion to their representatives at the time when the convention may be called. The militia of Maryland, according to the Adjutant-general s return of 1850, consisted of 46,864 men of all arms, of which 2,397 were commissioned officers, and 44,467 non-commissioned officers, musicians, privates, and artificers ; and of the commissioned officers, 22 were general officers, 68 general staff officers, 544 field officers, etc., and 1,763 company offi cers. All free white male persons between 18 and 45 years of age, and not exempt by law, are liable to do military duty. Finances. Pullic Debt, etc. The nominal debt of the State on the 1st December, 1850, amounted to $15,424.381 46; but, deducting Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad loan, $3,266,000, total county loan, $163,689 67, and Susquchanna and Tide water Canals loan, $1 ,000,000, otherwise provided for, the real debt amounted only to $10,960.691 79. The sinking fund at the above date amounted to $2,000,726, and must be deducted from the debt to get the present liabilities of the State. To meet these liabilities, in addition to the proceeds of a special annual tax, the State has $5,341,801 84 in productive prop erty, consisting of stocks, bonds, etc., and $15,910,013 17 in property not now productive. The balance in the treasury 1st December, 1849, was $484,892 96, and the receipts during the year were $1,227,986 24, being a total of resources for the year ending 1st December, 1850, amounting to $1,712,879 20 ; and the expenditures in the same year were $1,467,470 36, leaving a balance of $245,408 84 for future appropriation. The principal objects of ex penditure were for Annapolis and Elridge Eailroad $3,950 83, civil officers $14,014 97, colleges, academies, and schools 442 MARYLAND. $21,899, indigent deaf and dumb $2,340 50, judiciary $38,813 50, legislature $56,636 01, militia $1,100, penitentiary $30,000, pensions $5,679 68, surplus revenue $34,069 36, State colonization $10,000, interest on public debt $690,846 36, redemption of funded arrears of interest $500,509 09, State tobacco inspection and warehouses $21,961 77, contingent expenses $9,333 49, and miscellaneous expenses $21,172 94; and the chief sources of income were auction duties and licenses $25,635 44, railroads $129,840 30, bank dividends and bonus $37,356 06, fines and forfeitures $5,032 36, licenses by county clerks $127,835 02, road stock dividends $46,490, stamps $52,579 75, lotteries and stamps on lottery tickets $38,633 82, canal com panies $67,090, direct tax $438,036 38, taxes on State and city of Baltimore stocks $46,386 24, on collateral inheritances $23,060 73, on commissions of executors and administrators $29,166 26, on commissions of trustees $5,289 26, on foreign assurances $7,484 87, on policies of insurance $6,056, on protests $4,923, on certain officers $10,551 56, on civil commis sions $7,221 SO, and on incorporated institutions $25,870 58, tax on colonization $8,668 04, and State tobacco inspection in Baltimore $51,519 93. The assessed value of all real and personal estate subject to taxation in 1850, according to the returns of the census of that year, was $196,603,625, but truly assessed, it would amount to $207,257,523. The aggregate of all taxes assessed amounted to $1,334,429; of this amount $444,866 was for State purposes, $380,727 for county purposes, $89,810 for school purposes, $22,651 for support of paupers, $14,866 for road repairs, etc., and $381,509 for other purposes. Federal Representation. Maryland, in accordance with the provisions of the act of Congress, 23d May, 1850, sends six representatives to the national legislature. Education. The provisions for education in Maryland, though by no means sufficient for the amount of population in the State, are still very respectable. The law with regard to schools has been recently amended, and in consonance with its provisions, the counties have been divided into school districts, in which it is imperative on the inhabitants to establish and maintain schools for a certain period in each year. Many of the counties, however, have not yet complied with the law, but nevertheless there have been great improvements effected, and the prospect of future efficiency in all that per tains to public schools is very promising. The means of obtaining education in this State, as they existed 1st June, 1850, are returned in the census as follows : 1. Primary schools number 923, teachers 1,104, scholars 34,467, total annual income $225,260 namely, income from endowment $2,959, from taxation $75,296, from public funds $67,412, and from other sources $79,563. 2. Academies, etc. number 174, teachers 427, scholars 7,759, total annual income $206,430 namely, income from endowments $12,365, from public funds $15,227, and from other sources $178,808. 8. Colleges and universities number 12, professors 95, students 1,112, total annual income $124,714 namely, income from public funds $3,200, and from other sources $121,514. The principal collegiate institutions of the State are St. John s College at Annapolis (formerly a branch of the University), founded in 1784; St. Mary s College (Catholic), at Baltimore, founded 1805 ; St. James College (Episcopal), in Washington County, founded 1842 ; Mount St. Mary s College (Catholic), at Emmettsburg, founded 1830; Washington College, at Chestertown, founded 1783; Medical School of the University, at Baltimore, founded 1807 ; Washington Medical College, also at Baltimore, founded 1827, etc., etc. The whole number of white children who attended school within or during any part of the year, was 60,417, of which 82,214 were males, and 28,233 females ; and the total number of free colored children was 1,616, of which 886 were males, and 930 females. Of all classes, amounting to 62,063 ; those of native birth numbered 60,386, and those of foreign birth 1,679. Of those classed, "adults who can not read or write," the whites numbered 20,815 8,557 males, and 12,258 females; and the free colored numbered 21,0629,422 males, and 11 640 females ; and of the total number of white persons of this class, 17,364 were native born, and 3,451 foreigners. Libraries. Public libraries 17, containing 54,750 volumes ; private libraries 325222,455 volumes ; school libraries S 6,335 volumes ; Sunday-school libraries 8428,315 volumes; college libraries 1033,792 volumes; and church libraries 5 1,850 volumes ; total 449 libraries, and 347,497 volumes. Periodical Press.^-The whole number of periodicals published in Maryland in 1850 was 68, circulating at each issue an aggregate of 124,287 copies, and annually 19,612,724 copies. Of this number, 39 were political 22 whig in principle, circulating at each issue 19,172 copies ; and 17 democratic, circulating 12,465 copies ; 20 were miscellaneous 71,000 copies ; 6 religious 13,950 copies; 1 agricultural 6,000 copies; 1 musical 1,000; and 1 colonization 700 copies; and of the whole number 6 were published daily, and issued annually 15,806,500 copies ; 4 tri-weekly 499,700 copies ; 54 weekly 3,166,124 copies ; 1 semi-monthly 48,000 copies ; and 3 monthly 92,400 copies. The dailies are all published in Baltimore city the " Sun," the " Clipper," the " American," the " Patriot," the " Republican and Argus," and the " German Correspondent ;" the tri-weeklie$ are also published solely in Baltimore, and, with the exception of the " B. Herald," are editions of the dailies, viz. : the " American," the " Patriot," and the " Republican and Argus ;" the weeklies are published 3 at Cumber land ; 2 at Annapolis ; 1 at Ellicott s Mills ; 10 at Baltimore, four of which are editions of dailies, namely, of the " Sun," of the " Clipper," of the " Patriot," and of the " Republican and Argus ;" 2 at Washington ; 2 at Elkton ; 1 at Port To bacco; 1 atDenton; 2 at Cambridge; 5 ai Frederick; 1 at Catoctin; 1 at Emmettsburg; 1 at Havre de Grace; 1 at Bel-Air; 1 at Charlestown ; 1 at Rockville ; 1 at Upper Marlboro ; 2 at Centrcville ; 1 at Princess Anne ; 1 at Leonards- town ; 2 at Easton ; 1 at Boonsboro ; 1 at Clear Spring ; 7 at Hagerstown ; and 1 at Snow Hill ; the semi-monthly the Lutheran Christian Messenger, was published at Baltimore ; and the three monthlies also at Baltimore. Jtfligiom Denominations. The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State, in 1850, which are taken from the census returns of that year, were as follows : Church accom. 14,800 1,400 26,800 850 181,715 5,350 . . 23,235 .. making a total of 909 churches, having accommodation for 390,065 persons, and owning property to the aggregate value of $3,947,884. Maryland forms a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church ; and with the District of Columbia, and the county of Alexandria, in Virginia, the Roman Catholic archdiocese of Baltimore, which has for its suffragan sees, Phila delphia, Pittsburg, Charleston, Savannah, Richmond, and Wheeling. 443 tions. Churches. Baptist 48 .. Christian . . Congrcgat L. .. Dutch Ref. . . . . Episcopal.... 133 .. Free Church accom, 16,800 60,105 Value of Property. . . $132,810 .. 610,877 Denomina- No. of tions. Churches. German Ref. 22 . . Jewish 3 .. Lutheran. ... 42 .. Mennonite... 4 .. Methodist... 479 .. Moravian ... 12 Friends 26 .. 7,760 .. 114,050 Presbyterian 57 . . Value of Denomina- No. of Clum-h Value of Property. tions. Ch arches. accom. Property. . . $197,800 R. Catholic.. 65 .. 81,100 ..$1,161,532 . . 41,000 Swedenbo n. .. .. 287,950 Tunker 6 .. 14,100 8,400 2,000 Union 10 .. 4,250 13,000 .. 837,665 Unitarian.. . . 1 .. 1,000 . . 104,000 . . 32,500 Universalist.. 1 .. 1,000 . . 26,000 .. 378,300 Minor Sects. .. MARYLAND. Pauperism and Crime. The whole number of paupers who received support within the year ending 1st June, 1S50, was 4,4942,591 native-born, and 1,903 foreigners; and the whole number of paupers in the State, at that period, was 2,001 1.6S1 native-born, and 320 foreigners. Annual cost of support $71,668. The whole number of criminals convicted within the same year was 207183 native-born, and 24 foreigners ; and the number in prison on the 1st June, 1850, was 397 825 native-born, and 72 foreigners. Historical Sketch. Kent Island was the site of the first white settlements within the limits of Maryland. In 1631, "William Claiborne commenced a colony on this island. But the charter under which Maryland was permanently established Avas granted to Cecilius, Lord Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, by Charles I., and bears date 20th June, 1632. The name Terra Mariae, or Maryland, was given it in honor of Henrietta Maria, queen of the reigning monarch. The first settlers, chiefly Roman Catholics, sailed from the Isle of Wight, 22d November, 1633, and landed on the island of St. Gle:m-nt, 25th March, 1634, and immediately took possession of the country with religious ceremonies. On the 2Ith, they commenced a settlement on the main land, at St. Mary s ; and this is counted the date of the foundation of the colony. These settlers of Maryland were refugees from ecclesiastical tyranny; and have be-on denominated by historians the "Pilgrims of St. Mary s." The first governor was Leonard Calvert. The first legislature convened in 1639, and adopted many wise and useful laws. Tobacco had already become so important a staple, that it was deemed expedient to tax its exportation, as a source of revenue. The great revolution in England now began; the proprietary was a Catholic and adherent of the king, and a congregation of Puritans, from Virginia, who had been expelled as non-conformists, in 1642, having settled in Maryland, now attempted to gain ascendancy in the government, and to some extent succeeded ; but they were overthrown again in 1646. In 1649, the Assembly passed that noble act of religious toleration, which threw the mantle of charity over all, and in the benefits of which Catholic, Quaker, and Puritan, participated, for all had experienced the rigors of persecution. Monarchy having been overthrown in England, the Puritan power rapidly increased, and again the proprietary was for a time suspended. In 1654, Lord Baltimore made efforts to regain the colony, and succeeded ; but scarcely had he resumed the reins of government when the Puritans again deposed him, and for the space of three years thereafter the peace of the colony was compromised by excesses on both sides. During this period the Puritans were concentrated at Providence, now Annapolis, which they considered the actual seat of government, although St. Mary s continued to be the nominal capital. The power of the proprietary was now restored, and Philip Calvert, his brother, was appointed governor. In 1660, twenty-six years from the foundation of the colony, the population of Maryland was about 12,000 ; in 1665, it was 16,000; and in 1671, it had increased to 20,000. The extension of political organization had kept pace with population. Up to this period, seven counties had been founded, but there were no considerable towns. Importations supplied the place of domestic manufactures, except such as were made in the families of the settlers. Mention of negro slaves is first made in the laws of Maryland in 1663, but it is probable that slavery existed i-n the colony anteriorly to that time. In 1671, ati act was passed to encourage their importation. Philip Calvert was superseded in 1662, as governor, by Charles, son of the Lord Proprietary, who acted in that capacity until 1675, when, on the death of his father, he succeeded to his rights, and appointed Thomas Notely as his representative. On the occurrence of the Kevolution, in 16SS, the king assumed the government, and in 1791, appointed Sir Lione Copley governor. Among the first acts of the new government was the removal of the capital from St. Mary s to Providence, thenceafter known as Annapolis. The government was again restored to the family of the proprietary, in 1715. At this period, the population was estimated at 30,000, and the almost exclusive staple of production was tobacco. Before 1607, the colonists had been without manufactures of their own ; but in that year an effort had been initia-ted to make woolen and linen cloths. Every attempt of this kind, however, was closely watched by the English government, and hence these efforts to supply a domestic manufacture either failed at once, or languished out a sickly existence. In 1714, Charles, Lord Baltimore, died, and his son, Benedict Leonard Calvert, succeeded to the province, but lived only long enough to have his rights acknowledged. The principal obstacle to the recognition of the claim of this family was now removed, for the young heir had been educated a Protestant. In 1715, therefore, the authority of the proprietary was restored, and a commission in his name was issued to Hart, the last of the governors appointed by the king. From this period i ntil the breaking out of the French war, in 1753, the history of Maryland is not marked by any great event. Its local annals are filled with relations of contentions between the proprietary and the people the one struggling to maintain his hereditary privileges, and the other to establish their liberties. lo all these struggles are discernible the germs of the Revolution of 1776. In 1740, Maryland contributed 500 men and 7,500 to the disastrous expedition against the Spanish Main. A noble fleet of nearly 100 vessels, including 30 ships of the line, commanded by Admiral Vernon, and an army of 12,000 men, under General Wentworth, assembled at Jamaica, in 1741. With this imposing force, a descent was made on Cartagena, which was rendered abortive rather by the malignity of the dimate than the prowess of the enemy. It was calculated that nine out of ten of these levies perished in this most fatal enterprise. The province, in 174S, contained about 130,000 inhabitants, of whom 94,000 were white, and 36,000 colored persons. In 1745, the first, and for a long time the only newspaper in the colony, the " Maryland Gazette," was published at Annapolis, but a printing press had been set up some forty years before this, for printing the laws and public documents. In 1756, the number of inhabitants was computed at 154,183, exhibiting the very satisfactory increase of 24,188, or about 1S.6 per centum in eight years. The development of the resources of the province had perhaps hardly kept pace with this advancement of population. The policy of England continued to be rigorous in the discouragement of domestic manuf .ctures, and its repressive meas ures were not without effect. Meanwhile the legislature of the province offered bounties in land for the erection of flour- mills, iron furnaces, and forges, and other works of industry, and its efforts succeeded to a considerable extent. In 1749, there were in the colony eight furnaces and nine forges. In 1742, copper works were in operation. The great staple export, however, was tobacco in 1747, 5,000 hogsheads were exported. For many purposes tobacco was the currency of the province, and in certain years the great depression in the price of this article drew out the specie of the colony to meet the balance accruing in its foreign trade. The government sought to remedy this evil by an issue of bills of credit, which experiment, of course, proved unavailing. In 1732, tobacco was made a legal tender at one penny per pound, and Indian corn at 20 pence a bushel ; but the issue of paper money continued, even after this expedient, to supply the place of a safe and convenient currency. The boundary disputes of Maryland with the adjoining provinces have become somewhat famous among controversies of that kind ; the most celebrated was that which concerned her northern and part of her eastern frontier, and which resulted in the establishment of "Mason and Dixon s Line." This dispute had an even date almost with the original grant to Lord Baltimore. His grant, it was contended, covered all the territory bordering the Atlantic and Delaware Bay, between 33 and 40 N. lat., including the whole of the present State of Delaware and a considerable strip of Penn- MARYLAND. sylvania ; but this portion of his grant was at the time occupied by settlements of the Swedes, who were subsequently conquered by the Dutch. After the latter were dispossessed, the territory wrested from them was conferred by a special grant from the Duke of York, in 16S2, upon William Fenn. A decree was obtained in 1635 by Penn, confirming to him the boundaries named in his grant; but the Proprietary of Maryland refused to submit, and from this time to 1732 (he dispute was the cause of almost ceaseless litigation between the Proprietaries of the two colonies, and of violence and outrage on the border. At length, in consequence of a decree in chancery in favor of the heirs of William Penn, granted in 1750, commissioners were appointed to determine and mark the line mentioned in the decree of 16S5. The "scientific gi-ntiemen employed in this important service, probably the chief surveyors, were Messrs. Mason and Dixon,from whom this celebrated boundary received its name. They began at the angle formed by the intersection of the boundary line between Delaware and Maryland with that between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and proceeded Avestward 130 miles, w;u:n their operations were suspended by fear of hostilities from the Indians. At the end of every mile they set up a stone, with the letter " P" and the arms of the Penns engraved on the north side, and " M," with the escutcheon of Lord Baltimore, on the south. In 1782-3 a continuation was made of " Mason and Dixon s line" to its western terminus ; this, ^however, was looked upon as a mere temporary arrangement, and the controversies and recriminations continued ; and complaints were made to the Governor of Virginia, who appealed to the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania to come into some arrangement to effect a permanent and acknowledged boundary. "For this desirable purpose each State selected the best and most suitable men within its reach, so that their work, when completed, would merit and -receive entire confidence in its accuracy." The commissioners on the part of Pennsylvania were David Rittenhouse, John Ewing, and Captain Hutchins; those on the part of Virginia were Andrew Ellicott, Kev. James Madison, Rev. Robert Andrews, and T. Page. They performed the duty assigned them in the fall of 1734. The line having been thus carried ,to its western terminus, it only remained to run a meridian line from that point to the Ohio River to close this long-pro tracted controversy. This task was committed to Messrs. Rittenhouse and Porter, on the part of Pennsylvania, and Andrew Ellicott and Joseph Neville on that of Virginia. They entered on their work in May, 1785, and on the 23d August they had made a final report, locating the western boundary of Pennsylvania, as now acknowledged, from the south-western icorner of the State to the Ohio River; for Virginia had no special interest in extending the line further north, having finally relinquished in favor of the general government her claims to territory north and west of the Ohio the year before. In the contest which annihilated French dominion in America Maryland bore a gallant part. Braddock s unfortunate expedition against Fort Duquesne was organized in this province, and marched from Frederick in the spring of 1754. After the defeat and death of this general a fearful panic pervaded the frontier region of all the Middle States, and ex tended in Maryland even to the Bay Shore. Numbers of the inhabitants fled to Baltimore, and even prepared to leave the country altogether. From this time until the capture of Fort Duquesne in 175S, the western part of Maryland was kept in constant terror, and of course the incidents of the war fully occupied the attention of the people and the public authorities. The progress of population during these years of Indian warfare was necessarily slow. The inhabitants in 1701 numbered 164,007, of whom 114,332 were whites, and 49,675 slaves, showing an increase for five years following 1756 of somewhat less than 10,000. The relative increase was but little over half as great as that of the preceding five years. The extension of settlements toward the west was also suspended during the Avar. From the conclusion of the French Avar until the commencement of the ReA olution, the history of Maryland, like that of most of the other colonies, is a narratiA e of usurpations upon public liberty attempted by the royal government and resisted by the people. In 1765, the stamp act, and afterward the tea tax, excited general indignation and hostility. The most violent opponents of these measures took the name of " Sons of Liberty." As the contest dreAV toAvard the issue which had been inevitable from the beginning, the Proprietary government fell, as a matter of course, giving place to local and general committees of safety, and to conventions assembled in the name of the people, to supply the want of a more regular authority. The Avar, which had long been expected, and for AVhich great preparations Avere made, com menced with the desultory flght at Lexington, 19th April, 1775. The Revolution having now fairly commenced, elections were held throughout the province in August, 1776, for dele gates to a convention to frame a Constitution and State Government. This body assembled August 14th, and by the 10th September a bill of rights and a constitution Avere reported. On the 3d November the constitution Avas adopted in con- vention, and elections ordered to carry it into effect. The system of government established by this first constitution of Maryland was republican, and as nearly democratic as the state of public opinion of that day, and the circumstances under which it AV;IS adopted, gave reason to expect. The elections took place in November, as provided for in the constitution, and the legislature convened at Annapolis on the 5th February, 1777. On the 13th February Thomas Johnson was chosen first constitutional governor of Maryland. Throughout the Revolutionary War the services of the Maryland troops Avere marked by gallantry and efficiency. In the first considerable action aRer that of Bunker s Hill, the "Maryland line signalized its valor and took a high position among the several corps of the continental army. They Avere under the command of Col. Wm. Smallwood, who after ward became a major-general, and one of the most distinguished officers whose achievements in the struggle illustrate the bravery of his native state. In the battle of Long Island, and in those of Harlem Heights, White Plains, and Fort Wash ington, the Maryland regiments were conspicuous for their courage and discipline ; nor were they less so in the memora- ble actions at Trenton and Princeton. With the exception of actions in the campaign against Burgoyne, indeed, there was no prominent battle of the Avar, from Brooklyn Heights to YorktoAvn, in Avhich the Maryland ers did not take an active part; and under every commander Washington, La Fayette, De Kalb, and Greene they earned special notice and applause for gallantry and good conduct. The number of troops furnished by Maryland during the war Avas 15.229 regulars, and 5,407 militia ; and the expenditures of the State amounted to $7,568,145 in specie, a large portion of which was raised by the sale of confiscated British property within the State. On the 23d December, 17S3, the brilliant drama of the Revolution was closed by Washington s resignation of his com mission. This event took place at Annapolis, in the presence of Congress, the State legislature, many officers Avho had served through the war, and a crowd of deeply interested spectators. The ceremony constitutes a scene in our history second in solemnity and importance only to the reading of the Declaration of Independence. The Federal Constitution was readily and heartily adopted by Maryland. The convention that accepted it on the part of the State met on the 21st April, 1788, and adjourned on the 23th, having agreed to the instrument, without reservation or amendment, by a vote of 63 to 11. From this period to the war of 1812, the history of Maryland presents nothing calling for special notice. Durin<* that war Admiral Cockburn, commanding the British naval forces, committed on the shores of Chesapeake Bay a scries of 445 MARYLAND. wanton outrages against the property and persons of the citizens. In the spring of 1813 the villages of Frenchtown, Havre de Grace, Fredericktown, and Georgetown, were plundered and burned by his orders, and in August, 1814, occurred the expedition of General Boss against the city of "Washington. Cockburn, since the opening of the preceding year, had been cruising about the bay and the mouth of the Potomac with four ships of the line and six frigates ; in the course of the summer he was largely re-enforced, and in August a landing was effected at Benedict, on the Patuxent, some thirty-five miles south-east of Washington. The land force was under the command of General Koss, and was 5,000 sirong. It proceeded toward Washington ; the militia of Maryland and of the District assembled under General Winder to oppose their march; but the Americans were in no condition to resist their numerous and well disciplined enemies. The army retired to Bladensburg, and was re-enforced by General Stansbury with 2,100 Maryland troops, including the sailors and marines of Commodore Barney. At this point it was resolved to risk an action in defense of the national capital. The result of the conflict that ensued was not fortunate to the American arms. The British gained a complete victory, though at a cost of life much greater than the loss sustained by the Americans. The victors inarched on to Washington, occupied the city as long as they thought advisable, and then returned to their ship ping at Benedict. They, however, sullied the laurels which their daring and successful expedition might have gained for them by an act of Vandalic barbarism to which the annals of modern warfare among civilized nations hardly furnishes a parallel. While in secure possession of the seat of government, they burned and destroyed the Capitol, the president s house, the offices of the treasury, war, and navy, all the national records accessible to them, the public library, and other property belonging to the public and individuals. Their loss in this expedition is said to have been four hundred in killed and wounded, and five hundred prisoners. At nearly the same time Alexandria was occupied and plundered, or laid under tribute. The remaining principal incidents of the war particularly belonging to the history of Maryland, are the battle of North Point and the defense of Baltimore. The British forces engaged at North Point numbered 5,000, and were under General Eoss. He was killed in a skirmish between parties of the advance immediately before the battle. The Americans were commanded by General Striker, who had under his command 3,200 men. The result of the engagement was unfavorable to the invaders, though the American general judged it prudent to retire toward Baltimore. The British lost about 400 men, and the Americans about half that number. The battle of North Point was fought 13th Sept., 1814. On the evening of next day the enemy commenced a bombardment of Fort M Henry, the work chiefly relied upon for the de fense of the city. The attack was gallantly repelled, and the failure of the operations during the night, which were con ducted by land and water, was so complete that a day or two after the land forces were taken on board the shipping, and all attempts against Baltimore were abandoned. On the 16th of the month the hostile fleet was seen standing down the bay. From the earliest period the condition of the African race in Maryland had attracted much attention. By gradations which there are now no means of tracing, this class of the population had attained in 1790 the number of 111,079, of which 8,0-13 were free, and 103,036 were slaves. The tendency of public opinion in this State, for many years subsequent to the commencement of the Revolution, seemed favorable to emancipation, and its effect was perceived in the gradual increase of free blacks. It was shown by the census of 1SOO that the free colored had gained 11,544 during the preceding ten years, equal to 143 per centum, while the slaves had increased only 2,599, or about 2 per centum. The decennial census from this period exhibited an equally remarkable increase of free negroes and decrease of slaves, so that from 1790 to 1S50 the free negroes had increased 821 per centum, and the slaves had decreased more than 12 per centum. The decennial movement is shown elsewhere. But during the first twenty years of this period there had been a small increase of slaves so that for the next thirty years to 1840 the falling off had been 21,765, or about 19 per centum; which decrease, if sus tained, would have extirpated slavery in Maryland in a very short time ; but owing to various circumstances in the history of the times, the policy of emancipation, without a provision for the removal of the persons whose condition was affected by H, began to be looked upon with disfavor, and a provision was inserted in the constitution of 1S36, declaring "That the relation of master and slave in this State shall not be abolished, unless a bill for that purpose shall be passed by a unanimous vote of both branches of the General Assembly, be published three months before anew election, and be unanimously confirmed by a succeeding Legislature." Thus was checked effectually the disposition to public emancipa tion; but individuals continued to exercise it, and the prevalence of this desire to confer freedom upon slaves gave occasion to the institution of the American Colonization Society about the year 1819 ; a branch of the association was established in Maryland, but in order to obviate certain features in the organization and proceedings of the General Society not acceptable to the friends of colonization in this State, it was determined to establish an independent colony in Africa for the blacks of Maryland. The Legislature extended its fostering care to the enterprise, and an annual appro priation of $20,000 was allowed to the Society, which is yet continued. The Maryland colony has flourished, having now a considerable trade, and being visited at stated periods by regular packets from Baltimore. ANNAPOLIS is the political capital of the State. MARYLAND, t. and p. v., Otsego county, 2T. T. : 63 m. W. |- S. Albany. Drained by Schenevas cr. and its branches. Surface varied, in some parts mountainous ; soil rich and fertile, with excellent pasturage. The v. is situate centrally on the Albany and Ithaca post-road, and contains several mechanic shops, saw-mills, etc. Pop. of t. 2,152. MARYLAND LINE, p. o., Baltimore co., Md. : on the N. line of the State, and the Baltimore and Susquehanna K.E., 52 m. N. Annapolis. MARYSVILLE, p. city, and cap. Yuba co., Calf. : on the N. bank of Yuba r., 98 m. N. N. E. Vallejo. It contains the court-house and clerk s office, 6 hotels, a number of mills, and some stores and shops. A steamer plies daily between this city and Benecia, touching at Sacramento. There are two newspapers printed here, the " California Express," and "Marysville Herald," both tri-weekly and weekly issues. The population of Marysville is between 7,000 and 8,000. MARYSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Union co., Ohio: 25 m. N. W. Columbus, on the S. side Mill cr., a branch of the 446 Scioto r. It contains a court-house, jail, and several dwell ings. The " Tribune" (whig) is published here. Popula tion 605. MARYSVILLE, p. o., Paulding co., Ga.: 127 m. N. W. Milledgeville. MAIIYSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Blount co., Tenn. : on a branch of Pistol cr., 15 m. S. Knoxville, and 157 m. E. S. E. Nashville. The v. contains the county court-house and other public buildings, also the South-western Theological Seminary (founded in 1821), and which had (in 1S50) 2 professors, 24 students, and 90 graduates, with a library containing 6,000 volumes. Pop. of the v. about 600. MARYSVILLE. p. v., and cap. Benton co. Oreg. : on the W. side of Willamette r., at the mouth of Mary s r., 32 m. S. S. "W. Salem. The village site is prairie, which extends 6 or 7 m. northward ; but timber is plentiful on the rivers. The mouth of Mary s r. may be considered as the head of navigation above the falls at Oregon City, owing to rapids which steamers stem with great difficulty. MAft MARYSVILLE, p. v., Campbell co., Virg. : on N. side of Staunton r., 103 m. W. S. W. Richmond. MARYSVILLE, p. v., Benton co., la. : in the N. E. part of CO.. 5 in. S. Cedar r., 85 m. N. W. Iowa City. MARYVILLE, p. v., Nodaway co., Mo. : on W. side of One Hundred and Two r., 194 m. N. W. Jefferson City. MASARDIS, t. and p. o., Aroostook county, Me. : 171 m. N. N. E. Augusta. Drained by St. Croix, or Masardis r. and its branches. Surface varied ; soil good, with fine timber lands. Pop. of 1. 122. MASCOUTAH, p. v., St. Clair co., Ill : 91 m. S. by W. Springfield, on the edge of a fertile prairie, 2 m. E. Silver cr. MASHAPATJG, p. o., Tolland county, Conn.: 19 m. E. Hartford. MASON county, 111. Situate "W. centrally, and contains 468 sq. m. It has Illinois r. on the W., and the Sangamon and Salt cr. on the S., occupying the tongue of land between them. Surface undulating ; soil very fertile ; the largest part is prairie, and the lowest parts subject to inundation. Corn, wheat, and most grains yield largely, and parts are excellent pasture. Farms 727 ; manuf. 3; dwell. 1,041, and pop. wh. 5,898, fr. col. 23 total 5,921. Capital : Bath. MASON county, Ky. Situate N. E., and contains 194 sq. m. Drained S. by Johnson s cr. and North Lick, branches of Licking r., and N. by small affluents of the Ohio, which forms its N. boundary. Surface various ; soil of great fer- j tility. Tobacco, flax, hemp, corn, and wheat are all large j products. Eye, oats, and potatoes are good crops. Great i numbers of sheep and swine are reared, and pork is a large ! export. It has superior facilities for commerce and manu factures, and the latter are very extensive, consisting of cot ton and woolen goods, flour, leather, liquors, earthen-ware, cordage, bagging, iron castings, etc. Most of the im ports and exports of the N. E. part of the State reach the Ohio through this co. Farms SS8 ; manuf. 221 ; dwell. 2,42-3, , and pop. wh. 13,675, fr. col. 385, si. 4,284 total 18,344. Cap- : ital : Washington. Public Works : Maysville and Lex ington R. It., Maysville and Big Sandy R. R. MASON county, Mich. Situate W. on Lake Michigan, and contains 504 sq. m. Drained by Memoosic, Sable, and Notipecago rivers. This co. is little settled and unorgan ized, visited only or mostly by lumbermen in quest of the fine timber with which it is densely covered. Farms 0; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 12, and pop. wh. 93, fr. col. total 93. MASON county, Virg. Situate W., and contains 372 MAS sq. m. Bounded N. and W. by the Ohio, and intersected by the Great Kanawha, which receive a few small streams in the co. Surface hilly ; soil very productive, and excellent pasture land. Corn is the staple crop. Superior wheat is raised in moderate quantities. It has good water-power, con venient markets, several valuable salt-springs, and some coal. Farms 563 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 1,151, and pop. wh. 6,843, fr. col. 49, si. 647. total 7,539. Capital : Point Pleasant. Pub lic Works: Covington and Ohio R. R. MASON, p. v., Ingham co., Mich. : on a branch of Willow cr., 13 m. S. by E. Lansing. It has several buildings, and about 300 inhabitants. MASON, t. and p. v., Hillsboro co., N. Ilamp.: 33 m. S Concord. Drained by Souhegan r. and several small streams. Surface nigged and hilly ; soil strong and deep, but stony, well adapted to grass or grain. The streams afford motive power to several mills. Mason Village, at the terminus of the Petersboro and Shirley R. R., in N. part of t., is the seat of a number of cotton and woolen manufacto ries, and other handicrafts. Pop. of 1. 1,226. MASON, p. o., Warren co., Ohio : 71 m. S. W. Columbus. MASON HALL, p. o., Orange co., N. Car. : 45 m. N. W. Raleigh. The North Carolina Central R. R. passes it. MASONIC COLLEGE, Marion co., Mo. : 12 m. W. Palmyra, The college was founded in 1831 in 1850 it had a president, 5 professors, and 45 students. It has also a good library. This was originally a manual labor establishment, and owns a large tract of highly improved farming land. MASON S GKOVE, p. o., Madison co., Tenn. : on the S. fork of Deer r., 127 m. W. S. W. Nashville. MASONSVILLE, sta., Windham co., Conn. : on the Norwich and Worcester R. R., 44 m. N. Allyn s Point. MASONTOWN, p. v., Fayette county, Perm. : 3 m. E. Monongahcla r., 159 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. MASONVILLE, p. v., Lauderdale co., Ala. : 2 m. N. Muscle Shoals of Tennessee r., 187 m. N. N. W. Montgomery. MASONVILLE, t. and p. v., Delaware co., N. Y. : 87 m. S. W. Albany. Drained by tributaries of the Susquehanna r. Surface for the most part mountainous a ridge of mount ains extending through it ; soil varied in the valleys rich and fertile. There are excellent timber lands, producing pine and other timber. Principal manufactures are flour, leather, and fulled cloths. The v. is situated in the N. W. part of the t. on a small cr., and contains several fine dwellings, and about 600 inhabitants. Population of the t. 1,550. THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS * MASSACHUSETTS, the parent State of New England, and the chief manufacturing district of the United States, is bounded north by New Hamshire and Vermont, east by the Atlantic Ocean, south by the Atlantic, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, and west by New York. It is situated between 41 15 and 42 52 latitudes north, and between 69 54 and 73 34 longi tudes west from Greenwich, or 3 28 and 7 OS east from Washington. This State has a general breadth of not more than 50 miles, with a length of about 160 miles ; but in the eastern part it extends abruptly to the breadth of 90 miles, and shoots a long narrow tongue of sand into the ocean, which extends nearly 50 miles beyond the mainland. The area of the State is estimated at 7.800 square miles. Although the surface is generally hilly, and in some places rugged, no part of it rises to an elevation of 4,000 feet, the isolated peak called Saddle Mountain, in the north-western corner of the State, the loftiest summit within its limits, being not more than 3,600 feet above the level of the sea. The Green Mountains enter the western part of Massachusetts from the north, forming the Hoosic and Taghkannuc or Taconic ridges, which run nearly parallel to each other southward into Connecticut. The Taghkannuc ridge is near the western boundary of the State its most elevated peaks are Saddle Mountain, above referred to, on the north, and Taghkannuc Mountain, in the south, the latter being 3,000 feet in height. The Hoosic ridge has no summits above half these elevations ; it divides the waters of the Connecticut from those of the Ilousatonic. The White Mountain range enters this State from New Hampshire, a little to the east of the Connecticut, and running southerly, divides below Northampton into the Mount Tom and Lyme ranges. Mount Tom and Mount Holyoke are peaks in this range the first 1,214 feet and the latter 830 feet above the level of the Connecticut River, which flows between them ; Wachusett, a solitary mountain in the north-eastern part of Worcester County, is 2,018 feet above the level of the sea. Eastward of these ranges, the surface is for the most part broken by gentle swells, and in the south-east, spreads out into a level sandy plain, which extends from the margins of the ocean, and is continued in the peninsula of Cape Cod. * The name of this State probably arose from the name of a tribe of Indians formerly at Barnstable, or from two Indian words, mas and wetuset, the former signifying; an. Indian arrow-head, and the latter a hill. It is stated that the Sachem who governed in this region, on the landing of the pilgrims, lived on a hill in the form of an Indian arrow-head, a few miles south of Boston, and was called by the natives MASWETCSKT. 447 MASSACHUSETTS. The county of Barnstable is a peninsula commonly called the Peninsula of Cape Cod. Its shape is that of a man s arm bent inward both at the elbow and at the wrist A great part of this peninsula is barren, and in many places wholly destitute of vegetation. The inhabitants derive their support principally from the ocean. Nantucket Island lies south of Cape Cod. It is of a triangular form, 15 miles long, and in its widest part about 11 miles ; and is little more than a heap of sand without a tree of native growth upon it yet it maintains a numerous population distinguished for activity and enterprise. The island affords some pasturage, and cattle and sheep in considerable numbers are raised on it. The climate is much milder than that of the neighboring continent. South-east of this island, out of sight of land, lie the Nan- tucket Shoals, a dangerous sand-reef about 50 miles long and about 45 miles broad, and which has been the scene of many dreadful shipwrecks. Martha s Vineyard, to the west of Nantucket, is about 21 miles long, and from 2 to 10 miles broad. The soil is for the most part poor, but many sheep and cattle are raised, and the people are much employed as pilots or in the fisheries. There is a spacious harbor on the north side of the island called Holmes s Hole, and vessels bound to the eastward arc frequently seen here in great numbers, waiting for a wind to enable them to double Cape Cod. It is calcu lated that more than 1,000 vessels anchor here in the course of a year. The Elizabeth Islands are sixteen in number, ex tending in a line from the elbow of Cape Cod Peninsula westward, and forming the south-eastern side of Buzzard s Bay. No Man s Land is a small island south-west of Martha s Vineyard. Plum Island, off the east coast, extends from New- btiryport southward to Ipswich. It is 9 miles long and 1 broad, and is separated from the mainland by a narrow sound, over which a bridge has been built. In the season when plums are ripe, this island is the resort of the neighboring in habitants, and a scene of lively amusement. The valley of the Connecticut, which, varying in width, extends through the State in a direction north and south, con sists, for the most part, of a sandy alluvion. The lower flats are fertile, and produce rich crops of grain. In the vicinity of Hadley in this valley are extensive fields of broom-corn, and the manufacture of this article into brooms absorbs a con siderable portion of the labor of the towns in the neighborhood. A portion of this valley is occupied by sandy tracts, which yield light crops of rye and maize. Some of these plains are covered with low pine forests. The valley of the Housatonic extends nearly in the same direction with that of the Connecticut, and consists of alluvial tracts of the same description. The valley of the Iloosic in the north-west consists of an almost uninterrupted succession of intervale, about a mile in width, extremely rich, and ornamented with the liveliest verdure. The waters of this stream are remarkably limpid, and wind their M r ay along this valley through luxuriant meadows and pastures, green to the water s edge, and fringed with Avillows and other moisture-loving growths. Every part of the State is well watered ; but in general the streams are more useful for agricultural and manufacturing purposes than as channels of communication. The Connecticut crosses the western part of the State from north to south, intersecting the counties of Franklin, Hampshire, and Ilampden, and passes into Connecticut. By means of short canals round several falls of the river, it has be-on made navigable for small vessels through its whole course in this State. Its principal tributaries are the Peerfield and "Westfield Pavers from the west, and Miller s and Chicopee Rivers from the east-^all of which afford the best of water-power, and at their several falls are scenes of busy industry. The upper waters of the Housatonic lie on the west of the mountains, and flow southward into Connecticut. The Quinnebaug and Black- stone Rivers have also their sources in this State. Charles River, reaching the sea at Boston, and Taunton River, which falls into Narragansett Bay, are useful mill-streams. The Nashua and Concord Rivers are tributaries of the Merrimac, which last finds the sea at Newburyport, near the northern boundary line. The Merrimac, after entering this State from New Hampshire, has a course east and north-east, and is navigable for sloops to Haverhill, 20 miles from its mouth. The northern shore of Massachusetts is bold and rocky, and the coast everywhere is deeply indented, and presents several far projecting peninsulas and headlands, forming bays of immense extent. Massachusetts Bay, which gives its name to the State, extends between Cape Ann, which projects sea-ward about 13 miles on the north, and Cape Cod on the south. It is about 70 miles in length, and comprises Boston Bay and Cape Cod Bay. On the southern coast is Buzzard s Bay, about 30 miles in length, and comprising a large number of fine and secure harbors. Boston Harbor is one of the finest in the world capacious, safe, easy of access, and easily defended ; but in the winter season it is often ice-bound. New Bedford on Buzzard s Bay has a fine harbor, and is the greatest whale-ship depot of the Union. The Peninsula of Nahant, a few miles north of Boston Harbor, is connected with the mainland by Lynn Beach, two miles in length, and from its fine open situation, has been a favorite place of resort during the hot season of summer. Massachusetts is not, as far as yet ascertained, rich in minerals. Iron is found in various parts of the State, and is ex tensively worked. It appears chiefly in the form of bog ore. Sulphuret of iron, or pyrites, occurs in the central districts, where it is used for the manufacture of copperas : and the plumbago found at Worcester and Stockbridge is used in the manufacture of lead pencils and crucibles. Lead mines exist in tho Connecticut valley. The white clay of Martha s Vineyard furnishes alum ; and anthracite coal is now obtained in the graywacke district to the west of Taunton River. It is on its building material, however, that Massachusetts relies for distinction. Granite of excellent quality abounds in Quincy and vicinity, and is extensively quarried and shipped to nearly every Atlantic port, in greater or lesser degree. The Astor House at New York, the front of the Tremont House at Boston, and the Bunker Hill Monument, are built of this stone. Blocks and shafts of almost any dimensions may be obtained. Granite suitable for building is also found at Gloucester, Fall River, Fitchburg, and many other places. Gneiss, near]y~answering the same purposes, is found in many parts, and serpentine, suitable for ornamental architecture, exists in Middlefield, West Field, Newbury, etc. Lime- stone is extensively distributed. Berkshire is renowned for the fine marble it produces, denominated primitive marble. Its prevailing color is white, and some of the varieties admit of a fine polish ; more or less is quarried in almost every town of Berkshire. The City Hall in New York, and the Girard College in Philadelphia, are built of marble from this district. Soap-stone, and argillaceous or roofing slate, are found in various parts, and potter s clay, used in the manu facture of common delft, and kaolin, or porcelain clay, are abundant. Pent is found and used as a common fuel in many towns in the eastern part of the State ; and what adds to the importance of this article is, that it is frequently situated where wood is scarce. The climate of Massachusetts, though identical in many respects to that of the three States lying north of it, is not so extreme as that of either. It is very favorable to health, and a large ratio of the inhabitants attain to a good old age. Tho extremes of temperature are from 20 below zero to 100 above, but such are rare and of short continuance. The season of growth commences earlier than in the more northern States, and the summer is more prolonged. On the eastern and southern shores the summer season is delightfully tempered by the breezes from the ocean. The Indian population, a small remnant of the once powerful tribes that inhabited Massachusetts prior to the arrival of Europeans in the country, now numbers less than 1,000 souls. With the exception of the Na ticks, who are scattered 448 MASSACHUSETTS. rer the Commonwealth, they all live in separate communities ; but few of these are of pure blood, the majority coming ncler those classes which in South America would be termed Meztizos or Zambos, mixtures of white and Indian, and black and Indian. The following tribes are enumerated in a report of a commission appointed in 1848 to inquire into ic condition of these people : Names of Tribes. Number, Residence. Occupation. happequiddic Tribe .... 85 Chappequiddic Island Agriculture. hristiantown " 40 N. W. shore of Martha s Vineyard Agriculture and fishing. fay Head " 174 Gay Head,W. part of " " Agriculture also alum manuf. [arshpee " 305 S. W. shore of Cape Cod Agriculture and navigation. lerriuc-Pond " 55 Near Plymouth and Sandwich Agriculture and fishing. all River " 3T Fall Eiver Township Very improvident ) lK Dey 48 Town of "Webster Men beg Women do worse. [assanamisco .... 26 Grafton .. ) Industrious, but have no par- >u " ka PP N Canton and Stoughton , I occupation. r armouth " 58 Town of Yarmouth ) Taticks Scattered over the State, and extinct as a tribe. The more industrious of these tribes not only enjoy the necessaries of life, but also many of the comforts and even ixuries of civilization. Nearly all live in good houses, most of them decently furnished ; and their schools and churches re represented to be in a flourishing condition. Only two of the tribes are represented as degraded. The Indians are tot members of the body politic ; they pay no taxes, nor do they have a voice in legislation. The State, indeed, allows 3 each tribe a small annuity for the promotion of their civilization. Massachusetts is divided into 14 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each in 1850, were as follows : Counties, Dwell Pop. Farms, in cult. Manuf. Estab. Capitals, Counties. Dwell. Pop. Farms, in cult. Manuf. Esteb. Capitals. Jarnstable .. 6,532. . 35,276. . 789.. 423. . . . Barnstable Hampshire . 5,905. . 35,732. .2,965. . 319. .. .Northampton Jerkshire. .. 8,638. . 49,591. .2,897.. 3S7. ...Lenox 1 Concord Bristol ... . .12,134. . 76,192.. 2,550.. 562. ) New Bedford J Taunton Middlesex . . 23,450. .161,333. .4,345. .1,089. Cambridge Lowell pukes .. .. .. 771. . 4,540. . 265.. 18. ...Edgartown Nantucket . . 1,285 . 8,452 . 58. . 60. ...Nantucket 1 Ipswich Norfolk . . . .12,545. . 78,892. .2,637. . 906. ...Dedham ;.Essex ..18,878. .131,800. .2,816.. 1,538. . j-Newburyport ] Salem Plymouth . Suffolk.... . 9,506.. 55,697. .16,567.. 144,507. .2,447. . 76. . 511. .1,989. ...Plymouth ...BOSTON Franklin . .. 5,832. . 80,867. .2,535.. 285. ...Greenfield Worcester . .21,709. .130,789. .7,239. .1,161. ...Worcester Hampden .. 9,088. . 51,281. .2,616. 389. ...Springfield The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 152,835 ; of families 192,679, and of inhabitants ; 994.499, viz. : whites 985,704 males 484,284, and females 501,420, free col. 8,795 males 4,314, and females 4,481. | Of the whole population, there were deaf and dumbvfh. 3flO, fr. col. 4 total 364 ; llind\fh. 490, fr. col. 7 j-total 497; insane- wh. 1,629, fr. col. 18 total 1,647; and idiotic wh. 7S5, fr. col. 6 total 791. The number of free .persons bom in the United States was 830,066 ; the number of foreign birth 160,909, and of birth unknown 8,539. The {native population originated as follows : Maine 29,507, N. Hamp. 39,592, Verm. 17,646, MassacJmsetts 695,236, E. I. ! ll,414, Conn. 15,602, N. York 14,483, N. Jer. 778, Penn. 1,831, Del. 90, Md. 744, Dist. of Col. 196, Virg. 796, N. Car. 196, |3. Car. 224, Ga. 237, Flor. 32, Ala. 71, Miss. 34, La. 179, Tex. 10, Ark. 10, Tenn. 25, Ky. 75, Ohio 593, Mich. 122, Ind. 60, 111. 165, Mo. 58, la. 12, Wise. 32, Calif. 7, Territories 9 ; and the foreign population was composed of persons from England 16,685, Ireland 115,917, Scotland 4,469, Wales 214, Germany 4,319, France 805, Spain 178, Portugal 290, Belgium ;36, Holland 138, Turkey 14, Italy 196, Austria 10, Switzerland 72, Russia 38, Denmark 181, Norway 69, Sweden 253, IPrussia 98, Sardinia 1, Greece 23, China 2, Asia 31, Africa 27, British America 15,862, Mexico 32, Central America 7, South America 84, West Indies 803, Sandwich Islands 81, and other countries 466. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the United States authorities : Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. White \suiucou jrc-ioimo. Total Year. 1790 Persons. 373 254 Free. 5463 Slave. Total. 5403 Population. 378 717 Numerical. Per cent. 1800 1810 .. 416,793 465 303 . . . 6,452 . 6737 - . . 6,452 . . , 6737 . . . 423,245 . 472 040 44,528 48 795 11.7 11.5 1820 . . 516,419 6868 6868 523 287 51 47 10 8 1S30 .. 603,359 7048 1 7049 610 408 8711 166 1S40 1850 . . , . . 729,030 . . 9S5.704 . . , . . . 8,669 . . . 8.795 . . . 8,669 . . , . . S.T95 . . ... 737,699 . . . 994.499 127,291 . . . 256.300 20.8 5US The statistical returns of the wealth, industry, products, and institutions of the State, according to the census of 1850 and other official documents referring to the same period of time, are as follows : Occupied Lands, etc. Improved farm lands, 2,133,436 acres, and unimproved lands, 1,222,576 acres valued in cash at $109,076,347. The whole number of farms under cultivation, 34,235. Value of farming implements and machinery $3,209,584. Line-Stock. Horses, 42,216; asses and mules, 34; milch cows, 130,099 ; working oxen, 46,611; other cattle, 83,284- sheep, 188,651 ; and swine, 81,119 valued in the aggregate at $9,647,710. The number of animals of these descriptions in 1840 was horses, mules, etc., 61,484; neat cattle of all kinds, 282,574; sheep, 378,226; and swine, 143,221. These comparative figures show an enormous falling off in every description of live-stock. Products of Animals. Wool, 585,136 (in 1840,941,906) pounds; butter, 8,071,370 pounds; cheese, 7,088,142 pounds- and the value of animals slaughtered during the year, $2,500,924. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 7 (in 1840, 1,741) pounds ; and beeswax and honey, to that of 59,508 pounds. Grain Crops. Wheat, 31,211 bushels; rye, 481,021 bushels: Indian corn, 2,345,490 bushels; oats, 1,165 106 bushels- 18 449 MASSACHUSETTS. barley, 112,335 bushels; and buckwheat, 106,095 bushels. In 1889-40 these crops yielded as follows: wheat, 157,923 bushels ; barley, 165,319 bushels ; oats, 1,319,680 bushels ; rye, 536,014 bushels ; buckwheat, 87,000 bushels ; and Indian corn, 1,809,192" bushels. Other Food Crops Peas and beans, 43,709 bushels; potatoes, Irish, 3,535,384 bushels. In 1839-40 the potato crop amounted to 5,385,652 bushels. Miscellaneous Crops. Tobacco, 138,246 (in 1840, 64,955) pounds ; hay, 651,801 tons; clover-seed, 1,002 bushels; other grass-seed, 5,085 bushels ; hops, 121,595 pounds (in 1840, 254,795) pounds ; flax, 1,1 62 pounds; flax-seed, 72 bushels ; maple sugar, 795,525 pounds ; molasses, 4,693 gallons ; wine, 4,6SS (in 1840, 193) gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, $463,995, and of market-garden products, $600,020. Home-mad^ manufactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were produced to the value of $205,333. The same class of productions, according to the census of 1840, were valued at $231,942. Manufactures. Aggregate capital invested, $00,000,000; value of raw material, fuel, etc., $00,000,000 ; average number of hands employed, 000,000 males 00,000, and females 00,000 ; average monthly cost of labor, $000,000 male $000,000) and female $000,000 ; total value of products for the year ending 1st June, 1S50, $000,000,000. The whole number of indus trial establishments producing to the value of $500 and upward, annually, was, at the date referred to, 9,637 ; and of these 213 were cotton factories ; 119 woolen factories, 248 tanneries, and 80 iron manufactories 6S for castings, 6 for pig iron, and 6 for wrought iron. The cotton manufactures employ a capital of $28,455,630 ; value of raw material, fuel, etc., $11,289,309 ; and value of entire products $19,712,461; cotton consumed 223.607 bales; coal 46,545 tons; and products sheeting, etc., 293,751,392 yards, and yarn 353,660 pounds. The number of hands employed is males 9,293, and females 19,437 ; and the monthly cost oi labor male $212,892, and female $264,514 ; average monthly wages to males $23 01, and to females $13 55. The capital invested in the woolen manufactures was $9,089,342 ; value of all raw material, etc. $8,671,671, and value of entire products for the year $12,770,565. "Wool consumed 22,929,952 pounds ; coal 15,440 tons ; and products 25,865,653 yards of cloth, etc., and 749,555 pounds of yarn. Average hands employed males 6,167, and females 4,963 ; monthly cost of labor male $141,533, and female $70,531 ; average wages to males $22 95, and to females $14 22 per month. The tanneries employ a capital of $1,377,725 ; value of hides, skins, ete. $2,311,178 ; value of products $3,519,123. Skins tanned 293,000, and sides tanned 1,500,440 ; hands employed males 1,510, and females 32 ; monthly cost of labor male $41,245, and female $360. The iron manufactures, in extent and value, according to the returns of 1850, were as follows: Specifications. Pig Iron. Cast Tron. Wrought Iron. Total, Capital invested dollars. . . . 469,000 1,499,050 610,300 2,573,350 Oreused tons 27,900 27,900 Pig iron used " 81,1-34 7,030 33,164 Old metal used " 3,361 3,361 Mineral coal consumed 12,401 11,022 23,423 Coke and charcoal bushels. . . .1,855,000 3,500 78,500 1,937,000 Value of all raw material, fuel, etc. .. .dollars .. . . 185,741 1,057,904 221,194 1,464.839 Hands employed number... 263 1,596 260 2,119 Monthly cost of labor dollars.... 7,238 49,216 5,850 62,304 Ironproduced tons 12,287 32,074 6,720 51,081 Value of entire products dollars. . . . 295,123 2,235,635 428,320 2,959,078 The above exhibited manufactures, comprising what may with propriety be termed national manufactures, compose but a moiety of the aggregate industrial establishments within the State. Besides these there are in the State immense inter ests in the manufacture of shoes and boots, carpeting, sperm c-andles and oil, soap, carriages and cars, cabinet-ware, cop per-ware, cordage, cutlery, engines and boilers, fire-arms, glass, glue, hats and caps, hollow-ware, etc., hosiery, lead paints, linen thread, lumber and shingles, machinery, musical instruments, paper, powder, ploughs, etc., saddlery, etc., snuff, tobacco, etc., building stone, straw hats, etc., sugar, tin-ware, tools, upholstery, wooden-ware, etc., and a large num ber of minor, but still profitable manufactures. Massachusetts, indeed, is the great manufacturing State of the Union, and in reference to its extent and population, has no superior. It manufactures at least one sixth of the aggregate articles pro duced in the workshops of the United States. The products of its cotton-mills constitute one-third of the whole of that staple, and its woolen manufactures are equally preponderant. Commerce, Navigation, etc. Massachusetts, in the year ending 30th June, 1850, exported to foreign countries to the value of $10.681,763, and imported to that of $30,374,684. Of the exports, $8,253,473 was the value of domestic produce in American vessels $7,000,103, and in foreign vessels $1,253,370, and $2,428,290 the value of foreign produce in American vessels $1,893,497, and in foreign vessels $529,793 ; and of the imports $22,106,011 in American vessels, and $8,263,673 in foreign vessels. The entrances and clearances in the same year were as follows : ENTRANCES. CLEARANCES. Nationality. Vessels. Tonnage. Crews. Nationality Vessels. Tonnage. Crews. American . 1,345. 339,508 14,677 American .1,149 . 272 278 12,533 Foreign 2,732. 271,941 . 15,933 Foreign .2,757.. .. . . 274,674 15,755 Total.... ....4,077. ....30,610 Total .3,906.. 611,449 546,952. 23,288 Newburyport . .... 123. 8,605 . . . . 610 Newburyport . 140.. 9,703. 6S3 Gloucester 178. 11,667 .... 808 Gloucester .. 177.. 11,138. 766 Salem and Bev frlpv Rfifi 36,796 . . 2,147 Salem and Beverley .. 372.. 35,003. 2,091 Boston 2,872. 478,859 . . . .22,067 Boston .2,839.. 437,760. 20,812 Marblehead 177 12,086 790 Marblehead . 176.. 11,414. 763 Plymouth 10. 544 35 Plymouth . 10.. 544. 35 Barnstable 42. 3,713 .... 380 Barnstable . 31.. 2,310. 149 FallRiver 78. 12,739 .... 535 FallEiver .. 37.. 5,479. 290 New Bedford.. 134 33 154 2 564 118 32,027. 2,499 Ed gar town . . . 72. 13,286 . . . . 4,t>o .... 674 Edgartown .. 5.. 1,223. 99 Nan tucket 1.. 351 . 25 450 MASSACHUSETTS. The total shipping owned in the State at the date referred to amounted to 684,442 tons ; registered permanent 411,973 tons, and temporary 61,350 tons ; enrolled and licensed permanent 208,767 tons ; and licensed (under 20 tons) in the coasting trade 1,821 tons, and in the cod fisheries 1,748 tons. Of the registered shipping 122,676 tons were engaged in the whale fishery, and the enrolled and licensed tonnage was employed in the coasting trade 115,846 tons, in the cod fishery 40,003 tons, and the mackerel fishery 42,895 tons ; and 7,903 tons were navigated by steam-power. The tonnage of the several districts was Newburyport 23,262 tons, Ipswich 578 tons, Gloucester 22,474 tons, Salem 28,916 tons, Beverley 3,173 tons, Marblehead 6,842 tons, Boston 320,687 tons, Plymouth 10,722 tons, Fall Eiver 13,102 tons, New Bedford 127,960 tons, Barnstable 91,102 tons, Edgartown 7,609 tons, and Nantucket 29,013 tons. The shipping built in the State during the year amounted to 121 vessels of all kinds 51 ships, 19 brigs, 46 schooners, 3 sloops, and 2 steamers of an aggregate burden of 35,836 tons ; and of the whole number 10 (4,657 tons) were built at Newburyport, 26 (1,996 tons) at Gloucester, 1 (298 tons) at Salem, 3 (817 tons) at Marblehead, 43 (23,480 tons) at Boston, 5 (579 tons) at Plymouth, 5 (1,254 tons) at Fall Eiver, 4 (7S1 tons) at New Bedford, 23 (1,864 tons) at Barnstable, and 1 (109 tons) at Edgartown. The statistics of the foreign commerce of the State for a series of years 1791 to 1850 exhibit the following movements in the value of exports and imports : Year. 1791 .... 1792 .... 1793 1794.... 1795 .... 1796 1797.... 1798 .... 1799 .... isoo .... ; 1801 j 1802 .... 1803 .... I 1804 .... i 1805 . 1806 1807 1803 1809 .... 1810 . . , Exports. $2,519,651 . . . 2,888,104 . . . 8,755,347 . . . 5,292,441 ... 7,117,907 . . . 9,949,345 ... 7,502,047 . . . 8,639,252 . . . 11,421,591 ... 11,326,876 ... 14,870,556 . . . 13.492,632... 8,768,566 . . . 16,894,373 ... 19,435,657 . . . 21,199,243 . . . 21,112,125 ... 5,128,322 ... 12,142,293 . . . 13,013,048 . . . Imports. Year. 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1316 1S17 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 Exports, $11,235,465... 6,533,333... 1,807,923... 1,133,799... 5,280,083 . . . 10,136,439 . . . 11,927,997 . . . 11,993,156 . . . 11,399,913 . . . 11,008,922 . . . 12,484,691 . . . 12,598,525 ... 13,683,239 . . . 10,434,323 . . . 11,432,967... 10,098,862 ... 10,424,383 . . . 9,025^785 . . . 8,254,937 . . . 7,213,194 . . . Imports. Year. $ 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 14,826,732 1841 ...... 18,337,320 1842 17,607,106 1843 15,378,758 1844 15,845,141 1845 17,063,482 1846 13,370,564 1847 15,070,444 1848 ...... 12,520,744 1849 10,453,544 1850 Exports. $7,733,763 . . 11,993,763 . . 9,683,122 . . 4,672,746.. 10,043,790 . . , 10,380,346 . . 9,728,190 . . 9,104,862.. 9,276,085 . . 10,186,261 . . 11,487,343 . . 9,807,110 . . 6,405,207 . . 9,096,286 .., 10,351,030 . . , 10,313,118 . . , 11,248,462 . . , 13,419,699 . . , 10,264,862 . . , 10,681,763 . . , Imports. $14,269,056 18,118,900 19,940,911 17,672,129 19,800,373 19,984,663 13,300,925 19,385,225 16,513,858 20,318,003 17,986,433 16,789,452 20.296,007 22,781,024 24,190,963 34,477,008 23,647,707 24,745,917 30,374,684 Internal Improvements. In proportion to surface no other State of the Union is so thoroughly supplied with railroads and other means of communication as Massachusetts. It was the first State to adopt the railroad, and it has ever since maintained a pre-eminence in respect of railroads, and at the present time the several lines extend in every direction, forming a net-work of iron bands. The principal lines are those extending from Boston and Worcester toward Maine and New Hampshire, passing through the great manufacturing towns of the north-east section, and those extending southward from those centres to the Atlantic and Long Island Sound. Two great lines also extend through the length of the State from Boston via Worcester to Albany, and from Boston via Greenfield to Troy on the Hudson Eiver, both forming links in the chains toward the great lakes and the far West The total length of railroad in the State in 1853 was 1,261 miles, or about 1 mile of road to every 6 miles of surface. Massachusetts has also several canals, as the Blackstone Canal, from Worcester to Providence, 45 miles long ; the Middlesex Canal, from Boston to the Merrimac Eiver, 27 miles long; the Hampshire and Hampden Canal, 22 miles long, and several short canals and river improvements for the purpose of overcoming falls and rapids in the rivers. The canals in this State, however, are at the present time little used as means of commercial intercourse, but in some instances their waters are valuable for manufacturing purposes. Banks and Savings Institutions. In 1851 there was a total of 130 banking institutions in Massachusetts, of which 30 were in Boston and 100 in other parts of the State. The following exhibits their condition in the aggregate in that year: Liabilities. Boston Banks. Oilier Banks. Total. Capital $21,760,000 $16,505,000 $38,265,000 Circula. $5 and upward 6,678,316 9,686,879 16,365,195 " less than $5. . . 1,001,363 Net profits on hand 2,465,373 Due other banks 6,737,143 Deposits without interest 8,796,575 " at interest. . . . 601,317 2,328,140 3,329,503 1,359,235 8,824,608 214,773 7,001,921 4,173,200 12,969,775 268,811 870,128 Total $48,090,092 $34,537,559 $82,627,651 Resources. Boston Banks. Other Banks, Total. Specie $1,817,388 Eeal estate 590,394 Bills of other banks in State 5,302,591 " " elsewh e 344,840 Due from other banks . . 3,223,354 Notes, bills of exchange, and all other stock . . . 36,811,525 $661,471 $2,478,859 407,819 535,245 53,111 3,326,879 998,213 5,837,836 897,951 6,550,233 29,529,583 66,341,110 Total $48,090,092 $34,514,109 $82,604,202 Average dividends of 30 Boston banks in October, 1850, was a fraction over 3.4 per cent in April, 1851, it was a fraction over 3.9 per cent. ; average dividends of 100 other banks in October, 1850, a fraction over 8.39 per cent., and in April, 1851, a fraction over 3.7 per cent. In 45 savings institutions that made returns there were 86,537 depositors, and $15,554,088 deposits securely invested. The average dividends for the year was 4.73 per cent The whole expense of managing these institutions bus been $43,707 during the year. Government. The constitution of this State was framed in 1780, amended in 1821, and since that period has undergone several modifications. According to its provisions every male citizen, of the age and upward of 21 years, paupers and persons under guardianship excepted, resident the last past year in the State, and the last past six months at the place of voting, and who, unless exempt from taxation, shall have paid any state or county tax within the last two years, enjoys the right of voting at all popular elections. The general election is held on the second Monday hi November annually. 451 MASSACHUSETTS. The legislative authority is vested in a General Court, consisting of a Senate and House of Representatives. The representatives, at present 299 in number, are chosen by towns in ratio of their population. "Every town containing 1,200 inhabitants may elect one, and an additional representative for every 2,400 above that number ; and every town of less than 1,200 inhabitants may elect a representative as many times within 10 years as 160 is contained in 1,200 ; and every two or more towns may unite and form a representative district; and all these numbers shall be raised one-tenth when the population of the State shall be 770,000, and at the same rate for every increase of 70,000 thereafter." Repre sentatives must be residents for the last past year of the towns which return them. The Senate consists of 40 members, elected from districts of equal population, but no county is divided in the apportionment, and Nantucket and Duke a counties have only one senator conjointly. The Legislature meets annually on the first Wednesday in January. For the purpose of settling the ratio of representation and the senatorial districts a census is taken every ten years. The chief executive power is vested in a Governor, and a Lieutenant-governor is elected with the same qualificationt and in the same manner as the governor, ri., annually by a majority of votes. He must have resided in the State for the last past seven years, and be seized of a freehold of $1,000 value. If there be no choice by the people, the representatives choose two of the four candidates, if so many there be, having the highest number of votes, and of which two the Senate chooses one for governor. The governor can veto any bill of the general court, but two-thirds of the members thereof afterward voting in favor of such negatived bill it becomes law nevertheless. The governor is advised and assisted in hia duties by an Executive Council, of which the lieutenant-governor is ex-qfficio a member, and which is chosen annually by joint ballot of the legislature. The lieutenant-governor, in case of a vacancy occurring in the office of governor, exercises the chief executive powers, and both failing, the same is exercised by the council. The Secretary of State and Treasurer are chosen in like manner. The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Courts of Common Pleas, Probate Courts, etc. The supreme court has a chief justice and four other justices, who are appointed by the governor and council, and hold office during good behavior. It has exclusive cognizance of all capital crimes, and exclusive chancery jurisdiction, and concurrent original jurisdiction in all civil cases where the amount in dispute exceeds $600 in Suffolk and $300 in the other counties. It holds law terms in eight of the fourteen counties, and nin prius terms in all the counties. The court of common pleas is held for the trial of civil cases above $20, and, except in Suffolk County, has criminal jurisdiction in all cases not capital. There are six judges, one of whom is chief judge, and frequent terms are held in each county. In Suffolk criminal juris diction is exercised by the municipal court, Trial justices and justices of the peace exercise local civil and criminal juris diction in cases of minor importance. A court of insolvency is held in each county on the first Tuesday of each month before special commissioners, and a probate court, consisting of a judge and register, is established at each county scat. Permanent and honorable salaries are provided for all judicial officers. The State militia of Massachusetts in 1S50, according to the returns of the Adjutant-general, consisted of 119,690 men of all arms, of which number 549 were commissioned officers, and 119,141 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 10 are general officers, 35 general staff officers, 112 field officers, etc., and 892 company officers. The enrolled militia consists of all able-bodied white male citizens of the age of 18 years, and under that of 45- years, and the active militia consists of volunteers who have a per diem allowance when on duty. The latter are comprised in three divisions and six brigades, embracing two division corps of cadets, one troop of cavalry, four regiments, one battalion, and one company "annexed" of artillery, and nine regiments of light infantry. Among a large number of benevolent institutions for the relief of the unfortunate which exist in Massachusetts, the following are conspicuous for their extent and efficiency : The State Lunatic Asylum at "Worcester, founded in 1833 ; the Massachusetts General Hospital, at Boston, incorporated in 1811 ; Perkins Institution, or Massachusetts Asylum for the Blind, at Boston, instituted in 1831 ; the Boston Lying-in Hospital, instituted in 1832 ; the U. S. Marine Hospital, at Chelsea ; the Lowell Hospital ; and the M Lean Asylum for the Insane, at Somerville, a department of the General Hospital. The Asylum at Worcester is one of the best institutions of the kind anywhere established. On the 1st December, 1849, the number of inmates was 429220 males and 209 females; admitted during the year 241129 males and 112 females; remaining in the Hospital, 30th November, 1S50, 441228 males and 213 females, and of this number 169 were foreigners. Of those admitted during the year 194 were committed by the courts, 16 by the overseers, and 31 were private boarders ; and of the number discharged, 125 were recovered, 15 improved, 28 incurable and harmless, 4 incurable and dangerous, aud 57 died. Total means of the institution for the year, $62,470 ; expenditures, $46,776. The average annual expense of each patient, for the 18 years the hospital has been in operation, is $118 75. Besides the institutions above named, there is a School for Idiots, at Newton, and an Eye and Ear Infirmary, at Boston. The deaf and dumb of the State are provided for in the American Asylum, at Hartford. In 1850, the sums appropriated by the legislature for the support of unfortunates were as follows : Asylum for the Blind, $14,000 ; Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb, $8,206 ; Eye and Ear Infirmary, $7,000 ; State Lunatic Asylum, $3,200 ; School for Idiots, $2,500, etc. finances, Debt, etc. The ordinary revenue received into the public treasury, during the year ending 1st January, 1851, amounted to $492,810 64, and all other receipts (including $495,600 temporary loans), to $988,950 38 total receipts, $1,481,761 02 ; to which add cash on hand, 1st Janaury, 1850, $58,558 38, and the total means of the treasury is exhibited fit $1,540,319 40. Ordinary expenditure, $566,055 54 ; expenditure on other accounts (including $495,600 loans repaid), $850,225 25 total expenditures, $1,416,280 79. Excess of expenditures on account of ordinary revenue, $73,244 90; excess of receipts on other accounts, $138,725 13 ; and excess of aggregate receipts, $65,480 23, or, including the cash on hand at the commencement of the year, $124,038 61, of which sum $5,809 22 is on account of ordinary revenue, and $118,229 39 on all other interests. The public debt of Massachusetts on its own account, on the 1st January, 1851, was $1,210,375 ; liability for scrip loaned to the various railroads, $5,049,555 56 total absolute and contingent debt, $6,259,930 56. The value of all property belonging to the commonwealth, at that date, was $10,386,357 45. Excess of resources over liabilities, $4,126,426 89. The total value of personal and real estate assessed for taxation, in 1850, was $546,003,057 ; but the" estimate, or true valuation, according to the census of that year, was $573,342,286. Federal Representation. Massachusetts, in pursuance of the provisions of the Act of Congress, 23d May, 1850, is entitled to send eleven representatives to the National Legislature. EdiicaUon. According to the school report of 1850, the towns raised by taxation for school purposes $864,667, and besides this, $8,714, income of the " surplus revenue," was so appropriated total, $873,382, to which must also be added $34.704, contributed as board and fuel. Amount of school fund, 1st December, 1350, $953,921, of which only $740,361 was productive, and yielded $40,000 for distribution among the towns. The whole number of children in the State, from 5 to 452 MASSACHUSETTS. 15 years old, was 193,232 the number under 5 years attending school was 17,782, and over 15 years, 18,208. Number of public schools, 3,S7S, taught by 8,427 teachers males 2,442, and females 5,935. Average scholars in winter schools, 194,403; and in summer schools, 176,344. Average monthly wages, inclusive of board to males, $34 89, and to females $14 42. There were, at the date above referred to, 67 incorporated academies in this State, with 3,717 pupils, and an aggregate expenditure of $57,444 for tuition ; also, 845 unincorporated academies, private schools, etc., with 19,534 scholars, and an aggregate income for teaching of $261,241. There are also local funds (endowments) for the support of academies, etc., tcTthe amount of $354,620, yielding an income of $21,584. Value of school libraries $42,707, and of apparatus $23,826. The value of public school- houses, in 1848, was $2,750,000, of which $2,200,000 had been expended since 1838 ; probably in 1850 the value would not fall short of three millions. There are three normal schools supported by the State at an annual cost of $6,500 one at Westfield, one at "West Newton, and one at Bridgewater averaging annually, in all, 225 pupils. Massachusetts has four celebrated colleges: Harvard University, at Cambridge, founded 1638; William s College, at WilHamstown, founded 1793 ; Amherst College, founded 1821 ; and College of the Holy Cross (catholic), founded 1843. There is also a Theological Seminary, at Andover, founded 1807, and the Newton Theological Institution, at Newton, founded 1825. Phillip s Academy, incorporated 1780, and located at Andover, stands first among the academic institutions of the State. Harvard University is generally considered as the best collegiate institution in the United States, and certainly is the best endowed. It has Divinity, Law, and Medical departments, and the Lawrence Scientific School, lately endowed by Hon. Abbot Lawrence, is also a department. Its libraries contain 84,200 volumes. In the college department proper, in 1850, there were 20 professors, 293 students, and 6,342 alumni ; in the Law School, 3 professors and 98 students; in the Divinity School, 2 professors and 23 students ; and in the Medical School, 6 professors, 117 students, and 575 graduates. There is also the Berkshire Medical School, at Pittsfield, founded in 1823, which, in 1850, had 5 professors, 103 students, and 473 graduates. William s College had 8 professors, 1,317 alumni, 179 students, and a library of 13,751 volumes. Amherst College had 12 professors, 963 alumni, 182 students, and a library of 14,000 volumes ; and this college has recently added a scientific department to its foundation. Holy Cross College had 14 professors, 120 students, and a library of 4,220 volumes this last institution, however, has been destroyed by fire, and at present its collegiate exercises are suspended. Public Libraries. One State library, 7,400 volumes ; 23 social libraries, 126,269 volumes ; 4 college libraries, 71,693 volumes ; 15 students libraries, 28,735 volumes ; 9 libraries of academies and professional schools, 45,450 volumes ; 10 : libraries of scientific and historical societies, 44,572 volumes ; 700 public school libraries, 91,539 volumes total, 762 libraries, : and 415,658 volumes. Periodical Press. The whole number of periodicals and newspapers published in Massachusetts, in 1850, was 209, of which 70 were devoted to politics 46 whig, and 24 democratic in opinion ; and 139 were devoted to literature, religion, science, etc., including all the character of which is not specially denoted in the returns ; and of the whole number, 22 were published daily, 4 tri-weekly, 11 semi-weekly, 125 weekly, 3 semi-monthly, 29 monthly, and 7 quarterly. The total circulation of the dailies at each issue was 133,088 copies, of the tri-weeklies 3,000 copies, of the semi-weeklies 19,904 copies, of the weeklies 389.102 copies, of the semi-monthlies 2,570 copies, of the monthlies 113,100 copies, and of the quarterlies 6,000 copies. Boston is one of the principal literary cities of the Union, and many of its publications are favorably known throughout the world ; and in many other towns the periodical issues are conducted with great talent. Rdigious Denominations. In the table underneath will be found the statistics of the several religious denominations, as returned in the census of 1S50 : Denomina- No. of Church Value of Denomina- No. of Church Value of Denomina- No. of Church Value of tions. Cliurdie accom. Property. tions. Churches. accom. Property. tions. Churches. Property. Baptist 262 ..114,140 ..$1.460,350 Germ n Eef. . . . . $ - E. Catholic . 36 . . 30,315 ;. $477,500 Christian... 29 .. 11,020 .. 84,250 Jewish .... 1 .. 200 .. 1,200 Swedenb g . 3 . . 1,340 .. 66,000 Congregat 1.439 ..237,237 .. 3,279,089 Lutheran . . 1 . . 450 .. 11,193 Tunker .. Dutch Kef.. Mennonite. .. Union 6 . . 1,810 . . 9,550 Episcopal.. 53 .. 23,595 . . 697,250 Methodist.. 255 .. 94,011 .. 934,880 Unitarian ..162 .. 92,938 .. 2,320,147 Free 3 . . 1,000 11,750 Moravian . . . . Universalist.117 . . 49,364 . . 643,375 Friends ... 37 .. 13,823 . . 108,600 Presbyter n. 15 .. 7,785 .. 82,500 Minor Sects 11 .. 3,880 .. 17,450 making a total of 1,430 churches, having accommodation for 682,908 persons, and valued as property at $10,205,284. Massachusetts constitutes a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and is a portion of the Eoman Catholic diocese of Boston, province of New York. Pauperism and Crime. The number of persons relieved or supported as paupers, in 1850, was 25,981, ^f whom 7,900 were town paupers, and 16,058 State paupers ; and of these State paupers 12,334 were foreigners. There were in the State 204 alms-houses, with 20,654 acres attached, the whole valued at $1,255,125. Number relieved in the alms-houses 12,547, (the average being 4,825), of whom 6,429 wero unable to labor. Number relieved out of alms-house, 13,757. Average weekly cost of each pauper in the alms-house $1 08i, and out-doors $0 98. Net expenses of alms-houses, including interest, $467,959. Estimated value of pauper labor in alms-houses, $17,906. And the report shows that 1,891 foreign paupers had come into the State during the year ; that 676 insane persons and 390 idiots had been re ieved or supported, and that 969 are paupers by reason of insanity or idiotcy, and it is probable that 14,674 were made paupers by intemperance in themselves or others. There were in the State prison at Charlestown, on the 1st October, 1849, 349 convicts, and 221 were received during the year immediately following, and 130 were discharged. The number in prison, on the 30th September, 1850, was 440, of which 373 were committed for offenses against property, and 67 for offenses against the person. Sentences for life 21, for 35 years 1, for 80 years 1, for 20 years 1, for 18 years 3, for terms below 18 and above 2 years 270, and for two years or less 143; and 161 were natives of Massachusetts, 143 of other States, and 136 foreigners. Average number of convicts for the year, 411. The expenses of maintenance, etc., was $45,261, and the proceeds of convict labor $45,817. At Westboro there is a State reform school for juvenile delinquents. On the 1st December, 1849, there were 310 inmates ; received during the year 106, and discharged 94 ; leaving 324 inmates on the 30th November, 1850. All the boys are employed, during a portion of the day, at some mechanical, agricultural, or domestic labor ; they do their own washing, ironing, and cooking, and make and mend their own clothes. Each day, 4 hours are devoted to school. 6 to labor, S-J- to sleep, and 5$ to recreation and miscellaneous duties. The buildings can accommodate 850 boys. The boys are healthy, and but four deaths had occurred during the year. 463 MASSACHUSETTS. The jails and houses of correction, in 1849-50, received 10,661 prisoners, and 1,112 remained in confinement on the llth November, 1850. Of the whole number, 9,180 were males, and 1,481 females 1,619 minors, 535 colored, 3,533 able to read and write, 23 insane, 1,546 natives of Massachusetts, 832 natives of other States, 5,854 foreigners, 2,429 nativity not known. Average cost of board for each prisoner, per week, $1 66. Total expense for the year, $102,271. Estimated value of labor in houses of correction, $22,312. Historical Sketch. The first accurate account of the country now called New England, was furnished by Bartholomew Gosnold, who, sailing from England in 1602 in a course nearly west, discovered a promontory which he called Cape Cod. Navigating the coast southwest, he touched at various points and examined the country. On his return, he gave so favor able an account of its climate and soil, as at once to revive the slumbering spirit of adventure and colonization. By the exertions of Hackluyt, a man of science and learning, two companies were formed in 1606 the first consisting of adven turers chiefly of London, and the other of merchants of Plymouth and Bristol. The former settled Virginia, and the latter the provinces of New England. The Plymouth company was unfortunate in its first attempts. In 1607, a party of about one hundred persons were landed, but those, discouraged, returned the ensuing year, and no further attempts were made for some time afterward. Religious fervor, however, effected what commercial enterprises had failed to accomplish. In 1620, a congregation of English puritans, whom oppression had driven to Holland, obtained from the London company grants of land within their patent, and (in number 102) sailed from Plymouth for the river Hudson, on the banks of which they had intended to have formed settlements. They were carried further north, however, and landed near Cape Cod, Their first care was now to form a civil government. They chose a governor, and to aid him an assistant, but the number of assistants was afterward increased to seven. The supreme power resided with the whole people, and it was not until 1639 that they established a representative body. In imitation of the primitive Christians they threw all their property into common stock, but experience soon taught them the impracticability of such a system. In 1630, they obtained from the Plymouth company a grant of the land on which they had settled. These original colonists are now known by the title of the " Pilgrim Fathers," and the anniversary of their arrival is still religiously observed by their descendants. Although many detached parties were constantly arriving, the settlement progressed slowly. The first permanent town erected was Salem, and afterward Charlestown was built. A fresh spring, however, was given to the exertions of the Plymouth company in 162S, in which year it received a new patent, and its powers, which had previously been exercised in England, were now removed to America. Emigration hence became considerable ; in July, 1630, seventeen ships arrived at Salem with 1,500 persons, by some of whom Boston was founded. The early years of the colonies were passed under a complication of troubles the French and Indians hovered around them, and the policy of the people was dis tasteful to the Stuart dynasty. In 1635 Charles I. appointed commissioners, with absolute powers " to make laws aud constitutions concerning either the State, public, or the utility of individuals." Two years afterward he forbade the emigration of all non-conformists, and in 1638 a quo warranto was issued, upon which judgment was given against the colonists without affording them a hearing. The state of affairs at home, however, prevented any further prosecution of these designs on the part of the king. The political axiom of the times was, that the peace of the State depended upon the unity of religious opinion, and it was mainly the enforcement of this axiom that led to the persecution of dissenting sects by the established government The experience of their own sufferings in England, from religious persecution, unfortunately taught the colonists no lesson of toleration. Scarcely had they organized themselves, than they began to put in practice a similar mode of com pelling uniformity to that pursued by their own persecutors, and all not professing the peculiar views of the puritan government, then in vogue, were excluded from its protection. In 1635 the famous dispute arose respecting the covenant of grace and the covenant of works, and those who espoused the side of the latter being the most numerous, resorted to the accepted and ancient mode of glorifying God by persecuting their opponents. The leaders of the Antinomiau party were banished, and thus contributed to the settlement of Pvhode Island, which had been begun the year previous by Eoger Williams and a party exiled for a similar cause. The downfall of monarchy in England checked the progress of emigration, by securing protection to the puritans at home, but was, in many other respects, advantageous to the colonies. Their civil liberties were safer, and some extraor dinary privileges were granted to their commerce. The prospects of hostilities with the Indians, however, compelled Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven to form a defensive confederation. On the Restoration Massa chusetts was found to have increased in importance to such a degree, that the anxiety of the king was naturally awakened, lest an impression should be made in favor of the superior advantages of democratic institutions, and accordingly coercive measures were adopted by the crown, and commissioners were appointed to superintend affairs. The navigation laws were enforced, and the destruction of the colonial charters resolved upon, but death marred the execution of the project by Charles II. His successor James was equally hostile to freedom. He determined to unite all the provinces of New England into one government under a president and council, and found a fit agent for his purpose in Sir Edmond Andross. After dissolving the charter governments of Connecticut and Rhode Island, the president proceeded to Massa chusetts, where he compelled a temporary submission. Remonstrances were in vain. The infatuated monarch was determined to crush the spirit of freedom in both hemispheres, and in furtherance of his designs, annexed New York and New Jersey to the Union already formed. The government of Andross expired with that of his royal master, and the former order of things Avas immediately restored. The people of Massachusetts, however, derived no great advantages from the Revolution. They petitioned for the legal restoration of their charter, which the judges of Charles II. had declared to be forfeited, but they found to their dissatisfac tion that they were not to expect the same liberal provisions as before. The king was to appoint the governor, and by him the assembly was to be called, prorogued, and dissolved, and by him all officers were to be appointed. By the new charter Plymouth was now finally united to Massachusetts. Notwithstanding its objectionable provisions, the new government went into operation without any interference on the part of the people, and this may not seem extraordinary when it is considered that the right of voting, which hitherto had been confined to church members, was now extended to all freeholders. Almost the first act of the governor and counsel, on their coming into office, was the institution of a court to try the unfortunate victims of popular delusion accused of witchcraft at Salem. This delusion took possession of the minds of all, and so firmly convinced were the magistrates that the Prince of Darkness was in their midst, using human instruments to accomplish his purposes, that the slightest testimony was deemed sufficient to justify a committal for trial. Many were tried, and received sentence of death. The jails were full of the accused, and, alas! before the spell of infatuation was 454 MAS MAS broken, which was not before the rich and influential became involved by accusations, no less than twenty unfortunates had xuidergone the penalty of the law ! The war with the French and Indians, which began in 1690, was not yet terminated. For seven years the frontiers were ravaged. Peace between England and France, which was concluded in 169T, was soon followed by peace with the savages. When war again broke out in Europe, in 1707, Massachusetts again joined in arms with the mother country, and contributed largely in money and men. While thus supporting the wars undertaken by England, however, the assembly did not forget its own rights, and was warmly engaged in contests with the royal governor. Every session presented a scene of altercation, and public business was with difficulty transacted, through the determination of the representatives not to give a fixed salary to their governor, which the latter was resolved to obtain. War again broke out between France and England in 1745, and an expedition against Louisburg was projected in Massachusetts. A powerful armament was prepared principally by this province, and the command given to Colonel Pepperell, a rich merchant of Boston. The fort was taken, but at the subsequent peace Louisburg was restored to the French, a proceeding which caused great discontent in Massachusetts. In the war which ended in the subjugation of Canada, Massachusetts surpassed her former exertions in supporting the arms of England. In the year 1757 she had 9,0(10 men in the field, and maintained this number until the return of peace in 1763. The extraordinary expenses of this war led to the imposition of internal taxes on the very colonies which had expended so much blood and treasure in their support. Massachusetts was the first to remonstrate against, and the most strenuous to oppose, this injustice. At the recommendation of her court it was that the first continental congress was convened. When, after the repeal of the stamp act, the duty on tea was attempted to be imposed, the earliest popular movements appeared at Boston. The attempts of the British ministry to enforce obedience only strengthened the cause of the colonists, and the flame of war which broke out in Massachusetts gradually extended itself over the whole Anglo-American possessions. Massachusetts was, in the early part of the contest, the theatre of hostilities, by which she- suffered much, while she contributed greatly by her exertions to the successful issue of the conflict. The extreme pressure of the taxes consequent on these exertions led to serious discontent among the people after the peace of 17S8. The government was feebly administered, and at length, in 17S6. an open insurrection took place in the western counties. The insurgents, under a popular leader, named Shays, committed great excesses, and all order for a j time was suspended. They were at length overcome by General Sheppard, and their leaders driven out of the State. Massachusetts ratified the federal constitution on the 6th February, 1788. The policy of the State, during the war of 1812, was in opposition to that of the general government Her political j weight had always been cast in the scale of the federal party. The whole people were vehemently opposed to the war, ! and her governors refused to place the State militia under the control of their political opponents. From this period to j the Convention at Hartford, in which Massachusetts took an active part, the acts of her party leaders uniformly tended to embarrass the government Massachusetts suffered somewhat in her commerce during the latter part of the war, but except in the occupation of a part of the then district of Maine by British forces, experienced little injury from the contest It was during the wars which succeeded the French Eevolution, and this war, that the manufacturing interests of Massa chusetts took root, and obtained a permanent stability. Maine hitherto had been attached to Massachusetts, but in 1820 this connection was dissolved by mutual consent, and the former was admitted as an independent State of the United States. BOSTON, on Massachusetts Bay, is the political capital of the State. MASSAO county, 111. Situate in the extreme S., and con tains 234 sq. m. Ohio r. is its S. boundary, and in the N. is the Pond Slough, a line of ponds and marshes, with islands of rich land between, but it has no considerable streams. On the Ohio is a tract of dry barrens, and further N. much excellent land. Corn is the staple product Tobacco is raised, and beef and pork are exported. Farms 385; manuf. 11 ; dwell. 704, and pop. wh. 4,070, fr. coL 22 total 4,092. Capital : Metropolis. MASSANUTTON, p. o., Page co., Virg. : 97 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. Near it is a beautiful sheet of water on Massa- nutton Mountain, which has an unbroken fall of near 50 feet, below which the water flows in a deep chasm of lime stone rock with banks nearly perpendicular. The fall pre sents a beautiful spectacle. MASSENA, t and p. v., St. Lawrence co., 2f. T. : 1C5 m. N. by W. Albany. Drained by Eackett and Grass r., flow ing into the St. Lawrence, the latter bounding it on the N. Surface pleasantly diversified: soil rich and fertile, produc ing grass and grains. There is an extensive sulphur spring near Eacket r., which evolves large quantities of sulphu- reted hydrogen gas, and contains carbonates of soda, lime, magnesia, and sulphur. There is extensive water-power here which is improved, and moves several large mills. The .v. contains several mills, workshops, and stores, and about 400 inhabitants. Pop. of t 2,915. MASSEY S CKOSS EOADS, p. o., Kent co., Md. : 45 m. N. E. Annapolis. MASSILON, p. v., Stark co., Ohio: on the left bank of Tus- carawaa r., 93 m. N. E. Columbus. At this point also the Ohio Canal and the Ohio and Pennsylvania E. E. intersect, furnishing avenues of travel and transportation in every di rection. Massilon was founded in 1826 in 1840 it contain ed 1,422 inhabitants, and in 1850 upward of 3,500 inhabitants. It is one of the most flourishing interior towns of the State, and is the depfit of a rich and extensive agricultural vicinity. It has been called, and not inaptly, the " wheat city," its trade in that staple being enormous. The v. is neatly and substan tially built, and many of the dwellings and warehouses are of stone, which is abundant in the neighborhood, and the bridge over the Tuscarawas is also an elegant stone struc ture. The manufactures of Massilon are in a flourishing condition, and comprise a considerable variety of handi crafts iron-ware and flour being the principal products. Bituminous coal of an excellent quality is abundant, and has been mined for several years. The aggregate exports and imports of this place are estimated at nearly $5,000,000 an nually. A bank is located here. The newspapers publish ed here are, the "M. News" (indep.), the "Wheat City Mercury" (dem.), and the " Missionary Messenger" (Luth.), all published weekly. The v. has several good schools, among which the Union School stands pre-eminent, and also churches of the principal Christian denominations. The location of Massilon is well chosen, and is one abounding in rich and warm scenery; Hs vicinity is thickly settled, and villages have sprung up on all sides. On the west side of the river is a suburb of the v., called West Massilon, which will probably become a large place, having equal facilities with the original village. MASSILON, p. v., Allen co., Ind. : in S. E. part of county, 99 m. N. E. Indianapolis. MASSILON, p. v., Clinton co., la. : near W. boundary of county, 2 m. N. Wapsipinicon r., 37 m. N. E. Iowa City. MASTER S CORNER, p. o., Kent co., Del. : 5 m. W. Dover. MASTERSONVILLE, p. v., Lancaster co., Perm. : 39 m. S. E. Harrisburg 455 MAS MAU MASTEBTON, p. v., Monroe co., Ohio: 99 m. E. by S. Columbus. MAST HOPE, sta., Sullivan co., N. J.: on the New York and Erie E. E., 126 m. New York. MAST YARD, p. v., Merrimac co., N. JTamp. : on N. side of Contoocook r., a branch of the Merrimac r., 7 m. "W. Concord. The Concord and Claremont E. E. passes through the v., distant 19 m. from Bradford, at which place stages connect with cars for Newberry, Sunapee, Newport, Clare mont, etc. MATAGORDA county, Tex, Situate S. E. on the Gulf, and contains 992 sq. m. Colorado r. flows S. through the mid dle, and many small streams empty into Matagorda Bay, the largest being the Trespalacios and Caney bayoux. Sur face almost uniformly level. Most of the county is open prairie, but the Colorado and Caney have broad forests on either side, and the smaller streams have all narrow belts of timber. Soil exceedingly rich, being generally a deep black mold, free from stones, with a substratum of red loam; near the Caney it is of a mulatto color, light and friable, but clammy and adhesive near the prairies. Corn and cotton produce large crops. Tobacco of the very best kind is raised in the S., and the coast region is eminently fitted for rice-growing. The sugar raised is superior, and the county is admirably adapted to its cultivation. "When the rafts are removed the rivers will open abundant com munication with the interior. Farms 39 ; manuf. ; dwell. 176, and pop. wh. 913, fr. coL 3, si. 1,208 total 2,124. Capital: Matagorda. MATAGORDA, p. v., and cap. Matagorda co., Tea;. : on an elevated plain at the S. W. corner of Bay Prairie, 2 m. E. of the outlet of Colorado r., on the N. bank of Matagorda Bay, 133 m. S. E. Austin City. It is the only important v. in the county, it has an excellent harbor, and is at all sea sons approachable by vessels drawing 8 and 9 feet of water. When the raft of the Colorado shall have been removed, this town will become the dep6t of one of the most fertile, productive, and extensive sections of Texas. " The Colo rado Tribune" is the name of a weekly issue. MATAMOBA, p. o., Hardeman co., Tenn. : 155 m. S. W. Nashville. MATAMOBAS, p. o., Montgomery co., 2f. Car. : SI m. S.W. Ealeigh.^ MATHEBTOX, p. o., Ionia county, Mich. : 25 m. N. W. Lansing. MATILDA VILLE, p. v., St. Lawrence co., N.T. : on Eacket r., 147 m. N. N. W. Albany. MATILDA VILLE, p. v., Clarion co., Perm. : on the S. side of Clarion r., 67 m. N. by E. Pittsburg, and 155 W. N. W. Harrisburg. MATTAPONY river, Vlrg. : rises in Spottsylvania county, and is formed by the junction of Mat, Ta, Po, and Ny rivers. At the S. E. point of King "William County it unites with Pamunky r. to form York river. MATTAPOISETT, p. o., Plymouth co., Mass. : on Buzzard s Bay, 53 m. S. by E. Boston. The fishery is the chief em ployment of the inhabitants, and is carried to a great extent. There is a fine harbor by the same name which makes up to the v. and affords good anchorage. MATTAWAMKEAG, p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : on the E. side of the Penobscot r., 113 m. N. E. Augusta. MATTAWAN, p. v., Van Buren co., Mich. : 69 m. S. "W. Lansing. The Michigan Central E. E. passes the v. 126 m. distant Detroit and 127 Chicago. MATTEAWAN, p. v., Duchess co., Nl Y. : on Fishkill cr., 11 m. from the landing on the Hudson, 77 m. S. Albany. The creek has here a fall of 40 feet, and affords extensive water-power, which is improved for manufacturing pur poses. The v. contains about 2,000 inhabitants, and is the seat of extensive iron-works and machine shops, and has besides these several cotton and other factories, chiefly en gaged in the manufacture of heavy goods. MATTHEWS county, Virg. Situate S. E. on the Chesa- 456 peake, and contains 89 sq. m. Piankatank r. is its N. boundary, and Mobjack Bay lies on the S., into which East r. flows, the largest stream of the county. Surface low and level; soil of average fertility. Corn is the staple, and there is some good wheat land. The bays and creeks abound in fine oysters, and the shad and herring fisheries are very valuable. It has no mill-streams, but wind-mills and tide-mills are used. On the Piankatank is excellent ship timber. Farms 293 ; manuf. 3 ; dwell. 711, and pop. wh. 3,644, fr. col. 147, si. 2,923. total 6,714. Capital: Matthews C. H. MATTHEW S C. H., p. v., and cap. Matthews co., Virg. : in the centre of county, 9 m. N. "W. New Point Comfort, and 59 m. E. Eichmond. MATTHEW S MILLS, p. o., Eichland co., III. : on "W. side Fox r., 109 m. S. E. Springfield. MATTHEW S STORE, p. o., Anne Arundel co., Md. : 15 m. N. by W. Annapolis. MATTHEWSVILLE, p. v., Pocahontas co., Viry. : 123 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. The v. is situate at the foot of the Alleghany Mountains, which bound the county ou the E. MATTISON, t. and p. o., Branch co., Mich. : 61 m. S. W. Lansing. Drained by St. Joseph s r. and Swan cr., one of its branches. There is a pond in the S. E. part of the t, Surface rolling ; soil dark, rich, sandy loam, with oak open ings. The timber land affords excellent grazing, the re mainder is well adapted to grain. Pop. of t. 475. MATMTUCK, p. v., Suffolk co., 2T. Y. : on the Long Island E. E., 83 m. New York, 133 m. S. E. Albany. It is a small v. situate midway between Great Peconic Bay and Long Island Sound. It contains a church and about 35 dwellings. MATTOAX, sta., Amelia eo., Virg. : on the Eichmoud and Danrille E. E., 27 m. S. W. Eichmond. MAUCH CHUNK, t., p. v., and cap. Carbon co., Perm.: 71 m. N. E. Harrisburg. Surface mountainous ; soil gravelly. Drained by Beaver, Mauch Chunk, and other creeks which empty into the Lehigh r. The v. is situate at the head of the Lehigh Canal, on which the great bulk of the coal is carried to market, and on the "W. bank of Lehigh r., in a beautiful ravine, walled in on either side by rocky mount ains of a great height, forming a very picturesque appear ance. This being an important coal region, the inhabitants are chiefly employed in mining and shipping coal. There is but little of the t. under culture, provisions being brought from a distance. There are two anthracite blast furnaces here, each having an annual capacity of 2,000 tons. The great coal mine is reached by an inclined plane some 700 feet in length with a 200 feet rise. A railway extends to the mine. The Mauch Chunk and Summit Hill E. E. verges from here and Connects with the Philadelphia and EeadicgE. R. by stage from Summit Hill to Tamaqua, distance by stage 6 m. Besides the court-house and usual public buildings, there are some fine stores, dwellings, and a number of mills and workshops in the t. There are two weekly newspapers published here, the " Carbon Democrat" (dem.), and " Car bon County Gazette" (whig). Pop. of t 2,558. MAUCKPORT, p. v., Harrison co., Ind. : on the N. bank of the Ohio r., near the mouth of Buck cr., 115 m. S. Indianapolis. MAULDING S MILLS, p. o., "Wayne co., III. : 115 m. S. E. Springfield, on the W. side Skillet Fork of Little Wabash. MAUMEE CITY, p. v., and cap. Lucas co., Ohio : on the "W. side of Maumee r., at the foot of the rapids and at the head of navigation, 113 m. N. N. W. Columbus. The Wabash and Erie Canal passes the v., and is connected with the river by a side cut, affording it excellent commercial facil ities. It contains a court-house and other county buildings, churches of several denominations, numerous stores, and several factories and flouring mills driven by the excellent water-power afforded by the rapids above the place. Pop. 1,757. The "Maumee Eiver Times" (whig) is published here weekly. MAUMEE river, OJiio. This river rises in the N. E. part MAU of Indiana, nnd flowing N. E., enters Lake Erie through Maumee Bay. It is formed by the junction of Little St. Joseph s, St. Mary s, and Great and Little Auglaise rivers. Its length is about 100 m., and 50 m. from its mouth it is 70 rods wide. The navigation is open to schooners and steam- \oata IS m. to Perrysburg, and in spring and fall is beatable to Fort Wayne, and at all times furnishes extensive water- power. The Wabash and Erie Canal is constructed along its banks. The country on its borders is very productive. MAUMELLE, p. o., Pulaski co., Ark.; 15 m. N. W. Little Book. MAURICE river, N. Jer. : a tributary of Delaware r. from Gloucester co. It is navigable 20 m. for vessels of SO or 100 tons. It has fine embanked meadows, and on its upper course affords valuable water-power. Excellent oysters are taken at its mouth. MAUKICETOWN, p. v., Cumberland county, N. Jer. : on W. bank of Maurice r., 10 m. from its mouth and Cl m. S. W. Trenton. MAUKIUS, p. v., Yigo co., Ind. : near a fork of Furman s cr., 71 m. W. S. W. Indianapolis. MAURY county, Tenn. Situate W. centrally, and contains 49S sq. m. Drained by Duck r. and its branches. Surface diversified ; soil very fertile, adapted equally to grass or grain. Corn is the great staple, and the crop very large. Cotton is a heavy product ; and wheat and the other grains and tobacco all succeed well. The pastures are fine, and feed great numbers of cattle and sheep. Pork is a very heavy export. It has extensive and flourishing manufactures of cotton and woolen goods, liquors, leather, flour, iron-ware, etc. Farms 1,501; manuf. 112; dwell. 2,961, and pop. wh. 16,760, fr. col. 90, si. 12,670 total 29,520. Capital: Columbia. Public Works: Nashville and Alabama E. E. MAVAIS, p. v., Osage co., Mo.: on W. bank of Mavais cr., a tributary of Osage r., 23 m. S. by E. Jefferson City. MAXEY, p. v., Oglethorpe co., Go,. : 47 m. N. Milledgeville, on the Athens Branch of Georgia E. E., 13 m. from Union Point station. MAXFIELD, t. and p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : 87 m. N. E. Augusta. Drained by Piscataquis river and Sebois stream. Surface rolling ; soil fertile ; well adapted to grain. The v. is pleasantly situate on N. side of Piscataquis r. Water- power is good and is used by several saw-mills. Population of the t. 1S6. MAXWELL, p. o., Delaware co., Ohio : 21 m. N. Columbus. MAY, p. o., Lancaster county, Penn.: 39 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. MAYBERRY, p. o., Lewis county, Mo. : 105 m. N". by E. Jefferson City. MAYBINTON, p. v., Nowberry dist., & Car.: on a small cr. which flows into the Congaree r., 39 m. N. W. Columbia. MAYFIELD, p. o., Warren county, Ga. : on the E. side of Ogeechee r., 39 m. N. E. Milledgeville. MAYFIELD, p. v., and cap. Graves co., Ky. : on a branch of May field r., 229 m. S. W. Frankfort. It contains a court house, jail, several stores and dwellings, and about 200 inhabitants. MAYFIELD, p. o., Jackson county, Tenn. : 61 m. N. N. E. Nashville. MAYFIELD, t. and p. v., Fulton co., N. Y. : 33 m. N. W. Albany. Drained by tributaries of Sacondaga r. Surface mountainous; soil sandy and clay loam, well adapted to grain. The Mayfleld ridge crosses the N. part. The v. of Mayfield is situate centrally, and contains about 30 dwell ings. The town has several considerable and important manufactures. Pop. 2,429. MAYFIELD. t. and p. o., Cuyahoga co., Ohio : 129 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Chagrine r. and some small creeks which empty into Lake Erie. Surface level; soil fertile. Pop. of 1. 1,117. MAYFIELD, p. o., Isle of Wight co., Virg. : 57 m. S. E. Eichmond. MAY FLOWER, p. o., Otsego co., N. Y. : 63 m. W. Albany. K3 MAY MAY HILL, p. o., Lee co., III. : 133 m. N. Springfield. MAYO, p. v., Halifax county, Virg. : on the Halifax and Boy d ton post-road, 93 m. S. W. Eichmond. MAYONING, p. o., Patrick county, Virg. : 157 m. S.W. by W. Eichmond. MAYPORT MILLS, p. v., Duval co., Flor. : on the N. bank of SL John s r., 157 m. E. Tallahassee. MAY S LANDING, p. v., and cap. Atlantic co., N. Jer. : on Great Egg Harbor r., at the head of sloop navigation, 16 m. from the ocean, and 51 m. S. Trenton. It has a considerable trade in wood and lumber, and ship-building is carried on to some extent. It is built on both sides of the r., and con tains a court-house, several stores, and workshops. Pop. about 250. MAY S LICK, p. o., Mason co., Ey. : near Johnson s cr., 61 m. K E. Frankfort. MAYSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Clay co., III. : on the outskirts of Twelve Mile Prairie, 99 m. S. E. Springfield, 2 m. W. Little Wabash r. The court-house is situated here. MAYSVILLE, p. v., Mason co., Ky. : on the S. side of Ohio river, 73 m. N. E. Frankfort. It is situate on a high bank, and is backed by hills which rise to a considerable height. For many years it was known as "Limestone," from the creek of that name, which here enters the Ohio. It is regularly laid out, the streets crossing each other at right angles, and most of its stores and dwellings are substantially built. The principal buildings are the city hall, 7 or 8 churches, 12 schools and seminaries, a hospital, a bank, 2 steam cotton factories, a bagging factory, 2 foundries, 5 or 6 rope-walks, se^pral saw and flour mills, and other factories, about 50 groceries, wholesale and retail, 27 dry goods stores, several pork-packing establishments, 4 lumber yards, and numerous other manufacturing and trading establishments. The newspapers published here are the "Post Boy" (indep.), and the "M. Eagle" (whig), both issued tri-weekly and weekly, and the "M. Flag" (dem.) and the "M. Herald" (whig), both weekly issues. Maysville is one of the most important places in Kentucky ; it has a good harbor, and is the port of a large and productive section of the State, and when the railroads now in progress the Maysville and Lexington E. E., and the Maysville and Big Sandy R. E. are completed, its commercial field will be immeasurably enlarged, and the prospects of its becoming a first-rate mart greatly favored. The great road leading from Chilli- cothe, in Ohio, to Lexington, passes through this place. The v. was first settled in 17S4, under the auspices of Simon Kenton ; in 1786 it was the residence of Daniel Boone, the famous pioneer ; until 1S15 it made little progress ; in 1S33 it was incorporated ; in 1840 it contained 2,741 inhabitants, a-nd in 1S50, 4,255 inhabitants. Its population within the past two years since 1S50 is supposed to have gained 50 per cent, in numbers, an increase dependant on the great facili ties its railroad connections will give to its trade. MAYSVILLE, p. o., Jackson county, Ga. : 73 m. N. N. W. Milledgeville. MAYSVILLE, p. o., Madison county, Ala. : 167 m. N. f W. Montgomery. MAYSVILLE C. II., p. v., and cap. De Kalb co., Mo. : on a branch of Blue creek, centre of co., 149 m. N. E. Jefferson City. MAYSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Buckingham co., Virg. : on Slate r., 57 m. W. Eichmond. It contains the county build ings, several stores, and about 300 inhabitants. MAYSVILLE, p. v., Benton co., Ark. : on a branch of Flag cr., near Bates Prairie, 175 m. N. W. Little Eock. MAYSVILLE, p. v., Huntingdon county, Ind. : 79 m. N. E. Indianapolis. MAYSVILLE, p. o., Greenbrier co., Virg. : 173 m. W. by N. Eichmond. MAYTOWK, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn.: 21 m. S. E. Harrisburg. It is located about 3 m. N. E. from Susque- hanna r., and contains several stores, and about 200 inhab itants. 45T MAY MEG MATVILLE, p. v., and cap. Chautauque co., 2f. T. : at the N. W. end of Chautauque lake, 299 m. W. by S. Albany. It contains the county buildings. The v. is pleasantly situ ated, and is accessible by steamboat The "M. Sentinel" (dem.), " M. Beacon" (whig), and "M. Express" (dem), are published here. It has several shops and stores, and about 600 inhabitants. MAYVILLE, p. v., Dodge co., Wise. : on N. side of Eock r., 47 m. N. E. Madison. MAZON, p. v., Grundy co., III. : on the W. side of Mazon r., and on the border of Grand Prairie, which covers the S. E. part of the county. MEADE county, Ky. Situate N. "W., and contains 279 eq. m. Drained by Otter, Wolf, and Spring creeks, small affluents of the Ohio, which forms its N. boundary. Sur face uneven, and in parts hilly ; soil mostly fertile. Corn, wheat, and tobacco are the principal crops. It has consider able water-power and manufactories of woolen and cotton goods, flour, and liquors. Farms 489; manuf. 7; dwell. 947, and pop. wh. 5,799, fr. col. 21, eL 1,573 total 7,393. Capital : Brandenburg. MEADERVILLE, p. o., Macon co., Tenn. : 47 m. N. E. Nashville. MEADOW BLUFF, p. o., Greenbrier co., Virg. : on W. bank of Meadow r., 179 m. "W. by N. Eichmond. MEADOW BRANCH, p. o., Jackson county, Ohio: 61 m. S. by E. Columbus. MEADOW CREEK, p. o., Orange co., N. Car. : 35 m. N. "W. Ealeigh. MEADOW CREEK, p. o., Whitley co., Ky. : 97 m. S. by E. Frankfort MEADOW DALE, p. o., Highland co., Virg. : 119 m. N. W. Eichmond. MEADOW FARM, p. o., Muskingum co., Ohio: 53m. E. Columbus. MEAD S BASON, p. v., Passaic co., N. Jer. : on the Morris and Essex Canal, 57 m. S. by W. Trenton. MEAD S CORNERS, p. o., Crawford co., Penn. : 191 m. N.W. Harrisburg. MEAD S MILL, p. o.,"Wayne co., Mich. : 65 m. S. E. Lansing. MEADSVILLE, p. o., Jackson county, Ala. : 155 miles N. Montgomery. MEADVILLE, p. v., and cap. Franklin co., Miss. : on Mor gan s Fork, a branch of Homochitto r., 69 m. S. W. Jackson. The court-house is situate in this village. MEADVILLE, p. v., and cap. Crawford co., Penn. : on the E. side of French cr., 93 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. It is very pleasantly located on an elevation rising gradually from the r. In the centre is a fine square, on one side of which is the court-house, built of brick and cut stone, and orna mented with a fine cupola. It contains a number of churches, an academy, and a State arsenal, and is the seat of the Alle- ghany College, founded in 1S17, having (in 1850) a president, 7 professors, 114 alumni, and 106 students, with a library containing 8,200 volumes. The Western Theological School, also situated here (commenced in 1844), has 4 professors and 40 students. The library contains 8,000 volumes. Meadville is also a manufacturing place. It has several furnaces, tanneries, distilleries, mills, etc., and here are pub lished four newspapers, the " Crawford Democrat" (dem.), the "M. Gazette" (whig), the "Pennsylvania Sentinel" (dem.), and the " Whig Journal" (whig), all issued weekly. Pop. 1,725. MEADVILLE, p. o., Halifax county, Virg. : 105 m. S. W. Eichmond. MEADWAT, p. o., Burke county, Go*.; 75 m. W. by S. Milledgeville. MEANSVILLE, p. o., Union dist, S. Car. : 67 m. W. N. W. Columbia. MECCA, t and p. o., Trumbull county, Ohio: 149 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by the Musquito r. and its branches, a tributary of the Ohio r. Surface undulating; soil fertile, and adapted to grazing. Pop. of t. 872. 458 MECHANICSBUBG, p. v., Lehigh co., Perm. : 69 m. E. N. E- Harrisburg. MECHANICSBURG, p. v., Sangamon co., III. : 13 m. E. by N. Springfield, on a fertile prairie, 4 m. W. Sangamon r. MECHANICSBURG, p. v., Champaign co., Ohio: on Little Darby cr., 33 m. W. Columbus. It contains several mills, mechanic shops, etc., and 682 inhabitants. MECHANICSBUKG, p. o., Henry county, Ind. : 89 m. N. E. Indianapolis. MECHANICSBURG, p. b., Cumberland co., Penn. : 12 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. The Cumberland Valley E. E. passes through it, 10 m. from Carlisle. It contains a number of distilleries, flouring-mills, saw-mills, etc., and about 800 inhabitants. MBCHANICSBURG, p. o., Macon co., Mo. : 91 m. N. N. W. Jefferson City. MECHANICSBURG, p. v., Van Buren co., la. : in a beautiful and well-cultivated district, 108 m. S. S. E. Iowa City. MECHANICSBURG, p. v., Giles co., Virg. : on a branch of New r., near Walker s mtn., 199 m. W. by S. Eichmond. MECHANIC S FALLS, p. v., Cumberland co., Me. : on the Androscoggin r., 34 m. S. W. Augusta. The Buckfleld Branch E. E. here diverges from the Atlantic and St. Law rence E. E., 36 m. from Portland. The water-power is here immense. MECHANIC S GROVE, p. o., Lancaster co., Penn. : 35 m. S. E. Harrisburg. MECHANICSTOWN, p. v., Frederick co., Md. : 65 m. N. W. Annapolis. MECHANICSTOWN, p. v., Carroll co., Ohio : 113 m. E. N. E. Columbus. MECHANICSVILLE, p. v., Jasper co., Get. : about 1 m. E. Ocmulgee r., and 43 m. N. W. by W. Milledgeville. MECIIANICSVILLE, v. and sta., Westchester co., N. Y. : on the line of the Harlem E. E., 45 m. from City Hall of New York City. MECHANICSVILLE, p. v., Saratoga co., N . Y. : on the W. bank of the Hudson r., 17 m. N. Albany, and at the mouth of Anthony s Kill, the outlet to Eound Lake. There are several mills of different kinds, a number of factories and workshops, and a match factory here. The Champlain Canal and Eensselaer and Saratoga E. E. pass through the v., 11 m. N. Troy. MECHANICSVILLE, p. o., Cannon co., Tenn. : 45 m. E. S. E. Nashville. MECHANICSVILLE, p. v., Sumter dist., S. Car.: on the Sumterville post-road, 41 m. E. by N. Columbia. MECHANICSVILLE, p. o., Eutland co., Verm. : 49 m. S. W. Montpelier. MECHANICSVILLE, p. v., Bucks co., Penn. : 95 m. E. Har risburg. This place was formerly called Newark. MECHANICSVILLE, p. v., Louisa co., Virg. : 46 m. N*. W. Eichmond. MECHUM S EFVER, p. o., Albemarle co., Virg. : 107 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. The river is here crossed by the Virginia Central E. E., 10 m. W. Charlotteville. MECKLENBURG county, N. Car. Situate S. W., and con tains 578 sq. m. Bounded W. by the Catawba, and drained by its branches, M Alpin s, Great and Little Sugar, David son s, and other creeks. Surface moderately uneven, and soil very fertile. Cotton is the staple. Corn and wheat are very fine crops, and the grazing is excellent; live-stock, wool, and pork are exported. Fine mill-seats are abund ant, and it has large flouring-mills and distilleries. Several rich gold-mines are in this county. Davidson College, founded 1838, is in the N. E. part of Mecklenburg, and has a president and 4 professors, and in 1S50 had 140 alumni, 60 students, and a library of 5,000 volumes. Farms 1,030 ; manuf. 16 ; dwell. 1,632, and pop. wh. 8,284, fr. col. 153, si. 5,473 total 13,914 Capital: Charlotte. Public Works: North Carolina Central E. E. ; Charlotte and South Carolina E. E., etc. MECKLENBURG county, Virg. Situate E. on S. line, and MEG contains 685 sq. m. Bounded N. by Meherrin river, and drained by branches of the Eoanoke, which flows E. through the S. part. Surface uneven in parts hilly; soil generally fertile, with many tracts of pasture land. Tobacco is the staple and the production very large ; cotton and wheat are also excellent crops, and the number of sheep reared is large. It has good water-power, fine timber, and manu factures flour, leather, iron castings, etc. Randolph Macon College is in Mecklenburg. Farms 666 ; manuf. 25 ; dwell. 1,500, and pop. wh. 7,256, fr. col. 912, si. 12,462 total 20,630. Capital: Boydton. PuUio Works: Eoanoke Talley E. E. MECKLENBURG, p. v., Knox co., Tenn. : on the E. side of Holston r., above the junction of French Broad r., 166 m. E. Nashville, and 12 m. E. by S. from Knoxville. MECKLENBURG, p. v., Tompkins co., A r . Y. : on the Ithaca post-road, 159 m.W. Albany. There are a number of mills, factories, and workshops here, and about 400 inhabitants. MECOSTA county, Mich. Situate centrally on Lower Peninsula, and contains 720 sq. m. Maskegon river flows S. W. through the "W. part, and has numerous branches which drain the co. In the N. are many ponds, among them Chippewa Lake, the source of Chippewa river, whose waters flow into Lake Huron. The surface is elevated and rolling, with a fine growth of timber. It is unorganized. MEDARY, p. o., Putnam county, Ohio : 106 m. N. W. Columbus. MEDFIELD, t and p. v., Norfolk co., Mass. : 15 m. S. W. Boston. Drained by Charles and Stop rivers. Surface di versified ; soil fertile and well cultivated. There are in the town several mills and manufactories, among the latter of which there are some of straw goods, which are in a flour ishing condition. The v. contains several stores and work shops, and about 50 dwellings. Pop. of t 966. MKDFORD, t. and p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : at the head of navigation, on the Mystic river, 5 m. N. by W. Boston. Drained by Mystic r. and its branches. Surface undulating ; soil good and well cultivated. Medford is a flourishing t, having a large number of manufactories of various kinds, producing linseed oil, spirits, bricks, leather, plows, etc., together with a number of mills and workshops. Ship building is carried on successfully to a large extent The Boston and Lowell E. E., as also the Middlesex Canal, pass through it, the latter 7 m. from Boston. The village, situate centrally, contains a number of stores and workshops. West Medford is the name of a station on the-Une of the E. E., 21 miles from Lowell. Pop. of t. 3,749. MEDFORD, p. v., Burlington co., N. Jer. : 23 m. S. Trenton. It contains a Friends meeting-house, half a dozen stores, and about 300 inhabitants. MEDINA county, Ohio. Situate N. E., and contains 416 sq. m. Drained by Eocky r., E. branch of Black r., and branches of Chippewa and Cuyahoga rivers. Surface roll ing ; soil of great fertility, equally adapted to grass and grain. Wheat and corn are the leading cereals. The grazing lands are very fine the dairies large, and wool and pork considerable exports. It has some water-power and nu merous small manufactories. Farms 2,461; manuf. 77; dwell. 4,430, and pop. wh. 24,411, fr. col. 30 total 24,441. Capital: Medina. MEDINA county, Tea. Situate S. "W., and contains 1,214 sq. m. Bounded N. E. by Medina and San Antonio rivers, and drained by Hondo, Seco, and Deer creeks of the Eio Frio and Chacan and Perez creeks of the San Miguel. Sur face undulating, with elevations of considerable height in the N., and mostly a rolling prairie, with narrow strips of wood on the streams. Soil very fertile, producing large crops of corn, and furnishing the best of pasture for droves of horses and cattle that roam at large over the plains. The streams are small, but afford sufficient mill-seats, and the climate is very salubrious. Limestone, marl, and iron are found. Farms 40 ; manuf. ; dwell. 177, and pop. wh. 831, fr. col. 0, si. 2S total 909. Capital : Castroville. . MEI MEDINA, p. v., Winnebago county, III. : 214 m. N. Springfield. MEDINA, t. and p. v., Lenawee co., Mich. : 67 m. S. Lansing. Drained by Tiffin s cr. Surface undulating; soil, sand and argillaceous loam ; very fertile. There are a number of mills in the t. ; the T. is in N. E. on Tiffin s cr., and contains sev eral stores and workshops. Pop. of 1. 1,685. MEDINA, p. v., Orleans co., N. Y.: on. the Erie Canal, at the junction of Oak Orchard cr., which is used as a feeder, and the Eochcster, Lockport, and Niagara Falls E. E.,80 m. E. by N. Niagara Falls, and 247 m.W. by N. Albany. There are several mills and factories, together with a number of warehouses, stores, and workshops, and a furnace in the village. The " Medina Citizen" (dem.) is issued here. Pop. about 800. MEDINA, t, p. v., and cap. Medina co., Ohio : 97 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Eocky river and its branches. Sur face undulating ; soil fertile. The river affords good water- power. The v. is very pleasantly situate on an eminence in S. W. part of t, on the Cleveland post-road, and contains the court-house and usual number of public buildings, as also a number of stores, mills, an4 workshops, and 1,008 in habitants. The " Democratic Whig" (whig), and " Medina Democrat" (F. S. D.) are issued here. Pop. of t. 2,010. MEDON, p. v., Madi&ou county, Tenn. : 120 m. W. S. W. Nashville. MEDUSA, p. o., Albany co., JT. Y. : 15 m. W. Albany. MEDWAY, t. and p. v., Norfolk co., Mass. : 25 m. S. W. Boston. Drained by Charles river and its branches, which afford it excellent water-power. Surface undulating; soil fertile, producing fine grain. Incorporated in 1713, and has several stores, a number of mills and manufactories among the latter, several cotton manufactories. The v. is at the terminus of a branch of the Norfolk County E. E., and con tains a number of stores and workshops, and about 60 dwellings. Pop. of t. 2,778. MEDWAY, p. o., Clark county, Ohio : 49 m. W. by S. Columbus. MEDWAY, p. o., Greene co., N. Y. : 31 m. S. W. Albany. MEDYBEMPS, t and p. v., Washington co., Me. : 132 m. E. N. E. Augusta. There is a pond on the N. of the t., by the outlet of which it is drained. Surface rugged ; soil va ried, with good wood lands. Pop. of 1. 187. MEEK S HILL, p. o., York district, /S. Car. : 76 m. N. Columbia. MEEME, t. and p. v., Manitouwoc co., Wise. : 101 m. N. E. Madison. Drained by a number of small streams flowing into Lake Michigan. Surface various ; soil fertile and heav ily timbered. The v. is situate centrally. Pop. of t. 210. MEETING STREET, p. v., Edgefleld dist.. S. Car. : 52 m. W. by S. Columbia. MEIIERRIN river, Virg. : rises in Charlotte co., and running E. through several counties, enters North Carolina, and unites with Nottoway r. to form the Chowan. MEIIOOPANY, p. v., Wyoming co., Penn. : on Mehoopany cr., near its confluence with the Susquehanna river, 96 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. MEIGS county, Ohio. Situate S. E., and contains 403 sq. m. Bounded E. by the Ohio, and drained by Leading cr., Shade r., and smaller affluents. Surface diversified in parts hilly. Soil fertile ; corn and wheat are large crops, and the staple cereals. Large numbers of sheep are raised, and much wool exported. Lafge deposits of coal are found near the Ohio, which are wrought with much profit, and are demanding increased attention. It manufactures iron cast ings, machinery of various kinds, cordage, flour, and leather. Farms 1,149; manuf. 57; dwell. 3,136, and pop. wh. 17,924, fr. col. 47 total 17,971. Capital : Pomeroy. Pullic Works : Cincinnati, Hillsboro , and Parkersburg E. E. ; Pomeroy Branch E. E. MEIGS county, Tenn. Situate S. E., and contains 182 sq. m. Bounded W. by the Tennessee, and S. by the Hi- wassee. Surface broken, and soil mostly fertile. Corn is 459 MEI t the staple. Wheat and oats thrive, and small patches cotton and tobacco may be seen. Pork is an export. Farms 598; manuf. 1 ; dwell. 819, and pop. wh. 4,483, fr. col. 1, si. 395 total 4,8T9. Capital : Decatur. MEIGS CKKEK, p. o., Morgan co., Ohio : 66 m. E. by S. Columbus. MEIGSVTLLE, t. and p. v., Morgan county, Ohio : 63 m. E. by S. Columbus. Drained by Meigs cr. and its branch es, which flow into the Muskingum r. Surface uneven ; soil fertile. It has good hydraulic power. There are a number of mills and manufactories in the t. The village contains several dwellings, stores, and workshops. Population of 1. 1,512. MEIGSVILLE, p. v., Jackson co., Tenn. : on the W. side of Cumberland r., 66 m. E. N. E. Nashville. MELEXDEZ, p. v., and cap. Benton co., Flor. : 150 m. S. E. Tallahassee. MELLENVILLE, p. v., Columbia co., N. T. : on the line of the Hudson and Berkshire E. E., 9 m. E. Hudson, 29 m. S. Albany. It contains several factories and mills. MELLONVILLE, p. v., and cap. Orange co., Flor. : on the S. shore of Lake Monroe, 196 m. S. E. Tallahassee. MELLVILLE, p. o., Chattooga co., Ga. : 169 m. N. W. Milledgeville. MELMORE, p. v., Seneca co., Ohio : on the N. side of Honey cr., a branch of Sandusky r., 72 m. N. by W. Columbus. MELON, p. o., Harrison county, Virg. : 203 m. N. W. Richmond. MELPINE, p. o., Muscatine county, la. : 30 m. S. E. Iowa City. MELROSE, p. o., Eockingham co., Virg.: 114 m. W. Richmond, MELROSE, p. v., Clark co., III. : 10S m. E. S. E. Springfield. MELROSE, t and p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : 3 m. N. Boston ; formerly the N. part of Maiden. Drained by the head of Mystic r. Surface uneven ; soil good. The v. is on the line of the Boston and Maine E. E., 5 m. from Bos ton, from which point the Medford Branch E. E. diverges. It is a very desirable place of residence for merchants doing business in Boston. Pop. of t. 1,2GO. MELROSE, p. o., Eush county, Ind. : 39 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. MELROSE, p. v., and cap. Nacogdoches co., Tex. : oil the old military road, 219 m. N. E. Austin City. MELTON S, p. o., Navarro county, Tex. : 143 m. N. by E. Austin City. MELTONSVTLLE, p. v., Marshall county, Ala. : 132 m. N. Montgomery. MELTONSVILLE, p. v., Anson co., 2f. Car. : on Big Brown cr., 102 m. S. W. Ealeigh. MELVIN, p. o., Ballard county, Ky.: 243 m. W. S. "W. Frankfort. MELVIN S MILLS, sta., Merrimac co., N. ffamp. : on the line of the Concord and Claremont E. E., 23 m. W. from Concord. MELVIN VILLAGE, p. o., Carroll co., N. JTamp. : 39 m. N. E. Concord. MEMPHIS, p. v., Pickens co., Ala.: on the "W. side of Tombigbee r., 126 m. W. N. W. Montgomery. MEMPHIS, sta., Clark co., Ind. : on the line of the Jeffer- sonville E. E., 15 m. N. Jeffersonville, and 87 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. MEMPHIS, p. v., and cap. Scotland co., Mo. : on North Fabius r., 136 m. N. Jefferson City. MEMPHIS, p. v., and cap. Shelby co., Tenn. : on the E. bank of the Mississippi r., beautifully situated on the fourth Chickasaw bluff, just below the mouth of Wolf r., 191 m. W. S. W. Nashville. This spot was formerly the site of Fort Assumption, used for the purpose of protecting the country against the Chickasaws. The bluff on which it stands is thirty feet above the highest floods, and its base is washed by the river for a distance of 3 m., while a bed of sandstone, the only known stratum of rocks below the Ohio, juts into 460 MEN the stream, and forms a convenient landing. From the mouth of the Ohio to Vicksburg, 650 m., it is the only site for a commercial mart on either side of the Mississippi. Some distance from the brow of the bluff, a handsome range of fine buildings extends for several squares. Every day gives additional evidence of the increasing prosperity of this already prosperous city; and although the commerce is great, yet the citizens do not intend to rely on that alone. Manufactories will soon claim a part in adding to her wealth. Preparations are making for building a boat yard on as extensive a scale as any in the west. The gentleman who opens the yard is said to be one of the most experienced boat builders in the Union. In addition to this, there is an extensive flour-mill just completed, capable of making 62,000 barrels of flour annually; also a large cotton manufactory, employing a large number of operatives. There is a fine, well laid out navy yard situate here, with facilities to build the largest size vessels, at which a commander and usual complement of officers are stationed. It bids fair to be one of the finest navy yards in the United States. The public spirit is such in Memphis, that it will soon be one of the finest cities in the West. The Memphis and Charleston E. E. is now partially in operation, and other public works are in contemplation. There are a large number of fine dwellings, stores, workshops, etc. The " Inquirer," daily and weekly (dem.), " Eagle," daily and \veekly (whig), "Ap peal," weekly and semi-weekly (dem.), "Express," daily and weekly (dem.), " Christian Advocate," weekly (Meth.), " The Southerner," weekly (Indepen.), and " Daily Dime," daily (neut.), are the names of the newspapers published here. Pop. 8,839. MEMPHIS, p. o., St. Clair co., Mich. : 95 m. E. Lansing. MEMPIIREMAGOG lake, Verm. This lake lies on the N. boundary, and the greater part within Canada. It is be tween 30 and 40 miles long, and from 2 to 3 wide but 1 or 8 miles only is within the United States. It covers about 15 sq. m. in Vermont, and receives Clyde, Barton, and Black rivers ; and its own waters are discharged through St. Francis r. into Lake St. Peter s, an expansion of St. Lawrence r. On an island 2 miles within the Canada line is found a quarry of novaculate, known by the name of " Magog oil-stone," which is in high repute. MENALLEN, t and p. o., Adams co., Penn. : 30 m. S. W. Harrisburg. Drained by Conewago cr. and its branches. Surface hilly, in some parts mountainous ; soil fertile. The water-power is excellent There are a large number of mills, some manufactories, and several stores in the t Benders- ille and Middletown are names of villages. Pop. oft. 2,623. MENAN islands, Me. Petit or Little Menan lies off the harbor of Steuben in the Atlantic, 3 m. S. S. E. Goulds- borough Harbor; and Grand Menan, a large island, lies off Passamaquoddy bay, and is within the British lines. There is a light-house on Petit Menan. (See LIGHTHOUSES OF THE UNITED STATES). MENARD county, III. Situate W. centrally, and contains 307 sq. m. Drained by Sangamon r. and Salt cr. Surface undulating; soil largely prairie, a deep rich loam mixed with sand, and exceedingly fertile. Timber is found plenti fully in groves, and near the rivers. A superior farming co., raising heavy crops of corn, wheat, oats, and potatoes, and exporting live-stock, wool, and pork. It has good mill streams, and considerable manufactures. Farms 706 ; manuf. 38; dwell. 1,035, and pop. wh. 6,328, fr. col. 21 :otal 6,349. Capital: Petersburg. MENASHA, p. v., Winnebago co., Wise. : on the N. shore of Winnebago Lake, 96 m. N. N. E. Madison. The U. S. and office for the Menasha district is at this village. MENDHAM. t. and p. v., Morris county, If. Jer. : 37 m. N. Trenton. Drained by Indian r. and the head waters of Whippany r. Surface hilly, in the N. mountainous ; soil fertile. There are in the t. several mills and manufactories, nd a number of stores and workshops. The v. is situate on the Morristown post-road, and contains a nnmber of MEN MER dwellings and stores and several workshops. Population of the t 1,720. MENDOCINO county, Calif. Situate N. W., and contains about 3,500 sq. m. The Pacific forms its W., and Russian r. most of its E. boundary. It has few streams of any con siderable size, But all flow into the Pacific from the range of mountains which lies near its E. border. The surface is much broken by spurs of the coast range, which extend nearly to the ocean. The county is unorganized and little settled, the population being only 416. MENDON, p. o., Madison county, Ind. : 85 m. N. E. Indianapolis. MENDON, p. v., Adams county, III. : 85 m. W. by N. Springfield. MENDON, t. and p. v., Worcester co., Mass. : 35 m. S. W. Boston. Drained by branches of Blackstone and Mill rivers. Surface variegated ; soil of good quality and well cultivated. The products of the dairy are large and valuable. It has excellent water-power. There are several mills and manu factories of different kinds in the t., and a large quantity of cotlon and woolen is manufactured. First settled about 164T ; incorporated, 1667. The v. is situate on an elevation on E. side of Mill r., in S. E. part oft, and contains some fine houses, a number of stores, and several workshops. Pop. of t 1,301. MENDON, p. o., Lenawee county, Mich. : 65 m. S. by E. Lansing. MENDON, t. and p. v., Monroe co., 2T. Y. : 197 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by tributaries of Genesee r. Surface gently undulating ; soil fertile. There are several mills and manufactories, besides stores, and a number of workshops in the t The v. is situate on Irondequoit cr. Was incorpo rated in 1833, and contains several dwellings, some stores, and workshops. North Mendon and West Mendon are also names of villages. Pop. of t. 3,353. MENDON, p. o., Mercer co., Ohio: 103 m. W. N. W. Columbus. MENDON, t. and p. o., Rutland co., Verm. : 44 m. S. by W. Montpelier. Drained by branches of Otter cr. ; surface varied ; in the W. hilly, in the E. mountainous. Soil in the mountains good, but too far up for cultivation. Pop. of the t504. MENDOTA (or ST. PETEK S), v., Dacotah co., Minn. Ter. : on the W. bank of the Mississippi, S. of the confluence of Minnesota r., 5 m. W. by N. St. Paul. It has been occu pied by the American Fur Company for several years as a dep6t for their trading establishments among the Indians of the north-west Two stores and a few houses constitute the village. It is, however, a fine town site, and being situate at the junction of two great rivers, and near the head of steam navigation, its importance in a commercial point of view has not been overlooked. It is within the military reservation, and whites are not allowed to reside here with out permission of the U. S. government Pop. 122. MENELOS, p. o., Madison co., Ky. : S. E. Frankfort MENOMONEE river, Mich. : rises in the country S. of Lake Superior, and runs E. by S. about 100 m., and falls into Green Bay. It forms the S. boundary of the upper peninsula, separating it from Minnesota. MENOMONEE FALLS, p. o., Waukesha co., Wise. : 63 m. E. Madison. MENTEB, p. v., Sheboygan co., Wise. : on a branch of Onion r., 87 m. N. E. by E. Madison. MENTOR, t and p. v., Lake co., Ohio : 141 m. N. N. E. Columbus. Lake Erie makes its N. boundary. Drained by a stream flowing into the lake. Surface undulating ; soil good, adapted to grain. There are some mills and manufactories in the t The v. is on the line of the Cleve land and Erie K. R., 23 m. N. E. Cleveland, and contains a number of stores and workshops. Pop. of 1. 1,571. MEQUON RIVER, p. o., Washington co., Wise. : on the W. Bide of Milwaukie r., S. of the confluence of Mcquon r., 74 m. E. by N. Madison. MERATA, p. o., Jefferson co., Penn. : 128 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. MEKCER county, III. Situate N.W., and contains 549 sq. m. Drained by Edward s, Pope s, and Henderson s rivers, flow ing into the Mississippi, its W. boundary. Surface undulat ing; soil fertile. A large part of the co. is prairie, with excellent timber on the streams, and near the Mississippi. Corn and wheat are the staples, and pork a large export. Farms 517 ; manuf. p ; dwell. 892, and pop. wh. 5,244, free col. 2 total 5,246. Capital: Millersburg. MERCER county, Ky. Situate E. centrally, and contains 248 sq. m. Bounded N. E. by the Kentucky, E. by Dick s r., and drained W. by heads of Salt r. Surface uneven ; soil very productive. Corn is the great staple. Wheat, rye, and oats yield largely, and the pastures are very superior. Live-stock, beef, wool, and pork, are large exports. It man ufactures cotton and woolen goods, flour, iron castings, and leather. Farms 881; manuf. 87; dwell. 1,762, and pop. wh. 10,472, free col. 835, si. 3,260-total 14,067. Capital: Harrodsburg. MERCER county, Mo. Situate on N. line, and contains 521 sq. m. Drained by E. and W. forks of Medicine cr., Muddy cr., Weld on r., and Crooked Fork of Grand r. Sur face somewhat uneven, with few hills ; soil generally fertile, and adapted to grazing. Corn, live-stock, and pork, are the principal products. The county is well timbered, and has abundant water-power. Farms 272 ; manuf. 3 ; dwell. 412, and pop. wh. 2,671, free col. 6, slaves 14 total 2,691. Cajjital, : Princeton. MERCER county, N . Jer. Situate W. middle, and contains 272 sq. m. Bounded E. by a branch of Raritan r,, and W. by the Delaware, and drained by small affluents of both. Surface mostly even ; soil very productive, and under high cultivation. Corn, wheat, rye, buckwheat, oats, and pota toes, are all fine crops. It has very superior gardens and orchards, and furnishes for the adjacent markets excellent vegetables and fruits, particularly apples and peaches. It has a large capital employed in manufactures of cotton and woolen goods, liquors, leather, earthen-ware, iron castings, and machinery, flour, cordage, paper, oil, and lumber. Farms 1,051; manuf. 191; dwell. 4,624, and pop. wh. 25,987, free col. 1 ,999, si. 6 total 27,992. Capital : Trenton. Public Works : Delaware and Raritan Canal ; New Jersey R. R. ; Belvidere Delaware R. R. ; Trenton Branch R. R. ; Camdcn and Amboy R. R. MEKCER county, Ohio. Situate on W. line, and contains 451 sq. m. Drained by St Mary s and Wabash rivers and their branches. Surface gently undulating, and soil mostly fertile. Corn is the staple product. Wheat, oats, and pota toes are successfully cultivated, and some live-stock and pork exported. Farms 675 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 1,312, and pop. wh. 7,401, free col. 811 total 7,712. Capital : Celina. MERCER county, Penn. Situate N. W., and contains 618 sq. m. Drained by Shenango, Neshanock, Pymatuning, Deer, and Sandy creeks. Surface hilly and broken ; soil generally fertile, and better adapted to grass than grain. Wheat, corn, buckwheat, rye, oats, and potatoes, are for the most part successful crops. Grazing demands the chief at tention, and the dairies are large and very fine. The amount of wool sheared is very large, and live-stock, beef, and pork, are very heavy exports. It has abundance of water-power, bituminous coal, and iron ore, and is largely engaged in the manufacture of iron. Woolen goods, leather, and earthen ware, are also extensively made. Farms 2,989; manuf. 150 ; dwell. 5,402, and pop. wh. 32,881, free col. 291 total 33,192. Capitol: Mercer. PuUio Works : Beaver and Erie Canal. MERCER county, Yirg. Situate S. W., and contains 5S3 sq. m. New r. forms the E. boundary, and unites in the N. with the Greenbrier, to form the Great Kanawha, Blue Stone, and East rivers. Brush and Lick creeks drain the co. Surface elevated, with a mountain range on the W., and extensive valleys in the E. ; soil fertile in the lower 461 MER MER grounds, and generally best adapted to grazing. Corn, oats, and wheat, yield moderate crops. Farms 472 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 655, and pop. wh. 4,018, free col. 2T, sL 177 total 4,222. Capital: Prince ;on. Public, Works: Covington and Ohio E. K. MERCER, t and p. v., Somerset co., Me. : 24 m. N. by "W. Augusta. Drained by Sandy r. in the N. "W. corner, and a mill-pond makes part of the S. boundary. Soil fertile, and adapted to grain. It contains some mills and manufactories. The v. is situate centrally on a small pond, and contains a number of dwellings, stores, and workshops. Pop. of 1. 1,186. MERCER, p. o., Mercer co., Oflt : 103 m. W.N.W. Columbus. MERCER, p. b., and cap. Mercer co., Penn. : on the N. side of Neshanock cr., 186 m. W. N. "W. Harrisburg, and near the proposed line of the Alleghany Valley E. E. It contains the court-house and usual number of county buildings. It has a manufactory of copperas. There are 4 furnaces here ; a charcoal hot-blast furnace of 1,000 tons annual capacity, a raw bituminous coal hot-blast furnace of 1,500 tons capacity, and 2 steam-power charcoal cold-blast furnaces of a capacity each of 1,350 tons. There are a number of stores and seve ral manufactories in the b. ; and here are published the " Western Press" (dem.), " Mercer County Whig" (whig), " Mercer County Luminary" (free soil), and Tree Presby terian," all issued weekly. Pop. 1,014. MERCERSBURG, p. b., Franklin co., Penn. : on a branch of Conecocheague cr., 81 m. S. W. by W. Harrisburg. In corporated in 1S31. It is the seat of " Marshall College," founded in 1836, and had (in 1850) a president, 11 profes sors, 94 alumni, and 81 students, with a library contain ing 1,300 volumes. The German Eeformed Theo. School, commenced in 1825, and had (in 1850) 2 professors, 18 stu dents, and 121 alumni, with a library containing 6,000 volumes, is also situate here. Pop. 1,222. MERCHANT S BLUFF, p. o., Darlington dist, & Cow. : 53 m. E. N. E. Columbia. MEREDITH, t. and p. v., Delaware co., N. T. : 65 m. S. W. Albany. Drained by branches of Susquehanna and Delaware rivers. Surface uneven, and somewhat broken; soil fer tile. It has good water-power and several mills and manu factories, also a number of workshops. The v. is situate on an elevation in S. W., and contains several dwellings and stores. Pop. oft 1,634 MEREDITH BRIDGE, sta., Belknap co., N~. Hamp. : on the line of the Boston, Concord, and Montreal E. E., 44m. from Concord. MEREDITH CENTRE, p. o., Belknap co., N. Hamp. : 25 m. Warren, and 27 m. N. Concord. MEREDITH MILLS, p. o., Fulton county, Ind. : 85 m. N. Indianapolis. MEREDITH S TAVERN, p. o., Monongalia co., Virg. : 203 m. K W. Eichmond. MEREDITH VILLAGE, p. v., Belknap co., N. Hamp. : at the outlet of Winnipiseogee Lake, and on the line of the Boston, Concord, and Montreal E. E., 37 m. N. Concord. MBREDOSIA, p. v., Morgan co., Hi. : on the E. bank Illi nois r., 6 m. above Naples, and 49 in. W. Springfield. The name is a corruption from Marais d Ogee. The v. is situate on an elevated sand ridge, and has a good landing at ordi nary stages of the water. Here are several mills, stores, and a considerable population. Meredosia may be considered as the port of Jacksonville, and is the outlet of a fine country MERIDEN, t. and p. v., New Haven county, Conn. : 17 m, S. W. Hartford. Drained by Quinnipiak r. and its branches. Surface uneven, in parts hilly ; soil fertile. There are sev eral manufactories here, principally in hard-ware. The v, is on a branch of Quinnipiak r., and on the line of the New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield E. E., 18 m. from New Haven, and 44 m. from Springfield. It contains several dwellings and stores, and a number of workshops. Pop. of t. 3,526. MERIDEN, p. o., Sullivan CO., N. Hamp. : 35 m. W. N. W Concord. 462 MERIDIAN, p. o., Mercer county, HI. : 113 m. N. N. "W. Springfield. MERIDIAN, p. o., Cayuga co., 2T. Y. : 151 m. W. by N. Albany. MERIDIAN SPRINGS, p. v., Hinds co., Miss.: at the source )f Bayou Chitto cr., 12 m. N. Jackson. * MERIDIANVILLE, p. v., Madison county, Ala. : 166 m. N, Montgomery. The Meridian line of the U. S. surveys of Northern Alabama passes through this place. MERIVILLE, p. o., Montgomery co., Tenn.: 3T m. N. W. Nashville. MERMAID, p. o., New Castle co., Del. : 25 m. N. Dover. MERMENTAU river, La. This river drains the extensive prairies of S. W. Louisiana, and after a course of some 200 m. falls into the Gulf of Mexico, 200 m. W. of the Missis sippi r. The country through which it flows is covered with grass, excepting narrow lines of timber along the water- courses. Live oak is found on its borders. The r. passes hrough a lake of the same name ; at its mouth it is very shoal, not having more than three feet of water on the bar. MEROM, p. v., Sullivan co., Ind. : on the E. bank of the Wabash r., 91 m. S. W. by W. Indianapolis. MRRONA, p. v., M Henry co., III. : on the borders of a prairie, ISO m. N. E. Springfield. MHRRELL, p. o., Greene county, Ga. : 23 m. N. by E Milledgeville. MERRICK, p. o., Queens co., N. T.: 135 m. S. Albany. MERRILLS VILLE, p. o., Franklin co., N. Y. : 127 m. N. i W. Albany. MBRRILLTOWN, p. v., Travis co., Tex. MERRILL VILLE, p. o., Lake county, Ind. : 139 m. N. W. Indianapolis. MERRIMAO county, N. Hamp. Situate S. centrally, and contains 847 sq. m. Drained by the Merrimac r. and its branches W. Blackwater and Contoocook, and E. Soucook and Suncook rivers. Surface very uneven, in the N. rugged . and mountainous ; soil mostly fertile, and excellent pasture land. Corn, wheat, potatoes, and rye are the staples. It has Tery fine dairies, and shears an immense amount of wool. Sunapee Lake lies in the W., and on the Merrimac it has almost unlimited water-power, most of which is occu pied by large cotton and woolen factories, and numerous lumber, flour, and grist mills. It also manufactures leather, earthen- ware, glass, paper, books, etc. In the E. is a quarry of granite, highly valued for building purposes. Farms 3,220; manuf. 215; dwell. 7,400, and pop. wh. 38,364, fr. col. 81 total 38,445. Capital: Concord. PuUic Works: Portsmouth and Concord E. E. ; Contoocook Valley E. E. : Concord E. E. ; Concord and Claremont E. E. ; Concord and Montreal E. E.; Northern E. E. ; New Hampshire Central E. E. MEHRIMAC river, N. Hamp. and Mass. : one of the largest rivers of New England. It is formed by the union of Pem- egewassetr., which rises near the Notch of the White Mount ains, with Winnipiseogee r., which proceeds from the lake so called. The junction takes place at Sanbornton, 70 miles below the source of the former, which is the main stream. Its general course is S. by E. until it enters the State of Mas sachusetts, when it curves to a general course of nearly N. E. and E., until it falls into the Atlantic, a little below Newburyport. It is navigable for vessels of 200 tons to Haverhill, and by means of the Middlesex Canal from Chelmsford to Boston harbor, and canals and locks around the Falls, a boat navigation is opened to Concord, New Hampshire. Bow Canal, a few miles below Concord, com pleted in 1812, cost $20,000 ; six miles farther down, Hookset Canal cost $15,000, overcoming a fall of 17 feet : Amoskeag Canal cost $50,000, overcoming a fall of 45 feet; below Amoskeag Canal the r., for 9 m., is converted into the Union Canal, overcoming six distinct falls ; and 5 m. below are Cromwell s Falls, made passable by a canal. Union Canal, including that of Cromwell s, cost $50,000 ; 15 m. below, in Massachusetts, is Wecassee Canal, cost $14,000 ; and 3 m MER MIA below is the entrance of the Middlesex Canal. The r., by means of these canals, furnishes an incredible amount of water-power, which has resulted in the establishment of the principal manufacturing towns of the Union along its course. It is bridged in almost every town along its banks. MERRIMAN S SHOP, p. o., Prince Edward co., Virg. : 59 m. 8. W. Kichmond. MEREITT S BRIDGE, p. o., Lexington dist., S. Car. MKRRITTSTOWN, p. v., Fayette co,, Penn. : on W. side of Dunlap s cr., 156 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. It contains a number of dwellings, stores, and a few workshops. MERRITTSYILLE, p. v., Greenville dist, & Car. : on the N. fork of Saluda r., 106 m. N. W. Columbia. MERRIWETHER county, Get. Situate W. middle, and con tains 4T6 sq. m. Bounded E. by Flint r., and drained by its branches, and W. by branches of the Chattahoochee. Sur face pleasantly diversified ; soil very fertile. Cotton is the great staple, and commands almost exclusive attention. Corn and wheat yield more than average crops, and neat cattle and swine are reared in large numbers. In the S. are white sulphur and warm springs. Farms 824; manuf. 0; dwell. 1,428, and pop. wh. 8,481, fr. col. 2, si. 7,993 total 1C,4T6. Capital: Greenville. MERRY ALL, p. o., Bradford county, Penn.: 113 m. N. Harrisburg. MERRY HILL, p. v., Bertie co., N. Car.: 103 m. E. by N. Ealeigh. MERRY MEETING bay, N. Ramp. : a S. E. branch of Win- nipiseogec Lake, 1,600 rods long. MEREY MEETING bay, Me. : an expansion of Kennebec r., at the confluence of Androscoggin r., above Bath. MERRY MOUNT, p. o., Warren co., N. Car. : 53 m. N. N. E. Ealeigh. MERRY OAKS, p. v., Barren county, Ky. : 102 m. S. "W. Frankfort. MERRY OAKS, p. o., Hamilton co., Term. : 114 m. S. W. Nashville. MERSHON S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Laurel county, Ky. : 78 m. S. S. E. Frankfort. MERTON, t. and p. v., "Waukesha co., Wise. : 52 m. E. by N. Madison. Drained by several streams, and contains several small lakes. Surface undulating; soil fertile. The v. is connected with Milwaukie by a plank-road. Pop. of 1. 1,763. MERWINSBURG, p. o., Monroe co., Penn. : 97 m. N. E. Harrisburg. MESOPOTAMIA, t and p. y., Trumbull co., Ohio : 143 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Grand r. and several afflu ents. Surface undulating ; soil fertile. There are in the t. a number of mills and workshops. Pop. 959. MESSINA SPRINGS, p. o., Onondaga co., N. Y.: 129 m. W. by N. Albany. MESSONQO, p. o., Accomac co., Virg. : 104 m. E. by N. Bichmond. METAMORA, p. v., Woodford co., III. : 69 m. N. by E. Springfield. The v. is on the border of fine prairie land. METAMORA, p. o., Franklin co., Ind. : on the N. side of White Water r., 58 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. METAMORA, t. and p. o., Lapeer co., Mich. : 67 m. E. by N. Lansing. Drained by forks of Flint r., which have their sources in this t Surface undulating ; soil fertile. It con tains a few stores and mills. Pop. of t. 821. METAMORA, p. v., Fulton co., Ohio : on S. side Ottowa r., 129 m. N. N. W. Columbus. METAMORA, p. o., Pike county, Penn.: 113 m. N. E. Harrisburg. METE A, p. v., Cass co., Ind. : 79 m. N. Indianapolis. METEDECOUCK, p. v., Ocean co., N. Jer. : on the S. side, and near the mouth of Metedecouck r., 33 m. S. by E. Trenton. METHITEN, t. and p. v., Essex co., Mass. : on the N. bank of the Merrimac r., which forms its S. boundary, 25 m. N. i W. Boston. Drained by Spigot r., which has a water fall of from 30 to 85 feet, affording excellent hydraulic power. Surface uneven; soil fertile, yielding abundantly. There are a number of mills and manufactories in the t Wood is to be found here in abundance. There is also an extensive bed of excellent peat The v. is romantically sit uated on an eminence on both sides of Spigot r., at the falls, and on the line of the Manchester and Lawrence K. Ii., 24 m. Manchester, and contains a number of stores, several mills and manufactories, and some workshops. Pop. of t. 2,543. METOMEN, t and p. o., Fond du Lac co., Wise. : 52 m. N. by E. Madison. Drained by tributaries of Wisconsin r Pop. 756. METOMPKIN, p. o. and isle, Accomac co., Virg. : on the Atlantic coast, 107 m. E. by N. Kichmond. METROPOLIS CITY, p. v., and cap. Massac co., HI. : on a high bank on the N. side of the Ohio r., 194 m. 8. S. E. Springfield. It contains the court-house and usual number of public buildings, and 400 inhabitants. The " Metropol itan" (dem.), and " Metropolis Eegister" (whig), are weekly issues. METS, p. o., Steubeii county, Ind. : 143 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. METUCIIEN, p. v., Middlesex co., N. Jer. : on the line of the New York and Philadelphia E. K., 26 m. Jersey City, and 30 m. N. E. Trenton. MEXICO, p. v., Miami co., Ind. : on the E. side of Eel r., 73 m. N. Indianapolis. MEXICO, p. o., Jefferson county, Ala. : 96 m. N. by W. Montgomery. MEXICO, t. and p. v., Oxford co., Me. : 35 m. W. N. W. Augusta. Drained by Webb s branch on the E., Andros coggin r. on the S. boundary, and by Swift brook on tho W., near the mouth of which is the village. Soil fertile, and adapted to wheat Pop. 481. MEXICO, p. v., and cap. Audrain co., Mo. : on the E. side of the S. fork of Salt r., 44 m. N. N. E. Jefferson City. It contains the court-house. MEXICO, t and p. v., Oswego co., JT. T. : 137 m. N. W. Albany. Drained by Salmon cr., which flows into Lake Ontario, and forms the N. boundary. Surface varied ; soil clay loam, and very fertile. Water-power is very good. There are in the t. several mills and factories and a num ber of workshops The v. is situate on Salmon cr., and is the site of a number of mills, etc. Colosse, Texas, and Union Square are names of other post-offices in the town. Pop. of t. 4,221. MEXICO, p. v., Wyandott co., Ohio : on the E. side of Sandusky r., 71 m. N. N. W. Columbus. MEXICO, p. v., Juniata co., Penn. : on the S. side of Juni- ata r., 33 m. N. W. Harrisburg, and 44 m. from Harrisburg by the Pennsylvania E. E., which passes through the village. MEXICO, Gulf of: a great inland sea between the coasts of Mexico and the United States that part within the United States washing the shores of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. It receives the Mississippi, the Eio Grande, and a number of other but smaller rivers from the central valley and the southern slope. MEYER S MILLS, p. o., Somerset co., Penn. : 127 m. W. Harrisburg. MEYERSTOWN, p. v., Lebanon co., Penn. : on the head waters of Tulpehocken cr., 81 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. The Union Canal passes the village. MIAMI county, Ind. Situate N. centrally, and contains 376 sq. m. Drained by the Wabash and its branches, Eel and the Mississinewa rivers and Deer cr. Surface generally level, somewhat hilly on the Wabash. About one-half is prairie or bottoms, the rest well timbered, and the soil uni versally fertile* Corn is the leading staple, and pork a large export. Most of the grains succeed well, and the rais ing of horses and stock receives much attention. The county has good water-power, and large and rapidly in creasing manufactures of flour, lumber, iron castings, ma chinery, leather, etc. Farms 1,184 ; manuf. 48 ; dwell. 1,944, and pop. wh. 11,293, fr. col. 11 total 11,304. Capital : MIA MICH Peru. Public Works: "Wabash and Erie Canal; Peru and Indianapolis E. K., with the Goshen Extension. MIAMI county, Ohio. Situate W. middle, and contains 414 sq. m. Drained by Miami r. and its branches, Panther, Greenville, and Stillwater creeks. Surface slightly uneven ; soil very productive, and well adapted to grazing. Corn, wheat, rye, and oats are large staples. The dairies are very fine, wool is sheared largely, and beef and pork are heavy exports. Water-power is plenty, and flour, leather, wool ens, earthen-ware, and liquors are manufactured. Farms 1,882; manuf. 177; dwell. 4,391, and pop. wh. 24393, fr. col. 593 total 24,996. Capitol: Troy. Public Works: Miami Canal ; Columbus, Urbana, and Piqua E. E. MIAMI, p. v., and cap. Bade co., Flor. : on Key Biscayne Bay, 429 m. 8. E. Tallahassee. Here is a flourishing v., with ample accommodation for invalids, and a climate un surpassed for equable temperature and elasticity of the atmosphere. MIAMI, p. v., Saline co., Mo. : on the S. bank of the Mis souri r., 63 m. N. W. Jefferson City. MIAMI, t, and p. o., Hamilton co., Ohio : on the N. bank of the Ohio r., 103 m. S. W. Columbus. The t. is bounded on the N. and W. by the Miami r., several small branches of which serve to drain it. Surface, a series of beautiful hills ; soil very productive, and under high cultivation, with some excellent wood lands. There are some fine mill-sites on the banks of the rivers, and several manufactories have been established. North Bend and Cleves are names of places : the former is the place originally laid out by Judge Symmes for the great city of the West. All traces of a village have disappeared, and it is now only noted as the former residence and grave of the lamented President Harrison, a short distance from which is also the grave of the Hon. John Cleves Symmes. The latter is a beautiful and thriving village, with about 300 inhabitants. The proposed line of the St. Louis and Cincinnati E. E. crosses the S. part of the t. Pop. 1,557. MIAMI, p. v., Miami county, Ind. : on Deer cr., 58 m. N. Indianapolis. The contemplated line of the Peru and In dianopolis E. E. passes through the village. MIAMI river, Ohio: a large tributary of the Ohio r., which rises in Hardin county, and after a S. W. course of 100 m., enters the Ohio in the S. W. corner of the State. It is 200 yards wide at its mouth ; the current is very rapid, but it is navigable only to a limited extent for 75 m., and its waters are connected with those of the Auglaize, a S. branch of Mau- mee r., by a portage of only 5 miles. It receives many im portant branches, and affords extensive and valuable water- power, which has been improved at several points. MIAMISBURG, p. v., Montgomery co., Ohio: on the Miami Canal, 53 m. N. Cincinnati, and on E. side of the Miami river, 71 m. W. by S. Columbus. The v. communicates with the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton E. E. by a bridge across the river, 24 m. N. by E. from Hamilton. It contains a number of fine stores and warehouses, some mills and factories, and about 160 dwellings. MIAMISVILLE, p. o. and sta., Clermont co., Ohio : on the line of the Little Miami E. E., 17 m. from Cincinnati, and 81 m. S. W. Corambus. MIANUS, p. o., Fairfield co., Conn. : 45 m. S.W. Hartford. MICANOPY, p. o., Alachua co., Flor. : 119 m. E. S. E. Tallahassee. MICCOSUKEE, p. v., Leon co., Flor. : on the W. border of Miccosukee Lake, 19 m. N. E. Tallahasse. MICHAELSVILLB. p. o., Harford co., Md. : 46 m. N. by E. Annapolis. THE STATE OF MICHIGAN. MICHIGAN, consisting of two peninsulas, lies between latitudes 41 45 and 48 N., and between longitudes 82 25 and 900 34 \y. from Greenwich, or 5 23 and 13 32 from Washington. It is bounded* north, north-east, and east by Canada, from which it is separated by Lake Superior, the Sault St. Marie, Lake Huron, the Strait and Lake St. Clair, De troit Strait, and Lake Erie; on the south by the States of Ohio and Indiana; and on the west by Lake Michigan, which divides it from Illinois and Wisconsin, and the Monomonie and Montreal rivers, separating it from Minnesota Territory. The total land surface comprises an area of 56,243 square miles, and the area of the waters within the constitutional limits of the State is computed at 36,324 square miles. The lake coast of Michigan is more than 1,400 miles long. The location of the separate peninsulas determines their nomenclature. The Southern, or Michigan Proper, is bounded on the south by Indiana and Ohio ; on the east by Lake Erie, Detroit Strait, the Lake and Strait St. Clair, and Lake Huron ; on the north by the Strait of Michilimackinac, and on the west by Lake Michigan. In these limits are comprised nearly two-thirds the land surface of the State. The Northern Peninsula extends from the Montreal and Monomonie rivers to the St. Marie Eiver, and has Lake Superior on the north and Lake Huron on the south of it. The surface of the Nortliern Peninsula is much diversified by mountains, hills, valleys, and plains. The eastern portion, from the head of the peninsula to the " Pictured Eocks," is represented as undulating, rising gradually from lakes Michigan and Superior to the interior, where it terminates in a more elevated table-land, with a shore on the north sandy, and on the south calcareous rock. Westward the country becomes broken into hills, with intervening plains, until it is interrupted by the Porcupine Mountains, which form the dividing ridge separating the waters of Lake Superior from those of Lake Michigan. The highest peaks toward the western boundary have been estimated at from 1,800 to 2,000 feet high. The ridge is often broken through by the larger streams, bordered by extensive valleys. The spurs of these mountains project in different directions, often exhibiting their denuded cliffs upon the northern shores. This ridge has a greater proximity to the northern coast, which it lines with rock, from the Pictured Eocks to the western extremity of this penin sula, except where interrupted by occasional plains of sand. The structure of a part of the northern and eastern portion is of the primitive, and the southern of the secondary formation. Many parts exhibit little else than " developments of sublime scenery, and some portions appear like a dreary, deserted solitude, surrounded by all the frightful terrors incident * The boundaries of Michigan, as defined by an Act of Congress, passed 15th June, 1836, are as follows : " Beginning at the point where a line drawn direct from the southern extremity of Lake Michigan to the most northerly cape (called North Cape) of Maumee (Miami) Bay, intersects the eastern boundary line of the State of Indiana, and running thence with the said line to the said most northerly cape of the Maumee Bay, and thence from the said north cape of the said Bay, north-east to the boundary line between the United States and the province of Upper Canada in Lake Erie, thence, with the said boundary line between the United States and Canada, through the Detroit River, Lake Huron, and Lake Superior, to a point where the said line last touches Lake Superior" (being the mouth of Pigeon River)," thence, in a direct line through Lake Superior, to the mouth of the Montreal River, thence, through the middle of the main channel of the said River Montreal, to the middle of the Lake of the Desert, thence, in a direct line to the nearest head water of the Monomonie River, thence, through the middle of that fork of the said river first touched by the said line, to the main channel of the said Monomonie River, thence, down the centre of the main channel of the same, to the centre of the most usual ship channel of the Green Bay of Lake Michigan, thence, through the centre of the most usual ship channel of the said bay, to the middle of Lake Michigan, thence, through the middle of Lake Michigan, to the northern boundary of the State of Indiana, as that line was established by the Act of Congress of the nineteenth Of April, eighteen hundred and sixteen, thence, due east, with the north boundary line of the said State of Indiana, to the north-east corner thereof, and thence south, with the east boundary line of Indiana, to the place of beginning " MICHIGAN. to such northern latitudes. The greater portion of the peninsula, the sand plains excepted, is covered with immense forests, principally of white and yellow pine, a portion of spruce, hemlock, birch, oak, and aspen, with a mixture of maple, ash and elm, especially upon the rivers. Of the pine lands, there are millions of acres stretching between the Sault St. Marie, the Ontonagon, and Montreal rivers. To convert this material into lumber, there are discharging into the lakes forty large and sixty smaller streams, which will furnish a hydraulic power sufficient for all purposes. These streams, the largest of which does not exceed 150 miles, irrigate the country abundantly, and by their facilities for navigation, furnish eas y access to the interior. The head branches of the opposite lake-streams often interlock, and when they do not com municate, furnish an easy portage from one to the other, by which navigation between the lakes is easily effected* with the lighter craft. The lake coast of this section of the State has been estimated at between seven hundred and eight handred miles in length, and that five-sevenths of the entire peninsula may be reached by the common lake vessels. This peninsula (the northern part of which has sometimes been called the Siberia of Michigan), it is probable will never be noted for its agricultural productions, or immediately for the density of its population. With the exception of the fertile intervals on the rivers, the soil of the northern portion has all the evidences of sterility, as is exhibited in its mountains and barren sand plains. The southern part is more congenial in climate and soil. This is the limestone region, which extends to an undetermined line, separating the primary and secondary formations. Throughout this region the sugar maple tree is abundant, interspersed with the white and red oak, the beech, and occasionally tracts of spruce and other forest trees. It is here that the more even and fertile tracts of land are found, and where, at some future day, will cluster the agricultural population of the peninsula. The soil is admirably fitted for grasses and all esculent roots ; the potato also finds here a congenial locality, and the ordinary garden vegetables grow luxuriantly. Wheat and other small grains may be cultivated, but for corn the country and climate appears to be uncongenial. The lake fisheries, on both sides of the peninsula, are destined to be of no mean importance to the welfare of the settlers. In variety numer ous, and in the greatest abundance, the fisheries in these waters have long attracted the attention of those counting the resources of the section. The Indians formerly derived a considerable portion of their subsistence from this source, and from the first settlements of the French to the present day their value has always been asserted. But this peninsula is also the great mineral region not only of the State, but of the Union, and on that interest will its future prosperity mainly depend. Iron* and copper are found in all the western and northern parts, from the Pictured Eocks and the Kewcnaw Point to the Montreal Eiver, the iron being chiefly a magnetic ore, equal in purity and quality to that of Missouri, and the copper, often in native boulders, more plentiful than elsewhere occurring. The production of these minerals, however, has hitherto been small, on account of the distance and inaccessible nature of the country ; but the time has now arrived for the mines to be opened on an extensive scale, and such, indeed, has in a partial degree been accomplished; yet, until the difficulties opposing navigation to Lake Superior be overcome, the expense of transportation will be too great to admit of a full development of the wealth of this region. It has been proposed to form this peninsula into the State of North Michigan, and thus separate it from Michigan Proper politically, as it now is physically separate. There are many reasons that would indicate the necessity of such a change. The Southern Peninsula has generally a level or rolling surface, and in some parts is broken and hilly. The eastern portion, for a distance varying from 5 to 25 miles from the shore, is almost a dead level ; but westward the land rises into an irregular ridge, in some parts of which it attains a height of from 600 to 700 feet above the sea level. This ridge has a much greater proximity to the eastern than to the western margin, and serves to separate the tributaries discharging into Lake Michigan from those flowing into Huron, the Strait, and Erie. The portion of the southern part of the State denom inated hilly, branches off from the principal ridge in different directions through the adjoining counties. The hills con sist of an irregular assemblage of somewhat conical elevations, occasionally attaining a height of from 150 to 200 feet, but ordinarily of not more than from 30 to 40 feet. From the main portion of the table land passing westward to Lake Michigan, the country, with the exceptions noted, assumes a very gradual descent, exhibiting a gently undulating but very rarely broken surface. The ridge of land before spoken of, again takes its rise near the mouth of Au Sable river, and is seen from the lake to stretch on for many miles along and beyond the coast. This constitutes the Highlands of Au Sable. Its height has not been ascertained, but it has hitherto been estimated to be much the highest part of the peninsula. A considerable portion of it has generally been unfavorably represented, as being interspersed with sand ridges and marshes, having an abrupt descent from the highlands eastward, and a gradual slope toward the west. Taking the great extent of the lower peninsula into consideration, it may, in a comparative point of view, be said to possess a great evenness of surface, with a sufficient declivity, however, to allow its waters to drain off in lively and healthy streams. Such are the general features of the interior. The coasts form an exception. The coast of both Michigan and Huron is sometimes exhibited in high, steep banks. The coast of the former is frequently seen in bluffs and bunks of sand, varying in height from 100 to 300 feet. To the traveler, the country presents an appearance eminently picturesque and delightful. Through a considerable portion the surface is so even and free from brush, as to admit of carriages being driven through i-t, with the same facility as over the prairie or common road. The lowering forest and grove, the luxuriant prairie, the crystal lake and limpid rivulet, are so frequently and happily blended together, especially in the southern section of the peninsula, as * The United States Geologists thus speak of the iron of the Lake Superior Land District in the Northern Peninsula of Tkliclugan, in their report for 1851. In designating the lands containing iron * * * * the heds are found on a scale of such magnitude, and the ore is of such purity, that it requires little search to discover them, and little cantion in pronouncing on their value. This iron region is, perhaps, the most valuable and extensive in the world, for the manufacturing of the finer varieties of wrought iron and steel. When we consider the immense extent of the district, the mountain masses of ore, its purity and adaptation to the manufacture of the most valuable kinds of iron, and the immense forests which cover the surface, suitable for charcoal, this district may be pronounced unrivaled. * * * * The iron occurs j n a metamorphic formation, bounded by two granite belts, one on the north, and the other on the south, and it is prolonged westerly beyond the Machiganig River. This formation consists of hornblende, talcose, and chlorite slates, with associated beds of hornblende and feldspar rocks, evidently trappean in their origin. The ore consists mainly of the specular or peroxide of iron, with an admixture of the fine-grained magnetic. In some instances, the whole ridge or knob appears toconsiitof one mast of pure ore so pure that no selection is required, but an unlimited quantity might be quarried, or picked up in loose blocks around the slopes. In others the ore is mixed with seams of quartz or jasper which renders it less valuable, and requires more care in the selection. The iron, in such cases, presents a banded structure, or alternating seams of steel grey and brilliant red. The appearance of a mountain cliff thus made up is extraordinary. This region possesses an inexhaustible supply of iron ore, of the best quality, removed from twelve to thirty miles from the lake shore, with a soil by no means sterile, and covered with a heavy growth of maple, yellow birch, pine, and oak and that it it to this source that the great West will ultimately look for the .fner varieties of bar iron and tteel. The " Iron Mountain" of Missouri becomes insignificant compared with these immense deposits. This region also contains extensive beds of marble. Flesh red is the prevailing tint, wiih veins of a deeper hue. The Novaculite slates are valuable, affording hones equal to the Turkey or Scotch stones L3 465 MICHIGAN. to confer additional charms to the high finishing of a landscape, the beauty of which is probably second to that of no other part of the Union. The geological structure of Michigan is extremely various. The Southern Peninsula is exclusively secondary in its formation. The Northern Peninsula, bordering on Lake Superior, is primitive, but the portions bordering on Lake Michigan and Green Bay secondary. Primitive boulders, or " lost rocks," are discoverable in every part of the State especially upon the coasts, and upon the margin or in the beds of the rivers. These are found of enormous dimensions on the coast of Huron, especially north of Saginaw Bay. Here granite masses exist, weighing from 1 to 100 tons, or even more. Michigan bears evident marks of once having been partially or entirely inundated. It is skirted by a belt of heavily timbered land, about 25 miles deep, surrounding the entire lake coast, which lies several feet below the adjoining plains and openings, and seems to have been the bed of the lakes long after the waters receded from the plains and burst their barriers through the Gulf of SI, Lawrence. The Southern Peninsula is of the same geological formation as Western New York, its rocks consisting of mostly horizontal strata of limestones, sandstones, and shales ; the limestones being generally found in the beds of the rivers, near the lakes, and the sandstones in the interior. The soil covering these shales is either alluvial or diluvial, and has a depth varying from 1 to 150 feet The upper sandstone occupies the central and more elevated portions of the peninsula, and discovers itself often immediately under the surface of the soil. Its thickness and general inclination are uncertain. Quarries of this stone have been opened in numerous localities on and south of Grand Eiver. It generally admits of being easily quarried, furnishing a good building material, and is frequently used for grindstones. The stratum underlying the sandstone is a gray-colored limestone. It has been traced from the rapids of the Maumee, in Ohio, to Charity Islands of Saginaw Bay, and has been noticed at the river Eaisin, the bed of which it forms at several places, at Stony Point, and other points along the coast of Lake Erie, and in numerous other places. Associated with this rock is found calcareous spar, strontian, barytes, gypsum, etc., varying with locality. The limestone of Michigan is for the most part of a subgranular structure, quite compact, and well adapted to agricultural pur poses, and though at many points it is capable of producing a valuable lime upon burning, it is not unfrequently too silicious to answer that purpose. Below the gray limestone formation the graywacke, or lower sandstone, stratum is sup posed to exist. This is noticed on the Lake Huron shore, on the St. Mary s Strait, at the Pictured Eocks, and at various other points in the upper peninsula. Gypsum is found in several places ; and in all those localities where the superior stratum, or carboniferous limestone formation exists, there are indications of the existence of bituminous coal. Marl is abundant; it is composed of deposits of recent shells, and when submitted to the process of calcination, it has been found to produce lime of a superior quality. It is likewise an excellent manure for lands when judiciously applied. Deposits of marly clay are quite common. A fine bed occurs in the county of Macomb, near the middle branch of Clinton Eiver, and it exists also near Ann Arbor, where pottery is manufactured from it with success. The sand comprising the downs that border Lake Michigan shore is said to be of a quality in some instances fitted for the manufacture of glass. The best bed of sand for this purpose, however, occurs near Monroe ; it is composed of small, snowy white, angular grains of pure quartz, which has proceeded from the disintegration of a silicious lime rock. In the upper peninsula the great mineral region lies in the primitive formation ; here are the most stupendous copper and iron deposits in the world, containing a sufficiency of mineral to supply the markets for many centuries. Of the iron mention has been made heretofore. The great copper region is principally confined to the Kewenaw peninsula. The extreme length of the deposit is about 135 miles, and it has a width varying from 1 to 6 miles. The mineral, how ever, does not exist in every portion of this region, for miles may intervene and no trace be ascertained. In some of the river beds immense boulders of native copper are met with. These mines are now being actively wrought, and are in general proving remunerating to the companies working them, but until the navigation of Lake Superior is opened to shipping, the expenses of transportation to market will prove a formidable obstacle to the full development of the capaci ties of the mines. Salt springs are also known to exist in different parts of the State. The saline district lies mostly north of a line drawn from Monroe to Grandville. Medicinal waters, mostly chalybeate, and sulphur springs, also occur hi numerous localities, and are useful in cutaneous and chronic disorders generally. One near Havre is 35 feet deep and 150 feet in circumference, and produces a volume of water sufficient to propel a run of stones. The rivers of Michigan are in general comparatively smaller but more numerous, having in the lower peninsula a greater length from their mouths to where they head, than is commonly observed in most other sections of the Union. This latter circumstance may, perhaps, be attributed not only to the uniformity of descent, but to the more favorable struc ture of the interior to furnish them constant supplies. The Detroit, St. Clair, and St. Mary s are more properly called straits and not rivers. They are tranquil, deep, copious, and expansive streams, uniting the great lakes, the waters of which they conduct toward the ocean. The largest rivers of the lower peninsula are the Grand, Maskegon, St. Joseph, and Kalamazoo, which flow into Lake Michigan ; the Cheboygan and Thunder Bay rivers, that discharge into Lake Huron, and the Saginaw into Saginaw Bay. The streams flowing eastward are small, owing to the position of the dividing ridge, which is considerably east of the middle of the peninsula ; the largest are the Eaisin, Huron, Clinton, and Eougo. The largest rivers of the upper peninsula are the Montreal, the Great Iron, the Ontonagon, the Huron, the St. John s, and the Chocolate, which put into Lake Superior; and the Menomonie and Manistee, which flow, the former into Green Bay, and the latter into Lake Michigan. There are several other considerable streams, though of a smaller grade, and these, with few exceptions, are lively, pure, and healthy, supplying mill-power, and draining the fine agricultural lands through which they course. Michigan is encompassed by five lakes, four of which are the largest collections of fresh water on the globe. These are Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake St. Clair, and Lake Erie, which are connected by the Straits of Detroit, St. Clair, Michilimackinac, and St. Mary. Of these immense Mediterranean waters, Lake Superior is by far the largest. It lies directly north of the upper peninsula, and the greater part of its southern coast is bordered by it. Lake Michigan is the second in size. It is a long narrow lake, stretching a little north-eastwardly between the lower peninsula and the States of Wisconsin and Illinois. The northern part, together with the straits, separate the two peninsulas from each other. Lake Huron is next in dimensions, and is situate on the north-eastern border of Lower Michigan, separating it from Canada West The shape of this lake is extremely irregular ; its principal indentations are Saginaw Bay, which extends down into the interior, and two others, one immediately north of Manito islands, and the other south-east of them. The latter, sometimes called the Manito Bay or Georgian Lake, is very large, estimated at one-fourth of Lake Huron. It empties through the Strait St. Clair, into St. Clair Lake, the smallest of the five bordering on Michigan, and this again discharges itself through Detroit Strait into Lake Erie. More than 30 miles of this latter borders Michigan, and opens to the State a free navigation to the principal ports along its coasts, Buffalo, Dunkirk, Erie, Sandusky, etc. Nor is this 466 MICHIGAN. State merely surrounded by lakes, but the interior is interspersed with them from one border to the other. The country indeed is literally maculated with small lakes of every form and size, from an area of 1 to 1,000 acres, though, as a general rule, they do not perhaps average 500 acres in extent They are sometimes so frequent that several of them may be seen from the same position. They are usually very deep, with gravelly bottoms, waters transparent, and of a cool temperature at all seasons. This latter fact is supposed to be in consequence of springs which furnish them constant supplies. "Water fowl of various sorts inhabit their shores, and their depths are the domain of abundance of fish, trout, bass, pike, pickerel, dace, perch, cat-fish, sucker, bull-head, etc., which often grow to an extraordinary size. It is usual to find some creek or rivulet originating in these, but what is a singular fact, and not easily accounted for, many of these bodies of living water have no perceptible outlet, and yet are stored with fish. A lake of this description, with its rich stores of fish and game, forms no unenviable appendage to a farm, and is properly appreciated. But with all its length of lake coast, Michigan can boast of but few good harbors, yet there are several that afford excellent shelter from the storms that frequently sweep over these great inland seas, and lash them into turmoil. Michigan is divided into 43 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows : Counties. Dwell. Pop. Farms in cult. EsTab Ca P itaIs Counties. Dwell Pep. Farms Manuf. p, nitn , B in cnlt. Estab. Ca P lta1 "- Allegan ... 997. . 5,125. . 270. . 36. .Allegan Marquette ... 18. . 136. . 0. . . .Marquette Barry Berrien ...1,03T. ...2,126. . 5,072. .11,417. . 733. . 690. . 26. . 64. .Hastings .Berrien Spring Michilimackinac & ) 54 21 other counties ) . 8,593 . 13. . 89 . .Mackinac Branch ...2,300. .12,472. .1,442. . 53. .Cold Water Mason ... 12. . 93. . 0. . 5 Calhoun ...3,433. .19,162. .1,724. . 61. .Marshall Midland ... 10. . 65. . 4. . Cass ...1,914. .10,907. . 950. . 21. . Cassopolis Montcalm ... 164. . 891. . 26. . 6 .Greenville Chippewa. . . ... 1ST. . 898. . 17. . 10. .Ste. Marie Monroe . . .2,544. .14,698. .1,277. . 45 ..Monroe Clinton ... 946. . 5,102. . 614. 13 De Witt Newago ... 92. . 510. 0. . 12 ___ t Eaton ...1,328. . 7,058. . 746. . 48. .Charlotte Oakland ...5,699. 31,270. .3,446. .146 . .Pontiac Genesee .... ...2,257. .12,031. .1,255. . 33. .Flint Oceana ... 58. . 800. 0. . 2 Hillsdale ...2,965. .16,159. .1,411. . 45. .Hillsdale Ontonagon .... ... 46. . 889. 0. . . . Ontonagon Houghton . . . ... 116. . 708. . 18. . 5. .Eagle Eiver Ottawa., ..1,129. . 5,587. . 278. 86 Grand Haven Huron ... 52. . 210. . 18 n Saginaw .. 473. 2,609. . 72. . 14 . . Saginaw City Ingham ...1,583. . 8,631. . 991. . 32. . Mason Sanilac ... 872. . 2,112. . 61. 27 . Lexington Ionia . . .1,367. . 7,597. . 601. . 17. . Ionia St. Clair ..1,816. .10,420. . 492 68 St. Clair Jackson ...3.540. .19,431. .2,250. . 95. .Jackson St. Joseph s ...2,301. .12,725.. 1,379. . 82 ..Centreville Kalamazoo. . ...2,387. .13,179. .1,098. . 51. . Kalamazoo Schoolcraft .... ... 5. . 16. . 0. . Kent ...2,251. .12,016. . 849. . 67. . Grand Rapids Shiawassee ... 972. . 5,230. . 640. . 48 ..Corunna Lapeer ...1,286. . 7,029. . 628. . 45. . Lapeer Tuscola ... 65. . 291. . 18. . Lena wee ...4,892. .26,372. .2,470. .156. .Adrian Van Bur en . . .1,053. . 5,800. . 459. . 18 .Paw Paw Livingston . . ...2,368. .13,485. .1,644. . 40. .Howell Washtenaw .. 5,142. .28,567. .2,543.. 154 . . Ann Arbor Macomb ...2,666. .15.530. .1,277. . 65. . Mount Clemens Wayne ...7,063. .42,756. .1,685. .244 . .Detroit The whole number of dwellings in the State was. at the above date, 71,616 ; of families, 72,611 ; and of inhabitants, 897,654 ; viz., whites 395,097 males 208,471, and females 186,626 ; free colored, 2,557 males 1,412, and females 1,145. Of the whole population there were, deaf and dumbvfh. 121, fr. col. 1 total 122 ; Mind wh. 122, fr. col. total 122 ; insane wh. 135, fr. col. 1 total 136, and idiotio wh. 187, fr. col. 3 total 190. The number of free persons born in the United States was 341,591, the* number of foreign birth 54,852, and of birth unknown 1,211 ; native population originated as follows : Me. 1,117, N. Hamp. 2,744, Verm. 11,113, Mass. 8,167, E. 1. 1,031, Conn. 6,751, N. Y. 133,756, N. J. 5,572, Penn. 9,451, Del. 368, Md. 537, DisL of Col. 45, Virg. 1,504, N. Car. 312, S. Car. 81, Ga. 68, Flor. 12, Ala. 19, Miss. 34, La. 30, Tex. 4, Ark. 25, Tenn. 101, Ky. 402, Oh. 14,677, Michigan 140,648, Ind. 2,003, 111. 496, Mo. 92, la. 59, Wise. 332, Calif. 3, Territories 36 ; and the foreign population was composed of persons, from England 10,620, Ireland 13,430, Scotland 2,361, Wales 127, Germany 10,070, France 945, Spain 10, Portugal 2, Belgium 112, Holland 2,542, Turkey 2, Italy 12, Austria 21, Switzerland 118, Russia 75, Denmark 13, Norway 110, Sweden 16, Prussia 190, Sardinia 2, Greece 1, China 1, Asia 0, Africa 8, British America 14,008, Mexico 4, Central America 0, South America 5, West Indies 34, Sandwich Islands 2, and other countries 66. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the United States authorities : Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. 1810 . Persons. 4,618 Free. 120 Slave. 24 Total. 144 Population. 4762 Numerical. Per cent. 1820 . 8,591 305 305 8896 4,134 .. . . 86.S 1830 . 31,346 261 ,. 32 .... .. 293 , . . 81,639 ,.. 22,743 ... . . . 255.6 1840 . 211.560 707 ... .. 707 . . . 212,267 , , . . 180,628 . . . . . . 570.9 1850 . , . . 395.097 . . . 2.557 . . . . 2.557 . . . . 397.654 . . . . . 185.387 . . . .. 87.8 The statistics of the wealth, production, manufactures, and institutions of Michigan, as exhibited by the census of 1850, and other official returns referring to the same period, are as follows: Occupied Lancl$, etc. Improved lands 1,929,110 acres, and unimproved lands 2,454,780 acres valued in cash at $51,872.446. The whole number of farms 34,089. Value of farming implements and machinery, $2,890,371. Live-StocJc. Horses, 58,506; asses and mules, 70; milch cows, 99,676; working oxen, 55,350; other cattle, 119,471; sheep, 746,435 ; and swine, 205,847 valued in the aggregate at $8,008,734. The returns of 1840 exhibited the live-stock in the State as follows : horses, mules, etc., 30,144 ; neat cattle of all descriptions, 185,190 ; sheep, 99,618 : and swine 295,890. Product* of Animals. Wool, 2,043.283 (in 1S40, 153,375) pounds; butter, 7,065,878 pounds ; cheese, 1,011,492 pounds; and value of animals slaughtered during the year, $1,328,327. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 8 (in 1840, 266) pounds ; and beeswax and honey to that of 359,232 pounds. Grain Crops. Wheat, 4,925.889 bushels ; rye, 105,871 bushels ; Indian corn, 5,641,420 bushels; oats, 2,866,056 bushels ; oarley, 75,249 bushels ; and buckwheat, 472,917 bushels. The crops of the same cereals, in 1840, were : wheat, 2,157,108 467 MICHIGAN. bushels; Indian corn, 3,277,039 bushels; oats, 2,114,051 bushels; rye, 34,236 bushels; barley, 127,802 bushels; and buckwheat 113,592 bushels. Other Food Crops. Peas and beans. 74,254 bushels; and potatoes Irish, 2,359,897 bushels, and sweet, 1,177 bushels. The potato crop of 1840 amounted to 2,109,205 bushels. Miscellaneous Crops. Tobacco, 1,245 pounds; hay, 404,934 tons; clover-seed, 16,989 bushels; other grass-seed, 9,785 bushels; hops, 10,663 (in 1840, 11,381) pounds; hemp dew-rotted 166 tons, and water-rotted 37 tons; flax, 6.994 pounds (crop of hemp and flax in 1840, 755} tons) ; flax-seed, 1,421 bushels; maple sugar, 2,438,987 pounds ; molasses, 19,823 gal lons; wine, 1,654 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $132,650, and of market-garden products $14,738. Home-made manufactures for the year 1849-50 were produced to the value of $1,328,327. In 1839-40 the same de scription of products were valued at $113,955. Manufactures. Aggregate capital invested, $0,000,000 ; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $0,000,000 ; aver age number of hands employed 00,000 males 00,000, and females 000 ; average monthly cost of labor $000,000 male $000,000, and female $0,000 ; total value of products for the year ending 1st June, 1850, $0,000,000. The whole number of manufacturing establishments in the State producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, at the above date, was 1,979, distributed among the several counties, as shown in the general table, and of these 15 were woolen factories, 64 iron factories 63 for castings, and 1 for pig iron, and 60 tanneries. The woolen manufactures employed a capital of $94,000, consumed annually 162,250 pounds of wool, valued at $43,402, employed 78 males and 51 females, at a monthly cost for male labor, $1,689, and for female labor, $585, and produced 141,570 yards of cloth, valued at $90,242. The foundries manufacturing castings employed a capital of $195,450 ; used 2,494 tons pig metal, 901 tons mineral coal, and 16,200 bushels coke and charcoal, valued at $91,865 ; employed 337 hands, at average wages amounting to $28 68 to each hand, and produced 2,070 tons of castings and other products, valued in the aggregate at $279,697. The capital em ployed in making pig iron was $15,000, and the quantity manufactured was 660 tons, valued at $21,000. In the tanneries, the invested capital amounted to $236,000; value of raw material used, $203,450 ; hands employed, 265 ; monthly cost of labor, $6,782 ; skins 23,600, and sides 144,730 tanned ; value of both, $363,980. The manufactures of Michigan, other than those enumerated, are various and large, consisting of flour-mills, saw-mills, asheries, potteries, machine-shops, axe and edge-tool factories, distilleries, paper-mills, etc., etc. There are about 260 flour-mills in the State, chiefly driven by water-power, and capable of making between 700,000 and 800,000 barrels of flour annually ; and the number of saw-mills is not far short of 650, of which 79 are driven by steam. foreign Commerce. The total value of the exports from Michigan to foreign countries during the year ending 30th June, 1850, was $132,045, of which $57,232 was the value of products carried in American bottoms, and $74,818 in foreign bottoms; and the total value of imports was $144,102, all of which were brought in American bottoms. The shipping employed in the carrying trade was 56,963 tons inward, and 54,701 tons outward m detail as follows : INWARD. Nationality. _ Ships. Tonnage. Crews. American ............... . 97 ....... 7,254 ...... 699 Foreign ................. 394 ....... 49,709 ...... 3,944 Total. .491 56,%3 4,643 OUTWABD. Nationality. Ships. Tonnage. Crewg. American 112 7,9S2 720 Foreign 390 46,719 3,903 Total .502 54,701 4,623 Of the aggregate shipping inward, 54,130 tons entered in Detroit district, and 2,833 tons in that of Michilimackinac ; and of the aggregate outward, 52,554 tons cleared from Detroit, and 2,147 from Michilimackinac districts. The shipping owned in the two districts amounts to 38,144 tons, all of the class enrolled and licensed, and of which 18,015 tons are navigated by steam-power. In the Detroit district 14 vessels 5 schooners, 6 sloops, and 3 steamers of an aggregate burden of 2,062 tons, were built during the year above referred to. The greater portion of the external commerce of Michigan is with the adjoining British provinces. The following table exhibits the movements of the foreign commerce of the State for a series of years : Imports. $19,379 41,952 154,928 Year. 1828 Exports. $ Imports. $3,440 Year. 1836 Exports. .. $61,231 Imports. $502,289 Year. 1844.. Exports. $ 1829 2.957 1837 69790 1S45... 251,220 1830. 1588 21,315 1833 1<>5 660 256,662 1846... .. .. 251,890 1S31 1839 1847. 93795 1832 9,234 22,648 1840 .. 162,229 .... 138,610 1848... 111,635 1833 9.054 .... 63,876 1S41 . . 88,529 .... 137,800 1849... 132,851 1894 36,021 106,202 1842. 26 29 80,734 1850. 13 045 1885... 64,830 . 130,629 1843.... .. 262,994 . 76,370 115,760 93,141 144.102 Lake Commerce. This department of commerce in Michigan is large, and yearly increasing. Twenty years ago it had no existence, and even ten years ago it was of very trifling importance compared with its present extent Of the commercial movements on Lake Superior, no statistics have been published, but it is well understood that all the pro ducts of the country bordering on it, from their very nature being mineral, must seek a distant market, and that the great bulk of necessaries of life must be carried to the miners thus creating a large commerce, and that an increasing one, A navigable canal, 5,267 feet long, around the Sault Ste. Marie, is about to be constructed, and hence the commerce on Lake Superior will be at once established on a sure and lasting basis. On Lake Huron the exports from the two districts of Sault Ste. Marie and Michilimackinac in 1850-51 amounted to $553,618, and the imports to $294,534; on the lake and river St. Clair, from the districts of Algonac, St. Clair, Trenton, and Mount Clemens, the exports in the same year amounted to $433,660, and the imports to $155,863 ; and on Lake Michigan, from district of St. Joseph s, the exports were valued at $543,894. and the imports at $672,892 making a total of exports by lake valued at $1,581,172, and of imports valued at $1,323,289. The above figures embrace the total imports and exports on Lake Huron, and also on the river and Lake St. Clair, so far as domestic commerce is concerned ; the total commerce on Lake Michigan, inclusive of that of St. Joseph s above, was in the same year exports $8,836,108, and imports $15,434,723, or a total value of exports and imports amount ing to $24,320,836, of which $398,083 belonged to Indiana, $11,903,777 to Illinois, and the remainder to Wisconsin. Internal Communication. Michigan has two transverse railroads one extending from Detroit, via New Buffalo, to 463 MICHIGAN. Chicago, and the other from Toledo and Monroe, via, White Pigeon and the Indiana Northern Eailroad, to the same destination. These two roads form links in the great chains running east and west connecting the northern Atlantic States and sea-board with the Mississippi, and ultimately with the shores of the Pacific Ocean. On these lines the transit of goods and passengers is immense, being the shortest routes hitherto constructed on the longitudinal extent of the country. Their connections with the railroads and steam navigation lines of other States and of Canada give to Michigan aecest by railroad and water to vast regions hitherto accessible only by ordinary roads, and lead to swell the already large com mercial connection of the State. There are also several short railroads in the Stale, as the one from Detroit to Pontiac, and from "White Pigeon to Constantino ; and others are projected, as the line from Toledo to Detroit, and from Detroit to the mineral regions ia the upper peninsula. A line is also projected from Jackson, on the Central Koad, to Lansing, the capital. The total length of completed railroad in the State, on the 1st of January, 1853, was 481 miles, which had cost about $12,000,000, or about one mile of railroad to every 117 square miles of territory. A canal is also about being constructed around Sault Ste. Marie, which will connect the waters of Lake Superior and the lower lakes, and thus open up the commerce of the richest mineral region of the world to the markets of the east. Banks. On the 1st January, 1851, there were in the State five banks and one branch bank, the financial condition of which, at the date affixed, was as follows: Liabilities capital $764,022, circulation $897,364, deposits $416,147,, due other banks $42,559, and other liabilities $342,816 ; and assets loans and discounts $1,319,303, stocks $420.521, real estate $221,626, other hiTestrnents $65,033, due by other banks $404,691, notes of other banks $109,086, specie fund $195, and specie $125,722. Government. The government is based on the constitution approved by the people, in November, 1850. It provides that the right of suffrage be enjoyed by every white male citizen ; every white male inhabitant who, six months previously, has declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, or who has resided in the State two and a half years, and declared his intention as aforesaid, and every civilized male Indian, not a member of any tribe. Every elector shall bo above 21 years of age, and have resided in the State three months, and in the township or ward in which he offers his rote ten days preceding an election. Duelists are disqualified from voting, or being elected to any office. The general elections are held on Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in November, biennially (even years). Legislative power is vested in a Senate and House of Kepresentativcs. Senators, 32 in number, are elected from single districts for two years, and Representatives, not less than 64 nor more than 100 in number (now 66), from districts, and for the same term. "When any town or district is entitled to more than one representative, the number to which it is entitled is elected by general ticket, but counties entitled to more than one are divided into districts. Senators and representatives shall be citizens of the United States and qualified electors, and shall hold no other office under the State. A subsequent vote of two-thirds of all the members elected abnegates the governor s veto to any bill, and it becomes law. The legislature meets biennially (odd years), on the first Wednesday in February. Executive power is vested in the Governor. The Governor and Lieutenant-governor are elected biennially by a plurality of votes. Each must have attained the age of 30 years, have been a citizen of the United States for five years, and of the State two years next preceding. The powers of the governor are those usually enjoyed by that officer. No person holding any other office under the authority of the United States or of Michigan shall execute the offlc* of governor, nor shall the governor or lieutenant-governor be eligible for any other office during the time for which they may have been chosen. The administrative officers are, a Secretary of State, State Treasurer, a Commissioner of the State Land Office, Super intendent of Public Instruction, an Auditor-general, and an Attorney-general, elected at the biennial election, their terms to commence on the 1st January, 1853, and of every second year thereafter. The three first-named constitute a Board of State Auditors, to examine and adjust all claims against the State not otherwise provided for by general law, and also a Board of State Canvassers, to determine the results of all elections for State officers. The j udicio.ry is vested in one Superior Court, in Circuit Courts, in Probate Courts, and in justices of the peace. There are also municipal courts of civil and criminal jurisdiction. All judges and justices are elected by the people. The Supreme Court has general superintending control over all inferior courts, and holds four terms annually. It has poifcr by general rules to modify, amend, and simplify the practice of the courts, and the legislature is enjoined to abolish, aa far as practical, the distinctions between law and equity proceedings. The Circuit Court consists of eighi judges, one for each judicial circuit, who hold office for six years. These courts have original jurisdiction in all matters not excepted in the constitution or prohibited by law, and appellate jurisdiction from all inferior courts. Judges are ineligible for any other office during their respective terms, and for one year thereafter. A circuit court is held twice a year in erery county organized for judicial purposes, and four times in each year in counties of more than 10,000 inhabitants. The probate courts of the several counties have jurisdiction as provided by special law the judges hold office for four years. The whole of the above are courts of record, and have a common seal. Justices of the peace are chosen for four years, and each town may hare four cities may have more than that number. In civil cases, justices of the peace have exclusive jurisdiction to the amount of $100, and concurrent to $300, which may be increased by law to $500. They have also criminal jurisdiction in minor offenses. Courts of conciliation may be established. Any suitor in any court of Michigan has the right to prosecute and defend his suit either in his own person or by an attorney or agent of his own choice. In all prosecutions for libel, the truth may be given in evidence. Treason against the State shall consist only in levying war against it or adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort, etc. Any amendments to the constitution may be proposed in either house, and if agreed to by two-thirds of each house, such shall be submitted to the electors at the next general election, and if a majority of the electors voting thereon ratify and approve them, the same shall become a part of the constitution. All amendments to take effect at the commencement of the political year after their adoption. In 1S66, and every sixteenth year thereafter, the question of a general revision of the constitution shall be submitted to the electors, and in case a majority shall decide in favor of a convention the legislature, at its next session, shall provide by law for the election of delegates to such convention. The militia of the State of Michigan in 1850, according to the report of the adjutant-general for 1851, consisted of 64,178 men of all arms, of which number 2,793 were commissioned officers, and 61,145 non-commissioned officers musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 30 were general officers, 154 general itaff officers, 401 field officers, etc., and 2,208 company officers. The principal benevolent institutions of the State are, the Asylum for the Insane at Flint, and the Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind at Kalamazoo. These institutions are endowed with lands, and are under the control of a board of five trustees elected by the legislature. MICHIGAN. Finance, Debts, etc. The total available means in the treasury for the year ending 30th November, 1850, was $484,715 67, of which sum $55,447 39 was a balance from the fiscal year 1849, and $429,268 28 receipts during the year ending as above. The total expenditures amounted to $449,355 40, leaving a balance of $35,360 27 for future appropri ation. The chief sources of income were general taxes and sales of land about $300,000, and specific State taxes $24,404; and the principal objects of expenditure were legislation $54,607 58, constitutional convention $31,463 05, executive $11,953 16, judiciary $9,154 83, state prison $6,000, counties for taxes $6,637 27, expenses of sales of tax lands $14,045 37, State library $142 86, school moneys apportioned $42,794 44, university $9,644 70, etc. The aggregate debt of Michigan as stated by the auditor-general in his report of 1st December, 1850, was $2,809,905 83, bearing interest mostly at six per cent The resources and property of the State, other than State buildings and furniture, are stated at $628,224 35, leaving the actual State debt, over and above the resources of the State, $2,181,631 48. The total value of real and personal estate assessed for taxes in 1S50, was $30,877,223 ; but the true or estimated value of the same was $59,787,255. Federal Representation. Michigan, in accordance with the provisions of the act of 23d May, 1850, apportioning the federal representation, is entitled to four representatives in Congress. Education. Michigan, in 1850, contained 3,097 schools, of which 2,525 only made returns in that year. According to the report of the Superintendent of Public Education, 132,234 children, between the ages of 4 and 18, attended school during the year ; the number drawing public money, 125,866. Number of scholars under 4 years of age, 2,056, and over IS years of age, 8,346. Amount of school money appropriated, $42,794 44, and raised by tax, $81,392 44 for support of teachers. Kaised for purchasing, building, etc., school-houses, $46,797 01. Eeceived from local funds, $5,889 59. Vol umes in township libraries, 84,823. Mill tax for township libraries and support of schools, $7,957 80. Total amount expended for school purposes, $194,330 78. The number of scholars attending unincorporated, select, or private schools, was 4,065. A State normal school has been established at Ypsilanti, with an endowment of school lands, and is under the control of the Board of Education. The principal collegiate institution of Michigan is the University at Ann Arbor. It is under a Board of Eegents, who have control of the University fund. In 1850 it had 7 professors, 91 alumni, 64 stu dents, and a library of 6,000 volumes. The medical department of the University in the same year had 5 professors and 95 students. An agricultural department is provided for by the new constitution. St. Philip s College, near Detroit, is a Roman Catholic institution, founded in 1839, and in 1850 had 4 professors, 30 students, and a library of 3,000 volumes. There are numerous academies and other literary institutions in the State, the former connected with the University, and receiving an apportionment of the University Fund. Libraries. One State library, 4,400 volumes; 2 social libraries, 3,315 volumes; 4 college libraries, 10,300 volumes; 374 school libraries, 47,220 volumes total 381 libraries, and 65,235 volumes. The number of volumes in the school libraries, as given in the report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, differs essentially from the above census account, being stated at 84,823 volumes. Periodical Press. The whole number of periodicals published in the State in 1850 was 67, of which 37 were devoted to politics 16 whig and 21 democratic and 30 were devoted to literature, science, religion, etc. Of the whole number 3 were issued daily and semi-weekly, 53 weekly, 2 semi-monthly, and 4 monthly ; and the circulation of the dailies at each issue was 5,000, of the semi-weekly, 200, of the weeklies, 31,568, of the semi-monthlies, 2,600, and of the monthlies, 13,300. The dailies are published at Detroit ; of the weekly issues, 1 is published at Allegan, 3 at Niles, 1 at Coldwater, 2 at Mar shall, 1 at Sault Ste. Marie, 1 at Cassopolis, 1 at De Witt, 1 at Eaton Eaplds, 2 at Flint, 2 at Hillsdale, 1 at Jonesville, 1 at Lansing, 1 at Ionia, 2 at Jackson, 2 at Kalamazoo, 2 at Grand Eapids, 1 at Lapeer, 1 at Adrian, 1 at Howell, 1 at Eomeo, 2 at Mount Clemens, 2 at Monroe, 2 at Pontiac, 1 at Holland, 1 at Saginaw, 1 at Corunna, 1 at St. Clair, 1 at Port Huron, 2 at Centreville, 1 at Paw Paw, 2 at Ann Arbor, 2 at Ypsilanti, and 6 at Detroit; the semi-monthlies are published at Lansing and Jonesville, and the monthlies at Adrian, Monroe, and Detroit. Religious Denominations. The statistics of the several religious denominations in this State were, in accordance with the census of 1850, as follows: Denomina No. of Church Value of Denomina- No. of Church Value of Denomina- No. of Church Value of tions. Churches. accora. Property. tions. Churches. accom. Property. tions. Churches. accom. Property. Baptist 68 .. 17,615 .. $84,050 German Eef. .. $ - E. Catholic.. 42 .. 15,972 ..$159,775 Christian . . . 1 .. 350 1,000 Jewish .. Swedenbo n .. . Congregat L. 29 .. 10,500 . . 59,550 Lutheran . . . 12 .. 3,305 . . 12,625 Tunker Dutch Eef.. 6 .. 1,575 6,250 Mennonite . . .. Union 8 . . 800 1,400 Episcopal .. 25.. 8,425 . . 82,800 Methodist . . 103 .. 33,610 . . 142,650 Unitarian. . . . . Free 1 .. 700 3JOOO Moravian... 1 .. 200 .. 500 Universalist. 6 .. 1,210 .. 7,100 Friends 7 .. 1,400 4,850 Presbyter n.. 67.. 22,530 .. 142,650 Minor Sects.. 1 .. 800 . . 15,000 making a total of 362 churches, with accommodation for 118,892 persons, and valued as property at $423,200. Michigan constitutes a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church ; and also the Eoman Catholic diocese of Detroit. Pauperism and Crime. Whole number of paupers who were relieved or received support within the year ending 1st June, 1850, 1,190 649 native-born, and 541 foreigners ; whole number of paupers receiving support at the date specified, 429248 native-born, and 181 foreigners ; total annual cost of support $27,556. The State prison is located at Jackson. The number of convicts on the 80th November, 1849, was 109 ; received during the year 50, and discharged during the year 28, leaving in prison 30th November, 1850, 131, of whom 115 were white, and 16 colored. Of the 50 received, 25 were committed for larceny, 3 for burglary, and 5 for burglary and larceny ; and of the 28 discharged, 21 by expiration of sentence, 2 by pardon, 2 by death, 2 by escape, and 1 by order of Supreme Court. The income of the prison was $10,700 53, and the expenditures $16,736 14, the deficiency being supplied by the State. Of the 131 prisoners remaining under sen tence, 5 were educated at college, 1 at a medical school, 8 in academies, and 91 in common schools ; 94 can read and write, 84 can read only, and 3 can not read ; 19 learned to read in prison ; 86 were native-born, and 45 foreign-born. Historical Sketch. The discovery and early settlement of Michigan is due to the French, whose motives seem to have been the prosecution of the fur trade, and incidentally the conversion of the Indians. In prosecution of the latter object, Father Sagard reached Lake Huron in 1632, seven years subsequent to the founding of Quebec, but the present site of the city of Detroit had been visited as early as 1610. Soon after the middle of the 17th century, trading-posts were estab lished at Sault Ste. Marie, Michilimackinac, and Green Bay the two first, in a military point of view, important positions, and the latter post is noted as the starting-point of the expedition of Joliet and Marquette in search of the Mississippi, in 470 MIC MID 16T3. In 1702, an expedition sent out by the Governor of New France laid the foundation of Detroit. From this period until the erection of the country into a territory of the United States, the history of Michigan is simply a history of that post, and though full of romantic interest, and perhaps of useful information relating to the progress of settlement, is not of sufficient importance to require notice in this place. The Indian wars may also be passed over in silence. The defini tive treaty of peace which acknowledged the independence of the United States, gave to the young republic a vast west ern domain, of which Michigan formed a part. It had been ceded to the English in 1763, when France renounced her vast American possessions. The disturbed state of affairs at the period referred to, however, delayed the United States in taking possession of the territory ; nor was it until 1796 that the Americans entered Detroit. Michigan from this time was included under the government of the territory north-west of the Ohio, and hence has ever been amenable to the ordinance of 1787. In 1805, the territory of Michigan was constituted, and on the 1st July of that year the government was organized at Detroit by Gen. William Hull, its first governor. In 1812, war against Great Britain was declared by Congress, and the first shock fell upon Michigan. Detroit was given up to the British, and the country became the scene of rapine and bloodshed. The history of this war is one of the most disgusting episodes of which cruelty and treachery can boast, and in which the Briton and the Indian were competitors for distinction. On the re-occupation of the territory, the governorship was vested in Gen. Lewis Cass. In 1835, it having been found that Michigan had a population greater than required by law to enable her to become a State, a convention was ordered, and having convened at Detroit, a con stitution was framed ; and by an act of Congress, approved 26th January, 1837, Michigan was declared " to be one of the United States, and admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever." LANSING is the political capital of the State ; until December, 1847, Detroit was the seat of government, and is still the largest and most important place. MICHIGAN lake. One of the five great lakes of North America, and the largest body of water lying wholly within the limits of the United States. It is situate between latitudes 41 38 58" and 46 N., and the longitudes 84 40 and 87 8 "W. It is a long and narrow lake, stretching a little north eastwardly between the lower peninsula of Michigan on the east, and the States of Illinois and "Wisconsin on the west, and on the south it also washes the shore of Indiana. The northern part, together with the strait of Michilimackinac, which connects it with Lake Hiiron, separates the two pe ninsulas of Michigan. The area of its waters is stated at 16,931 sq. m., or 11,067,840 acres, being inferior in surface only to lakes Superior and Huron. It is 330 miles in extreme length, and on an average 60 miles broad, and its elevation above tide-water 574 feet, its depth at the same time being about 900 feet. Green Bay, its largest arm, lies on the N. W., and itself is a large sheet of water, 120 miles long, and from 25 to 28 miles wide. It is the recipient of the waters of Winnebago lake through Fox river, and has other minor affluents both from Wisconsin and the northern peninsula. The lake receives also a number of large and small rivers ; from the lower peninsula it receives Grand, Maskegon, St. Joseph, and Kalamazoo rivers ; from Indiana, Calumet river, etc. ; from Illinois, Chicago river, etc. ; from Wisconsin, the Milwaukie, Sheboygan, and other streams, and from the upper peninsula, Manistee river and a number of other small rivers. Many of these have fine harbors at their confluence, and commercial towns rapidly progressing to importance have been built in every direction. The commerce of the lake, indeed, has already become consid erable, and its increase from year to year has been such as to astonish the most sanguine. In 1850-51 the imports and exports from the several ports on the lake were as follows : Ports. Imports. Green Bay ............. $151,537 Manitouwoc ............ 49,120 Shrlmygan Port Washington Milwaukie 571,800 ................ 278,311 ................ Exports. $80,830 13,719 12,191 48.267 3,828,650 ................ 2,098,469 Racine ................. 1,452,750 ................ 650,950 Bouthport .............. 629,791 ................ 583,608 Waukegan ............. 69,081 ................ 283,107 fit Joseph .............. 672,892 ................ 543,894 Michigan City .......... 23,915 ........ t ....... 869,168 Chicago ................ 7,751,872 ................ 4,151,905 making for all the ports an aggregate of imports valued at $15,434,723, and of exports an aggregate valued at $8,836,108. This amount would undoubtedly be much larger if the canal from Chicago to the navigable waters of the Illinois, and the numerous railroads diverging from the same point, did not carry off the great bulk of the commercial material needed and produced in the country on the west side of the lake, but these also act as its feeders. The geographical position of the lake, indeed, is most advantageous for its becoming the channel of an immense commerce. Its length lies in the direction between the Mississippi and the great lakes, and it is navigable for vessels of the greatest tonnage. Steamboats ply regularly between all the ports, and to and from these and the ports of Lake Erie, having Buffalo, Erie, Cleveland, Sandusky, etc., as their eastern destination, and at these connecting with the great lines to the interior and Atlantic sea-board. MICHIGAN CITY, p. v., La Porte co., Ind. : at the mouth of Trail cr., on Lake Michigan, 12 m. N. W. of Laporte, and 137 m. N. by W. from Indianapolis. This is the only lake harbor in the State. It was first settled in 1836. The Michi gan Central E. E. passes through the v., 54 m. from Chicago, and 228 m. from Detroit It is the proposed terminus of a number of other railroads. There are a number of large warehouses situated on Trail creek, for the storage and ship ment of wheat, and had the improvement of the harbor been continued as was contemplated, the great emporium of the northern trade of the State would have been here ; as it is, vessels can only be loaded by means of ligJiters, and in pleasant weather. Dry goods, grocery, and provision stores are numerous, and there are also in the place several facto ries and workshops. A branch of the State bank is situate here. The "Michigan City News" (whig) is published weekly. There is a light-house (fixed light) on the beach, the lantern being 60 feet above the level of the sea. Pop. about 1,000. MICUIGANTOTVN, p. v., Clinton co., Ind. : 89 m. N. by W. Indianapolis, and 42 m. by the Michigan plank-road. MICHILIMACKINAC county, Mich. Situate E. on S. side of Upper Peninsula, and contains about 1,260 sq. m. Drained by Pine and Carp rivers, and other small streams flowing into the straits of Mackinaw, its S. boundary. It embraces many islands, of which Mackinaw, Bois Blanc, and Great Beaver (settled by the Mormons) are chief. The main land is visited mostly by fur traders ; the waters adjacent abound in fish, principally white fish and bass, and tho fisheries are very valuable. Pop. about 3,000. Capital: Mackinaw. MIDBRIDGE, p. o., Giles county, Tenn. : 72 m. 8. by W. Nashville. MiDDLEBOROiTGn, t. and p. v., Plymouth co., Mass. : 37m. S. S. E. Boston. Drained by Assawamset and Long Pond, together with several smaller ones, which discharge their waters into Taunton r., affording excellent hydraulic power. Surface in parts rocky ; soil varied. Iron ore is found in abundance. There are 2 forges, an air and cupola furnace, several mills, and a number of manufactories in the t. The village is on the line of the Fall Eiver E. E., at the junction 471 MID with Cape Cod Branch E. B., 19 m. from Fall Kiver, and has numerous manufactories. Pop. of t. 5,336. MIDDLEBOURNE, p. v., Guernsey co., Ohio: on "Will s cr., 84 m. E. Columbus. MIDDLEBOUKNE, p. v., and cap. Tyler co., Virg. : on the E. side of Middle Island cr., 236 m. N. W. Eichmond. It contains the court-house and a few dwellings. MIDDLE BRANCH, p. o., Stark county, Ohio : 104 m. N. E. Columbus. MIDDLE BROOK, p. v., Augusta co., Virg. : on a fork of Shenandoah r., 102 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. MIDDLEBUOOK MILLS, p. v., Montgomery co., Md. : on Beneca cr., 38 m. W. N. W. Annapolis. MIDDLEBURG, p. v., Casey co., Ky. : on Pine cr., 58 m. S. Frankfort MIDDLEBURG, p. v., Carroll co., Md. : between Sam s and Big Pipe creeks, 2 m. from their junction, 13 m. W. of West minster, 54 m. N. "W. Annapolis. MEDDLEBURG, t. and p. v., Schoharie co., Jf. Y. : 31 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by Catskill cr. and Schoharie Kill, which afford excellent water-power. Surface uneven ; in parts hilly. Soil varied, in many places rich and pro ductive. There are a number of mills and manufactories, besides several workshops, here. The v. is on the E. side of Schoharie cr., and has a number of mills and a furnace. Pop. of t. 2,967. MIDDLEBURG, p. v., Union county, Penn. : on Middle cr., 41 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. Beaver Furnace at this place has an annual capacity of 1,600 tons. MIDDLEBURG, p. v., Hardeman county, Tenn.: on the Memphis post-road, 144 m. W. S. W. Nashville. MIDDLEBURG, t. and p. o., Shiawassee co., Mich. : 23 m. N. i E. Lansing. Drained by branches of Maple r. Surface rolling ; soil fertile, adapted to grain. Pop. of t 132. MIDDLEBURG, p. v., Loudon co., Virg. : on a tributary of the Potomac r., 99 m. N. Eichmond. MIDDLEBUEG, t and p. o., Cuyahoga co., Ohio: 113 m. N. N. E. Columbus. Drained by E. branch of Eocky r. and Cuyahoga r. Surface level ; soil very fertile, producing ex cellent grain and grass. There are furnaces and several mills here. Berea is the name of a pleasant v. and station in the N. "W. part of the t, on the line of the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati E. E., which passes through it 12 m. S. W. Cleveland. Pop. of 1. 1,490. MIDDLEBURG, p. o., Boone co., Mo. : 29 m. N. by "W. Jef ferson City. MIDDLEBURG, p. v., Duval co., Flor. : on Black cr., 152 m. E. by S. Tallahassee. MroDLEBUBY, t. and p. v., New Haven co., Conn. : 27 m. S. W. Hartford. Drained by Hope Branch of Naugatuck r. and Quassepaug pond, outlet of which empties into the Housatonic r., furnishing excellent water-power. Surface very uneven ; in parts rocky; soil excellent for grazing and the growth of rye. Copper has been found near Quasse paug pond. Incorporated in 1807, and contains several mills and manufactories. The v. is situate centrally, and has several stores and workshops. Pop. of t 763. MIDDLEBURT, p. v., Elkhart co., Ind. : on the S. W. side of Little Elkhart r., 132 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. MIDDLEBURY, t and p. v., Wyoming co., N. Y. : on the line of the Buffalo and New York City E. E., 43 m. from Buffalo, and 229 m. W. Albany. Drained by branches of Genesee r. and Tonawanda cr. Surface uneven ; soil of fine quality, productive of grain or grass. It has excellent water-power, which propels several factories and mills. The v. contains a number of stores, mills, and workshops. Pop. of 1. 1,799. MIDDLEBURY, p. v., Mercer co., Mb. : on the E. side of Muddy cr., 145 m. N. N. W. Jefferson City. MIDDLEBURY, p. v., Summit co., Ohio : on the Cleveland and Taunton post-road, 108 m. N. E. Columbus. MIDDLEBURY, t., p. v., and cap. Addison county, Verm. : 27 m. S. W. Montpelier. Drained by Otter cr. (which passes 472 MID through the W. part of t.) and Middlebury r., affording ex cellent hydraulic power. Surface generally level, Chip- man s Hill, 440 feet above Otter cr., being the greatest elevation ; soil fertile and very productive. There are a large number of manufactories and mills here in successful operation ; also a furnace and forge. The v. is pleasantly situate on the bank of Otter cr., at the falls, the Rutland and Burlington E. E. passing through it 33 m. from Burlington. There are some extensive manufactories and a large num ber of fine dwellings, stores, and workshops in the village. A large quarry of superior white and variegated marble is situated near the v., which is extensively wrought. It is the seat of the Middlebury College, founded in 1800, having (in 1850) a president, 6 professors, 877 alumni, of whom 397 were in the ministry, and 63 students, with a library of 6,000 volumes. The college is built of stone, and is a fine struc ture. The " Middlebury Eegister" (whig) is issued weekly. East Middlebury is the name of a post-office in the E. part of the town. Pop. of the t. 3,517. MIDDLEBURY river, Verm. : rises in Hancock t., in a hilly re gion, and flowing W. and N., through Goshen and Middle- bury, empties into Otter cr. It is 14 m. in length, and affords several mill-seats. MIDDLEBUSH, p. o., Somerset county, N. Jer. : 23 m. N. Trenton. MIDDLE CREEK, p. o., Monroe county, Ohio : 101 m. E. Columbus. MIDDLE CREEK, t. and p. o., Union co., Penn. : 28 m. N. Harrisburg. Drained by Middle cr., which flows into the Susquehanna r. Surface hilly ; soil fertile. It has some manufactories, and several stores and workshops. Pop. of the t. about 575. MIDDLE CREEK, p. v., Wake co., N. Car. : on N. side of a cr. so called, 11 m. S. Ealeigh. MIDDLE CREEK MILLS, p. o., Boone co., Ky. : 56 m. N. Frankfort. MIDDLE FABIUS, p. v., Scotland co., Mb. : on Middle Fabius cr., and on W. boundary of co., 127 m. N. Jefferson City. MIDDLEFIELD, t. and p. v., Hampshire co., Mass. : 93 m. W. Boston. Drained by several affluents of the W. branch of Westfleld r. Surface elevated and uneven ; soil well adapted to grazing. The Western E. E. passes through the v., 132 m. from Boston. The t. contains several manufac tories. Pop. 1,737. MIDDLEFIELD, t. and p. v., Otsego co., W, Y. : 63 m. "W. Albany. Drained by Cherry Valley cr., and bounded on the W. by Otsego Lake and a branch of Susquehanna r., its outlet. Surface uneven, in parts hilly ; soil fertile. Water- power is extensive. There are in the t. a large number of mills, and several manufactories and workshops. The v. is in N. part, and contains several stores, mills, and workshops. Pop. of t. 8,131. MIDDLEFIELD, p. v., Geauga county, Ohio: 141 m. N. E. Columbus. MIDDLEFIELD CENTRE, p. v., Otsego co., H. Y. : on E. side of Otsego Lake, 63 m.W. Albany ; contains several mills. MIDDLEFORD, p. o., Sussex co., Del. : 36 m. S. by E. Dover. MIDDLE FORK, p. o., Clinton co., Ind. : 46 m. N. by W. Indianapolis. MIDDLE FORK, p. o., Eandolph co., Virg. : 159 m. N. W. Eichmond. MIDDLE FORK, p. o., Henderson co.,Tenn. : 102 m.W. S.W. Nashville. MIDDLE FORK, p. v., Macon co., Mo. : between Middle Fork and East Chariton r., tributaries of the Missouri, 95 m. N. by W. Jefferson City. MIDDLE GRANVILLE, p. v., Washington co., N. Y. : on line of the Eutland and Washington E. E., 61 m. N. N. E. Troy, and 67 m. N. N. E. Albany ; contains a cotton factory and some mills. MIDDLE GROVE, p. o., Fulton co., III. : on the Monmouth post-road, 71 m. N. W. Springfield. MID MID MIDDLE GBOVB, p. o., Saratoga county, 2f. Y. : 95 m. N. Albany. MIDDLE GROVE, p. o., Monroe county, Mo. : 57 miles N. Jefferson City. MIDDLE HADDAM, p. v., Middlesex co., Conn.: on the Portland and East Iladdam post-road, near the E. bank of Connecticut r., 19 m. S. by W. Hartford. MIDDLE HOPE, p. o., Orange co., N. T. : 87 m. 8. by W. Albany. MIDDLE ISLAND, p. v., Suffolk co., N. Y. : 3 m. N. Long Island K. E., 129 m. S. E. Albany. MIDDLE island, Mich. : a small island in Lake Huron, about 1 m. E. of the N. E. part of Alpena county. MIDDLE ISLAND creek, Virg. : rises by two branches in the E. part of Dodridge co., flows N. W. to Middlebourne v., and from thence S. W. to its confluence with the Ohio r., a short distance below Grape Island. MIDDLE LANCASTER, p. o., Butler county, Penn. : 174 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. MIDDLE MILLS, p. o., Chippewa co., Wise. : 175 m. N. W. Madison. MIDDLE MOUNTAIN, p. o., Botetourt co., Virg. : on the W. border of the county, 145 m. W. Eichmond. MIDDLE PORT, p. v., and cap. Iroquois co., III. : on S. side of the Iroquois r., 124 m. N. E. Springfield ; contains the court-house, jail, and a few dwellings. The country round about is composed of fine meadow land. MIDDLEPORT, p. v., Niagara co., 2f. Y. : on line of the Eochester, Lockport, and Niagara Falls E. E., 45 m. "W. Eochester, 253 m. W. N. W. Albany. The Erie Canal also passes through it. The v. contains several stores, ware houses, and mills. MIDDLEPORT, p. v., Schuylkill co., Penn. : 51 m. N. E. Harrisburg, and is chiefly inhabited by miners from the neighboring coal regions. MIDDLE EIDGE, p. o., Newton county, Ga. : 54 m. N. W. MilledgevUle. MIDDLE EIVER, p. v., Franklin county, Ga. : 103 m. N. Milledgeville. MIDDLE EIVER, p. o., Allen county, Ohio : 83 m. N. "W". Columbus. MIDDLESEX county, Conn. Situate S. middle, and con tains 342 sq. m. Drained by small affluents of the Connec ticut, which flows S. through it, and small streams emptying into Long Island Sound, its S. boundary. Surface generally uneven, but not rough ; soil mostly good on the Connec ticut very fertile. It raises good crops of corn and potatoes, has some fine dairies, and shears considerable wool, but is better adapted for commerce and manufactures. The Con necticut is here broad and deep, and the county has an extensive coasting trade, while the streams afford fine water-power, which is all employed. Cotton and woolen goods, flour, paper, cordage, powder, earthen-ware, and liquors are leading manufactures. Ship-building is also extensively carried on. The celebrated quarries of Portland sione are on the banks of the Connecticut, and a variety of feldspar, used to glaze porcelain, is abundant in their vicin ity. Farms 2,018 ; manuf. 803 ; dwell. 5,332, and pop. wh. 80,397, fr. col. 2S3 total 30,680. Capitals : Middletown and Hadda-m. Public Works : New Haven and New London E. E. ; Middletown Branch E. E. MIDDLESEX county, Muss. Situate N. E., and contains 923 sq. m. Drained by Merrimac, Charles, Mystic, Con cord, and Nashua rivers, which supply an abundance of water-power unsurpassed by any in the Union. Surface uneven in parts hilly. Soils various, with some excellent land. Corn and potatoes are the farming staples. The dairies are fine, but attention is directed mainly to furnish ing the cities with fruits and vegetables. The absorbing interests are commerce and manufactures, the former con fined to a few towns near Boston, the latter extending to every town in it, and embracing almost every imaginable article of utility or luxury. Cotton and woolen goods of all M3 kinds, carpets, de laines, iron-ware, iron castings, and ma chinery of every description, are prominent manufactures. Farms 4.345 ; manuf. 1,089 ; dwell. 23,450, and pop. wh. 160,G94, fr. col. 689 total 161,383. Capitals: Cambridge, Concord, and Lowell Public Works: Middlesex Canal; Boston and Lowell E. E. ; Boston and Maine E. E. ; Boston and Worcester E. E. ; Eastern E. E. ; Fitchburg E. E. ; Lowell and Lawrence E. E. ; Nashua and Lowell E. E. ; Salem and Lowell E. E. ; Stony Brook E. E., etc. MIDDLESEX county, 2T. Jer. Situate N. E., and contains 2S4 sq. m. Drained by Earitan, Millstone, and Eahway rivers. Surface generally even ; soils various in parts sandy, and mostly under high cultivation. Corn, wheat, rye, buckwheat, oats and potatoes, for the most part, pro duce average crops, and much attention is paid to gardens and erchards, the products of which are superior and very valuable. Earitan Bay on the E. is a good harbor ; Earitan river is navigable through the co., and it is extensively en gaged in ship-building and commerce. Its manufactures are very large and important, consisting of flour, leather, cotton goods, iron castings, cordage, glass, carriages, earthen ware, canvas, paper, etc., etc. Farms 1,523: manuf. 196; dwell. 4,657, and pop. wh. 27,255, fr. col. 1,369, si. 11 total 28,635. Capital: New Brunswick. Pullic Works: Delaware and Earitan Canal ; Camden and Amboy E. E. ; New Jersey E. E., etc. MIDDLESEX county, Virg. Situate E., and contains 106 sq. m. It lies between the Eappahannock on the N. E., the Piankitank on the S. W., and Chesapeake Bay on the E., and has few streams of any size. Surface level, or slightly broken ; soil of moderate fertility, but largely covered with valuable timber. Corn is the chief crop. Wheat is raised in parts. Wood and ship timber are exported. Farms 280 ; manuf. 14 ; dwell. 401, and pop. wh. 1,903, fr. col. 149, si. 2,342 total 4,394 Capital: Urbana. MIDDLESEX, t. and p. v., Yates co., N. t. : 185 m. W. Albany. Bounded on the W. by Canandaigua Lake, and drained by West creek, which forms its outlet. Surface un evenin parts hilly; soil fertile, well adapted to grains. There are some mills and manufactories in the t. The v. is situate on West creek. Pop. of 1. 1,385. MIDDLESEX, v. and fur., Mercer co., Penn. : on the Beaver and Erie Canal, 195 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. There is a raw bituminous coal hot blast furnace here, with an annual capacity of 2,000 tons. MIDDLESEX, t. and p. v., Washington co., Verm. : imme diately W. of Montpelier. Drained by a branch of Onion river, which latter bounds it on the S. Surface uneven ; in parts mountainous ; soil in general fertile. Along the banks of the river it is rocky. A mountain, called " Hogback," is situate near the N. W. boundary. There is some good tim ber here. The v. is situate on Onion r., and on the line of the Vermont Central E. E., 83 m. N. by W. Windsor, and 74 m. S. E. Eouse s Point It contains a number of mills, and several stores and workshops. Pop. of 1. 1,365. MIDDLESEX VILLAGE, p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : at the junction of the Middlesex Canal, on the Merrimac r., 27 m. N. W. from Boston. MIDDLE THREE river, la. : rises in Madison and Guthrie counties, and flows N. E. across Warren into Polk co., and empties into the Des Moines, near Dudley village. MIDDLETON, t. and p. v., Essex county, Mass. : 16 m. N. Boston. Drained by Ipswich r., which divides it, and sev eral small affluents. Surface varied, with a well cultivated soil. The t. contains several stores and an extensive paper manufactory. The v. is on the line of the Essex County E. E., 9 m. from Salem, and contains several workshops. Pop. of t. 832. MIDDLETON, t and p. v., Strafford co., JV! Hamp. : 27 m. N. E. Concord. Incorporated in 1773. Surface, with the exception where Moose Mountain separates it from Brook- fleld, very level. There are no ponds or streams in the town. Pop. 476. 473 MID MIDDLETON, p. T., Carroll co., Miss. : S3 m. N. Jackson. MIDDLETON, t. and p. o., Dane co., Wise. : immediately W. of Madison. Drained by Black Earth r., which flows into Wisconsin r. Surface rolling ; soil fertile, and well adapted to fruit Pop. of t. 304. MIDDLE-TOWN, t, p. city, port of entry, and one of the caps. Middlesex co., Conn. : 14 m. S. E. Hartford. Drained by sev eral streams flowing into Connecticut r., which here bounds it on the E. Surface generally undulating ; soil of average fertility. There are fine meadows in this t, and water- power is furnished by several streams, on which are seated extensive manufactures. A range of hills crosses the Con necticut about 2 m. below the city, compressing the channel into a strait only 35 rods wide, and rising from 400 to 600 feet above the river. Here occurs an inexhaustible deposit of feldspar, used in the manufacture of porcelain. That portion of the t formerly known as Upper Middletown, has been recently erected into a separate t. under the name of Cromwell. There are silver and lead mines in the t, the silver ore yielding about 58 per cent, of metal, and the lead 84 per cent. The works are extensive and very valu able. The city is situate on ground gently rising from the river, here from 80 to 100 rods wide. Lat, 41 33 OS" N., and long. 72 39 W. The streets are laid out at right angles with each other, the main street running parallel with the water, and on this are the principal stores, hotels, the Court House, Custom House, and other buildings. The more elevated portions of the city, west of the main street, are adorned with many elegant mansions. Several of the public edifices are of beautiful construction. The buildings of Wesleyan University, situate here, are also handsome structures. Middletown is a busy commercial town and a port of entry. The wharves are commodious, and the river suffi- ciently deep to admit of any vessels that can pass the bar at its mouth. Foreign shipping seldom arrives here, but it has a comparatively extensive coasting trade ; and the shipping owned in the district in 1S50, amounted to 12,129 tons, chiefly employed in coasting, and of which 1,940 tons were navigated by steam. The shipping built in the district in the year above named amounted to 1,831 tons. The New York and Hartford steamboats call here daily, and there is a branch railroad connecting it with Hartford. Middletown will also be intersected by the New York and Boston direct line of railroad now being constructed. The Wesleyan Uni versity was founded in 1831, and has a president and 7 pro fessors, and in 1850 its alumni numbered 402 and its students 116. The library contains about 12,000 volumes. The in stitution has also a valuable philosophical apparatus. There are also several academies in the city and numerous public schools. The newspapers published here are, the " Senti nel" (dem.), the " Constitution" (whig), and the " Weekly News." There are 8 commercial banks in the city and a savings institution. Pop. of t. in 1820, 6,479; in 1830, 6,892 ; in 1S40, 7,010 ; and in 1850, 8,791, about one-half re siding in the city. MIDDLETOWN, p. v., Livingston eo., Mich. ; 31 m. 8. E. Lansing. MIDDLETOWN, p. v., New Castle co., Del. : near Appo- quinimink cr., 23 m. N. J W. Dover. MIDDLETOWN, p. v., Logan co., III. : on the border of a prairie, 20 m. N. E. Springfield. MIDDLETOWN, p. v., Henry co., Ind. : 39 m. N. E. by E. Indianapolis. MIDDLETOWN, p. v., Jefferson county, Ey. : 36 m. W. Frankfort, and 12 m. E. Louisville. MIDDLETOWN, p. v., Frederick co., 3fd. : on the E. side of Catoctin cr., on the Hagerstown turnpike, 9 m. W. of Frederick City, and 83 m. N. W. of Annapolis. Middle cr. joins Catoctin r. N. of the village. MIDDLETOWN, p. o., Montgomery co., Mo. : 56 m. N. E. Jefferson City. MIDDLETOWN, t. and p. v., Monmouth co., 2T. Jer. : 31 m. . 474 MID N. E. Trenton. Bounded on the N. by Earitan and Sandy Hook bays, on the E. by the Atlantic Ocean, on the S. by Navesink and Swimming rivers, and on the W. by branches of the latter. Drained by branches of Navesink and Swim ming rivers, and a number of small streams flowing into the bays, affording in all excellent water-power. Surface varied in the centre and E. part hilly or mountainous, the re mainder even ; soil very fertile and productive. In the N. part of the t., adjoining the ocean, are the Highlands of Na vesink, in height some 350 to 400 feet, on which are 2 lights, 1 revolving and 1 fixed. Lat. 40 23 40" and long. 73 59 42" Sandy Hook, a sandy beach, extends N. from Shrewsbury inlet, and S. point of the Highlands, and is from one-half to a mile in width ; and on the N. part there is a fixed light and 2 beacons, the light 90 feet above the sea. Lat. 40 27 37", long. 74 00 42". There are a number of villages in the t The v. of Middletown is in the centre, in the hilly part, and contains several stores and dwellings, and a number of workshops. There t. has several mills and manufactories, and a number of distilleries. The " Democratic Banner" (dem.) is the name of a weekly issue. Pop. of t. 3,245. MIDDLETOWN, p. v., Des Moines co., la. : 63 m. S. by E. Iowa City. MIDDLETOWN, p. v., Orange co., 2f. Y.: on line of the Erie E. E., 77 m. N. W. New York, 89 m. S. S. W. Albany. This is a beautiful and flourishing v., and contains several workshops, etc. MIDDLETOWN, p. v., Hyde county, 2f. Car. : on Pamlico Sound, 151 m. E. by S. Ealeigh. MIDDLETOWN, p. v., Butler co., Ohio: on the E. side of Miami r., on the Miami Canal, 41 m. N. Cincinnati, and 71 m. W. S. W. Columbus. A bridge across the river connects the v. with the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton E. E., 23 m. S. by W. Dayton. It contains several stores and manu factories, and 1,092 inhabitants. MIDDLHTOWN, p. b., Dauphin co., Penn. : on the E. bank of the Susquehanna r., above the confluence of Swatara cr., 10 m. S. E. by E. Harrisburg. The Middletown furnaces at this place have an annual capacity of 2,150 tons. The Har risburg and Lancaster E. E. passes through the v., and the Union Canal here enters the Susquehanna river. MIDDLETOWN, t. and p. v., Eutland co., Verm. : between two mountains, 10 m. S. by W. Eutland. Drained by Poult- ney r., a branch of Carleton r. Surface uneven, in parts mountainous ; soil best adapted to grazing. It has several saw-mills, etc. The v. is pleasantly situate in the valley of the mountains, and has a marble manufactory. Population of t: 875. MIDDLETOWN, p. v., Frederick co., Virg. : on Meadow Eun, a fork of the Shenandoah r., 131 m. N. N. W. Eich- mond. The v. has excellent water-power, and contains several mills and workshops, together with a wagon manu factory. Pop. about 450. MIDDLETOWN CENTKE, p. o., Delaware co., N. T. : 57 m. S. W. Albany. MIDDLETOWN POINT, p. v. and port of delivery, Mon mouth co., 2f. Jer. : on E. bank of Middletown cr., 29 m. N. E. Trenton. The v. is pleasantly situate on an elevation of some 60 feet from the water. It is a flourishing v., with some fine stores and dwellings, and considerable trade. The Farmers and Mechanics Bank is situate here. Cap ital $50,000 MIDDLE VILLAGE, p. o., Queens co., M T.: 129 m. S. Albany. MIDDLEYILLE, p. T., Barry co., Mich. : on W. fork of Grand Haven r., 49 m. W. Lansing. MIDDLEVILLE, p. o., Sussex county, AT. Jer. : 61 m. N. Trenton. MIDDLEVILLE, p. T., Herkimer co., N. T. : on West Can ada cr., 71 m. N. W. Albany. It contains several stores, mills, and manufactories, among the latter is an extensive chair and cabinet factory. MIDDLEWAT, p. v., Jefferson co., Virg. : 127 m. N. by W- MID MIL Richmond. The Winchester and Potomac E. E. passes near the village. MIDLAND county, Mich. Situate E. at head of Saginaw Bay, and contains 722 sq. m. Drained by Tittibawassee r. and its branches, Salt, Pine, and Chippewa rivers. Surface undulating ; soil well adapted to grass and grain. In the N. and 8. E. are dense forests of Norway and white pine timber, which are very valuable, and the county contains abundance of gypsum and excellent salt springs. It is thinly settled yet. Farms 4 ; manuf. 0; dwell. 10, and pop. wh. 64, fr. col. 1 total 65. Capital : Midland. MIDLAND, p. T., Charlotte co., Virg;: on the E. side of Btaunton r., 78 m. S. W. by W. Eichmond. MIDVILLE, p. T., Burke co., Ga. : on the N. side Ogeechee r., 75 m. E. S. E. Milledgeville, on the line of the Central E. E., 94 m. from Savannah, and 91 m. from Macon. MIDWAY, p. o., Giles county, Virg. : 174 m. W. by S. Eichmond. MIDWAY, p. v., Barbour co., Ala. : on a fork of Pea r., 46 m. E. S. E. Montgomery. MIDWAY, p. o., Fulton county, III.: 5S miles N. W. Springfield. MIDWAY, p. v., Spencer co., Ind. : on the E. side of Little Pigeon cr., 133 m. S. S. "W. Indianapolis. MIDWAY, p. v., Woodford co., Ky. : on the line of the Lexington and Frankfort E. E., 15 m. E. Frankfort, MIDWAY, p. o., Madison co., Miss. : 23 m. N. Jackson. MIDWAY, p. v., Cooper co., Mb. : on the Boonville and Jefferson City post-road, 26 m. N. "W". Jefferson City. MIDWAY, p. T., Davidson co., N. Car. : 85 m. W. by N. Ealeigh. MIDWAY, p. v., Barnwell dist, S. Car. : on the line of the South Carolina E. E., 72 m. from Charleston., 54 m. S. Columbia. MIDWAY, p. o., Newton county, Teas. : 139 m. E. by N. Austin City. MIDWAY, p. o., Hot Springs county, Ark. : 47 m. S. W. Little Eock. MIDWAY, p. r., Monroe co., Tenn. : 131 m. E. S. E. Nashville. MIDWAY JUNCTION, p. v., Prince Edward co., Virg. : on the Prince Edward and Marysville post-road, 65 m. S. W. Eichmond. MIER, p. o., Grant co., Ind. : 58 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. MIER, p. v., Wabash co., 111. : 132 m. S. E. Springfield. MIER, p. o., Madison county, Missouri: 125 m. S. E. Jefferson City. MIFFLIN county, Penn. Situate centrally, and contains 223 sq. m. Drained by the Juniata and its branches. Sur face uneven, and much broken. Soil, except in the most rugged parts, very rich. Wheat, rye, corn, and oats pro duce fine crops, and the shearings of wool are heavy, and dairies large. It has excellent mill streams, and manufac tures woolen goods extensively. Iron ore is abundant, and the manufacture of iron is the leading interest of the county. Farms 787; manuf. 102; dwell. 2,591, and pop. wh. 14,570, fr. col. 410 total 14,980. Capital: Lewistown. Public Works: Pennsylvania Canal ; Pennsylvania E. E. MIFFLIN, t. and p. o., Ashland co., Ohio : 62 m. N. N. E. Columbus. Drained in the W. by Black Fork of Wal- honding r. ; soil fertile and well cultivated. Pop. 891. MIFFLIN, t. and p. v., Iowa co., Wise. : 52 m. W. by S. Madison. Drained by branches of Picannica r. Surface various ; soil fertile, with good woodlands. The v. is situate in the S. part of the town, and will be intersected by the Milwaukee and Mississippi Eailroad as projected. Popula tion of t. 640. MIFFLIN, p. v., Crawford co., Ind.: 102 m. S. by W. Indianapolis. MIFFLIN, p. v., Henderson co., Tenn. : 107 m. W. S. W. Nashville. MIFFLINBURG, p. b., Union co., Penn. : on the S. side of Buffalo cr., 48 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. Incorporated in 1827 ; has several manufactories, a number of stores and workshops, 145 dwellings, and 783 inhabitants. MIFFLINTOWN, p. b., and cap. Juniata co., Penn. : on the N. bank of the Juniata r,, 34 m. N. W. Harrisburg. The Pennsylvania Canal passes through the borough. It has a number of dwellings, several stores, and workshops. The "Juniata Eegister," and "Juniata Sentinel" (whig), are weekly issues. Pop. 485. MIFFLINVILLE, p. v., Columbia co., Penn. : on the S side of the Susquehanna r., 57 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. MILAM county, Tex. Situate E. centrally, and contains 1,243 sq. m. Drained by Little r., a branch of the Brazos, its E. boundary, and its branches Indian, Elm, and Brushy creeks, and San Gabriel r. Surface undulating or level, a large part open prairie, but with a plenty of timber in every part. Soil mostly very fertile, producing great crops of cot ton, corn, Irish and sweet potatoes, and admirably adapted to grain-growing and grazing. Indigo grows spontaneously in great abundance. It is rich in minerals, and has val uable stone quarries, millstone grit, and numerous salt springs. Farms 152 ; manuf. 1 ; dwell. 414, and pop. wh. 2,469, fr. col. 2, si. 436 total 2,908. Capital : Cameron. MILAM, p. v., and cap. Sabine co., Tex. : on the Old Military Eoad, 247 m. N. E. Austin City. MILAN, p. v., Eipley county, Ind.: 65 miles S. E. Indianapolis. MILAN, t and p. o., Monroe co., Mich. : 47 m. S. E. Lansing. Drained by N. branch of Macon r. Surface un dulating ; soil fertile, adapted to grain. It contains a num ber of mills and manufactories, and several workshops. Pop, of t 642. MILAN, p. v., and cap. Sullivan co., Mo. : on the E. fork of Locust cr., 124 m. N. N. W. Jefferson City. The U. S. Land Office for the Milan district is here. MILAN, t. and p. v., Coos co., tf. Hamp. : 91 m. N. $ E. Concord. Drained by the Androscoggin r. and S. branch of Upper Ammonoosuc r. Surface uneven ; in N. E. and S. W. mountainous ; soil adapted to grazing. Here are some mills and manufactories. Chartered in 1771. The v. is situate centrally on the line of the Atlantic andSt. Lawrence E. E., 104 m. N. W. Portland (Me.), 19 m. E. Northumber land. It contains several stores and workshops. Popula tion of t 493. MILAN, t. and p. v., Duchess co., W. T. : 49 m. S. Albany. Drained by several creeks flowing into the Hud son r. Surface uneven, and parts hilly ; soil clay loam. It contains the v., situate centrally, and has some stores, seve ral mills and manufactories, and a number of workshops. Pop. of 1. 1,764. MILAN, t. and p. v., Erie county, Ohio : 93 m. N. by E. Columbus. Drained by Huron r. and its branches. Surface hilly ; soil fertile and productive. The v. on the S. bank of the river is pleasantly located on a bluff some 70 feet above the water, on the site of an old Indian town. It is connected with Huron harbor 8 m. by a ship canal, by which vessels pass up to the village. It is a flourishing vDlage, and con tains churches, an academy, a number of stores, several mills, and various mechanic shops. The t. has in it a num ber of schools. The " Milan Tribune" (whig) is issued week ly. Pop. of t. 2,697. MILAN, p. o., Bradford county, Peim. : 118 m. N. Harrisburg. MILBURG, p. o., Greenville dist., 8. Car. : 98 m. N. W. Columbia. MiLESBtreo, p. v., Centre co., Penn. : in an extensive coal region, on S. side of Bald Eagle cr., 67 m. N.W. Harrisburg. The country round about is mountainous. There are in the village a cold blast furnace of 1,100 tons annual capacity, 2 charcoal forges, producing 450 tons blooms each, and 2 rolling mills, producing 600 tons each annually. MILESTOWN, p. v., St. Mary s co., Md. : E. of Wicomico r., and 41 m. S. by W. Annapolis. MILESTOWN, p. v., Philadelphia county, Penn.: on an 475 MIL MIL elevation, 89 miles E. by S. Harrisburg, and 9 miles N. Philadelphia. MILFORD, t. and p. v., New Haven co., Conn. : 43 m. S. S. W. Hartford. Bounded on the S. by Long Island Sound, and in the W. by the Housatonic r. Drained by Wepawaug river and several small creeks flowing into the Sound. Surface undulating ; soil fertile ; and there is a quarry of beautiful serpentine marble in the town. It has a fine harbor for vessels of from 150 to 200 tons burden. Many of the inhabitants are engaged in the oyster and clam trade and in coasting. The Washington bridge crosses the Housatonic r. near Milford Point to Stratford, at -which place there is a draw to admit vessels The v. is very pleasantly situate at the mouth of Wepawaug r. at the head of the harbor, on line of the New York and New Haven K. E., 10 m. from New Haven. There are in the t. several stores and mills, together with a number of manufactories. Pop. of t. 2,465. MILFORD, t. and p. v., Jefferson co., Wise. : 27 m. E. Madison. Drained by Beaver dam branch of Eock river. Surface varied ; soil fertile, with good timber lands. The v. is situate on Eock r., and contains several stores and dwell ings. Pop. of t. 728 MILFORD, p. v. and hund., Kent co., Del. : on N. bank of Mispillion cr., 16 m. S. Dover. There are in the hund. nu merous stores, several mills, manufactories, and workshops. Area, 47.500 sq. m. The " Milford Beacon" is issued weekly. Pop. 2,529. MILFORD, p. v., Hunterdon co., N. Jer. : on the E. bank of the Delaware r., 29 m. N.W. Trenton. MILFORD, p. v., Iroquois co., III. : on the N. side of Sugar creek, 113 m. N. E. Springfield. The v. is surrounded by excellent prairie land. MILFORD, p. v., Kosciusko county, Ind. : 115 m. N. Indianapolis. There is a railroad in course of construc tion from Peru to Goshen, which will pass through the village. MILFORD, t. and p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : 76 m. N. E. Augusta, on the E. side of the Penobscot r., by which and the Sunkhaze r. the t. is drained. Orono lies on the opposite side of the river. Pop. 687. MILFORD, t. and p. v., Worcester co., Mass. : 29 m. S. W. Boston. Drained by branches of Pawtucket and Charles rivers, which afford excellent hydraulic power. Surface pleasantly diversified ; soil fertile and well cultivated. There are a number of mills and several manufactories of various kinds in successful operation here. The v. is very pleas antly situate on the borders of a pond in centre of t. The Mi .ford Branch E. E. connects the v. with Farmington, 13 m. distant, where it forms a junction with the Boston and Worcester E. E. There are a number of fine dwellings, some stores, and several workshops in the village. The " Practical Christian" is the name of a semi-monthly issue. Pop. of the t. 4,819. MILFORD, p. v., Caroline co., Virg. : on the Eichmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac E. E., 38 m. from Eich mond. MILFORD, t and p. v., Oakland co., Mich. : 49 m. E. by S. Lansing. Drained by branches of Huron r. Surface undu lating ; soil very fertile, and produces grain. The village is on a branch of Huron r., and has several neat dwellings. Pop. of 1. 1,470. MILFORD, p. v., Bracken county, Ky. : on a branch of Licking r., 58 m. N. E. by E. Frankfort. MILFORD. t. and p. y., Hillsborough co., N. Hamp. : 29 m. S. E. Concord. Souhegan river divides the t., running through the N. part, by which and its branches it is drained, and produces excellent water-power. Surface un dulating ; soil rich. The v. is on the Wilton E. E., 4 m. from Wilton. The t. has considerable manufactures. Pop. of t 2,159. MILFORD, t. and p. T., Otsego co., y. Y. : 67 m.W. Albany. Drained by Susquehanna r. and its branches Surface very 476 uneven in parts much broken ; soil strong rich loam, and very fertile. The v. is pleasantly situate on a level plain near the Susquehanna r., and contains several stores, mills, and tanneries. Pop. of t. 2,227. MILFORD, p. v., Clermont co., Ohio: on the E. side of the Little Miami r., 81 m. S. W. Columbus, and connected by a bridge with the station on the Little Miami E. E., on the W. side of the river, 14 m. from Cincinnati. Population about 600. MILFORD, t, p. v., and cap. Pike county, Penn. : 129 m N. E. Harrisburg. Drained by several small lakes, empty ing into the Delaware r., which bounds the town on the S. E. Surface mountainous and much broken ; soil infe rior, except along the banks of the river, where it is good. The village, on the W. bank of the Delaware, is very pleasantly situated on an elevation, at which point a sub stantial bridge affords communication with the opposite shore. Pop. 858. MILFORD, p. v., Greenville district, S. Car. : on a fork of Congaree r., 94 m. N. W. Columbia. MILFORD CENTRE, p. v., Union co., Ohio : on S. side of Big Darby cr., 31 m. N. W. by W. Columbus. Pop. 211. MILFORDTON, p. o., Knox co., Ohio : 28 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. MILITARY BOUNTY TRACT, HI. : the region generally de nominated the Military Bounty Tract, was surveyed during the years 1815 and 1816, and the greater part subsequently appropriated in bounties to the soldiers of the regular army, who served in the late war between the United States and Great Britain. It is situated between the rivers Mississippi and Illinois, and extends from their junction due north by a meridian line, denominated the fourth principal meridian, 169 miles, presenting an irregular, curvilinear triangle, the acute angle of which is at the junction of these two rivers. From this point the two rivers diverge, so as to make a distance of 90 miles between the extreme points of the northern boundary. Half way between the extremes the width is 64 miles. The base line running due east and west, and commencing just above Quincy, on the Missis sippi, and terminating at the Illinois, a little below Beards- town, intersects the fourth principal meridian at right angles above the junction of the Mississippi and Illinois rivers. The whole tract, according to the public surveys, contains 207 entire townships, of six miles square, and 61 fractional townships altogether 5,360,000 acres, of which 3,500.000 have been appropriated in military bounties. This tract of country lies between 3S 54 and 41 40 of north latitude, and 13 west longitude from Washington City, and bounded on the south-west for 255 miles by the Mississippi river, and for about the same distance on the south-east by the Illinois. Thus do these two great rivers in their diverging course, with Eock river approximating from the north, form a spa cious peninsula, furnishing a border to the bounty lands by a sheet of navigable waters for steamboats more than 500 miles in extent, leaving no part of the tract more than 45 miles, and the greater part not exceeding 20 miles from steamboat navigation. The water communication now com pleted between the Mississippi and the lakes, by means of the Illinois and Chicago Canal, greatly increases the value of the bounty lands, by affording a choice of markets for their products, either at Chicago, Detroit, Buffalo, New York, Montreal, or Quebec, by way oi the Illinois Canal and the lakes, or by the natural channels of the rivers south, at St. Louis and New Orleans. In the interior of the tract, traversing it in various directions, are several rivers and creeks of less consequence, in a commercial point of view, but nevertheless of great utility to the settlements in their vicinity. Of these, Spoon, Henderson, Edwards, and Pope s rivers," and Crooked, Kickapoo or Eed Bud, Copperas, Ot ter, M Kee s, M Craney s, Hadley s Mill, and Bear creeks, are the most considerable. About two-thirds of this tract is timbered, and the other third is mostly prairie of good quality. It has become considerably settled, and yearly MIL furnishes considerable amounts of products for export. Corn, wheat, barley, hemp, and potatoes, are the principal productions. Curtiss" 1 Western Portraiture, 1852. MILITARY GKOVE, p. o., M Dowell co., M Car.: 188 m.W. Raleigtk MILITARY INSTITUTE, p. o., Franklin co., Ky. : at Drennon Springs, H m. W. Kentucky r., 20 m. N. Frankfort. The annual session of this college commences the second Mon day in September, and the second term of the session on the first Monday in February of each year. Its course of studies embraces the scientific course of the United States Military Academy at West Point, and thorough instruction in history, international and constitutional law, the Greek and Latin languages, and civil engineering. Great facili- i ties are also offered for the study of the modern European languages. A flourishing law school is connected with the institute, and affords great advantages to the students. The military feature introduced is not merely for the purpose of diffusing military knowledge, but as the means of exercising complete control, and of securing to the student the personal advantages of a uniform and economical distribution of time, habits of punctuality, health, physical development, and a consequent increase of mental vigor. The location of the Institute is very healthy, and is removed from the allurements, the vices, and the dissipations usually incident to college life. Situated on the Kentucky river, it may be reached by steamboat from Louisville or Cincinnati, or by railroad from Louisville to Eminence, on the Louisville and Frankfort road, and thence by stage to Drennon, a distance of 12 miles. Institute charges for tuition, boarding, lodging, fuel, lights, washing, servants attendance, and use of furni ture and arms, $80 per term. Surgeon s fee, $5 per session. Charges in the law school for the above and use of text books, $160 per term ; each term commencing and ending with the semi-annual session of the Institute. MILITARY EOAD, p. o., Jefferson co., N. Y. : 151 m. N. "W. Albany. MILITARY SPRINGS, p. o., Fayette county, Ala. : 138 m. N. W. Montgomery. MILLAN, p. o., Pike co., Miss. : 73 m. 8. Jackson. MILL\RD county, Utah Ter. Situate S. "W., and contains about 20,000 sq. m. The S. line is the parallel of 38 30 ; the E. the meridian of 34 4V W. from Washington, and the W. the California State line. It is about 60 m. wide, and embraces a great variety of surface, soil, and climate, of which little is known definitely. In the W. are several large lakes and rivers, of which Walker r. and lake, and Carson r. and lake are the largest, and in the E. is Nicollet r.. flowing N. into Nicollet lake. Several mountain chains intersect it, and the surface is mostly elevated. On the E. border is a high ridge, on which, at an elevation of 4,790 feet above sea level, and in lat 38 58 40", is Fillmore City, the cap. of the co. and territory. The co. was a part of San Pete in 1850. MILLARD, p. o., Walworth county, Wise. : 53 m. S. E. Madison. MILLARDSVILLE, p. v., Susquehanna co., Penn. : 127 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. MILL ARK, p. o., Fulton county, Ind. : 53 miles N. Indiannpolis. MILLBACH, p. o., Lebanon county, Penn. : 23 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. MILL BAYOIT, p. Y., Mississippi co., Ark. : 133 m. N. E. Little Eock. MILL BEND, p. o., Hawkins co., Tenn. : 216 m. W. by N. Nashville. MiLLBOROUGn SPRINGS, p. Y., Bath county, Yirg. : 123 m. W. N. W. Richmond, on the line of the Virginia Central Railroad. MILLBRIDGE, t. and p. o., Washington co., Me. : 98 m. E. by N. Augusta. Drained by Naragnagus river, which divides it. It contains Naragnagus bay, which sets up from the sea, and the p. o. so called is on the E. side of the r., MIL in N. part. Coasting trade and fishery is the chief occupa tion of the inhabitants. Pop. of 1. 1,170. MILL BKOOK, p. o., Litchfleld co., Conn. : 26 m. W. N. W. Hartford. MILL BROOK, p. o., Warren co., N. Jer. : 47 m. N. by W. Trenton. MILL BROOK, p. v., Wayne county, Ohio: 71 m. N. E. Columbus. It contains several stores and dwellings, and some mechanic shops. MILL BROOK, p. o., Warren co., N. T. : 63 m. N. Albany. MiLLBtiKN, p. v., Ballard county, Ky. : 246 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. The contemplated line of the Mobile and Ohio E. E. passes through this village. MILLBURN, p. v., Lake co., III.: on Mill creek, 195 m. N. N. W. Springfield. MILLBURY, t. and p. v., Worcester county, Miss. : 37 m. W. S. W. Boston. The t is divided by the Blackstone r., by which and its branches it is drained, affording valuable water-power. Surface uneven, in parts hilly ; soil of good quality and very productive. There are extensive manu factories and a large number of mills and workshops in the town. Incorporated in 1813. The Blackstone Canal passes through the town. The village is on the line of the Providence and Worcester E. E., 6 m. S. Worcester, and contains several churches, an academy, some fine dwellings and stores, a number of mills, and several work shops. The Millbury Bank is situate in the village. Popu lation of the town 3,031. MILL CREEK, p. o., Pulaski county, III. : 173 m. S. by E. Springfield. MILL CREEK, p. v., Eipley co., Mo. : on the W. side of Current river, at the confluence of Mill cr., 153 m. S. S. E. Jefferson City. MILL CREEK, p. o., Person co., N. Car. : 59 m. N. N. W. Ealeigh. MILL CREEK, p. o., Carroll county, Ky. : 35 m. N. by W. Frankfort MILL CEEEK, p. o., Kent county, Mich. : 53 m. W. by N. Lansing. MILL CREEK, p. v., Huntingdon co., Penn. : N. side of the Juniata r., and on the line of the Eastern Division of the Pennsylvania R. E., 92 m. W. Harrisburg. The country round about is mountainous and abounds in iron. There is in the v. a hot-blast furnace of 1,000 tons, and a cold-blast furnace of 1,400 tons annual capacity. MILL CREEK, fur., Venango co., Penn. The furnace located here has an annual capacity of 1,000 tons. MILL CREEK, p. o., Fulton co., Ohio : 132 m. N. W. by N. Columbus. MILL CREEK, hund., New Castle co., Del. : between Eed and White Clay creeks, 37 m. N. by W. Dover. Area 27,760 square miles. Pop. 3,522. MILL CREEK, p. o., Berkeley co., Virg. : 136 m. N. by W. Richmond. MILL CREEK, p. o., Sabine par., La. : 147 m. N. W. Baton Rouge. MILL CREEK, Ind. : rises in S. W. part of Henry co., flows S. through N. W. part of Morgan and S. E. part of Putnam into Owen, where it takes a sudden bend, and returning into Putnam in a N. W. direction, flows into Eel r., a fork of White riverr MILLDALE, p. v., Warren co., Miss. : 4 m. E. of Tazoo r., and 36 m. W. by N. Jackson. MILLDALE, p. o., Defiance county, Ohio: 128 m. N. W. Columbus. MILLDALE, p. o., Warren county, Virg. : 107 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. MILL DAM, p. o., Madison county, Mo.; 129 m. S. E. Jefferson City. MILLKDGVILLE, p. city, and cap. Baldwin co., Ga. : and capital of the State : at the head of navigation of Oconee r., and at the confluence of Fishing cr., in lat. 33 7 20" N and long. 83 19 45" W.-642 in. S. W. Washington. Tho 4?7 MIL MIL city is built on an elevated and somewhat uneven site in the midst of a rich and populous cotton-growing region, and is the centre of a considerable commerce. It is laid out regu larly, having ten streets running parallel with the river, and ten others intersecting them at right angles, all of which are 100 feet wide, except Washington Street, which is 120 feet. There are three public squares, named respectively, State- House Square, Governor s Square, and Penitentiary Square, the sides of each of which are 450 feet long. State-House Square is near the centre of the city, and on elevated ground, and on this is built the State House, a fine Gothic edifice, surmounted by a cupola, and containing in its halls portraits of Gen. Oglethorpe and other eminent men of olden times. The building cost about $120,000. On this square are also the State arsenal and a powder magazine. Other prominent buildings are the penitentiary and the governor s house, which give names to two of the squares, a market-house, 4 or 5 churches, etc. Five periodicals are published here ; the "Federal Union" (whig), the "Southern Presbyterian" (relig.)j and the " Southern Eecorder," all weekly issues ; and the " Star of Truth" (literary), and the " Gem" (literary), monthly issues. The Milledgeville and Gordon E. K. ex tends hence 17 m. to a connection with the Georgia Central E. E. at Gordon, 170 m. from Savannah, and 11 from Macon. A railroad is also completed to Eatonton. The Oconee r. is here spanned by a toll-bridge. Milledgeville was founded in 1803 in 1810 it had 1,256 inhabitants; in 1820, 1,411 ; in 1S30, 1,599 ; in 1840, 2,095 ; and in 1850, about 3,200. In the v. of Medway, near Milledgeville, is located Oglethorpe College, founded 1836 in 1850 it had a president, 6 profes sors, S3 alumni, and 85 students, and its library contained 4,500 volumes. MILLEDGEVILLH, p. v., Carroll co., Itt. : on the "W. side of Elkhorn cr., 152 m. N. Springfield. MILLEDGEVILLK, p. o., Lincoln co., Ky. : 47 m. S. by E. Frankfort. MILLEDGEVILLE, p. v., Montgomery co., N. Car. : 73 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. MILLEN, sta., Burke co., Oa. : on the line of the Central (Georgia) E. E., at which point the Augusta and Waynes- boro E. E. diverges, 15 m. S. Augusta, and 111 m. E. Macon. It is named after the famous engineer so called. MILLER county, Mo. Situate S. centrally, and contains 549 sq. m. Drained by Bushy fork, Tavern cr., and other branches of the Osage, which flows through the N. part. Surface somewhat broken; soil mostly very fertile, and adapted especially to grazing. Corn is the staple, and pork the principal export It has fine mill-seats, and abundance of timber. Farms 369 ; manuf. ; dwell. 592, and pop. wh. 3,645, fr. col. 0, si. 189 total 3,834. Capital : Tuscumbia. MILLER S, p. o., Fayette co., Tex. : 57 m. S. E. Austin City. MILLER S, sta., Cook co., III. : on line of the Northern In diana E. E., 29 m. from Chicago. MILLER S, p. o., Lawrence county, Ohio: 79 m. S. S. W. Columbus. MILLER S river, Jtfass. : rises in ponds in Ashburnham and Winchenden, passing W. through Eoyalston, Athol, Orange, and "Wendell, flows into the Connecticut r. at Irving village^ It has many tributaries, and aflbrds excellent mill privileges. MILLER S river, Verm. : rises in Sheffield, waters a part of Wheelock, and empties into the Passumpsic, in Lyndon. It affords good mill privileges, particularly in Wheelock, where there is a considerable fall. MILLER S BAT, p. o., Jefferson co., N. Y. : 143 m. N. "W. Albany. MILLERSBITRG, p. v., and cap. Mercer co., III. : on the N. side of Edward s r., 112 m. N. N. W. Springfield. It con tains the county court-house and several dwellings. MILLERSBITRG, p. v., Bourbon co., Ky. : on a branch of Licking r., 36 m. E. by N. Frankfort. MILLERSBURG, p. v., Callaway co., Mo. : on a branch of Cedar cr., 23 m. N. Jefferson City. MILLERSBURG, p. v., and cap. Holmes co., Ohio : on the 478 E. side of Killbuck cr., 67 m. N. E. Columbus. It contains the court-house, jail, and usual number of public buildings, a number of stores and dwellings, and about 800 inhabitants, The Cleveland, Zanesville, and Cincinnati E. E., formerly the Akron Branch, will pass through the v., affording direct communication with Cleveland and Zanesville. The road now (1853) extends several miles below Clinton. The Holmes County Farmer" (dem.), " Holmes County Demo crat" (dem.), and " Holmes County Whig" (whig), are issued weekly. MILLERSBUBG, p. v., Dauphin co., Penn. : on the E side of the Susquehanna r., and at the mouth of Wisconisco creek, 20 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. MILLERSBURG, p. v., Eutherford co., Tenn. : on the Nash ville post-road, 41 m. S. E. Nashville. MILLER S CREEK, p. o., Estill county, Ky. : 53 m. S. E* Frankfort. MILLER S CREEK, p. o., Davis county, Utah Ter. : 155 m. N. Fillmore City. MILLER S MILL, p. o., Christian co., Ky. : 174 m. S. W. by W. Frankfort. MILLER S MILL, p. o., Bath co., Virg. : 137 m. W. by N, Eichmond. MILLER S PLACE, p. v., Suffolk co., N. T. : on Long Island Sound, 127 m. S. S. E. Albany. It contains an academy and several dwellings. MILLERSPORT, p. v., Fairfleld county, Ohio : on the Ohio Canal, 191 m. Cleveland, and 24 m. Columbus. Pop. 126. MILLER S TAVERN, p. o., Essex co., Virg. : 42 m. N Eichmond. MILLERSTOWN, p. v., Grayson co., Ky. : on W. bank of Nolin cr., 78 m. S. W. Frankfort MILLERSTOWN, p. o., Champaign co., Ohio: 48 m. W. by N. Columbus. MILLERSTOWN, p. v., Perry co., Penn. : on the left bank of the Juniata r., and on line of the E. division of the Pennsylvania E. E., 33 m. N. W. Harrisburg. MILLERSVILLB, p. o., Adaur county, Ky. : 78 m. S. by W. Frankfort MILLERSVTLLE, p. v., Anne Arundel co., Md. : on the W. side of Severn r., 10 m. N. W. Annapolis, and on the line of the Annapolis and Elkridge E. E., equidistant between the two places. MILLERSVILLE, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. : on a branch of the Conestoga cr., 83 m. S. E. by E. Harrisburg, 4 m. 8. Lancaster. MILLERSVILLE, p. v., Marion CO., Ind. MILLERTON, sta., Columbia co., N. Y. : on the line of the Harlem E. E., 66 m. S. Albany. MILLFIELD, p. v., Athens co., Ohio: on Sunday cr., 58 m. S. E. Columbus. There are salt-works in this vicinity, pro ducing large quantities of salt annually. The v. contains several stores, workshops, and dwellings. MILLFORD MILLS, p. o., Prince William co., Virg. : 89 m. N. Eichmond. MILL GREEN, p. o., Hartford co., Md. : 48 m. N. Annapolis. MILL GROVE, p. r., Cobb county, Ga. : 101 m. N. W. Milledgeville. MILL GROVE, p. o,, Erie co., N. Y. : 257 m. W. i N. Albany. MILL GROVE, p. v., Owen co., Ind. : on the E. side of Mill cr., 38 m. S. W. by W. Indianapolis. MILL GROVE, p. v., Sumter dist, S. Car. : on the Darling ton and Sumterville post-road, 41 m. E. N. E. Columbia. MILL HALL, p. o., Clinton co., Penn. : on the S. side of Bald Eagle cr., 67 m. N. N. W. Harrisburg. The Mill Hall iron furnace, situate here, has an annual capacity of 1,600 tons. MILL HAVEN, p. v., Scriven co., Ga. : 101 m. E. by S, Milledgeville. MILLHEIM, p. v., Centre county, Penn.: 54 m. N. W. Harrisburg. MILL HILL, p. o., Cabarras co., 2T. Car. : 98 m. W. S. "W. Ealeigh. MIL MIL MILL HOUSEN, p. v., Decatur county, Ind. : 53 m. S. E. Indianapolis. MILLICAN, p. o., Brazos co., T&c.: 85 m. E. N. E. Austin City. MILLIKEN S BEND, p. o., Madison par., La. : on "W. side of the Mississippi r., 137 m. N. Baton Eouge. MILLEN, p. o., Burke co., Ga. ; on the E. side of Ogeechee r., 93 m. E. S. E. Milled geville. The Central E. E. passes through this v., 79 m. from Savannah, and the Augusta and Waynesboro E. E. diverges from it, 51 m. S. from Augusta. Is is named from M. B. Millen, Esq., the eminent engineer of the Central E. E. MILLINGTON, p. v., Middlesex co., Conn. : on the East Haddam and Bozrah post-road, 27 m. S. E. Hartford. MILLINGTON, p. v., Kent co., Md. : on the N. side of Chester r., 18 m. E. of Chestertown, and 53 m. N. E. Anna polis. It is a flourishing village. MILLINGTON, p. o., Somerset co., N. Jer. : on the Passaic r., 36 m. N. N. E. Trenton. MILLINGTON, p. v., Albemarle co., Virg. : near the fork of Pevanna r., 78 m. N. W. Eichmond. MILLINOKET lake, Penobscot co., Me.: borders on the E. boundary of Piscataquis co., and receives several rivers. Its outlet is the river so called, which with it forms an im portant source of the "W". branch of the Penobscot river, and connects it with Pemadumcook lake, near the great falls so called. MILL PLAIN, p. v., Fairfleld co., Conn. : on the Danbury post-road, 51 m. S. "W. Hartford. MILL POINT, p. o., Sullivan co., Tenn. : 248 m. E. by N. Nashville. MILL POINT, p. o., Pocahontas co., Virg. : 151 m. W. N. "W. Eichmond. MILL POINT, p. o., Ottawa co., Mich. : 85 m. N. N. W. Lansing. MILL POET, p. v., Fayette co., Ala. : on the Fayette post- road, 131 m. N. W. Montgomery. MILLPOET, p. v., Chemung co., N. T. : on Catherine s cr., and on the line of the Canandaigua E. E., 12 m. N. Elmira, 167 m. W. S. W. Albany. The Chemung Canal passes through the village. It has extensive water-power, which supplies a large number of mills of different kinds. There are several manufactories, and a boat-yard for building and repairing canal boats. Large quantities of lumber are annually exported. MILL POET, p. o., Potter county, Penn. : 128 m. N. N. "W". Harrisburg. MILL POET, p. v., "Washington co., Ind. : on the Musca- tatuck r., 69 m. S. Indianapolis. MILL E AY, p. o., Bullock co., Ga. : 108 m. S.E. Milledgeville. MILL EIDGE, p. o., St Francis co., Ark. : 11 m. E. N. E. Little Eock. MILL EIVEB, p. v., Berkshire co., Mass. : on a branch of the Housatonic r., 117 m. "W. S. "W. Boston. MILL EIVEB, p. o., Henderson county, N. Car. : 232 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. MILLS county, la. Situate S. W., and contains 326 sq. m. Bounded "W. by the Missouri, and drained by Nishnaba- tona r. and Mosquito and Key creeks. It lies just S. of Council Bluffs, and is yet but little settled. Unorganized in 1850. MILLSBOEOUGH, p. v., Sussex county, Del. : on S. side of Indian r., 41 m. S. i E. Dover. MILLSBOEOUGH, p. v., "Washington co., Penn. : on the "W. side of the Monongahela r. and N. of the confluence of Ten Mile cr., 164 m. W. Harrisburg. MILLS BEIDGE, p. o., Pike county, Ga.: 74 miles W. Milledgeville. MILLS COENEBS, p. o., Fulton co., & Y. : 87 m. N. W. Albany. MILLS GAP, p. o., Eutherford co., N . Car. : 206 m."W. by S. Ealeigh. MILLS MILLS, p. o., Allegheny co., N. Y. : 225 m. W. by S. Albany. MILLS PEAIEIE, p. v., Edwards co., III. : 122 m. S. E. Springfield. MILLS river, III. : rises in N. part of Jackson co., makes a semicircular bend into Perry, and empties into the Mis sissippi r. in Eandolph County. MILL SPRING, p. o., Jefferson county, Tenn. : 194 m. E. Nashville. MILL SPEING, p. v., "Wayne co., Ky. : on the S. side of Cumberland r., 86 m. S. Frankfort. MILLSTADT, p. v., St Clair co., IU. : on the Waterloo and Belleville post-road, 96 m. S. by "W. Springfield. MILLSTONE, p. v., Oglethorpe co., Ga. : on the S. side of Broad r., 67 m. N. by E. MilledgevUle. MILLSTONE, p. v., Somerset co., IT. Jer. : on "W. side Mill stone r., 22 m. N. by E. Trenton; contains a number of very neat dwellings, some stores, and several workshops. MILLSTONE river, 2f. Jer. : rises in Millstone, Monmouth County, flows in a N. and W. by N. course to Kingston, forming the division between Middlesex and Mercer, and, thence N. through Somerset, joins the Earitan r. about 2 m. E. Somerville. This is a rapid stream and has many trib utaries affording excellent mill-sites. The Delaware and Earitan Canal follows this river a considerable distance. MILLTOWN, p. o., Chester county, Penn. : 68 m. E. by S, Harrisburg. MILLTOWN, p. v., Crawford co., Ind. : on the "W. bank of the Great Blue r., 157 m. S. Indianapolis. MILLTOWN, p. o., Washington co., Me. : 128 m. E. by N. Augusta. MILLTOWN, p. o.. Chambers co., Ala. : 73 m. N. E. by E. Montgomery. MILLTOWN, p. v., Putnam co., 2T. T. : 81 m. S. Albany ; contains several stores, a foundry, and a few mills. MILL VIEW, p. o., Fauquier co., Virg. : 94 m. N. by W. Eichmond. MILL VIEW, p. o., Sullivan county, Penn. : 84 miles N. Harrisburg. MILLVILLE, p. v., Butler county, Ala. : 43 miles 8. Montgomery. MILLVILLE, p. v., Jo Daviess co., III. : on a fork of Apple r., 193 m. N. Springfield. MILLVILLE, p. v., Clayton co., la. : on S. bank of Turkey r., 74 m. N. by E. Iowa City. There are in this v. a num ber of fine farms and some mills. The country round about is well cultivated, and lead is to be found along the banks of the river. MILLVILLE, p. v., Worcester co., Mass.: on the Provi dence and Worcester E. E., 20 m. from Providence, 35 m. S. W. Boston. MILLVILLE, sta., Essex county, 2T. Jer. : on line of the Morris and Essex E. E., 10 m. W. Newark, and 24 m. S. E. Dover. MILLVILLE, t. and p. v., Cumberland co., W. Jer. : 49 m. S. Trenton. Drained by Maurice r. and its branches. Sur face even; soil inferior and unproductive. There are a number of mills and workshops in the t. Glass is manu factured here to a considerable extent The v. is situate on the E. bank of Maurice r., and contains a number of stores and some fine dwellings. Pop. of the t. 2,332. MILLVILLE, p. v., Orleans co., 2f. Y. : 245 m. W. by N. Albany. It contains several dwellings, an incorporated academy, a number of mills, and a carriage manufactory. MILLVILLE, p. v., Butler co., Ohio: on a branch of Miami r., 96 m. W. S. W. Columbus. It contains several dwellings, a number of stores and workshops, and about 800 inhab itants. MILLVILLE, p. v., Columbia county, Penn. : on the line of the Catawissa and Towanda E. E., 57 miles N. by E. Harrisburg. MILLVILLE, p. v., Spartanburg dist, & Car. : on a fork of Congaree r., 74 m. N. W. Columbia. MILLVILLE, p. o., Lincoln county, Tenn. : 69 m. S. by E. Nashville. 479 MIL MIL MILLVILLE, p. V., Eay co., Mo. : on a branch of Wyaconda cr., 112 m. N. W. by W. Jefferson City. MILLVILLE, p. o., King George co., Virg. : 53 m. N. by E. Richmond. MILLWEES, p. o., Anderson dist., 8. Car. : 108 m. "W". N. W. Columbia. MILLWOOD, p. v., Dooly county, Ga. : 77 m. S. S. W. Milled geville. MILLWOOD, p. v., Lincoln county, 3fo. : 63 m. N. E. Jefferson City. MILLWOOD, p. v., Jackson co., Flor. : 54 m. N. W. by "W. Tallahassee. MILLWOOD, p. v., Knox co., Ohio : on the N. side of Vernon r., 47 m. N. E. Columbus. MILLWOOD, p. v., Clark co., Virg. : on the "W. side of Shenandoah r., 113 m. N. by "W. Eichmond. MILLWOOD, p. o., Collin county, Tex. : 209 m. N. by E. Austin City. MILNER, p. v., Pike co., Ga.: 61 m. "W. Milledgeville. The Macon and Western E. E. passes the v. 47 m. from Macon. MILNERSVILLE, p. o., Guernsey co., Ohio: 47 m. E. by N. Columbus. MILO, t. and p. v., Piscataquis co., Me. : 75 m. N. N. E. Augusta. Drained by the Piscataquis r. and its branches, Sebec and Pleasant rivers. Surface pleasantly diversified ; soil fertile, especially on the banks of the rivers ; well adapted to grain. There are a few mills and some manufactories here. The v. is situate on the N. side of Sebec r., and con tains a number of dwellings, stores, and workshops. Pop. of the t. 932. MILO, t. and p. v., Tates co., N. Y. : 169 m. W. Albany. Drained by a small stream, which bounds it on the N., and connects Crooked lake with Seneca lake, the former bound ing it on the W. and the latter on the E. Surface undulat ing ; soil fertile. It is quite a flourishing t, and contains several stores, a number of mills and manufactories, and a furnace, all in active operation. The v. is in S. E. part, near Seneca lake, and contains a number of mills, stores, and workshops. Penn Tan, a considerable village, and capital of the county, is situate in the N., on the outlet of Crooked lake. Pop. of t. 4,791. MILO, p. v., Bureau co., HI : 93 m. N. Springfield. Sur rounded by good prairie lands. MILO CENTRE, p. v., Yates co., 2T. Y.: at the head of Crooked lake, on the line of the Canandaigua and Elmira E. E., 89 m. N. by "W". Elmira, and 171 m. W. Albany. The country round about is very rich, producing large crops of wheat annually. MILROY, p. v., Eush co., Ind. : on Little Flat Eock cr., 39 m. S. E. by E. Indianapolis. MILROY, p. o., Mifflin county, Penn.: 48 m. N. W. Harrisburg. MILTON, p. v., Autauga co., Ala. : on a branch of Coosa r., 83 m. "W. N. "W. Montgomery. MILTON, p. v., Litchfield co., Conn. : on the Litchfield post-road, on E. side of Shepaug r., 31 m. W. Hartford. MILTON, p. v., Sussex co., Del. : on N. side of a small cr. flowing into Delaware Bay, 27 m. S. Dover. MILTON, p. v., and cap. Santa Eosa co., Flor. : on the W. side of Blackwater r., 15 m. N. Pensacola, 165 m. W. Talla hassee. The country round about the v. is celebrated for excellent live oak. MILTON, p. v., Pike co., HI. : 54 m. W. by S. Springfield. MILTOX. p. v., "Wayne co., Ind. : on the W. branch of the "White "Water r., 68 m. E. Indianapolis. The "White Water Canal passes through the village. MILTON, p. v., Trimble co., Ey. : on the S. bank of the Ohio r., 44 m. N. W. Frankfort. A small v., containing a number of stores and workshops, a few dwellings, and about 250 inhabitants. MILTON, t. and p. v., Norfolk county, Mass. : 1 m. S. Boston. Bounded on the N. and W. by Neponset r., by which and its branches it is drained. Surface undulating, except in the S., where it is mountainous ; soil very fertile. The river affords extensive hydraulic power, and has some fine mill-sites, of which there are quite a number, as also manufactories. Extensive and valuable granite quarries are found here. The v. (called the Mills) is situate on the Neponset r., at the head of navigation, and is in a very thriving condition, being the seat of considerable trade and manufacture. A fine granite bridge here crosses the Ne- ponset river, and the Dorchester and Milton Branch E. E. diverges hence, and connects with the Old Colony E. E. at Neponset, 5 m. from Boston. Milton contains some fine country seats and beautiful scenery. Blue Hill, a celebrated land-mark for sailors, 710 feet above the sea, is in S. part of the t., 12 m. from Boston. Pop. 2,241. MILTON, p. o., Lafayette co., Miss. : 135 m. N. N. E. Jackson. MILTON, p. v., Eandolph co., Mo. : on Elk Fork, a branch of Salt Eiver, 63 m. N. i W. Jefferson City. MILTON, p. v., Morris co., 2T. Jer. : E. side Eockaway r., near Hamburg Mountain, 55 m. N. \ E. Trenton. MILTON, t. and p. v., Strafford co., N. Hamp. : 27 m. N. E. Concord. Bounded on the E. by Salmon r., by the branches of which it is drained. Surface various ; in the E. is Teneriffe, a rocky mountain, near which is Milton Pond, connecting with Salmon r. Soil good. It has extensive hydraulic power. The v., in N. part of t, is a pleasant settlement, and has a number of stores and workshops. Pop. of 1. 1,619. MILTON, p. v., Ulster co., N. T. : on W. side of the Hud son r., at the head of a landing, 73 m. S. by W. Albany. The country round about is very productive, yielding a large amount of produce, which is sent away annually by means of barges which ply between the village and New York. There are 75 dwellings, with several stores and workshops, and about 475 inhabitants in the village. MILTON, t. and p. v., Mahoning co., Ohio : 127 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by affluents of Mahoning r. Surface undulating ; soil fertile and well cultivated. It has excellent water-power. The v. is situate on a branch of Mahoning r., in N. W. part of t., and contains several stores and work shops. Pop. 1,120. MILTON, p. v., Caswell co., N. Car. : on the S. side of Dan r., 66 m. N. N. W. Ealeigh. A newspaper, the " Mil ton Chronicle" (whig), is here issued weekly. MILTON, p. b., Northumberland co., Penn.: on the E. side of the W. branch of the Susquehanna r., at the conflu ence of Limestone r., 53 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. A bridge crosses the Susquehanna r. at that point The b. contains about 300 dwellings, numerous stores, and several manufac tories. The " Miltonian" (whig), a weekly paper, is issued here. Pop. 1,646. MILTON, p. v., Eutherford co., Tenn. : 31 m. E. S. E. Nashville. MILTON, p. o., Wilkinson county, Ga. : 19 miles S. Milledgeville. MILTON, p. v., Laurens dist., S. Car. : on Little r., 53 m. N. W. by W. Columbia. MILTON, t. and p. v., Chittenden co., Verm. : 34 m. N. W. Montpelier. Drained by Lamoille river and its branches. Surface pleasantly diversified ; soil good, with fine pastur age. It has immense hydraulic power, owing to an exten sive waterfall in the river. There are a number of mills and manufactories. The t is bounded on the W. by Lake Champlain. Sand Bar bridge connects it with South Hero, on Grand Isle. The v. is pleasantly situate on La moille r., near the falls, and on the line of the Vermont Central E. E., 121 m. from Windsor. It contains several mills and some manufactories, together with a number of workshops and about 60 dwellings. Pop. of t. 2,451. MILTON, t. and p. o., Eock county, Wise. : 29 m. S. E. Madison. Bounded on the N. by Koshkonong lake, by the outlets of which it is drained; and diversified by a num- MIL ber of small ponds. Surface undulating ; soil fertile. There are several mills and manufactories in the town. The v. is on the line of the Milwaukie and Mississippi K. E., 62 m. W. S. W. Milwaukie, and contains several dwellings, a number of stores, and workshops. Pop. of 1 1,032. MILTON MILLS, p. o., Stratford county, N. Hamp. : 25 m. N. E. Concord. MILTONSBCRG, p. v., Monroe co., Ohio: on the Woodfleld post-road, 96 m. E. Columbus. MILTONVILLE, p. v., Wood co., Ohio : on the E. bank of the Maumee r., 109 m. N. N. W. Columbus. MILVILLE, p. o., Eusk co., Tea;. : 219 m. N. E. Austin City. MILWAUKIE county, Wise. Situate S. E., on Lake Michi gan, and contains 258 sq. m. Drained by Oak cr. and Eoot and Milwaukie rivers. Surface gently rolling, with a slope toward the lake ; soil highly productive. Corn and wheat, with the other grains, live-stock, beef, pork, and wool, are the farming staples and large exports. The co. was orig inally heavily timbered, and is extensively engaged in the lumber trade. It has fine harbors, and a very large trade I on the lake. The basis of the co. is limestone, which fur- | nishes an excellent building material and good lime. It has various and extensive manufactures, and exports great numbers of bricks of a superior kind. Farms 935 ; manuf. [ 236 ; dwell. 5,630, and pop. wh. 30,96T, fr. col. 110 total : 31,077. Capital : Milwaukie. PuUic Works: Milwaukie ; and Mississippi E. K. ; Lake Shore E. E. ; Milwaukie and Fond du Lac E. E. ; plank-roads, etc. MILWAUKIE, p. v., Clackamas co., Oreg. : on the E. bank of the Willamette r., some 6 m. below the falls, and 37 m. N. E. Salem. It may be said to be at the head of ship nav igation on the Willamette. Above the v. the r. is unsuited to ship navigation. In a commercial point of view, this is an important site, and is a very prosperous village. MILWAUKIE, t, p. city, and cap. Milwaukie co., Wise. : on the W. shore of Lake Michigan, 75 rn. E. Madison. Lat. 43 04 , long. 87 57 . Drained by Milwaukie r. and branch, which former, running parallel with the lake, divides the t Surface uneven, along the banks of the river and lake hilly ; soil rich and very productive. The shore on Lake Michigan consists of a bank of clay from 20 to 100 feet high, and as nearly perpendicular as the nature of the material will admit of. The country rises gradually to the W. The city is the most important town on Lake Michigan (except Chicago, which is some 90 miles farther S.), and is of some twenty years growth. The inhabitants, of whom a large number are Dutch, Swiss, Norwegians, and Irish, are of a quiet, industrious turn. It is noted for its splendid blocks of buildings, and its superior brick, which probably surpass those of any part of our nation. They have become a valuable article of export, being hard, smooth, and of a beautiful straw color. The Milwaukie and Mississippi R. E. extends from here as far as Janesville, a distance of 70 miles, and, when completed, will extend to Dubuque, thus connecting the lake with the Mississippi river. The city is situate on the river of same name, near its mouth, on an elevation, 90 m. from Chicago, and 78 m. due E. from Madison. It was laid out as a village in 1S35, and such was the rapidity of its increase, that in June of the succeed ing year it numbered 1,206 inhabitants. The bay is a semi circular indentation of Lake Michigan, about 6 m. across, and 3 m. deep. The N. and S. points, or capes, protect the shipping from the effects of all storms and gales of wind, except from the E., which seldom occur. The bottom is composed of clay, affording excellent anchorage ground. There are 39 sail vessels owned in and sailing out of this port, of which the total tonnage is 5,542; also stock in steamboats and propellers of 3,000 tons, making the total tonnage owned in the port 8,542. Sixteen sail of vessels are engaged exclusively in the lumber trade, and the remainder in freighting produce and merchandise. The arrivals dur ing the season of 1848 were, steamboats, 49S ; propellers, 248 ; barks and brigs, 119 ; schooners, 511 ; making a total N3 MIN of 1,176. The exports of wheat from 1845 to 1849 inclusive, was 4,372,400 bushels, as follows: 1845, 133,310; 1846, 292,228; 1847, 662,211; 1848, 1,076,134; 1849, 2,208,517 bushels, being an increase at the rate of more than 100 per cent, per annum. There are invested in manufactories over two million of dollars, the products of which consist of woolen goods, machinery, castings, carriages, wagons, leather, lumber, cabinet-ware, tin, sheet iron, and copper manufactories, saddles and harness, soap and candles, burr mill-stones, steam-boilers, sails, rigging, plows, fanning mills, paper, clothings, smithings, tobacco, and segars, book binding, coopers wares, brick, etc. In addition to this, there are 5 flouring mills, propelled by water-power, and 1 by steam containing 17 runs of stones, each run capable of turning out 80 to 100 barrels of flour per day, and consum ing in all 7,000 bushels of wheat daily. The imports amount to near four million dollars annually, consisting chiefly of merchandise, salt, furniture, coal, lime, plaister, fruits, lumber, etc. The exports, amounting to two and a half million dollars annually, consist of wheat, barrels of flour, pork, beef, lead, shot, hides, and sundry manufactured arti cles. There is a United States land office situate here. The "Wisconsin Banner," daily, tri-weekly, and weekly (dem.), " Taglicher Yolksfreund," daily and weekly (dem.), "Commercial Advertiser," daily, tri-weekly, and weekly (dem.), "Milwaukie Sentinel," daily, tri-weekly, and weekly (whig), " Free Democrat," daily, tri-weekly, and weekly (free soil), tri-weekly, and weekly "Wisconsin," daily (dem.), are the names of newspapers published here. The progress of the city has been most remarkable. In 1S34 it was surrounded by a wilderness, and contained only two log-houses, since which time it has increased rapidly. In 1840, there were 1,700 inhabitants; 1S42, 2,700; 1846, June 1, 9.655; 1849, December 15, 15,071; 1850. the city, 20,061, but including the town, 21,461. MILWAUKIE bay, Wise. : an inlet of Lake Michigan, in the county so called. At the head of the bay is the city above described. MILWAUKIE river, Wise. : a large stream rising by a num ber of branches in Fond du Lac and Sheboygan counties, flows S. to Salisbury, E. to Fredonia, thence S. through Washington and a part of Milwaukie eo., empties into Mil waukie Bay of Lake Michigan at Milwaukie City, from which point the Milwaukie and Mississippi E. E. diverges. MINA, t. and p. v., Chautauque co., 2f. Y. : W. part of co., 313 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by French cr. Finley s Lake is in W. part of t. Surface uneven ; soil of good quality. It contains a few mills and munufactories, and several dwellings. The village is situate in N. E. part, on French cr., and has some neat dwellings, and a number of stores and workshops. Pop. of t. 996. MINAVILLE, p. o., Montgomery co., W. Y. : 33 m. N. W. Albany. MINDEN, p. o., Eusk co., Tex. : 223 m. N. E. Austin City. MINDEN, p. v., Claiborne par., La. : on an outlet of Lake Bisteneau, 193 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. It contains a court house, jail, a number of dwellings, and some workshops. The " Minden Herald," a weekly issue, is published here. MINDEN, t. and p. o., Montgomery county, AT. Y. : 53 m. W. N. W. Albany. Bounded on the N. and E. by the Mohawk r. and Erie Canal, by which and Otsquake cr. it is drained. Surface variable, in parts hilly ; soil various, rich in the valleys, and very productive. There are a num ber of manufactories, mills, and some workshops here. Pop. of t. 4,623. MINDENVILLE, p. o., Montgomery county, A 7 ] Y. : 53 m. W. N. W. Albany. MINE CREEK, p. o., Hempstead co., Ark. : 109 m. S. W. Little Eock. MINE KILL FALLS, p. o., Schoharie co., N. Y. : 39 m. W. Albany. MINE LA MOTTE, p. v., Madison co., Mo.: on a branch of St. Francis r., 123 m. S. E. by E. Jefferson City. There 431 MIN MIN is an extensive lead mine here yielding 72 per cent, pure metal. The ores are easily reduced, and 6 ounces of silver is procured per ton. The carbonate is reduced by means of a blast furnace. Copper and zinc ores are found in the vicinity; manganese ores are also very abundant, and in time will be sought after with much avidity. Cobalt has be come an object of exploration. It is found associated with nickel, in the form of the sulphuret, or the black oxide. An apparatus for the preparation of cobalt oxide has been fitted up at the mine, and it is estimated that the tract will pro duce from 3,000 to 5,000 pounds of the article per annum. Cobalt is an invaluable article in the manufacture of porce lain and pottery, all the blue colors of which are derived from it. MINERAL POINT, t, p. v., and cap. Iowa co., Wise. : 43 m. S. W. Madison. Drained by head branches of Pecatonica r. Surface rugged ; soil fertile, and very productive, with a basis of limestone. There are a number of farms and sev eral dwellings in the t The v. is on a branch of Pecatonica r., and contains, besides the usual public buildings, a U. S. land office, a number of stores and dwellings, and a few workshops. Lead and copper of an excellent quality are to be found here in abundance; there are several furnaces used for smelting. Pop. of t 2,5S4. MINERAL SPRING, p. o., Anderson dist., S. Car. : 114 m. W. N. W. Columbia. MINERAL SPRINGS, p. o., Bexar co., Tex. : 77 m. S. Austin City. There is a spring here, whose waters have for ages been held in high estimation by the aborigines for their medicinal qualities. MINERAL SPRINGS, p. v., Columbia co., Flor. : on the S. side of Suwanee r., 71 m. E. Tallahassee. MINERAL SPRINGS, p. o., Lowndes co., Ga. : 156 m. S. Milledgeville. MINERSVILLE, p. b., Schuvlkill co., Penn. : 41 m. N. E. Ilarrisburg. It contains about 125 dwellings, several stores and one newspaper, the " Minersville Bulletin," is issued weekly. There are a number of anthracite coal mines in. the vicinity. Pop. about 1,600. MINERSVILLE, p. v., M Dowell co., N. Car. ; at head of Cane cr., 175 m. W. Ealeigh. MINERVA, p. T., Houston co., Ga, : at the source of Beaver cr., 62 m. S. W. Milledgeville. MINERVA, p. v., Mason county, JEy, : 72 m. E. X. E. Frankfort. MINERVA, t. and p. v., Essex co., N. Y. : 79 m. N. W. Albany. Drained by Hudson r., and Boreas, Cedar, and Indian rivers, its forks. Surface hilly, in parts mountain ous, the Adirondack Mountains being situate here. In the valley is to be found some fertile land. Water-power is good ; there are several mills and some manufactures here. The v. in which the post-office is situate is in the S. E. part of the t. Pop. of the t. 5S6. MINERVA, p. v., Stark co., Ohio: on the line of the Sandy and Beaver Canal, 107 m. E. N. E. Columbus. It contains several stores, and about 450 inhabitants. MINETTO, p. o., Oswego co., JV. Y. : 137 m. N. "W. Albany. MINGO FLAT, p. o., Eandolph co., Virg. : 137 m. N. "W. Richmond. MIMSINK, t. and p. v., Orange co., N. Y. : 97 m. S. S. W. Albany. Bounded on the E. and S. E. by Wallkill, by which and its branches it is drained. Surface in the "W. hilly and in the E. varied, being partly covered by what is termed the drowned lands; soil in parts fertile and pro ductive. There are in the t. a large number of mills, sev eral manufactories, and a variety of stores. The New York and Erie E. E. crosses the N. W. part of the t. The v. is near the Wallkill, and has several stores and workshops. Westtown is the name of a post-office in the S. part. Popu lation of t. 4,972. THE TERRITORY OF MINNESOTA. MINNESOTA occupies " all that part of the territory of the United States which lies within the following limits, to wit: beginning in the Mississippi Eiver, at the point where the line of 43 30 of north latitude crosses the same ; thence running due west on said line, which is the northern boundary of the State of Iowa, to the north-west corner of the said State of Iowa ; thence southerly along the western boundary of the said State to the point where the said boundary strikes the Missouri Eiver; thence up the middle of the main channel of the Missouri Eiver to the mouth of the White-earth Eiver; thence up the middle of the main channel of the White-earth Eiver to the boundary line between the possessions of the United States and Great Britain ; thence east and south of east along the boundary line between the possessions of the United States and Great Britain to Lake Superior; thence in a straight line to the northernmost point of the State of Wisconsin in Lake Superior ; thence along the western boundary line of said State of Wisconsin to the Mississippi Eiver; thence down the main channel of said river to the place of beginning." A ct of Congress, 3d March, 1849. Within this territory the area may be computed at 140,000 or 150,000 square miles ; according to the census report it is only 83,000 square miles, which is evidently an error. This immense region is bountifully watered by the Mississippi, of which it contains the true sources, the Minnesota, the Missouri Eiver, and the Eed Eiver of the north, and their numerous tributary streams, which traverse it in every part. There are also innumerable bodies of fresh water, which abound in fish of various kinds, the white fish especially being found in great numbers in the more northern or large lakes. The generarcharactcr of Minnesota is that of a high rolling prairie, but the streams and lakes are bordered with heavy bodies of timber, which contain every species of wood known along the Mississippi below, except beech and sycamore. At a point about 8 miles above the Falls of St. Anthony, west of the Mississippi, commences a large and remarkable forest, which extends to the south nearly at a right angle across the Minnesota, or St Peter s Eiver, to the branches of the Makato, or Blue-earth Eiver. This vast body of woodland is more than 120 miles in length and from 15 to 40 in breadth. Many beautiful lakes of limpid water are found within its limits. In this fine country are to be found all the requisites to sustain a dense population. The soil is of great fertility and un usual depth, covered as it is with the mold of a thousand years. The soil of Minnesota, indeed, is admirably adapted to the cultivation of all the cereal grains. Wheat, oats, and barley are safe crops, even as far north as the Eed Eiver settle ment on the British line. The country is destined to become a great agricultural region, and its prairies are well calcu lated for the raising of stock. There is also such an extent of water-power throughout its broad surface that no reason can be perceived why manufactures would not flourish also. The reports of those scientific men who have explored the country justify the belief that the territory is rich in copper ores, and also in galenu or lead ores. Whether coal exists is a problem yet to be solved. If it should be found in any considerable quantities, the discovery will be of more real ad vantage than the richest mines of silver and gold. On the upper portion of the Mississippi and St. Croix valleys lies the great region of pine which has been and will con tinue to be a great source of wealth to the Territory and State for centuries to come. The manufacture of pine lumber already occupies a large part of the industrial labor of the people. Much of this is needed for home consumption, caused by the rapid increase of population, but the larger portion is sent to St. Louis, where it meets with a ready sale. The climate of Minnesota is not subject to sudden variations, especially in winter. Although in some years the snow falls to a 482 MINNESOTA. Counties. Dwell. Pop. in" Estab. Capitals. Benton ... 71 ... 418 ...20 . . 1 ... Sauk Rapids Dakotah . . . ... 73 ... 534 ... ...... Fort Snelling Jta^ca 23 97 36 _ . Mankatah. . 16 153 .. 4 . Pembina... ...1S8... 1,134 ...17 ...... Pembina great depth, yet, as a general rule, it is far less than is experienced in New England or the northern part of the State of New York. The comparative absence of moisture in the country is attributable, doubtless, to the fact that no very large bodies of water are to be found, although, as before stated, small lakes abound. During the coldest weather in winter the air is perfectly still ; consequently the weather is much more tolerable, and even pleasant, than could be supposed by those who reside in the same latitude on the Atlantic coast. The navigation of the Mississippi, however, is not to be relied on after the first week in December, and steamboats arrive in the spring about the middle of April, so that the river may be considered as closed about five months in the year. Minnesota, in 1850, according to the census of that year, was divided into nine counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each were as follows : Counties. Dwell Pop. ^u\t. Estab! Capitals. Ramsey 384 ... 2,227 ... 19 ....... ST. PATTL Wabashaw 55 ... 243 ... 8....... Wahnahta 26... 160.. 5....... Washington 161 ... 1,056 ... 48 ... 4 ... StUlwater The whole number of dwellings in the Terrritory was, at the above date, 1,002, of families 1,016, and of inhabitants 6,077, viz. : whites 6,038 males 3,695, and females 2,343 ; and of free colored persons 39 males 21, and females IS. Of the whole population, there were deaf and dumb wh. 0, fr. col. total ; Uind wh. 0, fr. col. total ; insane wh. 0, fr. col. total 0; and idiotic wh. 1, fr. col. total 1. The number of free persons bora in the United States was 4,007 ; the number of foreign birth, 2,048 ; and the number of birth unknown, 22. The native population originated as follows : Maine 365, N. Hamp. 47, Yerm. 100, Mass. 92, R. I. 3, Conn. 48, N. York 488, N. Jer. 115, Penn. 227, Del. 3, Md. 31, Dist. of Col. 3, Yirg. 59, N. Car. 6, S. Car. 4, Ga. 4, Flor. 0, Ala. 6, Miss. 0, La. 4, Tex. 0, Ark. 11, Tenn. 21, Ky. 71, Ohio 291, Mich. 41, Ind. 35, 111. 168, Mo. 90, la. 81, Wise. 301, Calif. 1, and territories 7 ; and the foreign population was composed of persons from England 84, Ireland 271, Scotland 39, Wales 2, Germany 141, France 29, Holland 16, Spain 1, Portugal 0, Belgium 1, Turkey 0, Italy 1, Austria 1, Switzerland 32, Russia 2, Norway 7, Denmark 1, Sweden 4, Prussia 5, Sardinia 0, Greece 0, China 0, Asia 0, Africa 0, British America 1,417, Mexico 0, South America 0, Central America 0, West Indies 0, Sandwich Islands 0, other countries 4. The statistics of the wealth, industry, institutions, etc., of the Territory, according to the seventh census of the United States taken in 1850, and other official returns referring to the same period of time, are as follows : Occupied Lands, etc. Improved farm lands 5,035 acres, and unimproved lands 23,846 acres, valued in cash at $161,943 ; number of farms under cultivation, 157 ; value of farming implements and machinery, $15,931. Live-Stock. Horses 860, asses and mules 14, milch cows 607, working oxen 655 ; other cattle 740, sheep SO, and swino 734 valued in the aggregate at $92,859. Animal Products. Wool 85 pounds, butter 1,100 pounds, cheese pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered during the year had been $2,840. Grain and Food Crops. Wheat 1,401 bushels, rye 125 bushels, Indian corn 16,725 bushels, oats 38,582 bushels, barley 1,216 bushels, and buckwheat 515 bushels. Peas and beans were produced to the amount of 10,002 bushels, and potatoes Irish 21,145 bushels, and sweet 200 bushels. Miscellaneous Crops. Hay 2,019 tons, maple sugar 2,950 pounds ; value of the produce of market gardens $150. Manufactures, of course, can not be looked for in so young a community as that of Minnesota. According to the census there were in the Territory only Jive industrial establishments producing to the value of $500 and upward annually. The commerce of the country is wholly carried on by means of steamboats navigating its rivers, and there is some over land intercourse maintained between the Pembina settlement on the Red River and the south-eastern towns, but to no great amount Regular steamers ply between St. Louis and St Paul via Fevre River, etc. Government. The government is based on the act of Congress constituting the Territory, passed 30th March, 1849. This act gives the right of suffrage to every free white male inhabitant 21 years old, and who has taken an oath to support the Constitution of the United States and the act forming the Constitution of the Territory. All electors are eligible to be elected. The Legislature consists of a Council and House of Representatives. The Council has 9 members elected in districts by a plurality of votes, for two years, and the House IS members elected for one year. The legislature may increase the number of councilors to 15, and the number of representatives to 39. Members of either body must reside in their district, and every district shall be represented according to its population after deducting Indians. No session of the Legislative Assembly shall exceed sixty days. No law shall be passed interfering with the primary disposal of the soil ; no tax shall be imposed on the property of the United States ; nor shall the property of non-residents be taxed higher than that of residents. All laws shall be submitted to Congress, and if disapproved shall be null. The Governor is appointed by the President and Senate for four years, and until his successor be appointed and qualified, unless sooner removed by the President. He is ex-officio superintendent of Indian affairs, and commander-in- chief of the militia. He may grant pardons for offenses against territorial laws, and reprieve, until the decision of the President be known, for offenses against the laws of the United States. His veto may be defeated by a subsequent two- third vote of the Legislative Assembly. The Secretary of the Territory, whose mode of appointment and tenure of office, is the same as the Governor s, would assume his functions in case of his absence, or the vacation of his office. The judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, District Courts, etc. The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and two associates, appointed by the President and the Senate for four years, any two of whom constitute a quorum, and hold an annual term at the seat of government. The Territory is divided into three districts, in each of which one of the three justices reside, and hold a District Court, having the jurisdiction of the United States District and Circuit Courts in all cases arising under the laws or constitution of the United States, for jury trials, subject to appeal to the Supreme Court, in which issues at law only are heard. From the Supreme Court writs of error and appeals lie to the Supreme Court of the United States (as from a Circuit Court), where the matter in dispute exceeds in value $1,000. Both the District and Supreme Courts possess chancery powers. Justices of the peace have no jurisdiction where the title or boundaries of land are in dispute, or where the sum claimed exceeds $100. An attorney and marshal of the Territory are appointed by the President and Senate for four years. Inhabitants of the Territory are secured all the rights heretofore granted to the MIN MIS inhabitants of Wisconsin, and the laws of Wisconsin, at the date of its admission as a State, so far as compatible with the present organization, until repealed or modified. A delegate to the House of Representatives in Congress is chosen by a plurality of votes for two years. The financial condition of the Territory is exhibited in the official reports to the 1st January, 1S52 : Territorial taxes for 1S50, collected $561 41, and delinquent $271 OS, or a total of $832 49 ; territorial taxes for 1851, due, etc., $1.2S2 31 making a total revenue for 1S50 and 51 amounting to $2,114 80. Warrants drawn on the Treasury, in I860, $1,181 50, and in 1851 $350 total for the two years $2,031 50. Excess of revenue, including unpaid tax, $S3 30. The militia force of Minnesota, in 1850, consisted of 2,003 men of all arms, of which 7 were commissioned officers, and 1,996 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 2 were general officers, and 5 general staff officers. Education. Schools are established in the more thickly populated sections, and are supported chiefly by local tax. The United States Government appropriates also $12,000 to the purposes of education. Two sections of the land from every township are reserved for the support of schools in the older settled States only one section in each town was thus set apart Congress also appropriated $20,000 for a public library. Religious Denominations. The census of 1850 does not record any thing respecting the denominations in this Territory. The following are from the annual reports of the several churches : The Roman Catholics, in 1853, had 7 churches, and 10 clergymen, chiefly employed on missions. The Territory was erected into the Roman Catholic diocese of St. Paul, on the 2Sth June, 1S50. The Episcopalians have a church at St. Paul, and several others in different parts, and are under a missionary bishop. The Methodists and Baptists have also congregations, and perhaps number larger than any of the other sects, but it seems that the newness of the settlements, or distance from the central establishments, has prevented the usual reports being sent in. So little, Indeed, is known of the religious condition of the people of Minnesota, that it were perhaps better to advance no opinion on the subject until reliable information can be obtained. Nor is there any definite information respecting the public press. The census is silent on this point, but there are at St. Paul at least two newspapers, and others may or may not be published elsewhere. Nor have any records of crime and pauperism as yet been published. Historical Sketch. Previous to Minnesota being erected into a Territory by the Act of Congress of 3d March, 1S49, that portion of it east of the Mississippi River formed a part of Wisconsin Territory, and that west of that river a part of Iowa Territory. The Territory derives its name from minni-sotah, the Indian name for St. Peter s River minni in their lan guage meaning "water," and ttotah "muddy or slightly turbid." The country Originally belonged to the French by priority of discovery. At an early period their traders, missionaries, and soldiers had penetrated into the western wilder ness. The United States had little authority in this region until 1812. In 1816 a law of Congress excluded foreigners from the Indian trade, and for the encouragement of our own citizens the military post at Fort Snelling was established in 1819. Among the explorers of this country the names of Carver, Pike, Cass, Long, Beltrami, Schoolcraft, Nicollet, Owen, etc., will ever be intimately connected with its history. The honor of verifying the sources of the Mississippi belongs to Schoolcraft The Territorial Government was organized by Governor Ramsey. The first legislature, which adjourned after a session of 60 days on the 1st November, 1849, was chiefly employed in consolidating the government and dividing the Territory into suitable civil districts, and appointing civil officers to enforce the laws. Among its most important acts were those establishing the judiciary, a school system, and relative to the improvements of the roads. All these will have a paramount influence over the future destiny of the country. Perhaps one of the most humane and politic acts of the legislature was the admission to citizenship of all persons of a mixture of white and Indian blood who shall have adopted the habits and customs of civilized men;" and not less politic is that law which requires the establishment of schools throughout the Territory. The act of the General Government, erecting the Territory, appropriates two sections in every township for the support of common schools. No other State had previously received more than one section in each township for such purpose. In June, 1849, the citizen population numbered 4,780 ; in June, 1S50, it had increased to 6,077 a fact which speaks well for the future progress of this rising Territory. "Congress may hereafter divide said Territory, or annex any portion of it to another State or Territory. Act of Congress, 3d March, 1849. ST. PAUL, on the left bank of the Mississippi River, is the political capital of the Territory. MINOT, t and p. o., Cumberland county, Me.: 31 m. S. W. by W. Augusta. Drained by Little Androscoggin r. and its branches, which afford excellent hydraulic power. Surface diversified; soil fertile, and well cultivated. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in agricultural pursuits. There are a number of mills here, and it is important for its manufactories. The v. of West Minot is in the N. W. part of the t, on a branch of the Little Androscoggin r. and on the line of the Buckfield Branch R, R. (which crosses the W. part of the t.) 9 m. from Buckfleld. Pop. of the 1. 1,734. MINSTER, p. v., Auglaize co., Ohio : on the Miami Canal, 122 m. N. Cincinnati, and 63 m. W. N. W. Columbus. MINSI SAGAIGONING, or MILLE LACS, Minn.: a circular lake lying in Ramsay and bordering on Washington County 79 m. N. St. Paul. Its principal outlet is Rum r. on the S., which empties into the Mississippi. MINTONSVILLE, p. v., Gates co., & Car. : 128 m. E. N. E. Raleigh. MINT SPRING, p. o., Augusta co., Virg. : 98 m. W. N. W. Richmond. MIRABILE, p. o., Caldwell county, Mo. : 128 m. N. W. Jefferson City. MIRANDA, p. v., Rowan co., N. Car. : 108 m. W. by S. Raleigh. 484 MIRICKVILLE, p. o., Bristol co., Mass. : 35 m. S. Boston. MISERY river, Mich. : rises in a pond in the W. part of Houghton County, flows N. W., and empties into Lake Superior. MISHAWAKA. p. v., St. Joseph co., Ind. : on the line of the Northern Indiana R. R., and on the S. side of the St. Joseph s r., 131 m. N. Indianapolis. MISIIICOTT, p. v., Manitouwoc co., Wise. : W. side of East Twin r., 121 m. N. E. Madison. MISPILION, hundred, Kent co., Del. : between Mispilion and Mother Kill creeks, which flow into Delaware Bay, 13 m. S. Dover. Area. 72.530. It contains se veral stores, mills, and manufactories, and a number of mechanic shops. MISPILION creek, Del. : rises in the N. part of Sussex co., flowing N. E. divides it from Kent, and empties into Delaware Bay. MISSIONARY STATION, p. v., Floyd co., Ga.: on the N. side of Coosa r., 157 m. N. W. by W. Milledgeville. MISSATTKEE county, Mich. Situate N. centrally on Lower Peninsula, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by branches of Manistee and Maskegon rivers, which flow into Lake Michigan. Unorganized. MISSION POINT, p. o.. La Salle co., III.: 130 m. N. N.E. Springfield. MIS MIS MISSION SAN JOSK, p. o., Contra Costa co., Calif. : 25 m. S. Vallejo. MISSISQUE bay, Verm. : a large sheet of water, an arm of Lake Champlain. extending into Canada, between Swanton and Hiirhgate E., and Albany "W. On the Canada line its width is about 5 m., and extends N. the same distance. It covers an area of 35 square miles. Several streams flow into it, the principal of which is the one so called. MISSISQUE river, Verm. : this crooked river rises in the hilly part of Lowell, flows N. through Westfleld and Troy into Canada, where it receives a large stream from the N. E. ; running W. several miles, if returns into Vermont through Richford, and after a westerly course through Berk shire, Enosburg, Sheldon, Highgate, and Swanton, returns N. into Highgate, and empties into Missisque Bay, Lake Champlain, at Highgate, near the Canada line. At Enos burg it receives Trout r., besides which Black cr. and Tay lor s Branch are its most important tributaries, affording a number of valuable mill-sites. Its length, including wind ings, is about 75 miles. It has a number of falls in its course. Navigable for vessels of 50 tons burden to Swanton Falls, distant 6 m., where there is extensive hydraulic power. MISSISSINAWA, t. and p. o., Darke co., Ohio: 94 m. W. by N. Columbus. Drained by Mississinawa r. Surface level ; soil fertile, adapted to grain. Danemora v. is in the E. part of the t. on Mississinawa r. Pop. of t. 378. MISSISSINAWA river, Ind. : rises in W. part of Darke co., Ohio, flowing in a N. W. course into Indiana, passes through the counties of Randolph, Delaware, Grant, and Wabash, and empties into the Wabash river, in Miami co., a short distance below Peru. It forms one of the principal tribu taries of the Wabash river. Its upper parts furnish good mill-seats, and its lower is navigable at high water for boats of 10 tons burden. THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. MISSISSIPPI is bounded on the north by Tennessee, on the east by Alabama, on the south by the Gulf of Mexico and Louisiana, and on the west by Pearl and Mississippi rivers, which separate it from Louisiana and Arkansas. Like Alabama, it has a narrow strip of land about 90 miles long and 50 miles wide, south of the main body of the State to the Gulf of Mexico. Independently of this tract, it lies between 31 and 35 latitudes north, and extends from 88 12 to 91 36 longitudes west from Greenwich, or 11 10 and 14 34 from Washington. In the north, the width is about 116 miles, but it expands pretty regularly to 189 miles in the south, and its length, exclusive of the strip above mentioned, is about 276 miles, comprising an area of 47,156 square miles. The surface of Mississippi has a general slope to the south-west and to the south, as appears from the course of the rivers ; but a small section sends off its waters to the south-east There are no mountains within the limits of the State, yet numerous ranges of hills of moderate elevation give to the greater part of the surface an undulating and diversified character : some of these eminences terminate abruptly upon a level plain, or upon the banks of a river, and bear the names of bluffs or river hills. The western border on the Mississippi is an extensive region of swamps ; and between the Mississippi and Yazoo there is a tract of 170 miles in length by 50 in width, with an area of nearly 7,000 square miles annually overflowed. " The broad and extensive low grounds or flats, between Memphis and Vicksburg, are subject to frequent inundations to the depth of many feet, and a width of from 10 to 20, and even occasionally 30 miles. Much of the surface is occupied by swamps, morasses, lagoons, slashes, etc., through which the Yazoo River has its course; the whole of which, from the junction of the Cold Water and Tallahatchee rivers, lies between this valley region. From the circumstances already detailed, this extensive tract has been denominated by some the Mississippi, and by others the Yazoo Swamp. During the prevalence of high floods, it assumes the character of a marine forest rather than that of a woodland bottom." The south-eastern counties are generally low, but have an undulating surface ; and the southern part of the State, generally for about 100 miles from the Gulf of Mexico, is mostly a sandy level country, covered with a pine forest, interspersed with cypress swamps, prairies, water-marshes, and a few hills of slight elevation. Every portion of the State is well watered ; clear and running streams penetrate it in every direction, and its rivers are numerous and wide-spreading. The Tennessee River laves the north-eastern corner, and the Tombigbee, which rises in this section, has been navigated by steamboats to Aberdeen, in Monroe County. The Mississippi washes the whole western border for a distance, by the circuitous course of its channel, of 530 miles, but in a straight line of not half that distance. From Memphis, just above the northern frontier of Mississippi, to Vicksburg, a distance of 450 miles, the uplands or river hills are separated from the river by inundated bottoms of greater or less width, and afford no site suitable for a port ; below Vicksburg, the only eligible port is Natchez, 100 miles south, and below this point there is no bank of much magnitude above the reach of high water till we come to Baton Rouge, in Louisiana. The Mississippi, however, receives several considerable streams from the most valuable part of the State. The Yazoo is formed by the junction of the Yallabusha and Tallahatchee, which rise in the northern part of the State, near the head waters of the Tombigbee, and flows into the Mississippi 12 miles above Vicksburg, after a course of 200 miles, 50 miles of which are navigable for large boats. Big Black River is next in point of size, and enters the Mississippi immediately above Grand Gulf by a mouth 40 yards wide. Its length is 200 miles, and it is navigated by steamboats for 50 miles. The Bayou Pierre and the Homochitto are the other principal tributaries of the Mississippi from this State ; the latter enters the Mississippi 43 miles below Natchez. The other rivers have a southerly course to the Gulf of Mexico and the lagoons connected with it. The Amitie has but a small part of its course in Mississippi. The Pearl River rises near the centre of the State, and flows through a fertile and populous region into the Rigolets, or outlet of Lake Pontchartrain. Below 31 north latitude it divides the State from Louisiana, and has been navigated by steamboats to Jackson. The Pascagoula waters the south-eastern section. It is formed by the confluence of the Chickasawha and Leaf rivers, and empties into the sound of the same name. It is navig:iblft for 50 miles for vessels of 6 feet draft of water, and for boats 100 miles farther, but the bay at its mouth has only 4 feet of water. The coast, which extends along the Gulf of Mexico for about 60 miles, has no harbors except those of Mississippi City and Shieldsboro , which, however, do not admit large vessels. A chain of low sand islands, six or seven miles from the shore, inclose several bays or sounds, the largest of which are Pascagoula Sound and Lake Borgne. Ship and Cat islands are eligible stations for ocean steamers. The ports on the Mississippi are Vicksburg, Grand Gulf, and Natchez. The upper portion of the State is generally known as North Mississippi, though the region thus designated includes a portion only of the north. This section of the State (the Chickasaw cession) came into market and cultivation some nitron years ago. The surface of the ground is rather rolling, but generally is very clean: has an open champaign appearance, and is beautifully wooded with oak, hickory, etc., devoid of undergrowth. The uplands produce very abundantly, but the substratum of the country being sandy, they are soon ruined by the heavy rains. The valley lands, as they are termed, are much more durable, the soil being heavier and darker, and are highly productive ; but they are MISSISSIPPI. liable to be and frequently are submerged, acres at a time, under billows of sand washed from the uplands during heavy freshets. Cotton has hitherto been the staple product. The chief outlet of this region is by wagons to Memphis. Another section of North Mississippi is called the " Prairie," or " Tombigbee" country, covering the north-east part of the State, and sweeping far down on the Alabama line. This country is uniformly level, with scarcely a tree, covered by rank grass, dotted sometimes with pools and marshes, and intersected by dull, sluggish branches. The soil is a dark, heavy loam, coal-black, and of surprising strength and fertility. The mold is different from that of Lower Louisiana in this, that it is more of an original and less of a depository character; and also in being thick and highly adhesive, instead of light and ashy, as the former. It is also corrosive and deeply impregnated with lime strong and apparently inex haustible. The crop is and ever will be cotton, of which the yield is abundant. Corn also yields profusely. This region, though lying by the Chickasaw counties, finds its market at Mobile by means of the Tombigbee River principally. The border counties, down the Alabama line, change from the prairie and partake more of the character of the Chickasaw lands. It is a beautiful and healthy range of counties, finely watered, and produces cotton and the lighter grains. A large portion of the State is known as East Mississippi, which really includes the south-east and part of the southern sections. Though one of the oldest, it is one of the thinnest settled parta of the State. The character of the land is mixed some poor and some very rich ; broken hills and fertile valleys. Cotton is produced, but to no great extent ; corn and small grain abundantly, and sometimes rice ; it is also famous for its cattle. Indeed, the region possesses many of the pleasant characteristics of a pastoral country. The natural market of this section is Mobile, although a small portion of its trade is done at Jackson, and some of it seeks New Orleans by way of Pearl Paver. The portion of the State border ing on the sea-shore, with its bathing, fish, oysters, and pleasant summer retreats, is well known to the dust-covered denizens of New Orleans, and is becoming to the South what Newport and Cape May are to the North. Back from tho sea-coast is generally a sandy, broken tract, covered by quantities of fine pine, which 13 now being worked off tho laud for timber and naval stores. The south-west and country above it is the oldest settled portion of the State ; the soil ia rich, and the population wealthy. Commencing some 50 miles below the mouth of the Yazoo Kiver, inclining to the interior for about 100 miles in a line gently circling northward up through the centre, then diverging to the north-west to a point below Memphis, is to be found as noble a sweep of country as any in the world. It is washed by the Mississippi from Memphis to Vicksburg, and is intersected by the Yazoo, its head waters and tributaries, throughout its greatest extent The facilities for market are unequaled. The Yazoo River running through nearly its whole extent, is an excellent stream, affording steam navigation as high as the south-west corner of Marshall County. The soil is of a most productive character, being, as it is called, swamp land. It possesses all the strength of the prairie lands without their adhesive and corrosive nature. This region has but recently come into cultivation, it having hitherto been considered damp and unhealthy; but this idea experience has much modified. One drawback on these lands, however, is their liability to overflow from freshets in the Mississippi River. The section last spoken of embraces the counties of Yazoo, Sunflower, Washington, Bolivar, Coahoma, Tunica, Tallahatchie, and a portion of De Soto, Panola, Yallabusha, Carroll, and Holmes, and is generally known as the region of the " Kiver Counties." [Several valuable articles on the topography etc., of Mississippi will be found in " De Bow s Lidustrial Resources," etc., volume II.] Mississippi is divided into 59 counties, the general statistics of which in 1850 were as follows: NORTHERN* MISSISSIPPI TWENTY-THREE COUNTIES. Counties. Attala Dwell .1,431 Pop. ..10,999. Farms, in cult. .1,336. Mnnuf. Estab. .44.. Capitals. .Kosciusko Counties. Noxubee .. , , Dwell . 957 Pop. ..16,299. Farms, in <-cilt. . 676. M.imif. K*t:.l). ...31.. CapirnU, Macon Bolivar .... 95 .. 2,577. . 57. . 0... .Bolivar Oktibbeha. . 744. .. 9,171.. . 560 ...13 Starkville Carroll .1,441. ..18,491.. 986. .45... . Carrollton Panola . 891 11,414 . . 618 .. Panola Chickasaw.. Choctaw Coahoma . . . De Soto Itawamba. . . Lafavette . . . .1,641. .1,405. . 260. .1,644. .1,855. .1,382. ..16,368.. ..19,042. .. 2,780.. ..19,042.. ..13,528.. ..14,069. .1,167. .1,132. . 161. .1,257. . .1,499. .1,044. .29... .17... . 0... .38... .16... .49... . Houston .Greensboro .Delta .Hernando .Fulton Oxford Pontotoc Sunflower . . . Tallahatchie. Tippah Tishpmingo . Tunica .2,001. . 75. 363. .2,655. .2,201. . 73. ..17,112.. .. 1,102.. .. 4.643.. ..20,741.. ..15,490.. .. 1,314.. .1,248. . 43. . 282. .1,890. .1,247. 41. ..32... .. 0... .. 0... ..26... ...16... 0... .Pontotoc .M Nutt .Charleston .Ripley .Jacinto . Austin Lowndes Marshall . . . Monroe .1,163. .2,306. .1,576. ..19,544.. ..29,6S9.. ..21,172.. . 725. .1,611. . 848.. .63... .54... .13... . Columbus . Holly Springs . Athens Winston Yallabusha. . . 866. .1,491. .. 7,956.. ..17,258.. . 551. . 872. ..18... ..32... . Louisville .Coffeeville SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI THIRTY-SIX COUNTIES. Counties. Adams Amit Claiborne . . . Clark Copiah Dwell. . 900. . 660. . 659. . 631. .1,148. Pop. .18,622. . 9,694. .14,941 . 5,477. .11,794. Farms in cult ...136. ...510. ...310. ...500. ...951. Manuf. Estab. ..15.. .. 1.. ...19.. .. 7.. fl1 Capitals. ..Natchez ..Liberty ..Port Gibson ..Quitman ..Gallatin Counties. Lauderdalc. . . Lawrence Leake Madison Marion Dwell. 1,008. 613. 635. 767. 377 Pop. .. 8,717.. .. 6,478.. .. 5,533.. ..18,173.. .. 4,410.. Farms in cult. ..922. ..458.. ..437. ..552. ..322.. Manuf. Estab. ..31.. ..12.. 4 ..10.. ..7.. Capitals. .Marion .Monticello .Carthage .Canton .Columbia Covington... Franklin Greene . 348. . 447. 217 . 3,338. . 5,904. . 2,018 ...272. ...330. ... 93. .. 5.. .. 5.. .. 0.. ..Williamsbg. . .Meadville ..Leakville Neshoba Newton Perry 545. 586. 965 .. 4,728.. .. 4,465.. .. 2,438.. ..426. ..350.. ..131.. .. 0.. .. 0.. .. 0... .Philadelphia . Decatur .Augusta Hancock . . . Harrison .. . 492. 727 . 3,672 4875 ... 77. 84 ..11.. .19 . . Shieldsboro .Mississip. C. Pike Rankin 698. 698 .. 7,360.. 7.2^7 ..558.. 420 ..19... 5 . Holmesville Brandon Hinds . . . 1,656 25340 852 3 JACKSOV Scott 422. .. 8.961 257 . ..14 .. .Hillsboro Holmes Issaquena . . . Jackson Jasper Jefferson Jones Kemper 486 . 995.. . 110.. . 440.. . 674.. . 514.. . 319.. .1,249.. .13,923. . 4,478. . 3,196. . 6,184. .13,193. . 2,164. .12,517. ...640. ... 76. ...212.. ...540.. ...239.. ...274.. ...730.. ..21.. .. 0.. .. 8.. .. 9.. .. 7.. .. 0.. .. 1.. . .Lexington ..Tallulah .. Jackson C.H. ..Paulding . .Fayette ..Ellisville ..DeKalb Simpson Smith Warren Washington .. Wayne Wilkinson . . . Yazoo 526. 515. 1,230. 126. 281. 736. 935. .. 4,734.. .. 4,071.. ..18,121.. .. 8,389.. .. 2,892.. ..16,914.. ..14,413.. ..451.. ..425.. ..435.. ..109.. ..162.. ..404.. ..464.. .. 8... .. 8... ..25... .. 0... .. 0... ..IS... ..17... . Westville .Raleigh .Yicksburg .Greenville .Winchester .Woodville .Benton MISSISSIPPI. The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 51,681, of families 52,107, and of inhabitants 606,565, viz. : whites 295,753 males 158,260, and females 139,498, free colored 8S9 males 473, and females 426 ; slaves 309,893. Of the whole population, there were deaf and dunib wh. 81, fr. col, 1, si. 26 total 103 ; Mind wh. 130, fr. col. 1, si. 86 total 217 ; insane wh. 127, fr. col. 0, si. 22 total 149 ; and idiotic wh. 141, fr. col. 5, si. 64 total 210. The number of free persons born in the United States was 291,114 ; the number of foreign birth 4,958, and of birth unknown 576 ; the native population originated as follows: Maine 139, N. Ilamp. 100, Verm. 141, Mass. 339, K. I. 62, Conn. 242, N. York 952, N. Jer. 221, Penn. 981, Del. 67, Md. 791, Dist. of Col. 93, Yirg. 40,777, N. Car. 17,009, S. Car. 2,919, Ga. 1,254, Flor. 67, Ala. 2,067, Mississippi 140,885, La. 2,557, Tex. 139, Ark. 456, Tenn. 27,439, Ky. 3,948, Ohio 564, Mich. 101, Ind. 413, 111. 311, Mo. 803, la. 7, Wise. 4, Calif. 1, Territories 5; and the foreign population was composed of persons from England 593, Ireland 1,923, Scotland 317, Wales 10, Germany 1,064, France 440, Spain 49, Portugal 2, Belgium 3, Holland 8, Italy 121, Austria 16, Switzerland 41, Russia 9, Denmark 24, Norway 8, Sweden 14, Prussia 71, Asia 2, Africa 6, British America 79, Mexico 13, Central America 1, South America 4, West Indies 25, and other countries 110. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State, taken by the United States authorities in 1800: Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. Census White . . Total . Year. Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical. Percent. 1800 5,179 132 3,439 3,671 8,850 1810 23,024 240 17,033 17,323 40,352 31.502 355.9 1820 42,176 453 32,814 33,272 75,448 35,096 86.9 1830 70,443 519 65,659 66,173 136.621 61,173 81.0 1S40 179,074 1,366 195,211 196,577 875,651 239,030 175.1 1850 295,758 899 309,393 310,797 606,555 230,904 61.4 The statistics of the wealth, industry, and institutions of the State, as exhibited by the seventh census of the United States, taken in 1850, are as follows : Occupied Lands, etc. Improved farm lands, 3,444,359 acres, and unimproved lands, 7,046,061 acres valued together at $54.733,634. Total number of farms under cultivation 1st June, 1350, 33,960 ; in the Northern District, 19,851 ; and in the Southern District, 14,109. Value of farming implements and machinery, $5,762,927. Live-Stock. Horses, 115,460; asses and mules, 54,547; milch cows, 214,231; working oxen, 83,485; other cattle, 436,254 ; sheep, 304,929 ; and swine, 1,532,734 valued in the aggregate at $19,403,662. According to the census of 1340, there were in the State at that date, 109,227 horses, mules, etc. ; 623,197 neat cattle of all kinds; 128,367 sheep; and 1,001 ,209 sheep. Products of Animals. Wool, 559,619 (in 1840,175,196) pounds; butter, 4,346,234 pounds ; cheese, 21,191 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered in the year was $3,636,532. The quantity of beeswax and honey produced was 397,460 pounds. Grain Crops. Wheat, 137.990 bushels ; rye, 9,606 bushels ; Indian corn, 22,446,552 bushels ; oats, 1,503,283 bushels ; barley, 229 bushels, and buckwheat, 1,121 bushels. The crops of the several grains, according to the census of 1340, were wheat, 196,626 bushels ; rye, 11,444 bushels; Indian corn, 13,161,237 bushels ; oats, 668,624 bushels ; barley, 1,654 bushels; and buckwheat, 61 bushels. Other Food Crops. Eice, 2,719,856 bushels ; peas and beans, 1,072,757 ; potatoes Irish, 261,432, and sweet, 4,741,195 bushels. The rice crop, according to the returns of 1340, amounted to 777,195 pounds ; and the crop of potatoes to 1,630,100 bushels. Miscellaneous Crops. Tobacco, 49,960 (in 1840, 83,470) pounds; ginned cotton, 484,293 bales of 400 pounds (in 1840, 193,401,577 pounds); hay, 12,505 (in 1840,171) tons; clover-seed, 84 bushels; other grass-seed, 533 bushels; hops, 473 pounds ; hemp dew-rotted, 7 tons, and water-rotted, tons ; flax, 665 tons ; flax-seed, 26 bushels ; silk cocoons, 2 pounds ; sugar maple, pounds, and cane, 383 hogsheads of 1,000 pounds ; molasses, 18,313 gallons ; wine, 407 gallons, etc. ; value of orchard products, $50,405, and of markot-gurden products, $46,250. The table annexed exhibits the absolute and relative difference in the chief crops, as ascertained under the censuses of 1840 and 1850 : Staples. 1840. 1850. Movement Wool 175,196 pounds 559,619 pounds incr. 334,423 pounds, or 219.4 per cent. Indian Corn 13,161,237 bushels 22.446,552 bushels incr. 9,235,315 bushels, or 70.5 " Eice 777,195 pounds 2,719,356 pounds incr. 1,942,661 pounds, or 249.9 " Tobacco 83,471 " 49,960 " deer. 33,511 " or 40.1 " Cotton 193,401,577 " 193,717,200 " incr. 315,623 ." or 0.16 " Sugar 77 " 883,000 " incr. 337,923 " or 503.796.1 " Thus it would appear that of all the staples, except tobacco and cotton, the ratio of increase has been immeasurably ahead of the ratio of the increase of the population. Cotton has almost exactly kept its absolute status, which, in fact, is a relative decline in the production of the staple ; and if it had increased in like proportion with the population, the crop should have been about 322.350,000 pounds. This result in the crop of 1850 is accounted for by the terrible inundations of the Mississip pi in 1849, and may in part be set down to drafting of labor to other fields ; the decline, however, is not permanent. Home-made Manufactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were valued at $1,164,020. The same denomination of manufactures in 1839-40, according to the census of the latter year, were valued at $632,945. Manufactures. Total capital invested $0,000,000 ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $0,000,000; average number of hands employed, 00,000 males 00,000, and females 0,000 ; average monthly cost of labor, $000,000 male $000,000, and female $00,000 ; value of manufactures produced in the official year, $0,000,000. Amount of capital invested in manufactures in 1840, $1,797.722. The whole number of industrial establishments in the State, producing to the value of $500 and upward on the 1st June, 1850, was 866 in the northern district 536, and in the southern district 330, and dis tributed to the counties, as shown in the general table. Of the whole number, 2 were cotton factories, 92 tanneries, and 8 forges, besides which there are several machine-shops, carriage factories, etc. ; but the greater part of the capital invested is in grist and saw mills, and other establishments usual in an agricultural country. Capital employed in the cotton ma nufacture, $33,000 ; annual consumption of cotton, 430 bales, valued at $21,500 hands employed, 36 ; monthly cost of labor, $371 ; annual products, 171,000 pounds yarn ; value of entire products, .$30,500. MISSISSIPPI. Capital invested in the iron manufacture, $100,000; material consumed in the year pig iron 1,191 tons, mineral coal 248 tons, and coke and charcoal 92,000 bushels valued together at $50,370; hands employed, 112; average wages per month, $37 91 ; castings made, 924 tons; total value of products, $117,400. Capital .nvested in tanneries, $145,615; value of all raw material, $111,474; hands employed, 269 ; monthly cost of labor, $4,949; skins tanned 9,730, and sides tanned 104,630; value of products, $229,407. Internal Communication. Mississippi has hitherto been most miserably provided with the means of intercommunica tion; and had it not been that nature had given it highways in the form of navigable rivers, its great and fertile interior must have remained a wilderness in the midst of thriving populations. Its present condition, even, is little removed from such abnormal uselessness. Excepting its ordinary roads, which, however, are none of the best, the genius of modern times had done little or nothing to facilitate its access to the markets. True, it has not been backward in projects, yet none but in the single instance of the Yicksburg, Brandon, and Jackson Railroad has been brought to fruition. Here, then, is the present condition of the commercial avenues of the State. Its prospects for the future are more encouraging. There are now in progress the Mobile and Ohio Kailroad, and the New Orleans, Jackson, and Northern Kailroad traversing the State north and south, and forming in Mississippi links in the great chain that is to unite the Upper Mis sissippi and the great lakes with two of the great ports of the Gulf of Mexico ; and traversing the State east and west are the Memphis and Charleston Railroad on the north line ; a line of railroad from Selma, Ala., westward to Brandon, there uniting with the already complete railroad to Vicksburg, and a line from Madisonville, on Lake Pontchartrain, eastward to a junction with the Mobile and Ohio Kailroad near Mobile. These are the trunk lines now in progress, from which it is proposed to build lateral lines to the principal centres of production, and so build up a system convenient both for through travel and transportation and for local communication. The exterior connections of these lines will connect the State with every part of the Union; with the Atlantic through the East Tennessee, Alabama, and Georgia lines and their continuations ; with the north-eastern portion of the central valley through the lines going to and diverging from Nash ville, and with the upper country through the lines terminating at and diverging from the mouth of the Ohio Kiver. "Westward it will connect with Texas through the lines from New Orleans and Vicksburg in that direction. The bene ficial effect of these great lines on the development of the resources of the State, its commerce and general welfare, can not be doubted. Its rich agricultural regions will be rapidly settled, and the lands which are now lying waste will become the scenes of a busy industry in the cultivation of the great staples for which the State is famous, while its consumption of manufactures to be exchanged for its productions, will create a commerce as extensive as it will be profitable to all sections of the Union concerned in the interchange. Commerce. The commercial material of Mississippi is carried to New Orleans and Mobile by river for exportation to foreign countries and the home ports, and its imports are received through the same channels. The direct commerce of the State is therefore inconsiderable, and in fact it is very seldom that an arrival or departure in the foreign trade is recorded ; years may pass by and the Treasury reports make no mention of either. In 1849-50 no direct foreign com merce or navigation is noted. Its navigation is consequently almost entirely confined to its rivers and the Gulf. The shipping employed in the coasting and river trade is chiefly owned in the adjoining States of Louisiana and Alabama. The tonnage owned in this State amounts only to 1,827 tons, of which 675 tons is navigated by steam ; and of the whole, 1,367 tons is owned in the district of Pearl River, and 460 in that of Vicksburg. Of all the States having a front on the sea, Mississippi is most destitute of harbors, and has the least direct seaward navigation ; but its access to its natural ports by river fully compensates for the specified disability. Banking. No returns of the banks of this State are made public, and as a general thing their issues are of a doubtful character. The Northern Bank of Mississippi, at Holly Springs (capital $100,000), is said to be the only sound banking institution in the State. Government The government is based on the constitution that went into effect in 1817. The right of suffrage is granted to every adult free white male person, a citizen of the United States, resident in the State one year and in the town or county four months next before the election. The general elections are held on the first Monday and Tuesday in November. The Legislature is composed of a House of Representatives and a Senate. Representatives, not fewer than thirty-six, nor more than one hundred in number (and not less than one to each county), are chosen every second year for two years ; they must be qualified voters, and have resided two years in the State, and one year in the place they represent. A census is taken at intervals of not more than eight nor less than six years, and the appointment of members made accordingly. Senators, in number not less than one-fourth nor more than one-third the number of representatives, must be thirty years of age, for four years citizens of the United States, and for one year residents of their district, and be chosen for four years, one half biennially. The legislature meets at Jackson on the first Monday in January biennially. The Governor must have attained the age of 30 years, have been a citizen of the United States for 20 years, and for five years a resident of the State. He is chosen by a plurality of votes for two years, and can not hold the office for more than four out of any six years. He may veto a bill, but it may be passed and become law, notwithstanding his veto, by a subse quent vote of both houses of the legislature. All officers are elected either in districts or counties, or by the people at large. No person denying the being of God or a future state of rewards and punishments, can hold office. No money can be expended for internal improvements, ex cept by a vote of two-thirds of both houses ; and no State loan can be raised unless the bill be passed by a majority of each house, be published three months before the next election, and be confirmed by a majority of each house, at the next legislature. The legislature can not emancipate slaves without the owner s consent, except on account of great public services, and then must pay for them; nor can it prevent immigrants from importing slaves of the same description with those in the State, if they be bonajid-e property, and not criminals. It may pass laws enabling owners to emanci pate slaves, saving the rights of creditors and the public from being at their charge ; and laws directing a sale, on the owner s account, if he treat his slaves cruelly. The introduction of slaves as merchandise after 1st May, 1S33, is pro hibited, but settlers may import them for their own use until 1845. (These two periods being passed, it is probable that the importation of slaves is now prohibited). No grand jury is necessary in the prosecution of slaves for crimes not capital. The Judiciary consists of a High Court of Errors and Appeals, a Superior Court of Chancery, District Chancery Courts, and District or Circuit Courts. The jurisdiction of the " High Court" is exclusively appellate. There are two terms each year at Jackson, commencing on the fh-st Monday of January and November. The court may continue in session as long as business requires, and may order a special term, or adjourn to meet at any time. The judges are also authorized to meet annually on the third Monday in June, in the town of Oxford, to receive the written, and hear the oral, arguments 4S8 MISSISSIPPI. of causes from the third district, provided the State is not a party. The Legislature appoints the reporter, and has abolished the common law form of pleading, and adopted a system somewhat similar to that of chancery or civil law. The " Superior Court of Chancery," held by the chancellor at the capital, is in law considered always open. The chan cellor is authorized to hold the same at such times and for such periods as business may require, upon giving three weeks notice in the public newspapers. There are in the Stale three chancery districts; the "District Chancery Courts," each with a vice-chancellor, have concurrent power and jurisdiction with the Superior Court within their respective districts where the amount in controversy does not exceed $500,000. Special terms of these courts may be held by giving thirty days public notice. For the purpose of holding district or circuit courts, the State is divided into seven districts. The "Circuit Court" has original jurisdiction in civil cases in which the sum in controversy exceeds $50, and it has also exclusive criminal jurisdiction. For each of the districts a judge and attorney are elected every four years. Amendments to the constitution, if they be passed by two-thirds of each house, shall be submitted to the people six months before the next general election, and if approved by them shall be adopted. The Militia force of Mississippi consists of 36,084 men of all arms, of which 825 are commissioned officers, and 85,259 non-commissioned officers, musicians, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 15 are general officers, TO general staff officers, 392 field officers, etc., and 348 company officers. The benevolent institutions of the State are the Institution for the Blind, and the Mississippi Lunatic Asylum at Jackson. Finances, etc. The receipts into the treasury for the year ending 30th April, 1S50, amounted to $o97,4i 2 63, and the expenditures by warrant during the same year to $284,999 58. Excess of means, $94,403 05. The chief sources of income and the amounts collected from each, were State tax $334,689, internal improvement fund $13,196, the sinking fund $19,857, penitentiary $3,189, the seminary fund $1.251, redemption of lands $4,001, land sales $2,720, etc. ; and the princi pal objects and amounts of expenditure, were Legislature $48,731, judiciary $82,307, executive $8,869, contingent fund (executive) $4,195, appropriations $26,179, penitentiary $25,266, printing $5,323, executed slaves $3.762, University $10,957, Common Schools $17, Lunatic Asylum $5,000, Institution for the Blind $2,455, seminary fund $3,920, commissions for assessing $9.540, elections $2,024, ten per cent, fund $33,312, etc. The State tax is based on personal and real estate, and the objects of taxation are occupied lands and town lots, money at interest, merchandise sold, bank stock, auction sales, pleasure carriages, watches, clocks, ten-pin alleys, race-tracks, bowie-knives, pistols, cattle over 20 head, horses, stallions, jacks, pianos, male free negroes, slaves under 60 years old, free white polls, etc. The absolute debt of the State amounts $2.271,707, and the contingent debt to $5,000,000 total, $7,271,707. The annual interest on the absolute debt is about $136,000. The State has property to the value of $2,000,000, but this is at present unproductive. The total assessed value of taxable property in the State in 1850 was $208,422,167 ; the true value of property, as ascertained by the census of 1850, amounts to $228,304,332. Federal Representation,. Mississippi, in accordance with the act of 23d May, 1850, apportioning representation, sends five representatives to the Congress of the United States. Education. Mississippi has never had an efficient common school system, the sparseness of the population having proved a formidable obstacle to the success of any general system. A law was passed in 1846 giving the appointment of school commissioners to the Board of Policy in each county, with power to levy taxes, etc. All the large towns organized schools under this system; but by a later act essential alterations have been made in the law, and special laws for partic ular counties now govern these institutions. The means of the State for school purposes are ample, consisting of funds arising from leases of the sixteenth sections of land, from fines and forfeitures, and from licenses of hawkers and. pedlars, keepers of billiard-tables, retailers of liquors, and brokers. Besides the common schools, there are in the State numerous seminaries, to the support of which the State contributes annually. The collegiate institutions of Mississippi are the University at Oxford, founded 1844; Oakland College, founded 1830, and Mississippi College at Clinton. The University is partly supported by the State, and in 1850 had 6 professors and 134 students. Public Libraries. One State library, 5,000 volumes ; 3 college libraries, 5,189 volumes ; 2 students libraries, 2,411 rolumes ; 102 public school libraries, 3,050 volumes total libraries, 108, and 15,650 volumes. Periodical Press. Whole number of periodicals and newspapers, 5616 whig, 21 democratic, and 19 neutral in poli tics, the latter number, including also those devoted to literature, science, religion, and all the character of which is not ascertained. Of the whole number, 2 are issued tri-weekly, and circulate 3,500 copies at each issue, or 546,000 copies annually ; 2 semi-weekly, 888 copies, or annually 92,352 copies ; and 52 weekly, 26,482 copies, or annually 1,377,064 copies, The tri-weeklies are the " Vicksburg Sentinel" and the " Vicksburg Whig ;" the semi-weeklies are the " Natchez Courier" and the " Natchez Free-Trader ;" and the iveeklies are published 2 at Vicksburg, editions of the tri-weeklies ; 2 at Natchez, editions of the semi-weeklies; 3 at Kosciusko, 1 at Liberty, 2 at Carrollton, 1 at Port Gibson, 3 at Houston, 1 at Gallatin, 1 at Hernando, 1 at Gainesville, 1 at Biloxi, 4 at Jackson, 2 at Lexington, 1 at Paulding, 2 at Fayette, 1 at Monticello, 1 at Marion, 2 at Oxford, 1 at Columbus, 2 at Canton, 2 at Holly Springs, 2 at Aberdeen, 1 at Macon, 1 at Holmesville, 1 at Panola, 2 at Pontotoc, 1 at Brandon, 1 at Jacinto, 1 at Eipley, 2 at Woodville, 1 at Louisville, 1 at Grenada, and 1 at Coffeeville. Religious Denominations. The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State, according to the census of 1850, were for that year as follows: Denomina No. of Church Value of Denomina- No. of Church Value of Denomina No. of Church Value of tions. Churches. accom. Property. tions. Churches. accom. Property. tions. C lurches. accom. Property. Baptist .336 .. 105.050 ..$186,192 German Eef. . . $- K. Catholic.. 8 .. 3,000 . . $66,000 Christian... . 8 .. 2,350 9,950 Jewish .. Swedenbo n . .. Congregat l. . .. Lutheran ... Tunker .. Dutch Kef.. . .. Mennonite . . Union 5 ISO .. 400 Episcopal .. . 13 .. 4,550 . . 66,800 Methodist... 406 .. 112,983 . . 240,265 Unitarian.. . . .. Free . 3 .. 700 1,850 Moravian... .. Universalist.. .. .. Friends . .. Presbyterian 135 .. 47,166 .. 183,085 Minor Sects. .. .. making a total of 914 churches, with accommodation for 275,979 persons, and valued as property at $754,542. Mississippi constitutes a diocese of the same name of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and also the Koman Catholic diocese of Natchez, a suffragan of the ecclesiastical province of New Orleans. Pauperism and Crime. The whole number of paupers relieved or supported in the year ending 1st June, 1S50, was 260, of which 248 were native-born and 12 foreigners; and the whole number of paupers at the date specified, 257, of O3 489 MIS MIS which 245 were native-born, and 12 foreigners; annual cost of support, $13,132. The State prison is located at Jackson. The whole number of convicts on the 30th November, 1S48, was 88, and the whole number received since the establish ment of the prison in 1S40 was 247, averaging 31 per annum. Of the number in prison in 1848, 7 were foreigners, and 81 natives, and 5 were confined for attempts to kill, 13 for manslaughter, 14 for negro stealing, 5 for forgery, 29 for petty lar ceny, and 11 for grand larceny. The discharges for the year ending as above were by expiration of sentence 10, by pardon of governor 13, and by writ of error 1. Historical Sketch. Mississippi was discovered by De Soto in 1542, but no permanent settlement was attempted by him. The Indians inhabiting the country were the Choctaws, Chickasaws, Natchez, etc., with which, from the time of the first white trespasser on their lands to the cession of 1763, there was a constant warring. La Salle, descending the rivers from the Illinois country, visited the section bordering on the Mississippi in 1681 ; and in 1698 the first attempts to found permanent settlements were made by Iberville, the Governor of Louisiana. His colony arrived at Ship Island in 1700, and after exploring the country along and beyond the Mississippi, the parties returned and built a fort at Biloxi, at the mouth of the river of the same name, about 20 miles north of the island. Other settlementa were made on the Mississippi River, as New Orleans, Natchez, etc. Fort Eosalie, on the present site of Natchez, was surprised and cap tured by the Natchez Indians in 1729, and great distress was also, at this time and for many years after, caused by the hostility of this tribe and the Chickasaws. The Choctaws were generally allies of the white settlers, and fought bravely by their side. These hostile tribes were subsequently brought to sue for peace under Bienville, and are now only known by the history their warlike opposition has made for them not one remains to tell the story of their wrongs. The war between England and France, which forms so conspicuous a page in the history of the middle of the 18th century, ended in 1763, France relinquishing to Britain all her possessions east of the Mississippi, and to Spain all west of that river. Spain at the same time gave up Florida to the British. In 17S3 the country north of the parallel of 31 north was included in the limits of the United States by the treaty acknowledging the independence of the Union ; and the Floridas reverted to the Spanish crown. By its charter granted in 1732, Georgia extended westward to the Mississippi, and hence, though at thai period Mississippi was de facto a French colony, yet, on its coming into the possession of the English, it of course fell into the limits of the Georgia charter. These extensive territories were subsequently ceded to the United States, both in sovereignty and ownership. In 1798, they were formed into a Territorial Government, which included also the present State of Alabama. In 1811, that portion of the country south of 31 was attached to the territory, having been wrested from Spain because that nation could not take care of it In 1817, the territory was divided, the eastern portion forming a territory under the name of Alabama, and the western portion was erected into the State of Mississippi. The date of its admission into the Union as a State was the 1st March, 1817. JACKSON, on the west bank of Pearl Eiver, is the political capital of the State. MISSISSIPPI county, Ark. Situate N. E., and contains 1,129 sq. m. Bounded E. by the Mississippi, "W. by the St. Francis, and drained by Whitewater river and its affluents. Surface low and swampy in many parts, with several large lakes. Soil very fertile, where capable of cultivation, and covered mostly with fine timber. Corn is the principal product. The most hazardous navigation of the Mississippi, and the first cotton plantations descending the river, are on the S. border. Farms 170 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 2S4, and pop. wh. 1,496, fr. col. 7, si. 865 total 2,368. Capital: Oceola. MISSISSIPPI county, Mo. Situate S. E., and contains 368 sq. m. Bounded E. by the Mississippi, and drained by Cypress and James bayous. Surface low and marshy, and in parts subject to inundation ; soil very fertile. Corn is the staple, and the crops are very large. Timber is abundant. Farms 27; manuf. 0; dwell. 443, and pop. wh. 2,373, fr. col. 3, si. 746 total 8,122. Capital : Ohio City. MISSISSIPPI CITY, p. v., and cap. Harrison co., 3fi*s. : on Paseagoula Sound of the Gulf of Mexico, 67 m. E. N. E. New Orleans, and 145 m. S. E. Jackson. It contains the usual county buildings, and has some coasting trade. MISSISSIPPI river : an immense river of the United States, which, whether we consider its great length, its vast tribu taries, the extent of country which it drains, and the distance to which it is navigable, well deserves the title which the Indians give it of the " father of waters." The import in the Algonquin language of Missi Sepe, the name by which it is designated, is great river. It drains a country of over 1,000,000 square miles in extent, eminently fertile, and send ing through it to its destined market a vast amount of pro duce, and receiving in return the productions of other parts of the world. Its extreme source was discovered by School- craft in July 13th, 1832, to be Itasca lake, in 47 10 N. lat, and 940 54 W. long., at an elevation of 1,500 feet above the ocean, and 3,160 miles from its entrance into the Gulf of Mexico. Ilasca lake, or Lac la Biche of the French, is a beautiful sheet of water, of an irregular shape, about 8 m. long, situated among hills covered with pine forests, and fed chiefly by springs. It has its outlet to the N., which is about 10 or 12 feet wide, and from 12 to 18 inches deep, and flow- 490 ing northwardly, it passes through lakes Irving and Trav erse, and then turns eastwardly, and proceeding through several small lakes, it enters Lake Cass. This lake is about 16 m. long, contains several islands, is about 3,000 m. from the Gulf of Mexico, at an elevation of 1,330 feet above the ocean, and 182 m. below Lake Itasca, the source of the Mis sissippi. It then flows E. to Lake Winnipec, and S. E. to Little Lake "Winnepec, below which it receives Leech lake fork, the outlet of a considerable body of water of a very irregular form, called Leech lake. This was formerly re garded as the source of the Mississippi. The most northerly point obtained by the Mississippi is a little short of 48 N. lat. From the junction of Leech lake fork the river expands to 100 feet in width, and increase of depth, and flows with a mean current of 1J miles per hour, and a descent of 3 in. in a mile, through a low prairie country covered with wild rice, rushes, sword-grass, and other aquatic plants, and is the favorite resort of water-fowls and various amphibious quadrupeds. At the falls of Peckagama the first rocky stratum and the first wooded island is seen, at the distance of 685 m. above the falls of St. Anthony. At the fall of Peckagama the river descends 20 feet in 300 yards, by a rapid which entirely obstructs navigation. At the head of these falls the prairies entirely cease, and below a forest of elm, maple, birch, oak, and ash overshadow the stream. The river now takes a southerly course, curving to the west, and again to the east, to the falls of St. Anthony. The fall of the river above may be computed at 6 inches in a mile, with a current of 3 m. an hour, exclusive of some rapids, and has some dry prairies on its shores, the resort of tho buffalo, elk, and deer, and are the only part of the Missis sippi in which the buffalo is now found. At the falls of St. Anthony, 843 m. above the mouth of the Missouri, the river has a perpendicular descent of about 25 feet, with a formid able rapid above and below. The rapid above the falls has a descent of 10 feet in the distance of 300 yards, and below the falls a descent of 15 feet in the distance of half a mile. An island at the brink of the falls divides the current into two parts, the largest of which is on the west of the island, and immediately below the falls are large fragments of rock, in the interstices of which some alluvial soil has accuinu- MIS lated, supporting a stinted growth of cedars. The whole fall has a descent of about 41 feet in less than three-fourths of a mile. This fall has nothing of the grandeur of Niagara, but the cataract and the surrounding scenery are widely picturesque and beautiful. In times of high floods it may approach to the sublime. The width of the river above the fulls is 500 or 600 yards, and at the falls is 22T yards, but narrows to 200 yards a short distance below. The portage around the falls is about 260 rods. In 1805 the United States purchased of the Sioux tribe of Indians a tract of 9 m. square, including the falls of St. Anthony, for ^military post, for the sum of $2,000. On this territory Fort Snelling is situated. A considerable tract of fertile land has been put under cultivation by the garrison. As an indication of the climate, the first green peas were eaten here on the 15th of June, and the first green corn on the 20th of July ; and on the last of July Schoolcraft found much of the corn too hard to be boiled for the table, and some ears might have been selected sufficiently ripe for seed corn. A little below the falls of St. Anthony the Minnesota river enters from the W., and is much the largest tributary of the upper Mississippi. For 200 m. above its entrance Carver found it about 100 yards wide, with a great depth, and it receives several important tributaries. It is 150 yards wide at its mouth, and 10 or 15 feet deep. About 44 45 N. lat. the St. Croix enters on the N. E. side, which is 100 yards wide at its mouth. About i 500 yards above its mouth it expands into a lake called St. Croix lake, which is 36 m. long, and from 1| to 3 m. broad, and the river is said to be navigable for boats for 200 miles. About 15 m. below the mouth of the St. Croix the Mississippi expands into a beautiful sheet of water called Lake Pepin, which is 24 m. long, and from 2 to 4 m. broad, and is 100m. below the falls of St. Anthony. On the E. shore is a range of limestone bluffs, and on the W. an elevated level prairie, covered with a luxuriant growth of grass, and nearly desti tute of forest trees, with occasional conical hills, which appear like artificial mounds. At the lower termination of Lake Pepin Chippeway river enters from the N. W., after a course of about 300 m. In 43 N. lat. Wisconsin river enters on the E. side ; it is navigable 200 miles, and a canal is in construction near Fort Winnebago, Columbia co., which, 1 m. long, will connect with Neenah river, and thereby with the great lakes. A little below this comes in Turkey river from the W. A little below 42 N. lat. enters the Wapsi- pinicon, a considerable river from the W., and a little down, Eock river, a clear and beautiful stream, enters on the E. side. A little above Eock river are long rapids, which at low water render it difficult for boats to ascend. At 41 10 enters the Iowa, a large river from the W.. and below that enter on the same side Skunk and Des Moines rivers. The latter is perhaps the largest western tributary above the Missouri. It is 150 yards wide at its mouth, and said to be boatable for nearly 300 miles. A few miles above its mouth are rapids, 9 m. long, forming a serious impediment to navi gation at low water; but these obstacles will be overcome by a canal now in construction. In about 39 N. lat. comes the Illinois river, a noble, broad, and deep stream, and the most considerable tributary of the Mississippi above the Missouri. It is nearly 400 yards wide at its mouth, is about 400 m. long, and navigable to Peru, 269 m. from its mouth, at which point commences the Illinois and Michigan Canal, extending to Chicago, 100 m. long. A little below 39 N. lat. comes in from the W. the mighty Missouri, which is longer and probably discharges more water than the Missis sippi ; and had it been earlier explored it would probably been considered as the parent stream, but it will henceforth be considered only as a tributary. The Mississippi above the junction is a remarkably clear stream, but this is entirely de stroyed by the entrance of the turbid Missouri, which commu nicates its own muddy appearance to the Mississippi through the remainder of its course, thus asserting its superiority. (see MISSOURI river). Near 38 N. lat. the Kasknskia river comes in on the E. side. It is SO yards wide at its mouth, MIS flows through a beautiful country, is over 300 m. long, and is boatable in high water over 100 m. Near 3T N. lat. comes in from the E. the beautiful Ohio, " La Belle Riviere" of the French, and is much the largest eastern tributary, and from the densely populated and highly fertile country on its bor ders, it is at present much the most important branch of the Mississippi. The large tributaries, the Cumberland. Tennessee, and Wabash, contribute to its magnificence and importance. At 34 40 the St Francis enters from the W., 200 yards wide at its mouth, and supposed to be navigable by one of its forks for 300 miles. At 34 N. lat. White river enters on the W. side, by a mouth from 300 to 400 yards wide, and is probably about 1,200 in. long. Thirty m. below, at 33 48 , the Arkansas enters from the W., by a mouth 500 yards wide, and is supposed to be 2,500 m. long. It is, next to the Missouri, the largest western tributary, and its waters are of a dark flame color when the river is full. At 32 24 , a little above the Walnut hills, in the State of Mississippi, near Vicksburg, the Yazoo river enters on the E. side, by a mouth from 200 to 300 yards wide. At 31 04 Eed river enters on the W. side. It is nearly as large as the Arkansas, and discharges about as much water. Here the Mississippi carries its greatest volume of water, as im mediately below this, and at intervals after, it sends off several large outlets. Three m. below the mouth of Eed river passes off on the W. side, the Atchafalaya or Chaffalio Bayou, as it is called, which is supposed to carry off as much as the Eed river brings in. Here the Mississippi has a famous " cut-off," by crossing the isthmus of a large bend* so that the main channel does not pass the mouth of Eed river. The Atchafalaya has been supposed to be the ancient bed of Eed river, by which its waters were discharged with out mingling with the Mississippi, and much of its water is now discharged by this outlet. A little below Baton Eouge the Iberville passes off on the E. side, going through lakes Maurepas, Pontchartrain, and Borgne into the Gulf of Mexico. In times of flood it carries off considerable water. Between this outlet on the E. and Atchafalaya on the W. is what is called the Delta of the Mississippi. Between Atcha falaya and New Orleans pass off, on the W. side, Plaque- mine, which joins the Atchafalaya, and La Fourche, which pursues an independent course to the Gulf of Mexico. At the distance of 105 m. below New Orleans by the course of the river, and 90 m. in a direct line, this majestic river enters the Gulf of Mexico by several mouths, the principal of which are called the Balize or north-east pass, in 29 7 25" N. lat., and 89 10 W. long., and the south-west pass in 29 8 N. lat, and 89 25 W. long. The depth of water on the bar at each of these passes is 12 feet, but much greater a little without and within the bar. Most of the vessels enter and leave the river by the north-east pass. It might naturally be expected from the extent of country drained by the Mississippi that the spring floods would be great. From the mouth of the Missouri the flood commences in March, and does not subside before the last of May, at an average height of 15 feet. From the Missouri to the Ohio it rises 25 feet, and for a great distance below the Ohio it rises 50 feet. At every flood it overspreads the country, chiefly on its W. side, for 500 m. from its mouth, to the dis tance of from 10 to 30 miles. From the falls of St. Anthony to the mouth of the Missouri it has a medial current of 2 m. an hour; and at every place, except at the rapids of the Des Moines, it has a depth of water of not less than 4 feet at the lowest stages. Below the Missouri its depth is greatly increased, but its width, except in the forests and swamps, when overflowed, is very little increased. To the mouth of the Ohio it has in the channel 6 feet of water at its lowest stages, and at the highest of 25 feet. From the mouth of the Ohio to the St. Francis there are various shoal places, where at low water pilots are often perplexed to find a sufficient depth of water. Below that point there is no difficulty for vessels of any draught, except to find the right channel. Above Natchez the flood begins to decline ; at 491 MIS MIS Baton Rouge it seldom exceeds 30, and at New Orleans 12 feet This river is exceedingly winding in its course, and sometimes a bend will occur of 80 miles, where the distance across the neck will not exceed a mile. The mighty volume of water often carries away a large mass of earth, with its trees, from a projecting point, and frequently endangers vessels. Trees are also often bedded in mud, with their tops projecting, producing snags and sawyers, as they are called, dangerous to navigators. The whirls or eddies which are produced by the tortuous course of the river and its projecting points, render the navigation to a degree diffi cult and dangerous. Below the Missouri the medial current is about 4 m. an hour. It is difficult, on viewing it for the first time, to have an adequate idea of its grandeur, and the amount of water which it carries. In the spring, when below the mouth of the Ohio its banks are overflowed, although the sheet of water that is making its way to the gulf may be 30 m. wide, yet finding its way through forests and swamps which conceal it from the eye, no expanse of water is seen but that which is included between its wooded banks, which seldom exceeds but often falls short of a mile in width ; but when it is seen, from time to time, to swallow up many large rivers, it will be easily conceived that it must have a great depth. At the lowest water, at the efflux of the Atchafalaya, at the head of the Delta, it is from T5 to 80 feet deep ; at the outlet of La Fourche, at Donaldsonville, 130 feet ; upward of 100 feet at New Orleans, and from 75 to 80 feet 3 m. above the main bars. Vesssls are often from 5 to 30 days in ascending from the mouth of the river to New Orleans, though they will, with a favorable wind, often descend in 12 hours. Before the introduction of steamboats it required 8 or 10 weeks to go to the Illinois. Boats of 40 tons ascend the river to the falls of St. Anthony, more than 2,000 m. from its mouth. The use of steamboats has nearly superseded all other vessels for ascending the river. Large flat-bottomed boats, denominated arks, which are not de signed to return, are extensively used for transportation down the river. The first steamboat on the western waters was built at Pittsburg, in 1811 ; there are now over 300 on the Mississippi and its tributaries, many of them of great burthen. The passage from Cincinnati to New Orleans and back has been made in 19 days. Large ships, moved by sails, rarely ascend above Natchez. There are no tides in the Mississippi. Distances navigable by steam on Mississippi river and its principal branches : Miles. Mississippi 2,000 Bayou La Fourche 60 Big Black 60 Yazoo 800 Arkansas 603 White 500 St. Francis 300 Ohio 1,000 Kaskaskia 150 Maramec 60 Illinois 269 MISSISSIPPI SPRINGS, p. v., Ilines co., Miss. : 10 m. "W. Jackson. ~ Miles. Missouri 1,500 Des Moines 250 Cedar 60 Iowa 110 Hock 250 Wisconsin ISO Black 60 Chippewa 70 Minnesota 120 St Croix 80 THE STATE OF MISSOURI. MISSOURI is situated generally between the latitudes of 36 30 and 40 30 north, and the longitudes of 88 55 and 95 38 west from Greenwich, or 11 53 and 18 36 from Washington. It is bounded on the north by Iowa, on the east by Illinois and Kentucky, on the south by Arkansas, and on the west by the Indian and Nebraska territories. More speci fically its eastern boundary is the Mississippi River, beginning at latitude 36 and running north to the mouth of the Des Moines River, whence the line follows the latter up to its rapids (40 30 ); thence along that line westward to where it cuts the Missouri River ; thence down that river to the mouth of the Kansas, whence it runs due south to 36 30 , and along that line eastward to the St. Francis ; thence follows that river to 30, and traverses that line to the place of begin ning. Its general extent from north to south is 278 miles, but including the narrow strip between the St. Francis and Mississippi rivers 312 miles; and greatest extent from east to west is 318 miles, and its least extent less than 200 miles; and the area of its superficies is estimated at 67,880 square miles. The river Missouri separates this State into two parts, distinguished from each other by dissimilar geographical and geological features. South of that river, as far west as the Osage, the surface of the country is rolling, and gradually rises into a hilly and mountainous district, forming the outskirts of the Ozark Mountains. Beyond the Osage, at some distance, commences a vast expanse of prairie land, which stretches away to the Rocky Mountains. Tiie chief geological deposits of the region are solid strata of carboniferous and Silurian limestone and sandstone, reposing on or around the unstratifled primary rocks. In the hilly and broken mineral region, which includes the greater part of the State south of the Missouri, the soil is formed of decomposed sandstone, sienite and magnesian limestone. Soils constituted of the two last elements are fertile, but in many of the districts of the mineral region their productiveness is impaired by the admixture of oxyde of iron. Other districts, as the Bellevue Valley, and the valleys of the Maramec, Gasconade, and Osage are well fitted for cultivation or for pasture. Around the head waters of the White, Eleven Points, Current, and Big Black, where the land is most mountainous, the soil is formed of decomposed semivitreous sandstone, and is in general unproductive, though it supports a magnificent growth of yellow pine, valuable for its lumber. The intervening valleys, however, are decidedly fertile, but of small extent. The lands situated more immediately south of the Missouri are partly sandy and partly calcareous, and in general where alumina or clay sufficiently abounds the soil is excellent and well adapted to the production of the staples of the State. That part of the State lying north of the Missouri River is in no place mountainous, but either rolling or quite flat It contains a much richer soil than the southern division, and is in a more advanced state of cultivation. Its geological substratum is chiefly carboniferous limestone. The coal measure of Illinois extends west of the Mississippi at St. Louis, and is probably commensurate with the northern division of the State, being limited on the south by the narrow strip of land above spoken of, lying south of the Missouri. The soils of this region are chiefly calcareous and arenaceous, the aluminous being limited in extent The calcareous, or those abounding in lime, which are predominant, are fertile, particularly near the margins of rivers. Of this character are the lands in the western parts along the Missouri. The counties of Clay, Platte, and Buchanan can not readily be surpassed in productiveness, and the other western and interior counties are nearly equal in fertility. In the eastern part of this region arenaceous or sandy soil predominates. These lands, which are comparatively barren, are found on the southern flank of the prairies which hare their origin in north Missouri, and extend to the head waters of the Mississippi River. The south-eastern part of the State, the surface of which was once capable of cultivation, became after the earthquakes of 1811-12 marshy. This district contains on estimate 1,517,287 acres, and extends south from the neighborhood of Cape Girardeau into the northern part of Arkansas, a distance, in Missouri alone, of 108 miles, and westwardly as far as tho river St Francis. The land is well located, as regards facilities of transport, and is said to be as fertile as any in the MISSOURI. valley ; and as the greater portion can be reclaimed, it may be brought under cultivation at some future time. This nunilated tract is for the most part heavily timbered. Missouri is bountifully supplied with navigable water courses, affording an easy access to every portion of the State. Omittiug the Mississippi, which washes the eastern boundary for 470 miles, the great river, and the one from which it derives its name, is the Missouri. This river rises in the Rocky Mountains, not far from the head waters of the Columbia, 3,095 miles from its mouth. The last 400 or 500 miles of its course above lie within the limits of this State. The trough hrough which the river flows is from 4 to 5 miles wide, and is bounded by rocky limestone hills, which rise to the height of from 100 to 800 feet. Nearly all the bottoms of the Missouri are on its north side, and ordinarily they are not subject to nundation. In this respect they differ widely from those of the Mississippi, which latter are of greater width and formed of a less sandy soil, and are less easily percolated by water. The Missouri flows down an inclined plane, the upper (strata of which are easily disintegrated, and the particles mingling with the rapid current, give a turbid appearance to its waters. The alluvial lands lying along its course are subject to be covered, during inundations, with drifting sand ; they are, however, occupied by a luxuriant vegetation both of trees and herbs. These bottoms are favorites with settlers, and are capable of supporting a dense population. The river is navigable to its falls, 2,000 miles, but is rapid and can only be readily ascended by steam-power. Of the tributaries of the Missouri, the largest is the Osage River, which disembogues 120 miles from its mouth. At this point it is 400 yards wide, and is navigable for boats of light draft for about 200 miles at high water. About the head waters of this stream are found the best cotton lands in the State. The Gasconade comes .into the Missouri east of the Osage, near the village of Hermann, and is important for the supplies of fine plank and ; timber it furnishes to the country below. The Maramec, a beautiful river, runs through the mineral region, and flows into the Mississippi 18 miles below St. Louis. Further south are the rivers St. Francis and White, which pass into Arkansas after spreading numerous branches over the southern part of this State. Several tributaries of the Arkansas water the south-west section, but are not navigable. i> North of the Missouri are Salt and Copper rivers, which empty into the Mississippi ; and the northern tributaries of the Missouri are the Grand and Chariton rivers, both navigable, and composed of numerous branches, which drain a -large country. Further west, and falling also into the Missouri, are the Platte and Nodaway. Many of the rivers of ; Missouri are obstructed by rafts and fallen trees, and more especially is this the case with the Grand, Osage, Salt. Maramec, and St. Francis; the navigation of these, however, will be improved at no distant period, or as soon as the wants and interests of the people demand such improvements. Other rivers than those mentioned are of minor importance. i The mineral region of Missouri occupies an area of about 18,000,000 acres. As early as 1718 it was described in a French chart as " au pays plein de mines." It extends from the head waters of the St. Francis to the Maramec River, a distance of about 70 miles in length, and from the Mississippi in a south-westerly direction, about 60 miles. The elevation of the district above the sea level varies from 600 to 1,200 feet. The climate is equable and salubrious, and the superin cumbent soil moderately fertile. No one of the mining districts of Europe enjoys such facilities of supporting a large population ; and yet the Harz Mountains, with an area of 300,000 acres, stistains 60,000 inhabitants ; the Erzgebirge, of Saxony, with about 1.500,000 acres, sustains 500,000 inhabitants; and Cornwall, with 760,000 acres, 300,000 inhabitants. Populated as the Erzgebirge, in the ratio of one inhabitant to every three acres, the mineral region of Missouri would sustain 6,000,000 of souls, and probably the working members of such a population might find here employment for ages. Excepting gold and platina, most of the important and useful metals and ores are known to exist in Missouri. The following minerals, metallic and non-metallic, arranged here according to their intrinsic value, have been found within its limits lead, iron, copper, cobalt, silver, nickel, zinc and calamine, manganese and wadd, coal, rock salt, barytos. sand and quartz, carbonate and sulphate of lime, alumine and potter s clay, fuller s earth, variegated marble and oolite, salt petre, antimony, tin, tungslate of iron and lead, diamonds, chalcedony and feldspar, and some others of perhaps a minor importance. The lead mines have been wrought since the first settlement of the country. The ore is in the form of sulphuret and carbonate, and in the upper mines at Potosi it is found mixed with calamine and blende. The lead region extends over the counties of Madison, St. Fran9ois, St. Louis, Washington, etc. Formerly the carbonate was considered as worthless, but it is now reduced in blast furnaces, and yields 72 per cent. The sulphuret yields from 66 to SO per cent., and contains about 6 per cent, of silver. Iron in the form of hematite, and the ochrey, the micaceous and red oxydes, are found in the greatest abundance. The ores exist throughout the mineral region, and extend even into the coal formation, which occupies so large & surface. Abundant, easily manufactured, and the transportation easy, this is essentially the staple of Missouri. Her celebrated mountains of micaceous oxydes the Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob are almost inexhaustible. They form the eastern extreme of the Ozarks, and are situated in St. Frangois County, a few miles east of Potosi, and only 40 miles from St. Genevieve, on the Mississippi. The two peaks are about 6 miles apart, the more northerly of the elevations, the Iron Mountain, is 1J miles long and 444 feet high. Its whole top is a solid mass of iron, and one sees nothing but iron lumps as far as the eye can reach. The ore yields 60 per cent, of pig, and is deemed a most superior metal. Pilot Knob is 1,500 feet high. Dr. Feuchtwanger estimates the quantity of pig iron embedded in these mountains alone at 600,000,000 of tons, enough to supply the world for more than a century. The mines of Elba, of Sweden, or of Norway, together, do not contain an amount equal to this. The mines of copper are chiefly found in the south and west portions of the mineral region, but exist in other parts. The ore is of every variety and usually very rich. It is found in combination \vith lead and iron, frequently with manganese, cobalt, and nickel, and occasionally with silver. It is generally pyritous, but oxydes and carbonates are frequently found. The ores appear as a cement uniting angular frag ments of lime rock forming a breccia, and much of it is easily removed by a pickaxe alone. As a general thing the yield is about 34 per cent, of metal. Hitherto mining for copper has been little attended to, but it is now probable that operations will be commenced on a large scale, and as the indications of extensive lodes have been traced for miles, this product is destined to be one of the most valuable of the State ; indeed, the copper mines of Missouri are said to be more valuable than even those of Lake Superior. The several metals found in combination with the above, namely, silver, zinc, manganese, cobalt, nickel, etc., give an additional value to the mines, and as tin has been found near Caledonia, it may be said of Missouri, that no other State or country is richer in metallic wealth, or has better prospects of future pros perity. The substantial wealth of England and Belgium is drawn from their mines, but neither of these countries can compare in any one respect with this State. Minerals of the non-metallic kinds are everywhere as abundant as could be desired. The carboniferous limestone formation, on which St. Louis is built, and which extends throughout the northern division of the State, forms a beautiful and compact building material. Sandstones are abundant, but coarse and loose in texture. The white sandstone of St. 493 MISSOURI. Genevieve makes superior glass. Porphyries, susceptible of a high polish, are numerous in Southern Missouri, and are well fitted for architectural and ornamental uses. Sienite is also found, and marbles of various textures exist in several counties. Gypsum has been discovered in Jackson County ; and in caverns near the Maramec, Current, and Gasconade, saltpetre exis ts in vast quantities. Sulphate of baryta, or heavy spar, is found in the lead diggings. The northern coal measures of Missouri are continuous with those of Illinois ; it is in general called bituminous coal At C6te sans Dessein, however, it assumes the form of cannel. It has been discovered at several distinct points in Cole and Callaway counties, and as high as forty miles upon the Osage. Some of its layers are of great thickness, and on dis- tillation it yields excellent coke and a gas that burns with a bright and copious flame; and being destitute of sulphur, it is well adapted to furnaces and manufacturing purposes. A great variety of clays, useful for economical purposes, are found in different parts. The subsoil of the region around St. Louis, abounding as it does in oxyde of iron and alumina, makes brick of a handsome red tint and smooth texture; it is fitted, too, for the manufacture of pottery. Variegated clays are found in the same vicinity. Kaolin, or porcelain clay, and pipe clays have been discovered near Caledonia and Cape Girardeau, and delft-ware is manufactured in St. Louis from days obtained near Commerce, in Scott County. Except on the prairies, Missouri is well timbered. The river bottoms, in particular, are covered with a luxuriant growth of oak, elm, ash, hickory, cotton-wood, and black and white walnut. In the more barren districts are found white and pin oak, and sometimes forests of yellow pine. Many of the trees and shrubs met with differ from those found in the same latitude in Ohio. The crab-apple, pawpaw, and persimmon are abundant, as also the hazel and pecan. Three wild species of grape-vine are common throughout the country. The prairies are clothed in the proper season with numerous varieties of flowers, and with a coarse, tall grass, which, either green or cured, is excellent fodder for cattle. The general capacity of the country for agriculture is unsurpassed, and every kind of grain and esculent vegetable, with flax and hemp, find in one part or another a congenial soil and climate. Tobacco is also a staple production ; and table fruits, as the apple, pear, peach, nectarine, etc., grow in profusion. As a grazing country, Missouri is one of the best ; the prairies are excellent natural pastures, and the business of rearing cattle is almost reduced to the simple operation of turn ing them upon these prairies and letting them fatten until the owner thinks proper to claim the tribute of their hides and other products. Hogs are also raised with great ease in the forests. Missouri is divided into 100 counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each, in 1S50, were as foUows: Counties. Adair Andrew . . . Atchison. . . . Audrian.... Barry Bates Benton Boone Buchanan Dwell. .... 333. ....1,377. .... 291. .... 493. .... 544. .... 626. .... 789. ....1,924. 2,030 Pop. . 2,342 . 9,433 . 1,643 . 3,506 . 8,467. . 3.669 . 5^015 .14,979 .12,975. Farms in cult. . 326.. . 873.. . 188.. . 417.. . 3S9.. . 472.. . 510.. .1,376.. .1,258.. B 88 5. 10. 2. 0. 10. 21 89 .Kirksvillo . Savannah . Linden . Mexico .M Donald .Batesville .Warsaw . Columbia . Sparta Counties. Knox La Clede Lafayette Lawrence Lewis Lincoln Linn Livingston Macon Dwell. . 427. . 835. .1,459. . 743. . 905. .1,239. . 625. . 653. .1,079. . 2,894.. 303 . 2,498.. 233 .13,690.. 895 . 4,859.. 410. . 6,578.. 443. . 9,421.. 849 4,058.. 429. . 4,247.. 457. . 6,565.. 711. .a" C P*^ . 7..Edina . 2..Wiota . 67.. Lexington . 5.. Mount Yernon . 15..MonticeUo . 10.. Troy . O..Linneus . 2..Chillicome 8 . . Bloomington Butler .. 265. . 1,616 . 143.. . 232.. 0. 7 . Cane Creek .Kingston M Donald Madison Marion Mercer Miller Mississippi .... Moniteau Monroe Montgomery . . Morgan New Madrid... Newton . 371. . 873. .1,595. . 412. . 592. . 443. . 901. .1,296. . 754. . 754. . 752. . 653. . 2,236. . 6,003 .12,230. . 2,691. . 3,834. . 3,123. . 6,004. .10,541. . 5,439 . 4,650. 5,541. . 4,268. . 2,118. 1,432. . 6,704. . 2,294. . 7,215. . 5,150. 13,609. 16,845. . 6,136. . 3,993. . 1,657. . 6,151. . 326. . 515 . 810. . 272 . 869. . 271. . 761 . 926. . 607 . 455. . 407. . 293. . 241. . 130. . 711. . 253. . 743. . 500. . 939. .1,651. . 543. . 471. . 202. . 541 . 42.. Eutledge . 19..Fredericktown . 76.. Palmyra . 3.. Princeton . O..Tuscumbia . 0.. Ohio City . 15.. California . 21.. Paris . 16. .Danville . 12.. Versailles . 30.. New Madrid . IL.Neosho . 3.. Nodaway . 3..Thomasville . 9.. Linn . 5.. Eockbridge . 35..Perryville . 16. .Georgetown . 47.. Bowling Green . 64.. Platte City . 6.. Bolivar . 3..Wnynesvillo . 0.. Putnam ville 13. .New London Caldwell . .. 358. . 2,316. Galloway... ...1.612. .13,327. .1,169.. 88. 0. 81. 16. 19 . Fulton .Erie .Jackson .Carrollton .HarrisonvUle Camden 360. Cape Girardeau 2,103. Carroll 770. Cass 933. . 2,333. 13,912. . 5,441. . 6,090. . 214.. .1,019.. . 333.. . 729.. Cedar . 561. . 3.861. . 347.. 7 .Fremont Chariton . . . Clarke ....1,096. 305. . 7,514. . 5,527. . 659.. . 425.. 24. 12. .Keytesville . Waterloo Clay Clinton Cole Cooper Crawford . ....1,352. .... 560. .... 934. ....1,717. 994. .10,332. . 3,736. . 6,696. .12.950. . 6,397. . 4,246. . 944.. . 334.. . 633.. .1,064.. . 715.. . 567.. 42.. Liberty O..Plattsburg 28. .JEFFERSON-CITY 79..Booneville 9..SteelsvilIe 13.. Greenfield 3.. Buffalo 3.-Gallatin Nodaway Oregon Osajje Ozark Perry Pettis Pike . 325. . 252. .1,082. . 361. .1,111. . 714. .1.671. Dade . 659. Dallas .. 597. 3,643. . 5,298. . 861.. . 842.. Daviess . 734. De Kalb . . . Dodge Dunklin . . . Franklin... Gasconade .... 333. .... 57. .... 215. ....1,925. . 950. . 2,075. . 353. 1,229. 11,021. . 4,996. 229.. . 49.. . 76.. .1,096.. . 533.. 1. 0. 2. 82. 1: . .Maysville .Butler .Chillitecaux .Newport . Hermann Platte .2.490. Polk Pulaski Putnam Balls . 907. . 630. . 265. . 777. Gentry 70S 4243 Ill o Athens Greene .... Grundy Harrison . . . Henry Hickory . . ....2,046. .... 477. .... 337. .... 561. .. 364. 12,735. . 3,006. . 2,447. . 4,052. . 2,329. .1,233.. . 255.. . 141.. . 335.. . 190.. 50.. Springfield 5.. Trenton 0.. Bethany 11.. Clinton 6.. Hermitage 5.. Oregon 35..Fayette 78 . . Independence 8.. Carthage 12..Hillsboro 23 . . Warrensburg Hiinclolpli .1.157 . 9.439 . 993 47..Huntsville Bay 1,457. .10,373. . 833. . 30. .Eichmond Eeynolds 293.. 1,849.. 145.. O..Lesterville Eipley 445 .. 2,330 .. 258 .. 7 . . Doniphau St Charles 1,633. .11,454. .1,035. . 83. .St. Charles St. Clair 531.. 3,556.. 327.. 5..0seola St. Francois 704. . 4,964. . 437. . 11 . . Farmington St Genevieve .. 814.. 5,313.. 425.. 16. .St. Genevievo StLouis Countyl3,430. 104,973. .1,294.1,409. .St. Louis City Saline 950.. 8,843.. 537.. 8.. Marshall Schuyler 539.. 3,2S7.. 446.. 5.. Lancaster Holt Howard .... 614. 1 635 . 3,957. .13,969. .14,000. - 4.223. . 6,928. . 7,464. . 305.. .1,105.. . 936.. . 403.. . 704.. . 750.. Jackson Jasper. Jefferson . . . Johnson 494 ....1,719. .... 664. ....1,119. ....1,030. MISSOURI, Farms Manuf. Counties. Dwell. Pop. in cult. Estab. Capitals. i Scotland 588.. 8,782.. 384.. 6... Memphis Scott 500.. 3,182.. 208.. 9...Benton j Shannon 204.. 1,199.. 152.. 0... Eminence Shelby 682.. 4,253.. 397.. 14...0akdale Btoddard 719.. 4,277.. 418.. 2.. .Bloomfleld Sullivan 457.. 2,983.. 317.. 5... Milan Farms Manuf. Counties, Dwell. Pop. in cult. Estab. Capitals, Taney CSO.. 4,373.. 509.. O...Forsyth Texas 394.. 2,312.. 232.. 15... Houston Warren 899.. 5,800.. 744.. 11.. .Warrenton Washington 1,291.. 8,811.. 713.. 41...Potosi Wayne 699.. 4,518.. 478.. 2 ... Greenville Wright 541.. 3,387.. 371.. 0.. .Hartavillo The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 96,849 ; of families, 100,890 ; and of inhabitants, 682,043*; viz., whites 592,077 males 312,986, and females 279;091 ; fr. col. 2,544 males 1,338, and females 1,206, and si. 87,422. Of the whole population there were, deaf and dumbvfh. 244, fr. col. 0, si. 15 total 259 ; blind vfh. 180, fr. col. 3, si. 28 total 211 ; insane wh. 271, fr. col. 2, si. 9 total 282 ; and idiotic wh. 304, fr. col. 0, si. 29 total 333. The number of free persons born in the United States was 520,826, the number of foreign birth 72,474, and of birth unknown 1,322. The native population originated as follows : Me. 311, N. Hamp. 304, Verm. 630, Mass. 1,103, E. 1. 124, Conn. 742, N. Y. 5,010, N. J. 885, Penn. 8,291, Del. 518, Md. 4,253, Dist. of Col. 238, Virg. 8,357, N. Car. 21,487, S. Car. 27,908, Ga. 17,506, Flor. 629, Ala. 34,047, Miss. 638, La. 746, Tex. 248, Ark. 2,120, Tenn. 44,970, Ky. 69,694, Oh. 12,737, Mich. 295, Ind. 12,752, 111. 10,917, Missouri 277,604, la. 1,306, Wise. 123, Territories SO; and the foreign population was composed of persons from England 5,379, Ireland 14,734, Scotland 1,049, Wales 176, Germany 44.352, France 2,188, Spain 46, Portugal 11, Belgium 58, Holland 189, Turkey 7, Italy 124, Austria 71, Switzerland 984, Kussia 29, Denmark 55, Norway 155, Sweden 37, Prussia 697, Sardinia 1, Asia 3, Africa 7, British America 1,053, Mexico 94, Central America 0, South America 20, West Indies 50, Sandwich Islands 1, and other countries 954. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the^tate taken by the United States authorities : Census White Years. Persons. 1810 17,227 1820 56,081 1830 114,803 1840 323,838 1850 592,078 .... Colored Persons. Free. Slave. Total. 607 8,011 8,918 .... 283 10,222 10,505 .... 561 25,091 25,652 .... 1,574 58,240 59,814 .... 2,544 87,422 89,966 .... Total t Decennial Increase. Population. Numerical. Per cent. . . 20,845 .. 66,586 45,741 219.6 ..140,455 73,869 110.9 ..383,702 243,247 173.2 ..632,044 298,342 77.8 The statistics of the wealth, industry, and institutions of the State, as exhibited by the census of 1850, and other official documents referring to the same period of time, are as follows : Occupied Lands, etc. Improved farm lands, 2,924,991 acres, and attached lands unimproved, 6,767,937 acres valued together in cash at $63,057,482. Whole number of farms under cultivation, 54,458. Yalue of farming implements and machinery, $3,965,945. Live-Stock. Horses, 223,593; asses and mules, 41,508; milch cows, 228,553; working oxen, 111,268; other cattle, 445,615 ; sheep, 756,309 ; and swine, 1,692,043 valued in the aggregate at $19,766,851. In 1840, according to the census of that year, there were in the State : 196,032 horses, mules, etc. ; 433,875 neat cattle of all kinds ; 348,018 sheep ; and 1,271,161 swine. Products of Animate "Wool, 1,615,860 pounds; butter, 7,792,499 pounds; cheese, 202,122 pounds; and the cash value of animals slaughtered during the year amounted to $3,349,517. The production of silk cocoons was 186 pounds : and the quantity of beeswax and honey obtained was 1,327,812 pounds. Grain Crops. Wheat, 2,966,928 bushels ; rye, 44,112 bushels ; Indian corn, 36,069,543 bushels; oats, 5,243,476 bushels ; barley, 9,631 bushels ; and buckwheat, 23,590 bushels. The crops of these cereals, according to the census of 1840, were : wheat, 1,037,386 bushels; rye, 68,068 bushels; Indian corn, 17,332,524 bushels; oats, 2,234,947 bushels; barley, 9,801 bushels ; and buckwheat, 15,318 bushels. Other Food Crops. Rice, 700 pounds; peas and beans, 45,974 bushels; and potatoes Irish, 934,627 bushels, and sweet, 332,120 bushels. The potato crop reported in the census of 1840 was 783,768 bushels. Miscellaneous Crops. Tobacco, 17,100,884 pounds ; hay, 116,743 tons ; clover-seed, 615 bushels ; other grass-seed, 4,337 bushels ; hops, 3,130 pounds ; hemp dew-rotted 17,207 tons, and water-rotted 5,351 tons ; flax, 520,008 pounds ; flax-seed, 13,641 bushels ; maple sugar, 178,750 pounds ; molasses, 5,636 gallons ; wine, 10,563 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $512,527, and of market-garden products $99.454. In the census of 1840 the production of cotton is noted at 121,122 pounds this crop is not noticed in the census of 1S50. The following table will exhibit the increase of live-stock, and of the principal crops in the decade ending 1st June, 1850 : Staples. 1840. Wheat 1,037,386 bushels Indian corn 17,332,524 " Oats 2,284,947 " Tobacco 9,067,913 pounds Hemp, dew-rotted "\ " water-rotted L 18,010|- tons Flax j Neat Cattle 433,875 heads Swine 1,271,161 " Sheep 848,018 " Wool 562,265 pounds 1850.- 2,966,928 bushel . . . 36,069,543 " 5,213,476 " 17,100,834 pounds .... 17,207 tons ] 5,351 " i 520,008 pounds J 7&5,436 neads . . . , 1,692,043 " . 756,309 . 1,615 ; 860 pounds ... Increase. 1.929,542 bushels, or 186.0 per cent 18,737,019 " orlOS.l " 3,003,529 " or 134.6 " 8,032,971 pounds, or 88.6 " 10,705,748 or 26.5 351,561 heads, or 81.0 420,832 " or 33.1 408,291 " or 117.3 1,053,595 pounds, or 187.4 furnishing results indicative of the more rapid development of the agricultural interests of the State, than the ratio of increase in the population would warrant; and these results are the more astonishing, when the increase of mining and manufacturing interests, which have been relatively extensive, are taken into consideration. A. census of Missouri, taken under State authority, for 186:2, gave the population at 72-1,667634,904 whites, 2,523 fr. col,, and 87,207 slaves. 495 MISSOURI. Home-made manufactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were valued at $1,663,016. The same class of goods made in 1839-40, were valued at $1,149,544. Manufactures. Aggregate capital invested, $0,000,000; value of raw material, fuel, etc., consumed in the year, $0,000,000 ; average number of hands employed 00,000 males 00,000, and females 0,000 ; average monthly cost of labor $000,000 male $000,000, and female $00,000; total value of products for the year ending 1st June, 1850, $0,000,000. The whole number of manufacturing establishments in the State producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, at the above date, was 3,030, and of these two were cotton factories, one a woolen factory, 13 iron manufactories 6 of castings, 5 of pig iron, and 1 of wrought iron, and 14S were tanneries. Nearly one-half the total number of establishment*, are in and about tit. Louis, where almost every trade and handicraft has gained a footing, while in the interior counties the manufactories consist of the kinds usually found in agricultural and mining countries. The total capital invested in manu factories in 1S40 was- $2,704,405. The cotton manufactures employ a capital of $102,000, and consume annually 2,160 bales of cotton, and 1,658 tons of coal, valued at $86,446 ; employ 155 hands males T5, and females 80 ; monthly cost of labor, $1,620 ; products, 13,260 bales of batting, and value of entire products, $142,900. In the woolen manufacture $20,000 are invested ; 80,000 pounds of wool is used annually ; total value of raw material, fuel, etc., $16,000 ; hands employed 2515 males and 10 females, at a monthly cost amounting to $545 ; products of the year, 12,000 yards of cloth, and 6,000 pairs of blankets, valued in the whole at $56,000. The iron manufactures are stated, in the census of 1850, as follows : , T r Capital In- Value of Raw Average Hands Monthly Cost Product. Value of Annual vested. Material, etc. Employed. of Labor. Tons. . Products. Pig iron $619,000 $97,367 334 $8,112 19,250 $314,600 Cast iron v .... 187,000 133,114 297 5,830 5,200 336,495 Wroughtiron 42,100 24.509 10.1 3,030 963 68,700 In 1840 there were 80 men employed in the manufacture of iron, and the capital invested in all iron manufactories amounted only to $79,000, and hence the increase has been nearly 1,000 per cent, in the 10 subsequent years. The lead mines have been comparatively deserted for the past few years, on account of the miners having gone to Cali fornia, and other circumstances. The receipts of lead at St. Louis alone, in 1S50, was 568,300 pigs of 70 pounds, being a decrease of 210,169 pigs from the receipts of 1847. Of the receipts at other ports on the Missouri there are no accessible reports. In tanneries the capital invested amounts to $228,005; value of hides and skins used, $247,956; hands employed, 417; monthly cost of labor, $8.347; sides of leather produced, 241,334, and skins tanned, 44,493; value of products, $466,214. Foreign Commerce. Missouri, from its inland position, can never enjoy any large share of direct commerce with foreign nations. The U. S. Treasury reports, except for the year 1844, have not mentioned exports being made directly, and for that year they were valued at $293,901 ; but for many years imports, increasing in value year by year, are entered at the ports. In 1850 the imports were valued at $359,643. The value of imports in a series of years, commencing with 1833, were as follows : in 1833, $5,881 ; in 1836, $3,227 ; in 1838, $15,921 ; in 1340, $10,600 ; in 1841, $33,875 ; in 1S42, $31.137 ; in 1844, $120,673; in 1845, $544,291; in 1846, $73,569; in 1847, $167,195; in 1843, $148,560; in 1849, $130,382; in 1850, $359,643. The shipping owned in the district, of which St. Louis is the port of entry, amounted in 1850 to 23,907 tons, all employed in the river trade, and of which 24.955 tons were navigated by steam. During the year ending 30th June, 1850, five steamers, with an aggregate tonnage of 1,353 tons, were built in the district. River and Internal Trade. Missouri, if shut out from foreign commerce, has a river and internal trade, which fully compensates its disadvantages. The Mississippi River forms its great external highway, and the Missouri River, with its wide-spreading affluents, gives it access to the interior. On these rivers an immense trade is constantly being carried on, St. Louis being the great receiving and distributing depfit of the State. It would be almost impossible to estimate the extent or value of this commerce. In 1851 of steamboats alone 2,641 arrived at St. Louis, and of these 300 were from New Orleans, 401 from ports on the Ohio River, 634 from the Illinois River, 639 from the Upper Mississippi, 301 from the Missouri River, 43 from the Cumberland River, 119 from Cairo, and 175 from other ports. These bring and take away the material of a vast trade, and give to St. Louis all the advantages that port could have if near the sea-board. But beside these, barges and keel boats navigate all the \vaters, and perhaps transport an equal amount of merchandise with the steamboats. The whole tonnage entered in the year above named was 683,140 tons. Internal Improvements. Common roads and bridges excepted, Missouri is almost blameless of works of internal im provement. Every other interest of the State is far ahead of this, the most needful to its permanent prosperity. At the commencement of 1850 there were only five macadamized roads in the whole country, and these, all centering at St. Louis, only passed a few miles into the interior. The spirit of modern improvement, however, has not slept, nor have the people been unmindful of the benefit that the railroad will realize to the country. A splendid system of railroads has been provided for, which will carry two lines directly across the State one from Hannibal, on the Mississippi, to St Jo sephs, on the Missouri, and the other from St. Louis to the mouth of Kansas River both intended to be carried ultimately to the Pacific Ocean, and from the latter a south-western branch will be built to the borders of Arkansas. From St. Louis will also be built a railroad northward and through Iowa to the settlements of Minnesota. Besides these a railroad will be built from St. Louis to the Iron Mountain ; and other roads contemplated are the Platte County Railroad, the Lexing ton and Daviess County Railroad, and the Canton and Bloomfield Railroad. The whole length of these railroads pro jected is about 1,200 miles, but less than 40 miles was in use on the 1st January, 1853. The following sums have been appropriated by the General Assembly to aid in their construction : for the Hannibal and St. Josephs Railroad, $1,500,000; the Pacific Railroad and its south-western branch, $4,000,000 ; the North Missouri Railroad, $2,000,000 ; the Iron Mountain Railroad, $750,000 ; the Platte County Railroad, $500,000 ; the Lexington and Daviess County Railroad, $300,000, and the Canton and Bloomfield Railroad, $300,000. The right of way through the public lands is also granted by the General Government. With these means and facilities the works ought to progress rapidly to completion. Banks. The Bank of the State of Missouri, at St. Louis, and its branches at Lafayette, Jackson, Lexington, Palmyra, and Springfield, were the only banking institutions in operation on the 1st January, 1851, and their aggregate condition at that date was as follows: Liabilities- -capital, $1,209,181 (of which $954,205 were owned by the State, and $254,926 by individuals) ; circulation, $2,522,500 ; deposits, $1,098,981, and due other banks, $76,280 ; and assets: loans and discounts, $3,533,463; real estate, $123,928 ; other investments, $273,317 ; due by other banks, $68,023 ; notes of other banks, $37,513 ; MISSOURI. and specie, $1,193,263. There is a constitutional prohibition 1 against establishing more than one bank, with not more than five branches, and the capital is limited to $5,000,000, of which at least one half must be held by the State. Government. The government is based on the constitution " done in convention" on the 12th June, 1820. The right of suffrage is enjoyed by every free white male citizen of the United States, twenty-one years old, resident in the State one yi-ar before the election, and three months in the place where he offers his vote. The general election is held on the lir-t Monday in August biennially. /.. ijixlative porcer is vested in a General Assembly, composed of a House of Representatives and a Senate. Represent atives, in number not above 100, and chosen in counties every second year, shall be free white male citizens of the United Stairs, 24 years of age, inhabitants of the State for two years, and of the county for one year next before the election, and shall have paid a tax. Senators, in number not more than 33, nor less than 14, shall have attained the age of 30, and be citizens of the United States, residents of the State four years, and shall be chosen for four years, one half of the senators retiring every second year. The General Assembly convenes at Jefferson City on the last Monday in December, biennially. No laws shall be passed to emancipate slaves without the consent and payment of their owners, or to prevent immigrants from brirtging with them slaves of the same description with those in the State ; but laws may be passed prohibiting the importation of the slaves who have committed a high crime, or as merchandise, slaves, or the offspring of slaves, im ported into the United States, and permitting emancipation, saving the rights of creditors. Owners are obliged to treat their slaves with humanity, and slaves, in criminal cases, shall have a trial by jury, and have the same protection in their lives and persons as white persons. Free negroes and mulattoes are prohibited from coming into the State. The laws of the General Assembly shall be revised and digested every ten years. The Governor must be 35 years of age, a native citizen of the United States, or a citizen thereof at the adoption of the i constitution, or an inhabitant of the territory now called Missouri at the time of its cession, must have resided in the State j four years next before election, and is chosen for a term of four years, but can not serve two successive terms. The lieu- | tenant-governor, who is ex-qfficio president of the Senate, must have the same qualifications, etc., as the governor, and is j elected at the same time and for the same term. The governor may veto a bill of the General Assembly, but a subsequent majority of both houses makes it law notwithstanding. A vacancy occurring in the office of governor, is filled first by { the lieutenant-governor, and after him by the president of the Senate pro tempore, arid he failing, by the Speaker of the House ; but a new election shall be had after three months notice, unless the vacancy occur within IS months of the end ; of the term. The principal administrative officers of the State are the Secretary of State, who is also Superintendent of Public Schools, the Autlitor of Accounts, the State Treasurer, the Attorney-general, the Register of Lands, the Adjutantrgeneral, Quarter master-general, and Surveyor-general, and the President and Cashier of the Bank of the State. ThejtuUciary consists of a Supreme Court and Circuit Courts, County Courts, Justices Courts, etc. The supreme court has appellate jurisdiction only. The three judges of this court are elected for six years by the qualified voters of the State, and are re-eligible at the expiration of the term. Two sessions are held annually, one at Jefferson City, and one at St. Louis. The attorney-general is ex-officio reporter of the decisions of the Court. A circuit court is held twice a year in each county ; its jurisdiction extends to all matters of. cost and contract over $90, where the demand is liquidated, and over $50, where the agreement is parole ; and it has exclusive criminal jurisdiction, and a supervision over the county courts and justices of the peace, subject to the correction of the supreme court. The judges of the circuit court are elected by the qualified voters of their respective circuits, and for the term of six years. The jurisdiction of th$ county courts is limited to matters of probate and local county affairs, as roads, etc. A county court sits in each county, and is composed of three justices, who are elected by the people, and hold their offices for four years. Appeal lies to the circuit court. The county court of St. Louis County is composed of seven justices. In addition to the circuit and county courts, St. Louis has a Court of Common Pleas, with jurisdiction very similar to the circuit court; a Criminal Court; a distinct Court of Probate, which relieves the county court from probate duties ; and a Recorder s Court. The judges of the circuit and criminal court are elected in the same manner and for the same term as the circuit judges. There is also a distinct Court of Common Pleas for the city of Hannibal. These are local tribunals, exercising jurisdiction only in their counties, except the Recorder s Court of St. Louis, the jurisdiction of which is confined to small offenses, and within the city limits. From the Court of Common Pleas and the Criminal Court appeal lies to the Supreme Court, and the judges of the Com mon Pleas are appointed like the circuit judges, with like tenures. The probate judge is elected by the people of the county for four years, and the recorder by the people of the city of St. Louis for two years. Amendments to the constitution may be proposed by a vote of two-thirds of the members of the General Assembly, ! and shall be published twelve months before the general election ; and if at the first session thereafter they rre confirmed by a vote of two-thirds of the members, they become a part of the constitution. The militia force of the State, according to the Army Register for 1850, consists of 61,000 men of all arms, of which 3,019 are commissioned officers, and 57,081 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the com missioned officers 45 are general officers, 94 general sta ff officers, 790 field officers, etc., and 2,990 company officers. The State institutions for the relief of the unfortunate, are the Lunatic Asylum at Fulton, completed in 1852, and which in that year received twenty-three patients ; and the Deaf and Dumb Asylum at the same place, and yet completed but partially, which had seventeen inmates. At St. Louis there are several benevolent institutions, hospitals, etc., which in part are supported by the State. State Finances, DeU, etc. The receipts into the Treasury for the two years ending 30th September, 1850, amounted to $7S7.0S8 71, to which must be added balance from the biennial period 1847-48 of $405,404 90 making a total means of $1.192,493 61. Expenditures in 1849-50, $532,585 82, leaving a balance of $659,907 79, of which sum $569,036 19 be longs to the revenue fund. The State debt, exclusive of the surplus revenue deposited with the State, was $922,261, which was the exact amount of State bonds sold and outstanding. Of these bonds, $34,000 have been redeemed and cancelled during the year. The sinking fund, at the date of report, amounted to $9,394 78, and had claims to $3,497 54, dividends not re-invested ; and the State owns bank stock in the Bank of Missouri, amounting to $954,205 22, as follows : Of the seminary fund, $100,000; of the State school fund, $575,667 96; of the sinking fund, $6,273 66; and in its own right, $272,263 60 ; but the bank claims a due from the State for money advanced and interest, $124,026 47. The value of all property, real and personal, assessed for taxation in 1S50, amounted, according to the State reports, to $98,595,463 but as truly estimated by the census of the same year, to $137,247,707. Federal Representation. In accordance with the act apportioning representation, passed on the 23d May, 1850, Mis souri sends seven representatives to the Congress of the United States. 497 P3 MISSOURI. Education. The public education is under the charge of the Secretary of State, who is ex-ojficio superintendent of common schools. The principal of the common school fund amounts to $575,667 96, and has been loaned on bond to the State Bank, which pays interest on the amount semi-annually. The proceeds of this are distributed among the counties according to the number of children reported, and this proportion is distributed among teachers therein. There is also a seminary fund, amounting to $100,000. Private schools and academies are established throughout the State ; and besides these there are six collegiate establishments : the Missouri University, the University of St. Louis, St. Vincent s College, the Masonic College, St. Charles College, and Fayette College. The statistics of these several establishments ia 1850, were as follows : Names. Location. Columbia Founded. I . .. 1840 rofessors, . 12 Students, 52 Alumni, 6 Libraries. 1 300 University of St Louis (R Ca h ) St. Louis . 1832 17 160 25 I 9 000 St Vincent s College (R Cath ) . .. 1843 10 85 New Palmvra . 1831 5 45 13 2350 St. Charles College (Meth.) Favette College . . . . St. Charles . Favette. . . , ... 1837 .. 4 .... ,. 2 .. . . . . 20 . . . . , . 75 ... ....17 .. 900 There are medical departments attached to both universities ; and besides the above, there are several theological sem inaries in the State. Libraries. One State library, 4.637 volumes ; two social, 5,799 volumes ; five college, 18,465 volumes ; fiv students , 1,605 volumes ; one academic or professional, 500 volumes ; one scientific and historical, 300 volumes ; four public school, 6,200 volumes total, 19 libraries, 37,506 volumes. Periodical Press. The whole number of periodicals published in Missouri in I860 was 74, circulating at each issue 80,000 copies, or annually 4,675,680 copies. Of this number 16 were whig in politics, 17 democratic, and 41 neutral, or papers devoted to religious, literary, scientific subjects, etc., including all the characters of which is not named in the returns ; and of the whole number 7 were published daily, issuing 10,800 copies, or 1,220,400 annually ; 3 tri-weekly, 1.200 copies, or annually 187,200 copies ; 3 semi-weekly, 2,200 copies, or annually 228,800 copies ; 51 weekly, 56,140 copies, or annually 2,919,280 copies; and 7 monthly, 10,000 copies, or annually 120,000 copies. The dailies are all published at St. Louis the " Times," the " Intelligencer," the " Organ and Reveille," the " Republican," the " Union," and two German papers ; the tn-iceeklies at St. Louis, and are editions of the dailies, the " Times," the " Republican," and the " Union" ; the semi-iceeklies at St Louis, Independence, and Boonville ; the weeklies 12 at St. Louis, 5 of which are editions of the dailies, 1 at Warsaw, 1 at Columbia, 2 at Sparta, 1 at Fulton, 1 at Jackson, 2 at Cape Girardeau, 1 at Brunswick, 1 at Liberty, 2 at Jefierson City, 2 at Boonville, 1 at Union, 1 at Hermann, 2 at Springfield, 2 at Fayette, 2 at Glasgow, 1 at Independence, 2 at Lexington, 1 at Bloomington, 1 at Palmyra, 2 at Hannibal, 1 at New Madrid, 2 at Louisiana, 2 at Weston, 2 at St. Genevieve, 1 at St. Charles, 1 at Oseola, 1 at Paris, 1 at Monticello, and 1 at Chillicothe ; and the monthlies, 1 at Hermann, the " Licht Freund," a German rationalist advocate, and 6 at St. Louis, the " Valley Farmer," the " St. Louis Probe," the " Insurance Reporter," the " Western Journal," the " Bank Note Detector," and the " Signet" Religious Denominations. The statistics of the several religious denominations hi the State for the year 1850, according to the census, were as follows : Value ot Property. $494,575 Church 19,370 4,200 2,350 Value of Denomina No. of Church Value of Denomina- No. of Church Property. tions. Churches. accom. Property. tions. Churches. accom. $154,480 Germ nEef. .. .. $ E. Catholic . 64 .. 26,102 43,210 Jewish .... 1 .. 400 .. 7,000 Swedenb g .. Lutheran . . 21 .. 7,260 .. 34,560 Tunker .. Mennonite . 1 .. 200 .. 420 Union 11 .. 2,350 135,600 Methodist.. 200 .. 57,350 .. 280,245 Unitarian . . 2 .. 2,100 4,400 Moravian.. Universalist 1 .. 250 Presbyter n. 103 .. 41,750 .. 285,970 Minor Sects 17.. 5,600 6,200 70,000 500 Uenomina- No. of tions. Chu relies. Baptist 273 .. 71,857 Christian... 51 .. Congregafl. .. Dutch Ref.. .. Episcopal.. 10 .. Free 13 Friends .. making a total of 773 churches, having accommodation for 241,139 persons, and valued at $1,558,590. Missouri consti tutes a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church ; and also the Koman Catholic diocese of St. Louis, in the ecclesiastical province of the same name. Historical Sketch. Hernando de Soto may be said to have been the first European that beheld the river Mississippi, called by him (April, 1541) on its discovery the Rio Grande. Crossing this stream, probably some 30 miles below Helena, in the State of Arkansas, he traversed at the head of his adventurous band a goodly portion of the territory beyond. He is thought by some, but without sufficient reason, to have come during his march into the present limits of Missouri. The Mississippi was first explored in 1673 by Joliet and Marquette, and more fully in 1682 by La Salle, and by the latter all the region between the so-called Illinois country and the Gulf of Mexico was called Louisiana, and declared to be an appen dage of France. From this time settlements began to be made in the valley, advancing from its northern and southern extremities into the interior. Canada had long (from 1608) been inhabited by colonists from France ; but not till the begin ning of the eighteenth century was the region bordering on the Gulf alike distinguished. Natchez was settled in 1700, New Orleans in 1718, and within a few years the whole territory was protected from Spanish invasion by a chain of forts extending from the lakes to the Gulf. Among these was built in 1719 Fort Orleans, near the mouth of the Osage, not far from the present capital of the State. In legal proceedings the region, now known as Missouri, was included by the French and Spanish in the Illinois country, but popularly and historically it was denominated Upper Louisiana. The State of Arkansas was included in the same division. Situated in the central part of the valley, the progress of Missouri was not rapid. Its lead mines were worked as early as 1720. In 1755 its oldest town, St. Genevieve, was founded ; St. Louis in 1764; and afterward a number of towns in quick succession. Meanwhile (1763) the jurisdiction of the valley passed from France to Spain and England, the Mississippi being the dividing line between their respective apportion ments ; and by the same treaty Canada also reverted to England. France, after a violent contest, had been despoiled of all her territorial possessions in North America. During the contest, numbers of Canadian French emigrated by way of the lakes, and going southward located in bothUpper and Lower Louisiana. Hence the first important impulse to the colon- ization of Missouri. The population of Spanish Louisiana, at the time of the public transfer (1769), was estimated at 13,840 persons, of whom 5,556 were whites, and the remainder negroes. New Orleans alone contained 3,190 souls domi- 498 MISSOURI. ; cOiated in 463 dwellings. A river trade had sprung up between the northern and southern portions of the province, and the exports at this period amounted to $250,000 annually. The character of the new government was conciliating. The laws of Spain were promulgated as the law of the land. The highest tribunal in Louisiana was that of the governor, and in Upper Louisiana that of the Lieutenant-governor. The commandants of the various posts in the provinces were the inferior tribunals. Lands were granted liberally to colonists, and every facility was given to settlers. Numerous emigrants from Spain flocked into the country. In 1775, St. Louis, originally a dep6t for the fur-trade, had increased in population to 800, and St. Genevieve contained 460 inhab itants. At this time the American Ecvolution was commencing, and Spain, siding with the English colonists, entered into hostilities against England. In Lower Louisiana and Florida the arms of Spain were successful. Meanwhile, St. Louis was attacked (1780) by a body of English and Indians, 1,540 strong, from Michilimackinac and the southern extremity of Lake Michigan. During the siege, which lasted a week, about 60 persons were killed in the town and vicinity, and it is impossible to tell to what extent the enemy might have gone, had not the timely arrival of General Clarke from Kas- kaskia turned the tide of fortune in favor of the settlers. The general peace of 1783 put an end to hostilities. Spain re tained her previous possessions, and received, in addition, the whole of Florida, of which she had been deprived 20 years before. Great Britain resigned East Louisiana, called also the Illinois country, to the United States, retaining only her northern possessions. Emigration into Spanish Louisiana began once more on the restoration of peace, and trade and agriculture to flourish. The hardy settlers of the western part of the United States now built their cabins in numerous places on the west side of the Mississippi. As might have been expected, difficulties soon arose between Spain and the Union. The foreign power be came jealous of the increasing greatness of the latter. A dispute relative to the navigation of the Mississippi was settled by [treaty (20th Oct., 1795), by which Spain granted to the United States free navigation of that river. But Spain never acted I faithfully in this matter, and threw obstacles in the way of Americans navigating that stream. "War, indeed, seemed inevit- jable, and was only prevented by the cession of Louisiana to France, on the 21st March, 1S01, aud its disposal by that I power to the United States on the 30th April, 1803. At the time of this last cession, the province contained 49,500 inhab- , itants, of whom 6,023 were living in Upper Louisiana. The products of its agriculture in 1802 had been chiefly cotton and sugar of the former 20,000 bales, and of the latter 5,000 hogsheads. The commerce of New Orleans had become extensive; its exports coming from the province and the western States and territory, and consisting chiefly of flour, pork, salt beef, tobacco, cotton, sugar, molasses, peltries, naval stores, etc., amounted to 40,000 tons. The commerce of Upper Louisiana was flourishing, and a prosperous trade was already carried on between St. Louis and New Orleans, and with the settlements on the Ohio, Cumberland, and Tennessee rivers. The annual crop was about 88,000 minots (264,000 bushels) of wheat, 84,000 minots of Indian corn, and 23,627 pounds of tobacco. The mines produced 1,700 quintals of lead, and the salines about 1,000 barrels of salt The fur trade brought in about $70,000. Louisiana henceforth formed part of the United States, itself" an empire," bought, to use the words of Napoleon, " for a mere trifle." The new purchase was immediately divided into the " Territory of Orleans" (since 1812, the State of Louisiana) and the " District of Louisiana," erected in 1305 into a territorial government, administered by a governor and judges, under fhe title of " Territory of Louisiana." The seat of the government was St. Louis ; its districts, St. Charles, St. Louis, Cape Girardeau, New Madrid, and Arkansas. In 1812, on the admission of the present State of Louisiana into the Union, the name of this territory was changed to "Missouri Territory." The territory extended from latitude 33 to 41 north, and the government became representative. The first governor under the new government was "William Clarke. The legis lature consisted of a council of 9 members appointed by the President, and a House of Representatives, one member for every 500 free white males, elected by the people. The limits of the Territory on the west were gradually extended by treaties with the Indians. People from the western States began to move in from the time of the purchase, so that in 1810 the population numbered 20,845, of whom all but about 1,500 belonging to Arkansas were settled within the present limits of the State of Missouri. The French settlements were now overrun by Americans from Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, etc., and American habits, usages, laws, and institutions soon became prevalent. The original settlers were quickly I merged and almost lost among the later and more active population, until at length the whole became a homogeneous people. Immigration was so rapid, that in 1317 the territory contained 60,000 souls. St. Louis counted at this time 5,000 inhabitants against 1,000 in 1804. It had already become the emporium of the Upper Mississippi. In 1317, application was made by the Assembly to Congress for authority to frame a State constitution preliminary to admission into the Union. A fierce and stormy debate arose at once on the subject in Congress. A powerful party demanded that the new States should exclude slavery by their constitutions. The discussion raged for two years, threatening to tear the Union i asunder ; at length, however, the debate was stopped by the passage of the compromise resolutions of Mr. Clay, by which it was agreed that the institution of slavery should be recognized in Missouri, but in no other new State north of latitude 86 30 . The State constitution, somewhat modified since its adoption, was framed by a convention of forty delegates, which met at St. Louis on the 12th June, 1820, and adopted on the 19th July following The new State was found, by a census taken the same year, to contain a population of 66,586, of whom 10,222 were slaves. From this time until the present there has flowed a constant tide of immigration from the southern, western, and northern States, and from Europe ; agriculture and commerce have more than kept pace with the increase, and mining and manufactures, though not made prominent industrial pursuits, have been gradually developed. Few other States, indeed, can boast of so rapid a devel opment of the material resources it may possess, which, though in a great measure due to the facilities afforded by the country itself, yet much must be accorded to the enterprise of its hardy, intelligent, and industrious inhabitants. JBFFBRSON Crrr, on the south bank of the Missouri River, 143 miles from its mouth, is the political capital of the State. MISSOURI, p. v., Pike co., Ala. : 44 m. S. E. Montgomery. MISSOURI river: a large river of the United States, rises in the Rocky mountains, and takes this name after the union of three branches, denominated Jefferson, Gallatin, and Madison, in 45 ~Ltf N. lat., and 110 W. long. The springs which give rise to the Missouri are not more than a mile distant from some of the head waters of the Columbia, which flows W. into the Pacific ocean. At the distance of 411 m. from the extreme point of the navigation of its head branches, are what are denominated the "Gates of the Eocky Mountains," which present a view exceedingly grand. For the distance of 5J m. the rocks rise perpendicu larly from the margin of the river to the height of 1,200 feet. The river is compressed to the width of 150 yards, and for the first 3 m. there is only one spot, and that only of a few yards, on which a man could stand, between the water and the perpendicular ascent of the mountain. At the distance of 110 m. below this, and 521 m. from its source, are the Great Falls, 2,575 m. above its entrance into the Mississippi. The river descends, by a succession of rapids and falls, 357 499 MIS feet in about 16J m. The lower and greatest fall has a per pendicular pitch of 87 feet; the second of 19 feet; the third of 47 feet; the fourth of 26 feet. Between and below these falls are continual rapids of from 3 to IS feet descent. These falls, next to those of Niagara, are the grandest on the con tinent. The course of the river above these falls is northerly The Yellowstone river, 800 yards wide at its mouth, proba- bly the largest tributary of the Missouri, enters it on the S. W. side, 1,216 m. from its navigable source, and abou 1,880 m. from its mouth. This river, at the place of junction is as large as the Missouri. Steamboats ascend to this place, and could go farther by each branch. Chienne river, 400 yards wide at its mouth, enters the Missouri on the S. "VY, side, 1,310 m. from its mouth, in 44 20 N. lat. White river. 800 yards wide, enters it on the S. W. side, 1,130 m. from its mouth. Big Sioux river, 110 yards wide, enters it 853 m from its mouth, in 42 48 N. laL, on the N. E. side. Platte river, 600 yards wide at its mouth, enters it on the S. W, side, 600 m. from its mouth, in 40 50 N. lat. Kanzas river, 233 yards wide at its mouth, enters it on the S. W. side, in 39 5 N. lat, at the distance of 340 m. from its mouth Grand river enters it on the N. E. side, 240 miles from its mouth, and is 190 yards wide. La Mine river, 70 yards wide, enters it 200 miles from its mouth. Osage river, 397 yards wide at its mouth, enters it on the S. W. side, in 33 81 N. lat., 133 m. from its mouth. Gasconade river enters it on the S. W. side, in 38 45 N. lat., 100 m. from its mouth. The Missouri enters Mississippi river 3,096 m. from its source, which, added to 1,253 m., the distance to the Gulf of Mexico, makes its whole length 4,349 m., and it is probably the long- est river in the world. Through its whole course there is no substantial obstruction of the navigation before arriving at the Great Falls. Distances navigable by steam on Missouri river and its principal branches : Missouri . . . Gasconade. Osage Chariton... Miles. .1,500 275 50 Miles. Grand 90 Kanzas 150 Platte 40 Yellowstone... .. 300 The alluvial fertile soil on this stream and its tributaries ia not rery broad, and back of this are prairies of vast extent. Through the greater part of its course the Missouri is a rapid and turbid stream, and in the upper part of its course flows through an arid and sterile country. It is over half a mile wide at its mouth, and through a greater part of its course it is wider. Notwithstanding it drains such an ex tensive country, and receives so many large tributaries, at certain seasons it is shallow, hardly affording sufficient water for steamboat navigation, owing to its passing through a dry and open country, and being subject to extensive evaporation. MISSOURI-TON, p. T., St. Charles co., Ho. : on the N. W. bank of Missouri r., 77 m. E. Jefferson City. MITCHELL county, la. Situate E. on N. line, and con tains 432 sq. m. Drained by heads of Cedar river, a branch of the Iowa. Unorganized. MITCHELL, p. o., Sheboygan co., Wise. : 77 m. N.E.Madison. MITCHELLS, p. o., Walker county, Tex. : 133 m. E. N. E. Austin City. MITCHELL S MILLS, p. o., Indiana co., P&nn. : 123 m. W. by N. Ilarrisburg. MITCHELL S PEAK, Alleghany co., N. Car. This peak enjoys the reputation of being the highest summit on the E. side of the Eocky mountains. It derives its name from Professor Mitchell, of Cincinnati, who determined its alti tude to be more than 250 feet higher than Mount Washing ton, in New Hampshire. Its height is 6,720 feet. MITCHELL S SALT WOBKS, p. o., Jefferson co., Ohio. : 124 m. E. N. E. Columbus. MITCHELLSVILLE, p. v., Eobertson co., Tenn. : 83 m. N. by E. Nashville ; on the line of the proposed K. E. between Louisville and Nashville. 500 MOB MITCHELLSVILLE, p. o., Boone co., Ky. : 53 m. N. by E Frankfort. MIXERVILLE, p. o., Franklin county, Ind. : 60 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. MIXTOWN, p. o., Tioga county, P&nn. : 101 m. N. by W. Harrisburs:. MOBILE county, Ala. Situate S. W. corner, and contains 1,316 sq. m. It has the Gulf of Mexico on the S., Mobile bay and river on the E., and a few small streams flowing into them. Surface mostly level, with some hills in the N., and covered largely with pine forests ; soil of very moderate fertility, producing small crops of corn and potatoes, and furnishing pasture for cattle in considerable numbers. The important interest of the county is commerce, which is of immense extent, as it has the transportation of most of the products of a back country, comprising the largest and best part of the State. Farms 249 ; manuf. 61 ; dwell. 3,027, and pop. wh. 17,306, fr. col. 938, si. 9,356 total 27,600. Capital: Mobile. Public Works: Mobile and Ohio E.E., etc. MOBILE, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Mobile co., Ala.: on the W. bank Mobile river, just above its entrance into Mobile bay, 163 m. S. W. Montgomery. Lat. 30 41 48" N., and long. 87 59 04" W. The site is but very little elevated above the water, but sufficiently so for all purposes of con venient drainage. The soil is dry and sandy. Immediately opposite the city, on the ,E., is a large low island, covered with high grass and rushes, and known as " the marsh ;" above on the N. is a large swamp, extending along the banks of the r. ; and back of the city on the N. W., W. and S., the dry sandy pine hills commence, affording delightful and healthy retreats from the heat, sickness, and annoyances of the city during the summer ; and here have sprung up the pleasant villages of Toulminville, Spring Hill, Cottage Hill, Summcrville, and Fulton. South from the city, the shores of the bay are dotted for many miles with elegaut residences, and these spots have been usually exempt from epidemic diseases. The city is not compactly built, except in the portions occupied by the commercial and business houses. The streets generally are wide, and run mostly north and south, and east and west. Much attention has been paid of late years to planting shade trees along the pavements, and the comfort and probably the health of the place has been much improved thereby. The prevailing winds during the winter months are the N. and N. E. ; from the middle of April (at which time the warm spring weather begins), the S. winds, cool, refreshing, and laden with moisture, make the heat quite bearable, and these, being also the prevailing summer winds, even in that hot season, negative in a great measure the climatic extreme. The climate, however, is warm and relaxing to the energies, and even in the winter nonths is trying to the constitution, from the many and sudden changes that occur. During the coldest weather the ground is but seldom frozen. Most rain falls in Decem ber, January, June, and July. No system of underground drainage has ever been at- empted at Mobile ; the light, porous character of the soil answering the same purpose, and making the streets dry mmediately after the heaviest fall of rain. The city is sup plied with good wholesome, water through the water-works rom a stream some few miles distant. The sanitary condition of Mobile has greatly improved of ate years; for a long period it enjoyed the unenviable reputation of being a very unhealthy place, and the devas tating epidemics of 1819-25-29-37-39, and 43, in truth gave i coloring to the accusation. Since the last-named year here has been no severe visitation of sickness, which may )e accounted ivftn. some measure by the fact, that the wet, muddy morasses that until then had occupied the northern art of the city have been filled in, and their places are now he sites of large cotton presses and warehouses. The deaths n 1849-50 numbered only 611, or one to every 33 living, better system of drainage has also been adopted, and MOB MOH more exertion has been used in cleansing and purifying the streets than heretofore. Mobile contains the county court-house, several United States courts, the municipal courts, the city hall, a jail, and other public buildings ; a splendid Eoman Catholic cathedral, numerous churches of various denominations, hospitals, schools, markets, a theatre and circus, several first-class hotels, etc. The hospitals the United States Marine Hos pital and the City Hospital are large and commodious buildings, each capable of accommodating from 250 to 300 patients ; and there are other charitable institutions worthy of notice, among which stand pre-eminent the Catholic and Protestant Orphan Asylums, the Benevolent Society, which, among other functions, has charge of destitute widows, and the Samaritan Society. A blind asylum has also been founded, and an asylum for the deaf and dumb provided for. There are three cemeteries belonging to the city. 1 Mobile was originally a Spanish settlement, and at a later period a portion of Louisiana. It was surrendered to the Americans in 1813. In 1814 it was chartered as a town, and in 1819 became a city. In 1814 the total valuation of prop erty in the town was only $350,950 ; in 1819, $764,510 ; in 1S24, $1,107,500; in 1829, $2,719,148 ; in 1S34, $6,756,025 ; in 1839, $24,480,315 ; in 1844, $18,098,877 ; in 1849, $12,629,700 ; and in 1850, $11,985,790. The population of the city in 1830 was 3,194; in 1840, 12,672 ; and in 1850, 20,513. The commercial statistics of the city will be found under the head of ALABAMA. Mobile is the only sea-port of the State open to foreign commerce, and from this point is shipped the great bulk of the cotton of Eastern Mississippi and Western Alabama. The total quantity shipped for the year ending 31st August, 1852, was 575,104 bales, or one- sixth of all the cotton produced in the Union. Of this amount 307.513 bales were sent to England, 95,917 to France, and 27,048 to other fore.ign States; and 144,626 coastwise to domestic ports. Staves, lumber, and naval stores, are also shipped in large quantities. There are two commercial banks in the city the Bank of Mobile and the Southern Bank of Alabama. The Planters and Merchants Bank has lately closed its business. Mobile has four newspapers the "Alabama Tribune" (indep.), daily; the "M. Advertiser" (whig), daily and semi-weekly ; the " Kegister and Journal" (dem.), daily and weekly; and the "Alabama Planter" (agric.). weekly. The local trade of Mobile is very extens- j ive and valuable. The Mobile and Ohio E. E. will connect the city with the whole north-west ; the Girard and Mobile E. E. will connect it with the Atlantic ports, and a railroad to Madisonville will connect it with New Orleans. None of these are built except a portion of the first named. As a commercial mart of the Gulf, Mobile is second only ,to New Orleans in its facilities and available position. : Immense rivers connect it with an extensive and highly productive interior, and a fine bay gives it access to the sea. Mobile Bay sets up from the Gulf, and is 30 m. long, and on an average 12 m. broad ; it communicates with the Gulf by two straits, one on each side of Dauphin Island. The strait on the W. side will not admit of vessels of more than 5 feet draft ; but that on the E. side, between the island and Mobile Point, has 18 feet water, the channel passing within a few yards of the point There is a bar across the bay near its upper end, which has only eleven feet water. Mobile river, which falls into the bay immediately below the city, is formed by the junction of the Alabama and Tom- biifhee rivers 50 m. above the city. A few miles below the junction it divides into several channels. The main W. channel is called Mobile, and the main E. channel, which is the deepest and widest, is called the Tensaw. It is navigable for vessels drawing less than six feet water by the Tombig bee branch to St. Stephen s, and by the Alabama branch to Claiborne. In times of flood it sometimes rises 50 or 60 feet. The entrance to the harbor is defended by Fort Morgan, situated on a long, low, sandy point, at the mouth of the bay, j BO m. below the city, opposite to Dauphin Island. MOBILE bay, Ala. : sets up from the Gulf of Mexico, with which it communicates by two straits, one on each side of Dauphin Island. The strait on the E. side, between the island and Mobile Point, has 18 feet water, while the one on the W. has only 5 feet The channel passes within a short distance of the point. The bar at the upper end has only 11 feet water on it Mobile City is situate at the head of the bay. MOBILE river, Ala. : the great river of the State, is formed by the junction of the Alabama and Tombigbee, 50 miles above Mobile bay ; a few miles below the junction, it gives out a large branch, called the Tensaw, which also receives an arm from the Alabama, and reaches Mobile Bay below Blakely, and at the city of Mobile. It is navigable as far up as St Stephen s, 93 miles, on the Tombigbee, for vessels drawing 6 feet of water, and steamboats of moderate burden ; to Tuscaloosa, on the eastern branch, 300 miles, and to Co lumbus, in Mississippi, on the Western branch ; its length is about 450 miles. Its tributaries are inconsiderable com pared with its great length : the Buttahatchee, Sipsey, and Okanoxubee, are the principal. The Alabama, or eastern branch of the Mobile, is navigable to Claiborne, 100 miles from the bay, by the same class of vessels that go up to St. Stephen s, and for smaller steamboats about 300 miles by the windings of the stream. The two branches unite in lat. 31 06 N., and long. 11 05 W. In times of flood it sometimes rises from 50 to 60 feet MOB JACK bay, Virg. : an arm of Chesapeake Bay, makes up between Mathews and Gloucester. The Gloucester court house is at the head of the bay. MOBLEY POND, p. v., Scriven co., Ga. : on a small cr., flowing into the Savannah river, 104 m. E. Milledgeville. MOCKVILLE, p. v., and cap. Davie co., N. Car. : 108 m. W. Ealeigh, and contains the county court-house and other public buildings. MODENA, p. o., Ulster co., N: Y. : 73 m. S. S. "W. Albany. MODEST TOWN, p. v., Accomack county, Virg. : 102 m. E. by N. Eichmond, and 2 m. from the Atlantic coast It contains about 60 inhabitants. MOHRELL S POINT, p. o., Coles co., III. : 85 m. E. by S. Springfield. MOFFETT S STOEE, p. o., Columbia co., N. Y. : 23 m. S. E. Albany. MOFFETTSVILLE, p. v., Anderson dist, & Car. : near the Savannah r., 101 m. W. by N. Columbia. MOFFIT S MILLS, p. o., Eandolph co., JVi Car. : 73 m. "W. Ealeigh. MOGADOEE, p. o., Summit county, Ohio: 118 m. N. E. Columbus. MOHAWK, p. v., Herkimer co., N . Y. : on the S. side of the Mohawk r., and on the line of the Erie Canal, 95 m. from Albany. The Mohawk Valley Bank is situate here. The v. contains several stores and workshops, and about 600 inhabitants.. The " Mohawk. Times" (free soil), is is sued weekly. MOHAWK river, N. Y. : the principal tributary of the Hudson r., rises in the S. part of Lewis co., flows S. toEome, where, turning to the S. E., it continues that course, and en ters the Hudson r. by several mouths at Waterford, 8 or 10 m. above Albany. It receives West Canada cr. from the N. and Schoharie cr. from the S. There are several rapids and two large falls in its course. At Little Falls it descends over a stony bed, and through a remarkable gorge in the moun tain, 42 feet in the course of a mile. At Cohoes Falls, 2 m. from its mouth, it has a perpendicular descent of 70 feet, a short distance below which there is a bridge across the river. The Erie Canal passes along its S. bank, nearly through its whole course, in consequence of which the channel is little used for navigation. The banks of the river are very fertile its whole length is 135 m. Along the banks of the river there are a number of populous and thriving villages and wealthy cities. The great wheat district of the State com mences in the valley of the Mohawk above Little Falls. 501 MOH MON MOHAWK VALLEY, p. o., Coshocton co., Ohio : 67 m. N. E. Columbus. MOHEGAN, sta., New London co., Conn.: on the line of the New London, "Willimantic, and Palmer E. E., 9 m. N. New London, and on the W. bank of Thames r., 88 m. S. E. Hartford. MOHICAN, t. and p. o., Ashland co., Ohio : 64 m. N. N. E. Columbus. Drained by a branch of Walhonding r. Sur face rolling; soil fertile and productive. Jeromesville and Mechanicsville are names of villages in the t. Population of t 1,775. MOHRSVILLE, p. o. and sta., Berks co., Pen-n. : on the line of the Philadelphia and Eeading E. E., 63 m. N. W. Phila delphia. The Windsor iron furnace located here has an annual capacity of 1,200 tons. MOIKA, t and p. v., Franklin co., N. Y. : 157 m. N. N.W. Albany. Drained by branches of Salmon and St. Eegis rivers. Surface even ; soil fertile. The Northern (Ogdens- burg) E. E. crosses the t., on which is the sta., 47 m. E. of Ogdensburg. Pop. of 1. 1,340. MOLALLA, p. o., Clackamas co., Oreg. Ter. : about 29 m. N. E. Salem. MOLINE, p. v., Eock Island co., III. : on the E. side of the Mississippi, 5 m. above Eock Island City, 127 m. N. N. W. Springfield. It lies opposite the head of Eock Island, where there is excellent water-power, is extensively engaged in manufacturing and milfing, and has about 1,000 inhabitants. MOLINO, p. o., Lincoln county, Tenn.: 68 m. S. by E. Nashville. MOLINO, p. o., Tippah co., Miss. : 188 m. N. E. Jackson. MOLINO, p. o., Eandolph co., Ala. : 82 m. N. E. Jackson. MOLINO DEL EEY, p. o., Arkansas co., Ark. : 10 m. W. of White r., 66 m. S. E. by E. Little Eock. MOLLIHOKN, p. o., Newberry dist., S. Car. MOLLTOWN, p. o., Berks county, Penn. : 56 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. MOLUNKUS river, Me. : rises near the E. line of Penob- scot co. and empties into the Matawamkeag, about 10 m. E. of its S. entrance into the Penobscot. Its course is S. S. E., and passes through a densely timbered region about 50 m., affording great water-power. MOMENEE, p. v., Will co., III. : on the right bank of Kan- kakee r., 144 m. N. E. Springfield. MONADNOCK mountain, Cheshire co., 2f. Ilamp. : lies be tween the towns of Jaffrey and Dublin, 10 m. N. of the S. line of the State, and extends N. and S. about 5 m. and E. and W. about 3 m. The highest peak, called Grand Monadnock, is 3,718 feet above the ocean level, and com mands a view of the country around it for 50 m. on every side. The summit is bare rock, but the prospect is one of remarkable beauty. At its base is a mineral spring, and large quantities of plumbago are found on the E. side. MONAGAN, p. o., St. Clair co., Mo. : on a branch of Osage r. so called, 102 m. W. S. W. Jefferson City. MONCHES, p. o., Waukesha co., Wise. : 55 m. E. by N. Madison. MONCLOVA, p. o., Lucas county, Ohio : 114 m. N. by W. Columbus. MONEEK, p. o., Winneshiek co., la. : 103 m. N. by W. Iowa City. MONEY CREEK, p. o., M Lean co., III. : on a branch of Mackinaw cr., 69 m. N. N. E. Springfield. MONGAUP, p. o., Sullivan co., Jf. Y. : 92 m. S. W. by S. Albany. MONGATJP VALLEY, p. o., Sullivan county, 2F. Y. : 86 m. S. W. by S. Albany. MONGOQUINONG, p. v., La Grange co., Ind. : on the N. side of Pigeon r., 137 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. A plank- road connects it with the Michigan Southern E. E. MONISTIQUE river, Schoolcraft co., Mich. : rises near the S. shore of Lake Superior, and empties into the N. end of Lake Michigan, after draining with its numerous branches the E. half of Schoolcraft co., and receiving from the W. the 502 waters of Monistique lake, a large sheet of water on its S. border. MONITEAU county, Mo. Situate centrally, and contains 389 sq. m. Drained by Moniteau cr. and Straight and South forks of Moreau cr., affluents of the Missouri, -which forms its N. E. boundary. Surface uneven ; soil mostly fer tile, and adapted for grazing. Corn is the staple cereal Wheat and tobacco are successful crops, cattle are reared in large numbers, and pork is a considerable export. It has good mill streams, plenty of timber, and some iron ore. Farms 761 ; manuf. 15 ; dwell. 901, and pop. wh. 5,434, fr. col. 4, si. 566 total 6,004. Capital : California. MONK S CORNERS, p. o., Charleston district, >S. Car. : on Cooper cr., near its head, 81 m. S. E. Columbia. MONK S STOKE, p. o., Sampson co., N. Car. : 44 m. S. S. E. Ealeigh. MONKTON, t. and p. o., Addison co., Verm. : 26 m. W. Montpelier. Drained by Lewis cr. and Ha branches, on which are several mills. Surface uneven, and soil fertile. It is a fine grazing t., exporting live-stock, wool, and dairy produce. In the S. superior iron ore and porcelain clay are extensively dug. Pop. 1,246. MONKTON MILLS, p. v., Baltimore co., Md. : on Great Gunpowder Falls, 34 m. N. by W. Annapolis. It is on the Baltimore and Susquehanna E. E., 22 m. N. Baltimore, and contains large flouring mills. MONMOUTH county, N. Jer. Situate E. middle, and con tains 61S sq. m. Earitan and New York bays bound it N., the Atlantic E., and it is drained by small streams flowing into them and the Delaware. Surface generally level, with the Highlands of Navesink in the N. ; soil of marine for mation, with parts too sandy for tillage ; but abundance of marl, by the application of which and good cultivation, it is mostly very productive. Corn, rye, potatoes, wheat, buckwheat, and oats are all good crops. It has some exe^ lent dairies, and exports beef, wool, and pork. Iron ore and marl are extensively found, and pine timber abounds in parts. Its water-power is considerable and manufactures various, principally lumber, liquors, iron, iron-ware, leather, woolens, and cordage. Farms 2,014 : manuf. 214 ; dwell 5,155, and pop. wh. 27,927, fr. coL 2,311, si. 75 total 30,313. Capital: Freehold. MONMOUTH, p. v., and cap. Warren co., III. : about 3 m. S. of Cedar fork of Henderson s r., 91 m. N. W. by N. Springfield. It has a fine situation for trade in farming products, with limestone and coal abundant in the vicinity, and contains a court-house and jail, a high school, and 15 or 20 stores. The " M. Atlas" (indep.) is published here weekly. MONMOUTH, p. v., Adams co., Ind. : on St. Mary s r., 116 m. N. E. Indianapolis. A plank-road passes along the river from Decatur to Fort Wayne. Near the v. are good mill-sites and several mills. MONMOUTH, t. and p. v., Kennebec co., Me. : 16 m. 8. W. Augusta. It contains several large ponds which feed excel lent mill streams. Surface uneven ; soil fertile, producing good grain crops and supporting fine dairies. The v. con tains an academy and several stores. The Androscoggin and Kennebec E. E. crosses the t. and has a sta. in it., 47 m. from Portland. Pop. of 1. 1,925. MONOCACY, sta., Frederick county, Md, : 59 m. W. of Baltimore, on the Baltimore and Ohio E. E. MONOCACY river, Penn. and Md. : rises in Adams co., Penn., and flows S. S. W. about 70 m., emptying into the Potomac 23 m. below Harper s Ferry. MONOMOY island, Mass. : a long, narrow island in the Atlantic Ocean, on the S. side of Barnstable co., belonging to Chatham. MONON, p. o., White county, Ind. : 82 m. N. N. W. Indianapolis. MONON A, p. o., Clayton co., la. : 94m. N. by E. Iowa City. MONONGAHELA river, VirQ. and Penn.: rises in Ean dolph co., Virg., on the W. base of the Laurel Mountains, and after a generally N. course of about 300 m., unites with MON ; - -- i - " the Alleghany at Pittsburg, the Ohio being formed by their junction. Its principal affluents are Cheat and Yioughiog- eny rivers, which flow into it from the E. It is ascended by boats in favorable seasons 200 m., and large boats can always come up to Brownsville, 60 m. from its mouth. MONONGAHELA CITY, p. v., Washington co., Penn. : on the left bank of Monongahela r., 156 m. W. Harrisburg. It is on the National Eoad, and contains several mills and stores. MONONGALIA county, Virg. Situate N. "W., and contains SOS sq. m. Drained by Monongahela and Cheat rivers. Surface elevated and broken; soil very fertile, with excel lent pastures. Corn, wheat, and oats are the staples, and usually large crops. Fine dairies, large numbers of cattle, and very large flocks of sheep are supported on the grazing land, and wool is a \ aluable export. The county abounds in iron ore and bituminous coal, and manufactures iron, flour, leather, woolens, and distilled liquors. Farms 727 ; manuf. 57 ; dwell. 2,124, and pop. wh. 12,092, fr. col. 119, si. 176 total 12,8S7. Capital: Morgantown. Public, Works : Baltimore and Ohio E. E. MONOQUET, p. v., Kosciusko co., Ind. : about 2 m. W. of Tippecanoe r., 123 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. MONROB county, Ala. Situate S. W., and contains 1,063 sq. m. Bounded "W. by the Alabama, and drained by its affluents, Little r. and Flat and Limestone creeks. Surface mostly level or slightly uneven ; soil of average fertility, with some very productive land on the streams, near which are also marshes adapted to rice-growing. Cotton is the staple and corn the leading cereal. Farms 692; manuf. 23; dwell 1,005, and pop. wh. 5,648, fr. col. 40, si. 6,325 total 12,013. Capital : Claiborne. MONROE county, Ark. Situate E. middle, and contains 1,059 sq. m. Drained by White r., Cache r., and Lick cr. Surface level, and in parts low and swampy; soil fertile. Corn and cotton are the chief crops, and the produce not large. Pork is exported and cattle are reared in small num bers. It has excellent ash and cypress timber. Farms 133 ; manuf. ; dwell. 310, and pop. wh. 1,652, fr. col. 2, si. 395 total 2,049. Capital : Lawrenceville. MONROE county, Flor. Situate S., and contains about 2,050 sq. m. Caloosahatchec r. bounds it N., and it has but few streams, all which flow into the Gulf. Surface low and mostly swamps, densely covered with pine, cypress, cedar, and magnolia trees of great size. The main land is scarcely settled by whites. The islands known as the Florida Keys are comprised in its limits. The principal business of the inhabitants is assisting wrecked vessels, which are often lost on the dangerous reefs around them. Farms 6 ; manuf. 11 ; dwell. 420, and pop. wh. 2,086, fr. col. 126, si. 431 total 2,643. Capital: Key West. MONROE county, Ga. Situate W. centrally, and contains 422 sq. m. Bounded E. by the Ocmulgee and drained by its branches. Surface pleasantly diversified; soil very fer tile. Cotton is the staple, and a very large amount is raised. Corn is the chief grain, and wheat a very successful crop, but cotton commands the most attention. Farms 746; manuf. 2; dwell, 1,194, and pop. wh. 6,810, fr. col. 5, si. 10,170 total 16,985. Capital: Forsyth. Public Works: Macon and Western E. E. MONROB county, III. Situate S. W., and contains 414 sq. m. Drained by Fountain cr. of the Mississippi, which is its W. boundary, and Eichland and Horse creeks of the Kaskaskia. Surface level, broken only by the bluffs along the Mississippi, and much of it prairie ; soil of great fertility ; the celebrated "American Bottom" lies between the bluffs and the Mississippi, which is wooded near the river, and back is prairie of inexhaustible fertility. Corn is the chief crop. Wheat grows well, and the rearing of cattle and the fatten ing of pork is much attended to. It lies opposite the great lead region of Missouri, and lead, copper, and iron are found in the W. part. Farms 874 ; manuf. 83 ; dwell. 1,421, and population wh. 7,633, fr. col. 46 total 7,679. Capital: Harrisonville. MON MONROE county, Ind. Situate S. W. centrally, and con tains 420 sq. m. Drained by Salt, Clear, and Bean Blossom creeks. Surface mostly uneven, rolling near the centre, and originally heavily timbered ; soils excellent ; in the bottoms very rich. Cora and wheat are the staples, and pork a con siderable export It has good water-power, and extensive manufactories of iron, flour, woolens, and leather. Iron ore is abundant, and salt springs are found. Farms 1,230; manuf. 46; dwell. 1,892, and pop. wh. 11,259, fr. col. 27 total 11,286. Capital : Bloomington. Public Works : New Albany and Salem E. E. MONROE county, la. Situate S. E. centrally, and contains 432 sq. m. Drained by Cedar, Gray s, Miller s, Upper and Lower Avery s, and Soap creeks, branches of the Dos Moines, which touches the N. E. corner. Surface rolling and slightly broken ; soil fertile, well timbered, abundantly supplied with mill streams, and adapted to grain or grass. Corn, live-stock, beef, and pork are the chief products. Farms 337; manuf. 0; dwell. 515, and pop. wh. 4,882, fr. col. total 4,882. Capital : Albia. MONROE county, Ky. Situate on S. line centrally, and contains 312 sq. m. Drained W. by Big Barren r. and its branches, and E. by the Cumberland. Surface various, generally uneven ; soil fertile. Corn is the staple grain. Wheat and tobacco are profitable crops, and some cotton is raised. Pork is the great export. Farms 740 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 1,190, and pop. wh. 6,902, fr. col. 23, si. 830 total 7,755. Capital: Tompkinsville. MONROE county, Mich. Situate S. E. corner, and contains 547 sq. m. Drained by Huron r., Swan, Sandy, Stony, and Half-way creeks, and Eiver Eaisin, all flowing into Lake Erie, its E. boundary. Surface N. and E. level and heavily timbered; S. and W. rolling, and alternate prairie and grove : soil mostly fertile ; in parts sandy, and S. a sandy loam ; admirably fitted for grazing. Corn, wheat, oats, and potatoes are good crops ; cattle and pork are exported. It has good water-power, and manufactures flour, woolens, leather, glass, and machinery of various kinds. It is favor ably situated for trade on the lake, and is the great thor oughfare for western emigration. Limestone for building is plenty, marl abundant, sulphur springs are found, and a superior fine sand for manufacturing glass. Farms 1,277 ; manuf. 45 ; dwell. 2,544, and pop. wh. 14,642, fr. col. 56 total 14,698. Capital: Monroe. Public Works: Erie and Kalamazoo E. E. ; Michigan Southern E. E. ; Toledo and Detroit E. E., etc. MONROE county, Miss. Situate N. E., and contains 723 sq. m. Drained by the Tombigbee and its branches, Butta- hatchee r., W. fork, etc. Surface agreeably diversified and somewhat uneven, with good water-privileges, and gener ally a sufficiency of good timber ; soil fertile ; on the streams very productive of corn and cotton, the staples of the co. Wheat, oats, and potatoes are thriving crops, and the pasturage fine. Neat cattle are raised in large numbers, and pork is exported. It manufactures flour, cotton goods, earthen-ware, iron castings, lumber, and leather. Farms 848 ; manuf. 13 ; dwell. 1,576, and pop. wh. 9,417, fr. col. 33, si. 11,717 total 21,172. Capital : Hamilton. Public Works : Mobile and Ohio E. E. MONROE county. Mo. Situate N. E., and contains 657 sq. m. Drained by Salt r. and its branches, N., S., Otter, and Elk forks, Crooked cr., and Long branch. Surface moderately uneven ; soil fertile, a part prairie, and most well fitted for grazing. Corn is the staple ; wheat, tobacco, and potatoes arc fine crops, and pork a very large export It has fine mill streams, plenty of timber, and some manufactures. Farms 926; manuf. 21; dwell. 1,296, and pop. wh. 8,464, fr. col. 29, si. 2,048 total 10,541. Capital: Paris. MONROE county, N. Y. Situate W. on Lake Ontario, and contains 607 sq. m. Drained by Genesee r., its branches, Black, Allen, and Iloneoye creeks, and Sandy, Salmon, and Little Salmon creeks, emptying into the lake. Surface sloping toward the lake, and broken into two terraces 503 MON MON parallel to it; soil a very deep, gravelly loam, of great fer tility, and produces more grain than any other co. in the State. It yields the best of Genesee wheat, which is the great staple, and large crops of corn, oats, and potatoes, be sides pasturing great numbers of sheep. The falls of the Genesee afford unsurpassed water-power, and move the largest flouring mills in the Union. Lumber, iron, cloths, paper, and leather are largely manufactured. The Genesee is navigable through the co. On the lake are good harbors, and the county has a large trade with the interior. Marl is abundant, gypsum is largely found, iron and lead ores in smaller quantities, and in parts a valuable fire stone for lining furnaces and stoves. Farms 4,113; manuf. 526; dwell. 15,027, and pop. wh. 86,973, fr. col. 677 total 87,650. Capital : Rochester. Public Works : Erie Canal ; Genesee Valley Canal ; Buffalo and Eochester It. E. ; Rochester, Lockport, and Niagara Falls E. E. ; Syracuse and Rochester Railroad, etc. MONROE county, Ohio. Situate S. E., and contains 522 sq. m. Bounded E. by the Ohio, and drained by Mus- kingum r., Clear, Sunfish, and Seneca creeks. Surface un even and broken ; soil generally fertile. "Wheat, corn, oats, and potatoes are produced largely. Tobacco is extensively cultivated, and pork and wool are exported. It manufac tures flour, iron, woolens, leather, etc. The W. abounds in iron and coal. Farms 2,637 ; manuf. 43 ; dwell. 4,892, and population wh. 28,281, fr. col. 70 total 28,351. Capital : Woodsfleld. MONROE county. Penn. Situate N. E., and contains 494 sq. m. Bounded W. by the Lehigh, E. by the Delaware, and drained by their affluents. Surface rough and broken ; soil very fertile in the lower parts. Corn, rye, buckwheat, oats, and potatoes are all fine crops. Sheep are reared largely, and fine dairies are kept. It has much water-power, and manufactures flour, iron, leather, lumber, and woolens. Farms 904 ; manuf. 76 ; dwell. 2,155, and pop. wh. 13,170, fr. col. 100 total 13,270. Capital: Stroudsburg. Public Works: Cobb s Gap E. E. MONROE county, Term. Situate S. E., and contains 768 sq. m. Drained by Tellico r., Cilico and Lyon s creeks, and Tennessee r., which touches the N. part. Surface various ; on the S. E. line a mountain ridge, and "W. and middle large valleys ; soil generally rich, and much of it superior pasture. Corn is the principal crop. Wheat and oats are successfully cultivated, and pork exported. Water-power is plenty, and manufactures of flour, lumber, earthen-ware, iron castings, etc., are rapidly increasing. Farms 918 ; manuf. 59 ; dwell. 1,816, and pop. wh. 10,623, fr. col. 63, 81. 1,188 total 11,874. Capital: Madisonville. Public Works: East Tennessee and Georgia E. E. MONROE county, Virg. Situate S. W., and contains 573 sq. m. Drained by Greenbrier and Great Kanawha rivers, the last forming its W. boundary. Surface elevated, with the Alleghany mountains on the E., and delightful valleys in every part ; soil a rich loam, especially adapted to graz ing. Corn, wheat, rye, and oats arc very fine crops. It has superior dairies, and exports largely of live-stock, beef, and wool. Water-power is abundant, and small manufactories of flour, leather, liquors, woolens, and oil numerous. It has celebrated red and salt sulphur springs, and much visited sweet springs. Farms 910; manuf. 30; dwell. 1,576, and pop. wh. 9,062, fr. col. 81, si. 1,061 total 10,204. Capital : Union. Public Works : Covington and Ohio E. E. MONROE, p. v., Morgan county, Ala. : 148 m. N. by W. Montgomery. MONROE, t. and p. T., Fairfield co., Conn. : 43 m. S. W. Hartford. Drained by Mill and Pequannock rivers and branches of the Housatonic. Surface uneven ; soil stony, but fine pasture land. Farming and grazing are the chief pursuits. The Housatonic E. E. passes through it The v. is on high ground, and contains an academy and several stores. Pop. of 1. 1,440. MONROE, p. v., and cap. Walton co., Qa. : 58 m. N. N.W. 604 Milledgeville. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, a dozen stores, and 500 inhabitants. MONROE, p. o., Perry co., Hiss. : on Leaf r., 7S m. S. E. Jackson. MONROE, p. v., Tippecanoe co., Ind. : 45 m. N. W. by N. Indianapolis. MONROE, p. o., Jasper co., la. : 82 m. W. by S. Iowa City. MONROE, t. and p. o., Bedford co., Penn. : 78 m. W. S.W. Harrisburg. Drained by Sliding Hill cr., and affluents of Raystown branch. Surface broken; soil very fertile in parts, and generally good pasture land. Farming and grazing the chief pursuits. MONROE, p. o., Hart county, Ky. : 78 m. S. W. by S. Frankfort. MONROE, p. v., and cap. Wachita par., La. : on the E. side of Wachita r., 146 m. N. N. W. Baton Rouge. It is at the head of steamboat navigation, and is the shipping-place for the cotton of a large and fertile district. It has also a valua ble trade, and contains a court-house, jail, academy, several stores and warehouses, and 500 inhabitants. MONROE, t. and p. o., Waldo co., Me. : 43 m. E. N. E. Augusta. Drained by Marsh r., a branch of the Penobscot Surface varied ; soil fertile of grain and grass, and well tim bered. Wool and lumber are exported. Pop. 1,606. MONROE, t. and p. o., Franklin co., Mass. : on the N. line of the State, 101 m.W. N. W. Boston. Drained by branches of Deerfield river. Surface elevated and mountainous ; soil adapted to grazing, which is the chief business. Pop. 254. MONROE, t, p. city, and cap. Monroe co., Midi. : on Lake Erie, 87 m. S. E. Lansing. Drained by Raisin r. and small creeks flowing into the lake. Surface mostly level; soil sandy, and fertile of grass and grain. Building stone and sulphur springs are found. The city is on the river, 2$ m. above its mouth, and has superior facilities for manufactures and commerce, the river affording great water-power and communication with the lake ports and eastern markets. It contains a court-house, jail, several elegant churches, an academy, numerous flouring-mills, and manufactories of various kinds, and 2,S09 inhabitants. Three papers are pub lished two weeklies, the " M. Commercial," and "Free Citizen," and a literary monthly, the "Seminary Waifs." This city is an important point in the great thoroughfare of travel and transportation between the E. and W., being the E. terminus of the Michigan Southern R. R., which here connects with steamers for all the lake ports. The Toledo, NorwaJk, and Cleveland R. R. will soon be extended to Detroit through this place, giving it a continuous railroad communication with the Atlantic cities. Pop. of t 3,647. MONROE, p. v., Sussex county, N. Jer. : 60 m. N. by E. Trenton. MONROE, t. and p. v., Orange co., N. Y. : 92 m. S. by W. Albany. Drained by Ramapo r., a branch of the Passaic, which furnishes good water-power. Surface hilly and broken ; soil adapted to grazing, with some fine farms. It is well timbered, and abounds in iron ore. The Erie E. E. passes through the t. Monroe station is 59 m. from New York. The v. is on the Ramapo r., and contains an acad emy, several large stores and mills, and about 1,000 inhab itants. It is surrounded by a great dairy region, and about 3,000 gallons of milk are sent daily by railroad to New York from this place. Pop. of t 4,2SO. MONROE, p. v., and cap. Union co., N. Car. : on Richard son s cr., a W. affluent of Yadkin river, 111 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. It contains a court-house, jail, and several stores. MONROE, p. v., Butler co., Ohio : about 5 m. E. of Miami river, 81 m. S. W. by W. Columbus. It contains an acad emy, several stores, and 213 inhabitants. MONROE, p. v., Overton co., Tenn.: about 5 m. S. ofE. fork of Obeys r., 85 m. E. by N. Nashville. It contains a jail and several stores, and was the former capital of the co. MONROE, p. v., and cap. Greene co., Wise. : 87 m. S. by W. Madison. Drained by branches of Peckatonica r. Surface moderately uneven ; soil generally fertile. It lies in the MON MON mineral region, and lead abounds. The v. contains the co. buildings and several stores, and has a valuable trade in the staples of the district A literary weekly, the " Greene County Union," is published here. Pop. of 1. 1,146. MONBOE lake, Orange co., Flor. : an expansion of St. John s r., near the centre of the county. MONROE CENTRE, p. o., Waldo co., Me. : 41 m. E. N. E. Augusta. MONROE CENTRE, p. v., Ashtabula co., Ohio : 1T4 m. N. E. Columbus. MONROE MILLS, p. v., Knox county, Ohio : on Yernon r., 43 m. N. N. E. Columbus. MONROETON, p. v., Bradford co., Penn. : onTowanda cr., 98 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. MONROETON, p. o., Eockingham county, N, Car. : 76 m. TV. N. W. Raleigh. MONROEVILLE, p. v., Monroe county, Ala. : 82 m. S. W. Montgomery. It was the former capital of the county, and contains several stores and 250 inhabitants. MONROEVILLE, p. v., and new cap. Colusi county, Calif. : 142 m. N. by E. Vallejo. It is a new v. on the Upper Sacra mento, near Stone creek, and lies at the head of low water navigation. Boats of 3 feet draft come up to this point at the lowest water, and at high water first-class steamers land here. The land around it is of the best in the Sacramento Valley. MONROEVILLE, p. v., Huron co., Ohio: on Huron r., 86 m. N. by E. Columbus. It has fine water privileges, and con tains several mills and 12 stores. It is 16 m. S. of Sandusky City, on the Sandusky, Mansfield, and Newark E. E., which here intersects the Toledo, Norwalk, and Cleveland E. E. MONROEVILLE, p. v., Alleghany co., Penn. : 72 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. MONROE WORKS, p. v. and sta., Orange co., N. Y. : on Eamapo river, 98 m. S. by W. Albany. Iron of a superior quality for the manufacture of cannon is abundant in the vicinity, and wrought in the works here, which are on the Erie E. E., 52 m. from New York. MONROVIA, p. v., Morgan county, Ind. : 21 m. S. W. Indianapolis. MONROVIA, p. v., Frederick co., Md. : on Bush cr., 46 m. N. W. Annapolis. The Baltimore and Ohio E. E. passes through it 50 m. W. of Baltimore. MONSEY, p. o. and sta., Eockland county, W. Y. : 106 m. S. by W. Albany. The sta. is 5 m. E. of Suffern s, aud 37 m. from New York. MONSON, t. and p. o., Piscataquis co., Me. : 69 m. N. by E. Augusta. It has several ponds, the sources of affluents of the Piscataquis, which furnish mill-sites. Surface varied, and soil mostly fertile. It has many good farms, and abund ance of timber. Pop. 654. MONSON, t. and p. v., Hampden co., Mass. : on the S. line of the State, 68 m. W. S. W. Boston. Drained by branches of Chicopee r., which supply excellent water-power. Sur face agreeably varied; soil very fertile. It has superior farms and orchards, and is extensively engaged in manu facturing cotton and woolen goods, and various kinds of machinery. The New London, Willimantic, and Palmer E. E. crosses the t, and has a sta, at the factories, 4 m. S. of Palmer depot, where it intersects the Western E. E. The V. at the centre contains a hotel, several stores, and an old, well endowed, and highly popular academy. Pop. of t. 2,831. MONTACUTE, p. o., Polk co., la. . 99 m.W. Iowa City. MONTAGUE, t and p. o., Franklin co., Mass. : on the E. Bide of the Connecticut, 77 m. W. by N. Boston. Drained by Saw-mill r. Surface uneven, aud soil various. It has many fine farms, and is well-wooded. A bridge crosses the river, above which, in the N. part of the t., are Turner s Falls, much visited for the wildness of their scenery. Cop per and iron ores are found here. A dam thrown across the river, and a canal 3 m. long, with 70 feet lockage, facilitate navigation, and furnish excellent water-power. The Ver mont and Massachusetts E. E. crosses the t., and Montague station is 4 m. E. of Greenfield. Pop. 1,518. Q3 MONTAGUE, t. and p. v., Sussex co., N. Jer. : on Delaware river, in the extreme N. of the State, 72 m. N. Trenton. Drained by Mill brook, and Big and Little Flat kills, which afford power for several mills. Surface mountainous on the E., the Blue Mountains occupying the E. border ; in the W. alluvial meadow. Soil excellent and well cultivated. The v. is on the Delaware, which is here crossed by a bridge, and contains several mills on Chambers cr. Pop. of 1. 1,009. MONTAGUE, p. o., Essex co., Virg. : about 3 m. W. of Eappahannock r., 44 m. E. N. E. Eichmond. MONTAGUE CANAL, p. v., Franklin co., Mass. : on the E. side of Connecticut r., 79 m. W. by N. Boston. MONT ALTO, p. v., Franklin co., Penn. : 46 m. S. W. Har risburg. Here are located a furnace of 1,800 tons capacity, a forge producing 300 tons of blooms, and 200 tons of bars per annum, and a rolling-mill making 350 tons of bars and rods per annum, moved by the waters of Antietam cr., and together employing about 500 hands. MONTAUK, p. o., Crawford co., Mo. : 63 m. S. E. Jefferson City. MONTAUK POINT, N. Y. : is a bold promontory, constitut ing the extreme E. end of Long Island, on which is a stone light-house, erected in 1795. Lat. 41 4 10", long. 71 51 58". It is 19 m. S. of Stonington, and 116 m. E. by N. of New York. The ocean presents peculiar phases of grandeur here, whether in calm or storm, and attracts many visitors. to this place in the summpr season. MONTCALM county, Mich. Situate S. centrally, on Lower Peninsula, and contains 376 sq. m. Drained by Flat r. and Fish and Prairie creeks of Grand r., and Pine r., a branch of the Tittibawassie. Surface undulating, and generally well wooded with oak, ash, maple, and black Avalnut; soil black sandy loam, and mostly very fertile, with but little waste land, equally adapted to grass and grain, and free from stone. Farms 26; manuf. 5; dwell. 164, and pop. wh. 891, fr. col. total 891. Capital : Greenville. MONTCALM, t and p. o., Montcalm co., Mich. : 42 m. N.W. Lansing. Drained by tributaries of Grand r. Pop. 135. MONTEBELLO, p. v., Hancock co., HI. : on the left bank of Mississippi r., 96 m. W. N. W. Springfield. MONTELLO, p. o., Marquette co., Wise. : 49 m. N. by E. Madison. MONTELL S, sta., Baltimore co., Md. : 11 m. N. Baltimore, on the Westminster Branch E. E. MONTEREY county, Calif. Situate W. middle, and con tains 2,779 sq. m. Drained by Pajaro and Monterey or Sali nas rivers. The Coast Eange forms the E. boundary, sep arating the co. from the San Joaquin valley, and the Santa Cruz mts. in the middle parallel to them, dividing the co. into two extended valleys. San Juan valley, occupying the E. part, is a beautiful and very fertile plain, with few large streams, but rich mines of quicksilver and gold in the N. ; the W. valley is drained by the Monterey, a large and well- timbered stream, is fertile, and easy accessible, lying on the Pacific, and having a fine harbor. Pop. in 1852, 2,758. Capital: Monterey. MONTEREY, p. o., Bed Eiver co., Tea:. : 291 m. N. E. by N. Austin City. MONTEREY, p. o., Pulaski county, Ind. : 93 m, N. N. W, Indianapolis. MONTEREY, p. o., Davis co., la. : 76 m. S. W. Iowa City. MONTEREY, t and p. o., Berkshire co., Mass. : 112 m. W. by S. Boston. Drained by Mill r., a branch of the Housa- tonic. Surface elevated and rough ; soil good pasture land, and covered with fine timber. Grazing is the leading inter est. Incorporated in 1849. Pop. 761. MONTEREY, t. and p. o., Allegan county, Mich. : 66 m. W. Lansing. Drained by Eabbit r. and branches. Surface uneven ; soil fertile and well timbered with pine. Pop. 238. MONTEREY, p. o., Berks county, Penn. : 48 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. MONTEREY, p. o., Dutchess co., XT. Y. : 39 m. S. Albany. MONTEREY, p. o., Clermont co. Ohio : 86 m. S.W.Columbus. 505 MON MON MONTEREY, p. v., and cap. Highland co., Virg. : 124 m. W. N. "W. Richmond. It contains a court-house, academy, and several stores. MONTEREY, p. o., AbbeviUe district, & Car. : 78 m. W. Columbia. MONTEREY, p. o., M Nairy county, Tenn. : 118 m. S. "W. Nashville. MONTEREY, p. o., Butler co., Ala. : about 3 m. S. of Cedar cr., 46 m. S. W. Montgomery. MONTEREY, p. o., Owen co., Ky. ; 21 m. N. Frankfort. MONTEREY, p. v., Calhoun co., 111.: on the right bank of Illinois r., opposite the mouth of Otter cr., 68 m. S. W. Springfield. MONTEREY, p. o., Waukesha co., Wise. : 54 m. E. by S. Madison. MONTEREY, p. v., and cap. Monterey co., Calif. : on the S. side of Monterey Bay, in lat. 36 36 24" N., and long. 121 52 25" W., 101 m. S. by E. Vallejo. This was one of the largest and most frequented towns of California Alta before the cession of 1848, and was originally the site of a Catholic Mission founded more than a century ago. The harbor is unequaled for safety and access, and is capacious enough to contain the navies of the whole world together. Behind it the coast range of mountains rises to a majestic height. The v. is built on a wide, gently-sloping terrace, not far dis tant from the shore, and only about 3 m. inland from the W. point of Punto Pinos. The vicinity is full of splendid scenery, and has a climate beautiful as the oft-sung clime of Italy. Not being directly interested in the mining regions, this place has been neglected, but there is no doubt of its eventually becoming an important point in the navigation of the Pacific Ocean. It was constituted a port of entry by the act of Congress, 2Sth September, 1S50, and the collection district of the same name includes the counties Monterey, San Luis Obispo, and Santa Cruz. Pop. of v. about 1,600. MONTEVALLO, p. o., Shelby co., Ala. : 58 m. N. "W. by N. Montgomery. MONTEVIDEO, p. o., Elbert co., Ga. : about 4 m. W. of Savannah r., 92 m. N. N. E. Milledgeville. MONTEZUMA, sta., Macon co., Ga. : 2 m. N. of Oglethorpe, on the South-western E. E. MONTEZUMA, p. v., Pike co., Itt. : on the right bank of Illinois r., 53 m. W. S. W. Springfield. MONTEZUMA, p. o., Greene county, Wise. : 28 m. S. by "W. Madison. MONTEZUMA, p. v., Parke co., Ind. : on the left bank of "Wabash r., 61 m. W. Indianapolis. It contains several stores and warehouses, and has a large trade in the staples of a rich district, brought to it on plank-roads from the E. and W., and shipped by the "Wabash and Erie Canal. MONTEZUMA, p. v., Cayuga co., N. Y. : at the junction of the Cayuga and Seneca Canal with the Erie Canal, 158 m. W. by N. Albany. Here are several salt springs, from which is manufactured salt of the best and purest quality. It is 34 m. by canal E. of Syracuse, and contains several stores and large warehouses, and a population of 800. MONTEZUMA, p. o., Union co., Ky. : 172 m. W. by S. Frankfort. MONTEZUMA, p. v., Mercer co., Ohio: 89 m. "W. by N. Columbus. MONTEZUMA, p. v., and cap. Poweshiek co., la. : 64 m. W. Iowa City. It is near Fisher s cr. of English r., and contains the co. buildings and several stores. MONTGOMERY county, Ala-. Situate S. E. centrally, and contains 941 sq. m. Bounded N. W. by the Coosa, and drained by the Tallapoosa and Oakfuskee, Coloma, and Pintala creeks. Surface moderately uneven : soil exceed ingly fertile. Cotton and corn are the almost exclusive agricultural products. The amount of cotton raised is sur passed by few counties in the State or Union, and the qual ity excelled by none. Corn is also a very large crop, and in parts some wheat is grown, and on the rivers a little rice. It lies favorably for transportation of its products by water, 506 and commands the trade of several adjacent counties. Farms 962 ; manuf. 6 ; dwell. 1,831, and pop. wh. 10,172, fr. col. 112, si. 19,511 total 29,795. Capital: Montgomery. Public Works: Montgomery and West Point E. E.; Montgomery and Mobile E. B. MONTGOMERY county, Ark. Situate TV. centrally, and contains 1,073 sq. m. Drained by Washita r. and Fourche Caddo and their branches. Surface varied, with hilly por tions in the N. and level tracks in the S. ; soil mostly pro ductive, and well adapted to grazing. Corn and live-stock are the staples. It has some coal and fine sulphur springs. Farms 215 ; manuf. 6 ; dwell. 319, and pop. wh. 1,891, fr. col. 1, si. 66 total 1,958. Capital: Mount Ida. MONTGOMERY county, Ga. Situate S. E. centrally, and contains 1,106 sq. m. Drained by Ocmulgee, Little Ocmul- gee, Oconee, Pendleton s, and Great Ohoopee rivers. Sur face generally even, and covered with a growth of pine; soil sandy and of moderate fertility, except on some of the streams, where rich swamps abound. Corn and cotton are raised in small quantities, and a little sugar and rice. Lum ber and tar, pitch and turpentine are small exports. Farms 168; manuf. 0; dwell. 236, and pop. wh. 1,541, fr. col. 0, si. 613 total 2,154. Capital: Mount Vernon. Public Works : Savannah and Albany E. E. MONTGOMERY county, HI. Situate S. W. centrally, and contains 720 sq. m. Drained by Macoupin, Shoal, and Beaver creeks. Surface high and undulating; soil very fertile. Corn and wheat are the staple cereals. Live-stock, beef, and pork are the principal exports. It has some fine mill-seats and growing manufactures. Farms 811 ; manuf. 17; dwell. 1,051, and pop. wh. 6,258, fr. col. IS total 6,276. Capital: Hillsboro . Public Works: Terre Haute and Alton E. E. MONTGOMERY county, Ind. Situate W. middle, and con tains 504 sq. m. Drained by Sugar, Big, and Little Eaccoon creeks, and other tributaries of Wabash r. Surface various, in the centre rolling, S. level, and near the creeks somewhat hilly ; soil everywhere rich. Most of the county was origin ally heavily timbered. Corn is the great staple, and wheat a very fine crop. Live-stock, beef, wool, and pork are ex ported, the last very largely. It has excellent water-power, and extensive manufactures of flour, woolens, leather, oil, lumber, and earthen and iron ware. Farm 1,880 ; manuf. 87; dwell. 2,971, and pop. wh. 17,955, fr. col. 129 total 18,084. Capital: Crawfordsville. Public Works: New Albany and Salem E. E. ; Lafayette and Crawfordsville E. E. MONTGOMERY county, /a. Situate S. W., and contains 432 sq. m. Drained W. by Nishnabatona r., and E. by Nodaway r., branches of the Missouri. Erected siace 1850. MONTGOMERY county, Ky. Situate N. E. centrally, and contains 544 sq. m. Drained by Eed r., of the Kentucky and Slate cr. of the Licking. Surface diversified, and soil excellent for grain and grass. Corn is the staple, and the produce very large; wheat and rye are also fine crops. Horses, cattle, wool, and pork are important exports, the last especially. It has abundant water-power and growing manufactures. Iron ore is found. Farms 856; manuf. 32; dwell. 1,103, and pop. wh. 6,671, fr. col. 159, si. 3,073 total 9,903. Capital : Mount Sterling. MONTGOMERY county, Md. Situate W. middle, and con tains 440 sq. m. Bounded N. E. by Patuxent r., S. W. by the Potomac, and drained mostly by affluents of the Potomac, which afford excellent mill-sites. Surface diversified, with many hills in the N. parts; soils various, some thin and sterile, and some very rich, and productive of wheat, corn, and tobacco, the leading products. It has manufactories of woolen and cotton goods, flour, leather, lumber, and machin ery, flour being the heaviest article. A variety of iron ore, used in making pigments, and gold, found in small quanti ties, are Jhe chief minerals. Farms 1,051 ; manuf. 71 ; dwell 1,923, and pop. wh. 9,435, fr. col. 1.311, si. 5,114 total 15,860. Capital : Eockville. Public Works : Chesa peake and Ohio Canal. MON MON MONTGOMERY county, Mo. Situate E. middle, and con tains 594 sq. m. Drained by Oak cr. and Au Cuivre r., of the Mississippi and Loutre r., a branch of the Missouri, which forms its S. boundary. Surface moderately uneven ; soil generally fertile, on the large streams very rich. Cora and tobacco are the chief crops. Much of the county is adapted to grazing, and the rearing of cattle. Mill streams are numerous, timber abundant, and markets convenient. Farms 607 ; manuf. 16 ; dwell. 754, and pop. wh. 4,449, fr. col. 8, si. 1,037 total 5,489. Capital: Danville. MONTGOMERY county, N. Y. Situate E. centrally, and con tains 856 sq. m. Drained by Mohawk r. and its branches, the principal of which is the Scoharie. Surface hilly and somewhat mountainous, with alluvial plains on the Mohawk and some of its branches ; soil a gravelly or clayey loam, and generally very productive of grass and all the grains. The dairy is a great object of attention, and potatoes and all the grains yield fine crops. Butter, cheese, and wool are exported, the last largely. Mill-sites are abundant, and oc cupied by numerous manufactories of flour, woolen goods, distilled liquors, and leather. There are in the county seve ral valuable limestone quarries. Farms 1,883 ; manuf. 267 ; dwell. 5,858, and pop. wh. 31,579, fr. col. 413 total 31,992. Capital: Fonda. Public Works: Erie Canal; Utica and Bchenectady E. E. MONTGOMERY county, N. Car. Situate S. in W. part, and contains 483 sq. m. Bounded W. by the Yadkin, and drained by its branches, Little r., Ultarie r., etc. Surface rough and mountainous, with beautiful valleys ; soil mostly fertile. Cotton is the staple ; corn and wheat are heavy crops, and in parts tobacco flourishes. It has much good pasture land, and superior horses and dairies. Water-power is plenty, and cotton goods, flour, leather, and distilled liquors are extensively made. Farms 541 ; manuf. 14 ; dwell. 902, and pop. wh. 5,055, fr. col. 44, si. 1,773 total 6,872, Capital: Troy. MONTGOMERY county, Ohio. Situate S. "W., and contains 46S sq. m. Drained by Miami and Mad rivers and their branches. Surface gently undulating. Soil of great fer tility, equally adapted to grass and grain. Corn and wheat are the leading crops ; rye, oats, and potatoes but little in ferior. Very large amounts of pork are exported, the clip pings of wool are heavy, and the produce of the dairies very valuable. It has great facilities for manufacturing in an abundance of superior water-power, and easy communica tion with markets in every direction. The principal articles made are flour, cotton and woolen goods, iron castings, and machinery, paper, and earthen-ware. Farms 2,068 ; manuf. 224; dwell. 6,527, and pop. wh. 37,973, fr. col. 246 total 88,219. Capital: Dayton. Public Works: Miami Canal; Mad River and Lake Erie E. E. ; Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton E. E. ; Little Miami E. E. ; Dayton and Western E. E. ; Greenville and Miami E. E. ; Dayton and Michigan E. E. ; Dayton and Xenia E. E., etc. MONTGOMERY county, Perm. Situate S. E., and contains 508 sq. m. Drained by the Schuylkill, which runs on its S. W. border, and its branches, which furnish excellent water-power in abundance. Surface moderately uneven; soil very fertile, especially on the Schuylkill. Corn, wheat, rye, oats, and potatoes are all very large crops. The dairies are large, and the land under very high cultivation, but the leading interest is manufactures. The S. E. consist largely of iron works, the native ore being abundant, flouring- mills, tanneries, lumber, paper, and powder mills, and woolen factories, besides machine shops, and almost every branch of mechanism. Farms 4,456 ; manuf. 697 ; dwell. 10,022, and pop. wh. 57,442, fr. col. 849 total 58,291. Cap ital : Norristown. Public Works : Philadelphia and Eead- ing E. E. ; Norristown Branch E. E. MONTGOMERY county, Tenn. Situate W. on N. line, and contains 4SS sq. m. Intersected by Cumberland r., and drained by its branches, Eed r., Barren and Montgomery fcrks, and Yellow cr. Surface varied; soil very fertile. Corn and tobacco are the chief crops, the produce of (he latter being very large ; wheat and oats yield well. Large numbers of cattle are raised, and pork is a heavy export. Though a superior farming county, manufactures are flour ishing and rapidly advancing, particularly of iron, for which it furnishes excellent ore. Farms 1,227 ; manuf. 59 ; dwell. 2,086, and pop. wh. 11,900, fr. col. 74, si. 9,071 total 21,045. Capital: Clarksville. Public Works: Nashville and Henderson E. E. MONTGOMERY county, Tex. Situate S. E., and contains 1,182 sq. m. Drained by San Jacinto r. and its numerous branches, the largest being Peach, Caney, Spring, and Mill creeks. Surface undulating and nearly level. The streams are skirted with timber, the rest is mostly prairie ; soil in the bottoms a deep black mold of very great fertility, and the prairies are excellent pastures. Corn, cotton, and pota toes produce great crops ; most of the grains do well. Sugar can easily be grown when the land is cleared, and cattle and sheep raised in immense numbers. Pine predominates in the San Jacinto bottom, and in the W. excellent building timber is abundant. Ledges of " rotten-stone" and clay beds are found plentifully in the S., and sulphur and salt springs and iron ore are also found. Farms ISO ; manuf. 8 ; dwell. 260, and pop. wh. 1,439, fr. col. 0, si. 945 total 2,384. Capital : Montgomery. MONTGOMERY county, Virg. Situate S. W., and contains 485 sq. m. Bounded S. W. by New r. and Brush cr., and drained by heads of Eoanoke r., which rises in this county. Surface rough and mountainous, with beautiful and fertile valleys; soil mostly good, and in parts very productive. Wheat and corn are large crops, and tobacco grows finely in the bottoms. It has excellent pastures, and, lying be tween the Blue Eidge and spurs of the Alleghany Mount ains, many small mill streams. Farms 546; manuf. 0; dwell. 1,121, and pop. wh. 6,822, fr. col. 66, si. 1,471 total 8,359. Capital: Christiansburg. Public Works: Virginia and Tennessee E. E. ; and branch toward the Ohio r., etc. MONTGOMERY, p. city, and cap. Montgomery co., Ala,^ and capital of the State: on the left bank of the Alabama r., and at the head of steamboat navigation thereof, in lat. 32 22 N., and long. 86 26 W., 118 m. S. E. by E. Tusca- loosa, the old capital, which it succeeded in 1847. The city is built on a high bluff, and contains the capitol and other State build ings, and the usual county offices, also churches of the principal denominations, and is the location of the U. S. land office of the Montgomery land district. The sur rounding country is one of the most productive cotton re gions of the State, and from this point that staple is shipped down the river to Mobile, or carried east to the Chattahoo- chee by the Montgomery and West Point E. E., SS m. to West Point, and shipped to Appalachicola, in Florida. When the La Grange E. E. is finished there will be a continuous railroad route from Montgomery to Savannah, 467 miles, and to Charleston, 483 miles. A railroad is also projected from Montgomery via Greenville to Mobile. The news papers published here are, the " State Gazette" (dem.), daily and weekly ; the " Atlas" (dem), and the " Alabama Jour nal" (whig), both daily, tri-weekly, and weekly; and the " Alabama State Eegister" (whig), tri-weekly and weekly. It is one of the most progressive cities of the South-west ; it was laid out in 1817 in 1840 had 2,170 inhabitants, and in 1850, 4,957. MONTGOMERY, t and p. o., Ilampden co., Mass. : 94 m. W. by S. Boston. Drained by branches of Westfield r., its S. W. boundary, along which the Western E. E. passes. Sur face hilly and broken ; soil adapted to grazing. It has much timber, and produces live-stock, butter, cheese, and wool. Pop. 3S3. MONTGOMERY, t and p. v., Orange co., N. T. : 81 m. S. by W. Albany. Drained by the Wallkill and its branches, which supply it with numerous mill-sites. Surface hilly; soil clayey and gravelly loam, very productive of grass and grain, and under high cultivation. The meadows abound 507 MON MON in bones of the mastodon^ and the most complete specimen ever discovered was found in the E. part in 1845. Manu factures of various kinds are largely prosecuted, particularly in the v., which is on the E. bank of the Wall kill, and con tains an academy, a dozen stores, and a foundry, several mills, and 1,000 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 3,933. MONTGOMERY, p. T., Hamilton co., Ohio : 86 m. S.W. by W. Columbus. MONTGOMERY, p. o., Sumner co., Tenn, : 18 m. N. N. E. Nashville. MONTGOMERY, p. r., and cap. Montgomery county, Tex. : about equidistant from Lake cr. and San Jacinto r., 121 m. E. Austin City. It lies in a district heavily timbered with the best of building material, and contains the county buildings and several stores. MONTGOMERY, t and p. o., Franklin co., Verm. : 45 m. N. Montpelier. Drained by Trout r., a branch of Missisqui r., which furnishes superior water-power. Surface rough, ex cept on the river, where is a fertile interval. It is well wooded and has good pastures. Pop. 1,006. MONTGOMERY, p. o., Jennings co., Ind. : 65 m. S. S. E. Indianapolis. MONTGOMERY CENTRE, p. v., Franklin county, Term. : on Trout r., 46 m. N. Montpelier. MONTGOMERY CROSS ROADS, p. v., Woods co., Ohio : on an E. branch of Cortage r., 94 m. N. N. W. Columbus. MONTGOMERY S FERRY, p. o., Perry co., Penn. : on the right bank of Susquehanna r., 14 m. N. "W. Harrisburg. MONTGOMERYVILLE, p. v., Montgomery co., Penn. : 73 m. E. Harrisburg. MONTIIALIA, p. o., Panola county, Miss. : 147 m. N. Jackson. MONTICELLO, p. v., and cap. Jefferson co., Flor. : 25 m. E. by N. Tallahassee. It lies on elevated ground, about 4 m. E. of Mickosukie lake, surrounded by rich cotton plant ations, and contains a court-house and jail, an academy, and 300 inhabitants. MONTICELLO, p. v., and cap. Jasper county, Ga. : 31 m. "W. N. W. Milledgeville. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, about 20 stores, and a population of 600. MONTICELLO, p. v., and cap. Drew eo., Ark. : 78 m. S. S. E. Little Rock. It contains a court-house and a few stores. MONTICELLO, p. v., and cap. Piatt co., III. : about 2 m. E. of the N. fork of Sangamon r., 59 m. E. by N. Springfield. It contains a court-house, jail, and several stores. MONTICELLO, p. v., and cap. White co., Ind. : on the right bank of Tippecanoe r., 72 m. N. N. W. Indianapolis. It lies on a high bank on the edge of the Grand Prairie, and has a valuable trade and superior facilities for manufactur ing. The river may be made to yield a great power, and already moves large flouring-mills. The v. contains a court house and jail, an academy, and several stores. The "Prairie Chieftain" is published weekly. MONTICELLO, p. v., and cap. Wayne co., Ky. : about 8 m. S. of Cumberland r., 92 m. S. Frankfort. It contains a court house, jail, and a population of 300. MONTICELLO, i. and p. o., Aroostook county, Me. : 169 m. N. E. by X. Augusta. Drained by Meduxnekeag r., a branch of St. John s r. It is densely covered with timber, the pre paring of which for market forms the chief business. Pop ulation 227. MONTICELLO, p. o., Pike county, Ala.: 47 miles S. E. Montgomery. MONTICELLO, p. o., Jones county, la. : 49 m. N. N. E. Iowa City. MONTICELLO, p. v., and cap. Lawrence co., Miss. : on the right bank of Pearl river, 51 m. S. by E. Jackson. It has a favorable location for trade, and is the shipping point for a large cotton region, and contains a court-house, jail, acade my, several warehouses and stores, and 500 inhabitants. The " Southern Journal" (dem.) is published weekly. MONTICELLO, p. v., and cap. Lewis co., Mo. : on North Fabius river. 107 m. N. by E. Jeffersou City. It contains 508 a court-house, academy, several stores, and a population of 450. MONTICELLO, p. v., and cap. Sullivan co., N. Y. : 86 m. S. W. by S. Albany. It has an elevated position near a branch of Mongaup creek, and contains a court-house and jail, the clerk s office, 2 banks, a dozen stores, and 800 in habitants. Two weekly papers are published, the " Repub lican Watchman" (dem.), and the "Sullivan County Whig." MONTICELLO, p. o., Guilford co., N. Car. : 65 m. W. N. W. Raleigh. MONTICELLO, p. v., Fairfield dist., S. Car. : about 3 m. E. of Broad river, 28 m. N. W. Columbia. It contains an academy, several stores, and 350 inhabitants, and was for a time the capital of the county. MONTICELLO, p. o., Greene co., Wise. : 29 m. S. S. W. Madison. MONTICELLO, p. v., and cap. Lewis co., Oreg. Ter. : 142 m. N. Salem. On the 25th Nov., 1852, a convention of the citi zens of Northern Oregon was held at this place, and a memo rial to Congress agreed upon, asking for the division of the present territory, and the erection of a new territory from all that portion N. of the Columbia and E. to the Rocky Mountains. This section was erected into the " Territory of Washington" in March, 1853. MONTICELLO, p. o., Carroll parish, La. : 149 miles N. Baton Rouge. MONTMORENCI county, Mich. Situate N. E. on Lower Peninsula, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Thunder Bay r. and its branches flowing into Lake Huron. Erected since 1850. MONTONGA, p. o., Drew county, Ark. : 72 m. S. S. E. Little Rock. MONTOUR county, Penn. Situate E. centrally, and con tains 206 sq. m. Drained by Roaring and Potts creeks, af fluents of E. branch of the Susquehanna, which intersects the county and furnishes abundance of water-power. Surface broken ; soil of superior fertility, adapted to grass or grain. Wheat, rye, corn, oats, and potatoes afford large crops, and the pastures feed fine dairies and great numbers of sheep. Live-stock, butter, cheese, and wool are the exports. Iron ore abounds, and the manufacture of iron employs a large capital. Flour, leather, woolens, and distilled liquors are largely made. Farms 738; manuf. 89; dwell. 2,289, and pop. wh. 13,155, fr. col. 84 total 13,239. Capital: Dan ville. PuUic Works : North Branch Canal ; Extension of Pennsylvania Coal Company s R. R. to Northumberland, etc. MONTOUR S, p. o., Alleghany co., Penn. : 154 m. W. byN. Harrisburg. MONTPELIER, p. o., Marengo county, Ala. : 76 m. W. Montgomery. MONTPELIER, p. o., Monroe county, Ga. : 47 m. W. by N. Milledgeville. MONTPELIER, p. v., Blackford co., Ind. : on the S. side of Salamonie r., 63 m. N. E. by N. Indianapolis. MONTPELIER, p. o.,Williams co., Ohio : 137 m. N.W. byN. Columbus. MONTPELIER, p. o., Ad air county, Ey. : 83 m. S. by "W. Frankfort. MONTPELIER, p. o., Richmond co., N. Car. : about 4 m. W. of Lumber r., 65 m. S. S. W. Raleigh. MONTPELIER, t., p. v., and cap. Washington co., Verm. t and capital of the State : on Winooski r., in lat. 44 17 N., and long. 72 36 W., 524 m. N. N. E.Washington. Drained by tributaries of the Winooski, which afford fine water- power and numerous mill-seats. Surface uneven and hilly ; soil various on the hills furnishing fine pastures. The v. is the centre of a large commerce and of roads diverging in every direction. The Vermont Central R. R. touches Mont pelier, 77 m. from Windsor, and 40 m, from Burlington. The public buildings are the State House, court-house, jail, etc. The State House is an elegant granite structure, 150 feet long the centre, including portico, 100 feet deep, and the wings 72 feet deep ; the centre front has a fine Doric MON MOO portico of 6 columns, each 6 feet diameter and 36 feet high, and the whole edifice is surmounted by a dome 100 feet from the ground. In the interior are convenient State offi ces and spacious and elegant rooms for the Senate and Representatives. Montpelier became capital in 1805. It has several workshops and factories, a bank, and numerous wholesale and retail stores ; and five newspapers, the " Ver mont Patriot" (dem.), the "Verm. Watchman" (whig), the " Green Mountain Freeman" (free soil), the Christian Re- pository," and the " Christian JSIessenger" all weekly pub- ! Mentions. Pop. in 1830, 1,792 ; in 1840, 3,725 ; and in 1S50, 2.310. The t. of East Montpelier was taken from the orig inal t. in 1848, and in 1S50 contained 1,447 inhabitants. MONTPELIER, p. o., Kunover co., Virg. : 21 in, N. N. "W. Richmond. MONTRA, p. o., Shelby county, Ohio: 68 m. W. N. W. Columbus. MONTREAL river, MicJi. and Wise. : rises in several lakes in Wise., and flows N. W. into Lake Superior, forming the boundary between the two States. MONTROSE, p. v., Lee co., Iff. : on the Mississippi, 12 m. above the mouth of the Des Moines, 92 m. S. Iowa City. It is opposite Nauvoo, and was first settled by Spaniards in 1799. MONTROSE, p. o., Jasper county, Miss. : 63 m. E. S. E. Jackson. MONTROSE, p. b., and cap. Susquehanna co., Penn. : 115 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. It occupies an elevated position, and is compactly built, containing a court-house and jail, an academy, 20 stores, several manufactories, and 916 inhab itants. Two weekly papers, the " S. Register" (whig), and the " M. Democrat," are published. The Lackawanna and Western R. R. passes a few miles E., and Montrose sta. is 13 m. S. of Great Bend, on the Erie R. R. MONTROSE, p. o., Smith county, Tenn.: 44 m. E. N. E. Nashville. MONTROSE, p. o., Summit co., Ohio : 113 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. MONTROSE, p. o., Westmoreland co., Virg. : 49 m. N. E. Richmond. MONTROSE DEp6x, p. o. and sta., Susquehanna co., Penn. : on the Lackawanna and Western R. R., 13 m. S. of Great Bend, 118 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. MONTURESVILLE, p. v., Lycoming co., Penn. : on the left bank of the W. branch of Susquehanna r., 6G m. N. by W. Harrisburg. It is on the W. branch of Pennsylvania Canal, 6 m. E. Williamgiport. MONTVALE SPRINGS, p. o.. Blount co., Tenn. : 163 m. E. by S. Nashville. MONTVILI.E, t. and p. o., Waldo co., Me. : 24 m. E. by N. Augusta. Drained by heads of Sheepscot and St. George s rivers. Surface varied, and soil fertile, and adapted to grain. A superior farming t. Pop. 1,878. MONTVILLE, sta., New London co., Conn. : on the right bank of the Thames, 6 m. N. of New London, on the New London, Willimantic, and Palmer R. R. MONTVILLE, L and p. o., Geauga co., Ohio : 148 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by a branch of Grand r., and the head of Cuyahoga r., which rises in it. Surface somewhat uneven, and soil very fertile. Pop. 702. MONTVILLE, p. v., Morris co., N. Jer. : on a N. branch of Rockaway r., 51 m. N. N. E. Trenton. It lies in a deep valley on the Morris Canal, 40 m. from Jersey City, and con tains several stores and mills. MONUMENT, p. o., Pike county, III.: 89 m. W. by S. Springfield. MONUMENT, p. o. and sta., Barnstable co., Mass. : on the Cape Cod Branch R. R., 21 m. S. E. Middleboro , 49 m. 8. S. E. Boston. MONUMENT ISLAND, p. o., Delaware co., N. Y. : oil Dela ware r., 94 m. W. S. W. Albany. Moonus, p. o., Middlesex co., Conn.: on an E. branch of the Connecticut, 23 m. S. E. by S. Hartford. MOODY S MILLS, p. o., Morgan co., Ohio : 63 m. E. 8. E. Columbus. MOOER S, t. and p. v., Clinton co., N. T. : on the Canada line, 118 m. N. Albany. Drained by Chazy r. of Lake Champlain, and English r., an affluent of the St. Lawrence. Surface hilly, and heavily timbered; soil various, princi pally adapted to grazing, which is the leading interest. The v., 2 m. S. of the Canada line, on the N. side of Chazy r., is extensively engaged in manufactures. It is 20 m. N. of Plattsburg, on the Plattsburg and Montreal R. R., which 1. m. N. of the v. intersects the Northern (Ogdensburg) R. R., 12 m. W. of Rouse s Point. Pop. of t. 3,365. MOON, t. and p. o., Alleghany co., Penn. : on the left bank of the Ohio, 173 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. Drained by affluents of the Ohio, which furnish water-power. Surface hilly ; soil loam, and for the most part very fertile. It con tains several flouring-mills and small manufactories, but farming is the chief pursuit. MOOJVEY, p. o., Philips co., Ark. : 87 m. E. by S. Little Rock. MOONEY, p. o., Jackson co., Ind. : about 2 m. S. of Salt cr., 53 m. S. Indianapolis. MOON S, p. o., Fayette co., Ohio: on Rattlesnake cr.,44m. S. W. by S. Columbu-s. MOON S, sta., Cobb co., Ga. : on the Western and Atlan tic R. R., 30 m. N. of Atlanta. MOORE county, iV Car. Situate centrally, and contains 864 sq. m. Drained S. by Lumber r., N. by Deep r., and many other branches of Cape Fear r. Surface diversified, and generally somewhat uneven ; soil of average fertility, with superior land on the larger rivers. Cotton and corn are the leading crops ; wheat, oats, and potatoes, and some tobacco are cultivated ; but none of its products are very large. Farms 713; manuf. 4; dwell. 1,286, and pop. wh. 7,197, fr. col. 169, si. 1,976 total 9,342. Capital: Carthage. MOOREFIELD, p. v., Switzerland co., Ind. : 81 m. S. E. by S. Indianapolis. MOOREFIELD, p. o., Nicholas county, Ky. : 45 m. E. by N. Frankfort. MOOREFIELD, t. and p. v., Harrison co., Ohio : 94 m. E. by N. Columbus. Drained by branches of Tuscarawas r. Sur face slightly uneven, and soil mostly very fertile. The v. contains 44 inhabitants. Pop. of 1. 1,066. MOOREFIELD, p. v., and cap. Hardy co., Virg. : on the E. side of the S. fork of Potomac r., 131 m. N. W. by N. Rich mond. It has growing manufactures, favored by the exten sive water-power of two branches of the r. uniting here, and contains a court-house, jail, academy, several mills, and 500 inhabitants. MOORE S, p. o., Bowie co., Tex. : 306 m. N. E. Austin City. MOORESBOROUGH, p. o., Cleveland co., N. Car. : on Sandy Run of Broad r., 169 m. W. by S. Raleigh. MOORESBURO, p. v., Pulaski co., Ind. : on an E. branch of Tippecanoe r., 85 m. W. by N. Indianapolis. MOORESBURG, p. v., Montour co., Penn. : about 3 m. N. of Susquehanna r. and the Pennsylvania Canal, 49 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. A charcoal furnace of 1,400 tons capacity is located here. MOORESBURG, p. o., Hawkins co., Tenn. : 205 m. E. by N. Nashville. MOORE S CREEK, p. o., New Hanover co., N. Car. : on a branch of Cape Fear r., 91 m. S. by E. Raleigh. MOORE S CROSS ROADS, p. o., Hardeman county, Tenn. : 169 m. S. W. by W. Nashville. It is near the S. line of the State, and on the line of the Memphis and Charleston R. R. MOORE S FORK, p. o., Clinton county, N. T. : 114 m. N. Albany. MOORE S HILL, p. v., Dearborn county, Ind.: 71 m. S. E. by E. Indianapolis. MOORE S MILLS, p. o., Jackson county, Virg.: 237 m. W. N. W. Richmond. MOORF/S ORDINARY, p. o., Prince Edward county, Virg. : 1 61 m. W. S. W. Richmond. 509 MOO MOR MOORE S PRAIRIE, p. o., Jefferson co., IU. : 126 m. 8. S. E. Springfield. MOORE S BEST, p. o., Anderson co., Tea;.: 148 m. N. E. Austin City. MOORE S SALT-WORKS, p. v., Jefferson county, Ohio: on Yellow cr., 116 m. E. N. E. Columbus. MOORE S STORE, p. o., Shenandoah co., Virg.: 107 m. 5. "W. by N. Eichmond. MOORE S STORE, p. o., Caswell co., N. Car. : 68 m. N. W. Ealeigh. MOORESTOWN. p. v., Burlington co., N. Jer. : 5 m. E. of Delaware r., 20 m. S. S. W. Trenton. MOORESVILLE, p. v., Limestone co., Ala. : between Shoal and Limestone creeks, about 5 m. N. of the Tennessee, 153 m. N. by "W. Montgomery. It has an academy, and in the vicinity are fine water privileges and several cotton-mills. MOORESVILLE, p. T., Morgan co., Ind. : on the E. side of White Lick cr., 16 m. S. W. Indianapolis. MOOKESVILLE, p. o., Orange co., 2f. Car. : 54 m. N. W. Ealeigh. MOORESVILLE, p. o., Union par., La. : 167 m. N. IS. W. Baton Eouge. MOORESVILLE, p. v., Marshall co., Tenn. : 4T m. S. by W. Nashville. MOORE S VINEYARD, p. o., Bartholomew co., Ind. : 46 m. S. S. E. Indianapolis. MOOEHEADVILLE, p. v., Erie county, Penn.: 206 miles N. W. by W. Harrisburg. MOORLAND, p. v., Wayne county, Ohio: 85 m. N. E. Columbus. MOOEVILLE, p. o., Itawamba co., Miss. : 165 m. N. E. Jackson. MOOSEHELOC, Grafton co., N. Hamp.: lies in the E. part of Benton, and consists of two peaks, the N. 4,556, and the S. 4,636 feet above the ocean level. The summits are bare masses of granite, on which the snow lies the year round. MOOSE river, N. Y. : has its source in Hamilton co. in several large lakes, and flows W. across Herkimer into Lewis co., where it empties into Black r., above the High Falls. MOOSE river, Me. : rises in the highlands, on the W. line of the State, and flows E. through several lakes into Moose- head lake, being its largest affluent. MOOSEHEAD lake, Me. : lies between Somerset and Penob- scot counties, and is the principal source of Kennebec r. It contains several large islands, and is about 35 m. long, vary ing in width from 4 to 12 miles. MOOSE MEADOW, p. o., Tolland co., Conn. MOOSE EIVER, p. o., Somerset co., Me. : 95 m. N. by W. Augusta. MOOSOP, p. o., Windham co., Conn. : on an E. branch of the Quinnebaug, 41 m. E. by S. Hartford. MOQTTELTJMNE, v., Calaveras co., Calif. : about 2 m. W. of the N. fork of the r. so called, 104 m. E. by N. Yallejo. MOQUELTJMNE river, Calif. : & tributary of Joaquin r. from the Sierra Xevada. It flows through a rich gold region. MOQUELUMNE HILL, v., Calaveras co., Calif. : on the S. side of the S. fork of Moquelumne r., 106 m. E. by N. Yallejo. MORALES DE LAVACA, p. o., Jackson co., Tex. : 106 m. S. S. E. Austin City. MORAVIA, t and p. v., Cayuga co., N~. T. : 139 m. W. Albany. Drained by Owasco inlet, -which affords fine mill- sites, and flows into Owasco lake in the N. W. corner. A broad and fertile valley borders the inlet, back of which the surface is hilly and the soil indifferent. The v. is on the inlet, and contains several factories and the Moravian In stitute. Pop. of t. 1,8T6. MOREAU, t and p. o., Saratoga county, N. T.: SB m. K Albany. Bounded N. and E. by the Hudson, on which, in the N. E. corner, are Glen s and Baker s falls, which supply immense water-power. Surface mostly even, with hills in the E. ; soil sandy and clayey loam, generally fertile. Black marble of superior beauty is plentiful on the Hudson, which 510 is spanned by a bridge above the falls. The Saratoga and Washington E. E. passes through it. Pop. 1,834. MOREAU STATION, p. o. and sta., Saratoga co., M Y. : 40 m. N. Albany, on the Saratoga and Washington E. E., 16 m, N. of Saratoga. MOREFIELD, p. o., Greene county, Wise. : 27 m. S. S. W. Madison. MOREHAUSE parish, La. Situate K E., and contains S45 sq. m. Drained by Washita and Au Boeuf rivers and bayou Bartholomew the first forming its W. and the last its E. boundary. Surface undulating, and in parts swampy, with a fine growth of timber ; soil fertile, on the margins of the streams especially so, and productive of large crops of cotton and corn, the staples of the county. It has good pasture land, and raises many cattle and fattens pork largely. Farms 260; manuf. 4; dwell. 372, and pop. wh. 1,877, fr. col. 30, si. 2,006 total 3,913. Capital: Bastrop. Public Works : Louisiana and Texas E. E. MOREHAUSEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Hamilton co., If. Y.: 78 m. N. W. Albany. A small v., surrounded by fine pas ture lands and forests of excellent timber, containing a court-house and 150 inhabitants. MORELAND, p. o., Bourbon county, Ky. : 30 m. E. by S. Frankfort MORELAND, p. o., Fauquier co., Virg. : 71 m. N. by W. Eichmond. MORELAND, p. o., Chemung co., N. T. : 103 m. W. by S. Albany. MORELAND, t and p. o., Lycoming co., Penn. : 63 m. N. Harrisburg. Drained by Little Muncy cr. It has a hilly surface, a gravelly soil, and abundance of white pine tim ber, which affords material for numerous saw-mills. MOREMAN S EIVER, p. o., Albemarle co., Virg.: 62 m, W. N. W. Eichmond. MORENCI, p. o., Leuawee county, Mich. ; 42 m. S. S. E. Lansing. MORESVILLE, p. T., Delaware co., N. Y. : 45 m. W. S. W. Albany. MORETO-VVN, t. and p. v., Washington co., Verm. : 8 m. "W. Montpelier. Drained by Mad r., a branch of Onion r., which furnishes good water-power. The Yermont Central E. E. passes along Onion r., the N. boundary of the t. Sur face mountainous and in many parts untillable. The v. ia on Mad r., and contains several mills and stores. Popula tion of 1 1,335. MORETZ MILL, p. o., Ashe co., W. Car. : 161 m. W. by N. Ealeigh. MORGAN county, Ala. Situate N. middle, and contains 714 sq. m. Bounded N. by the Tennessee, and drained by its affluents. Surface varied, in the S. broken and uneven; soil in the N. very fertile, producing very heavy cotton crops, which constitute the staple, and large corn crops ; in the S. better adapted to grain and grass, yielding good returns of wheat and oats, and rearing large numbers of neat cat tle and swine, and exporting beef and pork in large quan tities. It has some mill streams and growing manufactures of cotton goods. Farms 584; manuf. 13; dwell. 1,103, and pop. wh. 6,633, fr. col. 50, si. 3,437 total 10,125. Capital: Somerville. PuUic Works : Memphis and Charleston E. E. MORGAN county, Ga. Situate N. centrally, and contains 274 sq. m. Drained by Little r. and other branches of the Oconee, which forms its E. boundary. Surface gently un even, with many mill streams ; soil very fertile. Cotton is raised in great quantities, forming the staple product and almost excluding other crops. Its manufactures are rapidly increasing, particularly of cotton goods. Farms 336 ; manuf. 31 ; dwell. 621, and pop. wh. 3,634, fr. col. 16, si. 7,094 total 10,744. Capital: Madison. Public Works : Georgia E. E. MORGAN county, III. Situate W. middle, and contains 539 sq. m. Drained by Indian and Mauvaiseterre creeks, branches of the Illinois, which forms the W. boundary. Surface undulating or nearly level ; soil of great fertility, largely made up of prairies, which afford the very best of MOR : grazing lands. Corn and wheat are very heavy crops. Live-stock, beef, wool, and pork are large exports. Timber is found near all the streams, which afford considerable fine water-power. Flour, leather, woolen goods, iron castings, and machinery are leading manufactures. Farms 1,574; manuf. 89 ; dwell. 2,661, and pop. wh. 15,939, fr. col. 125 total 16,064. Capital: Jacksonville. Public Works: San- gamon and Morgan R. K. MORGAN county, Ind. Situate S. centrally, and contains 453 sq. m. Drained by W. fork of White r. and its branches, White Lick, Big Indian, Mill, and Stott s creeks. Surface undulating or level, with hills near the streams and wide bottoms on their margins ; soils everywhere excellent and well timbered. Corn and wheat are heavy staples, and pork a large export. Wool is extensively grown, and fine dairies kept. Farms 1,892; manuf. 14; dwell. 2,401, and pop._wh. 14,502, fr. col. 74 total 14.576. Capital: Mar- tinsville. Public Works : Martinsville E. E. MORGAN county, Ky. Situate N. E., and contains 802 sq. m. Drained by Licking and Eeel rivers and their tributa ries. Surface much diversified, and in parts rugged or mountainous; soil of average fertility, better adapted to grazing than grain-growing. Corn is the chief cereal pro duced ; other grains are raised in small quantities, and pork is the principal export It has abundant timber and water- power. Farms 615; manuf. 0; dwell. 1,201, and pop. wh. 7,395, fr. col. 38, si. 187 total 7,620. Capital: West Liberty. MORGAN county, Mo. Situate centrally, and contains 649 sq. m. Drained by the Osage r., which runs on and near its S. border, and its branches, and N. by Flat cr., a branch of La Mine r. Surface moderately uneven, in parts prairie, but generally well wooded. Cora is the staple, but other grains thrive, and tobacco flourishes in parts. Fine pastur age is abundant, and the rearing of cattle and sheep de mands much attention. Pork is the principal export. Water-power is abundant. Farms 455 ; manuf. 12 ; dwell. 754, and pop. wh. 4,292, fr. col. 5, si. 453 total 4,750. Cap- ital: Verseilles. MORGAN county, Ohio. Situate S. E., and contains 354 sq. m. Intersected by Muskingum r., and drained by its branches, and branches of Hocking r., which furnish fine water-power. Surface somewhat broken ; soil very fertile. Wheat and corn are the staple cereals, and the produce very large. Tobacco is cultivated with marked success and profit. It has very fine dairies, shears a large amount of wool, and exports pork extensively. Bituminous coal is found, and numerous salt-springs, which formerly furnished a great quantity of salt. It manufactures salt, leather, woolens, iron castings, machinery, liquors, and stone-ware. Farms 2,126 ; manuf. 95 ; dwell. 4,SS6, and pop. wh. 28,515, fr. col. 70 total 28,585. Capital: M Connellsville. MORGAN county, Tenn. Situate N. E., and contains 883 sq. m. Drained N. by branches of Cumberland r., and S. by Emery s r. and its branches, affluents of Clinch r. Sur face rough and uneven, being crossed by Cumberland nits. ; soil better adapted to grazing than grain. Corn, oats, and potatoes are the chief crops, and pork the principal export. Its mill streams are numerous and fine. Farms 430 ; manuf. 8 ; dwell. 581, and pop. wh. 3,301, fr. col. 23, si. 101 total 8,430. Capital: Morgan. MORGAN county, Yirg. Situate N. E., and contains 295 sq. m. Drained by Cacapon r. and Sleepy cr., affluents of the Potomac, which forms the N. and N. W. boundary. Surface much broken, in parts mountainous; soil in the valleys very fertile; parts are too rugged for cultivation. Corn, wheat, rye, oats, and potatoes are raised, generally in good crops, though the amounts are not large. Sheep find good pasturage. It has superior mill-seats, and manufac tures flour, woolens, leather, and earthen-ware. Farms 300 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 606, and pop. wh. 3,431, fr. col. 3, si. 123 total 3,557. Capital : Bath. PuWc Works : Baltimore and Ohio E. E. MOR _____ MORGAN, t. and p. o., Ashtabula co., Ohio : 159 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Grand r. and its branches, which afford good mill-sites. Surface even, and soil productive. Various small manufactories are operated. Pop. 891. MORGAN, p. v., and cap. Morgan co., Tenn : on Emery s r., a branch of Clinch r., 113 m. E. Nashville. It contains a court-house and jail, and several stores and workshops, with about 200 inhabitants. MORGAN, t and p. o., Orleans co., Verm. : 45 m. N. E. Montpelier. Seymour s lake, a tributary of Clyde r., occu pies the central part. Surface uneven, but not rough ; soil mostly good. Grazing is the chief pursuit. The St. Law rence and Atlantic E. E. crosses the E. part. Pop. 486. MORGAN CITY, sta., Morgan co., III. : 9 m. E. of Naples, on the Sangamon and Morgan E. E. MORGANFIELD, p. v., Union co., Ky. : about 8 m. S. of tho Ohio, 167 m. W. by S. Frankfort It contains a court-house, academy, several stores, and 300 inhabitants. MORGANSBURG, p. o., Fauquier co., Virg. : 84 m. N. by W Eichmond. MORGAN S CORNERS, sta., Delaware co., Penn.: 14 m. from Philadelphia, on the Columbia and Philadelphia E. E. and Philadelphia and Westchester E. E. MORGAN S CREEK, p. o., Benton co., Tenn. : near the left bank of the Tennessee, 68 m. W. by S. Nashville. MORGAN S CREEK, p. o., Orange county, N. Car. : 41 m. W. N. W. Ealeigh. MORGAN S FORK, p. o., Pike county, Ohio: 66 m. S. Columbus. MORGAN S MILLS, p. o., Union county, N. Car. : 103 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. MORGAN S EIDGE, p. o., Marion county, Virg. : 205 m. N. W. by W. Eichmond. MORGANSVILLE, p. v., Morgan co., Ohio: on a W. branch of the Muskingum, 58 m. E. S. E. Columbus. MORGANSVILLE, p. v., Genesee co., N. Y. : on Black cr., 232 m. W. Albany. It contains several stores and mills, and 300 inhabitants. MORGANTOWN, p. v., Morgan co., Ind. : on the N. side of Big Indian cr., 28 m. S. by W. Indianapolis. The Mar tinsville E. E. passes through it 13 m. W. of Franklin. MORGANTOWN, p. v., and cap. Butler co., Ky. : on the S. side of Green r., 118 m. S. W. by W. Frankfort Large quantities of grain and tobacco are sent from this place down the r., which is navigable for boats of light draught at all times. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, several stores and small manufactories, and 400 inhabitants. MORGANTOWN, p. v., Berks co., Penn. : 52 m. E. by S. Ilarrisburg. It contains several stores, and 500 inhabit ants. MORGANTOWN, p. v., and cap. Burke co., N. Car. : on the S. side of Catawba r., 166 m. W. Ealeigh. It lies on ele vated ground, surrounded by a rich grain country, with flourishing manufactories in the vicinity, and has an exten sive trade. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, bank, a dozen stores, and a population of 500. MORGANTOWN, p. v., Blount co., Tenn. : on the E. side of Tennessee r., 145 m. E. by S. Nashville. MORGANTOWN, p. v., and cap. Monongalia co., Virg. : on the E. side of Monongahela r., 197 m. N. W. Eichmond. It lies at the head of steamboat navigation, and has a large trade and rapidly increasing manufactures, for which there is ample w T ater-power and abundance of coal in the vicinity. It contains a court-house, jail, two academies, a dozen stores, several mills, and a population of 1,000. The " Monongalia Mirror" and the "Watchman" (literary), and the "Mountain Messenger" (Baptist), are published weekly. MORGANVILLE, p. o., Nottaway county, Virg.: 38 m, S. W. by W. Eichmond. MORGANVILLE, p. v., Hillsdale county, Mich. : 62 m. S. Lansing. MORIAH, t and p. v., Essex co., Jf. Y.: on Lake Cham- plain, 93 m. N. Albany. Surface very uneven ; soil fertile 511 MOR MOR in the valleys. Marble of good quality is found. Iron ore and timber are abundant, and attention is principally di rected to them. The v. is on high ground, about 3 m. W. of the lake, and contains an academy, several stores, and 1,000 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 8,065. MORICHES, p. v., Suffolk co., & Y. : on the S. side of Long Island, 136 m. S. S. E. Albany. MORINGVILLE, p. o., Chatham co., N. Car. : 18 m. W. of Baleigh. MORINGVILLE, p. v. and sta., Westchester co., N. Y. : on Bronx r., 112 m. S. Albany. It is 25 m. N. of New York, on the Harlem E. E. MORLAN S GROVE, p. o.,Wayne co., III. : 119 m. S. E. by S. Springfield. MORLEY, p. o., St. Lawrence co., N. Y. : 153 m. N.W. by N. Albany. MORMON HILL, p. o., Marshall co., la. : 81 m. "W. N. W. Iowa City. MORMON ISLAND, p. o., Sacramento co., Calif. : on the S. fork of American r., 74 m. E. N. E. Vallejo. It was here that the first discoveries of gold were made in 1848. MORNING SUN, p. o., Louisa co., la. : 31 m. S. S. E. Iowa City. MORNING SUN, p. v., Preble co., Ohio : on Four Mile cr., 95 m. W. S. W. Columbus. The Four Mile Valley E. E. passes through it. MORNING STTN, p. o., Shelby co., Tenn. : 170 m. W. S. "W. Nashville. MORO, p. o., Calhoun co., Ark. : 63 m. S. by W. Little Eock. MORKILL S, sta., Cumberland co., Me. : 3 m. from Portland, on the York and Cumberland E. E. MORRIS county, N. Jer. Situate N. middle, and contains 406 sq. m. Drained by Pequannock r., its N. boundary, Passaic r., its E. boundary, and TV. by branches of the Earitan and Delaware. Surface broken N. and W. by ranges of high hills ; in the S. is the beautiful valley of the Passaic. Soil generally very productive, and in parts fine grazing land. Wheat, corn, rye, buckwheat, oats, and po tatoes, are all good crops, and the rye and buckwheat of a superior quality. Large products of the dairy, beef and wool, are the farming exports. It has valuable mines of magnetic iron ore, which are wrought extensively and with much profit, the metal obtained being much sought after, and highly prized. Manufactures of almost every kind are prosecuted, the more important being iron cast and wrought, cotton and woolen fabrics, leather, distilled liquors, paper, carriages, and cabinet furniture. Farms 1,843 ; manuf. 242 ; dwell. 5,076, and pop. wh. 29,146, fr. col., 993, si. 19 total 30,158. Capital : Morristown. Public Works : Morris Canal ; Morris and Essex E. E. MORRIS, p. v., and cap. Grundy co., Til. : on the right bank of Illinois r., 121 m. N. N. E. Springfield. It is on the Illi nois and Michigan Canal, 23 m. S. W. of Juliet, and has an extensive trade in the staples of the surrounding country, which are shipped here in great amounts, and growing manufactures. It lies on a gentle slope toward the r., and contains a court-house and jail, numerous stores and ware houses, and about 1,000 inhabitants. A weekly newspaper is published here. MORRIS, p. o., Otsego co., N . Y. : 63 m. "W. Albany. MORRIS, t. and p. o., Tioga co., Penn. : 96 m. N. N. "W. Harrisburg. Drained by Pine cr. and its branches, which afford much water-power. Surface hilly; soil clayey and covered with heavy timber. Coal and iron ore are found. MORRISANIA, p. v. and sta., Westchester county, N. Y. : 10 m. N. of the City Hall, in New York, by the Harlem E. E., 126 m. S. Albany. It is in the S. part of West Farms t, on the E. side of the Harlem r., is laid out with the reg ularity of a city, and being rapidly built up into a suburb of the great metropolis. Pop. about 3,000. MORRIS CHURCH, p. o., Campbell county, Virg. : 92 m. W. by S. Eichmond. 512 MORRIS CROSS EOADS, p. o., Fayette co., Penn. : 148 ra "W. by S. Harrisburg. MORRISDALE, p. o., Clearfield co., Penn. : about 8 m. W. of Mushanon cr., 84 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. MORRIS HILL, p. o., Alleghany co., Virg. : 146 m. W. by N. Eichmond. MORRISON S BLUFF, p. o., Johnson co., Ark. : on the right bank of the Arkansas, 83 m. W. N. W. Little Eock. MORRISON S STONE HOUSE, p. o., Monroe co., III. : about 1 m. W. of Kaskaskia r., 107 m. S. by W. Spriugfleld. MORRISON S TAN- YARD, p. o., Mecklenburg co., 2T. Car.: 118 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. MORRIS PLAINS, sta., Morris co., If. Jer. : 34 m. W. of Trenton, on the Morris and Essex E. E. MORRISTOWN, p. v., Henry co., III. : about 3 m. S. of Green r., on a small creek, 116 m. N. N. W. Springfield. MORRISTOWN, p. v., Shelby co., Ind. : about 1 m. E. of Blue r., 24 m. E. by S. Indianapolis. The Knightstown and Shelby\ ille E. E. passes through it, 13 m. N. of Shelbyville. MORRISTOWN, p. v., and cap. Morris co., N. Jer. : 41 m. N. by E. Trenton. It lies on an elevated plain, on the S. side of Whippany r., and is regularly laid out, with a large square in the centre. It contains a court-house and jail, 2 academies, a bank, about 40 stores, and 3,000 inhabitants. Manufactures of various kinds are extensively carried on, particularly of paper, iron castings, carriages, machinery, etc. The Morris and Essex E. E. passes through it 32 m. W. of New York. Three papers are published the " Jer- seyman" (whig), and "Free Democratic Banner (dem.), weekly, and the "New Jersey Freeman" (abolitionist), monthly. The t. is called Morris, is well supplied with water- power by Passaic and Whippany rivers, and has an uneven surface and fertile soil. Pop. of t. 4,992. MOERISTOWN, t. and p. v., St. Lawrence co., K Y. : on the St Lawrence, 164 m. N. W. by N. Albany. Surface slightly rolling, and soil fertile. Black lake lies on the S. E. The v. is on the St. Lawrence, and a regular landing-place for steamboats. Pop. of t. 2,274. MORRISTOWN, t and p. v., Lamoille co., Verm. : 23 m. N. Montpelier. Drained by Lamoille r. and its branches, which supply good mill privileges. Surface someAvhat hilly; soil fertile, especially on the r. It is a fine farming t, exporting cattle, wool, and dairy products, to a large amount. The v. is on the r., and contains several stores and mills. Pop of 1. 1,142. MORRISTO-WN, p. v., Belmont co., Ohio : on M Mahon s cr of the Ohio, 99 m. E. by N. Columbus. It contains several stores and mills, and 455 inhabitants. MORRISTOW T N, p. v., Grainger co., Tenn. : on a branch of Holston r., 189 m. E. Nashville. MORRISTOWN, p. o., Cass co., Mo. : 131 m. W. Jefferson City. MORRISVILLE, p. v., Hendrick s co., Ind.: on the Terre Haute and Eichmond E. E., 25 m. W. by S. Indianapolis. MORRISVILLE, p. v., and cap. Madison co., N~. Y. : on a branch of the Chenango r., 102 m. W. by N. Albany. It contains a court-house, jail, clerk s office, academy, several stores and mills, and about 800 inhabitants. Two weekly papers are published here the " M. County Journal" (whig), and the " Madison Observer" (dem.) MORRISVILLE, p. o., Wake co., N. Car. MORRISVILLE, p. b., Bucks co., Penn. : on the right bank of Delaware r., 109 m. E. Harrisburg. It is opposite Tren ton, with which it is connected by a bridge 1,100 feet long, and has fine water privileges, which are improved by various extensive manufactories. It is 29 m. N. E. Philadelphia on the Philadelphia and Trenton E. E. MORRISVILLE, p. v., Lamoille co., Verm. : on Lamoille r., 21 miles N. Montpelier. Here is good water-power and several mills. MORRISVILLE, p. v., Fauquier co., Virg. : 66 m. N. by W. Eichmond. MORROW county, Ohio. Situate N. centrally, and con tains 397 sq. m. Drained by branches of Whetstone r., MOR fernon r., and Clear fork of Walhonding r., the first a branch f the Scioto, the last two of the Mnskingum river. Surface oiling; soil fertile, and adapted equally to grass and grain. I orn and wheat are the staples. Tobacco is cultivated. ?heep are raised in great numbers, and wool and pork are anre exports; live-stock and beef are also exported. Man ufactures are of considerable though minor interest, con sisting principally of woolen goods, leather, liquors, and "arming implements. Farms 1,552; manuf. 51; dwell. 3,652, and pop. wh. 20,270, fr. col. 10 total 20,280. Capital : Mount Gilead. Public Works: Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati Railroad ; Springfield and Mount Vernon and Pittsburg R. R. MORROW, p. v., "Warren co., Ohio : on Little Miami river, M m. S. W. by W. Columbus. The Little Miami R. R. passes it 41 m. N. of Cincinnati. MORSE CREEK, p. o., M Nairy co., Tenn. : on a branch of Big Hatohie r., 116 m. W. S. W. Nashville. MORRISVILLE, p. v., Sclioharie co., N. Y. : 42 m. W. Albany. MORSTON, p. o., Sullivan co., 2f. Y. : 86 m. S. S. W. Albany. MORTON, p. o., Tazewell county, III. : 46 m. N. by E. Springfield. j MORTON S STORE, p. o., Alamance co., N. Car. : 53 m. 1W. N. W. Raleigh. J MORTOXSVILLE, p. o., Woodford co., Ky. : about 2 m. E. jof Kentucky, 15 m. S. byE. Frankfort. ! MORTONVILLE, p. v., Orange co., M Y. : 85 m. S. S. "W. Albany. MORTONVILLE, p. v., Chester co., Penn. : 59 m. E. S. E. llarrisburg. j MORVEN, p. o., Anson co., N. Car. : about 6 m. "W. of Tadkin r., 86 m. S. W. Raleigh. MORVEN, p. o., Clark county, Ala. : 103 m. "W. S. "W. Montgomery. ! MOSALEM, p. o., Dubuque co., la. : about 2 m. "W. of the Mississippi, 68 m. N. E. Iowa City. Moscow, p. o., Marion county, Ala. : 141 m. N. W. I Montgomery. Moscow, p. v., Rush co., Ind. : on the W. side of Flat Rock cr. A 38 m. S. E. by E. Indianapolis. Moscow, p. v., Muscatine co., la. : on Cedar r., near the entrance of Sugar cr., 24 m. E. by S. Iowa City. It has a superior location for trade and manufactures, and contains several stores and mills. Moscow, p. o., Hickman county, Ky. : 249 m. "W. S. W. i Frankfort. Moscow, t and p. o., Ilillsdale county, Mich. : 38 m. S. Lansing. Drained by S. branch of the Kalamazoo. Sur face rolling; soil sandy loam, producing large crops of all the grains. A good building stone is quarried. Pop. 942. Moscow, p. v., Livingston co., N. Y.: on a small affluent j of Genesee r., 214 m. "W. by N. Albany. It lies on high ground, 1 m. W. of Genesee Flats, and contains several stores and 500 inhabitants. Moscow, p. v., Clermont co., Ohio: on the Ohio, 95 m. S. "VV. by S. Columbus. It has a steamboat landing, a valu able trade with the interior, and about 500 inhabitants. Moscow, p. o., Luzerne county, Penn. : 85 m. N. E. llarrisburg. Moscow, p. v., Fayette co., Tenn. : on Wolf cr. and the line of the Memphis and Charleston R. R., 161 m. W. S. "W". Nashville. Moscow MILLS, p. o., Morgan co., Ohio : 66 m. E. by S. Columbus. MOSELEM, p. o., Berks county, Penn. : 58 m. E. by N. llarrisburg. A charcoal furnace of 1,350 tons capacity is located here. MOSELEY HALL, p. o., Lenoir co., N. Car. : about 8 m. N. of Neuse r.. 58 m. E. S. E. Raleigh. MOSELEY HALL, p. o., Madison co., Flor. : 45 m. E. by S Tallahassee. MOSELEY S GROVE, p. o., Dallas county, Ala. : 56 m, "W. Montgomery. R3 MOtf MOSELLE, p. o., Jo Daviess co., III. : about 1 m. E. of the Mississippi, 176 m. N. by W. Springfield. MOSELLE FURNACE, p. o., Franklin co., Mo. : 71 m. E. by S. Jefferson City. MOSELY HALL, p. o., Madison co., Flor. : 43 m. E. by S. Tallahassee. MOSELY S STORE, p. o., Franklin co., Ga. ; 102 m. N. Milledgeville. Moss, p. o., La Fayette co., Mo. : on Dan s Fork of Black river, 92 m. W. by N. Jefferson City. Moss SIDE, p. o., Alleghany co., Penn. : 169 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. MOSSY CREEK, p. o., Augusta co., Vira. : on a W. affluent of the Shenandoah so called, 104 m. N. W. by W. Richmond. MOSSY CHEEK, p. o., Jefferson county, Tenn. : 179 m. E. Nashville. MOTHER KILL, hund., Kent co., Del. : extends across the State, with an area of 89,320 acres. Drained W. by heads of Choptank r., and E. by Jones and Mother Kill creeks. Surface even, with small elevations in the W. It has good timber and water-power. Pop. 4,973. MOTIER, p. o., Pendleton county, Ky. : 52 miles N. E. Frankfort. MOTLEY, p. o., Allen co., Ky. : 124 m. S. W. Frankfort. MOTT HAVEN, p. v. and sta., Westchester co., N. Y. : 126 m. S. Albany. It is S m. N. of the City Hall in New York, on the Harlem R. R., and New York and New Haven R. R. MOTT S CORNERS, p. v., Tompkins co., 2f. Y. : on Six Mile creek, 137 m. W. by S. Albany. It contains several stores, mills, and manufactories, and 400 inhabitants. MOTTVILLE, t and p. v., St. Joseph s co., Mich. : on the S. line of the State, 86 m. S. W. Lansing. Drained by Pigeon and St. Joseph s rivers, which furnish water-power. Surface undulating ; soil very fertile. The Michigan South ern R. R. passes through the t. into Indiana. The v. is on the St. Joseph s, and contains several stores. Population of t 610. MOTTVILLE, p. Y., Onondaga co., N. Y. : on the outlet of Skaneatles lake, 141 m. W. by N. Albany. It contains several stores, a foundry, machine shop, and 500 inhabit ants, and lies 3 m. S. of the Rochester and Syracuse R. R., with which a branch road connects it. MOULTON, p. v., and cap. Lawrence co., Ala. : near the head of Big Nance cr. of the Tennessee, 151 m. N. N. W. Montgomery. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, and about 400 inhabitants. The " M. Advertiser" (neutral) is published weekly. MOULTONBORO , t., p. v., and cap. Carroll co., N. ffamp. : 38 m. N. by E. Concord. Drained by Red Hill and Melvin rivers. Surface hilly. Red Hill and Ossipee mountains, large elevations, are within it, and much of it is occupied by ponds. Squam lake lies on the W., and Winnipiseogeo lake on the S., into which a long neck extends. Soil fer tile. Iron ore, and mineral springs containing sulphur, are found. Numerous Indian relics have been dug up on the shores and on the islands of the lake. The village contains a court-house, jail, and an academy. Pop. of 1. 1,748. MOULTONVILLE, p. v., Madison co., III. : 72 m. S. by "W. Springfield. MOULTRIE county, III. Situate E. centrally, and contains 335 sq. m. Drained by Kaskaskia r., which flows through the S., and its branches. Surface undulating or level, largely open prairie, with good timber in the S., and scattered groves everywhere. Soil fertile, and excellent grazing land. Corn is the staple, and live-stock the principal export. On the Kaskaskia are good mill-sites. Farms 304 ; manuf. 11 ; dwell. 554, and pop.-wh. 3,225, fr. col. 9-total 3,234. Cap- ital : Sullivan. Public Works : Chicago Branch of Central Illinois R. R. ; Terre Haute and Alton R. R., etc. MOULTRIE, p. o., Spartanburg dist., S. Car. ; 85 m. N.W. Columbia. MOULTRIE, p. o. and sta., Columbiana co., Ohio: 8 m. S. of Alliance, on the Cleveland and Pittsburg R. R. 513 MOU MOtJ MOUND BATOTJ, p. o., Tensas parish, La. : 98 m. N. Baton Rouge. MOUND CITY, p. v., Crittenden co., Ark. : on Mississippi r., 8 m. above Memphis, 123 m. E. N. E. Little Rock. MOUNDSVILLK, p. v., Marshall co.,Vlrg.: on the Ohio r., at the mouth of Big Grave cr., 235 m. N. "W. Richmond ; on the creek, just above the v., are many mounds, one 75 feet high and 40 rods in circuit, on which is an observatory. The v. contains an academy, a steam flouring-mill, and several stores. Elizabethtown, the co. seat, lies opposite, on the upper side of the cr., and the two contain about 1,500 inhabitants. The "Marshall Beacon" (whig) is published weekly. The Baltimore and Ohio R. R. passes through it, llm. S. of Wheeling. MOUNDVILLE, p. y., Marquette co., Wise. : 47 m. N. by E. Madison. MOUNT ADAMS, Coos co., 2f. Hamp. : a peak of the "White Mountains, 5,960 feet high. MOUNT ADAMS, Oreg. Ter. : an eastern spur of the Coast Range, lat. 46 12 , and long. 121 20 . MOUNTAIN COVE, p. v., Fayette co., Virg. : on the E. side of Great Kanawha river, 196 m. W. by N. Richmond. A colony of spiritualists and spirit mediums have commenced a settlement here, and publish a periodical, called the " Mountain Cove Journal," to propagate their views. MOUNTAIN CREEK, p. o., Catawba co., Jf. Car. : about 3 m. W. of Catawba r., 124 m. W. Raleigh. MOUNTAIN CREEK, p. o., Anderson dist, S. Car. : 103 m. N. W. by W. Columbia. MOUNTAIN FALLS, p. o., Frederick co., Virg. : 117 m. N. N. W. Richmond. MOUNTAIN GROVE, p. o., Bath co., Virg. : 87 m. W. by N. Richmond. MOUNTAIN HOME, p. o., Lawrence county, Ala. : 153 m. N. N. W. Montgomery. MOUNTAIN HOME, p. o. 5 M Dowell co. 3 ^ Car.: 194 m."W. Raleigh. MOUNTAIN SHOALS, p. o., Spartanburg dist., S. Car. : on the N. side of Ennoree r., 66 m. N. "W. Columbia. MOUNTAIN SPRING, p. o., Martin co., Ind. : 76 m. S. S. W. Indianapolis. MOUNTAIN STAND, p. o., Marshall co., Ala. : 119 m. N. Montgomery. MOUNTAIN TOP, p. o., Augusta co., Virg. : 85 m. W. N. W. Richmond. MOUNTAIN VIEW, p. o., Abbeville dist., S. Car. : 83 m.~W. Columbia. MOUNT AIRY, p. v. and sta., Carroll county, Md. : on the Baltimore and Ohio R. R., 44 m. W. of Baltimore, 43 m. N. W. Annapolis. MOUNT AIRY, p. o., Randolph co., Mo.: 64 m. N. N". "W. Jefferson City. MOUNT AIRY, p. o., Hamilton county, Ohio : 88 m. S. "W". Columbus. MOUNT AIRY, p. o., Berks co., Penn. : 58 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. MOUNT AIRY, p. o., Surry co., N. Car. : 116 m. "W. N. W. Raleigh. The " Siamese Twins," of exhibitionary noto riety, are settled here, and cultivate a large plantation. MOUNT AIRY, p. o., Bledsoe co., Tenn. : about 2 m. W. of Sequatchy r., S3 m. E. S. E. Nashville. MOUNT AIRY, p. o., Pittsylvania co., Virg. : on a branch of Dan r., 98 m. "W. S. W. Richmond. MOUNT ALBAN, sta., Warren county, Miss. : 6 m. E. of Yicksburg, on the Vicksburg, Jackson, and Brandon Rail road. MOUNT ANDREW, p. o., Barbour co., Ala. : 57 m. E. S. E. Montgomery. MOUNT AUBURN, p. o., Christian co., III. : 19 m. E. by S. Springfield. MOUNT AUBURN, p. r., Shelby co., Ind. : about 2 m. E. of the Knightstown and Shelby ville R. R., 29 m. S. S. E. Indianapolis. 514 MOUNT BAKER, Oreg. Ter. : a peak of the Cascade Range, 10,340 feet high, in lat. 48 45 , and long. 121 30 . MOUNT BERNANDINO, San Diego co., Calif. : an elevated peak of the Coast Range, in lat. 34, and long. 117. MOUNT BETHEL, p. o. Northampton co., Penn. : 113 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. MOUNT BETHEL, p. o., Newberry dist, S. Car. : about 3m. S. of Ennoree r., 36 m. N. W. Columbia. MOUNT BLANCHARD, p. v., Hancock county, Ohio: on Blanchard s Fork of Maumee r., 81 m. N. W. Columbus. MOUNT CALVARY, p. o., Davis co., la. : 78 m. S. W. by S. Iowa City. MOUNT CAMBRIA, p. o., Niagara co., N. Y. : 257 m. W. Albany. MOUNT CARBON, p. o., Hampshire county, Virg. : 147 m. N. W. by N. Richmond. MOUNT CARBON, sta., Schuylkill co., Penn. : 34 m. N. of Reading, on the Philadelphia and Reading R. R. The vi cinity is noted for its anthracite mines. MOUNT CARMEL, p. o., Henry co., Ga. : 64 m. W. N. W. Milledgeville. MOUNT CARMEL, p. v., and cap. Wabash co., HI. : on the right bank of Wabash r., below the rapids, and opposite the mouth ot White r., 142 m. S. E. Springfield. It has a favor able site for trade and manufactures, and contains a court house and jail, about 30 stores and warehouses, several flouring-mills and machine shops, and 1,500 inhabitants. MOUNT CARMEL, p. o., Franklin co., Ind. : about -2 m. E. of Red Cedar Grove cr., 68 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. MOUNT CARMEL, p. o., Fleming co., Ky. : 77 m. E. N. E. Frankfort, MOUNT CARMEL, p. o., Covington co., Miss. : 48 m. S. S.E. Jackson. MOUNT CARMEL, p. o., Cooper co., Mo. : 42 m. W. by N. Jefferson City. MOUNT CABMEL, p. o., Clermont co., Ohio : 86 m. S. W. Columbus. MOUNT CABMEL, p. o., Halifax co., Virg : 88 m. S. W. by W. Richmond. MOUNT CARMEL, p. o., Northumberland co., Penn. : 38 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. MOUNT CARMEL, p. o. and sta., New Haven co., Conn.: 8 m. N. of New Haven, on the N. H. and Northampton Railroad. MOUNT CARROLL, p. v., and cap. Carroll co., III. : on a branch of Plum r., 10 m. E. of the Mississippi, and 162 m. N. by W. Springfield. It contains a court-house, jail, sev eral stores, and 500 inhabitants. MOUNT CHESTNUT, p. o., Butler county, Penn. : 173 m. W. N.W. Harrisburg. MOUNT CLARE, sta., Baltimore co., Md. : on the Baltimore and Ohio R. R., 2 m. from Baltimore. MOUNT CLEMENS, p. v., and cap. Macomb co., Mick. : on the N. bank of Clinton r., 4 m. from its entrance into Lake St. Clair, 85 m. E. by S. Lansing. It is favorably located for ship-building, having abundance of timber in its vicinity is at the head of navigation, and communicates by steam boat with ports N. and S. of it Glass is manufactured from a superior sand abundant here. It contains a court-house and jail, a bank, an academy, several mills, and a dozen stores. Two papers, the "Macomb Gazette" (dem.), and the " Macomb County Herald" (whig), are published weekly. MOUNT CLIFTON, p. o., Shenandoah co., Virg. : 112 m. N. W. Richmond. MOUNT CLINTON, p. o., Rockingham co., Virg. : 85 m. N. W. Richmond. MOUNT CLIO, p. o., Sumter dist, & Oar. : about 3 m. E. of Black r., 44 m. E. Columbia, MOUNT COMFORT, p. o., Hancock county, Ind. : 24 m. E. by N. Indianapolis. MOUNT COMFORT, p. o., Fayette county, Term. : 153 m. W. S. W. Nashville. MOUNT CRAWFORD, p. o., Rockingham co., Virg. : on a MOU MOU W. branch of Shenandoah river, 98 m. N. W. by W. Eichmond. MOUNT CROGHAN, p. o., Chesterfield dist., S. Car. : 69 m. N. E. Columbia. MOUNT DEFIANCE, Essex co., 2f. Y. : on the W. shore of Lake Champlain, has an elevation of 750 feet above tide water. MOUNT DESERT, t. and p. o., Hancock co., Me, : in the N. W. part of the island of that name, 72 m. E. Augusta. The soil is productive, but the chief business is the coasting trade for this, its singular position and excellent harbors are peculiarly adapted. The fisheries are also very lucra tive, and ship-building is carried on. Pop. 777. MOUNT DESERT island, Me. : lies off the S. shore of the State, on the W. side of Frenchman s Bay, and forms a part of Hancock County. Its greatest length and breadth are 12 and 15 m., but the coast has many indentations, forming ex cellent harbors, which give it great facilities for the coasting trade and fisheries. It contains three towns, Eden, Mount Desert, and Tremont, and 3,329 inhabitants. MOUNT EATON, p. v., "Wayne county, Ohio: 81 m. N. E. Columbus. MOUNT EDEN, p. o., Spencer co., Ky. : 23 m. W. by S. Frankfort MOUNT ELBA, p. o., Bradley co., Ark. : on Saline r., 60 m. 8. by E. Little Rock. MOUNT ELON, p. o., Darlington dist, S. Car. : about 6 m. E. of Lynch s cr., 53 m. E. N. E. Columbia. MOUNT EMINENCE, p. o., Orange co., Virg. : 56 m. N. N.W. Eichmond. MOUNT EMMONS, Hamilton co., N. Y. : is an isolated peak, elevated about 3,500 feet above tide-water. MOUNT ENTERPRISE, p. o., Rusk co., Tex. : about 3 m. E. of Big Shawnee cr. of the Angelina, 216 m. N. E. by E. Austin City. MOUNT EOLIA, p. o., Union co., Ga. : 143 m. N. N. "W. Milledgeville. MOUNT EPHRAIM, p. v., Guernsey co., Ohio: 68 m. E. Columbus. It contains several stores and 121 inhabitants. MOUNT ETNA, p. v., Huntington co., Ind. : on the S. side of Wabash r., 78 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. MOUNT EVERETT, Berkshire oo., Mass. : one of the highest peaks of the Taghkannic range, lies in Mount Washington t. in the S.W. corner of the State, and rises to the height of 2,63-4 feet. The summit is scantily covered with scrub-pine and bushes, but commands the grandest scenery in the State, overlooking mountains on all sides, and affording glimpses of rare beauties between and beyond them. Near it is the Bashapish Fall, which descends 150 feet in two per pendicular leaps, and has worn out a dome-like cavity, called the " Gorge," 194 feet deep. The wildness of the surrounding region and the grandeur of their localities, at tract many tourists hither in the summer. MOUNT FREEDOM, p. o., Jessamine co., Ky. : 29 m. S. E. Frankfort MOUNT FREEDOM, p. o., Pendleton county, Virg. : 123 m. N. W. by W. Eichmond. MOUNT GALLAGHER, p. o., Laurens dist, S. Car. : about 8 m. E, of Saluda r., 71 m. "W. N. W. Columbia. MOUNT GILEAD, p. o., Franklin co., Ark. : on the S. side of Arkansas r., 98 m. "W. N. W. Little Eock. MOUNT GILEAD, p. o., Mason co., Ky. : 68 m. E. N. E. Frankfort. MOUNT GILEAD, p. v., and cap. Morrow co., Ohio : on the E. branch of Whetstone r., 40 m. N. by E. Columbus. It is about 3 m. E. of the Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Columbus E. E., and in the vicinity are numerous mills and factories. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, a dozen stores, and 500 inhabitants. Pop. of Gilead 1 1.680. MOUNT GILEAD, p. o., Montgomery co., W. Car. : about 3 m. N. of Yadkin r., 77 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. MOUNT GILEAD, p. v., London co., Virg. : on Kittoctan Mountain, 106 m. N. Eichmond. It is regularly laid out on a commanding elevation, and contains several stores and 150 inhabitants. MOUNT HAWKINS, p. o., Perry co., Ill : 122 m. S. by E. Springfield. MOUNT HAWLEY, p. o., Peoria co., IU. : about 3 m. W. of Peoria lake, 72 m. N. Springfield. MOUNT HEALTHY, p. Y., Hamilton county, Ohio : 93 m. S. W. by W. Columbus. MOUNT HEALTHY, p. v., Bartholomew county, Ind. : on White cr., 48 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. MOUNT? HEBRON, p. o., Greene co., Ala. : 107 m.W. N.W. Montgomery. MOUNT HERON, p. o., Darke county, Ohio: 86 m. W. Columbus. MOUNT HICKOEY, p. o., Chattooga co., Ga. : 162 m. N. "W. Milledgeville. MOUNT HICKORY, p. o., Chambers county, Ala. : on an E. branch of Tallapoosa r., 66 m. N. E. by E. Montgomery. MOUNT HILL, p. o., Morgan co., Ala, : 134 m. N. by W. Montgomery. MOUNT HILL, p. o., Abbeville district, S. Car.: 73 nv W. N. W. Columbia, MOUNT HILLIARD, p. o., Pike county, Ala. : 42 m. S. E. Montgomery. MOUNT HOLLY, p. o., Union co., Ark. : 108 m. S. S. "W. Little Rock. MOUNT HOLLY, p. v., Randolph co., Ind. : about 3 m. S. of Mississinewa river, and 2 m. W. of the Ohio line, 72 m. E. N. E. Indianapolis. MOUNT HOLLY, p. v., and cap. Burlington co., 2T. Jer. : on the N. branch of Rancocus cr., 16 m. S. Trenton. It lies at the head of navigation, and contains a court-house and jail, an academy, a bank, several mills for making paper, woolens, etc., and about 1,500 inhabitants. Two weekly papers, the " New Jersey Mirror" (whig) and " Mount Holly Herald" (dem.), are published. A branch railroad, 6 m. long, connects it with the Camden and Amboy R. R. at Burlington. MOUNT HOLLY, p. o., Warren county, Ohio : 71 m. S. W. Columbus. MOUNT HOLLY, t and p. o., Rutland co., Verm. ; 51 m. S. by W. Montpelier. Drained by Black r. of the Connecti cut, and Mill r., a branch of Otter cr. Surface elevated, in parts mountainous; soil adapted to grazing, which is the leading interest, and furnishes for export large amounts of wool, beef, butter, and cheese. The Rutland and Burlington E. R. crosses the N. E. part Mount Holly sta., In the N. E., is 15 m. S. E. of Rutland. Pop. 1,534. MOUNT HOLYOKE, p. o., Henry eo., Tenn. : 98 m. W. by N. Nashville. MOUNT HOOD, Oreg. Ter, : a peak of the Coast Range, on the S. side of Columbia r., elevated about 12,000 feet above the ocean. MOUNT HOPE, p. o., Tyler county, Teas. : 209 m. E. by N. Austin City. MOUNT HOPE, p. o., Lawrence co., Ala. : near the head of Town cr. of the Tennessee, 152 m. N. N. W. Montgomery. MOUNT HOPE, p. o., De Kalb co., Ind.: 127 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. MOUNT HOPE, p. o., Delaware co., la. : 54 m. N. Iowa City. MOUNT HOPE, p. o., La Fayette co., Mo. : about 4 m. 8. of the Missouri, 87 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. MOUNT HOPE, t and p. Y., Orange county, If. T. : 92 m. S. S. W. Albany. Drained by Shawangunk cr. Surface hilly and broken ; soil gravelly loam, and adapted to graz ing; it is well timbered and supplied with water-power. Tanning and various manufactures are extensively prose cuted. The village contains an academy and about 400 inhabitants. The Erie R. R. passes through the t. Pop. of the 1 1,512. MOUNT HOPE, p. o., M Lean co., III. : 44 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. 515 MOU MOU MOUNT HOPE, p. o., Holmes co., Ohio: 74 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. MOUNT HOPE, p. o., Lancaster co., Penn. : 37 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. Here is a charcoal furnace of 1,450 tons capacity. MOUNT HOPE bay, R. I. : sets up from the N. E. corner of Narragansett bay, between Bristol and Tiverton, and receives the waters of Taunton river. MOUNT HOKEB, p. o., Nelson co., Virg. : at the E. base of the Blue Kidge, 84 ra. W. by N. Kichmond. MOUNT IDA, p. v., and cap. Montgomery co., Ark. : on Brushy fork of Washita r., 74 m. W. by S. Little Eock. It contains a court-house and a few stores and dwellings. MOUNT IDA, p. o., Montgomery co., Ky. : 57 m. E. S. E. Frankfort. MOUNT ISABEL, p. o., De Soto county, Miss, : 171 m. N. Jackson. MOUNT ISRAEL, p. o., Albemarle co., Virg. : near the line of the Virginia Central K. E., at the base of the Blue Eidge, 78 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. MOUNT JACKSON, p. v., Lawrence co., Penn. : on Hickory cr., 194 m. "W. by N. Harrisburg. It is about 3 m. W. of Mahoning river, and the Beaver and Erie Canal, and has good water-power on the cr. above and below it, where are several mills and factories. It has a valuable trade, and contains a number of large stores. MOUNT JACKSON, p. o., Shenandoah co., Virg. : on the N. fork of Shenandoah r., 104 m. N. W. Eichmond. MOUNT JEFFERSON, p. o., Chambers county, Ala. : 59 m. E. N. E. Montgomery. MOUNT JEFFERSON, Oreg. Ter.: a peak of the Cascade Eange, in lat. 44 40 , and long. 121 32 . MOUNT JEFFERSON, Coos co., N. Hamp. : a N. peak of the White Mountains, in the S. part of Eandolph, 5,S60 feet above the ocean level. MOUNT JEFFERSON, p. o., Carroll co., Ind. : 57 m. N. by W. Indianapolis. MOUNT JOT, t and p. o., Lancaster co., Penn. : 17 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Little Chiques aud Cone- wago creeks, which supply good mill-seats. Surface rolling ; soil gravelly loam of excellent quality, and well tilled. It has several flouring-mills and other manufactures, and is fine grazing land. The Harrisburg and Lancaster E. E. crosses it, and Mount Joy station is 12 m. W. of Lancaster. Population of t 2,626. MOUNT KINGSTON, p. o., Montgomery co., Til. : about 4 m. W. of Shoal cr., 49 m. S. Springfield. MOUNT KISKO, p. o., Westchester co., 2f. Y. : 91 m. S. Albany. MOUNT LAFAYETTE, Grafton co., JV. Hamp. : lies on E. line of Bethlehem and Franconia, and rises 4,723 feet above the ocean level. MOUNT LANGUM, p. o., Iroquois co., III. : about 3 m. S. E. of thejunction of Kankakee and Iroquois rivers, 133 m. N. E. Springfield. MOUNT LAUREL, p. o., Halifax co., Virg. : about 2 m. "W. of Eoanoke r., 82 m. W. S. "W. Eichmond. MOUNT LAUREL, p. v., Burlington county, N, Jer. : 20 m. S. S. \V. Trenton. MOUNT LEBANON, p. o., Claiborne par., La. : about 5 m. E. of Bayou Dorcheat, 187 m. N. W. by K Baton Eouge. MOUNT LEBANON, p. o., Spartanburg dist., S. Car. : 87 m. N. W. by N. Columbia. MOUNT LEVEL, p. o., Dinwiddie county, Virg. : near the South Side E. E., 23 m. S. S. W. Eichmond. MOUNT LIBERTY, p. o., Marion co., III.: 95 m. S. S. E. Springfield . MOUNT LIBERTY, p. v., Knox co., Ohio : 31 m. 1ST. E. by N. Columbus. MOUNT LINCOLN, Hampshire co., Mass. : lies in the N. part of Pelham, and is 1,24S feet above the ocean level. MOUNT MADISON, Coos co., JV. Ilamp. : a peak of the White Mountains, 5,620 feet high above the ocean level. 516 MOUNT MARCY, Essex co., Jf. T. : lies in the S. part of Keene, and is the highest of the Adirondack group, being 5,467 feet above the ocean level. la the same t. are other peaks almost as high. MOUNT M lNTiRE, Essex county, N. Y. : a peak of the Adirondack group in Keene, has an elevation of 5,183 feet above the ocean. MOUNT M LAUGHLIN, Oreg. Ter. : a peak of the Cascade Eange, in lat. 43 36 , long. 121 50 . MOUNT M MARTIN, Essex county, N. Y. : a peak of the Adirondack group in Keene, is about 5,000 feet above tide water. MOUNT MEIGS, p. o., Montgomery co., Ala. : about 4 m. S. of Tallapoosa r., 13 m. E. Montgomery. MOUNT MERIDIAN, p. v., Putnam co., Ind. : on Deep cr., 34 m.W. by S. Indianapolis. A plank-road connects it with the New Albany and Salem E. E. MOUNT MERIDIAN, p. o., Augusta co., Virg. : on the base of the Blue Eidge, 84 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. MOUNT METAWAMPE, Hampshire co., Mass. : lies on the E. side of Connecticut r., opposite Sugar-loaf Mountain, and between Sunderland and Leverett. It is about 1,100 feet high, and wooded to the summit, which commands a more extensive but less beautiful view than Holyoke. At its base are " Sunderland Cave," and the " Eoaring Brook." MOUNT MONROE, Coos co., N. Hamp. : a peak of the White Mountains, 5,510 feet above tide-water. MOUNT MORIAH, p. o., Hempstead co., Ark. : on a S. afflu ent of Little Missouri r., 95 m. S. W. Little Eock. MOUNT MORIAH, p. o., Mecklenburg co., N. Car. : 117 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. MOUNT MORIAH, p. o., Brown county, Ind. : 42 m. S. Indianapolis. MOUNT MORNE, p. o., Pike county, Ga. : 74 miles W. Milledgeville. MOUNT MORRIS, Essex county, N. Y. : a peak of the Adirondack group, 4,576 feet above the ocean level. MOUNT MORRIS, p. v., Ogle co., III. : on Pine cr. of Eock river, 159 m. N. Springfield. It contains a flourishing sem inary, several manufactories of farming and mechanical im plements, and 600 inhabitants. The " M. M. Gazette" (whig) is published weekly. MOUNT MORRIS, t. and p. v., Livingston co., N. Y. ; 218m. W. Albany. Drained by Genesee r. and its branch, Casha- qua cr., which supply abundant water-power. Surface va ried : portions are high table land ; soil clayey loam, and very productive of wheat. It is a superior farming t., with extensive and valuable manufactories of flour, woolen goods, leather, iron castings, etc. The village, half a mile E. of the Genesee, has excellent water-power obtained from the r. by a dam and raceway, and a favorable location for trade, lying on the Genesee Valley Canal, 37 m. S. of Eochester. It con tains an academy, several flouring and other mills, a fur nace, 30 stores, and 1,500 inhabitants. Population of t. 4,531. MOUNT MORRIS, p. v., Greene co., Penn. : on Dunkard s cr. of the Monongahela, 168 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. It lies on the Virginia line, and contains several mills. MOUNT MOURNE, p. o., Iredell county, N. Car. : 115 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. MOUNT NEBO, p. o., Lancaster co., Penn. ; 46 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. MOUNT NEBO, p. o., Yadkin co., N. Car. ; 129 m.W. N.W. Ealeigh. MOUNT NILES, p. o., St. Clair co., Ala. ; on Canoe cr. of Coosa r., 95 m. N. Montgomery. MOUNT NORWOTTUCK, Hampshire co., Mass. : on E. peak of the Holyoke range, 4 m. from the Connecticut, separating Amherst and Granby ; is, next to Mount Holy oke, the highest of the chain, having an elevation of 800 feet, and commands a fine view N. and S. MOUNT OLIVE, p. o., Coosa county, Ala. : 39 m. N. by E. Montgomery. MOU MOU MOUNT OLIVE, p. o., Macoupin co., Itt. : 46 m. S. S. W. Springfield. MOUNT OLIVE, p. o., Elkhart co., Ind. : 122 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. MOUNT OLIVE, p. o., Clermont co., Ohio: 79 m. S. W. Columbus. MOUNT OLIVE, p. o., St. Mary s county, Md. : 46 m. S. Annapolis. MOUNT OLIVE, p. o., Izard co., Ark. : on the left bank of White r., 83 m. N. by E. Little Eock. MOUNT OLIVET, p. o., Bracken co., Ky. : 62 m. N. E. Frankfort. MOUNT PALATINE, p. o., Putnam co., III. : 93 m. N. by E. Springfield. MOUNT PARTHENON, p. o., Newton county, Ark. : 97 m. N. W. by N. Little Pvock. MOUNT PELIA, p. o., Weakley county, Tenn. : 117 m. W. by N. Nashville. MOUNT PERRY, p. o., Perry county, Oldo : 46 m. E. S. E. Columbus. MOUNT PETREA, p. o., De Witt co., Teoc. : 82 m. S. by E. Austin City. MOUNT PINSON, p. o., Jefferson co., Ala. : 88. m. N. by W. Montgomery. MOUNT PINSON, p. o., Jackson co., Ark. : 85 m. N. E. by N. Little Rock. MOUNT PINSON, p. o., Madison co., Tenn. : 124 m. W. by S. Nashville. MOUNT PISOAH, p. o., Alexander county, JV. Car. : 129 m. W. by N. Raleigh. MOUNT PISGAH, p. o., La Grange co., Ind. : 132 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. MOUNT PISGAH, p. o., Clermont co., Ohio : *86 m. S. W. Columbus. MOUNT PITT, Oregon Ter. : a peak of the Cascade or Coast Range, on the W. side of Klamath lake, in lat. 42 23 , long. 122 17 . MOUNT PLEASANT, t. and p. o., Greene co., Wise. : 24 m.. S. by W. Madison. Drained by a W. branch of Sugar r., on which are good mill-seats. Surface mostly even, and soil productive of corn and grass. Lead is found. Pop. 579. MOUNT PLEASANT, p. o., Monroe co., Ala. : about 4 m. E. of Alabama r., 104 m. S. W. Montgomery. MOUNT PLEASANT, p. o., Carroll co., Ark. : 103 m. N. N. W. Little Rock. MOUNT PLEASANT, p. o., Union co., HI. : 167 m. S. by E. Springfield. MOUNT PLEASANT, p. v., Martin co., Ind. : on the W. side of the E. fork of White r., 84 m. S. S. W. Indianapolis. It was the former cap. of the co., and contains several stores, and 350 inhabitants. MOUNT PLEASANT, p. v., and cap. Henry co., la. : about 2 m. E. of Big cr., 61 m. S. Iowa City. It lies on elevated ground, and contains a court-house and jail, an academy, and numerous stores. A heavy business is done here in the products of a large and fertile district. Two papers, the " Iowa Observer" (whig), and the " True Democrat," are published weekly. MOUNT PLEASANT, p. v., and cap. Titus co., Tex. : about midway between White Oak and Big Cypress bayous, 272 m. N. E. Austin City. It is a thriving settlement, containing county buildings and several stores. MOUNT PLEASANT, p. o., Frederick co., Md. : 53 m. N. W. Annapolis. MOUNT PLEASANT, p. v., Oakland county, Mich. : 44 m. E. by N. Lansing. MOUNT PLEASANT, p. o., Talbot co., Get. : 86 m. W. by S. Milledgeville. MOUNT PLEASANT, p. o., Lawrence co., Mo. : on the W. base of the Ozark Mountains, 149 m. S. W. Jefferson City. MOUNT PLEASANT, p. v., Hunterdon co., N. Jer. : 8 m. E. of Delaware r., 28 m. N. W. by N. Trenton. MOUNT PLEASANT, p. o., Saratoga co., N. Y. MOUNT PLEASANT, t and p. v., Jefferson co., Ohio : 115 m. E. by N. Columbus. Drained by Short cr., which supplies fine water-power. Surface uneven; soil fertile. A good grazing t, which manufactures flour, leather, woolens, agri cultural implements, etc., to a large amount. The v. con tains a bank, an academy, a dozen stores, and 800 inhabitants. Pop. of t, 1,843. MOUNT PLEASANT, p. o., Cabarras co., N. Car. : on Dutch Buffalo cr. of Rocky r., 93 m. W. by S. Raleigh. MOUNT PLEASANT, t. and p. v., Westmoreland co., Perm . 139 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. Drained by Jacob s cr. Sur face moderately uneven ; soil a fertile gravelly loam. A superior farming and grazing t. The v. contains a flouring mill, tannery, several stores, and 700 inhabitants. MOUNT PLEASANT, p. o., Maury co., Tenn. : about 2 m. E. Duck r., 45 m. S. S. W. Nashville. MOUNT PLEASANT, p. o., Spottsylvania co., Virg. : 41 m. N. N. W. Richmond. MOUNT PLEASANT, t. and p. o., Racine co., Wise. : about 6 m. W T . of Lake Michigan, 83 m. E. S. E. Madison. Sur face rolling ; soil prairie, of great fertility. Grain and dairy products are the staples. Pop. 1,078. MOUNT PLEASANT p. o., Caldwell par., La. : 134 m. N. N. W. Baton Rouge. MOUNT PLEASANT MILLS, p. o., Union co, Penn. : on a branch of W. Mahantango cr., 33 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. MOUNT POLK, p. o., Benton co., Ala. : on an E. branch of Coosa r., 99 m. N. by E. Montgomery. MOUNT PROSPECT, p. v., Crawford county, Ind. : 96 m. S. by W. Indianapolis. MOUNT PROSPECT, p. o., Whitesides co., III.: 142 m. N. by W. Springfield. MOUNT PROSPECT, p. o., Obion county, Tenn. : 127 m. W. by N. Nashville. MOUNT PULASKI, p. o., Sangamon co., HI. : 23 m. E. by N. Springfield. MOUNT RAINIER, Oreg. Ter. : a peak of the Cascade Range, 10,231 feet high, in lat. 46 47 , long. 121 33 . MOUNT ROCK, p. o., Cumberland county, Penn. : 17 m. W. S. W. Harrisburg. MOUNT ROSE. p. v., Mercer co., N. Jer. : 10 m. N. by E. Trenton. MOUNT ST. HELENS, Oreg. Ter. : a peak of the Cascade Range, 12,000 feet high, on the N. side of Columbia r., in lat, 46 13 . MOUNT ST. JOSEPH S, Shat6 co., Calif. : a peak of the Sierra Nevada, near the E. line of the State, in lat. 41 06 . MOUNT SALEM, p. o., Kanawha county, Virg. : 218 m. W. N. W. Richmond. MOUNT SALEM, p. o., Sussex county, N. Jer. : 57 m. N. Trenton. MOUNT SAVAGE, p. v., Alleghany co., Md. : on Jennings Run, 133 m. W. N. W. Annapolis. The Mount Savage Iron Works are located here, and a branch of the Baltimore and Ohio R. R., 10 m. long, diverges from Cumberland to this place. It is one of the best mining regions of the Union. MOUNT SAVAGE, p. o., Carter county, Ey. : 107 m. E. Frankfort MOUNT SERENE, p. o., Barbour co., Ala. : 66 m. E. S. E. Montgomery. MOUNT SEWARD, Franklin co., JV. T. : a branch of the Adirondack group, with an elevation of 4,000 feet above the ocean. MOUNT SHASTE, Shast6 co., Calif. : a peak of the Coast Range, 14,390 feet high, in lat. 41 34 , long. 121 43 . MOUNT SIDNEY, p. v., Augusta co., Virg. : 98 m. W. N. W. Richmond. It is about 4 m. N. of Middle r., and contains an academy, several stores, and 300 inhabitants. MOUNT SINAI, p. o., Suffolk co., K Y. : on the N. shore of Long Island, 124 m. S. S. E. Albany. MOUNT SOLON, p. o., Augusta co., Virg. : 112 m. W. N. W. Richmond. 51T MOU MOU MOUNT STERLING, p. o., Choctaw co., Ala. : on a W. branc of Tombigbee r.. 127 m. W. S. W. Montgomery. MOUNT STEELING, p. o., Crawford co., Wise. : on Coppe creek, about 8 k m. E. of the Mississippi, 83 m. "W. by E Madison. MOUNT STERLING, p. v., and cap. Brown co., III. : 59 n W. by N. Springfield. It contains a court-house and jail, a academy, several stores, and 500 inhabitants. MOUNT STERLING, p. v., Switzerland co., Ind. : about 1 m E. of Indian cr., and 4 m. N. of the Ohio, 87 m. S. E Indianapolis. MOUNT STERLING, p. v., and cap. Montgomery co., Ey. 52 m. E. by S. Frankfort. It has a large trade in live-stocl and hemp, and the products of a rich grain region, an contains a court-house, and jail, an academy, a dozen stores, and 700 inhabitants. The " Kentucky Whig" is pub lished weekly. MOUNT STERLING, p. o., Gasconade co., Mo. : on the E side of Gasconade r., 82 m. E. by S. Jefferson City. MOUNT STERLING, p. v., Madison co., Ohio: on Deer cr. 21 m. S. S. W. Columbus. Pop. 117. MOUNT SUJINER, p. o., Jo Daviess co., 111. : 189 m. N Springfield. MOUNT SURPRISE, p. o., Luzerne co., Penn. : 67 m. N. E Harrisburg. MOUNT SYLVAN, p. o., Lafayette county, Miss. : 13S m N. by E. Jackson. MOUNT SYLVANIA, p. o., "Washington co., Oreg. Ter. , about 53 m. N. by E. Salem. MOUNT TABOR, p. v., Monroe co., Ind. : on Bean Blos som cr., about 2 m. E. of the New Albany and Salem E. K. 39 m. S. W. by S. Indianapolis. MOUNT TABOR, p. o., Union dist., S. Car. : about 3 m. W of Broad r., 57 m. N. N. W. Columbia. MOUNT TIRZAH, p. o., Person co., N. Car. : about 3 m E. of Flat r., a head stream of the Neuse, 41 m. N. N. W. Ealeigh. MOUNT TOM, Hampshire co., Mass. : lies on the W. bank of Connecticut r., opposite Mount Holyoke, and is 1,214 feet high. It belongs to a range, which E. of the river takes the name of Holyoke, and extends S. to near New Haven. MOUNT ULLAH, p. o., Eowan county, N. Car. : 104 m. W. Ealeigh. MOUNT UNION, p. v., Stark co., Ohio : 113 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. It is about 3 m. W. of the Cleveland and Pitts- burg E. E., and 1 m. S. of the Ohio and Pennsylvania Eailroad. MOUNT UNION, p. o. and sta., Huntingdon co., Penn. : on the Juniata, 57 m. "VV. by N. Harrisburg. The station is 11 m. E. of Huntingdon, on the E. division of the Pennsyl vania E. E. MOUNT UPTON, p. v., Chenango co., 2f. Y. : on the "W". side of Unadilla r., 89 m. "W. by S. Albany. It contains several stores and mills, and 400 inhabitants. MOUNT VERNON, p. v., Mobile co., Ala. : about 4 m. "W. of Mobile r., 134 m. S. W. Montgomery. It contains a U. S. arsenal, several stores, and about 400 inhabitants. MOUNT YERNON, p. v., and cap. St Francis co., Ark. : about 5 m. W. of St. Francis r., S3 m. E. by N. Little Eock. It contains a court-house and jail, several stores, and a pop ulation of 300. MOUNT VERNON, p. v., and cap. Jefferson co., 111. : on a branch of Big Muddy r. and the E. side of Casey s Prairie, 109 m. S. S. E. Springfield. It contains a court-house and jail, several stores, and 300 inhabitants. MOUNT YERNON, p. v., and cap. Posey co., Ind. : on the Ohio r., 16 m. above the mouth of the Wabash, 153 m. S. "W. by S. Indianapolis. It is built on a high bank, and contains a court-house, jail, academy, numerous stores and warehouses, several flouring-mills, and 1,200 inhabitants. It commands a large trade with the interior and on the river. The " South-western Advocate," neutral in politics, is published weekly. 018 MOUNT YERNON, t. and p. o., Kennebec co., Me. : 15 m. N. W. Augusta. It contains several large ponds, from which it is well supplied with water-power, and has a very fertile soil. A superior farming t., and well timbered. Pop. 1,479. MOUNT YERNON, p. v., and cap. Eock Castle co., Ky. : 64 m. S. S. E. Frankfort. It contains a court-house, jail, several stores, and a population of 250. The Knoxville and Lexington E. E. will pass through it. MOUNT VERNON, p. v., and cap. Montgomery co., Ga. : on the E. side of Oconee r., 76 m. S. S. E. Milledgeville. MOUNT YERNON, p. o., Macornb county, Mich. : 82 m. E. Lansing. MOUNT YERNON, p. o., Wabashaw co., Minn. Ter. MOUNT YERNON, p. o., Lawrence co., Mo. : 132 m. S. W. Jefferson City. MOUNT YERNON, t. and p. o., Hillsboro co., 2f. Hamp. : 24 m. S. S. W. Concord. Drained by branches of Souhegan r., which afford good mill-sites. Surface elevated and un even; soil adapted to grazing, which is the principal busi ness. The v. lies on high ground, and contains an academy and several stores. Pop. of t. 722. MOUNT YEBNON, p. o., Westchester co., 2f. Y. : 109 m. S. Albany. MOUNT YERNON, p. o., Eowan co., W. Car. : 97 m. W. Ealeigh. MOUNT YERNON, p. v., and cap. Knox co., Ohio: on Yer- non r., 37 m. N. E. Columbus. The river supplies water- power, and the trade of a rich agricultural district centres here, giving it importance as a manufacturing and com mercial place, which is much increased by its railroad com munication. The Sandusky, Mansfield, and Newark E. E. passes through it, 24 m. N. of Newark and 36 m. S. of Mansfield, and will be intersected here by the Springfield, Mount Yernon, and Pittsburg E. E., which will bring it near markets for its produce and manufactures in all direc tions. It contains an elegant court-house, a jail, an acad- my, a bank, several flouring-mills, foundries, manufactories of railroad equipments, etc. Three newspapers are pub- ished weekly, the "Democratic Banner," "M. Y. Free Whig," and " Ohio Times" (free soil). Pop. 3,710. MOUNT VERNON, p. o., Linn co., la. : N. Iowa City. MOUNT VERNON, p. o., Chester co., Penn. : 58 m. E. S. E. Elarrisburg. MOUNT VERNON, p. v., Providence co., R. I. : on a small jranch of Moosup r., 17 m. W. by S. Providence. MOUNT VERNON, p. o., Monroe co., Tenn. ; 143 m. E. S. E. Nashville. MOUNT YERNON, Fairfax co., Virg. : on the W. side of he Potomac, 6 m. below Alexandria, was the residence of George Washington. Here he died, and here, on an emi nence commanding a wide view of the noble river, his re- i mains repose. MOUNT VIEW, p. o., Davidson co., Tenn. MOUNT VIEW, p. o., Benton co., Mo. : 68 m. W. S. W. efferson City. MOUNTVILLE, p. v. and sta., Lancaster co., Penn. : 8 m. W. of Lancaster, on the Columbia and Philadelphia E. E., S m. S. E. by E. Harrisbnrg. MOUNTVILLE, p. v., Troup county, Ga. : 109 miles W. lilledgeville. MOUNTVILLE, p. o., Laurens district, 8. Car.: 53 m. 1. W. by W. Columbia. MOUNTVILLE, p. o., Loudon county, Virg.: 89 m. N. lichmond. MOUNT YINCO, p. o., Buckingham co., Virg. : 64 m. W. lichmond. MOUNT VISION, p. v., Otsego co., N. Y. : on Otsego cr. of usquehanna r., 70 m. W. Albany. It contains a woolen actory and several mills. MOUNT WARREN, p. o., Weakley county, Tenn. : 112 m. r . by N. Nashville. MOUNT WASHINGTON, p. o., Morgan county, Ind. : 27 m. W. Indianapolis. MOU MUL MOUNT WASHINGTON, p. o., Bullitt co., Ky. : about 4 m. S$. of Salt r., 88 ra. W. S. W. Frankfort. MOUNT WASHINGTON, Coos co., 2f. ffainp. : is the highest peak of the White Mountains, being 6,428 feet above the ocean level. Its top, always covered with snow, is visible to mariners when more than 50 m. from shore, or about 125 m. distant MOUNT WASHINGTON, p. o., Steuben co., Jf. T. : 182 m. W. by S. Albany. MOUNT WASHINGTON, t. and p. o., Berkshire co., Mass. : in the S. W. corner of the State, 126 m. W. by S. Boston. Drained by affluents of Salmon cr., which furnish many mill-seats. Surface mountainous. The Taghkonnic range crosses the t., and one of its peaks is 3,150 feet high. Wool- growing is the leading interest Timber is abundant, and iron ore is found. Pop. 351. MOUNT WASHINGTON, p. o., Hamilton co., Ohio: 98 m. 8. W. by W. Columbus. MOUNT WELCOME, p. o., Clay county, Ky. : 95 m. S. E. Frankfort. MOUNT WILLING, p. o., Lowndes co., Ala. : 32 m. S. W. Montgomery. MOUNT WILLING, p. o., East Feliciana par., La. : 19 m. N. Baton Kouge. It is about 10 miles N. E. of Port Hudson, and on the line of the Clinton and Port Hudson Bailroad. MOUNT WILLING, p. o., Orange co., N. Car. : about 6 m. E. of Haw r., 43 m. W. N. W. Ealeigh. MOUNT WILLING, p. o., Edgefleld dist, S. Car. : 36 m. W. Columbia. MOUNT WOLF, p. o., York county, Penn. : 18 m. S. Harrisburg. MOUNT YONAH, p. o., Habersham co., Ga. : on Chestatee river, 118 m. N. by W. Milledgeville. MOUNT ZION, p. o., Tallapoosa county, Ala. : 37 m. N. E. Montgomery. MOUNT ZION, p. v., Hancock county, Ga. : 25 m. N. E. Milledgeville. Here are an academy and several stores. MOUNT ZION, p. o., Lebanon co., Penn. : 23 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. MOUNT ZION, p. o., Spartanburg district, S. Car. : 84 m. N. W. by N. Columbia. MOUNT ZION, p. o., Campbell co., Virg. : 96 m. W. by S. Eichmond. MOUNT ZION, p. o., Simpson co., Miss. : 33 m. S. S. E. Jackson. MOUSB CREEK, sta., M Minn county, Tenn. : 21 m. S. of Loudon, on the East Tennessee and Georgia E. E. MOUTH OF HIWASSEE, p. o., Meigs co., Tenn. : near the confluence of Hiwassee and Tennessee rivers, 109 m. E. S. E. Nashville. MOUTH OF INDIAN, p. o., Monroe co., Virg. : on the E. side of New r., 183 m. W. Richmond. Moum OF LITTLE EIVER, p. o., Blount co., Tenn. : on Tennessee r., 156 m. E. by S. Nashville. MOUTH OF POCA, p. o., Putnam co., Virg. : on the Great Kanawha, 246 m. W. by N. Eichmond. MOUTH OF SANDT, p. o., Henry co., Tenn. : at the entrance of Big Sandy river into the Tennessee, 73 m. Wi-by N. Nashville. MOUTH OF SENECA, p. o., Pendleton co.,Virg.: 106 m. N. W. by W. Eichmond. MOUTH OF WILSON, p. o., Grayson co., Virg. : on the W. side of New r., 221 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. MOUTH OF YELLOW CREEK, p. v., Jefferson co., Ohio: on the Ohio r. and the Cleveland and Pittsburg E. E., 8 m, S. of Wellsville, 124 m. E. N. E. Columbus. MAURYSTOWN, p. v., Highland co., Ohio: on White Oak cr., 69 m. S. S. W. Columbus. MUCHINIPPE, p. o., Logan county, Ohio: 46 m. N. "W. Columbus. MUCKALUSHT, p. o., Neshoba county, Miss. : 71 m. N. E. Jackaou. MUD BRIDGE, p. o., Cabell co., Virg. : on an E. branch of Guyandotte r., 249 m. W. by N. Eichmond. MUD CREEK, p. o., St. Clair co., HI. : on a branch of the Kaskaskia so called, 106 m. S. Springfield. MUD CREEK, p. o., Eaton county, Mich. : 26 miles W Lansing. MUD CREEK, p. o., M Nairy co., Tenn. : on an affluent of the Tennessee so called, 106 m. S. W. by W. Nashville. MUD CREEK, p. o., Henderson co., N. Car. : on an E. branch of French Broad r., so named, 219 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. MUDDY CREEK, p. o., Preston co., Virg. : 192 m. N. W. Eichmond. MUDDY CREEK, p. o., Forsyth co., ^7". Car. : on an E. branch of the Yadkin, 98 m. W. by N. Ealeigh. MUDDY CREEK FORKS, p. o., York co., Penn. : 37 m. S. E. Harrisburg. MUDDY FORK. p. o., Cleveland co., 2f. Car : on a fork of Buffalo cr., 148 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. MUDDY LANE, p. o., M Donough co., HI. : 82 m. N. W. Springfield. MUD LICK, p. o., Chatham co., 2f. Car. : 46 m. W. by N. Ealeigh. MUD SPP.ING, p. o., El Dorado co., Calif. : 103 m. E. N. E. Vallejo. MUD SPRING, p. o., Deuton co., Tex. : 206 m. N. by E. Austin City. MUHLENBURG county, Ky. Situate W. centrally, and con tains 568 sq. m. Green r. forms its N. E. and Pond r. its W. boundary, and it is drained by Cypress, Clifty, Big Muddy, and other creeks of Green r. Surface varied, and soil of good quality in most parts. Corn and wheat are the staples, and tobacco thriving in the best land. Eaising cat tle and sheep, and fattening pork are objects of much atten tion, and furnish valuable exports, especially of the last. The county possesses good water-power, and manufactures iron castings, flour, and leather. Farms 921 ; manuf. 16 ; dwell. 1,451, and pop. wh. 8,250, fr. col. 37, si. 1,522 total 9,809. Capital: Greenville. MUHLENBURG, p. o., Luzerne co., Penn. : 84 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. MUKKU, p. o., Washington co., Wise. : 69 m. E. by N. Madison. MUKWA, p. v., and cap. Waupaca co., Wise. : on Wolf r., near the confluence of Waupaca r., 92 m. N. by E. Madison. It is a well located and growing v. in a newly- organized county. MUKWANAGO, t. and p. o., Waukesha co., Wise: 56 m. E. by S. Madison. Drained by affluents of Fox r. Surface level, and soil adapted to grain. The Milwaukie and Mississippi E. E. passes through the N. W. corner. Popu lation 1,094. MULBERRY, p. o., Autauga co., Ala. : 28 m. W. by N. Montgomery. MULBERRY, p. o., Jackson co., Ga.: 79 m. N. N. W. Milledgeville. MULBERRY, p. o., Wilkea co., Jf. Car. : 139 m. W. N. W. Ealeigh. MULBERRY, p. v., Clermont co., Ohio : 84 m. S. W. by W. Columbus. MULBERRY, p. o., Lincoln co., Tenn. : on a branch of Elk r., 63 m. S. by E. Nashville. MULBERRY, river, Ala. : a large W. branch of the Black Warrior, rises in the N. part of Blount county, flows nearly parallel to the main stream in a S. W. course for 85 miles, and empties into it on the W. line of Jefferson county. It crosses a region rich in deposits of coal. MULBERRY CORNERS, p. v., Geauga co., Ohio : 138 m. N. E. Columbus. MULBERRY GAP, p. o., Hancock co., Tenn. : about 8 m. S. of Powell s r., 199 m. E. by N. Nashville. MULBERRY GROVE, p. o., Harris co., Ga. : about 6 m. E of Chattahoochee r., Ill m. W. by S. MilledgeviUe. 519 MUL MUR MULBERKY GROVE, p. o., Bond co., III. : about 3 m. W. o* Hurricane cr., 62 m. S. S. E. Springfield. MULBERRY GROVE, p. o., Hopkins county, Ky. : 163 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. MULL GROVE, p. o., Lincoln county, N, Car.: 152 m. W by S. Ealeigh. MULLICAS (or LITTLE EGG HARBOR) river, N. Jer. : rises among the heads of Eancocus cr., and flows S. E. between Burlington and Atlantic counties, into Great Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. Vessels of 60 tons can ascend it 20 miles. MULLICO HILL, p. v., Gloucester county, N. Jer.: on Kaccoon cr., 41 m. S. W. Trenton. It contains several stores, and about 500 inhabitants. MULLINGAR, p. o., Warren co., Perm. : 158 m. N. W. by "W. Harrisburg. MULLOY S, p. o., Eobertson co., Tenn. : 26 m. N. by "W. Nashville. MULTONOMAH island, Oreg. Ter. : lies in Columbia r., and extends 15 m. down the r., from the mouth of the Willamette, varying in width from 1 to 2 miles. MUMFORD, p. v., Monroe co., IT. Y. : 212 m. W. by N. Albany. It contains several stores and mills, and 800 inhabitants. MUNCIETOWN, p. v., and cap. Delaware co., Ind. : on the S. side of White r., 48 m. N. E. by E. Indianapolis. It is regularly built on elevated ground, and has a heavy trade in the products of a rich grain region. It contains a court house and jail, an academy, 20 stores, and 1,000 inhabitants. Two newspapers, the " Whig Banner" and " Muncietonian," are published weekly. It is on the Indianapolis and Belle- fontaine R. R., 18 m. E. of Andersontown, and will be intersected by the Fort Wayne and Southern E, E. MUNCY, p. b., Lycoming co., Penn. : about 1 m. E. of the Susquehanna, and S. of Muncy cr., 64 m. N. Harrisburg. It is largely engaged in the lumber trade, and contains a dozen stores, and 910 inhabitants. The W. branch division of the Pennsylvania Canal passes it 24 m. N. of Northum berland. The " M. Luminary" (whig) is issued here weekly. The t. is Muncy Creek, and has a hilly surface and clayey soil ; drained by Big and Little Muncy creeks. It is well timbered, and contains several woolen factories. MUNDY, t. and p. o., Genesee co., Mich. : 45 m. E. by N. Lansing. Drained by Swartz s cr. and other S. affluents of Flint r., which supply good water-power. Surface rolling ; Boil sandy loam, in parts covered with pine. Pop. 786. MUNFORDSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Hart co., Ky. : on the N. side of Green r., T9 m. S. W. Frankfort. It has a valuable trade in corn and tobacco, and contains a court-house and jail, several stores, and 350 inhabitants. MONGER S MILLS, p. o., Shannon co., Mo. : 98 m. S. E. by S. Jefferson City. MUNGO PAEK, p. o., Washington co., Penn. : 184 m. W. Harrisburg. MUNNSVILLE, p. v., Madison co., N. Y. : on Oneida cr., 98 m. W. by N. Albany. It contains a flouring mill, several stores, and 400 inhabitants. MUNNTOWN, p. v., Washington co., Penn. : 168 m. W. Harrisburg. MUNNVILLE, p. v., Coshocton co., Ohio : 63 m. E. N. E. Columbus. MUXSONVILLE, Putnam county, Flor. : 168 m. E. S. E. Tallahassee. MUNSONVILLE, p. v., Cheshire county, JV. Hamp. : 83 m. W. S. W. Concord. MURAT, p. o., Pauldmg co., Ohio: 118 m. N. W. by W. Columbus. MURDOCKSVILLE, p. v., Washington co., Penn. : 176 m. W. Harrisburg. MURFEE S DEP&T, p. o., Southampton co., Virg. : 52 m. 8. S. E. Richmond. MURFREESBOKO , p. v., Pike co., Ark. : on the E. side of Hickory cr. of Little Missouri r., 97 m. S. W. by W. Little Eock. MURFREESBORO , p. v., Hertford co., N. Car. : on the 8. side of Meherrin r., 93 m. E. N. E. Ealeigh. It contains an academy and several stores, and has a large trade in lumber. MURFREESBORO , p. b., and cap. Rutherford co., Tenn. : on a branch of Stone r., 28 m, S. E. Nashville. It is well laid out on an eminence overlooking a very fertile region of corn and tobacco land, and is neatly built, mostly with brick. It was formerly the capital of the State ; and has a heavy trade in the products of a large and highly cultivated district. It contains a court-house, jail, bank, an academy, college, many large stores and warehouses, and about 2,000 inhab itants. Union College was founded here, in 1S4S, and in 1S50 had 5 instructors, 6 alumni, 100 students, and 2,000 volumes in its library. The "E. Telegraph" (whig), and " Circle of Honor" (temp.), are published weekly. It is on the Nashville and Chattanooga E. E., 32 m. from Nashville. MURPHEY, p. v., and cap. Cherokee co., N. Car. : at the confluence of Valley and Hiwassee rivers, 313 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. It lies in a valley, with a superior farming district around it, and several thriving manufactories in the vicinity. It contains a court-house and jail, an academy, and 400 inhabitants. The " Cherokee Sentinel" is published weekly. MURPHREE S VALLEY, p. o., Blount co., Ala. : 107 m. N. Montgomery. MURPHY S, p. o., Calaveras co., Calif. : on Stanislaus r., 94 m. E. by S. Vallejo. MURPIIYSBOROUGH, p. v., and cap. Jackson co., III. : on the right bank of Big Muddy r., 143 m. S. by E. Spring field. It has a valuable trade, and ships large quantities of grain down the r. It contains a court-house and jail, several stores and warehouses, and 500 inhabitants. MURPHYSVILLE, p. v., Mason co., Ky. : on an E. branch of Licking r., 67 m. E. N. E. Frankfort. MURRAY county, Ga. Situate N. W., and contains 586 sq. m. Drained by Coosawatte and Connasauga rivers, head waters of the Coosa. Surface much broken by ranges of hills and mountain spurs, but finely diversified with valleys of good size and great fertility. Corn is the largest product ; wheat of excellent quality and some cotton are grown. Superior grazing abounds, fine dairies are kept, and wool is sheared largely. The streams furnish many mill-seats, which are fast being occupied with flourishing manufactories. Iron ore is found, and valuable mineral springs. Farms 1,034; manuf. 25; dwell. 2,047, and pop. wh. 12,492, fr. col. 11, si. 1,930 total, 14,433. Capital: Spring Place. Public Works : East Tennessee and Georgia E. E., and Western and Atlantic E. E. MURRAY, p. o., Wells co., Ind. : 78 m. N. E. Indianapolis. MURRAY, p. v., Callaway co., Ky.: on the E. side of Clark s r., 213 m. S. W. by W. Frankfort It was for a time the capital of the county, and contains several stores, and 200 inhabitants. MURRAY, t. and p. o., Orleans co., N. T.: 10 m. S. of Lake Ontario, 228 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Sandy and Little Salmon creeks flowing into the lake, which furnish good mill-seats. Surface nearly level ; soil fertile. It is a fine grazing t., with several thriving manufacturing villages in it The Eochester, Lockport, and Niagara Falls E. E. and Erie Canal pass through it. Murray sta. is 25 m. W. of Eochester. Pop. 2,520. MURRAY S FERRY, p. o.,Williamsburg disk, Car. : 66m. E. S. E. Columbia. MURRAYSVILLE, p. v., Jackson co., Virg. : on the Ohio r., 258 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. It occupies a narrow tongue, with the r. on the N. and S., and is engaged in boat-building. MURRILL S SHOP, p. o., Nelson co., Virg. : 74 m. W. by N. Eichmond. MURRINSVILLE, p. v., Butler co., Penn. : 168 m. W.N. W. Harrisburg. MURRYSVILLE, p. v., Westmoreland co., Penn. : on an E. branch of the Monongahela, 144 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. It contains several stores and a woolen factory. MUS NAG MUSCATIXE county, la. Situate S. E., and contains 441 eq. m. Bounded S. E. by the Mississippi, and drained by Cedar r. and its branches. Surface rolling; soil very fertile. Corn, wheat, oats, and potatoes, are excellent crops. It is a very fine farming county, and almost as good for grazing. The streams afford abundant water-power, and the location is very favorable for commerce, making it the thoroughfare of the immigration and transportation of a large back country. Farms 460 ; manuf. 19 ; dwell. 999, and pop. wh. 5,663, fr. col. 68 total 5,731. Capital : Muscatine. MCSCATINE (formerly BLOOMINGTON), p. v., and cap. Mus catine co., la. : on the Mississippi, 32 miles below Daven port, 31 m. 8. E. by E. Iowa City. It has an excellent steamboat landing, and is a large commercial place, being the shipping port of the rich district between Iowa City and the Mississippi, the trade of which it mostly commands. It has advantages for trade and commerce which must make it a place of great wealth and importance. It contains a court-house, jail, 2 academies, several handsome churches, numerous large stores and warehouses, and 2,534 inhabi tants. Two weekly papers are published the " Democratic Inquirer" and " M. Journal." MUSCODA, p. o., Grant co., Wise. : on the S. side of Wis consin r., 54 m. W. by N. Madison. MUSCOGEE county, Ga. Situate middle on W. line, and contains 376 sq. m. Drained by Upatoi cr. and smaller tributaries of the Chattahoochee, which forms the W. bound ary. Surface diversified ; soil exceedingly fertile on the large streams, and generally of good quality. Cotton is the Btaple. Corn is a fine crop, and good wheat is grown. Water-power in abundance is furnished by the falls of the Chattahoochee, and large manufactories of cotton and wool en goods are in successful operation on and near that river. The same stream, being navigable at all seasons, affords great facilities for the transportation of the products of a large and fertile region, which pass through this county. Farms 5S1 ; manuf. 30; dwell. 1,884, and pop. wh. 10,360, fr. col. 62, si. 8,156 total 18,576. Capital : Columbus. Public Works: Muscogee R. R. MUSH CREEK, p. o., Greenville dist, S. Car. : 98 m. N.W. Columbia. MUSHULAVILLE, p. o., Noxubee co., Miss.: 103 m. N. E. Jackson. MCSKEEGO, p. o., Milwaukie co., Wise. : 72 m. E. by S. Madison. MUSKEEGO CENTRE, p. o., Waukesha co., Wise. : 67 m. E. by S. Madison. MUSKKGON, t. and p. o., Ottawa county, Mich. : 85 m. W. N. W. Lansing. Drained by Muskegon r. and its branches. Surface even, and soil very productive and heav ily timbered with oak and pine. Marl is found in large quantities. Pop. 4S4. MUSKET, p. o., Navarro county, Tex. : 146 m. N. N. E. Austin City. MUSKINGUM county, Ohio. Situate S. E. centrally, and contains 809 sq. m. Drained by Muskingum r. and its branches, Licking r. and Wills and Salt creeks, which af ford almost unlimited water-power. Surface somewhat hilly ; soil of great fertility, equally adapted to grass and grain. Wheat and corn are the great staples, and the crops very large. Most of the grains thrive. Large dairies are kept, and great numbers of sheep and swine raised. Live stock, beef, wool, and pork are extensively exported. The county contains valuable salt springs, which formerly yield- "ed immense quantities of salt The product, though much less now, is still large. It has large beds of bituminous coal and quarric s of burr stone, much used for mill-stones, and a superior clay for pottery. Its manufactures are various and very large flour, stone and earthen-ware, salt, cotton and woolen goods, leather, distilled and malt liquors, iron cast ings, and machinery being the principal. Farms 2,6SO ; manuf. 358 ; dwell. 7,757, and pop. wh. 44.421, fr. col. 628 total 45,049. Capital : Zanesville. Public Works : Ohio 83 Canal ; Cleveland, Zanesville, and Cincinnati E. E. ; Cen tral Ohio E. E. ; Cincinnati, Wilmington, and Zanesvffie Eailroad, MUSKINGUM, t. and p. o., Muskingum co., Ohio : 49 m. E. by N. Columbus. Bounded E by Muskingum r., and drained by a branch of the Licking. Surface slightly un even; soil very fertile. It has numerous salt springs. Pop. 1,509. MUSKINGUM river, Ohio : formed by the union at Coshocton of Walhonding and Tuscarawas rivers, which rise in the S. part of the Connecticut Eeserve, flows about 120 m. in a S. E. course, and empties into the Ohio at Marietta. It is 225 yards wide at the mouth, and by means of locks, dams, and short canals is navigable 96 m. to Dresden. The Ohio Canal here connects with it by a side cut, and proceeds up the valley of the Tuscarawas, and the Walhonding Canal follows the other constitutent, diverging from the former at Eoscoe. The numerous falls of the river afford almost un limited water-power. MUSTANG, p. o., Lavaca county, Tex.: 76 m. S. S. E. Austin City. MUTUAL, p. o., Champaign co., Oldo : 46 m. W. by N. Columbus. MYATTE, p. o., Fulton co., Ark. : on a creek so called, a N. affluent of Spring r., 118 m. N. by E. Little Eock. MYERSBURG, p. v., Bradford co., Penn. : 98 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. MYERSTOWN, p. v., Lebanon co., Penn. : on Tulpehocken cr. and the Union Canal, 31 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. The " M. Gazette" (dem.) is published weekly. Pop. 400. MYERS VILLE, p. v., Frederick county, Md. : 67 m. N. W. Annapolis. MYERS MILLS, p. o., Vermillion co., HI. : on the N. fork of Big Vermillion r., 109 m. E. by N. Springfield. MYRICK S, sta., Bristol co., Mass. : on the Fall Elver E. R. and New Bedford and Taunton E. E. at their intersection, 12 m. from Fall Eiver and 14 m. from New Bedford. MYRTLE SPRINGS, p. o., Bowie co., Tex. : 291 m. N. E. Austin City. MYSTIC, p. v., New London county, Conn. : on Mystic r., 45 m. S. E. Hartford. MYSTIC BRIDGE, p. v., New London county, Conn.: on Mystic r., 2 m. above its mouth, 48 m. S. E. Hartford. The v. lies on both sides of the river, which is spanned by a toll bridge, and is navigable for vessels of 400 tons burden. Ship-building and the coasting and West India trade are the leading interests of the v., which contains 2 banks, an academy, and about 1,000 inhabitants. MYSTIC EIVEB, p. o., New London co., Conn. : 47 m. S. E. Hartford. N. NAAMAN S CREEK, p. o. and sta., New Castle co., Del. : on Naaman s cr. of Delaware r., and on the Philadelphia and Baltimore E. R., 20 m. S. W. Philadelphia. NAAUSAY, p. o., Kendall county, III. : 135 m. N. N. E. Springfield. NACOGDOOIES county, Tex. Situate toward the N. E., and contains 948 sq. m. Drained by branches of Attoyac r., which forms its western boundary, and by branches of An gelina r., which runs on the S. W. and W. Surface level, or gently undulating ; soil very fertile, particularly on the At toyac and Angelina rivers, where the land is rich and well adapted to the culture of cotton, corn, and fruits of different kinds. Grapes are abundant, and might, with cultivation, be rendered valuable. It is well wooded, and has some fine springs and streams of clear running water of excellent quality. It contains some minerals. Farms 287 ; manuf. S ; dwell. 631, and pop. wh. 3,758, fr. col. 31, si. 1,404 total 5,193. Capital: Nacogdoches. Public Works: Spanish Military Road. NAG NAN NACOGDOCHES, p. v., and cap. Nacogdoches co., Tea;. : is on an elevated angular plain, between and above the junc tion of the beautiful streams Bonitb, on the W., and La- nana, on the E., the main branches of Bayou Lanana, 210 m. N. E. by E. Austin City. This v. was one among the first settled by the Spanish in Texas, and grew to con siderable importance ; but under the wars with Mexico it suffered greatly. In 1532, the Mexican Centralist troops were expelled by the citizens and inhabitants of the neigh boring country. It is now rapidly progressing in prosperity. NACOOCHE, p. o., Habersham co., Ga. ; 118 m. N. by W. Milled geville. NAGLKSVILLE, p. v., Monroe county, Penn. : 96 m. N. E. Harrisburg. Coble s Gap E. E. passes through this village. NAHANT, peninsula and p. o., Essex co., Mass.: 9 m. N. E. Boston. This peninsula is part of the town of Lynn, from which it projects S. 4 m. into Massachusetts Bay, form ing on the E. side Nahant Bay, and on the W. side Lynn Harbor. It consists of four parts : Long Beach, Little Na hant, Bass Neck or Nahant Beach, and Great Nahant. Long Beach, which connects it with Lynn, is 1$ m. in length, smooth and very hard, affording a most delightful ride. Little Nahant contains 42 acres, of which a part is cultivated. Bass Neck connects this with the outer and main portion of the peninsula, called Great Nahant, or more generally, Nahant, which is 2 m. long, in parts If- m. wide, and contains 463 acres. The surface is uneven, being from 40 to 100 feet above the level of the sea. The shores mostly consist of precipitous rocks, with a great depth of water below. At times the roar of the ocean surge is sub lime. In fair weather the scenery is delightful. During the summer months it is greatly resorted to from Boston and vicinity, by steamboats hourly plying. A large hotel and other boarding-houses provide excellent accommodations. NAIIMYOO bay, Door co., Wise. : an inlet of Green Bay, W. from Sturgeon Bay. NAHUNTA, p. o. and sta., Wayne co., 2f. Car. : on "Wil mington and Weldon B. E., 10 m. N. Goldsboro , 42 m. E. S. E. Raleigh. NAIL FACTORY, p. o., Gaston county, W. Car. : 138 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. NAIKN, p. o., Scioto co., Ohio : 75 m. S. by E. Columbus. NAMAUTUN, p. o., Marquette co., Wise. : 55 m. N. by E. Madison. NAMASKET river, Bristol co., Mass. : unites with Bridge- water r. in Taunton. NAMEBIN lake, La Pointe co., Wise. : one of the sources of Bad r., 24 m. S. S. W. from its entrance into Lake Superior. NAMEKEGON river, La Pointe co., Wise. : rises in Nidjikwe lake, drains S. part of La Pointe county, and is a head branch of St. Croix river. NAMOZINE, p. o., Amelia co., Virg. : on Namozinc cr., 27 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. NANAFALIA, p. v., Marengo co., Ala. : on the E. side of Tombigbee r., 1 m. from the bluff and landing, 99 m.W. by S. Montgomery. NANCEMONT, p. o., Cass co., HI. : 24 m. N. "W". by "W. Springfield. NANJEMOY, p. v., Charles co., Md. : W. of Nanjemoy Bay, 47 m. S. W. Annapolis, is a port, and has considerable trade. NANJEMOY bay, Charles co., Md. : a small inlet on E. side of Potomac r., 8 m. S. W. Port Tobacco. NANKIN, t. and p. o., "Wayne co., Mich.: 64 m. E. S. E. Lansing. Drained by the "W. and S. branches of Eouge r. Surface undulating ; soil sandy loam ; is first-rate grass land. There is considerable water-power on both branches of the Eouge. The greater portion of this and adjoining towns is heavily timbered. Pop. 1,617. NANKIN, p. v., Ashland co., Ohio : on a branch of "Wai- bonding r., 74 m. N. N. E. Columbus. NANSEMOXD county, Virg. Situate S. E., and contains 522 444 sq. m, Drained by branches of Nansemond r., which falls into James r., on the N. border. Surface even ; soil in general fertile, and produces good crops of cotton, Indian corn, etc. It contains a portion of the Dismal Swamp and Lake Drummond, which supplies the Dismal Swamp Canal by a feeder five miles long. Farms 731 ; manuf. 32 ; dwell. 1,523, and pop. wh. 5,425, fr. col. 2,143, si. 4,715 total 12,283. Capital: Suffolk. Public Works: Sea-board and Eoanoke E. E.; Petersburg and Norfolk B. E.; Dismal Swamp Canal, etc. NANSEMOND river, Nansemond co., Virg. : rises in Dismal Swamp, and from Suffolk to its entrance into Hampton Eoads, is navigable for vessels of 100 tons. NANTASKET, sta., Plymouth co., Mass. : on South Shore E. E., 19 m. from Boston. NANTASKET BEACH, peninsula, Plymouth co., Mass. : 9 m. E. S. E. Boston. This peninsula, in Boston harbor, which is part of the ancient town of Hull, is now a place of much resort during the summer months from Boston and vicinity. A fine steamboat makes several trips daily. Here are nu merous houses of entertainment, opportunities for bathing, fishing, etc. NANTASKET EOA.D, Mass. : one of the main entrances into Boston harbor, S. of the light-house ; affords good anchor age, with five or six fathoms water. NANTICOKE river, Del. and Md. : rises in Sussex co., Del., flows S. W. in Md., receives Marshy Hope r., and enters a branch of Chesapeake bay, by a wide estuary, 45 m. from its source. NANTICOKE, hund., Sussex co., Del. : 80 m. S. Dover. Drained by creeks of Nanticoke r., which form its W. bound ary. Area, 63,910 acres. NANTICOKE, p. v., Luzerne co., Penn. : on S. side of E. branch of Susquehanna r., 75 m. N. E. by N. Harrisburg. NANTICOKE FALLS, Penn. : in Susquehanna r., 8 m. below "Wilkesbarre. A dam which is here erected for feeding the North Branch Canal, supplies a vast quantity of surplus water and great water-power. NANTICOKE SPEINGS, p. v., Broome co., N. Y. : 126 m.W. by S. Albany. Contains a sulphur-spring, hotel, etc. The v. is in t. of Nanticoke, which is drained by head branches of Nanticoke cr. ; has undulating surface. Pop. of t 576. NANTUCKET county, Mass. : situate in the Atlantic ocean, and comprising the island of Nantucket and other smaller islands adjacent ; the main island is distant from Martha s Vineyard 10 m. E., and from Cape Cod 30 m. S., and contains an area of 50 sq. m. Surface in the S. level, in the N. somewhat elevated ; soil in general barren, and no tree or shrub of any size is to be found on the island. Most of the land is common, on which large numbers of cattle are fed. The inhabitants are chiefly employed in navigation and the fisheries. Off the S. E. of the island are Nantucket Shoals. Farms 58 ; manuf. 60 ; dwell. 1,285, and pop. wh. 8,110, fr. col. 342 total 8,452. Capital : Nantucket. NANTUCKET, port of entry, t., p. v., and cap. Nantucket co., Mass. : on N. side of Nantucket island, 90 m. S. S. E. Boston. Lat. N. 41 16 56"; long. W. 70 6 12". The v. is situated at the bottom of the bay, which is 6 m. long, and almost entirely land-locked, being divided from the ocean by a narrow beach. The projecting points of beach, which thus lock in the harbor, are f m. apart, and furnished with light-houses, as is also the harbor. The harbor is good. Two miles N. of the harbor is a bar. with 7J ft. of water at low tide. The shore on which the v. is built is more inclined to the water than the rest of the island. It is built very compactly, with narrow streets. In 1846, July 13th, it suffered most severely by a conflagration, which destroyed in a few hours 360 buildings; amount of loss, $1,000,000; amount insured, $320,000 ; number of families who suffered, 450 : contribu tions received from Boston and other places, $65.000. This place was the first to engage in the whale fisheries, and is still more largely engaged than any other town In the United . States, except New Bedford, where this business was cstab- NAN NAS Hshed by persons from Nantucket. On 30th June, 1S50, Nantucket had an aggregate permanent tonnage of 29,012 tons ; of which 25,837 were registered, and 3,175 enrolled and licensed. Eegistered in the whale fishery, 19,055 tons ; enrolled and licensed in cod fishery, 403 tons ; in mackeral fishery, 592 tons ; in coasting trade, 2,180 tons ; in steam navigation, 479 tons. The receipts from the whale fishery in 1S49 were 17,887 barrels sperm oil, and 6,461 barrels whale oil, and 68,200 pounds whale-bone. The Athenaeum has a good building, 2,500 volumes in library, and a valuable col lection of curiosities. A steamboat plies daily to New Bed ford. The Pacific Bank has a capital of $200,000. The "N. Inquirer" is published tri- weekly and weekly; the "N. Mirror" (neut.), weekly. Pop. of t. 8,452. NANUET, p, o., Eockland county, N. Y. : 104 m. S. by W. Albany. NAPA county, Calif. Situate W. and to the N. of San Pablo Bay, which lies on its S. border, and receives its drainage by the Napa r. Surface mountainous with exten sive valleys ; the Coast Kange traversing it. Pop. in 1853, 2,116. Capital: Napa. NAPA, p. v., and cap. Napa co., Calif. : on E. bank of Napa cr., 26 m. N. N. W. Vallejo, in the centre of one of the most beautiful, fertile, and extensive valleys which border on San Pablo bay, and promising to become the flourishing centre of this rich agricultural district. NAPANOCK, p. v., Ulster county, N. T. : 70 m. S. S. W. Albany, on Eondout cr., m. from Delaware and Hudson Canal. NAPERVILLE, p. v., and cap. Du Page co., 111. : on E. side of W. fork of Du Page r., 161 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. Contains the court-house and county buildings. Two news papers are issued weekly "Du Page County Eecordcr" (dem.), and " Democratic Plaindealer" (dem.) Pop. 2,000. NAPLES, t, p. v., and sta., Scott co., Itt. : on E. side of Illinois r., 2 m. above the mouth of Mauvaiseterre cr., 30 m. W. Springfield. This is the W. terminus of the Sangamon and Morgan E. E., 55 m. from Springfield. The " N. Ob server" (dem.) is issued weekly. NAPLES, t. and p. o., Cumberland county, Me. : N. side of Sebago pond, 50 m. S. W. Augusta. Watered by Sebago and Long ponds, and Crooked and Sango rivers, which afford mill privileges. The v. is on E. side of Long pond, or Bay of Naples. Pop. of 1. 1,025. NAPLES, t. and p. v., Ontario co., N. T. : 192 m. W. Al bany. Surface hilly ; soil clay loam ; drained by inlets of Canandaigua and Honeoye lakes. The v. contains numer ous mills and factories. Pop. of t. 2,376. NAPOLEON, p. v., Desha co., Ark. : on "W. bank of Missis sippi r., at junction of Arkansas r., 99 m. S. E. Little Eock. NAPOLEON, p. v., Eipley counly, Ind.: 58 miles S. E. Indianapolis. NAPOLEON, p. v., Gallatin co., Ky. : 42 m. N. Frankfort. NAPOLEON, t. and p. v.. Jackson co., Mich. : 41 m. E. S. E. Lansing. The t. is well timbered, has several large lakes, and fine streams. White sandstone of superior quality abounds. Surface undulating; soil rich sandy loam. The y. is in N. E. corner of the t. Pop. of 1. 1 ,208. NAPOLEON, t, p. v., and cap. Henry county, Ohio : on N. bank of Maumee r., 78 m. N. W. Columbus, on the Wabash and Erie Canal. Pop. of t. 566. NAPOLEONVILLE, p. v., and cap. Assumption par., La.: on W. bank of Bayou la Fonrche, 36 m. S. by E. Baton Eouge. A newspaper, "Le Pionnier de 1 Assumption," is published weekly. v NAPOLI, t. and p. o., Cattaraugus county, N. T. : 204 m. "W. by 8. Albany. Surface of town undulating ; soil good. Drained by Cold Spring cr. Pop. 1,233. NARRAGANSETT, p. o., Washington co., R. I. NARUAGANSETT bay, R. I. This beautiful bay sets up N. from the Atlantic, between Seaconnett rocks on the E. and Point Judith on the W., which are 17 m. apart. It contains the large islands Ehodo, Canonicut, Prudence, and numer ous small ones, extends N. 29 m., and terminates in Providence r. Its more inland portions are called Provi dence Bay, Mount Hope Bay, and Greenwich Bay. It is one of the finest bays in the United States, being always accessible, capacious, safe, and deep enough for the largest NARRAGTTAGTJS, p. o., Washington co., Me. : on E. bank of Narraguagus r., 96 m. E. by N. Augusta. NARRAGUAGTJS river and bay, Washington co., Me. : rises in ponds N. of town of Beddington, runs S. S. E. 35 m., draining the towns of Beddington, Deblois, Cherryfield, and Millbridge, and empties into Narraguagus bay, which con tains a number of islands, has a good entrance, and on the E. connects with Pleasant Bay. NARROWS, p. o.. Pike county, Penn. : on Laxawason cr., 118 m. N. E. Harrisburg. NARROWS, p. o., Noddaway county, Mo. : 186 m. N. W Jefferson City. NARROWS, New York Harbor the channel from Ne\r York Bay to the lower bay, 1 m. wide ; defended on Staten Island side by Forts Eichmond and Tompkins, and on Long Island side by Forts Hamilton and La Fayette. NARROWS, p. o., Jefferson county, N. Y. : 164 m. N. W. Albany. NARROWBBTTRG, p. v., and sta., Sullivan county, JV. Y. : on Delaware r., 98 m. S. W. Albany ; sta. of Erie E. E., 132 m. from New York. Near N. are many tanneries, owing to the abundance of hemlock. The scenery of the vicinity is very beautiful. The "Narrows" of the Delaware r. are crossed by a wooden bridge having a span of 184 feet NARROW Y ALLEY, p. o. 3 Benton co., Ala. : 102 m. N. N. E. Montgomery. NASH county, N. Car. Situate toward the N. E., and contains 5S8 sq. m. Drained by Tar r. and its branches. Surface level; in some parts it is broken; soil in general fertile, and well adapted to grain. On the streams there is much good land, and cotton is grown extensively. Farms 718; manuf. 24; dwell. 1,248, and pop. wh. 5,972, fr. col. 629, si. 4,056 total 10,657. Capital: Nashville. PuUio Works : Wilmington and Weldon E. E., on its E. border. NASHOTAH lakes, Waukesha co., Wise. : these two small lakes present a most beautiful appearance. On the E. bank of the N. lake is the Nashotah mission school, college, etc., of the Episcopal Church. NASHPORT, p. v., Muskingum county, Ohio : on N. bank Licking r., and on the Ohio and Erie Canal, 37 m. E. by N. Columbus. NASH S FORD, p. o., Eussell co., Vlrg. : 247 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. NASH S STREAM, N. JTamp.: a short branch of Upper Ammonoosuck r., draining W. part of towns of Stratford and Northumberland. NASHUA, t and p. v., Hillsboro co., -ZK ITamp. : on W. side of Merrimac r., at confluence of Nashua r., 81 m. S. by E. Concord. The t. is bounded on the N. and W. by Nashua river, separating it from the town of Nashville, which, until 1842, with it formed the town of Nashua. Surface of town is level on the E., uneven on the W. ; soil on the streams fer tile. This town, formerly called DUNSTABLE, was the first one settled in the S. part of New Hampshire, and suffered much by attacks from Indians. The v. is in the N. E. corner of the town, and is now a very important manufacturing village, deriving a great water-power from Nashua river, which in two miles falls 65 feet. In 1S22-3 the greater por tion of the lands in the village and on the river up to the falls was purchased by the " Nashua Manufacturing Com pany," which, with a capital of $300,000, commenced build ing a dam, canal, and other works for factories. This com pany now has a capital of $1,000,000, and 4 large mills man ufacturing shirting and drills, printing cloths, and jeans, and sheetings. Whole number of spindles Is 37,450; looms, 1,089; male operatives, 150; females, 850. These mills manufacture 13,000,000 yards of cloth yearly, using 10,000 523 NAS NAS bales of cotton, or 4,000,000 Ibs., 150,000 Ibs. starch, S,000 gallons of sperm oil, $4,000 worth of leather, 800 cords wood. The "Jackson Company" have 2 mills manufacturing sheet ings and shirtings, using yearly 4,500 bales of cotton, or 1,800,000 Ibs., 50,000 Ibs. starch, etc. The machine-shop, built by the Nashua Company in 1S45, is occupied by man ufacturers of steam-engines, machinists tools, locks, guns, axes, etc., and here several hundred men are employed. The "Nashua Iron Company," established in 1S4S, have a capital of $100,000, and employ 60 men ; they use 3,500 tons coal yearly ; their sales are $175,000. Baldwin s factory of shuttles and spool bobbins employs 120 men ; yearly sales, $100,000. There are other large factories, foundries of stoves, large iron castings, etc. Summary of N. cotton man ufactures : no. of spindles, 49,994 ; looms, 1,483 ; male ope ratives, 240 ; females, 1,200 ; yards manufactured, 13,000,000 ; capital invested, $1.480,000. The total capital invested in factories in N. is about $2,000,000 ; male operatives, 1,000 ; females, 1,300. The Nashua and Jackson companies each have a savings institution for their employees. Four rail roads connect N. with the large towns adjacent, viz., Lowell and Nashua, "Worcester and Nashua, Nashua and "Wilton, and Concord E. R. There are 2 banks, capital $225,000, and T churches. Three newspapers are published weekly : "N. II. Telegraph" (whig), " N. Gazette" (dem.), "The Oasis" (lit.) Pop. 5,S20. NASHUA river, If. Ifamp. and Mass. : rises in "Worcester co., Mass., being formed by 2 branches uniting in Lancas ter, flows chiefly in a N. N. E. course, and empties into Merrimac r., at Nashua, N. Ilamp. NASHVILLE, p. v., Lee co., la. : on the W. bank of Mis sissippi r., 80 m. S. by E. Iowa City. NASHVILLE, p. v., and cap. Washington co., III. ; at the heads of Little Crooked creek of Illinois r., 102 m. S. by E. Springfield. It contains a court-house, several stores, and about 40 dwellings. NASHVILLE, p. v., and cap. Brown co., Ind. ; 39 m. S. by W. Indianapolis. NASHVILLE, p. v., Lowndes co., Miss. ; on the N. bank of Tombigbee r., at junction of Kincades cr., 126 m. N. E. Jackson. NASHVILLE, p. v., Boone co., Mo. : on N. side of Missouri river, 24 m. N. N. W. Jefferson City. NASHVILLE, L, p. v., and sta., Hillsborough co., N". IJamp. : on W. side Merrimac r., and N. side of Nashua r. The v., in S. E. part of L, is connected with Nashua village, and contains numerous factories. Pop. 3,122. NASHVILLE, p. o., Chautauque county, y. Y. : 270 m. "W. Albany. NASHVILLE, p. v., and cap. Nash co., JVi Car. ; on S. side Stony cr. of Tar r., 30 m. N. E. Ealeigli. NASHVILLE, p. v., Holmes county, Ohio: 41 m. N. E. Columbus. NASHVILLE, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Davidson co., Tenn., and cap. of the State of Tennessee : on the left bank of the Cumberland river, 120 m. above its entrance into the Ohio, and at the head of steamboat navigation thereof. Lat. 360 09 33", and long. 86 49 03" 714 m. W. by S. Washington. The city is built on an elevated bluff of lime stone, and on every side presents to the approaching trav eler an imposing appearance. From Capitol Hill, within he city, a more interesting scene is seldom witnessed. Covering the base of the hill, and crowding to the extremest margin of the business-laden Cumberland, is the city itself, its streets alive with the bustle of an active commerce, and its suburbs literally growing under the eye of the spectator. Surrounding it with a border of beautiful cultivation, lie extensive and valuable farms, intersected by numerous turn pikes, which, centering in the city, radiate to opposite neigh borhoods ; and in every direction is seen the railroad, com plete and incomplete, which will open outlets to one of the richest agricultural and mining regions of the great West; end girding in all to a quiet security, rise a range of low 524 and pleasant hills, partly covered with native cedars, and adorned with graceful dwellings. But it is not altogether the natural beauties of the locality that attract the traveler s attention ; the country for miles around is rich in soil and abounding in minerals, yielding to industry a compensatory reward, and to commerce material of no mean valuation. Nashville was laid out at the latter part of the last century, but although always a place of some consideration, the tido of its prosperity rose slowly until within the last half tho term of its existence. In 1830 it contained only 5,566 inhab itants, and even in 1840 only 6,929. In 1850 its population had increased to 10,478, or in the ratio of 51.2 per cent, in the decade between 1840 and 1S50. Its commerce haa increased in even a larger proportion, owing to the extent of roads having been multiplied, and to the improvements in the navigation of the river. The tonnage owned in the district of which Nashville is the port amounted in 1S50 to 3,797 tons, all comprised in steamers, some of them magnifi cent passenger boats, navigating the Cumberland and its tributaries, or sailing between Nashville and the ports of the Ohio river. The railroads centering here are the Nashville and Chattanooga R. E., extending in a S. E. direction to Chattanooga, on the Tennessee river, where it connects with the railroads to Charleston and Savannah, the distance from Nashville to the first being 599 m., and to the latter 583 m. ; the New Orleans and Nashville E. R., extending S. W. in the direction of the first named place; the Memphis and Nashville E. E. ; the Nashville and Paris E. E. ; the Nash ville and Henderson E. E. ; the Louisville and Nashville Eailroad, and the Lexington and Nashville E. E. Of these several lines only the first is completed, but most of the others are progressing, or under contract to be built forth with, and the whole system will probably be in operation in three or four years from the 1st Jan., 1853. These, when completed, will connect this commercial centre with every part of the Union with the Gulf, the Ohio and Mississippi, the great lakes, and the Atlantic, from Maine to Florida and make it one of the most important receiving and dis tributing depfits of the internal commerce of the central valley. The city was originally laid out on a plot of 200 acres, but it has long since overstepped the limits its projectors assigned to it, and hence suburbs almost equal in extent and popula tion to the city proper have grown up around it. The city has a hnndsome public square, on which stands the county court-house, market-house, etc. The court-house is a splendid building, 105 feet in front by 63 feet deep, with basement and two stories, surmounted by a dome, the top of which is 90 feet from the ground, and supported by eight Ionic columns; the market-house is also a spacious and substantial edifice, a portion of which is occupied as a city hall and clerk s office. The other public buildings are the State-house, the University, the Lunatic Asylum, the State Prison, 12 or 14 churches of various denominations, numer ous schools and academies, 3 banks (capital $3,658,500), etc. The State-house is located on one of the highest eminences of the city. It was built about 10 years ago, on a four acre plot, presented by the city to the State, and is a noble edifice, towering above the place, and serving as a landmark for miles around, being the first object descried by the ap proaching traveler. It has spacious halls for the legislature, and other convenient offices. The Lunatic Asylum is a large and commodious building, three stories high, and will accommodate 100 patients. The Penitentiary or State Prison is located in the western suburbs, and has a front of 310 feet, and is 350 feet deep. It has apartments for the keeper, an hospital, guard-room, and cells for 200 convicts The Halls of the University were founded in 1806. The main building is 200 feet long and 50 feet deep, three stories high, with wings, and an extensive building used as a chemical laboratory. All the college buildings, except the president s house, are within the college campus, an area of 8 acres. In 1850 it had 7 professors and 75 students, and NAS NAT its library contained 10,207 volumes. The number of its alumni at that date was 393. The medical department had 7 professors. Near Nashville is also Franklin College, founded in 1845, and which, in 1850, had 5 professors, 26 alumni, SO students, and a library of 3,000 volumes. Many of the churches are large and elegant structures ; the Epis copal church is a magnificent Gothic building, and the school-houses, of which there are many, are in general neat and commodious. Nashville is the see of a Roman Catholic diocese of the same name, and there are within the city efficient Catholic schools for both boys and girls. The newspaper and periodical press of the city consists of 5 daily and 7 weekly papers, and 2 monthly periodicals. The dailies are the "American" (dem.), the "Gazette" (neutral), the " Republican Banner" (whig), the "Evening Reporter" (neutral), and the " N. Union" (dem.) ; the week lies, the "Western Christian Advocate" (Meth.), the "Ten nessee Organ" (temp.), the " Presbyterian Record" (relig.), the -Gazette," an edition of the daily, the "Tennessee Baptist" (relig.), the " True Whig," and the " West Tennes see Whig;" and the monthlies are the "Christian Maga zine" (Campbellite) and the "Sunday School Companion." No town in the great valley of the West enjoys in a greater degree the blessings of health. Situate in about 36 N. lat., it possesses a temperate climate, and from its local position it is free from fevers which characterize many of the western cities, particularly such as are situated upon water courses. It is true that a small portion of Nashville, at the upper and lower ends, are in times of high flood inundated ; but these inundations continue but a few days, and sometimes at intervals of several years, and produce no injurious effect upon the salubrity of the town. Although the summer heats are occasionally oppressive, the winters are mild and mod erate, with none of the severe cold of the northern and eastern states, nor the relaxing heats of the south. It is a climate, indeed, preferable in many respects to all others, and here and in the vicinity it is seldom necessary to house cattle, even in the coldest winters. In summer thousands flock to the city to escape from the malarial influences of the lower regions of the country. About 13 or 14 m. to the N. E. of the city ia the Hermit age, the homestead of the late Andrew Jackson, President of the United States. In this secluded rural abode the last days of that great patriot were passed, and here, on the Sth June, 1845, at the patriarchal age of 79, died the illustrious statesman and warrior. NASHVILLE, p. v., Milam co., Tar. : on W. side of Brazos river, 2 m. below the confluence of Little r., 76 m. N. E. by E. Austin City ; formerly called VIESCA. It has one of the most delightful situations in Texas, an abundance of excellent water, and is very healthy. NASONVILLE, p. o., Providence co., If. I. NASSAU, p. v., Lee co., la. : on a bank of Des Moincs r., near its mouth, 86 m. S. by E. Iowa City. NASSAU, t. and p. v., Rensselaer co., A 7 ! T. : 12 m. S. E. Albany. Surface of t. hilly ; soil gravelly loam well drained by Kinderhook cr. and its branches, and contains several mills, factories, and tanneries. Pop. of t 3,261. NASSAU river, Nassau co., Flor. : rises in W. part of co. flows E., widens into Nassau inlet, and empties into At lantic Ocean. NATCHAUG river, Windham county, Conn. : is the main branch of Shetucket r., rises in Woodstock and Union, and flows S. S. W. to its confluence in Mansfield with the Shetucket NATriiKz, p. city, port, and cap. Adams co., J/Z*. : on E bank of Mississippi r., 87 m. S. W. by W. Jackson. Lat. N 31 84 , Jong. W. 91 24 42". This is the principal city in Mississippi, its importance arising from its being the dep6 of cotton from the fine lands around it and in the interior and being also the main entrepfit of the internal commerce of the State. By the river it is 309 m. from New-Orleans but in a direct line 127 m. N. W. by N. A part of the citj s built at the landing on the margin of the river, but this chiefly consists of warehouses, stores, etc.. while the larger id more agreeable portion is on a bluff, 200 feet above the evel of the river. This part, though uneven in surface, is L gularly laid out with broad streets, crossing at right angles. Vlany of the houses, though built plainly of wood, present .n elegant appearance, having piazzas and balconies, sur rounded with trees, beautiful shrubbery, etc. Its elevated site affords a fine view of the river and vicinity. It contains he court-house and jail, a hospital, orphan asylum, acade mies, several churches, etc. Here are oil-mills, manufac- uriiig oil from cotton-seed. Two newspapers, the " N. Courier" (whig), and " N. Free Trader" (dem.), are each, published semi-weekly and weekly. Pop. 5,239. NATCHEZ, p. v., Martin co., 2nd. : 85 m. S. S. W. by S. [ndianapolis. NATCHITOCIIES parish, La. Situate N. W., and contains 2,257 sq. m. Drained by Red r., which passes through its centre, Old r., a branch of lied r., and Black lake, Cedar and Sable creeks, with other streams. Surface level, and much diversified with lakes; soil varied on the streams being fertile, and well adapted to grain, cotton, and Indian corn, but a large portion of the land is sterile and covered with forest timber. Farms 842 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 1,432, and pop. wh. 5,466, fr. col. 881, si. 7,854 total 14,201. Cap ital: Natchitoches. Public Works: NewOrleans, Opelou- sas, and Great Western E. R. NATCHITOCIIES, p. v., and cap. Natchitoches, par., La.: on W. side of Ked r., 143 m. N. W, Baton Rouge, hand somely situated at the foot of a bluff. It is a very old town, having been settled by the French in 1717. The present population is a mixture of American, French, and Spanish. It has considerable trade, and is a growing place. Contains a court-house and jail, an U. S. land office, several churches and academies. The " N. Chronicle" (dem.), is published weekly. NATHAN S CREEK, p. o., Ashe county, N. Car. : 163 m. W. N. W. Raleigh. NATIIAXSVILLE, p. v., Conecuh co., Ala. : on the S. side of Conecuh r., at the confluence of Murder and Burnt Cora creeks, 99 m. S. S. W. by W. Montgomery. NATICK, t., p. v., and sta., Middlesex co., Mass. : 16 m. W. S. W. Boston. Drained by Charles river, and having within its limits several small lakes. The Boston and Worcester R. R. passes through tho v. 17i m. from Boston. In 1660, the Rev. Mr. Elliott here founded, an Indian mis sionary settlement, which flourished under a succession of native and English ministers for many years. Considerable manufacturing is now done in this t. Pop. 2,944. NATICK, p. v., Kent co., 7?. / : on N. bank of Pawtuxet r., 10 m. S. W. Providence : has several factories. NATION FORD, p. o. and sta., York dist., S. Car. : S. side Catawba r., 63 m. N. Columbia, on Charlotte and Suth Carolina R. R. NATURAL BRIDGE, p. v., Jefferson co., 2f. Y. : 136 m. N. W. Albany, on Indian river, which is here crossed by a natural bridge 6 feet above the water, and 15 feet wide. NATURAL BRIDGE, p. o., Rockbridge co., Virg. : near the Natural Bridge of limestone rock over Cedar creek, near its junction with James river, 120 m. W. Richmond. This bridge is justly regarded as one of the greatest natural curiosities in the world. It is of stupendous size-, as is evi dent from the following statement : The height of its top from the creek is 215 feet ; the chasm spanned 90 feet wide at the top, and 50 feet at the bottom ; the average width of the arch is 80 feet, its thickness is 55 feet. It is covered with a stratum of clayey earth, from 4 to 6 feet deep, and has on each side a natural parapet of rocks, trees, etc. The view from the top or from the creek is awfully grand. The bridge is most useful, there being no other crossing place possible for several miles above or below. NATURAL CANAL, in Canton t., St. Lawrence co., 2T. Y. : is a creek which connects Oswegatchie and Grape rivers, 525 NAT NEB 6 m. long, very straight, 10 to 20 rods wide, and navigable at high water for boats of 10 tons burden. NATURAL DAM, p. o., Crawford co., Ark. : on Lees creek, 147 m. W. N. W. Little Rock. NATURAL GROVE, p. o., Williamsburg dist, S. Car, : 78 m. E. S. E. Columbia. NAUGATUCK river, Conn. : the creeks forming this import ant mill stream rise in N. part of Litohfleld co., and unite in Torrington, whence it flows S. 35 m. affording water- power to numerous factories on its banks, and empties at Derby into Housatonic river. NAUGATUCK, t., p. v., and sta., New Haven co., Conn. : on Naugatuck r., 25 m. S. W. Hartford, 15 m. N. N. W. New Haven. Surface of town uneven ; soil good on the river. The v. is principally located on its W. bank, and contains numerous factories. The Naugatuck E. E. passes through the v. 27 m. from Bridgeport. Pop. 1,720. NAUNEESHA river, Wise. : a small affluent of "W. branch of Eock r., flowing from Dane co. into Dodge co. NAUVOO, t. and p. v., Hancock co., III. : on E. bank of Mississippi r., 103 m. N. W. by W. Springfield. Surface of t is elevated, and commands a fine view of the r. and vicinity. This t is famous as having been for several years (from 1840 to June, 1844) the settlement of the " Latter Day Saints," or " Mormons," who here erected some fine buildings. This property is now occupied by a colony of French Com munists or Icarians, under the direction of Mons. Cabet. The large temple was burned in Oct, 1848, set on fire by an incendiary. NAUVOO, p. o., Tioga co., Penn.: 110 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. NAVARIXO, p. o., Onondaga co., 2f. Y. : 134 m. "W. by N. Albany. NAVARRE, p. v., Des Moines co., Io: 53 m. E. S. E. Iowa City, N. of Flint creek, and drained by a branch of it NAVARRE, p. v., Stark county, Ohio : 92 miles E. N. E. Columbus, on the Ohio and Erie Canal, and E. side of Chippewa river. NAVARRO county, Tex. Situate toward the N., and contains about 3,800 sq. m. Drained by branches of Trinity, which forms its S. E. boundary, and by affluents of the Eio Brazos, which flows on its W. border. Surface undulating ; soil a fine, deep, vegetable mold, with sand and clay intermixed, and very fertile, especially on the streams, where it produces in abundance cotton and corn. It is also favorable to the growth of fruit, oranges, lemons, citrons, peaches, etc., yield ing well. It has some excellent timber land, and much fine pasture for cattle. Fine beds of iron ore are found, and limestone and freestone are extensive formations. Farms 304 ; manuf. 13 ; dwell. 576, and pop. wh. 3,444, fr. col. 11, si. 888 total 3,843. Capital : Corsicana. NAVARRO, p. o., Leon co., Tex. : 129 m. N. E. by E. Austin. City. NAVASOTA river, Tex. : its source is in Limestone county, draining also Leon, Eobertson, Grimes, and Brazos counties, emptying into the Brazos r. opposite the v. of Washington. Its current is not rapid, and is navigable for keel boats for 30 to 40 m. from its mouth. This is a clear and beautiful stream of wholesome water. NAVIDAD river, Tex. : rises in Fayette co., draining its S. part, flows S. and S. W. through Lavaca and Jackson counties, and empties into Lavaca r. 10 m. from Lavaca bay. It is navigable as far as Texana for steamboats. Its waters are clear, pure, and wholesome. NAYLOR S STORE, p. o., St. Charles co., Mb. : 79 m. E. by N. Jefferson City. NAZARETH, p. o., Northampton co., Penn. : 87 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. NEASHOE, p. v., and cap. Newton co., Mo. : S. side of Neh-hah r., 165 m. S. "W. Jefferson City. NEATSVILLE, p. v., Adair county, Ky. : 66 m. S. by W. Frankfort. NEBO, p. o., Hopkins county, Ky. : 156 m. "W. S. W. Frankfort. NEBO, p. o., Jefferson county, Ohio: 120 m. E. by N. Columbus. THE TERRITORY OF NEBRASKA. NEBRASKA is an unorganized Territory of the United States, occupying all the country below the parallel of 42 north latitude to the north boundaries of the Indian Territory, the State of Texas, and the Territory of New Mexico, and extend ing east and west between the Eocky Mountains, bordering Oregon and Utah Territories, and the western line of the States of Iowa and Missouri. The area of this immense region is estimated at 136,700 square miles. Across this Territory flow several of the great rivers of the Continent the Nebraska, or Platte, from which the Territory takes its name, the Kansas and its wide-spreading tributaries, the Arkansas, etc. The Missouri Eiver forms a great part of its eastern boundary, and is the common recipient of the rivers above named, except the Arkansas. The Nebraska rises by two forks in the Eocky Mountains, and these uniting in latitude 41 05 05" N., and longitude 101 21 24" "W., flow in a united stream to a confluence with the Missouri, in latitude 41 03 13" N., or about 620 miles above the entrance of the latter into the Mississippi, and 52 miles below Council Bluffs. It has few tributaries, and none of any great size; the principal are Elkhorn Eiver, Loup Fork, and Wood Eiver on the north, and Saline Elver on the south. It is from one to three miles broad, and so shallow, that, excepting in high flood, it is fordable in almost any part It is full of islands covered with cotton wood, willows, and shrubs, and the shifting sands in its bed, together with the rapidity of its current, effectually prevent navigation. Colonel Long estimates that only 40 miles of its lower course are open to steam boat navigation. The north fork of the river rises in the same region as the Colorado of the West, about 40 30 N., and having received Sweet-water Eiver and other affluents in its course northward, breaks through the main range of the Eocky Mountains, and flows thence in a direction E. S. E., and the South Fork rises near the sources of the Arkansas, and flows E. N. E. to the junction. The great emigrant* route to Oregon, Utah, and California, follows this river and its North Fork the Fremont route of 1843 takes the South Fork. The Kansas Eiver meets the Missouri in 39 06 03" north latitude, and 94 32 54" west longitude, nearly equidistant between Fort Leavenworth and Independence. It is naviga ble for steamboats for 150 miles from its mouth, and its width at its entrance into the Missouri is 340 yards. The sources of this river are near the eastern base of the Eocky Mountains, between the Nebraska and Arkansas, and the distance between its two forks the Eepublican and Smoky Hill forks is at least 120 miles through the greater part of their course. Eepublican Fork rises in a considerable lake in latitude 39 52 , and longitude 103 30 , and Smoky Hill Fork rises in the mountain region eastward of the South Park ; the junction is made near the meridian of 96 30 . These, as well as the main stream, receive numerous large tributaries, which drain at least one half the Territory. The Arkansas rises to the south of South Park and Pike s Peak, near the sources of the Eio Grande del Norte, and has a general east course, forming in part the north boundary of the Indian Territory, and then taking a course to the south-east, it passes through * For a mmute description of this route, the reader is referred to Cedar-street, New York, 1852. Refer, also, to Fremont s Reports 1 Horn s Overland Guide to California," published by J. H. Colton, No. 86 NEB NEL that country to the Mississippi, which it strikes on the parallel of 33 40 . and is navigable for steamboats 603 miles from its confluence. This river was formerly the boundary between the Mexican Republic and the United States, Westward of the 100th meridian ; but by the recent changes in the political divisions of the country, the whole length from that point has been thrown into the present Territory of Nebraska. The whole of this country is yet in its primitive wilderness state. Little or nothing is known of its topography, and the delineations on maps are but the isolated reminiscences of travelers and traders. The red man still roams over its prairies and mountains in quest of game and plunder ; and as the ocean to the sea-farer, so its wilderness to the emigrant, it is only traversed as the highway to countries beyond its limits. The great features of the Territory, however, are known ; in the east it is chiefly prairie, and in the west are the outliers of the Eocky Mountains, which rise up in grandeur and majesty, forming the water-shed between the mighty rivers that drain the western portion of the Central Valley and the Pacific slope of the Continent. The central portions are unprofitable, irreclaimable wilderness, with scarcely an oasis to relieve the monotony of its dreariness; it is the great American Desert, in crossing which the way-farer has more to dread than the mariner that dares the deep, not only on account of the inhospitable character of the country, but also from the hostilities of the native savages besetting his path and seeking his destruction. Thousands have perished under the rifle and tomahawk, and at every step the grave of some unfortunate gives warning of dangers to be avoided, or tells of the Bufferings endured by the hardy men whose tracks are the tide-marks of empire flowing to its western destination. Nebraska, with the exception of a small strip on its southern border, south of the Arkansas, was a portion of the Louisiana purchase, and came into the possession of the United States in 1803. It has never received as yet any white settlers, except those engaged in the service of the United States as Indian agents and military occupants, or missionaries of the several Christian denominations. Fort Leavenworth and Council Bluffs are within this Territory the first a military station, established for the surveillance of the Indians, and the latter an Indian agency. But it is now proposed to organize the Territory, and prepare it for the emigrant. For this purpose, a bill was introduced into Congress as early as 1S45, but was not acted upon ; and another bill was brought fonvard in 1853, with the like result. The day, however, is not far distant when the white settlements will break through their present limits, the Indian be driven back, and the portions of the country in the immediate Valley of the Missouri be opened to the enterprising pioneer. Whither wil 1 the Indian retreat, and what his destiny before the tide of civilization ? The past and present will answer for the future. NEBRASKA, p. o., Crawford county, Ind. : on the Ohio r., 115 m. S. by W. Indianapolis. NEBRASKA river: a large tributary of the Missouri. (See the " TERRITORY OF NEBRASKA.") NECHE S SALINE, p. o., Smith co., Tex. : on the "W. side of Neche s r., 190 m. N. E. Austin City. Salt is here manufac tured in large quantities. NECHE S river, Tex. : its source is in Vansandt co., and drains Smith, Henderson, Anderson, Cherokee, Houston, Angelina, Trinity, Tyler, Jasper, and Jefferson counties, emptying into Sabine lake 208 m. from its source in a direct line, and 255 m. in its meanderings. It is navigable by flat boats 100 m., and by steamboats nearly as far from its mouth. NECOT, p. v., Linn co,, la. : 28 m. N. Iowa City. NEEDHAM, t. and p. v., Norfolk co., Mass. : 8 m. S. W. Boston. Drained by Charles r., on the N. E. and S. afford ing 2 waterfalls, which are improved for manufacturing. At each fall there is a thriving v. The t. is diversified by hills and plains, well watered, with good soil, and the en circling river gives beauty to the scenery. There is a dop8 1 of the Boston and "Worcester E. E. at "W. Needham, 15 m. from Boston. Pop. of 1. 1,944. NEEL S CREEK, p. o., Jefferson CO., Ind. : 80 m. S. E. by S. Indianapolis. NEELTSVILLE, p. o., Morgan co., Ohio : 63 m. E. S. E. Columbus. NEENAH, t and p. v., Winnebago co., Wise. : at outlet of Winnebago lake, 96 m. N. N. E. Madison ; is a fine growing town. Pop. of 1. 1,520. NEENAH river, Wise. : this important navigable river is formed near Fort Winnebago, Columbia County, by the junction of its head branches, which rise in the N. E. part of the county. At this point it is distant only 1 m. from "Wisconsin r. The natural advantages thus presented to form a continuous route of steamboat navigation from the lakes through the Wisconsin river with the Mississippi, have been improved by the Portage Canal Company, who are here constructing a canal between the rivers. From Fort Winnebago the Neenah flows N. ; in Marquette county it widens into Buffalo lake, whence, flowing with smaller streams in a S. E. direction for five miles, it again expands into Puckawalake ; thence its course is N. E. into the centre of Winnebago county, where it again expands into a lake called Great Butte des Morts (meaning Great mil of the Dead, from the Indian mounds supposed to contain dead bodies), and thence flows S. E. into Lake Winnebago at Oshkosh, of which it is the outlet, into Green Bay by a N. E. course. In its descent it falls about 160 feet, chiefly by a succession of rapids, of which the most important are at the Grand Chute, a descent of 29 feet in 8,525 ; at the Little Chute, 31 feet in 9,200; at the Grand Kakalin, 44 feet in 8,600. The estimated cost of rendering these rapids navi gable is $500,000. The splendid water-powers which these rapids afford are being improved by Eastern capitalists. NEEPEESKUNK lake, Wise. : lies 12 m. W. Winnebago lake, in Winnebago and Fond du Lac counties, and has a N. outlet into Neenah river. NEERSVILLE, p. v., Loudon co., Virg. : 105 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. NEFFSVILLE, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. : 32 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg, 4 m. N. Lancaster. NEGRO FOOT, p. o., Hanover co., Virg. ; 18 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. NEHAMICO. p. o., Eussell co., Ala. : 66 m. E. Montgomery. NEILL S CREEK, p. o., Cumberland co., N. Car. : on a cr. so called of Cape Fear r., 24 m. S. Ealeigh. NEKAMA, p. v., Winnebago co., Wise. : on W. side of Winnebago lake, 75 m. N. N. E. Madison. Pop. of t. 910. NELSON county, Ky. Situate centrally, and contains 357 sq. m. Drained by Eolling and Beech forks of Salt r., and their affluents. Surface level; soil fertile, and adapted to the culture of grain. On the streams the land is rich, and produces in abundance wheat, Indian corn, and other grain, which form the staples. The sugar-cane is cultivated. Farms 844;-manuf. 52; dwell. 1,613, and pop. wh. 9,550, fr. col. 109, si. 5,130 total 14,789. Capital: Bardstown. NELSON county, Virg. Situate centrally, and contains 43S sq. m. Drained by Eock, Eock-flsh, and Tye rivers. Sur face uneven and hilly ; in parts mountainous ; soil in gen eral fertile, and produces abundantly wheat, Indian corn, and tobacco. In the N. W. portion lies the Blue Eidge. Farms 638 ; manuf. 70 ; dwell. 1,217, and pop. wh. 6,478, fr. col. 138, si. 6,142 total 12,758. Capital: Covington. Public, Works ; James Eiver and Kanawha Canal ; and it is proposed to extend the Orange and Alexandria E. E. through the county to Lynchburg. NELSON, t and p. o., Cheshire co., 2T. Ilamp. ; 83 m. S.W. Concord. Surface elevated and hilly; contains four ponds, outlets from which are branches of Ashuelot and Contoocook rivers, and afford water-power to several mills. Popula tion 751. NELSON, t and p. o., Madison co., N. Y. : 102 m.W. by N. 527 NEL NEW Albany. Surface undulating; soil, clay and calcareous loam, and well drained. Pop. 1,965. NKLSON, t. and p. o., Portage county, Ohio : 110 m. N. E. Columbus, in N. E. corner of county. Drained by branches of Mahoning river. Soil fertile, adapted to grain and grass. Pop. 1,333. NELSONPORT, p. o., Potter co., Penn. : 115 m. N. N. W. Harrisburg. NELSON S, p. o., Tioga county, Penn. : on N. side of Cowanesque cr., 118 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. NELSON S LANDING, p. o., Chippewa co., Wise. : on E. bank of Mississippi r., at junction of Chippewa r., 167 m. N. W. Madison. NELSONVILLE, p. v., Athens county, Ohio : on N. bank Hocking river, 53 m. S. E. Columbus. The Hocking Canal passes through it. NENELAU river, Mich. : rises in Alcona county, and flows N. E. through Alpena county into Thunder Bay river. NEOSHO, p. v., Dodge county, Wise.: 47 m. E. N. E. Madison. NEPEBAU, p. o., "Westchester county, N. Y. : 103 m. S. Albany. NEPEUSKUN, p. o., "Winnebago co., Wise. : 84 m. E. N. E. Madison. NEPHI CITT, p. v., Juab co., Utah Ter. : 45 m. N. N. E. Fillmore City. NEPONSET river, Mass. : draining Norfolk co., it empties into Dorchester bay. It is navigable for 4 m. to Milton for vessels of 150 tons. NEPONSET VILLAGE, p. v. and sta., Norfolk co., Mass. : on the S. side of Neponset r., 5 m. S. Boston. There are sev eral manufactories at the falls of the river. The Old Colony E. K. passes through, 5i m. from Boston. NEPTUNE, p. v., Mercer co., Ohio : 90 m. N. W. by W. Columbus, on a cr. of St. Mary s river. NERO, p. o., Henderson county, Tenn. : 96 m. E. S. E. Nashville. NESAQUAKE river, Suffolk co., N. Y. : rises in Smithtown, runs N., dividing the t. into Long Island Sound, is navigable 5 miles. NESCOPECK, t. and p. v., Luzerne co., Penn. : on the S."W. side of the Susqtiehanna r., 61 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. The surface is uneven, with good bottom-lands on the streams. The t. is drained by Big and Little Wapwollopen and Nes- copeck creeks. The v. is at the entrance of Nescopeck cr. into the Susquehanna, which is here crossed by an expensive roofed bridge, 1,256 feet long. NESCOPECK mountain, Luzerne co., Penn. : this mountain is parallel to Wyoming Mountain, 20 m. long, 850 feet high, and on N. side of Nescopeck cr. NESHAMING river, Penn. : rises in Hilltown, Bucks co., and after a winding course of 35 m., chiefly S. E., empties into Delaware r., 3 m. below Bristol. NESHKORO, p. o., Marquette co., Wise. : 53 m. N. by E. Madison. NESHOBA county, Miss. Situate E. centrally, and con tains 578 sq. m. Drained by Pearl r. and its branches, aud other small streams. Surface level ; soil, black calcareous mold, fertile, and adapted to cotton, which is the staple. Good crops of grain are raised, and tobacco is produced in some quantity. Farms 426 ; manuf. ; dwell. 545, and pop. wh. 3,393, fr. col. 0, si. 1,335 total 4,723. Capital : Philadelphia. NESQUALLY, p. o., Lewis co., Or eg. Ter. : on E. side of Puget Sound, 146 m. N. by E. Salem. This settlement is mainly occupied by the " Puget s Sound Agricultural Com pany," which supplies provisions to the Hudson Bay Compa ny s employees W. of the mountains, and has here very ex tensive and highly cultivated farms ; as also on the Cowlitz r. NESQUALLY river, Or eg. Ter. : a considerable stream, emptying into a S. estuary of Puget s Sound, flowing in due W. course from its source in the mountains. NESQUEIIONING, p. o., Carbon co., Penn. : on the S. side of Broad Mountain, 66 m. N. E. Harrisburg. Near by are extensive coal-mines. NESTORVILLE, p. o., Barbour co., Virg. : 174 m. N W. Eichmond. NETHERLAND, p. o., Overton co., Tenn. : 84 m. E. by N Nashville. NETHER PROVIDENCE, t. and p. v., Delaware co., Penn. : S3 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. Drained by Ridley cr. on the W., and Cram cr. on its E. boundary, both emptying into the Delaware river. The surface is level ; soil "ricli and productive clay, and well tilled. It contains several mills and stores. NETTLE CARIER, p. o., Overton co., Tenn. : 80 m. E. by N. Nashville. NETTLE LAKE, p. o., Williams co., Ohio : 140 m. N. W. Columbus. NEUSE river, N. Oar.: rises in Person and Orange counties, flows in a course mainly E. by S., about 200 m., and empties by a broad estuary into Pamlico Sound. NEVADA county, Calif. Situate on E. line of State, in lat. 39 20 , and chiefly occupied by the Sierra Nevada. Drained by numerous affluents of Yuba river, which runs on its N. border, and by Bear creek and N. fork of American river. Surface mountainous, with extensive valleys. Gold is the chief product; but there are many localities suitable for farms. Pop. 21,365, of which 3,266 are Indians, and 4,669 foreigners. Capital : Nevada City. NEVADA, p. o., Greene county, Wise. : 32 m. S. by "W. Madison. NEVADA CITY, p. v., and cap. Nevada co., Calif.: 117 m. N. E. Vallejo. Situate between Deer cr. and Barlow s creek of Yuba r. NEVERSINK, t. and p. o., Sullivan co., N. Y. : 68 m. S. S. W. Albany. Surface hilly and mountainous; soil adapted to grazing. Drained by Neversink r., Eoundout and Beaver creeks. Pop. 2,281. NEVERSINK river, AT. Y. : rises in N. "W. part of Ulster co., runs S. through E. portion of Sullivan co., and empties into Delaware r., at Port Jervis. Upon its banks are numerous tanneries and saw-mills. NEVILLE, p. v., Clermont co., Ohio: on Ohio r., 98 m. S. W. by S. Columbus. NEVIN, p. o., Highland county, Ohio: 60 m. S. S. "W Columbus. NEVISINK HIGHLANDS, Monmouth co., JV. Jer. : on the Atlantic coast, in t. of Middletown, 300 to 400 feet high, covered with trees, are a well-known land-mark for sailors. NEVISINK river, Monmouth co., N. Jer. : flowing between towns of Middletown and Shrewsbury, in N. E. direction, with wide estuary into Sandy Hook bay. NEWAGGEN cape, Me. : an island, extending below t. of Boothboy into the sea, forming E. boundary of Sheepscot bay, 40 m. S. by E. Augusta. NEW AGO county, Mich. Situate "W. on the S. peninsula, and contains 864 sq. m. Drained by Maskegon, White, and Notipicago rivers. Surface level ; soil generally deep and fertile. Farms ; manuf. 12 ; dwell. 92, and pop. wh. 509, fr. col. 1 total 510. Capital: Newago. NEWAGO, t. and p. o., Newago co., Mich. : 76 m. N. W. Lansing. Drained by Maskegon r. and its branches. NEW ALBANY, p. v., Mahoning county, Ohio : on Little Beaver cr., 128 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. NEW ALBANY, p. city, and cap. Floyd co., Ind. : on Ohio r., 100 m. S. by E. Indianapolis, 4 m. N. W. Louisville. This city, which is now the largest in the State, was laid out in 1S13. It is beautifully situated, has wide streets, parallel to the r., which are crossed at right angles by others. The largest business is that of building and repairing steam boats and other vessels, which employ several hundred men. There are large iron foundries, machine shops, and factories. The New Albany and Salem E. E. is now com pleted to Juliet, 65 miles, and will be continued to Chicago. A brisk trade is carried on with the interior and the valleys NEW NEW of the Ohio and Mississippi. The State Bank of Indiana has here a branch. There are 9 churches and a lyceum. The academies and schools are well conducted, and much attention is generally given to education. Two newspapers are published, each daily and weekly the "Ledger" (dem.) and " Bulletin" (whig). Top. 9,785. NEW ALBANY, p. v., Pontotoc co., Miss. : on Tallahatchee r., 157 m. N. N. E. Jackson. NEW ALBANY, Linn co.. Oreg. Ter. See ALBANY, Oreg. NEW ALBANY, p. v.. Bradford co., Penn. : 92 m. N. by E. llarrisburg. NEW ALBION, t and p. o., Cattaraugas co., 2f. Y. : 240 m. W. by S. Albany. The Erie E. E. passes through the town. Pop. 1,63-3. NEW ALEXANDER, p. o., Columbiana co., Ohio : 125 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. NEW ALEXANDRIA, p. v., Jefferson county, Ohio : 121 m. E. by N. Columbus, NEW ALEXANDRIA, p. v., Westmoreland co., Penn. : on the E. side of Loyalhanna r., 130 m. TV. Harrisburg. NEW ALSACE, p. o., Dearborn county, 2nd. : 80 m. S. E. Indianapolis. NEW ALSTEAD, p. o., Cheshire co., N. Jlamp. : on S. side of Cold r., 33 m. TV. S. TV. Concord. NEW AMSTERDAM, p. v., Harrison co., Ind. : on Ohio r., near mouth of Indian cr., 113 m. S. Indianapolis. NEW ANTIOCH, p. v., Clinton county, Ohio: 54 m. S. TV. Columbus. NEWARK, p. v., New Castle co., Del. : on the N. side of Christiana cr., 37 m. N. N. TV. Dover. The Philadelphia and Baltimore E. E. passes through the v., 40 m. from Phil adelphia, and 58 m. from Baltimore. Is a pleasant village, and the seat of Delaware College, founded 1833. In 1850 it had 5 professors, 78 alumni, 30 students. NEWARK, p. v., Linn county, la. : N. side Cedar r., 20 m. N. by TV. Iowa City. NEWARK, p. v., Kendall co., III. : on the S. E. side of Fox r., 136 m. N. N. E. Springfield. NEWARK, p. o., TVarrick co., Ind. : near Big Pigeon cr., on line of TVabash and Erie Canal, 130 miles S. S. TV. Indianapolis. NEWARK, p. v., "Worcester county, Md. : on a creek of Sinepuxent bay, 88 m. S. E. Annapolis. NEWARK, t, and p. v., Eock county, Wise. : 41 m. S. by E. Madison. Pop. 798. NEWARK, p. v., Knox county, Mo. : on N. side of South Fabius r., 100 m. N. Jefferson City. NEWARK, t., p. city, port of entry, and cap. Essex co., N.J.: on TV. bank of Passaic r., 3 m. above its entrance into New ark Bay, 47 m. N. E. Trenton, 9 m.TV. New York. Lat. 40 45 N., long. 74 10 TV. This is the most populous and flour ishing place in the State. It is pleasantly located on a fer tile plain, somewhat elevated above the river. In its TV. part the ground rises, affording fine sites for residences. It is regularly laid out with very broad and straight streets, many of which are bordered with very large and lofty elms, presenting a most beautiful appearance. Two spacious public parks are also well shaded by fine trees. It is light ed with gas, and supplied by a company with pure water from a spring 2 m. distant, conveyed through iron pipes. The court-house, which occupies a commanding position in the TV. part of the city, is a large and elegant building of brown freestone, in the Egyptian style of architecture. The railroad depdt is also a splendid structure of freestone. There are 30 churches, of which several are very fine speci mens of architecture ; and 3 literary associations 1 has a li brary of 3,000 volumes. The N. TVesleyan Institute is the principal seminary. Newark is very extensively engaged i;i manufactures. The principal articles made are the va rious fabrics of leather and India rubber, carriages, wagons, railroad cars, machinery, jewelry, paper hangings, cutlery, soap, candles, etc. The extensive paint factory of the N. J. Zinc Company daily manufactures ten tons of paint. The T3 commerce of N. is considerable and steadily increasing. The river is navigable to this place for vessels of light draft. A fine passenger steamboat plies twice daily to New York. On June 30th, 1850, the total tonnage of N. district was 6,629 tons, of which 78 tons were registered, and 6,551 tons enrolled and licensed ; 1,227 tons were employed in steam navigation ; 6,406 tons were in the coasting trade. During the year ending June 30th, 1850, there were 11 clearances for foreign countries, having 1,131 tons, 62 men ; number of entrances from foreign countries (all foreign vessels), was 17, having 1,601 tons, 95 men. There are 4 banks with $1,800,000 capital. Three newspapers are published daily, "Advertiser" (whig), " Mercury" (whig), "Eagle" (dem.); two weekly, " Sentinel of Freedom" (whig), " Eagle" (dem.) The New Jersey E. E. affords constant communication with New York, the trains running each way every half hour. Very many persons doing business in New York have here their permanent residences. The Morris Canal passes through the city. The Morris and Essex E. E. here termi nates, connecting with New Jersey E. E. Pop. in 1830, 10,953 ; in 1840, 17,290 ; in 1850, 38,894. NEWARK, p. v., Wayne co., N. Y. : on the Erie Canal, 176 m. W. by N. Albany. Contains several churches, stores, and factories. NEWARK, t., p. v., and cap. Licking co., Ohio : situate at the confluence of three principal branches of Licking r., 33 m. E. by N. Columbus, with which it is connected by the Central Ohio E. E. It is also connected with Sandusky by railroad, and is a station of the Ohio and Erie Canal. Be sides a court-house and jail, it contains several churches and academies. Three newspapers are published weekly, "Advocate" (dem.), "Gazette" (whig), "Licking Herald" (dem.) the latter publish semi-weekly editions. Pop of v. 3,778, of t 5,006. NEWARK, p. o., White county, Tenn. : 75 m. E. S. E. Nashville. NEWARK, t. and p. o., Caledonia co., Verm. : 45 m. N. E. Montpelier. Drained by head waters of Passumpsic river. Pop. 434. NEWARK, p. v., Wirt co., Virg. : 232 m. N. W. Eichmond. NEWARK VALLEY, p. v., Tioga county, N. Y. : 132 m. W. S. TV. Albany, on E. Owego cr., in t. of Newark. Pop. of 1. 1,983. NEW ASHFORD, L and p. o., Berkshire co., Mass. : 112 m. W. by N. Boston. Drained by head branches of Green and Housatonic rivers. Surface mountainous; soil adapted to grazing. Considerable attention is given to raising of sheep. A variegated marble is quarried in this t. Pop. of 1. 186. NEW ATHENS, p. v., Harrison co., Ohio: 104 m. E. by N. Columbus. Pop. 331. Seat of Franklin College, founded 1825. In 1850 it had 4 professors, 90 alumni, SO students, 2,200 vols. in library. NEW ATHENS, p. v., Clarion co., Penn. : 145 m. W. N.W llarrisburg. NEW BABYLON, p. o., Paulding county, Ga. : 124 miles N. W. by W. Milledgeville. NEW BALTIMORE, t. and p. v., Greene co., N. Y. : W. side Hudson r., 15 m. S. Albany. Surface of t. hilly ; soil clay and sandy loam, well drained. The v. has a conve nient steamboat landing, and contains some brick-yards. A ship canal from this place to Albany has been chartered by the legislature of 1853. Pop. of t. 2,381. NEW BALTIMORE, p. v., Stark co., Ohio: 111 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by a creek of Cuyahoga river. NEW BALTIMORE, p. v. Fauquier county, Virg. : 87 m. N. by W. Eichmond. NEW BAVARIA, p. o., Henry county, Ohio: 108 miles N. TV. by N. Columbus. NEW BEDFORD, p. city, port of entry, and semi-cap. Bristol co., Mass. : on TV. bank of Acushnet r.,4m. from its entrance into Buzzard s bay, 51 m. S. by E. Boston. Lat. N. 410 ss 7" ; long. W. 70<> 55 49". The harbor is spacious, safe, and deep. The site of the city rises rapidly from the 529 NEW NEW river, and being thus built upon a bold elevation, regularly laid out, and having many fine buildings, it presents a very commanding and beautiful appearance. The principal public buildings are the town hall, custom-house, court house, and some handsome churches. The town hall, built of granite, 100 feet long, 61 feet wide, 3 stories high, at a cost of $ 60,000, is justly regarded as one of the handsomest town halls in New England. The custom-house, also of granite, presents a very fine appearance. Much attention is given to general education in the public schools. The Friends academy for young ladies is a handsome structure, with beautiful grounds. The Social Library contains over 4,000 volumes. Two newspapers are published daily: " Mercury" (whig) and " Evening Standard ;" 3 weekly : " Mercury," " Standard," and " Whaleman s Shipping List ;" 1 monthly: "Golden Age" (lit.). The New Bedford and Taunton K. E. runs hence, 31 m. to Mansfield sta., on Bos ton and Providence E. E. A steamboat plies daily to Nantucket. There are 4 banks (capital $1,900,000.) This is one of the wealthiest cities in America in proportion to its population, and has derived its wealth mainly from the whale fishery. At present two-thirds of the total tonnage of U. S. vessels in the whale fishery belong to this port. The principal business in the city is connected with the whale fisheries, in receiving the oil and bone, and preparing them for market The quantity of sperm oil brought to the port in 1849, was 46,383 barrels, whale oil 72,961 barrels, and whalebone 79T,300 Ibs. About 30 manufactories of oil and candles are in constant operation. The cooperage business employs a great number of hands. A very large steam cordage factory (capital $60,000), manufactures 400 tons of cordage annually. Other large manufactories are devoted to making iron hoops, copper and iron rivets, butt hinges, etc. Here also is a manufactory of Prussian-blue, and some print-works. Ship-building and repairing is carried on ex tensively. The N. B. Eailway and Wharf Co. (cap. $50,000) use a marine railway at their ship-yard, which is of much service in speedily raising small vessels to be repaired. On 30th June", 1850, the total tonnage of New Bedford district was 127,960 tons, of which 119,026 were registered, and 8,934 enrolled and licensed. Of the registered tonnage, 116,882 tons were permanent, 2,144 temporary ; 96,420 tons were in the whale fishery. Of the enrolled and licensed tonnage, 8,444 tons were permanent, 7,949 tons were in the coasting trade, 151 in the cod fishery, 344 in the mackerel fishery, 58 tons propelled by steam. The tonnage licensed (under 20 tons) in the coasting trade was 258 tons ; in the cod fishery, 232 tons. During the year ending June 30th, 1850, the number of clearances for foreign countries was US 32,027 tons ; entrances from do. 134 33,154 tons. Vessels built, 2 ships and 2 schooners 781 tons. Pop. in 1S30, 7,592; in 1840, 12,087; in 1850, 16,464. NEW BEDFORD, p. v., Coshocton county, Ohio: 70 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. NEW BEDFORD, p. v., Lawrence county, Penn. : near the Ohio State line, 196 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. NEW BERLIN, t. and p. v., Chenango co., A T . Y. : on W. side of Unadilla r., 84 m. W. by S. Albany. Surface of t. undulating ; soil moist clay loam. The v. contains several churches, mills, and factories. Pop. of t. 2,562. NEW BERLIN, p. v., Stark co., Ohio : 100 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. NEW BERLIN, t., p. v., and cap. Union co., Penn. : on the N. side of Penn s cr., 43 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. It con tains the court-house, jail, several stores and manufactories. Five newspapers are published weekly: the " Evangelical Messenger" (relig.), "Union Democrat" (whig), "Union Times (dem.), " Good Samaritan" (temp.), and the " Union Star" (whig). NEW BERLIN, p. v., Milwaukie co., Wise. : 70 m. E. by S. Madison. NEW BERLIN CENTRE, p. o., Chenango co., N. Y. : 85 m. W. by S. Albany. 530 NEWBERN, p. v., port of entry, and cap. Craven county 2f. Car. : on S. W. bank of Neuse r., at confluence of Trent river, 47 m. above Pamlico Sound, 100 m. E. S. E. Ealeigh. Lat, N. 350 20 ; long. W. 77 5 . The Neuse is here 1J m. wide, and Trent r. J m., with sufficient depth of water for steamboats, etc. It is a well-built and healthy city, and was formerly capital of the State; contains a court-house, jail, 2 banks (capital $375,000), and 4 churches. It has consider able trade ; its chief exports are lumber, naval stores, and agricultural products. On 30th June, 1850, the total tonnage of Newbern district Avas 5,208 tons, of which 1,519 tons were registered, and 3,689 enrolled and licensed. Of registered tonnage 1 ,077 tons were permanent, and 442 tons temporary. Of enrolled and licensed tonnage 3,508 tons were in the coasting trade, 119 tons propelled by steam. Entrances from foreign countries during year previous, 23 2,664 tons ; clearances, 303,643 tons ; vessels built, 8867 tons. New bern has considerable inland trade, wholesale and retail. Two newspapers are published weekly: "Newbernian" (whig) and "Republican" (dem.) It is about to be con nected with the interior by railroad to Goldsboro , etc. Pop. in 1S30, 3,776 ; in 1840, 3,690 ; in 1850, 4,722. NEWBERN, p. v., Greene county, Ala. : 73 m. W. by N. Montgomery. NEWBERN, p. v., Jersey county, 111. : 86 m. S. W. by S. Springfield. NEWBERN, p. v., Bartholomew co., Ind. : on S. bank of Clifty cr., 42 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. NEWBERN, p. v., and cap. Pulaski county, Virg. : 178 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. NEWBERRY district, S. Car. Situate N. W., and contains 757 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Broad r., which flows on its E. border, and by branches of Saluda r., which forms its S. boundary. Surface generally level ; soil varied a large portion is very fertile, and there is excellent pasturage for cattle. Staples, cotton, wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. Farms 1,045 ; manuf. 39; dwell. 1,494, and pop. wh. 7.243, fr. col. 212, si. 12,683 total 20,143. Capital: Newberry Court-House. Piiblia Works: Greenville and Columbia E. E. ; Laurens E. E. NEWBERRY, p. v., Wayne co., Ey. : on W. side Otter cr. of Cumberland r., 96 m. S. Frankfort. NEWBERRY, p. v., Greene co., Ind. : on E. bank of "W. fork of White r., and on line of Wabash and Erie Canal, 72 m. S. E. by S. Indianapolis. NEWBERRY, p. v., Lyeoming co., Penn. : on the N. side of the Susquehanna r., and the W. side of Lyeoming cr., 68 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. There is a blast furnace, one forge, and one rolling-mill at this place. With the opening of railroads this v. has good business prospects. NEWBERRY, p. v., sta., and cap. Newberry dist. , S. Car. : on Greenville and Columbia E. E., 47 m. W. N. W. from Columbia. Contains the court-house, jail, 6 churches, 2 ho tels, 15 stores, 2 academies. The v. is noted for the wealth, refinement, and education of its citizens. The "N. Sen tinel" (dem.) is published weekly. Pop. 1,250. A mile W. of the v., the Laurens E. E. diverges from the main track. NEWBERRYTOWN, p. v., York co., Penn. : 9 m. S. S. E. Harrisburg. NEW BETHEL, p. o., Benton co., Ala. : 102 m. N. by E. Montgomery. NEW BETHEL, p. v., Marion county, Ind. : 9 miles S. E. Indianapolis. NEW BETHLEHEM, p. v., Clarion co., Penn. : on the N. side of Eed Bank cr., 141 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. NEW BLOOMFIELD, p. v., Callaway county. Mo. : 12 m. N. N. E. Jefferson City. NEW BLOOMFIELD, p. b., and cap. Perry co., Penn. : 20 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. It contains the court-house, jail, several stores, and is surrounded by a thriving agricultural district. NEWBORN, p. v., Newton county, Qa. : 45 miles N. W. Milledgeville. NEW NEW NEW BOSTON, p. v., Lee county, la. : 75 m. S. Iowa City ; and 7 m. "W. Nauvoo, III. NEW BOSTON, p. o., Windham co., Conn. : on the Quinne- baug r., 41 m. E. N. E. Hartford, 72 m. N. E. New Haven ; has several factories. NEW BOSTON, p. v., Mercer co., Itt. : on the N. E. side of Mississippi r., 1J m. above the mouth of Edwards r., 114 m. N. W. Springfield. The v. has a good landing on the r., and is surrounded by a fertile country. NEW BOSTON, p. v., Berkshire co., Mass.: on the W. side of Farmington r., 106 m. "W". by S. Boston. NEW BOSTON, sta., "Worcester co., Mass. : on Worcester and Nashua E. E., IS m. from "Worcester. NEW BOSTON, t and p. o., Hillsborough co., N. JIamp. : on S. branch of Piscataquog r., 20 m. S. S. "W. Concord. Surface hilly ; soil fertile. Contains numerous mills, and 2 churches. Pop. 1,476. NEW BRAINTREE, t and p. v., "Worcester co., Mass. : 54m. "W. Boston. Drained by numerous brooks, and on the N."W. by Ware r. Surface uneven ; soil fertile in parts, and par ticularly adapted to grazing. Pop. of t. 852: NEW BRAUNFELS, t., p. v., and cap. Comal co., Tex. : on Gaudaloupe and Comal rivers, at their junction, 45 m. S. S. W. Austin City. This place occupies a very beautiful site, in the most fertile portion of Texas. The inhabitants are mostly Germans. They are mainly Lutherans, but there is also a Catholic chapel. NEW BREMEN, p. v., Auglaize co., Ohio: 80 m. W. N. W. Columbus, on Miami Canal Pop. 344. NEW BREMEN, p. o., Cook county, III. : 154 miles N. E. Springfield. NEW BREMEN, t and p. o., Lewis co., N. Y. : on E. side of "Black r., 87 m. N. W. Albany. Drained by Black r. and branches. Pop. 1,510. NEW BRIDGE, p. o., Lumpkin co., Ga. : on the E. side of Chestatee r., Ill m. N. by W. Milledgeville. NEW BRIDGEVILLE, p. o., York county, Penn. : 32 m. S. Harrisburg. NEW BRIGHTON, p. b., Beaver co., Penn. : on the E. side of Beaver r., 3 m. above its mouth, and 180 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. The Ohio and Pennsylvania E. E. passes through this place, 28 m. from Pittsburg. The r. here af fords water-power, and a very considerable manufacturing and local commercial business is done. The b. is regularly laid out, and contains many beautiful residences and sub stantial business houses. Two bridges span the r., one at either end of the village. NEW BRIGHTON, p. v., Eichmond co., K T. : 6 m. S. W. New York, 132 m. S. by W. Albany. This v. is most beau tifully situated on Staten Island, and is a favorite resort of the citizens of New York City in the summer months. No place in the vicinity of New York affords more delightful views of the bay and city. NEW BRITAIN, t., p. b., and sta., Hartford county, Conn. : 27 m. N. by E. New Haven, 9 m. S. S. W. Hartford ; station on the Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill E. E. Drained by Mill r. Contains numerous factories, chiefly of brass and hardware. The Connecticut State Normal School, estab lished here in 1851, has an annual appropriation of $2,500, and employs four instructors. The " New Britain Journal" is published weekly. Pop. of t. 8,023. NEW BRITAIN, p. o., Columbia co., N. T. : 22 m. S. E. Albany. NEW BRUNSWICK, p. city, port, and cap. Middlesex co., N. Jer. : on Earitan r., 26 m. N. E. Trenton, 31 m. by New Jersey E. E. from New York, 55 m. from Philadelphia. This flourishing city is at the head of navigation on the Earitan, 14 m. from its mouth, and is accessible for vessels drawing eight feet of water. Here terminates the Delaware and Earitan Canal, which connects with these rivers here and at Bordentown. It is 43 m. long, 75 feet wide, and 7 feet deep ; admitting the passage of vessels of 100 tons. It has a rise and fall of 116 feet by 14 locks. New Brunswick ; was incorporated as a city in 1784. It is the dep t of a fer tile district, and has considerable trade and manufactures. The oldest portion of the city is built upon the river, on low ground, having narrow and crooked streets, but the rest is built upon a declivity, with regular and broad streets, pre senting a handsome appearance, and commanding fine prospects. Many houses are elegantly surrounded by gar dens. Upon the highest part of the city is Eutger s College, founded in 1770. In 1350 it had 7 instructors, 66 students, 513 alnmni, and 10,000 vols. in library. In the vicinity is the Theol. Seminary of the Dutch Eeformed Church, estab lished in 1784, having 3 professors, 34 students, 179 alumni, and 7,000 vols. in library. The city contains the court-house and jail, 9 churches, etc. ; 2 banks, cap. $200,000, and several large factories. Three newspapers are issued weekly " N. Jersey Union" (dem.), " N. B. Times" (dem.), " Fredonian" (whig.) The constant communication of New Brunswick with New York for the last few years has greatly increased its business and population. Pop. in 1830, 7,831 ; in 1840, 8,663 ; in 1850, 13,387. NEW BUDA, p. v., Decatur co., la. : on Crooked fork of Grand r., 133 m. S. W. by W. Iowa City. This is a new Hungarian settlement, planted by the exiles who came over to the United States with Gov. Ujhazy. NEW BUFFALO, t. and p. v., Berrien co., Mich. : on Lake Michigan, 125 m. W. S. W. Lansing, at mouth of Galain r., which is here an estuary 3 m. wide, affording a good har bor. The v. was formerly the termination of the Michigan Central E. E., now extended to Chicago. NEW BUFFALO, p. v., Perry co., Penn. : on W. side of Susquehanna r., 5 m. above the mouth of Juniata r., 16 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. NEWBURG, p. v., Macon county, Mo. : 100 m. N. by W. Jefferson City. NEWBURG, p. v., Franklin co., Ala. : 159 m. N. N. W. Montgomery. NEWBURG, p. v., Warrick co., Ind. : on Ohio r., 138 m. S. S. W. Indianapolis. It has a convenient steamboat land ing, and contains several stores and warehouses, and a pop ulation of about 600. The " Warrick Democrat" is pub lished weekly. NEWBURG, t. and p. o., Cass county, Mich. : 88 m. S. W. Lansing. Pop. 388. NEWBUBG, p. o., Washington co., Wise. : <?S m. E. N. E. Madison. NEWBURG, p. v., and cap. Lewis co., Tenn. : 54 m. S. S.W. Nashville. NEWBURG, t. and p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : 49 m. N. E. Augusta. Drained by a branch of Sowadabscook r. Soil fertile. Pop. 1,399. NEWBURG, t., p. v., and semi-cap. Orange co., N. Y. : on W. bank Hudson r., 84 m. S. by W. Albany, 54 m. N. New York. Lat. 41O 31 N., long. 74 1 W. Surface of t. ele vated, somewhat broken, and hilly. Drained by the Hud son and small creeks. Soil clay and gravelly loam, fertile, but best adapted to grazing. This vicinity, with the rest of Orange co., is celebrated for its superior dairy products and excellent live-stock. The v. is handsomely situated on an acclivity rising from the shore to an elevation of 300 feet, where is afforded a most delightful and extensive prospect of the river, which here widens into Newburg Bay, fertile and beautiful valleys, the Highlands, and the villages of West Point and Fishkill. This v. was settled in 1701 by Germans, and incorporated in 1800. General Washington had here his head-quarters during the winter of 1782-3, at which period the celebrated Newburg letters were written. The old stone-house in which he resided is still standing in good preservation. On 23d June, 17S3, the troops here sta tioned were disbanded. The v. contains a court-house and jail, numerous churches, seminaries, etc. The Theological Seminary of Assoc. Eef. Church, established in 1836, has 1 professor, 11 students, 143 alumni, 3,200 vols. in library. There are large factories of carriages, machinery, chairs, 531 NEW NEW cordage, plaster, flour, candles, etc., iron foundries, brew eries, tanneries, stone and lumber yards, etc. ; 4 banks have a capital of $700,000. A steam ferry connects the v. with Fishkill and Hudson Kiver K. K. The Newburg branch E. E. connects with Erie E. E. at Chester junction, 19 m. The immense quantities of agricultural products, etc., of the vicinity and interior, which are here received for the New York markets, with the other commerce of the v., constantly employ many freight barges, sloops, and steamboats. Four newspapers are issued weekly, " N. Gazette" (whig), " Tele graph" (dem.), "Excelsior" (dem.), "Highland Courier" (dem.) Pop. in 1830, 6,424 ; in 1840, 8,933 ; in 1850, 11,415. NEWBTTRG, t, p. v., and sta., Cuyahoga co., Ohio: 123 m. N. E. by N. Columbus, 8 m. S. E. Cleveland, on Cleveland and Pittsburg E. E. Soil of t. fertile. Drained by Mill cr., upon which the v. is situated, at a fall in the stream, afford ing extensive water-power. Pop. of t 1,542. NEWBITRG, p. o., Cumberland co., Penn. : on N. side of Conedogwinit cr., 37 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. NEW BURLINGTON, p. o., Delaware co., Ind. : on Prairie cr., 47 m. E. N. E. Indianapolis. NEW BURLINGTON, p. o., Clinton co., Ohio : 54 m. S. W. Columbus. NEWBUBY, t and p. o., Merrimac co., N. ITamp. : 24 m. W. N. W. Concord. It is bordered on the N. W. by Suna- pee lake. Drained by a branch of Warner r. ; has two churches. Pop. 738. NEWBURY, t. and p. o., Geauga co., Ohio : 121 m. N. E. Columbus. Surface of t. diversified ; soil fertile ; timber abundant. Drained by the heads of Chagrin and Cuy ahoga rivers. Pop. 1,253. NEWBURY, t., p. v., and sta., Orange co., Verm. : on Connecticut r., 27 m. E. S. E. Montpelier. Wells r., in the N. part of t., affords good water-power. The Connecticut and Passumsic E. E. passes through the t The Newbury Seminary is a flourishing Methodist academy, and has six teachers. The " Aurora of the Valley" (lit) is published weekly. Pop. 2,984. NEWBURYPORT, p. city, port of entry, and one of the caps. Essex co., Maxs. : on the S. bank of Merrimac r., 4 m. from the ocean, 34 m. N. N. E. Boston. Lat. 42 4S 32" N., long. 70 52 47" W. The harbor is safe and spacious, and pro tected by a break-wat er, but its entrance is obstructed by a eand-bar. The city is beautifully situated on a gentle ac clivity, and very regularly laid out, with wide streets, those parallel with the river rising like terraces. This place has suffered severely by fires, commercial losses, and otherwise, but for the last few years it has been steadily increasing in wealth and importance. A U. S. naval officer is stationed here. It is still largely engaged in the mackerel and cod fisheries, coasting trade, and foreign commerce. Five large cotton manufacturing companies have a capital of $1,180,000. Ship-building is extensively carried on. There are 3 banks ; capital $570,000. The principal buildings are, custom house, of rough granite, with fine wrought Doric portico ; court-house, of brick ; stone jail, 10 churches, a fine academy, lyceum, etc. Much attention is given to education. The Putnam High School is endowed with $70,000. Another in stitution, chiefly for classical studies, has a large fund, given by Mr. Moses Brown. Rev. George Whitefield, the celebra ted divine, died in this town, Sept. 21, 1770; his tomb and monument are in the First Presbyterian Church. The Eastern E E. passes through the city, 34 m. from Boston. The New- buryport E. E. branches off to Bradford, connecting with the Boston and Maine E. E. Two daily papers are issued, "Herald" (whig), "Union" (dem.); 1 semi-weekly, "N. Herald" (whig). On 30th June, 1850, the total tonnage of N. district was 23,262 tons, of which 16,214 tons were re gistered, and 7,048 tons enrolled and licensed. Of register- d tonnage, 14,018 were permanent, and 2,196 temporary. Of the enrolled and licensed tonnage, 7,048 were permanent, 494 tons were employed in the coasting trade, 3,739 tons were in the cod fishery, and 2,815 tons in the mackerel 532 fishery. During the year previous the number of clearances for foreign ports was 140 9,703 tons; number of entrances 1288,605 tons. Yesaels built, 10 (8 ships, 2 schooners), 4,657 tons. Pop. in 1830, 6,375 ; in 1840, 7,161 ; in 1850. 9,572. NEWBY S BRIDGE, p. o., Perquimans co., 2f. Car. : 130 m. N. E. Ealeigh. NEW CALIFORNIA, p. T., Grant co., Wise. : 60 m. W. S.W. Madison. NEW CALIFORNIA, p. o., Union co., Ohio: 30 m. N. W. Columbus. NEW CANAAN, t. and p. v., Fairfield co., Conn. : 32 m. W. S. W. New Haven, 61 m. S. W. Hartford. Surface of t. uneven ; soil gravelly loam, well watered by several streams from Long Island Sound. Contains a number of mills and has some manufactures. The v. is on high ground, and contains 3 churches and an academy. Pop. of t. 2,601. NEW CANANDAIGUA, p. o., Oakland co., Mich.: 65 m. E. by S. Lansing. NEW CANTON, p. v., Hawkins co., Tenn. : 225 m. E. by N. Nashville. NEW CANTON, p. v., Buckingham county, Virg. : on S. side State cr., a quarter of a mile from James r., 45 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. Four miles W. are the extensive Virginia flour-mills. NEW CARLISLE, p. v., St. Joseph county, Ind. : 133 m. N. by W. Indianapolis. NEW CARLISLE, p. v., Clark co., Oliio : 54 m. W. by S. Columbus. Pop. 634. NEW CARTHAGE, p. v., Madison par., La. : N. side of a bend of Mississippi r., 120 m. N. Baton Eouge. NEW CASTLE county, Del. Situate N., and contains 923 sq. m. Drained by Christiana, St. George s, Brandy- wine, Eed Clay, Naaman s, Blackbird, and Duck creeks. Surface varied in the N. and W. being hilly, in the E. low and marshy and unfit for tillage; soil, where capable of cultivation, is fertile. Staples, wheat, Indian corn, and po tatoes ; and in this county are the principal manufacturing establishments of the State. Farms 1,662 ; manuf. 281 ; dwell. 7,098, and pop. wh. 34,822, fr. col. 7,568, si. 394 total 42,784. Capital: New Castle. Public Works: Phil adelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore E. E.; New Castle and Frenchtown E. E. ; New Castle and Wilmington E. K. Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, etc. NEW CASTLE, hund., p. v., port of entry, and cap. New Castle co., Del. : on W. bank of Delaware r., 31 m. N. Dover, 5 m. S. Wilmington. Lat 39 40 N., long. 75 33 W. The hund. is bounded on the N. and W. by Christiana cr. Sur face moderately hilly ; soil fertile. The v. is an old town, and once the capital of the State. Its harbor is well pro tected by long piers. Eailroads to Wilmington and French- town afford direct connection with Philadelphia and Balti more. It contains the court-house, jail, town-house, arsenal, market-house, 1 bank capital $133,000; 5 churches, and public library of 4,000 vols. Here is a large manufactory of steam-engines, locomotives, etc. The total tonnage of New Castle district on the 30th June, 1850, was 7,259 tons en rolled and licensed, of which 7,124 tons were permanently employed in the coasting trade, 135 tons were licensed under 20 tons ; 1,345 tons were propelled by steam. Pop. 3,500. NEW CASTLE, p. o., Gentry county, Mo. : 162 m. N. W. Jefferson City. NEW CASTLE, p. v., sta., and cap. Henry county, Ind. : on E. side Blue r., 40 m. E. by N. Indianapolis. The New Castle and Eichmond E. E. passes through the village. It contains a court-house and jail, several good schools, and numerous stores. NEW CASTLE, t and p. v., Lincoln co., Me. : 24 m. S. S. E. Augusta, between Damariscotta and Sheepscot rivers. The Dainariscotta r. is navigable for large vessels to the v., 15m. from the ocean. There are numerous mills of different kinds in the v. and t. The " Lincoln Democrat" is published weekly. Pop. 2,012. NEW NEW NEW CASTLE, p. o., Logan co., III. : on the N. side of Kickapoo cr., 37 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. NEW CASTLE, t., p. v., and sta., "VVestchester co., N". T. : 102 m. S. Albany. Surface of t. hilly ; soil gravelly and sandy loam. The Harlem R. E. passes through the t, 40 m. from New York. Pop. 1,800. NEW CASTLE, t. and p. v., Coshocton co., Ohio: 48 m. E. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Walhonding river and branches. Pop. 1,227. NEW CASTLE, p. v., Wilkes co., 2f. Car. : 138 m. W. N. W. Ealeigh. NEW CASTLE, p. b., and cap. Lawrence co., Penn. : at the junction of the Shenango and Neshannock creeks, 187 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. The Beaver and Erie Canal passes through the v. Iron ore deposits are found in the vicinity ; 2 rolling-mills, 1 blast-furnace, several manufactories, and a number of stores, make this a place of considerable business importance. There are two newspapers issued weekly the "N. C. Gazette" (whig), and " Lawrence Journal" (dem.) NEW CASTLE, p. v., Hardeman county, Term. : 147 m. W. S. W. Nashville. NEW CASTLE, t. and p. o., Eockingham co., N. JTamp. : 43 m. E. S. E. Concord. Consists of an island in Portsmouth harbor, connected with Portsmouth by a bridge. Here are Fort Constitution and the light-house ; also 1 church. The island is much resorted to from Portsmouth, for the purpose of fishing. Pop. 891. NEW CASTLE, p. v., Botetourt co., Virg. : on Craig s cr., 145 m. W. Eichmond. NEW CASTLE C. H., p. v., and cap. Henry co., Ky. : 21 m. N. W. Frankfort. NEW CENTREVILLE, p. v., Jennings co., Ind. : on S. side Vernon Fork r., 63 m. S. S. E. Indianapolis. NEW CHAMBERSBURG, p. v., Columbiana co., Ohio : 114 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. NEW CHESTER, p. o., Adams co., Penn. : on Conewago cr., 26 m. S. S. W. Harrisburg. NEW CHURCH, p. o., Accomac county, Virg. : 101 m. E. by N. Eichmond. NEW COLUMBIA, p. v., Union co., Penn. : on "W". side of W. branch of Susquehannar., 53 m. N. Harrisburg. NEW COLUMBIA, p. v., Newton co., Tex. : on "W. side of Saline r., 258 m. E. by N. Austin City ; has a good landing for steamboats. NEW COLUMBUS, p. o., Luzerne co., Penn. : 68 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. NEW COMERSTOWN, p. v., Tuscarawas co., Ohio: on "W. bank Tuscarawas r., and on the Ohio and Erie Canal, 75 m. E. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 476. NEW CONCORD, p. v., Callaway co., Ky. : 213 m. S. W. Frankfort. NEW CONCORD, p. v., Muskingum county, Ohio : 65 m. E. by N. Columbus. Has an academy, several churches, and mills. Pop. 334. NEW CORWIN, p. o., Highland co., Ohio : 60 m. S. "W. by S. Columbus. NEW CORYDON, p. T., Jay co., Ind. : on S. side of Wabash r., 85 m. N. E. Indianapolis. NEW CUMBERLAND, p. b., Cumberland co., Penn. : on W. side of Susquehanna r., at the confluence of the Yellow Breeches cr., 3 m. S. Ilarrisburg. The York and Cumber land R. E. passes through the b., to connect with the Cum berland Valley and other lines. Here are several stores, and some manufacturing is done. NEW CUMBERLAND, p. o., Brooke county, Virg. : 254 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. NF.W DERRY, p. v., "Westmoreland co., Penn. : 124 m. W. Harrisburg. The Pennsylvania E. E. passes through town of Derry, 40 m. from Pittsburg. NEW DIGGINS, t. and p. v., Lafayette co., Wise. : on Fever r., 63 m. S. W. Madison. Pop. 1,742. NEW DURHAM, p. v., La Porte county, Ind. : 125 m. N. N. E. by N. Indianapolis. NEW DURHAM, t, p. o., and sta., Stratford co., W. Ramp. : 22 m. N. E. Concord, on Cocheco E. E., 22 m. from Dover. Surface very uneven; soil moist, and adapted to grazing. Pop. 1,048. NEW DURHAM, p. v., Hudson co., N. Jr. : 55 m. N. E. Trenton. NEW EGYPT, p. v., Ocean co., N. Jer. : 15 m. S. E. by E. Trenton, on Crosswick s cr., upon which are numerous and valuable mills. NEWELL, p. o., Anderson dist, S. Car.: 95 m. N. "W. Columbia. NEW ENGLAND VILLAGE, p. v., Worcester co., Mass.: 88 m. W. Boston, 7 m. S. E. "Worcester, 1 m. from Boston and Worcester E. E., on Quinsigamond cr., the outlet of Long Pond. This stream in its descent falls 50 feet, afford- ding great water-power. This is a very flourishing and growing village. NEW FAIRFIELD, t. and p. o., Fairfleld co., Conn. : 48 m. W. S. W. Hartford, 32 m. W. N. W. New Haven. Surface of t. rough and hilly ; soil gravelly. Drained by Eock r. Pop. 927. NEWFANE, t. and p. o., Niagara county, N. T. : 262 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Eighteen-Mile cr. Surface inclined toward the lake ; soil sandy loam. Pop. 3,255. NEWFIELD, t, and p. o., York county, Me. : 76 m. S. W. Augusta. Drained by Little Ossipee r., on which there are some mills. Pop. 1,418. NEWFIELD, t and p. v., Tompkin s co., JV. Y. : 148 m. W. by S. Albany. Surface of t. broken and hilly; soil gravelly loam and very fertile ; is well drained. NEW FLORENCE, sta., Westmoreland co., Pa. : on S. side Conemaugh r., 114 W. by N. Harrisburg, on Pennsylvania E. R., 70 m. from Pittsburg. NEWFOUND, lake and river, Grafton co., N. K The lake is six m. long, 2 to 3 m. wide ; its outlet, or the river, is a considerable stream, flowing into Pemigewassett r. NEWFOUNDLAND, p. o., Morris co., 2f. Jer. : on S. bank of Pequannock r., 53 m. N. N. E. Trenton. NEW FRANKFORT, p. o., Scott co., Ind. : on N. side of Sucker s Fork, 75 m. S. S. E. Indianapolis. NEW FRANKLIN, p. v., Stark co., Ohio : 111 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. NEW FRANKLIN, p. o., Wayne co., III. : 113 m. S. E. by S. Springfield. NEW FREEDOM, p. o., York county, Penn. : 25 m. S. Harrisburg. NEW GARDEN, p. o., Wayne co., Ind. : 65 m. E. Indian apolis. NEW GARDEN, p. o., Russell co., Virg. : 261 m. W by S. Eichmond. NEW GARDEN, p. v., Guilford co., 2T. Car. : 78 m. W. N.W. Ealeigh. NEW GARDEN, p. r., Columbiana county, Ohio: 118 m. E. N. E. Columbus. NEW GARDEN, t and p. o., Chester co., Penn. : 68 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. Surface level; soil calcareous loam. Drained by Eed Clay and White Clay creeks. NEW GASCONY, p. v., Jefferson co., Ark. : on N. bank of Arkansas r., 42 m. E. S. E. Little Eock. NEW GENEVA, p. v., Fayette co., Penn. : on E. side of Monongahela r. above the confluence of George cr., 160 m. W. by S. Ilarrisburg. NEW GERMAN-TOWN, p. v., Hunterdon county, N. Jer. : W. of Lamington r., 32 m. N. Trenton. Contains several churches and stores and an academy. NEW GERMANTOWN, p. v., Perry co., Penn. : 86 m. W. Ilarrisburg. NEW GILEAD, p. v., Moore co., 2f. Car. : 60 m. S. W. Ealeigh. NEW GLARUS, p. o., Green co., Wise. : on fork of Sugar r., 25 m. S. S. W. Madison. NEW GLASGOW, p. v., Amherst co., Virg.: 87 m. W. Eichmond. 533 NEW NEW NEW GLOUCESTER, t, p. o., and sta., Cumberland co., Me. : j NEW GRETNA, p. o., Burlington co., N. Jer. : 30 m. S. 36 m. S. W. Augusta. Drained by Eoyal s r., which affords water-power to mills of various kinds. The Atlantic and &t. Lawrence E. E. passes through this t., 22 m. from Port land. Pop. 1,843. NEW GOSIIEN, p. o., Vigo county, Ind. : 70 m. "W. S. W. Indianapolis. NEW GOTTINGEN, p. T., Guernsey co., Ohio: 65 m. E. Columbus. Pop. 54. NEW GRAEFESBERG, p. o., Herkimer co., N. T. : 70 m. W. N. W. Albany. NEW GRENADA, p. o., Fulton co., Penn. : 70 m. W. S. "W. Trenton. NEW GUILFOED, p. o., Coshocton co., Ohio : 50 m. E. N. E. Columbus. NEW HACKEXSACK, p. o., Dutchess co., T. Y. : 80 m. S. by W. Albany. NEW HAGERSTOWN, p. v., Carroll co., Ohio : 97 m. E. N. E. Columbus. NEW HAMBURG, p. v. and sta., Duchess co., N. Y. : on E. bank of Hudson r., at mouthof Wappinger s cr., 74 m. S. by W. Albany. Is a station of the Hudson Eiver E. E., 66 m. from New York, 78 m. from Albany. Harrisburg. THE STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. NEW HAMPSHIRE is situated between 42 41 and 45 11 latitudes north, and between 70 40 and 72 28 longitudes, west from Greenwich, or between 4 34 and 6 22 east from Washington. It is bounded on the north by Lower Canada, on the east by the State of Maine and the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the State of Massachusetts, and on the east by that of Vermont, from which it is separated by the Connecticut Eiver. From north to south its length is 168 miles, and its width, from east to west, from 90 to 20 miles, its form tapering toward the north. It contains an area of 9,280 square miles. New Hampshire has a sea-coast of but 18 miles in length. The shore is little otherwise than a sandy beach, bordered in front by salt marshes, and indented by creeks and coves, which form, however, eligible harbors for small craft. Behind there is a narrow, level, or gently undulating tract of 25 or 30 miles in width, and beyond this zone the general surface becomes mountainous, principally in the north, the hills increasing in height as they recede from the sea, until they swell to the lofty grandeur of the White Mountains. This range, which may be considered as a continuation of the Alleghanies, enters New Hampshire between the Connecticut and Merrimac rivers, and of which the Grand Monadnock, 3,254 feet in height, Sunapee, 4,636 feet, and Moosheloc, 4,636 feet, appear to be links, reaches its greatest elevation in Mount Washing ton, the summit of which is 6,428 feet above the level of the sea, and the highest culmination east of the Eocky Mountains. The other principal peaks in this range, for as such it may be described, although it is not always continuous, are : Mount Adams, 5,960 feet ; Mount Jefferson, 5,860 feet ; Mount Madison, 5,620 feet, Mount Monroe, 5,510 feet ; Mount Franklin, 5,050 feet, and others little inferior in elevation, and the Kearsarge Mountains rise to the height of 2,480 feet. These mountains are composed of huge rocks of granite and gneiss, and round their bases are forests of heavy timber, which is succeeded by a belt of stunted fir trees, from 10 to 15 feet high, above this a growth of thick bushes, and farther up the surface is covered with a dark pall of mosses and lichens. The snow lies on their summits for nine or ten months of the year, giving them the appearance from which they take their name. The " Notch" is a remarkable chasm two miles in length, and where narrowest it is only 22 feet wide. It is the only pass through the great mountain barrier. Through the high, steep precipices, which form its walls, flows one of the head branches of the Saco Eiver, and in its course receiving the waters of several cascades which leap down the declivities. This stream, after a heavy fall of rain, becomes fearfully swollen, and frequently at such times sweeps away all opposing obstacles, and fills the valley with ruin. In 1836, a violent rain storm caused a slide of earth, rocks, and trees, which choked up the streams, and flooding the country, spread desolation far and wide, and in the general confusion a family of eleven persons, residing at the Notch House, wero overwhelmed. The general slope of the State is from north to south, and in that direction the principal rivers flow, following the courses of the local valleys. The slope toward the Connecticut valley is short and precipitous, and in this direction the only streams of consequence are the Ammonoosuc and Ashuelot. The Androscoggin passes through the north-eastern part of the State, but this is properly a river of Maine. The Piscataqua, the only considerable river that has its whole course within the State, is formed by the junction of Salmon Falls and Cocheco rivers from the north, and several smaller streams from the west, and it is only from this junction to the sea, a distance of ten miles, that it bears the name of Piscataqua. At its mouth is the harbor of Portsmouth, one of the finest in the United States. The Merrimac rises in the White Mountains, not far distant from the sources of the Saco, and running south through the centre of the State, passes into Massachusetts, where it turns and runs in a north-easterly direction, and falls into the Atlantic. The principal tributaries of the Merrimac are from the west, the Nashua, which, after bending beyond the State line, again enters New Hampshire, and empties itself in the town of Nashua ; the Contoocook, which empties itself at Concord, and Baker s Eiver, which rises in Moosheloc Mountain, and empties itself at Plymouth ; and from the east the principal tributaries are Winnipiseogee Eiver, the outlet of the lake of the same name, and Squam Eiver, which is the outlet of Squam Lake. None of the rivers of New Hampshire, however, are much used for navigation, but afford the best of mill-sites. It is estimated that 110,000 acres of the surface of this State are covered with water. Lake Winnipiseogee (Win-ne-pe- sok-ee, Indian) is the most extensive sheet of water within its limits. It is 23 miles in length, and from 2 to 10 in breadth. Upward of 360 islands are sprinkled over its bosom, and its shores are indented by numerous bays formed by gentle swells of land projecting into the lake and rising gracefully from its waters. It abounds in fish, and its waters are remark ably pure. Being on the route to the White Mountains, it is much visited by travelers, and a steamboat is employed on the lake during the summer season. Lake Umbagog, on the eastern State line, and others in the south and west, are smaller, but all have attractive scenery, and are the recipients and outlets of several streams. Off the coast are the Isles of Shoals, seven in number, which belong partly to Maine and partly to New Hampshire (866 MAINE). They lie about eight miles out to sea, between Portsmouth and Newburyport, and are hardly more than a cluster of rocks rising above the water. For more than a century before the Eevolution they were quite populous, con taining at one time 600 inhabitants, who found there an advantageous situation for carrying on the fisheries. To this day the best cod are those known under the name of Isles of Shoals sun-fish. From 3,000 to 4,000 quintals were once annually taken and cured here, but the business has of late years declined. New Hampshire has been called the " Switzerland of America." Its scenery is full of grandeur and wild magnificence. NEW HAMPSHIRE. From the lofty summits of its rugged mountains the eye surveys one of the wildest, and at the same time enchanting, countries of the world, and is never drowsed by monotony. Kocks piled on rocks, clothed in gigantic forest growths and Bhrubs, placid lakes embosoming countless verdant islets ; pleasant valleys and farm lands in the highest state of cultiva tion, successively greet the eye, while the foaming cataract and leaping cascade, now rushing down the slopes and dashing to the vales, and now reposing into the gently gliding streams, and anon swelling into rivers, coursing like molten silver through the plains, and winding their way to the sea, enchant the senses and cheat the mind of its cares. From Mount Washington the prospect is noble and extensive, only bounded on the one hand by the dim distance of the ocean, and on the other by the blue horizon resting on the green base of the land. From Monad nock and Moosheloc, and many of the other higher elevations, the scenery is not less alluring. Nor is that of the lakes inferior. Surrounded by forest-clad hills, these beautiful basins interspersed with islets, and reflecting from their glassy bosoms the bright blue sky, and the neigh boring slopes, are truly a feature of loveliness, and well might the Indian, charmed by the beauties of the scenery around "VVinnipiseogee, call it " The smile of the Great Spirit." Umbagog, Sunapee, and others, have their charms ; they are smaller, indeed, but all are highly picturesque, and abound with the most lovely scenery. The mineral resources of New Hampshire are by no means insignificant. The recent geological survey by Dr. Charles F. Jackson, one of the most scientific geologists of New England, has resulted in many highly valuable discoveries. His examinations have brought to light the existence of several beds of iron, and a valuable one of limestone, not hitherto known, which will prove sources of great wealth to the State. Iron exists in almost every county. The ore beds that have been chiefly worked are at Franconia and Lisbon, in the northerly part of the State, and these are considered as among the richest in the United States, the ores yielding from 60 to 70 per cent, of metal. Ores of copper are found also at Franconia, Warren, Eaton, and other places, which want only a judicious investment of capital and labor to develop their treasures. The zinc ore mines of Warren are described as abounding and rich, and a very rich mine of tin ore has been discovered in the town of Jackson, near the foot of the White Mountains, which promises to yield from 40 to 60 per cent, in pure worked metal. This is the first valuable tin mine that has been discovered in the United States. In the town of Eaton there are also extensive deposits of ores of zinc and lead, mixed in some of the shale with veins of silver, the amount of which is sufficiently great to allow of its being profitably separated. There is no State which possesses greater quantities of granite, suited to the purposes of architecture, than New Hamp shire. At various points on the very margins, or near the banks of the Merrimac and Connecticut, are found immense and apparently exhaustless ranges of this stone. It is of the best texture and color, and capable of yielding blocks of any required size. Marble is also abundant, as also most of the rocks attributed to the primary era. The soils of New Hampshire are generally of a stubborn nature, and not of the most fertile description. They require considerable labor to make them moderately productive ; those of the intervals are the most profitable, and are moder ately rich. All, however, yield well to the industry applied to them, and under proper management, the natural ruagedness of the country has been converted into a garden-like scene. The climate is somewhat colder than that of Maine, and more steady; the difference of elevation, however, decides the prevailing temperature, and in some cases the difference between that of the base and summit of the mountains is from 1S to 25. The temperature of the summer is great, and sometimes rises to 100 Fahr. In the winter season it has been known to sink so low as to freeze the mercury in the tube. These extremes, however, seldom occur, and are of short duration. In the neighborhood of the White Mountains, the peaks of which are almost always capped in snow, the winters are excessively cold. No part of the State, however, is unhealthy, but on the contrary, many instances of longevity are recorded, and it is no unusual thing to find persons enjoying good health at the patriarchal age of 100 years and upward. William Perkins, of New Market, died in 1T32, at 116 ; William Scory. of Londonderry, in li&4, at 110 ; Robert Metlin, in 17S5, at 115 ; Samuel Welch, of Bow, in 1823, at 113 ; and more recent instances are not wanting. In 1840 there were living in the State 10 persons of 100 years of age and upward, and in 1850, 13 persons. The cold weather sets in about the middle of September, and continues till May ; the severity of win ter, however, does not commence before November, from which time to the opening of the spring season, the country is clothed in a thick mantle of snow, and the rivers are frozen to their sources. The natural growths of the country are various kinds of useful timber, as oak, pine, hemlock, ash, beech, and birch ; and these in former times constituted the chief merchantable products of the region, and when formed into masts, staves, plauks, boards, etc., were largely exported. The sugar-maple is also abundant, and the pitch-yielding pine. Wolves, bears, and other fur-bearing animals are still found in the State, and although a bounty has long been paid by the govern ment for their destruction, the farmers continue to complain of their visits. The rivers and lakes are well stored with fish, and wild fowl and game are plentiful in all parts. New Hampshire is divided into 10 counties and 243 townships, the general statistics of the counties and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows: Counties. DwelL Pop. * * Capital,, Belknap 8,436. . .17,721 . . .2,438. . .163. . . .Gilford Carroll 3,724. . .20,156. . .2,805. . .135. . . .Ossipee Cheshire 5,302 . . . 80,144 . . . 2,805 ... 377 .... Keene Coos 2,114. . .11,853. . .1,439. . . 69. .. .Lancaster Grafton 7,S9S. . .42,343. . .5,063. . .421 . , Havcrhill Plymouth Counties. Dwell. Pop. Capita*. Hillsboro 9.939 . . . 57,477 . . . 3,675 ... 399 .... Amherst Merrimac 7,400. . .88,445. . .3,220. . .215 CONCORD Rockingham.. 9,113. .. 50,986... 3,811... 984.. -j Strafford 4,764. . .29,364. . .1,844. . .394. . . .Dover Sullivan 3,649. . .19,375. . .2,129. . .141. . . .Newport The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 57,339, of families 62,237, and of inhabitants 317,864, viz., whites 317,389 males 155,902, and females 161,437; free colored 475 males 143, and females 232. Of the whole population, there were deaf and diimbvih. 163, fr. col. total 163; Mimlvrli. 134, fr. col. 2 total 136; insane wh. 885, fr. col. total 385 ; and idiotic wh. 348, fr. col. 4 total 352. The number of free persons born in the United Statesj was 304,227 ; the number of foreign birth, 12,571 ; and of birth unknown, 178. The native population originated as follows : Maine 9,635, New Hampshire 261,591, Verm. 11,256, Mass. 18,495, E. I. 364, Conn. 1,105, N. York 1,171, N. Jer. 49, Peiin. 148, Del. 10, Md. 34, Disk of Col. 14, Virg. 48, N. Car. 10, S. Car. 21, Ga. 16, Flor. 1, Ala. 13 Miss 9 La! 9 Tex 2, Ark. 8, Tcnn. 3, Ky. 11, Ohio 66, Mich. 48, Ind. 20, III. 31, Mo. 12, la. 4, Wis. 10, Calif. 1, Territories 2 ; and tbfrjbrafan population was composed of persons from England 1,469, Ireland 8,811, Scotland 467, Wales 11, Germany 147, France 69, Spain 8, Belgium 0, Holland 1, Italy 0, Austria 1, Switzerland 9, Denmark 3, Norway 2, Sweden 12, Prussia 2 Asia 4 Africa 3, British America 2,501, Mexico 5, Central America 0, South America 31, West Indies 17, Sandwich Island s 3 and other countries 7. 535 NEW HAMPSHIRE. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State, taken by the United States authorities : Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. Census White , Total ,_ > , Years. Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical. Percent. 1790 141,111 630 158 788 141,899 1800 182,878 856 8 864 183,762 41,863 29.5 1810 213,390 970 970 214,360 30,593 16.6 1820 243,236 925 925 244,161 29,801 13.9 1830 263,721 604 3 607 269,328 25,167 10.3 1840 284,036 537 1 533 284,574 ...!.. 15,246 5.6 1850 317,389 475 475 317,864 33,290 11.16 The statistics of the wealth, productions, manufactures, and institutions of New Hampshire, as ascertained by the census of the State, taken in 1350, and other official reports referring to the same year, are as follows: Occupied Lands, etc. Improved lands, 2,251,483 acres; and unimproved lands, 1,140,926 acres valued in cash at $55,245.997. Whole number of farms under cultivation, 29,229. Value of farming implements and machinery, $2,314,125. Live-Stock. Horses, 34,233 ; asses and mules, 19 ; milch cows, 94,277 ; working oxen, 59,027 ; other cattle, 114,606 ; sheep, 334,756 ; swine, 63,487 valued in the aggregate at $8,371,901. The returns of 1840 exhibited the live-stock as follows : Horses, mules, etc., 43,892 ; neat cattle of all descriptions, 275,562 ; sheep, 617,390; and swine, 121,671. Products of Animals. Woo], 1,364,034 (in 1840, 1,260,517) pounds ; butter, 6,977,056 pounds ; cheese, 3,196,563 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered in the year, $1,522,873. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 4,191 (in 1840, 419}) pounds, being two-sevenths the whole product of the United States ; and beeswax and honey to the amount of 117,140 pounds. Grain Crops. Wheat, 185,658 bushels; rye, 133,117 bushels; Indian corn, 1,573,670 bushels; oats, 973,381 bushels; barley, 70,256 bushels ; and buckwheat, 65,265 bushels. The crops of 1S39, according to the census of 1840, were as follows: Wheat, 422,124 bushels; rye, 308,143 bushels; Indian corn, 1,162,572 bushels; oats, 1,296,114 bushels ; barley, 12.1,899 bushels ; and buckwheat, 105,103 bushels. Other Food Crops. Peas and beans, 70,856 bushels ; and potatoes, Irish, 4,304,919 bushels. The potato crop of 1839-40 amounted to 6,206,606 bushels. Miscellaneous Crops. Tobacco, 50 pounds ; hay, 593,854 (in 1840, 496,107) tons ; clover-seed, 829 bushels ; other grass-seed, 8,071 bushels; hops. 257,174 (in 1840, 243,425) pounds; flax, 7,652 pounds; flax-seed, 139 bushels; mnple sugar, 1,294,863 pounds ; molasses, 9,311 gallons; wine, 344 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, $248,563 ; and of market-garden products, $56,810. Home-made Manufactures were produced in the year ending 1st June, 1850, to the value of $393,455. Manufactures. Aggregate capital invested, $00,000,000; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., $0,000,000; hands em ployedmales 00,000, and females 00,000 ; monthly cost of labor, $000,000 ; entire value of products, $00,000,000. The capital employed in manufactures in 1840, was $9,252,448. The whole number of manufacturing establishments pro ducing to the value of $500 and upward annually, on the 1st June, 1850, was 3,301 ; and of this number 44 were cottoii factories, 61 woolen factories, 163 tanneries, and 29 iron manufactories 26 making castings, 1 pig iron, and 2 wrought iron. The following are the general statistics of these several manufactures : In the cotton manufacture a capital of $10,950,500 is invested, and hence in this interest New Hampshire is second only to Massachusetts, and equal to one-seventh the aggregate of the United States. It consumes annually 83,026 bales of cotton, and 7,679 tons coal, valued together at $4,839,429, and employs 12,122 hands 2,911 males and 9,211 females, at a monthly cost of $199,844 to males $75,713, and to females $124,131. The annual products arc 113,106,247 yards of sheeting, etc., and 149,700 pounds of yarn valued at $8,830,619. In 1840 capital invested, $5,523,200 ; hands, 6,991 ; value of products, $4,142,304. The woolen manufacture employs a capital of $2,437,700 ; wool consumed, 8,604,103 pounds ; and coal, 3,600 tons valued at $1,267,329 ; hands, 2,127 males 926, and females 1,201 ; monthly cost of labor, $33,628 male $21,177, and female $17,451 ; annual products, 9,712,840 yards of cloth, and 165.200 pounds yarn together valued at $2,127,745. In 1840 capital, $740,345; hands, 893; value of products, $795.784. Tanneries use a capital of $441,976 ; value of all raw material, $543,779 ; hands, 502 ; monthly cost of labor, $11,737 ; skins tanned, 109.595, and sides of leather tanned, 333,153 ; value of products, $900,421. In 1840, capital $386,402 ; hands, 776. The statistics of the iron manufacture are as follows : Specifications. Pig Iron. Cast Iron. Wrought Iron. Total. Capital invested dollars... 2.000 232,700 4,000 236,700 Ironoreused tons 500 500 Other iron used " 6,673 145 6,313 Mineral coal consumed " 1,630 163 Coke, charcoal, etc " 50,000 20,500 50,000 120,500 Value of all raw material dollars. . . 4,900 177,060 5,600 187.560 Hands employed number.. 10 374 6 390 Monthly cost of labor dollars... ISO 12,361 192 12,733 Iron annually made tons 200 5,764 110 6,074 Value of all products dollars. . . 6,000 371,710 10,400 388,110 Besides the above principal manufactures, there are in New Hampshire a great variety of others, less conspicuous, indeed, but which in the aggregate are little less valuable. Among these may be mentioned her numerous grist and saw mills, her carriage factories, paper-mills, powder-mills, machine-shops, hardware, cutlery, etc., factories, etc. Commerce, Navigation, etc. New Hampshire, in the year ending 30th June, 1850, exported to foreign countries, pro duce and merchandise to the value of $3,927, and imported to that of $49,079. Of the exports, $8,722 was the value of domestic produce in American vessels $2,835, and in foreign vessels $5,887, and $205 was the value of foreign produce re-exported ; and of the imports, $19,962 was the value of goods carried in American vessels, and $29,117 that of goods carried in foreign vessels. The entrances and clearances for the same year were as follows : 536 NEW HAMPSHIRE. ENTRANCES. CLEARANCES. Nationality, Vessels. Tonnage. Crevrs. Nationality. Vessels. Tonnage, Crews A * rt ... 9 . 8,572 .. .... 131 American 5 682 34 Foreign .. 101 .. 7,472 .. .... 512 Foreign 102 . 7,531 ... . . . 517 Total... .. 110 11,044 643 Total . . . .. 107 8,213 551 This commerce belongs to the port of Portsmouth, the only port of entry in the State. The great bulk of the commercial material of Itfew Hampshire is carried to Boston for exportation, and its foreign supplies are chiefly brought through the same channel. The following table will exhibit the variations of the imports and exports for a series of years : Year. 1791 Exports. Imports. . $142 859 $ Year. 1811 Exports, $368 863 Imports. Year. 1831 Exports. $111 22 Imports. $146 9 05 1792 . 181,413 1812 203 401 1832 115 582 115171 1793 1813 29996 1833 155 58 167 754 17<Xi Of OCT 1834 1795 229 127 1815 109 782 1835 81 681 71 514 1796 378 161 1816 140 293 1836 1 5 5^0 64 354 1797 275 S40 1817 197 4 9 4 1837 34 641 81 434 179S 1818 130 648 1838 . . . 74670 169 985 1799 1819 157 919 1839 . . 81 944 51 407 1SOO 1820 240 800 1840 20,979 114 647 1S01 555 055 18^1 260 765 350 021 1841 10 348 73 701 1802 1822 199 699 330 052 1842 28 547 60 481 1803 1823 237 705 571 770 1843 44774 8289 1804 716 091 1824 . 185 388 245513 1844 6 684 31 420 1805 608,108 1825 198 680 331 244 1845 2384 22 6^9 1S06 795 263 1826 . 167,075 848 609 1846 5072 154^5 .1807 680 022 1827 177,398 . . 302,211 1847 1,690 16 935 1808 15 059 1828 . 124,433 . 299 849 1848 8,243 61303 1809 1829 . 105,740 179,889 1849 5,878 64 351 1810 . 234,650 . . . 1830 ... 96.184 . . 130,828 1850 . . 8,927 . 49,079 The total shipping owned in the State at the date referred to amounted to 23,096: registered shipping, 14,979 tons; enrolled and licensed, 7,893 tons ; and licensed (under 20 ton boats), 224 tons. The proportion of the enrolled and licensed tonnage employed in the coasting trade was 4,025 tons, in the cod fishery 2,664 tons, and in the mackerel fishery 1,204 tons. The shipping built in the State during the year consisted of 8 ships and 2 schooners, with an aggregate burden of 6,914 tons. Internal Improvement. "New Hampshire has completed a fine system of railroads, the principal lines being in a N. "W. and a S. E. direction, or between the Atlantic sea-board at Boston and Portsmouth, and the Connecticut Paver, where connection is made with the Vermont lines to Lake Champlain and Canada. The great Atlantic and St. Lawrence Eailroad also traverses the State in the North section. Most of the lines in the southern part of the State centre at Concord, the capital, and thence diverge in every direction. The total length of completed railroad in the State, on the 1st of January, 1853, was 480 miles, or 1 mile to every 17 square miles of territory, or to every 662 inhabitants. anks, etc. There were 22 banks in the State, in December, 1S50, the condition of which was as follows: -Liabilities capital, $2,375,900 ; circulation, $1,897,111 ; and deposits, $566,634 ; and assets loans and discounts, $3,821,120 ; real estate, $43,670 ; due by other banks, $477,453 ; notes of other banks, $91,444 ; and specie, $129,399. Thirteen savings institutions at the above date had deposits to the amount of $1,641,512. Government. The constitution of 1784, as amended in 1792, is the fundamental law of the State. A new constitution was framed by a convention in 1S50, but was subsequently rejected by the people. The right of suffrage is secured to every male inhabitant 21 years old, excepting paupers and persons excused from paying taxes at their own request The general election is held on the 2d Tuesday in March annually. The General Court consists of a House of Representatives and a Senate, representatives shall have resided for the last two years in the State, shall have an estate valued at $100 (at the rate of six shillings and eight pence the ounce of silver), one-half thereof to be freehold within their district, and shall be inhabitants of their district Every town of 150 rateable polls, 21 years old, may choose 1 representative, and every 300 such polls additional shall entitle the town to an other representative. There are also classed towns, and towns allowed by special act to send representatives. The Senate consists of 12 members, who must be 30 years old, inhabitants of the State for seven years, and seized of a freehold of $200 value within the State. Senatorial districts, 12 in number, shall be set off " according to the proportion of public taxes paid by the said districts." In case of a vacancy in a senatorial district, one of the two candidates having most rotes in the district shall be chosen by the legislature on joint ballot The legislature thus constituted meets on the 1st Monday of June annually. The Executive Council consists of 5 councilors, and is elected annually by the people. Councilors must be 30 years of age, 7 years resident in the State, and possessed of an estate of $500, of which $300 shall be freehold. Vacancies are filled as in the Senate. The governor convenes the council, and their resolutions and advice are recorded in a public record, and signed by those agreeing thereto. The Governor shall have the qualifications of a councilor, except as to his estate, which shall be $300, one-half freehold. If there be no choice of governor by the people, one of the two highest candidates shall be chosen by the General Court on joint ballot. The governor may veto a bill, but two-thirds of both houses voting subsequently in favor of its passage, it becomes law nevertheless. "With the assistance of the council he shall nominate and appoint all judicial officers, the Attorney-general, solicitors, sheriffs, and registers of probate. The governor and council shall have a negative on each other, both in nominations and appointments. The Judiciary consists of the Superior Court, Courts of Common Pleas, Courts of Probate, etc. The superior court consists of a chief-justice and four associate justices. At the session of the legislature in June, 1851, provision was made U3 537 NEW HAMPSHIRE. for appointing four circuit justices of common pleas : two only are now appointed. If a vacancy other than in the office of the chief-justice occurs in the superior court, it is not to be filled, but an additional circuit justice of the common pleas is to be appointed until the whole number of four is filled up, and after that the superior court will consist of the chief- justice and two associate justices, any two of whom will be a quorum. Two terms of the superior court are held annually at Concord, on the 2d Tuesdays of July and December, for the hearing and determining of questions of law and petitions for divorce from all the counties in the State. This court is also vested with chancery powers. At the trial of capital cases two justices of the superior court, or one justice of the superior court and one circuit judge are required to be present The judges of the superior court of judicature are ex-officio judges of the court of common pleas. This court, before which all actions for recovery of debts, enforcement of contracts, etc., and all jury trials are brought, consists of one of the justices of the superior court, or one of the circuit judges of the court of common pleas, and of any two county justices, who are generally appointed from among the yeomanry, whose principal duty it is to attend to the ordinary business of the county, its roads, expenses, etc. Terms of the common pleas are held semi-annually in each county. Grafton County is divided into two judicial districts, and terms are held semi-annually in each district County treasurers and registers shall be elected by the counties. Justices of the peace are appointed for five years, with jurisdiction in cases below 4. Clerks of courts shall be appointed by the courts. All judicial officers shall hold office during good behavior, or until TO years of age, but are removable on address of both houses of the legislature. No per son can hold any office of profit or honor under this government unless he lie of the Protestant religion. Every seven years the people shall vote for or against amending the constitution, and if a majority of the votes be in favor thereof, the general court shall call a convention ; and if their amendments be approved by two-thirds of the votes when submitted to the people, they shall be adopted. The militia force of New Hampshire comprises 32,151 men of all arms, of which 1,348 are commissioned officers, and 80,803 non-commissioned officers, musicians, privates, etc. Of the commissioned officers 12 are general officers, 51 general staff-officers, 336 field officers, etc., and 949 company officers. There is a school of instruction for officers. Every white male between 18 and 45 years of age, except such as the law excepts, is enrolled annually. Parades were abolished by the legislature in 1S50 ; but volunteer companies may remain organized, and new companies be formed, and each volunteer who has performed his duty acceptably shall receive $3 annually from the select-men of the town to which he belongs. The militia is organized in 4 divisions, 8 brigades, and 42 regiments. The governor is commander-in-chief. The New Hampshire Asylum for the Insane, located at Concord, is a State institution. It is one of the most efficient establishments of the kind in the Union. Adjoining the asylum are more than 120 acres of valuable lands, well adapted to the wants of the institution, which is cultivated by the labor of the patients. The number of patients in the asylum 31st May, 1S49, was 144; admitted during the year following, 103; discharged during the year, 90; recovered, 45; par tially recovered, 18 ; not relieved, 20, and died, 7. Eemaining under treatment 1st January, 1S50, 127, of which 58 were females. The sum of $1,600 was granted by the legislature June, 1850, for the relief of the indigent insane. The price of board, etc., for patients from this State is $2 25 for the first 13 weeks, and $2 for all subsequent time. The blind are provided for in the Perkins Institution of Massachusetts, and the deaf and dumb in the American Asylum of Connecticut. Finances, Debts, etc. The total receipts into the State treasury for the year ending 5th June, 1850, was $172,056 55, and the expenditures for the same period, $167,011 63 excess of receipts, $5,044 92. The chief sources of income were: balance in treasury 6th June, 1849, $6,126 80; railroad tax, $49,414 29; money borrowed, $51,400; civil commissions (fees), $175 ; State tax for 1S49 and previous years, $59,547 21 ; allowance by United States of Indian Stream claim, $5,362 56: and the principal objects of expenditure were: salaries, executive and judicial, $19,018 35; pay of council, $885 40; pay of senate, $1,078 50; pay of representatives, $20,127 40; money borrowed and repaid, $58,145 83; State printing, $2,051 50 ; publishing laws, $380 50 ; New Hampshire Asylum for Insane (new building), $15,000 ; Perkins Institution, education of the blind, $750; American Asylum, education of deaf and dumb, $2,075; officers school of instruction, $7,731 20. The state of the treasury on the 5th June, 1850, was : total amount of available funds, $5,603 84; and total amount of indebtedness, $26,601 67 ; balance against the treasury, $2,997 81. The assessed value of real and personal property in the State in 1850, was $92,177,953, and the true or estimated value was $103,682,835. Federal Representation. New Hampshire, in accordance with the federal act of 23d May, 1850, sends three repre sentatives to the Congress of the United States. Education. The common schools of the State are under county commissioners, who form a board of education, and meet at Concord on the third Wednesday in August annually. Their duty is to recommend such books as may appear to them most suitable to be used in the schools, and such methods of instruction, modes of government and discipline, as may best promote the advancement of the schools. In each town is a superintending committee, which reports to the Secretary of the State by the first day of April, the condition and progress of each school, and the secretary is requested to hand over the several returns so received to the Secretary of the Board of Education. Each county commissioner spends at least one day in each town of his county to promote the cause of education by addresses, etc., and he has also charge of any teachers institute that may be held in his county. The office of State School Commissioner was abolished by the general court of 1850. The whole number of school districts reported June, 1850, was 2,167; average attendance in the winter schools, 60,271, and in the summer schools, 46,225 ; average length of winter schools, 9 4-5 weeks, and of summer schools, 9 2-5 weeks. Average monthly wages of male teachers, $14 73, and of female teachers, $6 21 ; number of male teachers in winter schools, 1,246, and of female teachers, 961; money raised by taxes for schools, $145,592; amount contributed in board and fuel, $9,738; income of local funds, $8,097; interest of literary fund, $10,790; amount for teachers and institutes, $1^020, being an aggregate of $174,517 raised for the district schools. The number of incor porated academies in the State at the date referred to was 38, and the whole number of pupils attending them, 2,261. Number of unincorporated academies, private schools, and schools kept to prolong common schools, 74, attended by an average of 3,698 scholars. Dartmouth College is the only collegiate institution of the State ; it was founded in 1769, and is located at Hanover. The academical faculty consists of a president and 10 professors, and in 1850 it had 3,710 alumni, of which about SOO were in the ministry, and 237 students. Its library contained nearly 25,000 volumes. The New Hampshire Medical College at the same place, founded 1798, is a department of Dartmouth. It has a president, six professors, and a demonstrator of anatomy, and in 1850 had 45 students. Its graduates of that date numbered 850. The Chandler School of Science and the Arts opened August, 1S52, and, founded on a donation of $50,000, bequeathed by the will of the late Mr. Chandler, of Boston, is attached to the Dartmouth College. There are in the State four theological schools : the New Hampton Acad emical and Theological Institution, founded 1825 ; the Methodist General Biblical Institute, founded 1847, and located at 538 NEW HAMPSHIRE. Denomina No. of Church Value of Denomina- No. of Church Value of tions. Churches. accom. Property. tiona. Ch urches. accom. Property. Baptist .ISO .. 62,621 . . $318,756 German Eef. .. $ Christian . . . . 23 .. 7,260 . . 30,350 Jewish .. Congregat l. .172 .. 79,656 .. 527,340 Lutheran . . . .. Dutch Kef.. . .. Mennonite . . .. - Episcopal . . . 11 .. 4,425 .. 41,400 Methodist . . . 99 .. 32,340 .. 175,290 Free . 2 .. 750 4,000 Moravian . . . .. Friends .... . 15.. 4,700 .. 15,200 Presbyterian 13.. 6,500 .. 71,000 Concord ; the New Hampshire Conference Seminary at Northfield, and the Gilmanton Theological Seminary, founded in 1835. Public Libraries. One State library 4,700 volumes ; 9 social 13,878 volumes ; 1 College 6,400 volumes ; 5 students 16,200 volumes ; 7 professional and academic 10,700 volumes ; 2 scientific and historical 2,800 volumes ; 25 public BChool 2,500 volumes ; total, 50 libraries, and 57,178 volumes. Periodical Pms. The whole number of periodicals and newspapers published in New Hampshire in 1850, was 41 of which 10 were whig, and 10 democratic in politics, and 21 neutral, or devoted to religion, science, literature, etc., in cluding all the character of which had not been ascertained ; and of the whole number 2 were published daily, 36 weekly, 1 semi-monthly, and 2 monthly. The total circulation of the dailies was about 1,500 copies at each issue ; of the weeklies, 58,426 ; of the semi-monthly, 600 ; and of the monthly, 1,150 copies. The dailies were published at Manchester and Portsmouth ; the iceeklies, 1 each at Winchester, Lancaster, Manchester (Coos co.), Lebanon, Haverhill, Peterboro 1 , Nashua Tillage, Amherst, Exeter, Claremont, and Newport ; 2 each at Meredith Bridge, Nashua, and Great Falls ; 3 each at Keene and Portsmouth ; 4 each at Manchester and Concord, and 5 at Dover ; the semi-monthly at Concord ; and the monthlies at Hanover and Dover. Religious Denominations. The general statistics of the several religious denominations in the State, for the year 1850, were as follows : Denomina- No. of Church Value ol tions. Churches, accom. Property, E. Catholic.. 2.. 1,450.. $20,000 Swedenbo n . . . . . Tunker .. .. Union 32 .. 10,450 .. 39,850 Unitarian.. . . 13 .. 8,880 . . 72,800 Universalist.. 36 . . 14,280 . . 83,100 Minor Sects. 4.. 1,100.. 3,000 making a total of 602 churches, having accommodations for 233,892 persons, and valued as property at $1,401,586. New Hampshire constitutes a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and a portion of the Eoman Catholic diocese of Boston. Pauperism and Crime. The whole number of paupers who were relieved or supported in the State during the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 3,600, of whom 2,853 were native-born, and 747 foreign-born ; and the whole number of pau pers on the list at the date specified, was 2,183, of whom 1,998 were native-born, and 186 foreigners. Annual cost of sup port, $157,351. The State Prison is located at Concord, and was first opened for the reception of convicts in 1812, from which period to June, 1850, there had been 796 commitments. Whole number of inmates on 31st May, 1849, eighty-two; received in 1849-50, thirty-siw; and discharged, 27; leaving in prison 9188 males, and 3 females; and of these 72 were committed for offenses against property, 1 for arson, 8 for rape, 2 for manslaughter, and 4 for murder. Expenditure for the year, $7,509. The first settlements in New Hampshire were made by Gorges and Mason, two of the most active members of the Plymouth Company. In 1621, Mason obtained a grant of all the lands between the Naumkeag and Merrimac, and in the next year another grant was made to Mason and Gorges of the country between the Merrimac and Sagadahock rivers. The first tract was named Mariana, and the latter Laconia. Designing to establish fisheries, they sent over in 1623 a colony one division of which landed at Little Harbor, on the southern shore of the Piscataqua, and the other settled at Dover. Other settlements were effected on the coast both by the grantors under Mason, and by emigrants from Plymouth and Massachusetts. Fishing and trading being the sole objects of these parties, the settlements were slow in their progress for many years. In 1629, Mason procured a further grant of the land between the Piscataqua and Merrimac, and extending 60 miles into the country, and this he called New Hampshire. In 1631, a house, called the Great House, was built at Strawberry Hill, now Portsmouth. In 1638, John Wheelwright, the brother of the celebrated Mrs. Hutchinson, banished from Massachu setts for his Antinomian principles, came with a number of his adherents to Squamscot Falls, where they founded Exeter. Here they combined, as a body politic, chose rulers and swore to obey them. Similar governments were established by the colonists at Dover and Strawberry Hill. All these petty establishments, however, placed themselves under the protection of Massachusetts in 1641, and were governed as a part of that colony until 1680, the year previous to which a decree was passed constituting New Hampshire a separate province. A president and council were now appointed by the crown, and a house of representatives elected by the people. The first assembly, consisting of eleven persons, met at Portsmouth the same year. At this session a code of laws were enacted, of which the first declared, " That no act, imposition, law, or ordnance should be imposed upon the inhabitants of the province, but such as should be made by the assembly, and approved by the president and council." From 1675, to the accession of James II., the colony was much disturbed by contentions between the heirs of Mason and the holders of land ; nor was it, indeed, until 1747, that peace was secured in that year all claims having been purchased by the government. These contentions retarded greatly the progress of the colony, and were a main source of the grievances which alienated the public affections from, the mother country. On the accession of James to the English throne, new schemes of oppression were meditated for the colonies, and every vestige of liberty was to be erased. In 1636, Sir Edmond Andros arrived at Boston, commissioned as Governor in Chief over all New England, and authorized with his council to make such laws and impose such taxes as he thought proper. New Hampshire had already declared her will, which was offensive to the governing powers, and, like her sister colonies, became a prey to his tyranny the press was shackled, liberty of conscience invaded, and oppressive taxes imposed, and, to prevent complaints being heard, no person was allowed to leave the country without express license. This state of things continued until the Eevolution in England, when Andros was seized by the people and sent home a prisoner. New Hampshire being now wiUaout a government, the people determined to return to their ancient connection with Massachusetts. This union only lasted three years, a separation having been determined on and effected by the English authorities. New Hampshire was, perhaps, of all the colonies, the one that suffered most from Indian hostilities. From her earliest settlement her progress was retarded by savage inroad, nor did the Indian cease from his forays until the reduction of NEW NEW Quebec. In the twelve years of peace that followed, New Hampshire increased wonderfully in population and wealth. Her settlements extended farther west than the original limits prescribed by the patents, and until 1764 it was supposed that the territory which now forms the State of Vermont was part of the province, and grants were accordingly made by the authorities in that direction. The district, however, was allotted to New York, and a vexatious controversy ensued, which continued until the independence of Vermont was acknowledged in 1T90. During the contest many towns lying near the Connecticut attached themselves to the Vermontese, but in the end returned to their former allegiance. The State bore an active and honorable part in the war of the Eevolution. On the arrival of news of the battle of Lexington, 1,200 men marched to the assistance of their brethren at Boston. The royal governors were obliged to seek safety in flight, and a temporary government was established. In 1792, a permanent constitution was formed. The present prosperous condition of the State may be attributed to the unswerving patriotism and virtues which have ever distinguished its people. Still there are many points in the institutions of New Hampshire which savor of intoler ance and bigotry, and of these none stand so prominently pre-eminent as the Protestant clauses of the Constitution, and the virtual exclusion of the moneyless man from the higher offices of State. A closer contact with the neighboring States, which the railroad system of the country will now insure, must, however, at no distant day, liberalize the views of the people, and effect all desirable reforms. The provisions of the rejected constitution of 1850 would have done much toward this end had it been approved, and all cause of reproach would have hence been removed. The document referred to, indeed, is a sufficient indication that no little progress has been effected, and that New Hampshire has sons who know- how and are willing to redeem her from the antiquated errors that envelop her government policy. CONCORD, on the Merrimac river, is the political capital of the State. NEW HAMPTON, t. and p. v., Belknap co., N. JTamp. : on E. side of Pemigewassett r., 30 m. N. by W. Concord. Sur face uneven ; soil remarkably fertile. The Boston, Concord, and Montreal E, R. passes through the N. E. part of the t. "The New Hampton Academy and Theological Institu tion" is one of the best seminaries in the State. The theo logical department was established in 1S25, and in 1850 had 2 professors, 36 students, and 2,000 volumes in library. Pop. of 1. 1,612. NEW HAMPTON, p. v. and sta., Hunterdon co., N. Jer. : on E. side of Musconetong cr., 35 m. N. N. "W. Trenton, and by the New Jersey Central E. E., 65 m. from New York. NEW HAMPTON, p. v., Orange co., N. Y. : on W. bank of the Wallkill, 90 m. S. S. W. Albany; is a station on the Erie E. E., 74 m. from New York. NEW HANOVEK county, N. Car. Situate S. E., and con tains 993 sq. m. Drained by N. E. branch of Cape Fear r. and its tributaries. Surface level and low, a large part being swamps in the R section of the co. ; soil, where not too wet for cultivation, is fertile. Staples, rice, cotton, and Indian corn. Excellent grazing land is gained by the draining of the swamps. On the Atlantic shore, which bounds it ou the S. E., are long narrow islands, the land lying low, and hav ing inlets to the inner basin. Farms 559; manuf. 186; dwell. 1,834, and pop. wh. 8,190, fr. col. 897, si. 8,537 total 17.66S. Capital: Wilmington. Public Works : Wilmington and Weldon E. E. ; Wilmington and Manchester E. E, NEW HANOVER, t. and p. v., Montgomery co., Penn.: TO m. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Swamp cr. Surface un even ; soil red shale and loam, tolerably productive. The v. is on Swamp cr., where are several mills. NEW HARMONY, t. and p. v., Posey co., Ind. : on E. bank of Wabash r., 143 m. S. W. by S. Indianapolis. This t. is remarkable for its history as the theatre of two " social com munities." In 1S14 a society of Germans, under the direc tion of George Eapp, removed here from Butler co., Penn., where they had first settled upon their arrival from Europe. Here they purchased about 17,000 acres of land of excellent quality, which they cleared, planted, and finely cultivated, erecting good houses, churches, etc. They lived and labored in common until 1824, when they sold their settlement to Bobert, Owen, and moved to their present settlement at Economy, Beaver co., Penn. The community of Eobert Owen was for a time very large, but ultimately became dis cordant, and broke up as a complete failure. NEW HARRISBURG, p. v., Carroll co., Ohio ; 102 m. E. N. E. Columbus. NEW HARTFORD, t and p. o., Litchfleld co., Conn. : 18 m. W. by N. Hartford, 39 m. N. by W. New Haven. Surface hilly ; soil gravelly loam. Drained by head branches of Farmington r. ; contains several factories. Pop. 2,663. NEW HARTFORD, p. v., Pike co., 111. ; 67 m. W. by S. Bpringfield. 540 NEW HARTFORD, t. and p. v., Oneida co., 2f. Y. : 86 m. W. N. W. Albany. Surface of t. diversified ; soil rich, cal careous loam, very fertile, and well cultivated. Drained by Sadaquada cr., which affords extensive water-power to nu merous factories. Two cotton factories of the v. are very extensive. Pop. of t 4,847. NEW HARTFORD CENTRE, p. v., Litchfleld county, Conn. : 19 m. W. by N. Hartford, 39 m. N. by W. New Haven, Drained by Farmington r. ; contains several factories. NEW HAVEN county, Conn. Situate S., and contains 545 sq. m. Drained by Naugatuck, Pomperaug, Quinnepac, Mill, West, and Menunkatuck rivers. Surface uneven ; soil varied, in some parts being strong and very productive, and in others consisting of a light sandy loam, and less fertile. Farms 2,794 ; manuf. 521 ; dwell. 10,204, and pop. wh. 60,730, fr. col. 1,396 total 62,126. Capital: New Haven. Public Works : New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield E. E. ; New Haven and Northampton E. E. ; Naugatuck E. E. ; New York and Boston (air line) E. E. ; New Haven and New York E. E. ; New Haven and New London E. E., etc. NEW HAVEN, t, p. city, port of entry, and cap. New Haven co., Conn. : one of the capitals of Connecticut, is situated at the head of New Haven Bay, which sets up N. 4 m. from Long Island Sound. Lat N. 41 18 23", long. W. from Greenwich 72 56 45", and E. from Washington 4 5 15". It is 36 m. S. S. W. Hartford, the other capital of the State ; from Boston by E. E. 160 m. ; from New York 76 m. ; from Washington 223 m. New Haven colony was settled in April, 1638 ; the city incorporated in 1784. The city is on a large and beautiful plain, slightly inclined to the water, surrounded on three sides by hills, the termination of the M-estern trap range, of which the extreme points, called East and* West Eocks, are very bold, rocky eminences the former 370, the latter 400 feet high ; these are rude, bare trap rocks, of light-red color, with nearly perpendicular fronts, the most notable natural objects in the vicinity, and much visited in summer by citizens and strangers to enjoy the delightful prospect which they afford of the city, bay, and Sound. New Haven (city) occupies about 6 sq. m., and is very regularly laid out The streets are so generally lined with noble elms that the city is called " the City of Elms." The central square, a public park, is bordered and crossed with numerous rows of elms, and is considered the finest public ground in the United States. The "Temple-street row of elms" is not surpassed for beauty in the world. In this square are 3 fine churches, the State House, an elegant edifice of Grecian architecture, built of brick, painted white, and the monument to Colonel Dixwell, one of the regicides, erected in 1849. The profusion of foliage, the fine and cleanly streets, with the rural appearance of many houses, surrounded by trees, shrubbery, and gardens, which char acterize this city, combine in it the attractions of both city NEW NEW and country. The churches, 22 in number, are handsome structures. Of these, 8 are Congregational, 4 Episcopal, 4 Methodist, 2 Baptist, 2 Catholic, 1 Universalist, 1 Jewish Synagogue. The cemetery, in the N. E. part of co., is beau tifully laid out, has an imposing entrance of freestone, in Egyptian architecture, and surrounded by high and massive iron fence and stone wall. Here are interred the remains of Eli Whitney, Noah Webster, Rev. J. Ashmun, Colonel Humphrey, and many other eminent men. The new cem etery, and Wooster Square, are fine grounds, well laid out. The State Hospital, founded in 1832, is a substantial stone edifice, on elevated ground. The new E. E. Station-house is one of the finest structures of the kind in the United States. A few of the manufactories are very extensive, par ticularly those of carriages and clocks. There are 4 banks, with a capital of $1,937,625. The taxable property in 1851 was assessed at $12,720,911. Three newspapers are pub lished daily, publishing, also, tri-weekly and weekly edi tions : " Journal and Courier" (whig), " Palladium" (whig), "Columbian Eegister" (dem.), two quarterlies, "NewEn- glander" (Cong.), and "Church Eeview" (Episc.) The "American Journal of Science," commenced in 1819 by Professor Silliman, now published bi-monthly, ranks with the ablest scientific journals in Europe. " The Yale Literary Magazine" is published by the students monthly. Yale College. This noble institution (the third college established in United States), founded in 1700, and removed here in 1717, is, next to Harvard College, the principal uni versity in America. At present, and for a number of years past, it has had a larger number of students in the collegiate course than any other. Total number of alumni in 1850, 5,932, of whom 1,587 had entered -the ministry; instructors, 22; students, 432; volumes in library, 51,000; commence ment, last Thursday in July. The edifices present a fine appearance, fronting the public green. In the front range are five large brick edifices, four stories high, occupied by students ; three buildings, having cupolas, between the col lege halls, are used as chapel, recitation rooms, etc. In the rear are the library buildings, mineralogical cabinet, Trumbull Gallery, etc. ; the former are fine edifices of brown freestone, of Gothic architecture, divided into five separate fire-proof compartments. The central edifice, 151 feet long, contains the college library ; the others contain libraries of societies of students. The cabinet of minerals and geolog ical specimens is the most valuable in the United States, 1 and surpassed by only two in Europe. The Trumbull Galle ry, erected 1831, contains the splendid collection of paintings of Col. John Trumbull, consisting of eight historical paintings from subjects founded on the American Revolution, and about 250 portraits of distinguished persons. With the college proper are associated four professional schools, viz., of med- Sicine, law, theology, and scientific department. The Med ical College, founded in 1813, has a fine edifice, valuable anatomical museum, 6 professors, 38 students, 595 graduates. The Theologieal Department, established 1822, has 3 pro fessors, 33 students, 621 graduates, 900 volumes in library. Law School, 2 professors, 26 students. Scientific School, 2 professors, 30 students. Besides Yale College, New Haven has many seminaries, male and female, of high reputation, various learned societies, and two popular lyceums, having libraries, reading-rooms, etc. Commerce. The harbor is spacious but shallow, and gradually filling up. It receives three rivers, Quinnipiac and Mill r. on the E., and West r. on the W. To accom- : modate large vessels, a wharf, called " Long Wharf," was constructed many years since. The filling up of the harbor has several times required its extension ; it is now nearly a mile in length, the longest in the United States. New Haven has a larger commerce with foreign countries than any other port in the State, and an extensive coasting trade. Its fisheries in oysters, clams, etc., are extensive and valua ble. The total tonnage of New Haven district, on 30th June, 1S50, was 15,731 tons, of which 4,995 tons were regis tered "permanent," and 10,736 tons were enrolled and licensed. Of the latter 10,440 tons were employed in the coasting trade, and 2,568 tons were propelled by steam. During the year ending 30th June, 1850, the total of clear ances was 7213,400 tons, men in crews, 591 ; number of entrances, 8916,177 tons, men in crews, 695. Vessels built during the year, 121,110 tons. A passenger steamboat plies daily to New York. Four important railroads now terminate at New Haven, and connect at the main station : to New York, 76 m. ; to Springfield, 62 m. ; to New London, 50 m. ; to Tariffville, 45 m., which will be continued to North ampton. To these will be added the direct lino to Boston, via Middletown. Pop. of city in 1830, 10,180 ; in 1340, 12,960 ; in 1850, 20,345. Pop. of city and t. in 1840, 14,890 ; in 1850, 22,539. NEW HAVEN, p. v., Gallatin co., 111. : on the S. W. side of Little W abash r., 2 m. above its entrance into the Wa- bash river, and 153 m. S. S. E. Springfield. It has several stores, and is surrounded by a very fertile country. NEW HAVEN, p. o., Allen county, Ind. : 100 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. NEW HAVEN, p. v., Nelson co., Ky. : on the Eolling Fork of Salt r., 54 m. S. W. Frankfort. Near the v. is the large " Abbey of La Trappe," established in 1843 from Nantes, France. The community now number 62 religious. The farm embraces 1,400 acres. NEW HAVEN, p. o., Macomb county, Mich. : 80 m. E. Lansing. NEW HAVEN, t. and p. Y., Oswego co., N. Y. : 145 m. W. N. W. Albany. Surface of t. undulating ; soil sandy loam. Drained by Catfish cr., flowing into Lake Ontario. Pop. 2,015. NEW HAVEN, t., p. a, and sta., Huron co., Ohio : 74 m. N. by E. Columbus. Drained by head branches of Huron river. Station on the Sandusky and Mansfield E. E., 34 m. S. Sandusky. Pop. 1,398. NEW HAVEN, t, p. o., and sta., Addison co., Term. : 30 m. "W. S. W. Montpelier, on Eutland and Burlington E. E. 26 m. from Burlington. Drained by Otter cr. and branches, which furnish water-power. Here are quarries of excellent marble. Pop. 1,663. NEW HAVEN MILLS, p. o., Addison county, Verm. : on N. bank of branch of Otter cr., 28 m. S. W. by W. Montpelier. NEW HEBKON, p. o., Crawford co., III. : 115 m. E. S. E. Springfield. NEW HOLLAND, p. v., Pickaway co., Ohio : 32 m. S. S. W Columbus. NEW HOLLAND, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. : 42 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. NEW HOLLAND, p. v., "Wabash co., Ind. : on S. bank of Salamonie r., 73 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. NEW HOLSTEIN, t. and p. o., Calumet co., Wise. : 90 m. N. E. Madison. Drained by branches of South and She- boygan rivers. NEW HOPE, p. v., Madison co., Ala- : on the W. side of Paint Eock r., 144 m. N. Montgomery. NEW HOPE, p. o., Nelson co., Ky. : 43 m. S. W. Frankfort NEW HOPE, p. o., Spencer county, Ind. : 120 m. S. by W. Indianapolis. NEW HOPE, Lincoln co., Mo. : 129 m. E. N. E. Jefferson City. NEW HOPE, p. v., Iredell co., N. Car. : on the S. side of Eock cr. of Yadkin r., 125 m. W. Ealeigh. NEW HOPE, p. o., Tishemingo co., Miss. : 192 m. N. N. E Jackson. NEW HOPE, p. v., Brown co., Ohio : on E. bank of White Oak cr., 80 m. S. W. by S. Columbus. Pop. 106. NEW HOPE, p. v., Bucks co., Penn. : on W. side of Dela ware r., 101 m. E. Harrisburg. At this place Delaware r. is crossed by a fine covered bridge, supported by nine piers. This is a flourishing village, with numerous stores and manufactories. NEW HOPE, p. o., Spartanburg district, S. Car.: 85 m, N. W. by N. Columbia. 541 NEW NEW NEW HOPE, p. v., Caroline co., Md. : 30 m. E. Annapolis. NEW HOPE, p. v., Augusta county, Virg.: on creek of Shenandoah r., 8T m. W. N. W. Richmond. NEW HOUSE, p. o., York disk, 8. Car. : 73 m. N. by "W. Columbia. NEW HUDSON, t. and p. o., Alleghany co., N. Y. : 239 m. W. by S. Albany. Surface undulating ; soil good for grass. Drained by Black cr., etc. Pop. 1,435. NEW HURLEY, p. o., Ulster co., N. T. ; on E. side of the Wallkill, on a branch, 76 m. S. by W. Albany. NEW IBERIA, p. v., St. Martin s par., La. : on W. side of Bayou Teche, 43 m. S. W. Baton Eouge. NEW INLET, N. Car. : the passage between Federal Point and Smith s Island, 25 m. S. Wilmington. NEWLNGTON, p. o. and sta., Hartford co., Conn.: 5 m. S. W. by S. Hartford, on Hartford and New Haven E. E., and Hartford and Fishkill E. E. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in agriculture. NEWINGTON, t. and p. o., Eockingham co., 2f. ITamp.: on Piscataqua r., bounded W. by Great Bay, 35 m. E. S. E. Concord. The soil is sandy and unproductive, except on the streams. Pop. 472. NEW IPSWICH, t. and p. v., Hillsboro county, N. ITamp. : 37 m. S. W. by S. Concord. Drained by Souhegan r. and branches ; soil fertile. There are several cotton factories in this t. ; the first was erected in 1803. The academy in the v was incorporated in 1789, and has educated many distin guished men ; 1 bank, cap. $100,000. Pop. of 1. 1,877. NEW JASPER, p. o., Greene county, Ohio : 50 m. W. S. "W. Columbus. THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. NEW JERSEY lies between 3S 58 and 41<> 21 latitudes north, and between 73 53 and 75 29 longitudes west from Greenwich, or 1 33 and 3 04 east from Washington. It is bounded on the north by New York ; on the east by New York, from which it is here separated by the Hudson Eiver and the Atlantic Ocean ; on the south by the Atlantic Ocean and Delaware Bay, the latter dividing it from the State of Delaware, and on the west by the Delaware Eiver, which separates it from Pennsylvania. The State is almost encircled by water, the Hudson Eiver, the Atlantic Ocean, and Delaware Bay and Eiver, surrounding it, except on the north, where its boundary is a conventional line running north west from a point on the Hudson Eiver, in lat. 41 N. to the Delaware Eiver, which it strikes in lat. 41 21 . It greatest length from Cape May to Carpenter s Point is 167 miles, and its breadth varies from 40 to 96 miles, being narrowest in the centre. The superficies of the State is 8,320 square miles. The north-western part of the State is hilly, rather than mountainous, being traversed by the prolongation of several mountain ridges from Pennsylvania. These hills nowhere rise to a great height, but they abound in bold and varied scenery, and are interspersed with fertile and pleasant valleys, comprising some of the finest lands in the Union. Schooley a Mountain, the most prominent of these elevations, is much resorted to in summer, on account of the salubrious effect of its atmosphere, and for the purpose of using its mineral waters, which possess medicinal properties. The eastern line of the State is formed by a bold ridge of trap rock, called the Palisades, or Cloister Hill, which, presenting a precipitous wall to the river at several places, as at Wcehawken, 200 feet in height, gives an air of picturesque wildnesa to the scenery. This wall of rock extends about 20 miles along the shore, and forms one of the principal objects which distinguish the noble panorama of the Hudson Eiver, and many historical recollections and national traditions are connected with its localities. The southern part of the State, from Earitan Bay and Trenton to Cape May, consists of a great sandy plain, nowhere rising more than 60 feet above the sea, except at the Navesink Hills, which, although only 300 feet high, form a prominent object on the general level. From the low projecting sand-bank, called Sandy Hook, opposite the Narrows, to the similarly formed point of Cape May, the whole eastern coast consists of a long line of sandy beaches, here and there interrupted by inlets, and inclosing narrow, shallow lagoons, behind which extends for several miles inland a low marshy tract This coast is constantly changing several old inlets having been closed, and new ones opened since the settlement of the country; and being exposed to the heavy surf of the Atlantic, and affording no efficient harbors, it has been the scene of many dreadful shipwrecks. Barnegat, Great Egg Harbor, and Little Egg Harbor inlets, are the principal points of access to the inland waters. The south-western coast on Delaware Bay consists chiefly of a strip of salt marsh, which gradually terminates in the predominating sandy plain. On the shores of the Delaware Eiver the land is more elevated, the line being intersected by the mountain ridges tending eastward from the State of Pennsylvania, and over a ledge of which, crossing the Delaware Eiver, the Falls of Trenton leap. The rivers of New Jersey are better adapted for economical purposes than for navigation. None of them admit of the passage of ships of a large size. The Hackensack and the Passaic fall into Newark Bay. The former, which rises in New York, near the line of this State, is navigable for sloops to Hackensack village, 15 miles from its mouth, and the latter, which rises in Morris County, after receiving several considerable streams from the north-west and south, has a fall of 72 feet at Paterson. The great falls of the Passaic are surrounded by a scene of wild beauty, but much of their natural magnificence has been destroyed by turning their waters for mill purposes, and it is now only in time of flood that their normal grandeur is recognized. From these falls the course of the river is south, and it is navigable for small vessels from Aquackannock to its confluence with the Bay, a distance of 12 miles. About 5 or six miles above Paterson, the river has another descent of 51 feet, by two leaps, and a rocky rapid in the distance of half a mile these descents are called the Little Falls of the Passaic. The Earitan, which is navigable for small craft to New Brunswick, 17 miles up, rises to the south of the hills ; and having collected the waters of its several tributaries, it takes a course eastward, almost across the State, and falls into Earitan Bay, opposite the southern point of Staten Island. The principal streams in the southern part of the State are Great and Little Egg Harbor rivers, which admit of sloop navigation for about 20 miles inland, and Maurice Eiver, which falls into Delaware Bay. The streams emptying into the Delaware Eiver are numerous, but not navigable. Although the State is bounded on three sides by navigable waters, it possesses few harbors. The sea-coast and shores of Delaware Bay present many inlets and coves, but none frequented by large shipping. Earitan Bay, between Sandy Hook and Staten Island, affords a ready communication from Amboy, the principal sea-port of the State, to the ocean. Newark Bay, to the mouth of Staten Island, has navigable communications through the "Kills," narrow straits, with New York Bay and Earitan Bay. Delaware Bay washes the south-western shore. The southern extremity of the State is Cape May, the northern point of the entrance from the ocean into Delaware Bay. Sandy Hook, the southern cape of Earitan Bay, is a low, sandy island, about three miles in length, and is constantly extending by the accumulation of sand and other debris, and thus is always influencing and changing the currents to and from the Bay of New York. 542 NEW JERSEY. The geological structure of New Jersey has been explored by scientific men, and many of the most useful minerals hare been found embedded in its hills. All the rocks referable to the primitive, secondary, and transition eras exist ; gneiss sienite, graywacke, and graywacke slate, calcareous rocks, etc., are the principal formations in the northern region, and contain vast masses of metals and metallic oxides. Iron in all its forms occurs abundantly, and copper, which appears in the secondary formations, is also found in considerable quantities. Nearly a century ago, several lumps of virgin copper were ploughed up near New Brunswick, and a mine, near Belleville, on the Passaic, was discovered as early as 1719. There are many veins in the latter which might be worked with profit, and it is said that these mines contain a good quantity of silver ore. There is still another mine north of Somerville, which contains, according to Dr. Torrey, a native copper, carbonate and phosphate of copper, green and red oxide of copper, native silver, green quartz, chrysophase, phrenite, etc. In the mountain section, which extends in breadth varying from 15 to 35 miles in right angles, with the general course of the mountains, the geological formations are strongly blended. Bocks of a pretty uniform character, however, are found in the primitive ridges, but they are of a coarse and uneven texture, and surface aggregated with crystals of quartz and felspar. Sometimes they contain shorl, garnets, hornblende, epodite, and mica. Granite, gneiss and sienite are formed in this section by the blending and combination of these materials ; and at some points the primitive greenstone is seen. The richest and most productive iron mines are also found here ; some of the beds are from 8 to 12 feet in thickness. There is also found here large quantities of graphite. Black mica is found on the Ramapo Kiver, near the Monroe works, and highly magnetic iron ore- in Schooley s and Musconetong mountains. "Wallkill Valley, west of the Hamburg Mountains, is noted for the number and variety of its minerals. The bottom of the valley rests on white chrystaline limestone and marble. The first bed of minerals, which is at Franklin Furnace, appears like a black mountain mass, but it contains iron ore, very little magnetic, and, as a new metallic combination, it has received the name of " Franklinite." It is composed of 60 per cent of iron, 16 of zinc, and IT of red oxide of manganese. This ore is not only irreducible to iron, but it obstructs the fusion of other ores. Large masses of this mineral are also found at Sterling. In Schol s Mountain, capacious mines of magnetic iron ore are worked, and the same exists plentifully through the whole primitive region. At Mendham a beautiful marble is found, which is capable of being highly polished, and is suitable for ornamental architecture, resembling much in its appearance the marble of Florence. The recently discovered zinc mines of Sussex County are among the most valuable of the world, and are now being successfully worked by the New Jersey Exploring and Mining Company. The principal mines are at Sterling Hill, on the westerly side of "Wallkill. Foliated, or lamellar zinc, which has hitherto been considered a rare production and highly prized for cabinet collections, is abundant in these mines, and in one instance a mass weighing over 1,200 pounds, seven-tenths of which was foliated, was excavated. The ore, however, is chiefly in the form of red oxide associated with iron and manganese, neither of which being volatile leave a very fine metal on reduction. The zinc ores of Europe are either carbonates or sulphurets, and in many instances are mechanically combined with galena, arsenic, and anti mony, volatile metals which deteriorate the chemical purity of the fused metal. The company working these mines is at the present time confining its operations to the manufacture of zinc paint, and for this purpose have erected extensive works at Newark. This paint is said to be more durable and less liable to injure the health than the paints having the oxides of lead for their bases. The soils of New Jersey vary materially with the topography of the country. The mountain section is principally in its natural state, only now and then a cultivated farm being seen on the hill-sides. The soil best adapted for agricultural purposes is found in the alluvial valleys, in which every description of farm vegetable is successfully cultivated. The sandy plain in the south is not unfruitful, but the soil requires some considerable preparation to render it profitable to industry. Clay and marl abound in some districts, and are eminently useful to the farnlers as manures for the more sterile soils. The vegetation of New Jersey is similar to that of the central region of the United States generally : on the mountains are found the oak, pine, and other forest trees, which in many instances occupy large tracts, in which the deer, bear, wolf, and most of the wild animals indigenous to that region still roam. Abundance of stunted oaks and other trees cover the southern plain, and these, though useless for building purposes, have been found a valuable resource for steamboats and for consumption at the glass-houses which have been established in this region. The middle section is the most highly improved and wealthy part of the State. The apples and cider of this section are as noted for their superior quality as the peaches of the southern section, and these find a ready market in New Tork and Philadelphia. The climate of New Jersey is in many respects similar to that of Southern New York, but is much influenced by locality and elevation : in the north, where the hills are highest, it is much cooler than in the south, where the influence of the j ocean is most felt, and where a low situation and reflecting sands accumulate heat in the superincumbent atmosphere. In those parts where the mephitic vapors of the swamps taint the air with their poison, agues and fevers of a malignant type prevail, but generally the State, especially in the higher lands, is very salubrious, and at Shrewsbury, on the eastern coast, and at Cape May in the summer season invalids and pleasure-seekers find a balmy retreat, in which they may enjoy all the luxuries and benefits of country retirement and refined society. The earliest estimate of the inhabitants of New Jersey was that of 1701, when the number was stated at 15,000 ; in 1760, it had increased to 60,000, and on the taking of the first United States census in 1790, it amounted to 184,139. From the latter period to 1840, its decennial rate of increase was very equal, having generally not varied much from 15 per cent. ; but from 1340 to 1850, this rate has been doubled, most probably a result attributable to the influx of people from New York and Philadelphia, who, while doing business in those cities have their families residing on their opposite shores, and perhaps in some measure to the immigration of persons engaged in the manufactories and mines, which of late years have attracted the attention of capital in a greater degree than formerly. The general movement of the population will exhibit the results more definitely, and are as exhibited in the subjoined table : Colored Persona. Decennial Increase. Census White * Total , _ _ Years. IVrsons. Free Slave. Total. Population. Numerical. Per cent. 1790 169,954 2,762 11,423 14,185 184,139 _ 1800 195,125 4,402 12,422... .16,824 211,949 27,810 15.1 1810 226,861 7,843 10,851 18,694.... 245,555 33,606 15.9 1820 257,409 12,609 7,557 20,166 277,575 32,020 13.0 1S30 300,466 18,103 2,254 20,357 820,823 43,248 15.5 1840 351,588 21,044 674 21,713 373,306 52,483 16.3 1850 466,240 23,093 222 23,315 489,555 116,249 31.1 543 NEW JERSEY. New Jersey Counties. Atlantic Bergen is divided into 20 counties, the general statist Dwell. Pop. l % Capitals. 1,584.. 8,061.. 327.. 62. .May s Landing 2,606. .14,725. .1,128. . 71. .Hackensack 7,356. .43,203. .1,633. .452. .Mount Holly 1,218.. 6,433.. 285.. 4. .Cape May C. H. 4,090. .25,422.. 731. .148. .Camden 3,281.. 17,189.. 884.. 19. .Bridgetou 10,964. .73,950. -1,745. .836. .Newark 2,600 . . 14,655 . . 954 . . 141 . . Woodbury 2,861.. 21,821.. 254.. 52.. Bergen 5,167. .28,989. .2,486. .309. .Flemington cs of which and Counties. Mercer Middlesex Monmouth Morris Ocean Passaic Salem Somerset Sussex Warren the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows : Dwell. Pop. ? a ,; t *K; Capitals. 4,624. .27,992. .1,051. .191. .TRENTON 4,657. .28,635. .1,523. .196.. New Brunswick 5,155. .30,313. .2,014. .377. .Freehold 5,076. .30,159. .1,843. .242. .Morristown 1,758 . . 10,032 . . 379 . . 52 . . Tom s River V. 3,869. .22,575. . 610. .247. .Paterson 3,545. .19,467. .1,313. .142. .Salem 3,448. .19,638. .1,550. .137. .Somerville 3,851. .22,989. .1,653. .184. .Newton 3,854. .22,358. .1,537. .341. .Belvidere Burlington.... Cape May Camden Cumberland. . . Essex Gloucester Hudson Hunterdon The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 81,064 ; of families, 89,080 ; and of inhabitants, 489,555; viz., whites 466,240 males 233,746, and females 232,494; fr. col. 23,093 males 11,542, and females 11,551, and si. 222. Of the whole population there were, deaf and dumbvth. 192, fr. col. 11, si. total 203 ; Wind wh. 186, fr. col. 27, si. total 213 ; insane- wh. 375, fr. col. 11, si. total S6 ; and idiotic vth. 310, fr. col. 16, si. total 326. The number of free persons born in the United States was 434,431, the number of foreign birth 489,326, and of birth unknown 521. The native population originated as follows : Me. 287, N. Hamp. 301, Verm. 280, Mass. 1,494, R. I. 264, Conn. 2,105, N. Y. 20,561, New Jersey 885,429, Penn. 15,014, Del. 1,384, Md. 1,400, Dist. of Col. 82, Virg. 628, N. Car. 98, S. Car. 141, Ga. 87, Flor. 17, Ala. 36, Miss. 43, La. 83, Tex. 6, Ark. 2, Tenn. 21, Ky. 64, Oh. 372, Mich. 66, Ind. 61, 111. 61, Mo. 28, la. 7, Wise. 15, Calif. 3, Territories 1 ; and the foreign population was composed of persons from England 11,377, Ireland 31,092, Scotland 2,263, Wales 116, Germany 10,686, France 942, Spain 23, Portugal 16, Belgium 43, Holland 357, Italy 30, Austria 20, Switzerland 204, Russia 22, Denmark 28, Norway 4, Sweden 34, Prussia 57, Sardinia 1, Greece 4, China 4, Asia 10, Africa 18, British America 581, Central America 2, Mexico 28, South America 27, West Indies 265, and other countries 66. The statistics of the wealth^ industry, and institutions of the State, as exhibited in the census returns of 1S50, and other official documents referring to the same period, are as follows : Occupied Lands, etc. Improved farm land, 1,767,991 acres, and unimproved land, 984,985 acres together valued in cash at $120,237,511. The total number of farms under cultivation 1st June, 1850, was 23,905. Value of farming imple ments and machinery, $4,425,503. Live-Stock. Horses, 63,955; asses and mules, 4,089; milch cows, 118,736; working oxen, 12,070; other cattle, 80,455; sheep, 160,483 ; and swine, 250,370 valued in the aggregate at $10,679,291. The live-stock in 1840 numbered as follows: horses, mules, etc., 70,502 ; neat cattle of all kinds, 220,202 ; sheep, 219,235 ; and swine, 261,443. Products of Animate. Wool, 375,396 (in 1840, 397,207) pounds ; butter, 9,487,210 pounds ; cheese, 365,756 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered during the year, $2,638,552. Silk cocoons were produced to the amount of 23 pounds, and beeswax and honey to that of 156,694 pounds. Grain Crops. Wheat, 1,601,190 bushels ; rye, 1,255,578 bushels ; Indian corn, 8,759,704 bushels ; oats, 3,378,063 bushels; barley, 6,492 bushels ; and buckwheat, 878,934 bushels. The crops, according to the census of 1840, were as follows : wheat, 774,203 bushels; rye, 1,665,620 bushels; Indian corn, 4,361,975 bushels; oats, 3,083,524 bushels; barley, 12,501 bushels ; and buckwheat, 856,117 bushels. Other Food Crops. Peas and beans, 14,174 bushels ; and potatoes Irish, 3,207,236 bushels, and sweet, 508,015 bushels. The potato crop of 1839 amounted to 2,072,069 bushels. Miscellaneous Crops. Tobacco, 310 pounds ; hay, 435,950 tons ; clover-seed, 28,280 bushels ; other grass-seed, 63,051 bushels; hops, 2,133 pounds ; flax, 182,965 pounds; flax-seed, 16,525 bushels; maple sugar, 2,197 pounds ; molasses, 954 gallons ; wine, 1,811 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, $607,263, and of market-garden products $475,242. The following table exhibits the crops of certain staples in 1840 and 1850 comparatively : Staples. 1840. 1850. Wool 397,207 pounds 375,396 pounds ... Wheat 774,203 bushels 1,601,190 bushels . . . Indian Corn 4,361,975 8,759,704 ... Potatoes 2,072,069 " 8,715,251 " ... Hay 334,861 tons 435.950 tons Movement. . . . deer. 21,811 pounds, . . . incr. 826,987 bushels, . . . incr. 4,397,729 . . . incr. 1,643,182 " . . . incr. 101,089 tons, or 5.5 per cent. or 106.8 " or 100.8 " or 79.3 " or 30.2 Home-made manufactures for the year ending 1st June, 1850, were valued at $112,781. The same description of goods, according to the census of 1840, were valued at $201,625. Manufactures. Aggregate capital invested, $00,000,000 ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc. used, $0.000,000 ; average number of hands employed, 00,000 males 00,000, and females 0,000 ; monthly cost of labor, $000,000 male $000,000, and female $00,000; value of products for the year, $00,000,000. Capital employed in manufactures in 1840, $11,517,582. The whole number of industrial establishments producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, on the 1st June, 1S50, was 4,374 ; and of these 21 were cotton factories, 41 woolen factories, 133 tanneries, and 108 iron manufactories, viz., 10 for pig iron, 45 for castings, and 53 for wrought iron. The cotton factories have capital, $1,483,500; use annually, 1,437 bales of cotton, 4,467 tons of coal and other material, valued in gross at $666,645 ; hands employed, 1,712 616 males, and 1,096 females ; monthly cost of labor, $21,565 ; value of products for the year, $1,109,524 ; products, 8,122,580 yards sheeting, etc., and 2,000,000 pounds yarn. Capital in 1840, $1,722,810. The woolen factories have capital $494,274 ; wool consumed annually, 1,510,289 pounds ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., $54S,367; hands employed, 893411 males, and 437 females; monthly cost of labor, $14,559 male $10,367, and fe male $4.192 ; annual products, 771,100 yards cloth, and 350,000 pounds yarn ; value of entire products, $1,164,446. Capital in 1S40, $341,650. The tanneries have capital $572,857 ; value of hides and skins used annually, $423,537 ; hands employed, 405 ; monthly cost of labor, $8,946 ; skins tanned 120,731, and sides leather tanned, 202,970 ; value of entire products, $724,466. Capital in 1840, $415,728. 544 NEW JERSEY. The iron manufacture for the year 1849-50, is exhibited in the following statistics : Pig Iron. Castings. Wrought Iron. Total. 175,800 1,994,180 301,043 320,950, 803 593, 350 30,816 3,790,980 954,105 1,996 48,537 42,452 1,876,247 Specifications. Capital invested dollars.... 967,000 593,250 1,016,843 2,577,093 Iron ore used tons 51,266 14,549 65)81 5 Pig iron " 10,666 10,430 Old iron " 350 Mineral coal " 20,865 5,444 4,507 Coke and charcoal bushels 1,621,000 Value of raw material, fuel, etc dollars 332,707 , Hands employed number. . . 600 Monthly cost of labor dollars. . . . 12,720 19,344 16,473. Metal produced tons 24,031 10,259 8,162. Value of entire products dollars 560,544 686,430, 629,273. Capital in 1840, $1,721,820. Besides the above, New Jersey is distinguished for its machine shops, saddleries, carriage and locomotive factories, jew elry works, glass-houses, potteries, fire-brick yards, paper manufactories, small arms factories, distilleries, paint- works, etc., and has also a large number of grist, saw, and other mills. The principal seats of manufacturing industry in the State are Newark and Patterson. Trenton and Jersey City have also considerable manufacturing interests, and many of the interior towns are employed in the manufacture of shoes and boots, hats, etc. Commerce. The foreign business of New Jersey is mostly transacted at the ports of New York and Philadelphia, and hence the direct commerce as reported in the United States treasury returns, is comparatively insignificant. The value of direct exports to foreign countries in the year ending 30th June, 1850, was $1,655, and the value of imports $1,494. En trances 17 (1,601 tons), and clearances 11 (1,131 tons). Total amount of shipping owned in the State at the period above referred to, 80,800 tons, viz. : registered shipping 201 tons, enrolled and licensed shipping 77,735 tons, and licensed ship ping (vessels under 20 tons), 2,364 tons. Of the enrolled and licensed shipping, 5,489 tons are navigated by steam. The importance of the several districts in relation to their tonnage is as follows: Perth Amboy 22,084, Bridgetown 14,473, Great Egg Harbor 14,084, Burlington 7,578, Camden 6.569, Newark 6,623, Little Egg Harbor 6,183. Fifty-seven vessels of all kinds, with an aggregate capacity of 6,242 tons, were built during 1349-50, viz., 1 ship, 1 brig, 35 schooners, 17 sloops, and 3 steamers; and of the whole number and capacity, Perth Amboy built 21 (2,637 tons), Bridgetown 9 (926 tons), Camden 9 (425 tons), Newark 2 (271 tons), Little Egg Harbor 5 (599 tons), and Great Egg Harbor 11 (1,342 tons). The value of the commerce of New Jersey for a series of years from 1791, exhibits the following variations : Imports. .. $ 70,460 170 4,492 Year. 170,1 Exports. . Imports, i Year. Exports. $1,871 4,186 10,260 .... 1792.. . 23,406 .. 1812 1813 1814 1793.. . 1794... 1795... 1796 K1 17Q 130,514 .... 1815 5,279 9,746 5,849 25,957 1,474 20,511 33,711 83,551 26,004 23,989 47,213 37,965 25,627 1,822 8,022 8,324 .... 1816 1817 1797 . 18,161 1793 1818 1799.. 1800. 1819 1820 . 22S9 1801 25 406 1821 18 -> 2 1802.. 1803.. 1804.. 1823 .. 24,829 1824 1805.. 1S06.. . 20 743 1 Q 25 ls-26 1807... 1803.. 1809.. 1810.. 1827 20,799 .... 319 175 1828 1COO .. 430,207 . Il830... Imports, $ Year. 1831 Exports. $11 430 1832 61 794 1833 Q9 7*0 1834 C 1Q1 1835.. 74 041 1836 1837 44 217 1838.. 1S39 28,010 98 076 1840 16 076 17,606 103 190 1841.. 1842 19,166 70909 5933 4843 . . 10,621 637 518 1844 . . . . 18,189 27,688 40,004 33^ 497 1845.. 1846.. 1347.. 4,08T 19,128 706 872 1348 . ... 62 786 247 1849 363 13.444 1850.. 1,655 24,263 69,152 1,700 4,182 2.315 145 17,670 4,837 1.885 4,253 1,494 Internal Impi ovement.The railroads of New Jersey, as well as the canals, are mostly crtnstructed with a view to Intercourse betAveen New York and Pennsylvania. The Union Ptailroad is the only line running in any other direction, and this connects the travel west and east on the New York and Erie Eailroad with New York, passing through Paterson, one of the chief manufacturing cities of the State. The canals are, the Morris Canal and the Delaware and Earitan Canal the first extending from Easton to Jersey City, and forming an outlet of the anthracite region of Pennsylvania ; and the latter extending from Bordentown and Trenton, on the Delaware, to New Brunswick, on the liaritan, and is the channel through which the coal of Maryland is brought to the New York market. All these lines are of infinite ad vantage to internal commerce and through travel. The total length of completed railroad in the State on the 1st January, 1853, was 348 miles, being in the proportion of 1 mile to every 27 square miles of territory and to every 1,406 inhabitants. JBitnfa.On the 1st January, 1851, there were 26 banks in operation, and their condition in the aggregate at that period was as follows: Liabilities capital, $3,754.900; circulation, $3,046,658; deposits, $2,411,861; due other banks, $373,453; and .<>& loans and discounts, $7,053,977; real estate, $270,546; other investments, $183,468; due by other banks, $U>7-U 6S; specie, $622,834. Since the above return was made a Free Banking Law has been adopted, and numerous banks have organized under its provisions. The constitution under which the State is organized was adopted on the 13th August, 1844, and went into operation on the 2d September of the same year. The right of voting is conceded to every white male citizen of the United States of 21 years of age and upward who lias resided in the State for one year and in the county where he claims to vote for five months next before the election. All votes are taken by ballot. The general election is held on the second Tuesday in October annually. W8 545 NEW JERSEY. The legislature consists of a Senate and General Assembly (house of representatives). Each county is entitled to return one senator, and the members of the assembly, not to exceed 60 in number, are apportioned among the counties in ratio of their population; but each county is entitled to at least one member. The ratio is determined according to the decennial censuses of the United States. Senators must have attained the age of 30 years, and members of the assembly that of 21 years. One-third of the senators and all the members of the assembly are elected annually -, and the legisla ture meets at Trenton on the second Tuesday in every January. The chief executive officer is styled Governor. He must be at least 30 years of age, have been a citizen of the United States for 20 years, and a resident of the State for seven years next before his election. He is elected by a plur?.lity of the popular votes, or in case of an even vote, by a majority of the members of both houses of the legislature in joint meet ing. The term of office is three years, and the same person is not eligible for the three years next following. The powers of the governor are limited ; he may veto a bill, but a majority of both houses may pass it notwithstanding his objection; he may also grant reprieves for 90 days after conviction, and he, the chancellor, and the judges of the court of error and appeals may jointly grant pardons. During the last week of his official term he is forbid to nominate or appoint to any office. There is no lieutenant-governor, but in case of vacancy in the office of governor, the President of the Senate and after him the Speaker of the General Assembly becomes <w-officio governor; but if the vacancy occur more than 30 days before the general election, a successor is to be chosen it such election ; if within 30 days, then at the succeeding election. The greater portion of administrative officers are appointed by the governor. The judiciary consists of a Court of Errors and Appeals, a Court of Chancery, a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, Courts of Common Pleas, etc. The " court of errors and appeals" consists of the chancellor, the justices of the supreme court, and six judges appointed by the governor, with the consent of the senate, for six years, one every year. The chancellor and supreme court judges, on appeals from then* respective decisions, may state the reasons of their judgment, but can not vote. The Secretary of State is clerk of the court The court holds terms at Trenton on the third Tuesday in January, April, July, and October. The chancellor is appointed by the governor, with the consent of the senate, for seven years, and with a clerk constitutes the " court of chancery." He is also ordinary and judge of the Prerogative Court The court of chancery holds four terms annually at Trenton on the third Tuesday in March, June, September, and December. The " supreme court" consists of a chief judge and at least two (now four) associate judges, who are appointed by the governor for seven years. This court holds four terms each year, at the same time and place as the terms of the court of errors ; and the judges of this court hold " circuit courts" and " courts of over and terminer" four times a year in each county, except in the counties of Atlantic and Cape May, in which only two terms are held. The circuit court has within the county a common law jurisdiction, except in criminal cases, concurrent with the supreme court ; and its final judgments may be declared in that court The " court of common picas" consists of not more than five judges in each county ; the judges of this court are chosen by joint ballot of the legislature fur the term of five years, and are paid by fees. Justices of the peace are chosen for five years by the people in towns. The attorney-general, clerks of the supreme court and the court of chancery are appointed by the governor for five years. Clerks and surrogates of counties are elected by the people thereof for five years, and sheriffs and coroners annually ; but sheriffs and coroners can not serve for more than three consecutive years. No person can be imprisoned for debt, except in cases of fraud ; and in libel cases the truth may be given in evidence, and if published with good motives and for justifiable ends, is a sufficient defense the jury to determine the law and the facts. The powers of the legislature are limited by the Constitution. In no case can it lend the credit of the State, nor create any debt which shall raise the whole State debt above $100,000, except in case of war, invasion, or insurrection, and unless such be authorized by a law for some single object or work, to be distinctly specified therein, which law shall provide the ways and means, exclusive of loans, to pay the interest of each debt or liability as it falls due, and also to pay and discharge the principal within thirty-five years from the time of the contracting thereof; and no such law shall take effect until, at the general election, a majority of the people voting shall hare sanctioned it. No divorce shall be granted, or lottery author ized, and no lottery tickets shall be sold in the State. Every law shall have but one object, and that object shall be expressed in its title. No special law can be passed for the sale of property belonging to minors or persons under legal disability. Bank charters shall be granted, continued, or amended, only by a vote of three-fifths of the members elected to each house, and for a term not exceeding 20 years. finances, Debts, etc. The financial condition of the State is exhibited in the treasury report up to the close of 1850. The available means of the treasury had been for the year commencing 1st January, 1850, $138,544, of which $9,961 was a balance from the preceding year, and the disbursements, ordinary and extraordinary, for the same period had been $125.543, leaving a balance of means over expenditures of $13,001. The chief sources of income are transit duties, and dividends on the stock of railroads and canals, taxes on railroad stock, etc. The principal expenditures were for the sup port of the executive, judiciary, and legislature, of State prison, and of the indigent deaf and dumb, blind, and insane, etc. The resources of the treasury are ample, amounting to $1,455,658, of which $290,937 is productive, consisting of railroad and canal shares, of company bonds, of dividends, etc., and $764,671 unproductive, being surplus revenues loaned to several counties, and paying no interest. The absolute debt of the State amounts to $71,8.10. The principal "benevolent institution under State patronage is the State Lunatic Asylum at Trenton. It was first opened for the admission of patients 15th May, 1S48. On the 1st Jan., 1S50, there were in the Asylum 110 patients 62 males and 48 females ; received during the year 110 52 males and 58 females ; and discharged 53 28 males and 30 females. Since the opening of the building 292 patients have been received, and 105 discharged, cured, or improved. The building is a substantial edifice, warmed by steam, lighted by gas, and ventilated thoroughly. A House of Refuge has been estab lished at Kingston, Middlesex County, and the buildings are partially complete, but work in them has been suspended for the present Federal Representation -New Jersey, in accordance with the act of 23d May, 1850, sends five representatives to the Congress of the United States. Education. In 1850 there were in the State 1,575 school districts, and of these 1,476 made returns. Children between 5 and 16 years of age, 114,722 ; whole number of children taught during the year, 75,245, of which number 13,676 attended school less than 4 months, 14,81 6 less than S months, and 10,599 less than 12 months. Colored children included in the above 1,607. Average length of schools 8| months ; average cost of tuition per quarter to each scholar, $2 10. The school fund amounts to $388,099 70, less $11,169 85 unavailable. Appropriated or received for school purposes $152,578 62, and expended $99,560 13. In every part of the State there are grammar schools, academies, etc. The rincipal colleges are the College of New Jersey at Princeton, founded 1746 ; Eutger s College at New Brunswick, 546 NEW JERSEY. Denomina- No. of Church Value of tions. Churches. accom. Property. Baptist 107 .. 43,225 . . $334,600 Christian ... 8 . . 2,835 . . 10,400 Congregat l.. 8 .. 3,500 . . 37,700 Dutch Eef.. 66 .. 89,146 .. 460,430 Episcopal . . 51 .. 19,447 .. 473,409 Free .... 7 . 2,400 7,500 Friends 52 .. 25,545 .. 207,100 Value of Property. Denomina- No. of tions. Churrhes. accom. Property. $ - E. Catholic.. 21 .. 9,335 .. $99,SS5 Swedenbo n. .. 28,500 Tunker 2 .. 800 1,800 Union 5 . . J,450 6,500 683,850 Unitarian .. 2 .. 450 1,500 r Universalist . 3 . . 1,000 6,800 1,175,250 Minor Sects . 10 . . 2,150 .. 5,7CO founded 1770 ; and Burlington College (Episcopal), founded 1846. The college at Princeton has a law school, and at the same place is the Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church. The Theological Seminary of the Reformed Dutch Church, at New Brunswick, is a department of Eutger s College. Libraries. One State library 5,000 volumes ; 3 social 4.300 volumes : 3 college 18,000 volumes ; 2 students 7,000 volumes; 1 academic or professional 9,000 volumes; 1 scientific and historical 826 volumes; 6 public school 218 volumes. Total, 17 libraries, and 46,305 volumes. Periodical Press. Whole number of periodicals and newspapers published in the State let June, 1850, 61 of which 22 were whig, 20 democratic, and 19 neutral in politics, the last including all devoted to literature, religion, science, etc. ; and of the whole number 8 were issued daily, circulating 6,950 copies at each issue ; 50 weekly, circulating 35,944 copies; and 3 monthly, circulating 960 copies. Of the dailies 3 were published at Newark, 1 at Elizabethtown, 3 at Trenton, and 1 at Deckertown ; of the weeklies 1 each at Burlington, Elizabethtown, Woodbury, Lambertville, Hightstown, Princeton, Middletown, Dover, and Deckertown, 2 each at Mount Holly, Brklgeton, Newark, Plainfield, Jersey City, Flemington, Eahway, Morristown, Paterson, Salem, Somerville, Newton, and Belvidere ; 3 each at Camden and New Brunswick ; 4 at Trenton, and 5 at Freehold ; and of the monthlies, 2 at Princeton, and 1 at Morristown. Religious Denominations. The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State for the year 1850, as ascertained by the census of that year, were as follows : Denomina- No. of Church tions. Cliu relies, accom. German Eef. . . Jewish . . Lutheran... T .. 2,900 Mennonite.. .. Methodist ..312 ..109,350 Moravian ... . . Presbyter n.. 146 .. 81,400 ..1,175,250 making a total of 807 churches, with accommodation for 344,933 persons, and valued as property at $3,540,436. The State constitutes the diocese of New Jersey, a see of the Protestant Episcopal Church ; and in the Roman Catholic Church is divided between the arch-diocese of New York and the diocese of Philadelphia. Pauperism and Crime. The whole number of paupers relieved or supported within the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 2,392, of whom 1,816 were native-born, and 576 foreigners; and the whole number of paupers on the list at the date noted was 1,578, of whom 1,339 were native-born, and 239 foreigners. Annual cost of support, $93,110. The State Prison is located at Trenton. The number of convicts in that institution on the 31st December, 1849, was 185 ; received during the year 122, and discharged 97, leaving 210 in prison at the end of the year 1850. Of the last number 140 were white males, and 9 white females ; and 59 colored males, and 4 colored females. Committed for manslaughter 6, for murder in the second degree 10, for rape 6, for forgery 8, for burglary 21, for larceny 41, for violent assaults 41, aad for burning 4. Native-born 167, and foreigners 43. Historical Sketch. No precise date is assigned to the first white settlement in this State. The Dutch from New York planted themselves in the eastern part ; while in the west, bordering on the Delaware, small bodies of Swedes were set- tied. The Dutch claimed the whole country from the Connecticut to the Delaware, and protested against the Swedish occupation. Without regard, however, to the validity of the title of either party, Charles II., in 1664, granted to his brother, the Duke of York, a patent for the whole Dutch claim. In the same year the duke sold the district between the Hudson and Delaware rivers to Lord Berkely and Sir George Carteret. To encourage immigration, liberal grants were made to settlers, and the important privilege of self-government secured to them, the proprietors reserving to themselves the appointment of the executive. Philip Carteret was the first governor. The colony continued to thrive under the prudent management of the proprietors until 1673, when the Dutch, having re-taken New York, extended their power again over this province. Their government, however, was of brief duration ; for on the conclusion of peace, the country was restored to England. The duke s patent was re-confirmed ; but he, considering his grant to Berkely and Carteret annulled, claimed immediate jurisdiction not only over New York, but also over the Territory of New Jersey, and ap pointed Sir Edmund Andros governor of his Territories from the Connecticut to the Delaware. This tyrant arrived in America in 1674, and proceeded to the exercise of his functions. In the same year Lord Berkely assigned his undivided half of New Jersey to William Penn and three others, and Carteret subsequently agreed to receive East Jersey as his share of the province. The rights of the original proprietors were not acknowledged by the duke until 1680, and then not until forced by the highest legal opinion in favor of their claims. About this time the province received a considerable accession of inhabitants by the arrival of a number of Quakers, who principally settled in the neighborhood of the present towns of Burlington and Salem, which they built. In 16S2 Carteret transferred his interest in the province to William Penn and eleven other persons of the sect of Quakers ; these immediately conveyed one-half of the province to a company of Scotchmen, at the head of whom was the Earl of Perth. After this event many immigrants arrived from Scotland. The first governor of East Jersey under the proprietors was Robert Barkley, the celebrated author of the " Apology for the Quakers." After the accession of the Duke of York to the throne, a writ of quo warranto was directed to issue against the proprietors, who, finding there was no other resource, endeavored to save what they could by voluntary sub mission, and made a formal surrender of their patent, praying only for a grant of the soil. It was intended by the ne\r king that the whole province, together with that of New York, should be united with New England in an arbitrary gov- ; ernment; and arrangements were making to carry the design into execution, when the Revolution of 1688 fortunately pat an end to his power. In 1702 the proprietary of both parts was surrendered to Queen Anne, and the provinces which had experienced no repose in separation, were again united under a single government. Lord Cornbury was the first royal governor ; he was also Governor of New York, and abused his functions in both provinces. From this period to the epoch of the American Revolution, New Jersey was not the scene of any memorable event Its population and pros perity augmented under an orderly and prudent administration of affairs. From its connection with England, however the province became involved in the wars of that country ; and though remote from the scene of action, we find it contributing on several occasions to the expeditions undertaken for the conquest of the French possessions. The last royal governor of the province was William Temple Franklin, a son of the celebrated Benjamin Franklin. During the Revolution New Jersey suffered much, and Trenton, Princeton, Millstone, Red Bank, and Monmouth, are famous aa 54T NEW NEW the scenes of American triumphs. When the blessings of peace were again restored to the United States, New Jersey soon recovered its former prosperity ; and the usual accompaniment of prosperity, a barrenness of striking events, attends her history from that period. TRENTON, on the Delaware, is the political capital of the State. NEW JERUSALEM, p. o., Berks co., Penn. : 58 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. There are in this vicinity beds of iron ore, a furnace, and a forge. NEW KENT county, Virg. Situate toward the E., and contains 241 sq. m. Drained by Pamunky and Chickhominy rivers, branches of James and York rivers. Surface level ; soil of average fertility. Staples, wheat, oats, and Indian corn. Farms 313; manuf. 12; dwell. 535, and pop. wh. 2,221, fr. col. 433, si. 3,410 total 6,064. Capital : New Kent C. H. NEW KENT, p. v., and cap. New Kent co., Virg. : 25 m. E. Richmond. Besides the court-house and jail, it contains only a few dwellings. NEW KINGSTON, p. o., Cumberland county, Penn. : 15 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. NEW KIRK S MILLS, p. o., Fulton county, N. Y. : 49 m. N. W. Albany. NEW LANCASTER, p. o., Tipton co., /<?. : on branch of Duck cr. of White r., 35 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. NEW LANCASTER, p. v., Warren county, III. : 86 m. N. W. Springfield. NEW LEBANON, p. o., De Kalb co., III. : 165 m. N. N. E. Springfield. NEW LEBANON, p. o., Mercer co., Penn. : 177 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. NEW LEBANON, p. o., Sullivan county, Ind. : 85 m. S. W. Indianapolis. NEW LEBANON, t. and p. v., Columbia co., N. Y. : 23 m. S. E. Albany. Drained by Lebanon and Kinderhook creeks, which here unite. Surface on E. and W. sides hilly and mountainous; the rest being chiefly a rich valley. Con tains 3 principal settlements, New Lebanon, New Lebanon Springs, and New Lebanon Shaker Tillage. Pop. of L 2,300. NEW LEBANON, p. o., Montgomery county, Ohio : 66 m. W. by S. Columbus. NEW LEBANON CENTRE, p. o., Columbia co., N. Y. : 24 m. S. E. Albany. NEW LEBANON SPRINGS, p. v., Columbia county, Jf. Y. : 25 m. S. E. Albany, near the Mass. State line. This fashion able watering-place of great resort is justly celebrated for the medicinal qualities of its springs, salubrity of climate, and beautiful scenery. Here are several fine hotels. A railroad is in construction from Bennington to Chatham Four Corners, to pass through the v. The usual number of visitors to these springs per annum is from 7,000 to 8,000. In this v. is the Thermometer Manufactory of the Kendall brothers, who make 25,000 yearly. NEW LEXINGTON, p. v., Somerset co., Penn. ; on E. side of Laurel Hill cr., 124 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. NEW LEXINGTON, p. v., Tuscaloosa co., Ala. : on the W. side of North r., Ill m. N. W. Montgomery. NEW LEXINGTON, p. T., Ynn Buren co., la. : on N. bank of Des Moines r., 80 m. W. by S. Iowa City. NEW LEXINGTON, p. v., Perry co., Ohio : 45 m. E. S. E. Columbus. NEW LIBERTY, p. v., Owen co., Ky. : 27 m. N. Frankfort. NEW LIBERTY, p. v., Pope co., HI. : on E. side of Ohio r., 196 m. S. by E. Springfield. NEW LIGHT, p. o., Wake co., N. Car. : on New Light cr., 24 m. N. Raleigh. NEW LISBON, p. v., Henry co., Ind. : 85 m. E. by N. Indianapolis. NEW LISBON, t and p. o., Otsego county, N. Y. : 76 m. "W. Albany. Surface of t. hilly ; soil, sandy loam. Drained by Butternut and Otego creeks. Pop. 1,773. NEW LISBON, p. v., Burlington co., N. Jer. : on Eancocus cr., 16 m. S. by E. Trenton. NEW LISBON, p. v., and cap. Columbiana county, Ohio: 126 m. E. N. E. by N. Columbus, on N. side of Middle Fork 548 of Little Beaver r., and on the Sandy and Bearer Canal. The r. furnishes a large water-power, which is used by several saw-mills, flour-mills, and factories. Besides the court-house and jail, it contains 7 churches. Four news papers are published weekly, "American Palladium" (whig), "American Patriot," " Ohio Patriot" (dem.), "Aurora" (F. S). NEW LONDON county, Conn. Situate S. E., and contains 550 sq. m. Drained by Thames r. formed by the junction of Yantic and Shetucket rivers, which supply good water- power. Connecticut r. bounds it on the S. W. and Pawcatuek on the S. E. Surface hilly ; soil fertile and adapted to the production of different kinds of grain. On Long Island Sound, which bounds it on the S., are a number of fine harbors. Chief productions, wheat, Indian corn, oats, and potatoes. Farms 2,619 ; manuf. 765 ; dwell. 8,336, and pop. wh. 50,328, fr. col. 1,493 total 51,821. Capital: New London. Public Works: New Haven and New London It. E. ; New London and Stonington E. E. ; New London, Willimantic, and Palmer E. E. ; Norwich and Worcester E. E., etc. NEW LONDON, t, p. city, port of entry, and semi-cap. New London co., Conn. : on W. bank of Thames r., 3 m. from its entrance into Long Island Sound, 43 m. S. E. Hartford, 43 m. E. New Haven. Lat N. 41 22 , long. W. 72 9 . The harbor is the best in the State, and one of the best in the United States. It has a depth of 30 feet, ia spacious and safe. Its entrance is narrow and defended by forts Trumbull and Griswold ; the former is garrisoned by a company of U. S. Artillery. It is one of the whaling ports of New England. In 1849 it received 1,949 barrels of sperm oil, 38,030 barrels of whale oil, and 301,100 pounds of whalebone. The city is built upon an acclivity, rising from the r. toward the W. and N. Back of the city is a summit of high ground, where the observer has a fine view of the harbor and surrounding country. The surface is uneven, lying on granite rocks, on which account the city was laid out irregularly ; but lately various improvements have been made. This t. was settled in 1646, and a large portion of H burnt by the British under Arnold, Sept. 6, 1781. It contains the county buildings, 7 churches, academies, etc. There are 3 banks with capital of $414,625. New London is con nected by railroad with New Haven, 50 m. ; with Willimantic, | 30 m. ; and with Worcester from Allyn s Point, 66 m. There is also a daily line of steamboats from New York. Two newspapers are published daily, " Chronicle" (whig), and "Morning Star" (dem.); two weekly, "Chronicle," and " Democrat." This is the principal port in the State ; and the inhabitants are extensively engaged in the coasting trade and the fisheries. On the 30th June, 1850, the total tonnage of this district was 40,485 tons. The registered tonnage was 23,364 tons, of which 22,504 were permanent and 860 temporary ; 2,622 tons were irf the whale fishery. The enrolled and licensed tonnage was 17,121 tons, of which 16,173 tons were permanent, 3,879 propelled by steam, 11,577 were in the coasting trade, 3,594 in cod fishery, 1,007 In mackerel fishery ; of tonnage licensed under 20 tons, 181 tons were in the coasting trade, and 762 in cod fishery. During the year preceding, the clearances for foreign countries were 184,943 tons ; number of entrances, do., 267,876 tons ; number of vessels built, 8 (schooners) 606 tons. Pop. in 1830, 4,356 ; in 1840, 5,519 ; in 1850, 9,006. NEW LONDON, p. v., Henry county, la. : 51 m. S. by E. Iowa City. NEW LONDON, p. v., Frederick co., Md. : 50 m. N. W. Annapolis. NEW LONDON, p. v., and cap. Ealls co., Mo. : on S. side Salt r., SO m. N. N. E. Jefferson City. NEW LONDON, t. and p. o., Merrimac co., JV. JIamp.: NEW NEW 27 in. X. "W. by W. Concord. Surface uneven ; soil good. Sunipee lake lies on its S. W. border ; and there are 3 other ponds in the t At the outlet of Pleasant pond, on Black- water r, is a scythe factory, making 36,000 scythes yearly. Pop. 940. NEW LONDON, p. v., Oneida co., & Y. : 102 m. W. N. W. Albany, on Erie Canal. NEW LONDON, p. v., Howard co., Ind. : on S. side of "Wild Cat cr. of Wabash r., 48 m. N. by W. Indianapolis. NEW LONDON, t, p. v., and sta., Huron co., Ohio: 82 m. N. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Vermillion r. and branches. The v. is situated on E. side of the r. The Cincinnati, Cleve land, and Columbus R. R. passes through it, 47 m. from Cleveland, 88 m. from Columbus. Pop. of t. 1,329. NEW LONDON, p. v., Campbell co., Virg. : on branch of Stauriton r., 98 m. W. by S. Richmond ; is one of the oldest towns in the State, though of small population. The U. S. Armory, now at Harper s Ferry, was originally located here. NEW LONDON, t. and p. v., Chester county, Penn. : 61 m. S. E. by E. Harrisburg. Drained by Clay cr., and by Elk cr., which is its W. boundary. Surface nearly even, with slight declivities ; soil sandy loam. The v. contains several stores, and considerable manufacturing is done in the town. At New London Cross-roads there is a forge and a rolling- mill. NEW LYME, t. and p. o., Ash tabula co., Ohio : 156 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by branches of Grand r. Pop. 628. NEW MADISON, p. o., Darke county, Ohio: on a creek of Whitewater river, 92 m. W. Columbus. NEW MADRID county, Mo. Situate S. E., and contains 573 sq. m. Drained by Whitewater river, which traverses its western portion, and by the lakes, which occupy a large portion of the county. Surface low and level, and liable to submersion, in consequence of which the soil is in many parts unfit for cultivation, but in other sections is fertile and productive. Farms 407 ; manuf. 30 ; dwell. 752, and pop. wh. 4,057, fr. col. 3, si. 1,4S1 total 5,541. Capital : New Madrid. NEW MADRID, p. v., and cap. New Madrid co., Mo. : on the Mississippi r., on the N. W. bank of a large bend, and at mouth of St. John river. It contains the court-house and county offices. The "Commercial Herald" (Miscel.) and "Journal of the Times" (Miscel.) are published weekly. This place suffered severely by earthquakes in 1811 and 12. The bluff bank, upon which the v. was built, was thereby lowered 15 or 20 feet. Since then the river has washed away a portion of the bank. NEW MAIIONING, p. o., Carbon county, Penn.: 70 m. N. E. Harrisburg. NEWMAN S MILLS, p. v., Indiana county, Penn. : 106 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. A plank-road 43 m. long, passing through Indiana v., connects this v. with the Pennsylvania Railroad. NEWMANSVILLE, p. o., Greene county, Tenn. : 220 m. E. Nashville. NEW MARION, p. v., Ripley county, Ind. : on S. side of Graham s Fork, 65 m. S. E. by S. Indianapolis. A plank- road runs hence to Madison. NEW MARKET, p. v., Madison county, Ala.: 171 m. N. Montgomery, 3 m. S. Tennessee State line. NEW MARKET, p. o., Vigo co., Ind. : 1 m. E. Illinois State line, 70 m. W. S. W. Indianapolis. NEW MARKET, p. v., Marion co., Ky. : on N. side of Rolling Fork of Salt r., 48 m. S. S. W. Frankfort. NEW MARKET, p. v., Frederick co., Md. : on N. bank of Bush cr., 47 m. N. W. by W. Annapolis, 1 m. from Monrovia, on Bait, and Ohio R. R. ; has some trade. NEW MARKET, p. v., Platte co., Jfo. : 153 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. NEW MARKET, t, p. o., and sta., Rockingham county, If. Ham p. : 30 m. E. S. E. Concord. Bounded on the E. by Great Bay. Drained by a branch of Lamprey r. The Boston and Maine R. R. passes through the t., 57 m. from Boston. Pop. 1,639. NEW MARKET, p. v. and sta., Middlesex co., 2T. Jer. : 30 m. N. E. Trenton, and 17 m. from Elizabethport, on the New Jersey Central R. R. NEW MARKET, p. v., Randolph co., 2f. Car. : 69 m. W. Raleigh. NEW MARKET, p. v. Van Buren co., la. : on S. side of Des Moines r., 63 m. S. S. E. Iowa City. NEW MARKET, t. and p. o., Highland co., Ohio: 63 m. S. W. by S. Columbus. Pop. 1,528. NEW MARKET, p. o., Abbeville district, S. Car.: 63 m. W. by. N. Columbia. NEW MARKET, p. v., Jefferson county, Tenn. : ISO m. E. Nashville. NEW MARKET, p. v., Shenandoah co., Virg. : on the N. fork of the Shenandoah r., 98 m. N. W. Richmond. NEW MARKET, p. o., Monroe county, Ga. : 48 m. W. Milledgeville. NEW MARKET, p. o., Lewis co., Oreg, Ter. : on a southern inlet of Puget Sound, 143 m. N. by E. Salem. NEW MARLBOROITGH, t. and p. v., Berkshire co., Mass. : 112 m. W. by S. Boston. Drained by Konkapot r., and a small lake with its outlet in the S. part of the town, which empties into Blackberry r., in Conn. Surface generally uneven, with a ridge of high hills traversing from N. to S. ; soil adapted to grazing. The t contains several stores and manufactories. Pop. 1,847. NE-W MARTINSVILLE, p. o., Weteel county, Virg. : 225 m. N. W. Richmond. NEW MAYSVILLE, p. v., Putnam county, Ind. : 30 m. W. Indianapolis. NEW MAYSVILLE, p. o., Pike county, III.: W. by S. Springfield. THE TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. NEW MEXICO, as now organized, lies between the latitudes 32 and 3S and stretches east and west between Texas on the one hand and Utah and California on the other. Its definite boundary begins " at a point in the Colorado River, where the boundary line of the Republic of Mexico crosses the same; thence eastwardly with said boundary line to the Rio Grande ; thence following the main channel of said river to the parallel of the 32d degree of north latitude; thence eastward with same degree to its intersection with the 103d degree of longitude west from Greenwich; thence north with said degree of longitude to the parallel of the 38th degree of north latitude ; thence west with said parallel to the summit of the Sierra Madre ; thence south with the crest of said mountains to the 37th parallel of north latitude ; thence west with the said parallel to its intersection with the boundary line of the State of California ; thence with the said boundary line to the place of beginning." Within these boundaries the area is estimated at 210,744 square miles. That portion of New Mexico westward of the Sierra Madre can only be considered as a temporary appendage to the Territory. It is bounded south by the Rio Gila, and extends north to the 87th parallel, being watered by the Colorado and numerous affluents of the river bounding it on the south. In the north-east part it is occupied by considerable mount ains and mountain valleys, and the whole eastern line is also mountainous and nigged. The interior forms a varied country, with much fine agricultural lands, and the country bordering on the Gila, which is hilly and broken, abounds in mines of copper, gold, silver, etc., accounts of which are recorded by the Commissioners of the Boundary Survey. It is divided into the counties of Rio Arriba and Socorro, and comprises about two-fifths of the area of the Territory. It is 549 NEW MEXICO. solely inhabited by Indians the Navajoes in the north-east, the Apaches in the east and south-east, the Pimos in the west and south-west, and the Pah-Utahs in the north-west New Mexico proper, in its general aspect, is mountainous, with a large valley in the middle, running from north to south, and formed by the Eio Grande. The valley is generally about twenty miles wide, and bordered on the east and west by mountain chains, continuations of the Eocky Mountains, which have here received various names, as Sierra Blanca, Sierra de los Organos, Sierra Oscura, etc., on the east side, and Sierra Madre, Sierra de los Grullas, de Acha, de los Mimbres, etc., on the west side. The height of these mountains south of Santa Fe may, upon an average, be from 6,000 to 8,000 feet, while near Santa Fe", and in the more northern regions, some snow-capped peaks are seen that may rise from 10,000 to 12,000 feet above the sea. The mountains are principally composed of igneous rocks, as sienite, gran ite, diorit, basalt, etc. On the higher mountains excellent pine timber grows; on the lower, cedars, and sometimes oaks, and in the central valleys, mezquite, etc. The main artery of New Mexico is the Eio Grande, a large and long river. Its head waters were explored in 1SOT by Captain Pike, between 37 and 38 north latitude, but its highest sources are some two degrees farther north, in the recesses of the Rocky Mountains, near the head waters of the Arkansas and the Colorado of the West. Following a generally southern direction, it passes through the territory, where its principal affluent is the llio Chamas from the west, and winds its way in a south-eastern direction, dividing in its course, below 32 north latitude, the United States from the Mexican Republic, to the Gulf, into which it falls in 25 50 north latitude. Its tributaries below New Mexico are, from the north, the Rio Pecos, and from the south the Conchos, Salado, Alamo, and San Juan. The length of the river in a straight line is about 1,200 miles, but from the meanderings of its lower course, it runs at least 2,000 miles from the region of eternal snows to the almost tropical climate of the Gulf. The elevation of the river above the sea at Albuquerque is about 4,800 feet ; at El Paso about 3,800 feet; and at Reynosa, about 300 or 400 miles above its mouth, not more than 170 feet. The fall of the water between Albuquerque and El Paso is from two to three feet in a mile, and below El Paso about one foot in two miles. The fall of the river is seldom used as a motive power, except for some flour mills, which are oftener worked by mules than by water. The principal advantage at present derived from the stream is for agricul ture, by a well-managed system of irrigation. As to its navigation in New Mexico, it is doubtful if even canoes could be used, except, perhaps, during May or June, when the river is in its highest stage, from the melting of the snows in the mountains. It is entirely too shallow, and interrupted by too many sand bars to promise any thing for navigation. On the southern portions of the river steamboats may ascend from the Gulf as far as Laredo, a distance of about 700 miles. " Whenever a closer connection between this head point of navigation and New Mexico shall be considered," says Dr. Wislizenus, " nothing would answer but a railroad crossing from the valley of the Rio Grande to the high table-land in the State of Chihuahua." The soil in the valley of New Mexico is generally sandy, and looks poor, but by irrigation it produces abundant crops, and though agriculture is carried on in a very primitive way, with the hoe alone, or with a rough plow, made entirely of wood, without any particle of iron, the inhabitants raise large quantities of Indian corn and wheat, beans, onions, red peppers, and some fruits. The most fertile part of the valley begins below Santa Fe, along the river, and is called Eio Abajo," or the country down the river. It is not uncommon there to raise two crops within the year. The general dry- ness of the climate, and the aridity of the soil, however, will always confine agriculture to the valleys of the water-courses. " But this important defect," says Dr. Wislizenus, " may be remedied by artesian wells. On several occasions I remarked on the high table-lands of Santa F6 south, that in a certain depth layers of clay are found that may form reservoirs of sunken water-courses from the eastern to the western chain, which, by the improved method of boring, might be easily made to yield their waters to the surface. If experiments to that effect should prove successful, the progress of agriculture in New Mexico would be more rapid, and even many dreaded Jornada might be changed from waterless deserts into cultivated plains." But at present irrigation from a water-course is the only available means of carrying on agriculture. The irrigation is effected by leading the waters over the cultivated lands through canals. The consequence of this is that the inhabitants locate themselves together, and allot water to each at certain periods. The corn fields are generally without fences, which are less needed here, as the grazing stock are tended by herdsmen. The best cultivated lands are found in the "estancias," or large estates belonging to the rich. These haciendas are apparently a remnant of the old feudal sys tem, and were granted with the Indians and all other appurtenances by the Spanish crown to favorite vassals. The great number of human beings attached to these estates are nothing more than mere serfs, receiving from their task-masters food, lodging, and clothing. How far the American element in the constitution of society in the Territory may modify this industrial monstrosity has yet to be seen. The inhabitants pay considerable attention to raising stock, and the great owners are possessed of large numbers of horses, mules, cattle, and sheep. These, however, are of small size, because little attention has been given to improving the breeds; but they increase very rapidly, and little trouble is experienced in rearing them, as no housing is required in winter. The pasturage in the uncultivated parts is extensive, and thousands of stock graze thereon the year through. The Indians prove the greatest enemies to the farmers, and frequently carry off whole herds of cattle, etc. The mines of New Mexico are very rich, but mining operations have been much neglected, and a great many of the most valuable which were formerly worked have been entirely deserted, owing chiefly to the unsettled state of the country, the invasions of the Indians, and other impediments. Gold, silver, iron, copper, etc., are abundant in all the mountain country. Gold has been found in the Santa Fe district and south of it for a hundred miles, as far as Gran Quivira, and north one hundred and twenty miles up to the Eio Sangre de Cristo. The poorer classes occupy much of their time in washing out gold dust, which is largely deposited in the mountain streams about Santa F6 ; these washings are very rich, and some gold mines are also worked there. These mines, according to Dr. Wislizenus, are the only mines of any consequence worked at the present time in all New Mexico. Several rich silver mines were worked by the Spaniards at Avo, at Cerrillos, and in the Nambe Mountains, but operations have long since ceased. Copper is abundant throughout the country, but especially at Las Tijeras, Jemez, Abiqui, Guadalupeta de Mora, etc. Only one mine south of the placeros is at the present time worked. Iron, though equally abundant, is entirely overlooked, being considered of little value, in comparison with the precious metals. Coal has been discovered in a number of places, as in the Eaton Mountains, near the village of Jemez, south-west of Santa F6, and other places to the south. Gypsum, common and aelenite, is also found in large quantities; the common is used as lime for white-washing, and the selenite or crystalline instead of window-glass. About 100 miles south-east of Santa Fe, on the high table-lands between the Del None and Pecos, are some extensive salt lakes or salinas, from which all the domestic salt used in New Mexico is procured. Large NEW MEXICO. caravans go there from the capital in the dry season, and return with as much as they can conveniently transport, and the merchants exchange their salt for wheat, bushel for bushel, or sell it for one or even two dollars a bushel. "Not far from these salinas," says Dr. Wislizenus, "the ruins of an old city are found of the fabulous la Gran Quiviri. The common report in relation to this place is, that a very large and wealthy city was once here situated, with very rich mines, the produce of which was once or twice a year sent to Spain. At one season, when they were making extraordinary preparations for transporting the precious metals, the Indians attacked them ; whereupon the miners buried their treasures, worth forty millions, and left the city together; but they were all killed except two, who went to Mexico, giving the particulars of the affair, and soliciting aid to return. But the distance being so great and the Indians so numerous, nobody would advance, and the thing was dropped. One of the two went to New Orleans, then under the dominion of Spain, raised five hundred men, and started by way of the Sabine but was never heard of afterward. So far the report. Within the last few years several Americans and Frenchmen have visited the place; and although they have not found the treasure, they certify at least to the existence of an aqueduct, about 10 miles in length, to the still standing walls of several churches, the sculptures of the Spanish coat-of-arms, and to many spacious pits, supposed to be silver mines. It was, no doubt, a Spanish mining town, and it is not unlikely it was destroyed in 1680, in the general successful insurrection of the Indians in New Mexico against the Spaniards. Dr. Samuel G. Morton, in a late pamphlet, suggests the probability that it was originally an old Indian city, into which the Spaniards, as in several other instances, had introduced themselves, and subsequently abandoned it. Further investigation, it is to be hoped, will clear up this point" The climate of New Mexico is generally temperate, constant, and healthy. Considerable atmospheric differences, however, are experienced in the mountain districts and in the low valley of the Eio Grande. In the latter, the summer heat sometimes rises to 100 Fahrenheit, but the nights are always cool and pleasant. The winters are comparatively long, and the higher mountains are always covered with snow, and ice and snow are common at Santa F6, but the main river is never frozen over strong enough to admit the passage of horses and carriages. The sky is generally clear and dry, owing to the condensation of moisture on the surrounding hills. The months of July and October inclusive, constitute the rainy season, but the rains are neither so heavy nor so regular in their returns as on the more southern part of the continent. Disease is little known, except some inflammations and typhoid fevers in the winter season. The constitution of society in New Mexico, irrespective of the changes effected by the intermixture among the people of the American residents, is much similar to that of other nations of Spanish origin. While the higher classes conform to the dictates of modern fashion, the mass of the people adhere to the manners and customs of former times. The men are faithful to their aerape$, or colored blankets, and to their wide trowsers, with glittering buttons, and split from hip to ancle, to give the white cotton drawers a chance to be seen ; and the women of all classes retain the rebozo, or small shawl, drawn over their heads, which gives them so coquettish an appearance, and adds so greatly to their irresistible charms. Both sexes enjoy their cigaritos, their siesta, and their evening amusement at monte or fandango. Their dances are very graceful, and combine the waltz and quadrille. The prominent ingredient in the Mexican race is their Indian blood it is visible in their features, complexion, in their acts and disposals. The men are ill-featured, but the women are graceful in their deportment and manners. The difference in the sexes are nowhere more observable. The men are lazy, mendacious, treacherous, and cruel, while the women are open-hearted, and when their affections are requited, faithful wives; but they are too often considered as mere household drudges. As a general remark, the females are devoid of education, but possess a strong common sense and natural aptness and sympathy, which are often of more practical use than the most refined book education. The sufferings of the Texans captured while prosecuting the Santa F6 expedition Avere much mitigated by the benevolent attentions and disinterested kindnesses of the women acts which, when contrasted with the barbarities and insults heaped upon them by the male portion of the inhabitants, will ever reflect honor on their many virtues. New Mexico is divided in seven counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows: Counties. Dwell. Pop. San Miguel . . . 1,731 . . 7,074 . . 177 . . . . San Miguel Taos 2,214.. 9,507.. C51 . . 13 . . Taos Socorro (new). .. .. .. .. Socorro Valencia 2,877 . . 14,147 . . 1,379 . . 1 . . Valencia Counties. Dwell. Pop. ^ Ca P ital9 Bernalillo ..... 1,6S4 . . 7,751 . . 164 . . . . Albuquerque Eio Ariba ..... 2,413 . . 10,668 . . 472 . . . . Cuchillo Santa Ana ____ 973.. 4.C45 .. 194 .. .. Jemez Santa Fe ..... 1,561 . . 7,713 . . 713 . . 6 . . SANTA FE The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 13,453, of families 13,502, and of inhabitants 61,505, viz. : whites 61,488 males 31,706, and females 29,782, fr. col. 17 males 14, and females 3. Of the whole population there were deaf and dumb wh. 14, fr. col. total 14; Hind wh. 98, fr. col. total 98 ; insane wh. 11, fr. col. total 11 ; and idiotic wh. 38, fr. col. total 38. The number of free persons born in the United States was 59,261, the number of foreign birth 2,063, and of birth unknown 223. The native population originated as follows : Me. 12, N. Hamp. 6, Term. 8, Mass. 24, K. 1. 1, Conn. 10, N. Y. 101, N. Jer. 9, Penn. 97, Del. 6, Md. 37, Dist of Col. 12, Virg. 77, N. Car. 13, S. Car. IS, Ga. 9, Flor. 5, Ala. 5, Miss. 0, La. 4, Tex. 46, Ark. 17, Tenn. 25, Ky. 62, Ohio 34, Mich. 8. Ind. 11, 111. 24, Mo. 63, la. 3, Wise. 1, Calif. 6, New Mexico 58,451, Territories 56 ; and the foreign population was composed of persons from England 43, Ireland 292, Scotland, 29, Wales 1, Germany 215, France 26, Spain 8, Portugal 1, Belgium 0, Holland 2, Italy 1, Austria 0, Switzerland 11, Russia 4, Denmark 2, Norway 2, Sweden 1, Prussia 14, Sardinia 0, Greece 0, China 0, British America 38, Mexico 1,365, West Indies 2, and other countries 5. The statistical returns of the wealth, industry, products, etc., of the Territory, according to the census of 1S50, and other official documents referring to the same period of time, are as follows: Occupied Lands, etc. Improved farm lands 166,201 acres, and unimproved lands 124,370 acres valued in cash at $1,653,952; number of farms under cultivation 3,750; value of farming implements and machinery $77,960. Live-Stock. Horses, 5,079; asses and mules, 8,654; milch cows, 10,635; working oxen, 12,257; other cattle, 10,085 ; sheep, 377,271 ; swine, 7,314 in the aggregate valued in cash at $1,494,629. Products of Animals. Wool, 32,901 pounds ; butter, 111 pounds ; cheese, 5,848 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered during.the year $82,125. Neither silk, nor beeswax and honey are returned by the census takers, although it is well known that both are produced to a considerable amount Grain and other Food Crops. Wheat, 196,516 bushels; rye, bushels; Indian corn, 365,411 bushels; oats, 5 bushels; barley, 5 bushels ; and buckwheat, 100 bushels. The other food crops consisted of 15,638 bushels of peas, and three bushels of Irish potatoes. 551 NEW MEXICO. Miscellaneous Crops. Tobacco, 8,46T pounds; molasses, 4,236 gallons; and wine, 2,303 gallons. Value of orchard products, $8,231, and of market-garden products, $6.679. Home-made Manufactures for the year ending 1st June, 1S50, were valued at $0,039. There is but one tannery in the Territory with a capital of $500. " The New Mexicans are celebrated for the manufacture of coarse blankets, which is an article of considerable traffic between them and the southern provinces, as also with the neighboring Indians, and on some occasions with the States eastward of the country. The finer articles are curiously woven in handsome figures of various colors. These are of different qualities, the most ordinary being valued at about two dollars, while those of the finest texture, especially their imitations of the serape Navajo, will sell for twenty dollars or more. There have been also made in New Mexico a few imitations of the serape Saltiilero, the blanket of Saltillo, a city of the South, celebrated for the manufacture of the most splendid fancy blankets, singularly figured with all the colors of the rainbow. These are often sold for more than fifty dollars each. What renders the weaving of the fancy blankets extremely tedious is, that the variegation of colors is all effected with the shuttle ; the texture in other respects being perfectly plain, without even a twill. An additional value is set upon the fine serape on account of its being a fashionable substitute for a cloak. Indeed, the inferior serape is the only over-dress used by the peasantry in the winter. " Besides blankets, the New Mexicans manufacture a kind of coarse twilled woolen stuff called fferga, which is check ered with black and white, and is used for carpets, and also by the peasantry for clothing ; which, in fact, with some other similar domestic stuffs, together with buckskin, constituted almost the only article of wear they were possessed of, till the trade from Missouri furnished them with foreign fabrics at more reasonable prices than they had been in the habit of paying to the traders of the southern provinces. Their domestic textures are nearly all of wool, there being no flax or hemp, and but little cotton spun. The manufacture even of these articles is greatly embarrassed for want of good spin ning and weaving machinery. Much of the spinning is done with the huso, or malacate (the whirligig spindle), which is kept whirling in a bowl with the fingers, while the thread is drawn. The dexterity with which the females spin with this simple apparatus is truly astonishing." Gregg. New Mexico receives most of its foreign goods by the overland route. This trade is carried on by caravans that trav erse the desert at stated periods annually. Before 1822 it had scarcely an existence, but since that time it has gradually increased and become profitable ; and it is probable that the total value of goods thus annually brought into the territory is not less than a million of dollars ; but a great portion of the goods representing this amount is smuggled into Chihua hua and other Mexican States. The established post or entrep6t for depositing the goods brought on the voyage upward by the Missouri for the Santa F6 trade, is the town of Independence, situate about twelve miles from the Indian border and two or three south of the Missouri Kiver. Government. The government is based on the act of Congress approved 9th September, 1S50, establishing the Terri tory. It provides That every free white male inhabitant 21 years of age, who shall have been a resident of the territory at the time of the passage of the act above named, shall be entitled to vote. The right of suffrage and of holding office shall be exercised only by citizens of the United States, including those recognized as citizens by the treaty with the lie- public of Mexico, concluded 2d February, 1848. The Legislative Assembly consists of a Council and House of Eepresentatives. The council consists of 13 members, to serve for two years, and the house of 26 members, to serve for one year. Members are to be residents in and inhabitants of the district from which elected. A plurality of votes elects, and in case of a tie, the governor orders a new election. All acts passed by the legislature and approved by the governor, shall be submitted to Congress, and if disapproved, shall be of no effect. The Governor is appointed by the President of the United States for four years, and until his successor be qualified. He must reside within the territory, and is ex-offido Superintendent of Indian Affairs. He may pardon for offenses against the laws of the Territory, and reprieve convicted offenders against those of the United States, until the will of the President be known. A Secretary of State is appointed in like manner, for four years, unless sooner removed, who shall act as governor when said office is vacant, or the governor is necessarily absent. The Judiciary is vested in a Supreme Court, District Courts, Probate Courts, and in justices of the peace. The supreme court consists of a chief justice and two associate justices, any two of whom form a quorum. A term is held at the seat of government annually. The Territory is divided into three judicial districts, and a district court is held in each by one of the justices of the Superior Court, at such time and place as may be prescribed by law, and the said justices are obliged to reside in the districts assigned them. The supreme and district courts possess chancery as well as common law juris diction. "Writs of error, exceptions, and appeals from the district courts, lie to the supreme court, but in no case removed to the supreme court shall there be a trial by jury. "Where the value of property in question exceeds $1,000, final appeal lies to the supreme court of the United States. Probate courts are established in the several counties. Justices of the peace are not competent to try any cause in which the boundaries of land may be In controversy, nor where the amount claimed exceeds $100. There is also an attorney and marshal appointed for four years. The other township, district, or county officers shall be appointed or elected as the law may provide. Congressional Delegation. A delegate to Congress shall be elected by a plurality of the qualified voters. When the lands of the Territory shall be surveyed, under the directions of the general government, preparatory to bringing the same into market, sections numbered 16 and 36 in each township shall be reserved for schools in the Territory, and in the states and territories hereafter to be erected out of the same. The Constitution, and all the laws of the United States which are not locally inapplicable, shall have the same force and effect within the Territory as elsewhere within the United States; and no citizen of the United States shall be deprived of his life, liberty, or property, except by the judg ment of his peers and the laws of the land. The assessed value of all real and personal estate in the Territory, in 1S50, was $5,174,4T1. Religious Denominations. New Mexico is an Apostolic Vicariate of the Roman Catholic Church, and at present is governed by the Right Rev. John Lamy, D.D., who was consecrated November 24th, 1850. According to the census of 1850, the number of churches of this denomination, which, before the session of 1848, was the established religion, and that professed by the whole population, was 146, having accommodation for T6,100 persons, and the buildings being valued as property at $188,200. The fact of the country being now a part of the United States has done away with the exclusive nature of this church ; and although no other churches are noticed in the official returns as existing within the Territory, yet it is assumable that others do exist for the accommodation of those citizen immigrants from the old States whose religious views do not coincide with the general and popular creed. Assuredly there is no impediment to their foundation. 552 NEW NEW Historical Sketch. New Mexico became known to the Spaniards about the year 1581, and formal possession was taken of the country in 1598. Christianity and slavery were early and simultaneously introduced among the Indians, and con version and personal service enforced by the sword. The converted Indians were made to live in villages, and were dis tinguished from the roving bands by the title of Pueblos. Many towns, of which only the ruins now remain, were established at this time. The mines were successfully worked, and the occupation of the country seemed to be secured, when, quite unexpectedly, in 1680, a general insurrection of all the Indian tribes broke out against the Spanish yoke. The Spaniards were either massacred or driven southward, where they founded El Paso del Norte. The country was not recovered for ten or twelve years. Several insurrections have since occurred, but none so universal or disastrous as this one. The deep rancor of the Indians, however, bequeathed from sire to son for successive generations, still animates the race, and is often displayed in the most bloody and cruel outbreaks, which, however, have not been very frequent since the United States became master of the country. This country followed the fate of Mexico after the revolution that over threw the Spanish power, and since that period, to within the last few years, has been silently degenerating. The history of New Mexico, previous to the invasion by the Americans, has little to arrest attention. It is a continuous record of bar barism and tyranny. On the 8th September, 1846, Santa Fe was captured by the Americans under General Kearney, and soon after several of the river towns were visited on his route to California. A civil government was now estab lished. On the 19th of January, 1847, an insurrection broke out against the Americans, and in several pueblos many Americans were murdered, among whom was Mr. Bent, the governor. Taos, Arroyo-Hondo, and Eio Colorado were the chief scenes of strife. The battles of La Canada and El Embudo also occurred in this month, and in February the battle of Taos, in all of which the Mexicans were completely vanquished. Some few skirmishes occurred after these, but none of importance, and from this period the United States authorities exercised exclusive power. On the 2d February, 1843, a treaty of peace and cession was signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo, by which New Mexico was assigned to the Union, and on the 9th September, 1850, the country within its present limits was erected into a territorial government. In the interim, however, the people had formed for themselves a State constitution, but this was revoked by Congress, and the country remanded back to a territorial condition, under which ft is now flourishing and happy. SANTA FE, on the east side of the Eio Grande, is the political capital of the Territory. NEW MICHIGAN, p. o., Livingston co., El. : 96 m. N. E. Springfield. NEW MIDDLETOWN, p. v., Mahoning co., Ohio : 144 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. Drained by a cr. of Mahoning r. .NEW MILFORD, t and p. v., Litchfleld co., Conn. : 41 m. "W". S. W. Hartford, 32 m. N. W. by W. New Haven, on Housatonic r. and E. K., 37 m. from Bridgeport Surface uneven and hilly : soil gravelly and clay loam, well watered by Housatonic river and Hs branches. The t. contains 10 churches, several tanneries, and mills. The v. is very hand some, the streets being wide and well shaded. Population of t. 4,508. NEW MILFORD, p. o., Winnibago co.,7& : 183 m. N. by E. Springfield. NEW MILFORD, p. o., Orange co., N. Y. : 102 m. S. by W. Albany. NEW MILFORD, t. and p. v., Susquehanna co., Penn.: 124 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Mitchell s and Salt Lick creeks ; the surface is hilly, with a soil of clay and gravel. There is some manufacturing done in the t. The Lackawanna and Western E. E. passes through the t., and connects with the New York and Erie E. E., 6 m. distant. NEW MILLTOWN, p. o., Lancaster co., Penn. : 33 m. S. E. Ilarrisburg. NEW MILTON, p. o., Doddridge co.,Virg. : 214 m. N. W. Eichmond. NEW MOUNT PLEASANT, p. o., Monroe co., Penn. : 9S m. N. E. Harrisburg. NEW MOONT PLEASANT, p. v., Jay co., Ind. : 67 m. N. E. Indianapolis. A plank-road from Bluffton to Eichmond passes through the v. NEWNAX, p. v., and cap. Coweta co., Go. : 97 m. W. by N. Milledgeville. It contains the court-house, jail, and several stores. The La Grange E. E. passes through the v., 40 m. from Atlanta. The "Georgia Banner" (dem.) is published weekly. NEWNANSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Alachua county, Flor. : 122 m. E. S. E. Tallahassee. It contains a U. S. land office. NEW OHIO, p. o., Broome co., N. Y. : 112 m. W. S. W. Albany. NEW ORLEANS, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Orleans par., La. : on the E. or left bank of the Mississippi river, 105 m. above its mouth, and in a direct line 7S m. S. E. Baton House. Lat. 29 57 30" N., and long. 90 W. A traveler is struck on entering the city "with the old and narrow streets, the high houses ornamented with taste ful cornices, iron balconies, and many other circumstances peculiar to towns in France and Spain, and pointing out he past history of this city, fated to change its masters so often." The newer parts of the city are, however, built more in the American style, the streets being wide and regularly laid out. Many of the dwellings are built in a style of magnificence and beauty that will rival those of any other city, while the beautiful grounds attached to them, filled with the luxuriant foliage of the south, give to them an air of comfort and ease which are seldom enjoyed by the city resident. There are in the city six public squares, laid out with taste, inclosed with handsome fencing, and adorned with a variety of trees and shrubbery. These afford a pleasant retreat from the heat and glare of the streets, and tend also to improve the health of the city. The old city is built in the form of a parallelogram. The present city consists of this part, the suburbs of St. Mary s, Anunciation, and La Course, called Faubourgs, and the City of Lafayette above, and the suburbs of Maugney, Dournois, and Declouet below, and Treme and St. John in the rear. Including these, it extends about 5 miles along the river, and is rapidly being extended back toward Lake Pontchartrain, with which it communicates by means of the Basin, Canal, and Bayou St. John, with Mobile, Pensacola, and the whole Gulf shore. It also communicates by means of the bayoux Plaquemine and Lafourche with the Attakapas country, and has many other communications by means of the numerous bayoux and lakes with the lower part of Louisiana. The charter of this now opulent city was granted in 1805. In 1836 it was thought advisable to divide the city into three separate municipalities, each with distinct municipal powers. These municipalities extended backward six miles to Lake Pontchartrain. The first municipality was divided into five wards, and the second and third into four wards each. Each had a recorder and twelve aldermen, except the third, which had only seven aldermen. A mayor and twelve aldermen, four aldermen from each municipality, elected by general ticket, and called the general council, presided over the whole city. This system was altered in 1S52, when the city was organized into one community, embracing also the city of Lafayette, under a single admin istration. The Mississippi opposite the city is half a mile M-ide, and from 100 to 160 feet deep, and continues of this depth to near the Gulf, where there are bars, having only from 13 to 16 feet of water. The city is built on an inclined plane, the declivity falling gently from the river to the swamps in the 553 NEW rear. At high water it is from three to nine feet below th water surface, and, to protect it from inundation, an em bankment called the Levee is raised on its border. " Levee is a French word of primary importance within the State o Louisiana ; it pervades its statute books, and is heard da within its halls of justice. There is little or no land on th banks of the river in this State, if we except an inconsidei able quantity in the neighborhood of Baton Rouge, whic would not be covered with the waters of the Mississippi i the spring months, were it not for the artificial embank ment which the industry of man has raised to exclud them. The Levee of New Orleans is one continuous land ing-place or quay, four miles in extent, and of an averag width of 100 feet. It is 15 feet above low water mark, an< 6 feet above the level of the city, to which it is graduated b an easy descent. Like the river it margins, it holds a ser pentine course, advancing or receding as the Missiasipp encroaches upon the city, or falls off toward the opposit bank. It is constructed of deposit, a rich alluvion swep from the N., and held in suspension by the waters unti their rapidity is checked by a sudden change of direction, o swollen to overflowing, they spread over the adjacent swamps again to retire and again to bless the land they have visited by an increase of soil. The deposit is so great, and the con sequent formation of new land so rapid immediately in front of that portion of the quay, which is most used for the purposes of commerce, that it has within a few years be come necessary to build piled wharves, jutting out from 50 to 100 feet into the river. The new formation which is governed as to its locality by what may well be termed the freaks of the Mississippi, is called " batture," and when i has progressed to such an extent as to be left bare by the returning water at its lowest stage, is held capable of own ership. Here may be seen what New Orleans was before the application of steam to navigation. Hundreds of long narrow, black, dirty-looking, crocodile-like rafts lie slug gishly without moorings upon the soft batture, and pour out their contents upon the quay a heterogenous compound of the products of the Upper Mississippi and its tributaries. These are rafts, or flat-boats, as they are technically called, each frequently carrying cargoes valued at from $3,000 to $15,000. Twenty years ago, and these were the only craft on the river! nor has their number been decreased since the introduction of the steamboat. Not less characteristic of New Orleans is the landing of the latter class of craft. The quay is here all action, and the very water is covered with life. Huge vessels float upon its bosom which ac knowledge none of the powers of air and wait no tide. One is weighed down to the guards with cotton, a freight of 3,000 bales $180,000! Twenty more lie side by side laden with the same commodity. Huge piles, bale upon bale, story above story, cover the levee. Pork without end, as if the Ohio had emptied its lap at the door of New Orleans ; and flour by the thousand barrels rolled out upon the quay and heaped up a large area is covered with these two products of the up-country, and still appears seemingly un- diminished, although the seller, the buyer, and drayman are busy in the midst of it. Here is a boat freighted with lead from Galena ; and another brings furs and peltry from the head waters of the Missouri, 3,000 miles to the north-west ! The Illinois, the Ohio, the Missouri, the Ark ansas, and Red River, all are tributaries to this commercial depot, and send down to its wharves merchantable material of the annual value of one hundred million of dollars more or less. Nearly 20,000 miles of inland navigation is tribu tary to this city. The quay appropriated to the foreign and coastwise shipping presents another and a different scene. Here the cotton bale, tobacco hogshead, pork and flour bar rel, and the whisky cask yield to bales of foreign and do mestic manufactures, pipes of wine, and crates of wares. The shipping stretches away as far as the eye can reachj two miles or more in extent three tiers deep, with their heads to the current curving with the river a beautiful NEW crescent. The English, the French, the Spanish, the Dane, the Russian, the Swede, the Hollander, etc., are here com- mingled, and compete for the commerce of the teemin West. The following statistics will exhibit the extent and value of the trade of New Orleans, in 1850-51 : 1. Receipts down the Mississippi, from the interior: Apples brls. . 54,808 Hay bis 48 281 Bacon cks. . 48 602 Iron, pig ....tons. 152 Lard tcs... 115.570 Bacon....... brls.. 9,274 Bacon, hams. " .. 44,4T8 Bacon in blk. Ibs. . 235,000 Bagging pcs. . 72.304 Bale rope coils . 107,224 Beans . brls. 4 236 Lime brls.. 37,738 Lead pigs 305 505 Lead bars 629 Lead, white .. kegs. 1 ,030 Molasses brls. . 184,433 Oats . . " 479 "41 Butter kegs 54 %7 Butter brls.. 2,720 Beeswax brls.. 230 Beef bl &tc 48066 Onions " . 14 097 Oil, linseed .. " .. 473 Oil, castor.... " .. 4,145 Oil, lard " .. 17,157 Pickles " . S93 Beef, dried... Ibs. . 15,300 Buff, robes. ..pks.. 155 Cot.,La.& Mi. bales 618,156 " Lake.... " .. 14,399 N.Ala.& Ten " .. 236.821 " Ark " .. C2.793 " Montg. .. .. 18,051 " Mobile... .. 24,473 " Florida . " .. 11,091 " Texas... " .. 9,252 Corn meal . . . brls. . 8,662 Corn in ears. " .. 42,526 Corn shelled. sks. . 1,298,932 Cheese bxs. . 78,894 Candles " . 80,748 Cider brls.. 245 Coal, western.bsh. . 700,000 Drd. peaches. " . 2,685 Dried apples. . 4,168 ^lax-seed ...tcs... 204 Flour brls 941 106 Potatoes " .. 192,922 Pork " . % 786,084 Pork bxs. . 1 930 Pork hhds. 1 231 Pork in bulk. Ibs. .10,513,895 Porter & ale. . brls. . 334 Packing yarn.rls... 4,190 Skins, deer ..pks.. 1,1 19 Shot kgs . 2,044 Sugar hhds 125 755 Sugar. brls.. 18,675 Soap bxs 9 4S4 Shingles. 50000 Staves 9,000,000 Tallow brls 6 164 Tobacco, leaf. hhds. 64,030 Tobacco, , k chewing, J Tobacco bis... 220 Twine bdls 3 156 Furs. pkgs 1 9 89 Feathers bgs. . 3,645 Hemp bis.. 25,116 Hides No. 140338 Whisky brls.. 157,741 Window glassbxs. . 1 6.423 Wheat, brls. & sks.. 83,797 Value in 1848-49, $81,939,692 " 1847-48, 79,779,151 lartrain and the New Canal : Tobacco, leaf. bxs. . 753 Merchandise. bxs. . 22 Moss bis 205 Value in 1S50-51,$106,924,OS3 1849-50, 96,817,873 2. Receipts by Lake Pontc Cotton bis 40 329 Timber feet .33,107,000 Wood crds. 27,820 Bricks No. .24,000,000 Cotton seed.. bgs.. 95 Wool " 30 Sand . brls . 197 600 Shells " .. 52,200 Charcoal " .. 110,600 Tar . " . 2 239 Sugar hhds 970 Molasses brls.. 772 Fish .. 50 Knees No.. 1,430 Pickets " 24 900 Shingles ....No.. 2,392,000 Laths " . 3,160,000~ Staves " . 632,000 Sash and door prs. . 7,800 Sp.Turp brls.. 3,094 Rosin . " . 1050 Clapboards... " .. 43,900 Gunny bags.. bis. . 135 Hoop poles.. No. . 40,000 Honied cattle. " .. 200 Pork brls.. 95 Paper bdls. 61 Castor oil cans. Lime brls.. 1,002 Lime cks.. 129 Salt sks. . 15 799 Cotton gins. . . No. . 549 Hides " .. 3,955 Corn mills... " .. 70 Domestics.... bis. . 959 leepskins .. " . 8 Hay " . 85 Hemp bis... 20 Cement brls. . 150 Plaster hhds. 12 Buckets doz. . 632 NEW NEW 8. Principal exports, coastwise, including exports via Pontchartrain liailroad and New Canal, to Mobile, etc. : Cotton. Tobacco. Bngar. Sugar. Flour. Pork. Bacon. Lard. Beef. Whisky. Corn. Porti. Bales. Hhds. Hilda. Barrels. Barrels. Barrels. Hl.ds. Kes. Barrels. Barrels. Sack*. New York... , . . 52,393 . . 10,OST . . 13,595 . . 655.. 72,584 . . 55,849 . . 9,856 ..209,825 .. 3,055 . . 1,331 . .160,723 Boston . . 82,540 . . 1,594 . . 733 .. 27 .. 88,925 . . 77,806 . . 6,503 ..224,333 .. 13,435 . . 2,242 . . 32,461 Philadelphia, . . 14,867 . . 1,118 . . 10,2&4 .. 867 .. 418 . . 5,538 . . 2,763 .. 41,045 .. 421 .. 268 . . 9,477 Baltimore . . . .. 2,511 .. 754 .. 3,670 . . 237 . . . . 13,421 . . 1,843 . . 32,555 . . 955 .. 1,542. Charleston. ., .. 3,517 . . 660 .. 6,175 . . 1,003 . . 2,ST2 . . 2,769 . . 119 .. 11,514 . . 23,973 89 Norfolk, etc. 4072 120 552 Mobile..., 3,840 . . 2,266 . . . Appalac., etc. . . .. .. 1,071 .. 254.. .. .. .. Other ports 501 .. 291 .. 2,838 .. 3,469 ..150,960 .. 22,890 .. 19,972 .. 40,046 .. rS5 .. 50,383.. 150,125 be ! 4. Principal exports to foreign countries, in 1849-50 : Cotton. Tobacco. Country. Bules. Hhds. Great Britain, 582,372 13,223 France 130,362 4,182 North of Europe 47,786 9,393 South of Europe, etc 84,120 13,859 Flour, 264,356 barrels; pork, 16,230 brls. ; lard, 188,353 kegs ; beef, 20,645 barrels ; corn, 158,613 sacks. The arrivals at New Orleans from the interior, etc., in 1849- 50 were : flat boats 941 from Ohio 218, from Kentucky 58, from Indiana 298, from Virginia 12, from Pennsylvania 222, from Illinois 19, from Tennessee 104, and from Mississippi 10 ; and the river steamboats 2,918. The total value of domestic merchandise exported from New Orleans to foreign countries from the 1st July, 1850, to 80th June, 1851, amounted to $53,938,013, of which to the value of $33,022,609 was carried in American, and $15.965,404 in foreign bottoms ; and the total value of foreign merchan dise re-exported was $445,950, of which to the value of $388,265 was carried in American, and $57,685 in foreign bottoms. The following are the entrances and clearances the foreign trade in the year above named : CLEARANCES : American^ Foreign. Quarter ending Vessels. Tonnage. Vessels. Tonnage. 30th September, 1850.... 109.... 44,549.... 52.... 19,867 31st December, " ....114.... 53.946.... 66.... 20,937 31st March, 1851.... 188. ... 85,747.... 119. ... 53,762 30th June, " . ...234.... 108,716.... 88.. ENTRANCES : Quarter ending Total 645. .. .292,953. . . .325. . . .128,949 American. Foreign. Vessels. Tonnage. Vessels. Tonnage. 80th September, 1850. ... 61 .... 16,177. . . . 42. ... 14,347 31st December, " ....158.... 61,487.... 106.... 40,827 81st March, 1851 178 64,104 97 45,208 80th June, " 146 53.363 88 36,618 Total 543. . . .195,136. . . .333. . . .137,000 Cash Liabilities. The total number of entrances in the coastwise trade in 1850-51 was 1,227 vessels, of the aggregate burden of 353,175 tons, and the total number of clearances was 1,178, of the aggregate burden of 435,892 tons. The manufactures of New Orleans are not extensive. There are several furnaces, machine shops, distilleries, sugar refineries, lumber yards, steam saw-mills, tobacco factories, etc. in all using a capital of some three millions of dollars ; and besides these there are the handicrafts com mon to all large cities, which in the aggregate make up a respectable list of occupations. The most extensive foundry and machine shop of the south-west is that of John Leeds & Co. in this city ; it employs 175 men, and from 4 to 5 tons of metal are daily melted down and run off into the thou- sand-and-one things for which iron and brass may be used a steam-engine and sugar-mill down to a nut and screw. This establishment has grown up from a little shop owned by the father of one of the principals 20 years ago, and is a fair illustration of what, from small beginnings, American energy, perseverance, and enterprise, can accomplish. Its cotton presses are among the largest in the Union, and cover an immense area. The New Orleans Cotton Press occupies an area of 194,656 square feet, most of which is covered by the buildings. On an average, 160,000 bales of cotton are annually pressed at this establishment. The market houses of New Orleans are in general substantial and expensive buildings; the meat market on the Levee is a conspicuous building, and is one of the principal objects seen from the river; St Mary s Market is 486 feet long, and 42 feet in width ; and Washington Market is also an extensive build ing. These are well supplied with all kinds of south-west ern produce, and abound in tropical fruits and esculents. The retail trade of New Orleans is extravagantly provided for ; its stores and sales-rooms are magnificent, and their pa tronage beyond precedent large. The dress, habits, and customs of the inhabitants require this lavish exhibition of merchandise, and they willingly support it at an immense cost to individual revenue. The New Orleans banks are seven in number, and their condition on the 30th Nov., 1 1850, was as follows : Cash Assets. Banks Specie paying. Circulation Louisiana Bank $331,239 Canal and Banking Co 1,301,595 Louisiana State Bank 1,712.975 Mechanics andTraders Bank 932.S55 Union Bank 25,810 Non Specie paying. Citizens Bank 11,061 Consolidated Association.... 20,295 .... 21,047 Total. $3,939,406 2,761,022 4.4-K714 3,153,043 69,392 Total Liabilities, exclusive of Capital. Total Assets. Specie. Total. $1,354,083 ....$5,701,551 ....$3,939,406 ....$3,862,741 1,126,140 .... 3,895,059 .... 2,761,028 .... 7,010,966 1.640,045 .... 4,971.969 .... 4,44^,714 .... 6.7 4:>.7U 1,526,957 .... 4,177.313 .... 3,153.843 .... 5,223,457 81,717 403,663 .... 69,392 .... 4,459,931 14,443 .... 245,003 .... 7,694 .... 14,767 .... 6,943,496 1,638,491 6,457,779 1,281,139 Total $4,335,831 . . . $14,407,533 .... $5,760,089 . . . $19,409,335 . . . $22,954,871 . . . $39,845,904 wings are 81 feet by 29 feet, the whole of three stories. The coinage at this branch is only gold and silver. For the year ending 1st July. 1851, the value of gold deposits was $8,285,637, and of gold money coined, $8,994,000; of the de posits, $3,152,879 was California gold, and of the coinage 555 A branch of the United States mint is located here; also theU. S. land office for the land district of New Orleans; the U. S. custom-house, and other federal establishments. The mint has extensive buildings on the Esplanade; the main edifice b 282 feet long and 108 feet deep, and its two NEW NEW $6,<370,000 were double eagles, $1,495,000 eagles, $165,000 half eagles, $510,000 quarter eagles, and $154,000 dollar pieces ; and the value of silver deposits was $822,085, of which $57.572 was silver extracted from California gold, and of the coinage $3,000 were dollar pieces, $856,000 half dol lars, $69,000 quarter dollars, $53,000 dimes, $51,500 half dimes, and $18.000 three cent pieces. Total deposits, $9,11)7,722 coinage, $10,044,500. The custom-house at this place, when completed, will be one of the most expensive buildings in the Union, and a great ornament to the city. It is situate on the Levee at the corner of Canal Street. The building will also contain apartments for the U. S. Courts, and other accommodations for the general government. It will be almost as large as the Capitol at Washington with the additions now being made. The material is to come from the celebrated Quincy quarries. On the right and left of the cathedral on the Place d Armes are the district and city offices one in the Tuscan and the other in the Doric style, and both two stories high. These accommodate the city council, the courts of the district and parish, the police, city guard, etc. New Orleans was capital of the State until 1849, in which year the State records were re moved to Baton Rouge. The old State-house, formerly the Charity Hospital, is a good building, occupies a square be tween Common and Canal streets, and consisffi of a main building and two detached wings. New Orleans is magnificent in its church buildings, though there are complaints that there is not sufficient ac commodation for the large population it contains. Includ ing chapels, there are 19 Catholic places of worship. The Cathedral of St. Louis, on the Place d Armes, is a venerable and imposing structure. It was founded in 1792 by Don Andre on the condition that masses be offered every Satur day evening for the repose of his soul, and the tolling of the bell at sunset on that day still proclaims the observance of the custom. The Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Methodists, etc., have also churches. The Methodist church on the cor ner of Poydras and Carondolet streets is a splendid copy of the temple of Theseus, Avith a steeple 170 feet in height. The Second Presbyterian church in Lafayette Square, is also a handsome structure, and has a fine portico of Groeco-Doric architecture. The Episcopal churches, of which there are 8, are substantial, without any distinguishing features. The newspaper press of New Orleans is world-renowned, and its issues are among the most talented in the Union. There are 9 daily newspapers, the " Crescent" (neut.), the " Delta" (dem.), the " Picayune" (whig), the " True Delta" (neut.), all of which also issue weekly editions, the " Bulletin" (whig), which has also a semi-weekly edition, the " Orlean- ean" (neut.), the "State Gazette" (dem.), the "Bee" (whig), and the " Courier" (dem.) The " Franco-American" is issued tri-weekly, and the "Prices Current" semi-weekly. The weeklies are "La Propagateur Catholique" (relig.), and " La Patria" (whig). De Bow s " Review of the Southern and Western States" (statistical), is published monthly. The last-named is one of the most useful and complete works of the kind in the Union, and ought to be in the library of every person wishing to keep up with the progress of the country. The " Resources of the Southern and Western States lately published by Professor De Bow, is also a work of great and lasting value, more exact and detailed in its subjects than any work hitherto issued from the American press, and has been of essential service in the compilation of this Gazetteer. The means provided for education are ample. Besides the public schools and academies, the city contains several collegiate establishments and literary institutions. The Uni versity was founded in 1849. The buildings consist of a central edifice 100 feet front and 104 feet deep, with two de tached wings. The main building is occupied by the medi cal department, and contains three large lecture-rooms, each of which will contain more than 600 persons, a large museum of anatomy, dissecting-rooms, etc., and the other 556 buildings are appropriated to the academic, law, and other departments. There are 7 professors in the academic de partment, 3 in the law department, and 7 in the medical department. There is also a chair of political economy, at present ably filled by Professor J. D. B. De Bow, head of the Census Bureau at Washington. The students in the medi cal department enjoy clinics in the Charity Hospital, an insti tution which surpasses all others in the United States as a school of practical instruction. This hospital is situate on Common Street, between St. Mary andGirond streets, and is 290 feet long, and three stories high. There are generally 1,000 patients in the wards. In 1851 the whole number of patients admitted was 18,476, discharged 15,989, and died 1,884, leaving 1.603. The surgical cases numbered about 2,600 ; and about one-half the medical cases were intermit tent and remittent fevers of the first 6,871 cases, and of the latter 2,366 cases are reported. From the cupola of the building the view is magnificent. This institution is the refuge alike of the citizen and stranger in times of sickness, and is attended chiefly by those exemplary women whose deeds of charity reflect so great an honor on the Catholic Church. New Orleans has nine cemeteries: the Protestant, the Catholic, Cypress Grove, the Odd Fellows , St. Vincent de Paul, St. Patrick s, Potter s Field, the Charity Hospital, and Lafayette. These are all conspicuous appendages of the city. The Catholic and Protestant cemeteries are unique in place and method of interment. Each is inclosed in a brick wall of arched cavities, or ovens, as they are here called, made just large enough to admit a single coffin, and raised tier upon tier to the height of about 12 feet, with a thickness of 10. The whole inclosure is divided into plats, with gravel paths intersecting each other at right angles, and is densely covered with tombs built wholly above ground, and from one to three stories in height. This method of sepulchre is adopted from necessity, and burial underground is never attempted excepting in the Potter s Field, where the stranger without friends, and the poor without money find an uncer tain rest, the water with which the soil is always saturated often forcing the coffin and its contents out of its narrow and shallow cell, to rot with no other covering than the arch of heaven. The cemeteries here indeed look as if modeled after a growing city. The tombs have an air of freshness about them; the peculiarity of their structure, their close juxtaposition, filling plats like blocks of buildings, the well- graveled walks between, the walls about the whole, with their numerous receptacles of the dead, rising story above story, almost persuade the visitor that he stands in the midst of a panorama of the great mart of commerce, the former inhabitants of which now inhabit these cities of the dead. The total number of burials in the several cemeteries in 1849 was 9,862, of which 3,569 were of foreigners, 1,308 of the United States, of which number only 774 were natives of New Orleans, and 4,985 of birth unknown. These facts speak volumes one half the deaths of persons without name or country ! and yet thousands press on to fill the void thus created, and in their turn to be numbered with the unknown dead. The hotels and theatres of New Orleans are also distin guishing features of the city, and among its most splendid buildings the St. Charles Theatre, on the east side of St. Charles Street, cost about $350,000, and is 132 feet long, by 170 feet deep. The Orleans, or French Theatre, is also a large and expensive building, running from Orleans Street to St. Anne Street, and the performances are done in the French language. The American theatre, corner of Camp and Poydras streets, is 160 feet by 60, and cost about $130,000. These three theatres will in the aggregate accommodate 4,500 persons, and are nightly filled, often to suffocation. Among the hotels, the principal are St. Charles , Exchange, City Exchange, Verandah, Orleans, and others, almost equal in extent and good accommodations. Some of these are not surpassed in beauty of structure, substantiality, and popular- NEW NEW ity by any in the Union. The St, Charles was destroyed by fire in 1S50, and is now being rebuilt on a more magnificent scale than before, at a cost estimated at $60(1,000. As the majority of persons having business in the city reside there only temporarily, these are constantly crowded with boarders. The city is supplied with water from the Mississippi. The water- works, which belong to the Commercial Bank, cost about $725,000. The reservoir, into which the water is raised by a steam-engine, is constructed on an artificial mound, and is 21 feet high at its base, with sides 250 feet in length, and capable of containing nearly 10,000,000 gal- Jons. The reservoir has four compartments, and when the water is cleared, it is distributed through iron pipes to the city. There is also an aqueduct built at the expense of the city, costing $120,000, which, by conducting water to cleanse the gutters, tends greatly to neutralize or wash away the filth of the streets, and to the promotion of general health in the hot season. New Orleans, from its low situation, more than from its warm and moist climate, suffers periodically from the yel low fever. No summer, indeed, passes over without the visitation of this terrible malady, and it not unfrequently rages as an epidemic. In 1841, 43, 47, this distemper was very fatal, while in 1842, 44, 46, 48, and 49, the number of cases were comparatively small, and in 1845 only one case is reported. In 1847 the admissions into the Charity Hospi tal, on account of yellow fever, numbered no less than 2,811, and the admissions for intermittent and remittent fevers were commensurately great, having been nearly 4,000. These visitations have no doubt been the means of retard ing the growth of the city, but that the salubrity of the cli mate is gradually being improved is certain, and when in a few years the swamps in the neighborhood are filled in, the location will be*as healthy as that of any other southern port. During the winter and spring the climate is reputed healthy, and thousands flock to the city from all quarters of the world some for health, others for pleasure, and still more in connection with the immense business of all kinds which is here transacted. Perhaps no city of the Union is so diversified in its popu lation. The sunny isles of the Antilles, Mexico, Central America, and South America, France and Spain, and the other States of Europe, and the sister States northward, have each representatives among the inhabitants. The colored races, however, preponderate, and slave or free make up one- half at least. Of the white races, the American, French, and Spanish const! tutethe larger portion, and in these classes are found what may be denominated the aristocracy. The Irish here, as in other quarters, though forming a large class, are but the " hewers of wood and drawers of water" the laborers and levee-men, respectable only on election day and among themselves. The English and Scotch are few in proportion, and are chiefly connected with the foreign commerce as mer chants or factors, seldom remaining longer in the city than is necessary for the transaction of their particular business ; nor do the Germans form a large class. This admixture of races is in some degree embarrassing ; so many languages, various customs and manners, and in habits so different, no thor ough amalgamation can take place ; and it is even necessary to support newspapers and periodicals of different lan guages, each of which in its opinions and ideas ia at vari ance with the other. But this circumstance has also its advantages it elicits much that is useful and cosmopolitan, tending to soften the asperity of nationalities, and to the fra ternization of races. The vices and virtues of such a com munity stand in bold relief, and Sunday bull-baiting, gaming, and balls, contrast harshly with the divine exercises appro priate to that day of rest. The railroads diverging from New Orleans are as yet few in number, designed chiefly to facilitate the transit of goods by short routes to and from the adjacent shipping places. These are the roads to Lake Pontchartrain, to Lake Borgne, and to Carrollton on the Mississippi. The commercial men of the city, however, have determined upon the prosecution of several important lines, which will secure to it a com merce which was fast lapsing to the Atlantic ports. The principal of these are the New Orleans, Jackson, and North ern 11. E. ; the New Orleans, Opelousas, and Great Western R. K. ; the New Orleans and Nashville E. E. ; and a rail road from Mobile, connecting with the navigation of Lake Pontehartrain, which will supersede the tedious navigation of the passes along the southern shore of Mississippi. The canals of New Orleans have been opened with the same design as that fulfilled by the existing railroads Opposite to New Orleans, and connecting with it by a ferry, is the town of Algiers, the principal workshop of the city. Here are several extensive ship-yards, and numerous artisans engaged in building and repairing vessels. At Macdonough, above and adjoining it, is the United States Marine Hospital, a splendid building, used for the purpose its name designates. Belleville lies below and also adjoins Algiers, and has many fine residences. Many of the seats in the suburbs of the city are surrounded with spacious gardens, splendidly ornamented with orange, lemon, mag nolia, and other trees. The history of New Orleans in its early epochs is that of the whole French settlements in Lower Louisiana. This will be found under its appropriate caption. The city was founded in 1717, and named after the Doc d Or- leans, then regent of France, but the site was abandoned soon after, and not settled again until 1722. Soon after this it began to prosper, and constant accessions were made to the population by the arrival of immigrants. By the treaty of 1763, New Orleans, with all Louisiana west of the Missis sippi, was transferred to Spain by treaty. The population now numbered 3,190. The transfer greatly provoked the French inhabitants, and some opposition was made, but in the end the Spanish laws were gradually introduced, and, by a beneficent administration, the city so flourished under the new government, that the population in 1785 had in creased to 4,980 a great movement in those days. In 1792, the city was divided into four wards, and its police greatly improved, and two years later the first newspaper was pub lished. The country was prosperous at the commencement of the French Eevolution ; but in 1801, Spain having fallen into the power of France, it was retroceded to that nation, and in 1803 was sold to the United States by the French. The population was now over 8,000. In 1804, New Orleans was made a port of entry, and in 1805 was incorporated. Early in 1812 the first steamboat arrived from the Ohio! The war of 1812-15 now broke out, and the British made a descent on the city, and on the 8th of Jan., 1815, the great est battle of the war was fought the result is known to every schoolboy. The modern progress of the city now commenced ; the settlement of the valley of the Mississippi, and the consequent trade with the only port of its outlet, in creased rapidly and proportionally. The increase is still going on, and will raise New Orleans to the first rank among commercial cities. It is now the great dep&t of the export trade of the valley ; and when its railroads to the north are completed, much of the import trade now having its course from the northern Atlantic coast will certainly make New Orleans its entrep6t. The difficult up-navigation of the river, even by steamboats, has hitherto been the great drawback, but with this line of road, New Orleans will compete successfully with New York, Boston, and Phila delphia for the golden fleece of the great west. Population in 1763, 3,190; in 1765, 4,980; in 1804, 8,000; in 1810, 17,242; in 1S20, 27,178; in 1830, 49,826; in 1840, 102,193 ; and in 1850, 119,461. The population of Lafayette in 1840 was 3,207, and in 1850, 14,190. NEW OXFORD, post village, Adams county. Penn. : on the east side of Conewago creek, 27 miles south by west Harrisburg. NEW PALESTINE, p. v., Clermont co., Ohio: on the Ohio r., 92 m. S. W. Columbus; is a small village of considerable 657 NEW NEW business, particularly in the manufacture of brick, which is mainly taken to Cincinnati. NEW PALTZ, t. and p. v., Ulster co., Jf. Y. : 70 m. S. by W. Albany, on the Wallkill. Surface hilly ; soil mostly loam and fertile. The v. contains a flourishing academy and 3 churches. Pop. of t. 2,729. NEW PALTZ LANDING, p. o., Ulster co., N . Y. : on W. bank of Hudson r., opposite Poughkeepsie, 9 m. E. New Paltz village. NEW PAEIS, p. v., Preble county, Ohio: 80 m. W. by S. Columbus, on W. bank of Whitewater r., which affords good water-power. NEW PETERSBURG, p. v., Highland co., Ohio: on S. side Paint cr., 54 m. S. S. W. Columbus. NEW PHILADELPHIA, p. o., Pike co., HI. : on Bay cr., 62 m. W. by S. Springfield. NEW PHILADELPHIA, p. o., Washington co., Ind. : on N. side of Great Blue r., 80 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. NEW PHILADELPHIA, p. v., and cap Tuscarawas co., Ohio : 86 m. E. N. E. Columbus, on E. bank Tuscarawas r., oppo site the mouth of Sugar cr. The v. is on a handsome plain, and has considerable business. It contains the court-house and jail. Two newspapers are published weekly, "Tusca rawas Advocate" (whig), and "Ohio Democrat" (dem.) Pop. 1,415. NEW PITTSBTTRG, p. v., Wayne co., Ohio : on E. side of Muddy fork of Walhonding r., 74 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. NEW PLYMOUTH, p. o., Vinton co., Ohio : 57 m. S. E. by S. Columbus. NEW POINT COMFORT, Virg. : the S. E. extremity of Matthews co., between Chesapeake and Mob Jack bays. NEWPORT county, R. I. Consisting of several islands in Narragansett Bay, with a portion of the mainland, contain ing in the whole an area of 136 sq. m. Rhode Island, con taining 37i sq. m., forms the most important portion of the county. Surface uneven; soil fertile, and produces good crops of grain, etc., and affords fine pasturage for cattle. The other chief insular portions of the county are Provi dence, Canonicut, and Block islands. Chief productions wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. The advantages con nected with navigation are considerable, and fishing is much followed by the inhabitants. Fossil coal is found in this county. Farms 1,027 ; manuf. 63 ; dwell. 2,936, and pop. wh. 19,341, fr. col. 666 total 20,007. Capital: Newport. NEWPORT, p. v., New Castle county, Del. : on N. side of Christiana cr., 83 m. N. Dover. The Philadelphia, Wil mington, and Baltimore E. K. passes through the v., 32 m. from Philadelphia, 66 m. from Baltimore. NEWPORT, p. v., and cap. Wakulla county, nor. : on St. Mark s r., 16 m. E. S. E. Tallahassee. The "Wakulla Times" is published weekly. NEWPORT, p. v., and cap. Yermillion co., Ind.: on S. bank of Little Yermillion r., 2 m. above its junction with the Wabash r., 65 m. W. by N. Indianapolis. It contains a court-house, jail, several stores, and is surrounded by a very fertile country. NEWPORT, p. v., and cap. Campbell co., Ey. : on Ohio r., above the junction of Licking r., 63 m. N. N. E. Frankfort It is situated on an elevated plain commanding a fine view of Cincinnati directly opposite, with which city there is steam ferry connection. Here is a garrison of U. S. army, several factories and churches. The "Newport and Cov- ington News" is published daily. NEWPORT, t and p. v., Penobscot county, Me. : 48 m. N E. by N Aiigusta. Pop. 1,212. NEWPORT, p. v., Charles co., Md. : on stream of Allen s Fresh, 14 m. S. E. Port Tobacco, 43 m. S. by W. Annapolis. NEWPORT, p. v., Franklin co., Mo. : S. side Missouri r., 54 m. E. Jefferson City. NEWPORT, p. Y., Monroe co., Mich. : on an estuary of Lake Erie, the mouth of Swan cr., 81 m. S. E. Lansing. NEWPORT, p. v., St. Clair co., Mich. : on St. Clair r., at mouth of Belle r., 103 m. E. by S. Lansing; is well situated, 558 and has a very large business in sawing and exporting pine timber, which abounds in this section. NEWPORT, t, p. v., and cap. Sullivan co., N. Hamp.: 34 m.W. N.W. Concord. Drained by Sugar r. and branches. Surface uneven ; soil fertile on the streams. The E. and S. branches of Sugar r. unite near the v. and afford water- power to several mills. The " N. H. Argus and Spectator" (dem.) is published weekly. Pop. 2,020. NEWPORT, t. and p. v., Herkimer county, N. Y. : 76 m. N. W. by W. Albany, on West Canada cr. Surface of t. hilly; soil sandy and calcareous loam. The v. has some manufactures, and is a thriving place. Pop. of t. 2,126. NEWPORT, p. v., Cumberland co., N. Jer. : 65 m. S. S. W. Trenton, on Nautuxet cr., 5 m. above its mouth. NEWPORT, t. and p. v., Washington co., Ohio: on Ohio r., 12 m. E. Marietta, 100 m. E. S. E. Columbus. Surface of t. level ; soil alluvial. Pop. 1,427. The v. is finely situated, and is a thriving place. Pop. of 1 1,427. NEWPORT, p. v. and sta., Perry co., Penn. : on W. side of Juniata r., above the confluence of Little Buffalo cr., 24 m. N. W. Harrisburg. The Pennsylvania E. E. and Pennsyl vania Canal pass through this village. There is a blast furnace at Newport, 3 m. distant. NEWPORT, p. v., and cap. Cocke co., Term. : o S. side French Broad r., 204 m. E. by S. Nashville. NEWPORT, t., p. v., port of entry, and cap. Newport co., R. I., and one of the capitals of the State : on S. W. side of Rhode Island, 5 m. from the ocean, 24 m. 8. by E. Provi dence, 70 m. S. by W. Boston. Lat. 41 29 N., long. 710 19 12" W. from Greenwich, and 5 42 48" E. from Washington. The t. is in form an irregular semi-circle, as also is the harbor upon which the v. is situated. Surface undulating, presenting variety of scenery ; soil very fertile. The harbor is one of the best in the U. S. , and celebrated for its beauty. It is very accessible, spacious, safe, and deep enough for the largest vessels defended by forts Adams and Wolcott,which are garrisoned by companies of U. S. artillery. The former is very large, of great strength, and was built at great expense. A U. S. naval officer is stationed here. The v. occupies a beautiful acclivity, which rises gradually from the harbor, presenting a beautiful appearance. It was settled in 163S, grew rapidly, and was very flourishing until the Revolutionary War, at which time its population was about 10,000. During the war it was chiefly held by the British, and at its close the population was about 5,500. It then somewhat revived for a time, until the embargo pre ceding 1S12 ; but subsequently its trade was much diverted to Providence and other places. Many of the inhabitants are engaged in the coasting trade and fisheries. Some large cotton and woolen factories have been established. The principal public buildings consist of the State-house, market- house, custom-house, and Redwood Library and Atheneum, containing 4,000 vols. Besides 12 churches there is a Jews synagogue, now unused but kept in fine repair by avails of a legacy. There is also 1 savings bank, 7 banks, with a capital of $680,000. The total valuation of property in New port in 1850, was $4,720,450, tax assessed, $15,577. By the Fall River line of steamboats it has daily communication with New York ; a steamboat also plies daily to Providence. Projects of connecting Newport by railroad with Fall Eiver, Bristol, and Providence, are in agitation. Two newspapers are published daily, "News" (whig), and "Advertiser" (whig) ; 3 weekly, " Newport Mercury" (whig), established n 1758, " Herald and Rhode Islander" (whig), and " Ad vertiser" (whig). Commerce. on the 30th June, 1850, the total tonnage of Newport district was 10,579 tons ; registered 5,645, enrolled and licensed 4,934. Of registered tonnage 4,279 tons were permanent, 1,365 were temporary, and 1,517 tons were in the whale fishery. Of the enrolled and licen sed tonnage, 4,560 tons were permanent, 4,112 in the coast ing trade, 256 were propelled by steam, 320 in mackerel fishery, and 327 tons in cod fishery. During the year pre vious, the number of clearances for foreign countries was NEW 172,752 tons ; number of entrances do., 172,602 tons ; schooner built, 96 tons. During the calendar year 1849 3,055 barrels of sperm oil were brought into this port. New port has long been a very favorite fashionable summer re sort It is attractive because of its beautiful scenery, coo and salubrious sea breezes, fashionable company, large an well-kept hotels, opportunities for fishing, bathing, etc. In the vicinity of Newport is a curious monument of antiquity the Old Tower, or Old Stone Mill, of which the age an< origin are unknown, and have been the subject of much learned discussion. Pop. oft. in 1S30, 8,010; in 1840, 8,333 in 1850, 9,563. NEWPORT, t. and p. o., Orleans co., Verm. : 50 m. N. by E Montpelier. Bounded on N. E. by Lake Memphremagog Pop. 748. NEWPORT, p. v., Giles co., Virg. : on S. bank of creek of New r., 170 m. W. by S. Richmond. NEWPORT, p. o., Lake county, III. : about 2 m. E. of Des Plaines r., 208 m. N. N. E. Springfield. NEW PORTAGE, p. v., Summit co., Ohio : 100 m. N. E Columbus, on the line of Akron Branch E. E., and on E bank of Wolf creek. NEWPORT CENTRE, p. o., Luzerne county, Perm. : 78 m N. E. by N. Harrisburg. NEW PORTLAND, t. and p. o., Somerset co., Me. : 45 m N. N. W. Augusta. Drained by Seven Mile brook and its branches. Soil fertile and adapted to grain. Population 1,460. NEW PORTLAND, p. v., Ealls co., Mo. : on N. side of Salt river, 70 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. NEW PORTLAND, Stewart co., Teim. : 63 m. W. N. "W. Nashville. NEWPORTSVILLE, p. v., Bucks co., Penn. : on N. E. side of Neshaming creek, at the head of navigation, about 3 m. from its mouth, 103 m. E. Harrisburg. NEW PRESTON, p. v., Litchfield co., Conn. : 37 m.W. by S. Hartford, 36 m. N. W. New Haven, on W. side of E. Aspe- tuck r., 1 m. S. Eaumaug lake. NEW PRINCETON, p. v., Coshocton county, Ohio: 60 m. E. N. E. Columbus. NEW PROSPECT, p. o., Orange county, Ind. : on S. side of Lick cr., 85 m. S. by W. Indianapolis. NEW PROSPECT, p. v., Greene co., Ala. : 89 m. "W. N. W. Montgomery. NEW PROSPECT, p. o., Winston co., Miss. : 87 m. N. E. Jackson. NEW PROSPECT, p. v., Bergen co., N. Jer. : on Hohokus creek, 63 m. N. E. by N. Trenton. The v. is finely situated on elevated ground. Considerable water-power is afforded by the creek, and is improved by several paper and grist mills, etc. NEW PROSPECT, p. o., Wayne co., Ohio : on Chippewa r., 87 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. NEW PROSPECT, p. v., Spartanburg disk, S. Car. : 98 m. N. W. by N. Columbia. NEW PROVIDENCE, t and p. v., Essex co., N. Jer. : on E. Bide of Passaic r., 37 m. N. E. by N. Trenton. Surface of t. hilly ; soil sandy loam. Drained by Passaic r. Pop. of t. 1.216. The Morris and Essex E. E. passes through the N. part, at Summit sta. NEW PROVIDENCE, p. o., Lancaster co., Penn.: 41 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. NEW PROVIDENCE, p. v. and sta., Clark co., Ind. : 87 m. S. by E. Indianapolis, 19 m. by railroad from New Albany, on the New Albany and Salem E. E. Drained by the Muddy Fork of Silver creek. NEW PROVIDENCE, p. v., Montgomery co., Tenn. : 47 m. N. W. Nashville. NEW EETREAT, p. o., Washington county, Ind. : 80 m. S. Indianapolis. NEW EICHLAND, p. v. and sta., Logan co., Ohio: 52 m. N. W. by W. Columbus ; station on Mad River and Lake Erie E. E. NEW NEW RICHMOND, p. v., Clermont co., Ohio: 95 m. S. W. Columbus, on Ohio r., near Muddy cr. ; is very flourishing. NEW RICHMOND, p. o., Crawford county, Penn. : 187 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. NEW RICHMOND, p. v., Montgomery county, Ind. : 50 m. N. W. Indianapolis. NEW EIVER, p. v., Columbia co., Flor. : on New river, a branch of Santa F6 r., 127 m. E. by S. Tallahassee. NEW EIVER, p. o., Ascension par., La. : E. side Mississippi r., IS m. S. S. E. Baton Eotige. NEW river, Ascension par., La. : rises near the Mississippi river, flows E., parallel to Amitii r., into Lake Maurepas. NEW river, Onslow co., N. Car. : rises in N. W. part of the co., flows through it centrally toward the coast, and empties into New river inlet. NEW river, Beaufort dist., S. Car. : rises near the centre of the dist., and flows S. S. W., parallel to Savannah river, emptying into Calibogue Sound. NEW river, Virg. : rises in N. part of N. Car. : its general course is N. N. W., through the S. W. portion of Virg., until it receives Gauley river, after which it is called Great Kanawha river, and flows N. W. to its confluence with the Ohio river. NEW EIVER INLET, Onslow co., N. Car. : 57 m. W. by S. Cape Lookout. NEW EOAD, p. o., Delaware co., W. Y. : 81 m. W. S. W. Albany. NEW EOCHELLE, t., p. v., and sta., Westchester co., N.T.: 134 m. S. Albany. Surface of t. undulating ; soil, clay loam, and well cultivated ; watered on the S. side by Long Island Sound. The v. is a station of the New York and New Haven E. E., 20 m. from New York, with which it has also constant steamboat connection. It is handsomely situated, overlooking L. I. Sound, and is a fashionable resort in the summer months. It contains several churches, three good academies, and a few factories. Pop. of t. 2,458. NEW EOCHESTER, p. v., Wood co., Ohio : 93 m. N. by W. Columbus, on Portage river. NEW EOE, p. v., Allen county, Ky.: 120 m. S. S. W. Frankfort. NEW Ross, p. o., Montgomery co., Ind. : on S. bank of Sugar cr. of Eock r., 35 m. W. N. W. Indianapolis. NEW ECMLEY, p. v., Harrison co., Ohio : 105 m. E. N. E. Columbus. NEW RUSSIA, p. o., Essex county, 2f. Y.: 110 m. N. Albany. NEWRY, p. o., Jackson co., Ind. : on E. side of Vernon Fork, 63 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. NEWRY, t. and p. o., Oxford co., Me. : on N. side of An- Iroscoggin r., 51 m. W. by N. Augusta. Drained also by Bear brook, and another cr., which afford water-power. Population 459. NEWRY, p. v., Blair co., Penn. : 83 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. Poplar r., a tributary of the Frankfort branch of Juniata r., )asses near the village. NEWS, p. o., Calhoun co., III. : 73 m. S. W. Springfield. NEW SALEM, p.o., Rush co., Ind. : 40 m. E. S. E. Indian- polls. NEW SALEM, p. o., Eusk co., Tea-.: 22S m. N. E. Austin City. NEW SALEM, t. and p. v., Franklin county, Mass. : 67 m. V. by N. Boston. Drained by Miller s r. and an affluent of t, and a branch of Middle r. ; surface elevated, and a part mountainous ; soils fertile, and adapted to grazing. The t ontains 2 handsome villages, several stores, and a few fac- iries. Pop. 1,253. NEW SALEM, p. o., Albany county, 2T. T. : 14 m. W. by S Ibany. NEW SALEM, p. v., Eandolph co., Jf. Car. : 68 m. W. Raleigh. NEW SALEM, t. and p. v., Fairfleld county, Ohio: 28 m. E. by S. Columbus. Pop. 210. NEW SALEM, p. o., Pike county, III. : 73 m. W. by 8. pringfleld. NEW NEW NEW SALEM, p. v., Fayette co., Perm. : 154 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. NEW SALEM, p. o., Harrison co., Virg. : on the line of the North Western (Ya.) E. E., 207 m. N. W. Eichmond. NEW SALISBURY, p. v., Harrison co., Ind. ; on N. side of Indian cr., 100 m. S. Indianapolis. NEW SCOTLAND, t. and p. o., Albany county, N. T. : 6 m. "W. by S. Albany. Surface hilly ; drained by Normanskill. Pop. 3,459. NEW SHARON, t. and p. o., Franklin co., Me. : on E. side of Sandy r., 23 m. N. N. W. Augusta. Pop. 1,732. NEW SHARON, p. o., Monmouth co., N. Jer. : 24 m. E. Trenton. NEW SHEFFIELD, p. v., Beaver co., Penn. : 178 m. W. by N. Harrisburg, on a tributary of the Onio river. NEW SHOREHAM, t and p. o., Newport co., R. 1. : 13 m. S. S. W. Point Judith ; 15 m. N. N. E. Montauk Point, L. I. The t. comprises Block Island, 8 m. long, and 2 to 4 m. broad. Surface uneven; soil sandy and gravelly loam. The inhabitants are mostly fishermen. Peat is used as fuel. Pop. 1,262. NEW SMYRNA, p. v., Orange co., Flor. : on Mosquito in let, 229 m. E. S. E. by S. Tallahassee, is a U. S. military post It has an improving commerce. NEW SOMERSET, p. v., Jefferson co., OKio: 128 m. E. N. E. Columbus. NEWSOM, p. o., Bibb co., Ga. : 35 m. S.W. Milled geville. NEWSOM S DEp6x, p. o. and sta., Southampton co., Virg. : 70 m. S. by E. Eichmond, on the Sea-board and Eoanoke R. E., 50 m. from Portsmouth, 30 m. from Weldon. NEW SPRINGFIELD, p. v., Mahoning co., Ohio: 138 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. NEW STANTON, p. v., Westmoreland co., Penn. : 141 m. W. Harrisburg. NEWSTEAD, t. and p. o., Erie co., N. Y. : on S. side of Tonawanda cr., 255 m. W. by N. Albany. Pop. 2,899. NEWSTEAD, p. o., Christian county, Ky. : 168 m. S. W. Frankfort. NEW STORE, p. o., Buckingham co., Virg. : 65 m.W.by S. Eichmond. NEW SUFFOLK, port, Suffolk co., N. Y. : this small port, in Southold t., fronts on the N. E. portion of Great Peconic Bay. Its tonnage is chiefly employed in the fisheries. On January 1st, 1S50, it had 22T tons in the whale fishery, and during 1849 it received 242 barrels of sperm oil, 314 barrels of whale oil, and 1,200 pounds of whalebone. NEW SWEDEN, p. v., Clinton co., & Y. : on N. side of Sable r., 128 m. N. Albany. NEWTON county, Ark. Situate N. toward the W., and contains 733 sq. m. Drained by Buffalo fork of White r. and other streams. Surface varied ; in the S. being hilly and broken, the residue generally level. Soil fertile, and well adapted to corn. Galena and other ores abound in this re gion. Farms 230 ; manuf. ; dwell. 288, and pop. wh. 1,704, fr. col. 7, si. 47 total 1,758. Capital: Jasper. NEWTON county, Ga. Situate N. centrally, and contains 414 sq. m. Drained by Alcopahatchee and Yellow rivers, tributaries of Ocmulgee r. Surface undulating, and soil fer tile and very productive. Cotton is the staple, but wheat and corn are raised in considerable quantities. Agriculture is much attended to by a large portion of the population. Timber is abundant. Farms 812; manuf. 23; dwell. 1,374, and pop. wh. 8,079, fr. col. 30, si. 5,187 total 13,296. Cap ital : Covingtou. Public Works : Georgia E. E. NEWTON county, Miss. Situate E. middle, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by head branches of Chickasawha r., and branches of Tuscalameta cr. Surface even ; soil fer tile, and generally productive ; it is well adapted to cotton, which is the staple. Farms 350 : manuf. ; dwell. 586, and pop. wh. 3,432, fr. col. 1, si. 1,032 total 4,465. Capital: Decatur. PuUic Works : Mobile and Ohio E. E. ; Alabama and Mississippi E. E. NEWTON county, Mo. Situate S. W., and contains 639 560 eq. m. Drained by Neh-hah r. and other streams, all trib utaries of Neosho r. Surface level ; soil fertile, and adapted to grain. There is much good timber on the land. Farms 293; panuf. 11 ; dwell. 653, and pop. wh. 4,013, fr. col. 14, si. 241 total 4,268. Capital : Neosho. NEWTON county, Tea:. Situate E., and contains 1,196 sq. m. Drained by branches of Sabine r., which forms its E. boundary. Surface varied, in the N. being hilly, but in the S. undulating ; the land, in general, is thickly wooded. Soil a black mold, with sand intermixed, and generally fer tile, producing good crops of cotton, sugar, corn, wheat, etc. It has some fine timber land, and contains many streams of pure water. Petrified trunks of trees are found in the northern part, which are so hard that they are used in many cases as flints. Farms 141 ; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 219, and pop. wh. 1,255, fr. col. 8, si. 426 total 1,689, Capital : Burke- ville. NEWTON, p. v., and cap. Dale co., Ala. : on S. side of Choctawhatchee r., 84 m. E. S. E. Montgomery ; contains the court-house and several stores. NEWTON, p. v., and cap. Baker co., Ga. : on W. side of Flint r., 143 m. S. S. W. Milledgeville ; contains the court house and several stores. NEWTON, p. v., and cap. Jasper co., III. : on 8. W. side of Embarras r., 94 m. S. E. Springfield. It contains the court-house and several stores, and is the central business v. of the county. NEWTON, t, p. v., and sta., Middlesex co., Mass. : 9 m.W. Boston. Drained by Charles r. and affluents; surface va ried ; soil fertile and highly cultivated. Charles r. bounds the t. on the N.W. and S., having two falls, at each of which is a v. containing manufactories. At the Upper Falls the r. descends 35 feet in half a mile. At the Lower Falls the v. lies partly in the t. of Needham. The Boston and Worces ter E. E. passes through it. The Newton Theological Sem inary (Bapt.) was founded in 1S25 ; the building at Newton Centre is a brick edifice, 85 feet long, 49 wide, and 3 stories high. Pop. 5,258. NEWTON, t. and p. o., Calhoun co., Mich. : 45 m. S. W. Lansing. Drained by branch of St. Joseph s river. Pop ulation 569. NEWTON, p. v., and cap. Jasper co., la. : 79 m. W. Iowa City, is a beautiful and flourishing town, on a prairie be tween the branches of Skunk river. NEWTON, t, p. o., and sta., Eockingham co., N. ITamp. : 34 m. S. E. Concord. The Boston and Maine E. E. passes through the t. 41 m. from Boston. Pop. 535. NEWTON, t., p. v., and cap. Sussex co., N. Jer. : 55 m. TS. Trenton. Surface oft. diversified ; drained by the Paulin s- kill. The v. is well situated and laid out, and contains, be sides the court-house and jail, several churches and schools. Two newspapers are published weekly : " Sussex Register" (whig), and " New Jersey Herald" (dem.) There is 1 bank, capital $134,480. Pop. of t. 3,279. NEWTON, p. v., and cap. Catawba co., W. Car.: near South Catawba r., 138 m. W. Ealeigh. NEWTON, t. and p. o., Muskingum county, Ohio : 48 m. E. by S. Columbus. Surface of t. undulating ; soil good ; well -watered by numerous creeks of Muskingum river. Pop. 2,356. NEWTON CENTRE, p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : 7 m. W. Boston, on the Boston and Worcester E. E. This v. con tains the Newton Theological Seminary, the mansion-house for the students, and dwellings of the professors, besides many pleasant residences. NEWTON CORNERS, p. o., Jefferson co., Wise. : 32 m. E. Madison. NEWTON FACTORY, p. o., Newton co., Ga. : 59 m. N. W. Milledgeville. NEWTON FALLS, p. o., Trumbull co., Ohio: 132 m. N. E. Columbus, on Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal, at junction of the two branches of Mahoning river, which afford extensive water-power to several mills and factories. NEW NEW NEWTON GROVE, p. o., Sampson co., N. Car.: 54 m. 8. S. E. Raleigh. NEWTON LOWER FALLS, p. v. and sta., Middlesex county, Mass.: on Charles r., 11 m. W. Boston. A branch of the Boston and "Worcester E. K. extends to the village. NEWTON STEWART, p. o., Orange co., Ind. : on S. bank of Patoka cr., 95 m. S. by "W. Indianapolis. NEWTONSVILLE, p. o., Clermont county, Ohio: 85 m. S.W. Columbus. NEWTONSVILLE, p. o., Attala county, Miss. : 63 m. N. N. E. Jackson. NEWTON UPPER FALLS, p. v. and sta., Middlesex county, Mass. : on Charles r., 9 m. W. S. W. Boston. The fall of the river is 35 feet, used by extensive manufactories. The Charles Eiver Branch E. E. extends to this v. from West Newton. NEW TOPSAIL INLET, N.Car. : 18 m. N. E. Wilmington. NEWTOWN, t., p. b., and sta., Fairfleld co., Conn. : 41 m. 8. W. Hartford, 23 m. W. N. W. New Haven, on the Housatonic E. E., 19 m. from Bridgeport. Surface of t. hilly ; soil gravelly loam, fertile, adapted to grain and fruit. Drained by the Potatuck and other creeks of Housatonic r., and contains several factories, mills, and churches. The borough is beautifully situated on high ground. Pop. of L 3,358. NEWTOWN, p. v., Fountain co., Ind. : on Coal cr., 60 m. W. N. W. Indianapolis. NBWTOWN, p. v., Scott co., Ky. : 24 m. E. by N. Frankfort. NBWTOWN, p. v., Worcester co., Md. : on W. side of br. of Pocomoke r., 5 m. N. W. Snow Hill, 76 m. S. E. Annapolis. NEWTOWN, p. v., Hinds co., Miss. : on W. side of Pearl r., 9 m. S. S. W. Jackson, on line of New Orleans, Jackson and Northern E. E. NEWTOWN, t. and p. v., Queen s county, 2f. Y. The t. is bounded on N. side by East r., and is also drained by Newtown cr. Surface of t. various; soil sand and clay loam, fertile, and adapted to fruit. Horticulture and agri culture are the chief occupations of the inhabitants. Pop. of t 7,208 NEWTOWN, p. v., Hamilton co., Ohio : on E. side Little Miami r., 90 m. S W. Columbus. NEWTOWN, t and p. b., Bucks county, Penn. : 99 m. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Newtown cr., which affords liy- draulic power. Surface even, soil fertile clay loam, well cultivated. The b. is on the cr., and contains several stores and factories, and is a considerable place. NEWTOWN, p. v., King and Queen county, Virg. : 29 m. N. N. E. Eichmond. NEWTOWN creek, N. Y. : rises in Newtown, Queen s co., flows W. and enters East river, opposite New York. NEWTOWN creek, Chemung co., JV. 1 : a small stream, affording mill-sites, rising in t. of Erin, and entering Chemung r. near Elmira. NEWTOWN HAMILTON, p. o., Miffiin county, Penn. : 47 m. N. W. Harrisburg. NEWTOWN SQUARE, p. v., Delaware co., Penn.: 78 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. NEWTOWN STKPHENSIUTRG, p. v., Frederick co., Ylrg. : 112 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. Pop. 400. NEW TRENTON, p. v., Franklin co., Ind. : on Whitewater r. and canal, 20 m. N. Lawrenceburg, 70 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. NEW TRIER, p. o., Cook co., 111.: 164 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. NEW TRIPOLI, p. v., Lehigh co., Penn. : on a branch of Maiden cr., 64 m. N. E. by E. Harrisburg. NEW UTRECHT, t. and p. o., King s county, N. Y. : 6 m. S. Brooklyn, 140 m. S. Albany; is a fashionable resort during the summer months. Pop. 2,129. NEW VERNON, p. v., Morris co., 2f. Jer. : 40 m. N. N. E. Trenton. NEW VEKNON, p. o., Orange co., 2T. Y. : 92 m. S. 8. W. Albany. NEW VERNON, p. o., Mercer co., Penn. : 196 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. NEW VIENNA, p. o., Clinton county, Ohio : 50 m. S. W. Columbus. NEW VIENNA, p. v., Dubuque co., la. : 62 m. N. N. E. Iowa City. NBW VILLAGE, p. v., Warren county, 2f. Jer. : 41 m. N. W. by N. Trenton. NEW VILLAGE, p. o., Suffolk co., AT. Y. : 100 m. S. S. E. Albany. NEWVILLE, p. v., De Kalb county, Ind. : 103 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. NEWVILLE, p. o., Herkimer co., N. Y. : 76 m. N. W. by W. Albany. NBWVILLE, p. v., Eichland co., Ohio : 54 m. N. E. by N. Columbus, on N. bank of Clear Fork r., which affords water-power to several mills and factories. NEWVILLE, p. b. and sta., Cumberland co., Penn. : on S. side of Conedogwinit cr., 27 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. The Cumberland Valley E. E. passes through the b., 34 m. from Harrisburg. NEWVILLE, p. v., Sussex county, Virg. : 40 m. S. S. E. Eichmond. NBW VINE, p. v., Dubuque co., la, : on E. side of Fall r., 63 m. N. N. E. Iowa City. NEW VINEYARD, t and p. o., Franklin co., Me. : 33 m. N. N. W. Augusta. Drained by a branch of Seven Mile brook. Pop. 635. NEW WAKEFIELD, p. v., Washington co., Ala. : 124 m. S. W. Montgomery. NEW WASHINGTON, p. v., Clark co., Ind. : on E. side of Fourteen Mile cr., 90 m. S. S. E. Indianapolis. NEW WASHINGTON, p. o., Clearfleld co., Penn. : on W. side of W. branch of Susquehanna river, at the junction of Cush r., 107 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. NEW WASHINGTON, p. o., Crawford co., Ohio: 56 m. N. Columbus. NEW WESTVILLE, p. o., Preble co., Ohio : 90 m. W. by S. Columbus. NEW WHITEHALL, Lehigh co., Penn. : the location of a blast furnace, 70 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. NEW WILMINGTON, t. and p. o., Lawrence co., Penn. : on a branch of Neshanock cr., 187 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. NBW WINCHESTER, p. v., Hendricks co., Ind. : 27 m. W. Indianapolis. NEW WINCHESTER, p. v., Crawford co., Ohio : on E. side of W. branch of Whetstone r., 51 m. N. Columbus. NEW WINDSOR, p. v., Carroll co., Md. : 6 m. S. W. West minster, 50 m. N. W. Annapolis. NEW WOODSTOCK, p. v., Madison county, N. Y. : 112 m. W. by N. Albany ; has a few mills. THE STATE OF NEW YORK. NEW YORK, the most flourishing, wealthy, and populous State of the Union, is situated between 39 45 and 45 lati tudes N., and between 71 56 and 79 55 longitudes W. from Greenwich, or 5 06 E., and 2 53 W. from Washington. It is bounded on the north by Lake Ontario, the Eiver St. Lawrence, and Lower Canada ; on the east by Lake Cham- plain, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut ; on the south by the Atlantic Ocean, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania ; on the west by Pennsylvania, Lake Erie, and the Niagara Eiver. Exclusive of Long Island, it is about 408 miles long, but including that island, about 480 miles, and its breadth from north to south is about 310 miles the whole including a superficial area of 46,OS5 square miles. The Hudson and Mohawk rivers naturally divide the State into three geographical sections of unequal size. ThQjftrst, Y8 561 NEW YORK, or eastern section, comprises Long Island, Staten Island, and that portion of the State lying east of the Hudson Kiver and Lake George; the second, or northern section, embraces all the country lying north of the Mohawk and Oswego rivers; and the third, or southern section, the vast fertile tract lying south and west of those rivers. The State forms a portion of the elevated table-land of the United States, broken in some places by mountain ranges, and containing some remarkable depressions which form the basins of lakes and channels of rivers. The loftiest part of this table-land occurs in the western part of the State, where Lake Chautauque is from 1,800 to 2,000 feet above the level of ths sea; and although it is but nine miles from Lake Erie, it discharges its waters by the Alleghany and Ohio into the Mississippi, and thus affords boat navigation to the Gulf of Mexico. Franklinville and Angelica, to the east, although situated in valleys, are respectively 1,580 and 1,430 feet above the sea. In the eastern section the Taghkannuc or Taconic Mountains lie upon the border of the State from Lake Champlain southward to Putnam County, at which point their course, diverging to the south-west, crosses the Hudson at "West Point, and is continued thence into New Jersey and Pennsylvania, under the name of the Kittating Mountains. This range forms the dividing line between the waters flowing into the Hudson and those which flow into the Housatonic. The northern section has six several ranges of mountains. The Palmerstown Kange (in some parts called the Black and Tongue Mountains) rises in the northern part of Saratoga County, runs north-east through the tongue of land which sep arates Lake George from Lake Champlain, and terminates in bold and precipitous cliffs at the shore of the latter, south of Ticonderoga. The Kayaderosserus, or Lucerne Mountains, are about six miles wide and seventy long, running from Montgomery County, through Saratoga and Warren counties, along the western side of Lake George to Ticonderoga. The Hudson Eiver breaks through this range on the line of Saratoga and Warren counties. The Clinton Range extends from Montgomery County north-east through Fulton, Hamilton, Saratoga, Warren, and Essex counties, to Point Trem- bleau, on Lake Champlain. It is the largest range north of the Mohawk Eiver, and at its most elevated portion there are numerous distinct peaks, forming a remarkable group, known as the Adirondack Group. The Mohawk forces a passage through its south-western extremity, and the range itself is the dividing shed between the tributaries of the St. Lawrence and those of the Mohawk. Au Sable, or Peru Range, commences in Montgomery County, and running par allel with the Clinton Range, terminates in the southern part of Clinton County ; it is 160 miles long, and has a greater gen eral elevation, than the preceding ranges. The Chateaugay Range is the longest and highest chain of mountains in the State ; it commences on the line of the Kaatsbergs, in Herkimer County, has a general height of 2,000 feet through the counties of Hamilton, Franklin, and Clinton, and crossing the Canada line, it terminates upon the Canada plains. The St Lawrence Range, commencing ten or twelve miles north of the Chateaugay Range, and trending along the slope of the St. Lawrence Valley, has been little explored, and is of less extent than the last named. The St. Regis, Grasse, and other rivers descending into the St. Lawrence, divide it into several distinct portions. This section of the State has also two minor ranges, worthy of notice : the Highlands of Black River, extending from the sources of Black Creek, west aud north-west, about sixty miles, cover much of the country between Black Eiver on the one side, and the plains north of Oneida Lake on the other. Their altitude is from 1,200 to 1,600 feet, and in some parts their summits have a rolling surface several miles in width. The Hassencleaver Mountains, the second of these minor ranges, extend from Herkimer into Oneida County, and occupy the space between the Highlands and the Mohawk River ; they are twenty miles long, and about nine miles broad at their base, with an altitude varying from 800 to 900 feet, with a rolling surface. The Southern section may be divided into two portions the Eastern and the Western. In the Eastern division there are three distinct ranges 1, the Highlands of Orange and Putnam counties ; 2, the Shawangunk Mountains, skirting the valley of the Rondout ; and 8, the Kaatsbergs, or Catskill Mountains, the direction of which is through the counties of Ulster, Albany, and Schoharie, to the valley of the Mohawk, the portions in Albany and Schoharie being also called the Helderbergs. The western division of this section rises gradually to successive terraces from the shores of Lake Ontario, till it attains its greatest elevation in the Southern tier of counties. The first of the terraces composing this ascent, extends from the Genesee, near Rochester, to the Falls of Niagara and Lewistown, a distance of 80 miles, and is from six to ten miles in width. It is called the " Ridge Road," and is supposed to have formed at one period the shore of Lake Ontario. The second terrace extends from this ridge to the falls of the Genesee at Nunda and Portageville, where there is another abrupt acclivity of nearly 300 feet. This surmounted, the ascent is gradual to the summit level, at the height of from 1,500 to 2,000 feet in the Southern portion of Chautauque, Cattaraugus, Alleghany, and Steuben counties. These terraces, though all quite fertile, are each characterized by a difference of soil and of forest trees. The principal eliminations of the several ranges, and the heights of each in feet, above the sea-level, are named in the following table : Group. County. Teet. Group. County. Feet. Mt. Marcy Adirondack Essex 5,467 New Beacon Highlands Duchess 1,685 " M Intyre " " 5,183 Button Hill " Orange 1,520 " M-Martin " " 5,022 Old Beacon " ...... Duchess .... 1,4T1 Dial Mountain " " 4,907 Whiteface Au Sable " 4,855 Mt. Seward Adirondack Franklin 3,988 Round Top Kaatsberg Greene 3,804 High Peak " " 3,718 Pine Orchard " " 3,027 Shawangunk Orange 1,866 Breakneck " Westchester. 1,137 Anthony s Nose " " !> 128 Mt. Defiance Essex 753 Palisades Rockland ... 550 Fort Putnam " 5 Harbor Hill Long Island. Richmond Hill . . Staten Island 307 The most distinguishing feature of New York is, perhaps, its vast system of water-ways, which bound and intersect it in almost every direction. Its lakes are the common highways of an extended commerce. Numbers of these lie wholly within the State, but the great lakes, properly so called, lie on its borders Ontario and Erie on the North and West, and Champlain on the East Of these great exterior lakes, Erie is the most extensive ; it is 268 miles in length and from 30 to 54 miles in breadth, with an area of 8,030 square miles. The elevation of its surface above tide water is 565 feet, and above Lake Ontario, with which it communicates by the Niagara Eiver, a34 feet, having a maximum depth of 270 feet; but in general the depth is not more than 120 feet. Only 60 miles of its coast lies within this State, but the amount of business carried on from thence is immense, and constantly increasing with the progressive development of the States lying west, Ontario is the second in size, and the whole southern coast east of Niagara River is wholly within New York. Its form is 562 NEW YORK. eliptieal ; it is 190 miles in length and 56 in extreme breadth, with a circumference of 488 miles and an area of 5,400 square miles. In some places its depth is 600 feet, but the average depth is only 490 feet, and everywhere deep enough for the largest ships. The surface is 231 feet higher than tide water. The ports of this lake are usually open earlier in the spring than those of Lake Erie, and it is not so subject to those desolating storms that frequently sweep over that lake. Lake Champlain is a long narrow sheet of water, of exceeding beauty, and containing a large number of islands. Of these, Valcour and Schuyler, with several others, belong to this State. In extreme length it is 134 miles, with a breadth varying from $ a mile to 10 miles, and its depth is from 50 to 280 feet. Its outlet is the Sorelle or Eichelieu Eiver, which is navigable, and forms the connecting link between the lake and the St. Lawrence Eiver. The aboriginal name was Cciniad-eri-quarunte y or " lake that is the gate of the country." All these lakes abound with salmon, trout, sturgeon, pickerel, and other fish. Lake George, or Horicon, is wholly within the State ; its surface is 243 feet above tide water, and it discharges itself into Lake Champlain by a descent of 150 feet. The lake is inclosed around by hills from 1,200 to 1,500 feet high, and the rich and varied scenery that surrounds it, the numerous outlets that stud its pellucid surface, and the fine atmosphere, all combine to render it one of the most delightful of summer resorts. The French call it Lac Sacrament on account of the purity of its waters; the Indian name was Caniad-eri-oit, i. e., " the tale of the lake." The northern portion of the State abounds with small lakes, and of these there are probably not less than 200 in number. Some of them among the Adirondack group of mountains are greatly elevated. Avalanche Lake, in Essex County, is 2,900 feet ; Colden Lake, in the same county, 2,750 feet ; and Eacket Lake, in Hamilton County, 1,731 feet above tide. Many of these form the sources of rivers emptying into the St. Lawrence, Lake Champlain, the Hudson Eiver, and Lake Ontario. The western portion of the State contains several series of lakes of considerable size, many of which are of the highest importance to commercial navigation. They extend through the counties of Oneida, Oswego, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Yates, Ontario, and Livingston, and are scarcely surpassed any where in point of scenery. The principal of these are the Seneca, Cayuga, Oneida, Crooked, and Canandaigua lakes. The other lakes in this connection are Onon daga, Cross, Otisco, Cazenovia, Skaneateles, Owasco, Hemlock, Canadice, and Conesus. Oteego and Canaderoga, in Otsego County, and Chautauque Lake, in the county of the same name, are also important waters. Extensive salt springs abound on the shores of Onondaga, the waters of which, notwithstanding, are as fresh and pure as those of any others of these lakes. The rivers of New York, in connection with a splendid system of internal improvements, afford an immense stretch of inland navigation. The Hudson is the largest, and one among the most magnificent water-courses of North America. It is 320 miles long, having its sources in the Adirondack group of mountains, and flowing in a generally southward direction to the Atlantic, which it meets at the Narrows below New York. It is navigable for the largest class of river steamers for the greater part of the year to Troy, 160 miles from its mouth, and the largest merchantmen may safely pass up as far as Hudson City. The principal branches of the Hudson are the Mohawk, on the west, and the Hoosic, on the east. The Mohawk rises in Oneida and Lewis counties, and at first pursues a southerly course, then changing east and south-east it forms the valley of the Mohawk, and after passing over the Little Falls and the falls at Cohoes, enters the Hudson by several mouths between Troy and Waterford, The scenery around the falls is beautiful, but these are destitute of that grandeur which inspires the mind on beholding the great falls of Niagara. The length of the river is about 135 miles, and in its course it passes through Eotne, Utica, and Schenectady. The Hoosic Eiver rises in Massachusetts, and, though a com paratively small stream, is very useful for local purposes. The Croton Eiver, another tributary, is famous a." the source of the great supply of water it furnishes to the City of New York. The other tributaries are from the east, Schroon branch, the outlet of Schroon Lake, Battenkill, and Kinderhook, and from the west, Wallkill, Eondout, Esopus, KaaterskilL, and Sacandaga, besides several smaller streams. The river St. Lawrence forms, in part, the northern boundary of the State, and is the outlet of the great northern lakes. It conveys to the ocean a larger volume of water than any other river of the world, except the Amazon. It is navigable for sloops to Ogdensburg, 60 miles from Lake Ontario, but below this point its navigation is difficult and dangerous, on account of the frequent rapids by which it is interrupted. The Lake of the Thousand Islands, the name of which implies sufficiently its character, is an expansion of the St. Lawrence. The group of islands that studs its surface, however, is said to number about 1,500, some of which belong to this State. The next important river of New York is the Oswego, which is about 120 miles in length. Under the name of Mud Creek it has its rise in Ontario County, and flowing eastwardly, it receives through the Canandaigua outlet the waters of the lake of the same name ; proceeding eastwardly under the name of Clyde, it receives the/waters of Seneca and Cayuga lakes, through their common outlet, and thence assumes the name of Seneca ; after a still further enlargement by the waters of Onondaga Lake, it takes the title of Oswego Eiver, and sud denly curving toward the north-west, collects from the Oneida Eiver its tribute of the waters of Lake Oneida. It has a fall of about 100 feet after assuming its proper name, and furnishes, by its constant supply of water, valuable mill privileges. Seven thousand square miles of territory are drained by its course, and by means of the Oswego Canal and locks, it is navi gable through its whole length. The A lleghany, a constituent of the Ohio, rises in Alleghany County, and is navigated by small steamers to Olean. The Susquehanna and Delaware both have their sources in this State, and in their first courses afford an immense water-power. The other principal rivers are the Niagara, the Genesee, the Black, the Chenango, the Chemung, the Oswegatchie, etc. The Niagara, which is the connecting link between lakes Erie and Ontario, forms the celebrated falls of the same name. The Genesee, distinguished for its valuable mill-sites, is used as a feeder to the Genesee Valley Canal. It is navigable almost to Eochester, and is 140 miles long, emptying into Lake Ontario. The Black Eiver, one of the largest of the State, also falls into that lake ; it is 120 miles in length, and is navigable 40 miles from its mouth. The Chenango and Chemung are important tributaries of the Susquehanna, and the Oswegatchie is the principal tributary of the St. Lawrence. Other streams flowing into the St. Lawrence are Indian, Grasse, Eacket, St, Eegis, Salmon, etc. The Chazy and Saranac are the principal streams flowing into Lake Champlain. The falls and cascades of the rivers of this State being among its most distinguishing features, may with propriety be enlarged upon in this connection. The great falls of Niagara are described in a former page. Those of the rivers wholly within New York are as follows: the Falls of the Genesee, at Eochester, which hare a descent of 96 feet; those of Fall Creek, in the township of Ithaca, which descend 438 feet in the space of one mile, forming several cataracts, at one of which the whole sheet of water is poured over a rock 116 feet high, and the banks above have an elevation of 100 feet; the Falls of the Mohawk, at Cohoes, where the water is precipitated over a broken rock 62 feet high, the banks of the river forming precipitous walls 140 feet above the stream, and Little Falls, some miles above, where the river passes NEW YORK. through a fissure in the rocks, which rise on each side 500 feet above its surface. Trenton Falls, on West Canada Creek, a tributary of the Mohawk, are much admired for their picturesque scenery ; for the distance of several miles there is a succession of rapids and cataracts, and the bed of the river is frequently narrowed by rocky precipices, and overhung with trees, while its banks in some places rise perpendicularly to the height of 140 feet. At Glenn s Falls, IS miles from Saratoga, the Hudson flows over a ledge of rocks into a deep basin below, with a descent of TO feet Numerous minor falls exist in various rivers, especially in the northern part of the State, and furnish in many instances motive power of immense importance to the manufacturing interests of the State. The sea-coast of New York is nearly all comprised in the shores of Long Island, which contain a few harbors and inlets, but none that are much frequented by shipping. The bay and harbor of New York is the great dep6t of the commerce of the State, and the most magnificent harbor-water on the Atlantic sea-board. Easily accessible, perfectly safe, capacious enough for the navies of the whole world, and never obstructed by ice, it has advantages possessed by no other port. Its boundaries toward the sea are Long Island and Staten Island, between which it connects with the Atlantic by the Nar rows, an outlet formed by projections from each shore. It extends 9 miles below the city, and is from 2 to 5 miles broad, containing several islands, which are fortified in the strongest possible manner, as are also both sides of ife entrance at the Narrows. The Hudson enters the Bay from the north ; the East Kiver, or channel between New York and Long Island, communicating with Long Island Sound on the east, and the Kills, a strait between Staten Island and the Jersey shore, on the west. At low water the entrance by the Narrows is somewhat difficult for large ships, and the entrance from the Sound is obstructed by a rocky strait, called Hell Gate, a name corrupted from " Horll Gatt," the Dutch for whirlpool. In 1852, however, a great portion of the dangerous rocks of this channel were blasted away, and vessels of large size may now pass without much danger. There are several harbors on Lake Ontario, the most noted of which is Sackett s Harbor, toward the east end of the lake ; it is deep and safe, and was an important naval station during the war of 1S12. The harbors of Buffalo and Dunkirk on Lake Erie are also important commercial stations, being the terminus of the two great lines of railroad between the Hud son and the lakes. The harbors of Lake Champlain are much used by Canadian traders, and those of Burlington and Plattsburg are fast rising into importance. Long Island is the largest appendage to this State. It projects into the Atlantic opposite the southern shore of Connec ticut, a distance of 140 miles. Its average breadth is 10 miles, and its greatest breadth about twenty miles. The shape is that of a great whale, and a rocky ridge, called the. Spine, extends lengthwise nearly through it, and at the western end forms the heights of Brooklyn. South of the ridge the land is level and sandy on the north it is more uneven. The island abounds with wild fowl and game, and its waters with fish in great variety, which furnish the markets of the City of New York and other places plentifully. In the western section are some fine orchards and market gardens. Staten Island, at the mouth of New York harbor, is separated from Long Island by the Bay and Narrows. It is 15 miles long, and 8 miles broad. Manhattan, or New York Island, which is occupied by the city of the latter name, is 13 miles long, with an average breadth of one mile and a half. The small islands in the bay are Governor s Island, on which stand Fort Columbus, the principal strong-hold ; Castle William overlooking the confluences of the Hudson and East rivers, and South Battery overlooking the entrance by the Narrows; Bedloe s Island, on which stands Fort Wood, and is now used as the chief recruiting dep6t of the United States army ; and Ellis Island, on which is a naval magazine and some fortifica- tioas. The defenses at the entrance of New York Bay are Fort Hamilton and Fort Diamond, on the north shore of the Narrows, the latter an insulated castle, and Fort Eichmond on the south shore. The climate of New York can not be described in general terms. Each locality has its own peculiarities. The mean average temperature of the whole State is 46 49 Fahr. The mean maximum 92, the mean minimum 12 below zero, and the mean annual range 104. These data furnish a standard of comparison. The southern section of the val ley of the Hudson, and the whole of Long Island, are the most equable portions of the State the greatest heat is about 2 less, and the greatest cold from 10 to 18 less than the average the spring is somewhat backward, but the harvest com mences earlier than in the interior, and the first frosts happen at a much later period in the fall season. In the river counties, above the Highlands, the seasons are more extreme, both summer and winter being beyond the average, aud the spring is from 10 to 15 days later at Albany than at New York. The Mohawk Yalley has a climate which does not vary greatly from the mean average ; north and east of the Mohawk the region is characterized by a low, average temperature, backward seasons, and early frosts. The mean temperature is at least 2 below the assumed standard. The region south of the Mohawk, extending to the smaller lakes, has a mean temperature 1 or 2 below the given average, yet the cold is not so intense, nor do the frosts occur so early as in the regions on the north side of the valley. The lake region assimilates the climate of Long Island, and the mean temperature does not vary much from the average, but the range is about S less, indicating greater uniformity. The average time throughout the State, from the blooming of the apple-tree to the first killing frost, is 174 days on the west end of Long Island it is 12 or 13 days more, and in the St. Lawrence district 22 or 23 days less. The prevailing winds are from the south-west. On the sea-board, easterly winds almost invariably bring rain, while westerly winds are sure precursors of fine, dry weather, and in winter of continued frosts. The quantity of rain that falls during the year may average for the State 49 inches. From these data it will be perceived that the climate is everywhere one of great extremes, and although in the same latitudes which in Europe produce the fig and the olive, its severer character admits only of the culture of the hardier plants and grains. Though subject to sudden and severe changes, the State as a whole is extremely healthy, and if the mortality of the larger cities be omitted, the ratio of deaths is not greater than in the best climates of Europe. In the eastern counties consumption and other diseases of the respiratory organs are the prevailing maladies, while in the western counties bilious affections predominate. In the large cities, during summer and fall, cholera infantum is the most common and fatal disease ; about one half of the deaths during the year occur in children under five years of age, a mortality which must be attrib uted to other causes than climate, and in chief to badly constructed dwellings and to badly regulated diet The geological structure of New York has been scientifically examined under the authority of the Legislature, as also Us botany and animal kingdom. The secondary formations of geologists, as well as the upper formations of the transition system, have no existence in this State, and in most parts the tertiary system is wanting. The existence of small beds of oolite in Saratoga County, and a somewhat doubtful era of red sandstone in Rockland County can scarcely be considered as exceptions to this statement in regard to the transition system. Coal is not noted in the subjoined table. All the formations of New York, except the alluvial and diluvial deposits, and the beds of tertiary on the St. Lawrence, are below the coal measures, the Kaatsbergs, which are the highest members of the transition system beinsc the lavcr immediately beneath. It is true that there are layers of anthracite a few inches in 564 NEW YORK. Systems. Groups. Alluvial Diluvial III. OLD BED SANDSTONE... Old red sandstone, or Kaats- berar. IY. New York TRANSITION Erie Ilelderberg Ontario it ( CTiamplain V. TAGHKANUC, or Taconic VI. GNEISS, or primary VII. SUPERINCUMBENT ROCKS thickness, and extending over a small surface between the strata of rocks of an earlier date in various parts, but coal does not exist in quantities sufficient to be of any practical value. The prevalence of limestone in nearly all the formations ia worthy ot notice, affording, as it does, the basis rock best adapted to yield the materials for fertilizing the soil. The following table exhibits the geological formations of the State, as arranged by the State geologists. Captions III., IV., and V. are comprised under the general head of the transition system of geologists : TABULAR VIEW OF THE ROCKS OF NEW YORK, IN SYSTEMS, GROUPS, AND FORMATIONS. Formations. Boulders, etc. ; clay and sands. Conglomerate ; old red sandstone. Chemung sandstones and flagstones ; Ludlowville shales. Helderberg limestone ; Schoharie grit ; brown argillaceous sandstone ; encrinal limestone ; Oriskany limestone ; green shaly limestone ; pentamerus limestone. Onondaga salt and gypseous rocks; limestone and green shales; argillaceous iron ore; Medina sandstone, soflj green, and variegated. Grey sandstone and conglomerate ; Lorraine shales and rooflng-slate ; Utica slate; Trenton limestone; bird s-eye limestone; Chazy limestone ; calciferous sand-rock ; Pots dam sandstone. Light green shales, sometimes brown and plumbaginous; grey and clouded limestone ; brown sandstone. Gneiss, hornblende, and mica slate; talcose slate and steatite. Greenstone, trap, and porphyry. Granite, hypersthene rocks ; primary limestone ; serpentine; magnetic iron ore. There are two tracts of primary and unsfratifled rocks ; the first is nearly circular in form, and occupies the counties of Essex, Warren, and Hamilton, and parts of the adjoining counties ; and the second is in the south-east, of a somewhat triangular form, and comprises Putnam and Westchester, with the larger part of New York, and part of Rockland, Orange, and Duchess counties. These two sections, together, occupy nearly one-third part of the State. They contain extensive iron mines, and mines of lead and plumbago. Their surface is generally broken and elevated in the Adiron dack group towering up to the height of a mile above tide-water, and attaining in the beetling cliffs which overlook the waters of the Hudson a considerable though less lofty altitude. The soil is less arable and fertile than in the lands of limestone formation, but is naturally covered with a gigantic growth of oak, pine, and hemlock. The gneiss of this sys tem furnishes a fine building material, and under the name of granite is abundantly quarried. The serpentine, primitive limestone and steatite are also largely produced for the purposes of the arts. These rocks abound in minerals, as garnet, beryl, chrysoberyl, pyroxene, sphene, tourmaline, apatite, colophonite, scapolite, labradorite, epodite, etc. The Taconic system is composed of brown sandstone, gray limestone, green shales, etc., and contains some minerals. It furnishes fine limestone for building, but has few or no fossils. The overlaying soil is often highly fertile. Its range comprises the whole of "Washington, Eensselaer, and Columbia, part of Duchess, Ulster, Greene, Albany, and Saratoga, and trending westward occupies a narrow tract in Schenectady, Montgomery, Herkimer, and Oneida, and expands more Tviddy in Oswego and Jefferson counties. The New York system comprises four distinct groups. The constituents of the Champlain group are various kinds of sandstone and limestone, slate, conglomerate, and a peculiar stone, composited of lime and sand, and hence called cal ciferous (lime-bearing) sand-rock. Of these, the Potsdam sandstone furnishes a beautiful and durable building material ; the Trenton and birds-eye limestone are used in the arts ; Lorraine shales and Utica slate are employed for roofing ; while the gray sandstones and conglomerates furnish stone suitable for grind-stones. The rocks of this group abound in fossils of the earlier periods encrinites, trilobites, and numerous others, unlike any of the Crustacea now in existence. The soil throughout the territory occupied by this group is generally good, and much of it highly fertile, being constantly en riched by the decomposing limestone, etc. The group occupies a very considerable but irregular territory ; it appears occasionally in small beds, then dips, and again appears as a surface rock. In the form of Potsdam sandstone, etc., it bounds the great primary region of the north-east in every direction, varying in width from two to fifty miles, and also appears in narrow beds on both sides of the Hudson River. The Ontario group consists of three distinct portions. The lowest, a marly sandstone, decomposing rapidly when exposed, is called Medina sandstone ; next a series of soft, green, slaty rocks, also easily decomposed, and overlaid by clayey and flinty limestone, alternating with each other, and finally terminating on the limestone over which the Niagara pours its cataract ; and, lastly, a group of limestones containing gypsum, hydraulic cement, water-lime, and salt, known as the Onomlaga salt group. This group is the most valuable of the transition system. It includes the salt springs of Salina, etc., and furnishes in its gypsum one of the most potent of fertilizers, and in its water-lime an indispensable material in the construction of aqueducts, etc. The fossils of this group are numerous and interesting. Shells of bi-valve mollusca, corallines, and madrepores, together with traces of vegetable existence, mark this era. Minerals are not numerous here. The clayey limestone containing iron ore, fluor spar, and selenite, appear occasionally, and sulphur springs gush up in various sections. Its soil is of unsurpassed and permanent fertility, and its territorial limits compose the granary of the State. The oak, beech, maple, elm, butter-nut, hickory, and black walnut, are the principal forest trees. The Ontario group commences at the north-west extremity of Lake Ontario, and extends eastward, with a mean breadth of 20 miles, to its termination in Montgomery County. The Helderberg series comprises four kinds of limestone, and three of sandstone (see table). Many of its constituents abound in fossils. The Helderberg limestone is cavernous, and many of the caves have been explored for a considerable distance, and have been found to contain stalactites and stalagmites of great variety and beauty. The principal minerals 565 NEW YORK. of this group are bog-iron ore, fluor spar, jasper, strontian, satin spar, alum, bitumen, and small veins of anthracite. The soil overlying the rocks is either a fine clay, or sand lying upon clay. Marl is also of frequent occurrence. The growths are chiefly oak, chestnut, hickory, pine, etc. By suitable cultivation good crops of grain may be grown. This group occupies the narrow tract commencing in Orange, and passing through Ulster, to the Hudson, thence along the banks of that river to Albany, where it turns westwardly, and passes through the centre of the State, south of the Ontario group, forming the beds of most of the small lakes in Western New York, and terminates on the shores of Lake Erie. The Erie group is composed of two portions. The lower, or Ludlowville shales, is composed of soft, slaty rocks, alternating with their beds of limestone, easily decomposed ; and the upper, or Chemung series, consists of thin, even beds of gray sandstone, with intervening shales or beds of slate. Some of the fossils found in this group possess great beauty. Ferns, etc., frequently occur, indicating the approach to that period of vegetable luxuriance which marks the coal formation. The avicula delthyris and other conchifera are found embedded in the rocks. Petroleum, called Seneca oil, occurs in several localities, and in a number of places carburetted hydrogen is evolved from the surface, and in such quantities as to be used for illumination. The soil where the Ludlowville shales form the surface rock is fertile, though rough and broken ; in the higher regions occupied by the Chemung limestone, the character of the soil is different, and the white pine and hemlock take the place of the oak, maple, and beech of the lower lands, and attain a gigantic growth. These lands produce grasses abundantly, and as they become cleared will afford pasturage of the best character. The Erie series covers nearly the whole of Chautauque, Cattaraugus, Wyoming, Alleghany, Steuben, Yates, Tompkins, Che mung, andTioga counties, together with portions of Broome, Chenango, Cortland, Ontario, Livingston, Genesee, and Erie, as well as a narrow tract in Sullivan, Ulster, Greene, Schoharie, and Otsego counties. This completes what for convenience has been termed the New York transition system. The remaining group properly belongs to the transition system of the English geologists, and is by them denominated old red sandstone, that rock being its principal constituent. It is predominant in the Kaattsberg, and hence the State geologists have given ft the name of that locality. It consists of old red sandstone, overlying the Chemung sandstone, and of conglomerate, which is immediately beneath the coal-bearing limestone of Pennsylvania. The sandstone imparts its red hue to the soil that covers it. It contains comparatively few fossils the scales and bones of some lizard-like flsh have been discovered in it Bog- iron ore and calcareous spar are the only minerals of consequence found in this formation. The conglomerate affords fine grind-stones, and has been used to some extent for mill-stones. The overlying soil is good. Hemlock, beech, maple, elm, basswood, butternut, etc., are the principal trees oak seldom occurs. This series is chiefly local, and occupies only the south-western counties in the neighborhood of the Kaatsbergs. The diluvial regions are chiefly in the neighborhood of the St. Lawrence, Lake Champlain, and the Hudson, and com pose the surface of the northern half of Long Island. They consist of a stiff, blue clay beneath, a yellowish-brown clay above this, and sand on the surface. The marine shells found in these clays, belong in some instances to extinct species. To this system belong also the boulders scattered so widely over the State. The alluvial deposits, consisting of gravel, sand, loam, etc., thrown up by the waters, and deposited on the lake shores and river banks, and still in process of aggregation, constitute the last of the geological formations. To these belong portions of the valleys of the rivers and lakes, and the southern half of Long Island. The soil of both the dihivial and alluvial deposits is mainly fertile. Trap and porphyry do not in this State constitute a separate formation. They occur either in columnar masses, like the Palisades, or in narrow dykes traversing rocks of an entirely different constitution, and their position is evidently the result of the action of subterranean fire. Porphyry is only found occupying a tract of a few miles in length on Lake Champlain. In connection with the geology of the State, the " ridge road" is worthy of more extended notice. This road consists of a bank of sand, gravel, etc., varying in height from 100 to 150 feet, and extending along the whole southern coast of Lake Ontario at a distance of six or eight miles from it, forming a natural highway. It ia said that a somewhat similar ridge exists along the northern shore of the lake. That this ridge once, and at no distant period, formed its shore, is proved by the existence of small sand hillocks, evidently heaped up by the action of the waves, by the absence of Indian mounds and fortifications on the north side of the ridge, and their frequent occurrence immediately south of it, and, above all, by the structure and composition of the ridge itself. The deep channels cut in the rocks by many of the rivers are also subjects of geological interest. The Hudson, the St. Lawrence, Oswego, etc., either have banks sloping to the water s edge, or if they occasionally pass through narrow and precipitous defiles, have not worn themselves a passage by the action of their waters upon the rocky barrier which opposed them, but have availed themselves of a route opened by some convulsion of nature. Such is not the case with the Mohawk, the Chenango, the Genesee, and the Niagara. Descending from elevated table-lands, they have, by their ceaseless flow, hewn out a channel through the shales, slates, and marly sand and limestones, in some instances 400 or 500 feet below the level of the surrounding country. The constant action of the waters upon these decomposing rocks has also caused the Falls of Niagara to recede, as some geologists suppose, a distance of five or six miles, and this recession is still in progress. Among the useful metals, iron is that most abundant in New York. It is found in five forms. The magnetic oxide is most abundant in Essex, Clinton, Franklin, Warren, Orange, and Putnam counties; the abundance is immense ; a single vein (the Stafford vein, in Essex County) being estimated by Professor Emmons to contain ore sufficient to yield 8,000,000 tons of malleable iron. This ore is confined to primary rocks. The specular oxide is found chiefly in St. Lawrence, Jefferson, and Franklin counties imbedded in sandstone, and though less abundant than the former, is still found in large quantities. The argillaceous ore, called also bog ore, is found in various parts, evidently deposited by diluvial and allu vial action in the clay and gravel. The hematitic ore frequently occurs in crystals of fantastic and beautiful forms : it is found extensively in Richmond, Orange, Ulster, Putnam, Duchess, Clinton, Warren, and Wayne counties ; also in West- Chester and Eockland, and usually makes its appearance in the lower limestones of the transition system. The carburet of iron, or graphite, occurs abundantly in Duchess County, and in considerable quantities in Essex and Clinton counties. Lead is found in immense quantities in St. Lawrence County, and less abundantly in the Shawangunk Mountains, in Sullivan and Ulster counties, etc. It does not seem to be confined to any geological era, but occurs in nearly all the formations. Zinc and copper occur in various parts, and arsenic has been discovered in Putnam County. Barytes and strontian are abundant in Schoharie and Jefferson, and alum is found in many districts. The existence of gypsum and hydraulic cement has already been noticed. Serpentine and its kindred minerals, soapstone, talc, carbonate, hydrate and sulphate of magnesia, together with asbestos, and amianthus, occur abundantly in Putnam, Orange, Westchester, NEW YORK. Jefferson, and St. Lawrence counties, and in considerable quantities in other parts. Numerous other minerals, of interest only to the professed geologist, are found everywhere. Mineral springs, the waters of which are of great value, exist in various districts. The chalybeate springs of Saratoga, the sulphur springs of Avon, Rochester, and Chittenango, the brine springs in Genesee, Erie, and Orleans counties, the petrifying springs of Madison and Saratoga counties, etc., are well known and appreciated. The oil springs found in CatUiraugus and Alleghany counties, the nitrogen springs of New Lebanon and Iloosic, and the carburetted hydrogen springs in the neighborhood of Lake Erie and the Niagara River, are also well worthy of notice. The village of Fredonia, and the light-house at Barcelona, are illuminated by the latter. Springs of the same character are also found in Duchess, Oneida, and Monroe counties. The botany of this great State is exceedingly diverse in its characteristics. Holding a geographical position midway between the north and the south, the trees, shrubs, grasses, etc., of both extremes are found within its borders. Immense forests still occupy the uncultivated regions north and west, consisting mostly of oak, pine, beech, etc., while chestnut, hickory, and maple, with a number of others less numerous, but not less valuable trees are scattered over its territory. The mountain sides and woods are clothed in a shrubby undergrowth, and in the open plains flourish hundreds of more humble herbaceous plants, among which may be found many that are rare and curious. Flowery shrubs and plants cover the surface; the anemone, ranunculus, and violet put forth their flowers in every sheltered place; and the dock tribe flourish luxuriantly in the marshes. Among the lobelia tribe there is the cardinal flower, Indian tobacco (inflata), etc. ; and in the deep recesses of the forests, the arum and orchis tribes, of strange forms and brilliant colors, are met with. In the fall season the asters and golden-rods are the pride of the plain. Medicinal plants are in abundance the cicuta, conium, stramonium, are found on every side, and the mints are abundantly distributed. Among the shrubs also are many highly useful in medicine. But the most important vegetation of the State is undoubtedly its forest trees. Of the coniferce there are nine distinct families, viz. : the pitch pine, white pine, hemlock, spruce, balsam fir, black spruce, white spruce, tamarack, etc., also the red cedar, white cedar, arbor vitae, and the yew. Oaks are more numerous in species, and among these are many of the most valuable kinds of timber ; white, black, scarlet, black chestnut, willow, swamp, mossy, black-jack, etc., are the best known. Elm, ash, maple, walnut, beech, etc., in numerous species, are found in different parts. Of the maple species, the sugar maple is most valuable, on account of its furnishing domestic sugar, which is now used by the farmers of the interior almost to the exclusion of cane sugar. No class of plants is so widely distributed as that of grasses. The Flora of this State contains many native species, but only a small number of these is of any value, and the meadow grasses, with few exceptions, are of foreign origin. The principal of these are, the timothy, sweet vernal, meadow, blue and rough grasses. Wheat, rye, and oats are culti vated extensively, and the zigania aquatica, a wild rice, which forms a principal article of the food of the Indian, grows abundantly in the northern counties. Wild oats and chess are common. Some grasses are confined to particular soils. Many in sandy soils have matted roots, and by forming a thick sod, prevent the loose soil from being carried away by the flood or winds, and others by their annual decay fertilize soils which otherwise would be arid and unproductive. Ferns and fern-like plants occupy a wide extent of territory, while mosses and rushes are equally abundant, and form in many instances most valuable adjuncts to the comforts of domestic life. The whole number of flowering plants in this State is about 1,450, and of these 1,200 are herbaceous, and 150 may be regarded as ornamental. Of woody plants there are 250 species, including about SO that attain to the stature of trees. Of plants that are reputed medicinal, there are, native and naturalized, about 160 species. The animal kingdom is replete with objects of interest, and opens a wide field for the study of natural history. The carnivorous animals existing in this State are the black bear, the raccoon, wolverine, skunk, fisher, weasel, pine martin, ermine weasel, mink, otter, native dogs, the gray and black wolf, the panther, wild cat, bats, the mole, and the shrew. Of the marsupial, or pouched, animals the opossum is the only species. The order rodentia, or gnawers, are numerous, and comprises the beaver, muskrat, rabbit, prairie hare, squirrels, woodchucks or marmots, and rats and mice of numerous i kinds. The American deer, the moose, stag, and reindeer, belonging to the ungulata, were formerly numerous ; to this family belong also the horse, ass, ox, hog, goats, and sheep, but these are not indigenous. In the waters are many cetace ous animals whales of several species, with the porpoise, grampus, etc. The mastodon has been found in a fossil state in all parts, and the teeth and other remains of elephants, etc., have been occasionally dug up. Among the birds of prey natives of New York there are, of the vulture tribe, the turkey buzzard ; of the falcon tribe, the golden and bald eagle, the goshawk, the fish hawk, the marsh harrier, with four other species of hawk, and six of buz- j zard, and of the owl tribe, ten species ; of birds of passage, 20 different tribes and 149 species are enumerated ; belonging 1 to the gallinacea are the wild turkey, American quail, partridge, grouse, prairie hen, etc. The grallo, or waders, are very numerous, counting 62 species in seven families. Lobipedes, or lobe-footed birds, are represented in the coot, the horned, crested, and red-necked grebe, and the dipper ; and among the natatores are puffing loons, petrels, pelicans, gulls, and the goose and duck, in all 6 families and 71 species. Among the latter are the canvas-back duck, so famous with epicures, the American widgeon, and the American swan. Of the buzzard tribe the blue-tailed shink, or striped buzzard, and the brown swift-legged are the only species, the first in the southern counties, and the latter frequenting the woods in every district. There are but three orders of reptiles in New York. Among the turtle tribe we find the green turtle, which, though a native of more southern latitudes, frequently appears in the waters of this State ; the leather turtle, a gigantic species ; the soft shell turtle, which inhabits the Mohawk and the lakes ; the snapping turtle, terrapins, tortoises (the geographic and pseudo-geographic), etc. Serpents arc numerous, but of these only two species, the copper-head and northern rattle-snake, are considered to be venomous. In all there are about 40 species known to naturalists. The amphibious animals are comprised in four families ; of the ranidae, or frog tribe, there are 13 species ; of salaman ders, 12 species ; of the triton tribe, 4 species ; and of the proteus tribe, 2 species. The banded proteus is a very singular animal, having the body of a lizard and the gills of a fish. The fishes indigenous to the waters of the State are very numerous. Bony fishes are comprised in six orders: among the pectinibranchi the best known are the perch, bass, bull head, sheep head, porgee, pilot fish, mullet, black fish, mack erel, etc. ; of the abdominals, the shad, herring, salmon trout, cat fish, carp, pike, pickerel, minnow, etc. ; of the jugulares, the cod, haddock, hake, halibut, flounder, turbot, sole, etc. ; of the apodales, the eel and the conger ; of the lophobranchi, the pipe fish and the Hudson River sea-horse ; and of the electrognathi, the balloon fish, the puffer, the globe fish, etc. The cartilagurous family comprises three orders, viz., the cleuthcropomi, of which the sturgeon is the only example ; the * " 56T NEW YORK. plagiostomi, which embraces the shark and the ray ; and the cyclostomi, of which the lamprey, or lamper eel, is the repre sentative. Twenty-five or thirty species of fishes have beeu found in a fossil state, and of these several species belong to families now extinct The crustaceae are embraced in 10 orders. There are but 27 species of the order decapoda, of which lobsters, crabs, shrimps, etc., are the best known species; of the stomapoda there are but three species, among which are the opossum- shrimp and squill ; of the amphipoda four species exist, as the sand flea, etc. ; of the loemipoda, the whale-louse and sea- measuring worm are the only specimens; of the isopoda there are 14 species, 7 of which are parasitical barnacles are an example of this order; of the poecilipoda5 species, as the horse-shoe, etc. ; of the phyllopoda, lophryopoda, branchiopoda, and ostrapoda, but few specimens are found, and those few are known only to the curious zoologist. Molluscous animals are very numerous. Among the cephalopoda are the cuttle- fish, spirula, etc. The clio is a repre sentative of the pteropoda. The gasteropoda include a vast variety of snails and animals inhabiting turbinated shells. Oysters, clams, etc., which are arrayed under eight sub-divisions, consist each of several species. Members of the orders cirrhopoda and tunicata are not very numerous. Geologists have discovered many specimens of fossil mollusca imbedded in the limestone and sandstone formations the most remarkable of these are various species of the trilobite, the encrinite, the pentamerus, etc. No full account of the insects of New York has yet been published, but these are very numerous, and many of them of rare and beautiful appearance. The coleoptera, or beetle tribe, alone numbers some 1,200 varieties, and many of these have brilliant colors, and are of great magnitude. The orthoptera, or roach tribe, includes the the cockroach, cricket, grasshopper, etc., everywhere as plentiful as need be for comfort. The katydid, so well known by the peculiar shrill sound it produces, belongs to this order. The homoptera include a large variety of locusts, among which there is ono remarkable for remaining 17 years in the grub state. The hcemoptera comprise many bugs injurious to vegetation, particularly the May bug, the lady-bug, the apple-tree blight, etc. The order of lepidoptera probably numbers not less than 1,000 species, and includes butterflies and moths, the size and brilliant colors of many being astonishing. Spiders, which range under the order arachnidce, number 200 species, some of which are very large, and possessed of great beauty. The long-legs, the clawed-spider, the tick, the mite, the louse, etc., also belong to this order. The vermes, or worm family, and the animalculse of the State, have not been scientifically examined, but their species are as abundant and prolific as most persons could desire. One drop of " pure Croton," which is so extolled by the citizens of New York, is said to contain myriads of organized beings ranging under these heads. Let us now take a view of man. The aboriginal inhabitants, formerly a great and numerous people, are now sleeping with their fathers, or pursuing their pleasures in the spirit-land of their creed. A small remnant, however, is still left in the "Western counties of the State, but this seems to be a mere wreck of former days. The present inhabitants are of European origin, and vastly diversified in their races and tongues. The English in their descendants predominate, and perhaps the Irish, Dutch, and German, are next in numerical proportion. The early enumerations are not sufficiently exact to make them of any account. In 1701, the population is stated to have been about 30,000 ; in 1731, 50,000 ; and in 1750, 100,000. The census of 1771 exhibited the total population at 163,333. The enumerations since taken under the authority of the United States at decennial periods, commencing 1790, exhibit more accurate returns, and furnish the following results : Census Years. 1790 White Persons. .. 814,142 Colored Persons. Total Population. 340,120 556,756 959,049 1,372,812 1,913,006 ... . 2,428.921 Decennial Increase. Free. 4,654.... 10,374.... 25,333.... Slave. .21,324. .20,343. ,.15,017. Total. . . . .25,973 ....30,717 ....40,350 ....42,063 ....44.945 ....50,031 ....47,914 Numerical. . . . 246,636 . . . . . 372,293 . . . . . 413,763 . . Per cent. 72.5 63.4 . . . 43.1 1800 556039 1810 .. 918,699 1820 1830 1840 . .1,330,744 . .1,868,061 .2,378,890 31,980..., 44,870 ,.10,088. 75. 4. ... 540,194 .. 515 915 32.0 269 50,027..., 47,914..., 1S50 . . . ..3,049,181 ...3,097,394... , . . 668,473 . . . . 27.5 New York is divided into 59 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows: Countiea. Dwell. 12,747. 6,963. 5,651. 6,750. 9,259. J"J Albany Alleghany . . Broome Cattaraugus. Cayuga Chautauque. 9,074. Chemung... 5,095. Chenango Clinton . . . Cortland.. Delaware. Erie... Franklin.. Fulton Genesee . . . Hamilton . , Herkimer. . Jefferson . . Lewis Livingston. Madison . . Monroe Pop. 93,279.. 2,903.. 393.. Albany 37,803. .3,173. .291. .Angelica 30,660. .2,497. .229. .Binghampton 38,950. .3,655. .299. .EllicottsvUle 55,458. .4,223. .508. .Auburn 50,493. .5,163. .510. .May villa 28,821. .2.170. .321. .Elmira 40,311. .4,406. .561. .Norwich 40,047. .2,095. .461. .Plattsburg 25,140. .2,465. .202. . Cortland Village 7,105.. 89,834.. 4,747.. 433.. Delhi 17,104. .100,993. .4,830. .683. .Buffalo 5,321. . 81,148. .1,872. .199. .Elizabethtown 25,102.. 1,647.. 129.. Malone 20,171.. 1,361.. 233.. Johnstown 28,483.. 2,574.. 199.. Batavia 2,188.. 261.. 17. .Morehouseville 38,244.. 2,723.. 277.. Herkimer 68,153 . . 5,490 . . 630 . . "Watertown 24,564.. 2,374.. 67. .Martinsburg NORTHERN NEW YORK 45 counties. Capitals. 7,572.. 6,713. 4,580.. . 4,233. , 3,730. , 5,014. , 407. , 6,664. 11 ,926 . . 4,624. 7,172.. 40,875.. 2,503. 363..Geneseo , 8,193.. 43,072.. 3,845.. 404.. Morris ville 15,027. . 87,650. .4,113. .526. .Eochester Counties. Dwell. Pop. Farms in cult. Manuf. Estab. Montgomery. 5,358.. 31,992.. 1,833.. 267.. Fonda Niagara 7,435 . . 42,276 . . 3,143 . . 336 .. Lockport Oneida 16,751 . . 99,566 . . 6,292 . . 952 .. Eome Onondaga . . .15,335. .85,890. .4.595. .1,410. .Syracuse Ontario 7,863.. 43,929.. 3,053.. 205..Canandaigua Orleans 5,273.. 23,501.. 2,271.. 282.. Albion Oswego 11,064. .62,198. .4,497. . 640. .Oswego Otsego 9,087 .. 48,638 .. 4,764 . . 330 .. Cooperstown Eensselaer ... 10,972 .. 73,363 . . 2,930 . . 639 .. Troy Saratoga 7,894 . . 45,646 . . 3,465 . . 349 .. Ballston Schenectady. 8,195.. 20,054.. 1,040.. 107.. Schenectady Schoharie .... 5,878 . . 33,548 . . 2,439 . . 243 . . Schoharie Seneca 4,541 . . 25,441 . .1,555 . . 240 .. Waterloo St. Lawrence. 11,704. .68,617. .6,124. . 456. .Canton Steubeu 11,210 . . 63,771 . . 5,797 . . 576 .. Bath Tioga 4,442 . . 24,880 . . 2,026 . . 354 .. wego Tompkins ... 7,103.. 38,746.. 3,193.. 484.. Ithaca Warren 2,976 .. 17,199 .. 1,505 .. 128 .. Caldwell Washington.. 8,043. .44,750.. 3,037.. 270.. Sandy Hill Wayne 8,074 . . 44,953 .. 3,957 .. 250 . . Lyons Wyoming 5,918. .31,981 . .3,360. . 299. .Warsaw Yates 3,784 . . 20,590 .. 1,673 .. 165 .. Penn Yan NEW YORK. SOUTHERN NEW YORK 14 counties. Counties. Dwell. Pop. Farms in cult. Mamif Estab Capitals. Counties. Dwell. Pop. Farms in cult. S f ; Capitals. Columbia . .. 7,029. 43,073. 2,511. . 208. .Hudson Queens 6,230.. 36,833. .2,303.. 89 .N. Hempstead Duchess .. .. 9,562. 58,992. .8,208. . 415. . Poughkeepsie Richmond .. 2,334.. 15,061. . 212.. 37 .Richmond 5,745. 38,126. 2,672. . 433. Catskill Rockland 3,011 16,962. 682 144 ninrlrtttriwn Kings ..15,809. 138,832. . 363. . 576. .Brooklyn Suffolk 6J45.. 36, 922. .2,323.. 96.. Suffolk New York ..87,677. 515,547. 168. .8,305. .New York Sullivan .... 4,355. . 25,088. .1,839.. 360 . Monticello Orange . . . .. 9,686. 57,145. 3,426. . 357. .Goshen Ulster 9,735.. 59,384. .3,539.. 441 .Kingston Putnam .. .. 2,425. 14,133. . 989. . 89. .Carmel Westchester. 8,754. . 58,263. .2,587.. 396 .Bedford The whole number of dwellings in the State, at the above date, was 473,936, of families 566,869, and of inhabitants 8,097,394, viz., whites 8,049,457 males 1,545,052, and females 1,504,405; fr. col, 47,937 males 22,978, and females 24,959. Of the whole population there were deaf and dumb wh. 1,297, fr. col. 10 total 1,307; blind wh. 1,221, fr. col. 51 total 1,272 ; insane^- wh. 2,544, fr. col. 86 total 2,580 ; and idiotic wh. 1,721, fr. col. 18 total 1,739. The number of free persons born in the United States was 2,439,296 ; the number of foreign birth, 651,801 ; and of birth unknown, 6,261. The native population originated as follows: Maine 4,509, N. Hamp. 15,519, Verm. 52,599, Mass. 55,773, R. I. 13,129, Conn. 66,101, New York 2,151,196, N. Jer. 35,319, Penn. 26,252, Del. 899, Md. 39,533, Dist. of Col. 538, Virg. 3,347, N. Car. 673, S. Car. 935, Ga. 510, Flor. 135, Ala. 184, Miss. 164, La. 563, Tex. 46. Ark. 20, Tenn. 116, Ky. 369, Ohio 3,743, Mich. 1,921, Ind. 415, 111. 605, Mo. 173, la. 70, Wise. 360, Calif. 7, Territories 53. The foreign population was composed of persons from En gland 84,820, Ireland 343,111, Scotland 23,418, "Wales 7,582, Germany 118,398, France 12,515, Spain 461, Portugal 194, Belgium 401, Holland 2.917, Turkey 12, Italy 833, Austria 168, Switzerland 1,850, Russia 617, Denmark 429, Norway 392, Sweden 753, Prussia 2.211, Sardinia 0, Greece 0, China 34, Asia 66, Africa 80, British America 47,200, Mexico 83, Central America 29, S. America 179, West Indies 1,067, Sandwich Islands 40, and other countries 1,941. The statistics of the industry and institutions of the State, according to the returns of 1850, are as follows: Occupied Lands, etc. Improved farm lands, 12,408,968 acres, and unimproved lands attached, 6,710,120 acres valued in cash at $554,546,642. Total number of farms under cultivation 1st June, 1850, 170,621 in the northern district, 143,749, and in the southern district, 26,872. Value of farming implements and machinery, $22,084,926. Live-Stock. The number of live-stock or domestic animals at the two periods 1840 and 1850, was as follows : Description. 1840. ]8oO. Decrease. -I 474,543head -j ** T ^ h ^ d j- 26,566 head, or 5.6 per cent. Horses Mules and Asses. Milch Cows . . . Working Oxen Other Cattle . . , Sheep 5,118,777 Swine 1,900,065 ) ( 931,324 j J-1,911,244 " \ 17S-,909 " I . . J ( 767,403 " . . . J 931,324 " 17S-,909 767,406 3,453,241 1,013,522 33,605 1,665,536 881,543 or 1.7 or 32.5 or 46.4 the live-stock of 1850 was valued in the aggregate at $73,570,499. Products of Animals. Wool, 10,071,301 pounds; butter, 79,766,094 pounds; cheese, 49,741,413 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered in the year had been $13,573,983. The wool crop, according to the returns of 1840, amounted to 9,845,295 pounds ; and hence the increase exhibited in 1850 was 226,006 pounds, or 2.3 per cent. The product, per fleece, in 1840, was 1 Ib. 14f oz. ; and in 1850, 2 Ib. 14| oz., or 52.1 per cent, increase. The butter produced is one-fourth of the production of the United States ; and the cheese produced one-half the whole. Grain Crops. Wheat, 13,121,493 bushels; rye, 4,143,182 bushels; Indian corn, 17,858,400 bushels; oats, 26,552,814 bushels : barley, 3,535,059 bushels ; buckwheat, 3,183,955 bushels. In proportion to the crop of the United States, that of wheat is approximately one-eighth, that of rye one-fourth, that of Indian corn one thirty-second, that of oats more than one-sfoth, that of barley two-thirds, and that of buckwheat one-third of the aggregate. The comparison of the several crops in 1340 and 1850, as returned by the censuses of those years, was as follows : Crop. 1840. 1830. Increase. Wheat 12,236,418 bush 13,121,498 bush 835,080 bush, or 6.8 per cent. Eye 2.979,323 Indian Corn 10,972,286 Oats 20,675,847 Barley 2,520,068 Buckwheat 2,287,885 4,148,182 " 1,168,859 or 39.2 or 62.7 or 28.4 or 42.2 or 82.4 17,858,400 " 6,886,114 26,552,814 " 5,876,967 3,585,059 1,064.991 8,183,955 " 1,896,070 Other Food Crops. Peas and beans, 741,636 bushels; and potatoes Irish, 15,398,362 bushels, and sweet, 5,623 bushels. The potato crop of 1839, as exhibited in the census of 1S40, was 30,123,614 bushels, showing a decrease of 14,719,292 bushels, or 48.8 per cent, in the subsequent decade. Miscellaneous Crops. Tobacco, 83,189 pounds; hay, 3,728,797 tons; clover-seed, 88,222 bushels; other grass-seed, 96,493 bushels ; hops, 2,536,299 pounds, being three-fourths of the aggregate crop of the Union ; hemp dew-rotted, 1 ton, and water-rotted, 3 tons; flax, 940,577 pounds; flax-seed, 57,963 bushels; silk cocoons, 1,774 pounds; maple sugar, 10,357,484 pounds; molasses, 56.529 gallons; beeswax and honey, 1,756,190 pounds; wine, 9,172 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, $1,761,950, or nearly one-fourth the value of these products in the United States ; and of market- garden products, $912,047, or more than an eighth the aggregate. On comparing the above with the returns of 1840, the following results are obtained : Crops, etc. 1840. 1350. Tobacco 744 Ibs 83,189 Ibs Hay 8,127,041 tons 3,728,797 tons. ... Hops 447,250 Ibs 2,536,299 Ibs. .... Hemp dew-rotted \ / 1 ton " water-rotted I 1,130| tons-j 3 tons Flax ) ( 940,577 Ibs. !. .! MapleSugar 10,048,109 Ibs 10,357,4,34 Ibs incr. Wine 6,799gal3 9,172 gals incr. Z3 Movement 82,445 Ibs., or 11,081.3 per tent 19.2 442.5 incr. incr. 601, 756 tons, or incr. 2,089,049 Ibs., or deer. 1,583,063 Ibs., or 62.5 809,375 Ibs., or 2,373 gls., or 3.1 32.9 569 NEW YORK. Home-made manufactures were produced in the year ending 1st June, 1S50, to the value of $1,280,883. The same class of goods for the year antecedent to the census of 1840, were valued at $4,036,541. Decrease, $3,356,214, or 72.4 per cent Manufactures. Capital invested, $00,000,000; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $00,000,000; hands em- ployed, 000,000 males 000,000, and females 00,000 ; monthly cost of labor, $0,000,000 male $0,000,000, and female $000,000 ; value of products, $00,000,000. Number of manufacturing establishments in operation 1st June, 1850, and producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, 23,823 in northern district 16,8TT, and in southern district 6,946, and distributed to the counties as shown in the general table. Of this number 86 were cotton factories, 249 woolen factories, 942 tan neries, and 401 manufactories of iron 323 making cast iron, IS pig iron, and 60 wrought iron. The total capital invested in 1S40 amounted to $55,252,779. Capital invested in cotton manufactures, $4,176,920; cotton used, 37,778 bales; coal consumed, 1,539 tons; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., $1,935,973; hands employed, 6,320 males 2,632, and females 3,683; monthly cost of labor, $83,943 male $48,244, and female $35,699 ; average monthly wages to males $18 33, and to females $9 68 ; annual products, 44,901,475 yards sheeting, etc., and 2,180,600 pounds of yarn in all valued at $3,591,989. Capital in 1840, $4,900,772 ; hands employed, 7,407 ; value of goods produced, $3,640,237. Capital invested in woolen manufactures, $4,459,370 ; wool consumed, 12,538,786 pounds ; value of all raw material, etc., used, $3,838,292 ; hands employed, 6,674 males 4,262, and females 2,412 ; monthly cost of labor, $113,524 male $85.147, and female $28.377 ; average monthly wages to males $21 46, and to females $11 41 ; cloth manufactured, 7,924,252 yards, and yarn, 261,700 pounds in all valued at $7,030,604. Capital in 1840, $3,469,349; hands, 4,636; value of goods produced, $3,537,387. Capital invested in tanneries, $5,025,143 ; value of all raw material used, $6,065,221 ; hands, 4,945 males 4,914, and females 31 ; monthly cost of labor, $103,464 male $41,245, and female $363 ; tanned ekins, 871,894, and sides, 3,415,724 in all valued at $9,804,000. Capital in 1840, $3,907,348 ; hands employed, 5,579. In the manufacture of malt and spirituous liqwrs the capital invested is $2,585,900 ; quantities and kinds of grain, etc., consumed barley 2,062,250 bushels, rye 909,067 bushels, oats 6,707 bushels, apples 60,940 bushels, molasses 24,500 hogsheads, and hops 581 tons ; hands employed, 1,330 ; quantity of liquors produced ale, etc., 644,700 barrels, whisky and high wines 9,281,700 gallons, and rum 2,483,300 gallons. The statistics of the iron manufactures in operation within the State, at the date of the taking of the seventh census, were as exhibited in the annexed table : Values, products, etc. Pig Iron. Cast Iron. Wrought Iron. Total. Capital invested dollars... 605,000 4,622,432 1,131,300 6,353,782 Oreused tons 46,335 44,642 101,027 Pig iron used " 103,945 8,530 117,475 Oldmetalused " 8,212 8,212 Mineral coal consumed " 20 22,755 13,908 80,633 Coke and charcoal consumed. . . .bushels. . . 3,000,074 181,190 5,554,150 8,735,414 Valueof all raw material, etc.... dollars... 321,027 2,393,768 833,314 3,553,109 Hands employed number.. 505 5,925 1,037 7,467 Average monthly wages. dollars... 26.80 27.49 26.00 Products tons 13,420 104,538 13,636 251.644 Value of products dollars... 415,600 5,921,980 1,423,968 7,761,543 total capital in 1840, $2,103,413 ; hands, 3,456. Foreign Commerce. The imports from foreign countries in the year ending 30th June, 1850, were valued at $111,123.524, and the exports at $52,712,789. Of the exports, $41,502,800 was the value of domestic produce, of which $33,934,409 represented the value of merchandise carried in American bottoms, and $7,568,391 that carried in foreign bottoms ; and $11,209,939 was the value of foreign goods reexported, of which $7,036,637 in American bottoms, and $4,123,302 in foreign bottoms. Of the imports, $83,147,721 was the value of merchandise brought in American bottoms, and $22,975,303, that brought in foreign bottoms. The statistics of the shipping employed in this branch of industry for the same year, exhibits the annexed aggregates : SHIPPING EMPLOYED IN THE FOBEIGN TEADE, 1849-50. Entered. Cleared. Total. Nationality < > / > , " < of Shipping. Vessels. Tons. Crews Vessels. Tons. Crews. Vessels. Tons. Crews. American: 4,137.... 1,502,290.... 59,010.... 3,610.... 1,411,557.... 55,575.... 7,747.... 2,913,847.... 114,535 Foreign 3,832.... 775,430.... 40,780.... 3,693.... 737,539.... 39,439.... 7,525.... 1,512,969.... 80,219 Total 7,969.... 2,277,720.... 99,790.... 7,303.... 2,149,096.... 95,014... 15,272.... 4,426,816.... 194,804 viz. Atlantic Ports, 3,165.... 1,145,835.... 44,213.... 2,612.... 933,239.... 33,133... 5,777.... 2,129,124.... 82,346 " Lake Ports . . . 4,804 .... 1,131,885 .... 55,577 .... 4,691 .... 1,165,807 .... 56,881 . . . 9,495 .... 2,297,692 .... 112,453 The Atlantic port", are included in the collection districts of New Tork, Cold Spring, Greenport, and Sag Harbor; and the lake and St. Lawrence ports, in the districts Oswego, Oswegatchie, Niagara, Cape Vincent, Sackett s Harbor, Buffalo Creek, Champlain, and Genesee. New York entered 3,163 vessels, 1,145,331 tons, and 44,166 men in crews, and cleared 2,609 vessels, 982,478 tons, and 33,060 men, thus monopolizing the great bulk of the Atlantic trade. The relative import ance of the Lake Ports is exhibited in the order observed in the priority of their arrangement in the list above noted. The total amount of shipping owned within the State at the period referred to, was 944,349 tons; registered (all belonging to the Atlantic ports) 458,903 tons 375,955 tons of the class permanent register, and 82,943 tons temporary ; enrolled and licensed 473,556 tons 334,790 tons in the Atlantic districts, and 88,766 tons in the lake districts; and licensed (under 20 tons) 11,890 tons of the registered shipping, 36,148 tons were navigated by steam-power, and 6,029 tons were employed in the whale fisheries. The proportion of the enrolled and licensed shipping employed in the coasting and river trade was 435,109 383,239 tons in the Atlantic districts, and 97,870 tons in the lake districts, and in the cod fisheries 337 tons. Of the coasting chipping there is employed in steam navigation, 94,809 tons in the Atlantic districts, 64,191 tons, and in the lake districts, 80,618 tons. As a ship-building State, New York is only second to Maine. During the year 1849-30, there were built in NEW YORK. the Atlantic ports, chiefly at New York city, 205 vessels, of an aggregate burden of 55,944 tons, and of these 26 were ships, 8 brigs, 44 schooners, 104 sloops and canal boats, and 28 steamers. In the ports of the lakes and the St Lawrence, the number of ships built was 22 (2,398 tons) 1 brig, 6 schooners, 8 sloops, etc., and 4 steamers. Of the lake ports, Oswego built nine, Buffalo seven, Niagara t wo, and Genesee one. The movement of exports and imports for a series of years commencing 1791 and ending 1850, was as follows : Year. Exports. 1791 $2,505,465 1792.. 2,535,790 1793 2,932,370 1794 5,442,183 1795 10,304,581 1796 12,208,027 1797 13,308,064 1798 14,300,892 1799 18,719,527 1800 14,045,079 1801 19,851,136 1802 13,792,276 1803 10,818,387 1804 16,081,281 1S05 23,482,943 1806 21,762,845 1807 26,357,963 1808 - 5,606,058 1809 12,581,562 1810 17,242,330 Imports. Year. 1811 Exports. $12 266 215 1812 8 961 922 1814 209 670 1815 . . 10,675,373 1816 19 690 031 1817 18 707 433 1818 17 872 261 1819 13 587 378 -I -j fn cyil 1S25 OK OfCQ OC1 1826. 1827 21,947,791 23 834 137 1829 22^777,649 20 119 Oil iRSft 1 Q fiQ7 QSS Imports, $ Year. 1831 Exports. $25 535 144 Imports. $57 077 417 1832 26 000 945 53 ^14 402 1833 25 395 117 55 918 449 .. 1834.... 1835.... . 13,849,469 . 80,345,264 .... 73,188,594 88,191,305 1836 28 920 638 118 9 53 416 1837 27,338 419 79 301 772 " 1838 23 008 471 68 453 206 .. 1839.... 1840 . 33,268,099 34264080 .... 99,882,438 60 440 750 .. 23,629,246 .. 85,445,628 .. 29,421,349 .. 36,113,723 .. 49,639,174 .. 38,115,630 .. 38,719,644 .. 41,927,792 .. 84,743,307 .. 35,624,070 1841.... 1842.... 1843.... 1844.... 1845.... 1846.... 1847.... 1848.... 1849.... 1850.... . 33,139,833 . 27,576,778 . 16,762,664 . 82,861,540 .. 36,175,298 .. 36,935,413 .. 49,844.368 .. 53,351,157 .. 45,963,100 .. 52,712,789 .... 75,713,426 .... 57,875, >M .... 31.358,5-10 .... 65,079,516 .... 70,909,C85 .... 74,254,283 .... 84,167,352 .... 94,525,141. .... 92,567,369 ....111,123,524 Coasting, lake, and Internal Trade. No other State in the Union has such facilities for external and internal commerce as that enjoyed by the State of New York. Favorably located with regard to its seaward outlet, and its immense lakes and noble rivers, the first bounding it outwardly, and the latter penetrating to its very centre, it seems as if it had been designed by nature for the proud preeminence to which it has attained. Thousands of vessels are Constantly traversing its waters, carrying freight valued at millions of dollars, and furnishing to every part, facilities for the inter change of commodities. It is also preeminent in its grand works of internal improvement its canals, railroads, plank- roads, and turnpikes, while the magnetic telegraph extends in every direction, an instantaneous communicator of informa tion between the several commercial centres. The canals of New York are features in its economy which distinguish it from other States they extend from the waters of the Hudson to Lake Erie, a distance of 364 miles, and have branches in every direction : to Lake Champlain, to Lake Ontario, and several to the south, and others, more local in their utility, are formed in various parts. The traffic on the Erie Canal is immense, and this forms the great highway between the Western States and the sea-board. The Delaware and Hudson Canal is chiefly used for the transportation of coal from Pennsylvania. The railroads have a present length of nearly 2,500 miles, and others are constantly being opened ; and with regard to plank-roads, which for many purposes are equal to the railroad, almost every trade centre is connected by them with the producing regions. The turnpikes and the county and town roads are everywhere well kept, and in excellent condition. (For the details of the canals and railroads, see APPENDIX.) Banks. On the 30th June, 1850, there were in the State, 192 banks and branch banks, and their financial condition at that date was as follows : RESOURCES. Loans and discounts $91,193,645 Loans and discounts to Directors 4,799,227 All sums due from brokers 2,487,909 Real estate 3,344,514 Bonds and mortgage 3,069,168 Stocks 12,627,494 Specie 11,653,339 Cash items 9,181,481 Bills of solvent Banks on hand 3,071,749 Due from solvent Banks on demand 10,551,966 Due from solvent Banks on credit 497,501 LIABILITIES. Capital $47,779,727 Profits 8,113,064 Notes in circulation not registered 615,768 Registered notes in circulation 23,593,573 Due Treasurer of the State of New York 1,473,901 Due depositors on demand 46,691,465 Due individuals and Corporations other than Banks and depositors 821,365 Due Banks on demand 22,180,531 Due Banks on credit 781,252 Due to others 1 ,353,318 Total resources (including the above) $153,095,287 | Total liabilities (including the above) $153,095,287 Government, etc. The constitution of New York was adopted in convention October 9th, 1846, and ratified by the people on the 2d November following. Every adult white male citizen who shall have been such for ten days, a resident of the State for one year, of the county for four months, and of the district for 30 days next preceding an election, may vote at all elections in his place of residence ; but no man of color is eligible as an elector unless he shall have resided in the State for 3 years, be a freeholder to the value of $250 above all encumbrances for one year, and have paid taxes thereon. Persons convicted of infamous crimes, and persons betting on the result of an election, are by law deprived of the franchise. The general election is held on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in November annually. The Legislature is composed of a Senate and House of Assembly ; the Senate consists of 32 members elected from single districts, and the Assembly of 128 members apportioned among the several counties senators are elected for two years, and assemblymen for one year. Every white male voter is eligible for election. Members of both houses are paid $3 a day during their session, and 10 cents for each mile of travel. No person holding office of profit under the State or United States can sit as a member. The Legislature meets at Albany on the first Tuesday in January annually. 571 NEW YORK. Executive pmcers are vested in the governor, who holds office for two years. No person can be governor who has not attained to the age of 30 years, nor unless a citizen of the United States and resident for the last five years of the State. The governor has the right to veto any act of the legislature, but a two-thirds vote subsequently legalizes the act. The lieutenant-governor is elected in the same way as the governor, and is ex-officio president of the senate, in which, how ever, he has only a casting vote. On the demise or disability of the governor, he, and after him the president of the senate pro tempore, succeeds to the chair. The Secretary of State, comptroller, treasurer, attorney-general, etc., are elected for two years ; the three canal commissioners and three inspectors of State prisons for three years, one of each set of officers annually ; and county, town, city, and village officers, for one year. The Judiciary of the State is composed of several courts provided for in the constitution : the court for the " trial of impeachments" is composed of the President of the Senate (who is president of the court), the members of the senate, and the judges of the courts of appeals. It is a court of record, and when summoned, meets at Albany, and has for its clerk and officers the clerk and officers of the senate ; if the governor be impeached, the chief judge of appeals, and not the lieutenant-governor, presides. Two-thirds of the members present must concur before a conviction can be had, and the judgment of the court extends only to removal and disqualification, the party adjudged being still liable to in dictment. The court of appeals is composed of eight justices, of whom four are elected (one every second year) by the people at large, and four selected each year from the justices of the Supreme Court having the shortest time to serve. The judge (of those elected) whose term first expires, presides as chief judge, and any six of these judges constitute a quo rum. Four terms are held annually, and every two years there must be one term in each judicial district. This court has power to correct and reverse the decisions of the supreme court or of the old supreme court and court of chancery The supreme court has general jurisdiction in law and equity and power to review judgments of county courts and old courts of common pleas. For the election of justices, the State is divided into eight districts, each of which elects four justices, to serve respectively eight years, one judge retiring every second year. The justice in each district whoso term first expires, and who is* not justice of the supreme court, is the presiding judge, and the clerks of the several counties serve as clerks. One general term must be held annually in every county having 40,000 inhabitants, and in all others one term biennially ; and every county has at least two special terms and two circuit courts, except the county of New York, in which the circuit court has four sessions. Any three or more (including the presiding judge) hold the general terms, and any one or more the special terms, at which are heard all equity causes, and the circuit courts, which are held exclu sively for the trial of issues of fact. The county or surrogate s courts have local jurisdiction only. Each county, except that of New York, elects one judge for four years, who acts also as surrogate ; but counties having 40,000 inhabitants elect a separate surrogate. The powers of the court extend to all cases when the debt or damages are not above $2,000 ; to actions flSr personal injury or trespass, where the claim is not over $500, and to replevins, where the property claimed is not above $1,000, etc. Surrogates courts have the ordinary jurisdiction of courts of probate. The criminal jurisdiction of the State is vested in courts of oyer and terminer and courts of sessions. The court of, oyer and terminer in each county, except that of New York, is composed of a justice of the supreme court, who presides, the county judge, and two justices of the peace chosen members. In New York county this court is composed of a justice of the supreme court and any two of the following officers : judges of common pleas of the county, and the mayor, recorder and aldermen of the city. Courts of sessions are composed of the county judge and two justices of the peace, designated as members. All these courts are held at the same time and at the same place as circuit courts. The civil courts of the city and county of New York are the superior court and the court of common pleas, the former of which has six justices, and the latter three justices. There is also the marine court, which has two judges. Federal Representation. In accordance with the law of 23d May, 1850, New York sends thirty-two representatives to the United States Congress. The militia force of the State, in accordance with the United States Army Begister for 1851, consisted of 265,293 men of all arms, of which 7,662 were commissioned officers, and 257,631 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers, 99 are general officers, 315 general staff officers, 1,543 field officers, etc., and 5,705 company officers. Every white male citizen, between 18 nnd 45 years of age, is liable to military duty, unless exempt by law or having paid the commutation fine. The volunteer and uniformed militia of the State, and especially of the city, is the best instructed body of soldiers in the Union. New York has numerous benevolent institutions, many of which are partly supported from the public funds and partly from local sources. The principal of these are the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, and the Institution for the Blind, both at New York City, the State Lunatic Asylums at Utica, the New York City Hospital, etc ; and besides these, almost every city has numerous similar institutions, which will compare well with those of the oldest European States. The number of pupils in the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, on the 31st December, 1850, was 227 128 males and 99 females; receipts $39,216 39, and expenditures $39,482 93. The Institution for the Blind had 135 pupils; receipts $30,117 85, and expenditure $28,451 19. The State Lunatic Asylum had 449 inmates 226 males and 223 females. Finances. The general fund and railroad debt, at the close of the fiscal year ending 30th September, 1850, was $6,359,693 32 ; and the canal debt at the same period was $16,171,109 16 in the aggregate $22,530,802 48, on which accrues annually nearly $1,235,360 interest There is also a contingent debt, consisting of State stock and controller s bonds of $933,036, upon which the State does not pay interest. This will make the total State debt, absolute and contin gent, $23,463,838 64. The property of the State, in addition to the educational funds mentioned hereafter, consists of the works of internal improvement, which at their cost valuation (i. e., the amount expended upon them to date), are worth $35,115,237 75. But the whole amount of tolls derived from them during the year was $3,254,051 71 which gave, after deducting expenses, the net income of $2,650,206 49, which is 6 per cent interest upon $44,170,108, a sum which in reality repre sents the value of the works. The average net annual income for the last five years is $2,518,044 87, which is equal to a capital of $41.967,414 50, at 6 per cent, interest. The amount of debt incurred for their construction, and yet unpaid, is as stated above $16,171,109. The taxable property in New York in 1S4S, was $727,494,583, being $571,690,807 the assessed value of 27,912,076 acres of real estate, and $153,183,486 of personal estate. The State and county taxes amounted to $4,892,051, and the town taxes to $1,420,736 total $6,312,787 ; making the rate of State, county, and town taxes, 8,6 mills on a $1 valuation. The highest rate was 25.7 mills on $1 in Hamilton County, and the lowest 3.1 mills in Ontario and Putnam counties. The revenue of the General Fund, on which are charged the ordinary expenses of governmet, for the year ending 30th September, 1850, was $381,241 57, and the expenditures for the same period, $326,720 29 excess of revenue, $54,521 28. 572 NEW YORK. The chief sources of income were auction duties, $85,909 69 ; salt duties, $44,364 03 ; fees of secretary s office, $2,110 71 ; peddlers licenses, $1,700 ; foreign insurance companies, $802 79 ; interest on arrears of county taxes, $4,273 19 ; surplus revenue of canals (annual appropriation), $200,000; State tax, $272,422 25; sales of lands, $3,700 83; redemption of land sold for taxes, $34,230 47 ; arrears of county taxes, $25,048 46 ; Columbia County, for enforcing law, $5,000 ; Duchess County, for ditto, $934 97 ; miscellaneous and temporary receipts, $31,856 67 ; and the principal objects of expenditure were : Executive expenses, $37,554 65 ; judiciary, $100,911 58 ; legislature, $96,007 99 ; commissary s department, $14,487 68 ; commissioners of code, $2,450 ; commissioners on practice and pleading, $2,860 28 ; State printing, $92,528 53 ; deaf and dumb, $25,784 10 ; blind, $11,918 85 ; agricultural societies, $6,107 : Onondaga Salt Springs, $29,027 ; State prisons, $82,376 97 ; State Library, $6,937 52 ; postage, $3,504 42 ; Hospital at New York, $22,500 ; House of Eefuge for Western New York, $18,000: foreign poor, $20,000; orphan asylums, $5,500; New York Arsenal, $920 OS; geolog ical survey, $16,918 82 ; Attorney-general s Library, $1.499 49 ; miscellaneous and temporary expenditures, $84,233 48. The special funds held by the government in trust are the Bank Fund, the Free Bank Fund, and the School Fund : The Bank Fund is made up by annual contributions from the incorporated Safety Fund banks, of one half of one per cent, on their respective capitals, and is by law appropriated to the payment of the debts of such banks, liable to contrib ute the same as may become insolvent The fund has been exhausted, and there are $721,330 11 of 6 per cent stock now outstanding to meet the wants of the fund which stock, except $59,450 54 now in the treasury or invested, is to be pro vided for out of the future contributions by the banks to the fund. The whole circulation redeemed for insolvent banks is $1,503,740 64, and debts paid, $1,028,684 43 total $2,586,425 07. The aggregate amount of contributions up to January, 1S66, when all the safety fund bank charters expire, will be $994,225 60. The notes of every insolvent bank have been redeemed. There are now (1850) 73 of these banks in operation, and one branch, the aggregate capital of which amounts to $27,664,860; circulation to which they are entitled, $22,161,370; and actual circulation, $20,669,178 50. The Fret Bank Fund consists of bonds, and mortgages, and stocks deposited with the Bank Commissioner, and moneys received on the same and held by him for the redemption of the circulating notes issued by banks and individual bankers under the general banking law. The whole number of associations is seventy-one, and of individual banks sivty-fivem. all 136, the aggregate capital of which (1st December, 1850) was $14,203,115 ; and the whole amount of deposits $14,823,087 46. Of \hefttnds devoted to education, the capital and revenue of each description for the year ending 30th September, 1850, was as follows: "Common School Fund," capital $2,290,673 23, and revenue $123,090 78; the "United States De posit Fund," capital $4,014,520 71, and revenue $255,328 85 ; and the " Literature Fund," capital $272,880 12, and revenue $37,948 12. Total capital $6,578,074 06, and revenue $416,367 75. There has also been paid from the general fund for the instruction of the deaf and dumb, $25,784 10, and to the Institution for the Blind, $11,918 85, making the whole sum paid during the year for education, $454,070 70. The Common School Fund also owns about 301,759 acres of land, and the Literature Fund, about 10,880 acres. Of the funds devoted to education, as above what is exclusively the Common School Fund, maybe stated as follows: Productive capital of the School Fund, $2,290,673 23; such an amount from the United States Deposit Fund as will produce $165,000 the sum annually appropriated therefrom for the support of com mon schools, at six per cent, interest, $2,750,000 and sum reserved by the constitution to be added annually to the capital of the School Fund, $25,000, making a total of $5,065,673 33. The annual interest on this sum, at six per cent., is $303.340 39. The balance of the income of the United States Deposit Fund ($90,328 85) is appropriated to the support of colleges, academies, the Normal School, Indian schools, teachers institutes, etc. The income of the Literature Fund must, by the constitution, be applied to the support of academies. The whole amount of public money received from all sources by the commissioners of cities and town superintendents, during the year ending 1st July, 1350, was $1,035,854 85, of which was apportioned to teachers wages $730,798 12, and for libraries $91,363 90, leaving a balance apportioned for contingent expenses amounting to $213,692 83. The amount paid on rate bills for teachers wages besides public money, was $508,724 56. Total cost of supporting common schools, $1,544,579 41. Education. In the 878 towns and 81 wards of cities of the State, there were on 1st July, 1S50, 8,394 common school districts, and 5,625 parts of districts ; and returns were received from 8,336 whole, and 5,475 parts of districts. The average length of schools in all districts, 8 months. Volumes in district libraries, 1,449,950. Children taught during the year, 794,500, and the number of children between 5 and 16 years of age returned, 735,188 ; of these 200,128 pupils attended schools less than 2 months, 198,022 less than 4 months, 167,732 less than 6 months, 106,100 less than 8 months, 59.315 less than 10 months, 18,455 less than 12 months, and 9,079 12 months. In 52 schools for colored children there were 4,971 scholars, and for the support of these $11,480 44 was appropriated. There were besides, schools for the instruction of Indian children in the several reservations; in 1849, 641 Indian children between 5 and 16 years of age, were reported, and about 500 attended school ; about 250 attend the Normal School at Albany annually, and on the 1st January, 1851, there were 226 pupils in the institution 77 males, and 149 females. The whole number of graduates was 494 276 males, and 218 females; and during the year then ending 9 Indian youth 6 males, and 3 females were taught, to prepare them for teachers among their own people. Teachers institutes are held annually in the counties, but the reports say that of late a diminished interest in regard of them has been observed. Most of the large centres of population have incorporated academies which are supervised by the Regents of the University ; and there are a large number of unincorporated academies, seminaries, and private schools, self-supporting. About 75,000 children are annually taught at Hie private institutions. The collegiate establishments within the State are also numerous and highly efficient as institutions of learning. The principal of these, including academic, law, medical, theological, etc., with their statistics in 1850, are as follows : Nnmes Founded. Location. Professors. Alumni. Students. Library. Columbia (Episc.*) College 1754 N. York City 7 1,450 Ill 17,000 vols. Union College 1795 Schenectady 12 2,725 266 15,000 " Hamilton College 1812 Clinton 9 458 129 10,500 " Madison (Bapt.) University 1819 Hamilton 9 200 127 7,000 " Geneva (Episc.} College 1823 Geneva 5 131 42 5^00 " University of New York 1831 N. York City 11 320 150 4^)00 " St. John s (R. Cath.) College 1841 Fordham 16 43 65 12*600 " 8t Paul s (Episc.~) College 1837 College Point 11 380 29 2^800 " University of Albany Albany 573 NEW YORK. Names. Founded. Law School University of Albany Locatbn. . Albany Professors. 3 Alumni, Students. Library College of Physicians and Surgeons 1807 . N. York City . 6 852 219 a Medical Institute Geneva CoUeyo 1835 . Geneva g Medical Faculty University of N. York 1837 . N. York City . 6 597 ... Albany Medical College 1839 Albany g Theological Institute, Prot. Episc. Church 1817 N York City 5 . . . . 114 Union Theological Seminary 1836 . N. York City 5 . .. 10,000 . Auburn 4 580 OA Hamilton Literary and Theolog. Institute 1820 . Hamilton 4 133 a Hartwick Seminary 1816 . Hartwick 2 52 Theological Seminary, Asso. Eef. Church 1836 .., . Newbursr .. 1 .. 143 11 . . 1 ,/00 Q onrt u There are numerous other local schools besides the above, as the ward schools of cities, various mechanics schools, endowed schools, the Free Academy at New York and others, which are not included in the above returns, but which are nevertheless of essential utility in the field of education ; and with regard to literary, scientific, and artistic institutions no other State in the Union is so amply provided with them. PuUic Librwies. Three State libraries 34,099 volumes; 21 social 151,894 volumes; 8 college 43,376 volumes; 21 students 19,319 volumes ; 171 academic and professional 143,465 volumes ; 4 scientific and historical 25,253 volumes 8,070 public school 1,338,848 volumes. Total 8,298 libraries, and 1,756,254 volumes. Periodical Press. The whole number of periodicals published in the State, on the 1st June, 1850, was 458, and of these 141 were whig, 110 democratic, and 207 neutral in politics, in the latter class being also included all literary, religious, scientific, etc., periodicals, and all the character of which had not been ascertained. Of the aggregate number, 54 were published daily, 1 four times a week, 13 tri-weekly, 13 semi-weekly, 813 weekly, 13 semi-monthly, 25 monthly, and 3 quar terly; and the circulation at each issue of the dailies was 230,995, or 72,301,435 annually; of the one published 4 times a week 1,100, or 228,800 annually ; of the tri- weeklies 36,975, or 5,768,100 annually ; of the semi-weeklies 30,365, or 3.157,960 annually ; of the weeklies 694,414, or 36,109,528 annually ; of 4he semi-monthlies 78,500, or 1,884,000 annually ; of the monthlies 433,750, or 5,205,000 annually ; and of the quarterlies 6,150, or 24,600 annually ; total copies at each issue 1,512,249, or 124,679,423 annually. In the city of New York the periodicals numbered, 14 dailies, 8 semi-weeklies, 58 weeklies, 8 Sunday papers, 5 semi-monthlies, 39 monthlies, and 2 quarterlies. In Albany County there are 5 d. and 9 w, ; in Alleghany, 3 w. ; in Broome, 1 d. and 3 w. ; in Cattaraugus, 5 w. ; in Cayuga, 1 d., 5 w., and 1 m. ; in Chautauque, 9 w. ; in Chemung, 9 w. ; in Chenango, 4 w. ; in Clinton, 3 w. and 1m.; in Columbia, 1 d., 6 w., and 1 s.-m. ; in Cortlaud, 5 w. ; in Delaware, 8 w. ; in Duchess, 6 w. ; in Erie, 6 d., 1 four times a week, 4 t-w., 1 s.-w., 10 w., and 2 m. ; in Essex, 3 w and 1m.; in Franklin, 2 w. ; in Fulton, 2 w. ; in Genesee, 4 w. ; in Greene, 3 w. ; in Herkimer, 4 w. ; in Jefferson, 5 w. ; in Kings, 8 d. and 3 w. ; in Lewis, 8 w. ; in Livingston, 6 w. and 1 s.-m. ; in Madison, 5 w. and 1 s.-m. ; in Monroe, 3 d., 9 t.-w., 10 w., 2 s.-m., and 2 m. ; in Montgomery, 6 w. ; in Niagara, 1 d. and 4 w. ; in Oneida, 4 d., 13 w., 2 s.-m., aud 1 m. ; in Onondaga, 4 d., 1 s.-w., 12 w., 1 s.-m., and 3m.; in Ontario, 5 w. ; in Orange, 2 s.-w., 6 w., and 1 q. ; in Orleans, 4 w. ; in Oswego, 2 d. and 6 w. ; in Otsego, 4 w. ; in Putnam, 1 w. ; in Queens, 5 w. ; in Eensselaer, 3 d., 4 w., and 1 m.; in Richmond, 1 w. ; in Bockland, 2 w. ; in St. Lawrence, 7 w. ; in Saratoga, 8 w. ; in Schenectady, 2 w. ; in Schoharie, 2 w. ; in Seneca, 4 w. ; in Steuben, 5 w. ; in Suffolk, 1 s.-w. and 6 w. ; in Sullivan, 3 w. ; in Tioga, 2 w. ; in Tompkius, 1 d. and 2 w. ; in Ulster, 5 w. ; in Washington, 7 w. ; in "Wayne, 7 w. ; in Westchester, 5 w. ; in Wyoming, 2 w. ; and in Yates, 3 weeklies. Rdigious Denominations. The statistics of the several religious denominations, in 1850, were as follows : Dcnomina- No. of Church Value of tions. Churches, accom. Property. Baptist 776. . 834,274. . $2,252,350 Christian... 62.. 20,000.. 76,650 Congregafl. 214 .. 102,430 . . 779,304 Dutch Pvef. . 232 . . 131,025 . . 3,542,850 Episcopal . . 275 . . 138,965 . . 4,110,824 Free 15.. 4,600.. 28,700 Friends .... 132 .. 49,314 . . 309,380 Denomina- No. of tions. Churches GernVnEef. 1.. Jewish.... 9.. 80.. 4.. 1,215.. Lutheran... Mennonite . Methodist.. Moravian.. Presbyter n. 662., Church Value of accom. Property. 600.. $15,000 5,600.. 126,000 37,870.. 252,200 1,000.. 2,050 478,145.. 2,885,543 1,500.. 36,000 369.314. . 4,347,206 Denomina- No. of Church Value of tions. Churches, accom. Property E. Catholic.. 174.. 122,588.. $1,569,875 Swedenb g.. 2.. 450.. 1,400 Tunker .. .. Union 74.. 27,379.. 110,300 Unitarian... 22.. 10,225.. 292,075 Universalist. 110.. 52,470.. 327,100 Minor Sects. 22.. 8,500.. 64,900 making a total of 4,034 churches, accommodating 1,896,229 persons, and valued as property at $21,132,707. The State constitutes two dioceses of the Protestant Episcopal Church, viz., the diocese of New York, and the diocese of Western New York; and in the Eoman Catholic Church, it constitutes the dioceses of Buffalo and Albany, and the arch-diocese of New York, in the latter of which, East New Jersey is included. Pa2tperism and Crime. The whole number of paupers that received assistance and support within the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 59,855, of whom 19,275 were native-born and 40,580 foreign-born ; and the whole number receiving public charity at that date was 12,833, of whom 5,755 were native-born and 7,078 foreigners. Annual cost of support $817,336. In the above, the foreign paupers under charge of the Commissioners of Emigration are not accounted for, as they are chargeable on a special fund raised by capitation tax on themselves. The number of convictions in courts of record in the year 1849, was 1,5311,437 males, and 94 females : offenses against the person, 397385 males and 12 females ; offenses against property, with violence, 150146 males and 4 females ; offenses against property, without violence, 545500 males and 45 females ; offenses against the currency, 37 (all males) ; and other offenses, 404371 males 33 females. The ratio of convictions of females to those of males is as 1 to 15.18. Upon convictions, 4 were sentenced to be hung, 545 to the State prison, 51 to House of Eefuge, 299 to the local prison, 32 to be fined and imprisoned, 565 to fine, and the sentences of 33 were suspended. The State prisons are at Sing Sing, Auburn, and Clinton. The whole number of convicts in these on the 31st December, 1849, was 1,484 ; received during the year, 600, and discharged by expiration of sentence, 352 ; by death by disease, 30 ; by accidental death, 3 ; by escape 9 ; by pardon, 45 ; by habeas corpus, 4 ; to House of Eefuge, 2 ; to Lunatic Asylum, 10 ; to other prisons, 17 in all, 472. Remaining in prison 1st December, 1850, 1,611. Of the 600 admitted, 535*were first convictions, 56 second, 7 third, and 2 fourth convictions. The daily average of all these prisons was 1,556. The whole number of punishments in all the male prisons was 613 in Auburn 1 in 21, in Sing Sing 1 in 35$, and in Clinton 1 in 2SJ. Average cost of each ration at Sing Sing 8.6 cents, at Auburn 6.7 cents, and at Clinton 8.3 cents. Of the 1,611 remaining in prison, 11 were committed for murder, 41 for 574 NEW YORK. manslaughter, 69 for assault with intent to kill, 44 for rape, 24 for assault to commit rape, 353 for burglary, 53T for grand larceny, 82 for robbery, 104 for petit larceny, and 31 for counterfeiting and uttering. A common English education has been given to 472 of these convicts. The receipts from labor at the prisons amounted to $216,680 36 : from Sing Sing $99,539 70, from Auburn $79,573 11, and from Clinton $37,567 55 ; and the expenditures to $204,686 48 : at Sing Sing $95,828 64, at Auburn $71,164 07, and at Clinton $37,693 97. Historical Sketch. Verrazano, a Florentine, in the service of France, Is said to have discovered New York Bay in 1524 ; but the history of the State commences with the arrival of Hudson, an Englishman in the Dutch service, in 1609, who ascended the river, bearing his name, as far as the present site of Albany. The country thus discovered was in habited by the Mohawks, a formidable and warlike tribe, and the Manhattans, who inhabited the island on which New York city is built, were also a fierce and warlike nation. In 1610, a ship was sent from Amsterdam to trade with these Indians, and other voyages were made during the succeeding years, In 1613, small trading forts were erected on the river, and several houses were built on Manhattan Island. On the 29th March, 1614, the States General of the United Netherlands passed an ordinance granting to all original discoverers of lands in North America the exclusive privilege of making four voyages to each, for the purposes of trade. Under this ordinance five ships were dispatched the same year by a company of merchants. They explored extensively the coast near New York. Blok, one of the commanders, dis covered and named Block Island, south of Rhode Island, and also the East Eiver, and Captain Mey, proceeding south ward, discovered capes May and Ilenlopen ; and on the return of these ships, a Captain Henrickson was left on the coast to prosecute discoveries. The country extending between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers received the name of New Netherlands, and the exclusive right to trade there for three years from that date (llth October, 1614), was granted to the discoverers, who, upon the passage of this grant, formed themselves into a company called the United New Nether lands Company. This company erected the same year a fort and trading house on an island just below the present city of Albany, and garrisoned it with ten or twelve men. Another fort was erected on the southern point of Manhattan Island. The grant expiring in 1818, the company petitioned for its renewal in vain. Private traders, however, continued to visit the country for the purposes of traffic. In June, 1621, was passed the charter of the Dutch West India Company, an armed mercantile association. This company sent out a ship called the New Netherlands, on the 20th June, 1623, to their newly acquired possessions, under the direction of Mey, already noticed, and Tienpont. The former of these proceeded to the Delaware, and established a fort near the present town of Gloucester, which he named Fort Nassau, and the same year a fortified post, called Fort Orange, was erected on the site of Albany. In 1624, Peter Minuit having been appointed director, arrived out with several families of "Walloons, inhabitants of the frontiers of Belgium and France. These settled on a bay of Long Island, and called from them Wahlebocht, or bay of foreigners, a name since corrupted Into Wallabout. The government was vested in the Director and a Council of Five. The other important officer of the colony was the Schout Fiscal, who filled both the offices of sheriff and attorney-general. Under the superintendence of these authorities the trade of the colony prospered. In 1626, Staten Island was purchased of the Indians, and in the same year Manhattan Island was purchased for twenty-five dollars. The fort upon this latter island received the title of Fort Amsterdam, and the colony that of New Amsterdam. The exports this year amounted $19,000. In 1627, the settlers of Plymouth Colony set up a claim to the region watered by the Connecticut, which the Dutch denied. Up to 1829, the settlements were simply trading posts. On the 7th June, 1629, a measure was adopted which is still felt in the State, and under this extensive seignories, with feudal rights, were granted to certain individuals. Active exertions were now made to colonize these vast estates. In 1632, Minuit was recalled, and the government of "Wouter Van Twiller installed, and after a lapse of five years of mal-adminis- tration, Twilier was succeeded by William Kieft During the administration of Twiller, difficulties arose between the English settlers, on the Connecticut, and the Dutch authorities. In 1638, the restrictions which had hitherto been placed by the company upon trade were taken off and free traffic encouraged. This measure gave a new impulse to immigra tion. Persecution, too, drove many from New England and Virginia to settle among the more tolerant Dutch. In the meantime the aggressive disposition of the English continued. They founded a colony at New Haven, occupied the Tunxis (Farmington) Valley, and even went so far as to plow and sow the company s land around Fort Good Hope, at Hartford. Eemonstrances were vain. Not satisfied with these encroachments, the Plymouth Company granted the whole of Long Island to the Earl of Sterling, and a settlement was soon after effected by Lyon Gardiner, at Gardiner s Island The Dutch, meanwhile, were active in establishing settlements at the western extremity of the island in Breuckelen, at Goicaimiw, and Gravenzande. In May, 1640, emigrants from Lynn, Massacfmsetts, settled on Cow Neck, but were driven off by the authorities. In the autumn of the same year, however, they returned, and founded the towns of South ampton and Southold. The Indians saw, with daily increasing envy and dislike, the heritage of their fathers thus falling from them. War was the consequence, which desolated the colony for five years. In 1645, Peter Stuyvesant became governor, and only terminated his administration by the capture of his colony by the English, On the 6th September, 1664. The name of the colony and city was now changed to that of New York, and Colonel Nichols was appointed by the Duke of York, to whom the territory had been granted by the King, as governor. On the 12th June, 1666, the governor granted a charter to the city of New York. The colony was recaptured by the Dutch on the 7th August, 1673. The name of the city was now changed to New Orange, that of Albany to Williamstadt, and the fort previously called Fort James to William Hendrick. Captain Anthony Colve was appointed governor. The country, however, was not destined to be Dutch, for by the treaty of 9th February, 1674, it was restored to the English, and given up the following autumn. Some doubts existing relative to the validity of the Duke of York s patent, both on account of the Dutch occupancy and the fact that it was wrested from that nation in time of peace, he deemed it advisable to obtain a new patent from hia brother, the king, in 1764. In the autumn of that year Major Edmond Andros, afterward so well known as the tyrant of New England, arrived in New York and assumed the office of Governor. In February, 1685, the duke ascended the throne, under the title of James II., and among the first acts of this bigot were his instructions to allow no printing press to be established in the colony. But his reign was short, having been put an end to by the Eevolution of 1638, and the proclamation of William and Mary as heritors of the throne. No important event occurred from this time for many years. In 1741 occurred the negro plot, so famous in the annals of New York. In 1744 war was declared between England and France, and the colonists prepared to carry it on with vigor. In 1745 New England and New York united in an attack upon the French fortress at Louisburg, and New York furnished ten pieces of cannon and 8,000 toward the expedition. It was surrendered in July of that year. The colonies were so severely molested during the year 1746 by the Indians in pay of the French, that it was determined to attack Crown Point and Niagara, and to capture Quebec. For this purpose New York raised 40,000. The enterprise proved unsuccessful, and the peace of Aix la Chapelle was concluded in 1748. 575 NEW NEW For a few years after this the colony prospered, and began to recover from its losses by the wars. In 1754 a convention from all the colonies north of Mason and Dixon s Line met at Albany, to devise some plan of common defense against the French, who had again commenced hostilities. At this convention, Dr. Franklin, afterward so eminent in the history of the Revolution, proposed a plan of political union. In the spring of the following year an expedition was sent against Fort Du Quesne, but entirely failed, Braddock, the leader of the expedition, having been killed. Nor was the campaign of 1756 more successful. In 175S William Pitt was placed at the head of the English government, and a new impulse was given to the energies of the nation. Success soon followed. Forts Frontenac and Du Quesne were captured. Stimulated by these successes, New York, in 1759, raised $625,000 and a force of 2,680 men. Ticonderoga was captured early in the season, and Crown Point surrendered a few days later. Fort Niagara was reduced, and on the 13th September the brave General Wolfe laid down his life, in the moment of victory, when the English banners floated over the towers of Quebec. The ensuing year the French made an unsuccessful effort to recapture Quebec, and on the 8th September all the French possessions east of the Mississippi were surrendered to the British, and the French power extinguished. Two small islands off the southern coast of Newfoundland alone were preserved to them of their former vast possessions. About this time the difficulties between New llampshire and New York commenced, respecting their respective limits, which only ceased with the admission of Vermont into the Union after the Eevolution. The imposition of the Stamp Act, in 1764, and the other atrocities of the British Government which followed it, and which led to the overthrow of the British power in the colonies, need not be enlarged upon in this connection, being a part of the general history of the Union. On the first Tuesday in October, 1765, a congress, composed of delegates from the New England and Middle States, assembled at New York, to take into consideration their grievances. South Carolina had also delegates. This congress made declaration of the privileges and rights of the colonies. Liberty-poles had, at this period, been frequently erected in New York city, and as often been destroyed by the British soldiery. On Hie 5th September, 1774, a congress from several colonies met at Philadelphia, in which, however, New York was not represented. In April, 1775, a provincial convention met at New York, and elected delegates to the second congress. The news of the battle of Lexington caused great excitement in the city, and the arms of the city were ordered to Boston, but seized by the authorities before their shipment. The war had now commenced. Ticonderoga, Crown Point, and Whitehall, in this State, were captured by the provincials, and the entire command of Lake Champlain was obtained. On the 9th July, 1771, the provincial congress met at White Plains, and took the title of Kepresentatives of the State of New York. On the first day of their meeting they received the Declaration of Independence, and immediately passed a resolution approving it. The fortunes of the continental army from this time to the acknowledgment by England of the will of the sovereign people were various, and in New York were fought many of the famous battles of the period those of Brooklyn Heights, Harlem Heights, Bemis Heights, Stony Point, Ticonderoga, Fort Schuyler, Stilhvater, and Saratoga, at the last of which Burgoyne surrendered to the Americans. On the 12th March, 1777, a constitution for the State of New York was reported by a committee of the provincial con gress, and on the 20th April ensuing was adopted as the basis of the government. Under the new constitution George Clinton was elected Governor. At this time there were fourteen counties in the State, viz., New York, Eichmond, King s, Queen s, Suffolk, Westchester, Duchess, Orange, Ulster, Albany, Tryon, Charlotte, Cumberland, and Gloucester. The last two, together with part of Albany and Charlotte counties, were within the limits of the present State of Vermont. In 1790 the difficulties which for so long a time had existed between New York and Vermont were amicably adjusted, and New York, in its present limits, entered upon her career of greatness, untrammeled by fraternal animosities. In 1791 the industry of the State received a new impulse from the organizati< m of a society for the promotion of agriculture, arts, and manufactures. The next year companies were organized to improve the navigation of the Hudson and Mohawk Eivers, and open canals to Lake Champlain and Ontario. In 1807 Robert Fulton made his first trip with the Clermont, the first steamboat which ever plied successfully on the waters. In this enterprise he was aided by Eobert E. Livingston, one of the most distinguished statesmen of the nation. The war of 1812-15 soon followed. On the 24th of December, 1814, the treaty of Ghent was signed, and peace again restored the land to its wonted prosperity. Of the events which have hap pened since the war there are many living witnesses, and a brief notice only is required. The canal project was revived, and in 1816 the subject was brought before the legislature, and in 1S17 the Erie and Champlain canals were commenced. The first was completed in 1S25, and the latter in 1823. In 1835 a law was passed, ordering the enlargement of the Erie Canal. Eailroads had already been commenced in the State. Both have been since prosecuted with untiring energy, and these works have no doubt had a mighty influence on the prosperity of the country. In 1821, and also in 1846, the fundamental laws were revised, and many important additions made to them. As a State, New York staads at the head of the American Union. ALBANY, on the right bank of the Hudson, 145 miles above New York city, is the political capital of the State. NEW YORK, city and port of entry, New York co., N . T. : Situated at the head of New York Bay, and at the conflu ence of the Hudson r. and the strait called East r., which connects the bay with Long Island Sound. The city and county have the same limits, comprising the whole of Man hattan, or New York Island, which has an extreme length of 13$ m., aud an average width of 1 3-5 m. Its greatest breadth is on the line of Eighty-eighth Street, about 2$ m. ; its area is about 14,000 acres. It is separated from the main land, in Westchester County, by Harlem r., a navigable water course 8 m. long, connecting the Hudson and East rivers. The latitude of the City Hall (J m. from the Battery) is 40 42 40" N. ; its longitude is 74 01 08" W. from Green wich, and 3 00 22" E. from Washington. Its distance by the most direct railroad from Albany is 145 m. ; from Boston, 236 m ; from Philadelphia, 87 m. ; from Baltimore, 185 m. ; from Washington, 223 m. ; from Cleveland 503 m. ; from Cincinnati, 753 m. ; from Chicago, 853 m. ; and from Alton, via Chicago (St. Louis from Alton 20 m. by steamboat), 1,113 miles. 576 New York has a greater population, commerce, and wealth than any other city in the United States, and is sur passed in importance by only two other cities in Europe, namely, London and Paris. For facility of examination and reference, its description and statistics will be given in the following order. Surface. The island was originally much diversified, and in its upper portion, where least populated, it still retains somewhat of its original character. With the increase of population, improvements have been made according to an uniform system, in laying out avenues and streets, grading them, providing sewerage, etc. The ground rises from each river with gentle ascent, thus forming a central ridge throughout nearly the entire length of the island. A con siderable portion of the lower part of the city, particularly that near the rivers, is made ground. The Battery, a public park of 10 acres, at the S. extremity of the city, was built upon a low ledge of rocks, much beyond the original water line. Formation. The soil is a sandy alluvium, and less fertile NEW NEW than in many other parts of the State. Its basis is princi pally gneiss/but the north part of the island is composed of granular and primitive limt stone, which is much quarried. In many parts the limestone is at the surface, and occupies large patches. On the W. side of the city, not far from the Hudson r., between 50th and 60th streets, and in some other parts, a number of streets are cut through this limestone. Ea-tent of Houses, etc. In April, 1863, the city was com pactly built from the Battery to 42d street, 4 miles. The density of population is least in the upper portions of the city, but is increasing with astonishing rapidity. A very great impulse has lately been given to this increase by the sale of large tracts of ground, lately held by the city, and by the erection of the Crystal Palace, adjoining the Croton Ees- ervoir, in Sixth Avenue, between 40th and 42d streets. Plan. The general plan of the city is regular. In the lower and business portion, the streets were laid out to suit the shape of the island, and though the plan is not uniform, its general divisions are regular, with wide streets, crossing at right angles. At Houston Street (1 mile from City Hall, and If m. from the Battery) commences the uniform plan of avenues and streets. Above this point, the entire island is divided longitudinally by 14 parallel avenues, 100 feet wide, which are crossed at right angles by 156 streets, nu merically designated, running direct from river to river, which are SO feet wide, except 16, which are 100 feet wide, of which 14th street is the first that extends entirely across the island. The principal street is Broadway, particularly that portion of it which occupies the central ridge of the island, extending from the Battery northwardly in a direct line nearly 24 m. to Tenth Street, Grace Church. This splendid street, one of the finest in the world, has an uniform width of SO feet, is well paved, and contains many of the most splendid edifices of the city. Public Parks. The public grounds of New York are not commensurate with its extent and wealth. However, be- cau-se of its peninsular situation, these are less necessary than in most large cities. Of late there has been some agi tation of a project to provide a great public park in the upper part of the city, but as yet the city authorities have taken no definite action on the subject. The number of city parks is 13, which have an aggregate area of 170 acres. Of these the following are the principal grounds: the Battery, at the 8. extremity of the city, of irregular form, containing 10| acres, is in summer a delightful and much frequented resort, funned by the breezes from the bay, and well shaded with large trees. The Park, fronting on Broadway, in form nearly triangular, has 10-|- acres, adorned by shade-trees and a beautiful fountain. It contains the City Hall, the Hall of Records, the new City Hall, and other public buildings (of which see subsequent description.) "Washington Square, 2i m. from the Battery, lies W. of Broadway, containing 9 acres, neatly laid out, and abounding with shade-trees, is a favorite promenade and resort for military parade, as is also Tompkin a Square, 10 acres, E. from Broadway. The other parks in the upper portions of the city, are Union Place, containing 3} acres; Stuyvesant Square, 3J acres; Madison Square, 6f acres; Bloomingdale Square, IS acres; Hamilton Square, 24 acres; Observatory Place, 25} acres; Manhattan Square, 19 acres; and Mount Morris, 20 acres. Huxinezs Locations. The upper portion of the city is principally composed of residences, while the lower, or eoulhern part, accommodates the great bulk of commerce and general trade. The principal business portion lies south of Fulton Street. Wall Street is the focus of the great monetary operations, and in this locality the principal spec ulations in stocks, bonds, houses, lands, and other merchan dise, are carried on. It is occupied by bankers, brokers, insurance companies, etc., and contains also the Merchants Exchange and Custom House. At its head stands Trinity Church, the noblest ecclesiastical edifice in the land. South Street is occupied by the principal shipping-houses, and the offices of several of the principal packet lines. West Street A 4 also has the same characteristics, bui not to so great an extent. The dry goods, jobbing, and importing business, formerly confined to Pearl Street, has extended to William, Broad, Pine, Cedar, Liberty, etc. On Water and Front streets, and vicinity, are the wholesale grocers, commission merchants, and mechanics, connected with the shipping business. Broadway is not less an avenue of business than the promenade of beauty and fashion. Its lower part is now almost all taken up by splendid stores and warehouses. It contains the chief book-stores, jewelry, upholstery, hat and cap, tailoring, millinery, retail dry goods, and other like establishments. In Cedar Street, just off Broadway, is the famous Map and Geographical Emporium of No. 86. J. H. COLTON, No. 86. the largest and most varied in the Union. Grand Street and Catherine are devoted to heavy dry goods and variety stores. Ferry, Jacob, Gold, and neighboring streets, constitute the great leather district. The hardware trade is chiefly in Platt, John, and Pearl streets. In Nassau are extensive news paper establishments, book-binderies, and publishing con cerns, and in William Street are a great variety of hosiery and fancy goods stores. Maiden Lane and Cortland Street, and Broadway, near the junction of these, is the location of the principal wholesale jewelers. Wharves. The water edges of the city are fringed with seven miles of wharves and docks. On each side there are about 60 piers, averaging 200 to 300 feet in length, and from 50 to 60 feet wide. The shipping lies along these as safely as in a tide-water dock. Foreign shipping lies mostly at the wharves of the East Eiver, as being a more secure posi tion than on the other side. Usually these docks are crowded with vessels of all nations, and on an average 2,000 coasting vessels are in harbor at a time. Some load ing, some unloading, and others waiting their turn for berths. With all these vast accommodations for shipping, however, there is scanty room for so large a commerce as centres at this port; and to furnish the additional facilities which the increasing commerce of the city demanded, the Legislature, in 1840, chartered the Atlantic Dock Company with a capital of $1,000,000. Their docks at Brooklyn are spacious, and deep enough to float the largest vessel ever built. The British steamers dock at Jersey City. Rivers and Harbor. the width of the North Eiver is one mile to Jersey City, at the ferry, and one mile and a half to Hoboken. The width of the East Eiver is from one third to half a mile. At the South Ferry it is 1,300 yards, at Fulton Ferry 731 yards, and at Catherine Ferry 736 yards. The Bay of New York is from H to 5$ miles broad average 3 miles, S miles long and about 25 miles in per iphery, forming a basin of capacity sufficient to receive the navies of the world. The Bay of New York communicates with Newark Bay, through the Kills, in the west, between Staten Island and Bergen Neck, and with another bay, at the south, called the outer or lower harbor, through the Narrows a compressed strait between Staten and Long islands. This latter bay opens directly into the ocean. The inner harbor, as well as being one of the best, is also one of the most beautiful in the world. Besides all the natural beauty of the scene, there can hardly be a finer spectacle than is presented in the great city spread before it, with its piers crowded with a dense forest of masts, bearing the flags of all nations the shipping at anchor, and the count less steamboats and vessels coming and going perpetually. The. depth of Water and Tides. The currents in the rivers and bay are very strong, keeping these waters open often when the rivers and bays much farther south are frozen up. The whole harbor was covered with a solid mass of ice in 1780, and again in 1820. Very rarely since has either river been frozen. In the month of January, 1S52, the East River was obstructed for a short period, but the North Eiver re mained open. Thousands crossed over the ice from Brooklyn 577 NEW NEW to New York. The rise of the tide is nearly 7 feet. Going northward the rise increases, and in the Bay of Fundy is 90 feet, the maximum of the coast. Southwardly it decreases, and in the Gulf of Mexico is but 18 inches. The time of the tide at other places on the coast, or on waters connecting with the ocean, varies from that of New York as follows earlier: Halifax, N. S.,2 h. 15 m. ; New Bedford, 1 h. 40 m. ; Providence, h. 41 m. ; Sandy Hook, 2 h. 45 m. ; Norfolk, h. 41 m. ; and Richmond, 2 h. 25 m. ; and later : Eastport, 2 h. 9 m. ; Portland, 1 h. 39 m. ; Boston, 2 h. 19 m. ; Holmes Hole, 1 h. 4 m. ; Philadelphia, 5 h. 19 m. ; Baltimore, 5 h. 07 m. ; Charleston, 10 h. 19 m. ; Mobile Point, 1 h. 54 m. ; Albany, 6 h. 34 m. ; Quebec, 8 h. 49 m. The depth of water at the wharves is 6 or 7 feet, and increases rapidly utward. It is sufficient in either river to float the largest ships. At the old channel, on the bar at Sandy Hook, the depth is 21 feet at low tide, and 27 at high tide. That of the New, or Gedney s Channel, is at low water 32 feet. The channel inside varies from 35 to 60 feet Defenses. The harbor is well defended. The principal works are at the Narrows, which, at the point selected, is but one-third of a mile wide. Here are built, on the Long Island side, forts Hamilton and Lafayette, the latter on a reef of rocks 200 yards from the shore, with three tiers of guns. On the Staten Island side are Forts Tompkins and Rich- PRODUCTIVE ESTABLISHMENTS OF NEW YORK CITT. No. of productive Haruls employed. mond, the former on the heights, and provided with a num ber of subterranean passages. These forts are in excellent condition. The entrance from the Sound to the East River is defended by Fort Schuyler, on Throg s Neck. Within the harbor are batteries on Bedloe s and Ellis islands, on the west side of the bay, and on Governor s Island, 3,200 feet from the city, are Fort Columbus, in the form of a star, commanding the south side of the channel ; on the south west point, Castle William, a round tower 600 feet in circuit and 60 feet high,with three tiers of guns, and South Battery, on the south-west side, commanding the entrance through But termilk Channel. In case of war, too, the whole surround ing heights could be readily fortified, and Castle Garden, and the Battery esplanade Avould furnish ready-made sites for an extensive armament. No port in the world, indeed, is better defended by permanent fortifications, or could be more easily placed in a condition of defense. Manufactures. Although New York employs the greater portion of its capital in foreign commerce and domestic trade, it is also distinguished as the greatest manufacturing city in the United States, having a greater capital therein invested, more hands employed, and deriving a greater profit therefrom, than any other city. The general returns of the census are exhibited in the following table : Wards. Capital invested. 1 2 ... or manufacturing establishments. 137 $1,013,500 Annual product, or value of articles manufactured. $3.906.337 Male. Female. Total. 8.620.... 6,087 9,707 851 12,672,995 19,648.... 16,056 35,704 31,310,642 3 9 607,000 6=33.... 27 660 1,801,700 4 189 1,688,800 1,952.... 943 2,895 4,885,211 5 83 1,227,562 1,788.... 353 2,146 4,473,214 6 156 9,125,880 2,963.... 1,072 4,040 3,822,191 7 422 3,493,275 4,093.... 1,849 5,947 9,641,033 8 233 861,890 2,230.... 555 2,785 4,080,484 9 189 793,300 2,095.... 359 2,454 2,833,180 10 96 309.700 809.... 226 1,035 1,678,422 H 149 2,051,850 4,197. . . . 237 4,434 20,056,409 12 19 341,550 350.... 70 420 520,500 172... 299,110... 993.... 288 1,281 2,073,428 13 14 72 965,700. 1,029. 531 1,560 1,546.627 129 145 199 44... Total 3,387 $34,232,822 By these statistics it appears that the operatives in the manufactories, etc., form nearly one-sixth of the whole pop ulation of the city ; that the proportion of the annual pro ducts to the capital invested, is 307 per cent. ; and that the average value of the product of each operative is $1,258. The manufacturing interests have had as rapid increase as those of commerce. In 1840, the total capital in manufac tures was $11,228,894 ; and in 1850, as stated above, it amounted to $34,232,822. The branches of manufacturing industry which are here most extensively prosecuted are these directly developed by the great commerce of the city. Pre-eminent among these the the great iron foundries and machine-shops, of which the largest are the Novelty Works, Morgan Works, Allaire Works, and the Fulton and West Street foundries. The two former employ each about 900 men. These and other establishments are engaged in casting and molding the largest class of steamship engines, their bed plates, and other iron works, locomotives, mills, presses, gearing, boilers, etc. There are 10 sugar refineries, all of which are very large establishments, superior to any others in the United States, and having a greater annual product. The value of cabinet furniture annually made is above $1,000,000. There are numerous breweries and distilleries, 578 1,045,550 1,036.... 140 1,176 1,376,818 8,280,380 2,207.... 556 2,763 4.368,175 892.400 1,216.... 119 1,335 2,579,312 1,227.780 2,266.... 852 2,618 2,920,760 334.600 568.... 102 670 1,293,860 53,703 .... 29,917 83,620 $105,218,308 which employ a large capital. The following summary statement of the number of establishments which in 1850 prosecuted the principal branches of manufacturing indus try, is compiled from the "Business Directory" for that year: Boat-building. 27; boiler manuf., 16; brass and bell founders, 39 ; breweries, 42 ; bakeries, 475 ; black and whitesmithing, 185; britannia-ware manuf., 13; block and pumpmaking, 33 ; bookbinders, 55 ; boot and shoemaking, 1,377 ; brushes, etc., 40 ; building of houses, etc., 136 ; cab- inetmaking, 255 ; carpentering, 260 ; chairmaking, 34 ; clockmaking, 29; clothing, 283; coaches and carriages, 53 ; confectionery. 265 ; cordage, etc., 6 ; dressmaking, 440; edge tools, 11; goldbeating, 21; gold pen manuf., 20; guns, etc., 20 ; ink manuf., 11 ; iron foundries, 38 ; lock manuf., 24 ; machinery, 79 ; millinery, 256 ; morocco manuf., 28 ; musical instruments, 41 ; nails, 15 ; organs, 5 ; patent medicines, 54 ; perfumery, 26 ; piano-fortes, 55 ; saddles and harness, 90 ; sails, 51 ; sash and blind manuf., 61 ; segars, 119; ships, 19; silver manuf., 39; silver plating, 27; soap and candle, 43 ; steam-engine manuf., 77 ; steel manuf., 10 ; tailoring, 561 ; trunk factories, 58 ; type foundries, 9 ; varnish manuf., 14; white lead manuf., 9. Commerce. Commercial interests originated the settle ment of New York, developed its rapid growth, have always NEW NEW directly influenced its changes of fortune, and are now the main support of its greatness. "With the fluctuation of the course of events, with regard to general commerce, there has always been a corresponding change in the ratio of the increase of its population, and of its general prosperity. Its first period of great prosperity, subsequent to the Revolution, was from 1790 to 1800 ; during which decade its population increased at a ratio of 82.16 per cent viz., from 83,131 (1790), to 60,489 (1800). During this period the old world, involved in wars, was making constant demand upon the industry of the new ; and the produce of the interior and of the neighboring States was pressing to the Atlantic, whence the shipping of New York carried it abroad, returning again with goods for distribution, both in its own and the neighboring markets. The business of the city conse quently wonderfully increased, and its attendant advantages Irew thither capital and also men to participate in the pro- its arising from the large investment then made. During ,he next decade (1SOO to 1810) there was a falling off of the atio of increase of population and wealth, and business >nterprise was greatly depressed. Though the population ncreased in this period at a ratio of 59$ per cent, [from 30,489 (1800), to 96,373 (1810),] the increase in wealth was jut S per cent. viz., from $24,486,370 to $26,436,370. In ,he succeeding ten years, the war of 1812 with Great Britain aitirely destroyed the foreign commerce of the city for 3 rears ; after which, from 1815 to 1S20, it again revived and jreatly advanced in wealth. The increase of its wealth luring the entire decade (1810-20) was 163 per cent, (from 26,436,370 to $69,530,753). While the increase in popula- ion was only 2S per cent. (96,373 to 123,706), which ratio is ess than that of any other decade, and exhibits with extra ordinary clearness the dependence of New York city upon ;omrnerce, since during this same period the increase of the copulation of the State was more rapid than ever. In 1820 commerce again revived, and steadily increased intil 1825, in which year it reached a climax that was not igain attained until 1831. In 1826 the completion of the Erie Canal opened a new source of prosperity to com- nerce, and which assisted in the formation of the great speculations which soon characterized the financial career )f the city. The revulsion which followed this unnatural }xpansion, and for a time prostrated all branches of busi- less, most seriously affected the commercial interests of the :ity. Since its recovery from that reversion of fortune, its commercial prosperity has for the most part been steadily >n the increase, though, of course, somewhat affected by he changes in the tariffs of the national government, and he changing relations of the nations with which it has in- ercourse. | The following table shows the amount of imports and ex- K>rts of the port of New York, and the amount of duties ollected on the importation in each year, from 1821 to 1851, nclusive : , Imports from Amount of duties Exports to Foreign countries. on imports. For gn count s. 821 $36.020,012 $7.243,542 . $12,124,645 years Imports from Foreign countries 1838 77214729 Amount of duties Exports to on imports, For gn count s. .. 10,494,055 .... 22,182,248 . . 13,970,332 .... 36,662,223 .. 7,537,441 .... 30,186,470 . . 10,993,899 .... 80,731,519 . . 10,013,122 .... 23,090,199 . . 11,300,407 .... 23,440,326 . . 21,457,830 .... 34,628,470 . . 17,667,858 .... 34,800,343 .. 16,867,275 34.196,184 1S39 97,078687 1840 56,845,924 1841 75,263,015.. 1842 52,415,555.. 1843 50,036,667 1844 75,749,220.. 1845 68 932 907 1846 71,093,819 .. 1847 95,288,697.. 1848 . 89,315,869 . . 17,342,462 .... 45,637,954 . . 20,839,681 .... 36,331,441 . . 19,811,834 .... 36,720,224 . . 24,487,610 .... 38,661,517 .. 81,757,199 .... 53,595,376 .. 28,678,910 44,187,329 1849 86,611,902 .. 1850 103,250,503 .. 1851 130,683,030 .. 1852 117,739,457 . . Of the whole value of the nearly one-half consists of dr exhibits the value of the imp ferent kinds, compared with eign merchandise in the last Manufactures. 1848-9. 18 Woolen .... $9,1 99,578. $14,6 Cotton 10,783,807. 10,6 Silk 14,301.316. 16,6 imports into New York, very y goods. The following table ortations of dry goods, of dif- the whole importation of for- bur fiscal years: 19-50. 185051. 1851-52. 37,060 . $17,067,031 . $14,388,565 60,857. 11,671,500. 9,982,54T 79,227. 24,858,850. 22,319,951 84,663. 8,058,731. 6,346,299 20,828. 3,957,635. 4,183,740 32.635. $64,61 3,747. $57,221,062 50,503.130,683,030. 117,739,457 7 p. ct...49.5p. ct...48.6p. ct a statement of the duties col- ork, compared with the total es, in various years between Years. New York, U, S. 1825. . $15,752,1 00 . $20,098,714 1830.. 15,012,553. 21,922,391 1835.. 14,468,116. 19,391,311 1840.. 7,537,441. 13,499,502 1845.. 17,667,858. 27,528,113 1850.. 24,487,610. 39,668,686 1851.. 81,757,199. 49,017,597 1852.. 28,678,910. 47,320,316 Tew York compared with that the United States in the year follows: New Orleans $2,296,636 Baltimore 1,047,278 Charleston, S. C.. 600,712 Directory of the city for 1850, fferent articles was as follows : 100 ; hardware, 107 ; watches, silks, 21 ; laces, 36 ; woolens, 5 ; china-ware, 40 ; plate glass, ans, 7 ; baskets, 5 ; burr blocks, )f specie and bullion are not but the following will exhibit years : Years. Imports. Exports. 1850.. $10,502,115. $5,885,108 1851.. 10,390,501. 26,622,731 1852.. 2,528,391. 87,273,703 51, the import of gold and 13,671,432, and the export of , was $43,723,209. Flax 4,245,513 . 7,0 Miscellan us. 4,144,525. 2,3 Tot. im. d.g. $41,674.739. $51,3 " mer. 68,932,207.103,2 Pro.d.g.w.i.. 60.5 p. ct... 49 The following table gives lected at the port of New Tt collections of the United Stat 1789 and the present : Years, New York. U. S. 1789.. $145,320. $ 1792. 1,233,903. 3,443,071 1795.. 2,717,861. 5,558,461 1800.. 3,611,588. 9,080,933 1805.. 6,958,008. 12936,487 1810.. 5,223,696. 8,583,309 1816.. 10,785.354. 36,306,875 1820.. 5,487,974. 15,005,612 The revenue collected at I of the other principal ports of ending June 30, 1851, was as New York $31,757,199 Boston 6,577,540 Philadelphia .... 8,667,838 According to the Business the number of importers of di of dry goods, 139 ; fancy goods 61; wines and liquors, 108; 11 ; drugs, 34 ; essential oils, 1 11 ; hides, 12 ; hosiery, 7 ; butt 3 ; general importers, 23, etc. The imports and exports < included in the above table, their amounts for the last six Years. Imports. Exports. 1847.. $8,307,380. $9 5,841 1S4S.. 1,173,406. 12,028,798 1849.. 2,813,380. 4,739,903 For the calendar year 18, Bullion from California, was $ gold and silver to all countries .822 83,912,453 .... 9,941,7(12 .... 15,405,694 .823 80,601,455 .... 9,022,435 .... 21,089,696 .824 87,785,147 11,178,139 22,309.362 1825 50,024.973 15,752,100 34,032,279 826 34,728,664.... 11.52&.S62 . . . . 19,437,229 827 41,441,832 18,217,695 24,614.035 828 . 89,117,016 13,746,147 22,135,4S7 ;;S29 . 34.972,493 13,052,676 17,609,600 .S30 .. 38,656,064.... 15,012,553.... 17,666.624 [831 57.231,727 .... 20,096,136 .... 26,142,719 i832 . ... 50,995.924 .... 15,070,124 .... 22,792,599 : 838 56,527,976 .... 13,039,181 .... 24,723.903 i834 72,224,390.... 10,183,152.... 22,196,061 1835 89,304.108.... 14,468,116.... 29,035.755 L836 118,886,194 .... 17,114,305 .... 27,455,223 1837 ... , 68,374,558 . . , 9,487,598 . . . 23,534,610 NEW NEW Tonnage of New York City. The following statement from the annual reports of the secretary of the treasury, exhibits the registered, the enrolled and licensed, and the total tonnage belonging to the district of New York from the year 1S26 to the present time. The year ends with December 81, up to 1835, thence with September 30, to 1843, and from that time it ends with June 30: Registered. Enrolled and Licensed. Total. Years, Tons. 95tlis. Tons. VWtliB. Tons. HM.li". 1S 9 6 15S 451 38 157 S37 53 81 6 289 01 Years Coast Trade. Steam Navig n Wlm!:n" Tons. Hotlis. Tons. .i:5tlis. Tons. 95tlis 1829 173,13084 1,04864 _ 1830 142,829 33 12 103 30 1831 146,788 33 12 756 56 1S32 . . . 156 049 45 13 488 52 1833 161,41519 13,11291 1834 163,47780 1467894 1835 172,663 84 15,903 28 2,436 57 1836 202,677 65 19,681 57 934 63 1S27 165,014 87 181,341 90 346,356 82 1S23 158.237 70 181,167 09 339,404 79 1829 110,993 21 150,711 12 261,704 33 1837 210,346 38 .. 24 118 53 714 81 1S3S 221,601 89 .. 25419 36 863 91 1839 237,024 72 30 654 41 2 460 49 1840 201.559 67 34,754 36 . . 1841 203,052 19 31,727 21 . . 1,761 83 1842 223,456 87 35,260 81 1 451 77 1843 249 677 27 85,317 53 370 23 1844 261,134 75 36,305 30 473 27 1835 191,626 43 185,071 29 376,697 72 1836 192 964 79 211 849 30 404 814 14 1845 291,20966 42,27001 37023 1846 809,894 23 46,557 93 379 57 1837 191,322 11 219,549 64 410,871 75 1833 169,922 32 231,049 47 400,971 79 1839 183,566 55 246,734 33 430,300 88 1840 203,536 63 211,231 36 414,818 04 1841 225,174 36 212,840 02 433,014 38 1842 226,072 61 . ... 233,401 02 459 473 63 1847 337,663 54 52,420 88 1848 38502049 642^919 1849 406,156 43 71,818 73 1850 382,886 71 95.115 56 465 00 1851 426,747 19 121,541 52 The following table exhibits the tonnage "licensed under 20 tons," for the two fiscal years specified : n Ti rr JA ?*A Ton*. 95tbs. TOM. 9oth 3 . CoTsting trade 11 199 90 11 2^7 90 1843 237,240 29 259,725 27 496.965 56 1844 253,883 23 271,273 75 525,162 03 1845 248,917 00 301,642 43 550,359 48 1846 260.896 86 311,626 34 572,522 70 1847 297.516 04 848.527 26 646,043 30 Cod fishery 148 42 116 14 1848 836,804 40 896,272 90 733,077 35 1849 373,976 89 417,504 85 796,491 79 1850 441 336 76 394 230 80 835 867 61 Of enrolled and licensed tonnage, none was employed during these two years in the mackerel fishery. Steam Tonnage. The following table exhibits the amount and classification of the steam tonnage for the two fiscal years specified : Year ending Year ending Steam tonnage. June :10, IS4 .l. June 20. 18501 Tons. Sloths. Tons. 96tli8. Be-istered 10,642 76 38 148 47 1851 504,309 27 436 884 47 931 193 74 Within this period of 25 years, it will be seen that the tonnage of this district has nearly trebled in amount. Comparison of the tonnage of New York with that of Boston, and of the United States at different periods: New York. Boston. United States. Years. Tons. Hotiis. To -.a. Hfrths. Tons Hoths 1826 816,2^9 01 171.976 12 1,534,189 83 1830 256,558 02 ... . 1:35 009 17 1 191 776 43 Enrolled and licensed. 61,175 92 58,907 09 Total . 71,818 73 . . 95,115 56 This table exhibits a part of the great increase of registered steam tonnage, which, beginning in 1847, has since been steadily increasing, and now pre-eminently characterizes New York. Further statistics of the steam tonnage will be found under the heads of " vessels built" and " ocean steam ships." The total steam marine of New York is nearly equal to that of the empire of Great Britain with all its dependen cies, which in 1851 was stated at 1,184 boats of 142,080 tons. According to the U. S. Treasury Keport on the U. S. steam marine in 1851 the number of passengers carried on the Hudson river in the year ending July 1, 1851, was 995.100, between New York and Philadelphia by steamboats 840,000, and on Long Island Sound 302,397. The steam tonnage of New York compares as follows with that of several other cities of the several coasts, in land divisions, etc. and of the United States in 1851: Tons, 1 Ton*. New Orleans 156.654 | Baltimore 14,285 1835 376 6i>7 72 226 041 74 1 8 4 940 40 1840 414,818 04 220.243 74 2,180,764 16 1845 . 550.35943 ><>5 103 21 241700 >;> 06 1850 835,867 61 313,192 00 3.535.454 23 1851 931,193 74 . . 342936 09 3 77 V? 449 43 The tonnage of several other of the leading ports was, in 1851, as follows: Ton-. 9ot!.s. 1 Tons. Ootlis. New Orleans 251,900 14 j Waldoboro , Me. 103,593 51 Philadelphia 222,42890 Portland " 97,57170 Baltimore 160,511 64 Barnstable,J/rtss. 72,997 44 New Bedford. . .. 131,409 46 San Francisco ... 58,063 54 Bath,J/e 103,79591 Charleston, S C 31 910 7 Employment of Tonnage. The following table presents the proportions of the tonnage employed in coasting trade, in steam navigation, and in the whaling business since 1829. The table of the coasting trade embraces only the " en rolled and licensed tonnage," and does not include the tonnage " licensed under 20 tons," of which a subsequent statement is given, for the years ending June 30th, 1849, and June 3! th, 1850. The table of steam navigation includes both "registered" and "enrolled and licensed" tonnage. A separate compar ative statement of these classes for the years ending June 80th, 1849, and June 3i)th, 1850, is also given subsequently under " ateam marine." New York 121,541 ! Northern frontier. . . . 69,165 Pittsburg 47.911 ! Ohio basin 67.601 St. Louis 29 568 ! Mississippi valley . . . 67,957 Detroit 21 944 \tl-intic coast . . 154.270 Philadelphia 20,717 ! Gulf of Mexico 23,244 Buffalo 19 933 Pacific coast 37,986 Total U. S. steam marine 583,607 Arrivals and Departures. Annexed is a tabular state ment of the amount of tonnage entered and cleared the port of New York, from and for foreign ports, in each ye.-irfrom 1821 to 1851, a period of 31 years, distinguishing the Ameri can from the total tonnage. The years end with September to 1843, thenco with June. NEW NEW Amount of tonnage entered the port of New York from, and the amount cleared the port of New York for foreign ports: ENTERED. CLEARED. American Total American Total Years. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 1821 155,723 171,963 143,741 154,472 1822 203,082 226.790 158,970 180,223 ,.1823 204,308 226,789 196,189 217,202 ls-<4 206.080 353.769 218,430 233,931 Of these 941 were ships, 833 barks, 1,303 brigs, 588 schooners, 166 steamships, 2 ketches, 1 sloop, and 4 galliots. Vessels Built in the District of New York. Table show ing the number of vessels of all kinds built in the district of New York, with their measurement, from 1834 to 1851, com piled from the Treasury reports, the years ending with De cember 31, to 1834, thence with September 30, to 1343, thence with June 30 : Years. Ships. Brifes. Sch ra. ???!!V? Steamb ts. Total. Tons. 1825 259.524 280,179 245,512 263,431 1334 . 26 . 7 . 36 .39 .5 .113.. 23,188 IS26 2-16.174 274,997 213.234 232.466 1835 16 2 33 51 7 109 17 368 1827 255.276 292,372 223,224 256,563 1336.. 14 . 3 23 47 16 . 103 . 16,639 1828 236,308 275,677 207,124 248,267 1837.. 10 .. 5... 25 .62 16 118 . 20,308 1829 255,691 281,512 200,768 226,201 1S3S.. 7... 8... 23 ... 55 7 .. 105.. 14,229 1830 280,913 314,715 209.599 243,235 1839 10 7 17 44 16 94 16 688 ;1831 274.237 337,009 234.469 294.235 1340 6 13 17 24 8 68 13 357 1832 295,293 401.718.... ..221.687 316,120 1841 13 5 8 21 5 52 16 121 1833 320,033 430,918 239,415 341,527 1842 6 3 12 132 18 171 18835 1834 352,225 444.904 235,768 325,376 1843.. 5 .. 2 . 8 . 102 .... 5 ... 122.. 13,179 1835 373,465 464,464 289,552 369,590 1844.. 11 .. 6 .16 .. 89 14 136.. 18,026 JL836 407,095 556.730 271,746 404,957 1845 18 2 25 130 17 192 26 621 J1887 368,011 539,372 248,786 405.959 1846 11 3 37 160 23 234 9 9 465 j.838 377,563 468,890 268,887 356,654 1847.. 16... 2... 43 117 15 ... 193.. 37,591 .839 422,349 565,335 331.590 464,347 1843.. 26... 3... 59 ... 200 19 307.. 57,977 .840 409.458 527,594 275,393 392,597 1849.. 15... 7... 44 ... 145 17 223.. 37,933 .841 423.952 549,045 296.843 407,325 1850.. 26... 2... 42 104 28 202.. 55,525 .842 406,623 555.315 300,738 451,889 1351 23 1 56 81 47 208 71 214 .843 247,950 312,214 221,733 285,431 844 434.690. ... 576.430 371,963 498.254 "Which compare in different years with the ship-building t.845 439,676 579,218 341,094 4S3-.525 K846 493,995 655,877 396,493. ... 553,716 of the whole United States, as follows : New York. United States. I roportion ia N.Y, .S47 543,065 853,663 495,509 785,745 :S48 639,305 932.493 491,219 783,335 Years. Vessels. Tons Vessels, Tons. Vessels. Tonnage, 1834 113.. 23,188... 1,183.. 161,626.. 9.6 14.3 849 711.720 1,117,300 ...569.711 ... 931,509 850 . 734.431 1,145,331 596,812 982,473 j-ol 956.879. ...1,443,768.. ..793,229 1,230,082 1841 52.. 16,121... 872.. 118,309.. 5.9 13.6 The entrances and clearances at New York, at different periods, compare as follows with those of the United States or the same years : ENTRANCES. CLEARANCES. New York. United Ptites. New York. U. States, fears. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. 821 171,963 1,570,024. . . . 154,472 833,020 .825 280,179 973,631.... 263,431 1,055,446 i S26 274,997 1.047,860. . . . 232,466 1,052,429 830 314,715 1,099,027.... 243,285 1,105,196 1845 192 . . 26,621 . . . 1,038 . . 146,018 . . 18.5 18.9 1351.... 208.. 71,214... 1,357.. 298,203.. 15.3 23.8 The following exhibits a comparison of ship-building in New York, in 1351, with that of the other leading ship building States and districts : States. Vessels. Tons. District. Vessels. Tons. i Bath 40.. 18,782 Maine 254. . 77,398^ Waldoboro. . . . 44. . 17.794 (Portland 27.. 12,309 Alissachu setts 133 41,324 .Boston 50.. 23.141 S35 464,464 1,993,963. . . . 369.590 2,031,341 .840 527,594 2.289,309.... 392.597 2.353,495 845 592,218 2.946,049.... 483525 2,984,252 v"i 1.145.331 4.343,639. . . . 982,478 4,361,002 1.851 1,443,768 4,993.440 . . . .1,230,032 5,130,054 New York .... 229. . 76,805. .New York .... 208. . 71,214 Pennsylvania.. 200.. 28,623. .Philadelphia .. 118.. 20,056 Maryland 130. . 18,027. .Baltimore 72. . 15,094 Commercial Resume. Summary view of the proportion During the year ending 31st December, 1851, the nation- ility and character of vessels arriving at New York was as bllows : of New York, in the whole imports, exports, custom-reve nue, and tonnage of the United States at different periods : Nationality. American No 2381 Nationality. Italian No. 27 Years. 1769 Imports per cent. 1414 Exnorts percent. Dut-iei percent Tonnage per cent ?ritih 966 Spanish 12 1792 1795 9.71 1534 ....35.83.... 48.88 .... - 30 Brazilian 7 ... 133 Oldenburg Sardinian ... 9 8 1800 1485 39.77 Swedish. 43 1805 23.12 ...53.78 Austrian 9 Venezuelan 5 1810 1816 1320 1821 1825 1830 1^35 ..57.55.. ..51.92.. ..54.54.. 5953 28.12 15.90 16.90 16.89 44.30 .... ...23.93 .23.86 ...60.86.... ...29.70 ...36.57 ...36.57 ...78,37 ...68.43 7461 ...20.62 ...21.53 20 64 54 Uruguay 2 Sicilian 7 44 Lubec 3 Mechlenburg Ilanoveran Rostock 4 4 1 Danish 24 lussian 12 )utch 28 Genoese 1 V I"ian is Peruvian 1 1840 1845 1850 1851 1852 ..53.05.. ...53.78.. ..57.96.. 22.85 29.83 25.44 ...55.34 ...64.18 ...61.73 ...64.78 ...60.60 531 ...19.02 ...22.77 ...23.64 ...24.68 ^riissian 29 Central America, (Guatamalan) 1 9 Neapolitan . . . ?ortuguese . . . 4 14 Total 3,888 NEW NEW Lines. Eichmond 2... Mobile, etc 1... Savannah 3... Norfolk 2... New Orleans, etc. 3... No. of Total Vessels. Tonnage. 962 1,900 3,950 2,100 4,800 Ocean Steamships. New York is distinguished for its great lines of ocean steamships, which have all been brought into existence since 1846. These vessels have all been built at New York shipyards, and received their machinery from New York foundries. The total number of steamships built at this port, and launched previous to 1853 is 59 ; of which the number launched in 1849, was 3; in 1850, 14; in 1851, 11 ; in 1852, 11. The present number (1353) of steam ship companies is 16, having 76 steamers, with total tonnage of 129,010 tons. Of these, the following table will exhibit the different lines, the number of their vessels, with their aggregate tonnage, etc. : No. of Total Lines. Vessels. Tonnage. Liverpool 5. . . 15,000 Havre 2..> 4,400 Bremen 2... 3,400 Charleston 4... 6,200 New Orleans 2... 2,000 California Lines. Aspinwall, C. A., 10 vessels, 19,600 tons, which connects with Pacific Mail Co., consisting of 14 steamers, 15,536 tons. The New York and San Francisco Steamship Co. consists of 4 steamers (2 on each side), aggregate tonnage 7,400. The Empire City Line for San Francisco consists of 3 steamships, with aggregate tonnage of 6,000. Vanderbilt s line, -via Nicaragua, consists of 10 vessels, with aggregate tonnage of 18,000 tons. The British Eoyal Mail Line (Cunard) have 11 steamers, 16,000 tons. The Glasgow Line has 1 steamer, 2,000 tons ; and a second in construction. Domestic Trade. The amount of trade carried on by New York w r ith the coast cities and the interior of the United States, vastly surpasses in magnitude that of its foreign commerce. Of this internal trade full accounts are not made. An approximate statement of particular divisions of this trade is exhibited by the following statistics. The statistics of total tonnage arriving at Albany by way of the Erie Canal, which follows, exhibit approximately the receipts of New York, since by far the greater part of them are directly sent to New York, and whatever proportion is not sent is fully compensated by the trade furnished from the towns and counties on the Hudson Eiver : Total tonnage arriving at tide-water 1S36-1S52 by the Erie Canal : Year. 1836 1837 From Western States Tons. 54,219.... 56,^55 , From N. Y. St 364,906. 331,251 lte< Total Tons. 419,124 387 506 1838 ... 83,233 ... 336,016 419 249 1839 1840 .... 121,671.... 153.148 264,536. 309,167. 386,267 467,315 1841 1-842 1843 .... 224,176.... 221,477.... 256 376 303.314. 258,072. 373 969 532,520 430,149 635 345 1844 1845 .... 308.025.... 304,551 491,891. 655,039 . 799,316 959,590 1846 1847 .... 506,830.... 812.840 600,662. ..618,412. 1,107,270 1,431,252 1848 .... 1849 1850 1851 660,154.... .... 763,659.... .... 773,858.... 966,993 534,183. 498,068. 593,001. 541,634 1,184,337 1,266,724 1,371,859 1 508 377 1852 1,151,973.... 492,721. 1,644,699 Of the abore total amount, the whole quantity of wheat and flour which came to the Hudson Eiver, from 1844 to 1853 inclusive,with the aggregate market value of the same : Value. ,.$19,303,595 ,. 20,218,183 ,. 16,437,653 ,". 22,564,256 Year. Tons. 1844... 27 7,865. 1845... 320.463. 1846... 419,366. 1847... 501 ,205. 1843... 431,641. 582 Value. ..$11,211,677 .. 15,962,250 .. 18.836.412 .. 82,890,933 .. 21,148,421 Year. Tons. 1849... 434,444. 1S50...461,7S1. 1851... 457,624. 1852... 576,772. The following is a statement of several of the leading articles arriving coastwise, in 1851 : Articles. Amount. Eice, trcs 40,433 Salt, bushels 10,180 Sugar, hhds 21,443 " trcs 53 " bbls 36,263 " boxes 3,599 " bags 13,733 Tobacco, hhds, 14,32T " bales, etc. . . 423 Wool, bales Articles. Amount. Cotton, bales 456,637 Coffee, bags 62,331 Figs, drums 77,350 Hemp, bales 19,476 Hides, No 203,623 Lead, pigs 176,538 Molasses, hhds 12,650 " trcs 1,247 " bbls 39,797 Eaisins, boxes 32,041 " casks 1,035 The aggregate of the trade carried on by means of the various railroads which centre at New York is most im mense. Of these railroads the principal one is the Erie Eailroad, which bears a relation to the entire southern portion of New York, and northern of Pennsylvania, et&, very similar to that sustained by the Erie Canal to the northern part of New York State. On all the railroads diverging from this city toward Philadelphia, Boston, and Albany, the traffic is also immense, and ever increasing. The following are the several principal lines from this city : Miles. Hudson Eiver 150 Harlem 153 New York and New- Haven 76 Housatonic 110 Long Island 96 Camden and Amboy 90 Central (N. J.) 78 Morris and Essex 44 Union 33 New Jersey, etc 87 New York and Erie .... 469 By means of these railroads, New York is directly con nected with every section of the country; and the various lines with which these are interwoven form a great net work of several thousand miles of iron highway. Of the total internal trade furnished from the city, dry goods form probably the greatest portion ; but that of man ufactures is well-nigh as extensive. Book-publishing is a principal business, and from the mercantile arrangements of the trade, by semi-annual trade sales, commission pub lishers, etc., has become a great feature of the internal trade of the city, and a branch it has acquired at the expense of other cities. Of the general character of the internal trade of New York, it may summarily be said, that it surpasses that of all other cities in the Union, and differs from that of the entire nation only in degree. Banks. There are 40 banks, with an aggregate capital of $35,834,950. In 1830, the bank capital of New York was $15,280,000 ; in 1836, $20,361,200. The following statement exhibits the capital and rate of dividends of the banks of the city in each year, from 1345 : Dit. Years. Capital. per cent 1845... $23,084,100 ....6.21 1846... 23,084,100 ....7.09 1347... 23.084,100 ....7.25 1848... 23,084100 ....8.09 Div. Years. Capital. per cent. 1849... $24,457,890 ....8.23 1850... 27,440,270 ....8.69 1S51... 23,057,450 ....S.93 1852... 85,834,950 .... Insurance Companies. There are 37 fire and marine insurance companies, with an aggregate capital of $6,654,010 ; and 6 life insurance and trust companies, with an aggregate capital of $5,060,000. Public Buildings. The City Hall, standing near the centre of the Park, is a handsome edifice, built chiefly of white marble, and is 216 feet long, 105 feet wide, and 51 feet high. It is two stories high above the basement, with a third story in the centre, from which rises a cupola of very beautiful proportions, surmounted by a colossal figure of Justice ; erected 1803-12, at a cost of $538,731. It contains 28 rooms and public offices for the accommodation of the mayor, common council, etc., of which thn Governor s Eoom NEW NEW is the principal one, and contains many large portraits of great national characters. Other rooms contain valuable paintings, etc. The New City Hall is a large brick building in the rear of this edifice, which is occupied by the courts, public offices, etc. East of the City Hall is the Hall of Re cords, where are preserved all the records and public docu ments of the city. The Custom House is one of the most perfect buildings of its size in the world. Its site is at the corner of Wall and Nassau streets, and was formerly occu pied by the Old City Hall, in which Washington was inau gurated first president of the United States, and the American Congress held their sessions in New York. It is built in imitation of the Parthenon, at Athens, in the Doric order, of white marble, and is 200 feet long, 90 feet wide, and 80 feet high. Each of the north and south fronts has a portico of 8 Doric columns, 5 feet 8 inches in diameter and 32 feet high. The entire exterior, including the roof, is constructed of white marble, excepting the steps, which are of granite. In the construction of the interior, marble, granite, and brick alone were used, thus rendering it perfectly fire-proof. Some of the largest blocks of marble used weigh 33 tons. It was commenced in May, 1S34, and finished in May, 1841. Its cost, ground included, was $1,195,000 building alone, $950,000. The interior is divided into a grand rotunda and numerous spacious offices. The rotunda is a magnificent room, 60 feet in diameter and 80 feet in the recesses; its dome is supported by 16 columns 30 feet high, which are beautifully wrought, and have capitals of the most exquisite workmanship. The number of officers employed in the Custom House is about 350. The Merchants Exchange, in Wall Street, is the most magnificent edifice in New York. It covers the entire block bounded by Wall Street, William Street. Hanover Street, and Exchange Place. Its front upon Wall Street is 198 feet, its height 11 feet to the top of the dome 124 feet It is constructed in the most substantial form, and perfectly fire-proof, of Quincy granite, and cost, including the ground, $1,800,000. The front on Wall Street has a recessed portico, with IS massive columns, 38 feet high and 4 feet 4 inches in diameter, each formed from a solid block of stone, and weighing 43 tons, which cost $3,000 each, and are among the largest in the world. The build ing belongs to the " Merchants Exchange Company," in corporated in 1823, with a capital of $1.000,000. It contains a grand central rotunda and numerous spacious offices used by bankers, insurance companies, etc. The rotunda is a most magnificent room, 80 feet in diameter, with 4 recesses, and 51 feet high, and is surmounted by a dome which as cends 30 feet higher, terminating in a sky-light 37 feet in diameter. The dome is supported in part by 8 columns of Italian marble, 41 feet high, in the Corinthian order, and splendidly polished. In this spacious hall, at exchange hours, the chief merchants of the city daily assemble. The Board of Brokers also meet here daily, and the Chamber of Commerce here holds its monthly sessions. The Halls of Justice occupy an entire block between Cen tre, Elm, Leonard, and Franklin streets, having their prin cipal front upon Centre Street. The building is constructed of granite, in the most massive manner, in Egyptian archi tecture, and is 253 feet long and 200 feet wide. Its front has a recessed portico, supported by 14 massive granite columns. The edifice is occupied by the Court of Sessions, police courts, officers rooms, prison cells, etc. The gloomy aspect of the building has won for it the general name of " The Tombs." The City Penitentiary, with the buildings of the Lunatic Asylum, Almshouse, Workhouse, etc., are situated on Black- well s Island, about 5 miles from the City Hall. These are very large stone buildings, and, though of simple archi tecture, present a very imposing appearance. They are seen to fine advantage from steamboats in passing through the East River. The penitentiary has an entire length of nearly 500 feet, and consists of a central building 4 stories high, sur mounted by a square tower and two wings, each 4 stories high and 200 feet long. The almshouse is 3 stories in height, 325 feet in length, and 55 feet wide, with two large wings at each end. The lunatic asylum consists of a central edifice, with four wings. The new State Arsenal, situated on Fifth Avenue, between Sixty-second and Sixty-fourth streets (4J miles from the City Hall), a large and commodious edifice, containing arms and munitions belonging to the State, was erected in 1848, cost ing $30,000. It is built in the Gothic castellated style, pre senting a massive and appropriate appearance ; its dimen sions are 200 feet in front, by 50 feet deep, exclusive of the towers, of which there are 84 in front, and 1 at each angle 69 feet high. The first story is of brown stone, the remain der of brick, and the roof is of iron. It contains great num bers of cannon, small arms, etc., and some interesting trophies taken from the English during the Revolution and the last war. The Post Office, formerly the Middle Dutch Church, in Nassau Street, between Liberty and Cedar streets, is note worthy for its history. It was erected before the Revolu tion, and much of its interior woodwork and steeple was brought from Holland. During the Revolutionary War, this church, in common with others used by the British, was much injured from its occupation as a prison, hospital, etc. In 1790, it was repaired, and again used for public worship, in which service it continued until rented by the U. S. Gov ernment for the general post office of the city. The descriptions of the large and commodious edifices used by the benevolent institutions of the city, also those of education, etc., will be found under their appropriate heads. The Crystal Palace, for the exhibition of the industry of all nations, built in 1S53, for the purposes of a World s Fair, is situated on Sixth Avenue, between Fortieth and Forty-sec ond streets, on Reservoir Square, adjoining the Distributing Reservoir of the Croton Aqueduct, 3 miles from the City Hall. The Association which has erected this magnificent structure, was incorporated for the purpose by the Legisla ture, March 11, 1852, having previously received the lease of the square from the Common Council of the city, on Jan. 3d, 1S52. It was incorporated with a capital of $200,000, with leave to increase it to $300,000. The plan of the build ing was adopted 26th Aug., 1S52, and its foundation formally laid Dec., 1S52. The building is entirely constructed of iron and glass, with the exception of the floor. The general plan is that of a Greek cross, with a dome over the intersection. Its site is a nearly square piece of ground, having an ex treme length from Fortieth to Forty-second Street, of 455 feet ; and an extreme width, from the Sixth Avenue to the Reservoir, of 445 feet. The Crystal Palace occupies the greater part of this square, and consists of 2 principal stories, the second being of less extent than the first, a third chiefly ornamental, and a magnificent central dome. The area of the first floor is 111,000 square feet, of the galleries 62,000 square feet total area, 173,000 square feet. By direction of the U. S. Treasury Department, the building will be made a bonded warehouse, during the exhibition, so as to re ceive all foreign goods free of duty, and encourage the cooperation of foreign nations in this fair of world-wide in terest. Hotels. Among the public buildings of New York, its large hotels form a great feature. Of these the Astor House is the most distinguished. It is situated on Broadway, op posite the Park, and forms the block between Vesey and Barclay streets. It is built of Quincy granite, in the most substantial and splendid manner, is 5 stories high, and con tains upward of 360 rooms. In its appointments and gen eral style of accommodations, it is not surpassed by any hotel in the world. It was erected by J. J. Astor, at a cost of $800,000, and was opened in May, 1836. The Irving House, on Broadway, occupying the block between Cham bers and Reade streets, is built of granite, 5 stories high, contains about 300 rooms, and is a hotel of much resort. NEW NEW The St. Nicholas Hotel, on Broadway, between Broome and Spring streets, is a new and very large hotel, built of white marble, 6 stories high, containing 270 rooms, and sur passing, in the splendor of its apartments and general mag nificence, all other hotels in the city. The Metropolitan Hotel, on Broadway, corner of Prince Street, 6 stories high, built of brown freestone, is a very imposing edifice. It con tains about 400 rooms, many of which are elegantly painted and furnished. The entire cost of the building, without furniture, was about $500,000. The New York Hotel, on Broadway, occupying the block between Washington and Waverley places, is a very large and fashionable family hotel. It is built of brick, in plain style, but very spacious, and containing about 230 rooms. The Union Place Hotel, in Union Place, is a large and fashionable establishment. Many other public houses in the city are very large, well kept, etc. ; but their great number precludes their particular description. The United States Hotel, on Fulton Street, oc cupying the block between Pearl and Water streets, is built of marble, 7 stories high, and was the first of the mammoth hotels. It contains 225 rooms, and cost $350,000. Hotel-keep ing, as practiced in New York by the best houses, is brought nearer perfection than in any other city in the world. Churches. Many of the churches of New York are very costly edifices, and are among the most splendid ornaments of the city. Of these, Trinity Church, on Broadway, oppo site Wall Street, is the most distinguished. This edifice, which is the third built upon the same site, was erected 1841-45, at a cost of about $400,000. It is of Gothic archi tecture, and constructed entirely of brown sandstone. Its dimensions are length 1S9 feet, width 84 feet, height to the eaves of the clerestory 64 feet, to the apex of the spire 264 feet The interior presents a very impressive appear ance. There are no galleries, and it accommodates only about 900 persons with seats. The church is generally re garded as the finest specimen of pure Gothic architecture in the United States. The edifices of the Protestant Episcopal Church are generally more elaborate and expensive struc tures than those of other denominations, which mainly re sults from the great wealth of the corporation of Trinity Church. Of these the most noted are Grace Church, on Broadway, corner of Tenth Street, a most elaborate struc ture of white marble, of Gothic architecture, erected in 1845, at a cost of $200,000 ; St. George s Church, near Stuy- vesant Square, a very large edifice in the Roman style, of brown freestone ; St Paul s Chapel, on Broadway, between Fulton and Yesey streets, a large but plain edifice, of dark brown stone, having a spire of very graceful proportions, 203 feet high; St. John s Chapel, fronting on St John s Park, an imposing edifice of brown sandstone, in the Cor inthian order, erected in 1807, having a splendid portico of 4 very large Corinthian columns, and lofty spire 215 feet high ; St. Thomas Church, on Broadway, corner of Houston Street, of stone, rebuilt 1852, a handsome Gothic edifice ; Church of the Holy Communion, on Sixth Avenue and Twentieth Street, erected in 1845, of well-dressed red gran ite, one of the most correctly built Gothic church edifices in the Union ; Church of the Annunciation, in W. Fourteenth Street, an imposing stone edifice, of gray stone ; Calvary Church, Fourth Avenue ; Trinity Chapel, in Fifth Avenue, besides many others which are costly edifices and very fine specimens of architecture. Of Eoman Catholic churches, the best edifices are St Patrick s, the cathedral, in Prince Street, a very spacious church, of stone, in Gothic architec ture, erected in 1815, having an interior of imposing ap pearance, with arched nave, side aisles, etc. ; St. Peter s, in Barclay Street, a very massive edifice of granite, with grand Ionic portico ; Church of the Redeemer, in Third Street, a very large structure of brick, erected 1S52, and used by a German congregation ; St. Bridget s, near Tomp- kins Square, etc. The First Presbyterian Church, in Fifth Avenue, presents a majestic appearance it is of reddish hewn stone, in full 534 Gothic architecture, with large buttresses, pinnacles, and tower, and spire 160 feet high. The Church of the Puri tans (Cong.), in Union Place, is a splendid edifice of white marble. The Dutch Reformed churches in Lafayette Place and University Place are noted fur their elegance. Two Unitarian churches, both in Broadway, are fine structures. The First Baptist Church, in Broome Street, is a handsome Gothic edifice of blue limestone, erected in 1841. The total number of churches in New York is 250, of which there are 45 Episcopal, 46 Presbyterian, 40 Methodist, 31 Baptist, 21 lloman Catholic, 20 Dutch Re-formed, 10 Con gregational, 5 Lutheran, 4 Universalist, 4 Friends , 4 Primi tive Christians, 2 Unitarian, 2 New Jerusalem, 2 Second Advent, 1 Moravian, and 12 Jews Synagogues. This table gives nearly the proportion of 1 church for every 2,100 of the population. The average number which can be accom modated is probably not more than 800, giving the aggre gate of church accommodation 200,000 seats, or about of the present (1 S53) population. Theatres, etc. The places of amusement in New York are numerous and well patronized. Of the theatres, the Broad way is the largest and principal one, and chiefly devoted to the regular drama. Niblo s Theatre has a diversity of rep resentations, and is one of the most popular resorts in the city. The Astor Place Opera House is but little used. Me tropolitan Hall is a very spacious and magnificent hall, much used for concerts, public meetings, etc., and will ac commodate 4,000 people. Burton s Theatre is a small but very popular resort, chiefly devoted to comedy, etc. Other theatres are, the Bowery and National ; besides which the American Museum presents dramatic and comic represent ations, and contains a collection of figures, curiosities, etc. Among other permanent amusements are the different com panies of " Ethiopian Minstrels," etc. ; while the more chang ing attractions consist of an endless number of panoramas, dioramas, concerts, balls, etc. Education The provisions of the city for general edu cation are upon a liberal scale. It is believed that there is less attention given to education by the illiterate and poorer classes of the population than in most cities of the United States, but these are chiefly of foreign birth, and are com pelled to use their children to gain a livelihood. According to the census of 1850, the total number of adult people un able to read and write in the city, was 18,807, being a per centage of 3.65 of the entire population, or 1 in 27-J persons. Of this total, 16,449 were of foreign birth, 1,667 were native negroes, and 691 were born in America. According to the annual report of the Board of Education for the year 1S50- 51, the whole number of schools within its jurisdiction during the year ending 30th April, 1851, was 207, of which the number belonging to the " Public School Society" Avas 114, ward schools 72, corporate schools 21, and among which were 17 schools for colored children. The whole number of children taught during the year ending February 1, 1S51, was 107,363; number during the year 1849-50 was 102,974; while the average attendance during 1850-51 was 40,055; and in 1849-50, 35,998. The following tabular statement exhibits the most important statistics for the schools during four years each ending on February 1st: Tear ending / Feb. 1. Class. Whole No. taught. AR. Cost Average oflnstruo Attendance. tion, etc. (Public.... 114 .... 54,732 .... 18,646 TVard 50 .... 32,693 .... 11,598 1S4S. -I Corporate. 18.... 2,169.... 1,878 1 Totals .. 182 .... 89,599 .... 32,122 .. $201,176 1 Public.... 115 .... 50,320 .... 1S.537 Ward 58 .... 40.933 .. . 14,652 Corporate.. 21 .... 8,742 .... 2,125 Totals.. 194 .... 95,045 .... 35,364 .. $224,490 NEW NEW Year ending < Feb. 1. Class. No. Public.... 115 Corporate.. 19 Whole No. tau glit. ,. 53,546 .... 18,153 .. 45,872 .... 15,805 ,. 8,556 .... 2,040 Ag. Cost Average onustruc- :teniluii( e. lion, etc. Totals.. 199 ....102,974 .... 85,993 .. $248,301 Public 114 53.239 19,273 Ward 72 .... 50,559 .... 18,717 1851. \ Corporate.. 21 .... 3,565 .... 2,046 Totals.. 207 ....107,303 .... 40,055 .. $274,795 The cost per scholar for 240 days instruction, etc., in the year ending Feb. 1, 1843, was $6 26; ditto in 1849, $6 34; ditto in 1850, $6 87 ; ditto in 1851, $6 86 the average cost for the four years per scholar, $6 58. By an act of the Legis lature in 1853, the Public School Society is discontinued, and the general district system of the State introduced. The Free Academy is a public high school of the city, established "for the purpose of extending the benefits of education gratuitously to those who have been pupils in the common schools of the city and county of New York." The project was submitted to the popular vote of the citizens in 1S46, and approved by a very large majority. The building erected for the purpose, and opened January 27, 1849, is situated at the corner of Lexington Avenue and Twenty- third Street It is a spacious and elegant structure, built in the Gothic style, after the manner of the Town Halls of the Netherlands. Its dimensions are 125 feet long, SO feet wide, and 5 stories high. The cost of the building was about $50,000, of the lot $20,000, and of its furniture and apparatus $10,000. It will accommodate about 1,000 scholars. In its construction utility and ornament are admirably combined. The number of instructors in the academy are 11 ; the num ber of students admitted at the opening of the institution was 58 ; has since steadily increased with successive terms, and now amounts to several hundred. There are in the city a great number of private academies. Of female semi naries, two are very large, and of great reputation the Eutger s Female Institute in Madison Street, and Spingler Institute in Union Place each of which have fine stone edifices, are well furnished with apparatus, etc., and have over 500 pupils. College*. There are in the city 2 collegiate institutions, 3 medical colleges, and 2 theological seminaries. Columbia College was founded in 1754, by royal charter as King s College. In 17S4 its name was changed by the legislature to Columbia College. In 1850 it had 7 instructors, 1,450 alumni, 111 students, and 17,000 volumes in its library. It is under the direction of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Its buildings are in a beautiful square, a little west from the City Hall, and consist of a large and handsome edifice, 200 feet long by 50 feet wide, with wings at each end etc. The University of the City of New York was founded in 1831. In 1S?0 it had 11 instructors, 320 alumni, 151 students, and 4,000 volumes in library. Its edifice, on the east side of Washington Square, occupying one block, is the most splen did collegiate building in the United States, and is one of the finest ornaments of the city. It is constructed of white marble, in the Gothic style of English collegiate architecture. Its dimensions are 180 feet long, 100 feet wide, and 4 stories high, flanked with square towers on its 4 corners, which rise one story above the side walls, and having a central building which, rising much higher than the sides, is 55 feet broad, and 85 feet deep, crowned with turrets, and in common with the side walls of the whole building, has an ornamented embattled parapet This central building is an imitation of King s College Chapel, Cambridge, England, and is used as the principal chapel of the University. It is probably one of the finest rooms of the kind in America. Connected with the University is a very flourishing gram mar school, and the University Medical College. B 4 The College of Physicians and Surgeons is a very flour ishing medical institution, founded in 1807. In 1850 it had 6 professors, 219 students, and 852 graduates. It is located at 67 Crosby Street, has a commodious edifice, which con tains an extensive medical museum, and library of over 1,000 volumes. The University Medical College was founded in 1837, and is connected with the University of the City of New York. In 1850. it had 6 professors, 421 students, and 597 graduates. Its edifice is a very large, commodious, and elegant building, recently erected in East Fourteenth Street, near Union Square. The New York Medical College is an institution opened in 1851, and occupying a handsome structure, in East Thirteenth Street, near Fourth Avenue. These schools enjoy the advantages of clinical instruction at the various hospitals. The General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church was founded in 1817. It occupies an entire square, between Ninth and Tenth avenues, and Twentieth and Twenty-first streets. Its edifices are two large, handsome buildings of stone, in Gothic architecture. lu 1850, it had 5 professors, 64 students, 836 graduates, and 10,000 volumes in its library. It is well endowed, and in a flourishing condition. The Union Theological Seminary, a Presbyterian insti tution, was founded in 1836. Its edifice, in University Place, near "Washington Square, is a handsome structure of brick. In 1850, it had 5 professors, 106 students, 211 alimmi, and 18,000 volumes in its library. Libraries, etc. The New York Society Library, estab lished 1754, is the oldest literary association in the city. During the Revolutionary "War, its volumes were scattered and lost. On the restoration of peace it was reestablished. In 1838 and 39, it erected its present edifice, on Broadway, corner of Leonard Street, at an expense, including the ground, of $120,000, which is one of the finest library build ings in the Union. It contains about 45,000 volumes, which have been selected with much care. In 1853, it has dis posed of its building, and will be removed to the upper part of the city. The Mercantile Library Association, formed in 1820, for merchants clerks, occupies a large portion of Clinton Hall, on Beekman and Nassau streets, which was erected in 1S30 for its accommodation, at a cost of $53,000. Its library is particularly rich in periodical literature, and contains about 36,000 volumes. The New York Historical Society, founded in 1804, have a very valuable library of American history, of 17,000 volumes, and some collections of historical interest. The Society have monthly meetings, and have published numerous volumes of their researches, etc. Their rooms are at the University, but a building for their accommodation is in contemplation. The Geographical and Statistical Society hold monthly meetings, and have commenced the formation of a library. The transactions of this society are published in a " Bulletin," the first number of which was issued in August, 1852. The Apprentices Library, established in 1820, occupies a large building at 32 Crosby Street, and contains 14,000 volumes. The American Institute have 6,000 volumes; the Typo graphical Society, 3,000 volumes, free to printers, etc. ; the New York Law Institute, in the City Hall, 5.000 volumes ; the Mechanics Institute, 3,000 volumes ; besides which, the New York Lyceum and the Lyceum of Natural History have each valuable libraries and other collections. The Astor Library was founded by John Jacob Astor, who, in his will, appropriated $400,000 for "the establish ment of a public library upon the most ample scale and liberal character, for general use, free of expense to persons resorting thereto." Of this amount, Mr. Astor directed that a sum, not exceeding $75,000, should be expended in the erection of a building, on the E. side of Lafayette Place ; that $120,000 should be expended in the first outlay for books and other objects ; and that the residue, over $200,000, should be permanently invested as a fund for its main tenance and gradual increase. The library edifice, built of 5S5 NEW brown freestone and brick, is a very handsome structure, both in exterior and interior. Its dimensions are 65 feet front, 120 feet in length, and 2 stories in height, 67 feet from the side-walk to the top of the parapet. The interior is most commodiously arranged, and will conveniently contain 100,000 volumes. Over 60,000 volumes have already been purchased, chiefly in Europe. The library will be opened for public use in 1853. Periodical Press. The whole number of periodicals published in the city in June, 1850, was 125, of which 14 were issued daily, 8 semi-weekly, 58 weekly, 8 on Sunday, 5 semi-monthly, 80 monthly, and 2 quarterly. Names of dailies : " Herald" (indep.), " Tribune" (whig), " Sun" (neu tral), "Courier and Enquirer" (w r hig), "Journal of Com merce (neutral), " Express" (whig), " Morning Star" (neu tral), "Commercial Advertiser" (whig), "Evening Post" (free soil), "Evening Mirror" (whig), "Merchants Day- Book" (whig), " Globe" (dem.), Deutsche Schnell Post" (German), and "New Yorker Demokrat" (German). Each of these issue other editions weekly or semi-weekly. The dailies, with many of the weeklies, surpass those of any other city in the Union in their intrinsic merits, size, capital involved, and circulation. The total circulation of the 8 dailies in 1850, at each issue, was 154,261 copies, being over one-sixth of all the dailies prinl<xl in the United States. The largest circulations attained by different issues, were : Of dailies, the " Sun," 55,000 copies ; of weeklies, the " Trib une," 48,000; of monthlies, the "American Messenger" (relig.), 211,000. City Government, Departments, Institutions, Public Works, etc. The government is vested in the mayor, re corder, and Common Council, which body consists of the two boards of aldermen and assistant aldermen, each com posed of 19 members, 1 from each ward. The mayor and aldermen are elected once in 2 years, the assistant aldermen annually. There are 9 executive departments, viz., police, finance, streets, repairs and supplies, streets and lamps, Croton Aqueduct, city inspectors, alms-house, and law. The number of civil courts is 4, besides 5 ward courts ; of crimi nal courts, 3, besides 3 police courts. Expenses of Government The total expenses of tho city government in each year since 1800, is exhibited in the fol lowing statement of the amount raised each year for city purposes : 1S01 $75,000 1819 .... $250,140 1836... $1,085,130 1802 75,000 1820.... 270,361 1837 . . . 1,260,000 1803 75,000 1821 .... 259,430 1838... 1,300,000 1804 75,000 1822.... 302,106 1839 . . . 1,200,000 1805 127.947 1823.... 351,814 1840... 1,100,000 1S06 127,815 1824 .... 353,328 1841... 1,265,000 1S07 119.155 1825 .... 336,864 1842... 1,100,000 1S08 138,985 1826 .... 583,759 1843 . . . 990,000 1809 139,027 1827 .... 437,692 1844... 1,298,922 1810 129,727 1828 .... 485,752 1845... 1,339,487 1811 176,978 1829 .... 507,107 1846... 1,754,323 1812 174.920 1830.... 509,178 1847... 1,746,361 1S13 174.727 1831 .... 562,104 1848... 1,992,150 1814 214,225 1832 .... 665,386 1849... 2.302,564 1S15 197,913 1833.... 971^866 1850 . . . 2,578,325 1816 180,654 1834 .... 835,605 1851 ... 2,924,493 1817 216,720 1835 .... 965,603 1852... 3,378,335 1818 255,741 The debt of the city, on 1st January, 1845, was : Permanent Debt . $12 881,750 42 Temporary " . 1.147.914 SO Total " . | <m029.6fi5 2-2 In 1852, according to the message of the mayor, it was : Permanent debt redeemable fronTsink. fund $14,578,908 00 Temporary debt redeemable from taxation . 710,000 00 NEW The following table exhibits the amount of taxation in decades of years since 1800, and the comparative increase of taxation and population during the same periods : Periods. of Amount. Tax. per ct. Pop. per ct. ... 59 .. 95 38 141 . . . . ...54 65 ... . ... 65 1801-10 $1,082,656 . . . 1811-20 2,112,379 . . . 1821-30 4,127,030 1831-40 9,945,694 . . . 1841-50 16,367,132 .. Total tax in 50 years, $38,634,891 ; in 1851 and 52, $6,302,828. Total tax in 52 years, 39,937,719. The rate of tax, per head, in different years was as fol lows : . Years. Rale. 1800... $1.24 1805... 1.69 1810... 1.35 Years. Rate. 1815... $2.82 1820... 2.1 S 1825... 2.03 Years. Rate. 1S30...$2.51 1835... 3.57 1840... 8.52 Years. Rate. 1845... $3.61 1850... 5.00 The amount of corporation property owned by the city in 1851, consisting chiefly of real esta , piers, wharves, etc., as estimated under direction of the controller, was $19,505,310 88. Of this property, a large portion lying in the upper part of the city was sold at auction in 1852. The same estimate gave as the total cost of the Croton Aqueduct, $14,041,583 95; of the Receiving Reservoir, $134,000 00; of the Distributing Reservoir, $152,000 00. The statistics of the various departments of the city are as follows: Police Department. The city is divided into 19 patrol districts, each ward constituting one, which are patrolled by a total force of 941 policemen, averaging 50 to each ward. Criminal Statistics. The statistics of the criminal courts of the city for the years 1851-52 are as follows : Whole number of trials 1852. 1851. In the Court of Oyer and Terminer 14 .. 14 In the Court of General Sessions 447 . . 417 In the Court of Special Sessions 2,405 . . 2,079 To,al 2,866 ..2,510 The total number of convictions in these courts during the year 1851 was 2,494 ; of which 1,530 were for petit lar ceny ; for assault and battery, 703 ; burglary, 47 ; grand lar ceny, 105 ; forgery 17, etc. During 1851, the number com mitted to the city prison was 16,522, making, with 221 remaining on January 1, 16,543. Of these, 12,955 were discharged, 3,390 sent _o the penitentiary, 192 to the State prison, and 3 were executed. The statistics of the peni tentiary on Blackwell s Island for the year 1852 were as fol lows: Eemaining in penitentiary Dec. 31, 1851 Received during the year 1852, males 2,017 " females 2,348 4,365 Total 5,244 Discharged, males 1,913 females 2,290 4,203 Remaining in penitentiary Dec. 31, 1852 Alms-Home Department. This department has charge f all the city institutions for the relief of the poor. etc. ; the penitentiary, prisons, work-house, asylums, hospitals, etc. The principal buildings on Blackwell s Island are very large, and contain several thousand inmates. The charge of these institutions is committed to a board of 10 governors. The real estate occupied by this department was valued in 1851 at $1,200,000. The combined statistics of the total expenses of the city hospitals, asylums, nurseries, and prisons for the year 1S50, were as follows : 586 NEW NEW Institutions. Total Expenses. Alms-llouse .............................. $30,108 38 Believue Hospital ......................... 46,279 13 City Prison ............................... 13,802 81 Colored Home ............................ 7,664 58 Colored Orphan Asylum ................... 2,607 13 Lunatic Asylum .......................... 31,044 11 Nursery ................................. 38,206 53 Nursery Hospital ......................... 14,040 93 Office .................................... 23,127 69 Out-Door Poor ........................... 60,507 04 Penitentiary .............................. 69,895 52 Penitentiary Hospital ..................... 3,917 62 Police, Office of the Chief of .............. 55 01 Prison, 2d District. ........................ 1,695 98 Prison, 3d District ........................ 1,369 44 Randall s Island .......................... 10,507 83 Small Pox Hospital ....................... 643 55 Storehouse, Black well s Island ............. 29,445 68 Storehouse, Randall s Island ............... 10,888 75 Work-House ............................. 11,430 35 New Work-House Building ............... 2,455 40 Total monthly cost of supplies, $406,652 60. Of 4 of these institutions, the following are some of their statistics for the year 1852. NUMBEB OP INMATES. Re Dec. emaining Admitted Discharged Remaining ec. 31, 1*51. inl52. and died. Dec, 31, IMS. Believue Hospital. 609 ..... 5,089 ..... 5,132 ...... 516 Aims-House ..... ..... ..... ...... 1,267 Lunatic Asylum.. 517 ..... 495 ..... 485 ...... 527 Nursery ......... 1,419 ..... 1,773 ..... 1,881 ...... 1,311 Of the Aims-House inmates 1,022 were born in foreign countries, and 245 in the United States; 653 were males, 614 females. There are three large dispensaries, whose free charitable ministrations have for many years been of very great assistance in relieving the medical wants of the poorer classes. According to recent police returns, 18,450 persons were found living in 3,742 underground basements. Nearly one-third of these persons were classified as dirty in person, and their basements of the same description. Croton Aqueduct Department. The Croton Aqueduct was commenced in 1837, and its completion celebrated Oct. 14th, 1842. It is 40 m. long, commencing at the Croton r., in Westchester co., 5 m. from Hudson r. The dam, built of stone and cement, is 250 feet long, 40 feet high, 70 feet thick at its base, and 7 at its top. The pond thus created is 5 m. long, covering 400 acres, and estimated to contain 500,000,000 gallons of water. The aqueduct, built of stone, brick, and cement, and arched over and under, is 6 feet 9 inches wide at its bottom, 7 feet 5 inches wide at the top, and 8 feet 5 inches high, has a descent of 13| inches per m., and will discharge 60,000,000 gallons in 24 hours. It crosses Harlem r. on a magnificent bridge of stone, 1,450 feet long, supported by 14 stone piers, and which cost nearly $1,000,000. The receiving reservoir is between Sixth and Seventh avenues, and Seventy-ninth and Eighty-sixth streets, cover ing 35 acres, containing 150,000,000 gallons of water, and cost $134,000. The distributing reservoir, on Fifth Avenue and Forty-second Street, is a most massive structure, is 2,120 feet square, covering over 4 acres, containing 25,000,000 gallons, and cost $152,000. Thence the water is distributed over the city in iron pipes, of which, in 1S52, 215 m. length had been laid. The daily consumption is about 30,000,000 gallons. The supply is considered adequate for three or four times the present population of the city. In 1S51 the total cost of the Croton Aqueduct and its connections was $14,041,584. Its revenue now amounts to nearly $500,000, and is steadily increasing. Fire Department. Engine companies in 1851, 49, with 34 engines, 49 hose companies, with carriages, and 58,500 feet of hose, 8 hook and ladder companies, 3 hydrant companies ; Whole number of firemen 2,172. The real estate used by Sheep and Lambs. the Fire Department was valued, in 1851, at $151,800. Sta tistics of fires in 1852 total number, 325 ; of false alarms, 193; loss of buildings by fire, $223,423; loss on stock, $1,359,603 ; number of persons who lost their lives by fires, 13. Markets, etc. There are 14 principal markets, the build ings of which occupy large areas of ground, but are utterly unworthy of the city, occupying real estate, valued in 1851 at $1,109,000. Of these, the largest and most im portant is Washington Market, in Washington Street, front ing on the Hudson River. Its business is chiefly whole sale, and more extensive than any other in the United States. The following are approximate estimates of its aggregate yearly sales : Meat trade $5,000,000 Poultry trade.... $1,000,000 Fruit 2,800,000 Vegetable" .... 17,500,000 Butter " 480,000 Egg .... 1,000,000 Honey " 9,000 Nut .... 15,000 Fish " 648,000 Total yearly sales of all kinds of produce. . . . $28,452,000. The other markets are more occupied with the retail trade. The following statistics of the cattle trade, for the years 1851 and 52, give only an approximate statement of the consumption of meat in the city. Sales of beeves, etc., in the New York cattle market, in 1851 and 52 : Total Cows and Sales. Beeves. Calves. 1851 88,994 5,406 264,200 1852 105,225 5,688 323,000 Licenses. Total number of licensed omnibuses, Feb. 1, 1850, 425, paying $7,630 ; number of same in 1852, 30 lines, having a full number of 800 stages, of which 445 licenses pay $12,380 ; total number of licensed hacks in 1850, 431, paying $2,133. Of other principal licenses, the following is a summary for 1852 : Cartmen, 4,233 ; dirt carts, 1,460 ; pub lic porters, 245, etc. Summary of tavern licenses during 1850-52, the years ending Dec. 31 ; and of liquor licenses during 1850-52, the years ending May 1 ; also the number of licenses granted in 1S52, after May 1 ; and the total number of places where rum is sold, as reported by the police : After May 1, 1850. 1851. 1852. 1852. Sold. Tavern licenses .. 4.523 .... 5,047 .... 5,980 .... .... Liquor " ..3,986.... 4,553.... 5,190.... 5,796.... 6.303 City Railroads. The Fourth Avenue R. R., belonging to the Harlem R. R., has been in operation for several years. During 11 hours of the day, cars run every 7 minutes from the Astor House to Twenty-seventh Street fare 6 cents. The Sixth Avenue R. R. went into operation on Aug. 11, 1852. Cars are run every 4 minutes for 12 hours of the day, from Vesey Street to Forty-fourth Street fare 5 cents. An immense number of persons, averaging, in 1852, over 10,000 daily, use these cars, as also those of Eighth Avenue R. R. The receipts from its opening to Dec. 1, 1852, were $40,451. The Eighth Avenue R. R.went into operation 31st Aug., 1852. The cars run every 4 minutes during the greater part of the day and evenings, from Vesey to Fifty-first streets fare 5 cents. The daily number of passengers, in 1852, averaged over 11,000. The receipts of the road, from its opening, during the year 1852 (4 months 1 day) were $59,500. In 1853, branches of the above roads are extended through Canal Street to Broadway. Other avenue railroads are in rapid construction, of which the principal are on the Second and Ninth avenues, extending to the lower part of the city. Benevolent Institutions. The charitable institutions, not under the charge of the city corporation, but established and sustained by the sympathetic liberality of associations and the citizens, are highly creditable to the character of New York. Of these, the New York Hospital, in Broad way, opposite Pearl Street, is among the principal. It was 587 NEW NEW founded in 1771. It consists of 3 large stone edifices, finely located in a beautiful, spacious yard, very commodious, and well fitted up, and will accommodate 400 patients. It has a large annual revenue, but which is annually expended. The total number of patients admitted from December 81, 1S29, to December 81, 1852, was 54,076. The number re maining December 31, 1851, was 301 ; number of admissions during 1852,3,443; number discharged in 1S52, 3,407; num ber remaining December 31, 1S52, 342. It is the only gene ral hospital of any note in the city. The Bloomingdale Asylum for the Insane, located at Bloomingdale, near the Hudson river, between Tenth and Eleventh avenues, One Hundred and Seventeenth and One Hundred and Twentieth streets, 7 miles from the City Hall, is a branch of the New York Hospital, which went into operation in June, 1821. There are three very large and commodious buildings of hewn stone, with 40 acres of ground beautifully laid out into pleasure-grounds, gardens, etc. The statistics of this institution for the year 1852 are as follows : Number of patients in Asylum Jan. 1, 1S52 122 Admitted during the year 102 Discharged " " . . 87 Died " IS Number of patients in Asylum Dec. 31, 1852 119 Receipts during the year $31,137 47 Expenditures $30,254 61 Balance in treasury $882 86 Value of products of the farm in 1852 $5.261 00 The total number of patients treated since the opening of the Asylum approximates 5,000. The New York Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb is located between Fourth and Fifth avenues, and Forty-ninth and Fiftieth streets. 3| miles from the City Hall. The principal edifice, occupied since 1S29, is a very handsome structure, 5 stories high, 110 feet long, and 60 feet wide. The whole number of patients at the institution in 1852 was 308; number discharged during the year, 44; number remaining Dec. 31, 1852, 259; of whom 143 were males and 116 females. These were supported as follows: by the State of New York, 182 ; by the city of New York, 16 ; by the State of New Jersey, 13 ; by their friends, 31 ; by the Institution, 16 ; by the Commissioners of Emigration, 1. Expenses in 1852, $43,000 ; receipts, $41,000. The Institution for the Blind, on Ninth Avenue, Thirty- third and Thirty-fourth streets, is a large and splendid edifice of granite, in Gothic style, and one of the finest orna ments of the city. The total number of inmates during 1S52 was 150 ; number remaining Dec. 31, 1852, 103. Orphan Asylums. The New York Orphan Asylum, situ ated at Bloomingdale, near Hudson river, on Seventy-first Street, 4 m. from City Hall, is a handsome building of stone, in Gothic style, 120 by 60 feet, connected with 9 acres of ground, and contains several hundred children. The Protestant Half-Orphan Asylum is in Sixth Avenue, be tween Tenth and Eleventh streets. The Colored Orphan Asylum, on Fifth Avenue, between Forty-second and Forty- third streets, is a large institution in flourishing condition. Number of children Jan. 1, 1852, 201 ; admitted in 1852, 57; remaining Dec. 31, 1852, 207 boys, 130; girls, 77; total number admitted since opening of the asylum, 631 ; receipts and expenses during 1852, each about $16.000. The Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum, in Prince Street, near the Cathe dral, is a very large institution, under charge of the Sisters of Charity. On Dec. 31, 1S52, it contained" about 700 chil dren 300 girls and 400 boys. Expenses of the year, $25,000. Other asylums are, the Home for Aged Indigent Females, having, in 1S52, 87 inmates; expenses and receipts in same year, about $4,000. Asylum for Lying-in "Women, which, in 1S52, accommodated 141 women in confinement, etc; the Colored Home, Magdalen, Friendless Boys, and others. There are five dispensaries, which annually afford medi cal aid to vast numbers of the population. Of these the 583 New York Dispensary was established in 1790, the Northern in 1S27, the Eastern in 1S30, the Demilt in 1851, the North western in 1852. The aggregate applications to the first three, in 1852, for medical aid, was 79,379 ; number of vac cinations, 6,816. Institutions for Seamen. On Staten Island are three large and most excellent institutions for seamen ; viz., the Marine Hospital at Tompkinsville, near the Quarantine ground, consisting of 3 buildings; the Seaman s Retreat; and the Sailor s Snug Harbor, on the N. side of the island, which provides a home for aged and decayed seamen, and pos sesses an estate, bequeathed by Capt. Randall, now valued at $1,000,000. Religious Societies. New York contains many of the central offices and publication establishments of those great religious denominations and societies which embrace in their labors the whole nation. Some of their printing offices are among the largest in the city viz., American Bible Society, which in 1852 erected a splendid edifice in Fourth Avenue, cor. Ninth Street, consisting of an entire block, six stories high ; Methodist Book Concern in Mul berry Street ; American Tract Society in Nassau Street, and many others. The anniversaries of these societies are cele brated during the second week in May, and are occasions of much interest. Population. The following statistics exhibit the amount of the population of New York at various intervals since its foundation, as furnished by the enumerations and estimates of the earlier period, and later by the official returns of the census, periodically taken under the authority of the State, and of the United States, together with the numerical in crease between the consecutive periods with the actual ratio for such times, and the corresponding ratio for decennial periods, where the interval is more or less than ten years: Ratio of Increase. Years. 1656 . . , 1673... 1696 . . , 1731 ... 1756 . . , Population. 1,000 . . Numerical Increase. Actual Kst. Decennial Percent. Percent. 2,500 1.500 150.00 . . . 4,302 1,802 72.08 . . . 8,623 4,326 100.56... 10.381 . . 1,753 20.32 . . . 1773 21,876 11,495 110.73... 26,000 estim.. 4,124 estim.. 20.00... 23614 " -I 2 3S6dec - " 6 7.94... i 1.733 inc. 73 ... 33.131 .. . 9.517 40.30... 1776 estim.. 1786 . . . ... 81.35 ... 23.73 . . . 8.13 ... ,65.13 . 6.11 1790 100.75 1800 60,489 27,353 82.57 82.37 1805 75,770 15,231 25.26 50.52 1810 96,373 20,603 27.19 54.3S 1814 92,443 3,925 dec... 4.07 dec... 1816 100,619 8,171 8,84 44.20 1S20 123,706 23,087 22.94 57.35 1S25 166.086 42,330 34.26 63.52 1830 202.589 ...... 36.503 21.97 4394 1835 270,089 ...... 67,500 33.32 66.64 1840 312,710 42,621 15.78 31.56 1845 371,223 58,513 18.71 37,42 1850 515,507 144,284 33.83 77.76 The average decennial increase from 1656 to 1850, is about 40 per cent., which has been steadily ahead, except during the two periods of war with Great Britain. The ratio of increase in other periods has been materially cheeked by the following causes : French and Indian war of 1639-97 ; yellow fever in 1741-2 ; the " negro plot" of the same years ; great fire of 1741 ; and the French wars of 1744-48, a7id 1754. There has been no period of ten years length, since 1756, in which the population has not increased. POPULATION BY PERIODS OF GOVEKNMKNT. Periods. Pop. at close. Increase. Ratio. Dee.equlT. Dutch ....1613-1664... 1,700... 1.700... - English... 1664-1783... 23,614... 22,000. . .1,300 1,000 American .1783-1850. . .515,507. . .491,893. . .2,233 3,411 NEW NEW BKFOKE AND AFTER THE UNITKD STATES CONSTITUTION. Period*. Pop. at close. Increiise. Ratio. Cent, equiv. Before.... 161-4-1790... 33,131... 33,131... After 1790-1850. . .515,507. . .4S2.376. . .1,456 2,42T The population of the city has doubled, since 1656, nine times, or in each average period of 2 1J- years ; since 1790,/ozw times, or in each 15 years; since 1800, three times, or in each average period of 16 years. Comparison of the growth of the cities of New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Baltimore, since 1790: rears. N.York. Philad. Boston. Bait. J IlL" ft! IftlFe" 1790.. 33,131.. 42,520.. 18,038-. 13.503- - 74,061 44.7 1SOO-. 60,459.. 81,005.. 24.297- - 26.514.. 131, SI 6 45.9 1810.- 96.373.. 111,210.. 35,250.. 46,455- - 192,915 50.0 1820.. 123,706.. 137,097.. 43,298.. 62.733.. 243,1 33 51.0 1S30-- 202,589. .188,961.. 61.392.. 80,620 .. 330,973 61.2 1840. .312,710. .258,037. . 93,383. .102,513. .453,933 6S.9 1850. .515,507- -408,815. .138,788. .189,048. .734,734 70.2 By the census of 1850, New York exceeds in population fourteen of the States of the Union. Mortality. The annual ratio of deaths to the population has for several years been 3 per cent., which large propor tion is to be attributed in a very great degree to the foreign immigration, the alms-houses, etc., and not to the natural unhealthiness of the city. Tho amount of wealth per head at the different periods named, has been as follows: 1800 $404 80f 1830 $618 43| 1810 274 31i 1840 . 80641 1820 562 06 1850 554 S0 In 1850, 2 estates were assessed for over $1,000,000. Ex clusive of incorporated companies, 7 estates were assessed on $500,000 and upward. The several properties above $17,500 were : Amount*. E ^ [ Amounts. ,* $500,000 to $1,000.000.... 7 $70,000 to $80,000 99 400,000 " 500,000 2 60,000 " 70,000 109 300,000" 400,000 24 50,000" 60,000 195 200,000 " 300,000 58 40,000 " 50,000 ... 271 100,000 " 200,000 .... 222 30,000 " 40,000 445 90,000 " 100.000 .... 43 20,000 " 30,000 957 80,000" 90,000 64 17,500" 20,000 773 The proportionate increase of population and wealth in New York, in each consecutive period of 10 years, since 1800, is as follows : Increase. Increase, *"* pefcSkt pe rt^. 1800-10 35.834 $1,950,000 59 8 1S10-20 27,333.... 43,094,383.... 2H---. 1C8 of property in the city from 1800 to 1852 inclusive. The first statement exhibits the total valuation until 1S25; the second table, from 1825-52 inclusive, distinguishes each class of estate : Total Total Years. Valuation. Years. Valuation. 1800 . . . $24,486 370 1815 $81 636 04" 1820-30 78^33 55,757,765 64 80 1830-40 110,121.... 127.554,645.... 54 .... 102 1840-50 ..202,835. .. 33,242,^53 65 13 1800-50 455,056 .... $261,599,046 .... 852 .... 1,168 Historical Sketc7i,.The history of New York city is directly divided into three periods, during which it has belonged to the three governments, Holland, England, and the State of New York, viz., 1609-1664,1664-1783, 17S3-1S53. Dutch period : Sept. 3, 1609, Hendrik Hudson discovered the island ; 1613, the settlement of " New Amsterdam" was commenced ; 1621, the Dutch West India Company com menced .operations ; 1626, the island was purchased for $24 ; 1652, New Amsterdam was incorporated, and the govern ment passed from the West India Company into the hands of 2 burgomasters and 5 assistants called schepens, and 1 schout or sheriff; Sept., 1664, the English took the province. English period : 16G4, name changed to New York ; July, 1673, retaken by the Dutch and called "New Orange," and held by them 1 year ; 1636, James II. abolished the repre sentative system, etc. ; 1GS9, Leisler insurrection ; 1690, a colonial congress assembled here ; Nov., 1696, city lighted by ordinance.; 1711, slave market established in Wall Street ; 1720, 2 per cent, laid on European imports; 1725, "New York Gazette" appeared; 1730, enlarged charter granted by Gov. Montgomerie; 1732, stage routes established to Boston and Philadelphia, traversed once a month; Sept. 21, 1776, 493 houses consumed by fire, of whole city ; 1741-2, "Negro plot" and yellow fever; 1765, a colonial congress assembled here; 1776-1783, Revolution; Nov. 25, 1783, evacuation of British army and end of English rule American period: April 3", 1739. Washington inaugur ated first president at Federal Hall, on site of present custom-house; 1798, yellow fever, 2,086 deaths, which re turned in 1303 and in 1805, and again in 1822 ; 1S07, Fulton a steamboat on Hudson river; 1811. large fire; 1812-15, war with Great Britain, which suspended all commerce; 1826, Erie Canal completed and great celebration; 1832, Asiatic Cholera-4,360 deaths; Dec. 16, 1835, conflagration of 648 buildings, total loss $25,000,000 ; 1837, commercial revulsion ; Oct. 14, 1842, celebration of completion of Croton Aqueduct; 1845, conflagration of 546 buildings loss $6,000,000 ; 1849, cholera; 1850, Collins Steamers to Liverpool; May, 1851, Erie 11. R. completed to Dunkirk ; 1852, avenue railroads; 1853, success of the Ericsson Caloric Steamship ; city charter 1 reformed. 1805 25,645867 1816 8*074 201 1806 26529630 1817 78^95725 1807 24.959 955 1S18 80 *45 091 l^OS . 25,118,720 1819 70,113,061 1809 24,782,267 1S20 69.530,753 1810 26.436.370 1S21 68.232,070 1811 26,045,730 IS 22 71,289,144 1812 26,243,040 1823 . . . 70,940,820 1813 27.640.230 1824 83,075,676 1814 82 901 497 Years. Real Estate. Personal Estate. Total. 18-25 $58,435.895 .... $42,734,131 ....$101.160.046 1826 64.942,851.... 42,534.931 .... 107.477.781 187. 72617770 89594,156 112 211 9*6 1828 77,139,880 .... 36.879,653 .... 114.019,533 1829 76,531,890 .... 35,934,136 .... 112.51 6.026 1830 87,603,530 .... 37,684,938 .... 126.288,518 1831 97,221.870 .... 42,058.844 .... 139,280.214 1832. 104 042 405 42 ">60 213 146 302 618 18:33 114,129,561 ... 52,305,626.... 166,495.187 1S34 123,249 280 .... 63.209,231 .... 186.548.511 1835 143,732,452 .... 74.931 .273 .... 213,723.703 1836 233,743.303 .... 75,753,617 .... 309.501,920 1837 194,450,109 .... 67,297,241 .... 263,747.350 1838 194.543,359 69,609.582 264,152.941 1839 196,778,434 .... 70,014.796 .... 266,739,230 1840 187,121.464 .... 65,721,1199 .... 252,843.163 1841 186,347,216 .... 65,430,456 .... 251,777,702 1842 176.512,342 .... 61 ,294.559 .... 237 806,901 1843 164,950,515 .... 63,046,576 .... 227.997,091 1844 171.936,591 .... 64.023.456 .... 235.960,047 1845 177.160,790 .... 62,777.528 .... 239,938,318 1846 183.480.934 .... 61,471.571 .... 244.952,505 1847 187,314.386 59.837,917 247,152.306 1848 193.027.576.... 61.164.4 r >l .... 254,192,027 1849 197,761.919 .... 58.455.174 .... 256.217,093 1S50 207,146.1 73 .... 79.939,240 .... 286,085.41 6 1S51. 227,013.856 93.094.502 320.103.358 1852 252.136.758 .... 93,520,043 .... 851,706,796 NEW NIA The environs of the city, though physically separated, and of themselves large cities (separately described in their alphabetical order), are, to all intents and purposes, part of the metropolis, originating from, and dependent upon, its prosperity. See BROOKLYN, WILLIAMSBURG, etc. Of the entire metropolitan district, now the first in the New World, it may summarily be said, that the past is indicative of its future, promising to increase with each succeeding year its permanent prosperity, until it surpasses all cities, ancient and modern. NEW YORK, p. v., Sumter county, Ala. : 116 miles W. Montgomery. NEW YORK (of the Pacific), p. v., Contra Costa county, Calif. : 26 m. E. by S. Vallejo, at junction of Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, which here form the bay of Suisun. Vessels of large size can go up from the sea to this point. NEW YORK, p. o., Montgomery co.. Tenn. : 40 m. N. W. Nashville. NEW YORK MILLS, p. v., Oneida county, Jf. Y. : 90 m. "W. N. W. Albany, on Sadaquada cr., 2 m. S. Whitesboro , noted for its extensive cotton factories, etc. NET, p. o., Defiance co., Ohio: 120 m. N. W. Columbus. NET, p. o., De Kalb co., III. : 163 m. N. by E. Springfield. NIAGARA, county, N. Y. Situate W., and contains 484 sq. m. Drained by Tonawanda, Tuscarora, Johnson s, Howell s, and Cayuga creeks. Surface various, rising in gradual swells from the N. to the ridge in the interior of the county, and thence declining gently toward Tonawanda cr. in general it may be said to be level ; soil fertile and easy of tillage, but best suited for pasturage in some portions it is productive in grain, fruits, etc. Chief productions wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes ; it is also a fine dairy county. It contains many minerals and abounds in fossils ; it also has some sulphur springs. This county, in connection with Niagara district of Canada, contains the celebrated cataract of Niagara. Farms 8,148 ; manuf. 336 ; dwell. 7,435, and pop. wh. 41,973, fr. col. 301 total 42,274. Capital : Lock- port, Public Works: Kochester, Lockport, and Niagara Falls E. E. ; Buffalo and Niagara Falls E. E. ; Buffalo and Lockport E. E. ; Canandaigua and Niagara Falls E. E. ; Erie Canal, etc. NIAGARA, t, Niagara co., N. Y. : on E. side of Niagara r., 270 m. W. by N. Albany. This t is situated on the Mount ain Eidge, and declines toward the S. Surface undulating ; soil calcareous gravelly loam, underlaid by lime and gyp sum. Drained by a few small streams, and on its W. side by Niagara river. Attached to this t. are Goat Island, and other islands, and the American division of Niagara Falls. Top. of 1. 1,951. NIAGARA river and falls, N. Y. : this river, connecting Lake Erie with Lake Ontario, is 36 m. long, and its general course N. N. W. Commencing at Buffalo, it is there f m. wide, from 40 to 60 feet deep, and flows with a current of 4 m. per hour. Three miles below Buffalo, at Black Eock, it furnishes water to the Erie Canal, by the State pier built in the channel, upward of a mile in length, 50 feet wide at its base, 30 feet wide at its top, and cost $300,000. From Black Eock is a steam ferry to Waterloo, Canada. The river now gradually widens in its descent toward Grand Isl and, which it meets 6 m. below Buffalo, and passes with its main channel on the W. side. Grand Island is 12 m. long, in its widest part 6 m. wide, contains 17,381 acres, belongs to New York, etc. (See GRAND island.) Below Grand Isl and, in the main channel, near the Canadian side, is Navy Island, containing 304 acres, which belongs to Canada, and was occupied by the insurgents in 1337-8, under Mackenzie. Having passed these islands, 3 m. above the falls, the di vided branches of the river re-unite, flowing with rapid current, 2 m. broad, but narrowing as it approaches the falls. About i m. above the falls commence the Great Eapids, which, before reaching the falls, have a descent of 52 feet, presenting a grand appearance. At the falls the river is J m. wide, but is divided by Goat Island, which is i m. long, } m. wide, contains 71 acres, and extends to the brow of the precipice, where it presents a mass of rocks, nearly perpendicular, extending from the brink to the bot tom of the fall. Owing to the declivity of the bed of the river before reaching the fall, being greater upon the Cana dian side than on the American, to a bend in the river, and to Goat Island being nearer to the American than the Can adian side, by far the greater body of water falls on the Canadian side of Goat Island, or, as it is generally called, Horseshoe Fall. The following table exhibits in comprehen sive form the measurements of the FALLS OF NIAGARA. Extent of the Horseshoe Falls on the Canadian side 2,200 feet Breadth of Goat Island, between it and the American side 930 " Breadth of falls on the American side 1,140 " The M-hole extent, or more than f mile 4,821 " Height of the Horseshoe Falls 150 " Height of the American Falls 160 " Extent of the Cave beneath the Horseshoe Falls from the outside of the Termination Eock 153 " Height of the Cave is estimated by Capt. Hall at 100 " The estimated quantity of water discharged over the falls is calculated at 48.524,000 cubic feet, or 113,510,000 gallons per minute. Depth of the river above the falls as near as can be approached, about 200 " Breadth of the river at the ferry 1,170 " In the rapids above the American Falls, about midway between the shore and Goat Island, is Bath Island, 24 rods in length, and containing about 2 acres. From the shore to this island is a bridge 28 rods long, crossing the rapids 64 rods above the falls. From Bath Island, another bridge, 16 rods long, extends to Goat Island. On Goat Island fine views are obtained of both falls. At the S. W. angle of this island, on some rocks near the verge of the precipice, and which are reached by a footway called Terrapin Bridge, extending from rock to rock, there has been erected a stone tower, 45 feet high ; upon its top is an open wooden gallery, whence is afforded a direct view of the abyss below. From the front of Goat Island there is a descent (185 feet) to the bottom of the falls by a covered staircase (erected by the late Nicholas Biddle, Esq., of Philadelphia). From the foot of this staircase there are paths for some distance behind each of the falls. Behind the Central Fall is the celebrated Cave of the Winds, formed by a recess in the wall of the precipice, 153 feet long, 50 feet wide, and 100 feet high. The best and most comprehensive view of the entire falls is obtained on the Canada side at Table Eock. On the American side a descent is afforded by cars on an inclined plane to the shorebelow, whence a steam ferry boat named Maid of the Mist, plies over these foaming depths near the falls, to the Canada side, where a winding carriage road is constructed to the heights above. The width of the river is here J mile, and its depth 250 feet. The banks of the river below the falls have a gradual ascent for 6 m., from which, and other facts, many suppose that the falls have, in the course of ages, receded from below to their present position. A mile and a half from the falls is the wire suspension bridge, 800 feet long, 40 feet wide, and 230 feet above the water. It is supported by 16 wire cables, 1,100 feet long, and upward of 1 2 inches in circumference, having a strength equal to 6,500 tons tension strain. The Whirlpool, 3 m. be low the falls, is produced by the projection of a rocky pro montory, and in it logs and trees are frequently whirled around for weeks in succession. One mile below this whirl pool is an excavation from the side of the bank, containing about 2 acres, and 150 feet deep, called the Devil s Hole. The river, in its descent to Lewiston, 7 m., falls 104 feet, and flows with great velocity. Near Lewiston the bank is 310 feet high, but below it diminishes to 25 or 30 feet, and ^^ NIA holds this height to Lake Ontario. The river falls 2 feet in ita descent from Lewlston to Lake Ontario, a distance of 1 m., making a total descent of 334 feet in its course of 86 m. from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. At its mouth it is defended on the American side by Fort Niagara, famous in history, and garrisoned by IT. 8. artillery, and on the Cana dian side by Fort George. Here also is Fort Niagara Light house. See LIGHT-HOUSES. NIAGARA FALLS, p. v., Niagara co., N. Y. : on E. bank of Niagara r., at the falls, 270 m. W. by N. Albany. This beautiful and thriving v. derives its business and importance mainly from its proximity to the falls and its accessibility by railroads from Buffalo, 22 m., and from Lockport, 21 m. A railroad to Lewiston is also in construction. Here are several very large holels, accommodating in the best style thousands of visitors annually. In the v. are 3 churches, 2 academies, and a number of mills using water-power from Niagara river. Pop. about 1,000. NIANTIC, sta., New London co., Conn. : on New Haven and New London E. K., 5 m. W. by S. from New London. j NICCOTTOO, p. v., Arkansas county, Ark. : on S. bank of Arkansas r., 60 m. S. S. E. Little Eock. I NICHOLAS county, Ky. Situate toward the N. E., and contains 281 sq. m. Drained by Licking r. and its branches. Surface rolling ; soil fertile, and there is much fine pasture for cattle, etc. On the streams is some excellent land, well cultivated, and very productive. Staples, sugar, wheat, Indian corn, and tobacco. Farms 711 ; manuf. 33 ; dwell. 1,497, and pop. wh. 8,683, fr. col. 165, si. 1,513 total 10,361. Capital: Carlisle. Public Works: Lexington and Mays- Ville E. E. NICHOLAS county, Virg. Situate W. centrally, and con tains 676 sq. m. Drained by Gauley and Elk rivers and their branches. Surface moderately uneven; soil fertile. It is bounded on the S. W. by the Great Kanawha river. Chief productions, wheat and Indian corn, and it is aline grazing county. Farms 418 ; manuf. 1 ; dwell. 602, and pop. wh. 3,889, fr. col. 1, slaves 3,890 total 7,789. Cap ital: Nicholas C. H. Public Works: Covington and Ohio Eailroad. NICHOLAS, p. o., Sutler co., Oreg. Ter. : on E. bank of Feather r., 84 m. N. E. by N. Vallejo. NICHOLAS C. H., p. o., and cap. Nicholas county, Virg. : 192 m. W. N. W. Eichmoml. NICIIOLASVILLE, p. v., and cap. Jessamine co., Ky. : on a branch of Kentucky r., 27 m. S. S. E. Frankfort NICHOLS, t and p. v., Tioga co., N. Y. : on S. side Sus- quelianna r., 145 m. W. S. W. Albany. Surface of t. hilly ; soil gravelly loam. The v. is situated on the river upon a plain, very fertile and highly cultivated. Pop. of t, 1,905. ; NICHOLSON, t and p. v., Wyoming co., Penn. : drained by Tunkhannock cr. and tributaries, 103 m. N. N. E. Har- risburg. The Tunkhannock Mountain extends across its N. part NICHOLSON S STORE, p. o., Choctaw county, Ala. : 134 m. W. by S. Montgomery, near Mississippi State line. NICHOLSONVILLE, p. o., Putnam co., Ind. : 40 m.W. S.W. [ndianapolis. NICHOLSVILLE, p. o., Clermont co., Ohio: 84 m. S. W. Columbus. NICHOLVILLE, p. o., St Lawrence co., N. Y. : on E. branch Df St. Regis r., 148 m. N. N. W. Albany. NICKKLL S MILLS, p. o., Monroe co., Virg. : 290 m.W. S.W. Pwichmond. : NICKOJACK CAVE, Dade co., Ga. This remarkable cave :s in the extreme N. W. corner of the State. It contains aumerous passages, spacious rooms, with tall columns, arches, etc. From its mouth issues a large stream, called Nickojack cr., which, for more than a mile within the cave, is 20 feet wide and boatable. The mouth of the cave is 177 feet wide ; the height from the water to the roof, 49 feet ; thickness of the roof above, 82 feet NICOLACS, p. v., and cap. Sutler co., Calif. : on left bank . NOA ^_ of Feather r., 80 m. N. E. by N. Vallejo. It has a delight ful location, and is supported by a fine back country. The main slage road between Sacramento and Marysvillo passes through it. Pop. about 1,000. NICOLLET lake, Juab co., Utah Ter. : 80 m. S. S. E. from Great Salt Lake, 60 m. W. N. W. Fillmore City. NICOLLET river, Utah Ter. : rises in the mountains in Iron county, 100 m. S. by W. Fillmore City. It first runs N. N. E., draining the eastern portions of Iron and Millard counties; in the latitude of Fillmore Cily it bends to the N. W., and on reaching the boundary of Juab co. it runs nearly due W. for 45 m., and empties into Nicollet lake. NICONZA, p. o., Miami co., Ind. : 70 m. N. Indianapolis. NIDJIKWE lake, La Pointe co., Wise. : between Meminis and Namebin lakes, the head of Namekagon r. NIGHT S PRAIRIE, p. o., Hamilton co., III. : 138 m. E. S. E. Springfield. NILE, p. o., Alleghany county, 2f. Y. : 230 m. W. by S. Albany. NILES, t., p. v., and sta., Berrien co., Mich. : on E. bank of SI. Joseph s river, near enlrance of Dowagiake r., Ill m. S. W. by W. Lansing. The Michigan Cenlral E. E. passes through the v., 191 m. from Detroit 91 m. from Chicago. The v. is pleasantly situated, contains numerous mills, and does a large business, connected with the fine farming country around it Here is located a branch of the State University. Three newspapers are published weekly: the "Intelligencer" (whig), "Eepublican" (dem.), "Ex press" (dem.) NILES, t and p. o., Cayuga co., N. Y. : siluate between Skanealeles and Owasco Jakes, 141 m. W. by N. Albany. Surface rolling; soil exceedingly produclive, especially of wheat Pop. 2,053. NILKS, p. v., Cook co., III. : on W. side of the N. branch of Chicago r., 174 m. N. N. E. Springfield. NILES, p. o.,Trumbull co., Ohio: 144 m. N. E. Columbus. NIMISILA, p. v., Summit co., Ohio : 96 m. N. E. Columbus. NIMMON S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Morrow co., Ohio: 35 m. N. Columbus. NINE EAGLES, p. v., Decatur co., la. : 130 m. W. S. W. Iowa Cily. Drained by branch of Crooked Fork of Grand r. NINE MILE, p. o., Bledsoe counly, Tenn. : 93 m. E. S. E. Nashville. NINE MILE creek, N. Y. : rises in S. part of Onondaga co., and flows N. into Onondaga lake. NINE MILE PRAIRIE, p. o., Perry co., III. : 126 m. S. by E. Springfield. NINE POINTS, p. o., Lancaster co., Penn. : 35 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. NINETY-SIX, p. o. and sta., Abbeville dist, S. Car. : 75 m. from Columbia, on Greenville and Columbia E. E. NINEVEH, p. v., Broome co., If. Y. : on W. side of Sus- quehanna r., 102 m. W. S. W. Albany. NINEVEH, p. o,, Johnson co., Ind. : on Nineveh cr. of E. fork of White r., 27 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. NINEVEH, p. o., Warren county, Virg. : 108 m. N. N. W. Eichmond, on branch of Manassas Gap E. E. NIPPENOSE, t. and p. o., Lycoming county, Penn. : 67 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. Drained by Nippenose cr. on its W. side, and the W. branch of the Susquehanna on the N. border. Surface hilly ; soil calcareous loam. NISHNABATONA river, la. and Mo.: rises in Audubon co., /a., flows S. W., and passing through N. W. corner of Mo., emplies inlo the Missouri river. NISKAYT/NA, t and p. o., Schenectady co., Jf. Y. : 12 m. N. N. W. Albany, on S. side Mohawk r. Pop. 783. NITTANT, p. o., Cenlre counly, Penn.: 70 m. N. W. Harrisburg. NIVERVILLB, p. v., Columbia co., Jf. Y. : 18 m. S. by E. Albany ; has several mills and factories. NIXBURG, p. o., Coosa county, Ala. : 32 m. E. N. E. Montgomery. NOAH, p. o., Shelby co. Ind. : 30 m. S. E. Indianapolis. 591 NOA NOR NOANK, p. o., New London county, Conn. : 45 m. S. E. Hartford. NOBLE county, Ind. Situate N. E., and contains 423 sq. m. Drained" principally by Elkhart r. and its branches, which traverse its N. and central portions. Surface level and diversified, with lakes ; soil fertile, and adapted to the growth of srain. Chief productions wheat, Indian corn, potatoes, pork, butter, and vegetables of all kinds. Timber is found on the land. Farms 772 ; manuf. 16 ; dwell. 1,395, and pop. wh. 7,940, fr. col. 6 total 7,946. Capital: Albion. NOBLE county, Ohio. Situate toward the S. E., and con tains 896 sq. in. Drained by head branches of Wills cr., a tributary of Muskingum r., and by branches of Duck creek, a tributary of the Ohio. Surface uneven, and in parts hilly ; soil fertile, and adapted to corn, wheat, and fruit. Pine and other timber is found on the land, and bituminous coal is extensively distributed. Noble was erected in 1S51. Capital : Sarahsville. NOBLE, p. v., Noble county, Ind. : 110 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. NOBLRBOROCGH, t. and p. v., Lincoln co., Me. : on E. side of Damariscotta r., 23 m. S. E. Augusta. The lumber busi ness and ship-building are carried on extensively. Popula tion 1,408. NOBLE CENTRE, p. o., Branch co., Mich. : on N. side of Fawn r., 71 m. S. S. W. Lansing. NOBLE IRON WORKS, p. o., Noble county, Ind. f 112 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. NOBLESTOWN, p. v., Alleghany co., Perm. : on a branch of Charter s creek, 170 m. W. Harrisburg, 10 m. S. W. Pittsburg. NOBLKSVILLE. p. v., sta., and cap. Hamilton co., Ind. : on E. bank of W. fork of White r., 20 m. E. N. E. Indianapolis, on the Peru and Indianapolis K. R. It contains the court house, a fine county seminary, several hotels, and numer ous stores, four churches. " The Plaindealer" (neuL) is published weekly. Pop. 2,000. NOBSCUE POINT LIGHT, Mass. See LIGHT-HOUSES. NOCHWAY, p. o., Randolph county, Ga. : 136 miles S. *W. Milledgeville. NODAWAY county, Mo. Situate N. W., and contains 720 sq. m. Drained by Little Platte r. and its branches, tribu taries of the Missouri river. Surface generally even ; soil a deep, dark loam, and fertile. It has some good timber. Farms 241 ; manuf. 3 ; dwell. 325, and pop. wh. 2,048, fr. col. 0, si. 70 total 2,113. Capital: Nodaway C. II. NODAWAY, p. o., Page co., la.: 2JO m. W. S. W. Iowa City. NODAWAY, p. v., Andrew county, Mo. : ISO m. N. W. Jefferson City. NODAWAY river, la. and Mo. : rises in Adair co., Mo., flows S. through Adams and Page counties ; then passing into N. W. corner of Mo., falls into the Missouri r. between Holt and Andrew counties. NOEL S, sta., Hanover co., Virg. : on Virginia Central R. R., 33 m. from Richmond. NOKAY river. Benton co., Minn. : rises in a chain of lakes, flows S. W., and empties into Mississippi r. at Fort Gaines. NOLAND S river, Navarro co., Tex. : rises in the Cross Timbers, flows mainly in S. direction, and enters Brazos r. above Fort Graham. NOLAND S FERRY, p. o., Loudon county, Virg. : 112 m. N. Richmond. NOLANSVILLE, p. o., Bell co., Tex. : on Noland s cr. of Leon r., 62 m. N. by E. Austin City. NOLEXSVILLE, p. v., Williamson co., Tenn. : 18 m. S. E. Nashville. NOLICIIUCKY river, 2f. Co,r. and Tenn. : rises in Yancey co., N. Car., flows W. through the Blue Ridge, and enters French Broad r., 8 m. N. W~ Newport. NOLIN. p. v., Hardin co., Ky. : 93 m. S. W. Frankfort. 592 NOLIN creek, Ky. : rises in Ilardin and La Rue counties, flows S. W., forming the boundary between Gray son and Hart counties, and empties into Green r. near Brownsville, Edmondson county. No MAX S LAND island. Dukes co., Mass. : lies off S. "W. end of Martha s Vineyard, 4 m. S. Gay Head. It consists chiefly of a mass of rocks. NOMINY GROVE, p. o., Westmoreland co., Virg. : 51 m. N. E. Richmond. NON CONNER, p. o., Fayette co., Tenn. : 156 m. W. S. "W. Nashville. NONPAREIL, p. o., Knox county, Ohio: 36 miles N. E. Columbus. NORFOLK county, Mans. Situate E., and contains 350 sq. m. Drained by the Charles and Neponsett rivers and their affluents. Surface uneven, and hi parts rocky ; soil generally fertile and well cultivated. In Quincy a fine granite quarry is found, the products of which are carried down to the Neponsett r. by a railroad 3 m. long, the first built in the United States. This co. has many important manufactures. Farms 2,637; manuf. 906; dwell. 12,545, and pop. wh. 78,661, fr. col. 231 total 78,S92. Capital: Dedham. Public Works: Norfolk County R. R.; Old, Colony R. R. ; Boston and Providence R. R. ; Fall River R. R. ; Boston and Worcester R. R. ; South Shore R. II. ; and numerous branches, also the New York, New Haven, and Boston (air line) R. R., now in progress. NORFOLK county, Virg. Situate S. E., and contains 432 sq. m. Drained by Elizabeth and Pasquotank rivers. Sur face level ; soil moderately fertile. Indian corn is the chief agricultural product. It contains the greater portion of tho Dismal Swamp. Commerce is by far the greatest interest of the county. Farms 648 ; manuf. 175 ; dwell. 3.906, and pop. wh. 20,370, fr. col. 2,266, si. 10,400 total 3:3,036. Capital : Norfolk City. Public Works : Sea-board and Roahoke R. R. ; Petersburg and Norfolk R. R. ; Dismal Swamp Canal, etc. NORFOLK, t. and p. v., Litchfleld county, Conn. : 36 m. W. N. W. Hartford. Surface of t. mountainous ; soil grav elly loam, and stony. Drained by Blackberry river and branches. Contains several mills, tanneries, and factories. Pop. 1,641. NORFOLK, t. and p. v., St. Lawrence co., N. T. : on Racket r., 163 m. N. N. W. Albany. Surface of t. undulating : soil rich loam. The v. is situated at a fall in the river which affords great water-power, used by several mills, etc. Pop. of 1. 1,753. NORFOLK, p. b., port of entry, and cap. Norfolk count/, Virg. : on the N. E. bank of Elizabeth r., at the confluence of its two branches, 8 m. above Hampton Roads, 32 m. from the ocean ; 80 m. S. E. by E. Richmond. Lat. N. 36 50 50" ; long. W. 76 18 47". This is the chief com mercial port in Virginia, and is remarkable for its harbor, which is very accessible, spacious, and deep enough for the largest vessels. Its site is on low and marshy ground, and formerly unhealthy, but is now provided with sewers, and kept clean. The streets are generally irregular, though some are wide, straight, and neat. The houses are not re markable for elegance, but many of them are substantial buildings. It contains a court-house, jail, fine market-house, custom-house, an athenaeum, with a library, academy, orphan asylum, 3 banks capital $991,000, some good hotels, and 8 churches. The cemetery, ornamented with cypress trees, is very beautifully laid out and adorned. Norfolk is chiefly dis tinguished as being the principal naval station in the United States, having the finest navy yard, dry dock, and naval hospital in the nation. The navy yard is on the W. side of the r. at Gosport. The dry dock is constructed of hewn granite, and cost $974,536. At this station is the ship Penn sylvania, built at Philadelphia, and launched in 1S37, fmr- d ecker, the largest in the navy, mounting 120 guns, which is here used as a receiving ship. The hospital is on a point directly opposite Norfolk, very large, commodious, and NOR NOR .ealthily situated. A naval officer is stationed at this port, he total tonnage of Norfolk district on 30th June, 1850, /as 24,135 tons, of which 10,542 were registered, 13,593 ere enrolled and licensed. Of registered tonnage 3,144 >ns were permanent, and 7,398 tons temporary. Of the nrolled and licensed tonnage 12,351 were permanently mployed in the coasting trade ; 1,354 tons were propelled y steam; 1,242 tons were licensed under 20 tons. During ie year ending June 30, 1850, the total number of clear- aces for foreign countries was 140, tons 26,765, men in cws 1,163 ; total number of entrances from foreign coun- ies 74, tons 14,231, men in crews 684. Vessels built during ,e year 6, total tonnage, 608. Norfolk is connected by the ja-board and Eoanoke E. E. (from Portsmouth to Weldon, . C., 80 m.), with the great line of E. E. on the Atlantic iasL A railroad from Petersburg to Norfolk is in construc- >n. A line of steamships plies semi-weekly to New York, our] daily newspapers are published at Norfolk : " Bea- n," (neut.), " Argus (dem.), " Courier" (neut.), " N. and , Herald" (whig). Each of these issue tri-weekly editions, op. in 1840, 10,920 ; in 1850, 14,320. NORMAL-SKILL, 2T. Y. : rises in Schenectady co., flows E. through Albany co., and empties into Hudson r. at ethlehem. NORRIDGEWOCK, t, p. v., and cap. Somerset co., Me. : on ennebec r., 28 m. N. Augusta. The v. on the N. bank of e r. in the bend is very pleasant, having broad streets led with fine trees; contains the co. buildings, church, ! id academy. A bridge across the r. connects it with 8. orridgewock. This t. is noted in history as the seat of the orridgewoek Indians, and for a French Jesuit mission. |op. 1,848. NORKIS CREEK, p. o., Lincoln co., Tenn. : 66 m. S. by E. ashville. NORRISTOWN, p. v., Pope co., Ark.: on N. bank of rkansas r., 66 m. N. "W. Little Eock. NORRISTOWN, p. v., Carroll co., OJiio: 102 m. E. N. E. olumbus. NORRISTOWN, t., p. b., and cap. Montgomery co., Penn. : i N. bank of Schuylkill r., 80 m. E. Harrisburg. Surface t. level ; soil red shale, and fertile. The Schuylkill has ;re been dammed so as to create an immense water- nver. and is used by extensive manufacturing establish- ents. A fine bridge here spans the Schuylkill, which cost j!2,000. The Norristown and Philadelphia E. E. connect ese places 17 m. distant. On the opposite side of the river isses the Philadelphia and Ecading E. E. Here also are e locks of the Schuylkill Navigation Co., around which id the railroad dep6t is a small village. .NORRITONVILLE, p. v., Montgomery co., Penn. : 84 m. E. jarrisburg. NORTH river, St. John s co., F7or. : a small stream run- ng parallel with the Atlantic coast, emptying into St. ugustine harbor. NORTH ACTON, p. o., York county, Me.: 63 m. 8. "W. ngusta. NORTH ADAMS, p. v. and sta., Berkshire co., Mass. : on oosac r., 108 m. "W. N. W. Boston. Here terminates the , Adams and Pittsfleld E. E., 20 m. from Pittsficld. It ntains 3 churches ; 1 bank, capital $185,000 ; and numer- s factories moved by water-power from Hoosac r. The incipal manufactures are cotton goods and woolens, ie Troy and Boston E. E. will pass through this place. .NORTH ADAMS, p. o., Jefferson county, 2f. Y. : 146 m. . W. by W. Albany. NORTH ADAMS, p. o., Hillsdale county, Mich. : 56 m. 8. msing. NORTH ADRIAN, p. v., Lenawee co., Mich. : 60 m. S. S. E. msing. NORTH ALBANY, p. o., Oxford co., Me. : on Crooked r., m. "W. Augusta. NORTH ALMOND, p. o., Alleghany co., N. Y. : 278 m. r . by S. Albany. C NORTH AMHERST, p. v., Hampshire co., Mass. : 76 m. W. Boston ; contains several stores and manufactories. NORTHAMPTON county, N. Car. Situate N. E., and con tains 4SO sq. m. Drained by branches of Meherrin r. in the N. E., and of Eoanoke in S. W., which rivers form its bound aries in the directions indicated. Surface even and diversi fied ; soil very fertile, and there is some good pasture land. Cotton, Indian corn, and tobacco are the chief productions. Farms 644; manuf. 7; dwell. 1,341, and pop. wh. 5,994, fr. col. 830, si. 6,511 total 13,335. Capital: Jackson. Public Works : Petersburg E. E. ; Sea-board and Eoan oke E. E. ; Greenville and Eoanoke E. E., etc. NORTHAMPTON county, Penn. Situate E., and contains 418 sq. m. Drained by Lehigh river and other small streams, tributaries of the Delaware. Surface uneven and hilly, and is pleasantly diversified with fertile valleys ; soil exceedingly fertile, and produces large crops of wheat, Indian corn, potatoes, etc. Pine and other timber is found on the land. Its manufactures are extensive, and great attention is paid to agriculture. Farms 2,102 ; manuf. 424 ; dwell. 6,836, and pop. wh. 40,099, fr. col. 136 total 40,235. Capital: Easton. Public Works : several railroads from Easton west ward are projected. NORTHAMPTON county, Virg. Situate S. on the eastern shore, and contains 410 sq. m. Drained by numerous small creeks falling into Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. Surface low and level ; soil generally fertile. Chief produc tions, Indian corn and potatoes. Farms 376; manuf. 11; dwell. 693, and pop. wh. 3,105, fr. col. 745, si. 3,648 total 7,498. Capital: Eastville NORTHAMPTON, Peoria co., Itt. : 77 m. N. Springfield. NORTHAMPTON, t., p. v., and cap. Hampshire co., Mass. : on W. bank of Connecticut r., 81 m. W. Boston. Lat. N. 420 19 9", i on g. w. 72 38 15". Surface of t. pleasantly diversified; soil very fertile and well cultivated. The scenery of this t. is celebrated as among the most beautiful in New England. The v. is irregularly but handsomely laid out, and contains many handsome dwellings and grounds. The public county buildings are handsome, sub stantial structures. There are 2 banks, with cap. of $400,000. A fine stream, passing through the centre of the t., affords good water-power to several manufactories of cotton goods, sewing silk and ribbons, woolen goods, etc. On an eleva tion W. of the v., called Eound Hill, is an extensive water- cure establishment. A fine bridge, 1,080 feet long, crosses the Connecticut r. to Hadley. Mount Tom, in this t., 1,214 feet high, and Mount Ilolyoke, on E. side of the r., 830 feet high, are much visited for the delightful prospects afforded of Connecticut valley. The "Hampshire Gazette" (whig) and " N. Courier" (fr. soil) are published weekly. Churches in t., 8. The Connecticut Elver E. E. passes through the v., 17 m. from Springfield. Pop. in 1830, 3,613 ; in 1840, 3,750 ; in 1850, 5,278. NORTHAMPTON, t. and p. o., Saginaw co., Mich. : on the Shiawassee r., 36 m. N. E. by N. Lansing. Pop. 122. NORTHAMPTON, t. and p. o., Fulton co., N. Y. : on Sacan- daga r., 38 m. N. "W. by N. Albany. Surface of t. mostly level ; soil sandy loam, of good quality, and well watered. Pop. 1,701. NORTH ANDOVHR, p. v. and sta., Essex county, Mas*. : on Great Pond, a small lake, emptying into Merrimac river, 26 m. N. by W. Boston. The Boston and Maine E. E. and the Essex E. E. pass through this v. Great Pond covers nearly 500 acres ; its outlet affords water-power. NORTH ANSON, t. and p. o., Somerset co., Me. : on W. side of Kennebec r., and intersected by Seven Mile brook, 83 m. N. by "W. Augusta. Pop. of 1. 1,168. NORTH APPLETON, p. o., Waldo county, Me. : 27 m. E. Augusta. NORTH ARGTLE, p. o., "Washington co., N. Y. : on Moses kill, 44 m. N. N. E. Albany. NORTH ASHBURNHAM, sta., "Worcester county, Mass. : on Cheshire E. E., 13 m. from Fitchburg. NOR NOR NORTH ASHFORD, p. v., Windham county, Conn. : 23 m. E, by N. Hartford. NORTH ATTLEBORO , p. v., Bristol county, Mass. : 30 m. 8. 8. W. Boston. Here are several manufactories. NORTH AUBURN, p. o., Cumberland co., Me. : on "W. side of Androscoggin r., 27 m. 8. W. Augusta. NORTH AUGUSTA, p. v., Des Moines co., la. : on N. bank of Skunk r., 63 m. S. by E. Iowa City. NORTH BANGOR, p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : on "W. side of Penobscot r., 66 m. N. E. by E. Augusta. J NOETH BANGOR, p. o., Franklin county, N. T.: 154 m. N. by W. Albany. NORTH BAENSTEAD, p. o., Belknap co., N~. Jlamp. : IS m. N. E. Concord. NORTH BARRINGTON, p. o., Strafford county, .A r . Samp. : 23 m. E. Concord. NORTH BAY, p. o., Oneida co., N. T. : 112 m. W. N. W. Albany. NORTH BECKETT, p. v. and sta., Berkshire county, Mass. : 105 miles W. Boston, on Western Kailroad, 37 miles from Springfield. NORTH BELGRADE, p. v. and sta., Kennebec co., Me.: on W. side of Snow s pond, 12 m. N. Augusta. The An droscoggin and Kennebec E. E. passes through the v., 10 m. from Waterville. NORTH BELLEVILLE, p. v. and sta., Hendricks co., Ind. : 19 m. W. 8. W. Indianapolis, on Terre Haute and Rich mond E. B. NORTH BELMONT, p. o., "Waldo co.. Me. : 32 m. E. by N. Augusta. NORTH BELTINGHAM, p. v., Norfolk county, Mass. : 27 m. 8. W. by S. Boston. NORTH BEND, p. v., De Kalb co., Ala. : on E. side of Wills cr., 144 m. N. by E. Montgomery. NORTH BEND, p. o., Stark co., Ind. : on Tippecanoe r., at its greatest bend, 98 m, N. by W. Indianapolis. NORTH BEND, p. v., Piatt county, III. : 67 m. E. N. E. Springfield. NORTH BENNINGTON, p. v. and sta., Bennington co., Verm. : 104 m. S. S. W. Montpelier. Here the Western Vermont K. E. connects with the Troy and Bennington E. E. The V. contains woolen, cotton, and hardware factories. NORTH BENTON, p. o., Mahoning co., Ohio: 130 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. NORTH BENTONSPORT, Des Moines co.,7a. : onN. bank of Des Moines r., 65 m. S. S. W. Iowa City. NORTH BEEGEN, p. o., Genesee co., N. T. : 223 m. W. by N. Albany. NORTH BERNARDSTOWN, p. v., Franklin co., Mass. : 81 m. W. by N. Boston. The Connecticut Eiver E. E. passes through the t., 42 m. from Springfield. NORTH BERWICK, t., p. v., and sta., York co., Me. : 8S m. S. W. by S. Augusta. Drained by a branch of Salmon r. The Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth E. E. passes through the v., 34 m. from Portland. Pop. of 1 1,593. NOETH BETHEL, p. o., Oxford co., Me. : on S. bank of Androscoggin r., 41 m. W. by N. Augusta. NOETH BLACKSTONE, p. o., Worcester co., Mass. : 85 m. S. W. Boston. NORTH BLANFORD, p. v., Hampden co., Mass. : 99 m. W. Boston. NORTH BLENHEIM, p. o., Schoharie co., N. Y. : on Scho- harie r., 37 m. W. by S. Albany. NORTH BLOOMFIELD, p. v., Ontario county, N. T. : 201 m. W. by N. Albany. NORTH BLOOMFIELD, p. o., Trumbull co., Ohio : on E. side of Grand r., 147 m. N. E. Columbus. NORTH BLUE HILL, p. o., Hancock co., Me. : 63 m. E. by N. Augusta. NORTH BOOTH BAY, p. v., Lincoln co., Me. ; 33 m. S. S.W. NORTHBOROUGH, t and p. v., Worcester co., Mass. : 31 m. W. Boston. Drained by Assabet river and small affluents. Surface moderately even ; soil fertile and well cultivated. The t. has considerable manufactures. Pop. 1,535. NORTH BOSTON, p. o., Erie county, N. Y. : 262 m. W. Albany. NORTH BRANCH, p. o., Hillsboro county, N. Ilamp. : on North Branch r., 23 m. W. S. W. Concord. NORTH BRANCH, p. o., Baltimore co., Md. : on N. branch of Patapsco r., 16 m. W. Baltimore, 36 m. N. W. Annapolis. NORTH BRANCH, p. o., Somerset co., IT. Jer. : on N. branch of Earitan r., 30 m. N. Trenton. NORTH BRANCH, p. o., Sullivan co., N. Y. : 89 m. S. S. W; Albany. NORTH BRANFORD, t and p. v., New Haven co., Conn. : 9 m. N. E. New Haven. Surface of t. hilly and mountain- ous ; soil in 8. part fertile. Drained by Farm r. and other streams. Pop. 1,013. NORTHBRIDGE, t., p. v., and sta., Worcester co., Mass.: 35 m. S. W. Boston. Drained by Blackstone and Mumford rivers and other tributaries, which afford extensive water- power. Surface uneven, and somewhat rocky ; soil fertile and well cultivated, particularly in the intervals of the streams. The Providence and Worcester E. E. passes through the village, 12 m. from Worcester. There are several extensive manufactories in the t. Pop. 2,229. NORTIIBEIDGE CENTRE, p. v., Worcester co., Mass. : 36 m. S. W. Boston. NORTH BRIDGETON, p. o., Cumberland co., Me. : at N. W. corner of Long Pond, 51 m. W. S. W. Augusta. NORTH BRIDGEWATER, p. o., Oneida county, N. Y. : 80 m. W. by N. Albany. NORTH BRIDGEWATEE, t, p. v., and sta., Plymouth county, Mass. : 19 m. S, Boston. Drained by Salisbury r. Surface level ; soil generally fertile, and well cultivated. The Fan Eiver E. E. passes through the v. The commercial and manufacturing interests are large. Pop. 3,940. NORTH BROADALBIN, p. o., Fulton county, N~. Y. : 35 m. N. W. by N. Albany. NORTH BROOKFIELD, t. and p. v., Worcester co., Mass. : 48 m. W. Boston. Drained by small streams, with an arti ficial pond covering nearly 800 acres, for hydraulic power. Surface undulating ; soil fertile, and well cultivated. The manufactures are considerable. The Western E. K. passes through this t. at East Brookfleld, 64 m. from Boston. Pop ulation 1,939. NOETH BROOKFIELD, p. o., Madison co., N. Y. : 84 m. W. by N. Albany. NORTH BROWNSVILLE, p. o., Piscataquis co., Me. : S4 m. N. E. by N. Augusta. NORTH BUCKSPORT, p. v., Hancock co., Me. : on E. bank of Penobscot r., 55 m. E. N. E. Augusta. NORTH CAMBRIDGE, p. o., Lamoille co., Verm. : on N. sida of Lamoille r., 31 m. N. N. W. Montpelier. NORTH CAMBRIDGE, p. o., Washington co., N. Y. : 32 m. N. E. by N. Albany. NOETH CAMDEN, p. v., Lorain co., Ohio : 95 m. N. N. E. Columbus. NOETH CAMEEON, p. o., Steuben county, 2f. Y. : 192 m. W. by S. Albany. NOETH CANTON, p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : near Cherry creek, 15 m. N. W. Hartford. THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. NOBTH CAROLINA is situated between the latitudes 33 50 and 36 80 north, and the longitudes 75 25 and 84 30 west from Greenwich, or 1 37 east, and 7 28 west from Washington. It is bounded on the north by Virginia ; on the eaat by the Atlantic Ocean ; on the south by South Carolina and Georgia ; and on the west by Tennessee. Presenting a broad 594 NORTH CAROLINA. front to the ocean, it gradually contracts in its breadth, and terminates westward in a narrow strip. Its length from east to west ia about 450 miles, and its breadth in the eastern section from 120 to 180 miles, but in the west diminishing from 90 to 20 miles ; and it has an area of 45,000 square miles. The face of the country presents three distinctive physical conditions. The seaward section is a low plain, covered with swamps, and traversed by sluggish streams ; to this succeeds a belt of undulating country, watered by fresh and rapid streams, and in many portions variegated by hills and knolls ; and the western section is an elevated table-land. The maritime section forms, as it were, a chaos of land and water. The entire coast is lined by low, narrow, sand islands, broken at intervals, and forming communications between the ocean and the lagoons which lie between the islands and the main land. South of Cape Lookout these inlets are numerous, and the lagoons narrower ; north of that headland the converse obtains. Extensive shoals extend from the shore seaward, and render navigation dangerous and uncertain, and within the lagoons the bars and banks are constantly changing their position. Furious gales, too, are prevalent, so that it is difficult for a skillful pilot to avoid the dangers. Ocracoke inlet is the only navigable pass north of Cape Lookout, and this at low tide, even in the main channel, contains only six feet water. Eoanoke inlet, opposite the island of that name, is now obstructed, but the pass may again be opened. To the northward, between the mainland and Narrow Beach Island, stretching down from Cape Henry, lies Currituck Sound, 50 miles long, and from 2 to 10 miles broad. West of this, running inland, is Albemarle Sound, 60 miles long, and from 5 to 15 broad. Its waters are fresh, and not subject to rise and fall from tidal influences, but they are affected by particular winds. These two sounds communicate with Pamlico Sound, which lies south of Currituck, and is 86 miles long, and from 10 to 20 miles wide. Its depth is in general about 20 feet, but shoals abound within it. It opens to the ocean through Ocracoke inlet, and is somewhat influenced by the tides. The capes, formed by the sand islands, are the dread of mariners. Cape Lookout and Cape Fear indicate by their names the dangers that surround them. But the most formidable headland is Cape Hatteras, the elbow of a triangular island forming the seaward limit of Pamlico Sound. Its shoals extend a great distance from the land, and render it one of the most ugly projections of the American coast. The whole series of islands which beset this coast are barren and desolate, entirely useless to agriculture, and are inhabited only by a few hardy fishermen and pilots. From the sea-coast, for a distance of 60 or SO miles, the country is perfectly level, traversed by sluggish and muddy streams, and abounding in swamps and marshes. The soil, except along the banks of the streams, where it is sometimes fertile, is sandy and barren. The swamps, so numerous in this section, cover an area equal to one-tenth part of the whole State. The Great Dismal Swamp, partly in this State, and partly in Virginia, is 30 miles long, and from 10 to 12 miles broad, extending over a surface of 100,000 acres. In some places it is densely covered with cedars, pines, and cypress, and in others is impervious, on account of tall and rank grasses and undergrowths. In the centre is Drummond Lake, 20 miles in circuit. The soil is covered knee deep with water, and though firm in some parts, consists chiefly of a soft, yielding bog. Similar in its character, and nearly as large, is Alligator or Little Dismal Swamp, on the peninsula between Albemarle and Pamlico sounds. There are other swamps further south (Catfish, Green, etc.), usually overgrown like those spoken of, and equally impenetrable. Many of these have been drained by canaling, and the recovered lands have proved excellent for the cultivation of rice and cotton. Advancing into the country, its physical aspect becomes more and more changed. Immediately beyond the level country, the land begins to rise into small hills, stones appear on the surface, and the streams ripple in their courses. A little further westward, the scene opens in all the variety of hill and dale that belongs to a fertile country. For 40 miles behind the flat region there extends, as far as the lower falls of the rivers, a belt of land, of a surface moderately uneven, with a sandy soil, of which pitch-pine is the natural growth. Above the falls the surface is undulated, and still further, beyond the Yadkin and Catawba, is an elevated region, forming a part of the great central plateau or table-land of the United State s, and lying 1,000 to 2,000 feet above the sea-level. The peaks of the Blue Eidge of the Allcghanies, which have distinct local appellations, tower high above this. Black Mountain, the highest culmination east of the Eocky Mountains, and about 250 feet higher than the loftiest summit of the White Mountains of New Hampshire, has an elevation of 6,426 feet ; Eoan Mountain, the summit of which is a broad meadow, is 6,038 feet high ; Grandfather Mountain is 5,556 feet high, and Table Mountain has an elevation of 3,420 feet above the sea. Mount Ararat or Pilot Mountain, in Surrey County, situated in a comparatively level region, exhibits a striking symmetry of structure ; its form is very nearly that of a cylinder, and it is ascended by a path in some places nearly perpendicular. The view from its summit is grand and extensive, although its elevation is much inferior to the peaks above named. King s Mountain, another isolated hill, is a ridge extending from Lincoln and Cleaveland counties into York district, in South Carolina, and is celebrated as the site of a battle, fought in 1780. Between the several mountains in the western part of the State, the soil is productive, and highly favorable to agricultural operations, and, being well grassed, forms extensive pastures, on which large herds and flocks find a plentiful subsistence. The rivers of North Carolina, though of goodly dimensions, are not navigable for large vessels. They are, however, well adapted to boat navigation, and in their upper courses supply immense mechanical power, which at a future day will be extensively used. As a general thing they all have shallow bars, and are frequently interrupted. Many loose them selves in lagoons difficult of access. The principal river, the course of which lies wholly within the State, is Cape Fear Eiver. It is, moreover, the only large stream that flows directly to the ocean. The primary constituents of this river are the Haw and the Deep, which rise near the northern boundary line, and form a junction at Haywood in Chatham County ; it falls over the first ledge in the low country at Averasboro ; at Fayetteville it can be navigated by large boats, and above Wilmington it forms two branches, which reunite below that town, and hence flows on in a broad, sluggish stream obstructed by sand-bars, and difficult of navigation. These defects, however, have been somewhat remedied by diminishing the breadth of the river, and by stopping up the smaller outlets, so that the depth of the main channel, as far as Wilmington, has now from 12 to 13 feet of water. The direction of its flow is south-east, and the length of its course about 280 miles. The main entrance to the river, south of Smith s Island, has a depth of water varying from 10 to 14| feet on the bar. The Chowan and Eoanoke rivers flow into Albemarle Sound ; the former, which is formed by the union of the Meherrin and Nottaway, admits of small vessels to Murfreesboro , and the latter is navigable for the Sound craft a distance of 30 miles. Both are navigable for boats to a greater distance the Eoanoke to Weldon, at the foot of the falls, 75 miles ; and above the falls it affords, with the aid of side cuts, a boat navigation to Salem, 245 miles. The whole length of the Eoanoke, from the valley of Virginia, is more than 400 miles. The Tar and the Neuse empty into Pamlico Sound. The Tar, which in the lower part of its course expands into a wide estuary called Pamlico Eiver, is navigable for vessels drawing only 8 feet of water, to Washington. 30 miles ; and for boats to Tarboro , 90 miles ; and the Neuse, which has a longer course, is navigable for large boats to Kingston. The ocean entrances to both these rivers are channels in which 595 NORTH CAROLINA. there is only 10 feet water at high tide. The "Waccamaw passes into South Carolina, flowing for a considerable distance near and parallel with the coast. The Lumber and Yadkin also pass into that State, in which they are known as the Little and Great Pedee. The Yadkin is a long river traversing the State from near its northern boundary, and is navig able for boats almost to its source. The Catawba, which rises in the Blue Mountains, also flows into South Carolina, and there takes the name of the "Wateree. From the western slope of the same mountains flow New Elvers, the "Watauga, the French Broad, the Little Tennessee, and the Hiwassee, the waters of which, cutting through the Iron or Smoky Mount ains, are ultimately carried off, and mingle with those of the Ohio and Mississippi, and join the ocean at a distance of 1,500 miles from the outlets of the waters rising from the opposite slope of the Blue Eidge, and emptying into the Atlantic. The geological formation of the State has been scientifically examined by Professor Olmstead. Its mineral resources are extensive, and as valuable. The low country consists of deposits of sand and clay, similar, and belonging to the same age (tertiary) as those of Eastern Virginia and Maryland. These beds contain few minerals, but abound in shell deposits, marl, fossiliferous limestone, copperas, and bog-iron ore. A ledge of micaceous rocks, seen in the ravines and river cuttings, forms the line which divides the low from tho upper country. "West of this there is a belt of mica slate, chlorite slate, gneiss, and granite, and among the minerals of this section are hoematitic iron ores (Nash and Johnson counties), plumbago (Wake County), and occasionally soapstone and serpentine. This strip ia succeeded by a belt of sandstone running south-westerly from Granville across the State. Freestones and grindstones are abundant in some parts of the formation, which also contains argillaceous iron ore and some coal measures (Orange, Chatham, etc., counties). Next to this is situate the great slate formation, about 20 miles in breadth, and running in a direction north east and south-west across the country. "Within this district are also found numerous beds of porphyry, soapstone, ser pentine, greenstone, and hone or whetstone slate. After the slate formation there succeeds next another belt of primary rocks reaching nearly to the Blue Eidge ; and in this is comprised the gold region. Iron ore is also found abundantly (Eockingham, Stokes, Surry, and Lincoln counties) chiefly in the form of the magnetic oxide, and has been extensively wrought. The gold region of the Atlantic States is broader and more productive in this State than in any other. The gold is found in superficial deposits or in rock veins. The system of metamorphic rocks, in which the gold-bearing veins occur, have undergone different degrees of change in different localities. While in some parts the original slaty structure is preserved, in others the lamination has been partly obliterated, and the texture altered by the evident effects of heat. In some points there is an intermingling of rocks of the gneissoid character, with such as still retain the slaty structure. In certain parts the granitic rocks prevail, and there the auriferous veins have various directions apparently wholly irrespect ive of the general trend of the gold formation. Thus, between the town of Charlotte and the Catawba Eiver, and within a circuit of three or four miles in diameter, are found veins which have been more or less extensively worked, with direc tions running N. 64 E., N. 4T E., N. S| "W., N. 26fc E., and N. 34 "W., so that if these directions were prolonged, they would, in some cases, be found intersecting each other at right angles. In regard to the vein stone, in which the aurifer ous particles are found, they differ very widely in some cases the material is an argillaceous slate of a silky lustre, much interspersed with minute cubes of pyrites of iron or of copper, or of both, as at the Eussell mine on the Newberry ia Montgomery County ; in other cases it is partly in quartz, and partly in the slaty walls of the veins, and in others still, it is wholly in the quartz, being scarcely at all impregnated with the precious metal. The materials which exist in the veins are either such as have been acted on by meteoric influences, and partly decomposed, or, lying beyond the reach of such influences, have escaped decomposition, and may be regarded as the true exponents of the deeper vein-stone. These lat ter are in general less rich in gold than the former, chiefly on account of having lost a part of their solid material by decomposition. But the deep ores owe their inferior value, in no small degree, also to the difficulty of extracting the gold from its combination, with the sulphurets which near the surface have been reduced by the combined action of air, water, and other materials from the atmosphere. The axis of the gold formation passes in a north-east and south-west direction through the counties of Eockingham, Guilford, Davidson, Eowan, Cabarras, and Mechlenburg, embracing the section of both sides of the Blue Eidge, and extending eastward beyond the Yadkin. That gold is an important product of this State, admits of no question ; the region in which it is found is very extensive. The principal mines are Anson s, Eead s, and Parker s. The first named is in Anson County, and has yielded richly, but on account of the ownership of the land on which it is situated being in dispute, operations have been retarded. Eead s mine is in Cabarras County, and was the one first wrought ; large masses of the virgin metal have at several periods been dug up, and pieces weighing 400, 500, and 600 pennyweights are met with. On one occasion, a mass weighing 23 pounds avoirdupois in its crude state was exhumed. Parker s mine is situated on a small stream four miles south of the Yadkin. The metal is here found chiefly in flakes and grains ; but lumps of considerable size one weighing 4 pounds 11 ounces avoirdupois have been dur up. In the mining districts, gold contained in a goose-quill forms a currency, its value being fixed by weight. The larger portion of the products of the mines is bought up by dealers at from 9p to 91 cents per pennyweight, and much is carried to the mint at Charlotte for coinage ; but the returns published by that insti tution by no means indicate the value of the mines, as a considerable quantity finds its way to the manufacturer, and tho banks receive no small moiety of the whole in deposit. The coal region of North Carolina, chiefly in Chatham and Moore counties, and along the Valley of Deep Eiver, so far as examined, occupies a space fifteen miles in length, and from five to six in width, throughout which area the deposits of this mineral are immense and of every variety bituminous, semi-bituminous, and anthracite, and Professor Johnson has pronounced them to be of the best qualities. The indications are, he adds, that the deposits are at least thirty miles in length, and comprise an area of one hundred and fifty square miles. The mean thickness of the beds is said to be seven and a half feet, a greater depth than any similar deposit in England. Coal is also found ia other districts. Iron ore is found in juxtaposition with the coal measures of Deep Eiver, overlying the coal. These discoveries have led to much speculation, and it is said that in a few years the result will be an inflow of capital and prosperity to the State equal to that now enjoyed by Pennsylvania. The climate of North Carolina is much influenced by the diversified character of the surface ; no single description would apply to the whole State. The western section, where the land is elevated and traversed by high ranges, is much cooler than the sea-board section, and the interior has a climate partaking of both extremes. The winters throughout the State, however, are much less rigorous than farther north. The atmosphere in the hilly and in the lower middle region is pure and salubrious, and the heats of summer are in these tempered by the coolness of the nights ; but in the low country, near the coasts, the summers are hot and sultry, and the air unhealthy and loaded with miasms. The annual 596 NORTH CAROLINA. average range of the thermometer at the University at Chapel Hill is 86 faJir., the greatest heat being 96, and the lowest 10, with a mean temperature of 59.07. Peaches blossom in February, and the first frost occurs generally in October. The average number of rainy days in the year is ninety-eight, of cloudy days three hundred and thirty-three, and of clear days only thirty-two. The pine-forests of North Carolina cover nearly the whole eastern section. In the plain of the low country this tree is almost the exclusive natural growth, and attains here a much fuller development than in the States farther north ; in the swamps it grows to an enormous bulk, and the moisture of the atmosphere loads the trees with a long spongy moss, which hangs in clusters from the limbs, and gives the forests a singular appearance. Cedars and cypresses are also abundant in the swamps. These forests contribute greatly to the general wealth, and furnish not only lumber for exportation, but also nearly all the resinous matter used in the United States. In the elevated parts of the State the timber growths are the oak, elm, walnut, cherry, lime, etc., and the maple, poplar, and some others, are indigenous in every section. The white-oak trees found here are well suited for making staves, being taller and more free from knots than the northern variety. Several valuable medicinal plants also grow spontaneously, as the ginseng, snake-root, etc., and the bottoms are overgrown with canes, the leaves of which continue green throughout the winter, and afford a grateful food for cattle. Grapes, plums, and blackberries are among the indigenous fruits. North Carolina is divided into seventy-nine counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows : Counties. Dwell. Pop. ^"J* Capitals. Alamance 1,516.. 11,444. . 928.. 38.. Graham Alexander .... 827 .. 5,220 . . 633 .. 4 . . Tay lorsville ...1,166.. 13,489.. 675.. 32..Wadesboro ...1,407.. 8,777.. 1,253.. 3. .Jefferson ...1,663.. 13,816.. 594.. 73. . Washington ...1,070.. 12,851.. 542.. 50.. Windsor ...1,005.. 9,767.. 486.. 61. .Elizabethtown ... 771.. 7,272.. 385.. 80..Smithville . . .1,942. .13,425. .1,105. . 19. . Ashville . . . 983 . . 7,772 . . 873 . . 22 . . Morgantown ...1,296.. 9,747.. 875.. 44.. Concord ... 926.. 6,317.. 366.. 8..Lenoir Anson Ashe Beaufort . . Bertie Bladen ... Brunswick Buncombe Burke Cabarras.. Caldwell.. Camden 770.. 6,049.. 579.. 15. .New Lebanon Carteret.. Caswell . . Catawba. Chatham Cherokee Chowan .. Cleveland Columbus Craven 1,842.. 14,7 . 972.. 6,803.. 208.. 19.. Beaufort . 815.. 15,269.. 707.. 56 . . Yancey ville .1,237.. 8,862.. 957.. 3.. Newton .2,210. .18,449. .1,633. . 48. .Pittsboro .1.020.. 6,838.. 459.. 5.. Murphy . 613.. 6,721.. 344.. 23..Edenton .1,526.. 10,396.. 961.. 16.. Shelby . 777.. 5,909.. 399., 5..Whitesville 383.. 67..Newbera Cumberland . . 2,531 .. 20,610 .. 959 . . 105 . . Fayetteville Currituck 925.. 7,136.. 501.. O..Currituck Davidson 2,308. .15,320. .1,231 . . 18. .Lexington Davie 1,027.. 7,866.. 404.. 37..Mocksville Duplin 1,419.. 13,514.. 923.. 57. .Kenansville Edgecombe . . . 1,649 . . 17,189 . . 737 . . 14 . . Tarboro Forsyth 1,739.. 11,168. . 936.. 80. .Winston Franklin 1,115.. 11,713.. 588.. 25..Louisburg Gaston 1,072.. 8,073.. 724.. 10.. Dallas Gates 880.. 8,426.. 490.. 22 . . Gatesville Granville 2,093.. 21 ,249.. 1,074.. 55.. Oxford Greene 684.. 6,619.. 872.. 37. .Snow Hill Guilford 3,048. .19,754. .1,668. . 55 .. Greensboro Halifax 1,759.. 16,589.. 868.. 4.. Halifax Haywood 1,110.. 7,074.. 653.. O..Waynesville ... 931.. 6,853.. 418.. 1 . . llendereonville Henderson Hertford . . , Hyde 831.. 8,142.. 378.. 20 . . Murfreesboro 923.. 7,636.. 293.. 6.. Swan Quarters Counties. Dwell. Jones Lenoir Lincoln . . . M-Dowell. 61 . . Lincolnton 29.. Marion 18.. Franklin Iredell ........ 1,834. .14,719. .1,096. . 28 . . Statesville Johnson ...... 1,704. .13,726. .1,002.. 102. .Smithfield ... 440.. 5,038.. 240.. 14.. Trenton ... 702.. 7,828.. 362.. 17.. Kingston ...1,022.. 7,746.. 711. ... 860.. 6,346.. 508. Macon ....... 936.. 6,389.. 631. Martfn ........ 923.. 8,307.. 510,. 17. .Williamston Mecklenburg . . 1,632 . .13,914. . 1,030 . . 16 .. Charlotte Montgomery .. 902.. 6,872.. 541.. 14.. Troy Moore ........ 1,286.. 9,342.. 718.. 4. .Carthage Nash ......... 1,248. .10,657. . 718. . 24. .Nashville New Hanover .1,884. .17,668. . 559. .186. .Wilmington Northampton.. 1,341.. 13,335.. 644.. 7.. Jackson Onslow ....... 963 .. 8,283 .. 349 .. 27 .. Onslow Orange ....... 2,186. .17,055. .1,082. . 17. .Hillsboro Pasquotank . . . 1,150 . . 8,950 . . 530 . . 11 . . Elizabeth City Perquimans... 818.. 7,331.. 505.. 21.. Hertford Person ........ 1,070 . .10,781 . . 6S4 . . 17 . . Eoxboro Pitt ........... 1,315.. 13,397.. 684.. 41 .. Greenville Eandolph ..... 2.512. .15,832. .1,173. . 41. . Ashboro Eichmond . . 949 .. 9,818 . . 496 .. 1 . . Eockingham Eobeson ...... 1,513. .12,826. .1,112. . 10. .Lumberton Eockingham . .1,693. .14,495. . 717. . 43 . . Wentworth Eowan ........ 1,842. .13,870. .1,070. .108. .Salisbury Rutherford.... 1,833.. 13,550.. 959.. 28 . . Eutherfordton Sampson ...... 1,582.. 14,585.. 948.. 53.. Clinton Stanly ........ 946 .. 6,922 . . 515 . . 10 . . Albemarle Stokes ........ 1,268.. 9,206.. 591.. 34..Danbury Surry ......... 2,797 .. 18,443 .. 1,503 . . 48 .. Eockford Tyrrell ........ 635 .. 5,133 . . 210 . . 41 . . Columbia Union ........ 1,422 . . 10,051 . . 877 .. 9 . . Monroe Wake ........ 2,844. .24,887.. 1,410.. 56..EALEIGH Warren ....... 905 .. 13,912 . . 543 . . 20 . . Warrenton Washington... 670.. 5,666.. 444.. 24.. Ply mouth Watauga ...... 569.. 3,400.. 442.. L.Boone Wayne ....... 1,576. .13,486.. 668.. 69 . . Waynesboro Wilkes ........ 2,050. .12,099. .1,097. . 9. . Wilkesboro Yancey ....... 1,322.. 8,205.. 970.. 10. .Burnsville The whole number of dwellings in the State, at the above date, was 105,542 ; of families, 106,023 ; and of inhabitants, 868,903; viz., whites 552,464 males 272,369, and females 280,095; Indians, 831 males 420, and females, 411; free col ored, 27,196 males 13,226, and females 13,970; slaves, 288,412. Of the whole population there were, deaf and dumb wh. 351, fr. col. 4, si. 52 total 407; llind\vb. 387, fr. col. 28, si. 117 total 532; insane wh. 462, fr. col. 5, si. 24 total 491 ; and idiotic^- wh. 604, fr. col. 82, si. 138 total 774. The number of free persons born in the United States was 577,750, the number of foreign birth 2,524, and of birth unknown 217. The native population originated as follows : Me. 68, N. Hamp. 26, Verm. 27, Mass. 251, E. I. 59, Conn. 272, N. York 468, N. Jer. 134, Penn. 665, Del. 96, Md. 635, Dist. of Col. 28, Virg. 10,838, North Carolina 556,248, S. Car. 4,430, Ga. 844, Flor. 54, Ala. 131, Miss. 57, La. 14, Tex. 6, Ark. 1, Tenn. 2,047, Ky. 141, Oh. 48, Mich. 2, Ind. 67, 111. 23, Mo. 33, la. 3, Wise. 4, Calif. 0, Territories 0; and the foreign pojv ulation was composed of persons from England 394, Ireland 567, Scotland 1,012, Wales 7, Germany 344, France 43, Spain 4, Portugal 12, Belgium 1, Holland 4, Turkey 0, Italy 4, Austria 2, Switzerland 3, Eussia 8, Denmark 6, Norway 0, Sweden 9, Prussia 19, Sardinia 0, Greece 0, China 2, Asia 0, Africa 2, British America 30, Mexico 2, Central America 4, South America 3, West Indies 37, and other countries 5. 59T NORTH CAROLINA. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the United States authorities: Census White Colored Persons. Total Decenn ial Increase. Years. 1790 Persons. 233 204 Free. 4,975 .... Slave. 100,572 Total. . . 105,547 Population 39 751 , Numerics il. Per cent. 1800 337,764 7,048 ... 133,296 . . 140,344 . . . 478 103 84 352 n-\ o 1810 376 410 10,266 163,824 . . 179,090 . . . 555 500 77 397 -ICO 1820 419 200 14,612 .... 205,017 . . 219,629 . . . . . . 63S 829 83 3^9 15 1830 472 843 19,543 ..., 245,601 . . 265,144 . . . 737,937 99 153 15 5 1840 434 870 . . . 22,732 .... 245,817 . . 268.549 . . . 753,419 15 43 2 1 1850 . . . . 552,464 . . . 27,196 ... ... 288,412... . . 315,608 . . , . . . 863,903 ...115.434 .. 115.3 the total of 1850, including 831 Indians, not otherwise accounted for. The statistics of the products, industries, wealth, and institutions of the State, according to the census of 1850 and othei official returns referring to the same period of time, are as follows : Occupied Lands, etc. Improved farm lands, 5,453,977 acres, and lands attached to farms unimproved, 15,543,010 acres together valued in cash at $67,591,766. Whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, 1850, 56,916. Value of farming implements and machinery, $3,931,532. Live-Stock. Horses 148,693, asses and mules 25,259, milch cows 221,799, working oxen 37,309, other cattle 434,402, sheep 595,249, swine 1,812,813 in the aggregate valued in cash at $17,717,647. The census of 1840 returned the following numbers: horses, mules, etc. 166,603, neat cattle of all kinds 617,371, sheep 533,279, and swine 1,649,716. Products of Animals. Wool, 970,738 (in 1840, 625,044) pounds; butter, 4,146,290 pounds; cheese, 95,921 pounds; and the value of animals slaughtered during the year, $5,767,366. Grain Crops. Wheat, 2,130,102 bushels ; rye, 229,563 bushels ; Indian corn, 27,941,051 bushels ; oats, 4,052,078 bushels ; barley, 2,735 bushels ; and buckwheat, 16,704 bushels. The crops, according to the census of 1340, were : wheat, 1,960,855 bushela ; rye, 213,971 oushels Indian corn, 23,893,763 bushels ; oats, 3,193,941 bushels ; barley, 3,574 bushels ; and buck wheat, *5,391 bushels. Thus, excepting the barley and buckwhea crops, the increase in the decade has been liberal. Other Food Crops. Eice, 5,465,s6S (in 1840,2,820,338) pounds; peas and beans, 1,584,252 bushels; potatoes sweet, 5,095,709 bushels, and irish, 2,735 bushels. The potato crop of 1839 amounted to 2,609,239 bushels. Miscellaneous Crops. Tobacco, 11,984,786 pounds ; ginned cotton, 73,849 bales of 400 pounds ; hay, 145,662 tons ; clover- seed, 576 bushels; other grass-seed, 1,275 bushels; hops, 9,246 (in 1S40, 1,063) pounds; hemp dew-rotted, tons, and water-rotted, 3 tons ; flax ^93,796 pounds ; flax-seed, 33,196 bushels ; silk cocoons, 229 (in 1340, 3,014) pounds ; maple sugar, 27,932 pounds; molasses, i04 gallons; beeswax and honey, 512,289 pounds; wine, 11,053 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, $34,343, and of market-garden products, $39,462. The following table exhibits the actual and comparative quantities of the principal staples produced in the year preceding the censuses of 1840 and 1850: Crops. 1840. 1850. Decennial Movement. Eice ............. 2,820,383 pounds ...... 5,465,863 pounds ...... incr. 2,645,480 pounds, or 93.8 per cent Potatoes .......... 2,609,239 bushels ...... 5,098,444 bushels ...... incr. 2,439,239 bushels, or 95.4 " Tobacco .......... 16,772,359 pounds ...... 11,934,786 pounds ...... deer. 4,787,573 pounds, or 28.5 " Cotton ............ 51,926,190 " ...... 29,539,600 " ...... deer. 22,886,590 or 43.1 " Hay .............. 101,369 tons ...... 145,662 tons ...... incr. 44,293 tons, or 43.7 . . .} 9 879 *" . . /. "I 593,796 3 pounds i . | ^ | } <*^. 21,529,191 pounds, or 97.3 28,752 gallons ...... 11,058 gallons ...... deer. 17,694 gallons, or 61.2 " Some-made manufactures were produced to the value of $2,086,522. The same quality of products, according to the census of 1840, were valued at $1,413,242. Manufactures.-^- Aggregate capital invested, $0,000,000 ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., used, $0,000,000; average number of hands employed, 00,000 males 0,000, and females 0,000 ; average monthly cost of labor, $000,000 male, $000,000, and female, $00,000 ; total value of products for the year ending 1st June, 1850, $0,000,000. The whole number of manufactories producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, 2,523 ; and of these 28 are cotton factories, 1 wooleu factory, 151 tanneries, and 26 iron works, viz., 5 making castings, 2 pig iron, and 19 wrought iron. The total capital employed in manufactures in 1 840 was $3,833,900. Cotton manufactures employ a capital of $1,058,300 ; annual consumption of cotton, 13,617 bales ; value of all raw material. $531,903 : average hands employed, 1,619 males, 442, and females, 1,177; entire wages per month, $12,869 to males^ $5,153, and to females, $7,216; annual products, 2,470,110 yards of sheeting, etc., and 2,267,000 pounds of yarn- in all valued at $831,342. Capital invested in 1840, $995,300, and hands employed, 1,219. Annual value of products, $438,900. Woolen manufactures employ a capital of $18,000 ; annual consumption of wool, 30,000 pounds ; value of all raw ma terial, $13,950 ; number of hands employed, 78 males 40, and females 33 ; entire wages per month, $1,635 to males, $1,099, and to females, $536 ; annual products, 340,660 yards of cloth, valued at $88,750. Capital in 1840, $9,800 ; hands, 4. Tanneries employ a capital of $251,055; value of raw material, etc., consumed, $191,237; hands employed, 373; monthly wages, $5,295 ; tanned 24,035 skins, and 155,610 sides of leather, valued at $352,535. Capital in 1840, $271,797; hands, 645 ; tanneries, 353. In the manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors the capital invested is $21,930 ; quantities and kinds of grain, etc., consumed corn, 64,650 bushels, and rye, 4,700 bushels; hands employed, 75; quantity of liquors produced whisky and high wines, 153,030 gallons. The iron manufactures are represented in the following tabular statistics : Specifications. Pig Iron. Cast Iron. Wrought Iron. Total. Capital invested ...................... dollars .... 25,000 ............ 11,500 ............ 103,000 ......... 139,500 Ore used ............................ tons ....... 900 ............ ............ 4,650 ......... 5,550 Pig iron used ......................... " ....... ............ 192 ............ ......... 192 Coke and charcoal .................... bushels. . . .150,000 ............ 6,375 ............ 357,900 ......... 514,275 NORTH CAROLINA. Specifications. Pig Iron. Cast Iron. Wrought Iron Total. Value of all raw material, etc ....dollars .... 27,900.... 8,341.. 28,114... , 64,355 . . . . number . . . 31 . . . . 15.. 187.. 238 Entire monthly wa^es . . . . dollars .... 230.... 852.. 1,868.. 2,450 . . . .tons 400.... 172.. 850.. 1,422 Value of entire products dollars 12,500.... 12,867.. 66,980.. 92,347 Capital in iron manufactures in 1840, $94,961 ; hands, 468. There are also in the State several machine shops, hardware factories, soap and candle manufactories, potteries, carriage manufactories, etc., and numerous grist, saw, flour, and other mills, which, in the aggregate, make up a respectable manufacturing industry in a State so much devoted to agriculture as is North Carolina. Commerce, Navigation, etc. North Carolina, in the year ending 30th June, 1850, exported to foreign countries mer chandise, etc., to the value of $416,501, and imported goods to the value of $323,692. Of the exports (all of which were of domestic origin), to the value of $259,616 was carried in American, and to $156,885 in foreign bottoms ; and of the imports, to the value of $179,249 was carried in American, and to $144,443 in foreign bottoms. The entrances and clear ances in the same year were as follows : CLEARANCES. Nationality. Vessels. Tonnage, Crews. American 212 30,739 1,396 Foreign 62 11,493 503 Nationality American Foreign ENTRANCES. Vessels. .. 140 .. 48 Tonnage. 19,185.. 9,115.. Crews. 908 391 ! Total 188 28300 1,299 Wilmington Newbern .. 118 .. 23 20,670.. 2,664. . 876 139 Camden Beaufort Washington .. 22 .. 4 .. 9 2,170.. 473.. 1,118.. 135 24 54 Plymouth .. 12 1,205.. 71 Total 274 42,232 Wilmington 175 31,098 Newbern 30 3,646 Edenton 1 131 Camden 29 2,945 Beaufort 6 755 Washington 11 1,372 Plymouth 22 . 2,238 1,899 1,315 188 6 170 84 65 126 The total shipping owned in the State at the date specified was 45,218 tons, of which 14,932 tons were registered, 27,535 tons enrolled and licensed, and 2,751 tons licensed (under 20 tons.) All enrolled and licensed shipping was employed in coasting, and of this 3,226 tons were navigated by steam-power. The whole of the licensed tonnage was also employed in coasting. The tonnage of the several districts was Wilmington 15,198 tons, Newbern 5,208 tons, Washington 5,703 tons, Edenton, 1,145 tons, Camden 11,948 tons, Beaufort 2,260 tons, Plymouth 2,328 tons, and Ocracoke 1,428 tons. The number of vessels built in the several districts was 33, viz., 1 ship, 2 brigs, 23 schooners, 2 sloops, and 5 steamers, and their tonnage 2,652. Of the whole number 4 (483 tons) were built at Wilmington, 8 (867 tons) at Newbern, 1 (34 tons) at Washington, 5 (256 tons) at Edenton, 9 (693 tons) at Camden, 8 (206 tons) at Beaufort, and 3 (114 tons) at Plymouth. The statistics of the foreign commerce of the State for a series of years 1791 to 1850 exhibit the following movements in the values of exports and imports. Year. Exports. Imports. 1791 $524,548 $ 1792 527.900 1793 365^414 1794 321,587 1795 492,161 U796 671,487 1797 540,901 1798 537,810 1799 485,921 1800 769,799 1801 874,884 1802 659,390 1803 952,614 1804 928,687 1805 779,908 1S06 789,605 1807 745,162 1808 117,129. 1809 322,994 1810... Year, 1811 Exports. $797 976 Imports, Year. 1831 Exports. $841 140 Imports. $196 356 1812 489219 1832 342,041 . 215,184 1813 797 358 1833 433,035 . 198 758 1814 . 312,446. 1834 471,406 . 222,472 1 013 942 1835 319 327 241 981 1816 1 328 735 1836 429,851 197116 1817 956 580 1837 551,795 - 271 623 1818 948,253 1838 545,223 . 290,405 1819 647 736 1839 427,926 .. 229,233 18 9 808 319 1840 887 484 252 532 1821. 400,944. 200,673 1841 383,056 220,360 1822. 385,951 . 258,761 1842 344,650 . 187404 1823. 482,417. 183,958 1843 171,099 110,976 1824. 588,733. 465,836 1844 298,401 . 209 142 1825. 553.390. 311,308 1845 879,960 . 230,470 1826. 581,740. 367,545 1846 414,398 . . 242,859 1827 449 237 276,791 1847 284,919 142384 1828 523 747 268 615 1848 840,028 195814 IS ^9 564 506 2S3 347 1849 . ... 270,076 113 146 1830. 399,333. ... ... 221,992 1850 416,501 . 323,692 Internal Improvements. GresA, efforts are being made in this State to build up a system of railroads between the in terior and the sea-board, and also to connect the railroads of North Carolina with those of the adjoining States. As yet, however, the only through line is the Weldon and Wilmington E. E. at Weldon, uniting with the Petersburg R. E., run ning north, and the Sea-board and Eoanoke E. E. to Norfolk, and at Wilmington with the Wilmington and Manchester E. E., which forms a connection with the South Carolina railroads. The North Carolina Central E. E., running from a point above Goldsboro , on the Weldon and Wilmington E. E., through Ealeigh, Hillsboro , Greensboro , Lexington, and Salisbury, forma a junction with the South Carolina system at Charlotte, and this road will probably be extended from its eastern terminus to Beaufort. A railroad has long been in operation from Gaston, on the Eoanoke, to Ealeigh, at which latter point it connects with the central and at Gaston with the Greenville and Eoanoke E. E., which leaves the great Southern line at Hicksford. The total length of completed railroad in this State on the 1st Jan., 1853, was 249 miles, or in the proportion of one mile to every 18 square miles of territory. The only canals, in use within the State are the Dis mal Swamp Canal and its north-west branch, which are used chiefly for lumbering purposes, and Harlow Canal, extend- NORTH CAROLINA. ing from the Neuse to Beaufort. Important improvements are also contemplated in Deep and Cape Fear rivers, so as to make them an outlet for the mineral wealth of their vicinities. Banks According to the bank returns of November, 1S50, there were in the State 5 banks and 15 branch banks, the aggregate condition of which, at that period, was as follows: Liabilities capital, $7,7S9,250; circulation, $4,249,983; deposits, $942,093; due other banks, $60,682; all other liabilities, $4,825; and assets-loans and discounts, $6,056,783; stocks, $150,000; real estate, $127,806, other investments, $18,785 ; due by other banks, $1,074,794; notes of other banks, $483,947 ; and specie, $1,645,028. The Bank of Cape Fear, located at Wilmington, has branches at Asheville, Fayetteville, Greensboro , Raleigh, Salem, Salisbury, and "Washington, and the Bank of the State of North Carolina, at Raleigh, has branches at Charlotte, Elizabeth City, Fayetteville, Milton, Morgantown, Newbern, Tarboro , and Wilmington. Banks besides these are also established at Fayetteville, Wadesboro , Washington, Wilmington, and Newbern. Government, etc. The government of the State is based on the constitution of 1786, as amended in 1S35. The right of suffrage is allowed to every free white man, 21 years old, an inhabitant of his district 12 months preceding an election, and owner of a freehold within the same for six months. Such may vote for senators, but in voting for repre sentatives, the freehold qualification is not needed, if the voter has paid taxes. But no descendant of a negro, to the fourth generation, though one ancestor in each generation be Avhite, is to be accounted a white man. The general elections are held biennially on the 1st Thursday in August. The Legislature is composed of a House of Commons and a Senate. Members of the House of Commons (120 in number) must have resided in their respective counties one year, and have owned for six months next before their election 100 acres as freehold, and are chosen biennially, not less than one in each county. Senators (50 in number) are chosen biennially in districts set off on the basis of taxation, and must be possessed for the same time of 300 acres therein in fee. An apportionment of both houses was made in 1851, and apportionment will be made every twenty years there after. The General Assembly, thus constituted, convenes on the third Tuesday in November biennially. No special law shall be passed to alter the name of any person, to legitimize bastards, or to restore to citizenship persons convicted of infamous crimes ; but general laws for these purposes may be passed. The Governor is chosen by the persons qualified to elect members of the house for two years (but no such elected per son shall serve more than four years out of any six years) by a plurality of votes, or in case of an even vote by the two houses of the General Assembly on joint ballot. An Executive Council of State, consisting of seven councilors, shall be chosen at every regular session, who shall keep a journal of their proceedings, open to the General Assembly. The gov ernor may lay an embargo for thirty days, with the consent of the council. If the office of governor be vacant, it is to be filled by the Speaker of the Senate, and he failing, then by the Speaker of the House of Commons. No clergyman, while in the exercise of his duties as such, shall be a member of the council. Among the miscellaneous provisions of the constitution, are the following: Every foreigner who comes to settle may take take the oath of allegiance and hold real estate. Judges of the Supreme and Superior courts are appointed by joint ballot of both houses, and may be removed for mental or physical inability upon a resolution of two-thirds of the mem bers thereof. Their salaries shall not be diminished during their term. No person who shall deny the being of a God or the truth of the Christian religion, or the divine authority of the Old or New Testament, or who shall hold religious principles incompatible with the freedom or safety of the /State, shall hold any civil office. To amend the constitution, a convention of the people may be called by a rote of two-thirds of the members of both houses. Amendments, if agreed to by three-fifths of the members of each house, shall be published six months before the next election ; and if approved by two-thirds of both houses, shall be submitted to the people ; and if approved by a ma jority of votes of the voters qualified to elect members of the House of Commons, shall be adopted. The judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Superior or Circuit courts, etc. The Supreme Court consists of a chief- justice and two associate justices, the attorney-general, a reporter and two clerks, one at Raleigh, and one at Morgan- town. This court holds three sessions in each year two in the city of Raleigh, on the 2d Monday in June and the last Monday in December ; and one at Morgantown, on the 1st Monday of August, for the western part of the State, and con tinues to sit at each term until all the business on the docket is determined or continued upon good cause shown. It has power to hear and determine all cases in law or equity brought before it by appeal or by the parties ; and has original and exclusive jurisdiction in repealing letters patent, and has also power to issue all writs necessary and proper for the exer cise of its jurisdiction. The Superior or Circuit courts are composed of one judge and solicitor in each circuit ; these are courts of law and of equity, and are held twice a year in each county of the State. There are seven circuits, of about ten counties each, which the judges ride alternately, never visiting, however, the same circuit twice in succession. The judges of these courts have complete equity jurisdiction. The militia of North Carolina is composed of 79,448 men of all grades, of which number 4.267 are commissioned officers, and 75,181 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers, 28 are general officers, 133 general staff officers, 657 field officers, etc., and 3,449 company officers. Every white male citizen, between the ages of 18 and 45 years, unless exempt by law, is liable to military duty. The charitable and benevolent institutions supported by the State are the North Carolina Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, and the Asylum for the Insane. The foundation stone of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb was laid on the 14th April, 1848. It is located at Raleigh on a plot of four acres, and near the State-House. The Lunatic Asylum is not yet commenced. The legislature of 1850 imposed a tax of one cent and three-quarters on every one hundred dollars-worth of land, and five and a quarter cents on every taxable poll per annum for four years to raise a fund for building an institution of this description taxes which are expected to yield $80,000 in the time specified. Tho legislature, also at the same session, passed a bill authorizing an agricultural, mineralogical, and botanical survey of the State. The surveyor, whose appointment rests with the governor, is required personally or by his assistants, " to visit every county of the State and examine every thing of interest or value in either of the above departments, to ascertain the nature and character of its products, and the nature and character of its soil, as well as to give an account of its minerals." Public Debt, Finances, etc. The receipts from all sources for the year ending 31st October, 1850, amounted to $219,006 47, and the expenditures in the same year to $228,173 24 being an excess of expenditures over receipts of $9,166 77. The chief sources of income are the public taxes, bank taxes, interest on railroad bonds, income from interest in railroads, etc. ; and the principal objects of expenditure are executive, legislative, and judicial expenses, public print ing, interests on investments, repayments of loans, etc., election expenses, public library, etc. North Carolina, properly epeaking, has no public debt; it has, however, a contingent liability, which arises from its endorsement by the State NORTH CAROLINA. of bonds of railroad companies to the amount of $1,100,000, but from this must be deducted $13,000 for bonds not used and $110,000 for bonds paid, which reduces the amount for which the State may be liable, to $9T7,000. Since the above date other liabilities have been assumed for the progressing railroads. The value of real and personal estate of tho inhab itants of North Carolina, including the value of slave property in 1850, was assessed at $212,071,213. True valuation, $226,800,472. Federal Representation. North Carolina, in accordance with the law of 23d May, 1850, is entitled to eight represent atives in the Congress of the United States. Education. Before the Revolution, literature was hardly known in this State, much less a subject of cultivation. Thero were in the province at the end of the royal government, only two schools in operation, one at Newbern and one at Edenton. The constitution of 1776, directed that " a school or schools shall be established by the legislature for the convenient instruction of youth, with such salaries to the masters, paid by the public, as may enable them to instruct at low prices ; and all useful learning shall be duly encouraged and promoted in one or more universities." Till within late years, however, no system of free schools was introduced throughout the State. Liberal provision was made for the purpose in 1S25, by the creation of a school fund. This fund now amounts to nearly half a million dollars, besides the income of stock held by the State in several railroads, the proceeds of the sale of swamp lands, and the tract acquired from the Cherokees in the south-west. In order to apply these funds, a Board of Literature was established in 1837, to devise a plan of common schools ; but as yet nothing efficient for the increasing population has been brought to fruition. At the present time there are some 200 academies, and between 800 and 900 common schools in the State, at which from 18,000 to 20,000 youth are annually taught. The principal collegiate establishments in the State are the University, Davidson College, and Wake Forest College. The University of North Carolina is located at Chapel Hill, in Orange County, and in 1850 had a president, 10 professors, and 230 students. It was founded in 1789, and its alumni numbered 964, of which about 70 had entered the ministry. It has an excellent library of 13,500 volumes. In 1S53 a school of science and art was attached to it. In the law department there were, in 1850, ten students. Davidson College, founded in 1S33, is situate in Mechlenburg County, and in 1850 had 4 professors, 60 students, and a library of about 5,000 volumes, and its alumni num bered 140, of which 24 were in the ministry. "Wake Forest College (a Baptist institution) was founded in 1838, and in 1S50 had 3 professors, and 24 students ; its alumni numbered 11 , of which 6 were in the ministry, and its library contained 4,700 volumes. Public, Libraries. One State library 3,000 volumes; 3 college 9,401 volumes; 2 students 8,846 volumes; 2 academic and professional 3,000 volumes ; total, 8 libraries, and 24,247 volumes. This account, which is from the census of 1850, diners essentially from the returns of the colleges, and is probably under-rated. Periodical Press. The whole number of newspapers, etc., published in the State in 1850, was 52, of which 24 advocated whig principle, and 9 that of the democracy, and 19 were neutral in politics, or devoted to literature, religion, etc. Of the whole number, 1 was published tri-weekly, circulating 340 copies at each issue, or 53,040 copies annually ; 3 semi-weekly, circulating 8,437 copies, or 399,088 annually ; 41 weekly, circulating 28,427 copies, or 1,478,204 annually ; 4 semi-monthly, circulating 3,775, or 90,000 annually ; and one monthly, circulating 450, or 5,400 annually. The counties in which published are Anson, 1 s.-w. and 1 w. ; Buncombe, 2 w. ; Beaufort, 1 w. ; Caswell, 1 w. ; Chowan, 1 w. ; Cherokee, 1 w. ; Craven, 2 w. ; Cumberland, 3 w. ; Chatham, 1 s.-m. ; Edgecombe, 1 w. ; Guilford, 1 w. and 1 m. ; Granville, 1 w. ; Halifax, 2 w. ; Lincoln, 2 w. ; Mechlenburg, 2 w. ; New Hanover, 1 t.-w., 2 s.-w., and 3 w. ; Orange, 2 w. ; Pasquotank, 2 w. and 1 s.-m. ; Rutherford, Randolph, and Eowan, each 1 w. ; Wake, 1 s.-w., 6 w., and 3 s.-m. ; Wayne, 2 w. ; and Washington and Warren, each 1 weekly. Religious Denominations The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State, were as follows : mina- No. of ns. Churches. Church accom. Value of Property. Denomina tions. C No. of hurches. Church accom. Value of "Property. Denomina tions. Cl Vo. of nrches. Church accom. Value of Property. tist 573 .. 195,727 . $201.443 German Ref. 15 .. 5,725 .- $17,200 R. Catholic. . . 4 .. 1,400 .. $5,900 stian 29 .. 11,600 . 10,575 Jewish .. Swedenbo n . .. ;regat l.. .. Lutheran . . . 47 .. .. 29,025 Tunker 1 .. 200 100 ,hRef... .. Mennonite . . .. Union 4 .. 1,200 650 copal ... 47 .. 14,970 . 112,100 Methodist . . . 727 .. 19,550 .. 284,930 Unitarian .. 51 14,545 15,860 Momvicin 7 214,937 84,000 Universalist. . . - __ nds 30 .. 12 ,620 . 7^575 Presbyterian 143.. 3,000 .. 170,030 Minor Sects.. .. Free. Frien making a total of 1,678 churches, having accommodation for 558,204 persons, and valued as property at $889.393. The State forms the Protestant Episcopal diocese of North Carolina, and is a constituent portion of the Roman Catholic diocese of Charleston. Pauperism. The whole number of persons relieved or supported during the year ending 1st June, 1S50, was 1,931, of which number 1,913 were native-born and 18 foreign-born ; and the whole number receiving support at the date speci fied was 1,580 ; viz., 1,567 native-born and 13 foreigners. The cost to the public amounted to $60,085. Historical Sketch. The first English settlement in North America was made in 1585 on Roanoke Island, in this State. The patron of the infant colony was Sir Walter Raleigh, to whom Queen Elizabeth granted, in 1584, a patent for such lands as he might discover in America, "not possessed by any Christian people." The same year he dispatched two small vessels to make discoveries, and these dropped their anchors early in July in Ocracoke inlet. The adventurers landed on an island near Roanoke, called by the natives Wococon, where they were received with every mark of hospi tality. After visiting the neighborhood they returned to England and gave a highly favorable account of the climate and soil. The name of Virginia was bestowed upon the country, and Raleigh s patent was confirmed by act of Parliament. Sir Walter sent out at once, under Ralph Lane as governor, the colony above mentioned. Soon, however, Indian hostili ties, provoked by the tyrannical behavior of the leaders of the colony, were commenced, and much suffering from this cause, as well as scarcity of provisions, was endured by the adventurers. They became discouraged, and finally returned home. A few days after their departure, a ship, under Grenville, arrived, and learning the destination of the colonists, left 15 men, with provisions for two years, to keep up the settlement. Undeterred by his first failure, Raleigh sent out another colony in 15S7, with orders to settle on Chesapeake Bay, where they were to build the projected " City of Raleigh." The new colonists, however, were put ashore at Roanoke. They found no trace of Grenville s men, who had probably fallen under the wrath of the Indians; and scarcely had they themselves landed than they were engaged in combat with the natives. Their governor, White, returned to England for supplies, but owing to the troubles consequent on the Spanish invasion of England, he was detained from revisiting the D4 601 NORTH CAROLINA. colony until the autumn of 1590. On arriving, he found the site of the settlement inclosed by a strong palisade, but not a colonist remained, and to the present day their fate haa been a subject of conjecture. Thus ended Ealeigh a attempt to colonize Virginia. Early in the reign of Charles I. (1630) a tract of land south of the Chesapeake, designated as Carolina, was granted to Sir Robert Heath, but as he planted no colony on it the grant was revoked. Out of the same territory Charles II. formed, in 1663, the province of Carolina, and conveyed it by charter to eight royalist noblemen of England. This charter, as amended in 1665, defines the limits of the province to be the 29th parallel of north latitude on the south, the Pacific on the west, the Atlantic on the east, and on the north the parallel of 36 30 7 afterward and now better known as the Missouri Compromise Line. The grantees were made proprietors of the soil, and were intrusted with powers of jurisdiction over the colonists. Already previous to this conveyance, settlers had located in the northern part of the province, and for some yeara refugees from Virginia had been coming, a few at a time, into the neighborhood of the Sound afterward called Albemarle, in honor of General Monk, whose ducal title was such. A little colony had also been planted by adventurers from New England near the mouth of Cape Fear Eiver. The soil, however, proved sterile, and the colony dwindled slowly away, and would have totally disappeared, had not some planters from Barbadoes, under Sir John Yeamans, removed thither in 1665, and formed the settlement of Clarendon, by which the few remaining New Englanders were rapidly absorbed. These new settlers supported themselves with difficulty by shipments of boards, shingles, and staves. Gradually, by nu merous migrations southward, the colony again became reduced, until at length, before 1690, it was entirely exhausted. The proprietaries in 1670 sent out emigrants under the command of William Sayle to form a new settlement, to be called the County of Carteret. The colonists located themselves first at Port Eoyal, South Carolina, but they soon removed, and formed a settlement between Cooper and Ashley rivers, which they called Charleston. Sayle dying next year, Sir John Yeamans was appointed governor of Carteret, the southern province. Thus there were in 1671 two permanent settle ments in Carolina, Albemarle and Carteret, and these two constituted the nuclei of North and South Carolina as now existing. At the request of one of the proprietors, the celebrated John Locke framed a scheme of government for the whole province of Carolina. " The Grand Model," as it was called, though complete of its kind, was too complicated, if not too monarchical for an infant colony, yet the proprietaries adopted it as the fundamental law of the province, and such for 20 years it nominally remained. As a matter of fact, however, it was never brought into operation, though the governor of each district of the province strove hard to comply with its requisitions, in spite of the continued and ultimately success ful opposition of the colonists. The settlement at Albemarle was augmented by accessions from Virginia, New England, and the Bermuda islands; William Drummond was appointed first governor. He was succeeded by Samuel Stevens, under whom were enacted the first laws of the colony, by an assembly composed of the governor, the council, and twelve delegates. Every encourage ment was given by these laws to whomsoever proposed settling in the colony ; bounty-lands were granted at a moderate quit-rent (d. per acre) ; taxes could be imposed only by consent of the assembly ; and religious liberty was promised to members of every Christian denomination. Intestine commotion, proceeding partly from discontent with the " Model System," and partly owing to a general feeling of restlessness prevalent sometimes in new colonies, soon disturbed the peace and welfare of Albemarle. The Culpepper and other rebellions distinguish this period. This discontent and tur bulence were not removed until the arrival (1695) of John Archdale, one of the proprietors, as governor, invested with unusually extensive powers. Sagacious, and possessed of rare prudence, the Quaker Archdale succeeded in reducing both provinces to comparative order. During the preceding period, North Carolina had received a decided check to her prosperity. Many fled the country. At the beginning of the troubles, the province contained 1,400 taxable inhabitants in 1694, 787 were all that could be found within its limits. Under Archdale, the colony began again to flourish. Settle ments were made (1698) on the Pamlico Eiver, upon the Tar and the Neuse, and Bath County was set off to the southward. Eice and tar, two of the staples of North Carolina, began now to be exported ; churches were for the first time erected, and religion began to receive the support of the authorities, given, however, in an illiberal and sectarian spirit, inconsist ent with the promise to the first colonists. The Episcopalians had a majority in the legislature, and failed not to use their power to the repression of all dissenters. The Carey rebellion now disturbed the prosperity of the colony, which was not quelled till several engagements had been fought and much blood spilt Meanwhile the province was involved in a general war with the Indians. Since the settlement of Albemarle, until this time, uninterrupted peace had existed between the whites and Indians. As the settlement increased, however, the Indian began, not without reason, to fear for his future safety. In 1707 a colony of Huguenots had removed from Virginia and settled on the Trent, and in 1709 a colony of Ger mans from Heidelberg and vicinity founded the settlement of New Berne (Newbern) at the confluence of the Trent and the Neuse ; they received a liberal grant from the proprietaries, and it was the surveying of these lands that led to the Indian outbreak. Eegarding these surveys as encroachments on their independence, the Tuscaroras seized the surveyor-general and put him to death, and an immediate attack was also made on the white settlements south of Albemarle Sound. Other tribes joining the Tuscaroras, the war became general. All Carolina did not at that time con tain 2,000 men capable of bearing arms ; yet when assistance was sought from the southern province, it was at once obtained. The Indians were worsted in several actions, and finally compelled to take refuge in a fort near the Neuse. Here they would have been forced to surrender at discretion, but the commander of the colonists concluded with them a hasty and disadvantageous peace, and shortly afterward hostilities were renewed. The situation of the colony now be came truly critical ; aid was again sought of the neighboring provinces, which was granted. The war was prosecuted with vigor, and in 1713 the power of the Tuscaroras was completely broken ; and having emigrated to the North, the tribe confederated with the Senecas and other tribes, which afterward became the " Six Nations." The other hostile tribes soon after submitted to the rule of the victors, and in 1717 peace was finally concluded. The sufferings of the colony during the Carey rebellion and the Indian war were extreme. Not a few settlers abandoned their homes altogether ; and notwithstanding the new accessions and the natural increase of the population, the number of taxable inhabitants in 1717 did not exceed 2,000. For some time after this period the country was demoralized by the imposition of a worthless succession of governors. In July, 1729, the king purchased for 17,500 seven-eighths of the whole province ; the remaining eighth was retained by Lord Carteret, and was laid off for him (not, however, till 1743) adjoining the Virginia line. Previous to this the bound ary between the two had been settled upon its existing basis. The spirit of anarchy and resistance to legal authority, 602 NORTH CAROLINA. hitherto prevalent, was now brought more under control ; still justice and obedience to the laws were by no means universal. During the Indian troubles paper money had been issued by the Assembly, but although gradually sunk by taxes, it depreciated. In 1729, 40,000 were issued, and in 1734 10,000 additional. Depreciation went on, until in 1739 the rate was seven and a half for one of sterling. This depreciated currency the Assembly attempted in 1738 to circulate, by making it a legal tender for quit rents. In the disputes that ensued, the governor, who was opposed to paper money, dissolved two successive assemblies. Other acts, equally unjust and impolitic, were passed at various times, nor was the governor wholly free from the imputation of irregular and partial administration. These, and other adverse circum stances, as M Culloch s speculation in crown lands, the breaking out of hostilities between England and Spain, by which the Carolinas were involved in war with the Spanish settlements of Florida, retarded in no small measure the progress of the colony. In spite of all, however, the increase in inhabitants was decidedly rapid. During Johnstone s adminis tration, three distinct and extensive settlements were made : one chiefly by Presbyterians from the north of Ireland, who settled in Carteret s lands in the north-west; another by Moravians, who obtained from Carteret a grant of 100,000 acres between the Yadkin and Dan ; and the third by a large body of Highlanders, chiefly from Argyleshire, for whom land had been purchased by their leader, Neal M Neal, near the present Fayetteville. All these colonies were successfully established, and their numerous descendants inhabit the State at this day. Notwithstanding every effort at conciliation, unfriendly Indian tribes, especially after Braddock s defeat (1755), har- rassed the western frontiers. Among these tribes the Cherokees were foremost in committing depredations ; they, as well as the upper Creeks, by whom they had been joined, were finally forced to sue for peace. Differences between the governor and legislature also at this time existed, and the dissatisfaction was constantly increasing. To allay it, William Tryon, a military officer, was sent out, who subsequently himself became governor. Tryon (1765) found the colony rest less and unquiet. Many were ripe for open rebellion. But the new incumbent ruled with a steady hand, and maintained the laws. Early in his administration the dispute between England and the colonies began. He managed for a time to avoid a collision with the Assembly, but at length, when that body declared (4th November, 1769) against the right of England to tax North Carolina, he dissolved it. Previous to this, however, the country was distracted by a formidable insurrection of the so-called " Eegulators ;" neither property nor life was safe from then- violence. Tryon at length (1771) raised a body of troops and marched against these disturbers, who were chiefly poor and uneducated men, but led on by wily, political anarchists. Encountering them near Great Allamance, 3,000 strong, he attacked them with his 1,000 militia, and gained a decisive victory. After their defeat the insurgents in general took the oath of allegiance. In the following August Tryon, who, on the whole, had been a popular ruler, was succeeded by Josiah Martin. One of his first acts was the set tlement of the boundary line between North and South Carolina. Disputes soon arose between him and the General Assembly, and the trouble was increased by the persistence of England in her policy of taxing the colonies. The governor sided with the crown, as also did the Eegulators, whom he had the meanness to conciliate by the detraction of Tryon, but the remaining inhabitants generally adopted the cause of the colonists. North Carolina, in spite of the Governor s opposition, was represented in the first Continental Congress (Sept. 1774), and its delegates joined in adopting the Declaration of Colonial Eights. The Provincial Congress approved of their pro ceedings, and appointed delegates to the next. An association for 1 the defense of colonial rights was also formed, and the citizens of Mechlenburg County even went so far (May 21, 1775) as formally to declare their independence of the British connection. Alarmed at the progress of the disaffection, the Governor retired (July) on board a ship of war in Cape Fear Eiver. The revolution in North Carolina was now complete. A State Convention was formed (20th August), and the raising of three (afterward five) regiments of troops authorized, and all were taken by Congress into Continental pay. The Tory influence, however, was strong, especially among the Eegulators, and attempts, which failed, however, were made to form a junction with General Clinton, who was on the coast, waiting for reinforcements from England prepara tory to making a descent upon the country 850 of them were captured and made prisoners. Four more regiments were now ordered to be raised. Clinton, though reinforced, despairing of local assistance, sailed away to the attack of Charles ton. In April succeeding (1776), the Convention taking the lead, authorized their delegates in Congress to join with other colonies in declaring independence. On the 4th July that independence was solemnly declared. Meanwhile the Chero kees, in league with the British, ravaged the western frontiers. Promptly met by a strong force from the Carolinas and Virginia, they were subdued, and forced to surrender to their conquerors a large tract of country, including the yet infant settlements on the Tennessee. The territory apportioned to North Carolina was erected into the District of Washington, the original province being now (since December 18th, 1776) a State, having a regular government Settlers were en- icouraged to locate in the District, lands being granted at the rate of 2 10s. per 100 acres. In 1779 the Southern States were the chief scene of the Eevolutionary War. In May, 1780, Charleston surrendered to the British, and within a month all South Carolina was in possession of the victors. The loyalists at once flew to arms; of two parties assembled to aid the British one succeeded in reaching the outposts, but the other was dispersed by the militia. After the defeat of Gates at Camden (6th August) there was left no organized force in either of the Carolinas. Cornwallis prepared to make an eruption into the North State the battles of King s Mountain, of the Broad Eiver, of the Tyger Eiver, and of the Cowpens followed in quick succession. The mutual animosities of the W higs and Tories now exhibited itself in savage ferocity. Fort Watson, Hobkirk s Hill, and Ninety-Six were also the scenes of warfare. The fortunes of war had hitherto vacillated ; at one time the State was, to all appearances, subdued, and at another, elated by success. On the 8th September, 1781, the British were totally defeated by General Greene. Soon after the capture of Cornwallis (17th October) Wilmington was evacuated (January, 17S2), and toward the end of the year peace was declared, and the British dominion within the State ended. The history of North Carolina, since the Eevolution, exhibits few changes and few events of more than ordinary importance. During that period she acted with fortitude, and by her great sacrifices in men and money contributed much to the successful result of the struggle. The Legislature acceded to the federal constitution on the 27th November, 17S9, by a vote of 193 yeas to 75 nays, and since then the people of no other State have adhered more firmly to the Union. BALEIGH is the political capital of the State. NORTH CARVER, p. o., Plymouth co., Mass. : 38 m. 8. S. E. Boston. NORTH CASTING, p. o., Hancock co., Me. : 54 in. E. by N. NORTH CASTLE, t. and p. o., Westchester county, tf. T. : 106 m. S. Albany. Drained by Byram r. Surface of t. hilly; soil, sandy loam and clay. Pop. 2,189. Augusta. I NORTH CASTLE, t., Schuylkill co., Penn. : 49 m. N. NOR NOR Harrlsburg. Drained by branches of the Schuylkill. Sur face hilly and rugged ; soil difficult of cultivation. The whole region is underlaid with anthracite and iron. The capital invested in coal mining, in 1S50, was $503,560, and the value of the annual products was $331,314. NORTH CIIAKLESTOWN, p. v. and sta., Sullivan county, JV. Hamp. : on Connecticut r. ; 44 m. W. by N. Concord ; 13 m. from Bellows Falls by Sullivan R. E. NORTH CHATHAM, p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : 73 m. S. E. Boston. NORTH CHATHAM, p. o., Clinton co., Penn. : 98 m. N. N.W. Harrisburg. NORTH CHATHAM, p. v., Columbia co., N. Y. : on E. side of Kinderhook cr., 15 m. 8. S. E. Albany. NORTH CHELMSFORD, p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : on the 5. side of Merrimac r., 24 m. N. W. Boston, on the line of the Nashua and Lowell E. E., 4 m. from Lowell. Here is a very large iron foundry. NORTH CHELSEA, p. v. and sta., Suffolk co., Mass. : 4 m. N. N. E. Boston, on Eastern E. E. NORTH CHEMIJNG, p. o., Chemung county, N. Y. : 153 m. TV. S. W. Albany. NORTH CHESTER, p. o., Windsor county, Verm. : 68 m. S. Montpelier. NORTH CHESTER, p. o., Hampden co., Mass: 96 m. W. Boston. NORTH CHESTERVILLE, p. o., Franklin co., Me.: 23 m. N. W. Augusta. NORTH CHICHF.STER, p. o., Merrimac co., N. JTamp. : 8 m. E. N. E. Concord. NORTH CHILI, p. o., Monroe co., JV. Y. : 216 m. W. by N. Albany. NORTH CLARENCE, p. o., Erie county, JV. Y. : 238 m. "W. Albany. NORTH CLARENDON} p. v. and sta., Eutland co., Verm. : on Otter cr., 53 m. S. S. W. Montpelier, and 3 m. S. E. from Eutland, by Eutland and Burlington E. E. NORTH CLARKSON, p. o., Monroe county, N. Y. : 224 m. W. by N. Albany. NORTH COHASSET, p. v., Norfolk county, Mass. : 14 m. 6. E. Boston, by the South Shore Eailroad, 22 m. from Boston. NORTH COHOCTON, p. o., Steuben co., N. Y. : 200 m. "W. Albany. NORTH COLEBROOK, p. o., Litchfleld co., Conn. : 28 m. N. W. by W. Hartford. NORTH COLLINS, p. o., Erie county, N. Y.: 257 m. "W. Albany. NORTH CONWAY, p. o., Carroll county, JV. Hamp. : 58 m. N. N. E. Concord. NORTH CONCORD, sta., Merrimac co., N. Ilamp. : 5 m. N. Concord, on Boston and Montreal E. E. NORTH COVE, p. o., M Dowell county, N. Car. : 186 m. W. by N. Ealeigh. NORTH CREEK, p. o., Laurens district, S. Car. : 63 m. N.W. Columbia. NORTH CREEK, p. o., Phillips co., Ark. : 93 m. E. by S. Little Eock. NORTH DANVEES, p. v., Essex co., Mass. : 11 m. N. by E. Boston, on the line of the Essex E. E., 5 m. from Salem. NORTH DANVILLE, p. o., Caledonia county, Verm. : 26 m. N. E. by E. Montpelier, 4 m. W. St. Johnsbury. NORTH DARTMOUTH, p. v., Bristol co., Mass. : on the E. side of Pomanset r., 51 m. S. Boston. NORTH DIGHTON. p. o., Bristol county, Mass. : 36 m. S. Boston. NORTH DIXMOUNT, p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : 41 m. N. E. Augusta. NORTH DORSET, p. v., and sta. Bennington co., Verm. : 72 m. W. S. W. Montpelier, 22 m. S. Eutland, by Western Vermont R. E. NORTH DOVER, p. v., Cuyahoga county, Ohio: 115 m. N. E. by N. Columbus, near Lake Erie. 604 NORTH DUANESBURG, p. o., Schenectady co., JV. Y. : 23 m. W. by N. Albany. NORTH DUNBARTON, p. o., Merrimac county, JV. Hamp. ; 7 m. S. W. by S. Concord. NORTH EAST, p. o. and sta., Cecil co., Md. : on E. side of North-east r., 54 m. N.N. E. Annapolis, on the Philadelphia and Baltimore E. E., 52 m. from Philadelphia, 46 from Baltimore. NORTH EAST,!, and p. v., Duchess county, JV. Y. : 50 m. S. by E. Albany. Drained by Ten Mile cr. and branches. Surface partly mountainous ; soil adapted to grazing. The Harlem E. E. passes through the t. 96 m. from New York. Pop. 1,555. NORTH EAST, t., p. b., and sta., Erie co., Penn. : bounded N. by Lake Erie, and E. by New York State. Drained by Sixteen and Twenty Mile creeks. The t contains numerous saw and grist mills. The Erie and North-east E. E. passes through the 1. 15 m. from Erie. NORTH EAST CENTRE, p. o., Duchess co., JV. 11 . 52 m. S. by E. Albany. NORTH EASTHAM, p. o., Barnstable co., Mass, : 63 m. S. E. Boston. NORTH EASTON, p. o., Bristol co., Mass. : 20 m. S. Boston. NORTH EASTON, p. o., Washington co., JV. Y. : on Batten Kill, 28 m. N. N. E. Albany. NORTH EATON, p. o., Lorain co., Ohio : 105 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. NORTH EDGECOMB, p. o., Lincoln co., Me. : on E. bank of Sheepscot r., 27 m. S. S. E. Augusta. NORTH EGREMONT. p. v., Berkshire county, Mass. : on a branch of Ilousatonic r.. near New York State line, 116 m. W. by S. Boston. NORTH ELBA, p. o., Essex co., JV. Y, : 103 m. N. Albany. NORTH ELLSWORTH, p. o., Hancock county, Me. : 67 m. E. N. E. Augusta. NORTH END, p. o., Mathews co., Virg. : 51 m. E. by S. Eichmond. NORTH ENFIELD, p. v. and sta., Grafton co., JV. Ilamp. ; on Mascomy river and pond, 43 m. N. W. Concord. The Northern E. E. passes through the v. 59 m. from Concord. NORTH EVANS, p. o., Erie county, JV. Y. : 276 m. W. Albany. NORTH FABIUS river, Mo. : in N. W. portion of the State, flows S. W. through Scotland and Marion counties, and en ters Mississippi r. opposite Quincy, III. NORTH FAIRFAX, p. o., Franklin county, Verm. : 38 in. N. W. by N. Montpelier. NORTH F AIRFIELD, p. o., Somerset county, Me. : 25 m. N. Augusta. NORTH F AIRFIELD, p. o., Huron co., Ohio : 79 m. N. by E. Columbus. NORTH FAIRHAVEN, p. v., Bristol co., Mass.: on E. bank of Acushnet r., 49 m. S. Boston. NORTH FALMOUTH, p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : 55 ra. S. S. E. Boston, on inlet of Buzzard s bay. NORTH FARMINGTON, p. o., Oakland co., Mich. : 62 m. E. S. E. Lansing. NORTH FAYETTE, p. o., Kennebec county, Me. : IS m. W. N. W. Augusta. NORTH FERRISBURG, p. o. and sta., Addison co., Verm. : 32 m. W. Montpelier, 15 m. S. Burlington by Eutland and Burlington E. E. NORTHFIELD, p. v., Litchfield co., Conn. : 24 m. W. by S. Hartford, in S. E. part of Litchfield town. Surface rough ; soil adapted to grazing. NORTHFIELD, p. o., Cook county, 111. : 177 m. N. N. E. Springfield, 19 m. N. W. Chicago. NORTIIFIELD, p. v., Boone county, Tnd. : 19 m. N. N. W. Indianapolis. Drained by Eagle creek. NORTHFIELD, t. and p. o., Washington county, Me. : on Machias r., 118 m. E. N. E. Augusta. Pop. 246. NORTHFIELD, t., p. v., and sta., Franklin co., Mass. : 73 m. W. N. W. Boston. Drained by Connecticut river, which NOR divides the town, and by several small affluents. Surface undulating, with large tracts of alluvial plains in the inter vales ; soil fertile and well cultivated. The t was first set tled in 1673. The v. is beautifully situated on an elevated plain about 1 m. from the r. on the E. side. The t contains a few stores and manufactories. The Brattleboro" Branch of Vermont and Massachusetts K. E. passes through the t. Pop. 1,772. NORTHFIELD, t and p. o., Washtenaw co., Mic7i. : 44 m. E. S. E. by S. Lansing. The v. is in the N. W. corner of t. on Whitmore s lake, which is connected with Huron r. by a small stream. Pop. 1,116. NORTIIFIELD, t and sta., Merrimac co., N. Hamp. : on W. side of Merrimac r. and S. side Winnipiseogee r., 13 m. N. by W. Concord. The Boston, Concord, and Montreal R. R. passes through this town. Near Sanbornton Bridge .-is the New Hampshire Conference Seminary, a Methodist institution, having five teachers. Pop. of 1. 1,332. NORTHFIELD, t. and p. o., Summit county, Ohio: 116 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. Surface of t. undulating ; soil fer tile ; well watered by Cuyahoga r. and its branches. The Cleveland and Pittsburg E. K. and Ohio Canal pass through this t. Pop. 1,474. NORTIIFIELD, t, p. o., and sta., Washington co., Verm. : 10 m. S. S. W. Montpelier. Drained by Dog river, which affords water-power. Surface uneven; soil fertile. The Vermont Central E. E. passes through the v. 10 m. from Montpelier. NORTH FLAT, p. o., "Wyoming co., Penn. : 95 m. N. N. E. Elarrisburg. NORTHFORD, p. v., New Haven co., Conn. : 11 m. N. E. New Haven. Has several factories. NORTH FORK, p. o., Izard co., ArJc. : on Big North Fork river, 111 m. N. Little Eock. NORTH FORK, p. o., Vermillion co., 111. : on the "W. side of the North fork of Big Vermillion river, 104 m. E. by N. Springfield. | NORTH FORK, p. v., Mason co., Ey. : 72 m. E. N. E. Frankfort. ; NORTH FORK, p. o., Ashe co., N. Car. : on North fork of New r., 171 m. W. N. W. Raleigh. NORTH FORK, p. o., Washington co., Tlrg. : on N. fork of Holston r., 275 m. W. S. W. Richmond. NORTH FORK of White river, Mo. and Ark. : drains Ozark CO., Mo., flows S. into Ark., and enters White r. at Liberty, in N. W. corner of Izard county. NORTH FRANKFORT, p. o., Waldo co., Me. : on W. side of Penobscot r., 56 m. N. E. by E. Augusta. | NORTH FRANKLIN, p. o., New London co., Conn. : 32 in. :E. S. E. Hartford. j NORTH FRANKLIN, p. o., Delaware co., N. Y. : 72 m. V. S. W. Albany. NORTH FEYEBURG, p. o., Oxford co., Me. : on Saco r., 61 m. i W. S. W. Augusta. NORTH GAGE, p. o., Oneida co., N. Y. : 82 m. N.W. by W. Albany. NORTH GAL WAY, p. o., Saratoga county, N. Y. : 30 m. I N. N. W. Albany. NORTH GARDEN, p. o., Albemarle co., Virg. : 65 m.W.N.W. Richmond. NORTH GEORGETOWN, p. v., Columbiana county, Ohio : 117 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. Drained by branch of Ma- honing river. ; NORTH GOSIIEN, p. v., Litchfleld co., Conn. : 30 m.W. N.W. Hartford. NORTH GRANBY, p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : 18 m. N. N.W. Hartford. NORTH GRANVILLE, p. v., Washington co., JOT. Y. : 58 m. N. N. E. Albany, on Pawlet r. NORTH GREECE, p. o., Monroe co., N. Y. ; 272 m. W. by N. Albany. NORTH GREENWICH, p. o., Fairfield co., Conn. : 41 m. W.S.W. New] Taven. NOR NORTH GREENWICH, p. o., Washington co,, 2f. Y. : 84 rn. N. by E. Albany. NORTH GROTON, p. o., Grafton co., N. Hamp. : 88 m. N. N. W, Concord. NORTH GUILFORD, p. v., New Haven co,, Conn. : 12 m. E. N. E. New Haven. Drained by Menunkatuck r. NORTH GUILFORD, p. o., Chenango co., N. Y.: 92 m. W. by S. Albany. NORTH HADLEY, p. v., Hampshire co., Mass. : on E. side of Connecticut r., 87 m. W. Boston. NORTH HAMDEN, p. o., Delaware county, N. Y. : 72 m. S. W. by W. Albany. NORTH HAMDEN, p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : 56 m. N. E. Augusta. NORTH HAMPTON, p. v., Peoria county, III. : 78 m. N. Springfield. A small settlement in a rich agricultural district. NORTH HAMPTON, t., p. o., and sta., Eockingham county, N. Hamp. : 38 m. E. S. E. Concord ; bounded on the E. by Atlantic Ocean. The Eastern E. E. passes through the t, 8 m. from Portsmouth. Pop. 822. NORTH HAMPTON, p. o., Clark county, Ohio : 48 m. W. Columbus. NORTH HANCOCK, p. o., Hancock co., Me. : 74 m. E. by N. Augusta. NORTH HANSON, sta., Plymouth co., Mass. : on Old Colony E. E., 23 m. E. S. E. Boston. NORTH HARPERSFIELD, p. o., Delaware co., N . Y. : 54 m. W. by S. Albany. NORTH HARTLAND, p. v. and sta., Windsor co., Verm. : on Connecticut r., 49 m. S. byE. Montpelier. Sta. of Vt Cen tral E. E., 8 m. from Windsor. NORTH HAVEN, t, p. v., and sta., New Haven co., Conn. : S m. N. N. E. New Haven, on Wallingford r. Surface oft. mostly level ; soil sandy and very fertile. A large tract is a salt marsh, producing large quantities of grass. Vast quantities of brick are made here. The Hartford and New Haven E. E. passes through the t. Pop. 1,328. NORTH HAVEN, p. o., Hancock co., Me. : on N. Fox Island, in Penobscot bay, 51 m. E. S. E. Augusta. NORTH HAVERIIILL, p. v., Grafton county, N. Hamp. : on Connecticut r., 70 m. N. N. W. Concord, on the line oJf the Boston, Concord, and Montreal R. R. NORTH HAVERSTEAW, p. o., Rockland co., N. Y. : on W. side Hudson r., 96 m. S. by W. Albany. NORTH HEBRON, p. o., Washington co., A r . Y. : on Black cr., 48 m. N. N. E. Albany. NORTH HECTOR, p. o., Tompkins co., N. Y. : on E. side of Seneca lake, 164 m. W. Albany. NORTH HEMPSTEAD, t, p. v., and cap. Queens co., N. Y.: 130 m. S. Albany. The surface is uneven and hilly, being traversed by the ridge of the island. The soil is sandy, but is made productive by cultivation. It is penetrated by several bays of Long Island Sound. Success Pond, a fine sheet of water, lies on its W. border, and is well stored with fish. The v., on the N. edge of II. Plains, and 1 m. N. of the R. E., contains a court-house, jail, and several dwellings. The t. has a dozen mills and some manufactures, stores, etc. Pop. of t. 4,291. NORTH HENDERSON, p. o., Mercer co., III. : 101 m. N. W. Springfield. NORTH IlERMON, p. o., Penobscot county, Me. : 57 m. N. E. by E. Augusta, 9 m. W. by N. Bangor. NORTH HERO, t, p. v., and cap. Grand Isle co., Verm. : 51 m. N. W. Montpelier. The surface of this island contains 6,272 acres; the soil is very fertile. The v. contains the county buildings. Pop. of t. 730. NORTH HOGAN, p. v., Ripley county, Ind. : 65 m. S. E. Indianapolis. Drained by branch of Laughery s cr. NORTH HOLLIS, p. v., York co., Me. : on W. side of Saco r., 45 m. S. W. Augusta. NORTH Hoosick, p. o. and sta., Rensselaer co., N. Y.: 28 m. N. E. Albany, and station of the Troy and Boston E. E., 27 m. from Troy. 605 NOR NORTH HOPE, p. o., Butler co., Penn. : 165 m. "W. by N. Harrisburg. NORTH HUDSON, t. and p. o., Essex co., N. Y. : 96 m. N. Albany. Drained by Schroon r., and contains several small Jakes. Surface mountainous ; soil broken but fertile. Tim ber of large size is very abundant ; and there are extensive veins of iron. Pop. 561. NORTH HYDEPARK, p. o., Lamoille co., Venn. : 27 m. N. Montpelier. NORTH INDUSTRY, p. v., Stark co., OMo : 98 m. N. E. by E. Columbus, on Tuscarawas r., which affords power to several mills. NORTH INDUSTRY, p. o., Franklin co., Me. : 30 m. N. N.W. Augusta. NORTHINGTON, p. v., Cumberland co., N. Car. : on S. side of Cape Fear r., 24 m. S. S. W. Raleigh. NORTH island, Georgetown dist, S. Car. : at N. entrance of Winyaw bay. NORTH JACKSON, p. o., Mahoning county, Ohio: 132 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. NORTH JANESVILLE, p. o., Eock co., Wise. : 34 m. S. S. E. Madison. NORTH JAVA, p. o., Wyoming county, N.T.: 24S m. W. Albany. NORTH JAY, p. o., Franklin county, Me. : 27 m. N. "W. Augusta. NORTH KKNNEBUNK PORT, p. v., York county, Me. : 74 m. S. W. by S. Augusta. NORTH KILLINGLY, p. v., Windham co., Conn. : on E. side Quinnebaug r., 43 m. E. by N. Hartford. NORTH KORTRIGHT, p. o., Delaware county, 2F. Y. : 57 m. "W. S. W. Albany. NORTH LANSING, p. o., Tompkins co., 2f. Y. : 144 m. "W. Albany. NORTH LAWRENCE, p. o., St. Lawrence co., 2f. Y. : 156 m. N. N. W. Albany. NORTH LEEDS, p. o. and sta., Kennebec co., Me. : on E. side of Androscoggin r., 20 m. W. Augusta; sta. of Andros- coggin E. E., 10 m. from junction of Androscoggin and Kennebec E. E. NORTH LEOMINSTER, p o., "Worcester county, Mass. : 39 m. "W. N. "W. Boston. NORTH LEVERETT, p. v., Franklin county, Mass. : 74 m. "W. by N. Boston. NORTH LEWISBURG, p. o., Champaign co., Ohio: 42 m. "W. by N. Columbus. NORTH LIBERTY, p. v., Mercer co., Penn. : on "Wolf cr., 176 m. "W. N. W. Harrisburg. NORTH LIBERTY, p. o., Knox co., Ohio : 33 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. NORTH LIBERTY, p. o., St. Joseph co., Ind. : on a branch of Kankakee r., 120 m. N. by "W. Indianapolis. NORTH LIMA, p. v., Mahoning co., Ohio : 136 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. NORTH LINCOLN, p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : on E. bank of Penobscot r., 104 m. N. E. Augusta. NORTH LINKLEAN, p. o., Chenango co., Nl Y. : 112 m. "W. Albany. NORTH LITTLETON, p. o., Grafton co., .ZVi Ham>p. : 83 m. N. by W. Concord. NORTH LIVERMORE, p. v., Oxford co., Me. : 24 m."W. by N. Augusta, 2 m. "W. from Kennebec r. NORTH LONDONDERRY, p. o. and sta., Eockingham county, N. Ramp. : 23 m. S. by E. Concord, on Manchester and Lawrence E. E., 20 m. from Lawrence, 6 m. from Manchester. NORTH LOVELL, p. o., Yell co., Ark. : 66 m. "W. N. W. Little Eock. NORTH LYMAN, p. o., Grafton county, N. JTamp. : 76 m. N. by "W. Concord. NORTH LYME, p. v., New London county, Conn. : 32 m. E. by N. New Haven. Drained by a branch of Conn. r. NORTH MADISON, p. v., New Haven co., Conn. : on "W. Bide Hammonassett r., 17 m. E. N. E. New Haven. 606 NOR NORTH MADISON, p. o., Jefferson county, Ind. : 2 m. ]$". Madison, 80 m. S. S. E. Indianapolis. It contains the prin- cipal workshops of the Madison and Indianapolis E. E. NORTH MANCHESTER, p. v., W abash co., Ind. : on Eel r., 85 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. NORTH MARLOW, p. o., Cheshire co., N. Hamp. : 84 m. "W. by S. Concord. NORTH MARSHALL, p. o., Calhoun county, Mich. ; 37 m, S. W. by S. Lansing. NORTH MARSIIFIELD, p. o., Plymouth co., Mass. : on 8. side of North r., 23 m. S. E. Boston. NORTH MIDDLEBOROUGH, p. v., Plymouth co., Mass. : 31 m. S. by E. Boston. NORTH MIDDLESEX, p. o., Yates co., N, Y. : on W. side of Canandaigua lake, 1S6 m. W. Albany. NORTH MIDDLETON, p. v.. Bourbon co., Ky. : 43 m. E. by S, Frankfort. NORTH MONMOUTH, p. o., Kennebec county, Me. : 15 m, S. W. Augusta, near Androscoggin and Kennebec E. E., 48 m. from Portland. NORTH MONTPELIER, p. o., "Washington co., Term. : 6 m, N. Montpelier. NORTH MOUNTAIN, p. o., Berkeley co., Virg, : 145 m, "W. ofN. Eichmond. NORTH MOUNT PLEASANT, p. v., Marshall co., Miss. : 184 m. N. by E. Jackson, near Tennessee State line. NORTH NEWBURG, p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : 49 m. N. E. Augusta. NORTH NEWBURY,P. o., Geauga co., Ohio: 133 m. N. E. Columbus. NORTH NEWPORT, p. o., Penobscot county, Me. : 49 m. N. E. by N. Augusta. NORTH NEWPORT river, Liberty co., Ga. : is navigable to Eiceboro , 20 m. from the ocean. NORTH NEW PORTLAND, p. o., Somerset co., Me. : on N. branch of Seven Mile brook, 45 m. N. N. W. Augusta. NORTH NEW SALEM, p. v., Franklin co., Mass. : 66 m, "W. by N. Boston. NORTH NORWAY, p. o., Oxford co., Me. : 43 m. "W. by 8. Augusta. NORTH NORWICH, t. and p. o., Chenango co., N.Y.: 95m. "W. Albany. Drained by Chenango r. The v. is on the "W. bank of the r. in the N. W. part of the town, and on the Chenango Canal. Pop. of 1. 1,172. NORTH NORWICH, p. o., Huron county, OMo: 78 m. N. Columbus. NORTH ORANGE, p. v., Franklin co., Mass. : 65 m.W. by N. Boston. NORTH ORWELL, p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : 114 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. NORTH OXFORD, p. v., "Worcester co., Mass. : 44 m.W. by S. Boston. NORTH PALERMO, p. o., "Waldo co., Me. : 20 m. E. N. E. Augusta. NORTH PARIS, p. v. and sta., Oxford co., Me. : on N.bank of Little Androscoggin r., 40 m. W. Augusta. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence E. E. passes through the v. 55 m. from Portland. NORTH PARMA, p. o., Monroe co., If. Y. : 281 m."W. by N. Albany. NORTH PARSONSFIELD, p. v., York co., Me. : 73 m. S. "W. Augusta. Drained by cr. of Ossipee river. NORTH PENOBSCOT, p. o., Hancock co., Me. : 59 m. E. by N. Augusta. NORTH PERRY, p. o., Lake co., Ohio : 150 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. The t. is on the line of the Cleveland and Erie E. E. 36 m. from Cleveland. NORTH PERRYSBURG, p. o., Cattaraugus co., W. Y. : on S. side Cattaraugus cr., 276 m. W. Albany. NORTH PITTSON, p. v., Kennebec co., Me. : on E. side of Kennebec r., 7 m. S. Augusta. NORTH PLAINS, t. and p. o., Ionia county, Mich. : N. side Maple r., 26 m. N. "W. by N. Lansing. Soil of t. is rich NOR NOR sandy loam, very fertile on the numerous creeks which How through it. Pop. 292. NORTH PLYMPTON, p. v., Plymouth county, Mass. : 29 m. S. S. E. Boston. NORTH POINT, sta., Baltimore co., Md. : near Baltimore, on Philadelphia and Baltimore R. K. NOBTH POINT LIGHT-HOUSE, Baltimore county, Md.: on North Point Cape. Lat. 39 11 45"; long. 76 27 17"; 15 m. E. of N. Annapolis, is one of the most important light house stations on the Atlantic sea-board. Here the British debarked in the war of 1812. NORTHPORT, p. o., Tuscaloosa co., Ala. : on N. W. side of Black Warrior r. opposite Tuscaloosa, 92 m. N. "W. by W. Montgomery. NORTHPORT, p. v. Noble co., Ind,. : on N. side of North Fork of Elkhart r., 125 m. E. N. E. Indianapolis. NORTHPOKT, t. and p. o., Waldo county, Me. : 43 m. E. Augusta, on W. side of Penobscot bay. Some ship building is carried on here. Pop. 1,260. NORTHPOKT, p. o., Suffolk county, 2f. Y. : 124 m. S. by E. Albany. NORTH POTSDAM, p. o., St. Lawrence co., N. Y. : 158 m. N. N. E. Albany. NORTH POWNAL, p. o., Cumberland county, Me. : 36 m. S. S. W. Augusta. NORTH POWNAL, p. o., Bennington couny, Verm. : 103 m. S. S. W. Montpelier. NORTH PRAIRIE, p. o., Knox co., III. : 97 m. N. W. by N. Springfield. NORTH PRESCOTT, p. v., Hampshire co., Mass.: 66 m. "W. by N. Boston. NORTH PROSPECT, p. v., Waldo co., Me. : 47 m. E. N. E. Augusta. Drained by a creek of Penobscot r. NORTH EAISINVILLE, p. o., Monroe county, Mich. : 74 m. S. S. E. by E. Lansing. NORTH RAYMOND, p. o., Cumberland county, Me. : 45 m. S. W. Augusta. NORTH READING, p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : on N. side of Ipswich r., 16 in. N. Boston, on the line of Salem and Lowell R. R., 10 m. from Salem. NORTH READING, p. o., Steuben co., N. Y. : on W. side of Seneca lake, 169 m. W. by S. Albany. NORTH RBHOBOTH, p. v., Bristol co., Mass. : 35 m. S. by W. Boston. NORTH RIDGEVILLE, p. v., Lorain co., Ohio : 108 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. Drained by N. br. of Black r. NORTH RIDGEWAY, p. o., Orleans county, JV. Y. : 244 m. W. by N. Albany. NORTH RIVER, p. v., Tuscaloosa co., Ala. : on W. side of North r., 98 m. N. W. Montgomery. NORTH RIVER MEETING-HOUSE, p. o., Hampshire county, Virg.: on branch of Great Cacapon r., 127 m. N. W. Richmond. NORTH RIVER MILLS, p. o., Hampshire county, Virg.: on branch of Great Cacapon river, 138 miles N. N. W. Richmond. NORTH ROCHESTER, p. v., Plymouth county, Mass. : 42 m. S. by E. Boston. NORTH ROME, p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : 110 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. NORTH ROYALTON, p. o., Cuyahoga co., Ohio: 111 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. NORTH RUSSELL, p. o., St. Lawrence co., N. Y. : 143 m. N. W. by N. Albany. NORTH SALEM, p. v., Hendricks co., Ind. : on branch of Walnut fork of Eel r., W. N. W. Indianapolis. NORTH SALEM, p. o., Rockingham co., N. JIamp.: 34 m. S. W. by S. Concord. NORTH SALEM, t. and p. v., Westchester co., N. Y. : 93 m. S. by E. Albany. Surface of t. hilly ; soil well adapted to grass and summer crops. The v. contains a few mills and stores. The Harlem R. R. passes through the W. part of the town. Pop. 1,335. NORTH SALUDA, Greenville dist., S.Car. : on North Saluda river, 115 m. N.W. Columbia. NORTH SANBORNTON, p. o., Belknap co., 2f. Ramp. : 23 m. N. by W. Concord. NORTH SANDWICH, p. v. and sta., Barnstable co., Mass. : 49 m. S. E. by S. Boston, on Cape Cod Branch R. R. NORTH SANDWICH, p. o., Carroll co., N. Ilamp, : 45 m. N. Concord. NORTH SCITUATE, p. v., Plymouth county, Mass. : 17 m. S. E. by E. Boston. NORTH SCITUATE, p. v., Providence co., R. I. : 9 m. W. Providence. NORTH SEAEBMOUNT, p. o., Waldo co., Me. : 27 m. E. Augusta. NORTH SEAKSPORT, p. o., Waldo co., Me. : 45 m. E. N. E. Augusta. NORTH SEDGEVTICE:, p. o., Hancock co., Me. : 60 m. E. Augusta. NORTH SEWICKLY, t. and p. o., Beaver co., Penn. : on W. side of Beaver r. and S. side of Conequenessing cr., ISO m. W. by N. Harrisburg. Surface rolling ; soil calcareous loam. The t. contains several saw and grist mills, tanneries, and stores. The Beaver and Erie Canal passes through the t. on bank of Beaver river. NORTH SUAPLEIGH, p. o., York co., Me. : 79 m. S. W. Augusta. NORTH SHEFFIELD, p. o., Ashtabula county, Ohio: 174 m. N. E. Columbus. NORTH SHELDON, p. o., Wyoming co., 2T. Y. : 244 m. W. Albany. NORTH SHERBURN, p. o., Rutland county, Verm. : 44 m. S. by W. Montpelier. NORTH SHORE, p. o., Richmond county, 27". Y. : 140 m. S. by W. Albany. NORTH SKUNK river : runs parallel to Skunk r. on its N. side for 70 m. when it joins it in Keokuk county. NORTH SMITHFIELD, p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : 109 m. N. Harrisburg. NORTH SOMERS, p. o., Tolland co., Conn. : 22 m. N. N. E. Hartford, near State line. NORTH SPARTA, p. o., Livingston co., W. Y. : 210 m. W. Albany. NORTH SPENCER, p. v., Worcester county, Mass. : 48 m. W. by S. Boston. NORTH SPRING, p. o., Jackson co., Tenn. : 62 m. E. N. E. Nashville. NORTH SPRINGFIELD, p. v., Windsor co., Verm. : on E. bank of Black r., 68 m. S. by E. Montpelier. NORTH SPRINGFIELD, p. o., Summit co., Ohio : 107 m. N. E. Columbus. NORTH STAMFORD, p. v., Fairfleld co., Conn. : on W. side of Mill r., 37 m. W. S. W. New Haven. NORTH STAR, p. o., Washington co., Penn. : 178 m. W. Harrisburg. NORTH STAR, p. o., Darke co., Ohio : 84 m. W. Columbus. NORTH STEPHENTOWN, p. o., Rensselaer co., N, Y. : on Kinderhook cr., 16 m. E. S. E. Albany. NORTH STERLING, p. o., Cayuga co., 2f. Y. : on W. side of Little Sodus Bay, 158 m. W. by N. Albany. NORTH STOCKHOLM, p. o., St. Lawrence co., JV. Y. : 159 m. N. N. W Albany. NORTH STONINGTON, t and p. o., New London county, Conn. : 47 m. E. S. E. Hartford, 56 m. E. by N. New Haven. Surface uneven and hilly; soil gravelly loam, good for grazing. Watered by Pawcatuck r. and its branches, which afford water-power to a number of tanneries, saw, and grist mills. Pop. 1,937. NORTH STRAFFORD, p. o., Strafford co., N. Samp. : 20 m. E. N. E. Concord. NORTH SUDBURY, p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : on S. side of Concord r.. 21 m. W. by N. Boston. NORTH SWANSEA, p. v., Bristol co., Mass. : 42 m. S. by W Boston. 607 NOR NOR NORTH TEWKSBURY, p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : 23 m. N. N. W. Boston. NORTH TIIETFORD, p. v. and sta., Orange co., Verm. : on W. bank of Connecticut r., 36 m. S. E. by E. Montpelier. The Connecticut and Passumpsic KiversK.K. passes through the v., 17 m. from White Kiver Junction, and 43 m. from fit. Johnsburg. NORTH TROY, p. o., Orleans count}*, Verm. : on E. side of Missisque r., 52 m. N. by E. Montpelier. NORTH TRUEO, p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : 53 m. E. S. E. Boston. NORTH TURNER, p. v., Oxford co., Me. : on W. side of Androscoggin r., 25 m. W. by S. Augusta. NORTH TURNER BRIDGE, p. o., Oxford co., Me. : on An droscoggin r., 22 m. "W. by S. Augusta. NORTHUMBERLAND county, Penn. Situate E. centrally, and contains 431 sq. m. The Susquehanna r. passes through it centrally from E. to W., and forms its S. "W. boundary. It is drained by this r. and its affluents. Surface varied ; in most parts it is mountainous and much broken, but along the r. there are some level bottoms ; soil in general poor ; the land on the river, however, is fertile, and produces good crops of wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes; tobacco is also grown. It is extensively engaged in manufactures and mining. It contains iron ore and coal, and has some good timber land. Farms 1,748 ; manuf. 153 ; dwell. 4.062, and pop. wh. 23,180, fr. col. 92 total 23,272. Capital : Sunbury. Public Works : Bunbury and Erie E. E., and several railroads to the mines from Sunbury, etc, NORTHUMBERLAND county, Virg. Situate E. on Chesa peake bay, and contains 143 sq. m. Drained by small streams which flow into the Potomac and the Chesapeake. Surface generally level ; soil of average fertility. Chief pro ductions, cotton and Indian corn. Farms 492; manuf. 3; dwell. 639, and pop. wh. 3,072, fr. col. 509, si. 3,755 total 7,346. Capital: Heathsville. NORTHUMBERLAND, t, p. v., and sta., Coos co., N. JTamp. : on Connecticut r. and both sides of Upper Ammonoosuc r., 93 m. N. Concord. The soil along the Connecticut is very fertile. Here are falls in the r., and a dam across its whole width affords great water-power on each side to mills of various kinds. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence E. E. passes through the v., 122 m. from Portland. Pop. of t 429. NORTHUMBERLAND, t. and p. o., Saratoga co., N. Y. : on W. side Hudson r., 36 m. N. by E. Albany. Surface level ; soil sandy loam, well drained. The Saratoga and Washing ton E. E. passes through the N. W. part. Pop. 1,775. NORTHUMBERLAND, p. b., Northumberland co., Penn. : at the confluence of the E. and W. branches of the Susque hanna r., 54 m. N. Harrisburg. A bridge spans each branch of the r. The Shamoken dam, 2,783 feet long, crosses the river, having a chute 650 feet long and 64 feet wide. The Susquehanna N. and W. branch canals meet here, but do not afford as much business to the place as formerly. A railroad is contemplated to pass through to connect with the Catawissa branches E., N., N. E., N. W., and S. routes. The streets are regularly and well laid out, and the village affords a quiet and pleasant place of residence. NORTH UNION, p. o., Washington co., Ohio : 82 m. E. S. E. Columbus. NORTH UNION, p. o., Lincoln county, Me. : on E. side of Muscongus r., 27 m. E. S. E. Augusta. NORTH UNIONTOWN, p. o., Highland co., Ohio: 63 m. S. W. by S. Columbus. NORTH URBANA, p. o., Steuben co., N. Y.: on W. side of Crooked lake, 186 m. W. by S. Albany. NORTH VASSALBOROUGU, p. o., Kennebec co., Me. : on E. side of Kennebec r., 14 m. N. N. E. Augusta. NORTH VERNON, p. o., Shiawassee county, Midi. : 32 m. E. N. E. by E. Lansing. NORTHVILLE, p. v., Litclifleld co., Conn. : on E. Aspetuck river, 38 m. W. by S. Hartford. NORTHVILLE, p. v., La Salle county, III. : 97 m. N. N. E. Springfield. NORTHVILLE, sta., Plymouth co., Mass. : on Bridgewater Branch E. E., 22 m. from Boston. NORTUVILLE, p. v., Wayne county, Mich. : 57 m. E. S. E. Lansing, on the W. branch of the Eouge r., at the conflu ence of the outlet of the Walled lake. Here are great natural advantages for manufacturing, there being 37 feet of water-power. Considerable capital is already employed. NORTHVILLE, p. o., Fulton co., 2T. Y. : on E. bank of Sa- condaga r., 44 m. N. W. by N. Albany. NORTHVILLE, p. v., Erie co., Penn. : 208 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. NORTH WALDOBOROUGII, p. o., Lincoln co., Me. : 23 m. S. E. by E. Augusta. NORTH WARDSBOROUGH, p. o., Windham co., Verm.: 84 m. S. Montpelier. NORTH WASHINGTON, p. v., Westmoreland co., Penn.: 141 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. NORTH WATERFORD, p. o., Oxford co., Me. : 48 m. W. by S. Augusta. NORTH WAYNE, p. o., Kennebec co., Me. : 17 m. W. Augusta. NORTH WEST, t. and p. o., Williams co., Ohio : 144 m. N. W. Columbus. Soil fertile. Drained by branches of St. Joseph s r. Pop. 343. NORTH WEST bay, N. Y. : on W. side of Lake Champlain. NORTH WEST BRIDGEWATER, p. o., Plymouth co., Mass. : 22 m. S. Boston. NORTH WESTERN, p. o., Oneida county, N. Y. : 101 m. W. N. W. Albany. NORTH WEST FORK, hund., Sussex co., Del. : on W. side of Nanticoke r., 30 m. S. by W. Dover. Area, 76,480 acres. NORTH WEST MINE, p. o., Houghton co., Mich. : 300 m. N. N. W. Lansing. One of the most productive mines of the State. NORTH WEST EIVER BRIDGE, p. o., Norfolk co., Virg. : on North West r., 95 m. S. E. Eichmond. THE NORTH WEST TERRITORY. THE NORTH WEST TERRITORY is situate between the parallels of 43 and 49 latitudes north, and extends east and west between 99 112 longitudes west from Greenwich, or 21 58 and 34 58 from Washington. It is bounded on the north by the British possessions, on the east by White Earth and Missouri rivers, which separate it from Minnesota Territory, on the south by Nebraska Territory, and on the west by the crest of the Eocky Mountains, which divides it from Oregon and Washington territories. On the east and west its outline is irregular, conforming to the course of the Missouri on one side, and to that of the Eocky Mountains on the other side. The average length of the country, east and west, is about 530 miles, and the average breadth, north and south, about 420 miles, with an area of 223,000 square miles. (The extent of the region, according to the census of 1850, is stated at 587,564 square miles, a statement evidently incorrect). The general surface of this region is highly diversified by mountains, valleys, and plains. The greater portion of the country is inclosed between the Eocky and Wind Eiver mountains and the Black Hills, a continuation of the latter north ward. The immense basin formed by these mountains is drained by the Missouri and its great tributary, the Yellow Stone, which, with their numerous affluents, reach to its farthest boundaries west, south, and cast. On the north of the basin is also a watershed dividing the streams flowing northward through the British possessions from those tributary to the great rivers just noticed. It is thus hemmed in on every side, and forms a distinct geographical section. The Mis- eouri rises in numerous head streams from the Eocky Mountains in the vicinity of the sources of the southern branch of NOR NOR the Columbia of Oregon. Its course is first north, then east to the Black Hills, near the edge of which it receives the Yellow Stone, a river having its principal sources in the Wind Eiver Mountains, and after turning the Black Hills in about latitude 48 north, it has a course south-east and south, forming in its meanderings the eastern border of the Ter ritory. From the east side of the Black Hills it also receives numerous tributaries, but none of large size. The slopes of Uie country are indicated by the direction of its streams: within the basin the inclination is to the north and north-east up to the Missouri, and from thence the country rises to the north, and outside, east of the Black Hills, it slopes to the east Both the Missouri and Yellow Stone are navigable fc>r light draft steamers, and hence, whenever this country becomes the residence of civilized man, the capacity of these streams will open to him a highway to the markets of the South and East, while their tributary streams, rapid and broken as they are, will afford every facility for milling and the manufactures. On the whole, it is an eligible country for settlement, having timber of various kinds of magnificent growth, a fine soil, and a climate, if not congenial to the tender plant, on account of its northern inland situation, yet one in which most of the usual farming operations may be profitably carried on. For salubrity it is unsurpassed. It is a second Utah, as regards its topography, without its deserts and sandy plains. This Territory formed a part of the Louisiana purchase. It is not yet organized, but retains the name of the North West Territory, from its being the only unorganized remnant of that once large district so named, and to which it was attached soon after its acquisition by the United States. The hunter and trapper, or the red man of the forests, are its sole occupants at the present time, but the day is not far distant on which the pioneer of civilization will cross the great river to make his home in its rich valleys, and drive his flocks aud herds to the hills for range and pasture. NORTH WETHERSFIELD, p. o., "Wyoming co.,^ T. : 234 m. W. Albany. NORTH WEYMOTJTH, p. v. and sta., Norfolk co., Mass.: 11 m. S. S. E. Boston, 13J- m. from Boston by South Shore railroad. NORTH WHARTON, p. o., Potter county, Penn, : 103 m. N. W. by N. Harrisburg. NORTH WHITE CREEK, p. v., Washington co., N. Y. : 32 m. N. E. Albany. The " Washington Co. Post" (whig) is pub lished weekly. NORTH WHITEFIELD, p. v., Lincoln co., Me. ; on E. side of Sheepscot r., 14 m. S. E. Augusta. NORTH WHITEHALL, t and p. v., Lehigh co., Penn. : 70 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Copley andJordan creeks, and other tributaries of Lehigh r., by which it is bounded on the N. E. Surface even; soil calcareous loam, fertile and well cultivated. There are numerous saw and grist mills, tanneries, and distilleries. NORTH WILNA, p. o., Jefferson co., W. T. : 137 m. N. W. Albany. NORTH WILTON, p. o., Franklin co., Me. : 31 m. N. W. Augusta. NORTH WILTON, p. o., Fairfleld co., Conn. : 27 m. W. by S. New Haven, near Danbury and Norwalk E. E. NORTH WINDHAM, p. v., Windham co., Conn. : 27 m. E. by S. Hartford. NORTH WINDIIAM, p. v., Cumberland county, Me. : 41 m. 8. W. Augusta, near S. end of Little Sebago Pond. NORTH WOLFJJOROUGH, p. o., Carroll co., N. Ilamp : 33 m. N. N. E. Concord. NORTH WOODSTOCK, p. v., Windham co., Conn. : on a branch of Quinnebaug r., 36 m. E. N. E. Hartford. NORTH WOODSTOCK, p. o., Oxford county, Me. : 40 m. W. Augusta. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence E. E. passes HiMugh t. of W., having sta. at Bryant s Pond, G2 m.Trom Portland. NORTH WP.ENTHAM, p. v. and sta., Norfolk co., Mass. : 22 m. S. W. Boston, on the Norfolk County E. E., 22} m. from Boston. NORTH YAM HILL, p. o., Yam Hill co., Oreg. : 30 m. N. W. Salem. NORTH YARMOUTH, t, p. o., and sta., Cumberland co., Me. : 40 m. S. W. by S. Augusta. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence E. E. passes through the t 15 m. from Portland. Pop. 1,221. NORTON, t. p. v., and sta., Bristol co., Mass. : 27 m. 8. by W. Boston. Drained by Bum ford, Cocasset, and Canoe rivers and other small streams. Surface diversified ; soil moderately fertile. The v. is on Taunton Branch E. E., 4 m. from Mansfield. Pop. of 1. 1,967. NORTON, p. v., Delaware co., Ohio: on W. side of "W. branch of Whetstone r., 41 m. N. by W. Columbus. NORTON CENTRE, p. o., Summit co., Ohio : 99 m. N. E. Columbus. E4 NORTON S MILLS, p. o., Ontario co., N. Y. : 193 m. W. by N. Albany. NORTONSVILLE, p. o., Albemarle co., Virg. : 69 m. W. N.W. Richmond, NORTONSVILLE, p. o., Ottawa co., Mich. : SO m. W. N. W. Lansing. NORVELL, p. o., Jackson co., Mich. : 32 m. S. Lansing. NORWALK, t, p. b., and sta., Fairfield co., Conn. : on both sides of Norwalk r., bounded S. by Long Island Sound, 30 m. W. S. W. New Haven, 63 m. S. W. Hartford. Surface of t. uneven ; soil very fertile. The b. is on both sides of the r., which is navigable to this point for vessels drawing 6 feet of water. Here are 3 churches, and 1 bank capital $175,330. The t. contains 2 extensive factories of felt beaver cloth, besides other manufactories. Two newspapers are published weekly, "N. Gazette" and "Fairfield Co. Ee- publican." The New York and New Haven E. E. passes through the b., 44 m. from New York, 32 m. from New Haven, connecting here with Danbury and Norwalk E. E. Two m. S. is the p. v. of South Norwalk, the terminus of D. and N. E. E., and the landing of the New York steam boats. Pop. of t. in 1840, 3,863 ; in 1850, 4,651. NORWALK, L, p. v., and cap. Huron co., Ohio : on E. side of Huron r., 87 m. N. by E. Columbus. Soil of t. is very fertile, and finely adapted for grain and grass. Drained by Huron r. and br. The v. is well situated, and is the main station on the Toledo, Norwalk, and Cleveland, E. E. Contains 5 churches, several mills, and other factories. Two newspapers are published weekly, " Huron Eeflector" (whig), and " Norwalk Experiment" (dem.) Pop. of v. 1,441 ; of t. 3,159. NORWALK river, Fairfleld co., Conn.: flows through a beautiful and fertile valley in S. direction, about 20 m., into Long Island Sound. Along its banks runs the Danbury and Norwalk E. E. It is navigable to Norwalk borough. NORWAY, t. and p. v., Oxford co., Me. : 42 m. W. by S. Augusta. Soil fertile, and well watered by Norway Pond, Little Androscoggin and Crooked rivers. The v. is at the outlet of Norway Pond. Two newspapers, the " Pine State News" and " Norway Advertiser," are published weekly. Pop. 1,962. NORWAY, p. o., La Salle county, 111. : 121 m. N. N. E. Springfield. NORWAY, t. and p. o., Eacine co., Wise. : 68 m. E. S. E. Madison. Drained by branches of Fox r. Surface undu lating. Contains several large ponds, and has a good soil. Pop. 870. NORWAY, t. and p. v., Herkimer co., 2f. Y. : 76 m. N. W. Albany. Surface of t hilly ; soil sandy loam, and adapted to grass. Drained by branches of West Canada cr. The v. contains churches and stores. Pop. of 1. 1,052. NORWEGIAN, t, Schuylkilt county, Penn. : 46 miles N. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Schuylkill r. and its branches. Sur face hilly and mountainous. It is an important centre of NOR NOR the Sehuylkill coal mining region, and the present terminus of the Philadelphia and Heading E. K., 93 m, from the for mer, and several railroads diverge from Pottsville to the neighboring mines in East Norwegian, Frailo, Pine Grove, Tremont, North Castle, Sehuylkill, etc., townships, and to Sunbury and Danville on the Susquehanna. The capital invested in the coa) mines in 1850 was $641,147, and the value of the annual products of the mines was estimated at $150,285. The Delaware Coal Company s capital is $500,000. In East Norwegian township the capital invested in mines was $156,000, and the value of the annual products $80,350. There are several furnaces and numerous saw-mills in the town, and stores of every description. Population of Norwegian 10,002. NORWICH, t, p. city, and semi-cap. New London co., Conn. : on Thames r., at head of navigation ; 36 m. E. S. E. Hartford, 47 m. E. N. E. New Haven. Lat, N. 41 33 , long. W. 72 7 . The surface of t is uneven and hilly ; soil fer tile, well watered. The t contains, besides the city, three v., Norwich Town, Norwich Falls, and Greenville. The city is situated at the junction of Quinnebaug and Yantic rivers, on a steep declivity, and presents a very beautiful and romantic appearance. It contains a court-house, jail, town hall, 8 churches, etc. There are 4 banks, with cap. of $1,987,725, and 3 large insurance companies. Two newspapers are published, N. Courier" (whig), tri-weekly and weekly; and "N. Aurora" (dem.), weekly. Three railroads pass through the city ; from New London, 13 m. ; from Worcester, 59 m. ; from Willimantic, 57 m. A line of steamboats plies daily from Allyn s point to New York. Both Quinnebaug and Yantic rivers afford very great water-power, which is improved by numerous manufactories of paper, cotton, and woolen goods, hardware, pottery, etc. The Yantic Falls are a picturesque cataract, and invested with historical interest. Pop. in 1S30, of city, 3,144 ; t inc. city, 5,179 ; in 1S40, city, 4,200 ; of t inc. city, 7,239 ; in 1850, t. inc. city 10,265. NORWICH, t and p. o., Hampshire co., Mass.: 91 m. W. by S. Boston. Surface mountainous. Drained by "West- field r., which affords water-power. The Western E. E. touches the S. W. cor. at Chester Village, 119 miles from Boston, 81 m. from Albany. Pop. 756. NORWICH, t., p. v., and cap. Chenango co., 2f. T.: on Chenango r., 95 m. W. by S. Albany. Surface of t diversi fied ; soil is generally good for grazing. The flats ou the sides of the r. are very fertile, and highly cultivated. The v. is handsomely situated on the W. bank of the r., contains the court-house and jail, several churches, mills, and facto ries, and 1 bank, cap. $120,000. The Chenango Canal passes through the v. Two newspapers are issued weekly, " Chenango Telegraph" (whig), " Chenango Union" (dem.) Pop. of t 3,615. NORWICH, p. v., Muskingum county, Ohio: 63 m. E. Columbus, on the National Road. Pop. 324. NORWICH, t. and p. v., ATKean county, Penn. : 124 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by Potato cr., on the E. side of which is the v., containing several stores. NORWICH, t, p. v., and sta., Windsor co., Verm. : on W. side Connecticut r., 43 m. S. S. E. Montpelier. The Con necticut and Passumpsic Elvers R. E. passes through the v. 4 m. above White Eiver Junction. The Norwich Univer sity, established here in 1834, has 6 instructors, 60 students, 100 alumni, and a library of 1,700 vols. Pop. of 1. 1,978. NORWICH FALLS, sta., New London co., Conn. : on New London, Will, and Palmer E. E., 1 m. from Norwich. NORWICH TOWN, p. v. and sta., New London co., Conn. : H ni. N. city of Norwich. Has several large factories and 2 churches. The New London, Willimantic, and Palmer E. E. passes through the place. NORWOOD, p. T., Stanley co., N. Car. : 96 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. NORWOOD, p. o., Bedford co., Virg. : 116 m. W. by S. Eichmond. NOTASULGA, p. v. and sta., Macon county, Ala. : 41 m. 610 E. N. E. Montgomery. The Montgomery and West Point E. E. passes through this village. NOTIPECAGO river, Mich. : the sources of this large stream unite in Lake co., and flowing in W. direction through Mason co., it empties into Marquette lake. NOTRE DAME, p. v., St. Joseph co., Ind. : 2 m. N. South Bend 130 m. N. by W. Indianapolis. Here is located the University of Notre Dame du Lac, established in 1848. With it, associated on an extensive farm, a novitiate for the priests, and a manual labor school for boys. NOTTAWAY, t and p. v., St. Joseph s co., Midi. : 68 m. S. W. Lansing. Surface of t. undulating ; soil very fertile. Drained by St. Joseph and Prairie rivers. Pop. 1,165. NOTTINGHAM, p. v., Prince George s co., Md. : on W. side of Patuxent r., 20 m. S. S. W. Annapolis. NOTTINGHAM, p. o., Wells co., Ind. : on S. side of Wabash r., SO m. N. E. Indianapolis. NOTTINGHAM, t. and p. o., Harrison county. Ohio: 95 m. E. by N. Columbus. Drained by branch of Tuscarawas r. Pop. 1,236. NOTTINGHAM, t. and p. o., Eockingham co., IT. Ramp. : 21 m. E. S. E. Concord. Pop. 1,268. NOTTINGHAM, p. o., Davis co., la. : 77 to. S. W. by S. Iowa City. NOTTINGHAM TURNPIKE, p. o., Eockingham co., N. ffamp. : 21 m. E. by S. Concord. NOTTLA, p. o., Cherokee co., N. Car. : 320 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. NOTTOWAY county, Virg. Situate S. E. centrally, and contains 264 sq. m. Drained by Nottoway river and its branches, and tributaries of the Appomatox river. Surface an extended plain : soil fertile, and very productive. Chief articles of production, Indian corn, tobacco, and cotton. Farms 342; manuf. 17; dwell. 492, and pop. wh. 2.251, fr. col. 136, si. 6,050 total 8,437. Capital: Nottoway C. II. Pub lic Works: Eichmond and Danville E. E. ; South Side E. E, NOTTOWAY, p. v., and cap. Nottoway county, Virg. : on Nottoway r., 44 m. S. W. Eichmond. NOTTOWAY river, Virg. and N. Car. ; rises in Prince Edward co., flows mainly in S. E. direction, through S. W. portion of Virg., and passing into N. Car., unites with Meherrin r., in Gates co., forming Chowan river. Novi, t and p. v., Oakland co., Mich. : 57 m. E. S. E. Lansing. Surface of t. is rolling, and is well timbered ; good. Drained by the W. branch of the Eouge r. and its creeks. The v. is on the E. side of r., 2 m. S. of Walled lake. Pop. of 1. 1,423. NOXAPATER, p. o., Winston county, Miss. : 84 m. N. Jackson. NOXUBEE county, Miss. Situate E., and contains 678 ( m. Drained by tributaries of W. fork of Tombigbee river. Surface moderately even; soil fertile. Chief prodi cotton, and Indian corn. Farms 676 ; manuf. 31 ; dwell. 957, and pop. wh. 4,976, fr. col. 0, si. 11,323 total 16,299. Capital: Macon. Public Works: Mobile and Ohio E. E. NOYESVILLE, p. v., Cook co., III. : on the Des Plaines r., 167 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. Galena and Chicago Union E. E. passes through the village, 10 m. W. Chicago. NUBBIN EIDGE, p. o., Hardeman county, Tenn,: 140 m. S. W. Nashville. NUECES county. Tex. Situate S., and contains about 6,200 sq. m. Drained by branches of the Eio-Nucccs, which forms its N. and N. W. boundaries, and by the rivers Agua Dulce, San Fernandes, and Trinidad, which fall into the bays in the S. E. portion of the county. Surface undulating^ some parts slightly elevated ; soil on the streams very fer tile, consisting of a deep mold, intermixed with sand, and favorable to cotton and corn, but in general is best adapted for pasturage. A portion of the county is prairie, and a small part is thickly wooded. Salt Lagoon is situate S. E., and Laguna del Madre forms the eastern boundary. The Xeuces is the principal river, and is navigable for small boats for about 100 miles from its mouth. Farms S ; manuf. NUE OAK 1 ; dwell. 151, and pop. wh. 650, fr. col. 1, si. 47 total 693. Cental: Corpus Christi. NUECES river, Tex. Its remotest source is in the mount ains of Bexar co., and with its tributaries drains an extens ive surface of country. Its general course is S. E., being about 300 m. long in its windings, and 226 m. from its source to its mouth, where it empties into Nueces bay. Its prin cipal tributary is the Rio Frio. The Nueces r. is navigable for 100 m., but is much encumbered by sand-bars in its upper portions. NULHEGAN river, Essex co., Verm. : formed from two branches, uniting in Bloomfield, forming a rapid stream, and enters Connecticut r. above Brunswick. NULLIS MILLS, p. o., Fayette co., Ind, : 73 m. E. by S. Indianapolis. NtiMA, p. o., Parke co., Ind. : on E. side of Wabash r., on the canal, 62 m. W. by S. Indianapolis. NUMBER 1, p. o., Wayne co., Ohio : 55 m. N. E. Columbus. NUMBER 2, p. o., Marion county, Flor.: 176 m. S. E. Tallahassee. NUMBER 3, p. o., Aroostook county, Me. : 131 m. N. N. E. Augusta. NUNDA, t, p. v., and sta., Livingston co., N. T. : 221 m. W. Albany. Drained by branches of Genesee r. Surface undulating ; soil good for wheat. The v. is on Cashagua cr., and is a station of the Buffalo and New York City R. R., 62 m. from Buffalo. Besides several churches, and a flourishing academy, it has some factories. The "Nunda Telegraph" (whig) is published weekly. Pop. of t. 3,128. NUTBCSH, p. o., Warren co., N. Car, ; on Nutbush cr., 60 m. N. Raleigh. NYACK, p. v., Rockland co., N. Y. : on W. bank of Hud son r., 113 m. S. Albany. A flourishing v., containing several churches, etc., and having regular communication with New York. Two newspapers are issued weekly "Rockland County Journal," and " Rocklaud Messenger." Pop. about 1,000. NYACK TURNPIKE, p. o., Eockland co., N. Y.: 102 m. S. by W. Albany. O. OAK, p. o., Williams co., Ohio: 132 m. N. W. Columbus. OAK creek, Otsego co., N. Y. : the outlet of Schuyler s lake, which flows S. through the town of Otsego, and emp ties into the Susquehanna r. OAKACHICKAMA, p. o., Yallabusha county, Miss. : 108 m. N. N. E. Jackson. OAK BLUFFS, p. o., Greene co., Ark. : near a branch of St. Francis r., 144 m. N. E. Little Rock. OAK BOWERY, p. o., Chambers co., Ala. : 51 m. N. E. by E. Montgomery. OAK CREEK, p. v ., Milwaukie co., Wise. : on a cr. of Lake Michigan, 78 m. E. by S. Madison. OAKDALE, p. v., and cap. Shelby co., Mb. : 83 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. The court-house is situate here. OAKDALE, p. v., Worcester co., Mem. : on the Nashua r. and Worcester and Nashua R. R., 25 m. Worcester, and 39 m. W. Boston. OAKFIELD, p. o., Genesee co., N. Y. : 232 m. W. Albany. OAKFIELD, p. v., Fond du Lac co., Wise. : 62 m. N. E. Madison. OAKFIELD, p. o., Perry county, Ohio : 42 m. E. S. E. Columbus. OAKFIELD, t. and p. o., Kent county, Mich. : 61 m. N. W. Lansing, and 39 m. E. Grand Haven. Drained by Flat r. and its tributaries. Surface rolling; soil deep vegetable loam. It abounds in forests of heavy pine timber. Pop. 404. OAKFIELD, p. v., Franklin co., Mo. : 119 m. E. Jefferson City. OAK FLAT, p. v., Pendleton co., Virg. : on a branch of the Potomac r., and at the foot of the Shenandoah Mount ain, 123 m. N. W. Richmond. OAK FOREST, p. o., Wayne co., Ky. : 85 m. S. Frankfort. OAK FOREST, p. o., Iredell county, N. Car. : 121 m. W. Raleigh. OAK FOREST, p. v., Franklin co., Ind. : near Oak creek, 59 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. OAK FOREST, p. o., Cumberland county, Virg. : 35 m. W. Richmond. OAKFUSKY, p. v., Randolph co., Ala. : on the E. side of he Tallapoosa r., 75 m. N. by E. Montgomery. OAK GROVE, p. o., Montgomery county, Ala. : 15 m. S Montgomery. OAK GROVE, p. o., Hempstead co., Ark. : 101 m. S. S. W. Little Rock. OAK GROVE, p. o., Christian county, Ky. : 172 m. S. W. Frankfort. The Nashville and Henderson R. R. passes near the location. OAK GROVE, p. v., Washington par., La. : situate between M Gee and Big Silver creeks, in N. part of par., 63 m. N. K Baton Rouge. OAK GROVE, p. o., Livingston county, Midi. : 33 m. S. E. Lansing. OAK GROVE, p. o., Chickasaw co., Miss. : 123 m. N. E. Jackson. OAK GROVE, p. o., Titus co., Tex. : 257 m. N. E. Austin City. OAK GROVE, p. v., Jackson co., Mo. : 112 m. W. by N. Jefferson City. OAK GROVE, p. o., Jefferson county, Tenn.: 193 m. E. Nashville. OAK GROVE, p. o., Westmoreland co., Virg. : 49 m. N. E. Richmond. OAK GROVE, p. o., Linn co., la. : 23 m. N. Iowa City. OAK GROVE, p. o., Dodge co., Wise. : 52 m. N. Madison. OAK GROVE FURNACE, p. o., Perry co., Penn. : in the village of Landisburg, 23 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. A coal blast furnace, with an annual capacity of 1,100 tons, is situ ate here. OAKIIAM, t and p. v., Worcester co., Mass. : 53 m. W. Boston. Drained chiefly by Ware r., which bounds it ou the N., and also by several small rivulets passing through it. Surface rolling ; soil good, affording excellent pasturage for cattle. Pop. 1,137. OAKIIILL, p. v., Newton co., Ga. : near one of the forks of Ocmulgee r., 59 m. N. W. Milledgeville. OAK HILL, p. o., Franklin county, Ala. : 185 m. S. S. E. Montgomery. OAK HILL, p. o., Hardin county, Ky. : about 67 m. S. W. Frankfort OAK HILL, p. o. and sta., Cumberland co., Me. : on the line of the Kennebec and Portland R. R., 23 m. from Port land and 30 m. S. W. Augusta. OAK HILL, p. v., Lake co., III. : near Lake Michigan, 195 m. N. E. Springfield. OAK HILL, p. v., Jefferson co., Wise. : 40 m. W. by S. Madison. OAK HILL, p. o., Greene co., N. Y.: on the line of the Hudson River R. R., 110 m. from New York City, 82 m. S. W. Albany. OAK HILL, p. o., Granville co., N . Car. : about 43 m. N. Raleigh. OAK HILL, p. v., Jackson co., Ohio : on the line of the Scioto and Hocking Valley R. R., 77 m. S. S. E. Columbus. There are several furnaces within a short distance of the village. OAK HILL, p. v., Lancaster co., Perm. : 53 m. W. by S. Philadelphia and 53 m. S. E. Harrisburg. There are situate here 2 charcoal forges, yielding annually 400 tons bloom iron and 230 tons bars, and a rolling-mill producing 400 tons annually. OAK HILL, p. o., Overton county, Tenn. : 85 m. E. by N. Nashville. OAK HILL, p. v., Fauquier co., Virg.: on the Manassas Gap R. R., 93 m. N. by W. Richmond. 611 OAK OAK OAK HILL, p. o., Panola county, Miss, : 133 m. N. Jackson. OAKLAND county, Mich. Situate S. E. of the S. penin sula, and contains 896 sq. m. Drained by Clinton r. and its affluents, and branches of Flint, Eouge, Shiawassee and Huron rivers. Surface undulating and diversified with nu merous small lakes; soil fertile, and yields good crops of wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. Farms 3,446; manuf. 146; dwell. 5,699, and pop. wh. 31,207, fr. col. 63 total 31.270. Capital: Pontiac. Public Works: Detroit and Pontiac E. E. OAKLAND, p. o., St. Francis CO., Ark. : 70 m. W. N. W. Little Eock. OAKLAND, p. v., Coles county, III. : on a branch of the Embarras r., 85 m. E. Springfield. OAKLAND, p. v., Christian co., Ky. : 175 m. S. W. Frank fort. Situate directly on the boundary line between Chris tian and Caldwell counties. OAKLAND, t. and p. o., Oakland co., Mich. : 51 m. E. Lansing and 25 m. N. Detroit. Drained by Paint cr. and a branch of Stony cr. Surface hilly ; soil of great variety in some parts marshy. Pop. of t 978. OAKLAND, p. o., Yallabusha co., Miss. : 131 m. N. by E. Jackson. OAKLAND, p. v., Laclede co., Mb. : on the Osage Fork of the- Gasconade r., 64 m. S. by "VV. Jefferson City. OAKLAND, p. o., Chatham county, 2f. Car.: 36 m. "W. Ealeigh. OAKLAND, sta., Alleghany co., Md. : on the Baltimore and Ohio E. E., 233 m. W. Baltimore. OAKLAND, p. o., Spencer county, Ind. : 119 m. S. S. W. Indianapolis. OAKLAND, sta., Marion county, Ind. : on the Indianapolis and Bellefontaine E. E., 14 m. N. E. Indianapolis. OAKLAND, p. o., Lavacca county, Tex. : 77 m. S. E. Austin City. OAKLAND, p. o., Livingston co., N. Y. : 208 m. "W. by S. Albany. OAKLAND, p. o., Clinton county, Ohio: 57 m. S. W. Columbus. OAKLAND, v., Fairfleld co., Ohio : 31 m. S. E. Columbus. Pop. 133. OAKLAND, p. o., Armstrong co., Penn. : 145 m. W. N. "W. Harrisburg. OAKLAND, sta., Chester co., Penn. : on the Columbia and Philadelphia E. E., 30 m. from Philadelphia. OAKLAND, p. o., Edgefleld dist., S. Car. : 49 m. TV. S. "W. Columbia. OAKLAND, p. o., Fayette county, Tenn. : 155 m. S. "W. Nashville. OAKLAND, p. v., Morgan co., Virg.: 143 m. N. by W. Eichmond. OAKLAND, p. v., Jefferson county, Wise. : 23 m. S. TV. Madison. OAKLAND, p. o., Lauderdale counh r , Ala. : 175 m. N. "W". Montgomery. OAKLAND, p. v., Tuolumne CO., Calif. : on the N. side of the river De los Merced, branch of San Joaquin r., 115 m. S. E. Vallejo. OAKLAND COLLEGE, p. v., Claiborne county, Miss. ; 60 m. W. S. W. Jackson. The college was founded in 1830, and in 1850 had 6 professors, 114 alumni, 84 students, and a library of 9,000 volumes. OAKLAND GEOVE, p. v., Prairie co., Ark. : on a fork of Cypress Bayou of White r., 24 m. N. E. Little Eock. OAKLAND MILLS, p. o., Juniata co., Penn. : 35 m. W. N. "W. Harrisburg. OAK LAWN, p. o., Baker county, Ga. : 135 m. S. S. W. Milled geville. OAK LAWN, p. o., Cabarras co., N. Car. : 97 m. S. S. W. Ealeigh. OAK LEVEL, p. o., Benton county, Ala. : 103 m. N. by E. Montgomery. 612 OAK LEVEL, p. o., Henry county, Virg. : 131 m. S. W Eichmond. OAKLEY, p. o., Overton county, Tenn. : 85 m. E. by N. Nashville. OAKLET, p. o., Macon co., III. : 85 m. E. Springfield. OAKLEY, p. v., Mechlenburg co., Virg. : on a branch of Dan r., 59 m. S. W. Eichmond. OAKLEY, p. o., Lewis co., Mo. : 106 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. OAKLEY, p. o., Franklin parish, La. : 119 m. N. by W. Baton Eouge. OAKMULGEE, p. o., Bedford county, Virg. : on line of the Virginia and Tennessee E. E., 29 m. TV. of Lynchburg, 97 m. TV. by S. Eichmond. OAKOUAY, p. o., Covington co., Miss. : 52 m. S. E. Jackson. OAK OBCHARD, p. v., Orleans co., N. Y. : 243 m. TV. by N. Albany. OAK PLAINS, p. o., Livingston co., Mich.: 32 m. S. E. Lansing. OAK POINT, p. o., St. Lawrence county, N. Y. : 157 m. N. by TV. Albany. OAK POINT, p. o., Clataop co., Oreg. Ter. : on the S. side of Columbia r., 80 m. N. Salem. It occupies a site imme diately opposite the E. end of Gull Island. OAK POINT, p. o., Van Buren co., la. : 63 m. S. by TV. Iowa City. OAK EIDGE, p. o., Hancock co., Ohio : 72 m. N. N. TV. Columbus. OAK ELDGE, p. o., Greene co., Ark. : on a branch of Eel river, 114 m. N. E. Little Eock. OAK EIDGE, p. o., Graves county, Ky. : 227 m. S. TV. Frankfort. OAK EIDGE, p. o., Meriwether county, Ga. : 85 m. TV. MilledgeviUe. OAK EIDGE, p. o., Guilford co., N. Car. : 75 m. TV. N. W. Ealeigh. OAK S CORNERS, p. v., Ontario co., Jf. Y. : 173 m.TV. by N. Albany. OAK SHADE, p. o., Culpepper co., Virg. : 63 m. N. by W Eichmond. OAK SPRING, p. o., Ballard county, Ky. : 241 m. S. W. Frankfort. OAK SPRING, p. v., Davis co., la. : on S. side of Soap cr., 75 m. S. TV. Iowa City. OAK S SHOP, p. o., Pittsylvania co., Virg. : 115 m. S. TV. Eichmond. OAKSVILLE, p. v., Otsego co., K Y. : on a branch of the Susquehanna r., 67 m. TV. Albany. OAKTIBBEHA, p. o., Kemper co., Miss. : 95 m. E. N. E. Jackson. OAKVILLE, p. o., Union co., Ark. : 107 m. S. by TV. Little Eock. OAKVILLE, p. v., Lawrence county, Ala. : 145 m. N. TV. Montgomery. OAKVILLE, p. o., Madison county, Tenn. : 121 m. S. TV. Nashville. OAKYILLE, p. o., St. Mary s co., Md. : 41 m. S. Annapolis. OAKVILLE, p. v., Monroe co., Mich. : 70 m. S. E. Lansing. OAKVILLE, p. v., St Louis co., Mo. : near the W. side of the Mississippi, 157 m. E. Jefferson City, and IS m. S. by TV. St. Louis City. OAKVILLE, p. o., Union county, N. Car. : 313 m. S. TV. Ealeigh. OAKVILLE, p. o., Cumberland county, Penn.: TV. from Harrison. OAKVILLE, p. v., Lexington dist., S. Car. : 13 m. N. TV. Columbia. OAKVILLE, p. o., Appomattox co., Virg. : about 65 m. TV. Eichmond. OAKWOODS, p. o., Fleming county, Ky. : 71 m. E. by N. Frankfort. OAK WOODS, p. o., Grant county, Ind. : 57 m. N. E. Indianapolis. GAS OGD OASIS, p. o., Marquctte co., Wise. : 52 m. N. Madison. OATLANDS, p. o., London co., Virg. : 103 m. N. Richmond. O BANNONS, sta., Jefferson county, Ky, : on the Louisville and Frankfort E. E., 15 m. E. Louisville, and 14 m. W. Frankfort. OBERLIN, p. v., Lorain co., Ohio : on the E. side of W. branch of Black r., where it is crossed by the Toledo, Nor- walk, and Cleveland B. E., 99 m. N. N. E. Columbus. It is the seat of Oberlin College, to the benefits of which both male and female students are admitted manual labor forming part of the instruction. It is under Congregational influence ; was founded in 1834, and in 1850, had a presi dent, 12 instructors, 199 alumni (of whom 130 are in the ministry), and 66 students. There is a library attached to the college containing 4,200 volumes. Its theological de partment has 3 professors, 20 students, and 124 alumni, with a library containing 250 volumes. The "Oberlin Evangelist" (relig.), a semi-monthly paper, is published here. OBION county, Tenn. Situate N. "W., and contains 1,012 sq. m. Drained by Eedfoot and Obion rivers, tributaries of the Mississippi r., which forms its western boundary. Sur face level, and on the Mississippi low and subject to sub mersion; soil fertile and adapted to cotton and tobacco. It has some timber land and good pasturage for cattle. Farms 653; manuf. 6; dwell. 1,131, and pop. wh. 6,572, fr. col. 4, si. 1,057 total 7,633. Capital: Troy. Public Works: Mobile and Ohio K. E. ; Nashville and Mississippi E. E. OBIOX, p. o., Hickman co., Ky, : 253 m. S. W. Frankfort OBION river, Tenn. : the principal head branches rise in Henry and Carroll counties, and pursuing a W. and S. W. course flow into the Mississippi at Hales Point. Obion, Weakly, Henry, Carroll, Gibson, and Dyer counties are well drained by this river and its tributaries. O BRIEX county, la. Situate N. W., and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by branches of Little Sioux r. Surface rolling, a large portion being prairie ; soil fertile, and is well adapted to wheat, corn, fruit, etc. ; valuable timbers line the streams. Capital: Ainsley. OCCOQUAJJ, p. v., Prince William co., Virg. : on W. side of the Occoquam r., 75 m. N. Eichmond. OCCOQUAM river, Virg. : the most important tributary of the Potomac, rises in Fauquier and Prince William counties, flows S. E., separating Fairfax and Prince William counties, and empties into the Potomac. The tide flows up 7 m. to the town of the same name, above which the river descends 72 feet in the distance of a mile and a half, and to which small sea vessels ascend. OCCCPACIA, p. o., Essex county, Virg. : 37 miles N. E. Richmond. OCEAN county, JUT. Jer. Situate E. toward the S., and contains 435 sq. m. Drained by Tom s r. and Cedar, Man- ahockirig, and Westecunck creeks. Surface level; soil in parts fertile, and consisting chiefly of sand with clay inter mixed. There is good pasturage for cattle. Farms 379 ; manuf. 52 ; dwell. 1,758, and pop. wh. 9,S83, fr. col. 149 total 10,032. Capital : Tom s Eiver Village. OCEAN, L and p. o., Monmouth co., N. Jer. : running par allel with the Atlantic Ocean, 36 m. E. Trenton. Drained by Whale Pond cr., Corlies or Great Pond cr., and other small streams emptying into the ocean. Surface in the W. hilly, otherwise level; soil loam, sand, and clay. In the N. E., on a promontory extending several miles, is Sandy Hook, on which is a revolving light and two beacons. The t. is well supplied with water privileges, and contains sev eral mills and manufactories. Set off from Shrewsbury in 1849. Pop. 3,767. OCEANA county, Mich. Situate N. W. of the 9. peninsula, and contains 763 sq. m. Drained by White and Maskegon rivers, the former of which traverses its central part. Sur face slightly undulating: soil fertile and productive. Farms : manuf. 2 ; dwell. 58, and pop. wh. 2S2, fr. col. 19-^ total 301. Capital: OCEAN PORT, p. o., Monmouth co., N. Jer. : 89 m. E. Trenton. OCEOLA county, la. Situate N. W., and contains 432 sq. m. Drained by head branches of Little Sioux r. Sur face undulating, and diversified with lakes. Much of the land is prairie, and a portion of it is well wooded. Laid off since 1S50. OCEOLA, p. o., Cherokee county, Ala. : 133 m. N. by E. Montgomery. OCEOLA, p. v., and cap. Mississippi co., Ark. : on the Mis sissippi r., 87 m. above Memphis, Tenn., 157 m. E. N. E. Little Eock, at the head of Plumb Point Bars, the most difficult and dangerous part of the Mississippi r. Many steamboats have been sunk here, and portions of them may be seen at low water. It contains the court-house, etc. OCEOLA, p. v., Crawford co., Ohio : on Broken Sword cr of Sandusky r., 61 m. N. by W. Columbus. OCEOLA CENTRE, p. o., Livingston county, Mich. : 35 m. E. by S. Lansing. OCIIESEE, p. v., Calhoun co., Flor. : on W. bank of Ap- palachieola r., and on the Appalachicola post-road, 38 m. W. by N. Tallahassee. OCKLOCKONY, p. o., Thomas co., Ga.: 181 m. S. by W. Milledgeville. OCMULGEE, p. o., Perry county, Ala. : 43 m. W. by N. Montgomery. OCMULGEE river, Ga. : rises in the hilly region S. of the Chattahooehee in De Kalb and Gwinnett counties, flowing 250 m. in a S. and E. direction, is joined by the Oconee r. on the S. border of Montgomery co., where they form the Alatamaha, which empties into the sound so called of the Atlantic Ocean. The river is navigable for small steam boats as far up as Macon, Bibb co. It has several branches, which afford excellent water-power to several counties in its course. OCMULGEEVILLE, p. o., Telfair co., Ga.: 79 m. S. by E. Milledgeville. OCOA, p. o., Polk co., Tenn. : 137 m. S. E. Nashville. OCOLA, p. v., and cap. Marion county, Flor. : on the St. Augwstin and Tallahassee post-road, 157 m. S. E. Tallahas see. Situate about 5 m. N. from Fort King. It i^ the se.it of the county court-house. The " Oeola Argus" (whig) ia published weekly. OCONA LUFTY, p. o.,Haywood co., N. Car. : situate in the W. part of the county, 263 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. OCONEE, p. v., Washington co., Ga. : on the E. side of Oconee r., and on the line of the Central (Georgia) E. E. , 147 m. N. W. Savannah, and 23 m. S. E. Milledgeville. OCONEE river, Ga. : rises in the hilly region near the Chattahoochee r. in Hall co., running a S. by E. course 200 m. ; connects with the Ocmulgee, and forms the Alatamaha r., which flows into the Atlantic Ocean. Appalachie river and Indian creek are its principal branches. OCONEE STATION, p. v., Pickens district, S. Car. : 131 m. N. W. Columbia. OCONOMOWOCK, t. and p. v., Waukesha co., Wise. : 45 m. E. Madison. Drained by branches of Eock r., which pass through the N. and S. of it, affording excellent water-power. Three lakes form the S. boundary. There is some good timber land in the town. The v., which is small, is in the S. part, on a branch of Eock river. Pop. of 1. 1,218. OCRACOKE, p. v., Hyde co., N. Oar. : on the island near Ocracoke inlet, and about 25 m. S. by W. Cape Hattt-ras, 153 m. E. by S. Ealeigh. OCTARARA, p. o., Lancaster co., Penn. : near a creek by same name, 53 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. OENCA, p. o., Jefferson co., Wise. : 29 m. W. Madison. OGALLA, p. o., Chippewa co., Wise. : 162 m. N.W. Madison. OGPEN, p. v., Henry co., Ind.: on the Indiana Central E. E. 31 m. E. by N. Indianapolis. OGDEN, t. and p. o., Monroe co., N. Y. ; 221 m. W. by N. Albany, and 13 m. Rochester. Surface level ; soil gravelly loam. Drained by Salmon cr. The Eochester, Lockport, 613 OGD OHI and Niagara Falls E. R., and Erie Canal pass through, on the latter of which Adam s Basin is situated. There are in the t -several stores and mills, a furnace, and a number of other industrial establishments. Pop. 2,593. OGBEX, p. v., New Madrid co., Mo.: between Lake St. John s and St. Mary, 1SS m. S. E. Jefferson City. OGDEN CITY, p. v., Weber co., Utah Ter. : on N. side of "Weber r., 157 m. N. Fillmore City. OGDENSBFRG, p- v. and port of entry, St Lawrence co., 2f. Y.: on the right bank of St. Lawrence r., at the mouth of Oswegatchie r., 161 m. N. W. Albany. The Northern E. E. has its western terminus at this place, and steamers ply hence daily for the river and lake ports, making it a dep6t of great importance. Preseott, a large town, lies on the opposite side of the river, here 1J m. broad, and is con nected by a steam ferry. The v. contains immense dep&ts, and other warehouses, stores of every description, 8 banks, foundries, machine shops, and other industrial establish ments, schools, and churches, and, on the whole, is one of the most progressive villages of the State. The manufac tures of this place find an immense water-power on the Oswegatchie, on which there are falls. It is at the lower termination of sloop navigation, but steamboats go to the rapids, 40 m. below, and thence pass by Ogdensburg to the various places on Lake Ontario. Pop. about 6,000. The v. is connected with Boston and New York by railroad dis tance to Boston 403 m., and to New York City 4S2 miles. Ogdensburg has 4 newspapers, the St. Lawrence Eepub- lican" (dem.), the "O. Sentinel" (whig), the "O. Forum" (whig), and the " Northern New Yorker" (neut.), all pub lished weekly. The shipping owned here in 1850 amounted to 1,985 tons, all navigated by steam. The foreign arrivals, in the district of which Ogdensburg is the port of entry, in 1850, were 380 vessels, and 196,915 tons, and the departures 875 vessels, and 189,705 tons. This is exclusive of the vast amount of shipping engaged in the domestic coasting trade, and is indicative of the extent of its connection with the British provinces. The coastwise trade is valued at $7,000,000 annually. OGEECHEE river, Ga. : rises in the E. part of Greeny co., and flowing in a S. E. direction 200 m., empties into Ossa- baw sound of the Atlantic Ocean. Its principal branches are Lambert creek, in Jefferson co., Little Ogeechee r., in Scriven co., on the E., Williamson s S. W. cr. and Connou- chee r. on the W., forming in all extensive water-power. It is navigable for vessels of 30 tons as far up as Louisville, in Jefferson co., and for sloops 40 m. from its mouth. OGEECHEE, p. v., Scriven co., Ga. : on N. side of Ogeechee r., 60 m. from Savannah, near the Central (Georgia) E. E., 97 m. S. E. Milledgeville. OGEMAW county, Mich. Situate N. E., and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Eifle r. and a branch of the Aux Grais. Surface generally level ; soil a deep, black, vegetable mold. Set off since 1850. OGLE county, III. Situate N., and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Eock r. and its tributaries. Surface undulating; in parts it is low and marshy, and unfit for cultivation ; soil in general fertile, and produces wheat and Indian corn. The marshes, when drained, make good grazing land. Some portions of the co. are thickly covered with valuable timber. Farms 1,058; manuf. 30; dwell. 1,678, and pop. wh. 9,990, fr. col. 30 total 10.020. Capital : Oregon City. Public Works : Central Illinois E. E. ; Eock ford and Eock Island E. E., etc. OGLE, p. o., Butler county, Penn.: 165 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. OGLE, p. v., Ogle co., III. : at the head of Washington cr., 153 m. N. by E. Springfield. OGLE-THORPE county, Ga. Situate toward the N. E., and contains 515 sq. m. Drained by branches of Broad river, which runs on the N. E., and of Oconee r., which bounds it on the S. W. Surface level ; soil varied ; in general very fertile. Cotton is the chief production, but fine crops of wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes are raised. There is some good timber on the land. Farms 555 ; manuf. 13 ; dwell 819, and pop. wh. 4,382, fr. col. 3, si. 7,874 total 12.259. Capital : Lexington. Public Works : Athens Branch E. E. OGLE-THORPE, p. v., Macon co., Ga. : on Fluit river, 71 m. S. W. Milledgeville. The South-western E. E. passes through the v., 50 m. from Macon. OGUNQUIT, p. v., York co., Me. : on N. side of Ogunquit r. 1 m. from the Atlantic coast, 86 m, S. W. Augusta. THE STATE OF OHIO. OHIO, the most wealthy and prosperous of the new States, north-west of the Ohio Eiver, is situated between 38 24 and 42 latitudes north, and between 80 34 and 84 42 longitudes west. It is a compact mass of land, lying between Penn sylvania and Virginia on the east; Kentucky on the south, from which it is separated by the Ohio Eiver; Indiana on the west, and Michigan and Lake Erie on the north, along which its coast-line extends 257 miles. Its general length is 200 miles, and its breadth, north and south, about 140 miles, with an area of 39,964 square miles. Though the surface is much and delightfully varied, it nowhere presents any considerable elevations above the general level; but the country is a lofty table-land, which, in its middle zone, is about 1,000, and on the northern and southern borders from 600 to 800 feet above the sea level. A slightly elevated ridge of highlands divides the waters flowing north into Lake Erie from those flowing south into the Ohio. From this there is a rather rapid descent to the level. The lake, and the courses of the rivers on the Erie slope, are rapid, and considerably broken by falls. The general slope toward the Ohio on the south is interrupted by a subordinate ridge, which crosses the State in the latitude of Zanesville and Co lumbus, between which and the river the surface is very much diversified with hills and valleys. The central belt consists of extensive flat tracts, with numerous broad swells rising gently from the plains; and swamps and morasses occasionally occur. The northern or Erie slope also contains extensive morasses. The extent of swamp lands in the State, however, is only 303,329 acres, or one-eighteenth part of the whole. Nine-tenths of the surface of the State is susceptible of cultiva tion, and nearly three-fourths of the soil is eminently productive ; even the hills are generally cultivable to their summits, and covered with a fertile soil. The river bottoms are extensive and exuberantly fertile. In the centre and north-west, prairifs or natural meadows are numerous and extensive, but the greater part of the country was originally covered with magnificent forests of gigantic trees, and even at the present day limber is abundant The rivers of Ohio debouch either into the Ohio or into Lake Erie. The Ohio runs along the southern border for nearly 500 miles, and the principal rivers falling into it are the Muskingum, the Hockhocking, the Scioto, the Little Miami, the Miami, etc. The Muskingum, which enters the Ohio at Marietta, rises in the northern watershed, near the head waters of the Cuyahoga, and drains a beautiful and fertile district. It is about 120 miles in length, and is navigable during a greater part of the year by small steamboats to Zanesville, 75 miles, and by batteaux to Coshocton, 110 miles, and above this small boats ascend to within a mile of the Cuyahoga. Sandy Eiver and Wills Creek, on the east, and Walhonding or White-woman s Eiver, and the Licking, from the west, are its principal tributaries, and are useful mill streams. The Hockhocking rises on the southern ridge, and reaches the Ohio at Hocking Port, after a course of SO miles through a hilly and picturesque country, abounding in yellow pine. It is narrow and deep, and navigable for small boats to Athens. The 614 OHIO. Hocking Canal follows the course of this river. The Seioto is a fine navigable stream, entering the Ohio at Portsmouth. It flows through a wide and fertile valley, and in the upper part of its course is surrounded by rich and beautiful prairies. Boats have ascended almost to its source, near Bucyrus, and passed by a portage of 4 miles into the Sandusky and Lake Erie. Delaware, Columbus, Circleville, Chillicothe, and Piketon are the principal places on its banks. The Little Miami has its rise in the southern ridge, and although too much broken by falls to be useful as a navigable channel, it is a fine mill stream, furnishing an abundant supply of water for manufacturing purposes. It enters the Ohio about 12 miles above Cincinnati. The head waters of the Miami, or Big Miami, approach very near to those of the Seioto, the Auglaise, and the St. Mary s ; its current is rapid, but it is navigable for some 70 or 80 miles. At several points at Sidney, Troy, Day ton, and Hamilton it furnishes excellent water-power, especially at Dayton, where it has been greatly improved for manufacturing purposes. It is 200 yards wide at its mouth, and enters the Ohio in the south-western corner of the State, after a course of 100 miles. Among the northern rivers are the Maura ee, Sandusky, Cuyahoga, etc. The Maumee, or Miami of the Lake, which has its source in Indiana, is the principal ; it is formed by the junction of Little St. Joseph s, St. Mary s, and Great and Little Auglaize rivers. Its length is about 100 miles, and 50 miles from its mouth it is 70 rods wide. The navigation is open to schooners and steamboats 18 miles to Perrysburg, and in spring and fall it is beatable to Fort Wayne, and at all times furnishes extensive water-power. The river bottoms are extensive and fertile, and the banks are high and heavily timbered. It enters Lake Erie through Maumee Bay. The Sandusky is a rapid stream, but navi gable during high stages of the water. To Fremont City the navigation is always open. It enters the lake through Sandusky Bay, an immense basin, destined to be the scene of a mighty commerce. Sandusky City, on its south-east shore, is one of the principal ports of the lake, and the terminus of several lines of railroad, connecting with the interior and the shore district The Cuyahoga rises near Lake Erie, but taking a south-westerly course, it approaches the head of the Muskingura, and thence flows northward into the. lake at Cleveland. It is one of the most important rivers of Northern Ohio. It is more than 60 miles long, and has numerous falls and is an excellent mill stream. Along its banks several flourishing manufacturing villages have sprung up. The mouth of the river, which has been improved and ex tended by piers, forms the harbor of Cleveland. Besides these there are other important streams flowing into the lake, as Portage Paver, navigable for 12 miles from Port Clinton; Huron Eiver, navigable to Milan, 14 miles, and entering the lake at Port Huron; Vermillion Eiver, Black Eiver, Eocky Eiver, etc., all of which are navigable to a greater or less extent, and which, at their mouths, furnish harbors. Ohio is one of the richest mineral States of the Union. Iron, coal, and lime the most useful of minerals abound in all the eastern portion of the State, and are deposited in beds of vast thickness. Salt springs are numerous in the same region. The coal of Ohio is bituminous, and lies very accessible, requiring comparatively little capital to handle it, but as yet there is, except in some of the principal cities Cincinnati, Dayton, Cleveland, etc. but little manufacturing, and in a large portion of the State the people are not sufficiently near the mines or public works to use coal in competition with wood. Time and the axe, however, are rapidly destroying the forest, and wood is fast rising in price ; and the period is not distant when the whole people of the Central West will use coal. The progress of the railroad will hasten this revo lution in the industrial and domestic economy of the State. The marketable production of coal in Ohio may be deter mined approximately by the report of the Board of Public Works. The principal points of coal mining are at Talmadge, Summit County ; Pomeroy, Meigs County ; Nelsonville, Athens County ; and some points in Stark and Coshocton counties. The amount brought to market from these several points in 1850-51 was as follows : from Akron, 3,052,850 bushels ; from Massilon, 186,S93 bushels ; from Dover, 59,150 bushels ; from Eoscoe, 260,256 bushels; from Nelsonville, 930,150 bushels ; and from Pomeroy, about 2,000,000 bushels in all, 6,489.299 bushels. This is but a sixteenth part of the coal brought to market from Easton, Pennsylvania, yet it is a large amount, and a large increase on the production a few years since. It is about the production of Pennsylvania 15 years ago. May not the increase of ihe coal trade in Ohio be as rapid as that of Pennsylvania ? If so, what an important effect it will have on the industry and internal commerce of the State. The consumption of coal in the interior towns is gradually increasing. In 1850, Columbus took 285,521, and in 1851, 499,951 bushels: Circleville, in 1850, 66,109, and in 1851, 93,829; Chillicothe, in 1850, 183,139, and in 1851, 205,867 ; M Connells- ville, in 1850, 46,285, and in 1851, 68,444; Middletown, in 1850, 19,025, and in 1851, 16,805 ; Dayton, in 1850, S9.953, and in 1851, 63.840; and Piqua, in 1850, 3,868, and in 1851, 9,677 bushels; total in these places in 1850, 639,900 bushels, and in 1851, 957,893 bushels. These are nominally small quantities, but the increase (50 per cent.) in one year is quite remarka ble, and proves that as wood rises in price, as manufactures increase and railroads extend, that the consumption of coal will increase more than proportionately. The coal carried to market annually by Pennsylvania brings back to her $-2n.ijoo,ooO. An income like this, dug out of the earth, in a single article, is alone enough to stimulate other States, pos sessing it to foster its production, and become prosperous and independent through the same means. That the iron business of the same region is destined at no distant day to become of equal magnitude and importance, must be apparent to the most casual observer. Extending through the counties of Lawrence, Gallia, Jackson, Meigs, Yinton, Athens, and Hocking, is a belt of iron ore, averaging some twelve miles in width, and extending a distance of one hundred or more in length, each square mile of which can be made susceptible of keeping up a furnace employing one hundred hands, and yielding eight tons of iron per day, for any desirable period of time. Coal of the very best qual ity, from three to twenty, and even thirty feet in thickness, also underlies, as before remarked, the counties named, together with others, sufficient to last for ages as a means of fuel for manufacturing in their midst as well as supplying the market demand north, west, and south of the mineral region. England, with an available coal region occupying an area less than the counties of Meigs and Athens united, produces annually $50,000.000 worth of iron, and yet at this day the mineral region of Ohio alone is susceptible of being rendered four-fold more valuable than the entire mineral region of England. If a patch containing but a few square miles has done so much for central England, what may not the fields containing many hundred square miles do for Ohio? That the salines of Ohio are immensely valuable, although not in the same proportion as its collieries and iron deposits, can not admit of a doubt There are salt wells on Yellow Creek, above Steubenville ; on Will s Creek ; on the Muskin- gum River, from the Coshocton to near its mouth; on the Hockhocking; on Leading Creek, and in numerous other places. At the lower wells on the Muskingum, the salt rock is reached at 900 feet from the surface, and in some of the localities farther up the river at 650 to 700 feet. Of brine from the former, 100 gallons yield as many pounds of salt of an excellent quality ; the upper springs are not so strong. On the Hockhocking the salt is reached near Athens at a depth of 8f>0 feet, and higher up the river it is much nearer the surface. Mrirbl<- and freestone, well adapted for building purposes, and gypsum, also occur. The Yellow Springs, in Greene County, sixty-four miles north of Cincinnati, are situated in a delightful region, and have been resorted to with advant- 615 OHIO. age in some cases of chronic diseases. The White Sulphur Springs, in Delaware County, have also been found efficacious in some complaints. The agricultural productions of Ohio are such as are common to the Eastern and Middle States. Indian corn is the staple grain, and of this crop Ohio produces a larger quantity than any other State, and exactly one-tenth of the whole crop of the United Sates; its wheat crop is one-seventh of the aggregate of the Union, and only surpassed by that of Pennsylvania ; Pennsylvania and New York alone produce larger crops of oats and buckwheat, and New York alone a larger crop of barley. It ranks seventh as a tobacco-producing State, second in relation to wines, and fifth for silk culture. New York alone exceeds it in the value of its live-stock. It owns one-tenth the number of horses in the Union, and more than any other State ; only one State (New York) has a larger number of milch cows and other cattle. It has more sheep than any other State, and in only four States are there a larger number of hogs. Cincinnati, its largest city, is renowned as the greatest hog-packing centre of the West. One-ninth of the butter produced in the United States is made in Oho, and one-fifth of the cheese in the production of the first Pennsylvania and New York exceed it, and of the latter New York alone. In the production of wool it has no competitor, and of this article oue-fifih of the whole product of the country is clipped in Ohio. No markets in the United States are more profusely or cheaply supplied with meats and vegetables than those of the large cities of Ohio. Fruits of all kinds are raised in great plenty, especially apples, which grow to a large size, and are finely flavored. Its potato crop is only exceeded by the crops of two other States. The rapid growth of Ohio has never been paralleled ; in the sixty years from 1T90 to 1S50, its population rose from 3,000 to 1,980,408. Its fertile lands attracted immigrants from all parts to settle in its smiling valleys and rich plains. The Germans, among the foreign population, are in the largest number; next the Irish, English, French, British American, "Welch, Scotch and Swiss, most numerical in the priority of position here assigned them. Ohio is divided into 87 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows : Counties. Dwell. Pop. Farms in cult. Manuf. Estab. Capitals, Counties. Dwell. Pop. Farms in cult. Manuf Estab. Capitals, Adams 3,205. . 18,883. .1,509. . 26. .West Union Licking 6,639.. 33,546. .3,313.. 332. Newark Allen 2,070. . 12,109. .1,146. . 51. .Lima Logan 3,243. . 19,162. .1,626.. 88. Bellefontaine Ashland .... 4,123. . 23,792. .2,235. . 71. .Ashland Lorain 4,674.. 26,036. .2,430.. 64. .Elyria Ashtabula... 5,306. . 23,766. .2,243. . 251. .Jefferson Lucas 2,225.. 12.363. . 683.. 101. .Maumee City Athens 3,121. . 18,215. .1,372. . 60. . Athens Madison .... 1,742.. 10,015. . 774.. 46. .London Auglaize.... 2,020. . 11,338. .1,373. . 30. . Wapakonetts Mahoning . . 4,293.. 23,735. .2,052.. 105. Canfield Belmont 5,823. . 34,600. .2,552. . 185. .St. Clairsville Marion 2,158.. 12,613. . 919.. 14.. Marion Brown 4,833. . 27,332. .1,843. . 92. . Georgetown Medina 4,430.. 24.441. .2,461.. 77.. Medina Butler 5,315. . 80,739. .2,262. . 269. .Hamilton Meigs 3,136. . 17,971. .1,149.. 57. . Pomeroy Carroll 3,068. . 17,6S5. .1,926. . 41. . Carrollton Mercer 1,312.. 7,712. . 675.. 9. .Celina Champaign . 3,437. . 19.702. .1.677. . 93. . Urbana Miami 4,391.. 24,996. .1,882.. 177. .Troy Clark 3,753. . 22,178.. 1,393. . 156. .Springfield Monroe 4,892.. 23,351. .2,637.. 43. .Woodsfleld Clermont... 5,437. . 30,455.. 2,093. . 173. .Batavia Montgomery 6,527.. 33,219. .2,063.. 224. .Dayton Clinton 3,245. . 18,833. .1,366. . 83. .Wilmington Morgan 4,886.. 23,535. .2,126.. 95. .M Connellsville Columbiana 5,S34. . 33,621. .2,338. . ISO. .New Lisbon Morrow 3,652.. 20,230. .1,552.. 51. .Mount Gilead Coshocton. . . 4,325. . 25,674. .2,736. . 153. . Coshocton Muskingum. 7,757. . 45,049. .2,630.. 358. .Zant-sville Crawford... 3,070. . 18,177. .1,210. 8. .Bucyrus Ottawa 613.. 3,308. . 227.. 11. Port Clinton Cuyahoga... 8,239. . 48,099. .2,228. . 162. . Cleveland Paulding.... 307.. 1,766. . 77.. 4. Darke 3,476. . 20,274. .2,151. . 10. .Greenville Perry 3,587.. 20,775. .1,314.. 25. .Somerset Defiance 1,237. . 6,966. . 296. . 31. .Defiance Pickaway .. 3,600.. 21,008. .1,261.. 71. .Circleville Delaware... 3,754. . 21,817. .1,855. . 95. .Delaware Pike 1,935.. 10,953. . 731.. 28. . Piketou Erie 3,362. 18,563. .1,021. . 73. .Sandusky Portage 4,512 24,419. .2,264.. 127. . Ravennii Fairfield.... 5,207. . 3:,264. .2,883. . 162. .Lancaster Preble 3.749.. 21.736. .1,799.. 109. .Eaton Fayette 2,155. . 12,726. .1,007. . 29. . W ashincrton Putnam 1,246.. 7,221 . 603.. 11. .Kalida Franklin 6,701. . 42,910. .2,666. . 241. . Columbus llichland . . . 5,205.. 30,879. .2,522.. 118. .Mansfield Fulton 1,355. . 7,781. . S26. . 32. .Ai Ross 5,575.. 32,074. .1,435.. 141. .Chillicothe Gallia 2.975 . 17,063. .1,190. 9. .Gallipolis Sandusky... 2,437.. 14,305 .1,391.. 57. . Fremont Geauga 3.240. . 17,827. .1,906. . 36. .Chardon Sciota 3,086.. 18,423 . 751.. 73. . Portsmouth Greene 3,760. . 21,946. .1,626. . 132. Xenia ^PTIA 4.645.. 27,105 2532 199. .Tiffin Guernsey... 5,079. . 30.433. .2,209. . 73. .Cambridge Shelby 2.405.. 13,953. . 4,ll3.J. . .1,363.. 23. .Sidney Hamilton... 21,021. .156,343. .2,602. .1,463. .Cincinnati Stark 6,778.. 39,373 .3,177.. 294. . Canton Hancock. . . . 2,824. . 16,751. .1,636. . 35. .Finlay Summit 4,885.. 27,435. .2,329.. 292. .Akron Hardin 1,402 . 8,251. . 783. . 26. .Kenton Trumbull... 5,429.. 30,490. .2,753.. 133. . Warren Harrison .... 3,526. 20,157. .1,668. 74. .Cadiz Tuscarawas 5,441 . 31 761 .2.250.. 159. .N.Philadelphia Henry 610. . 3,435. . 307. . 15. .Napoleon Union 2,059.. 12,204 .1,255.. 16. .Marysville Highland... 4,477. . 25,731. .2,323. . 151. .Hillsboro* VanWert... 736.. 4,813 . 317.. 13. .VanWert Hocking 2.367 . 14,119.. 1,180. . 15 .Logan Vinton 1,569.. 9,353 . 806.. 24 .M- Arthur Holmes 3,436. . 20,452.. 2,171.. 122..Millersburg W T arren 4,494.. 25,561 .1,935.. 231. .Lebanon Huron 4,619 . 26,203. .2,414. . 256. .Norwalk Washington. 4,906.. 29,540 .1,776.. 108. . Marietta Jackson 2,120. . 12,721. .1,164. . 14. .Jackson Wayne 5,712.. 32,981 .2,904.. 330. .Wooster Jefferson 5,191. . 29,132. .1,838. . 381. .Steubenville Williams . . . 1,390.. 8,018 . 651.. 29. . Bryan Knox 4,853. . 23,873. .2,263. . 117. .Mount Vernon Wood 1,542.. 9,157 . 704.. 21. . Pern sburg Lake 2,700 . 14,654. .1,449 . 250 .Painesville Wyandott... 1,964.. 11,292. . 923.. 37. .U. Sandusky Lawrence . . 2,553. . 15,246. . 254. . 29. .Burlington The whole number of dwellings in the State, was at the above date 336,098, of families 348,523, and of inhabitants 1,980,408, viz., whites 1,956,103 males 1,004,111, arid females 951,997; fr. col. 24,300 males 12,239, and females 12,061. Of the whole population there were deaf and dumbvili. 939, fr. col. 8 total 947 ; llind\vh. 653, fr. col. 12 total 605; insane wh. 1,335, fr. col. 17 total 1,852 ; and idiotic wh. 1,380, fr. col. 19 total 1,399. The number of free persons born in the United States was 1,757,556 ; the number of foreign birth, 21S.512 ; and of birth unknown, 4,393. The native 616 OHIO. population originated as follows : Maine 3,314, N. Ilamp. 4,821, Verm. 14,320, Mass. 18,763, R. 1. 1,959, Conn. 22,855, New York 83,979, N. Jer. 23.532, Penn. 200,634, Del. 4,715, Md. 36,698, Dist. of Col. 598, Virg. 85,762, N. Car. 4,807, S. Car. 1,463, Ga. 447, Flor. 17, Ala. 219, Miss. 422, La. 648, Tex. 29, Ark. 141, Tenn. 1,873, Ky. 13,829, Ohio 1,219,482, Mich. 2,238, Ind. 7,377, 111. 1,415, Mo. 656, la. 378, Wise. 196, Calif. 0, Territories 24. And the foreign population was composed of persons from England 25,660, Ireland 51,562, Scotland 5,232, Wales 5,849, Germany 111,257, France 7,375, Spain 18, Portugal 7, Ddirium 108, Holland 348, Turkey 1, Italy 174, Austria 29, Switzerland 3,291, Eussia 84, Denmark 53, Norway IS, Ssveden 55, Prussia 765, Sardinia 15, Greece 0, China 3, Asia 6, Africa 7, British America 5,880, Mexico 26, Central America 12, 3. America 41, West Indies 86, Sandwich Islands 1, and other countries 544. The following table will show the decennial increase of the population, since the first census of the State taken by the rnited States authorities: Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. Census White , * > Total Years. Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. Numerical. Per cent 1800. ......... 45,028 ........ 337 ...... ...... 337 ........ 45,365 ........ ........ 1810 .......... 22S.S61 ........ 1,889 ...... ...... 1,899 ........ 230,760 ........ 189,395 ........ 408.7 1820 .......... 576,572 ........ 4,862 ...... ...... 4,862 ........ 581,434 ........ 350,674 ........ 151.9 1830 ......... , 928,729 ........ 9,568 ...... 6 ...... 9,563 ........ 937,903 ........ 356,469 ........ 61.3 1840 .......... 1,502,122 ........ 17,342 ...... 3 ...... 17,315 ........ 1,519,467 ........ 581,564 ........ 62.0 1850 .......... 1,956,108 ........ 24,300 ...... ...... 24,300 ........ 1,930,408 ........ 460,941 ........ 30.3 The definite statistics of its wealth, productions, industry, and institutions, according to the census of 1350 and other rificial returns, are as follows : Lice-Stock. The number of animals of the several descriptions in 1840 and 1850 are shown in the following table, also he ratio of increase and decrease from the first to the latter period : De.cription. 1840. 1850. Movement. Horses ................... ) A *>(\wh a ..A j 463,397 head ) Asses and Mules ........... f 430,5-7 * ......... -j ^^ j. ......... to 36,293 head, or 8.4 per cent Milch Cows ............... \ , 544,499 " \ Working Oxen ............ [-1,217,374 " ......... ] 65,381 " I ......... inor. 141,073 or 11.6 Other Cattle ............... ) I 749,067 " ) Sheep ..................... 2,028,401 ......... 3,942,929 ......... incr. 1,914.523 or 94.3 " Swine ..................... 2,099,746 " ......... 1,964,770 " ......... deer. 134,976 " or 6.4 " -in 1S50, the whole was valued at $44,121,741. Grain Crops Wheat, 14,487,351 bushels; rye, 425,713 bushels; Indian corn, 59,078,695 bushels; oats, 13,472,742 mshels; barley, 354,353 bushels; and buckwheat, 633,064 bushels. On comparing these with the returns of 1840, the bllowing results are attained : c rP 3 . 1S40. 1850. Movement, Wheat ............. 16,571 ,661 bushels ........ 14,437,351 bushels ........ deer. 2,034,310 bushels, or 12.5 per cent. Rye ................ 814.205 " ........ 425,718 " ........ deer. 333,487 " or47.7 " Indian corn ........ 33,663,144 " ........ 59,078,695 " ........ incr. 25,410,551 " or 75.5 " Oats ............... 14,393,103 " ........ 13,472,742 " ........ deer. 920,361 or 7.1 " Barley ............. 212,440 " ........ 354,358 " ........ incr. 141,918 " or 60,7 " Buckwheat ......... 633,139 ........ 638,064 " ........ incr. 4,925 " or O.S (" In some of the largest wheat-growing States, the crops of 1349 fell far below the average. In the State of Ohio, espe- ially, was there great deficiency, and was made apparent by the returns of the wheat crop for the ensuing year made ji pursuance of an act of the legislature of that State. From the almost universal returns of " short crop" by the mar- hal in that State in 1849, which fell below that of 1839 two millions of bushels and the ascertained crop of 1;>50, we re fully satisfied that the average wheat crop of Ohio would appear thirty per cent, greater than shown by the census eturns. The same causes which operated to diminish the wheat crop of Ohio were not without their effects upon that f other States bordering on the upper portion of the valley of the Mississippi.")^, of Swpt. of Census bureau, 1st December, 1852. ^ Other Food Crops. Peas and beans, 60,163 bushels ; potatoes Irish, 5,057,769 bushels, and sweet, 187,994 bushels. "he potato crop of 1839, as shown by the census of 1840, amounted to 5,805,021 bushels ; and hence there has been a de- n-ase in the crop of 559,253 bushels, or 9.7 per centum. Miscellaneous Crops. Tobacco, 10,454,449 pounds; hay, 443,142 tons; clover-seed, 102,197 bushels ; other grass seed, ushels; hops, 63,731 pounds; hemp dew-rotted, 140 tons, and water-rotted, 50 tons; flax, 446,937 pounds; flax- bushels; silk cocoons, 1,552 pounds; sugar maple, 4,533,209 pounds, and cane, 197,000 pounds; molasses, 8 gallons ; bees-wax and honey, 804,275 pounds ; wine, 48,207 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, $695 9 1 f market-garden products, $214.204. The principal of these, compared with the crops of the similar staples pro- uced in 1839, exhibit the following movement: , t St "P e 1WO - 1850. Movement. Tobacco ................. 5,942,275 Ibs. ........ 10,454,449 Ibs ......... incr. 4.512,174 11, s, or 75.9 per cent. J? a y .................... 1,022,037 tons ........ 443,142tons ........ deer. 578.895 tons, or 56.6 H P 8 .................... 62,195 Ibs ......... 63,7311bs ......... incr. 1.546 Ibs., or 24 Hemp dew-rotted ........ j , ........ 140 tons ........ j water-rotted ..... t 9,0801 tons -j ........ 5 tons ........ I deer. 19,568,023 Ibs., or 96.2 Flax .................... ( ........ 446,937 Ibs* ........ j r : :: 4s ,207gals ......... incr. 86,683 gals.,or 313.8 hetl,^ TJ m T f ^ "T" " * ^ I" "" "^ ^^ *"" "" *" ^ *"*"** ^^ in " feW in tance8 tliere bei "S " doubt ether the marshals have not written tons where they meant pvunds.-Reportof Supt. of C<n SW Bureau, l,t Dec., 1832 (If they nd writte . a the case of Ohio, it could not have been much further from the truth than the pounds" set down under this head, L Q! , ) F4 617 OHIO. Products of Animals. Wool, 10,196,371 pounds; butter, 34,449,379 pounds; cheese, 20,819,542 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered during the year 1849-50, was $7,439,243. The wool crop, according to the census of 1S40, amounted to 3,685,515 pounds, and hence the increase of that of 1S50 was in the ratio of 176.6 per centum. In 1S40, the average clip per fleece was 1.S2 pounds, and in 1S50, 2.59 pounds, making an increase equal to 12.3 oz. nearly, or 42.3 per centum, and exhibiting an improvement in the breeds in a like ratio. Occupied Lands, etc. Improved farm lands, 9,851,493 acres, and unimproved lands belonging to farms, 8,146,000 acres, together valued at $358,763,603. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, 1850, was 143,837. Value of farming implements and machinery, $12,750,585. Home-made Manufactures were produced in the year ending 1st June, 1850, to the value of $1,712,196. The same class of goods for the year represented in the census of 1840 was valued at f 1,853,937. Manufactures. Aggregate capital invested, $00,000,000 ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $00,000,000 ; average number of hands employed, 000,000 males, 000,000, and females, 0,000; wages paid per month, $000,000; to males, $000,000, and to females, $00,000 ; value of manufactures produced in the year, $00,000,000. The whole number of industrial establishments in the State, producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, on the 1st June, 1850, was 10.550, and distributed as shown in the general table of counties of the whole number 8 were cotton factories, 130 woolen factories, and iron-works 219 35 for the manufacture of pig iron, 183 for castings, and 11 for wrought iron and 706 tan neries. Ohio has also a large number of machine shops, hardware and cutlery manufactories, distilleries, breweries, harness manufactures, railroad car and carriage factories, tobacco factories, soap, candle, and oil factories, potteries, paper- ir ills, flouring, grist, saw, and other mills, and other manufacturing establishments, large and small, which in the aggre gate make up the summary above presented. The total capital invested in 1840 was $16,905,257. In cotton manufactures capital invested amounted, at the date specified, to $297,000 ; the value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed to $237,060 ; number of hands employed, 401 132 males and 269 females ; entire wages per month, $4,725 to males, $2.191, and to females, $2.534; products of the year, 280,000 yards sheeting and 433,000 pounds of yarn, valued together at $394,700. Cotton consumed, 4,270 bales, and coal, 2,152 tons. In 1840, the cotton manufactures had a capital of $113,500, and employed 246 hands; and the value of products was $139,378. The woolen manufactures have a capital of $870,220 ; wool consumed in the year, 1,657,726 pounds ; coal consumed, 2,110 tons; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., $578,423; average hands employed, 1,201 males, 903, and females, 293; entire wages per month, $21,441 to males, $18,191, and to females, $3,250 ; cloth manufactured in the year. 1,374,087 yards, and yarn, 65,000 pounds, valued together at $1,111,027. The capital in woolen factories in 1840, was $537,935; bands employed, 935, and value of products, $685,757. The statistics of the iron manufacture were as follows : Specifications. Pig Iron. Cast Iron. "Wrought Iron, Total. Capital invested dollars..., 1,503,000 2,063,650 620,800 4,187,450 Ironoreused tons 140,610 2,000 142,010 Pigironused " 37,555 13,675 51.230 Old metal used ". 1,843 1.S43 Bloomsused " 2,900 2,900 Mineral coal consumed " 21,730 30,006 22,755 74,491 Coke and charcoal consumed bushels . . . 5,428,800 355,120 466,900 6,250.320 Value of raw material, etc dollars 630,037 1,199,790 604,403 2,434.320 Hands employed males number... 2,415 2,758 708 5.331 Monthly wages males dollars.... 59,129 75,348 23,796 155,288 Iron manufactured tons 52,658 37,399 14,416 104.473 Value of products dollars.... 1,255,850 3,069,350 1,076,192 In 1840, there were in the State 72 furnaces, producing 35,236 tons, and 19 bloomeries, forges, and rolling-mills, producing 7,466 tons ; capital invested in iron manufactures, $1,161,900, and hands employed, 2,268. The tanneries employed a capital of $1,340,339 ; value of hides and skins used, $1,118,080 ; hands employed, 1,?26 ; monthly wages, $35,830; sides of leather tanned, 688,560, and skins tanned, 223,493; value of products for the year, $1,964.591. In 1840, there were 812 tanneries in the State, with an aggregate capital of $957,383, and employing 1,790 hands; products of the year, 161,630 sides of sole leather and 234,037 sides of upper leather. The capital invested in the manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors was $1.262,974; quantities and kinds of grain, etc., consumed barley, 330,950 bushels; corn, 3,588,140 bushels; rye, 281,750 bushels; oats, 19,500 bushels; hops, ITS tons; hands employed, 1,033; quantities of liquor produced ale, 96,943 barrels; whisky and high wines, 11,8(55.150 gallons. In the manufacture of spirits, Ohio has a much larger interest than any other State, and in reference to the aggregate produced in the United States, the quantity produced in this State amounts to upward of one-fourth ; and one-twelfth of the ale, etc., brewed is the product of Ohio. In 1840, the capital invested in these interests amounted to $893,119 ; hands employed, 798 ; 390 distilleries produced 6,329,467 gallons, and 59 breweries, 1,422,584 gallons. Foreign Commerce. The direct intercourse between Ohio and foreign states is of very limited amount, and is chiefly confined to a trade between the lake ports and Canada, the great bulk of its merchantable material being carried either to the sea-board at Philadelphia, New York, Boston, or to New Orleans. The latter port is the natural depot of Southern Ohio. The direct imports from foreign countries in the year ending 30th June, 1850, were valued at $582.504, and the exports at $217,632. Of the imports, the value carried in American bottoms was $393,999, and in foreign bottoms, $183.505 ; and of the exports the value of domestic products was $217.532 in American bottoms, $117,989, and in foreign bottoms, $99,543, and of foreign products, $100 carried in foreign bottoms. The statistics of the shipping employed in this branch of industry for the year quoted are embraced in the annexed aggregates : Nationality , , , , , " Of Shipping. Vessels. Tons. Crews. Vessels. Ions. Crews. Vessels. Tons. American 178 21,628 1,065 13T 15,485 761 315 37,113 1,326 Foreign 136 18,243 899 131 18,322 834 267 36,565 1,733 Total 814 39,871 1,964 263 33,807 1,645 582 73,673 3,609 61S OHIO. The statistics of the value of exports and imports for a series of years are thus stated in the Treasury Eeports : Exports. Imports. 329 $2,004 $293 . 162 581 .. Year. Exports. Imports, i Year. Exports. Imports. -i rtf*r A-tonojJ <fc-iTT<f -1 G4A jfc . $ 1845 321,114 78,196 1846 352,630 102.714 1S47 778,944 90,681 1S48 147,599 186,726 1849 149,724 149,849 1850 217,632 582,504 1837 $132,844 $17,747 1838 139,827 12,895 1839 1840 991,954 4,915 1841 793,114 11,318 1842 899,786 13,051 1843 120,108 10,774 . . 58,394 12,392 1333 225,544 5 ;:U 241,451 19,767 S35 97,201 9,808 S36 3,718 10,960 The total shipping owned in the State amounted to 62.462 tons, of which 36,894 was owned in the district of Cuyaboga, which Cleveland is the port of entry, 7,328 in that of Sandusky, 17,189 in that of Cincinnati, and 2,629 in that of Miami. he two first are lake districts, and the two latter districts on the Ohio Eiver. All this shipping, except 72 tons of the ass "licensed under 20 tons," was" enrolled and licensed," and employed in the coasting and river trade; and of the hole, 28,653 tons were navigated by steam-power, viz., in Cuyahoga district, 9,994 tons; in that of Sandusky, 1,214 tons; that of Cincinnati, 16,906 tons ; and in that of Miami, 539 tons. During the year there had been built in the several stricts 31 vessels 4 schooners, 11 sloops, and 16 steamers, of the aggregate burden of 5,215 tons in Cuyahoga district, schooners and sloops (6S7 tons) ; in Sandusky, 5 schooners and sloops (421 tons) ; and in Cincinnati, 16 steamers and 1 x>p (4,107 tons). Domestic Commerce. As before remarked, Ohio sends the great bulk of its productions to the sea-board by the lake, :ver, canal, and railroad routes, and by the same routes its imports are carried. The value of this commerce is immense, it can not well be stated in figures, except in isolated cases, which serve more as indices of its vastness by all the routes, : an as a definite reply lo the question. The exports and imports of the lake ports, and of those of the principal points i the Ohio Eiver, are ascertained, and partially so the tonnage and value of goods carried on the railroads ; but these, so, in some measure, are not sufficient data from which to ascertain the exact commerce of the State, as they include a rge amount of the products of, and goods destined to, the States farther west. If the annual commerce be set down at .60,000,000, it will not be far from its actual value. The exports from the lake ports alone amounted, in 1S50, to 7,627,885, and the imports to $25,035,955. The exports of Sandusky increased from $3,099,939 in 1S50, to $20,027,081 (1852, and the imports from $7,010,304 to $45,072,406 ; and those of the other lake ports in like proportion. The exports Cincinnati average $24,000,000 a year, and the imports $40,000,000. These are at the principal outlets of the State, and rve to illustrate its general commerce, but there are numerous other points at which the commercial movement is also i an extensive scale. This vast commerce is yearly increasing, but to what amount it may ultimately attain can only be .termined by the progress of settlement and production. Its immense mineral wealth, its fertile soils, and the facilities enjoys for manufactures generally, are such as to invite the attention of both capitalist and producer, and within the ate there is as much habitable space as is required for a population equal to that of the British islands, and hence its ogress in wealth, population, and industry, can only be impeded by the attainment of a like status with that nation. Internal Improvements. Ohio has completed and is prosecuting numerous enterprises in the way of internal improve- ent. Its canals and railroads are on a most magnificent scale, crossing and recrossing in every direction, bringing the terior to the borders, and uniting there with the like improvements in the adjoining States. The map of Ohio presents its several lines a complete net-work of avenues, the principal running from the lake to the river from Cleveland and mdusky to Cincinnati, and from the States eastward to those on the west from Pittsburg, Wheeling, and Parkersburg, ward the Mississippi. The chief railroad centres are Cleveland and Sandusky on the lake coast; Mansfield, Mount ornon, Newark, Zanesville, Columbus, Xenia, Bellefontaine, Sidney, Springfield, Greenville, Dayton, and Hamilton, in e interior; and Cincinnati on the river. From all these points lines radiate in every direction. Its great valleys are iversed by canals. With respect to Macadamized roads, turnpikes, and common roads, few other States are so amply ovided; and in every direction connecting the commercial centres with each other, and with the adjoining States, lines magnetic telegraph have been in existence for several years. The total length of canal in the State is 930 miles, and the tal k-ngth of railroad on the 1st January, 1853, was 1,463 miles, and 1,400 miles of the latter was then in progress of nstruction. The latest statistics respecting canals and railroads will be found in the APPENDIX. j } Government. The present constitution of Ohio was done in convention 10th March, 1851, ratified by the people 17th line, and went into operation 1st September of the same year. It provides : The right of suffrage is enjoyed by every white male citizen of the United States, twenty-one years old, resident in the I ate one year next preceding the election, and in the county, town, or ward in which he lives such time as may be pro- ded by law; but no idiot or insane person is allowed to vote, and the General Assembly may disfranchise and make eligible to hold office any person convicted of bribery, perjury, or other infamous crime. All votes are given by ballot, ,.1 tin- general elections are held on the second Tuesday of October biennially. The General Assembly consists of a House of representatives and Senate, the House consisting of one hundred mem- rs and the Senate of thirty-five members, elected in districts for two years, their terms commencing on the 1st January tt r the election. The apportionment of representatives and senators is based on the results of the federal decennial nsus. Members must be residents of their respective districts one year next preceding their election, unless absent on e public business of the State or of the United States. No person convicted of embezzling public funds, or who shall in any way connected with a duel, can hold office, nor any person holding public monies have a seat in the Assembly. D member during his term, and for one year after its expiration, shall be eligible to any office that may have been ; eated, or the pay of which may have been increased, during his term. No money shall be paid by special act or any iim unless by a two-thirds vote of the members elected. In all elections by the Assembly the vote shall be vivd voce. The executive functions are vested in a Governor, who is elected biennially by a plurality of votes. The Lieutenant- vernor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, and Attorney-general are elected in the same way and for the same term, to mmence on the second Monday of January. The Auditor is elected for four years. These officers continue in office itil their successors are elected and qualified. The Governor has power to pardon, except in cases of treason and ipeaehment, but must report each case, with his reasons, to the Assembly. In case of the death of the Governor, the eutenant-governor succeeds ; after him the President of the Senate ; and he failing, then the Speaker of the House, ae Lieutenant-governor is eoMfficio President of the Senate. The Auditor Treasurer, Secretary, or Attorney-general 619 OHIO. dying, being disabled, or removed, the Governor may fill the vacant office pro tempore, but the vacancy shall be filled at the first general election that occurs more than thirty days after it happens ; and the person then elected shall hold office for the full term. The Judiciary consists of a Supreme Court, Courts of Common Pleas, Probate Courts, etc. The Supreme Court con sists of five judges chosen by the people at large, a majority of whom form a quorum and pronounce a decision. One judge is elected annually for five years. The court has original jurisdiction in quo war r auto, mandamus, habeas cor pus, and procedendo, and such appellate jurisdiction as may be provided by Jaw, and holds at least one term in each year at the seat of government For the purpose of electing judges to and holding Courts of Common JPleas, the State ia divided into nine districts (of which Hamilton County forms one), and each district is subdivided into three parts, from each of which one judge to reside while in office in his district is chosen by the electors of each subdivision for five years. Courts of Common Pleas are held by one or more of the judges in every county as often as the law may provide, and more than one court may be held at the same time in each district. District courts, composed of the judges of the Court of Common Pleas of the respective districts, and one of the judges of the Supreme Court, any three of whom forms a quorum, are held in each county of the several districts at least once in each year. The district courts have original jurisdiction in the same classes of cases as the Supreme Court, and such appellate jurisdiction as may be provided by law. In each county there is a Probate Court, open at all times, holden by one judge chosen by the voters of each county for three years. Justices of the peace are elected in the several townships also for three years. All other judges are chosen by the voters of their respective judicial districts for not more than five years. Vacated judgeships are filled pro tempo re by the Governor, but a successor to the vacating judge is elected at the next general election, if occurring more than thirty days after the vacancy happens. A Clerk of the Common Pleas is chosen in each county for three years, and such clerk is clerk of all the courts of record in his county, unless otherwise provided by law. Courts of Con ciliation may be established. The Legislature, at its first session, provided for the appointment of three commissioners to revise and simplify the practice, etc., of the courts, and, as far as practical and expedient, to abolish distinct forms of action, and the difference between law and equity. In Cleveland and Cincinnati there is also a Superior Court, and in Cincinnati a Commercial Court, the jurisdiction of all which is local. A Board of Public Works, consisting of three members, one elected annually for three years, has charge of the cauals, railroads, and other works belonging to the State. Among the other principal provisions of the constitution are the following: no new county shall be made, or county line or county seat changed but by a vote of the county; lotteries, arid the sale of lottery tickets, shall be prohibited ; a bureau of statistics may be established ; imprisonment for debt, except in cases of fraud, shall be abolished ; compensa tion, assessed by a jury, shall be paid for all property taken for the public use without deduction for benefits to auy adjacent property of the owner; all white male citizens, resident in the State, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, shall be enrolled in the militia; the principal of all funds arising from the sale of lands or other property granted or entrusted to the State for educational and religious purposes, shall be forever inviolable, and the income therefrom faithfully applied to the specific objects of the original grants ; a thorough and efficient system of common schools shall be secured throughout the State ; institutions for the benefit of the insane, blind, deaf and dumb, shall always be fostered and supported by the State; the State shall never contract any debt for the purposes of internal improvement, but it may contract debts to meet casual defects in the revenue, or expenses not otherwise provided for the aggregate never to exceed $750,000; it may further contract debts to repel invasions, etc., or to redeem the present outstanding debt; the credit of the State shall never be lent to any individual or corporation, nor shall the State become a stockholder in any association, or assume any debt except in the cases above provided for; the Secretary of State, Auditor, and Attorney- general shall be the commissioners of the Sinking Fund, which consists of the net annual income of the public works and stocks, and of such funds raised by taxation or otherwise as may be provided by law, which shall be made sufficient to pay the accruing interest on the public debt, and annually not less than $100,000. To amend the constitution, it is necessary that three-fifths of the members elected to each house shall vote in favor of the proposed amendments, which shall be entered upon the journals, with the yeas and nays, and shall be published in at least one newspaper in each county for six months preceding the next general election, and at such election the amend ments shall be separately submitted to the people ; and if a majority vote therefor, they shall become a part of the constitution. At the general election, in 1871, and every twentieth year thereafter, the question, "Shall there be a con vention to revise, alter, or amend the constitution ?" shall be submitted to the people; and at any time, if considered necessary by two-thirds of the Assembly, and a subsequent majority of the people, a convention may be called for the same purpose. The militia force of the State consists of 176,455 men of all arms, of which 2,051 are commissioned officers, and 174,404 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 91 are general officers, 217 general staff officers, 462 field officers, etc., and 2,208 company officers. The principal benevolent institutions of the State are the Ohio Lunatic Asylum, the Deaf and Dumb Asylum, and the Institution for the Blind. All these are located at Columbus. The number of patients in the Lunatic Asylum, on the 151 November, 1849, was 323169 males, and 154 females; the number received during the subsequent year, 193112 males and 81 females, and the number discharged during the year, 198 108 males and 90 females. Of those discharged. 99- 49 males, and 50 females, were recovered ; 9 5 males and 4 females, much improved ; 15 improved ; 53 unimproved ; ( chronic cases) and 22 died. The Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb has been in actual operation 21 years, and during the period there have been 462 pupils. The number in the Institution for the Blind, including graduates and pupils, on the 25th December, 1850, was 7340 males and 33 females ; 13 pupils were received during the year, and 10 discharged Applicants for admission must be between the ages of 6 and 21 years. If able to pay, the two last institutions charge $1 for the 10 months session, from 1st October to 1st August. Finances, etc. The total amount of receipts, for the year ending November 15th, 1S50, was $2,536,553 40; t resources of the treasury (including balance for former year), $3,091,993 80. Disbursements for the same perio $2,960,927 18. Excess of resources, $131.066 12. The "chief sources of income" were taxes on real and person property, including arrears, $1,243,564 S3; taxes on professions, peddlers and foreign insurance companies, and auctio duties, etc., $30,297 52 ; taxes on banks and State insurance companies, $56,428 95 ; canal tolls, water rents, ( $728,085 73; dividends, turnpike, and canal, $29,838 20; principal of surplus revenue, $177,213 85; interest on roifM revenue, $58,741 88; canal lands sold, $42,691 43; road tolls, $49, 103 04; taxes paid through Auditor of State, $31,330 school and ministerial lands sold, $68,871 03; claims collected. $4,271 52; and miscellaneous, $7,467 54; and the principal 620 OHIO. objects of expenditure" were bills drawn for appropriations, $391,186 48 ; common school fund, $200,000 ; interest on reign debt, $1,022,358 95 ; interest on special school and trust fund, $97,272 81 ; interest on domestic bonds, $28,694 CO ; :pairs on canals and public works, $329,595 ; repairs on national road, $47,242 66 ; State debt paid, $657,886 34. The State debt, on the 15th November, 1850, amounted to $18,744,594 32, the annual interest on which was $1,124,536 13. he constituents of this debt were domestic bonds outstanding, $493,824, drawing annually $26,940 10 interest ; irreducible K-k . school and trust funds, $1 ,683,996 63 annual interest, $101,039 SO ; and foreign debt, $16,566,773 69 annual interest, ,)96,556 23. During the year ending as above, $35,763 38 of the domestic bonds had been redeemed. The irreducible <>t-k, on which the State pays 6 per cent, interest to the townships and districts from which the funds were received, rius part of the State debt which is not to be repaid. The United States surplus revenue, amounting to $2,0(17,260 34, id loaned to the fund commissioners of the counties, was duo to the State January 1st, 1850, except certain balances not le until 1852: $1,016,226 53 has already been repaid* After due, if not paid, the counties must pay 6 percent, on what mains in their hands. The State owes $3,011,858 71 of turnpike, railway, and canal stock. The gross income of public >rks. for the year 1S50, was $728,085 72. Total value of taxable property, real and personal, was $439,876,340, upon tiich the State tax was $1,413,830 42. The total valuation of property, in 1844, was $136,142,666, and the taxes levied 48,91)6 13. showing an immense septennial increase, as compared with the valuation and taxation of 1850. The number id value of domestic animals in the State by the assessors for 1850, were as follows : horses 513,652, valued at $19.142,789 ; ules 2,180, valued at $86,828 ; cattle 1,103,811, valued at $11,815,560 ; sheep 3,812,707, valued at $1,984,983 ; hogs, 1,672,173, .lued at $1,902,029. Total valuation of domestic animals, $34,432,189. The whole value of personal property, exclusive the above, upon the duplicates, was $98,487.502. These numbers and values, it will be perceived, differ essentially from ose given in the census of the same year by the United States authorities. Bank*. According to returns made to the office of the Auditor of the State, on the 1st August, 1851, the condition of e banks was as follows: RESOURCES. 12 Independent Banks. 41 Branches of State Banks. 5 Old Banks. otes and bills discounted $2,670,372 84 $11,218,205 54 $3,653.535 09 ,ecie 313.300 44 2,008,059 75 43S.8S4 25 JDtes of other banks, etc 241,643 55 710,199 06 289,633 00 : ie from other banks and bankers 242,873 56 585,473 58 256.S35 21 .ustern deposits . 394,840 55 1,541.900 39 470.392 18 iccks and other cash items 29,09282 45,891 58 53,37168 ; mds deposited with State Treasurer 1,465,480 88 922,323 40 Ual estate and personal property 113,695 92 199,274 76 149,002 04 iherresources 65,149 54 270,941 50 132,573 25 Total resources $5,536,459 10 $17,502,274 56 $5,443,731 70 LIABILITIES. ipital stock paid in $864,630 00 $4,836,240 00 $1,923.926 00 rculation 1,375,295 00 8,623,702 50 1,636,734 00 fetyFund 1,262,310 88 53,246 94 le to banks and bankers 269,474 84 844,973 93 502,676 33 le to individual depositors 1,510,963 14 8,005,006 58 1,000,193 89 rplus and undivided profits 25,144 10 225,631 39 337,130 04 11s payable and time drafts 112,071 33 135,840 81 15,975 00 scounts, interest, etc 71,726 31 238,149 06 12.396 19 vidends unpaid 12,985 93 22,821 80 6.7(54 50 her liabilities r 81,85697 1,61150 7^575 Total liabilities $5,536,459 10 $17,502,274 56 $5,443,731 70 thus it appears that the aggregate capital of the Ohio banks is $7,614,756 ; specie, $2,759,743; circulation, $13,635,731 ; d discounts, $17,542,112. Federal Representation. In accordance with the act passed on the 23d May, 1850, apportioning representatives to j>ngress, Ohio is entitled to twenty-one members. ^Education. The whole number of" common school" districts in the State, in 1850, was 9,590, and of fractional districts .!42. The number of common schools was 12,279, taught by 7,924 male and 5,168 female teachers. Enrolled scholars, 1,733 males, 236,827 and females, 184,906; average daily attendance of scholars, 337,875 males. 190,891, and females, :5.934. Wages paid to teachers from public funds, $506,469 16 males, $393,642 09 and females, $112,827 07; and paid ;.m other sources, $125,652 57 males, $100,049 44 and females, $25,603 13 : total $632,121 T3 males, $493,691 53 ami males. $138.430 20. School-houses built during the year, 248 expense, $64,823 22. Amount of building funds raised, 16,345 47: amount of tax on duplicates, $309,408 65; and received by reporting counties from State fund, $143,048 63: lal from all sources, $560,764 99. The principal " collegiate establishments" in Ohio are Ohio University, at Athens, founded 1804 ; Miami (Awoe. Kef.) riversity, at Oxford, founded 1809 ; Franklin College, at New Athens, founded 1825 ; Western Reserve (Presbyterian) liege, at Hudson, founded 1826 ; Kenyon (Episcopal) College, at Gambier, founded 1S27 ; Granville (Rtpthf) College, iGranvillc, founded 1S31 ; Marietta College, at Marietta, founded 1S35 ; Oberlin (Congregational) College, at Obi-rlin, linded 1834 ; Cincinnati College, at Cincinnati, founded 1819, which in 1S50 had 8 professors and 84 students, and in :; law department 3 professors and 25 students; St. Xavicr (Rom. Cath.) College, at Cincinnati, founded 13-10 ; Wood- ird College, at Cincinnati, founded 1831 ; Ohio Wesleyan University, at Delaware, founded 1842 ; and Wittenberg \hi4etian) College, at Springfield, founded 1845. The statistics of these several institutions, in 1850, were as follows : Colleges. Prof. Stu. Lib. v.o Univ 5 .... 20 .... 5,000 iamiUniv 6 .... 66 .... 8,000 anklin 4 .... 80 .... 2,200 . Reserve 8 57 8,000 Colleges. Prof. Stu. Lib. Kenyon 5 50 7,000 Granville 4 35 5,000 Marietta 6 55 6,400 Oberlin 12 66 4,200 Colleges. ProC Stu. Lib. St. Xavier 18 .... 70 .... 6,300 Woodward 5 19 1,400 O. Wesl. Univ. . . 9 40 3,700 Wittenberg 7 37 4,500 Theological departments are attached to Kenyon, Western Reserve, Granville, Oberlin, and Wittenberg, and there are OHIO. Lane Seminary, at Cincinnati, and the Theological Seminary of the Associate Reformed Church, at Oxford, statistics of these are as follows : Names. Founded. Prof. Stu. Library. Lane Seminary 1829 3 36 10,500 Kenyon 1828 4 4 4,500 Western Eeserve 1830 3 14 790 The Names. Founded. Prof. Stu, Library. Granville 1832 2 8 500 Oberlin 1834 3 20 250 Associate Eeformed. . 1839 1 12 1,000 The medical schools within the State, and their statistics for 1S51, are the Western Eeserve Medical College, at Cleve land, founded in 1S44 (6 professors, 202 students, and 411 graduates) ; the Medical School of Ohio, at Cincinnati, founded 1819 (8 professors, 130 students, and 331 graduates) ; Western College of Homeopathic Medicine, at Cleveland, founded 1S50 (8 professors, 62 students, and 17 graduates) ; Starling Medical College, at Columbus, founded 1847 (S professors, 124 students, and 53 graduates). Besides the above, there are in all the large towns numerous academic and denominational schools, etc., supported partly by endowment and partly by charges for education. Among these the Eoman Catholic convents, nunneries, schools, etc., are conspicuous, and as a general fact these are better conducted, more extended in their curricula, and, aside from their religious bearing, everywhere unexceptionable and worthy of imitation by all sectaries. Public Libraries. One State library 12,500 volumes; 8 social 21,295 volumes; 13 college 35,510 volumes; 19 student 20,205 volumes ; 3 academic and professional 12,529 volumes ; 1 scientific and historical 10,000 volumes ; 3 public school 1,595 volumes. Total libraries 48, and volumes 104,634. Report of Librarian of SmitJuonian Institute. Periodical Press. The whole number of periodicals published in the State, on the 1st June, 1850, was 302, of which 108 advocated whig and 93 democratic principles, and 106 were neutral in politics, or devoted to science, religion, literature, etc. Of the whole number 28 were published daily, circulating at each issue 90,656 copies, or 29,214.328 copies annually ; 6 tri-weekly, 1,961 copies, or 305,915 annually ; 4 semi-weekly, 2,800 copies, or 291,200 annually ; 222 weekly, 211,862 copies, or 11,016,824 annually ; 7 semi-monthly, 32,920 copies, or 790,030 annually ; and 20 monthly, 65,500, or 786,000 annually. Total copies issued annually 42,404,343. The counties and number of periodicals issued in each was Adams, 1 w. ; Allen, 1 w. ; Ashland, 2 w. ; Ashtabula, 3 w. ; Athens, 1 w. ; Auglaize, 2 w. ; Belmont, 2 w. and 1 m. ; Brown and Butler, each 3 w. ; Carroll and Champaign, each 2 w. ; Clark, 1 t.-w. and 4 w. ; Clermont and Clinton, each 2 w. ; Columbiana, 6 w. ; Coshocton, 2 w. and 1 s.-m. ; Crawford, 1 w. ; Cuyahoga, 3 d. and 5 w. ; Darke, Defiance, and Delaware, each 2 w. ; Erie, 2 d., 8 w., and 1 m. ; Fairfleld, 2 d. and 3 w. ; Fayette, 1 w. ; Franklin, 2 d., 2 t.-w., 6 w., 2 UL, and 1 occasionally ; Gallia and Geauga, each 2 w. ; Greene, 1 w. ; Guernsey, 2 w. ; Hamilton (Cincinnati), 8 d., 1 t.-w., 32 w., 1 8.-m., and 14 m. ; Hanocck, 3 w. ; Harrison, Hardin, Highland, and Hocking, each 2 w. ; Holmes, 3 w. ; Huron and Jackson, each 2 w. ; Jefferson, 6 w. ; Knox, 6 w. ; Lake and Lawrence, each 1 w. ; Licking, 2 s.-w. and 4 w. ; Logan, 2 w. ; Lorain, 2 w. and 1 s.-m. ; Lucas, 2 d., 2 t.-w., and 3 w. ; Madison, 1 w. ; Mahoning, Marion, and Medina, each 2 w. ; Meigs and Mercer, each 1 w. ; Miami, 1 s.-w., 5 w., and 1 m. ; Monroe, 1 w. ; Montgomery, 4 d. and 6 w. ; Morgan and Morrow, each 2 w. ; Muskingum, 1 d., 1 t.-w., 6 w., and 1 annually ; Perry, 2 w. ; Pickaway, 1 s.-w. and 3 w. ; Pike, 1 w. ; Portage, 3 w. ; Preble, 2 w. ; Putnam, 1 w. ; Eichland, 5 w. ; Boss, 2 d. and 4 w. ; Sandusky, 3 w. ; Scioto, 2 d. and 2 w. ; Seneca 4 w. ; Shelby, 2 w. ; Stark, 6 w. ; Summit, 3 w. and 1 s.-m. ; Trumbull and Tuscarawas, each 3 w. ; Union, 1 w. ; Van Wert, 2 w. ; Vinton, 1 w. ; Warren, 2 w. and 1 m. ; Washington, Wayne, and Williams, each 2 w., and Wood, 1 weekly. Religious Denominations. The statistics of the several religious denominations, according to the census returns of 1850, are exhibited in the annexed form : Denomina- No. of Church Value of Denomma- No. of Church Value of Denomina- No. of tiuns. Churches. accorn. Property. tions. Churches . accom. Property. tiong. Churche*. Baptist 545.. 184,093.. $598,730 Germ nEef. 71.. 26,315.. $71,860 E. Catholic.. 130.. Christian... 90.. 30,190.. 56,155 Jewish.... 3.. 1,300. . 29,000 Swedenb g.. 2.. Congregat l. 100.. 41,920.. 207,880 Lutheran... 259.. 90,343.. 259,975 Tunker. 10.. Dutch Eef.. 5.. 1,150.. 2,600 Mennonite . 9 . . 1,730.. 1,825 Union 48.. Episcopal.. 79.. 31,975.. 867,425 Methodist. . 1,520. . 539,840.. 1,542,181 Unitarian... 1.. Free. . 13.. 5,100.. 9,550 Moravian.. 153.. 49,545.. 93,072 Universalist. 53.. Friends.... 94.. 30,866.. 82,175 Presbyter n. 659. . 271,499.. 1,388,199 Minor Sects. 41.. Church Value of Property. J768.80T 15,SOO 9,975 37,900 15,000 100,590 111,950 76,215.. 700.. 4,550.. 18,646.. 650.. 20,765.. 20,250.. making a total of 8,S90 churches, having accommodation for 1,447,652 persons, and owning property to the value of $5,765,149. The State forms a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and comprises the Eoman Catholic archdio cese of Cincinnati, and the suffragan diocese of Cleveland. The towns of Covington and Newport, in Kentucky, and the adjacent territory for three miles, belong also to the province of Cincinnati. Pauperism and Crime. The whole number of paupers that received assistance and support within the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 2,513, of which 1,904 were native-born, and 609 foreigners ; and the whole number on the rolls on the 1st June as aforesaid, was 1,673, of which 1,254 were native-born, and 419 foreigners. Annual cost of support, $95,250. From the report of the attorney-general it appears that during the year 1850 there were 2,003 prosecutions. 1,273 convic tions, and 295 acquittals. The punishments were penitentiary for life, 3 ; for ten years and over, 6 ; and for under ten years 118; and 221 were sent to the county jails. The amount of fines was $14,224 53, of costs $19,290 60, and of col lectable costs $9,076 08. The Ohio penitentiary, on the 30th November, 1849, contained 336 convicts ; admitted during the year 193, and discharged 105, leaving 424 in confinement at the end of the official year 1850. Of those discharged, 42 was by expiration of sentence, 32 by pardon, 21 by death, 5 by writ of error, 2 by pardon of President of the United States, and 3 escaped; and of the 193 committed 145 were convicted of offenses against property, 7 of arson, 13 of forgery, and 32 of offenses against the person. Eeceipts from convict labor $35,740 74, and expenses of maintaining prison $26,877 56 balance in favor of prison $8,863 13. There is a library of nearly 8,000 volumes connected with the prison, for the use of the convicts. Historical Sketch. As a district territory, Ohio dates from the first year of the present century. Previous to this til it constituted a portion of the " Territory North-west of the Ohio," over which Congress had exercised jurisdictioi since 1787. The French were the first to explore the waters of the Ohio. In 1680, La Salle traversed the tract between the lakes andth Mississippi, and for upward of half a century Frenchmen seem to have been the only visitors of this region. Their object wa the fur trade ; nor did they, like their English neighbors, manifest any disposition to appropriate the country by settlements. Within the actual limits of Ohio, indeed, no settlements appear to have been ever made by the French. About the middle OHIO. ; f the eighteenth century, a controversy, between the Canadian traders and the English, respecting this country, sprung p and finally involved both nations in war, and ended only with the overthrow of French power in America. The harters of many of the British provinces extended their claims to the Pacific, and their settlements had proceeded grad- ally westward. The French claims, on the other hand, proceeded from north to south, and consequently intersected those f the English, or, as respects actual occupation, their possessions formed a cordon round those of the English. In 1750, a association, chiefly residing in Virginia and England, obtained from the crown a grant of 600,000 acres lying in the ountry claimed by both nations. Trading houses were immediately established, and surveys commenced, of which icasures the governor of Canada soon became acquainted. France and England being then at peace, remonstrances ere made on the subject, but expostulation and threats having had no effect, the French seized two British subjects, who ere found trading with the Indians, and sent tliem to Presque Isle, on Lake Erie, where a strong fort had been erected, his and other acts of riolence determined the governor of Virginia to send an officer to the French posts. The illustrious ashington, then a major of militia, was commissioned for the purpose, who, after great difficulties, delivered a letter to e commandant, at a fort on the river La Boeuf, requiring him to withdraw from the British territory on the Ohio. The iswer was of such a nature that, on the return of Washington, the Virginia legislature caused a regiment to be raised, which he received the second command. In April, 1754, his chief having died, the command devolved upon himself, id he, with two companies, advanced into the disputed country ; but, on his route to the head of the Alleghany and onongahela, was attacked by a superior force, and compelled to surrender. Soon after this event, open war was !Clared, and the British government sent out a powerful force under General Braddock. The object of the campaign of 55 was the capture of Fort Du Quesne, and the secure possession of the country on the Ohio. The expedition was unsuo ssful, and the French maintained possession of the country until the surrender of Canada in 1763, which included also e whole country westward to the Mississippi. From whatever cause, though now thrown open to the American trade, the beautiful valley of the Ohio was left in undis- rbed occupancy of its original inhabitants. The government, indeed, seems to have had no disposition to encourage ttlement. The Indians were still numerous and powerful, and, on the breaking out of the Revolution, were incited by e British against the frontier settlers, and committed many barbarous excesses. During all this period occupancy was possible. The treaty of peace, although it transferred the sovereignty of the country, yet left it subject to Indian depre- :.tion, and it was not until 1787 that any settlement was begun within the limits of the present State. Previous to thai ar, the right of soil, subject to the Indian title, was claimed by several of the States, as having passed to them by their arters, and soon after the peace of 1783 jealousies had arisen in consequence of the vast extent of these possessions, lich were only allayed by the cession of the whole to the United States. Virginia, however, reserved a portion of land 709,848 acres) near the rapids of the Ohio for her State troops, and Connecticut a tract near Lake Erie (3,666.921 res). These were subsequently confirmed to the several claimants. In 1800, jurisdiction over these reservations was so relinquished by the States owning them, reserving to themselves claim to the soil. Other tracts, known as Symmes rchase (284,698 acres), and the Ohio Company s purchase (1,144,509 acres), were subsequently recognized, as were also reral individual claims. It now remained for the United States to purchase from the Indians the soil and right of ssession, which, owing to the hostility of these people, was not completely effected for many years, nor until much blood d been shed on both sides. In 17S7, Congress began to exercise jurisdiction over the territory. A territorial govern- ?nt was instituted consisting of a governor, secretary, and three judges, who, in addition to their ordinary functions, had a partial legislative power. The officers appointed under these provisions administered the government of the lole territory until 1799. During a greater part of the period of the temporary government, a harassing warfare was kept with the Indians, instigated, if not assisted, by the British. In 1791, General St. Clair, who had been sent against the amis, was surprised and totally routed. This disaster operated as a serious check upon the progress of settlement. In )4, however, a decided victory was obtained by General Wayne, and in the succeeding year hostilities were suspended, d the treaty of Greenville terminated the war. Ohio was now free from savage incursion, and began to prosper ; tlements which had been suspended recommenced with increased vigor. Up to the year 1787, only 118,582 acres of id had been sold by the general government none was disposed of between that period and 1799, in which year 640 res were sold. In 1800,70,948 acres were disposed of; in 1801, 486,787 acres, and up to 1810, 2,833,662 acres had been id. To 1820, the total dispositions amounted to 6,705,361 acres ; to 1830, to 8,224,495 acres ; to 1840, to 13,180,577 acres, Id to 1849, there only remained in the hands of the government 509,230 acres. The aggregate disposed of to the latter ;riod was 25,067,730 acres, viz., sold, 12,490,215 acres ; donated to schools, 675,094; to colleges, 24,320 ; to internal im- nvements, 1,260,051, and to individuals, 32,141 ; military bounties old war, 1,301,326; war of 1812, 63,842, and Mexican jir, 49,429; reservations salaries, 24,216 ; Indians, 16,331, and companies, 8,805,976 (including Virginia and Connecticut nerves, etc.) ; private claims, 26,460 ; swamp lands (granted to State), 303,329 acres. Thus it will be seen that, in fifty ;ars from the institution of a regular representative government, the whole land has been virtually taken up, and gene- lly settled upon. In 1799 the North-western Territory, having a sufficient population, was admitted to a second grade of territorial gov- nment, which entitled it to a representative body, composed of delegates chosen by the people, and a council appointed 1 Congress from nominations made by the House of Representatives. Shortly after, the country composing the State of iio was detached from the general territory, and formed into a distinct government On the 30th April, 1802, on the [tition of the people, Congress passed a law enabling them to form a constitution and State government, and the condi- Ins prescribed by that act having been complied with, Ohio became a sovereign State and member of the Union in 1803. Thus admitted to the privileges of self-government, the growth of Ohio has been uninterrupted. No other State of the lion has surpassed it in rapidity of progress. The disposition of its lands, and the population at decennial periods I fore given), show an augmentation unparalleled in history. Its position with respect to the old States may in some isasure account for this, but it has had many disadvantages to contend with. The first pioneers had no steam horses to ng them to their desert home, no steamboats to skim their rivers, nor telegraphs whereby to communicate with their tends in the east Their journeyings were toilsome and their fare hard, nor was there rest for them when their travels Jed; the Indian met them with menace, and the thick forests had to be hewn through before a crop could be planted. :>w different the things of to-day, when the immigrant has little more to do than throw himself in a well padded car, and i set down at his future residence without trouble of any sort, the wide prairie ready to receive the seed of his first har- 3t. and a thriving country around him. These matters ought to be considered when the settlement and progress of Ohio : J compared with those of other States. It was not until the year 1825 that any road was built from the sea-board States o Ohio. On the 4th July of that year the ceremony of breaking ground on the National Road west of the Ohio was OHI OH1 celebrated. On the same day ground was broken at Licking Summit for the construction of the Ohio Canal. To-day canals, railroads, turnpikes, and every means and mode of transportation and travel are open to all parts, and enjoyed by the people in a greater degree than in most other States of the Union, and certainly than in any European country, with the exception of Great Britain. COLUMBUS, on the east side of the Scioto Eiver, is the political capital of the State. Omo county, Ind. Situate S. E., and contains 93 sq. m. Drained by Laughery cr. and other small streams of the Ohio r., which runs on its eastern border. Surface in gen eral hilly ; soil of average fertility. The county is well tim bered. Chief productions, wheat and Indian corn. Farms 386; manuf. 34; dwell. 946, and pop. wh. 5,299, fr. col. 11 total 5,310. Capital : Eising Sun. Omo county, Ky. Situate toward the N. "W., and con tains 723 sq. m. Drained by Eough cr., a branch of Green r., and its branches. Surface level; soil generally fertile, and highly productive. Staples, tobacco, Indian corn, pork, etc. Farms 1,122 ; manuf. 24; dwell. 1,425, and pop. wh. 8,563, fr. col. 49, si. 1,132 total 9,T49. Capital : Hartford. Omo county, Virff. Situate N. "W., and contains 112 eq. m. Drained by Wheeling cr. and other small streams, which enter the Ohio r. on its W. border. Surface in gen eral broken and hilly ; soil fertile, and on the banks of the Ohio are some fine tracts of land. Chief productions, wheat and Indian corn. It contains a large quantity of bituminous coal, and some iron. Farms 376 ; manuf. 143 ; dwell. 3,097, and pop. wh. 17,607, fr. col. 235, si. 114 total 18,006. Cap ital : Wheeling. Public Works : Baltimore and Ohio E. E., etc. ; Hempfieid E. E. OHIO, t. and p. v., Ilerkimer co., N. 7. : 60 m. N. W. Al bany. Drained by West Canada cr. and its branches. Sur face very hilly ; soil good. There are several mills in the town. The v. is small, and centrally situated. Population of 1. 1,051. Omo, p. v., Andrew co., Mo. : 276 m. N. W. Jefferson City. OHIO river: a large river of the United States which sep arates the states of Virginia and Kentucky from Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, second in importance only to the Mississippi, is formed by the confluence of Alleghany river from the N., and Monongahela from the S., at Pittsburg, in the western part of Pennsylvania. The Alleghany r. rises in Potter co., Pa., on the W. side of the Alleghany mount ains, flows into the State of New York, and returns into Pennsylvania, and is the most important tributary of the Ohio. It is navigable for boats of a hundred tons, and of a light draft to Olean, Cattaraugus co., N. Y., 270 m. from its mouth in the Ohio, 600 feet above the level of the river at Pittsburg, 1,230 feet above the level of the ocean, and 2,500 miles from the Gulf of Mexico. The Monongahela rises in Virginia, and where it unites with the Alleghany is more than 400 yards wide. It is navigable at a good stage of the water for large boats, 100 m. from its mouth. The Alle ghany, though not larger than the Monongahela at the junc tion, is the more important stream. Immediately below the junction, the Ohio is over 600 yards wide, and is a placid and beautiful stream. At Pittsburg it is 630 feet above tide water ; at the mouth of the Muskingum, 541 feet; at the mouth of the Seioto, 464 feet ; at Cincinnati, 414 feet; at its mouth in the Mississippi, 300 feet. Its length from Pitts burg to its mouth, is generally stated at 959 m. ; but the distance in a direct course is about 614 m. Its average de scent is not quite five inches in a mile. The French called it la, belle, riviere, or the beautiful river; but its name, according to Heckewelder, is derived from the Indian word Ohiopekhanne, meaning a very white stream, alluding to the white caps with which its gentle surface is covered in a high wind, omitting all but its first part for ease of pronun ciation. The Ohio, for some distance below Pittsburg, is rapid, and the navigation interrupted at low water by chains of rocks extending across the bed of the river. The scenery is exceedingly beautiful, though deficient in grandeur, ex hibiting great sameness. The hills, two or three hundred 624 feet high, approach the river, and confine it on either side. Tlu-ir tops have usually a rounded and graceful form, and are covered with the verdure of an almost unbroken forest. Approaching Cincinnati, the scenery becomes still more monotonous. The hills recede from the river, and are less elevated. Heavy forests cover the banks, and limit the prospect, but exhibiting a beautiful verdure, and often exu berant with blossoms. The river exhibits the same scenery, as we continue to descend it, except that the hills become less bold and rocky. Cities, villages and farm-houses are passed through the whole course of the river ; but as the bottom-lands on its immediate margin are liable to be over flowed, the inhabitants prefer to settle a little back from the river, so that the dwellings in view do not correctly exhibit the population in the vicinity. Between Pittaburg and the mouth of the Ohio, there are as many as 100 considerable islands, besides a great number of sand-bars and tow-heads. These last are low sandy islands, incapable of cultivation, and covered with willows. Some of the islands are of ex quisite beauty, and furnish desirable situations for a retired residence. The principal tributaries of tho Ohio are the Muskingum, Great Kanawha, Big Sandy, Scioto, Great Miami, Kentucky, Green, Wabash, Cumberland, and Ten nessee. The last three are the most important, of which the last is the largest. One remarkable circumstance re specting the Ohio, as well as other western rivers, is its great elevations and depressions. In the summer and autumnal months, it often dwindles to a small stream, afford ing limited facilities for navigation. Among the hills of Pennsylvania and Virginia, it ia seen rippling over chains of rocks, through which a passage is barely afforded to boats of the lightest burden. Farther down, sand-bara either extend across the stream, or project into the bed of the river. Steamboats are sometimes grounded on the bars, where they are obliged to wait in peril for the periodical rise of the river. The lowest water is generally in tho months of July, August, and September. The melting of the snows in the spring and heavy rains in autumn or win ter, fill the river to overflowing, and many of its islands and the bottoms on its margin are covered with water. These rises are generally gradual, and attended with no danger. As the waters rise, trade and navigation are quickened into activity; the largest steamboats, often of large tonnage, now float in security. The average rise of the water from low water mark is 50 feet, but in the year 1332 an extraordinary flood was experienced. Tne river began to rise early in February, and on the 18th of that month it was 63 feet above low water mark, and the lower parts of Cincinnati and Covington were flooded. The river here is 1,006 feet wide, and the velocity of the stream at its height 6 1-5 miles per hour. The water discharged by the rise of tho river above low water mark alone, would fill a lake of one square mile in surface, 107 feet deep, in one hour. The surface drained by the Ohio and its numerous tributaries is about 77,000 sq. m. ; and water four inches in depth on this sur face would be sufficient to maintain the river at the above height and velocity for fourteen days. Such a flood as this has scarcely been known since the first settlement of the | country. There are no considerable falls in the river, ex cepting at Louisville, Ky., where it descends 22* feet in th< i course of two miles. Even over these boats pass in high water. But they have been obviated by a canal around them, which admits of the passage of the largest steamboats. The current of the Ohio is very gentle; at the mean height of the river the current is about 3 miles an hour, at high water it is more, but at low water not more than two miles. j During five or six weeks in winter, the navigation is ob- OHI Etructed by floating ice. The Ohio and its tributaries have not less than 5.000 miles of navigable waters. The fol lowing distances have been derived from good authority, and are doubtless correct. From Pittsburg to Steubenville, O., is 70 miles; to Wheeling, Va., 92 miles; to Marietta, O., 174 miles; to Gallipolis, O., 264-J miles; to Portsmouth, O., 849 miles ; to Maysville, Ky., 397 miles ; to Cincinnati, O., 455| miles ; to Lawrenceburg, la., 479 miles ; to Louis ville, Ky., 587 miles; to New Albany, la., 591 miles; to the mouth of Cumberland river, Ky., 900 miles ; mouth of Ten nessee river, Ky., 911 miles; mouth of Ohio 959 miles. Distances navigable by steam on the principal branches of the Ohio river : Tennesse, 720 miles ; Cumberland, 400 miles ; Wabash, 400 miles ; Green, 150 miles ; Salt, 35 miles; Ken tucky, 62 miles; Scioto, 50 miles; Big Sandy, 50 miles; Kanawha, 65 miles; Muskingum, 70 miles; Monongahela, 60 miles ; Alleghany, 200 miles. OHIO CITY, p. v. and cap. Mississippi co., No. : 195 m. 8. E. Jefferson City, on an elevated bank on W. side of the Mississippi r., 28 m. below and opposite Cairo, in Illinois, . and contains the court-house and usual number of public buildings. It is in a nourishing condition, and bids fair to become a considerable place. Onio CITY, p. v., Cuyahoga co., Ohio : at the mouth of Cuyahoga r., opposite Cleveland, and on Lake Erie, 126 m. . N. K. Columbus. It may be considered as a suburb of . Cleveland, with which it is connected by bridges, over one i of which the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati R. R. l passes. The ground on which it stands is uneven, and pre- I sents many fine building sites. It contains several foundries, \ furnaces, mechanic shops, etc., and is a well built and regu- i larly planned place. Its commerce on the lakes is large, I but is so blended with that of Cleveland as to admit of no [; separate statistical exhibit. Population, which includes also i that of Brooklyn town, 6,375. OHIO FARM, p. v., Kendall co., III. : in the S. part of co., 193 m. N. N. E. Springfield. OHIO GROVE, p. o., De Kalb co., HI. : 161 m. N. N. E. of i Springfield. OHIOVILLE, p. v., Beaver co., Fenn. : 2 m. N. of the Ohio i , r., 187 m. Ilarrisburg. It contains about 200 inhabitants. OIIL S TOWN, p. o., Trumbull county, Ohio: 149 m. N. E. Columbus. OIIOOPEE river, Ga. : rises in "Washington co., flows S. E., i , forming the division between Emanuel and Montgomery j counties, and passing through Tatnall. empties into the Ala- j tamaha. This is the only considerable tributary of the Alata- maha, and is navigable 40 miles. OIL CREEK, t. and p. o., Crawford county, Penn. : 171 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by Oil cr. and its branches. Surface undulating, with good wood; soil average fertility. I ! Oil cr. affords bituminous oil, which is valuable in pharmacy. I Iron ore is found in the vicinity. The v. of Titusville is in S. of t., near the creek. Pop. of t about 775. On. creek, Penn. : enters the Alleghany river, 8 m. E. Franklin. It derives its name from a spring on its bank, on the surface of which floats an oil valuable for its medi cinal qualities. OIL MILLS, p. o., Clark co., Ky. : 37 m. S. E. Frankfort. OIL MILL VILLAGE, p. v. and sta., Hillsboro county, N. Jfamp. on a branch of the Merrimac r., on the line of the New Hampshire Central R. R., 11 m.from Manchester, and 17 m. S. Concord. OIL SPRING RESERVATION, JV. T. An Indian reservation : about 1 m. square. It contains a pool of water, the surface covered with an oily substance much used for its cure of different diseases in man and beast Situate in the towns of Cuba and Hinsdale. OIL TROUGH, p. o., Independence co., Ark. : on the S. bank of Arkansas r., 75 m. N. N. E. Little Rock. OKAHUMKA, p. o., Marion county, Flor. : 165 m. S. E. Tallahassee. OKASOXUBEE river, Ala. : is formed in Miss, by the junc- G4 OLD tion of the Noxubee, Dancing Rabbit, Horse Hunter, and other creeks, flows S. E. into Sumter co., Ala., and enters the Tombigbee at Gainesville. OKAPILCO, p. v., Lowndes co., Get. : on Okapilco r., 157 m. S. by W. Milledgeville. OKAW, p. o., Washington co., III. : near Elkhorn cr.,97 m. S. Springfield. OKAUCHEE, p. o., Waukesha county, Wise. : 5S m. E. Madison. OKOLONA, p. o., Chickasaw county, Miss. : 119 m. N. E. Jackson. OKONAGON river, Oreg. Ter. : rises in the British posses sions, flows S., and enters Clark s fork of Columbia, at Fort Okonagan. OKTIBBEHA county, Miss. Situate toward the N. E., and contains 618 sq. m. Drained by Oktibbeha r. and its tribu taries. Surface even; soil deep calcareous, and adapted to cotton and grain. Farms 560 ; manuf. 13 ; dwell. 744, and pop. wh. 4,309, fr . col. 18, si. 4,844 total 9,171. Capital : Starksville. OLAMON, p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : on the left bank of the Penobscot r., 2 m. N. of the mouth of Olamon r., and 84 m. N. E. Augusta. OLOOTT p. v., Niagara co., N. Y. : close on the S. shore of Lake Ontario, 259 m. W. by. N. Albany. OLD BRIDGE, p. v., Middlesex co., N. J. : on South r., and near the Camden and Amboy R. R., 24 m. N. E. Trenton. OLD CEDAR SPRINGS, p. o., Spartanburg dist., Car. : 79 m. N. W. Columbia. OLD CHURCH, p. v., Hanover county, Virg. : 13 m. N. E. Richmond. OLD COURT HOUSE, p. o., Bryan co., Ga. : 127 m. S. E. Milledgeville. OLDENBURG, p. v., Franklin co., Ind. : on a branch of Saltcr., 55 m. S. E. Indianapolis. OLDENBURG, p. o., Smith county, Tea:. : 209 m. N. E. Austin. OLDFIELD FORK OF ELK, p. o., Pocahontas co., Virg.: 158 m. W. N. W. Richmond. OLD FORGE, p. o., Luzerne county, Penn. : 179 m. N. E. Ilarrisburg. OLD FORT, p. o., M-Dowell county, A" Car. : 192 m. W. Harrisburg. OLD FORT, p. v., Centre co., Penn. : on the Belle Fonte post-road, 57 m. N. W. Ilarrisburg. OLD FURNACE, p. o., Gaston co., Jf. Car. : 133 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. OLDHAM county, Ky. Situate N., and contains 178 sq. m. Drained by head branches of Floyd s fork of Salt r., liar- rod s, and other small creeks. Surface level, excepting on the Ohio, where it is rising, and presents high bluffs to the river. Soil in general fertile, and the land well adapted to grain, etc. Tobacco is also a valuable staple, and pork is exported to some extent. Farms 414; manuf, 8; dwell. 858, and pop. wh. 5,156, fr. col. 49, si. 2,424 total 7,629. Capital: Westport. Public Works : Louisville and Frank fort R. R. ; Louisville and Covington R. R., etc. OLDHAM, p. v., Crittenden co., Ark. : W. side of the Mississippi r., 122 m. E. N. E. Little Rock. OLDIIAM S CROSS ROADS, p. o., Westmoreland co., Virg. : 49 m. N. E. Richmond. OLD HICKORY, p. o., Wayne county, Ohio : 84 m. N. E. Columbus. OLD HICKORY, p. o., Simpson co., Miss. : 29 m. S. by E. Jackson. OLD HICKORY, p. o., Botetourt co., Virg. : about 131 m. W. Richmond. OLD HICKORY, p. o., Weakly county, Tenn. : 107 m. W. Nashville. OLD HICKORY, p. o., Bradford county, Penn. : 101 m. N. Ilarrisburg. OLD MINES, p. v., Washington co., Mo.: 82 m. S. E. Jefferson City. OLD OLY OLD MISSION, p. o., Winnisheik co., la. : 113 m. N. i W. Iowa City. OLD POINT COMFORT, p. o., Elizabeth City, Virg. : the N. point at entrance of James r., 69 m. S. E. Richmond, and 21 m. W. by N. Cape Henry. Fortress Monroe, on the ex treme point, is used both as an arsenal and military post, and in connection with Fort Calhoun, on the Kip Raps, commands the entrance to the river. The Point is much resorted to in summer, and has commodious hotels. OLD RIPLEY, p. o., Bond county, 111. : 63 m. S. by E. Springfield. OLD TOWN, p. v., Philip s co., Ark. : on the "W. side of the Mississippi r., 95 m. E. by S. Little Rock. In the vicinity are to be found many aboriginal relics. OLD TOWN, p. v., Greenup co., Ky. : on old Old Town cr., at its entrance into Little Sandy r., 115 m. E. N. E. Frankfort, OLD TOWN, t. and p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : on the W. side of Penobscot river, 69 m. N. E. Augusta. Drained by Birch stream and Pushaw r. There is a large pond on the W. border of the town ; soil fertile, adapted to grain. Indian Old Town, on an island in the river, is within this town, and contains an Indian settlement, having a church and several small dwellings. The Orono and Old Town R. R. extends from here to Bangor. The river at this point is much higher than at Bangor. The town contains a large number of mills, and a vast amount of lumber is manufactured for the Bangor market Pop. of t. 8,OS7. OLD TOWN, p. v., Alleghany co., Md. : on N. side of the Potomac r., 115 m. W. N. "W. Annapolis. The Baltimore and Ohio R. R. passes the village 2 m. distant. OLD TOWN, p. o., Forsyth co., N. Car. : 97 m. "W. N. W. Raleigh. OLD TOWN, p. o., Claiborne co., Tenn. : 167 m. E. by N. Nashville. OLD TOWN, p. o., Coffee county, Ala. : 71 m. S. by E. Montgomery. OLD WASHINGTON COURT-HOUSE, p. o., "Washington co., Ala. : 130 m. S. by E. Montgomery. OLEAN, p. o., Ripley co., Ind. : 65 m. S. E. Indianapolis. OLEAN, t. and p. v., Cattaraugus county, N. Y. : 255 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by the Alleghany r. and its trib utaries. Surface very uneven, and in parts much broken ; soil sandy, abounding in pine forests. A great quantity of lumber is exported annually down the Alleghany r. to the Ohio, much of which, as also scantling, in many cases reach the levee of New Orleans. The t. contains several stores and mills. The v. is situate at the mouth of Oil cr., on the Alleghany r., at the point where the Genesee Valley Canal and the Erie R. R. intersect each other and meet the river. It contains several churches, stores, dwellings, and a num ber of mills. A steamboat of light draft has ascended the Alleghany to Olean, but there is much obstruction in the navigation. Below it is an Indian village, inhabited by several hundred Senecas and Onondagas. Pop. of t 899. OLEANDER, p. o., Marshall county, Ala. : 131 m. N. Montgomery. OLENA, p. v., Henderson county, III. : 81 m. N. W. Springfield. OLEXA, p. o., Huron co., Ohio : 72 m. N. by E. Columbus. OLENTANGY, p. o., Crawford county, Ohio : 5ft m. N. Columbus. OLENTANGY, or WHETSONE river, Ohio : one of the prin cipal tributaries of the Scioto, rises in "W". part of Richland co., flows "W. into Crawford, and then S. through Marion and Delaware into Franklin, where it joins the Scioto at Columbus. OLEY, t. and p. o., Berks co., Penn. : 59 m. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Manatawny and Manookisy creeks. Surface even ; soil very fertile and highly productive. The "Oley Forge," constructed in 17SO, having an annual production of 200 tons blooms, is situate here. There are in the t. a num ber of dwellings, stores, and mills, and some workshops. Pop. 2,309. 626 OLINDA, p. o,, Pike co., III. : 71 m. W. by S. Springfield. OLIO, p. o., Sheboygan co., Wise. : 81 m. N. E. Madison. OLIO, p. v., Stoddard co., Mo. : ISO m. S. E. Jefferson City. OLIVE, t. and p. o., Ulster co., N. Y. : 56 m. S. S. W. Albany. Drained by Esopus cr. Surface, central and E., rolling, and in the W. mountainous ; soil, sandy and clay loam. It has two stores, a factory, and a number of mills. Olive and Caseville are the names of the post-offices. Pop. of t. 2,710. OLIVE, t. and p. o., Clinton co., Mich. : 7 m. N. Lansing. Drained by Muskrat lake and Stony cr. Surface generally level ; soil good, and heavily timbered. Pop. of t. 228. OLIVE, t. and p. v., Morgan co., Ohio: 75 m. E. S. E. Columbus. Drained by a branch of Duck cr. Surface varied, and soil generally fertile, well adapted to grain and grass. The village is situate on E. side of a branch of Duck creek. There are in the t several mills and work shops. Pop. of t. 2,015 OLIVE, p. o., Marion co., Ind. : a few miles distant from Indianapolis. OLIVE BRANCH, p. o., De Soto county, Miss. : 157 m. N. Jackson. OLIVE BRANCH, p. o., Clermont co., Ohio: 78 m. S. "W. Columbus. OLIVE BRANCH, p. v., Holt county, Mo. : 196 m. N. W. Jefferson City. OLIVE BRIDGE, p. o., Ulster co., N. Y. : 59 m. S. by W. Albany. OLIVE GROVE, p. v., Decatur co., Ga. : on the E. side of Chattahoochee r., 175 m. S. W. Milledgeville. OLIVE HILL, p. o., Carter co., Ky. : near Tygert s cr., and 97 m. E. by N. Frankfort. OLIVE HILL, p. o., Person co., N. Car. : 49 m. N. by "W. Raleigh. OLIVERS, p. o., Anderson county, Tenn. : near Poplar cr., 137 m. E. Nashville. OLIVER S PRAIRIE, p. v., Newton co., Mo. : 157 m. S. W. Jefferson City. OLIVESBURG, p. v., Richland co., Ohio: on Black Fork of Walhonding r., 66 m. N. by E. Columbus. OLIVET, p. o., Eaton co., Mich. : 15 m. S. "W. Lansing. OLIVET, p. o., Armstrong co., Penn. : 132 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. OLIVET, p. o., Russell co., Ala. ; 59 m. E. Montgomery. OLMSTEAD, t and p. v., Cuyahoga county, Ohio : 112 m. N. N. E. Columbus. Drained chiefly by rocky r. and its branches in the W. by the head branches of Black r. of Lake Erie. Surface diversified ; soil rich and fertile. The principal v. is situate centrally, and there is also a station of the same name on the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati R. R., 15 m. from Cleveland. The t. contains several man ufactories and mills. Pop. of 1. 1,216. OLNEY, p. o., Pickens county, Ala. : 107 m. W. N. W. Montgomery. OLXEY, p. o., Philadelphia county, Penn. : 96 m. S. S. E. Harrisburg. OLNEY, p. v., and cap. Richland co., HI. : on W. side Fox r., 113 m. S. E. Springfield. It contains the county court-house. The " Oluey Republican" (a weekly issue) is published here. OLNEYVILLE, p. o., Providence co., R. I. OLI-STEE, p. v., Columbia co., Flor. : near the source of Swift cr., 117 m. E. by S. Tallahassee. OLUSTEE CREEK, p. o., Pike county, Ala. : 35 m. 8. E. Montgomery. OLYMPIA, p. v. and port of entry, Lewis co., Oreg. Ter. : on the E. side of the estuary of Tenalquit or Shutes r., on Puget s sound, 147 m. N. Salem. The first log cabin of this settlement was built in 1847, by Wm. E. Sylvester, who now (1S52) keeps an elegantly furnished hotel in the place. The v. contains 400 or 500 inhabitants, and has well-filled stores and various mechanic shops, with two saw-mills and a grist-mill in the vicinity. A newspaper, the " Columbian," is pub- OLY ONS lished here weekly. The first American settlers north of the Columbia river located themselves on the prairies, near Olympia, in October, 1845. They were 15 days in making a journey of 60 miles, from Cowlitz Landing to the Sound, having been compelled to cut a road through the heavily timbered part of the country. In 1846, other settlements were made, and the first grist-mill of the neighborhood erected, previous to which event the inhabitants had been obliged to subsist on boiled wheat, or grind it by hand. The U. States Revenue collection district of Puget s sound, of which Olympia is the port of entry, was organized in 1S51. OLYMPIAN SPRINGS, p. v., Bath county, Ky. : 65 m. E. Frankfort. OLYMPUS, p. v., Overton co., Tenn. : on the E. fork of Obeys r., 87 m. E. by N. Nashville. OMAR, p. o., Jefferson co., N. Y. : 149 m. N. W. Albany. OMEENA county, Mich. Situate N. W., and contains 504 sq. m. Drained by Grand Traverse river and its tributaries. Surface even; soil generally rich and fertile. Organized since 1S50. OMEGA, p. o., Pike co., Ohio : 61 m. S. Columbus. OMEO. p. v., Winnebago co., Wise. : on S. side of Nenahor Fox r., 75 m. N. E. Madison. ONANCOCK, p. v., Accomac co., Virg. : on Onancock inlet of Chesapeak bay, 11 m. E. by N. Richmond. O NEAL S MILLS, p. o., Troup county, Ga.: 65 m. W. Hilledgeville. ONECHO, p. o., Montgomery co., Tenn. : 43 m. N. "W. Nashville. ONECO, p. v., Stephenson co., HI. : situate on Richmond cr., 189 m. N. Springfield. ONEIDA county, N. Y. Situate N. centrally, and contains 1,101 sq. m. Drained by Black and Mohawk rivers and their affluents, and Fish, Wood, Oneida, and Oriskany creeks, all of which furnish valuable water-power. Surface various, being pleasantly diversified by low hills and well- cultivated valleys. In the N. and N. E. it is more hilly. It contains beds of iron ore, gypsum, marl, peat, water lime stone, and other minerals. This county may be said to embrace a greater variety of geological formations than any other in the State. Farms 6,292 ; manuf. 952 ; dwell. 16,751, and pop. wh. 98,913, fr. col. 65:3 total 99,566. Capitals : Rome, Whitesboro , and Utica. PuUic Works : Utica and Syracuse R. R. ; Watertown and Rome R. R. ; Black River and French Creek R. R. ; Black River Canal; Erie Canal ; Chenango Canal, etc. ONEIDA, t. and p. o., Eaton co., Mich. : 13 m. "W. Lansing. Grand r. forms its N. E. boundary, by the tributaries of which the t is drained. Surface gently undulating ; soil calcareous and sandy loam, with thick vegetable mold. It has good timber lands. There is a valuable sand-stone quarry on Grand r., in the N. E. part of t., which is wrought to a considerable extent. Pop. of t. 492. OXEIDA, p. o.. Brown co.,Wisc. : 119 m. N. E. Madison. ONEIDA creek, N. Y. : rises in Eaton, Madison county, flowing N. by W., in part divides the counties of Madison and Oneida. and empties into the lake so called. Its tribu taries afford good mill-seats. The cr. is used as a feeder to the Erie Canal, and is navigable as far as Oneida Castle. OXEIDA lake, N. Y. : bordering on the counties of Oswego, Oneida, Madison, and Onondaga. Is 22 m. long and from 4 to 6 in width. It receives Wood, Oneida, am Chittenango creeks and other small streams. Its shores are low and swampy. Its waters abound with excellent fish Limestone is found on the borders of Madison co. Its outle flows into Oswego river. ONEIDA, river, N. Y. : outlet of the lake so called. Run W. in a circuitous course, and uniting with Seneca, form Oswego river. ONEII>A CASTLE, p. v., Oneida co., N. Y. : on Oneida cr which divides it, 97 m. W. by N. Albany. Incorporated ii 1841. Contains 2 churches, a few stores, several dwellings and between 300 and 400 inhabitants. ONEIDA DEi-dr, p. v., Madison co., N. Y. : on Yerona cr. nd on line of the Syracuse and Utica R. R., 27 m. Utica, 9 m. W. N. W. Albany. ONEIDA MILLS, p. o., Carroll co., Ohio : 108 m. E. N. E. olumbus. ONEIDA VALLEY, p. o., Madison co., N. Y. : 90 m. W. bjN. Ubany. ONEONTA, t. and p. v., Otsego co., N. Y. : 69 m. W. by S. Ubany. Drained by Charlotte r. and Otsego cr., branches f the Susquehanna. Surface rugged, except along the treams, where it becomes flat and fertile. The v. is on the . side of the Susquehanna r., and contains 3 churches, a istillery, and several dwellings. There are in the t. 2 fur- aces and several mills. Pop. of 1. 1,903. ONEONTA, p. o., Sauk co., Wise. : 28 m. N. W. Madison. ONION RIVER, p. v., Sheboygan co., Wise. : on W. bank )f the river of same name, 91 m. N. E. Madison. ONION river, Vt. : one of the most important rivers in the tate. About 70 m. in length, in its course improving a arge tract of land, and furnishing great hydraulic power. t rises in Cabot and Peacham, runs S. and W. to Mont- >elier, and thence N. W., passing through the centre of the Bounties of Washington and Crittenden, empties into Lake Champlain, 5 m. N. Burlington village. In its passage hrough the mountains, there are places where there ia barely sufficient room for the road, which is the only easy access across the narrow valleys, subject it at times, to great nd sudden rises. In many places, natural bridges, caverns, and waterfalls are to be found. It has many tributaries, the principal of which are North branch in the N., and Mad Dog, and Stevens rivers on the S. ONONDAGA county, N. Y. Situate N. centrally, and con tains 711 sq. m. Drained by Seneca and Oneida rivers, which, uniting, form Oswego river, and Butternut, Onon daga, and Nine-Mile creeks. Surface in the N. even, in the S. hilly, and fitted for grazing. Soil a rich loam, of a cal careous nature, intermixed with vegetable mold, fertile and productive. It contains many minerals, and fine salt springs, which yield a large revenue to the State, also good marble quarries. Otisco, Onondaga, and Skaneateles lakes, are within the limits of this county. Chief agricultural pro ductions, wheat and Indian corn. Farms 4.595; manuf. 1,410; dwell. 15,335, and pop. wh. S5.2S5, fr. col. 605 total 85,890. Capital: Syracuse. Public Works: Utica and Syracuse R. R. ; Rochester and Syracuse R. R. ; Oswego and Syracuse R. R. ; Rochester and Syracuse (direct) R. R. ; Syracuse and Biughampton R. R. ; Erie Canal ; Oswego Canal, etc. ONONDAGA, p. o., Marshall county, Ind. : 105 m. N. Indianapolis. ONONDAGA, t and p. o., Ingham county, Mich. : 19 m. S. Lansing. Watered by Red Cedar r., crossing its S. W. part. Surface uneven ; soil rich, sandy loam, with excellent timber lands. Pop. of t. 819. ONONDAGA, t and p. v., Onondaga co., N. Y. : 131 m. W. by N. Albany, and 6 m. S. Syracuse. Drained by Onondaga cr. Surface uneven, in parts hilly; soil, clay loam, fertile, and well cultivated. The v., formerly the co. capital, has an elevated site on Onondaga Hill, H m. from the r., and commands a fine prospect; it contains several stores, and about 300 inhabitants. There is an Indian reservation in the S. part of the t. on both sides of the cr., and through which the Syracuse and Binghampton R. R. will pass. Population of t. 5,694. ONONDAGA CASTLE, p. o., Onondaga co., 2T. Y. : 129 m. W. by N. Albany. ONONDAGA lake, N. Y.: toward the centre or N. of county so called, 8 m. long, and from 2 to 4 in width. It abounds in fish, and is noted for the salt springs which are found on its borders, though its own waters are fresh. ONOVILLE, p. o., Cattaraugus co., 2f. Y. : 63 m. W. by S. Albany. ONSLOW county, N. Car. Situate S. E., and contains 523 627 ONS ONT 8q. m. Drained by New river and its branches. Surface level, and in general the land lying low. Soil moderately fertile. Chief productions, cotton and Indian corn. On the Atlantic shore, bounding it on the E., are a number of small islands, with occasional inlets. Farms 349; manuf. 27; dwell. 963, and pop. wh. 5,005, fr. col. 170, si. 3,108 total 8,283. Capital: Onslow. ONSLOW, p. v., and cap. Onslow co., N. Car. : on E. side New r., 97 m. S. E. Ealeigh ; it contains the court-house and other public buildings, and several dwellings. ONSLOW bay, N. Car.: a portion of the Atlantic Ocean between Cape Fear and Cape Look-out, where the shore has a considerable curve inward, along which, at a distance of 1 or 2 milea, stretches a chain of narrow, long, and low islands, with shallow inlets between them. ONTARIO county, N. Y. Situate W. centrally, and con tains 612 sq. m. Drained by Honeoye, Flint, and Mud creeks, and Canandaigua outlet. Surface various, the east ern portion being spread into beautiful, swelling plains, the "W. interspersed with fertile vales and hills, and in the S. W. the land rising considerably, in some places having an alti tude of 1,200 or 1,400 feet; soil generally productive, being a rich, fertile loam. This county contains beds of iron ore, gypsum, and marl, with other minerals, and some sulphur springs. It contains Canandaigua, Canadice, and other lakes. It has fine water-power and valuable manufactures. Farms 3.053 ; manuf. 205 ; dwell. 7,863. and pop. wh.43,430, fr. col. 499 total 43,929. Capital : Canandaigua. Public Works : Rochester and Syracuse E. E. ; Canandaigua and Niagara Falls E. E. ; Canandaigua and Elmira E. E., etc. ONTARIO, p. v., La Grange co., 2nd. : on the N. bank of Pigeon r., 137 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. ONTARIO, t. and p. v., Wayne co., N. Y. : 250 m.W. N.W. Albany, and 18 m. N. E. Eochester. Drained by several small streams flowing into Lake Ontario, -which bounds it on the N. Surface very level; soil gravelly. The v. is about 4 m. from the lake. It contains a furnace, forge, and several mills. Pop. of t. 2,246. ONTARIO, p. o., Eichland county, Ohio : 58 m. N. by E. Columbus. ONTARIO, p. v., Knox cb., III. : 103 m. N.W. Springfield. ONTARIO lake, N. Y. : the easternmost and smallest of the great northern lakes. It lies between 43 10 and 44 latitudes N., and between 76 and 80 longitudes W. It receives the Niagara river, the great outlet of the upper lakes, in its S. W. part, and has its outlet, by the St. Law rence river, in its N. E. part, in which, immediately below the lake, is the cluster denominated " The Thousand Isl ands." Its shape approaches to a long and narrow ellipse, being 190 miles long, and 55 miles in its widest part, and about 480 miles in circumference. It is very deep, being in some places 600 feet, so that its bottom is considerably be low the level of the Atlantic. It is 334 feet below the level of Lake Erie, and 231 feet above tide-water, and in every part has a sufficient depth for the largest ships. Its harbors are numerous and good, and except in shallow places near the shore, its waters are seldom frozen. The principal streams that enter it on the south side are the Genesee, Oswego, and Black rivers, and a large number of creeks. The Bay of Quinte is a long and irregular body of water in its eastern part, which receives a considerable river, the out let of several small lakes; and Burlington Bay is in its western part Both of these bays are in Canada. It has several important places on its shores, the principal of which are Kingston, Toronto, and Coburg, in Canada ; and Oswe go, Sackett s Harbor, and Port Genesee, or Charlotte Har bor, in New York. It is subject to violent storms and heavy swells ; but the numerous steamboats which navigate it pass quietly through it, having a great depth of water. It is connected with the Erie Canal and Hudson r. by the Gen esee r. navigation and the Oswego Canal, which connect with the Erie Canal at Eochester arid Syracuse, and also by several railroads with the great central road of New York. 628 Several lines of railroad are also being built along its shores in Canada, and others into the interior of that country. Much of the trade of the Western States passes through these avenues to the eea-board. The Welland Canal con nects it with Lake Erie; it is 26 miles long, with 34 locks, and admits the passage of the largest vessels which navi gate the lakes. This canal commences at Sherbrooke, near the mouth of Grand r., and terminates at Port Dalhousie, 9 miles west of Niagara village. Its entrance being a con siderable distance west of the outlet of Lake Erie, it is open earlier than the Erie Canal at Buffalo, where the ice often accumulates in the spring. The commerce on this lake is very valuable. In 1846 it amounted to $14,025.507, and in 1848 to $28,141,000. This is exclusive of the passenger trade. The following table exhibits the number of vessels which entered the several districts of the lake during the year ending 30th June, 1850 : American. Districts. . _. Vessels. Tons. Oswegatchie ... 192 .. .144.549 . . . Sackett s Harbor 254. . .152,060. . . Oswego 681... 122,311... Niagara 213... 71,971... Genesee 70... 20,548... Cape Vincent . . 238 ... 149.647 ... Foreign. , , Tonnage Vessels, Tons. owned, 1S8... 52,866.... 1,935 1,109.... 8,123 73,482.... 22,404 101,307.... 732 19,529.... 1,037 6,704.... 2,497 25.. 976., 368., 145.. 43.. Total ...... 1,648. . .661,086. . .1,745. . .254,497. . . .86,778 The business on the Welland Canal is rapidly increasing, and serves as an index to the future of the commerce on this lake. The number of vessels passing up and down for two seasons, was as follows : Down. Up. Total. 1851 ........ 1,752 ........ 1,748 ........ 3,500 1850 ........ 1,250 ........ 1,295 ........ 2,545 Increase... 502 ........ 453 ........ 955 Of the vessels passing down in 1S51, there were 924 Amer ican bound to American ports, and 163 bound to British ports; and 359 British bound to British ports, and 306 to American ports. Of the vessels down, 1,230 were bound to American, and 522 to British ports. Of the vessels passing up, 1,176 were bound to American, and 572 to British ports. This shows that a large portion of the business in the Welland Canal is American. The increasing commerce on this lake is now demanding greater facilities of outlet on the American coast, and to afford this, several projects have been proposed, two of which, the Sodus Canal, and Sodus Point and Southern E. E., are now in process of construction. The trade between the United States and Canada is prin cipally through Lake Ontario, and this trade is increasing with wonderful rapidity. The exports to Canada, in 1349-50, were valued at $5,930,821, and the imports, exclusive of specie, at $3,859,101. The exports of manufactured goods to Canada, were $3,964,222. The total of this class of goods exported from the United States, in 1349-50, exceeded those of 1S48-9 by $3,098,187, and of this excess $2,457,915 went to Canada; so the increase to Canada exceeded live-fold all the increase to other countries trading with the United States. ONTONAGON county, Mich. Situate W. of the N. penin sula, and contains 2.328 sq. m. Drained by Ontonagon, Montreal, and Presque Isle rivers. Surface for (he most part even. In the N. W. are the Porcupine Hills, a low range of mountains, having acquired their name from the jagged appearance of the surface. Immense deposits of iron and copper ore are found in this region. Farms 0; manuf. ; dwell. 46, and pop. wh. 383, fr. col. 6 total 389. Capital: Ontonagon. ONTONAGON, p. v., Ontonagon co., Mich. : at the mouth of the Ontonagon r., 359 m. N. W. Lansing. Copper of a superior quality is to be found here and in the vicinity in abundance. The Ontouagon Copper Company are working ONT ORA a vein in which they encounter boulders of pure copper, weighing from 25 to 50 pounds, containing considerable silver. There are a number of mines along the river course, worked by different companies, yielding abundantly. Fo*r certain purposes in the arts the copper in this region stands unrivaled, and surpasses all the ores of copper in density and tenacity. ONTONAGON river, Mich. : rises by three branches the E. one in Marquette co., the middle in small lakes near the border of Wise, and its W. branch in Agogebic lake. The main stream flows N. W., between bold and picturesque banks, much broken by falls, and empties into Lake Supe rior. On its border is found a celebrated mass of native copper, about 20 cubic feet in bulk, and weighing from four to five tons. ONWARD, p. o., Stewart co., Tenn. : near the Cumberland river, 61 m. W. by N. Nashville. OOSOOLA, p. o., Somerset co., Me. : N. Augusta. OOTHCALOGA, p. o., Cass county, Ga. : 103 miles N. W. Milledgeville. OPALTKA, p. o., Walker county, Ga. : 169 m, N. W. Milledgeville. OPELIKA. p. v., Russell county, Ala. : on the E. side of Ufawpee cr., and on the line of the Montgomery and West Point R, R., 21 m. from West Point, and 54 m. E. by N. Montgomery. OPELOCSAS, p. v., and cap. St. Landry par., La. : at the head of Vermillion r., 55 m.W. Baton Rouge. The country round about is pleasant and very fertile. The Franklin College, situate here, founded in 1839, has a president, 4 professors, and 70 students. There is also a United States lantl office here. The v. contains the court-house, 2 banks, 4 churches, and several stores. The "St. Landry Whig" (whig), daily, and " Opelousas Gazette" (neut.), semi-week ly, are published here. The New Orleans, Opelousas, and Great Western R. R. will pass through it. OPEN POND, p. o., Henry county, Ala. : S3 m. S. E. Montgomery. OPEQUAN river, Virg. : rises in the S. E. part of Fred erick co., flows N. E., separating Clark and a part of Jeffer son from Frederick and Berkley counties, and empties into the Potomac river. OPHIR, p. o., La Salle county, III. : 103 m. N. by E. Springfield. OPIIIR, p. y., and cap. Butte co., Calif. : on the E. side of Feather r., 123 m. N. N. E. Vallejo. Pop. 3,000. OPORTO, p. o., St. Joseph county, Mich. : 69 m. S. W. Lansing. OPPENHEIM, t. and p. v., Fulton co., N. Y. : 61 m. N. W. Albany. Drained by small streams which flow into the Mohawk r. Bounded on the W. by East Canada cr. The v. is in the centre of t. The t. contains several stores and a number of mills. Pop. of t. 2,315. OQPAWKA, p. v., and cap. Henderson co., III. : on the E. bank of the Mississippi r., a few miles above the mouth of Henderson r., 105 m. N. W. Springfield. Situate on a sand ridge that extends from Henderson r. to the Mississippi. It is the landing for this and the adjoining counties, and prin cipal dep&t for freights between the Des Moines and Rock River Rapids. A railroad is in progress to connect this T. with Peoria. It contains the county court-house and usual number of public buildings. The " O. Spectator" (lit.) is published weekly. Pop. 1,200. ORAN, p. v., Onondaga co., N. T. : on a branch of Cana- seraga cr., 121 m. W. Albany. ORAN, p. v., Kosciusko co., Ind. : on La Porte post-road, lOb m. N. Indianapolis. ORANGE county, Flor. Situate E. of the peninsula, and contains 5,253 sq. m. Drained by St. John s r., which in its course from S. to N. (where it enters the Atlantic in Duval co.), passes through the different lakes by which the face of the country is diversified. The land is in general low and part of it marshy ; soil fertile. Chief productions cotton, rice, Indian corn, wheat, fruits of all kinds, vegetables, etc. On the Atlantic side are large lagoons, the land on the east ern shore stretching out and forming Cape Canaveral. Farms 19 ; manuf. ; dwell. 55, and pop. wh. 238, fr. col. 2, si. 226 total 466. Capital : Mellonville. ORANGE county, Ind. Situate S. toward the W., and con tains 395 sq. m. Drained by Lick cr. and branches, tribu taries of the E. fork of White r. Surface varied in the N". being rolling or undulating, and in the S. hilly; soil fertile and very productive. Staples, wheat and Indian corn. Timber is abundant. It has fine water privileges. Farms 1,118 ; manuf. 8 ; dwell. 1,841, and pop. wh. 10,559, fr. col. 250 total 10,809. Capital : Paoli. Public Works: New Albany and Salem R. R. ORANGE county, N. Y. Situate S., and contains 760 sq. m. Drained by Wallkill, Nevisink, and Shawangunk rivers in the cc-ntral portion, and branches of Delaware r. in the W. Surface various in parts being rather mountainous, in the W. are the Shawangunk range, and in the S. E. the High lands, the remaining portion is pleasantly diversified with hills and valleys; the soil is fertile and well adapted to grazing. This county is celebrated for its fine milk and butter, which, with wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes, form its chief productions. It abounds in minerals, and has large beds of magnetic iron ore. Farms 3,426 ; manuf. 357 ; dwell. 9,686, and pop. wh. 54.7S3, fr. col. 2.362 total 57,145. Capital: Goshen. Public Works: New York and Erie Railroad. ORANGE county, If. Car. Situate N. centrally, and con tains 676 sq. m. Drained by branches of Haw and Neuse rivers. Surface level ; soil fertile, and adapted to the growth of tobacco, etc. ; some cotton is also raised. Farms 1,082 ; manuf. 17 : dwell. 2,186, and pop. wh. 19,330, fr. col. 481, si. 5,244 total 17,055. Capital: Hillsboro . Public Works: North Carolina Central R. R. ORANGE county, Venn. Situate E., and contains 740 sq. m. Drained by Waits and Ompompanoosuc rivers and branches of White r. Surface in the N. and N. W. rocky and moun tainous, but in the eastern portion, along the banks of the Connecticut r., are some fine tracts of land ; soil various, generally suited for grazing, but producing good crops of grain and vegetables. Chief productions wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. This county contains iron and lead ores, slate and granite quarries, and has immense deposits of ochres. Farms 2,677 ; mariuf. 86; dwell. 5,192, and pop. wh. 27,277, fr. col. 19 total 27,296. Capital: Chelsea. Public Works : Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers R. R. ORANGE county, Virg. Situate centrally toward the E., and contains 376 sq. m. Drained by branches of North Anna and Rivanna rivers. Surface hilly ; soil fertile. Chief productions Indian corn and tobacco. Rapid Anna river runs along its N. W. border. Farms 335 ; manuf. 48 ; dwell. 756, and pop. wh. 3,962, fr. col. 184, si. 5,921 total 10,067. Capital: Orange. Public Works : Orange and Alexandria R. R. ; Virginia Central R. R., etc. ORANGE, p. v., Cherokee co., Ga. : situate on a branch of the Etowah r., Ill m. N. W. Milledgeville. ORANGE, p. o., Fayette county, Ind.: 31 m. E. by S. Indianapolis. ORANGE, t, and p. v., Franklin co., Mass. : 67 m.W. by N. Boston. Drained by Miller s r. Surface uneven ; soil bet ter adapted to pasturage than culture. There are several manufactories of different kinds. The v. is situated on the line of the Vermont and Massachusetts R. R., 37 m. from Fitchburg. The t. contains several stores and mills. Pop. of t 1,7m i. ORANGE, p. o., Branch county, Mich. : 57 m. W. by S. Lansing. ORANGE, t. and p. v., Essex co., N. Jer. : 45 m. N. E. Trenton. Drained by head waters of Rahway and Second rivers, and Peckman s branch of Passaic r., affording excel lent water-power. Surface mountainous; soil red shale, fertile, and in a good state of cultivation. There are several 629 OR A mills and manufactories in the t. The v. is on the line of the Morris and Essex E. K., 13 m. New York City, and con tains 4 churches, a number of stores, and about 200 dwell ings. A chalybeate spring is situate near the village. Shoe- making forms a great business in this neighborhood. Pop. of t. 4,385. ORANGE, t. and p. o., Steuben co., N. Y. : 175 in. W. by S. Albany. Drained by several small creeks, which flow into the Coshocton r., and bounded on the N. by an outlet of Seneca lake. Surface rolling ; soil very fertile. Population of t, 2,055. ORANGE, p. v., Mahoning county, Ohio: 138 m. N. E. Columbus. ORANGE, p. o., Luzerne county, Penn. : 85 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. OKANGE, t. and p. v., Orange co., Yei-m. : 11 m. E. by S. Montpelier. Drained by Wait s branch of White r., and Stevens branch of Onion r., producing very valuable water- power. Surface mountainous ; soil along the banks of the rivers rich and productive, the remainder inferior. Granite is found in large quantities, principally on Knox Mountain in N. E. part of the t White mica of excellent quality is also found here several inches square. The timber is mostly hard wood. Products of the t consist chiefly in cattle and wool. The v. is on the Bradford post-road, in centre of town. Pop. of 1. 1,007. ORANGE, p. v., and cap. Orange co., Virg. : at the junc tion of the Orange and Alexander E. E. with the Virginia Central E. E.,57 m. N. W. Richmond. It contains a court house, jail, 2 churches, a number of stores, about 80 dwell ings, and 450 inhabitants. ORANGEBOEG district, S. Car. Situate S. centrally, and contains 1,453 sq. m. Drained by North Edisto r. and its branches, and branches of South Edisto, which bounds it on the S. Surface level; soil moderately fertile. Chief productions cotton, rice, and Indian corn. Farms 1,082; manuf. 17; dwell. 2,186, and pop. wh. 19,330, fr. col. 481, si. 5,244 total 17,055. Capital: Ilillsboro . Public Works: South Carolina E. E. ; Columbia Branch E. E., etc. ORANGEBUKG, p. v., and cap. Orangeburg dist., & Car.: ORE on North Edisto r., and on the line of the Columbia Branch of the South Carolina E. E., 50 m. from Columbia. It con tains the court-house, jail, and other public buildings. Sev eral thousand pounds of Indigo are made here annually and carried to Augusta, Columbia, and Charleston ; there are two kinds the tame and the wild the latter of which is the most valuable. Pop. 800. ORANGEBURG, p. o., Mason county, Ky. : 71 m. N. E. Frankfort. ORANGE HILL, p. o., Washington co., Flor. : 87 m. W. Tallahassee. ORANGE LAKE, p. o., Marion co., Flor. : 125 m. S. W. Tallahassee. ORANGE PORT, p. o., Niagara co., 2T. Y. : on the Eochester, Lockport, and Niagara Falls E. E., 51 m. Eochester, 257 m. W. by N. Albany. ORANGE SPRINGS, p. v., Marion co., Flor. : on W. side of Octawaha r., and on the N. boundary of county, 157 m. S. E. Tallahassee. ORANGE SPRINGS, p. v., Orange co., Virg. : on a branch of North Anna r., 49 m. N. W. Richmond. OBANGEVILLE, t. and p. v., Wyoming co., N. Y. : 239 m. W. Albany. Drained by Tonawanda cr. Surface hilly; soil alluvial. The v. is in the centre There are in the t. several stores and mills, etc. Pop. 1,438. ORANGEVTLLE, p. o., Trumbull co., Ohio : 152 m. N. E. Columbus. ORANGEVILLE, p. v., Columbia co., Penn. : 55 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. ORBISONIA, p. v., Huntingdon county, Penn. : 65 m. W. Harrisburg. There are situate here 3 hot-blast furnaces, with an aggregate annual capacity of 1,500 tons each, 1 cold-blast furnace, 800 tons annual capacity, and 1 forge, producing 250 tons blooms and 75 tons bars annually. ORCUTT, sta., Tolland co., Conn. : on line of the New London, Willimantic, and Palmer E. E., 53 m. New London. ORCUTT CREEK, p. o., Bradford county, Penn. ; 99 m. N. Harrisburg. OREFIELD, p. o., Lehigh county, Penn. : 73 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. THE TERRITORY OF OREGON. OREGON, as relinquished by Great Britain to the United States in 1846, extends from 42 to 49 latitude north, and from the crest of the Eocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. As at present constituted, it is limited north by the Columbia river, to latitude 46, and by that line to the mountains aforesaid, the upper portion of the original territory having lately been erected into a territorial government, under the title of the " Territory of Washington." For the convenience of exhibiting the statistics of the country, however, it will be necessary to describe it as it existed before the separation. It contains altogether an area of 341,463 square miles. Oregon is naturally divided into three principal parallel sections, determined by the course of the mountains traversing it. The western section is bounded by the Cascade Mountains, and extends from them to the Pacific Ocean; the middle section lies between the Cascade Mountains and the Blue Mountains, and the eastern section between the latter and the crest of the Eocky Mountains. These several divisions have each distinct climatic characteristics, and differ in soil and productions. The mountain ranges extend in general in lines parallel with the coast, and often attain a height far above the summer snow line. The Cascade, or coast range, sometimes called the President s Eange, runs through the Territory north and south, at a distance from the sea-coast varying from 100 to 150 miles, and in many places rises in regular cones to the elevation of 12,000 to 14,000 feet above the level of the sea. Except when the Columbia breaks through it. the communication between the east and west is almost interrupted, and where there exists any mountain pass, the difficulties besetting it are such as to render it of little use to the traveler. The climate of the section west of this range is mild and genial the year round, and the winters remarkably short. Snow seldom lies on the ground a week together. The soil on the northern parts varies from a light brown loam to a thin vegetable earth, with gravel and sand as a subsoil. In the middle parts a rich, heavy loam prevails, but in many localities clay and a black loam, based on trap-rock, are found. The soils of the Willa mette valley and southern part generally are good, varying from a black vegetable loam to decomposed basalt, with clay, and portions of loose gravel soil. The hills are generally basalt, stone, and slate. Between the Umpqua and the south ern boundary, the rocks are primitive, consisting of slate, hornblende, and granite, which produces a poor and gritty soil. There are in the latter region, however, some rich lands, covered with oak. Gold has been found extensively in the rivers of the south. For the most part, the whole country wist of the Cascades is well timbered. It is intersected by spurs from the main range, which render the surface much broken, and these are covered with dense forests of pines, firs, spruce, oaks, ash, arbor vita?, etc., with a dense undergrowth for hazels, rubus, roses, etc. The prairies and river bottoms are excellent farming lands, and the uplands abound in rich pasturage. The Blue Mountains have an irregular course, and are frequently interrupted, but generally run north and south, com mencing in the Klamath range, near the California line. They are broken through by the Saptin, or Snake River, at the 630 OREGON. junction of the Kooskooskee, and branch off in hills of moderate elevation, until they again appear on the north side of the Columbia River, above the Okonagan, and finally connect with the Rocky Mountains, in the British territory. The climate of the middle section is much more extreme than in the west of the Cascade range, and its range more frequent and greater. It is, however, extremely salubrious, and the air bracing. No dew falls in this section. The soil in the hills is barren, but in the valleys a rich alluvian, varied indeed, but generally fertile. The general elevation of this section is about 1,000 feet above the sea level. In the north, the surface is broken by mountains and rivers, and quite unfit for agricultural purposes. The parts south of this, including the vicinities of the Columbia and Saptin rivers, the surface is rolling, and in every way a fine grazing country. Further south there is little good land, the whole being broken and desert, with scarcely a tree or useful vegetable, the artemesia alone seeming to flourish in the solitudes. The Rocky Mountains, forming the eastern border of the Territory, commence on the Arctic coast, and continue with little interruption until their subsidence at the central isthmus of the continent Along all the line bounding Oregon, only one eligible pass has yet been discovered, and that the Great South Pass lies on its extreme south-east corner, forming the gate of the country. Through this pass the emigration from the east comes in, and it is also the great thoroughfare of travel to Utah and California. The section immediately west of this can never be made available for settlement. Its climate is variable, and in a single clay the temperature may pass from winter to summer heat. Rain seldom falls, and but little snow. The surface is rocky, and presents an almost unbroken waste, while stupendous mountain spurs traverse it in all directions. This country is partially timbered. The Columbia is the great river of the country, and the recipient of all the other rivers of the Territory, having their origin eastward of the coast range of mountains. Its N. branch rises in the Rocky Mountains in about 50 N. lat. and 116 W. long., and thence pursues a N. route to near M Gillivray s Pass. Here the river is 3,600 feet above the sea-level, and, receiving Canoe River, it then turns 8., and in its course to Fort Colville it successively takes up the waters of nu merous tributaries, the chief of which are the Kootanie, or Flat Bow, and Flat Head or Clark s rivers. The Columbia is thus far surrounded by high mountains, and often expands into a chain of lakes. At Colville its elevation is 2,049 feet above the sea, having fallen 556 feet in 220 miles. To the S. of this point it tends to the W., receiving Spokan River from the E. ; thence it pursues a W. course for 60 miles, and bending to the S., receives Okonagon River, which has its source in a line of lakes extensively susceptible of canoe navigation. The Columbia thence passes S. until it reaches Walla Walla, in 45 N. lat., and receives the Saptin or Lewis River ; here the elevation of the Columbia is 1,2S6 feet, and its width about 3,500 feet. It now takes its last turn to the W., receiving the Umatilla, Quisnel s, John Day s, and Chute rivers from the 8., and Cathlatates from the N., and pursuing a rapid course for 80 miles, it passes the gorge of the Cascade Mountains in a series of falls and rapids, that form an insurmountable barrier to the passage of boats, even in time of flood, and are over come by portages. From this point there is still-water navigation for 40 miles, when rapids again interrupt free sailing, but hence to the ocean, 120 miles, the river, though frequently obstructed by bars, is open to vessels of less than 12 feet draft, In this part of its course it receives the Willamette River from the S., and the Cowlitz from the N. The Willa mette is navigable for small vessels to within 3 miles of its falls. Within a distance of 20 miles from the ocean, the Colum bia is greatly increased in width, and at its mouth, between Cape Disappointment and Cape Adams, its width is 7 miles, but from each of these capes a sand-bar extends which renders the actual navigable channel contracted and narrow. The mouth of the Columbia was discovered by Capt. Gray, of Boston, commander of ship Columbia, of 220 tons, on the llth May, 1792 ; and on the strength of this discovery the United States based their right to the territory watered by its tributaries. The Chekalis, to the north of the Columbia, is a considerable river, and perhaps next to it in importance. It rises from several sources in the Cascade Mountains, and after a very tortuous course, receiving some small streams issuing from the lakes in the high ground, near the head waters of Hood s Canal and Puget s Sound, discharges in Gray s Harbor. Its current is rapid and much obstructed, nor is it navigable except by canoes. Emptying into Puget s Sound are the rivers Nesqually and Tenalquit, or Shute s River, both affording excellent water-power and some navigation. On both these rivers there are flourishing settlements, and Olympia, a port of entry, lies at the mouth of the latter. The rivers south of the Columbia are Clatsop, Killamook, Yaquinna, Alseya, Umpqua, Sequatchie, and Rogue rivers, all falling into the Pacific Ocean. But two of these are worthy of notice, the majority of them being small and insignifi cant streams. The Umpqua meets the sea in about 43 54 N. lat. ; it is a large river, rising in the Cascade Mountains by two main branches, which meet in about lat. 43 20 , and thence, after a due north course of about 20 miles, the river turns suddenly to the west, expanding to a considerable width in its lower course. Its principal tributaries are the Elk and Smith s rivers. Settlements have been made along the course of this stream by gold hunters, brought here by the reported richness of its washings. Rogue s River rises in the same range, but farther south, and flows directly W. from its source. It has also become famous for its golden sands, and has attracted to its banks many adventurers. None of these rivers form harbors capable of receiving vessels of more than 8 feet draft, and their bars are dangerous on account of the surf that sets up to the coast. The character of the great rivers of Oregon is peculiar ; exceedingly rapid and sunk much below the general level, with perpendicular banks, they are, as it were, in trenches, it being difficult to get at the water in many places, owing to the steep basaltic walls ; and during their rise, which takes place in February and November, they are in many places confined by narrows, which back the water some distance, submerging lands and tracts of low prairie, giving the appearance of extensive lakes to the overflown country. The bars of these rivers are constantly changing, and it may be said that there is not a river on the Oregon coast, entrance to which is safe. Gray s Harbor will not admit vessels of more than 10 feet draft This, however, is not the case within the harbors formed within the straits of Juan de Fuca, of which there are many, and no part of the world forms finer inland sounds, or a greater number of harbors, than can be found here, capable of receiving the largest class of vessels, and without a danger in them that is not visible. From the rise and fall of the tides (18 feet) all facilities are afforded for the erection of works for a great maratime nation. The fisheries on the coast and in the rivers of Oregon are most extensive. The rivers abound in salmon of the finest flavor, and these form a great part of the subsistence of the Indians. The Columbia produces the largest, and probably affords the greatest numbers. The great fishery at the Columbia is at the Dalles, but all the rivers are well supplied. la the rivers and sounds are found several kinds of salmon, salmon trout, sturgeon, cod, carp, sole, flounders, ray, perch, herring, lampreys, and a kind of smelt, called shrow," in great abundance; also large quantities of shell flsh, viz., crabs clams, oysters, muscles, etc., which are all used by the natives. Whales are found along the coast, and frequently in and at the mouth of the Straits of Juan de Fuca. To the hunter Oregon is a paradise. Game, such as the elk, deer, antelope, bears, wolves, foxes, muskrats, martins, beavers, etc., exist in great abundance. In the middle section no game is found. In the eastern section the buffalo is 631 OREGON. met with. The fur-bearing animals are decreasing in numbers yearly, and even already dre so scarce as scantily to repay the expense of hunting them. The Hudson s Bay Company have almost the exclusive monopoly in this business. In the spring and fall the rivers are literally covered with ducks, geese, and other waterfowl. Oregon, in 1850, was divided into 10 counties,* the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, were aa follows : Counties. Dwell. Pop. ?" *[nr. Capitals. Benton 149... 814... 110... 1.. .Marysville Clackamas 368. . .1,859. . .150. . .13. . .Oregon City Clark 95... 643... 7. .. 4. . .Columbia City Clatsop 91... 4G2... 24... 2. ..Astoria Linn 172... 994... 138.. . 6. ..New Albany Counties. Dwell. P,,p. J giuwC Capitals. Lewis 146... 55S. . . 55... 3... Pacific City Marion 502. . .2,749. . .293. . .11 ... Salem. Polk 190. . .1,051. . .129. . . 2. . . Cynthian Washington 41S. . .2.651 . . .116. . . 5. . .Portland Yam Hill 243. . .1,512. . .142. . . 4. . .Willamette The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above dpte, 2.874, of families 2,374, and of inhabitants 13,293, yiz. : whites 13,087 males 8,142, and females 4,945, fr. col. 206 males 119, and females 87. Of the whole population, there were deaf and dumb, ; blind, ; insane wh. 4, fr. col. total 4 ; and idiotic wh. 4, fr. col. total 4. The number of free persons born in the United States was 11,992, the number of foreign birth 1,159, and of birth unknown 143; the native population originated as follows: Maine 129, N. Hamp. 44, Verm. Ill, Mass. 187, K. I. 20, Conn. 72, N. Y. 618, N. Jer. 69, Penn. 337, Del. IS, Md. 73, Dist. of Col. 15, Virg. 469, N. Car. 201, S. Car. 34, Ga. 22, Flor. 4, Ala. 20, Miss. 8, La. 6, Tex. 15, Ark. 61, Tenn. 402, Ky. 730, Ohio 653, Mich. 37, Ind. 736, 111. 1,023, Mo. 2,206, la. 452, Wise. 10, Calif. 25, Oregon 3,178, Territories 7. And the foreign population was composed of persons from England 207, Ireland 196, Scot land 106, Wales 9, Germany 125, France 45, Spain 0, Portugal 0, Belgium 11, Holland 1, Italy 5, Austria 0, Switzerland 8, Russia 1, Denmark 2, Norway 1, Sweden 2, Prussia 1, China 2, Asia 0, British America 293, Mexico 1, South America 6, West Indies 0, Sandwich Islands 50, and other countries 57. The general statistics of the products, industries, institutions, etc., of the territory, according to the census of 1850 and other official documents referring to the same period, are as follows: Occupied Lands, etc. Improved farm lands 132,857 acres, and farm lands unimproved 299,951 acres valued together at $2,849,170. Whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, 1S50, 1,164. Value of farming implements and machinery, $183,423. Live-Stock. Horses, 8,046; asses and mules, 420 ; milch cows, 9,427; working oxen, 8,114; other cattle, 24,188; sheep, 15,382 ; and hogs, 30,235. Value of live-stock, $1,876,189. Products of Animate. Wool, 29,686 pounds ; butter, 211,461 pounds; and cheese, 36,980. Value of animals slaugh tered during the year, $164.530. The average clip of wool per sheep was thus lib. 14$ oz. Grain Crops. Wheat, 211,943 bushels; rye, 106 bushels; Indian corn, 2,918 bushels; oats, 65,146 bushels; barley bushels, and buckwheat, bushels. Other Food Crops. Peas and beans, 6,566 bushels ; potatoes Irish, 91,326 bushels, and sweet, bushels. Miscellaneous Crops. Tobacco, 325 pounds ; hay, 373 tons; clover-seed, 4 bushels; other grass-seed, 22 bushels ; hops, 8 pounds; flax, 640 pounds; molasses, 24 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products $1,271 ; market-garden products $90,241. Home-made Manufactures were produced in the year to the value of $ Manufactures. Capital invested, $00,000 ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $00,000; hands employed, 000 males 000, and females 00; monthly cost of labor $00,000 male $0,000, and female $000; total value of annual pro ducts $000,000. Number of manufacturing establishments producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, 51. Commerce. Oregon has a considerable coasting trade with California in lumber, boards, and agricultural produce, and it has also some trade with the Atlantic ports, especially New York and Boston. With foreign countries its trade is lim ited. The amount of this can only be guessed at, as no general returns appear in the Treasury books. A report of the commerce of Astoria was made by the collector at that port for the year ending 1st April,, 1850, but of the other ports no accounts have been received. According to the document referred to, there had entered that port 6 ships, 30 barks, 28 brigs, and 5 schooners total 69 vessels, and 16,437 tons; from foreign ports 1,639 tons foreign, and 669 tons American shipping, and coastwise 14,129 tons American shipping. The duties collected for the year amounted to $26,408. The exports for the year were sawed lumber, 4,587,317 feet; square timber, 312,097 feet; round logs, 355; house frames, 40 ; shingles, 599,033 : leather, 124 sides ; flour, 3,766 barrels ; beef, 13 barrels ; pork, 6 barrels ; salmon, S3S bar rels; bread 37 barrels; oats, 497 bags; apples, 15 barrels ; cranberries, 6 barrels; bacon, 600 pounds; fire- wood. 8 cords; sauer kraut, 10 barrels; onions, 20 sacks, 12 hampers, and 42 bushels; butter, 23 barrels. 62 kegs, 2 firkins, and 8,000 Ibs.; cheese, 5.200 pounds, and 4 boxes ; eggs, 6 boxes, and 42 dozen ; potatoes, 64 bushels, 40 barrels, and 780 sacks. An ac count of the imports, says the collector, would furnish no satisfactory results, as the cargoes of vessels entering the Colum bia are mostly of small assorted lots, and although in the aggregate of considerable value, still they can not be ascertained in detail. The navigation of the Columbia Eiver is free to the Hudson s Bay Company, but goods introduced into the country through the mouth of the river, and landed for any other purpose than for portage, in aid of their being carried up the river and out of the territory, are subject to the duty. Government. The constitution of Oregon Avas promulgated in the law of Congress of the 14th August, 1848 : Every white male inhabitant of the Territory at the time of the passage of that law, 21 years old, who was a citizen of the United States, or who had on oath declared his intention to become such, or who should take the requisite oaths, was allowed to vote or be chosen to office at the first election ; but the legislature may prescribe further limitations. The Legislature is styled the General Assembly, and consists of a council of 9 members, and of a House of Eepre- sentatives, of not less than 18, nor more than 30 members. Members of both houses must have the qualifications of voters. Councilors are chosen for three years, and representatives for one year. All laws passed by this legislature must be sub mitted to Congress for approval or rejection. No session must continue more than 60 days. No bank, or any thing like a bank, shall be chartered or permitted to exist in the Territory, as a branch of an institution chartered elsewhere or other wise, and the Territory shall issue no scrip, neither pledge its faith, nor in any way borrow money. Salmon must not be prevented from passing up and down the streams. The governor, appointed by the President, holds office for four years, and until his successor is appointed and qualified. * Pacific, Linn, Utnpqua, and Lane, are new counties. Lewis, Clark, and Pacific counties are now comprised in the Territory of Washington, and together, in I860, contained 1,201 inhabitants OREGON. He is removable by the appointing power. The governor is ex-qfflcio Superintendent of Indian Affairs ; may grant par dons and respites for offenses against territorial laws, and reprieve until the President s will be known, for those against the laws of the United States. The secretary, justices, attorney, and marshal, are also appointed by the President. The secretary holds office for five years, is removable by the President, and in default of the governor fills his place. The Judiciary consists of a Supreme and District courts. There are three judicial districts, in each of which a judge appointed for four years and until a successor be appointed and qualified, holds a district court, with law and equity jurisdiction as may be regulated by statute, and the same three judges hold the supreme court, to which, cases not to be tried by a jury may be removed by appeal from the district courts. \Vrits of error and appeal from the decisions of the supreme court, lie to the Supreme Court of the United States where the matter in dispute exceeds $2,000, or where the constitution, or a treaty of the United States, or acts of Congress, are in question. In cases arising out of the Constitution of the United States, or of territorial laws, the district courts have the same jurisdiction as the United States district and circuit courts. Other prominent provisions of the fundamental law, are: The Secretary of the Treasury of the United States shall regulate all disbursements of .money intrusted to the governor or secretary; the inhabitants shall enjoy the benefits of the Ordinance of 17S7; existing laws, compatible with the constitution of the United States, and with this act, unless repealed by the legislature shall remain in force, except those affecting the title to land, which are void ; a delegate to Congress, who shall be a citizen of the United States, shall be chosen by a plurality of votes ; $5,000 is appropriated to the purchase of a territorial library ; sections 16 and 36 in every township are set apart for the benefit of schools ; all the ports of the mainland form the collection district of Oregon, and Astoria is made a port of entry ; a port of delivery may be established on Puget s Sound, and one other elsewhere; $15,000 is appropriated for light-houses and buoys, etc. On the 27th September, 1850, an act was passed, providing for a Surveyor-General of the Territory, and to provide for the survey, and to make donations to settlers of the public lands. Its principal provisions are as follows : There is granted to every settler or occupant of the public lands, American half-breed Indians included, above the age of 18, a citizen of the United States, or having made a declaration of his intention to become a citizen, or who shall make such declaration on or before Dec. 1, 1851, now residing in said Territory, or who shall become a resident on or before Dec. 1, 1850, and who shall have resided upon and cultivated the same for four consecutive years, and shall give satis factory proof of settlement and cultivation within 12 months after the surveys have been made, one half-section or 820 acres of land, if a single man, and if married, or if he shall be married within one year from Dec. 1, 1850, one section or 640 acres, one half to himself and the other half to his wife, to be held by her in her own right ; and the surveyor-general shall designate the part enuring to the husband and that to the wife, and enter the same on the records of his office, and when married persons become entitled to a grant, and either shall die before the patent issues, the survivor ami children shall be entitled to equal portions of the estate, unless it is disposed of by will, under the laws of Oregon. "When an alien has declared his intention to become a citizen, and shall die before naturalization, his possessory right shall go to his heirs or devisees. Donations shall embrace the land actually occupied by the settler, shall be in a compact form, and shall be taken as nearly as practicable by legal subdivisions, and shall be claimed within three months from the completion of the survey. Contracts for the sale of the land before the patent is issued are void. If any settler shall die before the expira tion of said four years, his right shall descend to his heirs in equal parts. To all white male citizens of the United States, or persons who shall have made a declaration of intention to become such, above the age of 21, emigrating to and settling in said Territory between Dec. 1, 1850, and Dec. 1, 18o3, and to all white male American citizens, not hereinbefore provided for, becoming 21 years of age in said Territory and settling there between the times last aforesaid, who shall comply with the foregoing provisions, there is granted one-quarter section or 160 acres of land, if a single man ; or if married, or if he shall be married within one year from his arrival in said Territory, or within one year after becoming 21 years of age, then one half-section or 320 acres, one half to the husband and the other half to the wife in her own right, to be designated by the Surveyor-General. No person shall ever receive a patent for more than one donation of land in said Territory, in his or her own right. No claims upon sections 16 and 36 for residence and cultivation of the same, after the survey, shall be valid. Certain lands are given for the endowment of a university. No mineral lands, nor lands reserved for salines, can be claimed under this act. All persons claiming land under this act, by virtue of settlement and cultivation commenced subsequent to Dec. 1, 1850, must first make oath that the land claimed by them is for their own use and cultivation ; that they are not acting as agents for others in making such claims; and that they have made no sale or transfer, or any agreement for any sale or transfer, ! or by which the said land shall enure to the benefit of any other person, and persons making false or fraudulent oaths or aflJrmations shall be subject to all the pains and penalties of perjury. Religion* Denominations. -The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State in 1850, according to the census of that year, were as follows : Denomina tions. Jewish .... ....$ Lutheran ... .... Mennonite... .... Methodist.... 1 .... 500 .... 22,000 Moravian. ... .... .... Presbyterian. 1 200 5,000 R. Catholic... 5 ....1,S33.... 41,320 Swedcnbo n.. ... Denomhia- No. of Church Value of tions. Churches, accom. Property. Baptist 1 100 $2,000 Christian Congregafl.. 1 500 6,200 Dutch Kef... Episcopal ... Free Friends German Kef. .. , . No. of Church Churches, accom. Value of Property. Denomina- No. of Churches. Church Value of accom. Property. Tunker $ Union .... Unitarian Universalist .. Minor Sects .. Total.... 9 ....3,133.... $76,520 Oregon Territory forms a part of the Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical province, of which Oregon City is the metropolitan see, and comprises the diocese of Oregon City, Wallawalla, Fort Hall, and Colville. The Episcopal Church has not yet been established in the Territory. Educational St<tti#tic4.U is not expected that education in eo sparsely populated a Territory as Oregon can have made much progress. No statistics are yet published on which dependence can be placed, but it is well known that in all the cities there are not only common schools, but respectable academies, and provision has already been made for a college or university. The grant of the 16th and 36th section in each township of land for educational purposes is double the amount allowed to the western and other new States, and in course of time will become an ample fund. H4 633 ORE OKI Oregon, as a field of labor for the farmer, mechanic, and scholar, or the Christian, has become conspicuous, and will continue to attract more and more the attention of the virtuous and industrious who shall emigrate from the Atlantic States. While California, poor in soil and most of the conditions for steady industry, holds out her peculiar attractions to those who, by a temporary sojourn, would make haste to be rich, Oregon offers a home to all who would become perma nent members of a community relying upon the pursuits of agriculture and the arts for prosperity. What the first has been in the eyes of men of commerce, the last has come to be in the view of those who cultivate the soil or follow the me chanic arts. These two countries, though adjoining, differ no less widely in their physical capabilities than in the exam ples they are furnishing of the law of colonization. In the one case wealth precedes educational and religious establish ments and the reign of law and order ; native gold dug from the earth or gathered from its surface, or separated from the pulverized rock, furnishes the means of support for churches, school-houses, and colleges, long before a community appears that recognizes them as indispensable elements in the machinery of the State. In the other, while wealth is an , ticipated as the reward of long-continued effort, and as incidental to the sure and steady growth of a different class of interests, the members of the new community can not dispense with institutions which should accompany the colonizers as their household gods. This mode of settlement is one that commends itself to those who hope well for the ultimate character of those portions of our country yet to be occupied. It is the only way in which a great State can ever be built up. The deep foundations of prosperity rest upon the labors of a colony actuated by such views of life and effort The sovereignty over this Territory was long claimed both by the United States and Great Britain, and after 1818 was held in joint occupancy, being, however, subject to neither. The coasts of this country were discovered by the Spaniards in the 16th century, but in 1792 the discovery of the Columbia River, by Captain Gray, gave to the United States a claim to sovereignty. The British derived their claim from discovery and occupation. In 1804-5-6 Captains Lewis and Clarke explored the country from the mouth of the Missouri to the mouth of the Columbia, and spent the winter of 1S05-6 on the Pacific. In 1SOS the first trading-house established on the waters of the Columbia was erected by the Missouri Fur Com pany on Lewis River. In 1810 the Pacific Fur Company, at the head of which was the late John Jacob Astor, of New York, was founded, and in the following year Fort Astoria was built at the mouth of the Columbia. This fort was taken during the last war by the English, but peace returning, it was again delivered by the British Government to its original owners. The disputes respecting the sovereignty were renewed in 1845, and in 1S46 a treaty between England and the United States defined the line of 49 as the division between the territories of the two nations. The people of Oregon hitherto had existed under a government of their own, and made their own laws. A bill to establish a territorial govern ment passed the House of Representatives 16th January, 1847, but was not acted on by the Senate. In 1848 a bill passed both houses of Congress, and was approved by the President, 14th August. The government was soon after organized according to the provisions of the new law, and the independent government ceased. The emigration to Oregon is con tinually increasing in numbers. SALEM, on the east side of the Willamette River, is the political capital of the State. OREGON county, J/o. Situate S., and contains 1,756 sq. m. Drained by Eleven Point and branches of Spring rivers. Surface generally even ; soil moderately fertile, and yields average crops of corn, wheat, etc. This is a fine mineral county, containing excellent beds o<" iron, copper, and lead ores, with others of importance. King s Mount is situate in the N. Much of the land is covered with pine and other timber. Farms 130 ; manuf. 3 ; dwell. 252, and pop. wh. 1.392, fr. col. 22, si. 18 total 1,432. Capital: Thomasville. OREGON, p. o., Jefferson county, Ala. : 84 miles N. W. Montgomery. OREGON, p. o., Lancaster county, Penn. : 31 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. OREGON, p. o., Clarke county, Ind. : 87 miles S. by E. Indianapolis. OREGON, p. v., and cap. Holt co., Mo. : 195 m. N. W. Jefferson City, and near the left bank of the Missouri r. It contains the court-house and several dwellings. OREGON, p. o., Chautauque co., N. Y. : 295 m. W. S. W. Albany. OREGON, p. o., Warren co., Ohio : 71 m. S. W. Columbus. OREGON, sta., Seneca co., Ohio : on the line of the Mad River and Lake Erie R. R., 46 m. Sandusky City. OREGON, t. and p. v., Dane co., Wise. : in the S. part of the county. Drained by a branch of Sugar r. Surface roll ing. The lands are very good, and the soil well adapted to agricultural purposes. Pop. of t 638. OREGON, p. o., Lincoln county, Tenn. : 67 m. S. $ E. Nashville. OHEGON CITY, p. v., and cap. Ogle co., HI. : on the right bank of Rock r., 159 m. N. | E. Springfield. Pop. 540. OREGON CITY, p. v., and cap. Clackamas co., Oreg. Ter. : on the right bank of the Willamette r., 34 m. N. E. Salem and 12 m. above Portland. The falls at this place afford it an immense water-power, which has been improved to some extent It was formerly the territorial capital, and contains the co. buildings. The " Statesman" and " Spec tator" are newspapers published here. The v. has thriving trade, and may be considered as the commercial dep&t of CM the upper Willamette country. The office of the U. S. sur veyor-general is stationed here. Pop. 697. OREGONIA, p. o., Tuscaloosa co., Ala. : 87 m. W. N. "W. Montgomery. ORE HILL, p. o., Litchfleld co., Conn. : 37 m. W. Hartford. ORFORD, t and p. o., Grafton co., N. Ilamp. : on the Con necticut r., 51 m. N. W. Concord. Drained by several small streams flowing into the Connecticut r. Soil in general fer tile. Near the centre of the t are situate mounts Cuba and Sunday. At the foot of a high mountain, near the river, limestone is found in abundance grey granite and a fine quality of soap-stone are found in many places. Galena, or lead ore, of fine texture, has been discovered in consid erable quantities. There are some flourishing farms along the banks of the river. The v. is connected with Fairlee by a bridge, at which point there is a station on the Connecti cut and Passumpsic R. R., 22 m. N. White River Junction, Verm. The t. contains several mills. Pop. of 1 1,406. ORFORDVILLE, p. v., Grafton county, 2f. Ilamp. : on the Wentworth post-road, 54 m. N. W. Concord. ORIENT, t. and p. o., Aroostook co., He. : 143 m. N. E. Augusta. Chapatnetecook, or Grand, and North lake, form its E. boundary. Drained by a stream flowing into North lake. It is a fine agricultural town. Pop. 207. ORIENT, p. v., Suffolk county, N. Y. : until recently called " Oyster Pond," 193 m. S. E. Albany. Is very pleasantly situated, commanding a view of Long Island Sound on the N., and Gardiner s bay on the S. and E. ORION, p. o.. Pike co., Ala. : 38 m. S. E. Montgomery. ORION, p. v., Henry co., III. : 113 m. N. N. W. Springfield. ORION, p. o., Richland county, Wise. : 58 miles W. by N. Madison. ORISKANY, p. v., Oneida co., 2T. Y.: on Oriskany cr., and on the Syracuse and Utica R. R. and Erie Canal, 7 m. from I Utica, and S& m. N. W. Albany. The " Oriskany Manufac- j turing Company" have large manufactories here, and are extensively engaged in the manufacture of woolen goods. ORISKANY creek, N. Y. : rises in Madison co., and (lowing N. E. enters the Mohawk r. at Oriskany village, Oneida co, ; ORI It is a valuable mill stream. On it are situate extensive cotton and woolen factories. ORISKANY FALLS, p. v., Oneida co., N. Y. : 95 m.W. byN. Albany, on the Oriskany cr. and Chenango Canal, where the fall is from 30 to 35 feet, affording excellent water-power. There are a number of mills at this point. ORIZABA, p. o., Tippah county, Miss.: 167 m. N. by E. Jackson. ORLAND, p. v., Steuben county, Ind. : on Fawn r., 141 m. N. E. Indianapolis. OKLAND, p. o., Cook co., HI. : 175 m. N. E. Springfield. ORLAND, t. and p. v., Hancock co., Me. : on the E. side of Penobscot r., 53 m. E. by N. Augusta. There are a number of ponds in the town, by the outlets of which it is drained. Soil is good. It has fine facilities for trade by water, but none of importance is carried on. Orphan island is directly opposite, and but a short distance from the t. Population of 1. 1,580. ORLEAN, p. o., Fauquier county, Virg. : 79 m. N. by "W. Eichmond. ORLEANS parish, La. Situate S. E., and contains 153 sq. m. It is almost insulated by the adjacent lakes and riv ers. On the N. is Lake Pontchartrain and the Eigolets, on the S. E. Lake Borgne, and on the S. the Mississippi r. and Bayou Bienvenu, which latter connects the r. with Lake Borgne. Between the Eigolets and Lake Borgne are sev eral swamp islands, on one of which is Fort Pike, command ing the entrance to Lake Pontchartrain. The main-land is also a continuous swamp, but in parts is capable of being used for sugar, rice, cotton, etc., and here also are produced large supplies of garden vegetables and fine delicious fruits, which are so abundant in the New Orleans markets. The production is very small, however, in relation to the extent of the parish ; but perhaps no other part of the world re ceives a greater share of commercial material from tributary districts, New Orleans, its capital, being the dep6t of the great Mississippi valley. Farms 51 ; manuf. 521 ; dwell. 15,621, and pop. wh. 9L355, fr. col. 10,033, si. 18,063 total 109,461. Capital: New Orleans. Public Works: New Orleans, Jackson, and Northern E. E. ; Mexican Gulf E. E. ; New Orleans and Carrollton E. E. ; New Orleans, Milne- burg, and Lake Pontchartrain E. E., etc. ORLEANS county, N. Y. Situate N. W., and contains 372 sq. m. Drained by Johnson s, Oak Orchard, and Sandy creeks, which fall into Lake Ontario. Surface is divided into three distinct terraces, rising successively one above Ihe other, the highest elevation being about 400 feet above the level of the lake ; soil fertile, a deep loam, with sand and clay intermixed. It contains some beds of bog-iron ore, and some brine and sulphur springs. Agriculture is the jleading pursuit. Farms 2,271; manuf. 232; dwell. 5,273, land pop. wh. 28,399, fr. col. 102 total 23,501. Capital: Albion. Public Works: Eochester, Lockport, and Niagara Falls E. E. ; Erie Canal. ORLEANS county, Verm. Situate N., and contains 641 sq. m. Drained by Black, Barton, and Clyde rivers, which flow into Memphremagog lake in the N., and by chief branches of Onion and Nussisque rivers. Surface undulating and diversified with small lakes; soil fertile and easy of cultivation, suited for grain. It has considerable commerce with Canada by way of Lake Memphremagog. Farms 2,055; manuf. 68: dwell. 2,780, and pop. wh. 15,693, fr. col. 14 total 15,707. Capital: Irasburg. Pallia Works: Atlantic and St Lawrence E. E., and a projected railroad from this toward Eouse s Point ORLEANS, p. v., Orange co., Ind. : on the New Albany and Sulem E. E., 57 m. from New Albany, and 75 m. S. by \V. Indianapolis. OKLEANS, p. o., Alleghany co., Md.: 137 m. W. N. W. of Annapolis. ORLEANS, t. and p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : 68 m. S. E. Boston. It extends across Cape Cod, with Nauset harbor on the N. E. and washed by Pleasant bay on the S. A very ORW pleasant v. is situated in the centre of the t., about 20 milea from the court-house. Surface rolling ; soil barren. Chief occupation of inhabitants, fishing and manufacture of salt. There are several islands in the bay belonging to this town. Pop. of 1. 1,848. ORLEANS, p. v., Polk county, Mo. : on the E. fork Sac r. 100 m. S. W. Jefferson City. ORLEANS, p. o., Ontario county, N. Y. : 173 m. W. by N. Albany. OKLEANS FOUR CORNERS, p. o., Jefferson county, M Y. : 153 m. N. N. W. Albany. ORME S STOKE, p. o., Bledsoe county, Tenn. : 91 m. S. E. Nashville. ORNEVILLE, t and p. v., Piscataquis co., Me. : 67 m. N. E Augusta. Drained by the head waters of Pushaw (a branch of Penobscot r.), which has its source in a pond in the cen tre of the t. Surface rolling ; soil fertile ; adapted to grain. The Bangor post-road passes through the v. Pop. of t. 424. ORO, p. v., and cap. Placer co., Calif.: on E. side of Feather r., 29 m. N. E. Vallejo. Pop. about 3,000. ORONO, t. and p. v., Penobscot co.,Me. : on the right bank of the Penobscot r., 67 m. N. E. Augusta. Drained by two small streams flowing into Pushaw lake on its N. W. border. The soil is well adapted to the production of wheat, which is raised in large quantities. March s island, in the Penob scot r., in fact belongs to the town. Extensive trade in lum ber is carried on between here and Bangor. The Bangor and Piscataquis E. E. passes through the t, on which is a station called Upper Stillwater, 9 m. from Bangor. The L contains several lumber-yards and workshops, numerous mills, and a number of stores and dwellings. Pop. 2,735. ORONOCO, p. o.. Amherst co., Virg. : 79 m. W. Eichmond. ORPHAN S island, Penobscot county, Me. : its N. part lies directly opposite the t. of Bucksport, fo which it is attached ; it divides the Penobscot r. into two branches; on the "W. or main branch, called the "Narrows," is a fort constructed by the United States government. Its E. branch is called East Eiver. The island derived its name from an orphan who inhabited it at one time, it being her part of the Waldo es tate. It is 4 m. in length, and contains 5,000 acres of land. ORRINGTON, t. and p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : on E. side of Penobscot r., 59 m. N. E. Augusta. A pond and a small stream flowing into the Penobscot r., affords good water- power and fine mill-seats. Soil of good quality, well adapted to wheat, which is raised in large quantities. The facilities for navigation are excellent The village is pleasantly situated on the banks of the Penobscot, and is a place of considerable manufacturing industry. Population of town 1,852. ORRSTOWN, p. v., Franklin co., Penn. : on a fork of Cone- dogwinit cr., 40 ra. W. S. W. Harrisburg. ORRSVILLE, p. v., Gwinnett co., Ga. : on E. side of Chat- tahoochie r., 93 m. N. N. W. Milledgeville. ORRSVILLE, p. v., Armstrong co,., Penn. : on E. bank of the Alleghany r., at mouth of Mahoning cr.,141 m.W. N.W. Harrisburg. ORRVILLE, sta., Wayne co., Ohio : on the line of the Ohio and Pennsylvania E. E., 11 m. E. from Wooster, and 84 m. N. E. Columbus. ORRVILLE, p. o., Mecklenburg co., 2f. Car. : 115 m. W. S.W. Raleigh. ORRVILLE, p. o., Dallas co., Ala. : 47 m. W. Montgomery. ORWELL, t. and p. v., Oswego co., XT. Y. : 133 m.W. N.W. Albany. Drained by Salmon r. and its branches. Surface rolling; soil fertile in parts; generally sandy, with good woodlands. The v. is situated in the centre of the town. Pop. of 1. 1,106. ORWELL, t. and p. v., Ashtabula co., Ohio : 152 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Grand r. and its branches. Surface elevated and well wooded ; soil good. Pop. of t 825. ORWELL, t. and p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : 109 m. N.|E. Harrison. Drained by two creeks flowing into the Susque- hanua r. Surface uneven, in parts hilly ; soil fertile. The 635 ORW OSW manufactures consist principally of woolen goods. Popula tion of t. 1,827. ORWELL, t. and p. v., Kutland co., Verm. : on E. side of Lake Champluin, opposite Ticonderoga, N. I ., 45 m. S. \V Montpelier. Drained by a branch of Onion r. and a stream flowing into the lake. Surface varied, in parts rugged, the remaining even and very fertile, producing grain in grea abundance. The streams afford ex client mill privileges Epsom salts are procured from a spring in the t., near the lake shore. Mount Independence is in the W. part of the t., near the lake celebrated in the Revolutionary War. First settled in 1783. The v. is situate centrally. Popula tion of t. 1,470. OKWIGSBURG, p. b., and cap. Schuylkill county, Pcnn. . 49 m. N. E. Harrisbnrg and 3 m. N. of the line of the Phil adelphia and Heading li. E., on which is a station of same name, 7 m. from Pottsville. The b. contains the court house, jail, and other public buildings. The " Skenna des Folks" (dem.), is a weekly issue. Pop. 903. OSAGE county, Mo. Situate E. centrally, and contains 855 sq. m. Drained by Gasconade r. and other streams of the Missouri, which bounds it on the N. Surface hilly ; soil fertile. Timber is found on the land. Farms 711 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 1,082, and pop. \vh. 6,434, fr. col. 0, si. 270 total 6,704. Capital: Linn. OSAGE, p. v., Crawford co., Mo. : on Osage fork of Mara- mec r., 67 m. S. E. Jefferson City. OSAGE, p. o., Carroll co., Ark. : on Osage fork of King r, 116 m. N. W. Little Eoek. OSAGE, p. o., Fremont co., la. : 223 m. S. W. Iowa City. OSAGE river, Mo. : rises in the Indian Territory, flows into the State of Missouri, and after a winding course through the counties of Bates, St. Clair, Benton, Camden, and Miller, forms the d ivision between Cole and Osage, and enters the Missouri r. at Formosa village. 9 m. E. Jefferson City. It is 375 yards wide at its mouth, and navigable for steamboats 275 m. Length about 400 m. The land along its borders is in general very fertile. It has numerous tributaries which afford extensive hydraulic-power to several counties in its course. OSAGE POINT, p. o., Benton co., Ark. : on Prairie creek, 152 m. N. W. Little Eock. OSANIPPA, p. o., Chambers county, Ala. : 67 m. N. by E. Montgomery. OSBORN, p. v., Eock co., Wise. : 25 m. S. by E. Madison. OSBORN, sta., Greene co., Ohio : on Mad Eiver and Lake Erie E. E., 148 m. Sandusky and 70 m. Cincinnati. OSBORNE HOLLOW, p. o., Broome county, 17. Y. : 115 m. W. by S. Albany. OSBORN S BRIDGE, p. o., Fulton co., N. Y. : 39 m. N. W. Albany. OSBORN S FORD, p. v., Scott county, Virg. : on Clinch r., 175 m. S. W. by S. Eichmond. OSCEO, sta., Hillsdale co., Mich. : on the Michigan South ern E. E., 64 m. W. Monroe and 58 m. S. Lansing. OSCEOLA county, Mich. Situate W. centrally of the South Peninsula, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by the Mas- kegon r. and its affluents, and branch of the Manistee r. Surface elevated, but level ; soil generally deep and rich mold. Organized since 1850. OSCEOLA, t, and p. o., Lewis co., N. Y. : 119 m. N". W. Albany. Drained by Salmon r. and its tributaries. Popu lation of t. 412 . OSCODA county, Mich. Situate N. E. of the South Penin sula, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Au Sable r., "which traverses its central part. Surface level ; soil in most parts fertile. Set off since 1850. OSELIOHA, p. o., Chambers county, Ala. : 61 m. N. E. Montgomery. OSEOLA, p. v., and cap. St. Clair co., Mo. : on the S. side of Osage r., 93 m. W. S. W. Jefferson City. The county court-house is situate here. The "Oseola Independent" (whig) is issued weekly. Pop. 600. OSIIAUKUTA, p. o., Columbia co., Wise. : 31 m. N. Madison. OSIIKOSH, p. v., and cap. Winnebago co., Wise. : on W. side of Lake Winnebago, and 78 m. N. E. Madison. There are two papers, the Oshkosh Democrat" and " Telegraph," issued here. Pop. about 6UO. OSKALOOSA, p. v., and cap. Mahaska county, la-. : on the Iowa City post-road, near a branch of the Des Monies r., 61 m. S. W. Iowa City. It contains the county court-house. The " 0. Herald" (whig) is issued weekly, Pop. 625. OSNABUKG, t. and p. v., Stark county, Ohio: 104 miles N. E. by E. Columbus. Drained by the tributaries of Sandy river. Surface hilly ; soil good, with forest of good oak timber. The v. is a thriving place, and has several stores and mechanic shops. Pop. of t. 2,227. OSSABAW island and sound. Bryan co., Ga. : at the mouth of Ogeechee r. The island is flat and sandy, the sound is an inlet between this island and Warren island. The island is 10 m. long. OSSAWA, p. o., Clinton county, Mich. : 37 m. W. by N. Lansing. OSSIAN, t. and p. v., Alleghany county, N. Y. : 178 m. "W. Albany. Drained by Canaseraga cr. and a few small streams which flow into the Gene.see r. The Buffalo and New York City E. E. passes through the S. W. part of t Surface roll ing: soil very fertile. There are in the t. several mills and dwellings, and places of instruction. The v. is situated on a tributary of Canaseraga cr. Pop. of 1. 1,283. OSSIAN, p. v., Wills co., Ind. : on a branch of Bee cr., 91 m. N. E. Indianapolis. OSSIPEE, t., p. v., and cap. Carroll co., N. Hamp.: 34m. N. N. E. Concord. Drained by Ossipee r., outlet of a lake so called, lying on its N. E. border. There are several small streams and ponds in the t. ; soil fertile. Ossipee Mountain lies in the N. W. part and extends into the adjoining towns, it is 6- or S miles in length, and is so elevated that in easterly storms the wind breaking over the summit frequently causes much injury to the farms and buildings at its base. There is a mound near the W. shore of Ossipee lake 45 or 50 feet in diameter and 10 feet high, from which have been taken several entire skeletons, and also tomahawks, etc., giving cause to the supposition, that the tribe of Indians once so pow erful in this vicinity had their principal residence here. In corporated in 1785. The v. is on the W. side of Ossipee lake, and contains the court-house and other public build- ngs, a number of stores, and some mills. Pop. of t. 2,128. OSSIPEE mountains, Carroll co., N. Hamp. : a little N. of the N. part of Winnipiseogee lake, extending E. 8 m., to within about 4 m. of Ossipee lake. Ossipee forms in part what is termed the Eastern Eange. OSTKND, p. o., M Henry county, III. : 169 m. N. N. E. Springfield. OSTEND, p. o., Washington county, Ohio : 83 m. S. E. Columbus. OSTEKVILLE, p. v., Barnstable co., Mass.: opposite Grand sland, 54 m. S. E. Boston. OSWAYO, p. o., Potter co., Penn. : 115 m. N.W. Harrisburg. OSWEGATCUIE river, Ji. Y. : rises by two branches in N. >art of Herkimer co., pursues a circuitous course of 125 no. hrough St. Lawrence co., in a N. W. direction, and flows nto the St. Lawrence river at Ogdensburg. OSWEGO county, N. Y. Situate in the N., to the E. of Lake Ontario, and contains 923 sq. m. Drained by Oswego .nd Salmon rivers, and Salmon, Catfish, Scott, Scriba, and Black creeks, by which good water-power is supplied. Surface in general rolling, but in the N. rising to hills; soil rtile, producing fine crops of grain. This county contains ome minerals, the principal being bog-iron ore. It has me fine ponds or lakes by which the face of the country s diversified. Farms 4,497 ; manuf. 640 ; dwell. 11,064, and )0 p. wh. 61.980, fr. col. 218 total 62,193. Capitttlx : Os- vego and Pulaski. PuUic Works: Oswego and Syracuse E. E. ; Watertown and Rome E. E. ; Oswego Canal, etc. OSWEGO, t. and p. v., Kendall co., HI. : on the left bank of osw osw Fox r., a constituent of the Illinois r., 143 m. N. E. Spring field. The Aurora Extension liailroad runs on the opposite side of the r., about 2 m. distant. Pop. 1,599. OSWEGO, p. city, port of entry, and alternately with Pu- laski, cap. Oswego co., JV. 1". : on both sides of Oswego r., at its entrance into Lake Ontario, 149 m.W. N. W. Albany. The mouth of the river forms the harbor, which has been much improved by artificial works, and it has falls just above which, though preventing its being navigated, furnish im mense hydraulic power. Next to Sackett s Harbor, that of Oswego is th best on the south side of the lake. The har bor improvements consists of piers jutting into the lake, forming a "gut," in which the water has a depth of from 12 to 20 feet. It is connected with the Erie by the Oswego Canal at Syracuse, and with the Central liailroad by the Syracuse and Oswego line. These afford it facile commu nication with tide-water, and are the channels of an im mense commerce coastwise, and from Canada. At present it is the chief American dep6t for the trade passing through the Welland Canal, and from Toronto and other British ports on the lake. The collection district of which Oswego is the port of entry, commences at Stony Point, and extends to the W. ishore of Sodus Bay, 80 miles. The shipping places are (Texas, Port Ontario, Sandy creek, Oswego, Little Sodus, |and Sodus Point. The tonnage of vessels enrolled and j.icensed within the district in 1850 was 22,404 tons, of which U,079 tons were navigated by steam. Nine vessels (500 jns) were built during the year. The clearances in tha foreign trade in 1850 were 1.598 (251,799 tons), of which 660 were American (182,789 tons), and 938 foreign (69,010 tons) ; ind the entrances were 1,657 (195,793 tons), of which 681 were American (122,311 tons), and 976 foreign (73,482 tons). The commerce of the port of Oswego for the year 1848, iccording to the report of T. D. Andrews to Congress, in December, 1850, is exhibited in the annexed tables : ARRIVALS. Vessels. No. Tons. Men. American 292 91,21.8 4,101 Foreign 5-37 42,104 2,560 Coastwise 1,563 342,403 16.489 Total 2,392 475,925 23.150 CLEARANCES. Ve^els. No. Tons. American 313 101.774 Foreign 522 38,478 Coastwise 1,448 336.949 Men. 4,219 2,417 . . 15.532 Total 2.2S3 477,201 22,168 : The total value of imports from foreign countries was i&524,045, of which $108,360 was the value of merchandise ijrought in foreign vessels, and $415,685 of that brought in \merican vessels; and the total value of goods exported to oreign countries was $1.301,471, of which $938,514 was the yalue of foreign, and $452,927 of domestic goods Of the oreign goods exported, the value carried in American ves sels was $ 242,609, and in foreign vessel*, $695,935. Among ;he imports are enumerated the following articles: Articles. Paying Duty. Free of Duty. Warehoused. Lumber 26,640,000 feet .. - feet W heat 98,048 bush. . . .... 58,708 bush. Flour 19 bbls. . . 49,252 bbls. Wool 31. 279 Ibs. .. . . 2,000 Ibs. pal of all imports $216.011 .. $7,751 .. $300,273 Among the exports of foreign goods, the following are enumerated: Inicles. Bull a to Drawback. NotEntitled. From Wareire. ? ne ar 8,972,049 Ibs. . . - Ibs. . . 216,642 Ibs. Tea .. 647,884" .. Spirits 3.200 gls. .. .. 2,700 gls. Wines 2.401 " .. .. 2,932 " Val. of all for. exp. $293,1 ?5 ..$547,993 ..$918,544 Among the exports of domestic goods are the following : Jn American Vessels. In Foreign Vessel Articles. Quantity. Salt, bbls 15,529.. Flour " 1,172.. Kice, tierces 55. . Leather, rolls 155.. Merchandise, pkgs Tobacco, boxes 1,538 . . Tallow, bbls 346 .. Groceries Cotton & wool manufactures, j and boots and shoes > Value. Quantity, $17,020.. 62,141.. 5,860.. 471.. 1,650.. 1,827.. 8,600.. 230.. 99,280.. .. 38.500.. 3,499.. 6,230.. .. 18.200.. .. $66,450 2,836 5,460 4.470 176.000 6,797 6,515 45,000 50.396.. .. Total (including sundries) ..... $252,650 . . . . $452,927 The following is an abstract from the canal office-books of property landed at Oswego, in the year 1848, with the estimated value and its original destination : Articles. Western States. Canada. Forest Products ..... $ ---- $ Animal " ....... 737 .... 20,510 Vegetable Food .... 99 Manufactures ....... 476,374 Merchandise ....... 3,790,892 Other articles ....... 15,473 New York. $16.783 27,303 48 .... 854.089 ... 100,114 .... 182,028 , . . 2,126,037 .... 8,754,-lGD 8,969 .... 59,272 Total $4,289,575 . . . $2,255,678 .... $4,343,944 The above are the latest uniform series of statistics on the commerce of the port accessible. Had we the returns for 1852 complete, they would show at least 100 per cent, in crease in its amount and value a fact indicated by isolated returns on different articles. The canal tolls, for instance, which in 1S4S were only $71,564, had risen in 1852 to $104,366, in spite of great reduction in the rates ; and the following table exhibits a few leading articles carried on the canal in 1851 : From Oswego. Flour Wheat Corn Barley Pork Beef. . . 888,181 bbls. 1,676,212 bush. 1,192.217 " 179,971 " 23,545 bbls. 15,854 " Sawed Imbr. .52,925,676 feet. To Oswego. v. K. iron. . . . 93.381,007 Ibs. Iron 6,432.867 Nails &Spks. 3 ; 693,267 " Steel 49f),352 " Merchandise. 25,517,835 " Sugar 14.244,321 " Salt 131,904,646 " The tonnage of all property reaching Oswego in 1850, was 129,252 tons, and in 1851, 180,715 tons increase in one year, 51,4(53 tons. A few of the leading articles from Canada in 1849 and 1850, comparatively show the rapid increase of business in that direction : Articles 18-1 P. 1S50. Flour, barrels 198,623 .... 260,874 W heat, bushels 632.930 .... 1,094,444 Oats, bushels 55.700 .... 90,156 Potatoes, bushels 6,648 .... 10.372 Lumber, feet 44,137,287 .... 50,685,682 Butter, Ibs 115,759 225,087 Peas and beans, bushels 16,322 22,380 The annexed table copied from the books of the custom house, exhibits the total value of foreign and domestic imports and exports for six years : 1S45 1846 1847 1S48 1849 1850 . . . Imports. $2,973,698 . . 5,038,100.. 8,090,576 . . 7,021,353.. 8,100,279 . . 8,325,789 . . F.xports. .$4,979.711.. . 4,464,872., . 9,977,243., . 10,566,541 . , . 10,458.968 . , . 15,687,342 . , Total. $7.951.409 9,502.972 18.647,819 17,587,894 18,559,247 24,013,131 A large proportion of the commerce of Lake Ontario and Oswego comes from Lake Erie through the Welland Canal, the increase of business on which, from 1850 to 1851, was 637 osw OTS nearly 40 per cent. The same increase is also apparent in the subsequent year, 1852. The revenue from the canal (36 miles long), for 1851, amounted to $200,000. Many articles, the product of the Mississippi valley, are also pre ferring the lake to the southern route, and of course seeking the port nearest to the point of destination. Oswego as such port has many advantages, but will perhaps have a com petitor when the Sodus Canal and railroad are completed. That the rapid progress of Oswego, however, is not tempo rary, is too apparent to allow of a doubt. The past is but a prelude to the future, which will pour upon Oswego an amount of commerce unprecedented and astonishing. When the proposed system of railroads in Canada is completed, the commerce of Lake Ontario will become even greater than that of Lake Erie as being nearer to tide-water, and more accessible at a less cost from the sea-board cities. As before remarked, Oswego is built on both sides of the river. The two parts are united by a bridge 700 feet long, and the ground rising on both sides from the river, affords excellent drainage, and many beautiful sites for building. The place is laid out with streets running at right angles, and public squares on which are the principal buildings. The streets are 100 feet wide. Many of the residences are costly and handsome structures ; the court-house is located on the east side of the river, and on an elevation to the west of the river are the Presbyterian and Episcopal churches, two of the best edifices of the place. There are also Baptist, Methodist, Eoman Catholic, and other churches. Other buildings of much architectural beauty are found in various directions, and much taste is everywhere developed in both the public and private edifices. Oswego has great advantages as a manufacturing city. The water-power afforded by the river and canal is immense, and is used in a variety of manufactures, but chiefly by several extensive flouring-mills. On both sides of the river large manufacturing establishments are located, among which is a large starch manufactory, which supplies an extensive market with that article. The water-power of the place has been greatly improved by the construction of a leader dam 74- feel high, about a mile above. In the place there are a number of commission houses in the foreign trade ; numerous warehouses and retail stores, several fine hotels, an extensive railroad depot, the canal warehouses, a custom-house, three banks, several insurance offices, printing-offices, lumber yards, etc. The periodicals printed here are the "Commercial Times" (whig), daily and weekly ; the " Daily News ;" the " 0. Paladium" (dem.), weekly ; and the People s Jour nal," weekly. Besides the common schools, which are numerous, there are also located here an incorporated academy, and a first-rate female seminary, both in a very flourishing condition. There are also numerous private schools. The city 5s defended by Fort Oswego, a strong fortification built on the site of the old fort of the same name, celebrated in the French and colonial wars. It is built on the E. side of the river, near the lake, on a tmct of land ceded to the United States for such purpose. It commands the harbor, and is a sufficient defense against an enemy. Daily lines of steamboats, for the conveyance of passen gers, run between this port and the lake ports of the United States, and Canada generally. Oswego was incorporated in 1S2S. In 1830, it had 2,703 inhabitants ; in 1840, 4,665, and in 1850, 12,205 the increase between 1830 and 1840 was 72.58 per cent., and in the last decade the increase was 161.62 per cent. OSWEGO, t, Oswego co., N. Y. : 148 m. W. N. W. Albany. It occupies a triangle of land formed on two sides by the Oswego r. and Lake Ontario. Near its N. point is located the port of Oswego. The town is drained by several small streams flowing into the lake. Surface generally level, but varied ; soil sandy loam of good quality, and very fertile. The interests of this town are much the same as those of the city. Manufactures are numerous and extensive, and along the river are several flour and saw mills. Pop. 2,445. OSWEGO, p. v., Kosciusko co., Ind. : on the S. W. bank of Lake Tippecanoe, 69 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. OSWEGO river, N. Y. : formed by the junction of Seneca and Oneida rivers. The Seneca is the common outlet of Seneca, Cayuga, Crooked, Canandagua, Owasco, Skaneat- eles, and Cross lakes. The Oneida is the outlet of Oneida lake. After the junction, Oswego river pursues a N. W. course 24 miles until it enters Lake Ontario. For some dis tance it forms the Oswego Canal, the falls being overcome by a succession of locks, and along its banks is a tow-path. The water-power afforded by this river is immense, and haa been greatly improved. Manufacturing establishments line its banks below the falls, and the manufacturing establish ments, mills, etc., of Oswego derive their motive power from this source. The harbor at its mouth is commodious, but will require considerable enlargement to accommodate its future commerce. It is made by extending piers into the lake on each side, thus forming an open canal, in which vessels of all the capacities sailing on the lake may enter and moor in safety. The falls prevent navigation above the port OSWEGO FALLS, p. o., Oswego co., N. Y.: at the falls of Oswego r., 147 m. W. N. W. Albany. OSWEGO VILLAGE, p. o., Duchess co., IF. Y. : 47 m. S. Albany. OSWICHEE, p. o., Eussell county, Ala. : 71 m. E. by 8. Montgomery. OTEGO, t and p. v., Otsego co., N. Y. : 63 m. W. by 8. Albany, and 24 m. S. "W. Cooperstown. Drained by the Susquehanna r. and tributary. Surface uneven, except upon the banks of the Susquehanna, where it becomes quite level; soil fertile. The v. is pleasantly situated on the Otsdawa cr. in the S. part of t. There are in the t. several stores aud mills, and a few manufactories. Pop. of 1. 1,792. OTIS, t. and p. v., Berkshire co., Mass. : 107 m. W. by S. Boston. This t. was once comprised of the t. of Loudon and district of Bethlehem, but was incorporated under its present name in 1810 (after the Hon. Harrison Gray Otis, of Boston, then Speaker in the House of Representatives). Drained by a number of ponds, which, with a small stream, forms the source of Farmington r. Surface very uneven ; soil fertile and productive. There are fine forests of hard wood, and also granite in the t. The manufactures consist chiefly of leather, boots, shoes, cabinet-ware, and lumber. The v. is in the S. of t Pop. of 1. 1,224. OTISCO, t. and p. o., Ionia co., Mich. : 39 m. N.W. Lansing. Drained by Flat r., which divides it, affording good water- power. Pop. oft. 1,018. OTISCO, t and p. v., Onondaga co., N~. Y. : 97 m.W. by tf. Albany. Otisco lake forms its W. boundary, by the outlet of which the t. is drained. Surface rolling; soil good, and in fine state of cultivation. The v. is on the E. side of the lake, and contains 2 churches and a number of dwellings. There are in the t. several stores, workshops, and a number of mills. Pop. 1,804. OTISCO lake, Onondaga county, JVI Y. : in the towns of Spafford and Otis, is 5 m. long and 2 m. wide ; its outlet flows N. into Onondaga lake. OTISFIELD, t. and p. v., Cumberland county, Me. : 42 m. "W. S. W. Augusta. Drained by Crooked r. flowing into Sebago pond. There is a large pond on the E. border of t. Soil is of good quality, producing wheat plentifully. The v. is situate centrally, and on the post-road. Pop. of 1. 1,171. OTISVILLE, p. o., Orange co., Jf. Y. : on the line of the Erie E. E., 72 m. S. by W. Albany. OTSDAWA, p. v., Otsego county, N. Y. : on a small cr., a tributary of the Susquehanna r., 76 m. W. by S. Albany. OTSEGO county, Mich. Situate N. of the S. Peninsula, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Sheboygan river and branch of the Au Sable river. Surface level, and diversified with small lakes. Set off since 1850. OTSEGO county, N. Y. Situate E. centrally, and contains OT3 892 sq. m. Drained by Susquehanna r., Butternut, Otego, Otsdawa, and Cherry Valley creeks, all which are tributaries of Susquehanna r. Surface elevated ; in some parts it is mountainous, and in others diversified with low hills and valleys ; soil though various, in most parts is fertile. A large quantity of lumber is exported. It contains some minerals ami good marble quarries, also sulphur springs, which are remarkable for their medicinal qualities. In Burlington, considerable quantities of stone, consisting principally of marine petrifactions, are found. Farms 4,764 ; manuf. 330 ; dwell. 9,OS7, and pop. wh. 48,481, fr. col. 15T total 48,638. Capital: Cooperstown. OTSEGO, p. v., Lake co., III. : 5 m.~W. from Lake Michigan, 204 m. N. N. E. Springfield. OTSEGO. t. and p. v., Columbia co., Wise, : 24 m. N. by E. Madison. Drained by Eock cr. Surface level ; soil fertile. The v. is on Eock cr., in the centre oft Pop. of t. 420. OTSEGO, t and p. v., Allegan co., Mich, : 91 m. "W. S. W. Lansing. Drained by the Kalamazoo r. and a number of small creeks. Surface undulating in some parts hilly ; soil varied, but along the banks of the Kalamazoo, black allu vion ; it has fine wood-lands. The v. is pleasantly situated on the Kalamazoo river, at an elevation of 30 feet. Pop ulation of t. 818. OTSEGO, p. o., Muskingum county, Ohio: 55 miles E. Columbus. OTSEGO, t., Otsego co., N. Y. : 62 m. W. Albany. It lies between Otsego and Canaderaga lakes, the outlet of the latter, Oak cr., affording good water-power. Surface some what hilly; soil clay and gravelly sand and loam. It has considerable manufactures and numerous mills. Pop. in 1S40, 1,421, and 1850, 1,792. OTSEGO, p. o., Bay county, Mo. : 113 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. OTSHGO lake, Otsego county, AT. Y. : in the towns of Springfield, Middlefield, and Otsego, is 9 m. in length and 2 in width, and has for its outlet the source of the Susquehan na r. This lake is remarkable for the beauty of its scenery. At its outlet is the flourishing village of Cooperstown. OTSELIC, t. and p. v., Chenango co., W. Y. : 104 m. W. Albany. Drained by the Otselic r., which passes through it. Surface uneven and much broken ; soil clay loam. There is some very fine wood-land here. The v. is situate in the N. of the t., at which there is a p. o. The t contains several mills. Pop. of 1. 1,800. OTSELIC river, N. Y. : rises in Eaton, Madison co., flows in a S. S.W. direction through N.W. part of Chenango and S. E. part of Cortland co., and enters the Tioughnioga r. in Broome county. OTTA QUEECHEE river, Verm. : rises in Sherburne, Eut- ; land co., flows S. E. through Bridgewater, N. E. through ! Woodstock into the S. part of Hartford, thence S. E. through the N. E. part of Hartland, and empties into the Connecti cut, 2 m. above Queechee Falls, and 3 m. below the v. so called. In its course it receives a number of considerable mill streams and several other tributaries. It is 35 ra. in length, and waters over 200 sq. m. Also called Water Queechee and Queechee river. OTTAWA county, Mich. Situate W. of the S. Peninsula, and contains S2S sq. m. Drained by Grand r. and its trib utaries, Black and Maskegon rivers. Surface rolling, and presenting to the lake shore high sand-bluffs. Soil gen erally fertile, producing wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. Farms 278 ; manuf. 36 ; dwell. 1,129, and pop. wh. 5,532. fr. col. 55 total 5,587. Capital : Grand Haven. OTTAWA county, Ohio. Situate N., and bounded on the N. E. by Lake Erie, the eastern portion stretching consid erably into the lake, and forming Sandusky bay. It con tains about 320 sq. m. Drained by Portage and Toussaint rivers. Surface level, and in many parts very low ; soil in general fertile. Pine timber is found on the land. Sandusky bay forms its S. E. boundary. Farms 227 ; manuf. 11 ; dwell. 613, and pop. wh. 3,307, fr. col. 1 total 3,303. Cap- OTT ital: Port Clinton. Public Works: Cleveland, Norwalk, and Toledo E. K. ; Junction E. E., etc. OTTAWA, p. v., and cap. La Salle co., III. : at the junction of Fox r.,with the Illinois (which divides it into three parts), 119 m. N. N. E. Springfield. It is laid off on both, sides of the Illinois r., and is accessible by steamboats at high water, for which there is a very good landing. Below for the dis tance of 8 or 9 m., are rapids and shoals formed by barriers of sand and limestone rock. The Illinois and Michigan Canal passes through the village 85 m. from Chicago, and 15 m. Peru, thereby opening communication by water to the lake and the Mississippi r. The Chicago and Eock Island E. E. passes through the village 63 m. from Chicago. Founded in 1830, and contains the court-house and other buildings. It is one of the most important sites for com mercial business in the State. The water-power derived from the canal and river is immense. The Ottawa Hy draulic Company have a valuable water-power on the Illinois r., one-fourth of a mile above Ottawa. The surface of the country around is undulating, and well adapted to farming, with some groves of timber; soil rich. Lime and coarse freestone in great abundance. The " Constitutionalist" (whig), and " 0. Free Trader" (dem.), are published weekly. OTTAWA, p. o., Ottawa county, Ohio : 121 m. N. by W. Columbus. OTTAWA, t and p. v.,Waukesha co., Wise. : 49 m. E. by S. Madison. Drained by forks of Eock r. on the N. and S. Surface rolling ; soil good. There are a number of small ponds in the t. Like the rest of the co., this t. has excellent timber. OTTAWA LAKE, p. o., Monroe co., Mich. : near Ottawa r., 93 m. S. E. Lansing. OTTER creek, Verm. : rises in Peru t., Bennington co., and flows in a N. by W. direction, through Eutland and Addi- son, and enters Lake Champlain at Ferrisburg. It is nav igable for lake vessels as far up as Vergennes, dist. 6 m., and for boats from Middlebury to Pittsford, 25 m. The falls at Middlebury, Weybridge, and Vergennes, afford extensive water-power. Large-sized vessels have been built at Ver gennes, and the flotilla of Commodore M Donough fitted out there in 1814. OTTER BRIDGE, p. o., Bedford co., Virg. : on a branch of Staunton r., 103 m. W. by S. Eichmond. The Virginia aud Tennessee E. E. passes near this location. OTTER CREEK, p. o., Jersey co., III. : on a fork of creek by same name, 63 m. S. W. Springfield. OTTER CREEK, p. o., Addison co., Verm. : on a cr. of same name, 37 m. W. by S. Montpelier. OTTER CREEK, p. o., Jackson co., Mich. : 29 m. S. by E. Lansing. OTTER DALE, p. o., Chesterfield county, Virg. : 13 m. S. Eichmond. OTTER, PEAKS OF, Virg. : a portion of the Blue Eidge (Alleghany Mountains), situated between Bedford and Bote- tourt counties, 116 m. W. Eichmond. These peaks shoot up in projecting summits to the height of 4,260 feet, and are the highest land in the State. OTTER VILLAGE, p. v., Eipley county, Ind. : 61 m. S. E. Indianapolis. OTTERVILLE, p. v., Cooper co., Mo. : on the W. side of the river a la Mine, and 50 m. W. by N. Jefferson City. OTTO, t. and p. v., Cattaraugus co., N. Y. : 265 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by Cattaraugus cr. and branches. The cr. bounds it on the N., and the N. Y. and Erie E. E. crosses its S. W. part. Surface hilly ; soil adapted to grain. Lum ber and grain are the chief products. The v. is in the S. W. part of the t. Pop. of t 2,267. OTTO, p. v., Fulton co., III. : on S. side of Otter cr., 45 m. N. W. Springfield. OTTOBINE, p. o., Eockingham co., Virg. ; 101 m. N. W. Eichmond. OTTSVILLE, p. v., Bucks county, Penn. : 90 m. E. by N Harrisburg. 639 OTT OWI OTTITMWA, p. v., and cap. Wapello co., III. : on the Des Moines r.. centrally in co., 63 m. S. W. Iowa City. It con tains the county court-house, and several dwellings. OUACHITA CITY, p. v., Union par., La. : 159 m. N. "W. Baton House. A United States land office is situate here. The " Ouachita Gazette (dem.) is issued weekly. OULEANT, p. o., Delaware co., Jf. Y. : 64 m. S. W. Albany. OURYS, p. o., Hamilton co., Ohio : 97 m. S. W. Columbus. OL-TAGAMIB county, Wise. Situate toward the E., and contains 648 sq. m. Wolf river enters it in the W., and passes through it in a northerly direction, by which and its branches it is drained. Surface varied, in most parts being hilly and broken, but there is much level land ; soil fertile. Pine and other timber abounds, and there is fine pasturage for cattle. Erected since 1SQ0. OUTLET, p. o., Lake co., Ind. : on Cedar cr., 119 m. N. W. Indianapolis. OVERALLS, p. o., Warren co., Tirg.: 103 m. N. by W. Bichmond. OVEUFIELD, p. o., Barbour county, Yirg. : 1T5 m. N. W. Richmond. OVERMAN S FERRY, p. o., Muscatine co., la. : 29 m. S. E. Iowa City. OVKKSLAUGH, N. Y.: a shoal in the Hudson r., a few miles below Albany, consisting of a succession of bars or flats, through which there were narrow channels, with a small depth of water at low tide. The obstruction has been partially removed by the government. OVERTON county, Tetin. Situate N., and contains 526 sq. m. Drained by Koaring river in the S. W., and by Obey s river and its branches in the N.. and central portions. Surface undulating; soil a fine deep mold, and very fertile, the land on the streams being rich and productive. Staples, cotton, tobacco, and Indian corn. It has good pasturagu for cattle, and some excellent timber land. Farms 929 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 1,673, and pop. wh. 10,086, fr. col. 60, si, 1,065 total 11,211. Capital : Livingston. OVID, p. v., Lee co., HI. : on a branch of the Illinois r., 133 m. N. i E. Springfield. OVID, p. o., Madison co., Ind. : 29 m. N. E. Indianapolis. OVID, t. and p. o., Branch county, Mich. : 63 m. S. S. W. Lansing. Drained by two small creeks. Surface rolling ; soil of a dark, rich loam ; abounds in fine timber lands and excellent grazing. Pop. of L 710. OVID, L and p. v., Seneca co., Jf. Y. : 60 m. W. Albany. Bounded on the E. by Cayuga, and on the W. by Seneca lake. Drained by a number of small streams flowing into the lakes. Surface hilly ; soil fertile. The v. is on an ele vation, and has a good landing on the lake. The " 0. Bee" is a weekly issue. Pop. 2.258. OVID, p. v., Franklin co., Ohio : on the W. side of Big Lick creek, 12 m. N. E. Columbus. OwAS<x>,t. and p. v., Cayuga co., N. Y. : 144 m. W. by N. Albany. Bounded on the W. by Owasco lake, by which and the cr. it is drained. Surface rolling ; soil rich sand and loarn, and well cultivated. The v. is in the S. E. part of t, and contains two churches and several stores and dwellings. There are in the t. a number of mills. Pop. 1,254. OWASCO LAKE, p. o., Cayuga co., AT. Y. : 133 m. W. N. Albany. OWASCO lake, Cayuga co., N. Y. : 12 m. in length, and 1 mile wide, running N. and S., 145 m. W. from Albany, in the t. of Owasco, Fleming, Niles, and Scipio. The banks of the lake are very hilly and picturesque. It abounds in fine fish. Its outlet, so called, flows into Seneca river, and affords excellent water-power. OWASCO river, N. Y. : outlet of Owasco lake, flows N. into Seneca river, in the t of Metz. It affords extensive water- power, and has some fine mill-sites already occupied. OWASCUS, p. o., Fond du Lac co., Wise. : 63 m. N. E. Madison. OWASSO, t. and p. v., Shiawassee co., Mich. : 21 m. N. E. Lansing. Drained by Shiawassee and Maple r. Surface 640 generally level ; in parts swampy, and well adapted to the raising of cattle. There are fine mill-sites on the Shiawassee and Maple rivers. The v. is situate on the Shiawassee river. Pop. of t. 392. OWEGO, t, p. v., and cap. Tioga co., N. Y. : 132 m. W.S."W. Albany, and 160 m. Dunkirk. The Susquehanna r. divides the t, by which and its tributaries it is drained. Surface various ; in parts hilly, while along the river there are ex tensive flats ; soil fertile, and well cultivated. The v. is on the N. bank of the Susquehanna r., at the mouth of Owego creek; was incorporated in 1827, and now contains the court-house, jail, and other public buildings, a bank, several hotels, and an academy. Water-power is derived by means of an hydraulic canal, supplied from Owego creek, which is an important and never-failing mill stream. The Erie K. E. passes through the v., and the Cayuga and Susquehanna E. E. extends from here to Cayuga, distant 70 miles. The manufactures consist of wool and wooden-ware. Lumber, plaster, and salt, are the chief commodities of trade. The " 0. Advertiser" (whig) and " 0. Gazette" (dem.) are issued weekly. Pop. of the t. 7,159. OWEGO creek, N. Y. : rises in the S. part of Cortlandt and Tompkins counties, and flowing S., affording good water privileges to several villages, empties into the Susque hanna river, at Owego village, Tioga county. OWEN county, Ind. Situate S. W. centrally, and contains 449 sq. m. Drained by branches of Eel river, and W. fork of White river. The falls of the former furnish excellent water privileges. Surface undulating in the larger portion of the county ; the land in the E. is hilly, and on the rivers level ; soil fertile, being a deep vegetable mold, and is very productive. Timber is abundant on the streams. Coal is found, and there are some fine beds of iron ore. Farms 1,442, manuf. 26 ; dwell. 2,000, and pop. wh. 11,950, fr. col. 156 total 12,106. Capital: Spencer. OWEN county, Ky. Situate N., and contains 289 sq. m. Drained by Eagle and Cedar creeks, and other small streams. Surface level ; soil generally fertile, and making fine pas ture land. Chief productions, tobacco and Indian corn, wheat, sugar, etc. Farms 917 ; manuf. 6 ; dwell. 1,623, and pop. wh.8,900, fr. col. 30, si. 1,514 total 10,444. Capital : Owenton. Public Works: Vincennes and Indianapolis E. E. ; Wabash and Erie Canal. OWEN, p. o., Wabash county, Ind. : 69 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. OWEN river, Calif. : rises in the Snowy Mountains, 174 m. E. by S. | S. Yallejo, flows through a mountainous dis trict, E. by S. about 27 m., and S. about 53 m., emptying into a lake so called. OWENSBOROUGII, p. v., and cap. Daviess co., Ky. : on tho banks of the Ohio r., 9 m. below Eockport, and 123 m. , W. 8. W. Frankfort. Situate in a very fertile region, abounding in mineral resources. It contains the court house, several churches, an academy, and a number of stores and dwellings. The " American," a weekly (Indep.), is published here. Pop. 1,214. OWEXSBURG, p. o., Green county, Ind. : 59 miles S. W. Indianapolis. OWENSVILLE, p. v., Saline county, ArJc. : on middle fork Saline r., 28 m. W. S. W. Little Eock. OWENSVILLE, p. v., Gibson co., Ind. : near Polk s mill stream, 125 m. S. W. Indianapolis. OWENSVILLE, p. v., Clermont county, Ohio : 75 m. S. W. Columbus. OWENTON, p. v., and cap. Owen co., Ky. : situate in S. TV. part of co., 19 m. N. Frankfort, and contains the court-house and several dwellings. OWENVILLE, p. o., Sampson co., N. Car. : 49 m. E. S. E. Ealeigh. OWING S LANE, station, Baltimore co., Md. : on the West minster Branch of Baltimore and Susquehanna E. E., 13 m. from Baltimore. OWING S MILLS, p. v. and sta., Baltimore co., Md. : on line OWI OYS of the Westminster Branch of Baltimore and Susquehanna E. R., 17 m. N. Baltimore, 41 m. N. Annapolis. OWINGSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Bath co., Ky. : 3 m. N. Slate cr., in centre of co., and 61 m. E. Frankfort. It con tains the court-house, etc., and 265 inhabitants. OWL PKAIRIK. p. v., Daviess co., Ind. : on the "W. side of Wal>ash and Erie Canal, and near the W. fork of White r., 75 m. S. W. Indianapolis. OWSLEY county, Ky, Situate E. centrally, and contains 3S9 sq. m. Drained by Kentucky river and its branches, South fork, and Sturgeon creek. Surface even; soil a fine deep loam, very fertile, and well adapted to grain. Chief productions, wheat, Indian com, and tobacco. Farms 481 ; manuf. 25 ; dwell. 5SS, and pop. wh. 3,616, fr. col. 22, si. 136 total 3,774. Capital : Booneville. OWYHEE river, Oreg. Ter. : tributary of Lewis, a fork of Columbia r., rises in Weber co., Utah Ter., makes a circuit ous course W. and N. W. into Oregon, flowing N. and N. E. enters Lewis r. 15 m. S. Fort Boisse. OXBOW, p. o., Wyoming co., Penn. : 95 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. OXBOW, p. v., Jefferson co., IF. Y. : on the Oswegatchie river. 117 m. N. by W. Albany, and 31 m. N. E. Sacketfs Harbor. OXBOW, p. o., Putnam county, 111. : 101 m. N. by E. Springfield. OXFORD county, Me. Situate W. toward the S., and con tains 1,S7G sq. m. Drained by Androscoggin river and its branches, and by Saco river. Surface in general broken and hilly, and is pleasantly diversified with numerous lakes ; soil in many parts is very fertile. Chief productions, wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. It has some good timber land. Farms 4,283 ; manuf. 150 ; dwell. 6,712, and pop. wh. 89,653, fr. col. 5 total 39,663. Capital : Paris. OXFORD, p. v., Talbot co., Md. : on an inlet of Chesapeake bay, 27 m. S. E. Annapolis. OXFORD, t. and p. v., New Haven co., Conn. : 32 m. S. W. Hartford. Drained by llousatonic and Naugatuck rivers and branches, affording extensive water-power and fine mill-seats. Surface generally uneven, in parts hilly, with a fertile and productive soil. Among the manufactur ing establishments, those of satinet and hat are the most im portant. In the S. part there is a mineral spring called " The Pool," much used in the cure of salt rheum and other com plaints. The v. is on the line of the Norwich and Worcester E. R., 11 m. Worcester. It contains 2 churches and several dwellings. Pop. of 1. 1,562. OXFORD, p. v., Newton co., Ga. : 55 m. N. W. Milledge- ville. The Emory College (founded in 1837) is situate here, having (in 1850) a president, 5 professors, and 138 alumni, of whom 16 are in the ministry, and 115 students. The library contains 1,700 volumes. Pop. about 600. OXFORD, p. v., Henry co., 111. : on the Monrnouth and Prophetstown post-road, 105 m. N. by W. Springfield. OXFORD, p. o., Benton co., Ind. : situate 3 m. dist Big Pine creek, 75 m. N. W. Indianapolis. OXFORD, p. o., Scott co., Ky. : 15 m. N. E. Frankfort. OXFORD, t., p. v., and sta., Oxford county, Me. : 33 miles W. S. W. Augusta, Drained by Little Androscoggin r. and a number of ponds. The soil is fertile, producing excellent grain. There are several mills on the banks of the river. The v. is in S. part of t. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence II. II. passes through it, on which is the sta., 40 m. from Portland. Pop. of t. 1,233. OXFORD, p. o., Grafton co., N. Ilamp. : 45 m. N. by W. Concord. OXFORD, t. and p. T., "Worcester co., Miss. : 47 m. S. "W. Boston, and 10 m. S. Worcester. Important for its manu factures, consisting chiefly of woolen and cotton goods, boots and shoes. It is a very pleasant t., well watered by French river, a branch of the Quinebaug. Surface nigged ; soil gravelly. There are in the town several stores, manu factories, grist and saw mills, and a machine and other me- I 4 chanic shops. The village is on a street running N. and S. Pop. of t. 2,3SO. OXFORD, t. and p. o., Oakland county, Mich. : 63 m. E. Lansing. W r atered by Stony and several other smaller lakes and streams. Surface hilly, interspersed with marshes ; aoil varied, in parts sandy. The p. o. is in the N. of the town. Pop. of 1. 1,019. OXFORD, p. v., and cap. Lafayette co., Miss. : at the source of a branch of the Yocanapatapha river, 143 m. N. N. E. Jackson. It has a college (the University of Miss.), founded in 1844, having (in 1850) a president, 6 professors, and 134 students, with a library containing 2,450 volumes. Contains the court-house, and usual number of public buildings. There are two newspapers published here, the " Organizer" (S. R.), and the " Star of the Union" (union), both weekly issues. The High Court of Errors sits here once every year. Pop. about 1,600. OXFORD, t and p. v., Chenango co., N. Y. : 97 m. "W. by S. Albany. Surface rolling; soil very fertile, and well culti vated. The Chenango r. and canal pass through it. There is a factory and several mills in the town. The v. is on the Chenango r., which divides it. It has a foundry, tannery, and several carriage manufactories. The canal passes through the v., which affords easy communication with the city of Utica. Oxford abounds in rich grazing land, fine horses and cattle. The "C. County Whig," and "Free Democrat," are published here. Pop. of village 1,350 of town 3,227. OXFORD, sta., Orange co., W. Y. : on the Erie R. R., 62 m. New York, 87 m. S by W. Albany. OXFORD, p. v., and cap. Granville county, J\ r . Car. : 39 m. N. Raleigh, and near Fishing creek. It contains the court house, jail, market-house, hospital, and 2 academies, 360 dwellings, and 1,978 inhabitants. OXFORD, t. and p. v., Butler co., Ohio: 96 m. W. S. W. Columbus. Drained by affluents of Great Miami r. Sur face moderately uneven ; soil of extraordinary fertility. The village lies on the W. side of Four Mile cr., and near the union of the Four Mile Valley and Junction R. R. from Indiana. The Miami University is situated in the town: founded in 1809, and had in 1850 a president, 6 professors, and 343 alumni (of which 102 are in the ministry), 66 stu dents, and a library containing 8,000 volumes. The Theo logical Seminary commenced in 1834, had (in 1S50) 3 instructors, 20 students, and a library of 1,500 volumes. Pop. of v. 1,034, and of t. 2,007. OXFORD, p. o., Benton county, Ala. : 97 miles N. by E. Montgomery. OXFORD, p. v., Chester county, Penn.: 57 miles S. E. Ilarrisburg. OXFORD, p. o., M Minn county, Tenn.: 113 miles S. E. Nashville. OXFORD DEPOT, p. v., Orange co., Jf. Y.: on the line of the New York and Erie R. R,, 62 m. N. N. W. New York city, 87 m. S. by W. Albany. OXFORD FURNACE, p. v., Warren county, W. Jer. : on a branch of Pequest river, 41 m. N. W. Trenton. There is a furnace situate in the village, and iron ore of a rich quality is found in abundance in the vicinity, and easily smelted. OXFORD VALLEY, p. o., Bucks county, Penn. : 103 m. E. Harrisburg. OYAUKEE, p. v., and cap. Washington co., Wise. : on the bank of Lake Michigan, 83 m. W. by N. Madison. The county court-house is at Washington. OYSTER BAY, t. and p. v., Queens co., N. Y.: 125 m. S. Albany, and 23 m. New York city. Extends across Long Island, being washed on tho N. by the bay so called, and on the S. by Great South bay. Surface varied on the N. quite hilly ; soil loam and rocky, on the S. it is very sandy and even. The v. is situate at the head of the bay so called, and is a favorite resort in the summer season. It contains several churches and dwellings. Numerous sloops and steamboats ply between hero and New York city. There are in the 641 OYS PAL town several stores, lumber yards, factories, and mills, and a number of schools and academies. Population of town 6,900. OYSTER bay, N. Y. : sets up from Long Island Sound, and is connected with the harbor so called, and Coldspring harbor. It abounds with wild fowl and excellent scale fish. OYSTER creek, Tern. : rises in Fort Bend co., 3 m. N. Richmond, flows S. E. and S., parallel with Brazos r., and empties into the Gulf of Mexico., 2 m. N. of its mouth. OYSTER river, XT. Ilamp. : one of the principal branches of the Piscataqua r., rises in Lee, and flows through Dur ham t. Upon both sides of the r. a deep agillaceous loam prevails, which is favorable to the production of grasses. Abundance of oysters are found in its waters, from which it derives its name. Large quantities of superior granite are found on the borders. OZARK county, Ho. Situate S., and contains 1,593 sq. m. Drained by branches of White r. Surface hilly and broken ; soil generally fertile and adapted to grazing. Farms 253 ; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 361, and pop. wh. 2,279, fr. col. 0, si. 15 total 2,294. Capital: Kockbridge. OZARK, p. v., and cap. Franklin co., Ark. : on theN. side of the Arkansas r., 100 m. N. W. Little Rock. It contains the county court-house and 84 inhabitants. OZAKK, p. v., Greene co., Mo. : on S. side of Finley cr., 123 m. S. S. W. Jefferson City. P. PABLO bay, Calif. See SAN PABLO bay. PACE S, p. o., Barren county, Ky. : 103 m. S. "W. by S. Frankfort. PACHITTA, p. v., Early county, Ga. : 143 m. S. W. Milledgeville. PACIFIC, p. o., Franklin county, 2T. Car. : 32 m. N. E. Raleigh. PACIFIC CITY, p. v., port, and cap. Pacific co., Oreg. Ter. : on the N. bank of Columbia r., at its entrance into Pacific ocean, 100 m. N. "W. by N. Salem. PACKARD S, sta., Berkshire county, Mass. : 8 m. N. of Pittsfleld, on the Pittsfield and North Adams E. R. PACK S FEEEY, p. o., Monroe county, Virg. : 182 m. W. Richmond. PACKSVILLB, p. v., Sumter dist., S. Car. : 37 m. E. S. E. Columbia. PACOLET MILLS, p. o., Union dist., S. Car. : 72 m. N. N. W Columbia, PACTOLTTS, p. v., Pitt county, N. Car. : on the N. side of Tar r., about 12 m. above its mouth, 81 m. E. Ealeigh. PADDLEFORD S, sta., Ontario co., N. Y. : 9 m. W. of Cau- andaigua on the Eochester and Syracuse E. R. PADDOCK S GROVE, p. v., Madison co., III. : about 3 m, W. of Cahobia cr., 64 m. S. S. W. Springfield. PADDY MILLS, p. o., Shenandoah county, Virg. ; 104 m, N. W. Eichmond. PADDY S RUN, p. o., Butler co., Ohio: 102 m. W. S. TV, Columbus. PADUCAH, p. v., and cap. M Cracken co., Ky.: on the Ohio r., just below the mouth of the Tennessee, 214 m W. S. TV. Frankfort. It is the dep6t for the products of the valley of the Tennessee, and in a great measure commands the trade of that river, which gives it great importance as a shipping port, and has rapidly increased its population. I contains a court-house, jail, 2 banks, about 50 large stores and warehouses, and 2,428 inhabitants. The " P. Journal (whig), is published weekly. PAGE county, la. Situate S. TV., and contains 576 sq. m Drained by Elkhorn r., and branches. Surface generallj level. Set off since 1S50. PAGE county, Virg. Situate toward the N. E., and con tains 185 sq. m. Drained by the S. fork of Shenandoah r Surface hilly and broken; soil generally fertile. Chief products wheat and Indian corn. On fiie E. is the Blue 642 Ridge. Farms 526; manuf. 28; dwell. 1,089, and pop. wh. 6,332, fr. col. 311, si. 957 total 7,600. Capital : Luray. PAGE S CORNERS, p. v., Herkimer county, N. Y. : 64 m. W. by N. Albany. PAGESVILLE, p. v., Newberry dist., & Car. : 51 m. N. W. >y TV. Columbia. The Laurens E. E. passes through it. PAGEVILLE, p. v., Barren co., Ky. : 109 m. S. W. by S. rankfort. PAINCOURTVILLE, p. v., Assumption parish, La. : 34 m. 3. by E. Batan Rouge. PAINE S HOLLOW, p. v., Herkimer county, N. Y. : 63 m. W. N. TV. Albany. PAINE S POINT, p. o., Ogle co., III. : 6 m. E. of Rock r., 59 m. N. by E. Springfield. PAINESVILLE, t., p. v., and cap. Lake co., Ohio ; on Lake rie, 147 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. Drained by Grand r., which affords water-power. Surface level, and soil of aver age fertility. The v. is on the r., about 3 m. S. of the lake, and contains a court-house, jail, bank, academy, a large urnace and stove manufactory, several flouring and other mills, and about 1,000 inhabitants. It is on the Cleveland and Erie R. R., 29 m. E. of Cleveland, and a branch rail road diverges to Fairport v., at the mouth of Grand r. The P. Telegraph" (fr. soil) is published weekly. Population of town 3,128. PAINESVILLE, p. v., Amelia co., Virg. : on Flat cr. of Ap- pomattox r., 29 m. TV. S. TV. Richmond. In the vicinity are a cotton factory and several mills. PAINESVILLE, p. v., Chittenden co., Verm. PAINT BRANCH, sta., Prince George co., Md.: 8 m. E. of Washington, on the Washington Branch R. R. PAINT CREEK, p. o., Washtenaw co., Mich. : on a branch of Stoney cr., so called, 68 m. S. E. Lansing. PAINT CREEK, p. o., Kanawha co., Virg. : on a S. branch of Great Kanawha r., 221 m. W. by N. Richmond. PAINTED POST, t., Steuben co., Jf. Y. : on both sides of Chemung r., 165 m. W. by S. Albany. Surface hilly ; soil gravelly loam, and highly productive on the streams and flats. Drained by Chemung r. and its creeks. The business is very extensive, particularly in lumber and coal, and is mainly transacted at the large and flourishing v. of Corning (see CORNING), where three railroads connect, and the navigable feeder of Chemung Canal commences. Popula tion 4,372. PAINTED POST, p. v. and sta., Erwin t., Steuben co., N. Y. : at junction of Conhocton and Tioga rivers, which here form the Chemung r., 166 m. W. by S. Albany. The Erie R. E. passes through it, 302 m. from New York, and 167 m. from Dunkirk, also the Buffalo, Corning, and New York R. R. Two falls in the r. afford great water-power. This v. is a very old settlement, and derives its name from its location near an Indian burying ground, in which a painted post was erected over the grave of a chief. At this spot in the v. the inhabitants have placed a high painted post, surmounted by a metal figure of an Indian chief. The village contains several mills and stores, a church, etc. Pop. about 700. PAINTERSVILLE, p. v., Greene co., Ohio: 53 m. TV. S. W. Columbus. PAINT LICK, p. o., Garrard co., Ky. : on a S. branch of Kentucky r., so called, 46 m. S. E. Frankfort. PAINTSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Johnson co., Ky. : on Big Paint cr., an affluent of the W. fork of Big Sandy r., 118 m. E. by S. Frankfort. It contains a court-house, jail, several stores, and 250 inhabitants. PAKWAUKEE, p. v., Marquette co., Wise. : on the W. side of Buffalo lake, a large expansion of Neenah river, 49 m N. by W. Madison. PALATINE, t and p. v., Montgomery co., N. Y. : on the N side of Mohawk r., 49 m. W. N. TV. Albany. Drained by Garoga cr. Surface broken ; on the river is the hill called Anthony s Nose; soil of great fertility. The Utica and Schenectady R. R. passes along the r. The v., on the cr. contains several mills and factories. Pop. of L 2,854. PAL PAL PALATINE, p. v., Marion co., Virg. : about 3 m. E. of Monongahela r., 191 in. N. W. Eichmond. PALATINE, p. v., Cook county, Itt. : 196 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. PALATINE BRIDGE, p. v., Montgomery co., 2f. Y. : on the Mohawk, 47 m. W. N. W. Albany. A bridge connects it with Canajoharie, on the S. side of the r. It is on the Utica and Schenectady K. K., 40 m. E. of Utica, and has a quarry of flue building stone. PALENVILLE, p. v., Greene county, 2f. Y. : 28 m. S. S. W. Albany. PALERMO, t. and p. v., "Waldo co., Me. : 17 m. E. N. E. Augusta. It contains several ponds, the sources of Sheeps- . cot r. Surface undulating ; soil very productive. A superior farming and grazing t. Pop. of 1. 1,659. PALERMO, t. and p. o., Oswego co., 2f. Y. : 106 m.W. N.W. Albany. Drained by Catfish cr. Surface undulating ; soil sandy loam. A farming t, with good water-power. Popu lation 2,053. PALESTINE, p. v., Crawford co., El. : about 3 m. "W. of the Wabash, 122 m. E. S. E. Springfield. It lies on the E. bor der of the Lamotte prairie, and was formerly the co. seat. It contains a U. S. land office, a dozen stores, and 800 inhabitants. The surrounding country produces heavy crops of corn, and the v. has a large trade in grain and live stock. PALESTINE, p. v., "Washington par., La. : 57 m. E. N. E. Baton Eouge. PALESTINE, p. v., Kosciusko co., Ind. : on a S. affluent of Tippecanoe r., 96 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. PALESTINE, p. o., Adams county, Miss. : 87 miles S. W. Jackson. PALESTINE, p. v., Pickaway county, Ohio : 18 m. S. S. "W. Columbus. PALESTINE, p. v., and cap. Anderson co., Tex. : 162 m. N. E. by E. Austin City. It lies about midway between the Trinity and the Neches, and contains the county buildings, several stores, and 500 inhabitants, " The Wonder" is pub lished weekly. PALKSTINE, p. o., Hickman co., Tenn. : 46 m. W. S. "W. Nashville. PALESTINE, p. v., Greenbrier co., Virg. : 163 m. W. by N. Eichmond. PALESTINE, sta., Columbiana co., Ohio : on the Ohio and Pennsylvania E. E., 33 m. E. of Aliance. PALISADES, N. J. : this mountainous range extends 20 m. along the W. bank of the Hudson r., commencing near Fort Lee, opposite the extreme upper part of New York, and ter minating at Piermont. They are for the most part 300 to 500 feet high, with perpendicular rocky front on the bank of the r., presenting most impressive scenery. PALL MALL, p. o., Fentress co., Tenn, : 97 m. E. by N. Nashville. PALMER, t. and p. o., Hampden co., Ma-ss.: 66 miles W. by S. Boston. Drained by Chicopee, Ware, and Swift rivers, which furnish abundant water-power. Surface hilly ; soil fertile. A good farming town, containing several manu facturing villages. Cotton and woolen goods, canvas, etc., are largely made. The Amherst and Belchertown E. E., and the Western E. E. pass through it. Pop. 3,974. PALMER DEPOT, p. v. and sta., Hampden co., Mass. : on Chicopee river, and the Western E. E., 83 miles (by route) "W. by S. Boston. The Amherst and Belchertown E. E., and New London, Willimantic, and Palmer E. E. here con nect with the Western E. E., making it an important centre of business and travel. It contains 3 large hotels, and a dozen stores, mostly of brick. Opposite the v. on the S. side of the river, is one of the 3 State Alms-houses, with a farm of 175 acres attached to it. The "Palmer Journal" (neut; is published weekly. PALMER S, p. o., Polk county, Tex. : 158 miles E. by N Austin City. PALMER S SPRINGS, p. o., Mecklenburg, co., Virg. : on the S. side of Eoanoke river, near the S. line of the State 76 m. S. W. by W. Eichmond. PALMER S STORE, p. o., Weakley county, Tenn. : 114 m. W. by N. Nashville. PALMER S TAVERN, p. o., Prince George s co., Md. : on otomac r., 28 m. W. S. W. Annapolis. PALMETTO, p. o., Pontotoc co., Miss. : 139 m. N. N. E. Jackson. PAMETTO, p. o. and sta., Coweta co., Ga. : on the La Grange E. E., 25 miles S. Atlanta, 118 m. W. N. W. Milledgeville. PALMYRA, p. v., Lee county, Ga. : on a W. branch of Flint river, about 5 m. from its mouth, 119 m. S. W. by W. Milledgeville, PALMYRA, p. v., Harrison county, Ind. : 91 miles S. Indianapolis. A plank-road passes through it to New Albany. PALMYRA, t. and p. v., Somerset co., Me. : 43 m. N. N. E. Augusta. Drained by Sebasticook r., which affords water- power. Surface rolling ; soil very productive of grass and sjrain, to which attention is mostly directed. Populatioa of 1. 1,625. PALMYRA, t, p. v., and sta., Lenawee co., Mich. : 72 m. S. S. E. Lansing. Drained by Eaisin river and Bear creek, which supply fine water-power. Surface level or undulat ing ; soil sandy loam and deep bottoms, producing all the grains in abundance. The village is on the r., and contains several stores and mills. The Michigan Southern E. E., and the Erie and Kalamazoo E. E. cross the t., and the station is 4 m. E. of Adrian on the latter. Pop. of 1 1,098. PALMYRA, p. v., and cap. Marion co., Mo. : 8 m. W. of Marion City, its port on the Mississippi, 89 m. N. N. E. Jefferson City. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, bank, U. S. land office, several handsome churches, 25 stores, 963 inhabitants. The "Missouri Whig is pub lished weekly. In the vicinity is Masonic College, which was founded in 1831, and in 1850 had 5 instructors an<l 75 students. A railroad to connect the v. with the r. has been chartered. PALMYRA, t. and p. v., Wayne co., W. Y: 182 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Mud cr. Surface somewhat uneven ; soil calcareous loam, and very productive of grain. Mor- monism had its origin here in 1829. The Buffalo and Syra cuse (direct) E. E. passes through it, and the Erie Canal, on which is the v., 29 m. E. of Eochester. It has a large trade in lumber and grain. The chief street, 1 m. long, rests at each end on the canal, and is beautifully shaded. It contains an incorporated academy, a bank, several manu factories of flour, iron castings, mechanics tools, etc., 40 stores, and 2,200 inhabitants. The "P. Courier" (whig), and " W. Sentinel" (dem.) are published weekly. Pop. of t, 3,893. PALMYRA, p. v., Halifax co.> N. Car. : on the right bank of Eoanoke river, 76 m. E. N. E. Ealeigh. Here is a good landing, from which large quantities of corn, cotton, and lumber are shipped. PALMYRA, sta., Camden co., W. Jer. : 6 m. N. of Camden, on the Camden and Amboy E. E. PALMYRA, t and p. o., Portage co., Ohio : 124 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by branches of Mahoning r. Surface rolling ; soil fertile. Large dairies are kept Pop. 1,093. PALMYRA, p. Y., Lebanon co., Penn.: 14 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. PALMYRA, p. v., Montgomery co., Tenn. : on Cumberland river, 44 m. W. N. W. Nashville. It contains several stores and mills, and 300 inhabitants. PALMYBA, p. v., and cap. Fluvanna county, Virg.: on Eivanna r., about 12 m. N. of its entrance into James river, 46 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. A bridge here spans the river, on which in the vicinity are several flouring-mills and fac tories. The v. contains the co. buildings, an academy, and about 300 inhabitants. PALMYRA, p. v., Warren co., Miss. : on the Mississippi, 643 PAL PAR 49 m. W. by S. Jackson. It is 25 m. by the r. S. of Yicks- burg, and has a steamboat landing and some trade. PALMYRA, t. and p. o., Jefferson co., Wise. : 43 m. E. S. E. Madison. Drained by E. affluents of Rock r., affording good mill-seats. Surface varied ; soil generally very fertile. The Milwaukie and Mississippi K. E. crosses the t., and the Bta. is 42 m. W. from Milwaukie. Pop. 997. PALMYRA, p. o., Simpson county, Ky.: 131 m. 8. W. Frankfort. PALO, p. o., Linn co., la. : on the "W. side of Cedar river, 81 m. N. N. W. Iowa City. PALO, p. o., Fayette co., Ala. : 127 m. N. "W. Montgomery. PALO ALTO county, la. Situate N. toward the W., and contains 5T6 sq. m. Drained by the Moingonan r., a tribu tary of the Des Moines. Surface undulating and diversified. Set off since 1850. PALO ALTO, p. v., Jasper co., Ga. : 38 m. N. "W. by "W. Milledgeville. PALO ALTO, p. o., Highland co., Virg. : 12T m. W. N. W. Eichmond. PALO ALTO, p. o., Lawrence co., Tenn. : 62 m. S. S. W. Nashville. PALO ALTO, p. v., Louisa co., la. : about 4m "W. of the Mississippi, 45 m. S. E. by S. Iowa City. PALO ALTO, p. o., Hamilton county, III. : 131 m. S. S. E. Springfield. PALO ALTO, p. o., Onslow county, N. Car. : 92 m. S. E. Ealeigh. PALO ALTO, p. o., Chickasaw co., Miss. : 113 m. N. E. by N. Jackson. PALONA, p. o., Greenville district, S. Car. : 105 m. N. W. Columbia. PALOS, p. o., Miami co., Ind. : 74 m. N. Indianapolis. PALOS, p. o., Cook co., III. : 162 m. N. E. Springfield. PAMELIA FOUR CORNERS, p. v., Jefferson co., N. Y. : 4 m. N. of Watertown, 148 m. N. W. Albany. PAMLICO river, N. Car. : is a broad estuary leading from Tar river into Pamlico sound, 40 m. long, 1 to 8 m. broad, and deep enough for all vessels which navigate Pamlico Sound. PAMLTCO sound, 2f. Car. : is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by long sandy islands about 1 m. wide, is 80 m. long, S to 30 m. wide, receives Tar and Neuse rivers, is entered by Ocracoke inlet, and connects on the N. with Albemarle sound. The land around it is low, and in some places marshy. PAMUNKY river, Virg. : formed by the junction of N. and S. Anna rivers, between Hanover and Caroline counties, thence flows in a S. E. course, until it unites with Malla- pond r., which then form York r. PANAMA, p. o., Chautauque co., N. Y. : 305 m. "W. by S. Albany. PANAMA, p. o., Defiance county, Ohio : 127 m. N. TV. Columbus. PANCOASTBURG, p. v., Fayette co., Ohio : 34 m. S. S. W. Columbus. PANDORA, p. o., Johnson county, Tenn. : 268 m. E. by N. Nashville. PANOLA county, Miss. Situate N. W., and contains 753 sq. m. Drained by Tallahatchie r. and branches of Cold "Water r. Surface generally level ; soil fertile, and making fine pasture. Chief productions, cotton and Indian corn. Farms 618; manuf. 0; dwell. 891, and pop. wh. 5,021, fr. col. 3, si. 6,420 total 11,444. Capital: Panola. PANOLA county, Tea. Situate E. toward the N., and con tains 893 sq. m. Drained by Sabine r. and its branches. Surface diversified by low hills and fertile valleys ; soil fer tile. Pine and other timber abounds. Farms 209 ; manuf. ; dwell. 456, and pop. wh. 2,676, fr. col. 2, si. 1,193 total 3.S71. Capital: Carthage. PANOLA, p. v., and cap. Panola county, Miss. : on Talla hatchie r., 134 m. N. by E. Jackson. It contains a court house, jail, an academy, several stores, and 500 inhabitants. 644 The " Panolean" (deni.), and "P. Picayune" are published weekly. PANTEGO, p. o,, Beaufort co., N. Car. : on a small affluent of Pungo r., 106 m. E. Ealeigh. PANTHER, p. v., and cap. Polk co., Ark. : 110 m. W. by S. Little Eock. It is a small settlement, in which the county business is transacted, containing a hotel and 3 or 4 stores. PANTHER CREEK, p. o., Cass co., III. : about 2 m. S. of Sangamon r., 33 m. W. N. W. Springfield. PANTHER CREEK, p. o., Surry co., N. Car. : 127 m.W. N.W Ealeigh. PANTHER FORK, p. o., Greenville district, <7ar. : 112 m. N. W. Columbia. PANTHER S GAP, p. o., Eockbridge co., Virg. : on the E. base of Mill mt., 102 m. W. by N. Eichmond. PANTHER SPRINGS, p. o., Jefferson co., Tenn. : 185 m. E. Nashville. PANTHERSVILLE, p. v., De Kalb co., Ga. : on a head of Ocmulgee r., 89 ra. N. W. by W. Milledgeville. PANTON, t. and p. o., Addison county, Verm. : on Lake Champlain, 37 m. W. S. W. Montpelier. Bounded E. by Otter cr., and drained by a S. branch. Surface very level; soil of average fertility. Pop. 559. PAN YAN, p. o.. Eacine county, Wise. : 68 miles E. S. E. Madison. PAOLI, p. v., and cap. Orange co., Ind. : on the N. side of Lick cr., S3 m. S. by W. Indianapolis. It contains a court house, jail, academy, a dozen stores, several flouring and other mills, and 4C1 inhabitants. A plank-road leads hence 40 m. to New Albany. PAOLI, p. v., Chester co., Penn. : 73 m. E. by S. Harris- burg. Two miles S. "W. of the v. is a monument on the spot where, on the 20th of September, 1777, Gen. Wayne was defeated by the British under Gen. Grey. The v. is 21 m. from Philadelphia, on the Columbia and Philadelphia E. E., beyond which a branch road to Westchester diverges here. PAPACTON river, N. Y.: the E. branch of Delaware r, rises in E. part of Delaware co., and flows S. W. 65 m. to its junction with "W. branch of the Delaware r. PAPAKUNK, p. o., Delaware co., W. Y. : on Papacton r., 52 m. S. W. Albany ; now called Halcottsville. PAPER-MILL VILLAGE, p. v., Cheshire co., JV 7 ! ffamp. : on Cold r., 5 m. E. of the Connecticut, 89 m. W. by S. Concord. PAPERTOWN, p. o., Cumberland co., Penn. : W. Harris- burg. A furnace of 1,400 tons annual capacity, using water- power, is located here. PAPERVILLE, p. v., Sullivan co., Tenn. : on a N. branch of Holston r., near the Virg. line, 253 m. E. by N. Nashville. PAPINSVILLE, p. v., Bates co., Mo.: on Osage r., 103 m. W. S. W. Jefferson City. PARACLIFTA, p. v., and cap. Sevier co., Ark. : on Cossatot cr. of Little r., 121 m. S. "W. by W. Little Eock. It contains a court-house, hotel, and several stores. PARADISE, p. o., Coles co., III. : 69 m. E. S. E. Springfield. PARADISE, sta., Wayne co., Ohio : 8 m. E. of Wooster, on the Ohio and Pennsylvania E. E. PARADISE, p. v., Lancaster county, Penn. : 47 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. PARADISE, p. o., Eockingham co., Virg.: 103 m. N. W. Eichmond. PARADISE FURNACE, p. o., Huntingdon co., Penn. : 62 m. W. Harrisburg. The furnace uses water-power, and has annual capacity of 1,000 tons. A forge, capable of producing 500 tons blooms per annum, is also located here. PARADISE VALLEY, p. v., Monroe county, P&nn. : 97 m. N. E. by E. Harrisburg. P ARCHER S CORNERS, p. o., Fulton county, Ohio : 129 m. N. N. W. Columbus. PAIIDEEVILLE, p. v., Columbia co., Wise. : on the Neenah, near the E. end of Swan lake, 84 m. N. Madison. It con tains several mills and stores, and a population of 200. PARIIAM S LANDING, p. o., Catahoula par., La. : 101 m. N. N. W. Baton Eouge. PAR PAR PARHAM S STORE, p. o., Sussex co., Virg. : 37 m. S. S. E. Richmond. PARIS, p. v., and cap. Edgar co., III. : 106 m. E. by S. Springfleld. It lies on the E. border of a large prairie, and contains a court-house, jail, academy, a dozen stores, and 600 inhabitants. The proposed railroad from Terre Haute to Springfleld passes through it. The "Prairie Beacon" (whig) is published weekly. PARIS, p. v., Jennings co., Ind. : on the E. side of Gra ham s fork of Muscatatuk r., 68 m. S. S. E. Indianapolis. It contains several stores and about 500 inhabitants. PARIS, p. v., and cap. Bourbon co., Ky. : on the S. branch of Licking r., 81 m. E. Frankfort. It contains a court-house and jail, a bank, two academies, several large commercial houses, and 1.8S4 inhabitants. The Maysville and Lexing ton R. R. passes through it, and the proposed road from Louisville to Knoxville, Tenn. The "Western Citizen" (whig) is published weekly. PARIS, t., p. v., and cap. Oxford co., Me. : 37 m. "W. by S. Augusta. Drained by Little Androscoggin r. and branches, supplying much water-power. Surface uneven; in parts rough ; soil very productive of grass and grain. A superior farming town, with several large factories and mills. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence R. R. crosses the W. part along the r. The v., on an E. branch of the r., has a brisk trade, and contains a court-house, jail, and academy. The " Ox ford Democrat" and " Second Advent Review" are issued weekly. Pop. of t. 2,8S3. PARIS, t and p. o., Kent county, Mich. : 58 m. "W. by N. Lansing. Drained by Gypsum (or Plaster) cr., a S. affluent of Grand r. Surface rolling and well timbered ; soil vege table loam and very fertile. Gypsum is abundant on the cr., and salt springs are found. Pop. 521. PARIS, p. v., and cap. Monroe co., Mo. : on the S. fork of Salt r., 62 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. It contains a court house, jail, academy, and about 500 inhabitants. PARIS, t. and p. o., Oneida county, N.Y. : SI m. "W. by N. Albany. Drained by Sahada or Sauquoit cr., which supplies fine water-power. Surface high and roiling; soil sandy and calcareons loam of excellent quality, and highly cultivated. It is well timbered, and has several manufactories of cotton and woolen goods, paper, etc. Pop. of t. 4,2S3. PARIS, p. o., Coweta county, Go..: 92 miles W. by N. Milledgeville. PARIS, p. v., Lafayette co, Miss. ; 151 m. N. by E. Jackson. PARIS, t. and p. v., Stark county, Ohio : 107 m. 1ST. E. by E. Columbus. Drained by Sandy cr. and branches, affording water-power. Surface rolling or hilly ; soil fertile. The v. contains several factories and 500 inhabitants. Population of t. 2,740. PARIS, p. o., "Washington county, Penn.: 178 m. W. llarrisburg. PARIS, p. v., and cap. Henry co., Tenn. : on a branch of Big Sandy river, a W. tributary of the Tennessee, 86 miles W. by N. Nashville. It contains a court-house, jail, acade my, and several stores, and 400 inhabitants. " The Repub lic" (whig) is published here weekly. PARIS, p. v., and cap. Lamar co., Tex. : 267 m. N. N. E. Austin City. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, and several stores. The "Western Star," a weekly issue, is published. PAKIS, p. T., Fauquier county, Virg. : 103 m. N. N. W. Richmond. It lies at the E. base of the Blue Ridge, and contains several stores and 250 inhabitants. PARK, t. and p. o., Kenosha co., Wiw. : 79 m. E. S. E. Madison. Drained by Des Plaines r., on which are numer ous mill-sites. Surface mostly even, and soil very product ive of the grains. A fine limestone is quarried. Pop. 947. PARISBURG, Giles co., Virg. See GILKS C. H. PARISH, t, and p. o., Oswego co., N. Y. : 133 m. W. N. W. Albany. Drained by Salmon cr. Surface undulating; soil fertile loam. A farming t with superior dairies. Popula- Ifofi 1,799. PARISHVILLE, t and p. v.. St. Lawrence co., If. Y. : 147 m. N. N. E. Albany. Drained by Racket and St. Regis rivers. Surface rolling; soil adapted to grass, corn, and rye. It is heavily timbered and well supplied with mill-seats. The v. is on St. Regis r., and contains several mills and about 500 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 2,132. PARISVILLE, p. v., Portage co., Ohio: on the W. branch of Mahoning r., 128 m. N. E. Columbus. PARK, t. and p. o., St. Joseph s co., Mich. : 76 m. S. W. Lansing. Drained by Portage r. of the St. Joseph s, which furnishes good mill-sites. Surface undulating; soil very productive. Pop. S 23. PARKE county, Ind. Situate W., and contains 423 sq. m. Drained by Sugar and Big and Little Racoon creeks, trib utaries of the Wabash, which runs on its western border, and by these good water-power is gained. Surface slightly undulating, and partly diversified with low hills ; soil a deep black loam, with sand intermixed, and very fertile. Chief productions wheat, Indian corn, and tobacco. There is some rich prairie-land and much fine timber. It contains coal, and has some excellent beds of iron ore. Farms 1.390 ; manuf. 63; dwell. 2,468, and pop. wh. 14,741, fr. col. 227 total 14,968. Capital : Rockville. Public Works : Wabash and Erie Canal. PARKER S, sta., Hillsboro co., N. Jlamp. : 10 m. N. W. of Manchester, on the New Hampshire Central R. R. PARKERSBURG (formerly SCIIOOLEY S MOUNT), p. v., Mor ris co., N. Jer. : 38 m. N. by W. Trenton. A mineral spring here, with the beauty of its location on the E. side of Schooley s Mountain, has made it a popular place of sum mer resort, with ample accommodation for visitors. PARKERSBURG, p. v., Richland county, III. : 119 m. 8. E. Springfield. PARKEHSBURG, p. v., Jasper co., la. : 82 m. W. Iowa City. PARKERSBURG, p. v., Montgomery county, Ind. : 19 m. W. by N. Indianapolis. PARKERSBURG, p. o., Yell co., Ark. : on Petite Jean r., 70 m. W. by N. Little Rock. PARKERSBURG, p. v., and cap. Wood co., Virg. : on the Ohio, immediately above the entrance of Little Kanawha r., 252 m. W. N. W. Richmond. It has an extensive river and inland trade, and valuable manufactures, which must be greatly increased by the completion of the Cincinnati, Hills boro , and Parkersburg R. R. and the North Western R. R., the latter to connect the Baltimore and Ohio R. R. with the Ohio r. at this place. It contains a court-house and jail, a bank, 2 academies, a dozen stores, 2 steam saw-mills, 2 steam nouring-niills, numerous smaller manufacturing es tablishments, and a population of 1,218 souls. The 41 P. Gazette" (whig) and " P. News" are published weekly. PARKER S HEAD, p. o., Lincoln co., Me. : on the Atlantic, 37 m. S. S. E. Augusta. PARKER S STORE, p. o., Franklin co., Ga. : about 3 m.W. of Savannah r., 106 m. N. by E. Milledgeville. PARKERSVILLE, p. v., Chester co., Penn. : 62 m. E. S. E. llarrisburg. PARKERSVILLE, p. o., St. Tammany par., La. : 63 m. E. Baton Rouge. PARKESBURG, p. v. and sta., Chester co., Penn. : on the Columbia and Philadelphia R. R., 45 m.W. of Philadelphia, 61 m. E. S. E. llarrisburg. It contains the State machine shops, several dep6ts and warehouses, 3 stores, a hotel, and between 50 and 60 dwellings. PARKEVILLE, p. v., Noxubee county, Miss. : 112 miles N. E. by E. Jackson. PARK HALL, p. o., St Mary s county, Md. : 46 miles S. Annapolis. PARK HEA!>, p. o., Washington county, Md. : 89 miles N. W. by W. Annapolis. PARKISON, p. o., Beaver co., Penn.: 184 m. W. by N. llarrisburg. PARKMAN, t and p. o., Piscataquis county, Me. : 59 m. N. N. E. Augusta. Drained by branches of Piseataquis r. 645 PAR PAS Surface moderately uneven ; soil fertile and well wooded. A superior dairy town. Pop. 1,243. PARKMAN, t. and p. o., Geauga co., Ohio: 136 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by branches of Cuyahoga and Grand rivers, which furnish good mill-seats. Pop. 1,333. PARK S, p. o., Scott co., Ark. : on La Fave r., 94 m. TV. Little Eock. PARK S, p. o., Edgefield dist., S. Car. : about 4 m. E. of Savannah r., 73 m. W. by S. Columbia. PARK S CORNERS, p. v., Boone co., HI. : 186 m. N. by E. Springfield. PARK S STORE, p. o., Cabarras co., j^. Car. : 101 m."W. byS. Ealeigh. PARK S STORE, p. o., Jackson co., Ala. : 164 m. N. by E. Montgomery. PARKSVILLE, p. v., Sullivan county, 2f. Y. : 83 m. S. "W. Albany. PARKTON, p. v. and sta., Baltimore co., Md. : on the N. side of Great Gunpowder Falls, where it is crossed by the Baltimore and Susquehanna E. E., 23 m. N. of Baltimore. PARKVILLE, p. o., Platte co., Mo. : on the left bank of the Missouri, 139 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. Pop. 309. PABMA, t. and p. o., Monroe co., N. T. : on the S. shore of Lake Ontario, 217 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Salmon cr., flowing into Braddock s bay. Surface generally even ; soil sandy or gravelly loam, and very productive. It is chiefly a farming town, but has several manufactories. Pop. 2,946. PARMA, t and p. o., Cuyahoga county, Ohio: 115 m, N. E. by N. Columbus. Drained by branches of Cuyahoga r. Surface level, and soil adapted to wheat. Pop. 1,329. PARMA, sta., Jackson co., Mich. : on the Michigan Central E. E., 10 m. W. of Jackson. PARMA CENTRE, p. o., Monroe co., N. Y. : 215 m. "W. by N. Albany. PARNASSUS, p. o., Wilcox co., Ala. : about 4 m. W. of Alabama r., 76 m. W. by S. Montgomery. PARNASSUS, p. o., Augusta co., Virg. : 106 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. PAROWAN CITY, p. v., Iron county, Utah Ter. : near S. extremity of Little Salt Lake, 105 m. S. S. W. Fillmore City. PARRISH, p. v., Des Moines co., la. : about 3 m. N. of Skunk r., 59 m. S. by E. Iowa City. PARROTSVILLE, p. v., Cocke co., Tenn. : on a branch of French broad r., 209 m. E. by N. Nashville. PARRYSYILLE, p. v., Carbon co., Penn. : on the E. side of Lehigh r., at the mouth of Big creek, 72 m. N. E. by E. Harrisburg. PARSIPPANY, p. v., Morris co., N. Jer. : on Parsippany r., 47 m. N. N. E. Trenton. It contains an academy and several stores and mills. PARSONAGE, p. o., "Williamsburg dist, & Car.: 79 m. E. S. E. Columbus. PARSONSFIELD, t. and p. v., Tork co., Me. : 74 m. S. W. Augusta. Bounded N. by Ossipee r., and W. by N. Hump. Surface broken and rough ; soil productive. Several ponds feed fine mill streams. Iron ore and zinc are found. Farm ing and various manufactures are extensively carried on. The v. contains an incorporated seminary for both sexes. Pop. of t. 2,322. PARTLOW S, p. o., Spottsylvania co., Virg.: 46m.N. byW. Eichmond. PARTNERSHIP, p. o., Charles county, Md. : 44 m. S. "W. Annapolis. PARTRIDGE ISLAND, p. o., Delaware co., A T . Y.: 92 m. 8. W. by. W. Albany. PASCAGOULA, p. v., Jackson co., Miss. : at the mouth of Pascagoula r., 155 m. S. E. by S. Jackson. PASCAGOULA river, Miss.: formed by the junction of Chickasawha and Leaf rivers, and flows S. by E. about 60 m. into Pascagoula Sound of Gulf of Mexico. It is navigable for vessels drawing 6 feet water. PASCAGOULA sound, Miss. : off the mouth of Pascagoula 646 r., separated from the Gulf of Mexico by several long, nar row islands, 55 m. long, and 8 m. in average breadth. PASCO, p. o., Dallas co., Mo. : 79 m. S. W. Jefferson City. PASCOAG, p. v., Providence co., It. I. : on Pascoag r., a S. affluent of Branch r., 19 m. N. W. by W. Providence. It contains a bank, and several factories and mills. PASHAWN, p. o., La Grange co., Ind. : on the E. side of Little Elkhart r., 131 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. PASKACK, p. o., Bergen co., N. Jer. : on the "W. side of Paskack r., a W. branch of the Ilackensack, 65 miles N. E. by N. Trenton. PASQUOTANK county, N. Car. Situate N. E., and contains 241 sq. m. Drained by small streams of Pasquotank r. Surface level, a portion of it being low and marshy, and unfit for cultivation ; soil various, owing to the diversity of the surface ; where fit for cultivation, it is fertile and adapted to grain. Chief products, wheat and Indian corn. Farms 530 ; manuf. 11 ; dwell. 1,150, and pop. wh. 4,611, fr. col. 1,234, si. 3,105 total 8,950. Capital : Elizabeth City. PASQUOTANK river, Jf. Car. : rises in the Dismal Swamp, flows S. E., and with broad estuary enters Albemarle Sound. It is connected with Elizabeth r., Virg., by the DISMAL SWAMP CANAL, which see. PASSADUMKEAG, t. and p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : on the E. side of Penobscot r., 85 m. N. E. Augusta. Drained by Passadumkeag r. Surface varied ; soil fertile. Lumber getting engrosses attention. Pop 294. PASSADUMKEAG river, Me. : an E. branch of Penobscot r., which it enters at Passadumkeag v., affording in its course fine mill sites. PASSAIC county, 2f. Jer. Situate toward the N. E., and contains 198 sq. m. Drained by Passaic river and its branches. Surface broken, and in parts hilly ; soil various, but for the most part is fertile, and produces good crops of wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. It has some good timber land. Farms 610 ; manuf. 247 ; dwell. 3,369, and pop. wh. 21,922, fr. col. 630, si. 23 total 22,575. Capital : Paterson. Public Works : Union E. E. ; Morris and Essex Canal. PASSAIC river, N. Jer.: rises in Mendham, Morris co., and flows with very irregular course 70 m. to its entrance into Newark bay. At Paterson it has a perpendicular fall of 50 feet, and a total descent of 70 feet, affording an immense water-power. It is navigable for sloops to Acquackanocfc, 12 miles. PASSAIC BRIDGE, sta., Passaic co., JVT Jer. : on the Union E. E., 12 m. from New York. PASSAMAQUODDY bay, Me. : lies partly in Maine, and partly in the British province of New Brunswick, 12 m. long, and averaging 7 m. wide. It is separated from the ocean by Deer and Campobello islands, and many smaller islands. It has everywhere a sufficient depth of water for the largest vessels, and is never closed by ice. Its waters abound with mackerel, herring, cod, and other fish. The tide varies from 25 to 33 feet. The statistics of Passama- quoddy collection district are given under EASTPORT, which is its port of entry. PASS CHRISTIAN, p. v., Harrison co., Miss. : on the E. side of the pass into St. Louis bay, opposite Shieldsboro , 141 m. S. S. E. Jackson. PASSUMPSIC, p. v. and sta., Caledonia co., Verm.: on Passumpsic r., and the Connecticut and Passumpsic Eivera Eailroad, 4 m. south of St. Johnsbury, 29 m. E. N. E. Montpelier. PASSUMPSIC river, Verm. : rises from a pond in Westmore t., flows by S. course 34 m., and enters Connecticut r. It has several falls, particularly in Lyndon, where it de scends 65 feet in 30 rods, producing great water-power. The Connecticut and Passumpsic E. E. runs along the river, and is now completed to St. Johnsbury. PASSYUNK, t. and v., Philadelphia county, Penn. : 93 m. S. by W. Harrisburg. Bounded S. by Schuylkill and Dela ware, and drained by Hollander s cr. Surface level ; soil alluvium and loam. League island, on the Delaware, be PAT PAT longs to it, and is covered with gardens and meadows. The bank of the Schuylki l is high and steep. Pop. 1.607. PATAPSCO river, Md. : rises in Baltimore co., and enters Chesapeake bay, by a broad estuary. It is navigable to Fell s Point, in Baltimore, 14 m., for vessels drawing 18 feet water. In its course it affords extensive water-power, which has been improved by the establishment of numer ous mills on its banks, some of which are large and profit able concerns. PATASKALA, sta., Licking co.,0hio: on the Central Ohio E. E., 26 m. W. of Newark. PATCHIX, p. o., Erie co., N. Y. : 257 m. W. Albany. PATCHOGUE, p. v., Suffolk co., N. Y. : on the S. side of Long Island, near Great South bay, 133 m. S. S. E. Albany. A stream passes through it, supplying ample water-power. It contains several factories and mills, and about 500 inhab itants. In summer it is much frequented by sportsmen for the excellent fishing and fowling the neighborhood affords. There are many fine prospects from this locality. PATERSOX, sta., Putnam co., W. Y. : 63 m. N. of New York, on the Harlem E. E. PATERSOX, p. city, and cap. Passaic co., N. Jer, : o* the Passaic, immediately below the falls of that river, 4 m. from tide water and 26 m. above its confluence with Newark bay, in lat. 40 55 N., and long. 74 19 W., 57 m. N. E. by N. Trenton, and 17 m. N. N. W. New York city. It is situate midway on the lines of the Union (formerly the Paterson and Hudson) K. E., which, extending to Jersey City, gives it easy access to New York, and to Suffern s, where the road connects with the great New York and Erie E. E., from the Hudson, at Piermont, to Dunkirk, on Lake Erie, by which it has also connection with the whole interior of Western New York and Lake Ontario. The Morris Canal, extend ing from Jersey City to Easton, Penn., 102 m., also accom modates its large and valuable commerce, and is the chan nel through which, as a manufacturing city, it receives its fuel. The fall has a perpendicular descent of 50 feet. The ad vantages derivable from the great fall in the river have been improved with much judgment A dam 4| feet high, strongly framed and bolted to the rock in the bed of the river above the falls, turns the stream through a canal ex cavated in the trap rock of the bank, into a basin, whence through strong guard gates it supplies in succession three canals on separate planes, each below the other, giving to the mills on each a head and fall of about 22 feet. The falls and the improvements afford a constant and abundant supply of water for the vast number of manufacturing establishments in operation in the city, which is now one of the most im portant manufacturing places in the United States, and in New Jersey second only to Newark. The falls of the Pas saic is a beautiful sheet of water, and in its passage, through the lapse of ages, the waters have worn a deep chasm into the solid rock, which is obviously retreating, as the abraded banks below testify. No spectacle can be more imposing than is presented by the falling water, as it glides gently over the brow of the precipice, and in flood the scene is magnificent. Paterson contains the county court-house, the jail, and other public offices, 16 or 17 churches of various denomina tions, some of which are elegant and substantial structures, many large hotels, numerous school-houses, and its build ings devoted to manufacturing purposes arc generally con structed of stone. On the whole, it is more than usually substantial in its buildings. The streets are generally laid out with regularity, although in some parts they conform more to the peculiar topography of the ground than to mathematical design. The city is lighted with gas, and its streets are well paved and the sidewalks flagged. The manufactures of the city are on an extensive scale, consist ing of cotton goods, of which there about 20 factories ; wool en goods, dyeing and printing establishments, fulling-mills, gun and pistol factories, machine shops, car and carriage factories, which turn out large numbers of railroad and other carriages, found eries of brass and iron, paper-mills and a variety of mills and factories of less note. Two banks are established here, also a savings bank, and several in surance agencies. For mental culture there is ample pro vision ; a philosophical society for young men, which has a respectable library, and a mechanics society, for the ad vancement of science and the mechanic arts, with a library, philosophical apparatus, etc., have been established for many years. There are also night-schools, at which the mechanics whose daily occupations debar them the ordinary advantages of education, are instructed in the usual branch es. The public press of the city consists of the " P. Guard ian" (dem.) and the "P. Intelligencer" (whig), each of which circulates from 800 to 1,000 copies weekly. Paterson was founded by an association, incorporated in 1791, for the purpose of fostering manufactures, and is said to have been projected by Alexander Hamilton, at that time U. S. Secretary of State. The year preceding this date saw machine cotton spinning first established in New England the factory of Samuel Slater having been established at Pawtucket, JR. /., in 1790. The plans of this company, which had a capital of $1,000,000, failed of success, and the enterprise, for which the times were not sufficiently ad vanced, was abandoned. In after years, however, the pro ject was revived, and the design of the original association carried out by others. The city of Paterson is the great monument of the success that crowned and rewarded their persistent labors. The population in 1810 was 292 ; in 1820, 1,578, and iu 1830, 7,731. In 1S40 it was only 7,596, but in 1850 it had in creased to 11,338 the increase in the decade having been at the rate of 49.26 per centum. In the vicinity of Paterson, and on the opposite side of the Passaic, is New Manchester, which, though under a se parate organization, is to all intents and purposes a part of the city, having the same interests and being connected with it by two bridges. It contains numerous factories and mills, and is a highly flourishing place. The population of the town of Manchester in 1850 was 2,781. Goffle, Oldham, and Totowa, are villages in the same town. PATOKA, p. v. and sta., Gibson co., Ind. : on the N. side of Patoka cr., 117 m. S. W. by S. Indianapolis. It is on the Evansville and Illinois E. E., 30 m. N. of Evansville, and contains several stores and mills. PATOKA river, Ind. : rises in S. part of Orange co., flows W., and empties into the Wabash just below the mouth of White r. It is about 100 m. long, 150 feet wide, and navi gable in high water over 60 miles. PATOX, p. o., Cape Girardeau co., Mb. : on Whitewater cr., 142 m. S. E. by E. Jefferson City. PATRICK county, Virg. Situate S., and contains 506 sq.m. Drained by branches of Smith s, S. Mayo, and Little Dan rivers. Surface hilly and broken ; soil moderately fertile. Chief products, Indian corn and tobacco. On the N. W. runs the Blue Eidge. Farms 748 ; manuf. 27 ; dwell. 1,248, and pop. wh. 7,197, fr. col. 88, si. 2,324 total 9,609. Capi tal: Patrick C. H. PATRICK C. II., p. v., and cap. Patrick county, Virg. : on South Mayo r., a branch of the Dan, 163 m. W. S. W. Eich- mond. It contains a court-house and jail, a flouring-mill, several tobacco factories, and about 500 inhabitants. The v. is also called Taylorsville. PATRICKTOWX, t. and p. o., Lincoln county, Me. : 15 m. E. Augusta. The W. is occupied by a large pond, the source of Sheepscot r. Surface varied ; soil very productive, and well wooded. Pop. 552. PATRIOT, p. v., Switzerland co., Ind. : on the Ohio, 92 m. S. E. Indianapolis. It is 49 m. below Cincinnati, has a con venient landing, and contains about 600 inhabitants. PATRIOT, p. v., Gallia county, Ohio : on the E. side of Symmes cr., 86 m. S. S. E. Columbus It contains several stores and about 400 inhabitants. C47 PAT PAW PATTEN, t and p. o., Penobscot co., Me, : 135 m. N. N. E. Augusta. Pop. 470. PATTEN S HOME, p. o., Eutherford co., N. Car, : 191 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. PATTEN S MILLS, p. o., "Washington county, JV. Y. : 47 m. N. by E. Albany. PATTEESON, t and p. v., Putnam co., N. Y. : S3 m. S. by E. Albany. Drained by Croton r. Surface broken ; soil fertile in the valleys, and under high cultivation. The Hark-in E. E. crosses it, and P. sta. is SO m. N. of New York. The v. is on Croton r., and contains an academy and several stores. Pop. of 1. 1,371. PATTERSON, p. o., Wayne county, Mo. : 137 m. S. E. Jefferson City. PATTERSON, p. Y., Delaware co., Ohio : on the W. side of Scioto r., 23 m. N. by W. Columbus. PATTERSON, sta., "Wyandot co., Ohio : 34 m. N. of Bella- fontaine, on the Mad Eiver and Lake Erie E. E. PATTERSON S BLUFF, p. o., Johnson co., Ark. : on the right bank of Arkansas r., at the mouth of Mountain cr., 86 m. 3ST. W. by W. Little Eock. PATTERSON S DEp6r, p. v. and sta., Hampshire co., Virg. : on the S. side of Potomac r., 8 m. E. of Cumberland by the Baltimore and Ohio E. E., 152 m. N. W. by N. Eichmond. PATTERSON S MILLS, p. o., Washington co., Penn, : 16S m. W. Harrisburg. PATTERSON S STORE, p. o., Allamance co., N. Car, : 49 m. W. N. W. Ealeigh. PATTERSONVILLE, p. v., St. Mary s par., La. : on Bayou Tech6, 49 m. S. by W. Baton Eouge. Great quantities of cotton and sugar are produced hi the vicinity, and sent down the r. from this point. PATTILLOS, p. o., Jefferson co., Teas. : near Cow bayou of the Sabine, 229 m. E. by S. Austin City. PATTONSBURG, p. v., Davies co., Mo. : on Big cr., about 5 m. N. of Grand r., 143 m. N. W. Jefferson City. PATTONSBURG, p. v., Botetourt co., Virg, : on the N. side of James r., 122 m. W. Eichmond. A bridge connects it with the v. of Buchanan on the S. side, and the two contain a dozen stores, several mills and tobacco factories, and about 500 inhabitants. PATTONSVILLE, p. v., Scott co., Virg, : 2S7 m. W. by S. Eichmond. PATTONSVILLE, p. v., Hocking co., Ohio : on the Hocking Canal, E. side of Hocking r., 48 m. S. E. Columbus. It is 22 m. by canal N. W. Athens. PATTONVILLE, p. v., Bedford co., Penn. : 82 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. PATUXENT, p. v., Anne Arundel co., Ml. : on the E. side of Patuxent r., 19 m. N. W. Annapolis. PATUXENT river, Md, : the longest r. in the State, rises in the N. part of Montgomery and Howard counties ; flows S. E. 40 m., then, bending to the S., flows 50 m. in that di rection, nearly parallel with Chesapeake bay, which it enters by a large estuary. It is navigable to Nottingham, 50 m., for vessels of 250 tons, and further for smaller vessels. PAULDING county, Ga. Situate W. toward the N., and contains 663 sq. m. Drained by head branches of Talla- poosa r. and branches of Etowah r. Surface varied in the N. being hilly, the remainder level land ; soil fertile. Chief productions, cotton, Indian corn, and fruit It has some fine timber land. Farms 422 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 1,059, and pop. wh. 5,560, fr. col. 2, si. 1,477 total 7,039. Capital : Van Wert. PAULDING county, Ohio. Situate W. toward the N., and contains 436 sq. m. Drained by Maumee r. and Auglaize r. and its branches Crooked and Blue creeks. Surface level ; soil very productive, and is well adapted to grain. Farms 77; manuf. 4; dwell. 307, and pop. wh. 1,765, fr. col. 1 total 1,766. Capital: Paulding C. H. Public Works : Sandusky and Fort Wayne and St. Louis E. E. ; Wabash and Erie Canal ; Miami Canal, etc. PAULDING, p. v., and cap. Jasper county, Miss. : 67 m. E. by S. Jackson. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, 648 several stores, and 400 inhabitants. The " Eastern Clarion" (dem.) is published weekly. PAULDING, p. v.,and cap. Paulding co., Ohio: on Crooked cr., a W. branch of the Auglaize, 114 m. N. W. Columbus. It contains the co. buildings and several stores and mills. PAULINA, p. v., Warren co., N. Jer. : on the S. side of Paulin s Kill, 52 m. N. by W. Trenton. PAULINSKILL, r., N. Jer. : rises in Sussex co., and flows in S. W. course about 40 m., entering Delaware r. in N. W. corner of Warren co., near Columbia. PAVILION, p. v., Kendall co.,/W. : about 1 m. S. of Fox r., 142 m. N. N. E. Springfield. PAVILION, t and p. o., Kalamazoo county, Midi. : 63 m. S. W. Lansing. Drained by Portage r. of the St. Joseph s, into which flow several large ponds. Surface level; soil adapteJ to grasj and grain. Pop. 495. PAVILION, t. and p. o., Genesee county, N. Y. : 223 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Allen s cr. Surface roll ing; soil clayey loam. A superior t. for wheat growing. Pop. 1,640. PAVILION CENTRE, p. v., Genesee county, N~. Y. : 221 m. W. by N. Albany. PAWCATUCK, river, R. I. and Conn, : formed in Washing ton co., by the junction of Wood and Charles rivers, which afford extensive water-power ; flows in S. W. course to the State line, thence S., forming the dividing line between the States, to its entrance into Nautigansick bay. PAWLET, t., p. v., and sta., Eutland co., Verm. : on the W. line of the State, 71 m. S. S. W. Montpelier. Drained by Pawlet r. Surface broken ; soil very productive of corn and grass. Grazing is much attended to, and various manufactures carried on. The Eutland and Washington E. E. crosses the W. part, on which is the sta., IS m. S. of Castleton. The v. contains an academy. Pop. of t. 1,843. PAWLET river, Verm, and J\1 Y, : rises in Dorset, Vt., flows N. W. into Lake Champlain, and affords good water- power. PAWLINGS, t. and p. v., Duchess county, N. Y. : 77 m. S. by E. Albany. Drained by branches of Fishkill and Croton rivers. Surface a large valley with hills on the E. and W. sides ; soil moderately fertile. It contains several ponds and has good iron ore. The v. is 67 m. from New York by the Harlem E. E., and contains a bank and several " stores. Pop. of 1. 1,720. PAW PAW, p. v., Miami county, Ind. : on the E. side of Eel r., at the mouth of Paw Paw cr., 76 m. N. by E. Indian apolis. It is on the proposed railroad from Peru to Goshen. PAW PAW, p. v., and cap. Van Buren co., Mich. : on the S. branch of Paw Paw r., 81 m. S. W. by W. Lansing. It contains the co. buildings, several mills, 8 or 10 stores, and 500 inhabitants. The " P. Free Press" (dem.), is published weekly. Paw Paw sta. is 4 m. S. E. of the v. on the Mich igan Central E. E. PAW PAW, p. v. and sta., Morgan co., Virg. : 146 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. It is 15 m. E. of Cumberland on the Baltimore and Ohio E. E. PAW PAW GROVE, p. o., Lee co., III. : 138 m. N. by E. Springfield. PAWTUCKET, t. and sta., Bristol co., Mass. : on Pawtucket r., 37 m. S. S. W. Boston, and 4 m. N. by E. Providence, on Boston and Providence E. E. This small t. embraces part of the v. of Pawtucket, and is noted for its factories of cotton and woollen goods. Pop. of t in 1S30, 1,459 ; in 1840, 2,184 ; in 1850, 3,753. PAWTUCKET, p. v. and sta., Providence county, R. I. : on Pawtucket r., 4 m. N. Providence, on Worcester and Prov idence E. E. This large and flourishing v. is located on both sides of the r., which here furnishes great water-power. The first manufacture of cotton goods in this country by water-power machinery was commenced here in 1790, by Mr. Samuel Slater, an Englishman. The present factories are for the most part engaged in making cotton goods. There are 7 churches, 3 banks, 12 cotton factories, etc. The PAW PEE Gazette and Chronicle" (miscel.) is issued weekly. Pop. 7,000. PAWTL-CKET, river, R. L: This important river above Pawtucket v., in Mass., is called Blackstonc r. (which see), and below the falls takes the name of Seehonk r. At the v. it has a descent of 50 feet, affording great water-water. Below the falls it is navigable 4 m. to its entrance into Providence r. below Providence. PAWTUXET, p. v., Kent co., It. I. : on Pawtuxet r., near its mouth, 3 m. S. Providence. The harbor is spacious, safe, and convenient The v. is upon both sides of the r. and crossed by a bridge. The great water-power here afforded is improved by extensive factories of cotton and woollen goods, grist-mills, etc. Pop. about 1,500. PAWTUXET, p. o., Wakulla co., Flor. : 23 m. S. by W. Tallahassee. PAWTUXET, river, R. I. : rises in "W. part of Providence co., flows E. S. E. until it receives its principal branch in War- wich t. ; thence E. N. E., and enters Providence bay 3 m. below Providence. It affords great water-power, used by numerous factories, particularly those of cotton goods. PAXINOS, t. and p. o., Northumberland co., Penn. Here are a furnace of 1,100 tons capacity, and a forge producing 250 tons of blooms per annum, both using water-power. Soil fertile. It contains good farms and pastures, and is well wooded. Pop. 890. FAXTON, t and p. v., "Worcester county, Mass.: 47 m. W. Boston. Surface very high, dividing the streams of the Connecticut and the Merrimac, and much broken. PAY DOWN, p. o., Osage co., Mo. PAYNESVILLE, p. v., Pike co., Mo. : about 6 m. W. of the Mississippi, 79 m. N. E. by E. Jefferson City. PAYNEVILLE, p. v., Sumter co., Ala. : 118 m. W. by N. Montgomery. PAYSON, p. v., Adams county, III. : about 6 m. E. of the Mississippi, 84 m. W. Springfield. PEACE DALE, p. v., Washington co., R. /. : 26 m. S. by "W. Providence. PEACIIAM, t. and p. v., Caledonia county, Verm. : 21 m. E. by N. Montpelier. Onion r. rises in a pond in the "W., and small streams afford water-power. Surface slightly uneven; soil fertile. Limestone is found, and in the E. great quantities of marl. A superior farming t. The v. contains a large academy. Pop. 1,377. PEACH BOTTOM, t. and p. v., York co., Penn. : on the S. line of the State, and W. side of Susquehanna r., 44 m. S. E. Harrisburg. Bounded N. by Muddy cr., by branches of which it is drained. Surface level ; soil gravelly and generally fertile. The Susquehanna or Tide-Water Canal passes along the r., on which is the v. containing a factory and several stores and mills. PEACH BOTTOM, p. o.. Grayson co., Virg. : on a W. branch of New r., 211 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. PEACH CREEK, p. o., Panola co., Miss. : 129 m. N. by E. Jackson. PEACH GROVE, p. o., Fairfax county, Virg. : 93 m. N. Richmond. PEACH ORCHARD, p. o., Lawrence co., Ky. : 117 m. E. Frankfort. PEACH TREE, p. o., Cherokee co., N. Car. : on the N. side of Iliwassee r., 304 m. W. by S. Raleigh. PEACH TREE GKOVE, p. o., Nash county, IT. Car. : 37 m. E. by N. Raleigh. PEAKE S, sta., Hanover co.,Virff. : 15 m. N. of Richmond, on the Virginia Central R. R. PEAKSVILLE, p. v., Bedford co., Virg. : 98 m. W. by S. Richmond. PEALER S, p. o., Columbia county, Penn. : 65 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. PEAPACK, p. v., Somerset co., N. Jer. : ou Peapack river, 85 m. N. by E. Trenton. PEA RIDGE, p. o., Union district, S. Car, : 65 m. N. W. Columbia. K4 PEA RIDGE, p. o., Montgomery county, Tenn. : 34 m. W. N. W. Nashville. PEA RIDGE, p. o., Benton co., Ark. : 153 m. N. W. Little Rock. PEA RIVER, p. o., Pike co., Ala. : on the E. side of the r. so called, 59 m. S. E. Montgomery. PEAHL river, Miss. : is formed from several branches near the centre of Miss., runs S. W., until below Jackson it bends, and thence flows S. by E. to the Gulf of Mexico. From lat. 31 N. it forms the dividing line between Ala. and La. The navigation is obstructed by sand-bars, shal lows, etc., but admits small vessels to Jackson. For statis tics of Pearl river collection district, see SHIELDSBORO , its port of entry. PEARLINGTON, p. o., Hancock co., Miss. : on Pearl river, about 10 m. above its mouth, 141 m. S. by E. Jackson. PEARL VALLEY, p. o., Neshoba co., Miss. : about 8 m. N. of Pearl r., 69 m. N. E. by E. Jackson. PEA TINE, p. o., Walker county, Ga. : 1S1 m. N. W. Milledgeville. PECAN GROVE, p. o., Carroll par., La. : 145 m. N. Baton Rouge. PECAN POINT, p. o., Mississippi co., Ark. : on the Missis sippi, 141 m. E. N. E. Little Rock. PECK S RUN, p. o., Barbour co., Virg. : 109 m. N. W. by W. Richmond. PECKSVILLE, p. v., Duchess co., N. Y. : 79 m. S. Albany. PECONIC bays, N. Y. : lie at the E. end of Long Island, dividing it into two peninsulas. Great Peconic bay is sepa rated from Gardiner s bay on its E. by Shelter island, and is a large body of water, 14 m. long by 4 to 5 m. wide. It is separated from Southold harbor by Little Hog Neck, and contains Robbins island, E. of its centre. Little Peconic bay is its more western portion, extending inland 4 or 5 m., and receives from that Peconic r., which is navigable for sloops to Riverhead. PECOS river, 2f. Mex. : the main N. tributary of the Rio Grande; rises in the table-lands E. of Santa Fe, and flows in a S. S. E. course through the valley between the Guada- loupe Mountains and Sierra Blanca 500 m., to its confluence with the Rio Grande. PEDEE, p. v., Cedar co., la. : 17 m. E. Iowa City. PEDEE rivers, Great and Little, S. Car. : Great Pedee r. rises in the N. W. part of N. Car., and is called Yadkin r. until it enters S. Car., through which it flows, in a S. S. E. course, into Winyaw bay, an inlet from the Atlantic. It is navigable 200 m. for boats of 60 or 70 tons. Little Pedee r. rises in S. E. part of If. Car., and flows in a southerly course to its confluence with the Great Pedee r., 32 m. above its mouth. PEDLAR S HILL, p. o., Chatham co., N . Car. : 36 m. W. Raleigh. PEDLAR S MILL, p. o., Amherst co., Virg. : on a N. branch of James r., 94 m. W. Richmond. PEDRICKTOWN, p. v., Salem co., N. Jer. : on Oldman s cr., 2 m. E. of the Delaware, 46 m. S. W. Trenton. PEEDEE, p. o., Anson co., N. Car. : 83 m. S. W. Raleigh. PEEKSKILL, p. v. and sta., Westchester co., N. Y. : on the E. side of Hudson r., 43 m. N. of New York, and 101 in. S. of Albany by the Hudson River R. R. It is pleasantly situated, contains 8 churches, an incorporated academy, 6 large iron foundries, casting chiefly stoves and agricultural implements, several tanneries, etc., and one bank, capital $200,000. A large business is done by barges, sloops, etc., in conveying to the New York markets live-stock and vege table produce here collected from the fertile agricultural district surrounding it. A steam ferry-boat plies across the Hudson to Caldwell s Landing. The "P. Republican" (whig) is issued weekly. Thjs place is invested with interest from its connection with the Revolution. Pop. about 8,000. PEELED OAK, p. o., Bath co., Ky. : 61 m. E. Frankfort. PEEL TREE, p. o., Harrison co. 3 Virg.; 201 m. N.W. by W. Richmond. 649 PEE PEN PEERY S STOKE, p. o., Tazewell co., Virg. : 241 m. W. by S. "Richmond. PEIRCEVILLE, p. v., Dane county, Wise. : 13 m. E. N. E. Madison. PEKATONICA river, Wise, and III. : rises in Iowa co.,Wisc., and flows S. and E. into Eock r., in 111., 6 m. below its N. boundary. Near its mouth it receives from the N. Sugar cr., a considerable branch. It is navigable for flat boats to Min eral Point, Wise. PEKIN, p. v., Tazewell co.. III. : on the left bank of the Illinois, 54 m. N. Springfield. It is 182 m. from the mouth of the r., and largely engaged in shipping the agricultural products of an extensive and fertile district for the E. and S. markets. Though commerce is the leading interest, its man ufactures are rapidly increasing, and must soon be of great importance. It contains an academy, several steam flouring and saw mills, about 40 stores and warehouses, and 2,500 inhabitants. Two weekly newspapers, the " Tazewell Mirror" (whig), and " Illinois Keveille" (dem.), are published here. PEKIN, p. v. and sta., Niagara co., W. Y. : on the Eoches- ter, Lockport, and Niagara Falls K. K., 10 m. W. of Lock- port, 259 m. W. by N. Albany. PEKIN, p. o., Jessamine co., Ky. : 26 m. S. E. Frankfort. PEKIN, p. v., Carroll co., Ohio : on Sandy cr. and the San- dusky and Beaver Canal, 107 m. E. N. E. Columbus. PEKIN, p. o., Jackson co., Tenn. : 57 m. E. Nashville. PEKIN, p. v. and sta., Washington co., Ind. : on Lick cr. of Great Blue r., 81 m. S. Indianapolis. It is 24 m. N. of New Albany, on the New Albany and Salem E. E. PELHAM, L and p. o., Westchester co., Jf. 1". : on Long Island Sound, 121 m. S. Albany. Drained by Eastchester cr., flowing into Eastchester bay. Surface mostly level; soil sandy, but well tilled. The New York and New Haven E. E. crosses the N. part Pop. 577. PELHAM, t and p. v., Hampshire co., Mass: 73 m. W. of Boston. Drained by Swift and Fort rivers, which furnish mill-sites. Surface high and uneven ; soil of average qual ity. Asbestos is found, and springs containing iron and sul phur. Building stone is abundant. Pop. of L 983. PELUAM, L and p. o., Hillsboro county, N. Ilamp. : 38 m. S. S. E. Concord. Drained by Beaver r., an affluent of the Merrimac. Surface broken; soil fertile on the streams. Farming and grazing are the chief occupations. Population of 1 1,071. PELHAM, p. o., Grundy co., Tenn. : 76 m. S. E. Nashville. PELLA, p. v., Marion co., la. : on a fine upland, equi-dis- tant from the Des Moines and Skunk rivers, 72 m. W. by S. Iowa City. A colony of Hollanders, under President Schaulter. has settled here. PELTONVILLE, p. v., Steuben co., N. Y. : about 2 m. W. of Crooked lake, 181 m. W. Albany. PEMADCMCOOK lake, Me. : lying in the E. part of Piscata- quis co., is a large body of water, of irregular shape, sur rounded by some of the best timber-land in the State, and affords excellent transportation for the lumber, etc. PEMAQUID, p. o., Lincoln co., Me. : near the Atlantic coast, 36 m. S. S. E. Augusta. PEMBEKTON, L and p. v., Burlington co., & Jer. : 17 m. S. S. E. Trenton. Drained by branches of Eancocus cr., which furnish water-power. Surface mostly level; soil sandy loam of good quality. The v. is on the N. branch of the cr., and contains a furnace, cotton factory, several mills and stores, and about 800 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 2,866. PEMBERTON, p. v., Goochland co., Virg. : 27 m. W. N.W. Richmond. PEMBINA county, Minn. Ter. Situate N., and contains 45,000 sq. m. This large county lies between lat. 47 and 49, and extends from the Missouri and White Earth rivers on the W. to the Mississippi, which in part forms its E. boundary. The sources of the Mississippi occupy the E. section of the county, and consist of a series of lakes, large and small, which are spread over thousands of square miles. Westward of this is the height of land dividing the waters 650 of the Mississippi flowing S. from those of the Eed r. of the N., the latter of which passes through the county from the S., and falls into Lake Winnipeg above the national bound ary. The extreme W. is drained by numerous affluents of the Missouri. Little is known of this far northern region, except of the immediate banks of the Eed Eiver, where, at Pembina, are located the followers of Lord Selkirk. The county is well wooded, and the soils, where settlement has been made, are found to be very fertile, but the short sum mers and long winters must ever prevent the dense popula tion of the country, so long as there is room to spare in the milder climates and fine lands of the more genial South. Farms 17; manuf. 0; dwell. 1S8, and pop. wh. 1,134, fr. col. total 1,134. Capital : Pembina. PEMBINA, p. v., and cap. Pembina co., Minn. Ter. : on E. bank of Eed r. of the N., at the N. boundary line of the State, 334 m. N. N. W. St. Paul. This settlement contains upward of 1,000 population, principally persons of mixed Indian and white blood, who subsist chiefly by agriculture and hunting. There is a Catholic church in which to ac commodate the varied population; sermons are preached in English, French, and Chippeway. PEMBROKE, t. and p. o., Christian co., Ky. : 166 m. S. W. by W. Frankfort. PEMBROKE, t. and p. v., Washington co., Me. : on the N. side Cobscook bay, 136 miles E. by N. Augusta. Surface varied ; soil fertile and well tilled. The coasting-trade and fisheries are leading interests. Pop. of 1. 1,712. PEMBROKE, t and p. v., Plymouth county, Mass. : 24 m. S. S. E. Boston. Drained by branches of North r., which afford good power. The r. is deep, and navigable into the t., and ship-building is carried on extensively along its course. In the S. are several ponds. Cotton goods, iron castings, cabinet-ware, etc., are manufactured. The v. con tains an academy. Pop. of t. 1,3S8. PEMBROKE, t. and p. v., Merrimac co., N. Hamp. : 1 m. S. E. Concord. Bounded W. by the Merrimac, and S. by the Suncook, which supply water-power. Surface pleas antly diversified; soils various, mostly fertile, and on the rivers very rich. The Portsmouth and Concord E. E. passes along the Merrimac. The v. extends about 3 m. parallel to that r., and contains a large and flourishing academy. Pop. of 1. 1,732. PEMBROKE, t. and p. v., Genesee county, N. Y. : 22S m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Tonawanda cr., which has several falls. Surface even or undulating ; soil clayey loam, and very productive of wheat. The Canandaigua and Ni agara Falls E. E. and Buffalo and Eochester E. E. cross the t ; on the latter is P. sta., 11 m. W. of Batavia. The v. on the creek contains a furnace and several mills. Population of t. 2,279. PEMBROKE, p. o., Giles county, Virg. : 16S m. W. by S. Eichmond. PEMIGEWASSETT river, N. Hamp. : the principal constitu ent stream of Merrimac r., rises in the White Mountains ? E. of Franconia, and flows in general S. course to its junc tion in Franklin L with Winnipiseogee r., there forming the Merrimac river. PEMISCOT county, Mo. Situate S. E., and contains about 300 sq. m. Drained by White Water r. and its branches in the N. W. portion. Surface low and level ; a large portion is swampy, and unfit for cultivation; soil is fertile where cultivated, and adapted to grain. It produces abundantly wheat, corn, fruits, etc., and has some good timber land. It contains some minerals and good coal-beds. In the S. W. s Lake Pemiscot, occupying a large portion of the co. The Mississippi bounds it on the E. A new county since 1S50. Capital: Little Prairie. PEXATAQUIT, p. o., Suffolk co., N. Y. PENCADER, hund., New Castle co., Del. : on the W. line >f the State, and contains 29,250 acres. Surface elevated and uneven ; soil clayey, in parts marshy, and moderately >roductive. The Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore PEN PEN E. E., the New Castle and Frcnchtown E. E., and the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal pass through it. PENDARVIS STORE, p. o., Wayne co., Ga. : 145 m. S. E. by S. Milledgeville. PEXDLETOX county, Ey, Situate N., and contains 2S6 sq. m. Drained by Licking r. and its branches, Grassy, Kincaid s, and Fort Lick creeks. Surface generally level, but in the N. E. rather hilly, and presenting high bluffs to the r. shore ; soil fertile and productive, and there is some pood grazing land. Staples, Indian corn and tobacco. Farms 606; manuf. 7; dwell. 1,057, and pop. wh. 6,230, fr. col. 35, si. 509 total 6,774. Capital : Falmouth. PuUic, Works: Covington and Lexington E. E.; Covington and Maysville E. E. PENDLETOX county, Virg. Situate N. centrally, and con tains 612 sq. m. Drained by S. branch of Potomac r., which traverses its central portion. Surface mountainous and rough, the co. being an elevated table-land lying between two ridges of the Alleghany Mountains ; soil barren in gen eral. Chief production, Indian corn. Farms 693 ; manuf. 56 ; dwell. 891, and pop. wh. 5,443, fr. col. 30, si. 322 total 5,775. Capital: Franklin. PEXDLETON, p. v. and sta., Madison co., Ind. : on Fall cr., 25 m. N. E. by E. Indianapolis. It is 28 m. from Indianap olis by the Indianapolis and Bellefontaine E. E., and has good water-power on the cr. It contains several stores and mills, and 600 or 800 inhabitants. There are quarries of limestone and marble near it. PENDLETON, t. and p. v., Niagara county, N. Y. : 252 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by affluents of Tonawand-i cr., its S. boundary. Surface undulating ; soil fertile calcareous loam. It contains a noted sulphur spring. The Canan- daigua and Niagara Falls E. E. crosses the S. part The Erie Canal also passes through it, on which is the v., 7 m. S. "W. of Lockport, 24 m. N. E. of Buffalo. Pop. of t. 2,166. PENDLETOX, p. o., Putnam county, Ohio: 95 m. N. W. Columbus. PEXDLETON, p. v., Anderson dist., S. Car. : on Eighteen Mile cr., an affluent of Savannah r., 121 m. W. N. "VV. Columbia. It contains 2 academies, a dozen stores, and about 700 inhabitants. The " P. Messenger," a weekly is sue, is published. The proposed route of the Eabun Gap E. E. passes through it. PENDLETON river, Ga.: rises in Lawrence county and flows S. E. into Tatnall county, there joining the Great Ohoopee r. PEXDLETON CENTRE, p. v., Niagara co., JV. Y.: 254 m. W. by N. Albany. PKNDLETON HILL, p. o., New London co., Conn. : 26 m. 8. E. Hartford. PENFIELD, p. v., Greene co., Ga. : 41 m. N. Milledgeville. It has a pleasant location, is well laid out and neatly built, and the seat of a college and theological seminary under the direction of the Baptists. Mercer University was found ed in 1S3S, and in 1S50 had 7 instructors, 32 alunmi (of whom 10 were ministers), 71 students, and a library of 3,400 volumes. Mercer Theological Seminary, founded in 1844, had in 1850, 2 professors, 6 students, 3 graduates, and 2,200 volumes in its library. Pop. about 800. PENFIELD, p. v., Kane co., III.: on the right bank of Fox r., at the entrance of Big Eock cr., 142 m. N. N. E. Springfield. PEXFIELD, t. and p. v., Monroe county, JV. Y. : 1S7 m. "W. by N. Albany. Drained by Irondequoit cr., emptying into Irondequoit bay, its W. boundary. Surface undulating , soil loam, mixed with sand, gravel, or clay. Limestone is plenty, and wheat the chief product. The v. is on the creek, and contains an academy, several factories, and flouring and other mills, and a population of 800. Popula tion of t. 3,185. PENFIELD, t. and p. o., Lorain co., Ohio: 94 m. N. N. E. Columbus. Drained by E. branch of Black r. Pop. 672. PENINSULA, p. v., Summit co., Ohio : on Cuyahoga r. and the Ohio Canal, 24 m. S. Cleveland, 113 m. N. E. Columbus. PENN DISTRICT, t., Philadelphia co., Penn. See PHILA DELPHIA. PENNEY S, p. o., Eandolph co., Mo.: 65 m. N. by "W. Jefferson City. PENNFIELD, p. o., Davidson co., N. Car. : 93 m.W. Ealeigh. PENXFIELD, t. and p. o., Calhoun co., Mich. : 41 m. S. W. Lansing. Drained by Battle cr., a N. branch of the Kula- mazoo, on which are numerous water privileges. Surface rolling ; soil very productive of grain. Pop. 598. PENNINGTOX, p. v., Mercer co., A 7 : Jer. : S m. N. by W Trenton. It contains an academy and 8 or 10 stores. PENXINGTOXVILLE, p. v. and sta., Chester co., Penn. : on the Columbia and Philadelphia E, E., 48 m. W. of Phila delphia, 52 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. Near the v. is a fur nace of 1,200 tons annual capacity, and a forge producing 350 tons of blooms per annum. It contains several stores about 40 dwellings. PENN LINE, p. o., Crawford co., Penn. : near the W. line of the State, 208 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. PEXN EUN, p. o., Indiana co., Penn. : 118 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. PENNSBOKOUGH, p. v., Eitchie county, Virg.: 232 miles N. W. by N. Eichmond. PENNSBOKOUGH, p. o., Irwin co., Ga. : 112 m. S. by W. Milledgeville. PENNSBUEG, p. o., Montgomery county, Penn. : 78 m. E. Harrisburg. PENN S CREEK, p. o., Union co., Penn. : on a "W. affluent of the Susquehanna so called, 43 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. PENN S GROYE, p. o., Salem co., N. Jer. : on Delaware r., 49 m. S. W. Trenton. PENN S GROVE, p. o., Delaware co., Penn. : 74 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. PEXN S SQUARE, p. o., Montgomery co., Penn. PENN S STORE, p. o., Patrick co., Virg. : on North Mayo r., 152 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. PENNSVILLE, p. v., Morgan co., Ohio : about 3 m. "W. of Muskingum r., 64 m. E. S. E. Columbus. PENNSVILLE, p. v., Fayette co., Penn. : 137 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. PENNSYLVANIA, from her central position, her natural resources, and her grand system of transit lines, one of the most important States of the Union, lies in the form of a parallelogram, between 89 43 (Mason and Dixon s line) and 42 latitudes N., and extends from 74 40 to 80 36 longitudes W. from Greenwich, or 2 22 E. and 3 35 W. from Wash ington. It is bounded on the north by Lake Erie and the State of New York ; on the east by New Jersey, from which the Delaware Eiver separates it; on the south by Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia; and on the west by Virginia and Ohio. With a length from east to west of 315 miles, and a breadth, exclusive of the strip of land jutting toward Lake Erie, of 160 miles, its area covers a surface of 46,000 square miles. Pennsylvania, with the exception of Virginia, is the only State which stretches quite across the great Appalachian sys tem of mountains, and is thus naturally divided into three strikingly distinct regions the eastern or Atlantic slope, the tentral or mountain region, and the western, or Ohio and Erie table-land. The principal mountain chains definitely traceable in this State are as follows : 1. The South Mountain enters it from New Jersey, between Northampton and Bucks counties, and after being inter- 651 " PENNSYLVANIA. rupted by the Schuylkill above Pottstown, and by the Susquehanna near the southern border of the State, it passes into Maryland. 2. The Blue Eidge enters Pennsylvania below Easton, where it is pierced by the Delaware; pursuing a south-westerly direction, it is interrupted by the Schuylkill at Reading, by the Susquehanna below Harrisburg, and passes out of the State between Adams and Franklin counties. The elevation of the former ridge nowhere exceeds 1,000 feet, and that of the latter is somewhat more elevated. 3. The Blue Mountain, or Kittatinny, also enters this State from New Jersey, and is broken by the Delaware at Water Gap, further west by a pass called the Wind Gap, by the Lehigh, by the Schuylkill above Harrisburg, and by the Susque- hanua five miles above Harrisburg. It then passes between Franklin and Bedford counties into Maryland. Its eleva tion in Pennsylvania varies from 800 to 1,500 feet above the sea level. Between the Kittatinny Mountain and the north branch of the Susquehanna River, a distance of about 35 miles, is the great anthracite coal region. 4. The Broad Mountain, which lies in the intervening space between the Kittatinny Mountain and Susquehanna, forms a less continuous but more elevated chain than the last mentioned. It is continued south-west of the Susquehanna by the Tuscarora Mountains, which are pierced by the Juniata between Mifflin and Perry counties, and passes into Maryland a little west of the Kittatinny chain. 5. Sideling Hill forms a well-defined ridge from the Maryland line to the Juniata, on the south-west corner of Mifflin County. 6. The next well-defined chain is the Alleghany Mountain, which forms the dividing ridge between the Atlantic basin and the Valley of the Ohio. It is therefore the height of land between those two basins, although its summits do not rise to so great an elevation above its base as do those of Broad Mountain above the base of that chain. The Alleghany rises in Bradford County, is pierced by the north branch of the Susquehanna below Towanda, traverses Lycoming County, where it crosses the west branch of the Susquehanna, and pursuing a southerly course, separates Huntingdon and Bed ford from Cambria and Somerset counties. "Westward of the Alleghany chain, and on the Ohio table-land, two well-defined chains cross the State from north to south, in a direction nearly parallel to that of the first-mentioned, under the names of (7) the Laurel Eidge, about twenty- five miles west of the Alleghanies ; and (S) Chesnut Eidge, ten miles farther west. Neither of these chains is very ele vated. Though in some places rude and rocky, many of these mountain ranges consist of gradually rising swells, cultivated to the summits, and the whole mountain region is interspersed with highly beautiful and productive valleys, some of which are of considerable extent and under an excellent system of cultivation. The eastern and western parts of the State are generally level, or agreeably diversified with hills and vales. Every part of Pennsylvania is well watered, and abounds in rivers, streams, rivulets, and brooks ; but some of the rivers are so much obstructed that they serve rather as canal feeders than as navigable channels. The Delaware, that rises in the Kaatskill Mountains in New York, and bathes the eastern border, may yet be consid ered as belonging to Pennsylvania, from which it receives its principal tributaries. Pursuing a southerly course, and piercing the Kittatinny and Blue Eidge, the Delaware meets the tide 130 miles from the sea at Trenton, to which place it is accessible for sloops ; at and above that point the navigation is impeded by a fall and shoals. Large ships ascend to Philadelphia, about 40 miles below which it expands into a broad bay. Its whole course is about 320 miles in length. The numerous canals connected with various points of the coal region, and uniting its waters with those of the Hudson, the Earitan, and Chesapeake, have greatly increased its importance as a channel of trade. Its principal tributaries in Pennsylvania are the Lackawaxen, the Lehigh, and the Schuylkill, which rise in the anthracite region. The Schuylkill has a course of about 130 miles, and is navigable for vessels of above 300 tons to Philadelphia, six miles below which it falls into the Delaware. The Susquehanna is the principal river of Pennsylvania in point of size, but it is so much broken in its course by rapids and bars as to afford little advantage to navigation without artificial aid. It rises in Otst-go Lake, in the State of New York, and flowing in a circuitous but general southerly direction, nearly parallel with the Delaware, it reaches the Chesapeake 4% miles from its source. Its principal tributaries are all from the right they are the Unadilla and Che- nango, in New York; and the Tioga or Chemung, the "West Branch, and the Juniata, in Pennsylvania. The most con siderable from the west are the Lackawannock, Swatara, and Conestoga. The channels of the Susquehanna are so winding and broken that even the descending navigation is extremely difficult and dangerous, and practicable only at certain seasons in particular stages of the waters, and its tributaries partake of the same character. The Juniata rises in the Alleghany ridge, but the West Branch rises in numerous streams from the Laurel Hill, and pierces the Alleghany above Dunstown. The great rivers of Western Pennsylvania are tributaries, or, rather, constituents of the Ohio. The Alleghany, rising in the north-western slope of the same range, with some of the remote sources of the West Branch, flows first north into New York, and then south to its junction with the Monongahela. It is navigable to Olean, in New York, 240 miles from its mouth, and to Waterford, on French Creek, its principal tributary, 14 miles from Lake Erie. The Kiskimenitas, or Conemaugh, the principal tributary to the east, rises in the western declivity of the Alleghany Mountains, near the head waters of the Juniata, and pierces the Laurel and Chestnut ridges. The other constituent branch of the Ohio is the Mo nongahela, which descends from the Alleghany range in Virginia, and before its junction with the Alleghany receives the Youghiogeny, a large stream from Maryland. Both of these rivers afford boat navigation for a considerable distaix-e. The Big Beaver is the only large tributary of the Ohio within this State, and is navigable for some distance above the falls near its mouth. After the junction of the Alleghany and Monongahela, the Ohio has a short part of its course on the borders of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania, skirting on Lake Erie, has a coast of about 30 miles in length. Seaward, the State has no coast, but its noble river, the Delaware, is easily accessible, and furnishes harbors of the greatest importance. Westward of the mount ains, its rivers open a highway toward the Great West, and ultimately to the Gulf of Mexico. And both systems of rivers and outlets are so connected by vast internal improvements as to create continuous lines of communication, Avhich not only permit of a free passage through the State, but bring to a focus all its most distant parts. The numerous geological formations which are observable throughout Pennsylvania, are generally composed of suc cessive strata or layers of rock, based one upon another, from the lowest primary in the series up to the highest rocks taining the anthracite and bituminous coal. The rocks which contain these stratifications are the highest in the regular ascending order found in the State. If rocks of a more recent formation than the coal are found anywhere in the State, 652 PENNSYLVANIA. their area is of a very limited character, and they must, in all probability, have been deposited since the formation of that vast system of lower secondary strata which occupies so large a portion of the territory. In traveling through this State, the attention of the most casual observer can not fail to be attracted by the course or range of the various groups and beds of rocks, which run in nearly a north-east and south-west direction, in many places forming a curvature of considerable magnitude, and at the same time corresponding with the mountain ridges which traverse the State. The position of these strata is not in all places the same, their inclination or dip verging in every degree of slope, from horizontal to perpendicular. The rocks of the secondary series, being sedimentary, present a beautiful stratified appearance, and, as a matter of course, are composed of a succession of water deposits, indicating to us that they must have originally lain in a horizontal position. The different rock belonging to the primary stratified class chiefly consist of gneiss, mica, slate, talc-slate, and their subordinate varieties. These occupy the south-eastern portion of Pennsylvania, including a part of Chester, Lan caster, York, Montgomery, Bucks, and Delaware, and the whole of Philadelphia County. There are, however, unstraii- fled rocks of a crystalline structure, comprising granite, sienite, etc., discovered in small local and irregular veins, gene rally in the southernmost portion of the primary range. This range of rocks extends from Trenton, on the Delaware, downward to the very southern boundary of the State. It also runs westwardly to the south-eastern part of Adams county. The crystalline limestone of Chester and Montgomery counties, which sometimes forms good marble, is found above this triangular belt as we proceed north ; and in some places north of this limestone, gneiss, with talc and mica- slate, have been discovered. Continuing northward, we come to the red sandstone formation, which stretches across the State from the Delaware above Trenton to the Maryland line. This formation extends through Bucks, Dauphin, Chester, Montgomery, Berks, Lancaster, York, and Adams counties. Some geologists have classed this group with the middle secondary period. Be this, however, as it may, one thing is certain it presents a remarkable uniformity with respect to its material and appearance throughout its whole range. It is composed of dark, reddish brown, argillaceous sandstone, soft, crumbling, red and brown shales, with now and then bands of conglomerate. The dip of the strata is almost invariably to the northward, descending at an angle of from 12 to 25 degrees. The conglomerates which this group contains are principally discovered in the under strata, near the southern formation of the margin, or along its northern border in the highest. In both cases, where the red sandstone overlies the older limestone in the vicinity, it is frequently that a large portion, if not the whole, of the im bedded pebbles, consists of rounded fragments of variously colored limestone. The paste which cements them together is so highly calcareous that the whole mass can be easily burned and converted into tolerably good lime. Portions of this conglomerate, were they to undergo a polishing process, would make a beautiful variegated marble of the breccia species. The marble from which the representative chamber of the Capitol, at Washington, is made, and which was quarried on the Potomac, is of this character, and belongs to this formation. It is observable at several points in the northern bordei of the red sandstone, in the upper part of Bucks and the southern parts of Berks, but more especially near the Schuylkill, two or three miles below Reading. It is also found in several other places, but in less quantity. Numerous hills and dykes of trap rock, or greenstone, which sometimes form hills of considerable height, traverse the red sandstone forma tion in the same direction as the other ranges of the State. Generally this rock assumes a dark-gray color, with some shade of green crystalline in its structure, being chiefly composed of hornblende and feldspar, quite closely mixed. Although this rock is exceedingly tough and very difficult to break, yet it is frequently used as a material for buildings ; but in consequence of its being scattered over the surface in irregular masses of all sizes, it is seldom quarried for that purpose. It is very evident that this rock is of an igneous origin ; and having been brought to the surface in a state of fusion, by an upheaval through the dislocated beds of red sandstone, in a highly heated state, it has transformed the texture and color of the shale and sandstone in the neighborhood, turning them into a baked, hard, blue rock, entirely different from their original character. In a number of the ridges which cross the upper parts of Bucks and Montgomery counties, this rock only is visible, the trap having never reached the surface; but the heat, however, from beneath has been so intense as to change the color and texture of the shales and sandstone above. The soil where this rock is generally found is of a cold, clayey character, and but little esteemed for agricultural purposes, while the unaltered soil of the shale and sandstone is exceed ingly productive, Another belt of primary rocks, which forms a chain of hills stretching south-west across Northampton, Lehigh, Bucks, Lancaster, York, Cumberland, Adams, and Franklin counties to the Maryland line, is found on the Delaware, below Easton, north of the middle secondary sandstone. This irregular range is generally called the South Mountain, and though frequently interrupted, is nearly continuous across the State. Continuing south-west along this ridge, the primary rocks disappear as we approach the Schuylkill, and although they are seen occasionally west of that even, they are inva riably covered throughout the remainder of the range by overlying rocks of the secondary series. The mineral wealth of Pennsylvania consists chiefly in its vast deposits of coal and iron. The coal is of two distinct varieties, viz., anthracite, anasphaltic or non-bituminous, and bituminous. The anthracite of Pennsylvania is found in the Wyoming and Lackawanna valleys, situated between the Blue Ridge and the Susquehanna. The coal district is chiefly occupied by mountains which run parallel to the Blue Eidge, and are 1,500 feet high. But little of this surface, with the exception of a few narrow valleys, invites cultivation. These mount ains are chiefly in a wild state, and offer a secure retreat to cougars, wolves, bears, and other animals. The rocks of the above described region are of a transition class, and present little diversity. Graywacke slate occurs in abundance, loose on the surface and in ledges. It is sometimes based on old red sandstone, and surmounted by un- stratifled rocks, an aggregate of quartz, pebbles of various dimensions, with a cement usually silicious. In the Blue Eidge, in addition, a silicious graywacke, resembling fine-grained granular quartz, is common. It appears in some places massive, but is often slaty. Its cement is chiefly silicious; some alumine, however, is indicated in its composition. The beds and veins of anthracite range from north-cast to south-west, and may often be traced for a considerable distance by the compass. The veins have the inclination of the adjacent strata of graywacke, with which they are often alternate usually between 20 to 45O. In a few places they are horizontal and vertical. The beds and veins of anthracite have narrow strata of dark colored, fine grained, argillaceous schist for the roof and floor. This slate generally contains sul- phuret of iron, and disintegrates on exposure to the atmosphere. The sulphates of iron and alumine are often observed in the schist, and it frequently presents impressions of plants, and sometimes of maritime shells. Impure pulverulent coul usually connected with this slate, and is said to be a good material for printers ink. Anthracite has been found in the greatest quantity in sections of coal regions most accessible by water Extensive beds and veins range from the Lehigh to the Susquehanna, crossing the head waters of the Schuylkill and Swatara about 10 PENNSYLVANIA. miles north-west of the Blue Kidge, and it abounds contiguous to the Susquehanna and Lackawanna. But in no part of the district does anthracite occur in such apparently inexhaustible beds, or is so abundantly raised, as in the vicinity of Mauch Chunk, a village situated on the Lehigh, 35 miles from Easton, and 108 miles by water from Philadelphia. The coal is there excavated on the flat summit of a mountain that rises nearly 1,500 feet above the ocean. It is of good quality, and presents beds of unparalleled extent, is disclosed for several miles on the- summit, and is indicated in many places by a coal slate in a pulverulent state on the surface. The mountain rises with a steep acclivity, particularly on the north-west side, and when penetrated at various altitudes, discloses coal at about the same distance from the surface. Strata of graywacke slate, containing mica, sometimes rest on the coal, parallel with the mountain side. In the deep ex cavations made on the summit no termination of the coal bed has been found, and it is not improbable that the anthracite forms the nucleus of the mountain for a considerable distance. This coal mountain range is described as extending in a south-west direction to the Susquehanna. To the north-east, beyond the Lehigh, it is connected with the Broad Mountain, the first considerable elevation west of the Blue Eidge. The Lehigh, from Mauch Chunk to the Water Gap, 11 miles, winds between rocky mountains, with a brisk current, but presents no falls. In its passage through the Kittatinny the river has a tranquil but slightly inclined course. On the adjacent elevation yellow pine, hemlock, and spruce are interspersed with deciduous trees. From the Water Gap to the Delaware the river pursues its course in a deep ravine, seldom with alluvial borders of much extent. In this district of country the soil generally rests on limestone sinks, indicating caves, and fissures in the rocks are often observed that must in some places render canaling difficult. From the confluence of the Lehigh with the Delaware to tidewater the descent is 150 feet. Next to Mauch Chunk, Mount Carbon, or Pottsville, as it is now called, situated at the head of the Schuylkill Canal, has worked the principal anthracite coal fields. Many large veins are worked within three miles of the landing, and some have been opened seven miles to the north-east, in the direction of the Lehigh beds. On almost every eminence adja cent to Pottsville indications of coal are disclosed. The veins generally run in a north-east direction, with an inclination of about 45, and are from 3 to 9 feet in thickness ; commencing at or near the surface they penetrate to an unknown depth, and can often be traced on hills to a considerable distance by sounding in a north-east or south-west direction. Some veins have been wrought to the depth of 200 feet without the necessity of draining, the inclined slate roof shielding them from water. The coal and slate are raised by horse-power, in wagons, by a railway that has the inclination of the vein. Table showing the quantity of anthracite coal sent to market annually, from its commencement in 1820 : Years. Total Lehigh. Schuylkill. Little Schuylkill. Total Schuylkill. Lackawanna. Pine Grove. Lykens Valley. Shamokin. Wyoming. Total Supply 1S20 365 _ _ _ _ _ 365 1821 1,073 1,073 1822 2,441 2,441 1323 5,023 5,023 1S24 9,541 9.541 1825 28,396 6,500 6,500 34,396 1S26 31,280 16,767 16,767 48,047 1S27 32,074 81,360 81,360 63,434 1S28 30,232 47,284 47,254 77,516 1829 25,110 79,972 79,972 7,000 112,083 1830 41,750 89,984 89,984 42,700 176,734 1831 40,966 81,854 81,854 54,000 170,320 1832 75,000 195,271 14,000 209,271 84,500 363,771 1833 123,000 216.210 36,761 252,971 111,777 437,743 1834 106,244 191,540 35,152 226,692 43,700 376,636 1S35 131,950 302,024 37,494 339,518 93,845 5,500 575,103 1836 146,522 393,975 33,070 432,045 104,500 9,978 5,439 693,484 1S3T 225,937 491,230 31,922 523,152 115,387 16,726 6,430 887,632 .1838 214,211 421,569 12,306 433,875 76,321 16,665 6,005 4,104 746.131 1839 2-22,042 333,927 8,249 442.176 122,300 19,227 5,372 11,930 823,479 1840 225,591 433,263 19,023 452,291 148,470 19,463 5,302 15 ; 928 867,045 1341 142,807 543,280 41,412 534,692 192,270 15,306 6,176 22,154 964,255 1842 271,913 491,602 26,831 541,504 205,253 81 .487 131 10,093 47,346 1,107,732 1843 267,125 647,308 30,005 677,313 227,605 22,379 9,870 57,74-0 1,262,532 1S44 376,363 782,070 53,309 840,379 251,005 27,719 13,087 114,906 1,623459 1845 430,993 1,008,901 76,122 1,035,023 266,072 31.208 10,135 173,401 2,002,877 18-16 522,518 1,150,828 66,155 1,236,983 314,400 55,346 12,646 183,008 2,333,494 1847 643,568 1,467,499 105,345 1,572,844 383,200 61.233 _ 14,904 289,893 2,970,597 1848 680,193 1,490,209 162,625 1,652,834 434,267 56,933 2,000 19,357 237,271 3,082,860 1849 800,987 1,423,156 174,757 1,605,626 454,240 78,299 25,000 19,658 258,080 3,241,890 1850 722,638 1,500,047 211,960 1,712,007 543,836 62,809 35,000 19,921 275.109 3,371,420 1S51 939,251 1,863,277 310,307 2,173,534 733,485 00,000 53,150 23,989 336,018 4,359,476* 1S52 1553 1854 1855 ( 1856 1557 1858 1859 I860 _ 654 eluding 20,000 tons from the Dauph. PENNSYLVANIA. The western part of Pennsylvania is abundantly supplied with bituminous coal, as the eastern is with anthracite. It is found in the rivers Conemaugh, Alleghany, and Monongahela, and in numerous placeson the west of the Alleghany ridge, which is generally its eastern boundary. It occurs on this mountain at a considerable elevation, and elsewhere in nearly a horizontal position, alternating with gray sandstone that is often micaceous, and bordered by argillaceous schist. The veins are generally narrow, rarely over six feet in width. This mineral is abundant, and of good quality, near Pitts- burg, where it is valuable for the extensive manufactures carried on in that place. Beds of bituminous coal are reported as occurring in Bedford County, in the North-west part of Luzerne, and in Bradford County. In the last-named county, nine miles from the Susquehanna, there is an extensive bed of coal regarded as bituminous. It has been penetrated 30 feet without fathoming the depth of the strata. Bituminous coal occurs on the Tioga, and on the Chemung, a branch of that river. It exists also on the numerous streams that descend the Western side of the extensive peninsula situated between the north and west branches of the Susquehanna. The coal of Tioga is nothing inferior to the best Liverpool or Newcastle coal. According to the statistical tables of C. Q-. Childs, Pennsylvania contains an area of 46,000 square miles, of which upward of 15,000 square miles, or about one-third part of the State, is coal lands, principally lying above or near the water level. England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland combined, according to the best authority, contain only 11,000 square miles of coal in an area of 120,000 square miles of territory. This coal, in many cases, lies from 900 to 1,800 feet below the surface of the ground, and is raised by machinery. In relation to the quantity of iron ore, nearly the same relative pro portions exist between Great Britain and Pennsylvania. It will thus be seen that in these articles of the first necessity, and indispensable to a state of civilization, Pennsylvania possesses three times as much as all Great Britain. If to the anthracite coal trade of the State the bituminous coal mines in its western part be added (believed to exceed 1.300,000 tons in 1851), the total quantity would be about 6,300,000 tons, worth at tide water $3 40 per ton, and we have a total of TWENTY MILLIONS OF DOLLARS as the value of the coal trade of the State for the year 1851. The annexed analysis of the different kinds of coal, analyzed under direction of the Navy Department, will be of value as determining their relative quality : Descriptions. r; TP ,i r^rhon Bituminous or Cubic feet Ibs steam per Bituminous: volatile matter. evaporated per hour, cubic ft, of coaL Pittsburg 54.93 36.16 10.56 384 Liverpool 54.90 39.96 13.43 375 Pictou 60.74 25.9T 16.45 41T Cannelton, Ind 58.44 33.99 15.05 318 Semi-bituminous : Blossburg T3.ll 14.78 13.69 515 Dauphin 74.24 13.84 13.35 472 Anthracite or non-bituminous : Peach Orchard 89.02 2.96 14.04 545 Lackawanna 87.74 3.91 11.91 477 Lehigh 89.1 5 5.28 11 .63 432 Almost every county in the State contains deposits of iron in one or other of its multifarious forms. It exists in the greatest measure, and in its most valuable ore, in the bituminous coal region, especially in the neighborhood of Pittsburg, where it has been wrought to an immense extent for a number of years past. Pennsylvania, indeed, is said to produce nearly one half of the whole iron manufactured in the United States. The State is also rich in many of the other useful metals. Extensive copper and lead formations have lately been discovered near the Schuylkill, some of the veins of which have already been profitably worked. The copper ore is said to bear a striking resemblance to that of Cornwall and Cuba. The average yield of 20,000 tons has been 20 per cent, of fine copper. The argentiferous lead ore, which is also abounding, has been analyzed, and carries about 75 per cent, of lead, and will yield of silver about $35 per ton. The Perkiomen mine, which is near the newly discovered veins, has been worked to the depth of 300 feet, and more than a quarter of a mile in length. Already (1851) $64,000 have been received for ore, and about 400 tons more have been mined. This, with the new veins, gives evidence of a field of mineral wealth which promises to add to the fame of Pennsylvania as the greatest mineral region in the world. Zinc is also a product of the State. Limestone, marbles, granites, etc., with a vast variety of other valuable building materials, alum, and other useful earths, etc., are distributed over the State in an unexampled profusion. Salt is chiefly derived from the springs of the Kiskiminetas, Alleghany, and Beaver rivers. There are also in this State many mineral and saline springs, which have become the centres of summer recreation. Pennsylvania has a climate intermediate between the extremes of the northern and southern sections of the country. The south-eastern part, in which Philadelphia is situated, has a changeable atmosphere, and the annual extremes are great Among the mountains and in the northem counties, it is more settled, but much colder, particularly in the winter season. To the west of the Alleghanies the weather is generally milder than to the eastward, owing principally to the prevalence of south-east winds. The annual mean temperatures of Philadelphia and Pittsburg are almost similar, although varied in distribution through the year, from local causes. The temperature of Philadelphia during the year varies from 93 to 6 Fahr., and at Pittsburg the extremes are 94 and 10. The winters and summers are decidedly marked, but the spring is short, variable, and uncertain. The fall, however, is the pleasantest part of the year, and the weather in that season, though sometimes interrupted by excessive heat, is serene and delightful. The State, on the whole, is considered one of the most salubrious on the continent, and life is of more than average duration. It is also highly favorable for agricultural pursuits. The great extent of limestone formation in Pennsylvania assures to the soil fertility and productive strength, and though extending over so large a surface, it is, in the main, of excellent quality. The anthracite region, however, which is com posed chiefly of a rugged surface, is forbidding and sterile. Many of the mountains admit of cultivation to their summits, and the valleys between them are often of a rich soil, suited to the various kinds of grass and grain. West of the mountains the soil is a deep mold, equal in fertility to the best lands of America. To the east the soil is also excellent, and everywhere is the State abundantly watered by fine streams and rills of living water. The natural growths vary with locality and elevation, but do not differ in their character from those of other portions of the middle Atlantic region. The trees most common in the forests are beech, hemlock, and sugar maple, the oak, hickory, and elm, chestnut, mulberry and locust. The wild plum and crab apple grow in abundance, and grape-vines are common. Every description of 655 PENNSYLVANIA. fruit and garden vegetable is cultivated. "Wild animals, as the cougar, wolf, etc., still haunt the uncultivated parts, but most of these have been extirpated by the onward march of civilization. Pennsylvania is divided into 63 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1S50, were as follows : EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA 21 counties. Counties. Adams Berks Dwell. 4,386.. 12,931.. Pop. 25,981 . 17,129. Farms in cult. .1,902. .4,780. E a sub": Ca P ital8 - . 124.. Gettysburg .1.286.. Eeadinsr Counties. Dwell. Lehigh 5,589. Monroe 2,155. Montgomery . 10,022 . Northampton 6,836. Perry 3,412. Philadelphia 61,278- Pike 964. Schuylkill.... 10.671. Pop. . 32,479. . 13,270. . 58,291. . 40,235. . 20,088. .408,762. . 5,881. . 60,713 .2,074. . 904. .4,456. .2,102. .1,456. .1,530. . 370. .1,247. .1,336. .3,734. Manuf. Estab. 270. 76. . 697. 424. 232. 4,589. 40. . 954. . 200. . 533. Capitals. . Allentown .Stroudsburg .Norristown .Easton .N. Bloomfield .Philadelphia .Milf.ml .Orwigsburg .Bethany .York Bucks 9,757.. 56,091. 4,707. . 636. . Dovlestown Carbon Chester Cumberland Dauphin Delaware . . Franklin . . . Lancaster... Lebanon . . . 2 ; 544.. 11,580.. 6,021.. . 6,033.. 4,118.. 6,690. . 17,138.. 4,452.. 15,636. 66,438. 34,327. 35.754. 24,679. 39,904. 98,944. 26,071. . 246. .4,885. .1,842. .1,956 .1,876. .2,247 .5,629 .1,449 . 153. .1,036. . 258. . 253. . 299. . 455. .1,146. . 146. .Mauch Chunk . Westchester .Carlisle . HARRISBUKG . Chester .Chambersburg .Lancaster .Lebanon Wayne 3,719. 9,927 . 21,890. . 57,450. York WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA 42 counties. Counties. Alleghany . . . Armstrong . . . Beaver Bedford Dwell. .22,551. . 5,052. . 4,564. . 3,896. Pop. .138,290. . 29,560. . 26,689. . 23,052 Farms in cult. .3,729. .1,612. .1,841. .1,875. Manuf. Estab. 1,290. 93. 186. 117. Capitals. Pittsburg Kittaning Beaver Bedford HolUdaysb g Towanda Butler Ebensburg Bellefonte Clarion Clearfleld Lockhaven Bloomsburg Meadville Eidgeway Erie Uniontown Harrisonville Waynesboro Huntingdon Indiana Counties. Jefferson Juniata Lawrence Dwell. 2,253.. 2,168.. 3,637.. P P- fno 13,518.. 1.670.. 13,029.. 832.. 21,079.. 1,606.. 222. 58. 49 Capitals. .Brookville .Mifflintown .New Castle Luzerne Lycoming Mercer Mifflin Montour M Kean Northumberi d Potter Somerset Sullivan 9,587.. 4,586.. 5,402.. 2,591.. 2,289.. 953.. 4,062. . 1,135.. 3,969.. 660 56,072.. 1,936.. 26,257.. 1,561.. 33,1 72.. 2,939.. 14,980.. 787.. 13,239.. 738.. 5,254.. 246.. 23,272.. 1,748.. 6,048.. 668.. 24,416.. 1,613.. 3,694 . 425.. 175 232. 150 102. 89 40 153 55 88. 26 322 225. 160. 72 216 .Wilkesbarre .Williamsport . Mercer . Lewistown .Danville .Smithport . Sunbury .Coudersport . Somerset . Laporte .Montrose . Wellsborough .New Berlin . Franklin .Warren Blnir 3718 21 777 86 Bradford Butler Cambria Centre . 7,391. . 5,254. . 2,898. . 3,936. . 42,331. . 30,346. . 17,773. . 23,355 . 23,565 . 12,586. . 11,207. . 17,710. . 37,849. . 3,531. . 38,742. . 39,112 .5,096. .2,945. .1,089. .1,043. .1,726. .2,317. . 638. .1,179. .4,070. . 254. .3,334. .2,139 562. 143. 126. 171. 246. 122. 149. 291. 248. 50. 255. 232. Clarion Clearfield.... Clinton Columbia Crawford Elk Erie Fayette . 4,008. . 2,157. . 1,930. . 2,924. . 6,592. . 643. . 6,825. . 6,597 Susquehanna . . Tioga Union Yenango Warren 5,203.. 4,222. . 4,455.. 3,065.. 2489 23,638. 23,937. 26,083. 18,310. 13,671. .3,909.. .2,183.. .1,597.. .1,730.. .1,207.. Fulton 1333 7567 531 49 Green 3,777. . 22,136 1,789 95. 193. 75. Washington. . . Westmoreland. Wyoming 8,045.. 8,350.. 1,834. . 44,939. 51,726. 10,655. .3,572.. .4,013.. . 895.. 247.. Washington 586 . . Greensburg 59. .Tunkhannock Huntingdon . Indiana . 4,298. . 4,644. . 24,786. . 27,170. .1,445. .2,496. The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 386.216, of families 408,497, and of inhabitants 2,311.786, viz., whites 1,180,056 males 589,294, and females 590,762 ; fr. col. 40,007 males 18,352, and females 21,665. Of the whole population there were deaf and dumbwh. 986, fr. col. IS total 1,004; Wind wh. 798, fr. col. 31 total 829; insane wh. 1,842, fr. col. 49 total 1,891 ; and idiotic wh. 1,386, fr. col. 62 total 1,448. The number of free persons born in the United States was 2,014,619 ; the number of foreign birth, 294,871 ; and of birth unknown, 2.296. The native population originated as follows: Maine 1,157, N. Hamp. 1,175, Yerm. 4,532, Mass. 9,330, E. I. 1,946, Conn. 9,266, N. York 53,835, N. Jer. 29,117, Pennsylvania 1,844,672, Del. 12,552, Ind. 21,013, Dist. of Col. 767, Yirg. 10,410, N. Car. 409, S. Car. 559, Ga. 176, Flor. 21, Ala. 87, Miss. 101, La. 187, Tex. 17, Ark. 10, Tenn. 158, Ky. 497, Ohio 7,729, Mich. 224, Ind. 899, 111. 323, Mo. 220, la. 70, Wise. 45. Calif. 3, Territories 2 ; and the foreign population was composed of persons from England 38,048, Ireland 151.723, Scotland 7,292, Wales 8,920, Germany 78,592, France 4,OS3, Spain 101, Portugal 34, Belgium 126, Holland 257, Turkey 2, Italy 172, Austria 49, Switzerland 914, Russia 139, Denmark 97, Norway 27, Sweden 133, Prussia 413, Greece 7, China 1, Asia 42, Africa 40, British America 2,500, Mexico 42, Central America 4, S. America S3, West Indies 666, Sandwich Islands 3, and other countries 361. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the United States authorities : Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. Census White Persons. Free. Slave. Total. . . 6,837 8,737 10,574. ..14.561 1,706 16,267. ,.22,492 795 23,287. 1790 424,099.. 1800 536,098.. 1810 786,804.. 1820 1.019,045 30,202 211 30,413. 1830 1,309,900 37,930 403 33,333 1840 1,676,115 47,854 1850 2,258,463 53,223 Total i - Population. Numerical. Percen . 434,373 ........ ........ . 602,365 ........ 167.992 ........ 38.7 . 810,091 ........ 207,726 ........ 34.4 .1,049,458 ........ 239,367 ........ 29.5 .1,848,233 ........ 298,775 ........ 28.4 64 ...... 47,918 ........ 1,724,033 ........ 375,800 ........ 27.8 ...... 53,223 ........ 2,311,786 ........ 587,753 ........ 34.1 The statistics of the productions, manufactures, general industry, and institutions of the State, according to the census of 1850 and other official returns referring to the same period, are as follows : Occupied Lands, etc. Improved farm lands, 8,628,619 acres, and attached lands unimproved, 6,294,728 acres together valued at $407,876,099. Total number of farms in cultivation on the 1st June 1850, 127,577 in Eastern Pennsylvania 50,178, and in Western Pennsylvania, 77,399. Yalue of farming implements and machinery, $14,722,541. Live-Stock, etc, Horses, 350,398 ; asses and mules, 2,259; milch cows, 532,224 ; working oxen, 61,527; other cattle, 656 PENNSYLVANIA. 562,195: sheep, 1,822,357, and swine, 1,040,866. Aggregate value of live-stock, $41,500,053. Compared with the stock owned in the State according to the census of 1340, the following results are obtained : sto( . k< 18-10. IPSO. Movement. Horses j. 365;1 29 head \ ^l^l ^ \ decr - 12 > 472 head > or 3 4 P er cent Asses and Mules 1 Milch Cows ) I 532,224 ) Working Oxen ll,172,665 4 61,527 " V deer. 16,719 " or 1.4 Other Cattle i < 562,195 ) Snecp 1,767.620 " 1,822.357 " incr. 54.737 " or 3.1 " Swine . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 1,503,904 " 1,040,366 " deer. 463,593 " or 30.8 " Products of Animals. Wool, 4,481,570 pounds; butter, 39,878,418 pounds; and cheese, 2,505,034 pounds. Value of animals slaughtered during the year, $8,219.848. The quantity of wool reported in the census of 1840 was 3,048,564 pounds, and hence the increase of production has been 31.9 per cent. ; and the clip per sheep has advanced from 1.72 in 1840 to 2.46 pounds in 1850, or at the rate of 43 per centum in the decade. Grain Crops. The crops, according to the returns of 1S40 and 1850 comparatively, are as follows : Crops . 1940. IRSO. Movement, Wheat 12,213.077 bushels 15,367.691 bushels incr. 2.154,614 bushels, or 16.3 per cent. Rye...! 6,613,873 " 4.8 5.160 " , deer. 1,808,713 " or 27.3 " Indian corn. 14,240,022 " 19,^85,214 " incr. 5.595,192 " or 39.3 Oats 20,641,819 " 21,538,156 " incr. 1,193,395 " or 5.S Barley 209,893 " 165,584 " deer. 44,309 " or 21.1 Buckwheat . . . .. .... 2,113,742 2,193,692 " incr. 79,950 or 3.7 Oilier Food Crops. Teas and beans, 55,231 bushels; potatoes Irish, 5,980,732 bushels, and sweet, 52,172 bushels. The potato orop returned in the census of 1840 amounted to 9,535,663 bushels; and hence the decrease of production in the decade has been 3,502,759 bushels, or in the ratio of 36.7 per centum. Miscellaneous Crop*. Tobacco, 912,651 pounds; hay, 1,842,970 tons; clover-seed, 125,030 bushels; other grass-seed, 53,913 bushels; hops, 22,088 pounds; hemp dew-rotted. 282 tons, and water-rotted, 2,006 tons; flax, 528,079 pounds; flax- seed, 41.650 bushels ; silk cocoons, 285 (in 1840, 7.262|) pounds ; maple sugar, 2,326.525 pounds ; molasses, 50.652 gallons ; bees-wax and honey, 838,509 pounds ; wine, 25,590 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, $723,389 ; and of market- garden products, $688,714. The more important of these several crops, compared with the like crops returned by the census of 1840, exhibit the following results : Crops, 1R-IO. 325 01 3 Ibs. . . .. 912,651 Ibs Movement ... incr. 537,633 Ibs., or 1SO.S per cent. Hay . 1,311,643 tons . . 1,842,970 tons ... incr. 531.327 tons, or 40.5 " Hops 49,481 Ibs 22,033 Ibs . . . deer. 27,393 Ibs., or 55.3 " 282 tons " water-rotted . . . Flax 2,649f tons-j 2,006 tons 523 (i79 Ibs deer. 292,641 Ibs., or 4.9 Maple sugar Wine . . ... 2,265,755 Ibs 14,323 eals. . ... 2,326 525 Ibs 25,590 gals. . . . . . incr. 60,770 Ibs., or 2.7 " . incr. 11,262 gals., or 78.6 " Home-made Manufactures were produced in the year to the value of $749,132. The same manufactures, according to the census of 1340, were valued at $1,303.093. Decrease in value, $553.961, or 42.5 per centum. Manufactures. Aggregate capital invested, $00.000,000; cost of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed. $00,000,000; average number of hands employed. 000,000 males 00,000, and females 00,000; monthly wages paid, $000,000 to males $000,000, and to females $00,000 ; value of products for the year, $00,000,000. Total number of manufacturing establishments producing to the annual value of $500 and upward, on the 1st June, 1850, 22,036 in the eastern district 13,882, and in the western district 8,154. Of the total number of establishments 208 were cotton factories, 330 woolen factories, and 631 iron-works, viz., 320 manufacturing castings, ISO pig iron, and 131 cast iron. The number of tanneries was 1,039. In the manufacture, of cotton the capital invested amounts to $4,528.925; material and fuel consumed $3,152.530; pro ducts of the year. 45.746,790 yards of sheeting, etc., and 5.308,561 pounds of yarn; total value of products, $5,322,262. Cotton used, 44,162 bales; coal consumed, 24,189 tons; hands employed, 7.663 males 3,564, and females 4,099; entire wages per month, $104,298 to males $63,642, and to females $40,656. The capital employed in 106 cotton factories in 1840 was $3.325,400 ; hands employed, 5.522 ; value of articles manufactured, $5,013,007. In the woolen manufactures the capital invested amounts to $3,005.064; wool used, 7,560,379 pounds; coal consumed, 10,777 tons; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., $3.282,718; hands employed, 5,726 males 3,490, and females 2,236; entire wages per month, $90,417 to males $67,133, and to females $23,279 ; products of the year, 10/99,234 yards of cloth, and 1,941,621 pounds of yarn; value of entire products, $5,321,866. Capital in 1S40, $1,510,546; hands employed, 2.930; value of products, $2,319,061. The capital invested in tanneries amounts to $3,540,318; value of all raw material, etc., used, $3,169.309; hands em ployed. 2,980 ; monthly cost of labor, $54,801 ; skins tanned, 293,793, and sides tanned, 1.852,900 ; value of products for the year, $5,275,492. In 1340 there were in the State 1,170 tanneries; hands, 3,445; and capital, $2,733,636; sides of sole leather tanned, 415,655. and of upper leather, 405.933. In the manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors, the investment amounts to $1.719,960; quantities and kinds of grain, etc., consumed barley 550,105 bushels, corn 1,483.555 bushels, rye 517,130 bushels, oats 24,990 bushels, apples 51,200 bushels, molasses 10 hogsheads, and hops 263 tons; hands employed, 911; quantities of liquor produced ale, etc., 189.581 barrels, whisky and high wines 6,543.310 gallons, and rum 1.500 gallons. The census of 1840 returned 1,010 distilleries, producing 6,240,193 gallons of spirits; and 87 breweries, producing 12,765.974 gallons of ale, etc.; hands employed, 1,607; capital invested, $1.589,471. New York and Ohio produce more spirits, and New York alone more ale, etc., than Pennsylvania. 65T PENNSYLVANIA. The statistics of the iron manufacture are exhibited in the annexed table :* SpeciBcations. p g Iron - Castings. Capital invested dollars 8,570,425 3,422,924 Ore used tons 877,283 Wrought Iron. . . . . 7,620,066 . . Total. .. 19,613,415 877,283 Pig Iron used " 69,501 163,702 233,203 OldMetalused " 819 _ 819 Blooms used " 20.405 20,405 Mineral Coal consumed " 316,060 49,228 325,967 6LU.255 Coke and Charcoal consumed bushels .... 27,505.186 276.355 3,939,993 31.7-22,039 .. 11,593.235 20,831 17 520,010 105 526,018 920,660 .. 20,329,301 Value of all raw material, etc dollars . . . 3,732,427 2,372,467 5,483,391 Hands employed male number... 9,285 4,782 6,764 " " female Monthly cost of labor male dollars . . " " female " Metal produced tons Value of all other products dollars. . Value of entire products " 201,039 46 285,702 40,000 .. 1 7 131,744 187,227 6 53 57,810 182,506 661,160 219,500 6,071,513 5,354,881 8,902,907 about two-thirds of the aggregate capital is employed in Eastern Pennsylvania, and one-third in "Western Pennsylva nia. In 1840 there were in the State 213 establishments, manufacturing annually 98.395 tons of cast-iron, and 169 bloomeries, forges, and rolling mills, manufacturing 87,244 tons of bar iron; total fuel consumed, 355,903 tons; hands employed, 11,522, and capital invested in the manufacture, $7,781,471. The counties having the largest interest in the iron trade in 1850 were Alleghany, Armstrong, Lancaster, Chester, Berks. Clarion, Columbia, Blair, Huntingdon, and Luzerne in these ten counties more than one-half the invested capital is employed. Of the sixty- two counties of the State, forty-five contain iron-works, and of the remaining seventeen, nine abound in iron and coal, so that only eight can be regarded as not suited to the manufacture of iron. The following will exhibit the relation the iron manufacture of Pennsylvania holds to that of the whole Union : Pig Iron. Cast Iron. Wrought Iron. Total. Capital in Pennsylvania $8,570,425 $3,422.924 $7,620.066 $19,613,415 " United States 17,346.425 17,416.361 14,495,220 49,252,006 Proportion in Pennsylvania Kaw material, fuel, etc., in Pennsylvania " " " in United States... . . . 49.4 p. c. . . . $3,732,427 . . . 7,005,289 Proportion in Pennsylvania 53.3 p. c , Iron made in Pennsylvania tons 285.702 in United States " 564,755 Proportion in Pennsylvania 55.6 p. c. 19.6 p. c. $2,372,467 10,346,355 22.9 p. c. 57,S10 322.745 52.6 p. c. $5,488,391 9,693,109 ..... 39.S p. c. ..... $11,593,285 ..... 27,049,753 56.6 p. c ......... 42.8 p. c. 182,506 ........ 526,018 278,044 ........ 1,1C>5,544 Value of total products in Pennsylvania. . . . " " " in United States . . . .... $6,071,513 . . . . 12,74S,77T 17.9 p. c, $5.354,881 25,108.155 65.9 p. c. $8,902,907 16.744,074 45.1 p. c. $20,329,301 . 54,601,006 Proportion in Pennsylvania. 47.6 p. c 21.3 p. c 53.2 p. c 37.4 p. c. Besides the above manufactures, Pennsylvania has many others, which, though neither so extensive nor valuable, are very important in their bearing on the interests of the commonwealth. It is conspicuous for its manufacture of railroad machinery and carriages, its extensive cabinet-ware manufactures, and numerous other crafts, which in the aggregate employ the vast capital indicated by the late census returns. As a manufacturing State, indeed, it is only less important than New York and Massachusetts. Its great manufacturing centres are Philadelphia in the east and Pittsburg in the west, and there are also extensive manufactures carried on in the towns on the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers, and others in the interior. If Pennsylvania is mentioned as the great producer of coal and iron, it is only because those inter ests are paramount, and eclipse minor interests which in the aggregate are really as valuable and important. * The table given above is from the census of 1850. A fuller and more elaborate series of tabular statistics on the iron manu facture of Pennsylvania is published in "Hunt s Merchants Magazine" for November, 1851, to which those interested in the sub ject are directed. The following is a compend of the article referred to, which, though differing somewhat in its results from the census ascertainments, is nevertheless of great value: FURNACES. Prod ct Larpest in 1S49. Prod ct. Tons. Tons. Descript n of Wks. Condit n. In. Out? Annual Cap city. L ons. Power Employed. Men. Anim ls. St m. Watr. S.fcW? Capital Invested. -4225 2126 42 12 1 ^ f Anthracite fc Blast...- 29 23 221.400 109.163 151.331- 5 j Charc l k Hot Blast . 31 36 101.475 45.336 77.860 4694 2499 5 53 9 *i1 - &. Cold Blast . 27 33 69.524 29.697 52.231 3185 1830 4 54 2 I Total Eastern Dist 87--. f Charc l & Hot Blast .... 10... &.Cold Blast .... 49... .\ RawBtm. C1.&.H.B 3--- , I Coke &. Hot Blast .... - --- I Total Western Dist 62... 3 392.399 185.201 281.422.... 12.104 6455 51 119 12. f Anthracite &. Blast . c Charc l & Hot Blast . g! -- &Cold Blast AORawBtm.Cl.&H.B. 5 1 Coke k Hot Blast .... 4- .... 4- . 29.230 11.936- .104.130 50.968. . 12.600 4.900. . 12.000 . .157.960 67.834- .221.400 109.163.. .130.705 58.302. .173.651 80.665- . 12.600 4.900. . 12.000 . 16.659 1310. 713-. 72.924 5353 3520. 7.800 515 220. 10,000 900 100. 8.078 4553. Total 149 143 550.359 .151.331 4225 2126.- . 94.519. 6004 3212.. .125.155 8538 5350. - . 7.800 515 220.. .. 10.000 900 100.. .388.805 20.182.. ..11.003.. ,. 7- --2S-. .12.- .13.. ..10 1- ..45 11. ..- 1- $3.221.000 2.867.500 2.356.500 $8.445.000 $611.000 2.813.876 223.000 800.000 $4.447.876 $3.221.000 3.478.500 5.170.376 223.000 800.000 .174 25 $12.892.876 -.12 1- ..63 10. ..99 13- ..- 1. 658 PENNSYLVANIA. Foreign Commerce. Pennsylvania, in regard to its foreign commerce, holds a fourth rank among the States of the Union. The official returns exhibit the value of this branch of industry to have been for the year ending 30th June, 1S50, as follows: exports, $4,501,606 and imports, $12,066,154. Of the exports, $4,049,464 was the value of domestic pro ducts, and of this $3,428,150 was that of merchandise carried in American and $621,314 of merchandise carried in foreign vessels, and $452,142 the value of foreign produce and manufactures, of which to the value of $363,225 was carried in American and $SS,917 was carried in foreign vessels. Of the imports, $10,795,462 was the value of those brought in American and $1,270,692 those brought in foreign vessels. The shipping employed in the carrying trade consisted of Entered. Cleared. Total. of Shipping. Vessels. Tons. Men, Vessels. Tons. Men. Vessels. Tons. Men. American 352 100,009 .... 4,006 309 81,276 3,322 .... 661 .... 181,285 7,328 Foreign 1S5 32,361 1.696 170 30,342 1,516 .... 355 .... 62,703 3,212 Total 537 132,370 5,702 479 111,618 4,833 .... 1,016 .... 243,988 10,540 Philadelphia is the only district in which foreign commerce is carried on. In 1850 there were owned in that district 46,385 tons of permanent registered shipping and 17,820 tons of temporary registered shipping, of which latter class 66 tons were navigated by steam. The distribution of the enrolled and licensed tonnage was as follows : Enrolled and Licensed. i * \ Licensed under Enr d. and lie. ton. Collection Districts. Permanent. Temporary. 20 tons. Navigated by steam. Philadelphia on Delaware 136,577 2,581 3,134 15,476 Presque Isle on Lake Erie 7,870 5,351 Pittsburg on Ohio Paver 43,476 1,095 39,984 total tonnage in Philadelphia district 206,498 tons ; in that of Presque Isle 7,870 tons, and in that of Pittsburg 44,571 tons making for the State 257,939 tons. During the year ending as above there were built in the State 185 vessels (21.410 tons) : 166 (7 ships, 1 brig, 34 schooners, 107 sloops and canal boats, and 17 steamers), of the burden of 18,150 tons at Philadelphia ; 1 schooner (22 tons), at Presque Isle, and 18 vessels (4 schooners and 14 steamers 3,238 tons), at Pittsburg. The statistics of the foreign commerce of the State from 1791 to the year 1S50, exhibit the following movements: Import* Year. Exports. 1791 $3,430,093... 1792 8,820,662 . . . 1793 6,958.836 ... 1794 6,643,092 . . . 1795 11,518,260... 1796 17,513,866 . . . 1797 11,446.291 ... 1793 8,915.463 . . . 1799 12,431,967... 1800 11,949,679 . . . 1801 17,438,193 . . . 1802 12,677,475 . . . 1S03 7,525,710 . . . 1804 11,030,157 ... 1805 13,762,252 . . . 1806 17,574,702 . . . 1807 16,864,744 . . . 1808 4,013,330 . . . 1809 9,049.241 ... 1810 10,993,393 . . . Year. Exports. Imports. Year. Exports. Imports. 1811 $9 560 117 1831 <tp- ~-| q 71 O $12 124 083 1812 5 973 750 1832 3516066 10 678 353 1813 3 577 jj j 1833 4.078 951 10 451 250 1814 1S34 2 031 803 10 479 263 1^15 4 593 919 1835 3 739 275 12 389 937 1816 7,196.246 1S36 3,971,555 15,068,233 1817 8 735 592 1S37 3,841,599 11,680,111 1818 8 759 402 1S3S 8,477.151 9,360,731 1819 6 293 788 1S39 3,299.415 15,050,715 1820 5 743 549 1840 6 820 145 8.464,882 1821 7*39 1,767.... 8,153,922 1841 5,152,501 10,346,698 1822 9,047.802 11,874,170 1842 8,770,727 7,385,853 1823 9,617,192.... 13.696,770 1843 2,354,948 .... 2.760,630 1824 9,364.893 .... 11,865,531 1844 3,535.256 .... 7,217,267 1825 11,269,981 .... 15,041,797 1845 3,574,363 .... 8,159,227 1826 8,331,722 .... 13,551,779 1846 4,751,005.... 7,989,396 1827 7,575,833 .... 11,212,935 1847 8,544.391 .... 9,587,516 1S28 6,051,480 .... 12,884,408 1S48 5,732,333 .... 12,147,584 1829 4,089,935 .... 10,100,152 1849 5,343,421 .... 10,645.500 1830 4,291,793 .... 8,702,122 1850 4,501,606 .... 12,066,154 Interior Communication. Pennsylvania has numerous magnificent works of internal improvement, on which an immense commerce is conducted. The great line of railroad from Philadelphia to Pittsburg is one of the longest and most expensive lines in the Union, forming a road 357 miles long ; and another through line from Philadelphia via Sunbury to Erie, on the lake of the same name, is in progress of construction, and, when finished, will no doubt form one District of State. Eastern .- Western . ~ Total. Eastern .. CHARCOAL FORGES. JJ Q O f No. of j^ of Largest Product. Product 1849. Power Employed. Capital Invested. --$2.012.300 14.000 or Fires. Ham. Blooms. Bar. Blooms. Bar. Men. Anim ls. St m. Wt r. S.tW? .... 109 389 168 32.737 6880 24.349 3946 3065 1377 2 104 3.--. .... 3 5 3 (totalSSO) 100 100 42 13 - 3 -.... .... 112 391 171 .... 4 3 39.997 24.449 4046 3107 , FORGES OTHER THAN CHARCOAL FORCES. 410 V) .1390 2 107 3.... 12 4 ..$2.026.300 District of State. Eastern .- Western . Total District of State. Eastern... NO. of Furnicea. Works. p uddl - g . Heating. ... 56 247 164... ... 23 187 128... ... 79 434 292... No. of No. of Works. Fires. 6 12 No. of , Train Rolls. ....106... ... 80.--, ...186.... No. of Hainrs. ...7 ROLLING MILLS. No. of Lareest Product, Power Employed. Capital Invested. -$ 3.128.700 . 2.425.600 Machines. Tons. Tons. Men. 276 91.598 54.738 3648.. 330 72.132 53.620 3010.. Anim ls. St m. Wt r.S.&AV. ...-511 22 31.... 3 -..610 22 1....- ... 606 163.730 108.358. ... 6658.. BLOOMERIES. Largest Product. Product 1849, Tons. Tons. 515 335 ...1121 44 32 3 Power Employed. Men. Animals. Water. 97 40 6.... - $5.554.200 Capital. Invested. .. $ 28.700 659 PENNSYLVANIA. of the most profitable lines connecting the lakes with the sea-board. Other railroads connect Philadelphia with Baltimore, and in the north-eastern portion of the State there are numerous short railroads connecting the coal mines with navigation, or passing into the State of New York, furnishing an outlet for its mineral wealih in that direction. Many other railroads are in progress or contemplated, all of which will connect with or intersect the trunk lines already built or provided for. The canals of this State are also magnificent works, and in their construction a great portion of the heavy debt of the State has been contracted. They follow generally the great valleys of the interior, and in their courses accommodate an immense area of fertile and productive country. These are still incomplete, but every year is adding to their length and consequent value, nor can it be any long period before they will yield a revenue commensurate to the outlay that their construction has demanded. [See statistics of railroads and canals in Appendix.] Banks, etc. The number of banks in the State, in November, 1850, was 46, and 5 branch banks. The financial con dition of these, at that period, was as follows: Liabilities capital, $17,701,206; circulation, $11,793,906; deposits, $17,689,212; due other banks, $5,811,157, and other liabilities, $93,015; and assets loans and discounts, $38,423.274; real estate, $1,114,738; stocks, $1,417,073; due by other banks, $4,244,174 ; notes of other banks, $2,570,139 ; specie fuuds^ $2.787,665, and specie, $4.337,594. Government^ etc. The first constitution of Pennsylvania was adopted in 1776, the second in 1790, and the present, which was amended in 1S50, in 1838. The right of suffrage is given to every white free man, 21 years old, resident in the State for one year, and in his election district for ten days before the election, and who has paid within two years a State or county tax, assessed at least ten days before the election, but white free men, between 21 and 22 years old, being citizens of the United States, need not have paid a tax; and qualified voters, who are citizens of the United States, and who have removed from the State and returned, may vote after six months residence. The general election is held on the second Tuesday of October annually. The legislature is composed of a House of Representatives and a Senate. Representatives, not less than 60, nor more than 100 in number (now 100), must have attained the age of 21 years, must have been citizens and inhabitants of the State for the last three years, and for the last year of the districts they represent, and are elected annually. Senators in number not less than one-fourth, nor more than one-third (now one-third) the number of representatives, are chosen for three years, one-third of their number annually. They must be at least 25 years of age, must have been citizens and inhabitants of the State for the four years preceding the election, and for the last year of their districts. The General Assembly meets on the first Tuesday of January annually. The constitution provides that there shall be an enumeration of taxable inhabitants every seven years, to fix the number of Senators and Representatives, and every county shall have at least one representative, but counties erected after 1833 shall have none until entitled thereto by their population. No representative shall be appointed to any civil office created or increased in pay during his term. The governor must have attained his 30th year of age, have been a citizen and inhabitant of the State for the last seven years, and holds office for three years, his term commencing on the third Tuesday in January ensuing his election. He receives a fixed compensation, and is not eligible for more than six years out of every nine years. He may remit fines, and grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment, and may veto a bill of the legislature, but it may be passed into law by a two-thirds vote of both houses, notwithstanding his objections. The administrative officers of the State are the Secretary of State, who is ew-officio Commissioner of Common Schools ; the Deputy Secretary of State, the State Treasurer, the Auditor-general, the Surveyor-general, the Deputy Surveyor- general, the Adjutant-general, and tne three Canal Commissioners. The judiciary is vested in a Supreme Court, Courts of Common Pleas, District Courts of the city and county of Phila delphia, and of the county of Alleghany, County or Probate Courts, and other local courts. Ly the amended constitution all judges are now elected by the people. The judges of the supreme court are chosen at large, and for a term of fifteen years. The judge having the shortest term to serve is chief justice. The resident judges of the several courts of common pleas and other courts of record, and all other judges required to be learned in the law, are elected by the electors of the districts over which they are to preside, and for a term often years. The associate judges of the common pleas hold their offices for five years. All judges hold office for their respective terms during good behavior, but for reasonable cause, though not sufficient grounds for impeachment, the governor may remove them upon the address of two-thirds of each branch of the Legislature. Any vacancy is filled by appointment of the governor, the incumbent holding office until the first Monday in December succeeding the next subsequent general election. During the continuance in office, the judges of the supreme court must reside within the commonwealth, and the other judges in the district or county for which they were elected. The supreme court is composed of a chief and four associate justices, and the attorney-general, and has a reporter of supreme court decisions, and a prothonotary for each of the four districts into which the State is divided. The district court of the city and county of Philadelphia consists of a president and two associate judges, and that of Alle ghany County of a president and one associate. For the sessions of the courts of common pleas, the State was formerly divided into 21 districts, but in 1850 the number was increased to 24 districts, each of which (except the first, comprising the county of Philadelphia, which has also two associate judges) has a president judge. The district courts are invested with the civil jurisdiction of the common pleas in their respective districts in all cases exceeding a certain sum. Federal Representation. In accordance with the law of 23d May, 1850, Pennsylvania is entitled to twenty-Jive repre sentatives in the Congress of the United States. The militia force of the State consists of 276,070 men of all arms, of which 7,518 are commissioned officers, and 263.552 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers, 55 are general officers, 164 general staff officers, 1,245 field, etc., officers, and 6,054 company officers. The governor is ex-officio commander-in-chief of the military force of the State; and every white male citizen between the ages of 18 and 45 is liable to military duty. Public Finances. The debt of the State, funded and unfunded, on the 1st December, 1850, amounted to $40,775.485 42, composed as follows: funded debt^-6 per cent, stocks, $2.312,022 51; 5 per cent, stocks, $37,350,892; and 4 per cent, stocks, $200,000 ; making a total funded debt of $39,062,914 78 ; and unfunded deht^- relief notes in circulation, $652.164; interest certificates outstanding, $162,135 90, and unclaimed, $4.448 38; interest on unclaimed and outstanding certificates, to be added to them when funded, $10.504 57; domestic creditors, $58,817 79 make the total unfunded debt. f <U2,570 64 The commissioners of the sinking fund, at the date specified, held $459,122 98, which, to ascertain the exact liabilities of the State, must be deducted from the aggregate, which would leave it $40,316,362 44. The regular annual interest on loans amounts to $2,004,714 51, and the interest guaranteed on internal improvement companies assumed debts to $32,500, making the total annual interest paid by the State amount to $2,037,214 51. 660 PENNSYLVANIA. The a**** of the State consist of its canals and railroads, which had cost $20.204,787 35; stocks of incorporated com- panu-s amounting to $1,907.948 52 total $31.112,7:35 85, and deposits (unavailable) in the Bank of the United States, $283,000. The financial condition of the railroads and canals owned by the State for the year ending on the 30th Novem ber, 1850, is exhibited in the following details: Works. Gross Revenue. Expenses. Railroads Columbia $638,447 56. . . .$310,334 30 Allegheny Portage . 241,817 45. ... 247,844 17 Canals-Main Line 479.446 39 .... 161.900 77 " Delaware Division 215,34787.... 60,83422 Gross Revenue. Expenses. Canals Susquehanna Division \ " North Branch [ $193,150 19 .... $76,304 64 " West Branch ) Expenses of Canal Commissioners 53,000 00 making a sross revenue of $1.768,209 46, and an expenditure amounting to $862.528 00. Net revenue, $905,681 46. The valtid of real and personal property liable to taxation under the triennial assessment of 1848, was $403,031,458 ; and the tax assessed in 1S50, $1,545,956 44. The true value of real and personal property in 1850, according to the census of that year, was $722.486,120. The revenue and disbursements of the Treasury for the fiscal year were as follows : revenue receipts during the year, $4,438,131 51; balance from 1849, $926,207 24 making a total means of $5.364,338 75; and disbursements payments during the year, $4.567,053 94 ; depreciated funds in treasury (unavailable), $41,032 00 ; surplus available funds, $754,252 81. The principal sources of revenue, and the chief objects of expenditure, were as follows: source* of revenue lands, $16,378 58; auction commissions, $18,673,75; auction duties, $44,898 22; tax on bank dividends, $153.877 14 ; tax on cor poration stocks, $136.510 14 ; tax on real and personal estate, $1,317,821 55 ; tavern licenses, $107,427 49 ; retailers licenses, $171.062 26 ; peddlers ^icenses, $2,525 05 ; brokers licenses, $10.228 73 ; theatre, circus, and menagerie licenses, $2,384 50 ; distillery and brewery licenses, $4 203 91 ; billiard room, bowling saloon, and ten-pin alley licenses, $3,045 81 ; eating- house, beer-house, and restaurant licenses, $6,530 97 ; patent medicine licenses, $2,633 04 ; pamphlet laws, $345 58 ; militia fines, $12,953 73 ; foreign insurance agencies, $2,760 S3; tax on writs, wills, deeds, etc., $45,409 47; tax on certain offices, $14,047 21 ; collateral inheritance tax, $102,295 07 ; canal and railroad tolls, $1,713,848 16 : canal fines, sales of old Materials, etc., $6,953 64; tax on enrollment of laws, $10,270 00; premiums on charters, $89,262 21; tax on loans, $119.356 30; loans, $270,000 00; interest on loans, $13,721 27; dividends on turnpike and bridge stocks, $2,460 00; sales of turnpike stocks, $13,685 44; accrued interest, $3,678 32 ; refunded cash, $13,278 61; fees of the public offices, $3,687 20; Pennsylvania State Lunatic Hospital, $177 00; miscellaneous, $1,740 33; and object* of expend iture : public improve ments. $1.488,799 74; expenses of government, $262,899 71; militia expenses, $16,282 25; pensions and gratuities, $17.277 91; charitable institutions, $62,267 85; common schools, $213,728 49; commissioners of the sinking fund, $31S~S64 03; loans, $8,150 19; interest on loans, $2,004,714 51; guaranteed interest, $32,500 00; domestic creditors, $6.387 41; damages on the public works, $28,063 34; special commissioners, $2,554 03; State Library, $1,000 00; public buildings and grounds, $2,002 78; eastern reservoir of the Pennsylvania Canal, $1,947 00; weigh-lock at Beach Haven, $163 00^; use of patent rights, $3.000 00; penitentiaries, $19,283 79; House of llefuge, $6,000 00; conveying fugitives, $100 00 ; Nicholson lands, $192 75; amendments to the Constitution, $2,500 00; escheats, $1,740 53; abatement of State tax. $43,525 04; re-issuittg relief notes, $10,940 00; counsel fees and commissions, $5,934 15; miscellaneous, $8,180 44. The following exhibits the condition of the treasury at the end of each of the named fiscal years : INCOME. BIS BURSEMEXTS. Years. Bai from last year Annual Receipts. Total Revenue. Years. Interest on T.oans. Puli. Improvements. Total Expend. 1845,.. ..$668851 88.. ....$3.010,062 34. ....$3.673,914 22 1845 ....$1,784,132 65. ....$661,340 6(5.... .$3,289,023 13 1846 . . . . 884.S86 09 . . .... 3,529.057 2S. . . . . 8,918,943 37 1S46 .... 1,981,623 77. .... 694.505 12.... . 3,529,264 67 1847 .. .. 384.673 70.. .... 3,977,025 89. . . . . 4.361,704 59 1847 .... 2,002,240 41 . .... 690,575 95.... . 3,630,813 74 1843 .. .. 680,890 85.. .... 3,831,776 22. . . . . 4,512,667 07 1848 .... 2,005,740 79. .... 996.592 70.... . 3,935,376 68 1849 .. .. 557,299 89.. .... 4.433.6S3 65. 5,010.979 04 1849 2,047,616 99. .... 951,249 03.... . 4,084.771 80 1850 . . .. 926,207 24.. .... 4,433,131 51. . . . . 5,864,338 75 1850 .... 2,004,714 51.. ....1,458,799 74.... . 4,569,053 94 Education. "Wisdom and virtue are qualities which, because they descend not with worldly inheritances, must be carefully propagated by a virtuous education of youth." Such was the sentiment of the illustrious founder of this State; but although the principle of universal education was thus authoritatively recognized at the earliest period of her history, no system of popular instruction in the commonwealth was attempted, nor common school fund established, until the 2d April, 1881. By a legislative act of that date, certain moneys, arising from the sale of lands and other sources, were set apart as a common school fund, at an interest of 5 per cent., and this interest was directed to be added to the principal, until the proceeds should amount to $100,000 annually. By a subsequent act (1st April, 1834), the State was divided into districts, and $75,000 was ordered to be paid out of the school fund, for the year 1835, and annually thereafter, to be dis tributed among the several counties that should comply with the provisions of the said act, until the year when the fund should yield an interest of $100,000. Provision was also made by this law for levying a tax on the districts not le#s than double the amount of the appropriation. On the 13th June, 1836, an act was passed, appropriating $200,000 for the year 1837, and annually thereafter, to be apportioned among the several school districts and the city and county of Philadel phia, and authorizing the levying of a tax not lew than equal to nor more than treble the amount of each district s por tion of the State appropriation. By resolution of 3d April, 1837, $500,000 was appropriated to the common school fund for the year 163S, to be applied by the several districts either for building, repairing, or purchasing school houses, or for education, as they might deem best." On the 12th April, 1S3S, the appropriation was increased to a sum equal to one dollar ^f every taxable inhabitant in the State, to be increased triennial!} , with the increase of such inhabitants, but with out any increase of taxation above that authorized by the act of 1836. Various acts, resolutions, and supplements were subsequently passed, not, however, materially changing any important features of the law regulating the system, until, by the act of llth April, 1S48, it was made to embrace every county in the commonwealth. Provision was also made by this act for the payment to those districts from which the undrawn appropriations were taken by the act of 29th April, 1844, of the one-fourth of the State tax levied in such districts, to be applied exclusively to the erection of school houses therein. On the 7th April, 1849. an act was passed, revising and consolidating all former acts relating to common schools, and effecting many valuable improvements in the system, and greatly simplifying the law. Since, and including the year 1844, the annual appropriation by the State, for the support of schools, has been $200,000. Such is the history of the 661 PENNSYLVANIA. enactments of the legislature, creating and providing a fund as the basis of the whole system of common schools. The following exhibit affords a condensed view of the operations of the system for the year ending 1st June, 1850 : "Whole number of districts 1,387 Number paid during the year 1,273 "Whole number of schools 8,510 Number yet required 674 Average number of months taught Number of male teachers 6,972 Number of female teachers 3,935 Average monthly salaries males $17 20 Average monthly salaries females $10 15 Number of male scholars 233,392 Number of female scholars 190,952 Number learning German Average number of scholars in each school Cost of teaching each scholar, per month Amount of tax levied State appropriations distributed | Total funds raised Cost of instruction Fuel and contingencies Cost of school-houses, purchasing, renting, build ing, and repairing Total funds expended 11,041 40 $1 44 $763.422 $159,367 $927,789 $609,377 $63,329 $253,741 $926,447 The following table exhibits the progress of the system in its main features, since its establishment in 1S34 : Whole Districts . "Whole Whole Whole No. Apportion t Tax levied Exp d for Exp d for Year. N<>. of accept- Dist s. n< I f No. of No. of of to accepting on accepting School- instruction Dist s. i"S. paid. repo. Schools. Teachers. Scholars. Districts. Districts. houses. fuel, etc. 1835 9u7 536 156 762 808 32,544 $ - $ - $ - $ ~ 1836 937 745 603 573 3,384 3,394 139,604 93,670 207,105 111,803 193,972 1837 1,001 796 765 664 4,089 4,841 132,355 463,749 231,552 202,230 493,071 1838 1,003 861 820 623 3,939 5,034 174,733 323.794 335,783 149,132 560,450 1839 1,050 879 857 633 3,152 4,666 131,913 276,826 332,527 161,334 579,162 1840 1,050 879 867 633 3,152 4,666 181,913 264,536 395,913 161,334 580,262 1841 1,072 902 SS5 734 5,179 6,086 227,699 249,400 397,952 123,004 524,348 1842 1,113 905 905 861 6,116 7,494 281,035 250,065 398,766 119,006 439,872 1S43 1,139 945 945 865 6,156 7,594 288,762 272,720 419,307 92,749 434,454 1844 1.172 939 939 846 5,993 7,535 28S : 402 264,520 391,340 75,913 470,223 1845 1,189 1.012 1,018 961 6,690 8.031 327,418 192,813 370,744 77,173 375,982 1346 1,246 1,067 1,056 994 7,096 8,468 329,805 186,417 406,740 60,960 456,475 1347 1,249 1,105 1,054 1,048 7,320 8,674 331,967 187,269 436,727 60,410 437,201 1848 1,330 1,330 1,129 1,073 7,845 9,096 360,605 193,035 501,681 96,539 505,505 1849 1,344 1,213 1,194 8,287 10,050 385,175 182,883 533,137 146,144 562,930 1350 1.337 1.273 8.510 10.907 424,344 186,763 763,422 253,741 609,377 The number of the schools in the several counties, in 1S50, was as follows : Adams 127, Alleghany 280, Armstrong 123, Beaver 111, Bedford 195, Berks 214, Blair 101, Bradford 312, Bucks 189, Butler 162, Cambria 102, Carbon 45, Centre 126, Chester 2G5, Clarion 119, Clearfleld S3, Clinton 50, Columbia 171, Crawford 298, Cumberland 152, Dauphin 151, Delaware 69, Elk 25, Erie 271, Fayette 164, Franklin 172, Greene 118, Huntingdon 108, Indiana 164, Jefferson 82, Juniata 63, Lan caster 345, Lawrence , Lebanon 123, Lehigh 123, Luzerne 252, Lycoming 146, M Kean 51, Mercer 197, Mifflin 64, Monroe 76, Montgomery 147, Northampton 143, Northumberland 91, Perry 115, Pike 37. Potter 65, Schuylkill 133, Somerset 144, Susquehanna 216, Sullivan 31, Tioga 178, Union 141, Venango 144, Warren 120, Washington 220, Wayne 130, West- moreland 202, Wyoming 56, York 193. The city and county of Philadelphia constitutes the first school district, but is not subject to the general school law. The direction of the schools is committed by law to 223 directors and 24 controllers, one each of the eleven sections into which the district is divided being governed by a separate board of directors, all being under the supervision of the Board of Controllers. Public schools were first established in the city in 1818. The whole number of schools in 1851 was 270, namely, the Central High School, the Normal School, 53 grammar schools, 34 secondary schools, 142 primary schools, and 39 unclassified ; number of teachers, 781 32 males, and 699 females ; number of scholars, 48,056 males 24,503, and females 23,543. Besides these, there were 141 teachers in the evening schools. The sum expended during the year had been $366,362, of which only $33,306 was distributed from the State appropriation, the balance having been raised by taxation. The principal universities and colleges, medical schools, theological seminaries, law schools, etc., in the State, and tl statistics of each in 1850, were as follows : Name. Location. University of Pennsylvania Philadelphi Dickinson College Ca Jefferson College Canonsburg Washington College Washington Alleghany College Meadville Pennsylvania College Gettysburg Lafayette College Easton Marshall Mercer Theological Seminary (Lutheran) Gettysburg . Theological Seminary (Germ. Eef.). . . Mercersburg. . Western Theolog. Seminary (Presb.).. Alleg. Town . Theological School (Assoc.) Canonsburg Western Theol. School (Cong. Unit.) . Meadville Theological Seminary (Asso Eef.) . . . Pittsburg . . Theolog. Seminary (Ref. Presb.) Philadelphia Law Depart. Dickinson College Carlisle Medical Depart. University Penn Philadelphia . . 662 i. Founded. Professors, Students, , Alumni. Vols. in Lib ) . >hia. 1755 ... 7 .... .... 83 . 5,142 . . 5.000 1733 .... 8 .... .... 179 . 673 . 14,100 urg , 1802 ... 8 .... . ... 197 . 1,000 . , 10,000 ^ton , 1S06 ... 8 .... ....187 . 441 . 3,300 .e .. . 1817 ... 7 .... . ... 106 . 144 . 8.200 irg . , 1832 ... 7 .... .... 65 . 163 . 6,000 , 1832 ... 7 .... .... 82 . .} 101 . 5,000 >urj? 1335 ... 6.... .... 53 . 155., 6,000 ;ui ji . ircr , 1325 2 . . . . 26 . 227 ., 9,000 11 n jurj? 1325 2 .... .... 18 . 121 . 6,000 JUlg , >wn , 1823 2 .... 43 . 252 . 6,000 2 83 . 147 . 2,000 >urg le 1844 .... 4 .... .... 40 . 9. 8,000 r ... 1828 .... .... 3 .... 3 .... 35 . 13 . 85 . 1,500 phia 1 . 9 . phia .... 1765 .... 7 .... .... 450 . 5,316 . , PENNSYLVANIA. Students. Alumni. . . . 514 ........ 2,036 . . . 176 ........ 73 . 75 . . , . 250 Vols. in Libr y. N ame- Location. Founded. Professors. Jefferson Medical College Philadelphia 1824 7 .... Medical Depart. Perm. College College of Medicine 1^7 7 .... Homoeopathic Medical College 1346 10 Female Medical College 1S49 7 College of Pharmacy IS- 2 4 ~ Besides the schools and colleges above enumerated, there are numerous academies, public and private, in every part of the State, scientific institutions, and societies founded for the encouragement of literature and the arts. Girard College, in Philadelphia, is a school for the education of orphans, and in its several departments highly efficient Church schools are also numerous, and many of them in a highly prosperous condition. Pennsylvania, within the past ten or twelve years, indeed, has made great and wonderful progress in its educational facilities, and now stands deservedly in the foremost rank among States which make education a primary necessity in their economy. Public. Libraries. According to the Report of the Librarian of the Smithsonian Institute, there were in the State, in 1S51, the following libraries: one State library, 10,000 volumes; 16 social, 125,385 volumes; 10 college, 37,875 volumes; 12 students , 29,350 volumes ; 7 academic and professional, 38,300 volumes ; 5 scientific and historical, 38,478 volumes ; 29 public school, 8,131 volumes ; total 80 libraries, and 287,519 volumes. Periodical Press. The whole number of periodicals published in the State of Pennsylvania on the 1st June, 1850, was 823, and of these 96 were whig, 110 democratic, and 207 neutral in politics ; the latter class embraces thoso devoted to literature, religion, science, etc., and those the character of which was not ascertained. Of the aggregate number, 25 were published daily, circulating at each issue 152,076 copies, or 49,120,548 annually; 3 tri-weekly, 500, or 73,000 annually; 1 semi-weekly, 600, or 62,400 annually; 275 weekly, 526,642, or 27,335,384 annually; 8 semi-monthly, 130,800 or 3,139,200 annually; 12 monthly, 159,700, or 1,916,400 annually; and 2 quarterly, 1,900, or 7,600 annually; total copies at each issue, 972,213, or 79,792,532 copies annually. The counties in which published are as follows: in Adams, 3 w. and 1 q. ; Alleghany (Pittsburg, etc.), 13 d., 2 t.-w., 20 w., 1 s.-m., and 2 m. ; Armstrong and Beaver, each 2 w. ; Bedford, 8 w. ; Berks, 9 w. ; Blair, 4 w. ; Bradford, 3 w. ; Bucks, 7 w. ; Butler, Cambria, and Centre, each 3 w. ; Carbon, 2 w. ; Chester, 5 w. ; Clarion and Clinton, each 2 w. ; Clearfield, 1 w. ; Columbia, 3 w. ; Crawford and Cumberland, each 5 w. ; Dauphin, 1 d., 7 w. ; Delaware, 3 w. ; Elk, 1 w. ; Erie, 1 t.-w., 4 w. ; Fayette, 10 w. ; Franklin, 7 w. ; Fulton, 1 w.; Greene, 2 w. ; Huntingdon, 2 w. ; Indiana, 3 w. ; Jefferson and Juniata, each 2 w. ; Lancaster, 10 w., 1 m. ; Lawrence, 2 w. ; Lebanon, 5 w. ; Lehigh, 5 w., 1 s.-m. ; Lucerne, 2 w. ; Lycoming, 4 w. ; M Kean, 1 w. ; Mercer, 4 w. ; Mifflin and Monroe, each 2 w. ; Montgomery, 6 w. ; Montour, 2 w. ; Northampton, 8 w. ; Northumberland, 4 w. ; Perry, 2 w. ; Phil adelphia, 11 d., 1 s.-w., 33 w., 5 s.-m., 8 m.. 1 q., 1 an. ; Pike, 1 w. ; Potter, 2 w. ; Schuylkill, 9 w., 1 m. ; Somerset, 2 w. ; gusquehanna, 2 w. ; Tioga, 4 w. ; Union, 7 w., 1 m. ; Venango, 2 w. ; Warren, 3 w. ; Washington, 4 w. ; Wayne, 2 w. ; Wyoming, 2 w. ; Westmoreland, 4 w. ; York, 7 weekly. Religious Denominations. -The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State in 1S50, were as stated in the table annexed : Denoniina- N lions. Chi Baptist Christian... Ooturri&tiratn 317.. 19.. 9 . Church acconi. 127,303.. 6,400.. 8.100.. Value of Property. $806,395 24,400 17,250 79,500 1,483,700 15,050 661,787 Denomina tions. C Germ n Ref. Jewish Lutheran. . . Mennonite. Methodist. . Moravian. . Presbyter n. No. of lurches 203.. 7.. 495.. 86.. 878.. 84.. 755.. Church accorn. 104,262.. 3475.. 259,502.. 23,870.. 339,026.. 32,715.. 357,481.. Value of $639.210 45,700 1,633,356 82,400 1,715,653 221,350 2,574,700 Denomina- N lions. Chu R. Catholic.. Swedenb g .. Tunker Union Unitarian o. of relies. 139.. 3.. 14.. 80.. 4 Church acconi. 89,251 . . 1,475.. 6,100.. 23,300.. 1,630 . Value of Property. $1,084,204 11,000 11,700 73,325 28,000 82,800 254,700 Dutch Ref:. Episcopal . . Free Friends 7.. 135.. 22.. 141.. 6,640.. 67,324.. 6,400.. 60,974.. Uni versa! ist. Minor Sects. 19.. 92.. 8,920.. 32,560.. making a total of 3,509 churches, having accommodation for 1,566,413 persons, and valued at $11,551,835. This State comprises the Protestant Episcopal diocese, of Pennsylvania, and the Roman Catholic dioceses of Pittsburg and Philadel phia, in the latter of which are also included West New Jersey and the State of Delaware. Pauperism. The whole number of paupers that received assistance or support during the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 11,551, of which number 5,898 were native-born, 5.653 foreigners; and the whole number of paupers on the lists at the date specified was 3,811, of which 2,654 were native-born, and 1,157 foreigners. Annual cost of support, $232,138. Historical Sketch. Pennsylvania is the only State of the Union which bears and transmits to future ages the name of a private individual. William Perm, the illustrious founder of Pennsylvania, a name given to the infant colony by Charles II., was the son of Admiral Penn, who in the year 1655 acquired distinction as a commander in the conquest of Jamaica, and in the war with the Dutch. At an early period of life, Penn had joined the Quakers, who began about that period to attract public attention, and it seems to have been the intolerance manifested toward the sect that first turned his mind toward America. He and some others purchased a large quantity of land in New Jersey, but becoming dissat isfied, ho formed the design of acquiring a separate estate. The crown was indebted to his father s executors in the sum of about 16,000, and as an acquittance for this, a large tract was granted to him in severally. His charter conveyed to him all that tract of country bounded on the east by the river Delaware, extending westward five degrees, and north and south between the 40th and 42d parallels, except an area around New Castle, circumscribed by a radius of 12 miles. From want of sufficient attention to former charters, this grant interfered both with that of Maryland on the south, and with the claims of Connecticut on the east, and hence arose contentions which disturbed the repose of the colonies for a century afterward. In May, 1681, the proprietary sent over Markham, with n few others, to take possession of the territory, and in July he sold 20.000 acres to a company of merchants, at the rate of 20 the thousand acres, entering into articles of agreement with them, entitled " Conditions and Concessions." In the following year, Penn published his " Frame of Government," by which the supreme power was to be vested in a governor and general assembly, consisting at first in the whole body of the people, and afterward in a House of Representatives. A provincial council was established, consisting of 72 per sons, to be chosen by the fre-emen. The governor, possessed of three votes, presided in this council, which prepared and digested all laws, leaving to the people the entire right of rejecting or affirming. This constitution was after a while laid aside, and another, resembling those established in the other provinces, was adopted. In October, 1632, Penn, accompa- PENNSYLVANIA. nied by about 2,000 settlers, arrived at New Castle, on the Delaware. He had previously acquired from the Duke of York a conveyance of the land at present included in the State of Delaware. His first step on landing was to convoke an assembly, which was held at Upland (now called Chester), in December, 16S2. In a short session of three days, a constitution modifying that drawn up by Penn in England was adopted, and several important laws passed. Among other provisions, that great principle, to an adherance to which the province owed much of its prosperity, was adopted, that "none acknowledging one God, and living peaceably in society, should be molested for his opinions or practice, or compelled to frequent or maintain any ministry whatsoever." Another principle of Penn s system, equally novel and praiseworthy, regarded the treatment of the Indians. Soon after his arrival, he summoned them to a council, and treat ing with them on an amicable and equal footing, as men and brethren ; obtained from them, in return fur valuable pres ents, a cession of as much land as his exigencies required. The same course was pursued in his subsequent intercourse with them, and it was seen with surprise by mankind that kindness and good faith were as useful assistants a the sword in the affairs of a colony. No one of the colonies made such rapid advances in prosperity as Pennsylvania. The s;ilu- brity of the climate, and the general fruiifulness of the soil, had some influence, but the moral attractions predominated. The persecutions at home drove thousands to a place where religious worship was free, and the prospect of enjoying equal rights in civil matters, attracted from the continent of Europe a vast number of industrious and moral emigrants. The city of Philadelphia was founded at an early period after the arrival of the first settlers, and the second assembly of the colony was held at this place, in April, 1633. Among other important laws adopted by this assembly was one abrogating the common law of England respecting descents, and distributing the estates of persons dying intestate among the children, giving to the eldest son, however, a double share. The Revolution in England produced some change in the government of Pennsylvania. Penn. being suspected of being disaffected toward the House of Orange, was suspended from the privi lege of appointing a deputy for his province; and in 1692 Pennsylvania was annexed to New York and subjected to the administration of the governor of that province. Two years after, however, the proprietary was reinstated, and ap pointed a new governor. Notwithstanding the pacific disposition of the governor and people, and the general concordance of their opinions, Pennsylvania proved to be no Utopia for the worthy proprietary. Bickerings about the constitution or the laws, or the manner of disposing of the lands, almost constantly existed. The charter had twice been altered, but the colonists were still discontented. A third charter was given them in 1701, which provided that the assembly should consist of deputies from each county, and that it should have the right to originate, amend, or reject all bills; that the governor should nominate his own council, exercise the whole executive power, and have a negative on the proceedings of the assembly. The delegates from Pennsylvania assented to this constitution, but those from "the Three Lower Counties on the Delaware," as they were called, refused to adopt it, and seceded from the assembly. From this period the Three Counties had a distinct assembly, though they were subject to the same governor as Pennsylvania. The constitution thus adopted continued in force until the Revolution. Penn died in 1718, at the age of 74 years. Since his founding the State that immortalizes his name, his life had been a uniform scene of vexation and disquiet. His private fortune had materially suffered by his advances to promote the infant colony, and at one time he was compelled to submit to a temporary depri vation of liberty. He left, however, to his descendants an inheritance of great value, which they enjoyed until the overthrow of the British power, when the Commonwealth became the possessor, and, as an indemnification, granted them an ample sum of money. From the death of Penn the history of the colony is little more than a narrative of petty quar rels between the proprietary governors and the assembly. The chief subject of dispute arose from the lands of the pro prietary, which it was wished to exempt from taxation, to which other lands were liable. The assembly resisted the exemption, and this disagreement frequently prevented the passage of necessary laws. In 1749, an important treaty was made with the Indians of the Six Nations at Philadelphia, in which, for goods of considerable value, they granted to the proprietary all the lands on the Susquehanna, south as far as the boundary of Pennsylvania, and north to the Kittatinny Hills, or Blue Mountain. The whole Indian title to lands within the State was subsequently merged. A large portion of the inhabitants of Pennsylvania were Quakers, but notwithstanding their peaceful inclinations, the colony opposed with as much zeal as her sister colonies, the arbitrary measures of the British government which led to the Revolution. The first congress of deputies from the States, and most of the subsequent sessions of the same assembly, were held in Philadelphia, and it was at the same place that the Declaration of Independence was adopted and proclaimed. During a considerable part of the war the State was the theatre of hostilities. On the Declaration of Independence the pro prietary government was abrogated, and the people, by their representatives, formed a new constitution. The form of government adopted at this period was found, after the peace, to be liable to serious objections. Two parties then arose, the republicans and the constitutionalists the former, desiring a constitution in which the legislative power should be exercised by two branches and the executive invested in a single person, finally triumphed, and in 1790, a constitution, similar to that of the United States, was adopted. In 1794, an insurrection broke out in four of the western counties, in opposition to the law of the United States imposing a tax on spirits. From this, called the "Whisky Insurrection," serious consequences were at first threatened, but by a happy union of firmness and lenity on the part of President Washington, the revolt was quelled. In Northampton County, in 1797, some deluded persons attempted to resist the process of the marshal, but the power of the laws again triumphed. In 1799, the public offices and the sittings of the legislature, which, from the settlement of the colony, had been held at Philadelphia, were removed to Lancaster, and in 1812, they were transferred from Lancaster to Harrisburg, the present capital. From this period no conspicuous event of history has transpired. The State, indeed, has gone through many financial difficulties, and for a time even her con dition was considered as a blot on the honor of the nation. The fair name of the State, however, has been redeemed, and the debt, which circumstances forced her to suspend, is now liquidated, interest having been regularly paid for many years, and the principal is being reduced by the operation of a sinking fund. The day of her degradation indeed is passed, and she now looms up among that glorious galaxy of states which circumscribes her boundaries, as one of the most glorious and honored. HAKEISBUKG, on the left bank of the Susquehanna, is the political capital of the State. PENNVIT.LE, p. v., Jay co., Ind. : 68 m. N. E. Indianapolis. PENN YAN, p. v., and cap. Yales co., JV. Y, : on the out let, 1 m. from the foot of Crooked lake, 161 m. W. Albany. It contains a court-house, jail, clerk s office, an academy, 2 banks, several large warehouses and flouring-mills, numer ous manufactories of castings, mechanical and agricultural 664 implements, furniture, etc., and 2,500 inhabitants. The "Penn Yan Democrat" and " Yates County Whig" are published weekly. The outlet descends 270 feet before reaching Seneca lake, and furnishes immense water-power. Crooked Lake Canal, 8 m. long, follows the outlet, and con nects the v., through Seneca lake, with the Erie CanaL PEN PEG Steamers ply S. to the head of Crooked lake, and the Ca- nandaigua and Elmira R. R. passes through the v., 24 m. 6. E. of Cannndaigua, 43 m. N. W. of Elmira. PENNY S FERRY, p. o., Henry co., III. : on Rock r., 123 m. N. N. W. Springfield. PENOBSCOT county, Me. Situate E. centrally, and con tains 2,760 sq. m. In the northern part it is drained by head branches of Aroostook r. and E. branch of Penobscot r., and in the S. by Penobscot and its affluents, Mattawam- keag, Sebec, and Kenduskeag rivers. Surface undulating, .^nd in the N. mountainous ; soil in general fertile, and pro- ^ duces good crops of wheat, corn, and potatoes. It is well wooded, and has good pasturage for cattle. Agriculture is the leading pursuit. Farms 3,933 ; manuf. 407 ; dwell. 10,374, and pop. wh. 63,026, fr. col. 63 total 63,089. Capital: Bangor. Public Works : Bangor and Oldtown R. R. ; Kcnnebec and Penobscot R. R. ; European and North American R. R. PKNOBSCOT, u and p. v., Hancock co., Me. : at the head of Penobscot bay, on the E. side, 56 m. E. by N. Augusta. A large pond lies in the N. E. part. It has a fertile soil, good water-power, facilities for navigation, and abundance of imber. Pop. of t. 1 ,556. PENOBSCOT bay, Me. : near the middle of the coast bound ary, setting up N. from the Atlantic Ocean about 27 m., re ceiving Penobscot r. at its N. extremity, called Belfast bay. The breadth of its mouth, from Owl s Head on the W. to Burnt Coat Island on the E., is about 30 m. It contains a number of large islands, the principal of which are Deer, Haul, Long, and Fox islands, besides many smaller. It has many good harbors, and its waters contain many varieties of excellent fish. Its scenery is exceedingly beautiful, and on its borders are large and flourishing towns. PBNOBSCOT river, Me. : this important river is the largest in the State. It is formed from two main branches, of which the largest rises in the W. part of the State near the Canada line, and flows by irregular course E. and S., and ^through the large lakes, Chesuncook and Pemadurncook, to its junc tion with the E. branch. After the junction it flows in a S. E. course until it receives Mattawarnkeag r. from the N. E., which is its principal tributary on the E. side ; then S. S. W. until it receives the Piscataquis, its chief W. tribu tary; then S. by W. to its entrance into Penobscot bay. From its source to the ocean is about 275 m. It is navi gable for vessels of large size to Bangor, 50 m. from the ocean, and for boats to a considerable distance above that. Its upper portions have many falls and rapids furnishing excellent mill-sites. The tide rises high at Bangor, caused by the return of the Gulf stream and the wedge-like form of the bay. Above Bangor are numerous islands owned by the Penobscot Indians, who occupy the principal one Oldtown. PENOBSCOT, U. S. collection district, Me. Castine is the port of entry. Total tonnage on 30th June, 1850, 36,950 tons ; of which 5,713 tons were registered, and 31,237 enrolled and licensed. Of registered tonnage, 5,122 tons were permanent, and 591 tons temporary. The enrolled and licensed ton nage consisted of 30,531 tons permanently enrolled; of which 15,059 tons were in the coasting trade, 11,462 tons in cod fishery, and 4,010 in the mackerel fishery, besides 706 tons licensed under 20 tons" employed in the cod fishery. During the year ending June 30, 1850, the number of clear ances for foreign countries was 19 3,441 tons; total of en trances, 14 4.140 tons. Vessels built during the year, 2 ships, 3 brigs, 14 schooners ; total 192,835 tons. PENOLA, p. o., Sumter county, Ala. : 122 m. W. by N. Montgomery. PENSACOLA, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Escambia co., Flor. : on Pensacola bay, lo m. from the Gulf of Mexico, 176 m.W. Tallahassee. Lat. 30 24 N., long. 87 10 12" W. The harbor is deep and affords good anchorage, but near the city is shallow, and hence a long wharf has been extend ed into the bay. The city is built on a sandy plain, 40 or 50 feet above the level of the water, and is regularly laid out with wide streets crossing at right angles, having also two large public squares. It contains a court-house, custom house, market, and 2 churches. Two newspapers are is sued, P. Gazette" (whig), weekly, and "Florida Demo crat," semi-weekly. This is the principal port and city in Florida, and has considerable trade. On 30th June, 1850, the total tonnage of its district was 1,794 tons, of which 1.221 tons were registered and permanent, and 573 tons en rolled and licensed ; 496 tons permanently, and 77 tons li censed under 20 tons. The latter was entirely employed in the coasting trade. During the year previous the total of clearances for foreign ports was 7 1,233 tons; total of entrances, do., 2,337 tons all of which (9) were American vessels. Vessels built during the year, 2 schooners SO tons. The project of a railroad to Montgomery, Ala., has long been agitated. Pop. about 2,104. About 6 m. below the city, and 5 m. from the entrance of the harbor, is the U. S. Navy Yard, covering nearly 80 acres of ground, inclosed by a high brick wall. It contains houses for the officers, store-houses, boat-houses, etc., all of which are Duilt of brick and tastefully arranged. Here is also a dry dock capable of receiving the largest vessels. Outside of the yard are about 25 cottages and a Catholic church. A mile and a half below the navy yard are Barrancas Bar racks and the Naval Hospital. At the entrance of the har bor are forte Pickens and M Ree, on Foster s and St. Rosa s islands, and on the latter island is a light-house. See LIGHT HOUSES. PENSACOLA, p. v., Leake co., Miss. : 41 m. N. E. Jackson. PENSACOLA bay, Flor. : sets up from the Gulf of Mexico in the N. W. part of Florida. It is of irregular f>rm, con sisting of three parts. The W. arm, called Escambia bay, is about 11 m. long and 4 in. broad, and receives Escambia r. from the N. The N. E. arm is called Yellow Water bay, is about the size of Escambia bay, and receives Yellow Water r. ; its more N. part is called Black Water bay, and receives Black Water r. and other creeks. The S. part of the bay, extending E. 7 m., is called East bay ; it is entirely sheltered from the winds and admits the largest frigates. Its entrance is about three quarters of a mile wide, aud is well defended. There is a depth of 22 feet of water on the bar at low tide. PENTKESS, p. o., Monongalia co., Ylrg. : 209 m. N. W. Richmond. PEOLA MILLS, p. o., Madison county, Yirg. : 76 m. N. W. Richmond. PEOLI, p. o., Tuscarwas county, Ohio: 81 m. E. N. E. Columbus. PEORIA county. III. Situate N. W. centrally, and con tains 643 sq. m. Drained by Spoon r. and Copperas and Kickapoo creeks, tributaries of Illinois r., which forms its eastern boundary. Surface rolling; soil fertile, consisting principally of a deep mold, with clay intermixed. Chief productions wheat and Indian corn. A large quantity of pork is exported, and it has some good timber-land. Farms 1,191 ; manuf. 134 ; dwell. 3,036, and pop. wh. 17,461, fr. col. 86 total 17,547. Capital: Peoria. Public Works: Peoria and Oquawka R. R. PEORIA, p. v., and cap. Peoria co., HI. : on the right bank of Illinois r., at the foot of Peoria lake, 61 m. N. Springfield. It is 193 m. above the mouth of the Illinois, and occupies two terraces the first a quarter of a mile broad and from 6 to 12 feet above high water ; the second 6 or 8 feet higher, and extending back to the bluffs, which are about 80 feet high. It is the shipping port for a large amount of grain and other products of the fertile region on every side of it, with which it has an extensive trade. It has also valuable manufactures, which are receiving increased attention. It contains a court-house, jail, an incorporated academy, a bank, about 50 stores and warehouses, several steam-mills and factories, and 5.562 inhabitants. Two weekly papers are published, the " P. Democratic Pruss 1 and the " P. Re- 665 PEO PER publican" (whig). The " P. Motto," a religious and statis tical journal, is issued semi-quarterly. A railroad will pass through it from Bloomington, on the Illinois Central E. K., to some point on the Mississippi. PEORIA, p. o., Wyoming co., Jf. T. : 229 m. W. Albany. PEOKIA, p. v., Franklin county, 2nd.: 58 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. PEOUIA lake, III. : is an expansion of Illinois r. between Peoria and Woodford counties, commencing at Chillicothe, and extending 20 m. to Peoria. In some parts it is 4 m. wide, but at the " Narrows," 5 m. above Peoria, it is con tracted to the usual width of the river, and then again widens. The water is clear, with gravelly bottom, has a slow current, and abounds with various kinds of fish. Most of the E. shore is low and swampy, but on the W. side are high bluffs. PEORIATILLE, p. v., Peoria co., 111. : 65 m. N. Springfield. PEPACTON, p. v., Delaware co., & Y. : on Pepacton r., 69 m. S. W. by W. Albany. PEPIX lake : is an expansion of the Mississippi r., between "Wisconsin and Minnesota, about 24 m. long, terminating at mouth of Chippewa r., from 2 to 4 m. wide. Its shores are for the most part high precipitous rocks, of which the " Maiden s Eock" is 500 feet high. PKPPKRELL, t, p. v., and sta., Middlesex co., Mass. : on the N. line of the State and W. side of Nashua r., 35 m. N. W. by W. Boston. Drained by a branch of the Nashua, which supplies mill-sites. Surface uneven, except on the streams ; soil fertile. Manufacturing of various kinds are curried on. The Peterboro and Shirley E. E. passes on the S. and the Worcester and Nashua E. E. on the E. border. The sta. is 9 m. S. W. of Nashua on the latter. The v. con tains an academy. Pop. of 1. 1,754. PEPPER S FERRY, p. o., Pulaski co., Virg.: on New r., 172 m. W. by S. Eichmond. PEQUANNOCK creek, N. Jer. : rises in Wayawanda and Wallkill mountains, Sussex county, flows S. E. and S., and enters Passaic r. Below Pompton v. it is called Pompton r. Its current is rapid, affording good water-power. PEQUOT, p. v., Calumet co., Wise. : on the E. side of Win- nebago lake, 84 m. N. E. Madison. PERCH EIVER, p. o., Jefferson county, W. T.: 142 m. N. W. by W. Albany. PERCY S CREEK, p. o., "Wilkinson co., Miss. : 95 m. S. "W. Jackson. PERDIPO river and bay, Ala. and Flor. : the boundary line between these States, about 40 m. long. The bay is shallow and its entrance, obstructed by sandbars. PERIN S MILLS, p. v., Clermont co., Ohio : on the E. branch of Little Miami r., S3 m. S. W. Columbus. PERKINS GROVE, p. o., Bureau co., III. : 124 m. N. by E. Springfield. PERKINSVILLE, p. v., Madison co., Ind. : on the W. fork of White r., 28 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. PKRKINBVILLE, p. v., Burke co., N. Oar. : on Wilson s cr., a N. tributary of Catawba r., 166 m. W. by N. Ealeigh. PERKINSVILLE, p. v., Goochland county, Virg. : 33 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. PEHKINSVILLE, p. v., Windsor co., Verm. : on Black r., 64 m. S. by E. Montpelier. It contains an academy and several manufactories. PEKKIOMEN river, Penn. : rises in S. E. comer of Lehigh county, flows S. through Montgomery county, and enters Schuylkill r., 6 m. W. Norristown. It affords good water- power, as also its tributaries. PERKIOMEN BRIDGE, p. o., Montgomery co., Penn. : 74 m. E. llarrisburg. PEROTE, p. o., Ashland county, Ohio : 68 m. N. N. E. Columbus. PEKQUIMANB county, N. Car. Situate N. E., and con tains 172 sq. m. Drained by Perquirr.ans and Little rivers, both of which discharge their waters into Albemarle Sound m the S. Surface low and level ; soil fertile where capable 666 of cultivation, and very productive. Staples, cotton, wheat, and Indian corn. Farms 505; manuf. 21 ; dwell. 818, and pop.- wh. 3,629, fr. col. 450, el. 3,252 total 7,331. Capital : Hertford. PERRINE, p. o., Mercer county, Penn. : 185 m. W. N. W. llarrisburg. PERRINEVILLE, p. v., Monmouth co., N. Jer. : 17 m. E. Trenton. PERRINTON, t and p. o., Monroe county, W. T. : 182 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Irondequoit cr. Surface slightly uneven ; soil fertile, and very productive of wheat, the growing of which is the leading business. The Eoch- ester and Syracuse (direct) E. E. and the Erie Canal cross the town ; on the latter is the village of Fairport, 17 m. E. Eochester. Pop. 2,891. PERRY county, Ala. Situate W. centrally, and contains 934 sq. m. Catawba r., a tributary of Alabama r., passes through it centrally, by which and its branches it is drained, and also by branches of Black Warrior r. Surface varied ; soil fertile and well adapted to cotton, which it produces in large quantities, and which forms the chief article of com merce ; it also produces good crops of wheat and Indian corn. It has some good timber-land, and fine pasturage for cattle. Farms 1,066 ; manuf. 21 ; dwell. 1,332, and pop. wh. 8,342, fr. col. 26, si. 13,917 total 22,285. Capital : Marion. Public Works: Selma and Tennessee Eiver Eailroad. PERRY county, Ark. Situate centrally, and contains 534 sq. m. Drained by La Fave r., tiibutary of Arkansas r., which forms its N. E. and N. boundary. Surface udulat- ing ; soil fertile, and well adapted to grain. Timber is found on the land, and it contains fine coal beds. Farms 75; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 154, and pop. wh. 957, fr. col. 6, si. 15 total 978. Capital : Perry ville. PERRY county, III. Situate toward the S., and contains 432 sq. m. Drained by St Mary s r. and by Big Beauconp and Little Muddy creeks. Surface even ; soil fertile, and adapt ed to corn. About one-third of the land is prairie. Farms 63S ; manuf. 7 ; dwell. 967, and pop. wh. 5,267, fr. col. 11 total 5,278. Capital : Pickneyville. Public Works : Il linois Central E. E. PERRY county, Ind. Situate S., and contains 387 sq. m. Drained by Deer, Oil, and Anderson s creeks, which flow nto the Ohio r., the boundary of the county on the South. Surface in general hilly and broken, but along the Ohio and Anderson are some level tracts; soil moderately fertile. Chief productions wheat, Indian corn, and tobacco. Tim ber is found on the land of excellent quality. Farms 540 ; manuf. 14; dwell. 1,231, and pop. wh. 7,259, fr. col. 9 total 7,268. Capital: Troy. PERRY county, Ky. Situate S. E., and contains 815 sq. m. Drained by North and Middle forks of Kentucky r. Sur face uneven, and diversified with fertile hills and valleys ; soil productive, and there is much fine grazing land in the county. Wheat and Indian corn are produced. It is bound ed on the N. by Laurel Mountain. Farms 396 ; manuf. ; dwell. 471, and pop. wh. 2,972, fr. col. 3, si. 117 total 3,092. Capital: Perry. PERRY county. Miss. Situate S. toward the E., and con tains 1,080 sq. m. Drained by Black and Leaf creeks and .heir branches, all tributaries of Pascagoula r. Surface slightly broken ; soil indifferent, and is thickly covered with pine timber. There is fine pasture for cattle, etc. Chief productions rice and cotton. Farms 181 ; manuf. ; dwell. 265, and pop. wh. 1,679, fr. col. 10, si. 749 total 2,43a Capital: Augusta. PERRY county, Penn. Situate S. centrally, and contains 574 sq. m. Susquehanna r. forms its E. boundary, and by its principal -tributary, Juniata r. and other streams, it is drained. Surface much broken and mountainous: soil a fine deep vegetable mold, and very fertile. Chief produc tions wheat, Indian corn, ai* potatoes. It has some good coal beds, and contains a medicinal spring which discharges PER PER warm water and is useful in many disorders. Farms 1,456 ; manuf. 232 ; dwell. 3,412, and pop. wh. 19,953, fr. col. 135 total 20,088. Capital: New Bloomfleld. Public, Works: Pennsylvania E. E. and Pennsylvania Canal. PERRY county, Mo, Situate toward the S. E., and con tains 452 sq. m. Drained by several small streams, affluents of the Mississippi, and which in their course supply good water-power. Surface varied, rising toward the E., and terminating in high land on the Mississippi ; soil fertile and very productive. Minerals abound, and^there are some good coal beds. It contains some fine timber-land. Farms 7-13 ; manuf. 35 ; dwell. 1,111, and pop. wh. 6,395, fr. col. 20, si. 794 total 7,215. Capital : Perryville. PERRY county, Ohio. Situate toward the S. E., and con tains 414 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Muskingum and Hocking rivers. Surface hilly and broken; soil fertile. Chief productions wheat, Indian corn, and tobacco. Pine and other timber is found on the land. Farms 1,314 ; manuf. 25; dwell. 8,587, and pop. wh. 20.746, fr. col. 29 total 20,775. Capital: Somerset. PuUio Works: Scioto and Hocking Valley E. E. ; Cincinnati, Wilmington and Zanes- ville E. E. PERRY county, Tenn. Situate S. W. centrally, and con tains 870 sq. m. Drained by Tennessee r. and its branches, the principal being Buffalo r. Surface level; soil fertile. Chief productions wheat, Indian corn, and tobacco. Farms 458; manuf. 4; dwell. 927, and pop. wh. 5,504, fr. coL 4, si. 314 total 5,822. Capital : Linden. PERRY, p. v., and cap. Houston co., Ga. : on Mossy cr., a W. branch of the Ocmulgee, 53 m. S. W. by S. Milledge- ville. It contains a court-house, jail, 2 academies, a dozen stores, and about 700 inhabitants. PERRY, p. v., Pike co., HI. : about 8 m. "W. of the Illinois, 59 m. W. Springfield. PERRY, p. v., Allen co., Ind. : on a W. branch of Cedar cr., 112 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. A plank-road leads S. to Fort Wayne. PHRRY, p. v., and cap. Perry co., Ky. : on Kentucky r., 115 m. S. E. by E. Frankfort It contains a court-house, several stores, and 200 inhabitants. PKKRY, t. and p. v., Washington co., Me. : on Passama- quoddy bay, 142 m. E. by N. Augusta. On the S. is Cobs- cook bay. A bridge connects it with Eastport, 5 m. S. E. It has great facilities for the coasting trade and fisheries, which, with boat-building and the lumber business, are ex tensively carried on. Pop. of t. 1,324. PERRY, t. and p. v., W T yoming co., Jf. T. : 211 m.W. by N. Albany. Drained by the outlet of Silver lake, which af fords excellent water-power. Surface undulating ; soil loam, mixed with sand and clay, and highly productive of grass and grain. The v. is on the outlet, and extensively engaged in manufactures. It contains an academy, several furnaces, flouring and other mills and factories, and about 1,200 in habitants. Pop. of t. 2,832. PERRY, t., p. o., and sta., Lake co., Ohio : on Lake Erie, 153 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. The Cleveland and Erie E. E. crosses it, and has a station 6 m. E. of Painesville. Pop. 1,131. PERRY, p. o., Venango co., Penn. : 173 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. PERRY, t. and p. o., Shiawassee co., Mich. : 19 m. E. by N. Lansing. Drained by Looking-glass r. and its branches. Surface mostly level ; soil fertile prairie. Pop. 313. PERRY CENTRE, p. v., Wyoming county, N. Y. : 214 m. W. by N. Albany. A literary institution, called the Perry Centre Institute, is established here. PERRYMANSVILLE, p. v. and sta., Harford co., Md. : on the W. side of Bush r., 84 m. N. N. E. Annapolis. The sta. Is 27 m. E. of Baltimore, on the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore E. E. PERRYOPOLIS, p. v., Fayette co., Penn. : on the W. side of Youghiogeny r., 147 m. W. by S. Ilarrisburg. The river affords po\yer for several factories and mills. The v. con tains several stores and about 600 inhabitants. The "P Clarion" (dem.) is published weekly. PERRY S BRIDGE, p. o.,Vermillion par., La. : on Yermillion river, about 20 m. N. of Vermillion bay, 65 m. S. W. by W. Baton Eouge. PERRYSBURG, p. v., Miami co., Ind. : 76 m. N. Indianapolis. A plank-road leads 12 m. S. to Peru. PERRYSBURG, t. and p. o., Cattaraugus co., 2T. Y. : 262 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by affluents of Cattaraugus cr., its N. boundary. Surface broken and well timbered; soil gravelly or clayey, and best adapted to grazing. Popula tion 1,862. PERHYSBTTRG, t., p. v., and cap. Wood co., Ohio : on the right bank of Maumee r., Ill m. N. N.W. Columbus. Sur face mostly level ; soil sandy, and of average fertility. The village, occupying a commanding eminence at the head of steamboat navigation, 18 m. above the mouth of the river, has a commodious wharf and harbor, and a good share of lake trade. It contains a court-house, jail, several steam mills and large warehouses, 30 stores, and 1.199 inhabit ants. The "Fort Meig s Eeveille" (whig) is published weekly. The proposed railroad from Fort Wayne to San- dusky City will pass through it Pop. of v. 1,199, and of town, 1,780. PERRY S COKXER, p. o., Duchess county, JV. Y. : 53 m. S. Albany. PERRY S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Edgefleld district, S. Car. : about 2 m. S. of Saluda r., 41 m. W. by N. Columbia. PERRY S MILLS, p. v., Tatnall co., Ga. : on the N. side of Alatamaha r., near the mouth of Cobb s cr., 98 m. S. E. by S. Milledgoville. It contains a grist and saw mill, a store, and several dwellings, and was for a time the county seat PERRY S MILLS, p. v., Clinton co., N. Y. : on Chnzy river, 1 m. S. of the Canada line, 7 m. W. of Lake Champlain, 153 m. N. Albany. It contains several mills and about 400 inhabitants. PERRYSVILLE, p. V M Vermillion county, Ind. : on the W. bank of the Wabash, 67 m. W. N. W. Indianapolis. It has several mill-sites, and a good trade in the stap es of the co., which are shipped here by the Wabash and Erie Canal, a side-cut of which crosses the river. It contains a dozen stores and 742 inhabitants. The " P. Eagle" is published weekly. PERRYSVTLLE, p. v., Alleghany co., Penn. : 4 m. N. of Ohio r., 163 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. PERRYSVILLE, sta., Juniata co., Penn. : on the E. division of the Pennsylvania E. E., 15 m. E. Lewistown. PERRYSVILLE, p. Y . Washington co., R. I. : 31 m. S. S.W. Providence. PERRYTON, p. v., Licking county, Ohio : 42 m. E. N. E. Columbus. PERRYTON, p. v., Mercer county, III. : about 2 m. N. of Edward s r., 115 m. N. W. by N. Springfield. PERRYVILLE, p. v., Perry county, Ala. : about 7 m. E. of Cahawba r., 52 m. W. N. W. Montgomery. PERRYVILLE, p. v., and cap. Perry co., Ark. : on La Fave river, a W. branch of Arkansas r., 34 m. W. N. W. Little Eock. It contains a few stores and the co. buildings. PERRYVILLE, p. v., Boyle county, Ky. : 88 m. S. by W. Frankfort. It contains an academy, several stores, and about 500 inhabitants. PERRYVILLE, p. v. and sta., Cecil co., Md. : on the E. side of Susquehanna r., and on the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore E. E., 38 m. E. of Baltimore, 48 m. N. E. by N. Annsipolis. PERRYVILLE, p. v., and cap. Perry co., Mo. : 9 m. W. of the Mississippi, 135 m. E. S. E. Jefferson City. It contains the co. buildings, several stores, and 300 inhabitants. PERRYVILLE, p. v., Hunterdon co., Jf. Jer. ; at the E. base of Musconehcong Mountain, 29 m. N. N. W. Trenton. PERRYVILLE, p. v., Madison co., N. Y. : on a S. affluent of Oneida lake, 105 m. W. by N. Albany. It contains sev eral mills and about 400 inhabitants. 66T PER PET PERRYVILI.E, p. v., Ashland co., Ohio: on Black fork of Mohiccan cr., 58 in. N. N. E. Columbus. PERRYVII.LE, p. v., Mifflin county, Penn.: 47 m. N. "W. Harrisburg. A furnace of 1.800 tons capacity is located here. PERUYVILLK, p. v., Decatur co., Tenn. : on the left bank of Tennessee r., 76 m. S. W. by W. Nashville. Previous to the erection of Decatur co. from Perry, it was the capital of the latter. It has an extensive trade in the exports of the surrounding district, which here find a convenient ship ping place, and contains several stores and a population of about 400. PKRSIFER, p. o., Knox co., HI. : 3 m.W. of Spoon r., 82 m. N. N. W. Springfield. PERSIMMON CREEK, p. o., Cherokee co., N. Car.: 323 m. W. by S. Raleigh. PERSON county, N. Car. Situate N., and contains 400 sq. m. Drained by branches of Dan and Neuse rivers. Surface level ; soil moderately fertile, and adapted to grain and grazing. Chief productions, wheat, cotton, and tobacco. Farms 684; mrrfuif. 17; dwell. 1,070, and pop. wh. 5.590, fr. col. 295, si. 4.893 total 10.778. Capital: Roxborough. PERTH, t. and p. o., Fulton county, N. Y. : 83 m. N. W. Albany. Surface rolling ; soil clayey loam. Farming and grazing are the leading pursuits. Pop. 1,140. PERTH AM ROT. p. city, and port of entry, Middlesex co.. N. Jer. : at the head of Raritan bay, and confluence of llaritan r. with Arthur kill, or Staten Island Sound, 32 rn. N. E. by E. Trenton. It has a spacious harbor, with 24 feet of water in the main channel, and easily accessible. It was laid out in 1698, and chartered as a city in 1784. The compact portion is chiefly on the bank of the kill, over which a ferry plies to Staten Island. It contains an acade my, a manufactory of locks, mechanical implements, etc., 12 or 15 stores, and 1,865 inhabitants. Tonnage of the district in 1850 (which includes the E. coast of the State from Eliza- bethtown to Little Egg Harbor). 22,085 tons; all except 13 tons engaged in the coasting trade. PERU, p. v., and cap. Miami co., Ind. : on the N. bank of the Wabash, 67 m. N. Indianapolis. It contains a court house, jail, academy, bank, 20 or 25 stores and warehouses, several mills, and 1.266 inhabitants. The "Miami County Sentinel" is issued weekly. It lies on the Wabash and Erie Can;il, 60 m. W. of Fort Wayne, and the same distance E. of Lafayette, and is the shipping place of a rich district, with which it has a brisk and increasing trade. It is the northern terminus of the Peru and Indianapolis R. R., which will be extended to connect with the Northern Indiana R. R., and is intersected here by the proposed Wabash Valley R. R., which, passing through Fort Wayne and Lafayette, forms a link in the connection of Toledo with St. Louis. PERU, t. and p. v., Oxford county, Me. : on the S. side of Androscoggin r., 84 m. W. by N. Augusta. Drained by affluents of the r., fed by several ponds. Surface uneven ; soil fertile. Pop. of 1. 1,109. PERU, p. v., La Salle county, HI. : on the N. bank of the Illinois, at the head of navigation, 269 m. above its mouth, 105 m. N. by E. Springfield. It is 1 m. below La Salle, the terminus of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and forms with it one continuous v. along the r., on which are the commer cial houses, the residences occupying the high bluffs imme diately back of it. The chief business is shipping the great staples by river and canal, but a large trade is kept up with the back country, with all parts of which it has, or soon will have, easy communication. A rich and highly cultivated alluvial island lies in front of it, with a channel between that floats the largest steamers, and from which a lateral branch leads to the canal. Its favorable position for com merce has given it its chief importance, and must eventually make it one of the first cities in the State. It has a daily communication with St. Louis and the immediate ports by packets and steamers, and with Chicago by canal and the Chicago and Rock Island R. R., which also connects it with the Upper Mississippi ; and the Central Illinois R. R., which 66S here crosses the r., will bring to it the trade and products of rich districts N. and S. of it. The La S. Co. Democrat" and the "P. Telegraph" are published weekly. Distance to Chicago 100 m., the same by railroad and canal. Popula tion about 3,000. PERU, t. and p. v., Berkshire county, Mats. : 103 m. W. Boston. Surface elevated and mountainous. It occupies the highest land between the Connecticut and Hudson. Soil adapted chiefly for grazing, which is the leading interest. Pop. 519. PERU, t. and p. v., Clinton co., N. Y. : on Lake Champlain, 124 m. N. Albany. Drained by Little Au Sable and Salmon rivers, which supply numerous mill-sites. Surface in the E. gently inclining to the lake ; in the W. is the Au Sable range of hills; soil chiefly sandy or clayey loam, and very fertile. It is heavily timbered, and has good landings on the lake at the mouth of Little Au Sable r. and at Port Jackson, 2 m. further N. The v. is on the Little Au Sable, 4 m. W. of the lake, and contains several factories and mills and about 1,000 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 3,640. PERU, t. and p. v., Huron county, Ohio: 83 m. N. by E. Columbus. Drained by Huron r. and branches, which sup ply good mill-sites. Surface varied ; soil very fertile and highly cultivated. The v., on the E. branch of the r., con tains several flouring and saw mills and about 500 inhabit ants. The Sandusky. Mansfield, and Newark R. R. passes on the W. border of the t. Pop of t. 1,632. PERU, L and p. o., Bennington co., Verm. : 74 m. S. by W. Montpelier. The Green Mountains pass through it, and give rise to streams flowing in all directions. It is well wooded, and grazing is the leading pursuit. Pop. 567. PERU MILLS, p. o., Juniata co., Penn. : 37 m. W. N. "W. Harrisburg. PERUVILLE, p. v., Tompkins county, N. Y. : 131 m. W. Albany. It contains several mills and 300 inhabitants. PESIITEGO river, Wise. : in N. E. part of Oconto county, flows mainly in S. E. corner, receiving numerous tribu taries, and enters Green bay below the mouth of Meno- monee river. PETAULA, p. o., Randolph co., Ga. : on Petanla cr., a branch of Chattahooch.ee r., 142 m. S. W. by W. Milleclge- ville. PETERBORO , p. v., Madison co., 2F. Y. :98 m. W. Albany. It contains a half-dozen stores and 400 inhabitants. PETERHOHO , t. and p. v., Hillsboro county, jV~. Ifamp.: 82 m.S.W. Concord. Drained by Contoocook r. and branches. which afford superior water-power. Surface broken ; soil very fertile. On the streams are excellent meadows, and several cotton and woolen factories and mills of various kinds. Iron ore is found and wrought with success. The v. is on the r., and contains an academy and several stores and mills. The " Contooeook Transcript" (neut.) is pub lished weekly. Pop. of t 2,222. PETERSBURG, p. v., Elbert co., Ga. : at the confluence of Savannah and Broad rivers, 79 m. N. E. by N. Milledgeville. A thriving v. with a valuable trade, growing manufactures* and a population of 400. PETERSBURG, p. v., and cap. Menard county, 111. : on the Sangamon, 18 m. N. W. Springfield. It contains a court house, jail, several stores and mills, and a population of about 600. PETERSBURG, p. v., and cap. Pike co., Ind. : 1 m. S. of White r., 5 m. below the junction of its E. and W. forks, 103 tn. W. by S. Indianapolis. It occupies an elevated plain on the E. side of Pride s cr., and the heart of a fertile district, through which the Wabash and Erie Canal passes, 2 m. W. of it. It contains a court-house, jail, a dozen stores, and about 700 inhabitants. PETERSBURG, p. v., Boone co., JTy. : on the Ohio, 56 m. N. Frankfort. It occupies the site of an Indian burying ground. Many remains of the aborigines have been found here, and near the v. are extensive fortifications in good preservation. PETERSBURG, sta., Huntingdon co., Penn. : on the N. aido PET PHI of Juniata r.,8 m. by Pennsylvania li. 11., and 7 in. by canal N. W. of Humiliation. PETERSBURG, sta., Monroe co., Mich.: on the S. sitle of llaisiri r., 20 m. W. of Monroe by the Michigan Southern 11. R. PETERSBURG, p. v., and cap. Lavacca county, Tex. : on Lavaeca r., 77 m. S. E. Austin City. It contains the county buildings and several stores and dwellings. PETERSBURG, t and p. v., Rensselaer co., N. Y. : 21 m. E. N. E. Albany. Drained by Little Hoosic cr., on which is a fertile valley running N. and S. ; elsewhere the surface is much broken, and soil fitted for grazing. The v. is on the cr., and contains several mills. Pop. of t. 1.908. PETERSBURG, p. o., Cape May county, N. Jet: : 66 m. S. Trenton. PETERSBURG, p. v., Mahoning co., Ohio: near the E. line of the State, 141 m. E. N. E. Columbus. PETERSBURG, p. v., Lincoln co., Tenn. : 56 m. S. by E. Nashville. PETERSBURG, p. b. and port of entry, Dinwiddie county, Virg. : on S. branch of Appomattox r., 12 m. above its con fluence with James r., 22 m. S. by E. Richmond. Lat. N. 87 13 54", long. W. 77 20 . The r. is navigable to this place for vessels of 1UO tons, and the falls immediately above it afford extensive water-power A canal is cut round these falls, thus affording boat navigation upon the river above for SO m. This is a very handsome and important com mercial town, and exports largely flour and tobacco. It Buffered most severely in July, 1815, by a conflagration, which destroyed 400 buildings, and property estimated at $2.000,000. The buildings and houses are now built prin cipally of brick. It contains a court-house, jail, S churches, 3 banks with aggregate capital of $1,170,000, insurance office, etc. There are several cotton and woolen factories, flouring and saw mills, ropewalks, and some other manu factories. Two newspapers are published daily, "P. In telligencer" (whig), "Daily News" (neut.); 1 tri-weekly, " South Side Democrat." Four railroads now centre at P., giving it great business advantages, viz., Richmond and IVt.-rsburg R. R., Petersburg R. R. (to Weldon), South Side B. R., Appomattox R, R. (to City Point.) The Petersburg and Norfolk R. R. is in construction. The steamships ply ing semi-weekly between New York and Richmond, and others, connect with Petersburg by Appomattox R. R. from City Point On 30th June, 1S50, the total tonnage of P. district was 2,70S tons, of which 949 tons were registered (and permanent), and 1,759 tons enrolled and licensed. Of the latter, 1.6SI tons were permanently employed in the coasting trade, SO tons in steam navigation; licensed under 20 tons in coasting trade, 79 tons. During the year preced ing, the total of clearances for foreign countries was 5 1,946 ton? ; total of entrances, do., 9 3,517 tons. Pop. in 1830, 8,322; in 1840, 11.136 ; in 1850, 14.010. PETERSBURG FOUR CORNERS, p. v., Rensselaer co., N. Y. : 23 m. E. N. E. Albany. PETKUS CKKEK, p. o., Barren co., Ky. : on an E. branch of Big Barren r., 106 m. S. W. by S. Frankfort. PETERS CKEEK, p. o., Stokes county, 2f. Car. : 102 m. N. W. by W. Raleigh. PETERSHAM, t. and p. v., Worcester co., Mas*. : 59 m. W. by N. Worcester. Drained by branches of Swill r., affording numerous mill-seats. Surface high and somewhat broken ; soil good, especially for grass. A farming and grazing t., containing numerous small manui actories. Popu lation 1,527. PKTERSTOWN, p. v., Monroe co., Virg. : on Rich cr., 2 m. N. of New r., 182 m. W. by S. Richmond. On the cr., in the vicinity, are several mills and small factories. PETKRSVILLE, p. v., Frederick co., Mil. : 3 m. N. of the Potomac, 62 m. W. N. W. Annapolis. Petersville and dis trict contains 2,351 inhabitants. FKTER8VH.LK, p. v., Northampton co., Fenn. : ox Hocken- docque creek, an E. affluent of Lehigh river, 79 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. PETITE JEAN, p. o.. Yell co., Ark. : 3 m. S. of Petite Jean r., 52 m. W. N. W. Little Rock. PETRA, p. o., Saline co., Mo. : 66 m. N. W. Jefferson City. PETTIS county, Mo. Situate W. centrally, and contains 655 sq. m. Drained by S. fork of La Mine r., and other branches. Surface varied ; in general it is level, and there is some fine prairie land; soil a fine deep loam, and very productive. It has some good grazing land, and along the streams timber is abundant. Farms 500; manuf. 16; dwell. 714, and pop. wh. 4.261, fr. col. 5, si. 8S4 total 5,150. Cap ital: Georgetown. Public, Works: Pacific R. R. PETTY S, p. o., Lawrence co., III. : 127 in. S. E. Springfield. PEWAUKEK, t. and p. o., Waukesha co., Wise. : 59 m. E. Madison. Drained by Pishtaka r. (called Fox r. in Illinois), into which flow the waters of a large lake lying in the W. part. Surface even, and soil excellent grass and grain land. TheMilwaukie anil Mississippi R. R. crosses it, and plank roads lead E. and W. Pop. 1,093. PEYTONA, p. o., Boone county, Virg. : 234 m. W. by N. Richmond. PEYTONSBURG, p. o., Pittsylvania county, Virg. : 105 m. S. W. by W. Richmond. PEYTON S CREEK, p. o., Smith co., Tenn. : 43 m. E. by N. Nashville. PEYTONSVILLE, p. v., Williamson county, Tenn. : 22 m. S. Nashville. PIIARISBUEG, p. v., Union county, Ohio: 35 miles N. W. Columbus. PIIARR S MILLS, p. o., Moore co., N. Car. : 46 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. PHARSALTA, t. and p. o., Chenango co., X. Y. : 101 m. W. Albany. Drained by Otselic cr. and branches of Ch nango r. Surface broken ; soil fertile loam. Farming and grazing are the chief pursuits. Pop. 1,185. PHEASANT BRANCH, p. o., Dane co., Wise. PHELPS, t. and p. o., Ontario co., ^V. 1". : 166 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Canandaigua outlet and Flint creek, which supply fine water-power. Surface undulating; soil loam, overlying limestone, and very fertile. It contains an abundance of gypsum and water lime, and large manufac tories of flour, plaster, mechanics implements, etc. The Rochester and Syracuse R. R. passes through it, and has a sta. 7 m. N. W. Geneva. The p. o. is in the v. of Vienna. Pop. of t. 5,542. PUELPS, t. and p. o., Ash tabula co., Ohio: 154 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Musquito and Rock creeks, branches respectively of Mahoning and Grand rivers, which furnish water-power. Surface elevated ; soil fertile and well tilled. A superior farming town. PIIEI.PSTOWN. t. and p. o., Ingham co., Mich. : 12 m. E. Lansing. Drained by Red Cedar r. Surface rolling and well timbered. Soil easily tilled, and generally fertile. Pop- ul-.tion 393. PHESIX, p. v., Kent county, E. I.: IS miles S. by W. Providence. PHILADELPHIA county. Fenn. Situate S. E., nncl contains 120 sq. in. Drained by Schuylkill r., Wis-ahicken, Penue- pack, and Tacony creeks. On the N. E. is Pequasing, and on the S. W. Darby creek. The Delaware, the common recipient of the above, forms its S. E. boundary. Surface generally level, but much varied ; soil fertile. Farms 1,530 ; manuf. 4,589; dwell. 61,278, and pop. wh. 389,324, fr. col. 19,433 total 408.702. Capital: Philadelphia. Public Work*: Philadelphia and Columbia R. R. ; Reading and Pottsville R. R. ; Philadelphia, Norristown, and German- town R. R. ; Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore R. 11.; Philadelphia and Westchester R. R.; New York aritl Philadelphia R. R., etc. PHILADELPHIA, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Philadel phia co., Penn. : is situated between the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, 5 m. above their junction, 93 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. From New York by most direct railroad, 87 in. ; from Boston, 323 m. ; from Baltimore, 98 m. ; from PHI PHI Washington, 136 m.; from Harrisburg, 106 m.; from Pitteburg, 357 miles. Latitude (Independence Hall), 39 56 59"; long, from Greenwich, 75 9 54" W., from Washington, 1O 51 36" E. Philadelphia city proper is surrounded by several incor porated districts, having their own municipal authorities; viz., Spring Garden, Penn, Northern Liberties, Kensington, and Kichmond in the N., and Southwark and Moyamensing in the S., West Philadelphia, etc., which together form a densely populated area, and are always embraced in the descriptions of the city. The city proper is situated on a plain, the highest point of which is elevated 64 feet above the ordinary high water mark in the river. This gentle elevation affords excellent drainage. The soil consists principally of clay, beneath which, at different depths, from 5 to 20 feet, is found coarse gravel. In form it is a parallelogram, 2 m. long by 1 m. wide. The streets are all straight, cross each other at right angles, are well paved, and kept remarkably clean. The principal streets are, Market Street, 100 feet wide, running E. and W. from river to river, nearly through the centre of the city ; Broad Street, 113 feet wide, running N. and S., a little W. of the middle of the city ; Arch Street, N. of Market Street, 66 feet wide ; Front Street, 60 feet, and the rest 50 feet wide. The adjoining districts are for the most part laid out with regularity. The buildings are chiefly of brick, built in plain and uni form style. Some of the public edifices, of white marble and freestone, are distinguished for beauty and grandeur. The houses are generally on a uniform plan, 3 stories high, of brick, with marble steps and basements. Some of the more costly private residences are noted for their elegance. The public squares are laid out with much taste, ornamented with fine shade-trees, shrubbery, etc., provided with seats, and are favorite promenades. The business portion of the city was originally on the Delaware side, but since the opening of the coal trade, and with the increase of popula tion, the Schuylkill side has acquired a large share of busi ness, particularly that of the coal trade, country produce, etc. The Schuylkill affords a convenient harbor for small vessels, and numerous wharves are built for their accommo dation. The foreign commerce centres upon the Delaware, which is nearly 1 m. wide, admitting the largest vessels to the wharves. Its navigation from the ocean is somewhat intricate from banks, shoals, etc., and in mid-winter is sometimes closed by ice. Public Buildings. Independence Hall, within which the Colonial Congress on July 4th, 1776, declared the independ ence of the United States, read from its steps on that day to the assembled people, now presents the same appearance as at that time. This building, formerly the State House, fronts upon Chestnut Street, having Independence Square in the rear. It was commenced in 1729, completed in 1734, cost 5,600, and received the addition of its two wings in 1740. The present steeple, erected in 1S2S, is a fac-simile of the former, which was removed on account of its decay. The room in which the Declaration was signed is carefully preserved, nearly in the same style of decoration with which it was originally finished. The "old bell," imported in 1752, is also carefully preserved as a most interesting relic. It bears the following inscription: "Proclaim Liberty throughout this hind to all the inhabitants thereof." Leviti cus xxv. 10. Within this venerable edifice was held the Convention which formed the Constitution of the United States, some of the first sessions of Congress, and here Washington delivered his " Farewell Address," on his re tirement from public life. The building is used by the U. S. courts and city and county offices. The Custom House, formerly the U. S. Bank, on Chestnut Street, above Fourth, is a splendid marble edifice, in imita tion of the Parthenon at Athens, and one of the finest speci mens of Doric architecture erected in modern times. It was commenced in 1S19, completed in 1824, and cost $500,000. 670 It is built upon a raised platform, 87 feet front, 161 feet deep, and has fronts, each of 8 fluted Doric columns, 27 feet high, 4$ feet in diameter, supporting a heavy entablature. It has a very splendid interior, of which the principal apartment, 81 feet long by 48 wide, is ornamented by fluted Ionic columns and sculptured embellishments. The Merchants Exchange, fronting on Walnut, Dock, and Third streets, is a magnificent marble building, with semi-circular portico of Corinthian columns. It is 95 feet wide, 114 feet long, and 3 stories high. The basement ig occupied by the post-office and two insurance companies, and most of the building by commercial offices, etc. The Merchants Reading Room is handsomely ornamented. The United States Mint, in Chestnut, near Broad Street, is a handsome edifice of brick, faced with marble, in imita tion of a Grecian temple of the Ionic order, having a portico 62 feet long, supported by 6 beautiful pillars, 25 feet high, 3 feet in diameter. Many of the banking houses are distinguished as beauti ful specimens of architecture. The Bank of Pennsylvania is a fine marble structure, 125 by 51 feet, erected 1799-1801, designed from the Temple of the Muses at Athens, having 2 porticos of 6 Ionic columns each, with dome and roof en tirely of marble. The Philadelphia Bank is an imposing marble building, with an elegant elevated portico of the Corinthian order. The Girard Bank has a stately front of white marble, with portico of 6 Corinthian columns. The Bank of North America is an elegant structure of brown stone in Florentine style. Hotels. The Girard House, erected 1851, is the largest and finest hotel in the city, and one of the most extensive in the Union. It has a very handsome front on Chestnut Street, 5 stories in height, besides basement and attic, There are other large and well-kept houses, but not noted for architectural beauty, etc. Places of Amusement. -The Chestnut Street Theatre, erected 1822, is 90 by 150 feet, has a richly decorated interior, and will accommodate over 2,000 persons. Walnut Street Theatre, formerly the Olympic, is now a very fashionable resort. The Arch Street Theatre is a very handsome edi fice. The Musical Fund Hall, erected 1S24, is an elegant building. Its interior, 123 feet long by 60 feet wide, unsup ported by columns, is one of the best halls for musical effect in the United States, seats 2,000 persons, and is in constant use for concerts, lectures, balls, etc. The Philadel phia Museum building is an immense structure, 238 feet long and 70 feet wide. United States Military and Naval EstMs7inients.Fort Mifflin, on a small island in the Delaware, 1| m. below the entrance of the Schuylkill, defends the city. The U. S. arsenal, near Frank ford, is an immense establishment, used for the storage and manufacture of munitions of war, and has one of the largest powder magazines in the United States. The U. S. arsenal in Moyamensing near Schuylkill r., is used as the depot for the clothing of the army, camp equi page, etc. The buildings consist of 4 large brick store houses, 3 stories high, forming a hollow square. The U. S. navy yard is situated on the bank of Delaware r. in the district of Southwark. The grounds, inclosed on 3 sides by a high brick wall, embrace about 12 acres, pur chased in 1S01, for $37,500 ; now assessed at $250,000. Tho various buildings are residences for officers, quarters for marines, workshops and storehouses, 2 ship-houses, mold ing lofts, etc. The ship-houses are among the largest in the Union ; the first is 270 feet long, 103 feet high, 84 feet wide; the second is 210 feet long, 80 feet high, 74 feet wide, Here are the U. S. dry docks, capable of raising the largest steam-vessels and ships of the line. These works, constructed in 1849-51, at a total cost of $813.742, consist of a sectional floating dry-dock in 9 sections ; a basin, 350 feet long by 226 feet wide inclosed by granite walls, having a granite floor, upon a foundation of piles, timbers, etc. ; and 2 railways, with hydraulic cylinder, etc. PHI PHI The U. S. Naval Asylum, established in 1S35, occupies an elevated and most beautiful site, near the Schuylkill r., in Moyamensing district, and consists of 3 structures. The principal edifice, built of marble, is 3 stories high, has a front of 380 feet, including a central building 142 by 175 feet, which has a handsome portico with 8 Ionic columns. The grounds embrace 25 acres, beautifully adorned with trees, shrubbery, etc. The pensioners are about 140 in number, who are provided with every comfort A naval officer is stationed at this port. Education. The public schools are well organized upon a most efficient system, established in 1818, which constituted the city and county of Philadelphia, one entire school district, in 11 sections, with arrangements for uniform and harmonious grades of free instruction. The schools are under the direction of 23 controllers and 210 directors, dis tributed throughout the 11 sections. In 1852, there were 254 schools, classified as follows: 1 high, 1 normal, 53 grammar, 29 secondary, 130 primary, and 40 unclassified ; which employed 727 teachers, and had about 50,000 scholars. The school-houses generally are substantial brick edifices, 3 stories high, accommodating 500 to 1,000 pupils. The Normal School, for the instruction of female teachers, was established in 1S48 ; its course of instruction embracing two years, is of the very best order. The central high school, established October, 1833, is one of the best institu tions in the Union. The building, in Juniper Street, below Market, has a handsome marble front with Ionic portico. It has 11 instructors, and about 500 students. The number of private schools and academies, with parish and charity schools, female seminaries, etc., is_very large, indicating the popular interest in good education. Colleges. The University of Pennsylvania was established as a college in 1755, and as an university in 1779. It com prises 4 departments, academical, collegiate, medical, and law, of which the medical department is by far the most flourishing. In 1S50, the collegiate department had 7 in structors, 5,142 alumni, 88 students, and 5,000 volumes in its library. The university buildings, in Ninth Street below Market, are large and handsome structures, each 85 feet front by 112 deep. Philadelphia is preeminently distinguished as the medical metropolis of the Union. Of medical colleges, it contains the first established in the United States, which, with the other numerous institutions, are by far the most flourishing and important in the nation. The number of medical works and journals here published is probably equal to the com bined number in all other cities in the Union. The libraries of the medical colleges, etc., are large and very valuable ; as also their anatomical museums, cabinets, etc. Very great advantages for clinical instruction are afforded by the various hospitals, dispensaries, etc. The statistics of the principal institutions, in 1850, were as follows : Names. Founded. Prof. Stn, Graduates. Med. Dep. Univ. Penn . . . 1765 7 450 5,316 Jefferson Med. Col 1824 7 514 2,036 Med. Dep. Penn. Col 1883 .... 7 .... 176 .... 73 Phil. Col. of Med 1847 7 75 250 Other medical Institutions are Medical Institute of Phila delphia, established in 1817, which gives medical instruction in the summer, but does not confer degrees ; Philadelphia Association for Medical Instruction, on the same plan; Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, instituted 1846; Female Medical College of Pennsylvania, founded 1349, the first of the kind in the world, which in 1852 had 40 students; Eclectic Medical College of Pennsylvania, chartered in 1850; and Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, established 1822, for the instruction of druggists, etc., which has a good cabinet, library, etc., and annual course of lectures. Nearly all of these institutions have large and commodious edifices. The Theological Seminary of St. Charles Borromeo, (Roman Catholic), incorporated 1848, contained in 1S52, 36 students, preparing for the priesthood, and 7,001) vols. in its library. Girard College. This magnificent institution, founded by Stephen Girard, with a bequest of $2,000,000 for the gratu itous instruction and support of destitute orphans, is situ ated on the Ridge Road, in the district of Penn, 1 m. N. of the N. boundary of the city proper. The corner-stone of the college was laid July 4, 1S33, the buildings were com pleted in 1847, and the institution went into operation, Jan. 1st, 1S48. The grounds contain about 41 acres, inclosed by a wall 10 feet high. The college edifices present a very im posing appearance. The central edifice, most substantially built of marble, is one of the most magnificent structures of its size in the world. It is in the form of a Greek temple, in the Corinthian style, resting on a basement of 11 steps, which extend around the entire edifice, imparting to it a pyramidal appearance of great solidity. It is surrounded by colonnades of the most magnificent marble pillars, 6 feet in diameter, and 55 feet in height 8 columns on each end, and 11 on each side, including the corner columns both ways. Its dimensions, including the colonnades, are 160 feet wide, 218 feet long, 90 feet high ; the body of the building alone is 111 feet wide, 169 feet long, and 56 feet 8 inches high. It is three stories high, each divided in .o 4 rooms, with vesti bules. The roof, composed of most massive marble tiles, has an entire weight of 969| tons, exclusive of its supports. In the lower vestibule rest the remains of Mr. Girard, beneath a marble statue of himself. Four other buildings, faced with marble, are each 52 feet wide, 125 feet long, and three stories high. The entire cost of the college buildings, with improvements of grounds, etc, was $1,933,821 78. The officers and teachers consist of president, secretary, 2 pro fessors, 2 physicians, matron and assistant matron, 5 male teachers, 12 female teachers, and steward. The current ex penses in 1851, were $62,900, of which $30,500 were for the clothing and subsistence of the pupils. Pupils inlS52, 305. Literary and Scientific Institutions, Libraries, and Fine Arts. The American Philosophical Society, originated by Franklin, in 1743, is the oldest scientific association iu the United States. In 1769, another similar society was united with it It was incorporated March 15, 1780. Its building, erected in 17S9, contains a very valuable library of 20,000 volumes, an extensive cabinet of medals, and a large col lection of maps, engravings, etc. Its published transactions, in numerous volumes, have greatly contributed to the ad vancement of science. The Academy of Natural Sciences, founded 1S12, incorporated 1817, has a very handsome edi fice, containing a library of 13,000 volumes, and the most valuable museum in the United States, containing, besides other collections, 25,000 specimens in ornithology, unrivaled in the world, 30,000 in the herbarium, 7,000 in geological department, and the late Dr. Morton s celebrated cabinet of crania. The academy has contributed much to natural science. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, founded 1S25, has issued various historical publications, and has a library of 2,000 volumes, with collections, etc. The Franklin Institute, incorporated March 30, 1S24, mainly devoted to the promotion of mechanical science, etc., has about 3,000 members, and library of 6,000 volumes, principally mechan ical and scientific works ; publishes monthly its journal, the oldest and one of the best mechanical periodicals in the Union ; and holds annually an extensive exhibition of Amer ican manufactures. The College of Physicians, chartered March 26, 1789, publishes its transactions quarterly, and is one of the most valuable periodicals of medical science. The Philadelphia Library Company, instituted 1731, prin cipally by Dr. Franklin, has one of the most extensive libraries in this country. Its edifice, erected 1789-90, a plain structure, presents a venerable appearance. Its entrance is surmounted by an excellent marble statue of Franklin. In 1792, it received the valuable library of Hon. James Logan, now amounting to 10,000 volumes. These united libraries 671 PHI PHI now embrace about 6 ),000 volumes, and are constantly in creasing. The Athenaeum, organized February 9, 1814, now occupies a very elegant edifice, built in the Italian style, corner of Sixth and Adelphi streets, erected 1845-47, con taining a library of 12,000 volumes, reading-room, etc. The Mercantile Library, established 1821, has a handsome library building, corner of Fifth and Library streets, erected 1844-45, at a cost of $23,200, which contains 10,500 volumes ; its real estate is valued at $G(>,000. The Library of the Law Asso ciation is a good collection of professional works. The Apprentices Library, founded 1819, is an excellent institu tion, having 12,000 volumes, resorted to by 1,200 boys and 600 girls. The German Society have 8,000 volumes; the Pennsylvania Hospital 10,000 volumes of medical works; besides which, are the Friends Free Library, Spring Garden Institute, the colleges previously mentioned, arid some library companies of the incorporated districts. The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, organized 1807, contains rare sculptures, with splendid paintings by the old masters, West, Allston, and Sully, and holds annual exhibitions, commencing in May. The Art Union of Phil adelphia has a free gallery of pictures constantly open, which are changed monthly, and holds a distribution of prizes in December annually. There are two associations of artists Graphic Association and Artists Fund Society. Newspapers and Periodicals. According to the census of 1S50, the periodical press then consisted of 64 publications, viz., 11 dailies, 1 semi-weekly, 37 weeklies, 5 semi-month lies, 8 monthlies, 1 quarterly, 1 annual. Names of dailies " North American" (whig), " Pennsyl vania Inquirer" (whig), " Pennsylvanian" (dem.), "Daily News" (whig), " The Sun" (nat. Am.), " Spirit of the Times" (dem.), " Public Ledger" (indep.), " Evening Bulletin" (in- dep.), " Daily Register" (neut.) The largest circulations were of the dailies, "Public Ledger," 43,980; of the weeklies, "Dollar Newspaper" (indep.), 40,000; "Scott s Weekly Paper" (lit,), 40,000 ; " Saturday Evening Post" (lit.), 42,000; "American Courier" (lit.), 35,000; of semi-month lies, " Youth s Penny Gazette" (relig.), 100,000 ; of monthlies, " Godey s Lady s Book," 60,000. The press is generally characterized by propriety, origin ality, enterprise, and large circulations. The medical journals are of high repute. The first papers were "American Weekly Mercury," established 1719, by Andrew Bradford; "Pennsylvania Gazette," in 1723, subsequently conducted by Dr. Franklin; "Pennsylvania Packet," 1771, which, in 1784, was issued daily, the first daily in the United States. Churches, Religious Institutions, etc. Eeligious societies of all denominations are very numerous. The total number of churches in 1852, in the city and closely adjoining districts, was about 175, viz. : Episcopal 31, Presbyterian (of all kinds) 45, Friends 9, Eornan Catholic 17, Baptist 20, Methodist 27, Lutheran 8, German and Dutch Reformed 4, Moravian 1, Universalist 4, Unitarian 1, besides 3 Jews Synagogues and some independent churches. Compared with other cities, the church edifices of this city are not distinguished for architectural beauty, though characterized by neatnesa and comfortable convenience. The principal edifices are of Episcopal, Christ Church, completed 1753; St. Andrew s, in the Ionic order, a very classic structure ; St. Stephen s and St. Mark s, in Gothic style. The First and Seventh Presby terian churches ; Sansom Street Baptist Church. The Eo- man Catholic, St. Peter s Church, in classic Eoman style, and the Cathedral, a magnificent structure, not yet com pleted, which will surpass in architectural splendor all others in the city. The American Sunday School Union, formed 1824, has a large edifice in Chestnut Street, 5 stories high, used as de pository and publication of their books, tracts, etc. The General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church have located here three of their f.mr principal boards, viz. : Publication, Domestic Missions, and Education,which occupy in Chestnut Street a handsome edifice of brown stone, 4 stories high, 672 chiefly used as publication rooms. During the year 1S50-51, the board of publication printed 430,300 books and tracts. The American Baptist Publication Society, formed 1839, occupy in Arch Street an ornamental edifice of brown sand stone, 4 stories high. Other religious associations are- Philadelphia Tract, Education, Home Missionary, and sev eral Bible societies, all of which, with the foregoing, cele brate their anniversaries in May. benevolent Institutions. These are numerous, and of superior excellence. The Pennsylvania Hospital, incorpo rated 1751, is a very extensive establishment, occupying an entire square between Spruce, Pine, Eighth, and Ninth streets, fronting on Pjne Street The main edifice has an entire length of 281 feet, consisting of central building with wings. From 1841 to 1852 it received 13,S29 patients, of whom 9,800 were poor; in 1S52 it contained 158 inmates, of whom 120 were poor. Its funds arise from legacies and private subscriptions. In front of the building is a fine statue of William Penn, in bronzed lead. A branch of this institution is the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane, which, previous to 1841, was a conjoined portion of the hospital, but has since been located on a fine farm of 111 acres, in West Philadelphia, about 2 m. W. Schuylkill r. The principal building and main wings present an E. front of 436 feet, 3 stories high, and are surrounded with 41 acres of beautiful pleasure grounds. The Friends Asylum for the Insane, near Frankford, founded 1815, has good build ings, etc. The Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, founded 1820, has occupied, since 1825, its present spacious edifice, corner of Broad and Pine streets, built of granite, with Doric portico, at a cost of $8o,00i>. In 1S52 it had contained 134 pupils, of whom the State of Pennsyl vania supported 92, Maryland IS, New Jersey 13, Delaware 3, and the institution 13. The Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind, founded 1833, located in Eace, between Schuyl kill, Second, and Third streets, has a large edifice, 4 stories high, with beautifully decorated grounds, and contained in 1852, 93 pupils, of whom the State of Pennsylvania sup ported 45, New Jersey 6. Maryland 5, Delaware 1, the in stitution 15, with 15 by their own industry, and 6 by their friends. The Wills Hospital for Diseases of the Eye and Limbs, in Eace Street, opposite Logan Square, was founded by the late James Wills, of Philadelphia, with a legacy of $108,396, bequeathed to the city for that purpose. The building, erected 1832-34, is a neat stone structure, 80 feet long, 50 feet deep, which cost, including lot, $57,203, and is surrounded by ample and beautiful grounds. From its foundation to 1852, upward of 2,000 persons had been re lieved as inmates, and about 5,000 had been treated at their homes. Oth.r hospitals are St. Joseph s, near Girard Col lege; Christ Church, for indigent females of the Episcopal Church ; and the City Hospital, Spring Garden, established in ISIS by the State as a pest hospital, is a brick structure of central building with wings. The U. S. Naval Asylum is previously described. Orphan and other Asylums, etc. The principal institu tion for orphans, that of the Orphans Society of Phila delphia, founded 1814, is on Eace Street and Schuylkill Fifth ; a large brick structure, 110 by 153 feet, built fire proof and in the most substantial manner; erected 1S23. The first edifice was destroyed by fire Jan., 1822, when 23 inmates perished. St. John s Male Orphan Asylum (Eoman Catholic), is on W. side of the Schuylkill, 2J m. from Market Street bridge, on the Lancaster turnpike. The building, in Elizabethan Gothic style, is of brown stone ; in extreme length 220 feet, consisting of central edifice 4 stories high, and wings 3 stories high, and can accommodate 250 orphans. St. Joseph s Female Orphan Asylum, corner of Spruce and Seventh streets, has an average number of 100 orphans. The Colored Orphans Asylum, in Thirteenth Street, in 1S52 had 67 children. Other asylums are the Widows Asylum, instituted 1S19, Avith 60 inmates ; St. Ann s Widows Asylum ; Philadelphia Lying-iu Asylum; House of Industry, in PHI PHI Moyamensing, organized 1S46, with commodious buildings ; Pfe ston Retreat, used by the Foster Home Association, which provided in 1852 for 74 children; and 3 Magdalen asylums. There are 4 dispensaries, of which the principal is the Philadelphia, founded in 1786, which in 1S51 treated 7,362 patients. Other charitable institutions are numerous. The City Alms-house, fronting on W. side of the Schuyl- kill, comprises 4 buildings, inclosing a rectangular area, each 500 feet long and 3 stories high, besides basement, sur- r HI acted by a farm of 10 acres, with out-buildings, etc. The main front facing the city is ornamented by an elegant por tico in the Tuscan order, having 6 columns, 5 feet diameter at base and 30 feet high. The average number of paupers in 1S51 was 1,813, maintained at an expense of $97,926, or $1 04 per week each. Attached is the Children s Asylum, which in 1S51 contained about 1,850 children 362 boys and 1.4SS girls sustained at an annual expense of $70,000. The insane department contained in 1852, 390 inmates; the hospital 349 patients. The total cost of supporting the poor at the alms-house and in the city and districts during 1851, was $228,977. The Moyamensing Alms-house is the public charity for that district. The Friends Alms-house is a pri vate institution and has but few inmates. Municipal Governments, Departments. The county of Philadelphia is divided into different local governments. The incorporated districts directly adjoining the city proper, viz., Southwark, Moyamensing, Spring Garden, Northern Liberties, Kensington, and Richmond, have similar organi zations, each governed by boards of commissioners. The consolidation of these districts with the city proper into one municipal corporation, has for some time been agitated. The government of the city proper, under the general su perintendence of the mayor, is composed of police depart ment, select and common councils, board of city commis sioners, and board of city and county commissioners. The police department, exclusive of officers, embraces 200 watchmen. The consolidated police force, established 1850, has ISO policemen, distributed as follows : city 55, Spring Garden 26, Kensington 24, Northern Liberties 21, Southwark IS, Moyamensing 12, Penn 4, Richmond 4, "West Philadel phia 3, under 12 lieutenants and the marshal. The number of arrests by this force, from Nov. 21, 1850, to Nov. 1, 1851, exceeded 12,000. Fire Department. In 1852 there were 70 companies engine 35, hose 33, hook and ladder 2 each having about 30 members. The Association for the Relief of Disabled Firemen, established 1835, in 1852 possessed $17,500 per manently invested ; and had previously distributed $9,000. The Board of Health, consisting of 18 members, has charge of the sanitary condition of the city, the city hospital, and the lazaretto at quarantine ground, 14 m. below the city. The statistics of the alms-house, county prison, etc., are previously given. Markets. These are noted for their excellence, abundant supplies, cleanliness, etc. The principal ranges of stalls are in Market Street, extending from the Delaware to Eighth Street, and from Schuylkill Sixth to Eighth streets, erected in 1S36 ; there are 10 others. The wholesale provision trade is principally carried on in Water Street, and near the wharves, chiefly by extensive firms. The following table shows the number of cattle offered at the Philadelphia cattle market during each of the six years, from 1S45 to 1850 inclusive : Years. Beeves. Calves. Sheep. Swine. 1845 49.290 8,630 25,700 79,000 1846 65,940 11,930 29,160 77,900 1847 51,500 12,295 36,410 57,1S9 1848 66,370 13,365 46,680 75,270 1S49 67,410 15,100 48.700 78,500 1850 70,820 15,265 33,340 95,450 Fairmount Water-Works. These water-works which supply the city with water, are situated on E. bank of Schuylkill r., a little N. of the city proper, and have been in N4 operation since July 1, 1822. A dam extends across the river, 1,248 feet long, erected in 1819. The water backed up by the dam passes into an artificial forebay, 419 feet long, 90 feet wide, and 60 feet deep. The mill-building is of stone, 23S feet long, 56 feet wide, containing 8 double- acting forcing pumps, each of which will lift about 1,250,000 gallons into the reservoirs in 24 hours. The water is elevated 92 feet. The reservoirs, 4 in number, cover 6 acres, are 123 feet deep, constructed in very substantial manner, together contain 22,031,976 ale gallons, and cost $133,822. They are for the most part upon artificial ground, raised in some parts 40 feet above the original of the hill. When full, the water is 102 feet above low tide in the Schuylkill, and 56 feet above the highest ground in the city. One of them is divided into 3 sections for the purpose of filtration. The water passes from the reservoirs to the city, through 3 main iron pipes, in diameter 20, 22, and 30 inches respectively ; and is then distributed through the city in pipes from 3 to 10 inches diameter, chiefly 3 and 6 inches, of which the total length in January, 1852, was: in city proper 81 m., in districts of Southwark and Moyamensing 26$ m. The average daily consumption of water in the city and districts in 1850, throughout the whole year was 4,785,338 ale gallons; in 1851, 5,690,744 gallons. Water rents in 1551, $138.874. The entire cost of these works to Dec. 31, 1S50, was $1,615,170; additional expenses in 1851, $92,380 total cost to 1S52, $1.707.550. Spring Garden and Northern Liberties Water- Works. Situated on E. side of the Schuylkill, about 1 m. above Fairmount. The engine-house is of granite, in Egyptian style. The reservoir, 15 feet deep, 115 feet above low-water mark, contains 9,800,000 gallons, and has 2 distributing mains, 16 inches diameter. This work was completed in 1845, at a cost of $159,075. Manufactures. In the amount, and value, and variety of its manufactures, Philadelphia is one of the most im portant cities in the United States. Many of these are brought to more than an ordinary degree of perfection. The following statement of the manufactures in the city and county of Philadelphia, is from the census returns Of 1850 : Value of Phil. City proper. North n Liberties Spring Garden... Kensington Southwark Moyamensing. . . . Townships, etc. . . Capital invested. .$13,207,695. . 3,922,251 . . 2,913,445. . 3,755,711. 2,171,065. 530,364. 7,237,380. Raw material inrl. fuel. ,..$12,665,211... ,.. 3,764,341... ,.. 3,046,216... ,.-. 6,166,071... .. 2,197,347... 575.237... products. 7,073,023 5,376,781 10,088,904 3,734,730 1,299,201 6,090,733.... 10,237,308 $33,737,911 $34,505,156 $64,114,212 The following statements of the number of hands, and their wages, are from the same source: Average number of Average monthly cost hands employed. of labor. Males. Females. Phila. City proper . 17,020 . . 9,046 Northern Liberties. 4,463 . . 1,181 Males. jFemales. $445,675.. $97,955 115,657.. 12,200 Spring G arden . . . 4,326 . . 854 93,303 . . 9,538 Kensington 6,723.. 1,890 163,010.. 13,279 Southwark 2,089.. 167 60,021.. 1,344 Moyamensing 1,970.. 2S8 46,868-. 2,872 Townships, etc.... 6,705.. 2,377 138,265.. 71,396 43,296 15,803 $1,062,809 $208,584 Total employees 59,099 Month, cost oflab.$1^271 ,393 Among the principal manufactures, are those of machin ery, hardware, cutlery, precious metals, cordage, furniture, musical instruments, upholstery, ornamental and other iron furniture, with large sugar refineries and marble works, etc. Banks and Insurance Companies. There were in 1S52 673 PHI PHI in the city and districts 13 banks, with aggregate working capital of $10,650,000, paying fair dividends, with 4 savings banks. Number of fire insurance companies, 10 ; of fire and marine do., 4 ; of marine do. 5 ; of life, annuity, and trust do., 9 total 23. Railroad-s, etc. The following is the list of railroads diverging from Philadelphia, with their lengths : Philadel phia and Trenton E. E., and thence by New Jersey E. E. to New York, 87 m. ; Camden and Amboy E. E. to New York, 90 m. ; Philadelphia, Germantown, and Norristown E. E., 17 m. ; Germantown Branch E. E., 6 m. ; Philadelphia, Beading, and Pottsville E. E., 93 m. ; with short branch from Schuylkill falls to Port Eichmond coal dep&t. Colum bia and Philadelphia E. E., 82 m., which connects at Lan caster by Harrisburg and Lancaster E. E., with the Penn sylvania E. E. to Pittsburg, 357 m. ; Philadelphia and Westchester E. E., 30 m., which branches from Columbia and Philadelphia E. E. at Paoli; Philadelphia, Wilming ton, and Baltimore E. E., 98 m. The city derives great advantages from the Schuylkill Navigation Canal, hence to Port Carbon, 108 m. ; the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, and others which contri bute to its prosperous trade. Domestic Trade. The following statement exhibits the number of coastwise arrivals of vessels, from 1835 to 1851 inclusive : Years. Vessel*. Years. Vessels. Years. Vessels. 1835 3573 1841 9,246 1S47 18.069 Years Value of D ; _ Value of D . Imports. l e <" 8 Imports. 830 . . $9,525,593 . . $3,537,516 1841 . . $9,948,598 . . $1,933.652 881.. 11,673,755.. 4,372.526 1842.. 6,201,177.. 1,812,843 832.. 10,048,195.. 3,500,293 1543.. 4,916,535.. 1,437,833 533.. 11,153,757.. 2,955,096 1544.. 8,310,865.. 2,931,573 334.. 10,636,078.. 2,110,477 1845.. 7,491,497.. 2,370,516 S35.. 11, 868,529.. 2,501,621 1&46.. 8,308,615.. 2.603,068 336.. 16,116,625.. 8,146,458 1847.. 12,153,937.. 2,904.749 837.. 10,130,838.. 1,820,993 1848. .10,700,865. . 2.767,459 833.. 10,417,815.. 2,109,955 1849.. 10,160,479. . 2.694,245 839.. 14,753,589.. 2,584,934 1850. .13,331,759. . 3,412,240 840.. 8,624,434.. 1,517,207 1851.. 12,795,440.. 8,673,124 Foreign Arrivals. The following table exhibits the total number of arrivals from foreign countries in each year from 836 to 1851 inclusive: "ears. Arr. Years. Arr, Years. Arr. Years. Arr, 336 421 1840. 456 1S44 472 1848 542 837 409 1841 504 1345 337 1349 555 338 464 1842 454 1846 459 1850 513 339 521 1843 372 1847 657 1851 576 Exports. The number of clearances for foreign countries during the two fiscal years, 1S4S-49, and 1349-50, each end- ng June 30, were as follows : 1848-49. 1849-50. Vess. Tons. Men. Boys. Vess. Tons. Men. Boys. American.. 360. .93,322. .3,806. .93 309. .81,276. .3,159. .133 Foreign . . .179. .27,005. .1,417. .15 170. .30,342. .1,430. . 36 1336 3,764 1842 7,973 1843 23,921 1849 24,594 1850 27,035 1851 26,434 1837 7476 1843 .... 7,659 Total.. .539. 120,327.. 5,223. 113 479.111,618. .4,669.. 169 Exports of Breadstu/s. These, with meat provisions, and manufactures of iron and wool, constitute the greater portion of the exports. The following is a statement of the exports of wheat flour, corn meal, wheat, and corn, from 1S31 to 1851 inclusive : v Wheat flour. Corn meal. 1V1 eat. Corn. Years. bb , 8> bb | s- busb> bllsh . 1831 259,785 45,532 61,252 42,293 1332 151.917 50,325 2,253 45,559 1833 132,622 51,903 66,703 1834 87,905 50,018 31,526 1835 96,093 50,869 2,903 25,457 1836 67,113 42,798 19,117 1337 83,680 63.803 21,486 1333 69 622 . 64,002 17,OST 1838 10860 1844 7,717 1339 11,188 1845 8,029 1340 9,706 1846 6,018 The coal trade is by far the most prominent part of the domestic trade of the city. During the calendar year 1851, the arrivals at Port Eichmond, the terminus of the Beading E. E., were as follows: 8 ships, 92 barks, 467 brigs, 5,379 schooners, 202 sloops, 1,983 barges total 8,126. The following statements of the annual inspections of flour and meal, and of the measurement of the principal grains, from 1346 to 1850 inclusive, are derived from the Ee- port of the Philadelphia Board of Trade of January, 1851 : v Wheat Flour. Corn Meal. Rye Flour. years - bbls. bbls. bbls. 1846 674,648 170,143 33,520 1847 703,931 300,609 27,906 1848 511,279 162,983 24,747 1349 633,533 100.514 39,109 1850 653,828 103,210 34,776 Years. Wheat bushels. Corn bushels. Oats bushels. 1S46 933,923 665,178 359,942 1847 947598 1,093,264 369,171 1339 191,350 73,300 37,831 17,117 1340 284,774 89,486 280,047 76,749 1841 195.555 108.322 56,571 80,266 1842 161,866 97,884 87,953 83,722 1343 128,517 106,484 82,235 74,613 1844 196,433 101,356 23,375 110,063 1S45 201,956 115,101 86,039 129,256 1846 366,610 144,557 245,136 279,820 1847 420,634 300,531 523,538 1,102,210 1848 179,507 140,014 207,092 817,150 1849 220,786 91,319 177,312 906,823 1550 " 83,024 94,334 205,670 602,680 1348 723 694 1,302.? 18 327,734 92 424,316 1^49 945 465 1,2S3,C 1850 1,103,206 1,163,C Annual inspections of tobacco, all A 1850 inclusive: Years Hhds. Years. Hhds. 1839 2,552 1843 6,733 1840 5,298 1844 4,418 66 . ..401,396 merican, from 1339 to Years. Hhds. 1S47 5.934 1348 3,218 1849 4,451 1850 3,745 1851 299,466 65,335 225,201 554,545 The exports of rye flour in the same years were as follows : a a R flour B, flour Years. . R bb | ur Years. * Years. bb)g . 1831 8433 1838 14,211 1845 17,093 1341 6,210 1845 4,182 1842 3,540 1846 2,527 1832 ..13,040 1839 24,527 1346 19,730 The imports of cotton, 1847-50, were in 1847, 41,335 bales ; in 1348, 41,516 ; in 1849, 45,393 ; in 1850, 50,944 bales. Foreign Commerce. In foreign commerce Philadelphia is now the third city in the Union. The following statement, prepared from official docu ments, exhibits the value of the imports annually into the port of Philadelphia, and the duties accruing to the United States from 1530 to 1351 inclusive: 674 1833 ...27,939 1840 36,471 1347 20,407 iRftl 23795 1341 ...26,866 1843 15 : 537 IR OK Q1038 1842 22,530 1849 26,536 iooc 974.90 1R43 22303 1350 26,00* 1836 Z(,4:^y KV4tf 4i,o>o lA^ne 1CQT 1797R 1844 21904 1851 10,000 Tonnage for the two fiscal years 1848-9 and 1849-50, also in 1351, which, though not from any official documents, is doubtless correct: PHI PHI TONNAGE OF PHILADELPHIA. Registered Enrolled and Licensed Total Tons. 95ths. Tons. 9fiths. Tons. 95th. On June 80, 1S49. . . .53,821 91 ... .134,265 25. .. .188,087 21 1850 .... 64,205 10 .... 142,292 72 ... .206,497 82 " 1851.... .... ....222,42890 Classification and employment of tonnage on June 30, 1S49, and June 30, 1850 : REGISTERED TONNAGE. Permanent Temporary Tons. 95th3. Tons. 95tUs, June 30, 1 849.... 40,343 26.... 13,478 65.... 53,821 91 " 1850. . . .46,384 91. .. .17,820 14. .. .64,205 10 Total Tons. y5tlis. Frankford Lower Dublin. By berry 1800. 1,495 579 1810. 1,233 2,194 765 1820. 1,405 2,640 876 1830. 1,637 2,705 1,018 1840. 2,376 3,298 1,055 I860. 5,346 4,297 1 130 Moreland Bristol 862 771 400 965 443 1,257 418 1,425 469 1,734 iji.OU 493 2,230 Germantown... Roxborough. .. Manuyunk Bridesburg Aramingo Whitehall 3,220 1,043 4,243 1,252 4,311 1,682 4,642 3,334 5,482 5,797 By886 2,660 6,210 915 694 489 Of the above, in 1850, 66 tons were propelled by steam ; in 1849 none. ENBOLLED AND LICENSED TONNAGE. Permanent Temporary Cst Trade St rn Nav n Tons. 95ths. Tons. 95ths. Tons. 96ths. Tons. 95tlis. June 30, 1849.. 121,722 85.. 9,530 93.. 131,253 S3.. 13,631 22 " 1850 . . 136,577 23 . . 2,531 87 . . 139,159 15 . . 15,475 56 The amount " licensed under 20 tons" in 1849 was 3,011 tons ; in 1850, 3,134 all in the coasting trade. Yessels built in the district of Philadelphia in the two fiscal years, 1848-49, and 1S49-50, each ending June 30 : Vcara <) m "Rrit-a Spl ra Sloops and Steam- Total Years. Sh.ps. Br, S s. Sch rs. JJJJ ^ bo ^ Vessejs> Tong< 1848-49 ..... 3 ..... 2.... 26 ..... 102.... 9.... 142.. ..13,741 1849-50 ..... 7 ..... 1. . . .34 ..... 107. . . .17. . . .166. . . .18,150 Summary of Navigation. The following table exhibits the total arrivals of vessels at Philadelphia in each year, from 1835 to 1851 inclusive. Their separate divisions into foreign and coastwise vessels are previously given under their proper heads of domestic trade and foreign com Years, 1835.... .... 4,002 Years. 1841 ...9,750 Years, 1847 18726 1S86.... ... 4,185 1842 8427 1848 1S87.... ... 8,185 1843 8031 1849 1838.... ...11,344 1844 8189 1850 27 553 1S39.... ...11,709 1845 8 416 1851 1840.... ...10,162 1846 ...6,477 Population. In 1749, the city proper had 7,391 inhabit ant, and 1,864 dwellings ; Southwark 595 population, 150 dwellings ; Northern Liberties 244, 62 dwellings. In 1750, city 7,635. In 1777, the British (then in possession of the city, which had decreased in population by the war) took the census of the city, Southwark, and the Northern Liber ties, and found their united population 23,734, dwellings 5,985. In 1790, by U. S. census, the city, 28,522 ; South wark, 5,661; unincorporated Northern Liberties. 8837 total 42,520. Population of Philadelphia, city and county, from 1800 to 1850 inclusive: 1800. 1810, 1820. 1830. 1840. 1850. 220 58 > T22 ^ m 80 458 93,665121,417 SOUTH OF CITY AND EAST OF SCHtTYLKILL RIVER. Southwark .... 9,621 13,707 14,713 20,740 27,546 38,799 Moyamensing.. 1,592 2,887 8,963 6,822 14,573 26 979 Passyunlr. 884 992 1,633 1,441 1,594 1,607 NORTH OF CITY AND EAST OF SCHUYLKILL RIVER. Unincorp N. ) Liberties..} 16 970 21 > 55 S 1,810 2,456 8,332 1,938 N. Liberties.... 19,678 28,923 84,474 47,223 Spring Garden* 3,498 11,141 27,849 58,895 Kensington* . . _ 7,118 13,326 22,314 46,776 Penn District*. _ _ _ Richmond* ... _ _ _ PennTownship* 8,793 8,105 2,507 8,342 Oxf rd 1,518 973 1,315 1,502 1,582 8,930 5.840 2,687 1,787 WEST OF THE 8CIIUYLKILL. Blockley 1,091 1,618 2,655 3,401 8,318 5,910 W.Philadelphia 2,896 5,670 Kingessing.... 634 903 1,188 1,063 1,339 1,778 Formerly a part of the Northern Liberties. Total 81,005 111,210 137,097 188,961 253,037 409,045 Historical Sketch. 1627. The colony of Swedes which had previously been settled on the Delaware Bay, arrived here and took possession. 1677. First Swede s Church built. 1681. The State was granted to William Penn by James II. king of England, and in same year the first settlers arrived from London. 1682. William Penn arrived. 1683. City laid out, and first post established to Newcastle. 1684. Pop. 2,500. 1685. First two Friends Meeting-houses erected. 1686. Additional colonists arrived (Baptists). 1695. Christ Church Society (Episcopal) organized, also first Presbyterian. 1698. First Baptist Church erected. 1700. Second Swede Church (now standing) built, and post-office established. 1701. Philadelphia incorporated into a city. 1710. First Market (High St.) built. 1719. "American Weekly Mercury," published by Andrew Bradford. 1723. "Pennsylvania Gazette," published by S. Keiner, subsequently by Dr. Franklin. 1727. Christ Church (now standing) commenced, finished in 1753. 1729. Independence Hall commenced, completed in 1734. 1731. Philadelphia Library Co. organ ized, opened in 1732, with books brought from London. 1738. First Fire Co. originated. 1743. American Philo sophical Society organized. 1751. Pennyslvania Hospital incorporated. 1753. Daily delivery of letters by carriers introduced. 1754. Tri-weekly post established to New York City. 1755. University of Pennsylvania (from 1750 an academy) erected into a college, in 1779 into an university. 1765. Medical Department of University established. 1771. " Pennsylvania Packet" issued weekly, in 1784 daily, first in U. S. 1774, Sept. 4th. First Colonial Congress assembled. 1776. July 4th, 2 p. M. Declaration of Independence read from the steps of the Hall. Autumn of same year, Congress retired to Baltimore. 1777, Sept. 26th. City taken by the British. 1780, March 15th. American Philosophical Society fully established. 1781. Bank of North America chartered by Congress. 1787, 17th May. Convention met. 17th Sept. following, agreed upon a Constitution for U. S. In 1793 and 98. Yellow fever prevailed. 1789. College of Physicians chartered. 17S9. Present City Hall erected. 1791. Lan caster Turnpike Co. chartered, finished in four years. 1794. Southwark incorporated. 1801. Navy yard located. 1803. First Hose Co. 1804. Germantown Perkiomen Turnpike Co chartered, completed in two years. 1817. Medical Institute founded. 1809. Masonic Hall erected. 1820. Musical Hall finished. 1S22. Fairmount Water-works completed. 1826. House of Refuge incorporated. 1829. TJ. 8. Mint building commenced. 1833. Girard College corner-stone laid, com menced 1st Jan., 1848. 1835. Gas works erected. PHILADELPHIA, p. v., Hancock co., Ind.: on Sugar cr. and the Indiana Central R. R., 14 m. E. Indianapolis. PHILADELPHIA, p. v., Marion co., Mo. : 85 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. PHILADELPHIA, p. v., and cap. Neshoba co., Jfws : about 4 m. S. of Pearl r., 67 m. E. N. E. Jackson. It contains a court-house and jail, and 200 inhabitants. PHILADELPHIA, t. and p. v., Jefferson co. Jf. Y. : 188 m. 675 PHI PIC N. AY. Albany. Drained by Indian r. and branches. Sur face rolling and well timbered ; soil clayey or sandy loam, and mostly fertile. The "Watertown and Potsdam K. E. crosses it The v. is on Indian r., where are several mills. Pop. of t 1,915. PHILADELPHIA, p. v., Van Buren county, la. : on the Des Homes, at the mouth of Lick creek, 61 m. S. S. W. Iowa City. PHILADELPHIA, p. v. and sta., Monroe co., Tenn. : on the East Tennessee and Georgia E. E., 6 m. S. of Loundon, 133 m. E. by S. Nashville. PHILADELPHIA, p. o., Eobeson co.,tf. Oar. : 68 m. S. S.W. Ealeigh. PHILANTHROPY, p. o., Butler co., Ohio : 98 m. "W. S. W. Columbus. PHILIPS county, Ark. Situate E., and contains 755 sq. m. Drained by St. Francis r. and its chief tributary, Lanquille r., and by branch of White r. Surface varied, but in general is level, in the S. the land ia low and subject to inundation ; soil, where capable of cultivation, is fertile, and very pro ductive, a dry sandy loam prevailing in the N. It is bound ed on the E. by the Mississippi. Farms 409 ; manuf. 13 ; dwell. 809, and pop. wh. 4,341, fr. col. 3, si. 2,591 total 6,935. Capital: Helena. Public Works : Southern Pacific E. E. (proposed.) PHILIPS, L and p. v., Franklin co., Me. : 46 m. N. "W. Au gusta, Drained by Sandy r., a "VV. branch of the Kennebec, affording water-power. Surface somewhat broken; soil very productive and well wooded. Pop. of 1. 1,673. PUILIPSBUEG, v., Warren co., JV\ Jer. : on the E. side of Delaware r., opposite Easton. It is the terminus of the New Jersey Central E. E., and 78 m. W. by that line from New York. The Belvidere. Delaware E. E will also have its N. terminus at this point Considerable business centres here, and the place has a fine prospect of becoming a station of some consequence. PHILIPSBURG, p. v., Jefferson county, Ohio : on the Ohio, opposite Wellsburg, Yirg., 122 m. E. by N. Columbus. PHILIPSBURG, p. v., Centre co., Penn.: on Mushanon cr., 20 m. S. of its entrance into the W. branch of Susquehanna r., 82 m. N. W. by W. Ilarrisburg. The cr. ia navigable to the v., which contains several stores, mills, and manufac tories of various kinds of iron-ware. PIIILIPSPORT, p. v., Sullivan co., N. Y. : on the Delaware and Hudson Canal, 26 m. N. E. Port Jervis, 77 m. S. S. W. Albany. PHILIPSTOWN, p. v., White co., III. : about 5 m. W. of Wabash r., 148 m. S. E. by S. Springfield. PHILIPBVILLE, p. v., Alleghany co., N. Y. : on Genesee r., 212 m. W. by 8. Albany. It contains several mills, and is 33 m. S. W. of Hornellsville, on the Erie E. E. PHILLIPPA, p. v., and cap. Barbour co., Virg. : on the E. fork of Monongahela r., 174 m. N. W. Eichmond. It con tains an academy, the county buildings, several stores and mills, and 350 inhabitants. PHILLIPS CREEK, p. o., Alleghany co., 2f. Y. : 218 m. W. by S. Albany. PHILLIPSTON, t and p. v., Worcester co., Mass. : 58 m. W. by N. Boston. Drained by heads of Ware and Swift rivers, which move several mills and factories. Surface hilly ; soil adapted chiefly to grazing. Pop. of t. 809. PHILLIPSVILLE, p. v., Erie co., Penn. : 9 m. S. of Lake Erie, 19S m. N. W. Harrisburg. PHILL S CREEK, p. o., Jersey co., III. : on a S. branch of Macoupin cr., 55 m. S. W. by S. Springfield. Name changed to Fidelity. PUILSIOUNT, sta., Columbia co., N. Y.: on the Harlem E. E., 31 m. S. of East Albany. PIIILO, p. o., Muskingum co., Ohio : 35 m. E. Columbus. PHILOMATH, p. o., Oglethorpe co., Ga. : 58 m. N. by E. Milledgeville. PHILOMATH, p. v., Union county, Ind. : 57 m. E. by S. Indianapolis. C76 PHILOMONT, p. o., Loudon co., Virg. : 94 m. N. by W. Eichmond. PHILOPOLIS, p. v., Baltimore co., MA. : on the W. side of Great Gunpowder Falls, 34 m. N. by W. Annapolis. The v. is built of stone, and contains a flourishing school. The Baltimore and Susquehanna E. E. passes m. W. of it Pop. 200. The adjacent district abounds in limestone, is highly cultivated, and inhabited by Friends mostly. PHIPP S MILLS, p. o., Venango county, Penn. : 164 m. N. W. by W. Ilarrisburg. Here is a furnace of 1,200 tons annual capacity. PHIPSBCRG, t and p. v., Lincoln co., Me. : on the Atlantic, at the mouth of Kennebec r., W. side, 87 m. S. Augusta. It consists of a long, narrow peninsula, with New Meadow bay on the W., and several islands ; has superior facilities for navigation, and is largely engaged in ship-building, the coasting trade, and fisheries. The v. is on the Kennebec, and has a good harbor. Pop. of t. 1,805. PncENix,p.v.,Oswegoco., N. Y: on the E. sideofOswego r., and on the Oswego Canal, 17 m. N. W. of Syracuse, 136 m. W. N. W. Albany. It contains a half dozen stores, as many mills, and 450 inhabitants. PHOENIX, p. o., Armstrong co., Perm. : 138 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. PHOENIX, p. o., Edgefleld district, Car.: 58 m. W. Columbia. PHCENIXVILLE, p. v., Chester co., Penn. : on the W. side of Schuylkill r., and S. side of French cr., at their con fluence, 72 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. It is supplied with good water-power, and extensively engaged in the manufacture of iron and iron-ware. It has three furnaces of 13,000 tons annual capacity, which use steam, and in 1849 made 8,025 tons of iron ; a nail factory, using water-power, which made 1,800 tons of nails; a rail-mill, using steam, which made 5,763 tons of railroad iron, and a rolling-mill, using steam and water, and capable of making 5,300 tons of bar and sheet iron per annum. In these were employed 878 men and boys. It has also several factories and mills, and a population of 2,667. It is 27 m. N. W. of Philadelphia, on the Philadelphia and Eeading Eailroad, and Schuylkill Navigation Canal. PHCENIXVILLE, p. v., Windham county, Conn.: 81 m. E. Hartford. PIASA, p. o., Macoupin co., III. : at the head of Big Piasa cr., 54 m. S. S. .W. Springfield. PIATT county, HI. Situate E. centrally, and contains 427 sq. m. Drained by Sangamon river. Surface undulating; soil fertile, producing wheat and Indian corn. It has some prairies, and good timber land. Farms 163; manuf. 2; dwell. 157, and pop. wh. 1,606, fr. col. total 1,606. Cap ital: Monticello. Public, Works: Great Western Central Eailroad. PICAYUNE, p. o., Henderson co., HI. : 10 m. E. of the Mississippi, 89 m. N. W. Springfield. PICKAWAY county, Ohio. Situate S. centrally, and con tains 542 sq. m. Scioto river passes through it centrally, by which and its branches it is drained. Surface even ; soil a fine, deep, vegetable mold, and very fertile. Chief pro ductions, wheat and Indian corn. It has fine pasturage, and large numbers of cattle, sheep, and hogs are fattened and sent to the eastern markets. Farms 1,261 ; manuf. 71 ; dwell. 3,600, and pop. wh. 20,595, fr. col. 413 total 21,008. Cap ital : Circleville. Public Works : Cincinnati, Wilmington, and Zanesville E. E. ; Ohio Canal, etc. PICKAWAY PLAINS, p. o., Monroe co., Virg. : 181 m. W. Eichmond. PICKESS county, Ala. Situate W. toward the N., and contains 985 sq. m. Tombigbee river passes through the S. W. portion, by which and its branches it is drained. Sur face undulating ; soil fertile, and adapted to cotton, which is the staple. Good crops of wheat and corn are produced, and a quantity of live-stock fattened. Part of the land is wooded. Farms 1.43S ; manuf. 84 ; dwell. 1,896, and pop. PIC PAL wh. 10,972, fr. col. 6, si. 10,534 total 21,512. Capital: Carrollton. PICKKXS district, S. Cur. Situate N. W., and contains 997 sq. m. Drained by Seneca river and its branches, it being a tributary of Tugaloo river. Surface hilly and mountainous; soil fertile, making fine grazing land, and adapted to the culture of grain. Chief productions, cotton, tobacco, wheat, and Indian corn. Farms 1 ,231 ; manuf. 23 ; dwell. 2,232, and pop. wh. 13,105, fr. col. 120, si. 3,679 total 16.9U4. r/rifaJ: Pickens. Public. Works: Eabun Gap R. R. (proposed.) FICKEXS 0. II., p. v., and cap. Pickcns dist., S. Car. : on the W. side of Keowee r., an affluent of the Savannah, 128 m. N. W. by W. Columbia. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, a half dozen stores, and 300 inhabitants. The " Keowee Courier" (dem.) is published weekly. PICKEXSVILLE, p. v., Pickens county, Ala, : on the E. side of Tombigbee river, 126 miles W. N. W. Montgom ery. It contains an academy, a dozen stores, and 276 inhabitants. PICKEXSVILLE, p. v., Pickens dist., & Car. : 116 m. N. W. Columbia. PICKERING, p. o., Chester co., Penn.: 68 in. E. by S. Harrisburg. PICKKRINGTON, p. v., Fairfleld CO., OJrio: 14 m. E. S. E. Columbus. Pop. ISO. PICOLATA, p. v., St. John s co., Flor. : on the E. bank of St. John s r., 171 m. E. by S. Tallahassee. PIEDMOXT, p. v., Harris co., Ga. : about 6 m. E. of Chat- tahoochee r., 109 m. W. by S. Milledgeville. PIEDMOXT, sta., Alleghany co., Md. : 28 m. "W. of Cum berland, on the Baltimore and Ohio R. R. PIKBCE county, Wise. Situate W., and contains 640 sq. m. Drained by Trimble?, Rush, and Isabella rivers ; the two lat ter flowing into Lake Pepin, which forms part of its S. boundary, and the former into the Mississippi on its S. E. border. Surface varied ; soil in parts fertile, but particularly so on the river bottoms, which are very productive. It is well timbered with pine and other forest trees. This county has recently been erected from the S. portion of St. Croix. PIKRCE, p. o., Armstrong co., Penn. : 133 m. "W. N. W. Harrisburg. PIEKMOXT, p. v. and sta., Rockland co., If. Y. : on "W. bank oftludson r., 115 m. S. by W. Albany, 24 m. N. by E. New York. It is of recent growth, consequent upon its se lection as the E. terminus of the Erie R. R. within the State of X. Y. It derives its iiame from the R. R. pier, 1 m. long, and the abrupt hill (the N. termination of the Palisades), upon which it is situated. It contains 2 churches, some stores, and hotels. Its business is Cor the most part directly connected with the Erie R. R., which has here large depots, car-houses, machine shops, etc. Pop. about 1,000. PIEKMONT, sta.. Orange co., Verm. : on Connecticut river, about 2 in. below the mouth of Wait s r., opposite the village of Piermont, 2f. Hamp., 26 m. N. of White River Junction, OH the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers R. R. PIERMONT, t and p. o., Grafton co., 2f. Ilamp.: on the Connecticut, 58 m. N. W. by .N. Concord. Several ponds in the E. feed a fine mill-stream flowing into the river. Sur face elevated in the E., and soil superior pasture. On the r. are broad rich meadows. Farming is the leading busi ness. Pop. 948. PIERPOXT, t. and p. o., St. Lawrence co., N. Y. : 139 m. N. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Racket and Grasse r. Surface broken and heavily timbered ; soil clayey loam. Grazing is a leading interest. Pop. 1,459. PiEEi OJfT, t. and p. o., Ashtabula co., Ohio : on the State line, 172 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by heads of Ashta bula r. Surface slightly broken ; soil excellent grass land. Pop. 999. PIERREPOXT, sta., JeflVrson co., N. Y. : on the Water- town a, i/l Rome R. R., 18 in. S. of Watertown. PIERREPONT MANOR, p. o., Jefferson co., N. Y. : 133 m. N. W. by W. Albany. PIFFARD, p. o., Livingston co., 2T. Y. : 193 m. W. by N Albany. PIGEON river, Big, Nl Car. and Tenn. : rises in Haywood co., JV: Car., and flows in N. N. W. course, to its confluence with French Broad river, near Newport, Tennessee. PIGEON CREEK, p. o., Rails co., Mo. : on a N. branch of Salt r., 79 m. N. N. E. Jefferson City. PIGEON FORGE, p. v., Sevier co., Tenn. : on a S. branch of Nolichucky r., 181 m. E. by S. Nashville. PIGEON GROVE, p. o., Columbia co., Wise. PIGEON RIVER, p. o., Haywood county, N. Car. : on a S. branch of the Nolichucky so called, 247 m. W. Raleigh. PIGEON ROOST, p. o., Choctaw co., Miss. : 95 m. N. N. E. Jackson. PIGEON RUN, p. o., Campbell co., Virg. : 93 m. W. S. W. Richmond. PIKE county, Ala. Situate toward the S. E., and contains 996 sq. m. Conecuh r. passes centrally through it, by which and its branches it is drained. Surface undulating ; soil fertile, and well adapted to cotton, the principal produc tion of the co. Agriculture is the leading pursuit. Farms 1,533; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 1,973, and pop. wh. 12,102, fr. col. 24, sla. 3,794 total 15,920. Capital: Troy. Public Works: Girard and Mobile R. R. PIKE county, Ark. Situate toward the S. W., and con tains 545 sq. m. Drained by branches of Little Missouri r. Surface uneven ; soil fertile, and adapted to grazing. Some cotton is produced. Farms 207 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 306, and pop. wh. 1,751, fr. col. 0, sla, 110 total 1,861. Capital : Zebulon. PIKE county, Ga. Situate W. centrally, and contains 383 sq. m. Flint r. runs on its W. border, by branches of which it is drained.. Surface hilly; soil fertile, and well adapted to cotton, which is the chief production. Wheat, corn, and potatoes are raised in large quantities. Apples, pears, and other fruits are also produced in the co. Pine and other tim ber is grown in the land. It contains some minerals. Farms 807 ; manuf. 21 ; dwell. 1.474, and pop. wh. 8,686, fr. col. 61, sla. 5,558 total 14,305. Capital: Zebulon. Public Works : Macon and Western R. R. PIKE county, 111. Situate W., and contains 735 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Illinois r., which bounds it on the E., and of the Mississippi, which forms its W. boundary, and which supply good water-power. Surface level, and in the W. low ; soil fertile. Chief productions wheat and Indian corn. Pork and beef are exported. Pine and other timber abound. Farms 1,382; manuf. 37; dwell. 3,152, and pop. wh. 18,785, fr. col. 34 total 18,819. Capital: Pittsfield. PIKE county, 2nd. Situate S. W., and contains 323 sq. m. Drained by Patoka cr. and its S. branch. Surface rolling ; soil generally fertile, being a deep and rich loam, and very productive ; in the eastern portion it is indifferent, and cov ered with timber. Chief productions wheat, Indian corn, and tobacco. Pork and beef are exported. It contains fine beds of coal. Farms 909 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 1,261, and pop. wh. 7,710, fr. col. 10 total 7,720. Capital: Petersburg. Public Works : Wabash and Erie Canal. PIKE county, Ky. Situate E., and contains 568 sq. m. Drained by W. fork of Big Sandy river and its branches. Surface hilly and in parts mountainous, the Cumberland Range bounding it on the 8. E. ; soil in general fertile. Chief productions cotton, tobacco, and Indian corn. Farms 44S ; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 905, and pop. wh. 5,250, fr. col. 17, si. 98 total 5,365. Capital : Piketon. PIKE county, Miss. Situate S. toward the W., and con tains 846 sq. m. Drained by Bogue Chitto river and its branches, and Tangiapaho r., which enters Lake Pontchar- train in La., the adjoining State. Surface even ; soil fertile, and adapted to the growth of rice and cotton, which are the chief productions of the co. Farms 558 ; manuf. 19 ; dwell. 698, and pop. wh. 4,225, fr. col. 33, sla. 3,102 total 7,360 677 PIK PIN Capital : Holmesville. Public Works : New Orleans, Jacksou, and Northern K. E. PIKE county, Mo. Situate E. toward the N., and contains 5S5 sq. m. Drained by branches of Cuivre river in the S., and by Salt river, which runs through its N. E. portion and falls into the Mississippi, the E. boundary of the co. Sur face undulating ; soil fertile, favorable to the growth of to bacco, which is a principal production. Sugar and Indian corn are produced largely. Farms 9S9 ; manuf. 47 ; dwell. 1,671, and pop. wh. 10,229, fr. col. 35, si. 3,275 total 13,609. Capital: Bowling Green. PIKE county, Ohio. Situate S., and contains 502 sq. m- Drained by Scioto r. and its branches. Surface varied, in some parts being hilly, but in general level ; soil rich and productive. Staples wheat and Indian corn. Timber is abundant. Farms 731 ; manuf. 2S ; dwell. 1,935, and pop. wh. 10,334, fr. col. 619 total 10,953. Capital : Piketon. Public Works : Cincinnati, Hillsboro and Parkersburg E. E. ; Bainbridge Branch E. E. ; Ohio Canal, etc. PIKE county, Penn. Situate E. toward the N., and con tains 569 sq. m. Drained by branches of Delaware river, which bounds it on the E. and N., and by Lackawaxen river. Surface varied, for the most part it is mountainous and rough, but on the Delaware are some level bottoms ; soil fertile on the streams, but in general poor. It has some extensive manufactures, and much benefit is derived from the water-power supplied by the streams. Farms 370 ; manuf. 40 ; dwell. 964, and pop. wh. 5,692, fr. col. 189 total 5,881. Capital : Milford. Public Works : New York and Erie E. E. ; Delaware and Hudson Canal. PIKE, t. and p. v., Wyoming co., N. Y. : 216 m. W. Albany. Drained by W. affluents of Genesee r. Surface rolling; soil rich mold and alluvium. "Wheat is a good crop, and the pastures are excellent. The v. is on West Koy cr., and contains a furnace, several mills, 8 or 10 stores, and about 800 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 2,003. PIKE, p. o., Washington county, Me. : 112 miles E. by N. Augusta. PIKE, t. and p. o., Perry county, Ohio : 45 m. E. S. E. Columbus. Occupying the water-shed between the Hock ing and Muskingum,it is drained by small affluents of both, on which are good mill-sites. Surface varied ; soil generally very fertile. Pop. 2,146. PIKE, t. and p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : 109 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Wyalusing creek, which supplies numerous water privileges. Surface broken ; soil gravelly. Lumber is a large export. PIKE CBEEK, p. o., Eipley co., Mb. : 139 m. S. E. by S. Jefferson City. PIKE MILLS, p. o., Potter co., Penn. : on Pine cr., 10S m. N. N. W. Ilarrisburg. PIKE POND, p. o., Sullivan county, 2f. Y.: S3 miles S. W. Albany. PIKE ECN, t. and p. o., Washington co., Penn. : 157 m. W. Harrisburg. Drained by Pike Eun, an affluent of the Monongahela, which forms its E. boundary. Surface diver sified ; soil productive and well tilled. The National Eoad crosses it PIKESVILLE, p. v., Baltimore county, Md. : 7 m. N. W. Baltimore, 31 m. N. N. W. Annapolis. It contains an academy, and 250 inhabitants. A little S. of it is a U. S. Arsenal. PIKETON, p. v., Marion county, Ind. : 8 miles N. W. Indianapolis. PIKETON, p. v. and cap., Pike co., Ky. : on the W. fork of Big Sandy r., 139 m. E. by S. Frankfort. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, several stores and mills, and 600 inhabitants. PIKETON, p. v., and cap. Pike co., Ohio: on the left bank of Scioto r., 61 m. S. by E. Columbus. It is 24 m. above the mouth of the r., on the opposite side of which is the Ohio Canal, and contains a court-house, jail, a dozen stores, and 690 inhabitants. The Cincinnati, Hillsboro , ami Parkers- 678 burg E. E. passes through it, 96 m. E. of Cincinnati. The P. Journal" (whig) is published weekly. PIKE TOWNSHIP, p. o., Berks co., Penn. : on Manatawny creek, 61 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. Here are 2 forges, which in 1849 made 240 tons of blooms. PIKE VALLEY, p. o., Potter co., Penn. : 112 m. N. N. W. Harrisburg. PIKEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Marion co., Ala. : about 3 m. E. of Buttahatchie r., 143 m. N. W. Montgomery. It con tains the co. buildings, several stores, and 250 inhabitants. PIKEVILLE, p. v., Chickasaw county, Miss. : 118 m. N. E. Jackson. PIKEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Bledsoe co., Tenn. : on the W. side of Sequatchy r., 92 m. E. S. E. Nashville. It contains the county buildings and 300 inhabitants. PILATKA, p. v., and cap. Putnam co., Flor. : on the W. side of St. John s river, 178 m. E. S. E. Tallahassee. LaL 29 38 . It is the place of re-shipment of the exports of the Upper St. John s and Ocklawaka rivers, and has regular steamboat connection with Savannah and Charleston. The exports are sugar, cotton, rice, etc., for the production of which the cane-brake marshes of the St. John s are so famous. It has recently been made a port of delivery. PILCHER, p. o., Belmont co., Ohio : 106 m. E. Columbus. PILLAR POINT, p. o., Jefferson co., N. Y. : on a peninsula on the N. side of the mouth of Black r., 146 m. N.W. by W. Albany. PILLOW, p. o., Dauphin co., Penn. PILLOWVILLE, p. o., Weakly county, Tenn. : 104 m. W. Nashville. PILOT, p. v., Vermillion co., III. : 4 m. N. of Vermillioii river, 95 m. E. by N. Springfield. PILOT GROVE, p. o., Lee co., la. : 68 m. S. Iowa City. PILOT GROVE, p. o., Hancock co., III. : 92 m. W. N. W. Springfield. PILOT GROVE, p. o., Cooper co., Mo. : 44 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. PILOT GROVE, p. o., Grayson co., Tex. : on a small head stream of East Trinity r., 233 m. N. by E. Austin City. PILOT HILL, p. v., and cap. Fulton county, Ark. : 110 m. N. by E. Little Eock. It contains the county buildings and several stores. PILOT HILL, p. o., Mason co., Til. : 42 m. N.W. Springfield. PILOT KNOB, St. Fra^ois co., Mo. : 21 m. S. S. E. Potosi; a mountain of iron, 1,500 feet high. See MISSOURI, p. 493. PILOT KNOB, p. o., Todd co., Ky. : 158 m. S. W. by W. Frankfort. PILOT KNOB, p. o., Crawford co., III. : 119 m. E. S. E. Springfield. PILOT PEAK, Utah Ter. : a lofty peak in the range of mountains between Great Salt Lake and the Humboldt Eiver Mountains. PINCKNEY, p. v., Livingston co., Mich. : 39 m. S. E. by E. Lansing. PINCKNEY, p. v., Warren co., Mo. : on the N. side of the Missouri, 51 m. E. by N. Jefferson City. PINCKNEY, p. o., Williamson co., Tenn. : 24 m. S. by W. Nashville. PINCKNEYVILLE, p. v., Tallapoosa co., Ala. : on the Hilla- bie Hatchie, a W. affluent of Tallapoosa r., 52 m. N. N. E. Montgomery. PINCKNEYVILLE, p. v., Gwinnett co., Ga. : on the S. side of Chattahoochie r., 91 m. N. W. Milledgeville. PINCKNEYVILLE, p. v., and cap. Perry co., III. : on Big Beaucoup cr., a N. branch of Big Muddy r., 124 m. S. byE. Springfield. It contains a court-house, jail, high-school, several stores, and 500 inhabitants. PINCKNEYVILLE, p. v., Union disk, & Car. : on the W. side of Broad r., near the mouth of Pacolet r., 66 m. N. N.W. Columbia. PIXE BLUFF, p. v.. and cap. Jefferson co., Ark. : on the right bank of Arkansas r., 36 m. S. S. E. Little Eock. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, and 400 inhabit- PIN PIN ants. Corn and live-stock are sent down the r. from this point to a large amount. The "Arkansas Republican (dem.) is published weekly. PIXE BLUFF, p. o., CaUaway co., Ky. : 206 m. "W. S. W Frankfort PIXE BLUFF, p. o., Dane co., Wise. PIXE BLUFF, p. o., Copiah co., Miss. : on a S. branch of Bayou Pierre, 82 m. S. W. Jackson. PIXE BLUFF, p. v., Pulaski co., Mo. : near the confluence of Big Piney fork and Gasconade r., 46 m. S. Jefferson City, PIXE BLUFFS, p. o., Eed Kiver co., T&x. : on Eed river 296 m. N. N. E. Austin City. PIXEBOKO , p. o., Marion co., Flor. : near the source of Oclawaha r., 1ST m. S. E. Tallahassee. PINE BROOK, p. v., Morris co., N. Jer. : on the N. side of Passaic r., 4S m. N. E. by N. Trenton. PIXE CREEK, p. o., Calhoun co., Mich. : on an affluent ol the St. Joseph s, 58 m. S. W. Lansing. PINE CREEK, p. o., Tioga co., Penn. : 98 m. N. by W, Harrisburg. PINE CREEK, p. o., Ogle co., III. : on a "W. affluent of Eock r., 153 m. N. Springfield. PIXE FLAT, p. o., Bossier parish, La. : 195 m. N. "W. Baton Eouge. PIXE GROVE, p. o., St. Tammany par., La. : on the E. side of Tangipahoa r., 47 m. E. Baton Eouge. PIXE GROVE, p. o., Steubcn co., N. Y. : 153 m. W. by S. Albany. PIXE GROVE, p. o., Gallia co., Ohio : 82 m. 8. E. by S. Columbus. PIXE GROVE, t. and p. v., Schuylkill co., Perm. : 31 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by Swatara cr. and branches, which supply abundant water-power. Surface mountain ous, and heavily timbered ; soil best fitted for grazing. The v. is on the cr., along which a navigable feeder of the Union Canal extends S. "W. to its junction, and a branch railroad N. to the Mine Hill E. E. and the coal region. It contains a spacious basin for canal boats, 8 or 10 stores, and 612 in habitants. A furnace of 1,200 tons capacity is 2 m. distant, and another of 1,900 tons 6 m. distant. In 1849, 78,299 tons, and in 1850, 62,809 tons of anthracite coal were shipped from this point. The capital invested in the coal mines in this t is $27,000 ; monthly wages paid, $2,024 ; annual pro duct, $37,000. PINE GROVE, p. o., Clark county, Ky. : 43 m. E. S. E. Frankfort. PIXE GROVE, p. o., Wetzel county, Virg. : 219 m. N. W. Bichmond. PIXE GROVE MILLS, p. o., Centre co., Penn. : on a branch of Bald Eagle cr., 61 m. N.W. by W. Harrisburg. Near the mills, in Huntingdon county, is a furnace of 1,800 tons capacity. PIXE HILL, p. o., Wilcox county, Ala. : 53 m. W. S. W. Montgomery. PINE HILL, p. o., York co., Penn. PINE HILL, p. v., Talbot co., Ga. : on Upatoi cr., and near the Muscogee E. E., 92 m. W. S. W. Milledgeville. PIXE HILL, p. o., Washita par., La. : 149 m. N. N. W. Baton Eouge. PINE HILL, p. o., Ulster county, N. T. : 48 m. S. W. Albany. PIXE HILL, p. v., "Washington co., R. I. : 21 m. S. W. Providence. PINE HILL, p. o., Eusk county, Teas. : 212 m. N. E. by E. Austin City. PIXE HOOK, p. v., Grant county, Wise. : 78 m. "W. 8. W. Madison. PINE LAKE, p. o., Oakland county, Mick. : 62 m. E. by S. Lansing. PIXE LAND, p. o., Meigs county, Tenn. : 115 m. E. S. E. Jfwhvllle. PINK LEVEL, p. o., Montgomery co., Ala. : near the source of Coloraa cr,, 26 m. S. E. Montgomery. PINE LICK, p. o., Clark co., Ind. ; on the N. fork of Silver cr., 83 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. PINE Loo, p. o., Cass county, Go-.: 132 m. N. W. Milledgeville. PINE MEADOW, p. o., Litchfleld co., Conn. PINE PLAIN, p. o., Montcalm co., Mich. : 39 m. N. N. "W. Lansing. PINE PLAINS, t. and p. v., Duchess county, 2f. T. : 44 m. S. by E. Albany. Drained by Chicomico and Wappinger s creeks, the latter rising in a pond in this t. Surface an extensive plain, with high hills on the E. and W. ; soil sandy or gravelly loam, and very fertile. A farming and grazing t., with various small manufactories. The v. contains a bank, a half dozen stores, and 300 inhabitants. Pop. of 1. 1,416. PINE PLAINS, p. o., Ocean county, N. Jer.: 23 m. S. E. Trenton. PINE EIVEE, p. o., Marquette co., Wise. : 52 m. N. N. E. Madison. PINER S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Kenton county, Ky. : 53 m. N. N. E. Frankfort. PINE S BRIDGE, p. o., "Westchester county, N. T. : 91 m. S. Albany. PINE STREET, p. o., Elk county, Penn. : 108 m. N. W. Harrisburg. PINE TOWN, p. v., Cherokee co., Tex. : 192 m. E. N. E. Austin City. PINE TREE, p. o., Upshur co., Tex. : 236 m. N. E. Austin City. PINE VALLEY, p. o., Chemung co., 2i. Y. : 157 m. W. by S. Albany. PINE VALLEY, p. o., Warren co., Penn. : 162 m. N. W. Harrisburg. PINE VIEW, p. o., Fauquier co., Virg. : 76 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. PINBVILLE, p. v., Marengo co., Ala. : about 4 m. E. of Tombigee r., 103 m. W. by S. Montgomery. PINEVILLE, p. o., Gloucester co., .2V. Jer. : 41 m. S. "W. by S. Trenton. PINEVILLE, p. o., Bossier parish, La.: 203 m. N. "W. Baton Eouge. PINEVILLE, p. v., Marion co., Ga. : 105 m. S. W. by W. Milledgeville. PINEVILLE, p. v., M Donald county, Mo. : 176 m. S. W Jefferson City. PINEVILLE, p. o., Smith county, Miss. : 41 m. E. S. E. Jackson. PINEVILUB, p. v., Bucks county, Penn. : 97 miles E. Harrisburg. PINEVTLLE, p. v., Charleston dist, S. Car. : about 6 m. S. of San tee r., 71 m. S. E. by E. Columbia. PINE WOODS, p. o., Madison co., HI. : 78 m. S. by W. Springfield. PINEY, p. o., Johnson co., Ark. : on a N. affluent of the Arkansas r., 76 m. N. W. Little Eock. PINEY CREEK, p. o., Carroll co., Md. : on an affluent of Monocacy r. so called, 58 m. N. W. Annapolis. PINEY GKOVE, p. o., Sampson co., N. Car.: 54 m. S. S.E. Ealeigh. PINGREE GROVE, p. o., Kane co., El. : 169 m. N. N. E. Springfield. PINK HILL, p. o., Marshall co., Miss.: 169 m. N. by E. Jackson. PINK HILL, p. o., Lenoir co., 2f. Car. : 62 m. E. S. E Ealeigh. PINKNEY, t. and p. o., Lewis co., & Y. : 129 m. N.W. by W. Albany. Drained by Deer and Sandy creeks. Surface mostly even ; soil a fertile, sandy, or clayey loam. A fine grazing t., well timbered. Pop. 1,208. PIXNELLVILLE, p. v., Jones co., Miss. : 77 m. S. E. by E. Jackson. PIN OAK, p. o., Dubuque county, la. : 67 m. N. N. E. Iowa City. 679 PIN PIT PINTLALA, p. o., Montgomery co., Ala. on Piritlala cr., a S. tributary of Alabama r., 12 m. S. by W. Montgomery. PINTLER S CORNERS, p. o., Ottawa county, Mich. : 73 m W. by N. Lansing. PINY, p. o., Clarion county, Penn. : 142 m. W. N. W Harrisburg. PINY GREEN, p. o., Onslow co., 2f. Car. : 89 m. S. E Ealeigh. PIONEER, p. o., Greene county, 1U. : 49 miles S. W Springfield. PIONEER, p. o., Williams county, Ohio: 139 m. N. W Columbus. PIONEER GROVE, p. v., Cedar co., la. : 22 m. N. E. by N Iowa City. PIONEER MILLS, p. o., Cabarras county, N. Car. : 106 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. PIPE CREEK, p. o., Madison co., Ind. : on a N. affluent of W. fork of White r., 36 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. PIPERSVILLE, p. o., Bucks co., Penn. : on the S. side of Tohickon cr., 4 m. W. of Delaware river, 92 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. PIPE STONE, t and p. o., Berrien county, Mich. : 107 m. S. W. by W. Lansing. Drained by Pipestone cr. of the St. Joseph s. Surface rolling ; soil sandy loam of great fertil ity. An excellent farming t., with superior grazing lands. PIQUA, p. v., Miami co., Ohio : on the right bank of Miami river, and on the line of the Miami Canal, 66 m. W. by N. Columbus. The Columbus, Piqua, and Indiana E. E., and the Dayton and Michigan E. E. also intersect this point, the first running E. and W., and the latter N. and S. A considerable commerce necessarily centres here, and its prospective advance in manufactures and trade is very encouraging. The waste water of the canal affords it good water-power, and steam-power is also used to a considera ble extent The consumption of coal in the v. in 1850 was less than 4,000 bushels, but in 1851 at least 10,000 bushels were consumed, and the quantity must rapidly increase when the railroads connecting here are completed. This increase may be taken as an index to the increase of its man ufactures. Piqua has also a large wholesale and retail trade with the adjacent country. It contains 10 or 12 churches of various denominations, about 600 dwellings, many of brick, and substantially built, and the streets are spacious and regularly laid out The periodicals published here are the " P. Eegister" (whig), semi-weekly and weekly ; the " Enquirer" (dem.), weekly, and the " Miami Commer cial" (neutral). A branch of the State Bank is located here, capital $100,000, and circulation in Nov., 1851, $172,908. Pop. in 1840, 1,481, and in 1S50, 3,277. PIQUEA, p. o., Lancaster county, Penn. : 41 m. S. E. Harrisburg. PISCATAQUA river, XT. Hamp. : rises in Wakefleld t, flows S. S. E., and forms the boundary line between N. Hamp. and Me. Its entrance into the Atlantic is by a broad estu ary forming one of the best harbors in the United States. Its upper portions, with its tributaries, are navigable for sloops. PISCATAQUIS county, Me. Situate N. centrally, and con tains 3,780 sq. m., comprising a large extent of country stretching to the Canada line. Drained by Piscataquis, Penobscot, Sebec, and Pleasant rivers, by which good wa ter-power is supplied. Surface diversified with numerous lakes and ponds, the largest of which are Moose Head, Pemadumcook, and Chesuncook. Soil fertile on the Pis cataquis, and is generally productive on the streams. It has some mountains, among which is Katahdin. Farms 1,779 ; manuf. 61 ; dwell. 2,589, and pop. wh. 14,732, fr. col. 3 total 14,735. Capital: Dover. PISCATAQUIS river, Me. : a large W. branch of Penobscot river, rising in S. W. part of Piscataquis co., and flows E. by N. 65 m. to its junction with the Penobscot at Howland; it affords good water-power. PISCATAQUOG river, 2f. Hamp. : a W. branch of Merrimac 680 river, flowing through N.part of Hillsboro county, ia a good mill stream. PISCATAWAY, p. v., Prince George s co., Md. : on the S. side of Piscatway river, 7 m. above its mouth, 33 m. S. W. Annapolis. PISCOLA, p. o., Lowndes co., Oa.: near Withlacooeb.ee river, 172 m. S. by W. Milledgeville. PISECO lake, N. Y.: in Arietta t., Hamilton co., 6 m. long, 2 m. wide, abounding with superior trout and other fish a noted resort for anglers. The surrounding region also aboun ds with game. PISGAH, p. v., Cooper co., Mo. : 29 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. PISGAH, p. o., Butler co., OJiio : 94 m. W. S. W, Columbus. PISHON S FERRY, p. o., Kennebec co., Me. PITCAIRN, t. and p. o., St. Lawrence co., N. Y. : 127 m. N. W. Albany. Drained by W. Branch of Oswegatchie r. Surface moderately uneven; soil clayey, and adapted to grass growing. Pop. 503. PITCHER, t. and p. v., Chenango co., N. Y. ; 107 m. W. Albany. Drained by Otselic r. and branches, on which are good mill-sites. Surface uneven, and somewhat broken ; soil fertile loam. The v. is on the r., and contains several stores and mills, and 300 inhabitants. Pop. of 1 1,403. PITCHER SPRINGS, p. v., Chenango co., N. Y. : 103 m. W. Albany. Here are the sulphur springs, known as " Sylvan Springs," an academy, and about 40 houses. PITCH LANDING, p. o., Hertford co., N. Car. : on Wickason cr., a S. affluent of Chowan r., 101 m. E. N. E. Ealeigh. PITMAN, p. o., Schuylkill county, Penn.: 43 m. N. E. Harrisburg. PITT county, N. Car. Situate toward the E., and contains 583 sq. m. Drained by Tar river, Tranter s creek, and Grindle s cr., its branches, and Swift s creek. Surface level ; soil fertile, and with cultivation highly productive. Staple articles of commerce, cotton and Indian corn. Farms 684 ; manuf. 41 ; dwell. 1,315, and pop. wh. 6,664, fr. col. 100, si. 6,633 total 13,397. Capital: Greenville. PITTSBORO , p. v., and cap. Chatham co., N. Car.: on Eobinson s creek, a W. branch of Haw r., 32 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, and 300 inhabitants. PITTSBORO , p. v., Hendrick s co., Ind. : 18 m. W. N. W. Indianapolis. Named from the preceding v., from which its founder emigrated. PITTSBCRG, p. v., Johnson co., ArTc. : on the N. side of the Arkansas, 77 m. N. W. by W. Little Eock. PITTSBURG, p. v., Carroll co., 2nd. : on the W. bank of the Wabash, 62 m. N. N. W. Indianapolis. A dam for a feeder of the canal furnishes excellent water-power, which is used for a foundry, woolen factory, and several mills. PITTSBURG, p. v., Van Buren co., la. : on the right bank of the Des Moines, at the mouth of Cheques! cr., 67 m. S. S. W. Iowa City. PITTSBUBG, p. v., Hickory co., Mo. : on Pomme de Terra river, a S. branch of the Osage, 76 m. S. W. Jefferson City. PITTSBURG, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Alleghany co., Penn. : at the point formed by the confluence of the Alle- ;hany and Monongahela, the great constituents of the Ohio r., and by railroad 252 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. Lat. 40 32 N., and long. 80 02 W. Its suburb, Alleghany City, also occupying a point of land, is located to the north-west and on the opposite side of the Alleghany, and to all intents and purposes, having the same interests, is a part of Pittsburg. South Pittsburg and Birmingham are manufacturing vil- ages on the opposite side of the Monongahela r. ; and there are in the vicinity, in every direction within the suburban district, numerous other villages of considerable population and industrial character. Pittsburg is built on a triangular plain, hemmed in on he rear by several hills. It is a compactly built and large ity, but has the dingy appearance which so well indicates he industrial occupations of the inhabitants. The city was PIT PIT originally laid out on the N. E. bank of the Monongahcla, and planned after the model of Philadelphia, with streets running parallel with the rivers, and others crossing them at right angles. The streets on the Alleghany are laid out on a similar plan, and hence a short distance from the Alle- ehany the old and new streets meet in oblique directions, assimilating its appearance to that of the lower section of New York City. Both rivers are spanned by bridges, which with several steam ferries, connect the city with the sub urbs. The Pennsylvania Canal crosses the river by an aqueduct. The site of Pittsburg is a natural amphitheatre ; the rivers flow in channels from 450 to 465 feet below the highest peaks of the neighboring hills. These hills, inclosing the city, are full of bituminous coal, which is easily mined, and affords to the place the vast manufacturing facilities for which it is famed. The coal strata lie 300 feet above the alluvial plain, and the coal formation, as general in the Ohio valley, is horizontal. Along the base of these hills and some distance up their declivity, the city expands itself, and on every side the eye rests upon a scene of rich and varied landscape. Old Fort Du Quesne, so celebrated in the French and colonial wars, formerly occupied the site on which the city now stands. At the close of the Kevolutionary War it was still but an insignificant village. In 1784, the ground, which belonged to the heirs of Penn, was laid out into town lots, and two years later the village contained about 100 dwell ings. It was constituted the capital of Alleghany county in 1791. In 1T96, its population amounted to 1,395. Among the public buildings of Pittsburg, the Court-house is conspicuous. It is a handsome building of Grseco-Doric architecture, 165 feet long and 100 feet deep, and the height of the dome 148 feet from the ground. About $200,000 were expended on its construction. The Eoman Catholic Cathe dral, on Grant s Hill, is also a noble edifice, and many of the other churches, between 70 and 80 in number, are in the best style of ecclesiastical building. It contains, besides, 4 large banking houses, several insurance offices, 3 market- houses, a well furnished museum, numerous large and splendid hotels, railroad depdts, etc. The "Western Uni versity of Pennsylvania is located here, and numerous as sociations, which afford great conveniences to the inhabit ants in literary and scientific pursuits. As a manufacturing city, Pittsburg is second in the State only to Philadelphia, and has, perhaps, no competitor in the branches of industry which are carried on in its work shops. It is the Birmingham of America. In 1S50 it had 13 rolling-mills, with a capital of $5,000,000, employing 2,500 hands, consuming 60,000 tons of pig metal, and producing annually bar iron and nails to the value of $4,000,000 ; 80 large foundries, with several smaller ones, with an aggre gate capital of $2,000,000 and 2,500 hands, using 20,000 tons of pig iron, and yielding articles valued at $2,000,000 annu ally ; 2 establishments for manufacturing locks, latches, cof fee-mills, scales, and other iron casting, employing 500 hands and a capital of $250,000, using 1,200 tons metal, and pro ducing annually to the value of $3,000,000 ; 5 large cotton factories, and several smaller ones capital $1,500,000, hands 1,500, cotton consumed 15,000 bales, and products valued at upward of $1,500,000 annually; 8 flint-glass manufactories capital $300.000, hands 500, and producing various articlea of glass, in the manufacture of which 150 tons lead and 200 tons pearl ash are used, to the value of $400,000 annually; 7 phial furnaces and 11 window-glass factories capital $250,000, hands 600, and annual products $600,000 ; 1 soda- ash factory, employing 75 hands, and producing annually 1.500 tons ; 1 copper smelting house, producing 600 tons re fined copper annually, valued at $3SO per ton ; 1 copper rolling-mill, producing annually 300 tons sheathing and bra zier s copper ; 5 white lead factories capital $150,000, hands 60, and producing 150,000 kegs annually, worth $200,000. There are also a number of manufactories of the smaller sizes 04 of iron, several extensive manufactories of axes, hatchets, etc., and spring-steel, steel springs, axles, anvils, vices, mills, cross-cut and other saws, gun barrels, shovels, spades, forks, hoes, cut tacks, brads, etc. The products of the manufac tures in the aggregate are valued at between $50,000,000 and $60,000,000 annually. There are consumed about 12,000,000 bushels of coal annually, worth $600,000, and an equal quantity is exported from the city, giving employment con stantly to 4,000 hands. As a trading mart, Pittsburg has many advantages. At the junction of two great rivers and at the head of the no ble Ohio, it has access by water to the whole valley drained by the tributaries of the Mississippi. With the Atlantic sea-board it has connection by means of the Pennsylvania Canal and Railroad, over which an immense transit and internal commerce is carried on, and its connection with Lake Erie is provided for. Westward long lines of railroad bring it into juxtaposition with all the great cities in that direction, and open to it highways to and beyond the Mis sissippi. Its harbor is well suited for the river commerce. The " Orleans," the first steamer that plied on the western waters, was built here in 1811, since which period the com merce of the city has steadily increased. In 1850 there were owned in Pittsburg 43,476 tons of shipping, of which 44,571 tons were navigated by steam. In 1S51 its steam marine amounted to 47,911 tons. This is employed on the rivers in transporting passengers and goods to the various ports. Eighteen steamers and 4 schooners (3,238 tons) were built in 1850. These are floating palaces, the admiration of every one, and at any one time 30 or 40 of such may be seen at the wharves destined to various ports on the Ohio, Mississippi, and Missouri. The retail trade of the city is also on a vast scale, the stores filled with the most splendid manufactures, arti cles of apparel, and all the luxuries of the table and house hold, are not surpassed by those of even the palaces of New- York and Philadelphia. The amount of business transacted is immense and ever increasing. Pittsburg has also a large wholesale trade, and many western merchants make up their stocks at this point, instead of traveling to the great cities of the sea-board. There are four banks in the city- capital $2,418,000. Pittsburg is governed by a mayor, aldermen, and com mon council ; its police is excellent, and crime and destitu tion less frequent than in most other large places. Perhaps this freedom from social evils may be attributed chiefly to the prosperity of the manufactures and trades. It has a well organized fire department, and numerous military companies, many of which are uniformed and well drilled. The streets, stores, and dwellings are lighted with gas, which is manufactured from bituminous coal, and water is supplied from the Alleghany river by means of machinery, and distributed through iron pipes. For civil purposes the city is divided into nine wards. The value of taxable property in the city in 1851 amounted to $65,000,000. The means of education provided in the city are ample. In 1S50 there were 36 public schools, and 10 others were being built: teachers, 71 males 19, and females 52; schol ars, 5,144 males 2,583, and females 2,561 ; cost of instruc tion, $17,506, of which $2,804 was from the State school fund, and the remainder raised by taxation. These schools are conducted under the general law. There are also other academies, seminaries, grammar schools, etc., chiefly pri vate establishments, at which large numbers of children are educated. The periodical press of Pittsbnrg consists of 11 daily newspapers, 2 tri-weeklies, 17 weeklies, 1 semi-monthly, and 2 monthlies. The dailies are, the " P. Gazette" (whig), the " Morning Post" (dem.), the " Staats Zeitung" (whig), the " P. Courier," the Tribune and Express" (indep.), the " Chronicle," the " Commercial Journal" (whig), the " Dis- patch" (indep.), the "Transcript and Commercial Adver tiser," the " P. American" (whig), and the " Daily News." 681 PIT The tri- weeklies are, the " P. Gazette" and " Commercial Journal," editions of the dailies of the same title ; the week lies are, the " P. Gazette," the " Saturday Post," the " Stoats Zei tung." the " Commercial Journal," the " Dispatch," and the "P. American," editions of dailies, "Der Freiheits Freund," the "P. Mercury," the "Iron City" (lit), the "American Protestant" (relig.), the "Ledger," the " Chris tian Herald" (Meth.), the "Saturday Visitor" (lit.), the " Presbyterian Advocate," the " Preacher," the " P. Chris- tiau Advocate" (Meth.) ; the semi-monthly is the " Friend of Missions," and the monthlies are " Sibbet s Western Ee- view" and the " Missionary." The population of Pittsburg in 1810 was 4,768 ; in 1820, 7,243; in 1830, 12,563; in 1840, 21,115; and in 1850, 46,601. In these sums the population of the city proper is only stated. The city, including its metropolitan district, in 1350 contained 86,771, and in January, 1853, 110,241 inhab itants. AUtghany City, the principal suburb, of which a brief mention has been made in its alphabetical order, is in itself a considerable place. It enjoys the same facilities for manu factures, commerce, and internal trade as Pittsburg, but perhaps not in so advantageous a degree, and is occupied chiefly in the same pursuits. Here is assembled a popula tion of 21,261 souls; in 1830 the city contained only 2,801, and in 1840, 10,039 inhabitants, being an increase of 260.2 per cent., and the increase in the decade ending 1850, was 110.7 per cent Alleghany, indeed, has at the latter date the same population as Pittsburg had in 1840. The West ern Penitentiary of Pennsylvania is located in Alleghany, and is a very expensive edifice. The Western Theological Seminary (Presb.) is also established here. It occupies a commanding eminence, overlooking the surrounding coun try. The building is 150 feet long, the centre being 4 stories and the wings 3 stories high. There are about 30 churches in the city, several of them large and elegant structures. The city has a considerable commercial and manufacturing interest. Hardware and cutlery, iron work of all kinds, machinery, cotton goods, and numerous other valuable manufactures are produced. The whole manufacturing capital of the place is nearly $4,000,000, and goods to a great value are annually produced. It is divided into 4 wards, and is governed by a mayor and common council. In 1850 it had 27 common schools, with 42 teachers and 3,270 schol ars 1,730 males, and 1,540 females. Birmingham borough is another important suburb. It is on the S. side of the Monongahela, about 1 m. distant from the centre of Pittsburg. It has considerable manufactures of iron, glass, pottery, etc., and a population of 3,742. A bridge and a ferry connect it with the city. South Pitts- lurg, adjoining it on the W., has 1,883 inhabitants, and East Birmingham has 1,694 inhabitants. Manchester, on the W. of Alleghany City, has 1,775. Lawrencecille, on the Alleghany, above Pittsburg, 1,746, and Sharpsburg, higher up on the opposite side the river, 1,229 inhabitants. PITTSBURG, t and p. o., Coos co., N. Hamp. : in the ex treme N. of the State, 132 m. N. by E. Concord. It com prises a large territory of rugged surface, densely wooded, and contains Connecticut lake, and several head streams of the Connecticut. Pop. 425. PITTSFIELD, p. v., and cap. Pike co., HI. : 64 m. W. by S. Springfield. It lies on the high land between the Mis sissippi and the Illinois, about 11 m. W. of the latter, and has a healthy location and a growing trade. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, and 15 or 20 stores. The " Pike County Free Press" (whig), and "The Union" (dem.), are issued weekly. PITTSFIELD, L and p. v., Berkshire co., Mass. : 114 m. W. Boston. Lat. N. 42 26 55", long. W. 73 15 36". Surface of t is elevated, and moderately uneven ; soil fertile loam. Drained by Housatonic r. and the Pontoosuc, which unite near the v., and afford water-power. The v. is pleasantly situated near the centre of the t., and is surrounded with 682 PIT beautiful scenery. It is regularly laid out and handsomely built At its centre is a handsome square, containing 4 acres, upon the sides of which are some of the principal buildings. There are four churches, 1 bank, capital $200,000, and numerous factories. The Berkshire Medical Institution, located here, was founded in 1823. In 1850 it had 5 pro fessors, 103 students, and 473 alumni. The Young Ladies Institute is a very flourishing and popular seminary, it oc cupies 3 handsome buildings, and is surrounded with beau tiful grounds. The Western B. E. passes through the v., 151 m. from Boston, and 49 m. from Albany. Here termi nates the Housatonic E. E., from Bridgeport, 110 m. ; and here commences the Pittsfleld and North Adams E. E., 20 m. long. Three newspapers are issued weekly" Mass. Eagle" (whig), " P. Sun" (dem.), " Culturist and Gazette" (agric.) Pop. in 1340, 3,747 ; in 1850, 5,872. PITTSFIELD, t. and p. v., Somerset county, Me. : 87 m. N. N. E. Augusta. Drained by Sebasticook r. and branch es. Surface moderately uneven ; soil fertile and well tilled. Pop. of 1 1,166. PITTSFIELD, t. and p. o., Washtenaw co., Mich. : 59 m. S. E. Lansing. Drained by Mullet s cr. of Huron r. Sur face undulating ; soil deep loam, and very productive. A plank-road passes through to Ypsilanti, and the Michigan Central E. E. passes along the N. border. Pop. 1,232. PITTSFIELD, t. and p. v., Merrimac co., N. Ifamp. : 11 m. E. N. E. Concord. Drained by Suncook r., which supplies water-power. Surface diversified. Catamount Mountain occupies the S. E. part ; soil fertile. The v. contains a bank, an academy, and several manufactories. Population of 1 1,8C3. PITTSFIELD, t. and p. o., Otsego co., W. T. : on the E. side of Unadilla r., 82 m. W. Albany. Drained by Wharton s creek, which with the river affords good water-power. Sur face hilly; soil sandy loam, and in the valleys very fertile. An excellent farming and grazing t., with growing manu factures. Pop. 1,591. PITTSFIELD, t. and p. o., Lorain county, Ohio: 95 m, N. N. E. Columbus. Drained by the W. branch of Black river, which supplies water-power. The Toledo, Norwalk, and Cleveland E. E. passes on its N., and the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati E. E. on its S. border. Pop. 1,088. PITTSFIELD, p. v., Warren co., Penn. : on Broken Straw creek, a W. affluent of Alleghany r., 169 m. N. W. Harris- burg. It is on the proposed route of the Sunbury and Erie Eailroad. PITTSFIELD, t and p. o., Eutland county, Verm. : 34 m. S. by W. Montpelier. Drained by branches of White river. Surface mountainous ; soil fit only for grazing, which is the chief pursuit Pop. 512. PITTSFOKD, t, p. o., and sta., Hillsdale co., Mich. : 66 m. S. by E. Lansing. Drained by Tiffin s cr. and St. Joseph s, of the Maumee, which furnish water-power. Surface some what hilly ; soil admirably adapted to grain. The sta. is 2# miles W. of Adrian, on the Michigan Southern E. E. Pop ulation 1,223. PITTSFOBD, t and p. v., Monroe co., N. Y. : 232 m.W. by N. Albany. Drained by branches of Irondequoit cr. Surface undulating ; soil calcareous loam, and very productive of wheat The Eochester and Syracuse E. E. and the Erie Canal cross the t, on both of which is the v. 10 m. E. of Eochester. It contains 3 churches, 2 academies, several stores and warehouses, and about 800 inhabitants. Popula tion of t 2,061. PITTSFOBD, t. and p. v., Eutland co., Verm. : 44 m. S. W Montpelier. Drained by branches of Otter cr., which flows through and furnishes much water-power. Surface uneven, but not rugged ; soil sandy or clayey loam, and very fer tile. Wool-growing is a leading interest. Marble and iron ore are abundant. The v. contains several stores, and is 11 m. N. of Eutland, on the Eutland and Burlington E. K. Pop. of t. 2,026. Pin s GBOVE, t. and p. o., Salem co., N. Jer. : 47 m. PIT PLA 8. 8. W. Trenton. Drained by Maurice r. and its branches, which move several mills. Surface level or undulating; soil sandy or gravelly loam, of ordinary fertility. It has some excellent timber land. Pop. 1,151. Upper Pitt s Grove was taken from it in 1846. PITT S POINT, p. o., Bullitt co., Ky. : 52 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. PITTSTON, t and p. v., Kcnnebec county, Me. : on the E. side of Kennebec r., 7 m. S. by E. Augusta. Surface pleas antly diversified ; soil very productive. A superior farming and grazing t, with a sufficiency of water-power, abund ance of timber, and a brisk river trade. The v. is in the X. W., on the r. Pop. of t. 2,823. PITTSTON FERRY, p. o., Luzerne county, Penn. : on the Susquehanna, at the mouth of Lackawanuoc creek, 91 m. N. E. by N. Harrisburg. PITTSTOWN, p.v., Hunterdon co., N. Jer. : 26 m. N. W. by N. Trenton. It is on a W. affluent of the S. branch of Earitan river, which moves several mills in the vicinity. PITTSTOWN, t. and p. v., Eensselaer co., N. Y. : 21 m. N. E. Albany. Drained by Tomhenick cr., and in the N. by Hoosic river, which furnish fine water-power. Surface un even, and in parts broken ; soil loam, mixed with sand or gravel, and productive under good cultivation. It has nu merous manufactories of cotton and woolen goods, lumber, etc. The Troy and Eutland E. E., and Troy and Boston E. E. cross the N. part ; on the latter is P. sta., 14 m. from Troy. Pop. of t. 3,732. PITTSYLVANIA county, Virg. Situate S., and contains 866 sq. m. Drained by Dan and Banister rivers, and branches of Staunton r. Surface rolling ; soil fertile, and generally productive. Chief products, wheat, Indian corn, and to bacco. Farms 1,524; manuf. 109 ; dwell. 2,804, and pop. wh. 15,263, fr. col. 735, si. 12,798 total 28,796. Capital: Competition. PITTSYLVANIA COURT-HOUSE, p. v., and cap. Pittsylvania co., Virg. : on a N. branch of Banister r., 112 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. It contains a court-house and jail, an acad emy, several stores and workshops, and 350 inhabitants. The village is called also Competition. PLACER county, Calif. Situate E. middle, and contains 1,600 sq. m. Drained by American r. and its forks. Sur face mountainous, with considerable valleys. Fremont s lake lies on its E. border. Mining is the chief business. Numerous races, flumes, and canals have been constructed, costing nearly $2,000,000. Capital in mines, $1,427,567, and in other industries and trade about $600,0 JO. Pop. in 1852 wh. 6,945, negroes 80, mulattoes 9, Indians 730, Chinamen 8,019 total 10,783 ; Europeans 634. Capital : Auburn. PLACERVILLE, p. v., and cap. El Dorado co., Calif. : 113 m. N. E. by E. San Francisco, 91 m. E. N. E. Vallejo. Its site is uneven, and is chiefly a mining settlement. It is one of the oldest mining towns in the State, and in 1853 is pretty well worked out, and consequently there is not as much doing as formerly. Pop. varies from 2 to 4,000. The houses are generally of clapboards. Supplies are obtained from Sacramento. The " El Dorado News was published week ly in 1S52. PLAIN, t. and p. o., Wayne county, Ohio : 71 m. N. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Muddy fork and Killbuck cr. of Walhonding r., which furnish numerous mill privileges. Surface varied ; soil fertile and well tilled. A superior farming t., containing several manufacturing villages. The Ohio and Pennsylvania E. E. passes through it. Pop. 2,375. PLAIN, p. o., Greenville district, S. Car. : 97 m. N. W. Columbia. PLAIN-FIELD, p. o., Bates county, Mo. : 124 m. W. 8. W. Jctfers. ,\\ City. PLAIN-FIELD, t., p. v., and sta., Windham co., Conn. : on T-. wide of Quinnebaug r., 39 m. E. by S. Hartford. Drained by Moosup r., which affords good water-power. Surface mostly even ; soil rich sandy loam. A superior farming t., containing various manufactories. The Norwich and Wor- cester E. E. crosses the W. part, on which is the sta., 16 m. N. of Norwich. The Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill E. E. also crosses it. The v. occupies high ground, and contains a flourishing academy, founded in 1783. Popu lation of t. 2,730. PLAINFIELD, p. v., Will co., Itt. : on a W. affluent of Des Plaines r., 148 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. The creek af fords good water-power, which is used to turn several flour ing and saw mills. The v. contains a high school, several stores, and about 600 inhabitants. PLAIN-FIELD, p. v. and sta., Hendricks co., Ind. : on White Lick cr. and the Terre Haute and Eichmond E. E., 14 in. W. by S. Indianapolis. A plank-road also leads to Indian apolis. PLAINFIELD, t. and p. v., Hampshire co., Mass.: 97 m. W. by N. Boston. Drained by heads of Westfield r., which afford water-power. Surface elevated and mountainous; soil fertile in the valleys and generally good pasturage. Many small manufactories are operated. Pop. of t. 814. PLAINFIELD, p. v., Livingston co., Midi. : 34 m. E. S. E. Lansing. PLAINFIELD, t. and p. v., Sullivan co., K ffamp. : on the Connecticut, 45 m. N. W. Concord. Surface moderately un even ; soil fertile. Large tracts of meadow border the river and its affluents. A bridge crosses the river. The Queechy Falls are opposite this town. At Meriden village, in the E., is Kimball Union Academy, a large and highly popular in stitution, incorporated in 1813. Pop. of 1. 1,892. PLAINFIELD, t. and p. v., Essex county, A T . Jer. : 32 m. N. E. by N. Trenton. Drained by Green Brook, which forms its W. boundary, and E. by Eobinson s branch of Eahway r. Surface mostly even; soil clayey and fertile. The New Jersey Central E. E. passes through the W. part, on which and Green Brook is the v., 28 m. S. W. New York. It contains an academy, several mills and factories, and about 1,000 inhabitants. The " P. Gazette" and " P. Union" (whig) are published here weekly. Pop. of t. 2,446. Set off from Westfield in 1847. PLAINFIELD, t. and p. v., Otsego co. , 2T. Y.: on the E. side of Unadilla r., 73 m. W. by N. Albany. Surface undulating, and in parts broken ; soil sandy and calcareous loam, and very fertile. Farming and grazing engross attention. Pop ulation 1,449. PLAINFIELD, p. v., Cumberland co., Penn. : on the S. side of Conedogwinit cr., 21 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. PLAINFIELD, p. v., Coshocton co., Ohio ; on Wills cr., an E. branch of the Muskingum, 65 m. E. by N. Columbus. PLAINFIELD, t. and p. v., Washington co., Verm. : 9 m. E. Montpelier. Drained by Onion r., which affords water- power. Surface rough ; soil good. It contains a noted mineral spring. The village is on the river, where are sev eral mills. Pop. of t. 808. PLAIN GROVE, p. u., Laurence county, Penn.: 179 in. W. N. W. Harrisburg. PLAINSBORO , p. v., Middlesex county, N . Jer. : 12 miles N. E. by N. Trenton. PLAINS OF DURA, p. o., Sumter co., Ga. : 102 m. S. W. Milledgeville. PLAINSVILLE, p. v., Luzerne co., Penn. : on Susquehanna r., 91 m. N. E. by N. Harrisburg. PLAIN VIEW, p. o., Macoupin co., III. : 46 m. 8. S. W. Springfield. PLAIN VIEW, p. o., King and Queen co., Virg. : 28 m. N. E. Eichmond. PLAIN VILLK, p. T., Hartford co., Conn. : 14 m. W. S. W. Hartford. It has a brisk trade, and contains several fur naces and factories. The Hartford, Providence, and Fish- kill E. E. here intersects the New Haven and Northampton (or Canal) E. E., 27 m. N. of New Haven. PLAINVILLE, p. v., Onondaga co., N. Y. : about 1 m. W. of Seneca r. and 2 m. E. of Cross lake, 138 m. W. by N. Albany. PLAINVILLE, p. v. and sta., Hamilton co., Ohio: on the PLA PLE Little Miami K. R., 10 m. from Cincinnati, 92 m. S. W. Columbus. PLAINWKLL, p. o., Allegan co., Mich. : 61 m. W. S. W. Lansing, PLAISTOW, t., p. o., and sta., Eockingham co., N". ffdmp. : 87 m. S. E. Concord. Surface uneven ; soil very fertile, a black loam mixed with clay and gravel. The Boston and Maine E. E. crosses the t., on which is the sta., 12 m. S. "W. Exeter. Pop. 748. PLANK EOAD, p. o., Onondaga co., N. T. : 127 m.W. by N. Albany. PLANK EOAD, p. o., Wayne co., Mich. : 62 m. E. S. E. Lansing. Formerly LIVONIA. PLANTER S, p. o., Attala co., Miss. : 72 m. N. E. by N. Jackson. PLANTER S, p. o., Philips co., Ark. : 9 m. "W. of the Mis sissippi, 86 m. E. by S. Little Eock. PLANTER S HALL, p. o., Breckenridge comity, JTy. : on Eough cr., 97 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. PLANTER S STAND, p. o., Madison county, Ga. : 76 m. N. Milledgeville. PLANTERSVILLE, p. v., Perry co., Ala. ; on Mulberry cr., a N. affluent of the Albama, 43 m. W. N. W. Montgomery. PLANTSVILLE, sta., New Haven co., Conn. : 6 m. E. of New Haven, on the New Haven and New London E. E. PLAQUEMINE parish, La. Situate S. E., and contains 967 sq. m. It is well watered by the Mississippi r., which flows through it from N. to S., forming the delta in its S. portion. Surface in general is low, particularly in the S., where it is subject to inundation from the Gulf of Mexico ; the land in most parts being not more than 10 or 12 feet above the Gulf level ; soil indifferent, but on the banks of the river are some fertile tracts, producing large quantities of Indian corn, rice, and sugar, which form the chief articles of com merce. The coast is indented with numerous bays, the principal of which are "West, East, Eonde, Garden Island, and Black bays. It also contains some lakes. Farms 205 ; manuf. 0; dwell. 615, and pop. wh. 2,221, fr. col. 390, si. 4,779 total 7,390. Capital: Fort Jackson. PLAQUEMINE, p. v., Iberville par., La. : on the right bank of the Mississippi, 23 m., by the river, below Baton Eouge. It has a fine situation, is neatly built, and carries on a large trade with the rich plantations that lie back of it, and ships great quantities of cotton here. It was the former capital of the parish, and contains about 500 inhabitants. PLAQUEMINE bayou, La. : an outlet of the Mississippi r., 117 m. above New Orleans. The waters of the Mississippi river only flow through it when that river is at its extreme height. PLAQUEMINE BBTTLEE, p. o., St. Landry par., La. : 67 m. W. Baton Eouge. PLATEA, p. o., Erie county, Penn.: 208 miles N. "W. Harrisburg. PLATO, p. v., Cattaraugus co., N. Y. : 246 m. W. by S. Albany. PLATO, p. o., Lorain county, Ohio : 102 m. N. by E. Columbus. PLATO, p. v., Iroquois co., Itt. : on the W. side of Iroquois r., 121 m. N. E. by E. Springfield. PLATTE county, Mo. Situate W. toward the N., and con tains 393 sq. m. Drained by Platte r. and other tributaries of the Missouri, which forms its S. and W. boundary. Sur face level in general, in the "W. it rises, and terminates in high bluffs on the Mississippi ; soil fertile, well adapted to grain and grazing. It has some good timber land. Farms 1,651 ; manuf. 64 ; dwell. 2,490, and pop. wh. 13,997, fr. col. 50, si. 2,793 total 16,845. Capital: Platte City. Public Works : Platte County E. E. PLATTE river, Nebr. Ter. See description of Nebraska r. in NEBRASKA, p. 526. PLATTE CITY, p. v., and cap. Platte co., Mo. : on Platte river, IS m. above its entrance into the Missouri, 148 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. It contains a courthouse, jail, academy, several stores and manufactories, and 500 inhab itants. PLATTEKILL, t. and p. v., Ulster co., N> T. /69 m/S. by W- Albany. Drained E. by Old Man s kill, and W." by branches of Wallkill. Surface uneven ; soil loam, mixed with gravel and clay. A grazing t., well wooded. The v. is 5 m. W. of the Hudson, and contains several stores. Pop. of 1. 1,998. PLATTE EIVER, p. o., Buchanan co., Mo. : on the r. of that name, at the mouth of Castile creek, 147 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. PLATTEVILLE, t. and p. v., Grant co., Wise. : 62 m. "W. S. W. Madison. Drained by Little Platte r. Surface uneven, and soil of moderate fertility. It is rich in veins of lead and copper ores, which are extensively and profitably wrought. The v., on a branch of Little Platte, was incor porated in 1841, and contains an academy, printing-office, a number of large stores, and 800 inhabitants. PLATTSBURG, p. v., and cap. Clinton county, Mo. : on Smith s fork of Platte river, 137 m. N. W. by W. Jefferson City. It contains a court-house, jail, U. S. land office, and 450 inhabitants. PLATTSBURG, t., p. v., port, and cap. Clinton co., 2f. Y. : on W. shore of Lake Champlain, at the head of Cumber land bay, and on both sides of Saranac river, 147 m. N. Albany. Lat. N. 44 42 ; long. W. 73 26 . The surface of the town slopes toward the lake ; soil clay loam, and very productive. Drained by Saranac river and Salmon creek. Black marble of excellent quality is quarried in the t. At the v. the Saranac descends by a succession of falls about 40 feet, thus affording very great water-power, which is used by numerous factories of cotton and woolen goods, tan neries, and by saw, grist, fulling, marble, and flouring mills, etc. The v. contains the co. buildings, 4 churches, an incor porated lyceum and academy. Two newspapers are pub- lished weekly, "P. Eepublican" (dem.), "Clinton County Whig" the "Northern Lancet" (med.), is issued monthly. Here commences the Plattsburg and Montreal E. E., 62 m. in length, which is an important avenue of trade. The Plattsburg and Whitehall E. E. is in construction. Platts burg is renowned as the scene of a most severe battle (lur ing the late war with Great Britain, on Sept 11, 1S14, in which the Americans, under Gen. Macomb, achieved a sig nal victory. At the same time, in the bay, before the v., a great naval victory was won under Com. M Donough. A little S. of the village is P. Barracks, an U. S. Military Post Pop. of t 5,618. PLATTVILLE, p. v., Kendall co., 111.: 143 m. N. N. E. Springfield. PLEASANT, p. o., Switzerland co., Ind. : 78 m. S. E. by S. Indianapolis. PLEASANT, p. o., Kent county, Mich. : 53 m. W. N. W. Lansing. PLEASANT, t. and p. o., Putnam co., Ohio: 86 m. N. TV. Columbus. Pop. 714. PLEASANT BROOK, p. o., Otsego county, Jf. Y. : 53 m. W. Albany. PLEASANT CREEK, p. o., Taylor co., Virg. : 189 m. N. W. Eichmond. PLEASANT DALE, p. o., Hampshire co., Virg.: 147 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. PLEASANT EXCHANGE, p. o., Henderson co., Tenn. : 84 m. W. by S. Nashville. PLEASANT FLAT, p. o., Mason co., Virg. : 258 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. PLEASANT GAP, p. o., Yernon co., Mo. : 111 m. W. by S. Jefferson City. PLEASANT GAP, p. o., Centre co., Penn. : 66 m. N. W. Harrisburg. PLEASANT GAP, p. o. Cherokee co., Ala. : 133 m. N. by E. Montgomery. PLEASANT GREEN, p. o., Cooper co., Mo. : about 3 m. E. of La Mine r., 45 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. PLfi PLE PLEASANT GROVE, p. o., Des Moines co., la. : 49 m. S. S. E. Iowa City. PLEASANT GROVE, p. o., Pickens co., Ala. : about 3 m. W. Sipsey r., 106 m. W. N. W. Montgomery. PLEASANT GROVE, p. o., Jasper county, Ind. : 94 m. N. W. by N. Indianapolis. PLEASANT GROVE, p. o., Effingham county, Ga. : 127 m. E. S. E. Milledgeville. PLEASANT GROVE, p. o.> Ohio co., Ky. : 116 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. PLEASANT GROVE, p. o., Clermont co., Ohio: 88 m. S.W. Columbus. PLEASANT GROVE, p. v., Morris co., N. Jer. : on Schooley s mt., 37 m. N. by W. Trenton. PLEASANT GROVE, p. o., Alamance co., N. Car. : 46 m. N. W. Raleigh. PLEASANT GROVE, p. v., Macoupin co., HI. : near the line of the Chicago and Mississippi R. R., 25 m. S. by W. Springfield. PLEASANT GROVE, p. o., Lancaster county, Penn, : 49 m. E. by S. Ilarmburg. PLEASANT GROVE, p. v., Alleghany co., Md. : 5 m. E. of Cumberland, 123 m. W. N. W. Annapolis. It contains a manufactory of wood types, proof presses, etc., and 100 inhabitants. PLEASANT GROVE, p. o., Greenville disk, /S. Car.: about 8 m. E. of Ennoree r., 101 m. N. W. Columbia. PLEASANT GROVE, p. o., Maury co., Tenn. : 37 m. S. S. W. Nashville. PLEASANT GROVE, p. o., Kenozha county, Wise. : 78 m. E. S. E. Madison. PLEASANT GROVE, p. o., De Soto par., La.: 182 m. N. W. by W. Baton Rouge. PLEASANT GROVE, p. o., Lunenburg co., Virg. : on N. Meherrin r., 61 m. 8. W. by W. Richmond. PLEASANT GROVE MILLS, p. o., Fleming co., JTy. : 67 m. E. by N. Frankfort. PLEASANT HILL, p. o., Dallas co., Ala. : 39 m. W. S. W. Montgomery. PLEASANT HILL, p. o., Franklin co., Ark. : 3 m. N. of the Arkansas, 107 m. N. W. by W. Little Rock. PLEASANT HILL, p. o., Newcastle county, Del. : 85 m. N. Dover. PLEASANT HILL, p. v., Talbot co., Ga. : about 4 m. W. of Flint r., 81 m. W. by S. Milledgeville. PLEASANT HILL, p. v., Pike co., III. : on the bluffs about 4 m. E. of Snycartee slough, 68 m. W. S. W. Springfield. PLEASANT HILL, p. v., Montgomery county, Ind. : 54 m. N. W. by W. Indianapolis. PLEASANT HILL, p. o., Lane co., Oreg. Ter. PLEASANT HILL, p. o., Cass co., Mo. : 109 m. W. by N. Jefferson City. PLEASANT HILL, p. o., Northampton co., W. Car. : near the State line, 79 m. N. E. Raleigh. PLEASANT HILL, p. o., De Soto county, Miss. : 164 m. N, Jackson. PLEASANT HILL, p. o., Miami county, Ohio: 69 m. W, Columbus. PLEASANT HILL, p. o., Lancaster district, S. Car. : 49 m. N. N. E. Columbia. PLEASANT HILL, p. o., De Soto parish, La. : 137 m. N. W Baton Rouge. PLEASANT HILL, p. o., Fayette co., Virg. : 189 m. W. by N Richmond. PLEASANT HILL, sta., Greenville co., Virg. : 12 m. N. of Weldon, on the Petersburg R. R. PLEASANT HILL, p. o., Hopkins county, Tea>. : 245 m N. E. by N. Austin City. PLEASANT lake, JV^ Y. : in Lake Pleasant t., Hamilton co., 3 m. long, 1 to 1$ m. wide, abounding with fine flsh, an of much resort by amateurs. PLEASANT LANE, p. o., Edgefleld district, S. Car. : 58 m. W. S. W. Columbia. PLEASANT MILLS, p. T., Adams co., Ind. : on St. Mary s r., 4 m. N. E. Indianapolis. A plank-road follows the r. *. W. to Fort Wayne. PLEASANT MOUNT, p. o., Panola county, Miss. : 142 m. N. ackson. PLEASANT MOUNT, p. o., Miller county, Mo. : 23 m. S. W. efferson City. PLEASANT MOUNT, p. v., "Wayne co., Penn.: on a N. branch of Lackawaxen r.,122 m. N. E. by N. Harrisburg. PLEASANT OAKS, p. o., Brunswick county, Virg. : 58 m. S. by W. Richmond. PLEASANT OAKS, p. o., Mecklenburg co., N. Car. : 118 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. PLEASANTON, p. v,, Athens county, Ohio: 63 m. S. E. Dolumbus. PLEASANTON, p.v., Itawamba co., Miss. : 173 m. N. E. by N. Jackson. PLEASANT PARK, p. o., Carroll county, Mo. : 82 m. N. W. Jefferson City. PLEASANT PLAIN, p. o., Jefferson co., la. : 38 m. S. S. W. Iowa City. PLEASANT PLAIN, p. o., Clermont co., Ohio : 85 m. S. W Columbus. PLEASANT PLAINS, p. o., Independence co., Ark. : 64 m. N. E. by N. Little Rock. PLEASANT PLAINS, p. o., Sangamon co., HI. PLEASANT PLAINS, p. o., Lincoln county, Tenn. : 71 m. S. by E. Nashville. PLEASANT PLAINS, p. o., Scott co., Mo. : on the H point of the tongue of land separating lakes St. Mary and St. John, 172 m. S. E. by E. Jefferson City. PLEASANT PLAINS, p. o., Duchess co., 2f. T. : 55 m. S. Albany. PLEASANT PLAINS, p. o., Cumberland co., N. Car. : 51 m. S. S. W. Raleigh. PLEASANT PRAIRIE, p. o., Greene county, Mo. : 95 m. S. S. W. Jefferson City. PLEASANT RETREAT, p. o., Lumpkin co., Ga. : 121 m. N. N.W. Milledgeville. PLEASANT RETREAT, p. o., Scotland co., Mo. : 131 m. N. Jefferson City. PLEASANT RIDGE, p. o., Greene co., Ala. : about 3 m. S. of Sipsey r., 112 m. W. N. W. Montgomery. PLEASANT RIDGE, p. o., Tippah co., Miss. : 183 m. N. N. E. Jackson. PLEASANT RIDGE, p. o., Greene county, Ind. : 68 m. S.W. Indianapolis. PLEASANT RIDGE, p. o., Hot Springs co., Ark. : 46 m. S. W. by S. Little Rock. PLEASANT RIDGE, p. o., Hamilton county, Ohio : 97 m. S. "W. by W. Columbus. PLEASANT RUN, p. o., Hamilton county, Ohio : 98 m. S.W. by W. Columbus. PLEASANT RUN, p. o., Dallas co., Tex. : on a W. branch of Trinity r. so called, 173 m. N. N. E. Austin City. PLEASANT SHADE, p. o., Smith co., Tenn. : 47 m. E. by N. Nashville. PLEASANT SHADE, p. v., Perry co., III. : on the W. side of Little Muddy cr., a N. branch of Big Muddy r., 124 m. S. by E. Springfield. PLEASANT SITE, p. o., Franklin county, Ala. : 162 m. N. W. by N. Montgomery. PLEASANT SPRING, p. o., Howard county, Ind. : 47 m. N. Indianapolis. PLEASANT UNITY, p. v., Westmoreland co, Penn. : on the W. side of Chestnut Ridge, 131 m. W. Harrisburg. PLEASANT VALE, p. v., Pike co., III. : on the bluffs, about 5 m. E. of the Mississippi, 78 m. W. by S. Springfield. On Key s cr., near the v., is a salt spring, 20 feet in diameter, forming a pond from which salt is made, but not to a very large amount. PLEASANT VALLEY, p. o., Chittenden co., Verm. : 87 m. N. W. Montpelier. PLE PLY PLEASANT VALLEY, p. o., Washington co., Ala. : about 3 m. W. of Tombigbee r., 113 m. W. S. W. Montgomery. PLEASANT VALLEY, p. v., Litchfield county, Conn. : 19 m. W. N. W. Hartford. PLEASANT VALLEY, p. o., Yell co., Ark. : on the S. side of Magazine Mountain, 69 m. W. N. W. Little Bock. PLEASANT VALLEY, p. o., Scott co., la. : about 2 m. W. of the Mississippi, 56 m. E. by S. Iowa City. PLEASANT VALLEY, p. v., Jo Daviess co., Itt, : on the W. side of Plum r., 114 m. N. by W. Springfield. The Galena and Chicago Union E. E. passes a few miles N. of it. PLEASANT VALLEY, p. o., Sussex co., N. Jet: : 51 m. N. Trenton. PLEASANT VALLEY, p. o., Morgan county, Ohio : 62 m. E. S. E. Columbus. PLEASANT VALLEY, sta., Muskingum co., Ohio : 1 m. "W. of Zanesville, on the Central Ohio E. E. PLEASANT VALLEY, t and p. v., Duchess co., N. T. : 62m. S. Albany. Drained by Wappinger s creek and branches, which furnish many water privileges. Surface various, in parts much broken ; soil sandy or gravelly loam, and mostly fertile under cultivation. A grazing t., with valuable manufactures of flour, cotton goods, etc. The v. is on the cr., and contains a cotton factory and other mills, and about TOO inhabitants. Pop. of t 2,226. PLEASANT VALLEY, p. o., Bucks co., Penn. : on Durham creek, 86 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. PLEASANT VALLEY, p. o., Lancaster dist, & Oar. : on an E. branch of Catawba r., 74 m. N. Columbia. PLEASANT VALLEY, p. o., Wayne co., Tenn. : 87 m. B. W. Nashville. PLEASANT VALLEY, p. o., Wright co., Mo. : 83 m. S. by W. Jefferson City. PLEASANT VALLEY, p. o., Fairfax county, Virg. : 92 m. N. Eichmond. PLEASANT VALLEY MILLS, p. o., Nicholas co., Ky. : 65 m. E. N. E. Frankfort PLEASANT VIEW, p. o., Juniata county, Penn. : 34 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. PLEASANT VIEW, p. v., Shelby co., Ind. : on the W. side of Sugar cr., 14 m. S .E. Indianapolis. A plank-road passes through to Indianapolis. PLEASANT VIEW, p. o., Jackson county, Virg.: 243 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. PLEASANT VIEW, p. o., Schuyler co., Itt. : 53 m. W. N. W. Springfield. PLEASANT VIEW, p. o., Darlington dist, S. Car. : 59 m. E. by N. Columbia. PLEASANTVILLE, p. v. and sta., Westchester co., N. T. : on the E. side of Saw Mill r., 97 m. S. Albany. The sta. is 34 m. N. of New York, on the Harlem E. E. PLEASANTVILLE, p. v., Eockingham co., IT. Car. : 91 m. N. W. by W. Ealeigh. PLEASANTVILLE, p. v., Fairfleld co., Ohio : 27 m. E. S. E. Columbus. PLEASANTVILLE, p. v., Marion co., la. : about 5 m. S. of the Des Moines, 90 m. W. by S. Iowa City. PLEASANTVILLE, p. v., Bucks county, Penn. : 89 m. E. Harrisburg. PLEASANTVILLE, p. v., Harford co., Md. : on the E. side of Little Gunpowder Falls, 37 m. N. by E. Annapolis. It contains several mills. PLEASANTVILLE, p. v., Hickman co., Term. : on Cane cr., an E. branch of Buffalo r., 57 m. S. W. by W. Nashville. PLEASANT WOODS, p. o., Delaware county, Ind. : 47 m. E. N. E. Indianapolis. PLEASUREVILLE, p. v. and sta., Henry county, Ky. : 18 m. N. W. by W. Frankfort. On the Louisville and Frankfort E. E., 45 m. E. of Louisville. PLENITUDE, p. o., Anderson co., Tex. : 173 m. N. E. by E. Austin City. PLESIS, p. v., Jefferson co., N". Y. : about 5 m. S. of St. Lawrence r., 148 m. N. W. Albany. 6S6 PLINY, p. o., Greenville dist, S. Car. ; 9S m. N. W. by W. Columbia. PLINY, p. o., Putnam county, Yirg. : 248 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. PLOVER, t, p. v., and cap. Portage county, Wise. : 101 m. N. by W. Madison. Drained by Wisconsin r., and several branches, Big Plover r., an E. branch, being the chief. It has a productive soil, and excellent water-power. The v. is near the confluence of the Big Plover and Wisconsin, and is the co. seat. Pop. of t 462. PLOWDEN S MILLS, p. o., Sumter district, & Car. : on a W. branch of Black r., 49 m. E. S. E. Columbia. PLUCKEMIN, p. v., Somerset co., 2f. Jer. : 29 m. N. by E. Trenton. PLUM, p. o., Cook co., III. : 181 m. N. N. W. Springfield. PLUM island, 2f. Y. : off Oyster Pond Point, a narrow gut separating it from Long Island. It is 3 m. long and a mile wide, and on its W. end is a lighthouse. The surface ia stony and bare of trees. It belongs to the t. of Southhold, Suffolk co. PLUM BAYOU, p. o., Jefferson co., Ark. : 29 m. S. 8. E. Little Eock. PLUM BEOOK, p. o., Macomb co., MicJi. : 89 m. E. by S. Lansing. PLUMB CEEEK, p. o., Caldwell county, Tex. : on a branch of the San Marcos, so called, 26 m. S. S. E. Austin City. PLUM CEEEK, p. o., Clinton county, Mo. : on a branch of Crooked r., 126 m. N. W. by W. Jefferson City. PLUMEB, p. o., Venango co., Penn, : 165 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. PLUM GBOVE, p. o., Blount co., Tenn. : 161 m. E. S. E. Nashville. PLUM HILL, p. o., Washington county, Itt. : 95 m. S. Springfield. PLUMMEK S MILL, p. o., Fleming co., Ky. : 69 m. E. of Frankfort PLUM Erv-ER, p. o., Jo. Daviess co., III. : on W. Plum r., 119 m. N. by W. Springfield. PLUMSTEADVILLE, p. v., Bucks co., Penn. : 94 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. The t of Plumstead is drained by Tohiokon and Neshaming creeks, and has a hilly surface with a soil of sandy loam. There are several mills on these creeks. Pop. of t. 2,187. PLYMOUTH county, la. Situate toward the N. W., and contains about 900 sq. m. Drained by Floyd s r., a tributary of Sioux, which forms its S. W. boundary. Surface un dulating, the larger portion ia prairie ; soil fertile. Set off since 1850. PLYMOUTH county, Mass. Situate S. E., and contains 640 sq. m. Drained by North r., and branches of Taunton r. Surface generally level ; soil productive, and in some parta very fertile, and the cultivation of the land is much attended to. Iron ore abounds in some regions, and there are some extensive factories connected therewith. Chief products, wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. A large quantity of salt is produced in this co. Fishing is much followed by the inhabitants. Farms 2,447 ; manuf. 511 ; dwell. 9,506, and pop wh. 55,220, free col. 477 total 55,697. Capital: Plymouth. Public Works : Old Colony E. E. ; Fall Eiver E. E.; Cape Cod Branch E. E. ; Bridgewater Branch E. E., etc. PLYMOUTH, t, p. v., and sta., Litchfield co., Conn. : on the E. side of Naugatuck r., 21 m. W. by S. Hartford. Drained by affluents of the r., which afford good water-power. Sur face hilly; soil gravelly loam, well fitted for grazing. It manufactures cotton and woolen goods, iron ware and clocks, the last to a great amount A copper mine has been opened in the E. The Naugatuck E. E. follows the r., on which is the sta., 10 m. N. of Waterbury. The Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill E. E. crosses it Pop. of t. 2,568. PLYMOUTH, p. v., Hancock co., HI. : 5 m. W. of Crooked cr.j 79 m. W. N. W. Springfield. PLYMOUTH, p. v., and cap. Marshall co., Ind. : on the N", PLY : bank of yellow r., 24 m. E. of its junction with the Kanka- kee, 107 m. N. by W. Indianapolis. Plank-roads connect !it with the Northern Indiana E. E., and diverge in various directions, bringing to it a large trade. It contains a court house, jail, bank, 15 or 20 stores, and 800 inhabitants. PLYMOUTH, t. and p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : 42 m. N. E. Augusta. Drained by Sebasticook r. and branches, afford ing water-power. Soil productive and heavily timbered. The Kenuebec and Penobscot E. E. crosses it. Pop. of L925. PLYMOUTH, t., p. v., port of entry, and cap. Plymouth co., Mass. : on Plymouth bay, 85 m. S. E. by S. Boston. Lat N. 41 57 26", long. W. 70 40 19". This t is memorable as the landing place of the pilgrims, Dec. 22d, 1620, who founded this the first settlement in New England. See MASSACHUSETTS, Historical Sketch. The bay is spacious, but shallow ; the harbor is secure, though difficult of access. The t. is of large size, is for the most part a sandy and hilly tract covered with forests of pine, with some oak, and con tains numerous ponds. The soil near the coast is generally good. The v. in the N. part of the t. is pleasantly situated, is compactly built, chiefly of wood, and has many handsome buildings. It contains a court-house, jail, and 6 churches. The interesting relies of the Pilgrim Colony are carefully pre served in Pilgrim Hall, a handsome granite building, erected in 1824, for this purpose, within which the Pilgrim Society annually commemorate the landing of their forefathers. A portion of the rock on which they landed is placed in front of the hall. Plymouth is largely engaged in the fisheries, and has also some manufactories. There are two banks, cap. $200,000 ; 1 insurance co., cap. $50,000. Two newspapers are published weekly, viz., " Plymouth Eock" (dem.), and "Old Colony Memorial" (whig). The Old Colony E. E. extends hence to Boston, 37 m. On 30th June, 1850, the total tonnage of P. district was 10,722 tons, of which 3,967 ts. were registered, and 6,755 ts. enrolled and licensed. Of registered t, 3,908 ts. were permanent, and 59 ts. temporary. The enrolled and licensed tonnage consisted of 6,631 ts. permanent (in cod-fishery 4,879 ts., in mackerel fishery 1,752 ts.); a nd 124 te - licensed under 20 tons (in coasting trade 91 ts., in cod-fishery 33ts.). During the year previous, the total of clearances for foreign countries was 10 544 tons ; total of entrances, do. the same statistics, all of which were foreign vessels. Vessels built during the year, 5 579 tons. Pop. in 1840, 5,281, and in 1850, 6,025. PLYMOUTH, t and p. v., Wayne co., Mich. : 62 m. E. S. E. Lansing. Drained by W. branch of Eouge r., which sup plies excellent mill-sites. Surface undulating: soil clayey, and productive of all the grains. Salt springs are found, and flour largely manufactured. The v. is on the "W. side of the river, and contains 8 or 10 stores and 500 inhabitants. Pop. of t 2,431. PLYMOUTH, p. v., Lowndes co., Miss. : on the W. side of Tombigbee r., 126 m. N. E. Jackson. PLYMOUTH, t, p. v., and one of the caps. Grafton county, 2f. Jlamp. : 38 m. N. by W. Concord. Drained E. by Pemi- gewasset r. and N. by Baker s r. Surface rugged and broken ; soil of average fertility. The Boston, Concord, and Montreal E. E. follows both streams and passes the v., situate near their confluence, 51 m. (by route) from Concord. The v. contains a court-house, academy, and several stores. Pop ulation of 1. 1,290. PLYMOUTH, t and p. o., Chenango co., N. T. : 94 m. "W. Albany. Drained by W. branches of Chenango r. Surface undulating ; soil fertile loam, yielding excellent grain and vegetables. The Chenango r. and Canal are near the E. border. Pop. 1,551. PLYMOUTH, p. v., port of entry, and cap. Washington co., N. Car. : on the S. side of Eoanoke r., about 8 m. from its entrance into Albemarle Sound, 104 m. E. by N. Ealeigh. A large trade in lumber is carried on, and a number of coasting vessels are built and owned here. The v. contains a court-house and jail, an academy, several warehouses and POC lumber yards, a dozen stores, and 951 inhabitants. The " P. News" (whig) is published weekly. PLYMOUTH, t., p. o., and sta., Eichlaud co., Ohio: 68 m. N. by E. Columbus. Surface elevated, being the watershed between the Ohio and Lake Erie, and drained by heads of Huron and Walhonding rivers, which work several mills. The Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati E. E. and the Sandusky, Mansfield, and Newark E. E. cross the t. and in tersect its S. border. Plymouth sta. is in the N. part and 86 m. S. of Sandusky, on the latter road. Pop. 1,664 PLYMOUTH, t and p. o., Luzerne co., Penn. : on the "W. side of Susquehanna r., 78 m. N. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Harvey s and Tobey s creeks, which afford good mill- seats. Surface mountainous in part, and in part rich valleys. It is well timbered, and contains an abundance of coaL The N. branch of the Pennsylvania Canal passes along the r. PLYMOUTH, t. and p. o., "Windsor co., Verm.: 62 m. S. Montpelier. Surface mountainous, giving rise to numerous streams, which furnish fine mill-sites; soil well timbered, and chiefly grazing land. Limestone and soapstone are abundant In the limestone rocks are several curious caves. Pop. 1,226. PLYMOUTH, t. and p. o., Sheboygan co., Wise. : S3 m. N. E. Madison. Drained by Sheboygan r., which here makes a large bend and lies on its "W., N., and E. borders. Surface level, in parts marshy and mostly well timbered ; soil clayey or sandy loam, of good fertility. PLYMOUTH HOLLOW, p. v., Litchfleld co., Conn.: 23 m. W. S. W. Hartford. It contains several factories and stores. PLYMOUTH MEETING, p. v., Montgomery co., Penn.: about 2 m. E. of Schuylkill r., 83 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. Inhab ited by Friends, who have a church here. Limestone and marble are abundant in the vicinity. PLYMPTON, t, p. v., and sta., Plymouth co., Mass. : 31 m. S. S. E. Boston. Drained by an E. branch of Taunton r. Surface varied ; soil very productive under good cultivation. Cotton and woolen goods, cabinet-ware, mechanical and agricultural implements, etc., are made. The sta. is 7 m. N. "W. of Plymouth on the Old Colony E. E. POAST TOWN, p. v., Butler co., Ohio: 78 in. "W. S. W Columbus. POCAIIONTAS county, la. Situate toward the N. W., and contains 576 sq. m. Lizard r. passes through it from S. E. to N. W., by Avhich it ia drained. Surface level ; soil fertile. Set off since 1S50. POCAHONTAS county, Virg. Situate N. W. centrally, and contains 726 sq. m. Drained by Greenbrier r. Surface hilly and much broken ; soil barren in general. Chief pro ductions, Indian corn and oats. Farms 353; manuf. 4; dwell. 553, and pop. wh. 8,308, fr. col. 23, si. 267 total 8,598. Capital: Huntersville. POCAHONTAS, p. v., and cap. Eandolph co., Ark. : 124 m. N. E. by N. Little Eock. It lies on Big Black r., at the head of navigation, about 60 m. above its mouth, and has a considerable business in the shipping of wheat, corn, and live-stock. It contains the county buildings and 400 in habitants. POCAHONTAS, p. v., Bond co., Itt. : on the E. border of Looking-glass prairie, 2 m. "W. of Shoal cr., 63 m. S. Spring field. It is on the Mississippi and Atlantic E. E., 124 m. W. by S. Terre Haute. POCASSET, p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : on the E. side of Buzzard s bay, 63 m. S. S. E. Boston. POCKET, p. o., Moore co., N. Car.: on a S. branch of Deep r., 41 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. POCOMOKE river and bay, Md. : the river rises in Cypress Swamp, on the line between Delaware and Maryland, and runs in a S. W. direction 70 m. to Pocomoke bay, an arm of Chesapeake bay. It is navigable for small vessels to Snowhill. POCOTALIGA, p. o., Beaufort dist, S. Car. : on a small stream of that name flowing into Broad r., 73 m. S. Co lumbia. 687 POC POL POCOTALTGO, p. o., Kanawha co., Virg. : on the river of that name, 236 m. W. N. W. Richmond. POCOTALIGO river, & Car. : a tributary of the Black r. from the north-west. POCOTALIGO river, Kanawha co., Virg. : rises in Gilmer county, and after a S. W. course of 00 m., through a district abounding in bituminous coal and iron ore, for one-third of which it is boatable, empties into the Great Kanawha, about 40 m. from its mouth. POESTEXKILL, t and p. v., Eensselaer co., 2f. Y. : 9 m. E. N. E. Albany. Drained by branches of the Poestcnkill, which supply good mill-sites. Surface hilly and broken ; soil mostly grazing land. It has valuable deposits of marl and several manufacturing establishments. The v. contains several mills and factories. Pop. of t. 2,092. POESTENKILL river, 2f. Y, : rises in Rensselaer county and flows S. W. into the Hudson at Troy, affording many good mill-sites. It has falls on the side of Mount Ida, around which a small manufacturing village has sprung up. POINDEXTER, p. v., Marion co., Ga. : 83 m. S. "W. by W. Milledgeville. POINDEXTER S, sta., Bedford co., Virg. : 13 m. W. of Lynchburg, on the Virginia and Tennessee K. E. POINDEXTBR S STORE, p. o., Louisa county, Virg.: 47 m. N. W. Richmond. POINSETT county, Ark. Situate toward the N. E., and contains 1,444 sq. m. Drained by Lanquille r. and St. Francis bayou, tributaries of St. Francis r. Surface gener ally level ; soil fertile, and adapted to corn. Farms 264 ; manuf. ; dwell. 350, and pop. wh. 2,026, fr. col. 3, si. 279 total 2,303. Capital: Bolivar. POINSETT lake, Flor. : an expansion of the St. John s r., or a lake through which that river flows, in lat. 28 23 . POINSETT lake, Minn. Ter. : a small lake emptying into Sioux river. POINT CEDAR, p. o., Clark co., Ark. : 64 m. W. 8. "W. Little Rock. POINT COMMERCE, p. v., Greene co., Ind. : on the "W. side of White r., at the junction of Eel r., 58 m. S. W. Indian apolis. It is 42 m. S. E. of Terre Haute by the Wabash and Erie Canal, and has several mills and stores. POINT CONCEPTION, Calif. : the most W. point of Santa Barbara co. Lat 34 26 56"N., and long. 120 25 40" W. POINT COUPEE parish, La. Situate S. E. centrally, and contains 429 sq. m. Drained by Bayou Fordoche and branches of Atchafalaya river; this latter forms its "W. boundary, and along its banks are some fertile tracts of land. Surface level, and in general lying low, which makes it liable to inundation ; a great portion of the county is consequently unfit for cultivation ; soil where fit for tillage is fertile, and yields a rich harvest. Chief productions In dian corn, cotton, and sugar. In the S. E. is Fausse river, which probably at one time was a bed of the Mississippi. Farms 243 ; manuf. ; dwell. 760, and pop. wh. 2,967, fr. col. 561, si. 7,811 total 11,339. Capital: Point Coupee. POINT COUTEE, p. v., and cap. Point Coupee, par. La. : on the right bank of the Mississippi, nearly opposite St. Francis- ville, 86 miles by the river above Baton Rouge. Here are a court-house, jail, and a printing-office, from which the "P. C. Echo" (dem.) is issued weekly. The levee extends from this point to New Orleans. The inhabitants of the village are mostly wealthy, and of French descent, and their plant ations stretch for miles along the river. POINT DOUGLASS, p. v., Washington co., Minn. : at the confluence of St. Croix r. with the Mississippi, 14 m. S. E. St. Paul. POINT ISABEL, p. v., Clermont co., Ohio: 92 m. S. W. Columbus. POINT ISABEL, p. v. and port of entry, Cameron county, Tex. : 289 m. S. by E. Austin City. It lies near the S. end of the Laguna Del Madre, a few miles W. of Brazos San tiago, and about 15 N. of the mouth of the Rio Grande. It is a deji6t for military and naval stores, and a landing 6S8 place for steamers destined up the Rio Grande, and for many of the Gulf ports. The tonnage of the district in 1850 was 401 tons engaged in steam navigation, and 274 tons in the coasting trade, POINT JEFFERSON, p. o., Morehause parish, La. : 169 miles N. N. W. Baton Rouge. POINT MEERS, p. o., Johnson co., Ark. : on Little Piney creek, 85 m. N. W. Little Rock. POINT OF ROCKS, p. v. and sta., Frederick co., Md. : on Potomac river, and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 57 m. W. N. W. Annapolis. Tho station is 12 m. E. of Harper s Ferry, on the Baltimore and Ohio R. R. The scenery along the river is magnificent. POINT PENINSULA, p. o., Jefferson county, N. Y. : on a peninsula between Chamount bay and Lake Ontario, 149 m. N. W. by W. Albany. POINT PETER, p. o., Searcy co., Ark. : on Richland cr., 86 m. N. Little Rock. POINT PETEB, p. o., Oglethorpe co., Ga. : 63 m. N. by E. Milledgeville. POINT PLEASANT, p. v., New Madrid co., Mo. : on the Mississippi, 89 m. below the mouth of the Ohio, 202 m. 8. E. Jefferson City. It contains several stores and warehouses, and has a good landing, from which great quantities of corn are sent down the river. POINT PLEASANT, p. o., Ocean co., N. Jer. : on the N. end of Squam Beach, 83 m. E. by S. Trenton. POINT PLEASANT, p. v., Clermont co., Ohio: on the Ohio, at the mouth of Indian cr., 23 m. above Cincinnati, 90 m. S. W. by S. Columbus. A large quantity of pork is packed here. POINT PLEASANT, p. v., Bucks co., Penn. : on Delaware river and canal, at the mouth of Tohickon cr., 32 m. S. of Easton, 95 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. It contains several mills and about 200 inhabitants. POINT PLEASANT, p. v., and cap. Mason co., Virg. : on the Ohio, immediately above the mouth of the Great Kana wha, 268 m. W. N.W. Richmond. It contains an academy, court-house, steam flouring-mill, steam saw-mill, several stores and tanneries, and about 500 inhabitants. Here, 01 the 10th of October, 1774, was fought the " Battle of Point Pleasant," the bloodiest ever fought with the red men in the State. A large body of warriors of several tribes, under the famous chief Cornstalk, attacked Colonel Lewis, com manding 1,100 Virginians ; but after fighting all day, were forced back across the Ohio. The Covington and Ohio R. R. will have its W. terminus here. POINT PKAIRIE, p. o., Franklin co., Ark. : on the W. side of Six Mile cr., 97 m. W. N. W. Little Rock. POINT REPUBLIC, p. v., La Salle co., III. : 124 m. N. N. E. Spriagfleld. POINT SMITH, v., Franklin county, Ala. : on the S. side of Tennessee river, at the entrance of Big Bear creek, 193 m. N. W. by N. Montgomery. Here is a landing for steam boats and a number of stores and warehouses. The staples of the district adjacent are shipped here for the Southern markets. The p. o. is CHICKASAW. POINT WORTHINGTON, p. v., Washington co., Miss. : on the Mississippi, 79 m. N. W. by N. Jackson. POKAGON, sta., Cass co., Mich. : on the Michigan Central R. R., 43 m. W. of Kalamazoo. POKE BAYOU, p. o., Independence co., Ark. : near a N. affluent of White r. so called, 86 m. N. N. E. Little Rock. POKE RUN, p. o., Westmoreland co., Perm. : 138 m. W. Harrisburg. POLAND, p. v., Clay county, Ind. : 2 m. E. of Eel r., 46 m. S. W. by W. Indianapolis. POLAND, t. and p. v., Cumberland co., Me. : 84 m. W. S. W. Augusta. Drained by branches of Little Androscoggin r., its N. boundary, which supply -water-power. Surface un even; soil very fertile. A superior farming t., with abund ance of timber and various manufactories. The Atlantic and St Lawrence R. K. crosses the N. part. Pop. of 1 2,660. POL POM POLAND, p. v., Hcrkimer co., N. Y. : on West Canada creek, 74 m. W. N. W. Albany. It contains several cotton factories, and a cutlery establishment. POLAND, t. and p. o., Mahoning co., Ohio : on the E. line of the State, 143 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. Drained by Mahoning r. and branches, which supply fine water priv ileges. The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal, and the Cleve land and Mahoning E. E, pass through it. Pop. 2,126. POLAND CKNTRE, p. v., Chautauque co., W. Y. : 268 m. W. by S. Albany. Pop. of Poland t, 1,174. POLK county, Ark. Situate W., and contains 1,114 sq. m. Drained by head branches of Waehita r. and branches of lied r. Surface undulating ; soil productive ; it is generally well adapted to grain. Timber is found of good quality. Farms 155 ; manuf. 1 ; dwell. 139, and pop. wh. 1,196, fr. col. 00, si. G7 total 1,268. Capital : Panther. POLK county, la. Situate S. centrally, and contains 720 sq. m. Des Moines r. passes through it from S. E. to N.W., by which and its branches it is drained. Surface undu lating ; soil fertile. Set oif since 1850. POLK county, Mo. Situate S. W. centrally, and contains C76 sq. m. Drained by Pomme de Terre r. and Lindley s creek, branches of Osage r. and E. fork of Sac r., by which good water-power is supplied. Surface diversified in some parts hilly ; soil fertile, and adapted to grazing. Fruit is produced in large quantities, and there is some good timber land in the co. Farms 543 ; manuf. 6 ; dwell. 907, and pop. wh. 5,S04, fr. col. 13, si. 369 total 6,186. Capital: Bolivar. POLK county, Oreg, Ter. Situate W. middle, between the Willamette r. and the Pacific Ocean, into both of which there is drainage. Area 2,400 eq. m. Surface varied, and the soil very fertile. Cape Foulweather lies at its S.W. cor ner, the parallel of which forms its S. boundary. The Willamette here affords extensive water-power, which is used for various mills. Farms 129; manuf. 2; dwell. 190, and pop. wh. 1,046, fr. col. 5 total 1,051. Capital : Cin cinnati. POLK county, Tenn. Situate S. E., and contains 282 sq. m. Drained by Hiwassee r. and its principal tributary, Toceo r. Surface mountainous in general, but there is much level land ; soil fertile. Chief productions, cotton and Indian corn. Farms 561; manuf. 11 ; dwell. 1,012, and pop. wh. 5,836, fr. col. 52, si. 400 total 6.338. Capital: Benton. POLK county, Tfeax Situate toward the S. E., and con tains 1,273 sq. m. Drained by Trinity river, which flows through it centrally. Surface undulating ; soil on the r. pro ductive, and adapted to cotton. It is thickly covered with oak, pine, cedar, and other timber, by far the greater por tion of the co. being wooded. Farms 172 ; manuf. ; dwell. 292, and pop. wh. 1,544, fr. col. 0, si. 805 total 2,319. Cap ital: Livingston. POLK county, Wise. Situate W., and contains 2,595 sq. m Drained by Kayesikang or Shell r., and other branches of St. Croix r., which forms its W. boundary. Surface varied part of it being hilly and broken, and part level ; the soil on the latter is in general good, and with cultivation produces well ; the hilly portion of the co. makes fine pasturage, and is well fitted for the raising of live-stock. It is thickly wooded. This co. has been lately set off, being formerly the northern half of St. Croix county. POLK, p. o., Lucas co., la. : 102 m.W. S.W. Iowa City. POLK, p. o., Ashland co., Ohio : 71 m. N. N. E. Columbus POLK, p. o., Venango county, Penn. : 173 m. W. N. W Harrisburg. POLK BAYOU, p. o., Independence county, Ark. See POKE BAYOU. POLK .ErN, p. o., Clark county, Ind. : 89 m. S. by E Indianapolis. POLKTON, t, and p. o., Ottawa co., Mich.: on Grand r, 79 m. W. N. W. Lansing. Surface rolling, and heavily umbered with Norway and white pine, and hemlock. Pop ulation 268. P4 POLKTOWN, sta., Hamilton county, Ohio: 23 m. N. E. of ncinnati, on the Little Miami E. E. POLKVILLE, p. o., Benton county, Ala. : 94 m. N. N. E. Montgomery. POLKVILLE, p. v., Cleveland county, N. Car, : 161 m. VV. by S. Ealeigh. POLKVILLE, p. v., Columbia county, Penn. : 59 m. N. by E. larrisburg. POLKVILLE, p. v., Smith county, Miss. : 39 m. E. S. E. ackson. POLKVILLE, p. v., Warren county, HT. Jer. : on the E. side >f Pauliu s kill, 2 m. E. of Delaware river, 49 m. N. N. W. Trenton. POLLARD S MILLS, p. o., Greenup county, Ey. : 117 m. E. by N. Frankfort. POLLOCK S, p. o., Eandolph co., III. : on Nine Mile cr., an E. affluent of the Kaskaskia, 121 m. S. Springfield. POLLOCKSVILLE, p. v., Jones co., N. Car. : on the S. side )f Trent r., 92 m. E. S. E. Ealeigh. POMARIA, p. o. and sta., Newberry district, S. Car. : on Cannon s cr. and the Greenville and Columbia E. E.,32 m. by route) N. W. Columbia. POMEROY, p. v., and cap. Meigs co., Ohio : on the Ohio, 57 m. below Marietta, 81 m. S. E. Columbus. It occupies a narrow strip of land between the river and a steep hill, and is engaged principally in the coal business, large deposits of which are in the immediate vicinity. About 300 men, mostly Welch, are employed in the mines, which were opened in 1832, and yield about 2,000,000 bushels per an num. It was settled in 1816, made the county seat in 1841, and contains a court-house, 15 stores, 2 foundries, 3 ma chine-shops, a rolling mill, rope-walk, and 2 large tanne ries. The " M. County Telegraph" (whig) is published weekly. A branch E. E., 10 m. long, connects it with the Cincinnati, Hillsboro , and Parkersburg Eailroad. Pop. 1,637. POMFRET, t., p. v., and sta., Windham co., Conn. : on the W. side of Quinnebaug r., 39 m. E. by N. Hartford. Drained by branches of the river, which supply numerous mill-sites. Surface uneven, and beautifully varied by hills and mead ows ; soil deep and strong. Many of the farms are very superior, and the grazing is excellent. Various manufac tures are prosecuted. The sta. is 26 m. S. of Worcester, on the Norwich and Worcester E. E. The Boston and New York (Air Line) E. E. crosses the t. The v. occupies a hill commanding a wide view, and contains an academy. Pop of 1 1,849. POMFRET, t. and p. v., Windsor co., Verm. : 39 m. S. by E. Montpelier. Drained by Queechy r. and a branch of White river, which supply good water-power. Surface broken; soil productive ; coal is found ; grazing is the chief occupa tion ; limited manufactures are carried on. Pop. of 1. 1,546. POMFRET, t., Chautauque co., N. Y. : on Lake Erie. Surface hilly ; soil, a fertile, argillaceous, gravelly, and sandy loam. Drained by Cassadaga cr., an affluent of Alleghany r., and several small streams flowing into this lake. The villages of Dunkirk and Van Buren Harbor are in this L, and the Erie E. E. has its W. terminus here. Pop. in 1850, 4,493. POMFRET LANDING, p. v., Windham co., Conn. : 37 m. E. by N. Hartford. POMONKEY, p. o., Charles co., Md. : on Pomonco cr. of the Potomac, 43 m. S. W. Annapolis. POMME DE TERRE river, Mo. : a tributary of Osage river. POMPANOOSUC, p. o. and sta., Windsor county, Verm. : on Connecticut r., and the Connecticut and Passumpsic Elvers E. E., 10 miles N. of White river junction, 39 m. S. E. Montpelier. POMPEY, t. and p. o., Onondaga county, N. Y. : 109 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Limestone and Butternut creeks. Surface hilly ; soil loam, mixed with sand or clay, very productive, and under high cultivation. Agriculture is the principal occupation. Pompey Hill v., in the W. part, occupies the highest land in the co., commanding an ex- 6S9 POM POP tensive view, and contains an academy, a half dozen stores, and 500 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 4,006. POMPEY CENTRE, p. o., Onondaga county, N. Y, : 113 m. W. by N. Albany. POMPTON, t. and p. v., Passaic co., N. Jer. : 59 m. N. N. E. Trenton. Drained by Pequannock, Eingwood, and Itam- apo rivers, which furnish fine water-power, and unite in the S. corner, to form Pompton r. Surface hilly and mountainous ; soil clayey loam of good fertility. Iron ore is abundant, and largely dug and wrought. The v., on Eamapo r., contains an academy, a furnace, and 250 inhab itants. Pop. of 1. 1,720. POMPTON river, N. Jer. : is formed by the confluence o the Pequannock, Kingwood, and Eamapo rivers, and di viding Passaic and Morris counties, it flows 8 m. into th Passaic river. The Morris Canal crosses it 2 m. above its mouth. POMPTON PLAINS, p. v., Morris co., 2f. Jer. : on the W side of Pompton r.. 57 m. N. N. E. Trenton. POND CREEK, p. o., Greene co., Mb. : 115 m. S. W. by S Jefferson City. POND EDDY, p. o., Sullivan co., N. T. POND FORK, p. o., Jackson county, Ga. : 84 m. N. by E Milledgeville. POND HILL, p. o., Gibson co., Tenn. : 123 m. W. by S Nashville. POND SETTLEMENT, p. v., Steuben county, N. Y. : 194 m W. by S. Albany. POND SPRING, p. o. 5 Walker co., Ga. : 173 m. N. W. Milledgeville. PONDTOWN, p. v., Sumter county, Ga.: 92 m. S. W. Milledgeville. PONTCIIARTRAIN lake, La. : is 40 m. long, and 25 m. broad. It communicates with Lake Maurepas on the W., Lake Borgne through the Eigolets on the E., and on the S. with New Orleans, through St. John s bayou and a canal. It has 10 or 13 feet water in its deepest part, but near the shore not more than 9 feet The Tangiapaha and Tchefuncti rivers, and other small streams, empty into it PONTIAC. p. v., and cap. Livingston co., Itt. : on Yer- million r., 93 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. It contains the county buildings and several stores. PONTIAC, p. o. and sta., Huron co., Ohio: on the San- dusky, Mansfield, and Newark E. E., 20 m. S. of Sandusky City, 83 m. N. by E. Columbus. PONTIAC, t, p. v., and cap. Oakland co., Mich. : 67 m. E. by S. Lansing. Drained by Clinton r. and branches, which, fed by numerous ponds, furnish superior water-power. Surface somewhat hilly. Soil sandy in parts, but mostly productive. The v. is on the r., and contains a court-house, jail, academy, iron foundry, and machine-shop, several flouring-mills and factories, and 1.500 inhabitants. The "Oakland Gazette" (whig), and " Pontiac Jacksonian" (dem.), are published weekly. The Detroit and Pontiac E. E. terminates here, 25 m. N. N. W. Detroit. Pop oft 2,819. PONTIAC, p. o., Erie co., N. Y. : 253 m. W. Albany. PONTOOSAC, p. v., Hancock co., III. : on the Mississippi, 85 m. N. W. by W. Springfield. PONTOTOC county, Miss. Situate toward the N. E., and contains 902 sq. m. Drained by Tallahatchie river and its branches in the N., and branches of W. fork of Tombigbee river in the E. and centre. Surface level; soil fertile. Chief productions, cotton and Indian corn. Farms 1,248 ; manuf. 32 ; dwell. 2,001, and pop. wh. 12,186, fr. col. 8, si. 4,963 total 17,112. Capitol : Pontotoc. PONTOTOC, p. v., and cap. Pontotoc co., Miss. : 143 m. N. E. by N. Jackson. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, United States land office, a dozen stores, and about 800 inhabitants. Two newspapers, the "American Sovereign" (dem.), and the "Political Safeguard" (whig), are issued weekly. PONTOTOC, p. o., Fulton county, Ky. : 253 m. W. S. "W". Frankfort POOLESVILLE, p. v., Montgomery co., Md. : 4 m. E. of the Potomac, 43 m. W. N. W. Annapolis. POOL S MILLS, p. o., Jones county, Miss.: 79 m. S. E. Jackson. POOLSVILLE, p. v., Warren co., Ind. : 69 m. N. W. by W. Indianapolis. POOLSVILLE, p. v., Spartanburg dist, & Car.: 88 m. N. W. Columbia. POOLVILLE, p. v., Madison co., If. Y. : on an E. branch of Chenango r., 88 m. W. by N. Albany. Here are several mills. POOR FORK, p. o., Harlan co., Ky. : on a head of Cum berland r. so called, 126 m. S. E. by E. Frankfort. POOR HILL, p. o., Sullivan co., Tenn. : 236 in. E. by N. Nashville. POPE county, Ark. Situate toward the N. W., and con tains 825 sq. m. Drained by Great Pine r. and Illinois cr. and branches, tributaries of Arkansas r., which runs on the S. border, and passes through the S. W. corner of the co. Surface varied ; in the N. mountainous, but level in the in terior and S. ; soil fertile, producing cotton, tobacco, Indian corn, etc. Some good timber is found on the land, and it has extensive coal beds. Farms 534; manuf. 16; dwell. 695, and pop. wh. 4,231, fr. col, 0, si. 479 total 4,710. Capital: Morristown. POPE county, III. Situate S., and contains 425 sq. m. Drained by Eock, Great Pierre, Big Bay, and Lusks creeks, all of the Ohio r., which forms its S. E. boundary. Surface even, excepting the bluffs on the Ohio; soil a deep loam, with sand intermixed, and productive, adapted to grain, and also raising good tobacco. It is well timbered, and in the E. is a hilly range, which makes good pasturage. Farms 504 ; manuf. 12 ; dwell. 747, and pop. wh. 3,871, fr. col. 104 total 8,975. Capital: Golconda. POPE CREEK, p. o., Mercer co., III. : on the S. side of tho cr. so called, 105 m. N. W. by N. Springfield. POPE S CORNERS, p. v., Saratoga co., N. Y. : 1 m. W. of Hudson r., 34 m. N. by E. Albany. POPE S MILLS, p. o., St. Lawrence county, N. Y.: 138 m. N. W. Albany. POPE S MILLS, p. o., Mercer co., Itt. : on Pope s cr., about 8 m. E. of the Mississippi, 109 m. N. W. by N. Springfield. Formerly called Bluff. POPE S STORE, p. o., Southampton co., Virg. : 63 m. S. S. E. Eichmond. POPLAR, p. o., Crawford co., Ohio : 62 m. N. Columbus. POPLAR, p. o., Orangeburg dist., S. Car. : about 4 m. W. of Santee r., 41 m. S. E. by S. Columbia. POPLAR island, in Chesapeake bay. Lat 43 22 X., and ong. 70 23 W. Its periphery measures about 10 miles. POPLAR BLUFF, p. o., Butler co., Mo. : 153 m. S. E. by 8. Fefferson City. POPLAR BRANCH, p. o., Currituck co., 2f. Car. : 143 m. E. N. E. Ealeigh. POPLAR CORNER, p. o., Madison county, Tenn. : 117 m. W. S. W. Nashville. POPLAR CREEK, p. o., Choctaw county, Miss. : 126 m. T. E. by N. Jackson. POPLAR FLAT, p. o., Lewis county, Ky. : 85 m. E. N. E. Yankfort. POPLAR GROVE, p. o., Owen county, Ky.: 34 m. N. rankfort POPLAR GROVE, p. o., Boone co., III. : 183 m. N. by E. pringfield. POPLAR GROVE, p. o., Iredell co., N. Car. : 122 m. "W. aleigh. POPLAR GROVE, p. o., Gibson co., Tenn. : 112 m. W. by S. Nashville. POPLAR HILL, p. o., Yigo county, Ind.: on the S. side of loney cr., a small affluent of the Wabash, 63 m. W. S. W. ndianapolis. POPLAR HILL, p. o., Anson county, N. Car. : 93 m. S. "W. Ealeigh. POP POR POPLAK HILL, p. <>., Giles co., Virg.: on Walker s cr., i W. affluent of New r., 181 m. W. by S. Richmond. POPLAR MOUNT, p. o., Greenville county, Virg. : 47 m. S Richmond. POPLAR PLAINS, p. o,, Fleming co., Ky. : 71 m. E. by N Frankfort. -POPLAE RIDGE, p, o., Cayuga co., N. Y. : 137 m. W. by N Albany. POPLAK RIDGE, p. o., Darke co., Oldo : 88 m. "W. by N Columbus. POPLAR RIDGE, p. a, Maury co., Twin* : 42 m. S. S. W Nashville. POPLAR SPRING, p. o., Fairfield dist, & Car. : about 3 m W. of Wateree r., 31 m. N. by E. Columbia. POPLAR SPRING, p. o., Marshall co., Virff. : 235 m. N. "W" Richmond. POPLAR SPRING, p. o., Pontotoc co., Miss. : 146 m. N. N. E. Jackson. POPLAR SPRINGS, p. v., Howard co., McL : 38 m. N, W Annapolis. POPLAR SPRINGS, p. v., Hall county, Ga. : 98 m. N. N. "W. Milledgeville. POPLIN, t and p. o., Rockingham co., N. Ramp. : 28 m. S. E. Concord. Drained by Squamscot r. Surface uneven, but not rough ; soil fertile. A farming t. Pop. 509. POQUANOC BRIDGE, p. o., New London co., Conn. POQUETONUCK, p. v., New London co., Conn. : 2 m. E. of the Thames, on an affluent so calted, 38 m. 8. E. by E. Hartford. Sloops come up near the v. at high water. The inhabitants are chiefly sea-faring mea, or interested in the coasting-trade. POQUONOCK, p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : on Farmington r., 9 m. N. Hartford. It contains several factories and mills. PORPOISE cape, Me. : the N. E. boundary of Kennebunk harbor, in lat. 43 22 N. and long. 70 23 W. PORTAGE county, Ohio. Situate toward the N. E., and contains 648 sq. m. Drained by head branches of Mahoning r. and branches of Cnyahoga r., which supply good water- power. Surface undulating, in some parts broken ; soil fer tile, consisting of -a fine deep mold, and adapted to wheat and Indian corn. Pine, maple, poplar, and other timber is found on the land. Agriculture is the leading pursuit. Farms 2.264; manuf. 127; dwell. 4,512, and pop. wh. 24,337, fr. col. 82 total 24,419. Capital : Ravenna. Pub lic, Works: Cleveland and Pittsburg R. R.; Cleveland and Mahoning R. R. ; Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal, etc. PORTAGE county, Wise. Situate centrally, and contains 1,543 sq. m. Wisconsin r. passes through it centrally, by which and its numerous branches it is drained. Surface hilly and broken, excepting on the rivers, where the land is level ; soil fertile. A portion of the co. is prairie. It is well timbered, and has good pasturage. Farms 5; manuf. 15; dwell. 204, and pop. wh. 1,249, fr. col. 1 total 1,250. Cap ital : Plover. PORTAGE, t, and p. o.,Kalamazoo co., Mich. : 68 m. 8. W. Lansing. Drained by Portage r. of the Kalamazoo. The Sandy lakes are in the S. E. part. Pop. 726. PORTAGE, t. and p. o., Livingston co., 2f. Y. : on the E. side of Genesee r., 212 m. W. Albany. Drained E. by Cashaqua cr. Surface rolling; soil very fertile of wheat and most grains. On the W. line are the Genesee Falls, which supply immense -water-power. The Genesee Valley Canal and Buffalo and New York City R. R. pass through it It was divided in 1846, and the portion W. of the river made a new t., and called Gent-see Falls. The p. o. was formerly Williams Place. Pop. 2,478. PORTAGE, t. and p. o., Wood co., Ohio: 83 m. N. N. W. Columbus. Drained by Portage r. and branches, on which are several mills. The v. on the N. side of the r. was laid out in 1S36, and contains various mechanic shops, etc. Pop. of t. 405. PORTAGE, t, Ottawa co., Ohio: a narrow neck of land between Sandusky bay and Lake Erie, on which is Port Clinton. The Sandusky and Fort Wayne R. R. passes through it. Pop. 377. PORTAGE, p. o., Cambria co., Penn* : 104 m.W. Harrisburg. PORTAGE, t., Hancock county, Ohio: drained by the head waters of Portage r. Pop. 614. PORTAGE, t., Summit co., Ohio: at the portage between the Cuyahoga and Tuscarawas rivers. The Ohio Canal and the Cleveland, Zanesville, and Cincinnati R. R. pass through it, Akron, the county seat, is located in the S. E. part. Pop. of t. 4,386. PORTAGE, t, Livingston co., N. Y. : on the Genesee r., at the Great Falls, at which the descent in 2 m. is about 300 feet, affording great water-power. The scenery is magnifi cent. Surface elevated and rolling ; soil fertile. The Gen esee Valley Canal passes through the t., and also the Buffalo and New York City R. R. Pop. 2,478. PORTAGE, t and v., Kalamazoo co., Mich. : drained by Portage r. and the Sandy lakes. Surface level prairie; soil fertile. Pop. 726. PORTAGE lake, Houghton co., Midi. : this lake lies on the Keweenaw peninsula, and empties into Keweenaw bay, an arm of Lake Superior. It is very irregular in its shape, and has extensions N. and N. W., which bear the local names of Houghton s lake and Torch lake the first extending N. W. almost to the opposite side of the peninsula. A navi gation might be formed through this lake, and a canal across the portage. PORTAGE river, Ohio : an affluent of Lake Erie, into which it falls at Port Clinton. It affords good water-power, and drains the Black Swamp, an unhealthy, but which, if suit ably drained, would make a very fertile country. The har bor is the outlet of a considerable region. PORTAGE CITY, p. v., Columbia county, Wise. : 33 m. N. Madison. PORTAGE LAKE, p. o., Jackson co., Mich. : 84 m. S. S. E, Lansing. PORTAGEVTLLE, p. v., Wyoming co., N. Y. : on the W. side of Genesee r., 214 m. W. Albany. The river here falls about 300 feet in 2 miles, principally in three perpendicular descents, which furnish immense hydraulic power, and being surrounded by high steep banks, attract many visitors by the grandeur of the scenery through which the r. passes. The Genesee Valley Canal crosses the r. here in an aque duct, and soon after enters a tunnel 4 m. long. The v. con tains several factories and mills, a dozen stores, and about 1,000 inhabitants. PORT ALLEGHANY, p. v., M Kean co., Penn. : on the left bank of Alleghany r., 134 m. N. N. W. Harrisburg. PORT ALLEN, p. v., Louisa co., In. : on the left bank of Iowa r., 26 m. S. S. E. Iowa City. PORT BLANCHARD, p. v., Luzerne county, Penn. : 74 m. N. E. by N. Harrisburg. PORT BODEGA, v. and p. o., Sonoma co., Calif. : on a fine bay, opening to the Pacific, 63 m. N. W. Vallejo. It was formerly a Russian station. PORT BYRON, p. v., Rock Island co., III.: on the Missis- ippi, 131 m. N. by W. Springfield. PORT BYRON, p. v., Cayuga co., N. Y. : on the Erie Canal, 28 m. W. of Syracuse, 146 m. W. Albany. It contains a arge flouring establishment, several mills, 20 stores, and ,200 inhabitants. PORT CADDO, p. v., Harrison co., Teas. : near the W. end )f Lake Caddo, 272 m. N. E. Austin City. Steamers ply rom this point to Shreveport, freighted with the staples of he co., principally cotton and corn, of which a large amount s shipped hence down Red river. PORT CARBON, p. b., Schuylkill co., Penn. : on Schuylkill ver, at the junction of Mill creek and head of Schuylkill Navigation Canal, 108 m. N. W. Philadelphia, 46 m. N. E. larrisburg. In 1S29 there was but one house here. The y- s the creation of the coal trade, which forms the almost ex- lusive employment. Pop. 2,142. PORT CHESTER, p. v. and sta., Westchester co., IT. Y. : on POR the W. side of Byram r., here the E. line of the State, 103 m. S. Albany. It is 1 m. from the sound, where is a steamboat landing, from which boats ply to New York, and 29 m. N. E. of New York, on the New York and New Haven E. E. It contains several manufactories, 20 stores, and about 1,000 inhabitants. POUT CLINTON, p. v., port, and cap. Ottawa co., Ohio : on the S. side of Portage river, at its entrance into Lake Erie, 115 m. N. Columbus. It has a good harbor, with a light house at its entrance, and contains a court-house, jail, sev eral stores and mills, and 249 inhabitants. The railroad from Sandusky City to Fort Wayne passes through it. Im ports in 1550, $38,978, and exports, $24,755. POET CLINTON, p. v., Lake county. III. : 19S m. N. N. E. Springfield. PORT CLINTON, p. v., Schuylkill co., Penn. : at the conflu ence of the Little Schuylkill and the Schuylkill, and above the "Water Gap in Blue Mountain, 51 m. E. N. E. Harris- burg. It is one of the great coal dep6ts of the anthracite region, and being on the liue of the Schuylkill Canal and Eeading E. R., it enjoys a large share of the trade connected with the mines. The Little Schuylkill E. E. also diverges from this point, and a number of other railways connecting with the mines are indirectly connected with the port. There are large iron works in the vicinity, and in the v. a rolling mill of 1,500 tons annual capacity, also various me chanic shops, stores, etc. PORT CONWAY, p. v., King George co., Virg. : ou the left bank of Eappahannock r., 48 m. N. by E. Richmond. Wheat and corn are shipped here in large quantities. PORT CRANK, p. v., Broome co.. N. Y. : on Chenangor. and canal, S m. N. of Binghampton, 107 m. W. by S. Albany. PORT DEPOSITS, p. v., Cecil co., Md. : on the E. side of Susquehanna river, 7 m. from its mouth, 51 m. N. E. by N. Annapolis. It lies at the lower falls, and contains a bank and 300 inhabitants. PORT DOUGLASS, Essex county, N. Y. : on the W. side of Champlain lake, and the landing for Keeseville, which is 7 or 8 m. W. of it. POUT ELIZABETH, p. v., Cumberland county, N. Jer. : on Mananmskin creek, near its entrance into Maurice r., 61 m. S. by W. Trenton. It is 15 m. from Delaware bay, and vessels of 100 tons come to the landing. Wood and lumber are exported in large amounts. It contains an academy, several stores and mills, and about 600 inhabitants. PORTER county, Ind. Situate N. W., and contains 396 sq. m. Drained by Calumic r. and branches, and branch of Kankakee r., which runs on its S. border. Surface varied, on the lake being elevated, while in the interior and toward the S. the land is generally level ; soil fertile, with the excep tion of some portion in the N., and the swamp on the Kan kakee in the S. Chief productions, wheat and Indian corn. There is some prairie land, and a large portion of the co. is covered with oak and other timber. It contains several small lakes. Farms 467 ; manuf. 13 ; dwell. SS5, and pop. wh. 5,229, fr. col. 5 total 5,234. Capital: Valparaiso. Public Works : Michigan Central Extension E. E. ; Indi ana Northern E. E. ; Michigan City Branch E. E. ; Fort "Wayne and Chicago E. E. ; Logansport and Chicago E. E. PORTER, sta., Porter co., Iiid.: 2 m. W. of Michigan City, on the Michigan Central E. E. PORTER, t. and p. o., Van Buren co., Midi. : 82 m. S. W. Lansing. It contains several ponds, but has no considera ble streams. Surface mostly level, and soil of good quality. Pop. 444. PORTER, t. and p. o., Delaware co., Ohio : 25 m. N. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Walnut cr., which moves several mills. Surface somewhat uneven ; soil very productive of grass and grain. The Springfield, Mount Vernon, and Pittsburg E. E. crosses it. Pop. 1,037. TORTER, t, Niagara co., N. Y. : facing on Lake Ontario and Niagara r., and drained by several creeks falling into the lake. Surface level ; soil argillaceous and sandy loam. 692 POE In the N. "W. part of the town stands old Fort Niagara, and directly opposite, on the Canada shore, Fort George. Fort Niagara was taken by the British in Dec., 1813, and deliv ered up again in March, 1815. Youngstown is a village on the Niagara river. Pop. of t. 2,455. PORTER, t. and p. v., Oxford co., Me. : on the W. line of the State, and N. side of Ossipee river, 71 m. S. W. by W. Augusta. Surface slightly uneven; soil fertile and well wooded. A farming and grazing t Pop. of t. 1,208. PORTERFIELD, p. o., Vcnango county, Penn.: 173 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. PORTER EIUGE, p. o., Susquehanna co., Penn.: 117 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. PORTER S p. o., Carroll co, Md. : 46 m. N. W. Annapolis. PORTER S, sta., Middlesex co-., Mass. : 3$ m. from Boston,, on the Fitchburg E. E. The Cambridge cattle market is held weekly at this station. PORTER S CORNERS, p. o., Saratoga co., N. Y. : 34 m. N. by W. Albany. PORTER S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Porter co., 2nd. : 121 m. N. N. W. Indianapolis. PORTER S FALLS, p. o., Wetzel co,, Virg. : 228 m. N. W, Eichmond. PORTERS VILLE, p. Y,, Butler co., Penn. : 174 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. PORTERSVILLE, p. v., Tipton co., 7 enn. : 171 m. W. S. W. Nashville. PoRTERSViLiE, p. T., Perry co., Ohio: 45 m. E. by S, Columbus. PORT GIBSON, p. v., and cap. Claiborne co., Miss.: on Bayou Pierre, 28 m. from its entrance into the Mississippi, 52 m. W. S. W. Jackson. The v. has a large trade in cot ton, which ia sent down the bayou in keel boats most of the year, or by land to Grand Gulf, its port. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, and 500 inhabitants. The " Herald and Correspondent" (whig) is published weekly. PORT GIBSON, p. v., Ontario co., .A 7 ". Y. : on the Erie Canal 84 m. E. of Eochester, 107 m. W. by N. Albany. POBT GLASGOW, p. v., Wayne co., N. Y. : on the S. side of Lake Ontario, 151 m. W. N. W. Albany. PORT HENRY, p. v., Essex co., N. Y. : on the W. shore of Lake Champlain, opposite Crown Point, 91 m. N. by E. Albany. It has a convenient steamboat landing, and con tains extensive iron works, for which excellent ore is ob tained in the immediate vicinity, and about 500 inhabitants. PORT HOMER, p. Y., Jefferson co., Ohio: 122 m. E. by N. Columbus. POBT HOPE, t. and p. o., Columbia co., Wise. : 53 m. N. Madison. Drained by Neenah river, on both sides of which it lies. Surface even, and soil rich. It has good mill privi leges, and some timber. Pop. 603. PORT HUDSON, p. Y., East Feliciana par., La. : on the Mississippi at the mouth of Thompson s cr., 25 m. by the r., above Baton Eouge. It has a fine landing for steamboats, and does a large business in the shipping of cotton, sent here by the Clinton and Port Hudson E. E., of which it is the river terminus* PORT HURON, t. and p. v., St. Clair county, Midi. : 113 m. E. by N. Lansing. Drained by Black r., emptying into the St. Clair, its E. boundary. Surface even, and well timbered ; soil highly productive. The v. lies at the confluence of Black and St. Clair rivers, 2 m. S. of Lake Huron, has a good har bor, and superior facilities for ship-building, aud is largely engaged in the lumber business. Great amounts of excel lent pine timber are sent down Black river, and manufac tured or shipped here. It contains several flouring and saw mills, large lumber yards and commercial houses, and 1,534 inhabitants. Fort Gratiot is about 1 m. N. of the v. The "P. II. Observer" (dem.) is published weekly. Pop. of t. 2,302. PORT JACKSON, p. v., Montgomery co., N. Y. : on the Erie Canal, and S. side of Mohawk r., 17 m. W. N. W. Schenec- tady, 23 m. N. W. Albany. FOR POR POET JEFFERSON, p. v., Suffolk co., JV. Y. : on the N. side of Long Island, at the head of Drowned Meadow Harbor, 118 m. S. S. E. Albany. It contains several ship-yards, and 350 inhabitants engaged in ship-building and navigation. PORT JERVIS, p. v., Orange co., N. Y. : on the left bank of Delaware r., at the confluence of Neversink river, 94 m. S. S. W. Albany. This place is on the Delaware and Hud son Canal, and owes its origin and growth to that work. The Erie K. E. also passes through it, and at Delaware sta. are extensive depfits, engine-houses, offices, etc., belonging to the company. The business done here is chiefly in coal and timber. The scenery around the village is magnificent. The Neversink is crossed by a bridge 55 feet high, with a span of 150 feet. The v. contains 4 or 5 churches, a female seminary, several schools, a large grist-mill, hotels and stores, and about 600 inhabitants. PORT KENDALL, p. v., Essex co., N. Y. : on the W. shore of Lake Champlain, and N. side of Perou bay, 116 miles N. by E. Albany. POET KENDALL, p. v., Orleans county, N. Y.: on Lake Ontario, 32 m. W. N. W. Eochester. PORT KENNEDY, p. v., Montgomery co., Penn. : on the right bank of Schuylkill r., 4 m. above Norristown, 77 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. It is 21 m. N. W. Philadelphia, on the Philadelphia and Eeading E. E. PORT KENT, p. v., Essex co., N. Y. : on Lake Champlain, 12 m. S. of Plattsburg, 122 m. N. by E. Albany. It occu pies a commanding eminence, nearly opposite to Burling ton, with which a steam ferry connects it, and contains sev eral stores, and 300 inhabitants. PORTLAND, p. v., Dallas co., Ala. : on the left bank of Alabama river, 53 W. by S. Montgomery. PORTLAND, t and p. v., Middlesex co., Conn. : on the E. side of the Connecticut, 18 m. S. by E. Hartford. Surface level meadow on the river, back of it broken and adapted to grazing. Stretching along the river for about a mile, and nearly opposite Middletown, are the celebrated quarries of building stone, known as the "Portland stone." About 600 men are employed, and the stone, which is used in the most elegant public and private edifices, is sent to all parts of the Union. The University in London is also built of it, The v. is on the river, and connected by a steam ferry with Middletown. It contains a flourishing academy, and seve ral stores. At the lower end of the street, which is about 2 m. long, are the quarries, and at the upper end a ship yard, where vessels are built for the river and coasting trade. Pop. of t. 2,905. Taken from Chatham in 1841. PORTLAND, p. v., Whitesides co., III. : on the S. side of Eock r., 131 m. K by W. Springfield. PORTLAND, p. v., Fountain co., Ind. : on the E. side of Wabash river, and on the Wabash and Erie Canal, 66 miles W. N. W. Indianapolis. It contains 8 or 10 Stores and 500 inhabitants. PORTLAND, p. v.,Van Buren co., la. : on the S. side of the Des Moines, 61 m. S. W. by S. Iowa City. PORTLAND, p. v., Jefferson co., Ky. : on the Ohio, 3 m. below Louisville, 52 m. W. by N. Frankfort. It is well built along the bank of the r., and contains several com mercial houses, and about 1,000 inhabitants. Omnibuses ply hourly to Louisville, and a ferry connects it with New Albany on the N. side of the Ohio. PORTLAND, p. v., port of entry, and cap. Washington co., Oreg. : on the left bank of Willamette r., above its entrance into the Columbia, 47 m. N. by E. Salem. It is a place of considerable commerce, and has excellent prospects of becoming a large city. Pop. 822. The territorial peniten tiary is located here. PORTLAND, t, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Cumberland co., Me. : is situated on an elevated peninsula, at W. ex tremity of Casco bay, 54 m. S. 8. W. Augusta, lat. (Mount Joy) 43 39 52" N. ; and long. 70 13 34" W. The penin sula projects eastwardly into the bay, about S m. in length, and has an average width of three-fourths of a mile. Its , surface rises from each shore, forming throughout its entire length an elevated ridge, which, at its extremities, again rises into considerable hills, presenting a marked outline, and very beautiful appearance. The city is regularly laid out, and handsomely built, particularly its more modern portions, which are noted for their elegant buildings, and is lighted with gas. The main street occupies the ridge of the peninsula, extending from hill to hill. Many of the streets are lined with elms and other shade trees. The prin cipal public buildings consist of the Exchange, which is an elegant structure, with handsome colonnade and dome, containing the post-office, custom-house, and United States court rooms ; the City Hall, built of brick ; the old Custom house, of granite, 18 churches, jail, etc. There are 6 banks, with an aggregate capital of $1,125,000. The capital of the city is chiefly employed in commerce, coasting trade, the fisheries, and inland trade ; hence its manufactures are, for the most part, those incident to a mercantile city. The Portland Company, with a capital of $100.000, have a large manufactory of locomotives, railroad ears, etc. Much attention is given to education in the public schools. These consist of a classical school for boys, a high school for girls, 4 grammar schools (2 for boys and 2 for girls), and the primary schools. There are also numerous private schools and an academy. The Athenaeum, incorporated in 1S27, has a library of over 6,000 volumes. The Natural History Society has a valuable collection of minerals, speci mens, etc. Two daily newspapers are published, " Adver tiser" (whig), and "Eastern Argus" (dem.), which also issue tri-weekly and weekly editions. Besides these are seven weeklies,viz., "Transcript" (lit.), " Christian Mirror"<Pres.), "Zion s Advocate" (Bapt.), "Inquirer" (F. soil), " Pleasure Boat" (miscel.), " Cold Water Fountain" (Temp.), and " Na tional Democrat." The " Scholar s Leaf" (educa.), is issued semi-monthly. The natural advantages of this city for trade and commerce have been well improved by its enterprising citizens. The harbor is capacious and safe, and among the best in the United States. It is protected by islands from the violence of storms, is seldom obstructed by ice, has a good entrance, and is defended by forts Preble and Scnmmel, the former garrisoned by U. S. artillery. At the E. ex tremity of the city is a tower, 70 feot high, erected for the purpose of observing vessels at sea, and furnished with signals. The harbor is connected by the Cumberland and Oxford Canal, 20 m. long, with Sebago pond, and licence with Long pond, etc. Four important railroads now centre at Portland, and contribute greatly to its prosperity. The Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth E. E., 51 m. long, was opened in 1842, completing the lino of railroads from Bos ton to this city, 105 m. The extension of this route, called Portland and Kentiebec E. E., is completed to Augusta, 60 m. The York and Cumberland E. E. (now open to Gorham, 10 m.) is in construction, to connect at South Ber wick with the Boston and Maine E. E. The construction of the Atlantic and St. Lawrence E. E., commenced in 1844, has been actively prosecuted from each terminus, Portland and Montreal, and will soon be completed. By contract it is to be finished in 1853. Through this important avenue will pass a large proportion of the products of the north and west for shipment to Europe and elsewhere. The foreign commerce of the city is chiefly with the West Indies and Europe. Its chief exports are lumber, ice, flsh, provisions, etc. The coasting trade is principally with Boston, and during the summer a steamboat plies daily to that city. On 80th June, 1850, the total tonnage of district was 86.502 tons, of which 60,304 tons were registered, and 26.198 tons en rolled and licensed. The registered tonnage consisted of 46,621 tons permanent, and 13,683 tons temporary, of which 100 tons were propelled by steam. The enrolled and licensed tonnage consisted of 25,665 tons "permanent," which were employed as follows: in coasting trade, 19,42*7 tons; in cod fishery, 3.238 tons; in mackerel fishery, 3, oCO tons ; and 533 tons " licensed under 20 tons," which were in FOR FOR the cod fishery. During the fiscal year preceding the total of clearances for foreign countries was 523 77,645 tons ; the total of entrances do. was 44764.195 tons. Vessels built during the year preceding, 29 (20 ships, 5 brigs, 3 schooners, 1 steamer) 11.477 tons. Pop. in 1330, 12,593 : in 1840, 15,218 ; in lS5i>, 20,815. PORTLAND, t. and p. v., Ionia co., Mich, : 22 m. W. N. W. Lansing. Intersected by Grand r., which here receives Loo king-Glass r. from the E. Surface level; soil alluvial bottom of great fertility. The v. is on Grand r., and con tains several mills. Pop. 763. PORTLAND, p. v., Callaway co., Mo. : on the N. bank of the Missouri, 27 m. E. N. E. Jefferson City. POUTLAND, t. and p, o., Chautauque co., N. Y. : on Lake Erie, 283 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by small affluents of the lake, some of which afford water-power. Surface hilly, and inclining to the lake ; soil sandy loam, and gen erally fertile. It has a good harbor, and is crossed by the Buffalo and State Line P.. E., on which is Centreville sta., 10 m. 8. W. of Dunkirk. Pop. 1,905. The light-house is lighted with natural gas, which issues from the ground. PORTLAND, p. v., and cap. Jay co., Ind. See Jay C. H. Pop. 736. PORTLAND MILLS, p. v., Parke co., Ind. : on Big Eaccoon creek, 44 m. W. Indianapolis. POKTLANDVILLE, p. v., Otsego co., N. Y. : on the Susque- hanna, 62 m. W. by S. Albany. It contains several mills and 300 inhabitants. PORT LAVACCA, p. T., and cap. Calhoun co., Tex. : on the "W. side of Lavacca bay, 134 m. S. E. by S. Austin City. It has a good harbor, which has been much improved of late, is extensively engaged in the coasting trade, and is the shipping port for the products of the rich district bordering the Lavacca and its tributaries. It is also the proposed terminus of the San Antonio and Gulf E. E. PORT LEYDEN, p. v., Lewis co., N. Y. : 93 N. W. by W. Albany. POET LOUISA, p. v., Louisa co., la. : on the Mississippi, 36 m. S. E. Iowa City. PORT MERCER, p. v., Mercer co., 2T. Jer. : on the Delaware and Earitan Canal, 7 m. N. E. by N. Trenton. PORT ONTARIO, p. v., and port, Oswego co., N. Y. : on the E. shore of Lake Ontario, at the mouth of Salmon r., 136 m. W. N. W. Albany. It has a good harbor, improved by a pier constructed by the general government, and contains about 300 inhabitants. PORT OXFORD, p. v., and port, Umpqua co., Oreg. Ter. : on the coast of the Pacific, 160 m. S. S. W. Salem. A U. S. military post is kept up here, garrisoned by dragoons. PORT PENN. p. v., Newcastle co., Del. : on Delaware r., opposite Eeedy Island, 24 m. N. by "W. Dover. PORT PERRY, p. v., Alleghany county, Penn. : 154 m. W. Harrisburg. PORT PERRY, p. v., Perry co., Mo. : on the Mississippi, 129 m. E. by S. Jefferson City. v PORT PRESTON, v., Eefugio co., Tex. : at the entrance of Mission r. into Aransas bay, about 20 m. below Eefugio the county seat. PORT PROVIDENCE, p. v., Montgomery co., Penn. : 71 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. PORT REPUBLIC, p. v., Calvert co., Md.: 35 m. S. Annapolis. PORT EEPUBLIC, p. o., Atlantic co., N. Jer. : 47 m. S. by E. Trenton. PORT EEPUBLIC, p. v., Eockingham county, Virg. : on She- nandoah r., at the confluence of South r., 88 m. N. "W. by W. Eichmond. It contains several mills and 300 inhabitants. PORT EICHMOND, p. v., Philadelphia co., Penn. : on the Delaware, opposite Petty s Island, about 2 m. above Phila delphia, 94 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. Here is the depdt and shipping place of the Philadelphia and Reading E. E. In the last 9 months of 1852, 8 ships, 94 barks, 571 brigs, 5,482 schooners, 334 sloops, and 2,759 barges were loaded with coal at this place. PORT EICHMOND, p. v., Eichmond co., N. Y. : on the N. side of Staten Island, 9 m. S. W. New York, 131 m. S by W. Albany. It contains a valuable granite quarry, and about 500 inhabitants. A steam ferry connects it with New York. PORT EOYAL, p. o., Henry co., Ky.: 22 m. N. N. W. Frankfort. PORT EOYAL, p. v., Juniata co., Penn. : on the S. side of TV. branch of Susquehanna r., 31 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. POET EOYAL, p. v., Montgomery co., Tenn. : on Eed r., 33 m. N. W. Nashville. It contains several mills and stores and 250 inhabitants. PORT EOYAL, j>. Y., Caroline co.,.Virg.: on the right bank of Eappahannock r., 44 m. N. N. E. Eichmond. Large quantities of wheat, corn, and tobacco are shipped here, and a considerable trade with the interior is kept up. A ferry crosses the r. It has a good wharf and steamboat landing, and contains 2 academies, a dozen stores, and 470 inhabitants. PORTSMOUTH, p. v., Dauphin co., Penn. : on the Susque hanna r., 8 m. below Harrisburg. PORTSMOUTH, t., p. city, port of entry, and one of the caps. Eockingham co., N. ffamp. : on the S. side of Piscataqua r., 3 m. from the ocean, 41 m. E. by S. Concord. Lat. (Uni tarian church) 43 4 35" N. ; long. 70 45 50" "W. This is the largest town and only seaport in the State. Its site rises gradually from the harbor, is pleasant and healthy. The city is not regularly laid out, but its streets, though narrow, are neatly built, and contain many handsome buildings. This t was settled in 1623, and incorporated in 1633. It has several times suffered severely by fires, but has been rebuilt with improved appearance. It has long been noted for its commercial enterprise, and its capital is mainly employed ia navigation. Many vessels, though owned at this port, are employed elsewhere. Ship -building is largely carried on. The principal manufactories are: Portsmouth steam factory, erected 1846-47, 200 feet long, 6 stories high, making fine cotton fabrics, a very superior establishment ; an extensive manufactory of hosiery also one of twist ; machine shop and car factory ; iron foundry, etc. There are 3 banks, ag gregate cap. $491,000. The t is supplied with good water from a fountain, 3 m. distant, by a company formed in 1799. Among the public buildings are 5 or 6 handsome churches, an athenaeum, academy,. the State lunatic hospital, 2 market- houses, alms-house, etc. The Athenaeum, incorporated 1317, has a handsome brick edifice, 3 stories high, with a library of 7,300 volumes, besides cabinets of minerals and of natural history. Portsmouth is connected with Boston by the East ern E. E., 54 m. ; from Portland, 51 m. ; and with Concord, by the Portsmouth and Concord E. E., 47 m. The Piscata qua, in passing the t., is from i to m. wide, and though it flows with such rapidity as prevents its freezing in winter, it forms one of the most secure and commodious harbors in the U. S. The harbor has 40 feet of water in the channel at low tide, and is protected from storms by headlands and its islands. It is defended by Fort Constitution, on Great Island, and other forts. The U. S. Navy Yard, located on Continental or Badger s Island, on the E. side of the river, contains a dry dock of costly construction, and 3 immense ship houses, the largest of which, 240 feet long, 131 feet wide, has its roof covered with 130 tons of slate. A naval officer is stationed at this port The total tonnage of Ports mouth district on 30th June, 1850, was 23,096 tons. The registered tonnage was 14,979 tons, of which 12.069 were permanent, and 2,910 temporary. The enrolled and licensed tonnage consisted of 8,117 tons, of which 7,511 were perma nent, 383 temporary, and 218 tons " licensed under 20 tons" in the cod fishery. The coasting trade employed 4,025 tons, cod fishery 2,664 tons, mackerel fishery 1,204 tons. During the year ending 30th June, 1850, the number of clearances for foreign countries was 1078,213 tons; number of entrances do., 110 11,044 tons. Vessels built during the year, 10 8 ships, 2 schooners 6,914 tons. Newspapers " P. Dispatch," daily ; " Eockingham Messenger" (indep.) POR POT "N. H. Gazette" (dem.), "P. Journal" (whig), weekly. Pop. in 1810, 6,934; in 1820, 7,327; in 1S30, 8,082; in 1S40, 7,SS7; in 1S50, 9,739. PORTSMOUTH, p. v., Carteret co., JV. Car. : 148 m. E. by S. Raleigh. It is on the 8. side of Ocracoke inlet to Pamlico Sound, and principally inhabited by fishermen and pilots. PORTSMOUTH, p. v., and cap. Scioto co., Ohio : on the Ohio river, at the mouth of Scioto r., 83 m. S. Columbus. The t. presents a handsome appearance from the r., is well built, and is surrounded by the most fertile district of the Ohio valley. The v. contains a fine court-house, several churches, an excellent academy, bank, market-house, jail, etc. Iron manufactures are extensively prosecuted, from the abund ance of iron ore in the vicinity. Mineral coal and fine building-stone are also abundant; the latter is much used in Cincinnati. The building and repairing of steamboats is carried on upon the opposite side of the Scioto. Newspa pers "Tribune and Clipper" (whig), daily and weekly; " P. Dispatch" (dem.), daily ; " P. Enquirer" (whig), weekly, The Scioto and Hocking Valley R. R. runs hence through the mineral district, connecting at Newark with the several E. and W. lines, and those to Sandusky, Cleveland, etc. Here also terminates the Ohio Canal from Cleveland, 309 m. in aggregate length. Pop. in 1850, 4,011. PORTSMOUTH, p. v. and port, Norfolk co., Virg. : on the W. side of Elizabeth r., opposite Norfolk, 80 m. S. E. Rich mond. Its harbor is one of the best in the U. S., permitting vessels of the largest class to come up to the wharves. The village is regularly laid out, with streets crossing at right angles, and contains a court-house, jail, 5 churches, bank, etc. The Sea-board and Roanoke R. R. extends W. from Portsmouth to Weldon, 80 miles, connecting with the main line of coast railroad, and a line is now being constructed from Portsmouth to Petersburg. Adjoining Portsmouth is Gosport, containing the navy yard, dry dock, etc. Popula tion, 6,371. PORTSMOUTH, t. and p. v., Newport county, R. I. : 19 m. S. by E. Providence. It comprises the N. part of R. I, and several adjacent islands in Narragansett bay. Soil every where fertile, and under high cultivation. Large flocks and dairies are kept, and much grain and fruit raised. Coal and plumbago are found. Many of the inhabitants are en gaged in the coasting trade and fisheries. A bridge on the E. side connects it with Tiverton, and on the N. a ferry plies to Bristol. Pop. 1,833. PORT TOBACCO, p. v., and cap. Charles co., Md. : at the head of Tobacco r., 8 m. from the Potomac, 42 m. S. W. Annapolis. It has an extensive trade in tobacco, the staple of the co., and contains a court-house, jail, and about 500 inhabitants. The " P. T. Times" (neut.) is issued weekly. PORT UNION, p. v., Butler county, Ohio : 82 m. W. S. "W. Columbus. PORTVILLE, t. and p. v., Cattaraugus co., N. Y. : on the 8. line of the State, 232 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by Alleghany r. and branches, on which are numerous saw mills. Surface broken ; soil sandy loam, and heavily Umbered with pine. Pop. 747. PORT WALT-HALT,, v. and port, Chesterfield county, Virg. : on the Appomattox r., 19 m. S. S. E. Richmond. A short branch from the Richmond and Petersburg R. R. comes up to this place, connecting with the James river steamers plying to Norfolk, etc. PORT WALTHALL JUNCTION, sta.. Chesterfield co., Virg. : 6 m. N. of Petersburg, on the Richmond and Petersburg E. R. A branch R. R. diverges hence to connect with steamers at Port Walthall. PORT WASHINGTON, p. v., and port Tuscarawas co., Ohio: on the Ohio Canal and the right bank of Tuscarawas r.. 73 m. E. by N. Columbus. It contains several stores and warehouses, and 2C9 inhabitants. Imports in 1850, $27S ; 311, and exports, $48,277. PORT WILLIAM, p. v., Franklin co., Mo. : 4 m. S. of the Missouri, 67 m. E. Jefferson City. PORT WILLIAM, p. v., Clinton co., Ohio : on Anderson s fork of Little Miami r., 49 m. S. W. Columbus. POSEY county, Ind. Situate S. W., and contains 408 sq. m. Drained by Big and Flat creeks, tributaries of the Wabash r., which forms its w r estern boundary. Surface varied ; in general it is rolling, but there are some hilly portions, and on the Ohio and Wabash the land in many places terminates in high bluffs ; soil moderately fertile and best adapted to corn and grazing. Chief productions, wheat and Indian corn. Pork is exported largely. It contains some good beds of coal, and has a quantity of fine timber, some of which is exported. Farms 1,270; manuf. 26; dwell. 2,260, and pop. wh. 12,451, fr. col. 98 total 12,549. Capital: Mount Vernon. POSEY, p. o., Madison co., Ky. : 58 m. S. E. Frankfort. POSEYVILLE, p. v., Posey co., Ind. : 135 m. S. W. by S. Indianapolis. POST CREEK, p. o., Chemung co., N. T. : 158 m. W. S. W. Albany. POST MILL VILLAGE, p. v., Orange county, Verm.: on Ompompanoosuc r., 31 m. S. E. by S. Montpelier. POST OAK, p. o., Yallabusha co., Miss. : 119 m. N. by E. Jackson. POST OAK, p. o., Johnson co., Mo. : 85 m. W. Jefferson City. POST OAK, p. o., Iredell co., N. Car. : 128 m. W. by N. Raleigh. POST OAK SPRINGS, p. o., Roane co., Tenn. : 119 m. E. by S. Nashville. POST TOWN, sta., Butler co., Ohio: 20 m. S. of Dayton, on the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton R. R. POSTVILLE, p. v., and cap. Logan co., HI. : on Salt cr., 28 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. It contains a court-house, jail, several stores and mills, and about 500 inhabitants. POSTVILLE, p. v., Allemakee co., la. : 95 m. N. Iowa City. POSTVILLE, p. v., Herkimer co., N. Y. : 78 m. W. N. W. Albany. POTATO CREEK, p. o., Ashe co., N. Car. : 173 in.W. by N. Raleigh. POTEAU river, Ind. Ter. : a small tributary of the Arkansas river, which it enters at Fort Smith. POTECASI, p. o., Northampton co., 2f. Car. : 87 m. E. N. E. Raleigh. POTOMAC river, Md. and Virg. : rises in two branches, the N. and the S., which unite in Hampshire co., near the Alleghany Mountains, and thence forms, through nearly its whole course, the boundary between Virginia and Mary land. At Alexandria, 290 m. from the ocean, it is 1 m. wide ; it is 550 m. long, and enters Chesapeake bay, be tween Point Lookout and Smith s Point, by a mouth 10 m. wide. It is navigable for ships of the line to the navy yard in Washington, 300 m. from the ocean, and 3 m. below the head of tide-water. Above this it is obstructed by numerous falls and rapids. Little Falls are 3 m. above Washington, with a descent of 37 feet, around which is a canal 2 m. long, with 3 locks. Great Falls are 8^ m. above, descend per pendicularly 76 feet, around which is a canal of 5 locks. Seneca Falls, 5 m. above, descend 10 feet; Shenandoah Falls, 60 m. above, are, at the passage of the j-iver, through the Blue Ridge; Houris Falls are 5 m. above. Around all these falls canals have been constructed. The fall of the Potomac, from the mouth of Savage r., which enters the Potomac at Westport, to Cumberland, 31 m., is 445 feet ; from Cumberland to the Shenandoah Falls, 130 m., 490 feet ; at the Shenandoah, in 5i m., 43 feet ; from the She nandoah to Great Falls, 40 m., 39 feet ; and thence to tide water, 12 m., 143 feet the whole descent from the mouth of Savage river to tide-water, 219 m., is 1,160 feet. Its prin cipal tributary is the Shenandoah, 200 m. long, and navi gable 100 m., which enters it on the S. side from Virginia, immediately before its passage through the Blue Ridge. This passage is a great curiosity, and its surrounding scen ery very grand. The Potomac is 42 feet deep at its mouth, 692 POT 80 at St. George s island, IS at Swan s Point, and thence to Alexandria. POTOSI, p. v., and cap. "Washington co., Mo. : 83 m. 8. E. by E. Jefferson City. It lies in the heart of a rich mining region, abounding in lead and iron ores. The lead ore, in the form of sulphuret or carbonate, yields from 70 to SO per cent, of pure metal. Zinc blende and calamine are also found in great quantities hese. The v. contains a court house, jail, academy, and about 1,000 inhabitants. In its vicinity are several iron furnaces. POTOSI, t. arid p. v., Grant co., Wise. : on the Mississippi, 74 m.W. S.W. Madison. Drained by Grant and Big Platte rivers, which flow on its "W. and E. borders. Surface un even ; soil moderately fertile. The v. is largely engaged In shipping the lead, which is mined in immense quantities in the vicinity, down the river, and has a population of about 1,000. The " P. Republican" is issued weekly. POTSDAM, t., p. v., and sta., St. Lawrence co., Jff. Y. : on Eacket river, 156 m. N. N. W. Albany. Surface undu lating ; soil sandy loam, and very productive, underlaid by limestone and red sandstone, very fine building materials. The v. receives abundant water-power from falls in Racket river, improved by various mills and factories. The St. Lawrence Academy, here located, is a flourishing chartered institution, having 2 large stone edifices, 4 stories high. The "St. Lawrence Mercury" (neut.), and the "Courier" are published weekly. The Northern E. E. passes through the town, N. of the village, 25 m. from Ogdensburg, 93 m. from Eouse s Point, and the "VVatertown and Northern Junction E. E. is now being constructed. Pop. of t. 5,349. POTTER county, Penn. Situate N., and contains 1,064 sq. m. Drained by affluents of W. branch of Susquehanna river, head branches of Genesee, Tioga, and Alleghany rivers, and Pine, Simremahoning, and Kettle creeks. Sur face somewhat elevated ; soil a rich loam, and productive. It contains fine beds of coal, and iron ore of a good quality, and is well timbered. Farms 633 ; manuf. 55 ; dwell 1,135, and pop. wh. 6,042, fr. col. 6 total 6,048. Capital; Cou- dersport. POTTEE, t. and p. o., Yates co., N. Y. : 169 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Flint cr. Surface hilly; soil fertile, gravelly loam; a superior farming and grazing t Pop ulation 2,194. POTTEK PLACE, sta,, Merriinac county, N. Hamp. : 80 m. N. W. of Concord, on the Northern E. E. POTTER S CEEEK, p. o., Ocean co., N. Jer. : 27 m. E. S. E. Trenton. POTTEE S HILL, p. v.,Washington co., R. I. : 29 m. S. S. W. Providence. POTTER S HILL, p. o., Eensselaer co., N. Y. POTTER S HOLLOW, p. v., Albany county, N. Y. : 29 m. S. "W. by W. Albany ; a farming settlement, near the head of the Catskill. POTTER S MILLS, p. o., Centre county, Penn. : 55 m. N. W. Harrisburg. PoTTBRSviLLE, p. v., Hunterdon county, 2f. Jer. : 29 m. N. Trenton. POTTERSVILLE, p. v., Warren co., N: Y. : on Schroon r., 71 m. N. Albany. POTTERSVILLE, p. v., Mahoning co., Ohio : 129 m. E. N. E. Columbus, POTTERSVILLE, p. v., Cheshire county, JV. JTamp. : 38 m. 8. W. by W Concord. POTTOWATOMIE county, la. Situate W. toward the S., and contains about 950 sq. m. Drained by Nishnabatona r., and Keg, Mosquito, and Gophen creeks, all branches of Missouri r., which runs on its western border. Surface un dulating ; soil fertile. Set off since 1350. POTT S CREEK, p. o., Alleghany co., Virg. : 146 m. TV. by N. Richmond. POTT S GROVE, p. v., Northumberland co., Penn. : 49 m. N. Earrisburg. POTT S GROVE, t, Montgomery county, Penn. : 66 m. E. POU Harrisburg. Drained by Manatawny and Sprogel s Eun, and the Schuylkill r. bounds it on the south. Surface hilly ; soil red shale. The p. o. is at Pottstown. There are several furnaces, rolling-mills, etc. in the town, and also other manufactures. Pop. 2,711. PUTT S MILLS, p. o., Jessamine county, Ky. : 32 m. S. E. Frankfort, POTTSTOWN, p. b., Montgomery co., Penn.: on the left bank of Schuylkill r., at the mouth of Manatawny cr., 65 m. E. Harrisburg. It has good water-power, and contains an academy, a forge, a rolling-mill, using steam, several factories and mills, and 1,647 inhabitants. Near it is a furnace of 1,400 tons capacity. The Schuylkill canal passes along the r., and the Philadelphia and Beading E. E., by which it is 40 m. from Philadelphia. Two weeklies are pub lished, the "M. Ledger" (dem.), and the "Neutralist" Pop. 647. POTTSVILLE, p. o., Washington co., la. POTTSVILLE, p. v., Schuylkill county, Penn.: near the Schuylkill, above the gorge where that river breaks through Sharp Mountain, 46 m. N. E. by E. Harrisburg. Pottsville, as incorporated in 1S28, embraces also the once separate villages of Mount Carbon, Morrisville, Greenwood, Salem, Bath, and Allenville. Mount Carbon comprises the southern part of Pottsville lying in the valley between Sharp and Second mountains. The scenery of the surrounding country is wild and picturesque, and in its mountainous topography presents many romantic localities. Pottsville is noted as a great mining dep&t for the anthracite and iron regions of the Upper Schuylkill. The Schuylkill Canal has its terminus at this point, and also the Philadelphia, Reading, and Pottsville E. E., which here connect with several railroads leading to the neighboring mines, and with the Sunbury and Erie E. E. now in course of construction between the two places. This latter road when completed will furnish one of the nearest routes from the Atlantic coast and the lakes, and insure to Philadelphia its just share of the commerce of those inland waters. The canal and the Beading E. E. are the avenues over which most of the coal from the Schuylkill region is carried. The quantity of anthracite sent to market in 1851, was 2,178,584 tons. The borough contains numerous iron works, machine and engine shops, extensive warehouses, stores of various kinds, mechanic shops, breweries, tanneries, and numerous mer cantile houses. It has a bank cap. $200,OuO, several spacious hotels, 6 or 7 churches, generally of respectable appearance, several public buildings the town hall, an academy, and 13 public schools with 642 scholars, and there are published here four weekly newspapers, viz., the " Mining Register" (dem.), the " P. Emporium" (dem.), the " Miner s Journal" (whig), the " Free Press" (whig), each circulating from 1,000 to 1,500 copies at each issue. The place was originated and has been sustained by tho coal and iron interest. It is the largest and most important town in the county. In 1S40 it contained 4,345 inhabitants, and in 1850 it had 7,946 inhabitants, being an increase in the decade of 82.9 per centum. The distance to Philadel phia by railroad is 93 miles. Poucn CREEK, p. o., Campbell co., Tenn. : 131 m. E. by N. Nashville. POUGHKEEPSIE, p. v., Allen co., Ind. : 108 m. N. E. by N. Indianapolis. POUGHKEEPSIE, t., p. v., and cap. Duchess county, N. Y. : 66 m. S. Albany. Drained by Wappinger s and Fall creeks, which supply water-power. Surface undulating, and in some parts rough and broken ; soil sand, clay, and loam, underlaid by limestone, and very fertile. The v. lies on the E. bank of Hudson r., and is an important manufacturing and commercial point. Lat. 41 41 N. ; long. 73 55 W. The ground on which built is elevated about 200 feet above the river, and extends into it by two bold promon tories on the north and south, forming a large open basin POU PRA in front of the landing. The streets are regularly laid out, and are spacious, with many handsome and substantial buildings. Main Street, leading back from the landing, is the principal street Many of the churches, of which there are 16 or 17, are expensive edifices, and tasteful and elegant in their architectural embellishments. The v. contains the county court-house, jail, 4 banks cap. $600,000, a savings institution, the county poor-house, a collegiate school, an academy, and female seminaries, numerous public schools, a lyceum, two market-houses, and a variety of other public buildings and institutions. The newspapers published here are the " P. Journal and Eagle" (whig), the " P. Telegraph" (dem.), and the " P. American" (F. S.), all issued weekly, and having extensive circulation. The Collegiate School has a fine location on a hill, about a mile from the river, and the building, modeled after the Parthenon, is 137 feet long, erected at a cost of $40,000. The Duchess County Academy has a building in the S. E. part of the village, which cost $14,000. The State and National Law School has recently been removed from Balston to Poughkeepsie. A large business with the back country is transacted at Poughkeepsie. The principal manufactures, brass and iron ware, carpets, cotton goods, pins, guns, leather, sperm oil, candles, agricultural implements, carriages, piaster, ma chinery, crockery, etc. Fallkill, which, winding through the village, falls through a ravine 170 feet into the Hudson, furnishes immense water-power. The largest manufacturing establishments are company concerns. One company manu factures locomotives, railroad machinery, etc., another is incorporated for the growth and manufacture of silk, and another invests its capital in the whale fishery, and in the manufacture of oil and candles. The largest brewery in the State, located here, makes 36,000 barrels of ale annually. The several foundries, machine shops, etc., are among the largest in the Union. Poughkeepsie has a connection with the principal river towns, Albany and New York city, by steamboats which are constantly plying. The Hudson river R. E. also passes through the village equi-distant between New York and Albany the route to either being 75 m. in length. Poughkeepsie was incorporated in 1801. Its name is said to have originated from the Indian name of the place, Apokeepising " safe harbor." Its population, in 1830, was 7,222; in 1840, 10,006; and in 1850, 13,944; the decennial increase having been from 1830 to 1840, 38.54 per cent, and from 1S40 to 1S50, 39.35 per cent. In 1788 the State con vention met here to deliberate on the adoption of the United States Constitution, and on other occasions it has been the "half-way house" between the political and commercial capitals of the State. POUGIIQUAG, Duchess co., N. Y. : 68 m. S. Albany. POULTNEY, sta., Rutland co., Verm. : 1 m. S. of Castleton, on the Rutland and Washington E. R. The t. of Poultney, drained by the river of the same name, has a diversified surface, and a warm, fertile soil. The v., near the centre, contains some 70 dwellings, and there is also a pleasant v. in the west In the t are several furnaces, mills, etc., and 2,329 inhabitants. POULTNEY river, Verm.: rises in Tinmouth, and flows W. into E. bay of Champlain lake. It is about 25 m. long, in its course affording good water-power, and for a little dis tance is the dividing line between Vermont and New York. POUND, p. o., Russell co., Virg. : at the E. base of Cum berland mts., and on a S. fork of the "W. branch of Big Sandy r., 274 m. W. by S. Richmond. POUNDKIDGE, t and p. v., Wegtchester co., N. Y. : 103 m. S. by E. Albany. Surface hilly and stony; soil gravelly loam. A farming and grazing t, with several small manu- lactories. The village contains two churches, and about 40 dwellings. Pop. 1,486. POVERTY HILL, p. o., Edgefleld dist, Car. : about 3 m. E. of Savannah r., 71 m. 8. W. by W. Columbia. Q4 POWDER SPRING GAP, p. o., Grainger co., Tenn. ; 186 m. E. Nashville. POWDER SPRINGS, p. o., Cobb co., Ga. : near Sweet Water cr., a W. branch of Chattahoochee r., 105 m. N. W. by W. Milledgeville. POWELL S river, Virg. ; rises from Powell s Mountain, and. passing into Tennessee, unites with Clinch r., about 4 m. above Knoxville. It is boatable for nearly 100 miles. POWELL S MOUNTAIN, p. o., Lee co., Virg. : about 2 m. E. of Powell s r., 298 m. W. by S. Richmond. POWELL S POINT, p. o., Currituck co., N. Car.: 153 m. E. by N. Raleigh. POWELL S TAVERN, p. o., Goochland co., Virg. : 12 m. W. N. W. Richmond. POWELLTON, p. v., Harrison county, Tex.: 253 m. N. E. Austin City. POWELTON, p. o., Brunswick co., Virg. : 61 m. S. by W. Richmond. POWELTON, p. o., Richmond co., N. Car. : 63 m. S. W. by W. Raleigh. POWELTON, p. v., Hancock co., Ga. : on Ogeechee r., 35 m. N. E. Milledgeville. It contains an academy, several stores and mills, and 300 inhabitants. POWERS S MILL, sta., Waukesha co., Wise. : 15 m. W. of Milwaukie, on the Milwaukie and Mississippi R. R. POWERS VILLE, p. v., Bracken co., Ky. : 62 m. N. E. by E. Frankfort. POWESIIIEK county, la. Situate S. E. centrally, and con tains 576 sq. m. Drained by N. fork of Iowa r , N. fork of Skunk r., and Beaver and Prairie creeks. Surface undulat ing; soil fertile. Set off since 1850. POWHATAN county, Virg. Situate S. E. centrally, and contains 220 sq. m. Drained by branches of James and Appomattox rivers. Surface level; soil fertile. Chief pro ducts, Indian corn and tobacco. Farms 312; rnanuf. 0; dwell. 517, and pop. wh. 2,532, fr. col. 364, si. 5,282 total 8,178. Capital: Scottsville. POWHATAN, p. o., Lawrence co., Ark. : on Big Black r., 109 m. N. E. by N. Little Rock. POWHATAN, C. H., p. v., and cap. Powhatan co., Virg. : 28 m. W. Richmond. It contains a court-house, jail, acad emy, and about 200 inhabitants. The v. is called Scottsville. POWHATAN POINT, p. v., Belmont co., Ohio : on the Ohio, 115 m. E. Columbus. POWHATAN, sta., Powhatan co., Virg. : 22 m. from Rich mond, on the Richmond and Danville R. R. POWL S VALLEY, p. o., Dauphin co., Pe-nn. POWNAL, t. and p. o., Cumberland co., Me. : 35 m. S. W. Augusta. Soil fertile. Farming is the chief occupation. The Atlantic and St Lawrence R. R. passes the W. border. Pop. of 1 1,074. POWNAL, t. and p. v., Bennington county, Verm. : in the S. W. corner of the State, 112 miles S. S. W. Montpelier. Drained by Hoosic r., which affords water-power. Surface broken ; soil fertile, supporting large flocks and dairies. It has several factories. The v. is located on the right side of Hoosic r. The Troy and Boston R. R. will pass through the west part of the t Pop. 1,742. Pow-wow river, 2f. Ilamp. : an affluent of Merrimac r. It rises in Kingston, and falls into the Merrimac between Salisbury and Amesbury, Mass., where a fall of 100 feet in 50 rods affords an extensive water-power. POYNETT, p. o., Columbia county, Wise.: 22 miles N. Madison. POT SIPPI, p. o., Marquette co., Wise. : 57 m. N. N. E. of Madison. PRAIRIE county, Ark. Situate E. centrally, an<1 contains 945 sq. m. Drained by branches of Arkansas r, the princi pal one being Bayou Meter, which passes through It cen trally. Surface generally even; soil fertile. It has some good timber land. Farms 155 ; manuf. : dwell. 328, and pop. wh. 1,812, fr. col. 12, si. 273 total 2,097. Capital; Brown ville. 697 PRA PRA PBAIEIE, p. o., Lewis county, Mo. ; about 6 m. W. of the Mississippi, 107 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. PBAIKIE, t., Franklin co., Ohio: 9 m. "W. S. W. Columbus. Drained by Darby cr. and its tributaries. Surface generally level prairie. The National Road and the Columbus and Xenia R. E. pass through it. Pop. 1,043. PKAIKIE river, Midi. : a tributary of St. Joseph s r., about 40 m. long. It has its source in several small lakes, and discharges itself about 2 m. below the v. of Three Elvers. PEAIKIE BIRD, p. o., Shelby co., III. : 47 m. E. S. E. of Springfield. PKAIKIE BLTTF, p. o., Wilcox co., Ala. : on the right bank of Alabama r., 67 in. "W. by S. Montgomery. PKAIRIE CREEK, p. o., Logan county, III. : 34 m. N. E. Springfield. PBAIEIE CREEK, p. o., Yigo county, Ind. : 6 m. E. of the Wabash, 76 m. W. S. W. Indianapolis. PKAIKIE DU CHIEK, p. v., and cap. Crawford co., Wise. : on the Mississippi, 3 m. above the mouth of the Wisconsin, 89 m. W. by S. Madison. Lat. 43 03 06", N., and long. 91 09 19" W. The prairie from which it takes its name is 10 m. long and 3 wide, and is one of the most fertile regions of the West The v. contains the county buildings, half a dozen churches, several school-houses, and numerous me chanic shops and places of business. Its trade is large and rapidly increasing. There are rich mines of copper and galena in the neighborhood ; and numerous mounds occur in all directions, indicating it to have been a place of some consequence with the races long since defunct Fort Craw ford, a U. S. military post, is situate immediately south of the village. Pop. 2,493. PRAIRIE DU LOXG, p. o., St Clair co., HI. : on a W. afflu ent of the Kaskaskia, 110 m. S. by W. Springfield. PBAIBIE DC EOCUER, p. v., Randolph county, III. : on the bluffs, about 4 m. E. of the Mississippi, 123 m. S. by W. Springfield. The village contains a Eoman Catholic church and about 400 inhabitants, descendants of the French, who made an early settlement here, and whose manners and customs are still retained. PRAIRIE DC SACK, p. v., Sank co<, Wi-sc. : on the right bank of the Wisconsin, 22 m. N. W. by W. Madison. It is a T. of rapid growth, with a large trade, containing sev eral mills and 600 inhabitants. PEAIRIE MEK EOCGE, p. o., Morehause par., La. : 162 m. N. by W. Baton Rouge. PBAIRIE MOUNT, p. o., Chickasaw county, Miss. : 129 m. N. E. by N. Jackson. PBAIRIE PLAINS, p. o., Grimes county, Tex. : 106 m. E. Austin City. PRAIRIE POINT, p. o., Noxubee co., Miss. : about 5 m.W. of Tombigbee r., 119 m. N. E. by E. Jackson. PBAIRIE RIVER, p. o., Branch co., Mich. : on a S. branch of St. Joseph s r., 74 m. S. S. W. Lansing. PRAIRIE EONDE, t and p. o., Kalamazoo co., Mich. : 77 m. S. W. Lansing. Drained by the head of Rocky r. Surface undulating, and mostly rich prairie, with groves of maple and hickory. An excellent t for grain growing. Popu lation 690. PBAIRIETON, p. v., Yigo county, Ind.: on the S. side of Honey creek, 3 in. E. of the Wabash, 72 m. W. S. W. Indianapolis. PBAIRIEVILLE, t and p. o., Barry county, Mich-. : 54 m. W. S. W. Lansing. Surface slightly broken, and dotted with numerous ponds tributary to the Kalamazoo. Popu lation 558. PBAIBIEVILLE, p. v., Clinton co., Lid. : about 2 m. E. of the Lafayette and Indianapolis E. E., 42 m. N. W. Indian apolis. PBAIRIEVILLE, p. v., Pike co., Mo. : 74 m. N. E. by E. Jefferson City. PBALLSVILLE, p. v., Hunterdon co., N. Jer. : on Delaware r., at the mouth of Wickechecoke cr., 17 m. N. W. Trenton. The Belvidere Delaware E. E. passes through it PRATT, p. o., Shelby county, Ohio: 62 m. W. N. W. Columbus. PRATT S. sta., Worcester co., Mass. : 13 m. N. of Worcester, on the Fitchburg and Worcester E. R. PBATTSBURG, p. v., Talbot co., Ga. : about 3 m. W. of Flint r., 76 m. W. by S. Milledgeville. PRATTSBCRG, p. v., Eipley co., Ind. : on an E. branch of Laughery s cr., 63 m. S. E. Indianapolis. PRATTSBURG, t. and p. v., Steuben co., N. Y. : 173 m. W. Albany. Drained by branches of Conhocton r., which fur nish numerous mill-sites. Surface somewhat hilly ; soil pro ductive of wheat, but better adapted to grass. Timber is abundant. The v. contains an incorporated academy, sev eral mills, 6 or 8 stores, and about 600 inhabitants. Popu lation of t 2,786. PRATTSBURG, p. o., Orange co., N. Car. : 27 m. N. W Raleigh. PRATT S HOLLOW, p. o., Madison county, N. Y. : 94 m W. by N. Albany. PRATTSYILLE, t. and p. v., Greene co., N. Y. : 43 m. S. W. Albany, 32 m. W. by N. Catskill, and 37 m. N. W. Kingston. Drained by Schoharie cr., which runs through it from south to north, and affords considerable mill-power. Surface gen erally broken and mountainous ; but the soil of the flats on the creek is very fertile, and the uplands are good for graz ing. This t. was set off from Windham in 1S32, and named after the Hon. Zadock Pratt, who here built the largest tannery in the United States. The village is handsomely situate on a flat on the N. E. side of Schoharie creek, and on the turnpike, which is lined with beautiful rows of elm and maple-trees on each side, planted 20 years ago, by the founder of the settlement. It contains 2 furnaces, 1 machine shop, 1 cotton-mill, 2 woolen factories, 2 grist-mills, 3 hat factories, 1 carriage factory, 2 glove and mitten factories, 4 hotels, 1 brewery, 1 oil-cloth factory, 1 match factory, 3 cab inet-ware manufactories, 3 blacksmith shops, 2 watch and jewelry stores, 3 tin-ware shops, 1 turning-machine shop, 4 tailors shops, 11 stores, 1 bank, capital $100,000 (now wind ing up), 1 Dutch Reformed church, 1 Methodist church, and 1 Episcopal church, 1 incorporated academy, 9 school-houses, and a printing-office, from which is issued the "P. Advo cate" (dem.), which circulates from 500 to 600 copies weekly. There are about 150 dwelling-houses in the village, and 1,300 inhabitants. This is the westernmost bounds of Greene co., and here corner three counties Greene, Delaware, and Schoharie. The Gilboa, Prattsville, and Shandaken turnpike passes through the v., and also the Schoharie-kill bridge turn pike. A railroad is also being surveyed from Newburg to Syracuse, which will probably pass through Prattsville. The immense tannery buildings of the Hon. Zadock Pratt, at which, in 20 years, no less an amount than 1,000,000 sides of sole leather had been tanned, and around which the v. had grown up, are now occupied by the cotton and woolen fac tories above mentioned, their original purpose having been foregone on account of the exhaustion of material (hemlock bark) for carrying on the tanning business. Of the founder of the v., it may truly be said that he is a " self-made man. Born in Eensselaer co. in 1790, then almost a wilderness, and trained up to labor, he has raised himself from a humble posi tion by the powers of his own unaided energies to the enjoy ment of a fortune of which a prince might be proud. In his time and generation he has made for himself a name, and for the future youth of our country a pattern worthy of imi tation. But the most glorious trait in his character has been his honesty and integrity he can count 30,000 employees among whom he has distributed hundreds of thousands of dollars, and throughout his long course he has never had a lisagreement with one of them, nor been the defendant in any suit against him for wages or claims of any kind. As the ancients were used to record the lives of benefactors by sculptured stories, so at Prattsville are recorded on the native rocks the memoirs of its patron, and from the village road may be seen, in alto relievo, a fac-simile of the Pratt tan- PRA PRI neries, the bust of Mr. Pratt himself, and an emblematic con ception of a great act of his life in the institution of a Bureau of Statistics, which he effected during his term as represent ative in Congress from the llth district of the State. These will long tell the story of a life well spent, and when his earthly career is run, the youth will read the lesson they convey, and strive to emulate the subject of the legends in his many virtues. Population of t in 1840, 1,613, and in 1850, 1,939. PKATTSVILLE, p. v., Vinton county, Ohio : 61 m. S. E. Columbus. PKATTVILLE, p. v., Autauga co., Ala. : on Autauga cr., a small N. affluent of Alabama r., 12 m.W. N.W. Montgomery. PKF.BLE county, Ohio. Situate W. toward the S., and con tains 460 sq. m. Drained by Four Mile, St. Clair, and Frank lin creeks. Surface varied, in general it is level or rolling, and a large portion is thickly wooded ; soil a fine deep mold, and very productive. Staples, wheat and Indian corn. It has some fine grazing land, and a large number of cattle and hogs are fattened and sent to Eastern markets. Farms 1,799 ; manuf. 109 ; dwell. 3,749, and pop. wh. 21,C55, fr. col. 78 total 21,736. Capital: Eaton. Public Works : Dayton and "Western E. E. ; Dayton and Green ville E. E. ; Hamilton and Eaton E. E. ; Four Mile Valley E. E. ; Junction E. E. PKEBLE, t. and p. v., Cortlandt co., Jf. T. : 119 m. "W. by N. Albany. Drained by Cold cr. Surface hilly ; soil gravelly loam, very productive of grass and grain. A superior farm ing and dairy town. The v. contains several shops and stores, and about 300 inhabitants. Pop. of 1. 1,312. PRECINCT, p. v., Boone county, 111. : on the W. side of Beaver cr., 185 m. N. by E. Springfield. PRE-EMPTION, p. o., Mercer co., III. : 114 m. N. N. "W. Springfield. PRENTISS VALE, p. o., M Kean co., Penn. : 129 m. N. "W. Harrisburg. PRESCOTT, t and p. v., Hampshire county, Mass. : 65 m. "W. by N. Boston. Drained by branches of Swift r. Surface rough and broken ; soil chiefly adapted to grazing, which is the leading interest. Pop. 737. PRESIDENT FURNACE, p. o., Venango co., Penn. : 173 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. Here is a furnace of 1,100 tons capacity. PRESQUE ISLE county, Mich. Situate N. of the S. Penin sula, and contains 725 sq. m. Drained by the N. branch of Thunder Bay r. and other streams. Organized since 1850. PRESQUE ISLE, p. o., Aroostook county, Me. : about 182 m. N. E. Augusta. PRESTOX county, Virg. Situate N. "W., and contains 545 sq. m. Drained by Cheat r., main branch of Monongahela river. Surface mountainous and rough ; soil various in some parts it is very fertile. Chief product, Indian corn. It contains good grazing land. Farms 1,019 ; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 1,664, and pop. wh. 11,574, fr. col. 47, si. 87 total 11,708. Capital : Kingwood. Public Works : Baltimore and Ohio Eailroad. PRESTON, t. and p. v., New London co., Conn. : on the E. side of Quinnebaug and Thames rivers, 39 m. E. S. E. Hart ford. Drained by Broad and Poquetanock rivers. Surface rough and stony ; soil better for grazing than grain-grow ing. The Norwich and "Worcester E. E. passes on the W. border along the rivers. The v. is near Amoss s pond, a fa vorite summer resort. Pop. of 1. 1,804. PRESTON, p. o., Yallabusha co., Miss. : 116 m. N. N. E. Jackson. PRESTON, t. and p. o., Chenango co., N. T. : on the "W. side of Chenango r., 94 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by small affluents of the river ; surface uneven ; soil fertile, adapted to grass or grain, and mostly well timbered. There is a small v. in the N. part of the t. The Chenango Canal lies on the S. E. corner. Pop. 1,082. PRESTON, p. o., Hamilton county, Ohio: on a branch of Whitewater r., 102 m. W. S. W. Columbus. PRESTON, t and p. o., "Wayne county, Penn. : 128 m. N. E. by N. Harrisburg. Drained by affluents of Delaware river. Surface broken ; soil gravelly loam, heavily timbered with pine, hemlock, and chestnut. PRESTON, p. v., Grayson county, Tex. : on Bed r., 23S m. N. N. E. Austin City. Large amounts of cotton are shipped here. PRESTONBURG, p. v., and cap. Floyd co., Ky. : on the W. fork of Big Sandy r., 129 m. E. by S. Frankfort. It contains a court-house, jail, several mills and stores, and 200 inhab itants. PRESTON HOLLOW, p. v., Albany county, N. Y. : 27 m. S.W. by W. Albany. It contains several mills, half a dozen stores, and 300 inhabitants. PRESTONVILLE, v., Ehea county, Tenn. : on the N. side of Tennessee r., 117 m. E. by S. Nashville. PRESTONVILLE, p. v., Carroll co., Ky. : on the Ohio, just below the mouth of the Kentucky, 34 m. N. N. "W. Frank fort. It has a convenient landing, and contains about 300 inhabitants. PREWITT S KNOB, p. o., Barren co., Ky. : 104 m. S. S. "W. Frankfort. PRICE, p. o., Huntington county, Ind. : 76 m. N. N. E Indianapolis. PRICEBURG, p. v., Monroe co., Penn. : 101 m. N. E. by E. Harrisburg. PRICETOWN, p. v., Berks county, Penn. : 56 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. Here is a furnace of 1,400 tons capacity, built prior to 1770. PRICETOWN, p. o., Highland co., Ohio : 62 m. S. by "W". Columbus. PRICEVILLE, p. v., "Wayne county, Penn. : 119 m. N. E. Harrisburg. PRILLAMAN S, p. o., Franklin co., Virg. : on the N. side of Smith s r., 151 m. W. S. W. Richmond. PRIMEROSE, p. v., Lee co., la. : 68 m. S. by W. Iowa City. PRIMEROSE, t. and p. o., Dane co., Wise. : 19 m. S. "W. Madison. Drained by Sugar r. Surface rolling ; soil very fertile, a large part being vegetable mold and meadow. Farming products of all kinds are grown in profusion. Pop. 348. PRINCE EDWARD county, Virg. Situate S. centrally, and contains 255 sq. m. Drained by branches of Appomattox r. Surface rolling; soil fertile, and generally well cultivated. Chief products, Indian corn and tobacco. It contains Hampden Sidney College, founded in 17S3, also a prepara tory academy. Farms 421 ; manuf. 86 ; dwell. 805, and pop. wh. 4,177," fr. col. 488, si. 7,192 total 11,857. Capital: Prince Edward. Public Works: Eichmond and Danville E. E. ; South Side E. E., etc. PRINCE EDWARD, p. o., Gilmer co., Get. : near the source of Coosawattee r., 134 m. N. W. by N. Milledgeville. PRINCE EDWARD COURT-HOUSE, p. v., and cap. Prince Edward co., Virg. : 53 m. "W. S. "W. Eichmond. A large trade in tobacco is carried on here. The v. contains a court-house, jail, academy, and about 300 inhabitants. PRINCE FREDERICKTOWN, p. v., and cap. Calvert co., Md. : on Parker s cr., 4 m. W. of Chesapeake bay, 31 m. S. by W. Annapolis. It contains a court-house, jail, acad emy, and 450 inhabitants. PRINCE GEORGE county, Virg. Situate toward the S. E., and contains 275 sq. m. Drained by Blackwater river. Surface an extended plain; soil fertile. Chief products, Indian corn and tobacco. Cotton is also grown in the co. Farms 3-36; manuf. 23; dwell. 661, and pop. wh. 2,670, fr. col. 518, si. 4,408 total 7,596. Capital : Prince George C. H. Public Works: Appomattox E. E.; Petersburg E. E. ; Petersburg and Norfolk E. E., etc. PRINCE GEORGE S county, Md. Situate "W., and contains 492 sq. m. Drained by branches of Patuxent river, which forms its E. boundary, and of Potomac river, which bounds it on the S. AY. Surface uneven; soil fertile, and well adapted to tobacco, which it produces in large quanti- PRI PRO ties, and which is the staple. It raises good crops of wheat and Indian corn, and has some fine timber land. Farms 885; manuf. 23; dwell. 1,875, and pop. wh. 8.901, fr. col. 1,189, si. 11,510 total 21.550. Capital of the county : Upper Marlboro . PRINCE GEORGE C. H., p. v., and cap. Prince George co., Virg. ; 52 m. N. N. E. Kichmond. It contains the co. buildings and several stores. PRINCE S bay, N. Y. : on the S. E. side of Staten Island. It furnishes safe anchorage in a N. E. storm ; and is noted for the fine flavored oysters it produces. PRINCESS ANNE county, Virg. Situate S. E., and contains 851 sq. m. Drained by North r. and E. branch of Elizabeth r. Surface level and somewhat elevated, presenting the ap pearance of table-land ; soil fertile. Chief production, In dian corn. Farms 712, manuf. 8, dwell. 893, and pop. wh. 4,230, fr. col. 259, sla. 3,130 total 7,609. Capital: Princess Anne 0. H. PRINCESS ANNE, p. v., and cap. Somerset co., Md. : near the head of Manokin r., 16 m. E. of Chesapeake bay, 68 m. 8. E. Annapolis. It is regularly laid out, and substantially built with brick, has a brisk trade, and contains a court house, jail, academy, and 700 inhabitants. The " S. Herald" (whig) is published weekly. PRINCESS ANNE C. II., p. v., and cap. Princess Anne co., Virg. : 93 m. S. E. by E. Eichmond. It contains a court house, an academy, and 200 inhabitants. PRINCETON, p. v., and cap. Dallas co., Ark.: about mid way between Wachita and Saline rivers, 56 miles S. by W. Little Rock. It contains the co. buildings, several stores, and 300 inhabitants. PRINCETON, p. v., and cap. Bureau co., la. : 8 m. "W. of the Illinois, 112 m. N. by E. Springfield. It lies on the bor der of a large prairie, surrounded by a rich farming region, with which it carries on an extensive trade, and contains a court-house, jail, academy, and about 20 stores. The " Bureau Advocate" (free soil) is published weekly. PRINCETON, p. v., and cap. Gibson co., Ind. : 3 m. S. of Patoka creek, 119 m. S. W. by S. Indianapolis. It is sur rounded by a rich farming region, with which it has a brisk trade, and contains a court-house, jail, 2 academies, 20 stores, and 806 inhabitants. It is 27 miles N. of Evansville, and the same distance S. of Vincennes on the Evansville and Illinois E. E. Two weekly papers are published, the " G. Eeview" (whig) and the " Democratic Clarion." PRINCETON, p. v., Scott co., la. : on the Mississippi, 24 m. above Davenport, 60 m. E. Iowa City. PRINCETON, p. v., Jackson co., Ala. : on an E. branch of Paint Eock r., 161 m. N. by E. Montgomery. PRINCETON, p. v., Caldwell co., A>. : 179 miles "W. S. W. Frankfort. It is a thriving, busy v., the former cap. of the co., with a large trade in grain and other staples, and contains about 500 inhabitants. PRINCETON, t. and p. o., "Washington co., Me. : on the S. side of Schoodic Lake outlet, a W. affluent of the St. Croix, 128 m. E. N. E. Augusta. Pop. 280. PRINCETON, t and p. v., "Worcester county, Mass. : 44 m. W, by N. Boston. Drained by branches of Nashua and Ware rivers, which furnish mill privileges. Surface rough and hilly. Wachusett Mt. rises in the N. 3,000 feet above the ocean, and about 2,000 above the surrounding country, commanding a wide view, and attracting many visitors in the summer months ; soil fertile and well tilled. A good grazing t., with large dairies and numerous small manufac tories. Pop. 1,318. PRINCETON, p. v., an cap. "Washington co., Miss. : on the Mississippi, 74 m. N. "W. Jackson. It is the landing place and shipping port for the plantations on Lake "Wash ington, 5 m. E., and contains a court-house, several ware houses and stores, and 300 inhabitants. PRINCETON, p. v., and cap. Mercer co., Mo. : on Weldon r., a N. affluent of Grand r., 146 m. N. "W. by N. Jefferson City. It contains the co. buildings and several mills and stores. 700 PRINCETON, t. and p. b., Mercer co., N. Jer. : 10 m. N. E. Trenton. The t. is situate in a bend of Stony Brook, which bounds it on three sides, and to the N. is the Eocky Hill Drained chiefly by creeks falling into the brook. Surface beautifully diversified with hill and valley, and soil of aver age fertility. The b. is situate in the S. part of the t., on an elevated ridge, commanding an extensive prospect eastward, and is built chiefly on one long street, the houses being re markably neat and substantial. Lat. 40 20 41" N., and long. 740 39 80" W. It is chiefly noted as the location of the College of New Jersey, one of the oldest collegiate estab lishments in the Union, having been founded in 1746, at Elizabethtown ; removed to Newark 1747, and to this borough in 1757. In 1S50 it had 12 professors and 243 students ; and its library contained 16,000 volumes ; its alumni at that date numbered 3,031, of whom 557 had entered the ministry. In the Law Department there are 3 professors, and in 1S50, 8 law students. The college edifice is called Nassau Hall ; it is 175 feet long, by 50 deep, and 4 stories high ; and besides a chapel, which is 40 feet square, there are other large buildings attached to the college, which contain philosoph ical apparatus, the museum, etc. The buildings are of stone. The Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church is also located here. It was founded in 1812, and in 1S50 had 5 professors and 153 students. Up to that date, 1,626 per sons had received their education at the institution ; and its library contained 11,000 volumes. The buildings of this institution are also neat, spacious, and convenient. Besides these, there are in borough four churches 2 Presbyterian, 1 Episcopal, and 1 African; and including several me chanic shops, stores, a bank, academies and public schools, about 250 houses. The periodicals published at Princeton are, the "P. "Whig," issued weekly, the P. Magazine" (liter.), monthly, and the " Nassau Hall" a students literary monthly. The Delaware and Earitan Canal and the Trenton and New Brunswick E. E. run along the valley of Stony Brook, about a mile S. of the borough, 47 m. from New York and 39 m. from Philadelphia. In the t. are several mills, a tannery, and other industrial establishments, but farming is the general occupation. Cedar Grove is a small settlement in the N. "W. part of the t., and contains a Methodist church, etc. Pop. oft in 1840, 3,055, and in 1850, 3,021. Ptinceton was the scene of one of the great battles of the E evolution, fought 3d January, 1777, and whiab resulted disastrously to the American arms. PRINCETON, p. v., Butler county, Ohio: 85 m. "W. S. "W. Columbus. PRINCETON, p. o., Lawrence co., Penn. : 1S7 m. "W. N. W. Harrisburg. PRINCETON, p. v., and cap. Mercer county, Viry.: on Brush cr., a branch of Blue Stone r., 194 m. "W. Eichmond. It contains the co. buildings, and has several mills in its vicinity. PRINCETON, p. v., Marquette county, Wise. : on Neenah or Fox r., 56 m. N. by E. Madison. PRINCEVILLE, p. v., Peoria county, III. : 78 m. N. by W. Springfield. PRINCE WILLIAM county, Virg. : situate N. E., and con tains 306 sq. m. Drained by Occoquan r. Surface hilly; soil diversified, in general fertile. Chief product Indian corn. Farms 579; manuf. 28; dwell. 998, and pop. wh. 5,081, fr. col. 550, si. 2,498 total 8,129. Capital: Brentsville. Public Works : Alexandria and Orange E. E. ; Manassas Gap E. E. PRINCE WILLIAM, p. o., Carroll county, Ind. : 2 m. S. of Wild Cat cr., 49 m. N. N. W. Indianapolis. PRINCIPIO FURNACE, p. v., Cecil county, Md. : oa Principio cr., 53 m. N. E. by N. Annapolis. PRIVATEER, p. o., Sumter district, S. Car. : 38 m. E. by S. Columbia. PROCTOR, p. v., Owsley co., Ky. : on Kentucky r., near the confluence of its N. and S. forks, 74 m. S. E. by E. Frankfort. PRO PRO PROCTOR, p. o., Allegan county, Mich. : 74 m. W. by S. Lansing. PROCTOR, p. o., Wetzel county, Virg. : 224 m. N. W. Eichmond. PROCTOR S CREEK, p. o., Chesterfield eo., Virg. PROCTOR S CROSSING, sta., Essex oo., Mass.: 4 m. from Salem, on the Salem and Lowell E. E. PROCTORS vi LIB, T. and sta., St. Bernard par., La. : 27 m. E. of New Orleans, on the Mexican Gulf E. E., which ter minates here on the shore of Lake Borgne, and connects with steamers for various Gulf ports. PROCTORSVILLE, p. T. and sta., "Windsor co., Verm. : on Black r., and the Eutland and Burlington E. E., 25 m. N. W. Bellow s Falls, 61 m. S. Montpelier. It contains a bank, extensive iron works, and several woolen factories. PEOMPTON, p. o., Wayne co., Penn. : on a N. branch of Lackawaxen r., 118 m. N. E. Ifarrisburg. It contains several mills, and 300 inhabitants. PROPIIKTSTOWN, p. v., "Whitesides co., 111. ; on the left bank of Eock r., 133 m. N. by W. Springfield. PROSPECT, t. and p. o., New Haven co., Conn. : 24 m. S. W. Hartford. Surface elevated, rough, and mountainous ; soil adapted to grazing, which is the chief interest Pop. 6T4. PROSPECT, t. and p. v., "Waldo co., Me. : on the "W. side of Penobscot r., at the head of the bay, 52 m. E. by N. Au gusta. Surface generally even; soil very productive. A superior farming t., with great commercial advantages, and extensively engaged in the lumber and coasting trade. The T. on the r. has a brisk trade and a convenient landing. Pop. of t. 2,467. PROSPECT, p. o., Oneida co., N. T. : 48 m. N. W. by W. Albany. PROSPECT, t. and p. o., Marion co., OMo : 35 m. N. N. "W. Columbus. Drained by Scioto r., which affords water-power. Surface pleasantly varied. Soil very fertile, and under high cultivation. Pop. 848. PROSPECT, p. o., Butler county, Penn. : 169 m. W. N. "W. Harrisburg. PROSPECT, p. o., Giles co., Tenn. : on Elk r., near the Ala. line, 74 m. S. by W. Nashville. PROSPECT, p. o., Burleson co., Tex. : 68 m. E. Austin City. PROSPECT, p. o., Prince Edward co., Virg. : 59 m. W. S. "W. Eichmond. PROSPECT FERRY, p. o., Waldo co., Me. : 53 m. E. by N. Augusta. PROSPECT GROVE, p. o., Scotland co., Mo. : 122 m. N. Jefferson City. PROSPECT HALL, p. o., Bladen co., N. Car. : 69 m. S. Ealeigh. PROSPECT HARBOR, p. v., Hancock co., Me. : 51 m. E. by N. Augusta. PROSPECT HILL, p. o., Eay co., Mo. : 121 m. N. W. by W. Jefferson City. PROSPECT HILL, p. o., Caswell county, 2f. Car. ; 55 m. N. W. by W. Ealeigh. PROSPECT HILL, p. o., Fairfax ca, Virg. : 97 m. N. by E. Eichmond. PROSPECT HILL, p. o., Waukesha co., Wise. : 54 m. E. Madison. PROSPECT MILLS, p. o., Lycoming county, Penn. : 78 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. PROSPECT PLAINS, sta., Mercer co., N. Jer. : 44 m. S. of New York, on the Camden and Amboy E. E. PROSPERITY, p. o. and sta., Newberry dist, & Car. : on the Greenville and Columbia E. E., 7 m. E. of the C. H. and 40 m. (by route) N. W. Columbia. PROSPERITY, p. o., Moore co., N. Car. : on the S. side of Deep r., 56 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. PROSPERITY, p. o., Washington co., Penn. : 173 m. W Harrisburg. PROVIDENCE county, R. I. Situate N., and contains 3S( sq. m. Drained by Pawtucket, Providence or Narragansett, tf ashasuck, Wanasquatucket, and Pawtuxet rivers and their ributaries, by which good water privileges are secured to he county. Surface uneven and rough ; soil generally a lark gravelly loam. Its commercial advantages are great, and it has many extensive manufactures. Farms 2,162 ; manuf. 804; dwell. 12,760, and pop. wh. 65.737, fr. col. ,788 total 87,525. Capital : Providence. Public Works: rovidence and Worcester E. E. ; Boston and Providence I. E. ; Providence and Stonington E. E. ; Hartford, Provi dence, and Fishkill E. E. ; New York, New Haven, and Boston 11. E., etc. ; Blackstone Canal. PROVIDENCE, p. v., Pickens co., Ala. : 125 ra. N. W. by W. Montgomery. PROVIDENCE, p. o., Sumter dist, S. Car. : 43 m. E. by N. Columbia. PROVIDENCE, p. o., Sumter co., Ga. : 93 m. S. W. by S Milledgeville. PROVIDENCE, p. o., Carroll co., Miss. : 91 m. N. by E Jackson. PROVIDENCE, p. v., Bureau co., Itt. : 104 m. ST. Springfield. PROVIDENCE, p. v., Hopkins co., Ky. : on Tide-water r., 169 m. W. S. W. Frankfort PROVIDENCE, t. and p. v., Saratoga county, 2f. T. : 32 m. N. N. W. Albany. Drained by branches of Sacandaga r., which supply numerous mill privileges. Surface mountain ous and heavily timbered ; soil clayey loam, adapted to grass. There is a small v. in the S. part of the town. Pop. 1,458. PROVIDENCE, p. o., Mecklenburg co., W. Car. : 116 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. PROVIDENCE, t. and p. v., Lucas co., OMo : on the W. side of Maumee r., along which the Wabash and Erie Ca nal passes, 109 m. N. N. W. Columbus. Surface level ; soil sandy, and in parts marshy. The v. is on the canal, 26 m. S. W. Toledo. Pop. of t 467. PROVIDENCE, t and p. o., Luzerne co., Penn. : 98 m. N. E. by N. Harrisburg. Drained by Lackawannock river and branches, which supply fine water-power. Surface even, being mostly a valley ; soil fertile and well timbered. An thracite coal abounds. The Lackawanna and Western E. E. crosses it. It contains several flouring and saw mills. PROVIDENCE, p. c., port of entry, and cap. Providence co., and principal capital of the State of E. I. : at the head of navigation of Providence r., 35 m. from the ocean, in lat. 41 49 22" N., and long. 71 24 48" W. by railroad, 43 m. S. S. W. Boston, and 186 m. E. N. E. New York. The area of the city is about 9 sq. m., the compact part being divided into two nearly equal parts by the river. The surface east of the r. is hilly, and in its highest part 204 feet above tide water ; on the west it is more level, the greatest height being only 78 feet. The harbor is safe and commodious, but its approach is somewhat intricate. The city is divided into 6 wards and governed by a mayor, 6 aldermen, and 24 common councilmen. These officers are chosen annually by the people. All other officers are appointed by the city council, consisting of the aldermen and councilors, the mayor presiding. There is a municipal court, which is also a court of probate, within the city, and the city clerk is also register of deeds. Its police is excel lent, and the city one of the cleanest in the Union. It ia lighted with gas. The fire department is efficient, and con sists of 12 engine companies, 2 hook and ladder companies, 15 stationary forcing engines, 22 rotary engines, 8,000 feet of hose, and is maintained at a cost of $20,000 annually. The material used in building required this efficient force, and it was not until several extensive conflagrations had occurred that the department was placed on its present foot ing. Including a balance of old accounts, the resources of the city treasury for the year ending 3d March, 1851, amounted to $180,505, and the expenditures to $165,087; on account of interest $14,985, for schools $40,553, and for streets $28,999. The debt of the city at the date specified was $185,553. The population of the several wards of the city in 1S40 and 1S50 comparatively were as follows : 701 PRO Wards. First Ward.... Second " Third " .... Fourth " .... Fifth " .... Sixth " .. 1840. 3,919. 8,919 3,883.... 4,106 3,962.... 1850. Increase. ... 7,204 81.3 per cent, ... 4,5S3 35.5 " ... 6,706 71.1 " ... 5,359 88.0 " ... 7,399 77.7 " ...10,562 161.5 Total 23,172 41,513 79.1 Population in 1810, 10.071, and in 1820, 11.767 increase 16.8 per cent ; in 1830, 16,833 increase 43.1 per cent. ; in 1840, 23,172 increase 37.6 per cent,; and in 1850, 41,513 increase 79.1 per cent. The more ancient portion of the city lies on the east side of the river, and though conforming in the outline of its streets with the topography of the site, and by no means distinguished for regularity, it contains many fine stores, warehouses, public buildings, and handsome residences. Back from the r. the streets become more regular, and many of the dwellings in this part are costly and elegant, delight fully situated as regards the view of the harbor and vicinity. The buildings of Brown University crown the ascent. The west part of the city is laid out with more regularity, and is more modern in appearance. The Providence Arcade, in this part, is one of the largest and most important buildings in the city; it extends from Broad to Westminster streets, and is 226 feet long, 80 feet deep, and 72 feet high. The building is of granite, and adorned with Graeco-Doric porti coes and columns, the columnar shafts being single blocks 22 feet long. The lower floor is occupied chiefly by dry goods stores, and the upper stories by offices and dealers in light fancy goods. The Museum buildings and Howard Hall, on Westminster Street, are also fine buildings, and " What Cheer" building, at the junction of North and South Main streets, is a handsome freestone edifice, occupied by offices, etc. Among the public buildings are, the State House, various charities, the State Prison, the Athenaeum, the Keform School, 25 or 30 churches and meeting-houses, and the pub lic schools. Most of these are substantial, and many of them costly edifices, distinguishing alike the taste displayed by the architect and the munificence of the citizens in their support. Brown University, founded at Warren, in 1764. and re moved to Providence, 1770, is situated on the highest part of the city, and consists of several halls, etc., furnishing ele gant and ample accommodations. University Hall and Hope College are large edifices for the lodging of students: Manning Hall contains the libraries, now counting 32.000 volumes, and Khode Island Hall, the cabinet, chemical and philosophical apparatus, and lecture rooms. To the usual collegiate department has been added an English and sci entific school for the benefit of such as do not intend entering the learned professions. The faculty of the university consists of a president and 10 professors, and in 1S50 there were 195 students, and to that date the alurnni numbered 1,765, of whom 460 had entered the ministry. The Athenaeum is located on the corner of College anc Benefit streets, and has a library of 12,000 volumes. It is a spacious and elegant stone structure, erected in 1837, buil on a lot given by the late Hon. N. Brown, and the heirs of Mr. P. Ives, who also gave large sums toward the build in; and library. The annual subscription is $5, which admit members to the library and reading room. The New England Yearly Meeting Boarding School, th object of which is to afford a " guarded" education to chil dren, occupies a lot of 43 acres, given for the purpose b the late Moses Brown. The main buildings consist of centre 54 feet square and 3 stories high, and two wings 8 by 42 feet, and 2 stories high; and there is another 2 stcr building, 50 by 40 feet, which together accommodate abou 80 scholars. Board and tuition, $60 a year. Thn late Oba diah Brown bequeathed $100,000 toward the endowment o this institution. 702 _____ PRO The public schools supported by the city are 46 in num- er, of which 22 are primary, 16 intermediate, 7 grammar, nd the High School. In these there were, in 1850, 105 >achers and 6,000 scholars; and the cost to the city, $40,553. esides these, there are upward of 30 Sunday schools, with W teachers, and between 5,000 and 6,000 scholars. The newspapers published in Providence are 9 in umber 3 daily, 2 semi-weekly, and 4 weekly. The " P. Durnal" (whig), issued daily, semi-weekly, and weekly ditions; the "P. Post" (dem.) daily and weekly; the Morning Mirror" (misc.), a daily; the " republican Her- Id" (dem.), semi-weekly and weekly, and the " Diadem," weekly edition. The most splendid and costly of the church edifices are, le First Congregational church, of granite ; St. John s, a ;one building ; Grace, a Gothic structure ; Westminster Con- regational, the Beneficent Congregational, St. Peter s, and t. Patrick s. The First Baptist church, the oldest society n the city, is a clean wooden building. The other churches re in general neat, but not so costly. The colored inhabit- nts have five churches. In the whole city there are up-v ard of 30 congregations, including all the principal denom- nations. Dexter Asylum, on a ridge east of the rhrer, is an institu- lon erected on land given to the city by the late Eb. K. Dexter, for the accommodation of the poor. The premises over 40 acres, and are surrounded by a stone wall 10 feet igh and 3 feet thick at the base, which cost $22,000. The isylum is a plain and substantial brick building, 170 feet >ng, consisting of a centre building 3 stories high, and two wings, each 2 stories high. The Butler Hospital for the Insane is located on Seekonk iver. It was founded on a legacy of the late M. Brown, .mounting to $30,000, and received its present name from he late C. Butler, who gave $40,000 toward its endowment. t was incorporated in 1844. and, until recently, was known s the Rhode Island Hospital for the Insane. On the 31st Dec., 1850, there were 113 patients in the hospital ; the ad mittances during the next year were 68, and the discharges 54, of which 26 were recovered, and 8 improved, and 1 6 died. eceipts $24,252, and expenses $21,017. The minimum price of board is $2 25 a week. The State appropriates M,000 annually to enable the governors to aid the poor in sane, and also pays a portion of the expenses of such poor nsane persons as the towns may choose to send to the hos pital. The aggregate endowment of the hospital amounts .o $138,000. The grounds belonging to the institution con sist of 115 acres, of which 55 are woodland and 60 under cultivation. The building stands on the W. bank of the river, which here expands to a mile in width, and admits of an extensive and delightful prospect Patients were first admitted on the 1st December, 1847. The State Prison is located here. On the 1st October, 1850, there were in confinement 37 convicts, and 24 had been committed, and 14 had been discharged during the ensuing year. The number of persons in Providence jail, at the suit of the State, on the 1st October, 1851, was 57; at the suit of the city, 11, and 4 debtors. During the year past, 503 had been committed, of whom 452 were males and 51 females; whites 473, and colored 30; natives 293, and for eigners 210 ; and besides these. 177 persons had been com mitted to the house of correction. The convicts in the State Prison are principally employed in shoe-making, and those in the Providence county jail at cabinet-work. The Keform School was established in 1850. The buildings were formerly known as the Tockwotton House, a hotel, pleasantly situate on high ground, in the S. E. part of the city, overlooking the bay, and large enough to accommodate 180 to 2 )0 inmates. It was founded for the instruction and reformation of juve nile offenders between the ages of 8 and 18 years. The first year of its occupancy, ending 31st October, 1851, it received 52 convicts -49 boys and 3 girl*, and there remained in the institution at that date 45, of whom 24 had been committed PRO PUB for theft, 6 for assault, 4 for vagrancy, and 11 for truancy 42 were born in the United States, and of these 31 in Rhod Island. Of each day, except Sunday, 7| hours are devote to labor, 5 to school exercises, 2 to meals and recreation, to religious exercises, and 8 to sleep. The labor has bee employed in making such articles as are needed in the in stitution and in housework. An arrangement has beei made by the State, by which all juvenile delinquents ma be sent to this school. The manufactures of Providence are valuable, and con stantly increasing. Its water-power is fully occupied, am steam-power, averaging 50 or 60 engines of 200 to 300 horse power, is also employed. On the Pawtucket, and othe streams, are extensive factories of cotton and woolen goods machine-shops, dyeing and print works, and within thi city are various establishments of similar character. Thi sawing and polishing marble, sawing and planing timber and grinding grain, form extensive occupations; and a large capital is invested in the manufacture of iron of al kinds, machinery, screws, nails, furniture, small wares, shoe and boots, carriages, jewelry, and an extensive variety of other and no less valuable commodities. The total capita employed in this branch of industry is not much unde; $6,000,000. In 1840 the capital was only $3,012,588. Providence, however, is more a commercial than a manufacturing city, and commerce has been the main pur suit from the earliest periods. Before the last war will England, it was successfully engaged in the East India trade, but since this period this and foreign commerce has gradually declined. In the year ending 30th June, 1S50 only 50 vessels (8,457 tons) cleared for foreign ports, and tbj arrivals were only 69 (11,786 tons). The coasting trade is still carried on to a considerable, and perhaps an increasing extent. The aggregate tonnage owned in the district in 1850 was 16,712 tons, of which 9,177 tons were registered 7,298 enrolled and licensed, and 237 tons licensed (under 20 tons). Of the registered shipping, 499 tons were employee in whaling, and the proportion of the licensed and enrolled shipping was in the coasting trade 7,202 tons, in the cod fishery 26 tons, and in the mackerel fishery 69 tons; and tons were navigated by steam. Of the licensed shipping 96 tons were employed in the coasting trade, and 141 tons in the cod fishery. The shipping built during the year con sisted of 1 ship, 1 schooner, 3 sloops, and 1 steamer total 6 ships, of an aggregate burden of 1,299 tons. The products of the whale fishery brought into port in 1849, was sperm oil 2.317 barrels, whale oil 4,542 barrels, and whalebone 80,200 pounds. Providence, according to the Report of the Secretary of State, on the Sth September, 1850, had 26 banks and one savings institution. The condition of the banks at that date was as follows liaUlities, capital stock, $9.518,810 ; bills in circulation, $1,831,339; deposits on interest, $159,497 ; deposits not on interest, $1,183.590; debts due other banks, $831,793; dividends unpaid, $21,409 ; and net profits on hand, $592,709 ; and assets: debts due from directors, $261,914; from stock holders, $303,348; and others, $12,031,937; specie actually in bank, $177,078; bills of other banks, $525,464; deposits in other banks, $428,464 ; stock of bank, $1.484; and of other banks, etc., $36,356; real estate, $184.867; and other property, $6.309 total $14,000,193. The average semi-an nual dividend amounts to 3 11-16. The retail trade of the city is extensive, and one of the main features in its economy. Stores of every description, exhibiting goods of the richest descriptions, are numerous, and in the provision trade, both wholesale and retail, a large business is done. Many of the stores are equal to those of New York, Philadelphia, and Boston, in the splendor of their assortments and the costly style in which they are fur nished. The great bulk of the foreign goods sold here are brought from Boston and New York, with which places there is ample means of rapid communication by railroad and steamboat; and the communication with the interior, both for passengers and freight, is varied and commodious. Steamboats run regularly to "Warren, Bristol, Portsmouth, Newport, Fall River, and New York. The railroads di verging from Providence are the Boston and Providence K. R., the Stonington R. R., and the Providence and Wor cester R. R., and others have been chartered to Bristol and Hartford to connect with the through lines. These railroads connect so as not to require change of cars in passing from one to the other. The station buildings are extensive, and near the centre of the business portion of the city. They are situated on three sides of a beautiful sheet of water of elliptical form, which constitutes the head of Providence r. ; and between this and the railroad buildings is a beautiful promenade, 80 feet wide, which is well laid out in gravel walks and grassed plots, and ornamented with shade trees. The water is inclosed by a substantial stone wall and iron railing, with bridges to cross the small rivers flowing into it, and also its outlet Telegraph wires are extended from this city, and afford immediate communication with the whole Union. Providence was founded by Roger Williams in 1637. The first landing-place, on crossing the Seekonk, he called " What Cheer," because the patriarch of the settlement was saluted by the Indians with " what cheer," on his approach. The origin of the name of the city, Mr. Williams explains in a deed executed by him : " having a sense of God s mer ciful providence unto me in my duties, I called the place Providence." The first house was built on what is now North Main Street ; and near this spot it is supposed that Mr. Williams was buried, although the site of his grave is not ascertained. In 1640 a town government was estab lished, and in 1649 it was incorporated. In 1832 it was chartered as a city. PROVIDENCE, p. o., Halifax co., Virg. : 92 m. S. W. by W. Richmond. PROVIDENCE river, 7?. /. : an arm of Narragansett bay, extending from the city of Providence to Field s Point, about 3 m., or to Bullock s Point, 5 m. On the N., below Providence, it receives Seekonk or Pawtucket (Blackstone in Massachusetts) river ; and above the city another stream or expanse of water into which fall Wanasquiatucket and Moshasick rivers. It is navigable for large ships to Provi- lence, and forms a safe harbor. PROVIDENCE HILL, p. o., Tyler co., Teas. : 219 m. E. by N. Austin City. PROVINCETOWJT, t. and p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : on the extreme N. W. point of Cape Cod, 48 m. E. 8. E. Boston. The surface consists of beaches and sandy hills, with swamps and shallow ponds interspersed. Cape Cod harbor, within the curve of the cape, is easy of access, spacious and safe, with a sufficient depth of water for the largest ships. The v. lies along the beach for 2 m., and is inhabited chiefly by fishermen. Salt is extensively manufactured, and the water is raised into vats for evaporation by windmills. Pop. 3,153. PROVISO, p. o., Cook co., HI. : 173 m N. E. by N. Springfield. PROVO CITY, v., Utah co., Utah Ter. : on the E. side of Utah lake, about 96 m. N. by E. Fillmore City. It is a new Mormon city, laid out in 1S52. PRUDENCE island, R. I, : a small island in Narragansett ay, and belonging to the co. of Newport. PRUNE HILL, p. o., Montgomery co., Ala. PRUXTY S, p. o., Patrick county, Virg. : 162 m. W. S. W. Richmond. PRUNTYTOWN, p. v., and cap. Taylor co., Virg.: on the E. branch of Monongahela r., 184 m. N. W. Richmond. It ontains the county buildings, several stores, and 300 inhab- fcmts. The Baltimore and Ohio R. R. passes about 4 m. N. fit, from which the North Western R. R. will diverge and wss through it. PRYOR S VALE, p. o., Amherst co., Virg. : at the E. base f the Blue Ridge, 98 m. W. Richmond. PUBLIC SQUARE, p. v., Greene co., 6a. : 43 m. N. N. E. dilledgeville. 708 PUG PUN PUCKETAS, p. o., Westmoreland Co., Penn. : 124 m. W. Harrisburg. PUEBLA, p. o., Westmoreland co., Penn. PUEBLA, p. o., Brown co., Ohio : 79 m. S. 8. W. Columbus. PUERCO river, N. Hex. : rises in the Sierra Madre, in lat. 36 N., and flows S. by E. nearly parallel with the Del Norte, into which it falls opposite the village of Ciboletta, and 12 m. N. of Socorro, after a course of 120 m. Its main tributary is the San Jos6, a stream rising near the Zuni Pass of the Sierra. PUGET S sound, Washington Ter. : a large sound in the N. W. part of the old Oregon Territory, being the S. part of Admiralty Inlet, and communicating with the Pacific Ocean by the straits of De Fuca. It receives several small rivers, and is full of islands. Olympia is the principal port on its waters, and there are numerous new settlements along its shores. PUGII S HILL, p. o,, Franklin co., N. Car. : 87 m. N. N. E. Baleigh. PUGHTOWN, p. v., Chester co., Penn. : on a branch of French cr., 63 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. PUGSLEY S DEPOT, p. o. and sta., Tompkins co., K T: on the Cayuga and Susquehanna K. E., 19 m. N. of Owego, 131 m. W. by S. Albany. PULASKI county, Ark. Situate centrally, and contains 1,151 sq. m. Drained by Arkansas r., which runs centrally through it, and by its several branches. Surface diversified ; soil in general fertile, and is well adapted to grain and grass. There is a quantity of good timber on the land. Farms 306; manuf. 14; dwell. 808, and pop. wh. 4,526, fr. col. 13, si. 1,119 total 5,658. Capital: Little Eock. Public Works: several proposed railroads from the Mississippi. PULASKI county, Ga. Situate S. centrally, and contains 758 sq. m. Ocmulgee r. runs through it in a nearly central direction, by which and its tributaries it is drained. Surface hilly ; soil fertile, and is best adapted to cotton wheat and Indian corn are produced, and the hilly portions make good pasturage for cattle, sheep, hogs, etc., which are annually exported. Pine timber abounds. Farms 371 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 701, and pop. wh. 8,784, fr. col. 39, si. 2,804 total 6,627. Capital: Hawkinsville. PULASKI county, El. Situate S., and contains 162 sq. m. Drained by a tributary of the Ohio, which forms its S. E. boundary. Surface generally level, excepting the bluffs on the Ohio shore; soil fertile. Pine timber is found on the land. Farms 266 ; manuf. 18 ; dwell. 418, and pop. wh. 2,257, fr. col. 8 total 2,265. Capital: North Caledonia. Public Works: Illinois Central E. E. PULASKI county, Ind. Situate toward the N. W., and contains 432 sq. m. Drained by Tippecanoe r. and its branches. Surface varied for the most part it is level, but through the county there are occasional ridges of low hills a large portion is prairie and thickly covered with timber ; soil moderately fertile the wet prairies when drained make good pasture. Chief productions, Indian corn, wheat, and potatoes. Fruit of different kinds is produced. Farms 2S6 ; manuf. ; dwell. 454, and pop. wh. 2.595, fr. col. total 2,595. Capital: Winamac. PULASKI county, Ky. Situate S. E., and contains 1,120 sq. m. Drained by numerous branches of Cumberland r., which passes through its centre. Surface in some parts hilly, but generally even ; soil fertile and adapted to grazing. It produces wheat, oats, and Indian corn, which form the staples of the county. Farms 1,528 ; manuf. 14 ; dwell. 2,263, and pop. wh. 12,861, fr. col. 27, si. 1,307 total 14,195. Capital: Somerset PULASKI county, Mo. Situate S. centrally, and contains 1,061 sq. m. Drained by Gasconade r. and its branches, and tributaries of Osage r. Surface broken and hilly ; soil in general fertile, and adapted to corn and tobacco. Fruits of all kinds are grown extensively. Numbers of cattle, sheep, and swine are fed on the hills, where they find good grazing. It abounds in minerals, principally iron and lead. 704 Farms 471 ; manuf. 3 ; dwell. 630, and pop. wh. 3,885, fr. col. 0, si. 113 total 3,998. Capital : Haynesville. PULASKI county, Virg. Situate toward the S. W., and contains 363 sq. m. Drained by New r., which passes through the S. portion of the county. Surface hilly and broken, in some parts mountainous; soil fertile. Chief product, Indian corn. It has some fine grazing land. Farms 301 ; manuf. 19 ; dwell. 5S5, and pop. wh. 3,613, fr. col. 34, si. 1,471 total 5,118. Capital : Newbern, Pullia Works : Virginia and Tennessee E. E., and Junction Branch to Covington and Ohio E. E. PULASKI, p. v., Hancock county, III. : 73 m. W. N. W. Springfield. PULASKI, t. and p. o., Jackson co., JUich. : 46 m. S. by W. Lansing. Drained by S. branch of the Kalamazoo, into which flow several small ponds. Surface generally undu lating, and fine wheat land. Pop. 760. PULASKI, p. v., Panola co., Tex. : on the Sabine, 252 m. N. E. by E. Austin City. PULASKI, p. o., Scott co., Miss. : 37 m. E. Jackson. PULASKI, t. and p. o., Williams co., Ohio : 128 m. N. W. Columbus. Drained by Lick cr. and other W. branches of Tiflins r., which afford good mill-sites. Surface diversified; soil of moderate fertility. Pop. 760. PULASKI, p. v., Lawrence co., Penn. : on Shenango cr. and the Beaver and Erie Canal, 192 m.W. N.W.Harrisburg. PULASKI, p. v., and alternate cap. Oswego co., JV. Y. : on Salmon r., 4 m. from Lake Ontario, and 108 m. W. by N. Albany. It has considerable water-power, and contains a court-house, jail, numerous manufactures, and about 1,000 inhabitants. The Watertown and Eome E. E. passes within 4 m. E. of the village. The river, which has a good har bor at its mouth, is navigable for small craft 14 m. to Orwell. The "Eichland Courier" and the "Northern Democrat" are published here weekly. PULASKI, p. v., and cap. Giles co., Tenn. : on Eichland cr., a N. branch of Elk r., 64 m. S. by W. Nashyille. It has a heavy trade in corn, cotton, and tobacco, the staples of the rich district around it, and contains a court-house, academy, bank, 20 stores, and 1,200 inhabitants. The " Western Star" (whig) is published weekly. PULASKIVILLE, p. v., Morrow co., Ohio : 1 m. E. S. E. Mount Gilead, and 46 m. N. N. E. Columbus. PULTXEY, t. and p. o., Steuben co., N. Y. : on the W. side of Crooked lake, 173 m. W. Albany. Surface level, with an inclination to the lake ; soil clay and calcareous loam, adapted to grain and grass. A farming town. Pop. 1,815. PULTNEYVILLE, p. v., Wayno co., 2f. Y. : on the S. shore of Lake Ontario, 173 m. W. N. W. Albany. It has some lake trade, and contains a steamboat landing, several ware houses and stores, and 500 inhabitants. PULVER S CORNERS, p. o., Duchess county, JV". Y. : 49 m. S. by E. Albany. PUMPKIN, p. o., Southampton co., Virg. : 64 m. S. S. E. Richmond. PUMPKIN PILE, p. o., Paulding co., Ga. : 123 m.W. N.W. Milledgeville. PUMPKINTOWN, p. v., Pickens district, S. Car. : 122 m. N. W. by W. Columbia. PUMPKINTOWN, p. v., Eandolph co., Ga. : 132 m. S. W. Milledgeville. PUMPKIN TINE, p. o^ Paulding co., Ga. : on a S. branch of Etowah r. so called, 119 m. N. W. by W. Milledgeville. PUNCHEON, p. o., Allen county, Ky. : 118 m. S. S. W. Frankfort. PUN GO CREEK, p. o., Beaufort county, JV". Car. . 104 m. E. by S. Ealeigh. PUNGOTEAGUE, p. v., Accomac co., Virg. : on the Eastern Shore, 92 m. E. by N. Eichmond. It contains 2 churches, a store, mill, and 200 inhabitants. PUNTA LOMA, Calif. : at the mouth of San Diego bay, in at. 32 29 31" N., and long. 117 15 07" W. The initial point of the line between Mexico and the United States PUN PYR commences 3 m. 8. of this on the Pacific Ocean. A monu ment demarks the point. PUNXUTAWNEY, p. v., Jefferson co., Penn. : on Mahoning creek, 118 m. W. N. W. narrisburg. PUKCELLSVILLB, p. o., Loudon co., Virg. : 106 m. N. by W. Eichmond. PUEDY, p. v., and cap. M Nairy co., Tenn. : at the head of a branch of Hatchee r., 114 m. S. W. by W. Nashville. It contains the county buiklings,an academy, and several stores. PURDY CREEK, p. o., Steuben co., N. Y. : 196 m. W. by S. Albany. PURDY S STATION, p. o., Westchester co., N. Y. : on the E. side of Croton r., and on the line of the Harlem E. E., 106 m. from Albany. PURVIS, p. v., Sullivan co., N. Y. : 68 m. S. "W. Albany. PUSEYVILLE, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. PUSHAW lake, Penobscot co., Me. : a small lake, 8 m. long and a mile wide, connecting in the N. with Dead stream, and having its outlet through Pushaw r., which falls into the Penobscot, opposite Old Town. PUSHMATAIIA, p. o., Choctaw co., Ala. : 118 m. W. by S. Montgomery. PUTNAM county, Flor. Situate toward the N. E., and contains 437 sq. m. Drained by branches of St. John s r., which bounds it on the E., and of Octawaha river, which bounds it on the S. Surface rising, or slightly undulating ; soil fertile and highly productive. Staples, rice, cotton, fruits, vegetables, Indian corn, wheat, etc. Farms 20; manuf. ; dwell. 108, and pop. wh. 4T3, fr. col. 10, si. 204 total 6S7. Capital : Pilatka. PUTNAM county, Ga. Situate N. centrally, and contains 273 sq. m. Drained by branches of Oconee r., which forms its W. boundary. Surface even; soil a fine deep mold, and very fertile, and produces abundantly corn, wheat, and cot ton, which last is the chief production. Timber is found of good quality. Farms 351 ; manuf. 32 ; dwell. 609, and pop. wh. 3,300, fr. col. 26, si. 7,468 total 10,794, Capital: Eatonton. Pullio Works : Eatonton E. E. PUTNAM county, HI. Situate N. centrally, and contains 268 sq. m. Illinois river passes through its W. portion, and forms its N. boundary, by which and its branches it is drained. Surface uneven and diversified ; a large portion is prairie ; soil fertile and very productive. It is well tim bered, and has much fine grazing land. Farms 317 ; manuf. 26 ; dwell. 636, and pop. wh. 3,920, fr. col. 4 total 3,924. Capital: Hennepin. PUTNAM county, Ind. Situate TV. centrally, and con tains 483 sq. m. Drained by Deer and Big Eaccoon creeks, and Walnut fork of Eel river. Surface varied in general undulating or rolling, but along the streams the land is hilly and broken ; soil fertile, and adapted to wheat, grain, etc., the hilly portions making fine pasture for cattle. Chief productions, wheat, Indian corn, tobacco, and sugar. It has some good timber and fine quarries of limestone. Farms 1,696 ; manuf. 42 ; dwell. 3,088, and pop. wh. 18,581, fr. col. 34 total 18,615. Capital: Greencastle. PUTNAM county, Mo. Situate N., on the border of the State, and contains 317 sq. m. Drained by head branches of Chariton r. Surface rolling ; soil fertile, and easy of cul tivation, and produces corn, fruits, tobacco, etc., in large quantities. It has some fine timber land, and may in gen eral be said to be productive. It contains some good beds of coal. Farms 202; manuf. 0; dwell. 265, and pop. wh. 1,638, fr. col. 0, si. 19 total 1,657. Capital: Putnamville. PUTNAM county, N. Y. Situate S. E., and contains 216 sq. m. Drained by head branches of Croton r., Peekskill, and other small streams. Surface mountainous, making good grazing land. The Highland range extends across the N. W. portion, and the Taghkanic, in the E., from N. to 8. ; soil various in the E. part, with cultivation, it is pro ductive, and yields good crops of wheat, grain, etc., which are its chief products. It has some extensive beds of iron ore and plumbago, with many other minerals, and granite K4 and limestone arc found. The West Point Foundry, the largest in the States, is in this county. Farms 9S9 ; manuf. 89 ; dwell. 2,425, and pop. wh. 14,008, fr. col. 130 total 14,138. Capital: Carmel. Public Works: Hudson Eiver E. E. ; Harlem E. E. PUTNAM county, Ohio. Situate toward the N. W., and contains 486 sq. m. Drained by Auglaize r. and its afflu ents. Surface uneven, and in parts somewhat elevated ; soil a deep mold, with clay intermixed, and productive. Staples, wheat and Indian corn. Pine and other timber abounds. Farms 603 ; manuf. 11 ; dwell. 1,246. and pop. wh. 7,210, fr. col. 11 total 7,221. Capital : Kalida. Public Works: Miami Canal. PUTNAM county, Virg. Erected in 1S4S out of Kanawha, Cabell, and Mason. Situate W., and contains 313 sq. m. Drained by Great Kanawha river and its tributaries. Surface hilly and broken ; soil various, but in general fer tile. Chief products, wheat and Indian corn, with pork, etc. It contains bituminous coal. Farms 455 ; manuf. 21 ; dwell. 788, and pop. wh. 4,693, fr. col. 10, si. 632 total 5,335. Capital: Putnam. PuUic Works: Maysville and Big Sandy E. E. ; Covington and Ohio E. E. ; James Eiver and Kanawha Canal, etc. PUTNAM, t, and p. o., Washington co., N. Y. : on the neck of land between lakes George and Champlain, 69 m. N. Albany. Surface traversed by the Palmerstown range of mountains, some peaks of which are 1.500 feet high. There is little land fit for cultivation. Pop. 753. Old Fort Ticon- deroga occupies the N. extremity of the peninsula. PUTNAM, p. v., Muskingum co., Ohio : on the W. bank of Scioto r.. at the mouth of Licking r., 50 m. E. Columbus. Zanesville is on the opposite side of the river, with which a handsome bridge connects it. It has great facilities for man ufactures, various branches of which are extensively pros ecuted, and contains a bank, an academy, a female seminary, and 1,674 inhabitants. The Cincinnati, Wilmington, aud Zanesville E. E. passes through it. PUTNAM VALLEY, t., Putnam co., 2f. Y. : 67 m. S. by E. Albany. Drained by Peekskill and several other streams, and studded with many small lakes. Surface traversed by the Highlands, and a broad and fertile valley lying between their ridges. Iron ore is abundant, and there are several furnaces, etc., with grist, saw, and other mills. Popula tion 1,626. PUTNAMVILLE, p. v., Putnam co., Ind. : on Deep cr., and the New Albany and Salem E. E., 38 m.W. by S. Indianap olis. It contains several mills and a population of about 500. PUTNAMVILLE, p. v., and cap. Putnam co., Mo. : 136 in. N. by W. Jefferson City. PUTNEY, t. and p. v.,Windham co., Verm. : on Connecticut river, 92 m. S. by E. Montpelier. Surface varied ; on the streams are extensive meadows back of them it is rugged and broken ; soil fertile ; on the hills good pasturage. Sack- ett s brook falls 75 feet in quarter of a mile, affording supe rior power, and moving several woolen, paper, wooden- ware, and other factories. Serpentine is abundant. The Vermont Valley E. E. crosses the E. part P. station is 9 m. N. of Brattleboro . Pop. of 1. 1,425. PUTNEYVILLE, p. v., Armstrong co., Penn* : 143 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. PYLESVILLE, p. v., Harford county, Md. : 7 m. W. of the Susquehanna, 49 m. N. by E. Annapolis. It is built of stone, and contains a flouring-mill and several stores. In the vicinity are quarries of asbestos and slate. PYRAMID lake, Utah Ter. : on the Sierra Nevada, 4.890 feet elevation above the sea level. It was discovered by Fremont in 1S44, and is 35 m. long. The pyramid, a little E. of its middle, more like the work of man than a natural elevation, measures 600 feet above the surface of the water. Lat. 40 N., and long. 119 50 W. It receives the waters of Mud lake from the N., and of Salmon-trout r. from the S., but has no outlet PYRAMID CIKCLE, Oreg. Ter. : on the overland route to 705 PYR California, at the junction of the Great Salt Lake and Cali fornia roads, 1,208 m. from Council Bluffs. It is 5 m. long, and about 3 m. wide, level within the walls around, and studded throughout with numerous tall white and green stones, from 60 to 150 feet high, and from 10 to 20 feet in diameter at the foot, some of them running almost to a point at the top. It is surrounded by mountains which are cov ered with pine and cedar trees, and is altogether a beautiful and picturesque scene. Upon these stones are written, painted, and engraved, the names of many visitors, with the dates. This circle is entirely surrounded by mountains, ex cept an inlet at the east end of about 50 yards, and an out let at the west end of about 20 yards wide. PYRMONT, p. o., Montgomery co., Ohio : 68 m. W. by S. Columbus. Q. QUAKER BOTTOM, p. o., Lawrence co., Ohio : 97 m. S. by E. Columbus. QUAKER HILL, p. o., Duchess co., N. Y. : 76 m. S. by E. Albany. QUAKER SPRINGS, p. v., Saratoga co., N. T. : about 1 m. "W. of Hudson r. and 27 m. N. by E. Albany. QUAKER SPRINGS, v., Columbia co., Ga. : 71 m. E. N. E. Milledgeville. This settlement was formed in 1750 by a party of Friends, who, alarmed at the murders by the Cherokees, fled here for refuge. QUAKER STREET, p. o., Schenectady county, N. Y.: 25 m. W. by N. Albany. QUAKERTOWN, p. v., Hunterdon county, N. Jer. : 47 m. N. by W. Trenton. It contains a Friends meeting-house, 3 stores, and 20 or 25 dwellings. Sometimes called FAIRVIEW. QUAKERTO-WN, p. v., Bucks co., Penn. : 79 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. It is neatly built on a single street, and con tains a Friends meeting-house, and about 300 inhabitants. QUALLATOWN, p. v., Haywood county, JV[ Car. : 283 m. W. by S. Raleigh. QUANTFCO, p. o., Somerset co., Md, : on a cr. so called, 58 m. S. E. Annapolis. QUANTUCK bay, Suffolk co., N. Y. : at the E. extremity of Great South bay, and separated from Shinnecock bay by Quogue neck. QUARRYVILLE, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn, QUARRYVILLE, p. v., Tolland co., Conn. QUASQUETON, p. v., Buchanan co., la. : on E. side of Wapsipinicon r., 49 m. N. by W. Iowa City. QUAY, p. o., Claiborne parish, La. : 189 miles N. W. Baton Rouge. QUEECHEE river, Verm. : an affluent of the Connecticut. It rises in Sherburne, and after a course of 35 m. falls into that r. in Hartland, 2 m. above Queechee Falls. It receives a number of tributaries, and affords extensive water-power. QUEECIIEE VILLAGE, p. v., Windsor co., Verm. : around the Falls of Queechee r., 5 m. from its mouth, 51 m. S. by E. Montpelier. There is an immense water-power here, and considerable manufactures are carried on ; and both up and down the river are mills of various descriptions. QUEEN ANNE county, Md. Situate E., toward the N., and contains 403 sq. m. Drained by branches of Chester river, which flows on the N. W., and of Tuckahoe cr., which forms its W. boundary. Kent island, lying to the S. W.. is within the limits of the county. Surface undulating, and in parts elevated ; soil fertile. Staples, wheat and Indian corn. Farms 936 ; manuf. 29 ; dwell. 1,864, and pop. wh. 7,040, fr. col. 3,174, si. 4,270 total 14,484. Capital: Cen- treville. QUEEN ANNE, p. o., Prince George s co., Md. : on "W. side of Patuxent r., 13 m. W. S. W. Annapolis. QUEEN S county, N. Y. Situate toward the W. part of Long Island, and contains 396 sq. m. Drained by several small streams which enter the sound on the N., and the Atlantic Ocean on the 8. Surface moderately even; soil in 706 QUI the N. a deep loam, and in the S. sandy ; when cultivated it is productive, and well adapted to grain and grazing. Chief products, wheat and Indian corn. This co. contains some minerals, but none of any great importance. It has numerous bays and harbors, which abound with fish, oys ters, etc. Farms 3,303 ; manuf. 89 ; dwell. 6,230, and pop. wh. 33,389, fr. col. 3,444 total 36,833. Capital; North Hempstead. Public Works: Long Island 11. R. ; Hemp- stead Branch R. R. QUEENSBOROUGH, p. v., Anderson disk, S. Car. : on the W. side of Saluda r., 81 m. N. W. by W. Columbia. QUEENSBURY, t. and p. v., Warren co., JV. Y. : 46 m. N. Albany. Drained by Wood cr. on the N., and bounded on the S. by Hudson r. Surface undulating, and in the W. hilly; soil sand and loam, fertile. It contains the village of Glen s Falls, and has considerable manufactures and trade. Pop. of t. 5,813. QUEENSDALE, p. v., Robeson co., Nl Car. : 85 m. S. S. W. Raleigh. QUEKNSTOWN, Queen Anne county, Md. : on S. E. side of Chester bay, 19 m. E. by N. Annapolis. QUEENSVILLE, p. v., Jennings co., Ind. : on the line of the Madison and Indianapolis R. R., 58 m. S. E. Indianapolis, and 28 m. from Madison. QUEMAHONING, t., Somerset county, Penn. : 11 m. N. E. Somerset. Drained by M Conaughey r. and Quemahoning, Higgins , and Wills creeks. Surface hilly ; soil gravelly and light, but productive. Stony creek bounds it on the E. It contains several mills, for which it has fine water-power. Pop. 1,302. QUEXAUPENVILLE, v., Lewis co., Oreff. Ter. : at the con fluence of Chehalis r. with Gray s Harbor, 142 m. N. by W. Salem. QUEROUS GROVE, p. v., Switzerland co., Ind. : 89 m. 8. E. Indianapolis. It is situate about 12 m. N. E. from Vevay, and is sometimes called Bark Works," on account of its having been founded for the purpose of grinding and pack ing oak bark for the English market. QUIET DELL, p. o., Harrison co., Virg. : 205 m. W. N. W Richmond. QUILLIXSVILLE, p. v., Scott co., Virg. : 291 m. W. S. W. Richmond. QUINCY, p. v., and cap. Gadsden co., Flor. : on the TV. side of Attapulgus creek, 19 m. W. N. W. Tallahassee. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and about 600 inhabitants. QUINCY, p. v., and cap. Adams co., III. : mostly on a high bluff, on the E. side of the Mississippi, 88 m. W. Springfield. It is a flourishing v., and contains a court-house, jail, etc., a U. S. land office, numerous warehouses, stores, and work shops, and other establishments, indicative of its commer cial importance. Several steamboats arrive and depart daily during the season. It is also noted for its hog-packiug for exportation. The newspapers published here are the "People s Journal" (indep.), daily and weekly; the "Q. Whig" (whig), the "Q. Wochenblatt" (dem.), and the Q. Herald and Argus" (dem.) r all weekly, and the " Western Legal Observer" and the " Western Temperance Maga zine," both monthly. This v. will be the W. terminus of the Northern Cross R. R., which will bring it into connection with Chicago, Springfield, and the whole North and East. The neighborhood is thickly settled and highly cultivated. Pop. in 1850, 6,911. QUINCY, t and p. v., Norfolk co., Mass. : on Braintree bay, an arm of Boston Harbor, 8 m. S. by E. Boston. Sur face pleasantly diversified and somewhat hilly ; soil of ex cellent quality and well cultivated. It contains large tracts of salt meadow. The v. is centrally situate and has several neat and some costly buildings. The town-house is a noble building of granite, 85 by 55 feet. A newspaper, the "Q- Patriot," is issued weekly. Quincy Point and G< rmantown are well known places on the shore, and are eligibly situated for ship-building and the shore fisheries. Squantum is noted as having been the residence of the Indian sachem. QUI RAG Chichataubut, and is also a pleasant resort for fishing and bathing. Considerable manufactures are carried on in the town, bnt Quincy is more celebrated for its granite quarries About 2 m. back from the bay is a range of elevated land in some parts more than 600 feet above the sea, containing an inexhaustible supply of that invaluable building mate rial. This granite range extends into the neighboring towns. More than 1,000 hands are employed in these quar ries, which supply a large amount of stone for building in all the great cities. The columns of the new Custom House and Exchange at Boston are of this material, and much of it is used in New York city. Quincy has been the birth place of several noted patriots John Hancock, Josiah Quincy, John Adams, and John Quincy Adams were born here, and have left to posterity names of imperishable re nown. Pop. of t. 5,01T. QUINCY, t and p. v., Branch co., Mich. : 61 m. S. S. W. Lansing. Drained by Hog creek and other affluents of St. Joseph s river. Surface varied ; soil fertile and adapted to grain. The v. is situate on the line of the Southern Michi gan K. E., 86 m. from Monroe and 167 m. from Chicago, The t is eminently agricultural, and produces fine crops. Pop. 1,111. QUINCY, p. v., Monroe co.,-Miss.: 143 m. N. E. Jacksou. QUINCY, p. T., Hickory co., Mo. : 66 m. S. W. Jefferson City. QUINCY, p. v., Logan county, Ohio : on the E. branch of Great Miami r.. 57 m. "W. N. W. Columbus. The Bellefon- taine and Indiana E. E. passes through it about 12 m. from Bellefontaine. QUINCY, p. v., Gibson co,, Tenn. : on the S. side of Forked Deer cr., 133 m. W. S. W. Nashville. QUINCY, p. v., Franklin co., Penn. : 48 m. S. "W. Harris- burg. It is situate at the foot of South Mountain, in a rich iron region, and there are several manufacturing establish ments in the vicinity. QUINCY, p. o., Washita co., Ark. ; 78 m. S. S. W. Little Rock. QUINEBAUG, p. v., Windham co., Conn, : on Quinebaug r.. 43 m. E. N. E. Hartford. QUINEBAUG river, Conn.: a tributary of Shetucket r. It rises in Mashapaug pond and passes into Mass., where, in the t, of Brimfleld, it receives a considerable branch, and thence returning in a S. E. direction into Conn., it takes a S. course for 30 m. until it unites with the Shetucket, 3 m. above Norwich City. It has falls that afford extensive and valuable water-power. QUINNIPIAC river, Conn; rises in Farmington, and after a S. course 30 m., enters New Haven Harbor, where it is crossed by a long bridge. QUINN S MILLS, p. o., Clinton county, Ohio: 102 m. S. W. Columbus. QUITMAN, p. v., and cap. Clark co., Miss. : on the E. side of ChicUasawha r., 92 m. E. by S. Jackson. It contains a courthouse and the county offices, several stores, and about 150 inhabitants. The Mobile and Ohio E. E. passes through it. QUITMAN, p. v., Benton county, Ala. : 108 m. N. N. E. Montgomery. QUITMAN, p. o., Van Buren county, Ark. : on N. fork of Cadron cr., 47 m. N. Little Eock. QUITO, p. v., Talbot co., Ga. : on the W. line of the co., 92 m. W. S. W. Milledgeville. QUIVER, p. o., Mason county, HI.: 27 m. N. by W. Springfield. QUODDY (or WBST QUODDY) HEAD, Me. : at the S. side of entrance into West Quoddy bay, in lat 44 49 18 N., and long. 66 59 W. West Quoddy Head Light-house is located on this headland. QUOGUK. p. v., Suffolk co., If. Y. : on the S. side of Long Island, on a neck between Shinnecook and East bays, 145 m. E. S. E. Albany. It is a small, scuttered, "but pleasant place, and is much resorted to as a summer retreat. QUONOC*ONTAUG, p. v.. Washington county, E. I. : 29 m. S. by W. Providence. R. EABBIT river, Allegan co., Mich. : rises in the N. E. part of the co., flows S. S. W., and empties into the Kalamazoo r., 7 m. from its mouth. EABBITSVILLE, p. o., Logan county, Ky. : 142 in. S. W. Frankfort. EABBIT TOWN, p. o., Benton co., Ala. ; 103 m. N. N. E. Montgomery. EABUN county, Go. Situate N. E., and contains 318 sq. m. Chatooga river runs on the E. and Terrora through the S. and W., by which and their branches it is drained. Sur face elevated, and forms, for the most part, table-land. In the E. and W. it is hilly, the Blue Eidge forming its eastern boundary; soil fertile. Agriculture is the leading pursuit with a large portion of the inhabitants. Pine and other timber is found of excellent quality. Farms 282 ; manuf. ; dwell. 385, and pop. wh. 2,338, fr. col. 0, si. 110 total 2,448. Capital: Clayton. Public Works: Eabun Gap E. E. (proposed). EACINE county, Wise. Situate S. E., on Lake Michigan, and contains 339 sq. m. Drained by Fox, Pike, Eoot, and Des Plaines rivers and their affluents, which supply good water-power. Surface uneven, and diversified with lakes; soil a rich loam, and very productive. Agriculture is the leading pursuit. Farms 971 ; manuf. 104 ; dwell. 2,578, and pop. wh. 14,907, fr. col. 66 total 14,973. Capital : Eacine. Public Works : Chicago, Milwaukie, and Green Bay, E. E. EACINE, t, p. c., and cap. Eacine co., Wise. : bordering on Lake Michigan, 73 m. E. S. E. Madison. Drained by Eoot r., which, passing through in a S. E. direction, flows into the lake. Surface undulating; soil of good quality. The v. is at the mouth ot Eoot r., in lat. 42 49 33" N., and long. 87 40 22" W. It contains the court-house, j-iil, and other public buildings; store-houses and other places of business, of various descriptions, printing-offices, etc., and an Episcopal college has been established here Roswoll Parks, D.D., President The imports for 1851 amounted to $1.452,750, and the exports $650,950. The exports consist chiefly in wheat, of which a large quantity is raised in the t. and vicinity. Eacine is a flourishing place, and bids fair soon to become an important commercial point for the State. The public press consists of 5 papers the "Commercial Advertiser" (dem.), " Old Oaken Bucket" (Temp.), " Eacine Advocate" (dem.), and the " Democratten" (dem.), all weekly issues; and the "Wisconsin Farmer" (agri.), a monthly issue. The Green Bay, Milwaukie and Chicago E. E. passes hrough it Pop. of the city 5,103, and of the t. 5,880. EACKET lake and river, 2f. Y. : the lake is in N. part of Elamilton co., an irregular body of water, 14 m. long, 2 to 5 m. wide, abounding with large trout, etc. It connects with Long lake, from which flows Eacket river, 145 m. long, which enters the St Lawrence, near St Eegis. EACKET RIVER, p. o., St Lawrence co., JV. Y. EACOON, p. o., Marion co., III. : 95 m. S. S. E. Springfield. EACOON, t, Gallia co., Ohio: 88 m. S. S. E. Columbus. Drained by Eacoon cr. Surface diversified ; soil generally fertile. Centreville is a small settlement on a branch of the tream. Pop. of 1. 1,474. EACOON, p. o., Preston county, Virg.: 177 m. N. W. Richmond. EACOON river, Bad Ax co., Wise. : flows through N. W. part of the co., into Mississippi r. EACOON FORD, p. o., Culpepper co., Flr^r. : on bank of lapid Ann r., 15 m. above its entrance into Eappahannock ., 63 m. N. W. by N. Richmond. EACOON ISLAND, p. o., Gallia co., Ohio: 90 m. S. S. E. Columbus. Eacoon island is in the Ohior., below Gallipolis, and near the mouth of Eacoon creek. 707 RAG RAL KACOON YALLET, p. o., Knox county, Tenn. : 159 m. E. Nashville. RADFOKDSYILLE, p. o., Perry co., Ala. : 64 m. W. N. "W. Montgomery. RADNOR, t. and p. v., Delaware co., Ohio : on E. side of Scioto r., 30 m. N. N. W. Columbus. Surface rolling, and well timbered ; soil fertile. Tim town is principally in habited by Welsh, and received its name from a place in "Wales. The v. is located about 1 m. E. of the Scioto river. Pop. of 1. 1,204. RADNOR, t. and p. o., Delaware co., Penn. : 81 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. Drained by Darby cr. and other streams. Surface level; soil rich and fertile. It has several manu factures. The Philadelphia and Columbia K. R. passes through it. Pop. 1,372. RAGGED mountains, N. Hamp. : 25 m. N. N. W. Concord. Are a bleak precipitous range, about 10 m. long, between Andover and Hill, in some parts nearly 2,000 feet high. RAGLESVILLE, p. o., Daviess co., Ind. : 79 m. S. W. by S. Indianapolis. RAHWAY, t.. p. y., and sta., Essex county, Jf. Jer.: on Rah way r., 35 in. N. E. Trenton; by New Jersey E. E., 20 m. from New York, and 67 m. from Philadelphia. The v., chiefly in Woodbridge t. Middlesex co., is partly in Rah way t, Essex co., on both sides of Rahway r. at the head of tide, 5 m. from its mouth. It contains 7 churches, an academy, female institute, 1 bank cap. |130.000, and has Borne manufactures. Two newspapers are published weekly, "Advocate and Eegister" (whig), and E. Republican" (dem.). The t has a level surface, and the soil is red shale, and wellcultivated. It is intersected by the New Jersey R. R. and two turnpikes. Pop. of t. 3,806, Rahway Port or Bucktown is situate 3 or 4 m. further down the river. RAIBOIIN S CREEK, p. o., Laurens district, S. Car. : on W. side of cr. of same name, 6S m. W. N. "W. Columbia. RAINBOW, p. o., Hartford county, Conn. : on N. side of Farmington r., 10 m. N. Hartford. RAINES TAVEEN, p. o., Cumberland county, Yirg. : 50 m W. by S. Richmond. RAINESVILLE, p. v., Warren co., Ind.: on Big Pine cr., 72 m. N. W. by W. Indianapolis. RAINSBORO P. v., Highland county, Ohio : 57 m. S. S. W. Columbus. RAINSBURG, p. v., Bedford county, Penn. : on W. side of small affluent of Raystown br. of Juuiata r., 84 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. RAISIN, t. and p. o., Lenawee co., Mich. : 63 m. S. S. E. Lansing, on both sides of Raisin r., which affords water- power. Surface undulating; soil black sandy loam, very productive of grain. The Tecumseh Branch R. R. passes through the t Pop. 1,267. RAISIN river, Mich. Rises in Wheatland t., Ilillsdale co., flows by a very circuitous course through Jackson, Wash- tenaw, Lenawee, and Monroe counties, 140 m. ; and empties into Lake Erie, 2} m. below Monroe. Its banks are gener ally high and beautiful ; its current is very rapid, affording great water-power, which is extensively used. Its name is derived from the wild grape vines which formerly lined its banks. RAISINVILLE, t., Monroe co., Mich. Drained by Raisin r., on which is much fertile land. Pop. 967. RALEIGH county, Virq. Erected in 1S50, out of Fayette. Situate W. centrally, and contains 531 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of New r., or Upper Kanawha. Surface rough and mountainous ; soil in some parts fr rtile. Chief products, wheat, Indian corn, pork, etc. Farms 216 ; manuf. ; dwell. 296, and pop. wh. 1,735, fr. col. 7, si. 23 total 1,765. Capital: Beckley. RALEIGH, p. T., and cap. Smith co., Miss. : 44 m. E. S. E. Jackson. Drained by a creek of Leaf r., and contains the county buildings, etc. RALEIGH, p. city, and cap. Wake county, N. Car. : and capital of the State of North Carolina, about 6 m. W. of 703 . Neuse r., in lat. 35 47 N., and long. 78 48 W. 286 m. from Washington. Smithfleld, 27 m. S. E., is the ordinary point of navigation, but in high stages of the water, vessels come up within 8 m. of Raleigh. It has an elevated and pleasant situation in a healthy country, and is laid out with great regularity. In the centre is Union Square, containing 10 acres, from which extend four streets, 99 feet wide, dividing it into quarters. In the centres of these quarters are other squares, each of 4 acres, intersected as the principal square by streets 66 feet wide. The public buildings are the State-house, court-house, the North Carolina Institution for the instruction of the deaf and dumb, county jail, a market-house, the Governor s house, office of the Secrotary of State, and 7 churches. The State-house, next to that of Ohio at Columbus, surpasses in architectural beauty, those of all other States. It is built after the model of the Parthenon at Athens, and is located on Union Square. The building is 166 feet long by 90 feet wide, and is sur rounded by massive columns of granite, 5 feet in diameter, and 30 feet high. A beautiful dome surmounts the building. The chambers occupied by the Legislature are spacious and commodious. The cost of erecting this noble structure, \vaa about $500,000. The former State-house, containing a fine statue of Washington, by Canova, was destroyed by fire in 1S31. The Institution for the Deaf and Dumb is located near the State-house on a four acre lot, and provision is also made for the erection of a State Lunatic Asylum. Raleigh is a place of considerable business, and has numerous work shops, stores, etc., 2 banks cap. $450,000, and supports 10 newspapers, 3 issued semi-weekly, the " Primitive Baptist" (relig.), the "Southern Advocate" (relig.), and the "E. Register" (whig); 6 weekly, the "Recorder" (relig.), the "Spirit of the Age" (temp.), the "E. Times" (whig), the "N. Car. Standard" (dem.), the "N. Car. Star" (whig), and the "E. Eegister," the last an edition of the semi-weekly of the same name; and 1 semi-monthly, the "Deaf Mute" (liter.). There are four good academies in the city, and several common schools. Ealeigh is intersected by the North Carolina Central R. E., which connects it E. with the sea-board at Newbern, and W. with the S. Carolina railroads at Charlotte; and passing through fertile and populous counties, this road will have the effect of stimulating the trade of the city itself. The Gaston and Ealeigh P E. also terminates here, giving it access to the north. Pop. in 1840, 2,244, and in 1850, 4,518. EALEIGH, p. v., and cap. Saline co., HI. : on a branch of Saline creek, on a pleasant elevation, 149 m. S S. E. Springfield. EALEIGH. p. v., and cap. Shelby co., Tenn. : on N. side of Wolf cr., 181 m. W. S. W. Nashville. It contains a court house, jail, etc., and about 600 inhabitants. EALEIGH, p. o., Eush co., Ind. : on E. bank of Flat Rock cr., 39 m. E. Indianapolis. EALEIGH, p. v., Union co., Ky. : on E. side of Ohio r., 6 m. below the mouth of the Wabash r., 172 m. W. by 5. Frankfort It is a small but pleasantly situated village EALL S county, Mo. Situate toward the N. E., and con tains 475 sq. m. Drained by Salt r., which passes through it from E. to W., and by its different affluents. Surface rolling or nearly a plain ; soil fertile, and very productive. Timber is found in abundance, and good coal beds. Farms 541 ; manuf. 13 ; dwell. 777, and pop. wh. 4.777, fr. col. 6, si. 1,868 total 6,151. Capital: New London. Public Works : St. Louis and Northern E. E. EALLT HILL, p. o., Maury co., Tenn. : 39 m. S. by W. Nashville. EALPHTON, p. o., Fulton county, Ey. : 249 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. RALSTON, p. v., Lycoming co., Penn. : on E. side of Lr- coming cr., 83 m. N. Harrisburg. The Lycoming Yalley Iron Company have a hot-bl-ast charcoal furnace here of the annual capacity of 2,000 tons. The Williamspori and Elmira E. R. passes through the village. RAM RAN EAMAPO, t., Kockland co., N. Y. : 108 m. S. by W. Albany. Drained by Ramapo and Saddle rivers, affluents of the Passaic. Surface hilly and mountainous ; in the valleys soil very productive. There are considerable iron and other manufactures in the L, and at Suffern s, the Union K. E. from New Jersey and Paterson unites with the New York and Erie E. E., which latter crosses the town. Popu lation 3.197. EAMAI-O river, 2f. Y. : rises in Orange county, flows S. through W. part of Eockland county into New Jersey, and empties through Pompton r. into the Passaic. EAMAPO WOKKS, p. \. and sta., Eockland co., N. Y. : on Eamapo r., 104 m. W. by S. Albany, and on Erie E. E., 35 m. from New York. The Eamapo r. here furnishes a large water-power to several iron manufactories. EAMER, p. o., Montgomery co., Ala. EAMSAYSBURG, p. v., Warren co., 2f. Jer. : on E. bank of Delaware r., 46 m. N. N. W. Trenton. It contains an Epis copal church, a store, and a score of dwellings. EAMSBORO , p. v., Guilford co., N. Car.: 103 m. W. N.W. Ealcigh. EAMSKY county, Jfinn* Situate E. middle, and contains 2,150 sq. m. It is a country full of lakes and ponds and running streams. On the S. the Mississippi forms its bound ary, and receives the drainage of more than half the county, through Eum, Ottonwey, and Peterah rivers. The Missis sippi also forms a portion of the N. boundary. The county is about 100 m. long and 20 broad, and about one-fourth part of its surface is water. The largest lake is Minsi-Sa- gaigoning, or Mille Lacs, which covers 300 sq. m. Farms 19 ; manuf. ; dwell. 384, and pop. wh. 2,197, fr. col. 80 total 2,227. Capital: St. Paul. RAMSEY S, sta., Bergen county, N. Jer. : on Union E. E., 28 m. from New York, 5 m. from Suffern s. EANALEBURG, p. v., Mecklenburg co., N. Car. : 120 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. EANCOCXJS, p. o., Burlington co., Jf. Jer. : 15 m. S. S. "W. Trenton. RANCOCTJS creek, N~. Jer. : an affluent of the Delaware. It rises in Monmouth county, and flowing W. through Bur lington county, falls into the Delaware opposite the mouth of IVquasin cr., the N. line of Philadelphia county. EANDALLSTOWN, v., Baltimore county, Md. : 40 miles N. Annapolis. RAXDALLSYILLE, p. v., Eobeson co, N. Car. : on a branch of Lumber r., 63 m. S. S. W. Ealeigh. EANDOLPH county, Ala. Situate E., and contains 917 sq. m. Tallapoosa r. flows through it central!} , by which and by its tributaries, Little Tallapoosa r. and other streams, it is drained. Surface generally level ; soil productive, and adapted to the growth of cotton, the staple article of com merce. Farms 969 ; manuf. 23 ; dwell. 1,904, and pop. wh. 10,616, fr. col. 29, si. 936 total 11,581. Capital : Wee- dowee. RANDOLPH county, Ark. Situate N. toward the E., and contains 830 sq. m. Drained by Big Black r. and its branches. Surface varied, but in general is even ; soil fer tile, and produces wheat, corn, etc. Timber of a good quality is found on the land. Farms 896 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 538, and pop. wh. 8,029, fr. col. 3, si. 243 total 3,275. Capital : Pocahontas. RANDOLPH county, Ga. Situate S. "W., and contains 713 sq. m. Drained by branches of Chatlahoochee r., which forms its western boundary, and by branches of Flint r. Surface undulating, in parts hilly ; soil fertile, and adapted to cotton, which is the principal production of the county. Pine timber abounds, and some minerals are to be found here. Farms 930 ; manuf. 38 ; dwell. 1,408, and pop. wh. 7,857, fr. col. 3, si. 5,008 total 12,868. Capital: Cuthbert Public Works : South "Western E. E. EANDOLPII county, III. Situate S. W., and contains 514 sq. m. Kaskaskia r., a tributary of the Mississippi, passes through the western portion of the county, by which and by St. Mary s and Horse creeks, it is drained. Surface un dulating, and in the S. "W., on the shore of the Mississippi, terminates in high bluffs ; soil fertile, producing wheat, In dian corn, and tobacco. Agriculture is the leading pursuit. Farms 1,100 ; manuf. 36 ; dwell. 2,046, and pop. wh. 10,697, fr. col. 288 total 10,980. Capital : Chester. EANDOLPU county, Ind. Situate E., and contains 428 sq. m. Drained by W. fork of White and Mississinewa rivers and their branches, by which good water-power is supplied. Surface rolling, in some parts it is low and marshy; soil fertile, and adapted to grain and grazing. Chief produc tions, wheat, sugar, and Indian corn. It has some prairies, and good timber is found on the land. Farms 1,477 ; manuf. 12; dwell. 2,513, and pop. wh. 14,064, fr. col. 661 total 14,725. Capital: Winchester. Public Works: Indianap olis and Bellefontaine E. E. ; Union and Fort Wayne, Dayton and Greenville Extension E. E., etc. RANDOLPH county, Mo. Situate centrally toward the N., and contains 457 sq. m. Drained by East Chariton r. and branches, and small streams of Salt r. Surface even ; soil fertile and very productive it is well adapted to tobacco, a large quantity of which is grown. Corn and fruits of differ ent kinds are also produced abundantly, and there is some timber on the land. Bituminous coal of good quality is found in large quantity. Farms 993; manuf. 47; dwell. 1,157, and pop. wh. 7,265, fr. col. 18, si. 2,156 total 9,439. Capital : Huntsville. EANDOLPII county, N. Car. Situate centrally, and con tains 724 sq. m. Drained by Deep r. and its branches, and branches of Yadkin r. Surface various ; soil a deep loam and very fertile, much of it being adapted to grazing. Chief productions, tobacco, cotton, wheat, and Indian corn. Farms 1,173 ; manuf. 41 ; dwell. 2,512, and pop. wh. 13.795, fr. col. 397, si. 1,640 total 15,832. Capital : Ashboro . Public Works: North Carolina Central E. E. EANDOLPII county, Virg. Situate toward the N. W., and contains 1,484 sq. m. Drained by Cheat r. and its branches on the E. side of the mountains, and branches of East fork on the W. side, all constituting head branches of Monou- gahela r. Surface mountainous ; soil in some parts fertile, well adapted to grazing. Chief products, wheat and Indian corn. Laurel and Cheat mountains run through the county. Farms 379; manuf. 0; dwell. 844, and pop. wh. 5,003, fr. col. 39, si. 201 total 5,243. Capital : Beverly. EANDOLPH, p. o., Bibb county, Ala. : 53 miles N. W. Montgomery. RANDOLPH, t. and p. o., Crawford county, Penn. : 198 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by creeks of Venango river. Pop. about 1,500. EANDOLPH, v., Eandolph county, Ind. : 68 m. E. by N. Indianapolis. EANDOLPH, p. o., Barren county, Ky. : 99 m. S. W. by 8. Frankfort, RANDOLPH, t., p. v., and sta., Norfolk co., Mass. : on Fall River E. E., 15 m. S. Boston. Surface of t undulating ; soil productive. Drained by Mantiquot r. The manufac ture of shoes, etc., is extensively carried on. There is 1 bank capital $150,000 an academy, and 6 churches. There are several villages in the town. Pop. of t. 4,741. RANDOLPH, v., Clay county, Mo. : 123 miles W. N. W. Jefferson City. RANDOLPH, t. and p. o., Columbia county, Wise. : 42 m. N. N. W. Madison. Drained by tributaries of Fox and Wisconsin rivers. Surface elevated, but mostly level, and affording excellent farm lands. Pop. 618. RANDOLPH, t. and p. o., Coos county. N. Ilamp. : 81 m. N. by E. Concord. Drained by head branches of Israel s r. Surface mountainous, the White Mountains lying imme diately S. of it Pop. 113. RANDOLPH, t. and p. v., Cattaraugus co., N. Y. : 272 m. W. by S. Albany. Surface of t. hilly ; soil well adapted to grazing. Drained by Conewango cr. The r., on Little Conewango cr., contains about 300 inhabitants. It has a 709 RAN RAV considerable manufacturing capital and some retail trade Pop. of t. 1,606. RANDOLPH, t. and p. o., Portage eo., Ohio : 114 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by branch of Cuyahoga r. Surface gently uneven ; soil fertile much grain is raised. Popula tion 1,730. RANDOLPH, p. v., Tipton co., Tenn. : on E. side of Mis sissippi r., at the mouth of Big Hatchie r., 22 m. below Ash- port, 173 m. W. by S. Nashville. Large quantities of cotton are shipped from this place to New Orleans. It is a dilapi dated town at the head of second Chickasaw bluffs. Im mediately opposite is seen the first cotton plantation on descending the river. RANDOLPH, t, p. v., and sta., Orange co., Verm, : 23 m. 8. Montpelier. Drained by branches of White r. Surface of t. elevated and not much broken ; soil fertile, and well cultivated. The v. is handsomely situated, and contains a flourishing academy, a church, stores, etc. In the t. are several tanneries, saw and grist mills. The Vermont Cen tral R. R. passes through its W. part, 46 m. from "Windsor. Pop. of t 2,666. RANDOLPH MACON COLLEGE, p. o. and coll., Mecklenburg co., Virg. : 1 m. W. Boydtown and 74 m. S. W. Richmond. The college was founded in 1832, and is under the direction of the Methodist denomination. In 1S50 it had 7 professors, SO students, and 8,000 volumes in its libraries, and its alumni numbered 147, of whom 31 were in the ministry. RANDOLPH S GROVE, p. o., M Lean co., HI. : 49 m. N. E. Springfield. RANEYSBURG, p. o., "Washington county, III.: 99 m. S. Springfield. RANGE, t, Madison co,, Ohio : 27 m. W. S. "W. Columbus. Drained by head waters of Paint and Deer creeks. Sur face elevated and level ; soil rich and productive. It is a fine farming country. Pop. 98S. RANGELY, t and p. o., Franklin co., Me. : 63 m. N. W. Augusta. Drained by Androscoggin r. and other streams, which fall into Aquessuck lake on its S, boundary. Pop. 43. RANKIN county, Miss. Situate W. centrally, and contains 795 sq. m. Pearl r. forms its W. and N. "W . boundary, by branches of which it is drained. Surface generally level, and is thickly wooded, a large portion of the land being pine forest; soil fertile. Cotton is the staple. Farms 420; manuf. 5; dwell 698, and pop. wh. 8.945, fr. col. 6, si. 8,276 total 7.227. Capital: Brandon. Public Works: Yicksburg, Jackson, and Brandon R. R. ; New Orleans, Jackson, and Northern R. R., etc. RANSOM, p. v., Hillsdale co., Mich. : 62 m. S. Lansing. Pop. 549. RANSOM, p. o., Luzerne county, Penn. : 78 miles N. E. Harrisburg. RANSOM S BRIDGE, p. o., Nash co., N. Car. : 42 m.E. N. E. Raleigh. RANSOMVTLLE, p. o., Niagara co., N. Y. : 274 m. "W.byN. Al oany. RANTOWLE S, p. o., Colleton disL, & Car. : 82 m. S. by E. Columbia. RAPIIOE, t. and p. o., Lancaster co., Penn. : 23 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. Surface of town rolling ; soil calcareous loam. Drained by the Chiques creeks, which form its E. and W. boundaries. It contains numerous saw, grist, flouring, and fulling mills, tanneries, distilleries, etc. Pop. about 4,000. Mount Joy and Elizabethtown, on the Lancaster and Har risburg R. R., and Manheim are in this town. RAPID ANN, p. o., Madison county, Virg. : 71 m. N. "W. Richmond. RAPID ANN river, Virg. : rises in the Blue Ridge, in Mad ison county, and joins the Rappahannock, 10 miles above Fredericksburg. RAPIDES parish, La. Situate "W. centrally, and contains 1,993 sq. m. Drained by Red r. and its branches, Calcasieu river, and Bosuf, Hagon, Cypress, Rapide, and Crocodile bayous. Surface level, and in some parts very low, subject- 710 ing it to inundation when the rivers are high ; soil various^, along the streams being fertile, and generally productive. Staple articles of commerce cotton and Indian corn. Tim ber is found on the land, pine prevailing. It contains some small lakes. Farms 187; manuf. 11; dwell. 1,<)32, and pop. wh. 5,037, fr. col. 184. si. 11,340 total 16,531. Cap ital : Alexandria. Public Works : New Orleans, Opelousas, and Great Western R. R. RAPIDS, p. o., Portage co., Ohio: 120 m. N. E. Columbus. RAPIDS, p. o., Whitesides co,, III.: on S. side of Rock r., 137 m. N. Springfield. RAPIDS, p. o., Boone co., la. : 136 m. W. by N. Iowa City. RAPIDS, pv <>., Niagara county, N. Y. : 260 m. W. by N. Albany. RAPPAHANNOCK county, Virg. Situate toward the N. E., and contains 268 sq. m. Drained by head branches of Rappa- bannock r. Surface level ; soil fertile, adapted to grain and grazing. Chief products wheat and Indian corn. Farms 472 ; manuf. 34 ; dwell. 990, and pop. wh. 5,642, fr. col. 296, si. 3,844 total 9,782. Capital: Washington. RAPPAHAJTNOCK river, Virg. : rises in the Blue Ridge* and flowing ia a S. E. course 130 m., eaters Chesapeake bay by a large estuary, 25 m. S. of the mouth of the Poto mac. It has four fathoms water at Hobbs* Hole, and is navigable for vessels requiring 10 feet of water to Freder icksburg, 40 m. from its mouth. RAPPAHANNOCK ACADEMY, p. o., Caroline co., Virg.: 36 m. N. by E. Richmond. RAPP S BARRENS, p. o., Fulton co., Ark. ; 105 n>. N. Little Rock. RARITAN, t., Hunterdon eo., 2T. Jer. : 20 m. N. Trenton. Drained by Nachanic cr. and several streams, affluents of S. branch of Raritan r., which forms the N. E. boundary, and also by Wickheckcoke and other streams of Delaware r. It is a fine farming t, and has numerous mills and man ufactures. Flemington, to which a branch of the Belvider Delaware R. R. will be built, is in Raritan. Pop. 3,066. RARITAN, p. v. and sta. Somerset co., N. Jer. : on Raritan r., 1 m. W. Somerville, by New Jersey Central R. R., 40 m. from New York. RARITAN bay, 2f. Jer. : lies between Staten Island on the N., Monmouth co., N. J., on the S., and Sandy Hook on the S. E. It terminates on the W. at Amboy, to which it has 2$ fathoms of water. RARITAN river, & Jet\: is formed by two branches which unite in Somerset co., and empty into Raritan bay at Am boy. Sloops of 80 tons ascend the r. with 8 feet of water to New Brunswick, whence also steamboats ply daily to New York. RATCLIFFSBUEG, p. o., Yinton county, Ohio: 57 m. S. E. Columbus. ATUBOXEvnjjE, p. v. and sta., Steuben co. N. Y. : on N. E. side of Canisteo cr., 186 m. W. by S. Albany, and on Erie R. R., 317 m. from New York, 152 m. from Dunkirk; a handsome village. Pop. about 500. RATHBUN, p. o., Sheboygan co., Wise. : 90 m. N. E. by E. Madison. RAVEN CREEK, p. o., Harrison county, Ky. : 86 m. N. E. Frankfort RAVENNA, t., p. v., and cap. Portage co., Ohio : 121 m. N. E. Columbus. Surface undulating, drained by a branch of Cuyahoga r., and by W. branch of Mahoning r. The v. is pleasantly situated on a plain, is regularly laid out, and contains an elegant court-house of stone, a jail, female .sem inary, and four churches. The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal passes through the S. part of the v., and affords water- power. The Cleveland and Pittsburg R. R. passes through the v., 88 m. from Cleveland, and 62 m. from Wellsville. Three newspapers are published weekly, " Portage Sentinel" (dem.), " Portage County Whig," and " Ohio Star" (free soil). Pop. of t. 2,239. RAVENNA, t. and p. o., Ottawa co., Mich. : 77 m."W. N.W. Lansing. Drained by Crockeyy cr. Pop. 77. RAV REA RAVEN S NEST, p. o., Washington co., Virg. : 254 m. W. by S. Richmond. RAVE.NSWOOD, p. o., Jackson co., Virg. : at junction of Little Sandy cr. with the Ohio, 253 ra. W. N. W. Richmond. Population 276. RAVENSWOOD, v.. Queen s co, Ni Y. : on the East river, opposite Blackwell s Island, and about a mile S. of Astoria. Stages from Williamsburg pass through it several times a day, and steamboats from New York stop at the landing. Pop. about 300. RAWLINGSBURG, p. v., Rockingham co., N. Car. : 84 m. N. W. Raleigh. RAWLINGSVILI.E, p. v., De Kalb co., Ala. : on E. bank of Wills cr. of Coosa r., 149 m. N. by E. Montgomery. RAWLIN S STATION, sta., Hampshire co., Virg.: on the line of the Baltimore and Ohio R. R., 13 m. S. W. Cumber land, uncl 192 in. from Baltimore. RAWLINSVILLE, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. : 41 m. S. E. Harrisburg. RAWSONVILLE, v., Fulton co., N. Y. : on Fonda s Bush cr., 36 m. N. W. Albany. It contains several factories, and about 500 inhabitants. RAWSONVILLE, p. v., Wayne co., Mich. : 61 m. E. S. E. Lansing. RAY county, Mo. Situate toward the N. W., and con tains 563 sq. m. Drained by Crooked r. and its E. and W. forks, and by other small streams, all flowing into the Missouri, which forms its S. boundary. Surface undulating; soil very fertile, and produces in abundance corn, wheat, fruits, etc. Tobacco is grown, and there is some flue tim ber land. Limestone abounds. Farms 833; manuf. 30; dwell. 1,457, and pop. wh. 8,834, fr. col. 25, si. 1,514 total 10,373. Capital: Richmond. RAY. t. and p. o., Macomb co., Mich. : 83 m. E. Lansing. Drained by N. branch of Clinton river, which affords water- power. Pop. 1,232. RAY CENTRE, p. o., Macomb county, Mich. : S3 m. E. Lansing. RAYMERTOWN, p. o., Rensselaer co., N. Y. : 20 m. N. E. Albany. RAYMOND, t. and p. o., Cumberland county, Me. : 44 miles S. W. Augusta, Sebago pond forms its S. W. boundary. Chiefly devoted to agricultural pursuits. Pop. 1,142. RAYMOND, p. v., and cap. Hinds co., Miss.; on a small branch of Pearl r., 14 m. W. by S. Jackson. It contains a court-house, several stores, and is a centre of some trade. A branch of the Vicksburg, Jackson, and Brandon R. R. comes up to the village. Pop. about 500. RAYMOND, t, p. o., and sta., Rockingham co., N. ffamp. : 23 m. S. E. Concord. Drained by Lamprey river and Us brandies, on which the soil is productive. The Portsmouth and Concord R. R. passes through the t., 23 m. from Ports mouth, 24 from Concord. Pop. 1,256. RAYMOND, t. and p. o., Racine co., Wise. : 75 m. E. by S. Madison. Drained by branch of Root r. Pop. 820. RAYMOND S, p. o., Union co., Ohio : 31 m. N. W. Columbus. RAYMONDVILLE, p. o., St. Lawrence county, If. Y. : on W. side of Racket r., 160 m. N. N. W. Albany. RAYNHAM, t., Bristol county, Maw. : 29 miles S. Boston. Drained by Taunton river, which forms its S. border, and affords water-power. Surface level ; soil light. The first forge in the United States was erected in this town in 1652, and iron to a considerable amount is still manufactured. There are also in the town several grist and saw mills. Pop. 1,541. RAYNORTOWN, v., Queen s co., JV. Y. : on the S. post-road of Long Island, W. of Lott s cr., 23 m. from New York. It contains a Presbyterian church, 3 mills, ami about 100 in habitants. There is a fine view of the ocean from the village. RAY S FORK, p. o., Scott, co., Ky. : 18 m. N. E. Frankfort. RAY S HILL, p. o., Bedford county, Penn.: 77 m. W. Harrisburg. RAYSVILLK, p. v., Henry co., Ind. : on W. side of Blue river, 82 m. E. Indianapolis, on line of Indiana Central R. R. In the vicinity is fine and well improved water- power. RAYSVILLE, p. v., Columbia co., Ga. . on S. side of Little r., 62 m. N. E. Milledgeville. RAYTOWN, p. v., Taliaferro co., Ga. : 46 m. N. E. by N. Milledgeville. RAYVILLE, p. v., Lawrence co., Miss. : 44 m. S. Jackson. Drained by a creek of Pearl river. RAYWICK, p. v., Marion co., Ky. : on N. side of Rolling fork of Salt r., 51 m. S. W. by S. Frankfort. READFIELD, t. and p. o., Kennebec co., Me. : 9 m. W. by N. Augusta. This is a fine farming t., with fertile soil. It has a large pond in its S. part (lying partly in Winthrop), and another in its W. part. The Maino Wesleyan Seminary, incorporated in 1S22, is here located. Pop. 1,9S5. REDFIELD DEp6T, p. o., Kennebec county, Me. : 11 m. W. by N. Augusta, and by Androscoggin and Kennebec Railroad, 59 m. from Portland. READING, t, p. v., and sta., Middlesex co., Mass. : 12 m. N. Boston. Drained by Ipswich river. Surface diversified; soil generally good, and in some parts excellent. The manufacture of iron, shoes, chairs, and cabinet-ware is ex tensively prosecuted. The Boston and Maine R. R. passes through the v., which is located in the S. part, and the Sa lem and Lowell R. R. crosses it in the N. Pop. 3,108. READING, t. and p. o., Hillsdale co., Mich. : 66 m. S. by W. Lansing. Surface diversified ; soil rich sandy loam. In its W. part is a long pond, from which flows Hog r. in N. N. E. course. Pop. 956. READING, t. and p. o., Steuben co., ^ Y. : 164 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by small streams running into Seneca lake, which on the E. forms its boundary. Surface elevated and rolling; soil clay and calcareous loam. The Canandai- gua and Elmira R. R. runs along the lake shore. Popula tion 1,434. READING, p. v., Hamilton co., Ohio : on E. side of Mill creek of the Ohio r., 1 m. E. of the Reading Locks of the Miami Canal, 10 m. N. by E. Cincinnati, 89 m. S. W. by W. Columbus. READING, p. b., and cap. Berks county. Penn. : on the E. bank of Schuylkill river, 50 m. E. Harrisburg. Laid out in 1748 by Thomas and Richard Penn, proprietaries and governors of the province, and settled chiefly by Germans, whose descendants constitute a large portion of its present population. The streets are spacious and straight, crossing at right angles. In a central square stands a splendid court-house, 200 feet long by 220 deep, having an imposing portico with 6 columns of red sandstone cost $50,000. Be sides public offices, are a jail, 3 banks capital $300,000, an academy, female seminary, 8 public libraries, and 13 churches. The Lutheran and the German Reformed churches are large and handsome structures, with lofty spires, the former 201 feet high. The natural position of Reading, its facilities of communication with the interior coal region, and the sea-coast, and its highly industrious population, have made it the centre of an active trade and of extensive manufactures. The Schuylkill Navigation Canal, extending from Port Carbon in the anthracite coal region above Pottsville to Philadelphia, passes through Reading, and the Union Canal extends hence to Middle- town, on the Susquehanna. The Philadelphia and Read ing R. R. (now extended to Pottsville) passes through the place. 5S m. from Philadelphia. A line of railroad is pro jected to Harrisburg. There are various large manufacto ries. One anthracite blast furnace has an annual capacity of 3.500 tons, and produced in 1849 3 250 tons, employing steam-power and 50 men. One hot-blast charcoal furnace has an annual capacity of 1,550 tons, using water-power, em ploying 40 men, and produced in 1849 450 tons. One cold- blast charcoal furnace has an annual capacity of 1,100 tons, employing 100 men, using water-power, and made in 1849 TU REA RED 897 tons. One forge, employing steam-power and 14 men, has an annual capacity of 600 tons. There are 3 charcoal forges, employing 52 men; and 2 rolling-mills, employing steam-power and 215 men, which made in 1849 2,600 tons. The manufacture of hats for the southern and western mar kets is a large business. A cotton factory, making fine mus lins, produces about 8,000 yards daily. There are also large flouring-mills, a nail factory, breweries, tanneries, a pottery lumber yards, etc. White wines of excellent quality are manufactured. Beading is supplied with water by an aqueduct from a spring on Penn s Mount, conducted into a reservoir, and thence distributed through the streets in iron pipes. Two fine covered bridges cross the Schuylkill, here 600 feet wide, one of which cost $60,000. Iron ore and limestone are found in the vicinity. Water-power is fur nished by the Schuylkill and Talpehochea creek. In 1850 9 newspapers were published weekly, of which 4 were in German, viz., "B. Eagle" (dem.), "Berks and Schuylkill Journal" (whig), " Berks Co. Press" (dem.), " People s Ad vocate" (neut.), "Gazette and Democrat" (dem.), "Ham burger Schnell Post" (neut), " Liberale Beobachter" (whig), " Der Geist der Leit" (dem.), and " Eeadinger Adler" (neut.) The citizens of Beading are noted for their general intelli gence and refinement, as well as for industrial enterprise. Pop. in 1810, 8,463 ; in 1820, 4,332 ; in 1830, 5,850 ; in 1840, 8,410 : in 1850, 15,748. BEADING, t., Adams county, Penn. : 12 m. N. Gettysburg. Drained by Conewago creek and Muddy Bun, a branch of Bermudian creek. Surface level ; soil red shale and slate. The v. of Berlin is on Conewago creek. The t has several potteries, etc., and 1,201 inhabitants. BEADING, t. and p. o., Fairfleld co., Conn. : 47 m. 8. W. Hartford. Drained by Saugatuck and Norwalk rivers. Surface diversified : soil of average fertility. The v. is near the centre, and contains 2 churches and several dwellings. Pop. of 1. 1,754 BEADING, t and p. o., Windsor co., Verm. : 56 m. S. by E. Montpelier. Drained by branches of Black and Queechee rivers, and by Mill creek. Surface elevated and uneven ; soil well adapted to grazing. Considerable manufactures carried on, but the chief occupation of the people is farming. Pop. 1,171. BEADING, p. v., Livingston county, III.: 97 m. N. E. Springfield. BEADING CENTRE, p. v., Steuben county, N. T. : 167 m. W. by S. Albany. BEADING BIDGE, p. v., Fairfleld county, Conn. : in the E. part of t. of Beading, 46^ m. S. W. Hartford. BEADINGTON, t. and p. o., Hunterdon co., IT. Jer. : 22 m. N. Trenton. Drained by S. branch of Baritan r., and by Eockaway r. and branches. Surface, except in the S. W., hilly ; soil red shale, clay, and loam. It is crossed by the New Jersey Central E. E. 28 m. from Easton, and 34 m. from Elizabethtown. The villages of White House, Me- chanicsville, etc., are in Beadington. Pop. 2,836. EEADSBOKO , t and p. o., Bennington co., Verm,: 106m. 8. by W. Montpelier. Drained by Deerfield river and branches. Surface mountainous, and much of the land unfit for cultivation. Pop. 857. EEADVII.LE, sta., Norfolk co., Mass. : on the Boston and Providence B. B., 8 m. S. Boston. BEADYVILLE, p. v., Eutherford co., Tenn. : on Stone s r., a tributary of Cumberland r., 39 m. S. E. by E. Nashville. EEAMSTOWN, p. v., Lancaster co.. Penn. : on E. side of branch of Conestoga cr., 39 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. BEAVILLE, p. o., Hunterdon co., 2f. Jer. : 25 m. N. N. W. Trenton. BEBECCA FURNACE, v., Bottetourt co., Virg. : on a branch of James r., navigable for boats of 5 or 7 tons, 3 m. to the works. There is a white sulphur spring in the vicinity. BEBERSBURG, p. v., Centre co., Penn. : on a branch of Penn s cretk, and N. of Brush Mountain, 55 m. N. N. W. Harrisburg. It contains about 200 inhabitants. 712 EECKLESSTOTVN, p. v., Burlington co., W. Jer. : on N. side of Horner s cr., 10 m. S. by E. Trenton. EECTOR S CROSS EOADS, v., Fauquier county, Virg. : 95 m. N. by W. Eichmond. EECTORTOWN, p. v., Fauquier co., Virg. : 1 m. S. Goose creek, and 96 m. N. by W. Eichmond. It contains several flouring-mills and stores, and a church. BED BANK, p. o., Lawrence county, Ark. : 1 m. N. from Spring r., 114 m. N. N. E. Little Bock. BED BANK, p. v., Monmouth co., N. Jer. : on S. bank of Nevisink r., 36 m. E. by N. Trenton. This place is much resorted to in the summer, and a steamboat runs between it and New York several times a day during the season, tea air, fishing, and rural sports are the attractions. The North American Phalanx have a settlement near this vil lage, respecting which, and other societies of a like nature, the following letter from Charles Sears, secretary to the association, will prove of great interest and value to in quirers : THE NORTH AMERICAN PHALANX, i New Jersey, April 13, 1853. ) DEAR SIR I received your letter of 9th inst, and, in accordance with your suggestion, inclose herewith a sum mary statement of our aims, organization, and statistics. It is brief as I could well make it. Ours, I believe, is the only association in this country or in the world that adopts Fou rier s formula of organization. A good many similar at- tempts have been made, but hitherto without success. There are other forms of association in this country, and those within my knowledge are : Hopedale Community, in Milford, Mass., Bev. Adin Bal- low, leader. This is a non-resistant Christian fraternity, having many interests in common, and some separate in terests. Raritan Bay Union, near Perth Amboy, New Jersey, is about organizing this spring. This body proposes to asso ciate capital, and when expedient or desirable, they will co operate industrially. George B. Arnold, resident director, Perth Amboy. Modern Times, Long Island, 40 miles from Brooklyn, Josiah Warren, leader. This is an attempt to organize, or, rather, to institute justice upon a scientific basis, viz., " In dividual Sovereignty," recognizing competition, and repu diating institutions, government, etc. The German societies, such as the Ebenezer Society, near Buffalo, New York ; The Society at Zoar, Ohio, under J. Bimeler ; Rapp s Society, at Economy, on the Ohio, near Beaver, Penn. I believe these societies differ from each other, but I am not familiar with their distinctive principles. The Icarians, at Nauvoo, Illinois, under Cabet. The Perfectionists, at Oneida, New York, J. H. Noyes, leader. There are a number of these Christian communi ties, claiming a scientific as well as a religious basis of or ganization, and of all of which I believe that JMr. J. H. Noyes of Brooklyn, New York, is the acknowledged head. Finally, The Shakers, who also are now in the field as propagandist reformers. I had forgotten to mention a society of Spiritualists, that went out last year under the direction of Bev. T. L. Harris, ate of New York City. This place is called Mountain Cove, somewhere in Western Virginia. I am very respectfully yours, CHARLES SEARS, Secretary. E. S. FISHER, ESQ., Brooklyn. THE NORTH AMERICAN PHALANX ASSOCIATION, Monmovth County, near Red Sank, N. Jer. This Association was organized, not for the purpose of correcting any special form of evil, but to INSTITUTE POSI TIVE EIGHTS ; which, being accomplished, WRONGS, CONSE QUENTLY CEASE. Those who have been active in establishing this Institu tion, believe with the associative school, that existing civil- RED RED fcation, as well as the forms of society that preceded it, are phases in the growth of the Human Eaee ; and that the present antagonism of interests and other disorders are, in turn, to be superseded by ORGANIC FORMS OF SOCIETY, in which Men, Women, and Children shall, by the force of Society, be established in possession of the Eight of Labor and the fruits thereof a Home; Social Culture; and a Practical Education in the Affairs of Life. The general purpose of the Association is expressed in the formula of Fourier as follows : UNITY OF MAN WITH GOD, WITH NA TURE, AND WITU MAN. Of practical Institutes, the following formula is adopted : Joint Stock ) ( Association Property; f Cooperative Labor ; [ of Families; Equitable j Mutual r Honors Distribution^ Guarantees; 1 according of Profits ; ) (to Usefulness ; Integral Education ; Unity of Interests. The Association organized in 1843. Its domain consists of 673 acres of rolling land, upon the Greensand Belt in Monmouth County (near Ked Bank), New Jersey, about 40 miles south of New York. The present population is about 130 persons. Agriculture in its various branches is a lead ing industry. Milling, and some mechanical branches, are also carried on. In organization, the serial form is adopted, and the fol lowing are the principal departments, viz. : The Agricultural Serie " Stock " " Mechanical " The Domestic Serie " Manufacturing Serie " Festal " And within the past year the Educational Serie has been organized, in which it is proposed to Educate the young INTEGRALLY, that is, to develop the bodily powers, the affec tions, and the intellect; and not to limit our Educational efforts mainly to the culture of the intellect, as in the current method of Education. April, 1S53. BED BANK, t, Clarion co., Penn. : 149 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. Drained by Eed Bank, Mahoning, and Beaver creeks. Surface rolling ; soil fertile loam. Alum is found in the t, and several manufactories are carried on. Popu lation 3,276. EED BANK FURNACE, p. o., Armstrong co., Perm. : 134 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. Here is a charcoal cold-blast fur nace, which produces annually about 2,000 tons metal, and gives employment to 100 men. EED BANKS, p. v., Marshall co., Miss. : 174 m. N. by E. Jackson. EEJ> BEACH, p. o., Washington co., Me. : 114 m. E. N. E. Augusta. EED BLUFF, p. o., Marion district, & Car. : 85 m. E. Columbia. EED BLUFF, p. o., Wythe co., Yirg. : 203 m. W. by S. Eichmond. EED BOILING SPRINGS, p. o., Macon co., Tenn.: 43 m. E. by N. Nashville. EED BRIDGE, p. o., Ulster co., N. Y. : 56 m. S. S. W. Albany. EED BUD, p. o., Eandolph county, III. : 115 m. S. by W. Springfield. EED BUD, p. o., Ozark county, Mo. : on Bryant s fork of White r., 94 m. S. Jefferson City. EED CEDAK creek, Minn. Ter. : in Washington co., flows 8. E. into St. Croix r., in lat. N. 45 45 . EED CEDAR lake, Minn. Ter. : in N. E. corner of Benton county, connected by an outlet with Mississippi river. EED CEDAR lake and river, Wise. : the lake in N. W. part of the county is the most S. of a chain of lakes, forming the source of the river, which flows S. by W. about 70 m., and empties into Chippewa river. EED CEDAR river, Midi. : rises in Livingston co., flows 84 W. by N. through N. part of Ingham co., and empties into Grand river, near Lansing. EED CLAY, p. o. and sta., Murray county, Go.. : near Tennessee State line, on East Tennessee and Georgia E. E., 15 m. N. Dalton. 176 m. N. W. by N. MilledgeTille. EED CREEK, p. o., Wayne co., N. Y. BEDDINGTON, p. v., Jackson co., Ind. : 1 m. E. of E. fork of White r., 52 m. S. S. E. Indianapolis. EED FALLS, p. o., Greene county, 2f. Y. : 28 m. S. S. W. Albany. EEDFIELD, t and p. o., Oswego county, Jf. Y. : 124 miles W. N. W. Albany. Drained by Salmon r. and its branches. Surface undulating; soil a moist loam, and adapted to grass. Some small manufactures are carried on. Popula tion 752. EEDFOOT river, Tenn. : rises in N. E. part of Obion co., flows in S. S. W. course through W. part of this and Dyer counties, and empties into Obion r., near its entrance into Mississippi river. EEDFORD, t. and p. v., Wayne co., Mich. : 71 m. E. S. E. Lansing. Drained by N. branch of Eouge river and its branches. The v. is on W. bank of the river, which affords water-power used by saw-mills, etc. Pop. of t. 1,645. BEDFORD, p. v., Clinton co., N. Y. : on N. side of Saranac r., 136 m. N. Albany. Iron ore is abundant in the vicinity, and in the v. are glass-works, and about 500 inhabitants. EED HILL, p. o., Marshall county, Ala.: 135 miles N. Montgomery. EED HILL, p. o. and sta., Murray county, Ga. : on East Tennessee and Georgia E. E., 9 miles N. Dalton, 169 miles N. W. by N. Milledgeville. EED HILL, p. v., Grainger county, Tenn. : 174 miles E. Nashville. EED HILL, p. o., Ilardin county, Ey.: 70 miles S. W. Frankfort. EBD HILL, p. o., Kershaw dist, S. Car.: on E. side of Catawba r., 29 m. N. E. by N. Columbia. EED HILL, N. Ilamp. : a summit a little N. of Winnipis- eogee lake, and commanding an extensive and fine view of the romantic scenery of the region. EED HOOK, t. and p. v., Duchess co., N. Y.: 44 m. S. Albany. Drained by small streams flowing into Hudson r., which bounds it on the W. Surface rolling ; soil clay and loam. There are two landings from the river, called Upper and Lower. The v. of Upper Eed Hook is about 4 m. back from the landing, and contains a church, an academy, seve ral stores, and 300 inhabitants ; and that of Lower Eed Hook about 3 m. from the lower landing, and is a somewhat large settlement. There are other villages in the town, of which Tivoli and Barrytown on the river and railroad are the largest. Factories of various descriptions are established in the villages. Pop. of t. 3,263. EED HOUSE, p. o., Charlotte co., Yirg. : 74 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. EED HOUSE SHOALS, p. o., Putnam co., Yirg. : on Kan- awha r., 255 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. EED JACKET, p. o., Erie co., 2f. Y. : 256 m. W. Albany. EED LAND, p. v., Pontotoc co., Miss. : on Loohaton cr., 9 m. S. Pontotoc, and 141 in. N. E. by N. Jackson. EED LAND, p. o., Bossier parish, La. : 214 miles N. W. Baton Eouge. EED LION, bund, and p. o., New Castle co., Del. : 32 m. N. by W. Dover. The hund. contains an area of 13,900 acres. Drained by Eed Lion creek, on the .N. side of which and on the New Castle and Frenchtown E. E. is situate the v. of Eed Lion, which derives its name from the principal tavern. The hund. is strictly a farming country, and con tains about 1,600 inhabitants. EED LION, p. v., Warren county, Ohio : 73 m. W. S. "W". Columbus. It contains several mechanic shops, and about 200 inhabitants. EED LION, v., Burlington co., N. Jer. : 4 m. S. of Eancocus cr., and 22 m. S. Trenton. 718 RED REE BEDMAN, p. o., Jackson county, Ala. : 167 miles N. Montgomery. BED MILLS, p. o., Putnam co., Jf. Y. : on a branch of Croton r., S3 m. S. Albany. BED MOUND, p. o., Henderson co., Tcnn. : 97 m. W. S. "W. Nashville. BED MOUNTAIN, p. o., Orange co., N. Car. : 38 m. N. W. Ealeigh. BED OAK, p. o., Fayette county, Ga. : 85 m. W. N. W. Milledgeville. BED OAK, p. o., Ellis co., Teats. : 165 m. N. N. E. Austin City. BED OAK GROVE, Burlington co., JV. Jer. BED OAK GROVE, p. o., Charlotte co., Ylrg. : 73 m. S. W. Bichmond. BED PLAINS, p. o., Yadkin co., N. Car. : 115 m. W. by N. Baleigh. BED BIYER county, Tea: Situate N. E., and contains 1,312 sq. m. Bed river forms its northern boundary, by branches of which and of Sulphur fork of Bed river it is drained. Surface undulating and diversified ; soil fertile and adapted to cotton and corn. It is well timbered. Farms 166 ; manuf. 7 ; dwell. 420, and pop. wh. 2,493, fr. col. 7, si. 1,406 total 3,906. Capital: Clarksville. BED BtvEB, p. o., Bobertson county, Tenn.: 80 m. N. Nashville. BED river, La., Ark., etc. : is the first large r. which enters the Mississippi above its mouth. It rises at the base of the range of Eocky Mountains, near Santa F6, in Mexico, and is formed by several main branches. It receives several large tributaries, the principal being Blue r. and False Wa- shita. The S. bank forms for a great distance the boundary between the U. S. territories and Texas. A greater part of its course is through rich prairies of a red soil, which colors the water of the r., and has been the origin of its name. Its shores are covered with grass, and abound with grape vines, which produce an excellent fruit. About 100 m. above Nachitoches commences what is denominated the Baft, which consists of a swampy expansion of the r., to the width of 20 or 30 m., and length of 60 or 70 m. The r. divides into a great number of channels, many of which are shallow, and have been obstructed by fallen trees, brought down by floods from its upper parts. In some places the raft covered the whole r., and had grass and willows growing on the alluvial soil collected on it, and could even be crossed on horseback, though not without danger, but more generally the r. appeared between the masses of timber. At a great expense this raft has been so far removed by the United States government that steamboats pass through it. Boats sometimes pass the raft by leaving the r. above it, in a channel which flows out of it into some neighboring lake, and following the outlet of this lake until it joins the r., below the raft. This raft has been a serious obstruction, as the r. would otherwise be navigable for steamboats 400 miles, and the lands on its borders are highly fertile, and desirable for cultivation for a great distance above the raft. Below the raft, and 4 m. above Nachitoches, the whole volume of the r. is again united, but very soon divides into many channels, and fills an immense number of bayous and lakes that lie parallel to it. In its lower part the main channel of the r. is narrower than above the raft. BED EIVER IRON WORKS, p. v., Estill co., Ky. : on S. side of Bed r., 55 m. E. S. E. Frankfort. Iron in abundance here and in vicinity, and worked successfully. BED EIVER LANDING, p. o., Point Coupee par., La. : on S. bank of Bed r., 43 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. BED BOCK, p. o., Marion co., la. : on N. bank of Des Moines r., 94 m. "W. by S. Iowa City. BED BOCK, p. o., Upshur co., Tex.. : 24T m. N. E. Austin City. BED BOCK, p. o., Bamsey co., Minn. Ter. BED SHOALS, p. o., Stokes co., N. Car. : 102 m. W. N. W. Ealeigh. 714 BED SPRING, p. o., Polk county, Tenn. : 138 m. S. E. by E. Nashville. BED STONE, t. and p. o., Fayette county, Penn. : 155 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. Drained by creeks of Monongahela r., which bounds it on the W., and affords good water-power Mills of various descriptions are in operation. On the r. is Brownsville, a flourishing v., 12 m. N. W. Uniontown. Pop. of t. about 1,400. BED SULPHUR SPRINGS, p. o., Hardin co., Tenn. : 97 m. S. W. Nashville. BED SULPHUR SPRINGS, p. v., Monroe co., Viry. : on Indian cr., 181 m. W. Eichmond. The waters of these and other neighboring springs are highly recommended for certain curative effects. "The approach to the village," says a visitor, "is beautifully romantic and picturesque. Wending his way around a high mountain, the traveler is for a mo ment charmed out of his fatigue by the sudden view of his resting-place, some hundreds of feet immediately beneath him. Continuing the circuitous descent, he at length reaches a ravine, which conducts him, after a few ragged steps, to the entrance of a verdant glen, surrounded on all sides by lofty mountains. The S. end of this enchanting vale, which is the widest portion of it, is about 200 feet in width. Its course is nearly N. for 150 yards, when it begins gradu ally to contract and change its direction to the X. W. and W., until it terminates in a narrow point. This beautifully se cluded Tempe is the chosen site of the village. The S. portion, just at the base of the east and west mountains, is that upon which stand the various edifices for the accommo dation of visitors. These buildings are spacious and con veniently arranged ; the servants are prompt and obedient; and the table de hote is abundantly supplied with every thing that can tempt the appetite. The promenades are beautifully embellished, and shaded from the mid-day sun by large sugar maples, the natives of the forest." BED WING, p. o., Wabashaw co., Minn. Ter. BEDWOOD, p. v., Jefferson co., N. Y. : on W. side of Indian r.,152 m. N. W. Albany. It contains several manufacturing establishments and about 200 inhabitants. BEDWOOD, p. o., Grainger co., Tenn. : ISO m. E. Nashville. BEED island, Pulaski county, Virg. : on New r., 185 in. W. by S. Eichmond. BEED, t, Seneca co., Ohio: 8 m. N. Columbus. Drained by creeks of Sandusky and Huron rivers. Surface elevated and rolling; soil fertile. Farming is the sole occupation pursued. Pop. 1,494. BEED CREEK, p. o., Eandolph county, 2f. Car. : 72 m. W. Baleigh. EEEDSBURG, p. o., Sauk co., Wise. : on E. bank of Baraboo r., 45 m. N. W. Madison. EEEDSBURG, p. v., Wayne co., Ohio: on E. side of Muddy fork of Walhonding r., 72 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. EEED S CORNEP.S, p. o., Ontario county, N. Y. : 186 m. "W. Albany. SEED S CREEK, p. o., Lawrence co., Ark. : on Seed s cr. of Strawberry r., 95 m. N. N. E. Little Bock. EEED S FERRY, p. o., Hillsboro co., N. Ilamp. : on E. side of Merrimac r., 25 m. S. by E. Concord. The Concord K. K. passes this place 9 m. N. Nashua. A normal school for the education of teachers, was erected here in 1849, at an ex pense of $5,500. EEED S GROVE, p. o., Will county, III. : 133 m. N. E. Springfield. EEED S LANDING, p. o., Wabashaw co., Minn. Ter. EEED S MILLS, p. o., Vinton county, Ohio: 54 m. S. S. E. Columbus. EEED S SETTLEMENT, p. o., Panola county, Tex. : 247 m. N. E. by E. Austin City. EEEDSVILLE, Mifflin co., Penn. : on W. side of branch of Kishishiocoquil cr. of Juniata r., 46 m. N. W. Harrisburg. EEEDTOWN, p. o., Seneca co., Ohio : 77 m. N. Columbus- EEEDT BRANCH, p. o., Moore co., N. Car. : 48 m. S. W. Ealeigh. REE RES EEEDY CREEK, p. v., Jefferson co., Ga. : 55 m. E. N. E. Milledgeville. EEEDY CKEEK, p. o., Marion dist., S. Car. : SO m. E. by N. Columbia. EEEDY EIPPLE, p. o., Wirt co., Virg. : 231 m. W. N. W Bichmond. REEDYVILLE, p. o., Wirt county, Virg. : 232 m. W. N. W Eichmond. REKLKO-VT, p. o., Obion co., Tenn. : 145 m. W. Nashville. REEL S MILL, sta., Putnam co., Ind. : on the Terre Haute and Eichmond E. E., 4S m. W. by S. Indianapolis. EEEM S CKEEK, p. o., Buncombe co., JV. Car: 216 m. W. Raleigh. EEJSE S MILL, p. o., Boone co., Ind. : 30 m. N. N. W. Indianapolis. REFORM, p. o., Pickens co., Ala. : on a small branch of Little Tombigbee r., 123 m. N. W. by W. Montgomery. REFORM, sta., Effingham co., Ga. : on the left side of Ogeeehee r. and on the line of the Central Railroad, 30 m. from Savannah and 157 m. from Milledgeville. REFUGIO county, Tex. Situate S. E., and contains 1,645 sq. m. Drained by San Antonio and Mission rivers and other streams, all flowing into the Gulf on the E. The Gau- dalupe lorms its northern boundary. Surface level, and pleasantly diversified ; soil a deep black mold, fertile and well adapted to cotton and sugar. It has excellent timber land. In the winter the prairies are the resort of game of different kinds, and the inhabitants derive much profit as well as pleasure from hunting. Farms 21 ; manuf. ; dwell. 56, and pop. wh. 269, fr. col. 0, si. 19 total 2S8. Capital : Retugio C. H. REFUGIO, p. v., and cap. Refugio co., Tex. : on E. bank of Mission r., 141 m. S. by E. Austin City. EEGNIER S MILLS, p. o., Washington county, Ohio: on a branch of Duck creek of the Ohio river, 85 m. E. by S. Columbus. REHOBOTII, p. v., Wilkes co., Ga. : at the cross roads be tween Lincolnton and Washington, 62 m. N. E. by N. Milledgeville. EEHOBOTII, t. and p. o., Bristol co., Mass. : 38 m. S. by W. Boston. Drained by Palmer s r., which affords water-power. It is a good farming region, and contains also several man ufactures. Pop. 2,103. EEHOBOTII, p. v., Perry county, Ohio : 44 m. E. S. E. Columbus. EEHOBOTII, p. v., Edgefield dist., S. Car. : 63 m.W. S. W. Columbia. EEHOBOTII, p. v., Lunenburg co., Virg. : 63 m. S. W. Eichmond. EEHRERSBURG, p. v., Berks co., Penn. : 35 m. E. N. E. Ilarrisburg. It contains 2 churches, several stores, and 300 inhabitants. EKIDSBUEG, p. v., Clarion county, Penn. : on a creek of Clarion r., 146 m.W. N. W. Ilarrisburg. A small v, of some 200 inhabitants. Iron abounds in the vicinity. REIDSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Tatnall co., Ga.: on W. side of Great Ohoopee r., 101 m. S. E. Milledgeville. It contains the county buildings, and is on the line of the projected Savannah and Albany R. E. EEIDSVILLE, p. v., Albany co., W. Y. : 14 m. W. S. W. Albany. EEIDSVILLE, p. v., Rockingham county, JV. Car. : 76 m. N. W. by W. Raleigh. EEILY, t. and p. o., Butler co., Ohio: 99 m. W. S. W. Columbus. Drained by branches of Miami r. Surface un even : soil fertile, producing an excellent quality of wheat. Timber abundant in the t. and vicinity. Pop. 1,716. REINDEER, p. o., Nodaway county, Mo. : 189 m. N. W. Jefferson City. EEINERSBURO, v., Clarion co., Penn. : on an affluent of Red Bank cr., 146 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. The Frank lin Iron-Works are located here, and formerly employed about 80 hands and produced 1,100 tons No. 8 metal. REINHOLDSVTLLE, p. v., Lancaster county, Penn. : 36 m. E. S. E. Ilarrisburg. REISTERTOWN, p. v., Baltimore co., Md. : about 3} m. E. Patapsco r., 37 m. N. N. W. Columbia. The Westminster Turnpike passes through the village. RELAY HOUSE, sta., Baltimore co., Md. : on the Baltimore and Susquehanna R. R., at the divergence of the West minster Branch E. E., 7 m. N. Baltimore. RELAY HOUSE, sta., Baltimore co., Md. : on the N. side of Patapsco r., and on the line of the Baltimore and Ohio R. R., at the divergence of the Washington Branch E. E., 9 m. S. W. Baltimore. RELFE, p. o., Pulaski co., No. : 45 m. S. Jefferson City. RELF S BLUFF, p. o., Drew county, Ark. : 69 m. S. S. W. Little Rock. REMINGTON, p. v., Alleghany co., Penn. : 141 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. REMSEN, t. and p. o., Oneida co., N. Y. : 89 m. N. W. by W. Albany. Drained by Black r. and branches. Surface hilly ; soil of average fertility. The v. contains 2 churches, several stores and mills, 70 dwellings, and 400 inhabitants. Popu lation of t. 2,407. REMCK MILLS, p. o., La Fayette co., Mo. : 98 m. W. N.W. Jefferson City. RENROCK, p. o., Morgan county, Ohio : 68 m. E. S. E. Columbus. RENSSELAER county, 2f. Y. Situate E., and contains 626 sq. m. Drained by Hoosic r., and Wynantskill, and Poestenkill flowing into Hudson r. on the W., and affording in their course good water privileges. Surface pleasantly diversified with hills and valleys; soil fertile. Chief pro ducts, wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. It contains some minerals, and extensive slate quarries ; the products of the latter are used principally for roofing. Farms 2,930; manuf. 639; dwell. 10,972, and pop. wh. 72.337, fr. coL 1,026 total 73,363. Capital: Troy. Public Works: Hud son River R. R. ; Albany and W. Stockbridge E. R. ; Troy and Greenbush R. E. ; Troy and Boston E. E. ; Troy and Rutland R. R., etc. RENSSELAER, p. v., and cap. Jasper county, Ind.: on Iroquois r., 92 m. N. W. by N. Indianapolis. RENSSELAER, v., Rensselaer co., N. Y.: 12 m. S. E. Troy. It contains 3 churches, several stores and mechanic shops, and 500 inhabitants. In the vicinity there are also numerous saw and grist mills. BENSSELAERVILLE, t. and p. v., Albany co., 2f. Y. : 24 m. S. W. by W. Albany. Drained by Catskill and Foxes creeks. Surface hilly; soil sandy loam, and generally fertile. The v. on Foxes cr. contains 4 churches, an academy, a dozen stores, iron works and machine shops, and other iudustrial establishments, and about 1,000 inhabitants. In the t. are tanneries, and numerous saw-mills, etc. Pop. 3,630. REPTON, p. o., Clark county, Ind.: 89 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. REPUBLIC, p. o., Surry co., 2iT. Car. : 120 m. W. N. W. Raleigh. REPUBLIC, p. v., Seneca co., Ohio : 78 m. N. Columbus. The Mad River and Lake Erie E. E. passes throngh this place, 30 m. from Sandusky, and 128 from Dayton. REPUBLICAN, p. o., Darke co., Ohio : 93 m. W. Columbus. REPUBLICAN GROVE, p. o., Halifax county, Virg. : 93 m. W. S. W. Richmond. REPUBLICAN MILLS, p. o., Fairfax co., Virg.: 91 m. N. Richmond. RESACA, p. v. and sta., Murray county, Ga. : 164 m. N. W. by N. Milledgeville. The Western and Atlantic R. R. passes the place, 85 m. from Atlanta, and 55 from Chatanooga. RESERVATION, v., Erie county, XT. Y. : 241 m. W. by N. Albany. RESERVE, p. o., Miami co., Ind. : 70 m. N. Indianapolis. RESERVE, p. o., St. Joseph s county, Mich. : 64 m. S. W. Lansing. 715 RES RHO EESERVE, t., Alleghany county, Penn.: occupies the land at the confluence of Alleghany r., with the Ohio lying N. of Alleghany City. It has considerable manu factures. EETREAT, p. o., Franklin co., Virg.: 148 m. W. S. "W. Eichmond. EEVELKE, p. o., Scott county, Ark.: 89 m. "W. N. W. Little Eock. EEXBURG, v., Essex co., Virg. : 46. m. N. E. Eichmond. EEXFORD FLATS, p. o., Saratoga co., N. Y. : on N. side of the Mohawk r., 15 m. N. N. W. Albany. EEYN ALE S BABIN, p. o., Niagara county, N. T. : on the Erie Canal, 264 m. W. Albany. EEYNOLDS county, Mo. Situate toward the S. E., and contains 705 sq. m. Drained by Big Black Water r. and its branches. Surface rolling ; soil fertile, and produces in abundance grain, wheat, fruits, tobacco, Indian corn, and potatoes. This is a splendid mining country, and contains many valuable minerals. It contains also fine timber land. Farms 145 ; manuf. ; dwell. 293, and pop. wh. 1,824, fr. col. 0, si. 25 total 1,849. Capital : Lesterville. EEYNOLDSBURG, p. v., Franklin co., Ohio : on E. side of Big Lick cr., 11 m. E. Columbus. It contains several stores, mechanic-shops, etc. The creek affords excellent mill- power. Pop. 564. EEYXOUJSVILLE, p. v., Tompkins county, N. Y. : 160 m. W. by S. Albany. BEYNOLDSVILLE, p. v. Jefferson county, Penn. : 121 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. EHEA county, Tenn. Situate toward the S. E., and con tains 349 sq. m. Tennessee r. forms its western boundary, by branches of which it is drained. Surface undulating, in parts hilly ; soil fertile. Farms 805 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 631, and pop. wh. 3,951, fr. coL 28, si. 436 total 4,415. Capital : "Washington. EHEATOWN, p. v., Greene co., Tenn. : about 3 m. N. of Nolichuky r., 22T m. E. Nashville. EHINEBECK, t and p. o., Duchess county, N. Y. : 50 m. S. Albany. Drained by Landtman s cr., a small stream of Hudson r., which runs along its W. border. Surface on the "W. level, and on the E. rolling ; soil very productive. The v., about 2 m. from the landing on Landtman s cr., has 3 churches, an academy, numerous work-shops, stores, etc., and about 1,200 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 2,816. The Hudson Eiver E. E. runs on the W. edge of the town. BHINEBECK LANDING, v., Duchess county, N. Y. : on E. bank of Hudson r., and on the line of the Hudson Elver E. E., 53 m. from Albany, and 91 m. from New York city. The Albany steamboats stop here up and down. The v. contains about 50 dwellings. THE STATE OP KHODE ISLAND. EHODE ISLAND (or more properly Ehode Island and Providence Plantations), although the smallest State of the Union, is considerably larger than many of the sovereignties of Europe, and in point of intelligence and productive powers, far in advance of any American community of the same population. It is situated between 41 22 and 42 03 latitudes north, and between 71 06 and 71 38 longitudes west from Greenwich, or 5 24 and 5 56 east from Washington. Massachusetts bounds it on the north and the east, the Atlantic Ocean on the south, and Connecticut on the west. About 42 miles long, and in its greatest width 35 miles, it contains a land area of 1,360 square miles. The surface of the State is generally hilly and broken, but nowhere does it present any elevation deserving of the name of mountain. Mount Hope, in Bristol, the highest land in the State, is only 300 feet above the sea level. In the neighborhood of Narragansett Bay, and on the islands within it, the land is more level, and at most exhibits but slight undulations. The rivers are little more than mill streams, with courses of not more than 50 or 60 miles in length, and discharging an inconsiderable amount of water ; but as they descend from 200 to 450 feet, and are steady in their supply of water, they furnish valuable power, which is extensively applied to manufacturing purposes. The Pawtucket, the principal river, rises in Massachusetts, where it has the name of Blackstone Eiver, and running south-east into this State, falls into Providence Eiver, one mile below the city of Providence. There are falls of about 50 feet descent four miles from its mouth below the falls it bears the name of the Seekonk Eiver. Providence Eiver is formed by the Wanasquiatucket and Moshasuck, two small streams which unite a short distance above the city of the same name. It falls into the northern arm of Narragansett Bay, and is navigable to Providence for ships of 900 tons. Pawtuxet Eiver, rising by several branches,vand flowing east, enters Providence Eiver, five miles below the city. It abounds with falls, which furnish fine locations for mills and manufacturing establishments. Pawcatuck Eiver, formed by Wood and Charles rivers, waters the south-western part of the State, and falls into Stonington harbor in the latter part of its course it is the boundary between this State and the State of Connecticut Narragansett Bay, a fine body of water, divides the State into two unequal proportions. It extends more than 30 miles inland, and is about 15 miles wide at its southern part, but a considerable portion of this space is occupied by island!-. It communicates with the ocean between Point Judith on the west, and Seaconet Point on the east. The north-eastern arm of the bay is called Mount Hope Bay; the north-western arm Greenwich Bay, and the northern arm Providence Bay. The principal rivers falling into it are the Providence and the Taunton, the latter from Massachusetts. It affords great advantages to ship navigation, having many excellent harbors, and being accessible at all seasons. Newport harbor, in the channel, between Canonicut and Ehode Island, is one of the finest in the world ; the entrance is protected by Fort Walcott, on Goat s Island, and Fort Adams, on Ehode Island the latter a large stone castle of great strength. Ehode Island, lying in Narragansett Bay, gives name to the State. It is 15 miles long, and on an average 3$ miles wide, containing an area of about 50 square miles. Its climate is delightful, and the soil very fertile. Travelers have called at the " Eden of America," and southerns have chosen it as a summer residence. Canonicut is a beautiful island to the west of Ehode Island. It is about seven miles long and one mile broad. Prudence Island lies to the nonh-east of Canonicut, and Block Island about ten miles south-west of Point Judith. The latter is about seven miles long, and about four miles broad. The islanders derive their support chiefly from fishing, but they have also large numbers of cattle and sheep, and produce cheese and butter of the finest quality. The climate of the whole State, influenced by the vapors from the Atlantic, is mild, though changeable, and in its general characteristics is said to assimilate that of Great Britain. The seasons are more uniform than in the more northern parts of New England the winters are sensibly milder, and the heats of summer are much modified. Spring commences in March, and summer reigns from June to September. The latter month, and also October, have delightful weather. Winter sets in with November, and continues to the middle of March. The air is at all times pure, and the longevity of the inhabitants, as indicated by the census, is a true indication of its salubrious qualities. The mineral productions of Ehode Island are of little importance. Some iron ore is found in different parts. Anthracite occurs, but although it has been pronounced to be of a good quality, little has been done to bring it into use. It is found chiefly in the same graywackc formation with the Massachusetts coal. Limestone abounds in the north-eastern section 716 RHODE ISLAND. of the State, and in these calcareous shale. There are some excellent quarries of marble. Serpentine is also abundant, and there are in various places extensive quarries of freestone. On the continental portion of the State the soil is generally a gravelly loam, which is tolerably fertile, but difficult of cultivation. The soil of the islands is slaty, yet they are the most productive and valuable lands in the State. There is very little alluvial land. Pine plains are found iu several low regions, but there are no extensive forests. Oak, walnut, and chestnut, are the prevailing growths. Fruits and culinary vegetables are produced in great perfection, and in abundance. Grain is grown in considerable quantities, in reference to the area of the State, but, on the whole, the lands are better adapted for grazing than for cereal agriculture. Ehode Island is divided into five counties, the general statistics of which and the capitals of each in 1850 were as follows : anuf. Counties. Dwell. Pop. f a J jg t ab Ca P itaU Providence. 12,760 . . 87,525 . . 2,162 . . 804 . . PROVIDENCH Washington 2,891 . . 16,430 . . 1,308 . . 95 .. Kingston Counties. Dwell. Pop. ?"J ^tab" Ca P tals . Bristol 1,167 . . 8,514 . . 200 . . 87 . . Bristol Kent 2,625 . . 15,068 . . 688 . . 90 . . E. Greenwich Newport .... 2.936 . . 20,007 . . 1,027 . . 63 . . Newport The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 22,379 ; of families, 28,216, and of inhabitants, 147,544 ; viz., whites 144,000 males 70,417, and females 73,583 ; fr. col. 3,544 males 1,660, and females 1,834. Of (he whole population there were, deaf and dumb wh. 61, fr. col. 3 total 64; blind wh. 61, fr. col. 3 total 64; insane wh. 243. fr. col. 4 total 252 ; and idiotic wh. 104, fr. col. 3 total 107. The number of free persons born in the United States was 124,299, the number of foreign birth 23,111, and of birth unknown 135. The native population originated as follows : Me. 768, N. Hamp. T16, Verm. 459, Mass. 11,888, Rlwde, Island 102,641, Conn, 3,976, N. Y. 2,055, N. Jer. 193, Penn. 447, Del. 50, Md. 365, Dist. of Col. 64, Virg. 191, N. Car. 76, S. Car. 57, Ga. 63, Flor. 22, Ala. 13, Miss. 33, La. 21, Tex. 4, Ark. 0, Tenn. 4, Ky. 19, Oh. 93, Mich. 22, Ind. 11, 111. 15, Mo. 13, la. 9, Wise. 6, Calif. 0, Territories 40 ; and the foreign population was composed of persons from England 4,490, Ireland 15,944, Scotland 938, Wales 12, Germany 230, France 80, Spain 14, Portugal 53, Belgium 2, Holland 12, Turkey 1, Italy 25, Austria 1, Switzerland 8, Kussia 1, Denmark 15, Nor way 25, Sweden 17, Prussia 5, Asia 1, Africa 9, British America 1,024, Mexico 7, Central America 4, South America 4, West Indies 57, Sandsvich Islands 8, and other countries 52. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State, taken by the United States authority : Colored Persona. Decennial Increase. Years. 1790. Persons. 64,639 Free. ...3,469 Slave. ..952 Total. ..4,421 Pop. ... 69,110. Numerical. Percent 1300. 1810., 1820. 1S30., 65,437 73,314 79,413 93,621 ...3,304 ...3,609 ...3,598 ...3,561 ..881 ..108 , .. 48 .. 17 ..3,685 ..3,717 ..3,646 ..3,578 , ... 69,122. .. 77,031. ... 83,059. ... 97,199. 12 7,909 6,023 14,140 0.0 11.4 7.9 17.0 1840., 1850., 105,537 144,100 ...3,238 ...3.554 .. 5 ..3,243 ..3,554 ...108,830. , .147,654. 11,631 38,824 11.9 35.6 The general statistics of the wealth, productions, manufactures, etc., of the State, according to the census of 1850 and other documents referring to the same period, are as follows : Occupied Lands, etc. Improved lands, 356,487 acres, and unimproved lands, 197,451 acres valued in the aggregate at $17,070,802. The whole number of farms in operation on the 1st June, 1S50, was 5,335. Value of farming implements and machinery, $497,201. Lire-Stock. Horses, 6,168 ; asses and mules, 1 ; milch cows, 28,698 ; working oxen, 8,189 ; other cattle, 9,375 ; sheep, 44,296, and swine, 19,509 ; in all valued at $1,532,637. In 1840 the stock consisted of 8,024 horses and mules, 36,891 neat cattle of all kinds, 90,146 sheep, and 30,659 swine. Products of Animals. Wool, 129,692 pounds ; butter, 995,670 pounds ; cheese, 316,508 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered during the year had been $667,486. The wool returned in 1340 was 183,830 pounds. Grain Crops. Wheat, 49 bushels ; rye, 26,409 bushels ; Indian corn, 539,202 bushels ; oats, 215,232 bushels ; barley, 18,875 bushels ; and buckwheat, 1,245 bushels. Compared with the crops exhibited in the census of 1840, the following results are obtained : Crops. 1840, 1850. Movement, Wheat 8,098 bushels 49 bushels deer. 3,049 bushels, or 98.4 per cent. Eye 34,521 " 26,409 " deer. 8,112 " or 23.5 Indian corn 450,493 " 539,202 " incr. 83,704 " or 19.7 Oats 171,517 " 215,232 incr. 43,715 " or 25.5 Barley 66,490 " 18,375 " deer. 47,615 " or 71.6 Buckwheat 2,979 " 1,245 " deer. 1,734 " or 41.7 Other Food Crops. Teas and beans, 6,346 bushels ; potatoes Irish, 651,029 bushels, and sweet, bushels. The potato crop of 1839 amounted to 911,973 bushels. Miscellaneous Crops Hay, 74,818 (in 1840, 63,449) tons ; clover-seed, 1,328 bushels ; other grass seed, 3,708 bushels ; hops, 277 pounds; flax, 85 pounds; maple sugar, 28 pounds; molasses, 4 gallons; beeswax and honey, 6,347 pounds; wine, 1,013 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, $63,994, and of market-garden products, $98,298. Home-made Manufactures were produced in the year to the value of $26,495. The same class of goods returned in the census of 1840 were valued at $51,180. Manufactures. Total capital invested in manufactures, $00,000,000 ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed in the year, $00,000,000 ; monthly cost of labor, $000,000 male $000,000, and female $00,000 ; value of products for the year, $00,000,000. The number of manufacturing establishments in operation within the State on the 1st June, 1850, was 1,144, distributed among the counties as shown in the general table. Of this number 158 were cotton factories, 45 woolen fac tories, 10 tanneries, and 21 engaged in the manufacture of iron, namely, 20 in the manufacture of castings and 1 in that of wrought iron. The aggregate capital invested in manufactures in 1340 amounted to $10,696,136. 717 RHODE ISLAND. In the cotton manufacture the capital employed was $6.675,000 ; the value of raAv material, fuel, etc., consumed, $3,484,579; and the products for the year, 96.925.612 yards of sheeting, and 1,902,980 pounds of thread and yarn, valued at $6,447,120. Cotton consumed, 50,718 bales, and coal, 13,116 tons ; hands employed, 10,875 males 4.959 and females 6,916 ; entire wages paid per month, $168,938 to males $92,282 and to females $76,656. The census of 1S40 returned 209 factories and 17 dyeing establishments ; capital, $7,326,000 ; hands, 12,086 ; and value of annual products. $7,116.792. In the icoolen manufacture the capital invested was $1,013,000 ; value of raw material, fuel, etc., $1,463,900 ; products of the year, 8.612,400 yards of cloth, 46,000 pounds of yarn, etc., valued at $2,381,S25. "Wool consumed, 4.103.370 pounds, and coal, 2,032 tons; hands employed, 1,758 males 987, and females 771 ; monthly wages paid, $32,189 to males $20,431, and females $11,708. In 1840 there were in the State 45 fulling-mills and 41 woolen factories; capital, $685.350 ; hands, 961 ; and value of products for the year, $842.172. In tanneries the capital invested amounted to $42,900 ; value of hides and skins used, $40,615 ; hands employed, 38 at a monthly cost of $829 ; skins tanned, 14,S61, and sides of leather tanned, 21,142, together valued at $75.040. In 1S40 there were in the State 27 tanneries; capital $72,000 ; hands employed, 89 ; products 1,534 sides of sole leather and 50,860 sides of upper leather. The iron manufacture is comparatively a small interest on Ehode Island. "No manufactures of pig iron are returned in the census of 1S50. In the manufacture of castings the capital invested amounted to $428.800; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., used, $258,267; hands employed, 800 at average wages $29 63 per month; pig iron used, 8.918 tons, and min- eral coal, 4,670 tons; castings made, 8,558 tons, and other products to the value of $119,500; total value of products for the year, $728,705. The capital invested in the manufacture of wrought iron was $208,000; pig metal used, 8,000 tons, and mineral coal consumed, 6,000 tons; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., $111,750; hands employed, 220, at wages aver aging $26 per month; wrought iron made, 2,650 tons; value of entire annual products, $222,400. In 1840 there were 5 furnaces in the State, producing 4,126 tons of cast iron, consuming 227 tons fuel, and employing 29 men. The capital invested in the manufacture of iron in that year was $22,250. In the manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors, the capital invested amounted to $17,000 ; the number of hands employed was 9 ; and the consumption of barley, 12,500 bushels, and of hops, 6 tons; ale, etc., produced, 3,900 barrels. In 1840, 4 distilleries produced 855,000 gallons of spirits, and 3 breweries 819,600 gallons ale, etc. ; hands, 42 ; and capital invested, $139,006. Among the manufactures of the State others than those specified above, the most important are those of hardware, machinery, cutlery, etc. There are also considerable investments in the manufacture of jewelry, hats and caps, saddlery, paper, and in the various descriptions of mills. Internal Improvements. Khode Island has several excellent railroads and other improvements. The principal rail roads are those connecting it with Boston and Worcester on the one hand, and with the ports of Long Island Sound and New York on the other. The first comprise the Boston and Providence K. E. and the Providence and Worcester E. E., and the latter the Stonington E. E., the Providence, Hartford, and Fishkill E. E., and the New York and Boston E. E., the two latter yet incomplete. The Blackstone Canal also extends from Providence to "Worcester. The condition of these several works is shown in the " Appendix." Banks. In September, 1S50, there were in the State 63 banking institutions, the assets and liabilities of which at that date were as follows: assets lonns and discounts, $15,492,547; stocks, $151.277; real estate, $283,344; other investments, $13.461; due by .other banks, $441,164; notes of other banks, $537,761: and specie, $297,661; and liaMlities capital, $11,645.492 : circulation, $2,553,865 ; deposits, $1,488.596 ; due other banks, $650,560 ; and other liabilities, $133,733. There are also savings institutions, and life, fire, and marine insurance companies in all the large cities. foreign Commerce The direct foreign commerce of Ehode Island, once considerable, is now comparatively of small amount, and relatively to its population and manufacturing importance, very small indeed. Indirectly, its connection with foreign countries is commensurate with its rank as a manufacturing State. It imports and exports chiefly through the ports of Massachusetts and New York, to which it has easy access by railroads and other means. The value of the exports and imports for the year ending 30th June, 1S50, was, according to the treasury report, as follows fan-ports: do mestic products, in American vessels, $205,969. and in foreign vessels, $330 total value of domestic exports, $206.299 ; and foreign products, $9,966, all in American vessels total value of all exports, $216,265 and imports : in American vessels, $251,708, and in foreign vessels, $6,595 total value of imports, $258,303. The statistics of navigation exhibit the en trances and clearances thus : Nationality of Shipping. American 100 17,847 821 94 16,770 833 194 34.617 1,654 Foreign 19 2,075 113 16 1,705 99 85 3,780 21T Total 119 19,922 939 110 18,475 932 .... 229 38,397 1,871 Providence 69 11.786 540 50 8,457 403.... 119 20,243 9$ Bristol 33 5,534 273 43 7,266 402 76 12,800 675 Newport 17 2,602 126 17 2,752 127.... 34 5,354 253 of this aggregate. Providence entered 69 vessels (11,786 tons). Bristol 33 vessels (5.534 tons), and Newport 17 vessels (2,602 tons); and Providence cleared 50 vessels (8,457 tons), Bristol 43 vessels (7.266 tons), and Newport 17 vessels (2,752 tons). The total shipping owned in the State at the above date was 40,489 tons. The amount of registered shipping amounted to 26,068 tons, of which 21,497 tons were of permanent register, and 4.571 of temporary register, and of th 5,S29 tons were employed in the whale fisheries, and the remainder in the foreign trade. The enrolled and licensed ship ping amounted to 13.722 tons, of which 13,178 tons were employed in coasting. 155 tons in the cod fisheries, and 389 to in the mackerel fisheries, and 432 tons were navigated by steam. The licens-d shipping (under 20 tons) amounted to 69S tons, of which 360 Urns were employed in coasting, and 339 tons in the cod fishery. Total registered, 26.63 tons; enroll* and licensed, 13.721 tons; and licensed, 699 aggregate tonnage, 40,488 tons. Owned in Providence district, 16.712 tons; in Bristol, 13,19S tons; and in Newport, 10,578 tons. Fourteen vessels, viz., 5 ships, 5 schooners, 3 sloops, and 1 steamer were built in the Slate during the year, and of these the burden was 3,587 tons built at Bristol, 2,191 tons; at Providence 1,299 tons ; and at Newport, 95 tons. 718 RHODE ISLAND. The stalls Year. 1791 ics of the imports and expo Kxports. Imports. |470,131 .... $ rts of Ehode Year. 1811 1812 Island from 1791- Exports. $1,571,424 .... 755437 .... 236,802 .... 472.434 .... 561,183 .... 612,794 .... 950,467 .... 1,027,291 .... 1,281,434 .... 1,072,762.... 996.S2S .... 862,363 .... 933,114 .... 872,899 . . . 1810 exhib Imports. it the following movements : Tear. Exports. 1831 $367.465 Imports. $562,161 657,969 1,042,386 427,024 597,713 555,199 523,610 656,613 612,05T 274,534 839,592 323,692 155.758 269,437 274,330 210,489 805,489 351,590 237,478 258,303 1832 534,459 1792 1793 1794 IQIQ 1833 485 481 1S14 1S15 1816 ...... 1817 1834 . . 1885 . - 420,885 .... 296,003 1,222,917.... 1796 1836 228 420 975530 ""* 1837 . . 1833 . . 1839 488,258 .... 291,257.... 185254 917 827 1818 1Q1O 1799...... 1 QAO 1S20 1821 18 9 2 1840 206,989 . . . 1801 1802 1808 1904 1805 1,032.968 1,884.144 1,412,953 1,388.836 1^41 278 465 2,433,363 .... 1.275,596 .... 1,735,671 .... 2,572,049 .... 2,091,835.... 1 657 561 1842 . . 1843 843.696 .... . . 105,847 1823 1824 1SKS 1826 1844 . 260,777 678,467 907,906 1845 191,032 ... 1806 1S07 1808 781,540 .... 804,187 .... 722,166 .... 890,881 .... 278,950 . . , 1,185,934 1,241,828 1,128,226 423,811 4S8J56 1846.. 1847 224,364.... 192 369 1827 1828 . ... 1848 221,631 1809 1829 1849 . . 178,152 1810 ... 1.331.576 . . . 1830 . . . 1850.. 216,265 . . . Government. Until the year 1844 the form of government was that ordained by the ancient royal charter, which was originally one of the most liberal granted to the American colonies. In that year a new constitution was formed and ratified by the people. Every male citizen of the United States, resident in the State for the last past year, and in the town or city in which he claims to vote, for the six months next preceding an election, and owning real estate in such town or city worth $134 above all incumbrances, or of the clear yearly value of $7, may vote for all civil officers, and on all questions in all legal town or ward meetings, or if the estate lie without such town or city, but within the State, he may vote for all general officers and members of the General Assembly in the town or city of which he is a resident, etc. No Narragansett Indian can vote, etc. The general election is held on the first Wednesday in April annually. In all elections for State officers, a majority of rotes is necessary to a choice. All legislative power is vested in the General Assembly, which consists of a Senate and House of Eepresentatives the former consists of senators, one from each town or city, and the lieutenant-governor. The governor presides therein (and in his absence the lieutenant-governor), and has a casting vote only. The house consists of members not to exceed 72 in number, elected in ratio of population, but every town is entitled to at least one representative, and not to more than twelve. The convention of the two houses is styled the Grand Committee, and is presided over by the president of the Senate. There are two sessions of the General Assembly every year, one at Newport, on the first Tuesday of May, and the other at South Kingston, on the last Monday in October, every two years, and the intermediate years alternately at Bristol and East Greenwich, and this session adjourns every year to Providence. The executive authority is vested in a governor. If no governor be chosen by the people, the Grand Committee elects one of the two popular candidates having the highest number of votes, and so in respect of the election of the lieutenant- governor. The governor has not the usual veto on the acts of the legislature, nor may he grant pardons, but except in cases of impeachment he has power to grant reprieves. If the office of governor be vacant, the lieutenant-governor, and after him (he president of the Senate pro tempore, acts as governor. Every elector is qualified to hold the office for which Jie may be qualified to vote. JutUcial powers reside in a Supreme Court and Courts of Common Pleas. The Supreme Court consists of a chief and three associate judges, who are appointed by the Grand Committee, and hold office until they are removed by a reso lution of two-thirds of both houses. On this court alone may chancery powers be conferred. The Courts of Common Pleas, formerly held by a judge of the Supreme Court and two associate justices, elected for each county, are now held by a Supreme Court judge sitting alone the associate justices of that court dividing the duty among themselves. T^ financial statement of the treasurer, for the year 1849-50, exhibits the receipts into the public treasury at $161,649, and the expenditures at $161,414 excess of receipts, $235. The chief sources of income are, the bank tax $33,669, the State tax *17,<:S4, public deposits $34 326, etc. The principal expenditures are those for executive, legislative, and judicial support, and several amounts paid for the support of schools, etc. Properly speaking, Ehode Island has no public debt The State militia, in 1850, consisted of an aggregate of 15,037 men of all arms, of which 71 were commissioned officers, and 14,966 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 6 were general officers, 1C general staff officers, 30 field officers, etc., and 19 company officers. The governor is ex officio commander-in- chief. and all persons between 18 and 45 years of age, except those excused from military duty by law, are subject to enrollment. The State, within its own borders, has no institutions for the support and education of the deaf and dumb, and blind ; but an annual appropriation is made for these purposes, amounting to $2,5i>0, which is expended in furnishing facilities for such afflicted persons in the institutions of the adjoining States. The insane are provided for in the Butler Hospital for the Insane, at Providence, and the 1st Jan., 1851, there were in the establishment 113 patients 50 males and 63 females. Federal representation. In accordance with the law of the 23d May, 1850, apportioning representation, Ehode Island sends two members to the National Congress. Edui-tttion The school fund proper, which is invested in bank stock, amounts to $51,300: and besides the interest on this sum, the following are appropriated to the support of common schools: the interest of the State s part of the U. S. deposit fund, and the proceeds of the militia commutation tax collected in the towns. The whole number of school dis tricts in tlu- State, in 1850, was 332, of which 231 owned school-houses. There had been expended on school-houses, in the last past six years, $148,254. Number of persons under 15 years of age. 47.857 ; number attending school, 24.442, and vcrage attendance, 13,182. Number of teachers, 509 male 239, and female 270. Moneys received from public funds in 719 RHODE ISLAND. 1S50, $34,348 71 ; and raised by towns, $50,332 70 total, $96,913 54. Expended for schools, $95,291 16, and for school- houses, $19,070 81. In June, 1S51, the school laws were revised and consolidated, and in many respects much improved. Academies, grammar, and other private schools, are numerous. The chief collegiate institution of the State is Brown University (Baptist), at Providence, founded 1764. It is one of the most respectable and flourishing institutions of the State. In 1S50 it had 10 professors, 195 students, and 1,765 alumni, of which number 460 were in the ministry. It has valuable libraries of 31,000 volumes, a museum, cabinet, philosophical apparatus, etc. It was originally located in Warren, but in 1770 was removed to Providence. The number of adults in the State who can not read and write is 3,744. Public Libraries. 5 social libraries 25,104 volumes ; 1 college 24,000 volumes ; 2 students 7,600 rolumes ; 2 scien tific and historical 3,000 volumes ; 35 public school 19,637 volumes. Total 45 libraries, and 79,341 Tolumes. Report, ofLibr. Smitlisonian Institute, 1S51. Periodical Press. The whole number of periodicals published in the State, in 1850, was 19, of which 8 advocated " whig" principles, and 4 those of the democratic party. Seven were neutral in politics, or devoted to literature, religion, etc., including those the character of which has not been ascertained. Of the whole number, 5 were Issued daily, circu lating at each issue 9,750 copies, or 3,032,250 copies annually ; 2 semi-weekly, circulating 2.000 copies, or 208,000 annually; 12 weekly, circulating 24,225 copies, or 739,700 annually. Total copies at each issue, 25,975, or 3,979,950 copies annually. The papers as published in the counties are Bristol, 2 weekly ; Kent, 1 weekly ; Newport, 2 daily and 3 weekly ; and Providence, 3 daily, 2 semi-weekly, and 6 weekly. The dailies are published in the cities of Newport and Providence. Religious Denominations. The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State were, for the year 1850, as follows : Uer.omina- No. of Church Value of Denomina- No. of Churcfc Yalue of Denomina- No: of Church Value of tions. Oh urches. accom. Property. tions. Churches. accom. Property. tions. Cliurckes. accom. Property. Baptist 100.. 40,131.. $366,300 Germ n Eef. .. . . $ - E. Catholic.. 7 .. 7,300 .. $72,500 Christian . . 7. . 2,500.. 24,300 Jewish .... 1 .. 300 .. 1,000 Swedenb g . . 2 .. 325 .. 4,400 Congregat l 21.. 11,703.. 178,550 Lutheran. . . Tunker .. .. Dutch Eef.. .. Mennonite . Union 4 .. 2,450 .. 5,000 Episcopal.. 26.. 11,606.. 248,500 Methodist.. 23 .. 9,910 .. 102,900 Unitarian. . . 4 .. 2,950 .. 127,000 Free 2.. 611.. 5,000 Moravian.. Unirersalist 4 .. 2,230 .. 55,000 Friends 18.. 6,370.. 57,800 Presbyter n. .. .. Minor Sects. 2 .. 950 .. 4,050 in all 221 churches, accommodating 98,736 persons, and valued at $1,252,900. The State forms the Protestant Episcopal diocese of Khode Island, and constitutes a portion of the Eoman Catholic diocese of Hartford. Pauperism and Crime. The whole number of paupers relieved or supported from the public funds for the year ending 80th June, 1S50, was 2,560, of which 1,115 were native and 1,445 foreign born ; and the whole number on the rolls at the date specified was 696492 natives and 204 foreigners. Total cost of support, $45,837. The State Prison is located at Providence. The whole number of convicts in confinement on the 30th September, 1849, was 2827 males and 1 female; committed during the next year, 23 ; discharged by expiration of sentence 3, and by the General Assembly 11 leaving in prison, at the end of the official year, 1S50, 37 prisoners, all males. The convicts are chiefly employed in shoemaking. Income of prison, $3,964 56, and expenditure, $9,427 43. The number of persons in Providence jail, confined at the suit of the State, was 66, and are employed principally in the manufacture of cabinet-ware. Historical Sketch. Eoger Williams was the first white settler within the present limits of Ehode Island. Expelled from Massachusetts for maintaining opinions for which the minds of men were not yet prepared, he sought refuge in the wilderness, and after habiting with the Indians for many weeks, he descended the Pawtucket Eiver, and turning round Fox Point, slaked his thirst at a spring on the bank, and afterward erected his habitation near by. In grateful acknowl edgment of " God s merciful providence to him in his distress," he called the place Providence. He found the land on which he had seated himself within the territory of the Narragansett Indians, and in 1636 he pur chased it of their chiefs. Many soon settled around him. It was one of the charges against him in Massachusetts that he had avowed the doctrine that " to punish a man for matter of conscience is persecution." In his exile he adhered to that doctrine ; he welcomed all that came, and the patriarch of the settlement would allow no interference with religious opinions. The charter of Maryland was the first to secure liberty of conscience to all Christian sects the charity of Eoger Williams embraced Jews, Mohammedans, and all the heathen. His benevolence was not confined to his civilized breth ren ; he labored to enlighten, improve, and conciliate the savages. He learned their language, traveled among them, and gained the entire confidence of the chiefs. He had often the happiness, by his influence over them, of saving from injury the colony that had proclaimed him an outlaw and driven him into the wilderness. In 1638, two years after the expulsion of Williams, William Coddington and seventeen others, being persecuted for re ligious heresies in Massachusetts, followed him to Providence. By his advice they purchased from the Indians the ish of Aquetnec, now called Ehode Island, and removed thither. Coddington was chosen their chief magistrate. Pursuing the same liberal policy which distinguished the settlers at Providence, numerous emigrants from the neighboring colonies were attracted to the settlement When the New England colonies, in 1643, formed their memorable confederacy, Ehode Island applied to be a member. Plymouth asserting that the settlement was within her limits, it was decided by the commissioners tha submitting to the jurisdiction of that colony she would be entitled to all the advantages of the Union. These conditions were rejected, and Ehode Island continued in separate independence. In this year Williams was sent to England a agent for the two settlements, and the next year obtained a patent from the Parliament, by which the towns of 1 P dence, Newport, and Portsmouth were incorporated, with the power of governing themselves. In 1647 all t met at Portsmouth, enacted a code of laws, and established a civil government An Assembly was constituted, to consist of six representatives from each town ; and the executive and chief judicial power was vested in a president and assistants. Town courts were established for small causes, with an appeal to the president and assistants. The Executive Committee of Parliament had given Coddington a commission to govern the islands in the bay. interfered with the patent which had been granted to Williams, and threatened the dismemberment of tl 1651 he and John Clarke were appointed agents, and sent to England to persuade the committee to revoke th sion. In this they succeeded, through the influence of Sir Harry Vane, who had been of great assistance to V ilh 1643 in procuring the charter. Williams returned to Ehode Island, but Clarke remained in London, and long ac the faithful agent of the colony. 720 RHODE ISLAND. Upon the application of the inhabitants, the King in 16G3 granted a charter, incorporating the colony of " Ehode Island and Providence Plantations." It declared that no person should be molested or called to account for any difference in, matters of religion. For the government of the colony it vested the supreme power in an Assembly, to consist of a governor or deputy governor, ten assistants, and representatives from the several towns, all to be chosen by the freemen. The benevolent policy of Williams secured to the colony an almost total exemption from Indian hostilities ; he continued to reside at Providence, ever active in the service of the people, sometimes their president, and at others as assistant or representative, until the period of his death, in 1683. In his lifetime lie was beloved of his people, and in his death his memory is held sacred as the founder of a prosperous State. When Sir Edmund Andros was made governor of New England in 1685, he dissolved the charter government of the colony, and appointed a council to do his bidding; after he was deposed and sent to England, the freemen met at New port and re-established the ancient order of things. All the officers who three years before had been displaced, were reinstated, and all accepted but Walter Clarke, who had been re-elected president. In his stead the Assembly appointed Henry Bull, a Quaker, the only one living who came with Coddington in 1638. From this period to the commencement of the American Revolution, the history of Ehode Island is barren of events. Fortunate in living under a well-regulated government, arid possessing great advantages in commerce, the inhabitants, if they played no distinguished part in the drama of life, were prosperous and happy. We find it recorded that in 1730 the population was about 18,000, and that in 1740 it was 35,000. Iii the last-mentioned year three hundred men were voted for an expedition into Canada, projected by the British government When the Stamp Act was attempted to be imposed, Ehode Island was as hostile to the purpose as any other colony ;. delegates were sent to the Continental Congress in 1765. and a general association was entered into against the use of sta.mps. The subsequent proceedings of the British were resisted with equal constancy. In 1774, when the British pre vented the exportation of military stores from England, Ehode Island seized the cannon in the public batteries, and the Assembly passed resolutions for arming the people. Every action on the part of this province was on the popular side, and from her exposed situation she was made to feel the hate of the common enemy. In December, 1776, Clinton and Parker, with strong forces, sailed from New York for the purpose of occupying Ehode Island. The American forces, unable to resist, withdrew on the approach of the fleet, and the squadron of Commodore Hopkins, and a number of privateers, found themselves blockaded in the harbor of Providence. General Sullivan, aided by the French ships of war, made several unsuccessful attempts to dislodge the British, and in 177S laid siege to Newport, but was obliged to abandon the attempt. During the retreat an engagement took place at Quaker Hill, the result of which was indecisive. In (October, 1719, the British troops were withdrawn ; and in 1780 a body of French, under Eochambeau, arrived at New port in a squadron under De Ternay. Clinton, on hearing of their arrival, embarked 6,000 men with the hope of sur prising them, but the project was ultimately abandoned. From this period Ehode Island was unmolested, and the inhab itants again resumed their commercial pursuits. ft Ehode Island was not represented in the convention that formed the Constitution in 1787, and this State evinced for the time a determined hostility to the new frame of government. She was the last of the original States to ratify this instru ment ; ami it was not until the May, 1790, that her acquiescence was secured. Little is recorded of its history from this period until 1812. During the ensuing contest with Great Britain, the majority of the people were hostile to the policy of the General Government, and adopted the system of action of the neighboring States, lending no aid to the national arms. Delegates were sent to the memorable Convention at Hartford, and united in the report made by that body. With the exception of the occupation of Block Island by the enemy in 1813, this State remained unmolested during the war. Up to the year 1844, the Charter granted by Charles II. was the only constitution of the State, though for more than twenty years before that date efforts had been made to obtain from the General Assembly permission to form a new and more perfect frame of government, but without effect. In the spring of 1340 an association was formed, the object of which was to secure the right of suffrage to every adult white male citizen of the United States resident in the State; and i in 1841 this association took the responsibility of calling a convention to form a State constitution in accordance with their peculiar views. Such convention was held, and such constitution formed and submitted to the people, but on account of the informality under which it was prepared, only a portion of the people recognized or voted on the question. Those who did vote being in its favor, a majority was declared, and the instrument acknowledged by its partisans as the su preme law of the land. The legal government, however, refused to recognize it, and in the mean time had taken measures for the calling of a convention for a similar purpose ; and by this convention another constitution was prepared and j adopted by two-thirds of the inhabitants. Two separate forms of government were now recognized by two different portions of the people. The Suffrage Party as the illegal party called themselves proceeded to elect their governor and public officers, and claiming them as legitimate officers, their government was organized at Providence, under the protection of an armed force, on the 3d May, 1841. Owing to the public excitement, the government under the legiti mate constitution had not been able to organize, and consequently the old charter government met as usual at Newport, on the 4th May, 1S42. On the 18th of the same month Thomas N. Dorr, the governor elected by the " Suffrage Party," attempted to capture the State arsenal at Providence, but failed in the attempt. Desirous of meeting the views of all parties, the General Assembly provided for another convention to form another constitution ; and about the same time another attempt was made to overthrow by force of arms the charter government The insurgents, led by their soi- disant governor, took up a position at Chepachet, from which, however, they were easily dislodged by the State troops, and completely dispersed. The convention last provided for by the charter government, met in September, and on their constitution being submitted to the popular vote, it was almost unanimously adopted, the "Suffrage Party" protesting against it, yet subsequently voting under it , The attempt on the State made by the Suffrage Party, is one of the most audacious violations of the sanctity of popular institutions on record ; and well did the abettors of such treason deserve the severest penalties. Dorr was imprisoned for several years, but was finally released, he having become a broken-down and deserted man, and the shunned of all good citizens. His name will go down to posterity on the same page as those of Burr and Arnold a warning to all traitors. PROVIDENCE, NEWPORT, SOUTH KINGSTON, BRISTOL, and EAST GREENWICH, are the political capitals of the State. There are two sessions of the General Assembly every year : one at Newport on the first Tuesday of May, and the other on the last Monday of October once in two years at South Kingston, and the intermediate years alternately at Bristol and East Greenwich; and this second session adjourns every year to Providence. T4 721 RIB EIBLET B, p. o., Eichland county, Ohio : 59 m. N. N. E. Columbus. EICE, t. and p. o., Cattaraugus county, N. Y. : 240 m. "W. by 8. Albany. Drained by affluents of Alleghany r., the principal of which furnishes good water-power. Sur face elevated and rolling ; soil excellent for farming. Pop ulation 906. EICEBOKO , p. v., Liberty connty, Ga.: 146 miles S. E. Milledgeville, on S. bank of North Newport r., which is navigable for sloops to this place. It contains about 160 inhabitants. . BICE CITY, p. v., Kent county, JR. I. : 27 m. N. W. by W. Newport. EICE CEEEK, p. o., Calhoun co., Mich. : 35 m. S. S. "W. Lansing. EICE S, sta., M Minn co., Tenn. : on the East Tennessee and Georgia E. E., 7 m. N. Charleston. EICE S LANDING, p. o., Greene co., Penn. : 142 m. "W. by S. Harrisburg. EICE S STORE, p. o., "Westmoreland co., Vlrg. : 53 m. N. E. Eichmond. EICEVILLE, p. v., Hancock county, Miss. : 2 m. E. from Pearl r., 106 m. S. by E. Jackson. EICEVILLE, p. o., Monmouth co., N~. Jer. : on "W. side of Clay Point cr., near its junction with Nevisink river. EICEVILLE, p. v., Crawford co., Penn. : on E. side of head branch of Oil cr., 181 m. N. W. Harrisburg. EICEYILLE, p. o., Pittsylvania county, Virg.: 120 miles S. W. by W. Eichmond. BICIIARDSON, p. o., Vermillion co., HI. : on E. bank of Little Vermillion r., 110 m. E. by N. Springfield. BICIIARDSON S, p. o., Montgomery co., Tenn. : 42 m. N.TV. Nashville. EICIIAEDSON S CEEEK, p. o., Union co., N, Car. : 101 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. BICHARDSONVILLE, p. v., Edgefield dist, S. Car. : 46 m. TV. Columbia. EICHARDSVILLE, p. v., Culpepper co., Vlrg. : 69 m. N. N.W. Eichmond. EICIIARDSVILLK, p. v., Jefferson county, Penn. : 112 m. W. N. TV. Harrisburg. EICIIBOEOUGU, p. v., Bucks county, Penn. : 91 miles E. Harrisburg. EICHBURG, p. o., Alleghany co., N. Y. : on E. side of branch of Oswaye cr., 228 m. W. by S. Albany. EICH CREEK, p. o., Logan county, Virg.: 251 miles W. Eichmond. BICIIFIELD, t. and p. o., Genesee co., Mich. : 53 m. E. N. E. Lansing. Surface rolling; soil dry sandy loam. Drained by Flint r., which furnishes mill-sites. Pop. 482. BICHFIELD, t. and p. o., Otsego co., 2f. Y. : 70 m. "W. by N. Albany. Drained by small branches of Unadilla r. and outlets of Canaderaga lake, which lies on its E. border. Surface elevated and uneven; soil sandy and calcareous loam. The industry of the t. is generally devoted to agri culture, and there are some small manufactures. Pop ulation 1.502. EICHFIELD, t. and p. v., Summit co., Ohio : 110 m. N. E. Columbus. Surface elevated, and moderately uneven ; soil fertile, and well cultivated. Drained by creeks of Cuya- hoga r. The v. contains various mechanic shops and about 200 inhabitants. There are other small settlements in the town. Pop. of t 1,262. BICIIFIELD, t., Henry co., Ohio : drained by Beaver cr. of the Maumee. Pop. 136. EICHFIELD, p. o., Juniata county, Penn. : 32 m. N. TV. Harrisburg. EICHFIELD SPRINGS, v. and p. o., Otsego co., N. Y. : at head of Canaderaga lake, 68 m. TV. by N. Albany. The v. contains about 300 inhabitants, and here is a celebrated sulphur spring. EICUFORD, t. and p. T., Tioga co., N. Y.: 128 m. TV. by S. Albany. Drained by East and West Owego creeks. Sur- 722 face uneven, with fertile valleys. The v. on East Owego cr. contains about 300 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 1,208. EICHFORD, t. and p. o., Franklin co., Verm. : on the Can ada line, 47$ m. N. Montpelier. Drained by Missisque r. and its branches. Surface mountainous ; soil adapted best to grazing along the streams is some good land. Popula tion 1,074. EICH FOEK, p. o., Davidson co., N. Car. : 90 m.TV. by N. Ealeigh. EICII HILL, t. and p. o., Muskingum co., Ohio : 63 m. E. Columbus. Drained by branches of the Muskingum r. Surface various ; soil fertile. Bituminous coal and numer ous salt springs are found in the vicinity. Pop. of t. 1,495. . EICH HILL, p. o., Maury co., Tenn.: 39 m. S. S. W. NziiOi villc EICHLAND county, III. Situate toward the S. E., and contains 312 sq. m. Drained by affluents of the W abash, a tributary of the Ohio r. Surface generally level ; soil fertile. It has some prairies and some fine timber land. Farms 204 ; manuf. 3 ; dwell. 704, and pop. wh. 4,002, fr. col. 10 total 4,012. Capital: Olney. Public, Works: Ohio and Mississippi E. E.. EICHLAND county, Ohio. Situate N. centrally, and con tains 468 sq. m. Drained by Olentangy r. and branches of Mohiccan cr. Surface level; soil fertile, and well adapted to wheat, corn, etc. Agriculture is the leading pursuit. Good timber is found on the land. Farms 2,522 ; manuf. 118; dwell. 5,205, and pop. wh. 80,834, fr. col. 45 total 30,879. Capital: Mansfield. Public Works: Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Columbus E. E. ; Sandusky, Mansfield, and Newark E. E. ; Pennsylvania and Ohio E. E., etc. EICHLAND district, & Car. Situate centrally, and contains 483 sq. m. Drained by branches of Congaree and TVateree rivers, the former running along the S. TV. border and the latter on the eastern. Surface generally level ; soil fertile, and in some parts the land very rich. Chief productions, cotton and Indian corn. Farms 543; manuf. 87; dwell. 1,588, and pop. wh. 6,764, fr. col. 501, si. 12,978 total 20,243. Capital: Columbia. Public Works: Columbia Branch E. E ; Charlotte and South Carolina, Greenville and Columbia E. E. ; Camden Branch E. E., etc. EICHLAND county, Wise. Situate toward the S. "W., and contains 756 sq. m. Drained by head branches of Baraboo and Pine rivers, Pacific and Mill creeks, all affluents of Wis consin r., which forms its southern border. Surface gener ally level ; soil fertile and adapted to grain. It is well wood ed, and contains some minerals. Farms 58; manuf. 4; dwell. 178, and pop. wh. 902, fr. col. 1 total 903. Capital: Eichland City. EICHLAND, p. o., Jefferson co., Ark. : on S. bank of Ar kansas r., 46 m. S. E. by S. Little Eoc-k. EICHLAND, p. v., Stewart county, Ga. : 114 miles S. "W. Milledgeville. EICIILAND, p. v., Sangamon co., III. : on the N. side of Prairie cr., 10 m. W. N. TV. Springfield. EICHLAND, p. v., Eush county, Ind. : 43 m. S. E. by S. Indianapolis. EICHLAND, p. v., Keokuk co., la. : 40 m. S. TV. bj 8. Iowa City. Pop. 239. EICHLAND, p. v., Holmes county, Miss. : 49 m. N. by E. Jackson. Drained by a creek of Big Black river. EICHLAND, t. and p. o., Kalamazoo county, Mich. : 50 m. S. TV. by W. Lansing. Drained by creeks of Kalamazoo r. and Gull lake, on the N. E. corner. Surface level prairie. Pop. 795. EICHLAND, p. v., Greene co., Mo. : 104 m. S. TV. by S. Jefferson City. EICHLAND, L, p. v., and cap. Oswego co., N. Y. : 140 m. TV. N. W. Albany. Drained by Salmon r. and other small streams, flowing into Lake Erie. Surface diversified ; soil moist clay loam. The county buildings are in the v. of Pulaski. The manufactures of the t. are considerable, and its trade flourishing. Pop. 4,079. The Watertown and Eome E. E. passes through it, 42 m. from Eome. RIG RIG HIGHLAND, sta., Logan co., Ohio : on Mad River and Lake Erie R. R., 51 m. N. "W. Columbus, 92 m. from Sandusky, 66 m. from Dayton. HIGHLAND, t, Allen co., Ohio: 78 m. N. "W. Columbus. Drained by creeks of Blanchard s Fork. Surface elevated and rolling ; soil rich and fertile. It occupies the N. E. corner of the co. Pop. 990. RICHLAND, t, Belmont co., Ohio: 12 m. W. "Wheeling, 108 m. E. Columbus. Drained by M Mahon s and other creeks. It is a fine farming t., and contains St. Clairsville, the county seat of justice. It is crossed by the railroad from Wheeling westward. Pop. 4,366. RICHLAND, t, Clinton co., Ohio : 48 m. S. W. Columbus. Drained by Rattlesnake, Todd s, and other creeks. Surface undulating, and soil rich and fertile. The Cincinnati and Zanesville R. R. crosses its S. part. Salem and Claysville are villages on the Washington and Wilmington turnpike. Pop. 1,975. RICIILAND, t, Darke co., Ohio: 84 m. W. Columbus. Drained by Stillwater creek and its tributaries. Surface undulating; soil rich and fertile. The Bellefontaine and Indiana R. R. crosses it east and west Pop. 798. RICIILAND, t, Defiance co., Ohio : 149 m. N. W. Columbus. Drained by Maumee r., which runs through it. Surface lew and level; soil fertile. Pop. 702. The Wabash and Erie Canal, and the Sandusky and Fort Wayne R. R. pass through the town. RICIILAND, t., Fairfield co., Ohio : 33 m. E. S. E. Columbus. Drained by Rush cr. Surface elevated and undulating, and soil very productive. The Cincinnati, Zanesville, and Wheeling R. R. crosses it in a N. E. and S. W. direction. Pop. 1,777. RICHLAND, t., Holmes co., Ohio: 58 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by a branch of Killbuck cr. and Walhonding r. Surface undulating; soil rich and productive. Pop. 1.349. RICHLAND, t, Vinton co., Ohio : 54 m. S. S. E. Columbus. Drained by a branch of Raccoon cr., and also a creek of the Scioto. The land is undulating and fertile. Pop. 1,193. RICIILAND, t., Wyandott co., Ohio : 66 m. N. W. Columbus. Drained by creeks of Blanchard s fork of the Maumee. Surface undulating ; soil rich and fertile. The Mad River and Lake Erie R. R. passes through it in a N. E. and S. W. direction. Pop. 599. RICHLAND, p. v., Richland county, Ohio : 58 m. N. N. E. Columbus. RICHLAND, p. v., Giles co., Tenn. : on branch of Elk r., a tributary of the Tennessee, 55 m. S. Nashville. RICIILAND, p. o., Tazewell co., Vtrg. : 240 m. W. by S. Richmond. RICIILAND creek, Ark. : rises in the interior of Madison CO., flows W., and enters White r. in Washington county. RICHLAND CITY, p. T., and cap. Richland co., Wise. : on Pine r., 53 m. W. N. W. Madison. RICIILAND CROSSINGS, p. o., Navarro co., Tex. : 134 m. N. N. E. Austin City. RICHLAND GKOVE, p. o., Mercer co., III. : 113 m. N. N. W. Springfield. RICHLANDB, p. o., Onslow county, N. Car. : 84 m. S. E. Raleigh. RICHLANDTOWN, p. v., Bucks co., Penn. : 75 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. RICHMOND county, Ga. Situate E., and contains 313 sq. m. Drained by branches of Savannah river, which runs on its N. E. border, and of Brier creek, which forms its S. W. boundary. Surface hilly ; soil fertile, and is in general a fine deep mold, well adapted to the growth of cotton, wheat, and corn. Of fruit-trees, apple, pear, peach, plum, etc., grow well, and produce largely. Pine and other tim ber is found on the land. Farms 272; manuf. 56; dwell. 1,556, and pop. wh. 8.152. fr. col. 282, si. 7,812 total 16,246. Capital : Augusta. Public Works : Georgia R. R. ; Augusta and Waynesboro R. R,, etc. RICHMOND county, N. Y. Situate S., and includes Staton Island. It contains 63 sq. m., and is divided into 4 town ships. Surface hilly and broken ; soil in general sterile, but there is much good land. Chief products wheat and Indian corn. On the coast are some valuable fisheries. It contains some beds of iron ore, and other minerals. In the alluvial portions marine fossils have been found. Constant com munication is kept up with New Tork by steamboats, which run many times daily. Fishing is much pursued by the in habitants. Farms 212 ; manuf. 37 ; dwell. 2,334, and pop. wh., 14,474, fr. col. 587 total 15,061. Capital : Richmond. Public Works : Statcn Island R. R., etc. RICHMOND county, Jf. Car. Situate S., and contains 648 sq. m. Drained by branches of Little Pedee river, and other small streams. Surface even ; soil generally fertile, and well adapted to the growth of cotton, which is much attended to. Staples, cotton, Indian corn, and tobacco. Farms 496 ; manuf. 1 ; dwell. 949, and pop. wh. 4,890, fr. col. 224, si. 4,704 total 9,S18. Capital : Rockingham. RICHMOND county, Virg. Situate N. E., and contains 196 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Rappahannock river. Surface level ; soil fertile. Chief products, wheat and Indian corn. Farms 336 ; manuf. 4 ; dwell. 805, and pop. wh. 3,462, fr. col. 709, si. 2,277 total 6,448. Capital : Warsaw. RICHMOND, p. o., Dallas county, Ala.: 55 miles W. Montgomery. RICHMOND, p. v., Wayne co., Ind. : on E. bank of East Fork of Whitewater r., 69 m. E. Indianapolis, 4 m. from Ohio State line. This very flourishing v. contains a large number of mills and factories, a branch of the State bank of Indiana, and does a large business with the fertile agricultural district surrounding it. Two newspapers are published weekly, "Palladium" (whig), and " Jeflersonian" (dem.). The Indiana Central R.R., and the Richmond and Newcastle R. R. here connect with several railroads from Ohio. Pop. about 3,000. RICHMOND, p. o., Washington county, la. : 28 m. S. S. W. Iowa City. RICHMOND, p. v., and cap. Madison co., Ky. : on a small branch of Kentucky r., 45 m. S. E. Frankfort. Contains a court-house and jail, and about 1,000 inhabitants. The " Whig Chronicle" is published weekly. RICHMOND, p. v., and cap. Madison parish, La. : 129 m. N. Baton Rouge, on W. side of Round away bayou, at its junction with Brushy bayou. It contains the court-house and a few dwellings. The "Madison Journal" (neut.) ia published weekly. RICHMOND, p. o., M llenry county, III. : 201 m. N. N. E. Springfield, 1 m. from Wisconsin State line. RICHMOND, t and p. v., Lincoln co., Me. : 16 m. S. by W. Augusta. Drained by a mill-stream which falls into Ken- nebec r. at Merrymeeting bay. It has some navigation, and vessels are built here. The v. is situate in the S. W. part of the town, and on the E. line the Portland and Kennebec R. R. passes along the river. Pop. of t. 2,056. RICHMOND, t. and p. o., Berkshire co., Mass. : 117 m. W. Boston. Drained by branch of Housatonic r. It lies in a fertile valley between two hills, and is well cultivated. The Western R. R. passes through the town. Pop. 1,649. RICHMOND, t and p. o., Macomb county, Mich. : 89 m. E. Lansing. Surface of t. rolling, and heavily timbered; soil fertile. Drained by Belle r., by E. Fork of Clinton br. of Red r., and by head branches of South r., the two latter flowing into Lake St. Clair. Pop. about 1,000. RICHMOND, p. v., Itawamba co., Miss. : on a creek of Tombigbee river, 158 m. N. W. by N. Jackson. RICHMOND, p. v., and cap. Ray co., Mo. : on the S. side of Elkhorn cr., Ill m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. It contains a court-house, jail, and about 500 inhabitants. RICHMOND, t. and p. o., Cheshire co., 27. ffamp. : 49 m. S. W. Concord. Drained by branches of Ashuelot river. Surface generally level ; soil of average fertility. Pop. 7,128. RICHMOND, p. if., and cap. Richmond county, N. Y. : near the centre of Staten Island, 13 m. S. W. New York cky T23 RIG RIO This is a pleasant village and contains the court-house, jail, 2 churches, and several stores, and about 40 dwellings. RICHMOND, p. T., Jeflferson co., Ohio : 2 m. W. Ohio r., 117 m. E. N. E. Columbus. The " R. Clipper" (f. soil) is published weekly. Pop. about 600. RICHMOND, p. v., Northampton co., Penn. : on a small stream, 2 m. W. of the Delaware, about 3 m. above Belvidere, 97 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. RICHMOND, p. v., Bedford county, Tenn. : 49 m. 3. by E. Nashville. RICHMOND, p. v., and cap. Fort Bend county, Tex. : on S. bank of Brazos r., 130 m. E. S. E. Austin City. RICHMOND, t. and p. o., Chittenden co., Verm. : 20 m. W. N. W. Montpelier. Drained by Onion r., which makes its N. border, and Huntingdon r., which passes through it, both affording water-power. Surface generally uneven, with fertile flats on the streams. At the centre is a church having 16 sides, with a neat steeple rising from the middle, and occupied by several denominations. The v. is on the S. side of Onion r., and on the N. aide the Vermont Central R. R. traverses the valley. Pop. of 1. 1,458. RICHMOND, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Henrico county, Virg. : and capital of the State of Virginia ; is situated on the N. E. bank of James r., at the lower falls at the head of tide water. Lat. (Capitol) 37 32 17" N. ; long, from Green wich 77 27 28" W., and from Washington 00 25 58" W. Distance by the most direct R. R. from Washington, 130 m. ; from Baltimore, 16S m. ; from Philadelphia, 266 m. ; from New York, 344 m. ; from Boston, 580 m. ; from Raleigh, 174 m. ; from Wilmington, 248 m. The situation of Richmond is highly picturesque. The city is divided into two unequal parts by a valley, through which passes the Shockoe creek to enter James r. It is chiefly built upon the hills and more elevated grounds on either side of this depression, which have a beautiful variety of surface, and afford in many parts highly picturesque situations for dwellings and for public edifices. Splendid views of the city and surrounding country are presented from different points, each varying the scene. The soil is red clay. The river flows over a bed of granite, of which there are inexhaustible quarries on its banks, extensively used for building and other purposes. The city is regularly laid out with streets crossing at right angles. Its entire area embraces about 3$ sq. m., of which the built portion is about 3 m. long, and f in. wide. The dwelling houses are gener ally neat and convenient, of brick and wood. Many private residences are very elegant and costly. The capitol occupies a very commanding situation on an elevated plain called Shockoe hill, in the W. division of the city. It stands in Capitol Square, a beautiful public ground containing about 8 acres, ornamented with trees, grass plats, walks, etc. It is a spacious and elegant building, surrounded on 3 sides by a lofty and imposing portico, in the Ionic order. It con tains a statue of Washington, the only one ever taken from life, executed by Houdon, a celebrated French artist, and erected in 1788 ; a bust of Lafayette, etc. The City Hall, on Broad Street, fronting Capitol Square, is an elegant edifice of Grecian architecture, with a portico at each end of 4 Doric columns. The Governor s House is at the E. end of the square. The County Court-house is about 1 m. from the capitol. The State Penitentiary, in the W. suburbs, is 300 feet long, and 110 broad, in the form of a hollow square, sur rounded by extensive grounds. The Alms-house, a spacious building, is in the N. suburbs. The Armory is a large edifice 320 feet long by 280 feet wide. The Female Orphan Asylum is supported partly by the corporation, and partly by private munificence. There are about 25 churches, many of which are very handsome edifices. The Monu mental Episcopal church stands upon the site of the Rich mond Theatre, which was destroyed by fire, Dec. 26th, 1811, and whereby 66 white and 6 colored persons lost their lives. The congregation of the African church is one of the largest in the Union. The Medical Department of Hampden Sidney College, founded 183S, in 1850 had 7 professors, 90 students, and 40 graduates. The Virginia Historical and Philosophical Society was founded in 1S31. St. Vincent s and Richmond colleges, near the city, are flourishing academies. In 1850 there were 15 newspapers and periodicals, viz., dallies, " R. Enquirer," " R. Whig," " Dispatch," " Times and Com piler," " Herald," " Future Age," and " Republican ; weeklies, "Religious Herald," " W T atchman and Observer;" monthlies, " Missionary Journal," " The Commission," "Baptist Preacher," "Southern Planter," "Literary Mes senger ;" quarterly, " Historical Register." The city government is vested in the mayor, recorder, aldermen, and city council. The city is lighted with gas, and generally well paved ; the markets are well supplied. The public water-works were commenced in 1S30, and cost about $120,000. By two forcing pumps, worked by water- power, 800,000 gallons of water in 24 hours are lifted from James r. into 3 reservoirs, containing each 1,000,000 gallons, thence distributed over the city in pipes. The principal manufactures are of tobacco, flour, iron, cotton and woolens. Water-power of unlimited extent is furnished by James r., which within a few miles above the city descends SO feet. Of tobacco there are 35 to 40 factories, and 10 or 12 stemmeries, together employing about 2,500 blacks, and manufacturing 12 to 15,000 hhds. annually. Besides smaller mills, here are two of the most extensive flouring-mills in the world, " Gallego" and " Haxall," each running 20 or more pairs of stones, and capable of producing 800 to 900 bbls. of flour daily. There are 3 iron rolling-mills, foundries of cannon, etc., and an extensive nail factory on Belle isle, producing 75,000 Ibs. of nails weekly. Four cotton mills work up nearly 3,000,000 Ibs. of cotton per annum, and a woolen mill 600,000 Ibs. of wool annually. Besides these, are large machine-shops, a paper-mill, etc. There are three banks, with aggregate capital of $2,114,000, 3 insurance companies, and 3 savings banks. Four lines of railroad here connect, viz., Richmond, Frederick, and Potomac R. R., commencing at Aquia creek on the Potomac, 75 m. long ; Richmond and Petersburg R. R., 22 m. long; the Central R. R. to Covington, and Dan ville R. R. completed to Keeseville, 73 m. The James River Canal, completed in 1835 to Lynchburg^l46 m., and in 1S52 to Balcony Falls, is the principal channel of trade with the interior. The following statement exhibits the amount of tonnage, and its estimated value, imported into Richmond on the James River and Kanawha Canal, during each of the 5 years 1818-52, with its freight and tolls : - ending No. of Oct. 31. 1S4S. 1849. 1850. 1851. ,.125,054., .140,6%., ,.137,589., ,.140,924. 1852.... 153,377.., Estimated value. $4.230,532 IS., 5,435,046 66. 6,123,865 49. 5,133,853 62. 7,145,837 43. Fi eights and tolls. $192,750 33 247,861 OS 213.741 47 184,839 88 220,947 84 Total (1848-52) 697,640 $28,069,13533 $1,060,14065 The following table exhibits the amount of tonnage, with its value and freightage, imported into Richmond, on the Richmond and Petersburg R. R., during each of the 5 years 1848-52. ^ept 6 ^" 5 Tonna S e - Estimated value. $632,557 99.. 695,742 40.. 1,377,665 45.. 836.412 40. , Sepi 1848.... 20,301. 1849.... 19,539. 1850.... 22,861. 1S51.... 19,533. 1S52.. Freight $18,361 62 18,15971 21,56083 18,314 12 24.752 89 27.932... 1,262,248 85. Total (1848-52) 110,166 $4,854,627 09 $101,149 18 The following table exhibits the amount of tonnage, with its estimated value, and the freights and tolls on the same, RIG RID imported into Richmond during 1352, by the various works of internal improvement leading into the city: No of Estimated Freights Names of Companies ^ o , s Talue _ and tolls. James River, and I _ 1533T7> >$T145 S3T 43 ..$220,947 84 Kanawha co. > R.,Fredericksburg,l arid Potomac R.R. ) Richmond and Pe- tersburg R. R. ) 285,00000.. 19,25203 j ^ ^ ^ sg - 87 919 45 Virginia Central R. R. . 17,450. . 1,000,000 00. . 55,989 20 Total ............. 25C,9S7 $10,600,422 28 $358,861 41 The foreign export trade is chiefly in tobacco to all parts of Europe, flour and grain occasionally, and in flour to Brazil. The import trade direct from Europe, or other countries, is now inconsiderable, having gradually dimin ished with the increased facilities of New York, by her regular packets and steamers to Europe. The channel of the r. is winding, which, with the distance from the ocean, is a considerable impediment to navigation. Vessels draw ing more than 10 or 11 feet water are prevented from coming up to the city by the bar, 7 m. below it, and such load at City Point, Bermuda Hundred, or Port Walthall. On June 30, 1850, the total tonnage of R. district was 8,458 tons. The registered tonnage was 3,161 tons, of which 1,588 tons were permanent, and 1,573 tons temporary. The enrolled and licensed tonnage was 5,297 tons, consisting of 4,276 tons permanent, and 1,021 tons temporary, all of which were employed in the coasting trade. During the year previous, the number of clearances for foreign countries was 6924,321 tons; no. of entrances do., 81,811 tons. Vessels built during the year, 8 (1 ship, 7 schooners) 1,479 tons. The inspections of tobacco for several years are as follows : Years. Hluls. Years. Hhds. Years. Hints, Years. Minis. 1841... 18,267 1842... 23,1 29 1843... 22,829 1844... 19,147 1845. . .21,902 1846... 19,572 1847... 19,993 1848... 15,733 1849... 18,803 1S50... 17,986 1851... 15,678 1852... 24,1 19 In addition to which, from 10 to 16,000 hogsheads are here received from other inspections in the interior. The following exhibits the inspections of flour of late years : Years. Bfjls. Years. Bbls. Years. Bbls. 1846 289,000 1S4S 180,000 1850 336,420 1847 159,100 1849 276,900 1851 To which should be added 20 to 25 per cent, of inspections at Scottsville and Lynchburg, and brought to the Richmond market The quantity of flour exported to Brazil for the year ending September 30, 1848, was 74,425 barrels; 1849, 128,880 bbls. ; 1850, 65,280 bbls. ; 1851, 93,245 bbls. ; 1852. 53.950 bbls. A considerable quantity of flour, destined for South America, is sent coastwise for re-shipment from New Fork, Baltimore, etc. The amount of other foreign ship ments of flour in 1851, was 15,646 bbls., and increased in 1352 to 18,122 barrels. The coal trade is considerable, and steadily increasing. The best bituminous coal is mined from 8 to 20 m. above the city, and iron ore abounds in the country beyond. Reg ular lines of steam packets run to Norfolk" Baltimore, and New York. The population has increased within the last 10 or 15 years more rapidly than at any previous period. Of the present population, about two-fifths are blacks. Pop. in 1800, 5,537 ; in 1810, 9.785 ; in 1820, 12,067 ; in 1830, 16.060 ; in 1840, 20,153; in 1850, 27,483. The exceedingly healthy lo cation of the city gives it a very low annual rate of mortality. The cemeteries are noted for their beauty and their monu ments. The site of Richmond was first visited by white men in 1609 ; the town was founded in 1742, aad made the capital of the State in 1780. In 1787 it contained about 300 houses. In 1794 the canal around the falls was completed, which has added so much to its commercial advantages. In 1811, December 2(5th, occurred the sad fire by which 72 persons ost their lives in the destruction of the Richmond Theatre, among whom was the then governor of the State. Directly opposite to Richmond are its suburbs of Man chester and Spring Hill, which are connected with the city by three bridges. RICHMOND, t and p. o., Wahvorth county, Wise. : 43 m. S. E. by E. Madison. Pop. 756. RICHMOND CENTRE, p. o., Ashtabula CO., Ohio : 168 m. N. E. Columbus. RICHMOND COENER, p. o., Lincoln county, Me. : 15 m. S. Augusta. RICHMOND DALE, p. o., Ross co., Ohio : on "W. side of Salt cr., near its junction with Scioto river, 54 m. S. by E. Columbus. RICHMOND FACTORY, p. v., Richmond co., Get. : 81 m. E. by N. Milledgeville. RICHMOND MILLS, p. o., Ontario co., JV. Y. : 200 m. W. Albany. RICHMOND SWITCH, v. and sta., Washington co., E. I.: on the Stonington R. R., 36 m. S. S. W. Providence. RICHMOND VALLEY, p. o., Richmond county, N. Y. : 142 m. S. Albany. RICHMONDVTLLE, p. v., Schoharie co., N. Y. : on branch of Schoharie cr., 44 m.W. Albany. It has several mechanic shops, and 200 inhabitants. RICH PATCH, p. o., Alleghany county, Virg. : 141 m. W. Richmond. RICH SQUARE, p. o., Northampton county,^ Cur. : 81 m E. N. E. Raleigh. RICH VALLEY, p. o., Bedford co., Tenn. : 48 m. S. S. E. Nashville. RICH VALLEY, p. o., Wythe co., Virg. : 204 m. "W. by S. Richmond. RICHVIEW, p. o., Washington co., III. : 99 m. S. by E. Springfield. RICHVILLE, p. v., St. Lawrence co., N. Y. : on E. side of Oswegatchie r., 149 m. N. W. by N. Albany. It contains several mechanic shops, stores, etc. Pop. about 200. RICIIWOOD, p. o.. Union co., Ohio : on N. side of Bogues creek, 32 m. N. W. by N. Columbus. RICHWOODS, p. o., Izard co., Ark. : 74 m. N. Little Rock. RICIIWOODS, p. o., Delaware county, Jnd. : 48 m. N. E. Indianapolis. RICHWOODS, p. o., Washington co., Me. : 105 m. E. N. E. Augusta. RICKOE S BLTTFF, p. o., Gadsden co., Flor. : on E. bank of Appalachicola r., 46 m. W. by S. Tallahassee. RIDER S LANE, sta., Baltimore co., Md. : on the line of the Baltimore and Susquehanua R. R., 10 m. N. Baltimore. RIDGE, p. o., St. Mary s eo., Md. : 60 m. S. Annapolis. RIDGE, p. o., Coshocton county, Ohio : 60 m. E. N. E. Columbus. RIDGE, p. o., Livingston co., N. Y. : 218 m. W. Albany. RIDGE, p. o., Edgefleld district, 8. Car. : 86 m. W. S. W. Columbia. RIDGKBURY, p. v., Fairfleld co., Conn. : 52 m. S.W.byW. Hartford. It contains a church, several mechanic shops, and about 200 inhabitants. RIDGEBURY, p. v., Orange county, 2f. Y. : 96 m. S. S. W. Albany. It contains an academy, several stores, and 200 inhabitants. RIDGEBURY, t. and p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : 111 m. N. Harrisburg. Drained by Bentley and South creeks, which flow into Tioga river. Surface hilly; soil gravelly loam. Pop. 1,400. RIDGE FARM, p. o., Vermillion county, III. ; no m. E. Springfield. RIDGEFIELD, t., Huron co., Ohio : 86 m. N. by E. Colum bus. Drained by branches of Huron r. Surface elevated 725 RID and rolling ; soil of average fertility. Monroeville, in this t. is intersected E. and W. by tho Cleveland, Norwalk, and Toledo K. E., and N. and S. by the Mansfield and Sanduskj E. E. Pop. 1,944 EIDGEFIELD, t. and p. o., Fairfield county, Conn. : 54 m 8. W. by W. Hartford. Drained by Saugatuck and Nor walk rivers, which afford water-power, and an E. branch of Croton r. Surface elevated ; soil a fertile gravelly loam The v., in the S., is situate on one long street, and contains several churches, an academy, several factories, workshops stores, etc., and about SO dwellings. The view from this t is extensive and beautiful Long Island Sound, 14 m. dis tant, being seen to advantage. Pop. of t. 2,237. EIDGE GROVE, p. o., Macon county, Ala. : 40 miles E Montgomery. EIDGE HALL, p. o., Baltimore county, Md.; 33 m. N. Annapolis. EIDGELAND, p. o., Henry county, Ohio: 107 m. N. Columbus. EIDGELEY, p. o., Madison county, III. : 61 m. S. by W. Springfield. EIDGELEY, p. o., Platte co., Mo. : on E. side of Platte r., 150 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. EIDGELY, Macon co., Ala. : 40 m. E. Montgomery. EIDGE POST, p. o., Davidson co., Tenn. EIDGE PRAIRIE, p. o., Saline co., Mo. : on S. side of Black river, 64 m. "W. N. W. Jefferson City. EIDGE SPRING, p. o., Pitt county, N. Car.: 73 miles E. Ealeigh. EIDGETILLE, p. o., Carroll county, Md. : 45 m. N. N. W. Annapolis. EIDGEVILLE, p. v., Warren co., Ohio: on a branch of the Miami r., C6 m. W. S. W. Columbus. EIDGEVILLE, p. o., Cook co., III.: 176 m. N. E. Springfield. EIDGEVILLE, p. v., Hampshire co., Vlrg. : 151 in. N. W. by N. Eichmond. EIDGEVILLE, p. o., Colleton disk, S. Oar. : 75 m. S. S. E. Columbia. EIDGEVILLE, p. v., Eandolph county, Ind. : on N. side of Mississinewa r., 64 m. E. N. E. Indianapolis. EIDGEVILLE CORNERS, p. o., Henry county, Ohio: 120 m. N. W. by N. Columbus. EIDGEWAY, t and p. o., Lenawee co., Mich. : 66 m. S. E. by S. Lansing. Drained by Little Eaisin r. and S. branch of Macon r. Pop. 634. EIDGEWAY, p. o., Muskiugum county, Ohio: 51 m. E. Columbus. EIDGEWAY, t. and p. o., Orleans co., N. Y. : 245 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Oak Orchard cr. Surface ele vated, but level ; soil fertile. There are numerous factories and mills in the t., and the Erie Canal and the Eochester, Lockport, and Niagara Falls E. E. pass through its S. part. Pop. 4,591. EIDGEWAY, p. v. and sta., "Warren co., N. Car.: 49 m. N. N. E. Ealeigh, on Gaston and Ealeigh E. E., 53 m. from Ealeigh, 29 m. from Gaston. EIDGEWAY, t, p. o.. and cap. Elk county, Penn. : 123 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by Clarion r. and its branches. Surface uneven ; soil of average fertility. Farming is the principal occupation. The v. on Clarion r. is a considerable place, and has several manufactures. The "Elk County Advocate" is published here. Pop. of t. 800. EIDGEWAY, p. v. and sta., Fairfield dist., S. Car. : on the Charlotte and South Carolina E. E., 22 miles N. by E. Columbia. EIDGEWAY, t and p. v., Iowa co., Wise. : 30 m. "W. by S. Madison. Pop. of t. 704. EIDGEWOOD, p. o., Fairfleld district, S. Car.: 25 m. N. Columbia. EIDOTT S, p. o., Stephenson co., III. : on E. side of small branch of Pecatonica r., 171 m. N. Springfield. EIEGELSVILLE, p. o., Bucks co., Penn. : 89 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. 726 RIN EIENZI, p. v., Tishemingo co.. Miss. : 194 m. N. E. by N. Jackson. EIFLE river, Midi. : rises in S. part of Oscoda co., flows S. through Ogemaw co., and S. E. through Arenac co., into Saginaw bay. EIFLE POINT, p. o., Concordia par., La. : 72 m. N. N. W. Baton Eouge. EIGA, t., Monroe co., N. Y. : 212 m. "W. by N. Albany. Drained by Black creek. Surface undulating; soil fertile. The Buffalo and Eochester E. E. passes through it, on which is Churchville. Pop. of t. 2,159. EIGA, t. and p. o., Lenawee co., Mich. : 78 m. S. E. by S. Lansing. Bounded on the S. by Ohio State line. The Erie and Kalamazoo E. E. passes through the t., having a station at Knight s, 12 m. from Adrian, 20 m. from Toledo. Popu lation of t. 203. EIGA, p. o., Lucas county, Ohio: on E. side of Ottawa r., 123 m. N. N. TV. Columbus. EIGG S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Williamson co., Tenn. : 24 m. S. Nashville. EILEY, p. o., Yigo co., Ind. : 64 m. W. S. W. Indianapolis. EILEY, p. o., M Henry county, 211. : 189 m. N. N. E. Springfield. EILEYVILLE, p. v., Wayne county, Penn.: 122 m. N. E. Harrisburg. EIMERSBTTRG, p. o., Clarion co., Penn. : 146 m. W. N. "W. Harrisburg. EINDGE. t. and p. v., Cheshire county, N. Ilamp. : 44 m. S. W. by S. Concord. Drained by the outlets of a number of ponds which flow into Miller s r. of the Connecticut, and into the Merrimac r., affording extensive water-power. The principal ponds are called Manomonack, Emerson, Pesley, Long, Grassy, and Bullet. These ponds abound in excel lent fish, and they were formerly much frequented by the Indians for procuring fur, etc. The soil is fertile, the land for the most part inclining to the S. Iron ore is found here, as also a species of paint resembling Spanish brown, and nearly equal to it in quality. Eindge, formerly called EOWLEY CANADA, or MONADNOCK No. 1, was incorporated n 1768, when it received its present name. It has some ight manufactures. The v. is located in S. part of the town. Pop. of L 1,274. EINGGOLD county, la. Situate S. toward the W., and contains 520 sq. m. Drained by head branches of One Hundred and Two r., and branch of Elkhorn r. Surface generally level ; soil fertile. Set off since 1850. EINGGOLD, p. o., Cook county, III.: 170 m. N. N. E. Springfield. EINGGOLD, p. o., Jefferson co., Penn. : 128 m. W. N. "W. Harrisburg. EINGGOLD, p. o., Morgan county, Ohio: 63 m. E. by S. Columbus. EINGGOLD, p. v. and sta., Walker co., Ga. : on Western and Atlantic E. E., 116 m. from Atlanta, and 24 m. from ;hattanooga, and 179 m. N. W. Milledgeville. EINGGOLD, p. o., Cherokee co., Ala. : 133 m. N. N. E. Montgomery. EINGGOLD, p. o.,Washington co., Md. : 75 m. N.W. by W. Annapolis. EINGGOLD, p. o., Bienville parish, La. : 174 m. N. W. 3aton Eouge. EINGGOLD, p. o., Platte county, Mo. : 157 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. EINGGOLD, p. o., Montgomery county, Tenn. : 43 m. N.W. Sash vi He. EINGGOLD, p. o., Pittsylvania co., Vlrg. : 120 m. W. S.W lichmond. EINGGOLD, p. o., La Grange county, Ind. : 126 m. N. by E. ndianapolis. EINGOES, p. v., Hunterdon co., N. Jer. : at foot of Eock Mountain, 15 m. N. N. W. Trenton. It is a small manu- acturing village, containing an academy, several stores, etc., and about 250 inhabitants. RIN RIV EINGWOOD, p. o., M Henry co., Ill : 189 in. N. by E. Springfield. EINGWOOD, p. o., Halifax county, N. Car. : 66 m. N. E. Ealeigh. EINOSA, p. o., Iroquois co., HI. : 136 m. N. E. Springfield. Eio, p. v., Coweta comity, Ga. : 104 m. W. by N. Milled geville. Eio ARIBA county, IT. Me. Situate generally between lat. 35 30 and 37 N., and extending from the California State line to Taos and Santa F6 counties on the Eio Grande, and contains an area of 56,000 sq. m. The only part inhab ited by civilized man is that bordering on the Eio Grande, where are several pueblas. The western part is overrun by the Navajos, Pah-Utah, and other Indian tribes, and drained by the Colorado and its tributaries. Farms 164 ; manuf. ; dwell. 1,684, and pop. wh. 7.749, fr. col. 2 total 7,751. Capital: Cuchillo. Eio GRANDE, p. o., Gallia county, Ohio; 90 m. S. S. E. Columbus. Eio GRANDE river. See NEW MEXICO. Eio GRANDE CITY, p. v., and cap. Starr county, Tex. : on E. bank of Eio Grande, opposite the confluence of Eio San Juan, 94 m.W. N.W. Matamoras, and 276 m. S. W. by S. Austin City. Einggold Barracks, located here, is a United States military post. The city is surrounded by a good agri cultural country, and is a flourishing place. Steamboats ply here regularly from Matamoras and other places on the river. EIPLEY county, Ind. Situate S. E., and contains 439 sq. m. Drained by Graham s and Laughery s creeks, trib utaries of the Ohio r. Surface in general level, but on the streams part of the land is hilly ; soil fertile. Chief pro ductions, wheat, Indian corn, and sugar. It contains some factories, which have taken advantage of the extensive water-power supplied by the streams. The under stratum in the uplands consists chiefly of blue limestone. Farms 1,495; manuf. 49; dwell. 2,667, and pop. wh. 14,724, fr. col. 96 total 14,520. Capital: Versailles. Public Works: Ohio and Mississippi E. E. ; Lawrenceburg and Upper Mississippi E. E. EIPLEY county, Mo. Situate S. toward the E., and con tains 1,089 sq. m. Drained by Current r. and its branches, and by branches of Big Blackwater r. Surface hilly ; soil varied. Along the streams the land is fertile and produc tive in corn and tobacco ; in the uplands it is well adapted to grazing. Timber is found in abundance. Farms 258 ; manuf. 7 ; dwell. 445, and pop. wh. 2,731, fr. col. 13, si. 86 total 2,830. Capital: Doniphan. EIPLEY, t and p. v., Somerset co., Me. : 49 m. N. N. E. Augusta. Drained by Maine stream, emptying into Moose pond, which passes through it. It is an excellent farming town, raising wheat and other grains in abundance. Pop. of t, 641. EIPLEY, p. v., and cap. Tippah co., Miss. : 178 m. N. N. E. Jackson. It contains the court-house, jail, etc. The "E. Advertiser" (dem.) is published weekly. EIPLEY p. v., Brown co., HI. : about 2 m. S. of Crooked creek, a branch of Illinois r., 53 m. W. by N. Springfield. EIPLEY, t. and p. o., Chautauque county, W. Y. : 312 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by Twenty Mile creek, flowing into Lake Erie. Surface hilly ; soil clay loam, mixed with sand, and fertile. Its principal settlement is Quincy village, through which the Buffalo and State Line E. E. passes, 65 m. from Buffalo. Pop. 1,732. EIPLEY, p. v., Brown co., Ohio: on Ohio r., at junction of Eed Oak creek, about 56 m. above Cincinnati, 90 m. 8. by W. Columbus. This is a very flourishing v., has a number of mills and factories, and 4 churches. The " Eip- ley Bee" (whig) is issued weekly. Pop. 1,780. EIPLEY, p. v., and cap. Lauderdale co., Ttn-n. : S. of Cane cr., a branch of Big Hatchie r., 156 m. W. by S. Nash ville. It contains the county buildings, an academy, and about 400 inhabitants. EIPLEY, v., and cap. Jackson co., Virg. : on a creek of Ohio r., about 30 m. E. Mount Pleasant, and 240 m.W. N.W Eichmond. Pop. 228. EIPLEY S, p. o., Tyler co., Virg. : on Middle Island cr., 219 m. N. W. by W. Eichmond. EIPLEYVILLE, p. o., Huron county, Oltio: 75 m. N. by E. Columbus. EIPTON, t. and p. v., Addison co., Verm. : 27 m. S. "W. Montpelier. Drained by Middleburg river, which affords water-power, and along which is some good land. Surface mountainous, and much broken. The village is situated on the Eoyalton and Yergennes turnpike. Pop. of t. 567. EISDON, p. v., St. Clair co., III. : 119 m. S. Springfield, 2 m. E. Kaskaskia river, on a small creek of same, affording good water-power. EISDON, p. o., Seneca county, Ohio: 84 miles N. N. "W. Columbus. EISING FAWN, p. v., Dade co., Ga. : near Georgia State line, 191 m. N. W. Milledgeville. EISIXG SUN, p. v., and cap. Ohio co., Ind. : on Ohio r., 9 m. below Aurora, and 87 m. S. E. Indianapolis. It is pleasantly located on an elevated bank, surrounded by a fertile coun try, and is a flourishing business place. There are cottou. and woolen factories doing an extensive business. Since its establishment as the county seat it has improved rapidly. It now contains the county buildings, 6 churches, an acad emy, printing offices, a tannery, etc., and a few factories. Two newspapers are published weekly, " True Whig," and "Eising Sun Mirror" (lit.) EISING SUN, p. o., Cecil co., Md. : a few m. E. Ocatara r., 53 m. N. N. E. Annapolis. EISING SUN, p. v., Philadelphia co., Penn. : on the Ger- mantown road, 3 m. from Philadelphia, and 93 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. EISLEY county, la. Situate N. centrally, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Boone river, a tributary of Des Moines r., and by Skunk r. and branches. Surface undu lating ; soil fertile. Set off since 1850. EITCHIE county, Virg. Erected in 1843 out of Lewis, Harrison, and Wood. Situate N. W., and contains 268 sq. m. Drained by the two forks of Hugh s river, a tribu tary of the Little Kanawha. Surface hilly and broken ; soil moderately fertile. Farms 3S5 ; manuf. 3 ; dwell. 649, and pop._wh. 3,SS6, fr. col. 0, si. 16 total 3,902. Capital: Eitchie C. II. Public Works : North Western E. E. EITCHIE, p. v., and cap. Eitchie county, Virg. : 225 miles N. W. by W. Eichmond. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. EITCHIEVILLE, p. v., Dinwiddie county, Virg. : 37 m. S. Eichmond. EITTERSVILLE, p. o., Lehigh co., Penn.: on N. side of Lehigh r., 79 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. EIVER, p. o., Clarion county, Penn. : 151 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. EIVERIIEAD, t., T., and sta., Suffolk co., W. Y. : bordering on Long Island Sound, 67 miles by railroad E. from New York, and 133 S. W. (direct) from Albany. Bounded on the S. by Great and Little Peconic bays and Peconic river^ by the latter of which it is drained. Surface in general level, but about a mile from the Sound, and extending E. and W., is a range of low hills; soil sandy loam. Th,e v. is located at the head of navigation on Peconic bay, and contains the county hall and surrogate s office. It was first settled in. 1690, and the first grist-mill erected in 1695 ; but it was for more than 100 years ere it contained over half a dozen dwellings. The courts have sat here for more than a cen tury. It now contains numerous substantial and neat dwellings, stores, grist and saw mills, a female academy, etc. This place is a considerable depfit for wood from the adjacent country. Lighters are employed carrying it to Jamesport, 5 m. below, from which point it is transferred to larger vessels, and carried to different ports. Suffolk C. H. and p. o. is located in this v. The station is on the Long Island E. E. 21 m. W. Greenport, and 74 E. from New 2T. RIV ROB York. The " Suffolk Gazette" is a weekly (whig) issue. Pop. of t. 2,540. EIVER HILL, p. o., White co., Tenn. : 79 m. E. by S. Nashville. RIVER EOAD FOEKS, p. o., Livingston co., N. T. : 216 m. W. Albany. EIVEE SIDE, p. o., Ulster county, If. Y. : 54 m. S. by W. Albany, KIVER SIDE, p. o., Cumberland co., JVi Car. : 48 m. S. Ealcigh. EIVER STYX, p. o., Medina co., Ohio : on E. side of branch of Chippewa river, 95 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. RIVERTOWN, p. v., Campbell county, Ga. : on E. side of Chattahoochee r., 96 m. W. N. W. MilledgeviUe. RIVES, p. v., Eichland county, Ohio : 60 miles N. N. E. Columbus. RIVESVILLE, p. v., Marion county, Virg. : 205 m. N. "W. Kichmond. Rix, p. o., Ionia co., Mich. : 33 m. N. W. Lansing. KIXEYVILLE, p. v., Culpepper co., Virg. : on branch of Eappahannock river, 73 m. N. N. W. Kichmond. Kix s MILLS, p. o., Muskingum county, Ohio : 49 m. E. Columbus. KOAD HALL, p. o., Lycoming county, Penn.: 74 m. N. Harrisburg. ROADSTOWN, p. v., Cumberland county, N. Jer. : 60 miles 8. S. W. Trenton. EOADVILLE, p. v., Charleston dist., S. Car. : 95 m. S. E. Columbia. ROANE county, Tenn. Situate toward the E., and con tains 468 sq. m. Tennessee r. passes centrally through it, by which and by Clinch r. and their branches it is drained. Surface level ; soil a fine, deep loam, and very fertile, and produces wheat, Indian corn, cotton, etc. Farms 842; manuf. 21 ; dwell. 1,812, and pop. wh. 10,526, fr. col. 115, El. 1 ,544 total 1 2,185. Capital : Kingston. Public, Works : Georgia and East Tennessee R. R. EOAN MOUNTAIN, p. o., Carter county, Tenn. : 263 m, E. Nashville. KOANOKE county, Virg. Situate toward S. W., and con tains 322 sq. m. Drained by head branches of Staunton river. Surface uneven and mountainous ; soil fertile, and adapted to grazing. Chief products wheat, Indian corn, and tobacco. Farms 405 ; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 925, and pop. wh. 5,813, fr. col. 154, si. 2,510 total 8,477. Capital : Salem. Public Works. : Virginia and Tennessee E. R. ROANOKE, p. v., Randolph county, Ala. : 78 m. N. E. Montgomery, 7 m. "W. Georgia State line. ROANOKE, p. v., Genesee co., W. Y. : on Allen s cr.,228 m. W. by. N. Albany. It contains a furnace and several mills. ROANOKE, p. o., Huntingdon co., Ind. : on W. bank of Little r., on the Wabash and Erie Canal, 89 miles N. N. E. Indianapolis. EOANOKE, p. o., Randolph co., No. : 60 m. N. N. W. Jefferson City. EOANOKE river, Virg. and N. Car.: is formed by the junction of Staunton and Dan rivers, near the S. boundary of Virginia, and flows into the head of Albemarle Sound. It is navigable to the great falls at Halifax, 75 m., for vessels of 45 tons. A canal round the falls opens the navigation for batteaux, to the junction of Staunton and Dan rivers, both of which are navigable some distance for boats of 5 tons. EOANOKE BRIDGE, p. o., Charlotte co., Virg.: 68 m. S. W. by W. Richmond. ROAN S CREEK, p. o., Carroll co., Tenn. : 96 m. W. by S. Nashville. ROARING CEEEK, p. o., Montour co., Penn. : 46 m. N. E. Harrisburg. ROARING SPRING, p. o., Trisg co., Ky. : 192 m. S. W. by "W". Frankfort ROBBINSTON, t and p. v., "Washington co., Me. : 137 m. E. N. E. Augusta. It is located on the Schoodic or St. Croix r., opposite St. Andrew s, in New Brunswick. There are 728 several ponds in the t, by the outlets of which it is drained. This place has great navigable privileges, and it is the site of considerable ship-building. The manufacture of lumber is carried on to a great extent, and forms the chief com modity of trade. The manufacture of woolen goods and flour is also carried on. The v. is on the bank of St. Croix r., and near its mouth. Pop. of L 1,028. ROBERSON S CROSS ROADS, p. o., Bledsoe co., Tenn.: 96 m. E. S. E. Nashville. ROBERT S CORNERS, p. o., Jefferson co., N. Y. : 145 m. N. W. Albany. ROBERTSON county, Tenn. Situate N. toward the W., and contains 484 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Sycamore creek and Red river. Surface undulating; soil fertile, and very productive. Tobacco is the staple. Cotton is grown, and good crops of wheat and corn are raised. Farms 1.063 ; manuf. 63 ; dwell. 1,995, and pop. wh. 11,504, fr. col. 25, si. 4,616 total 16,145. Capital: Springfield. ROBERTSON county, Tex. Situate E. centrally, and con tains 946 sq. m. Drained by Little Brazos river and branches, and tributaries of Navasota river, which forms its eastern boundary. Surface undulating; soil in general fertile, and on the streams very rich and highly productive. It yields excellent crops of cotton, corn, and potatoes. It has much prairie land covered with weeds, the soil of which, when the weeds are burnt off, is, on account of its lightness, very valuable, it being so easy of cultivation and very fertile. It has extensive beds of coal and iron ore. Farms IS ; manuf. ; dwell. 132, and pop. wh. 670, fr. col. 0, si. 264 total 934. Capital: Franklin. ROBERTSON S STORE, p. o., Pittsylvania co., Virg. : 113m. W. S. W. Richmond. ROBEETSONVILLE, p. o., Sullivan co., N. Y. : 85 m. W. by S. Albany. ROBERTSVILLE, p. v., Beaufort dist., S. Car. : on a branch of Savannah r., 96 m. S. by W. Columbia. ROBERTSVILLE, p. v., Anderson co., Tenn.: 156 m. E. Nashville. EOBESON county, Ni Car. Situate S. toward the "W., and contains 890 sq. m. Drained by Lumber river, and head branches of Little Pedee river. Surface moderately level; soil fertile, and favors the growth of cotton. Much of the land is well adapted to grain and grazing. Chief produc tions cotton and Indian corn. Farms 1,112; manuf. 10; dwell. 1,513, and pop. wh. 7,290, fr. col. 1,171, si. 4,365- total 12,826. Capital: Lumberton. ROBESON, p. o., Brunswick co., N. Car. : 109 m. S. by E. Raleigh. ROBESON, t. and p. o., Berks county, Penn. : 51 m. E. Harrisburg. The Schuylkill river bounds it on the N. E. Drained by Alleghany and Hay creeks of the Schuylkill. Surface uneven, in parts hilly ; soil gravelly and sterile. Iron deposits are in the vicinity, and a forge which, in 1850, produced 600 tons blooms. The t. contains several flouring, grist, and saw mills, stores, etc. ROBIN A, p. v., Panola co., Miss.: 132 m. N. Jackson. Drained by a creek of Tocanapatafa river. ROBIN S FERRY, v. and sta., Merrimac co., N. JTamp. : on the right bank of the Merrimac r., and on the Con cord and Nashua Railroad, 30 m. N. Nashua, and 5 m. S. Concord. ROBIN S NEST, p. o., Peoria co., HI. : on small branch of Kickapoo cr., 69 m. N. Springfield. Jubilee College, located here, is an Episcopal seminary. ROBINSON CKEEK, p. o., Pike co., Ky. : 149 m. E. S. E. Frankfort. EOBINSON C. H., p. v. and cap. Crawford co.. III. : 121 m. E. S. E. Springfield. It is located 8 miles W. of the Wabash, and contains the county buildings, etc. EOBINSONS, p. o., Darke co.. Ohio : on N. side of Green ville cr., 79 m. W. by N. Columbus. EOBINSON S CROSS ROADS, p. o., Benton co., Ark. : 144m. N. W. Little Rock. ROB ROC ROBINSON S MILLS, p. o., Menard co., III. ; 27 m. N. \V. Springfield. ROBINSON S SPRING, p. o., Autauga co., Ala. KOBINSON S STORB, p. o., Lincoln co., Tenn, : 66 m. S. by E. Nashville. ROBIO S, sta., Chesterfield co., Virg. : on the Eichmond and Danville K. E., 10 m. S. "W. Eichmond. ROBISONVILLE, p. o,, Bedford co., Penn. : 79 m. W. by S. Harrisburg, EOB ROY, p. v., Fountain co., Ind. : on Big Shawnee cr., 63 m. N. W, by W. Indianapolis. Pleasantly situated, and has valuable water-power. EOB EOT, p. o., Jefferson co., A rk. : on N. bank of Arkan sas r., at mouth of Plum bayou, 36 m. S. E. by S. Little Eock. ROBY S CORNER, v. and sta.. Merrimac co., 3 r . Ifainp. : on the Concord and Claremont E. E., 4 m. E. Bradford and 22 m. W. Concord. EOCIIEPORT, p. v., Boone co., Mo. : on N. bank of Mis souri r., 36 m. N. W. by N. Jefferson City. EOCHE PORT river, Mo. : rises in S. E. part of Eandolph co., and flows S. through Boone co. into Missouri river. EOCHKSTER, p. v., Sangamon co., III. : on W. bunk of Sangamon r., on line of the Great "Western Central E. E., near the junction of the N. and S. forks, 8 m. E. N. E. Springfield. EOCHESTER, p. v., and cap. Fulton co., Ind. : on S. bank of Mill cr., a tributary of Tippecanoe r., 89 m. N. Indian apolis. Contains the co. buildings, which are neat struc tures. Mill cr. affords valuable water-power. Pop. 1,401. ROCHESTER, p. o., Butler county, Ky. : 117 m. S. W. Frankfort, EOCHESTER, t. and p. v., Plymouth county, Mass. : on the N. W. side of Buzzard s bay, 44 miles S. by E. Boston. Drained by Mattapoisett, Sipican, and Weweantic rivers, the two former rising in ponds in the t, empty into the bay, and form excellent harbors. Surface varied; some parts are rocky and unfit for cultivation, while other parts are clear, with excellent soil. The streams afford extensive water-power. The manufactures consist in ship-building, salt, bar iron, leather, etc. A number of vessels are owned here and employed in the coasting and fishing trade. The whale fishery is carried on to a considerable extent, and the largest sized ships are engaged in the trade, bringing large quantities of oil annually. The principal village in the t. is called Mattapoisett, at the head of the harbor so called. Rochester v. is located centrally, equidistant between "VVe- weantic and Mattapoisett rivers. Pop. of t. 3,803. EOCHESTER, p. v., Oakland county, Mich. : on N. bank of Clinton r., at junction of Painter., 50 m. E. by S. Lansing. Water-power is afforded by both streams, and improved by a few mills, etc. ROCHESTER, p. v., Andrew co., Ho. : on E. bank of Platte river, 165 m. N. TV. by W. Jefferson City, t ROCHESTER, t., p. v., and one of the caps. Strafford county, N. Ilamp. : on Salmon r., which bounds it on the E., 26 m. E. Concord. Drained by Cocheco r., running through, and Isinglass river crossing its S. part, affording excellent mill privileges. Surface uneven, with many swells, the princi pal of which is Squamanagaunich hill; soil deep, rich, and well cultivated. It contains a number of valuable farms, chiefly located on the hill. In the W. part of the t. oak of a hard and stony character is found in abundance. Several villages are in the town, the most noted for its trade being Norway Plains, the principal thoroughfare from the upper towns in the counties of Dover and Plymouth. About 2 m. 8. W. is another v., called Sqtiamanaffaunich, on the Co checo r., named after the falls at that place, and is also a point of considerable trade. This town was incorporated in 1772, and the first permanent settlement made in 1728. Until 1700 it was a frontier town, and is a place of historical note. The manufactures of Eochester consist in woolen gro<ls, leather, flonr, lumber, oil, etc. The v. is connected with Dover and Alton bay by the Cocheco E. R., 10 m. from U4 the former and 18 m. from the latter place, and also with Wilton and Great Falls by the Great Falls and Conway R. R., 6 m. N. Great Falls, and 5 m. S. from Wilton. In both an agricultural and manufacturing point this is a flourishing place. It contains a number of manufactories, a bank, etc. Pop. of t. 3,006. ROCHESTER, p. o., Jackson par., La. : 148 m. N. W. by N. Baton Rouge. ROCHESTER, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Monroe county, A 7 ". Y. : is situated on both sides of Genesee r., 7 m. S. from its entrance into Lake Ontario ; by railroad 252 m. W. of Albany, and 68 m. E. by N. from Buffalo. Lat. (Rochester House) 430 OS 17" N. ; long. 77 51 W. from Greenwich. The city is laid out with general regularity, having wide and handsome streets, many of which are lined with shade trees. Its site is somewhat uneven in surface. It rests upon a bed of limestone, but a few feet below the surface, and greatly used for building and other purposes. In summer, at low water in the r., its bed of this limestone is exposed, exhibiting for a long distance a solid base of rock. The area occupied by dwellings is very large for the population, the houses for the most part being separate dwellings. The E. and W. parts of the city are connected by 5 bridges. The principal street, called Main Street, on the E. side, and Buffalo Street, on the W. side, is a very long, broad, and handsome avenue, passing over the central bridge, and lined with the principal stores, hotels, etc. The blocks of stores, and houses generally, are noted for their neat appearance. Brick and stone are the principal building materials within the limits of the fire districts. Several large parks are reserved as public grounds, of which the principal is Washington Square. The Court-house, on Buf falo Street, is a large and elegant structure, with hand some granite portico, containing the county and city offices. The Arcade is a handsome marble building, containing the post-office, and is a hall of great resort, with numerous business offices, etc. The Western House of Refuge for juvenile delinquents, a State institution, is a very extensive establishment, about H m - N. of the centre of the city, con taining from 200 to 300 lads, confined for reformation. The building is a very large edifice of brick, presenting an im posing appearance, and is surrounded by work grounds and farm of several acres. The hotels of the city are generally very large and handsome buildings. The public schools have fine buildings and are well conducted. Private schools are numerous, and there are several female academies. The University of Rochester, established in 1850, has 8 pro fessors, 109 students, and 3,000 volumes in library. The Rochester Theological Seminary (Baptist), also established here in 1S50, had, in 1851-52, 2 professors, 29 students, and 3,000 volumes in library. The Athenaeum, a popular insti tution, has a good library of 5,000 volumes, and annual courses of lectures. The periodical press, in 1S50, consisted of 19 regular issues, viz., 3 dailies, " R. Democrat" (whig), " Advertiser" (dem.), " American" (whig), each of which also published tri-weekly and weekly editions; weeklies, "Rural New Yorker" (agric.), "Star of Temperance," "North Star" (anti-sla.), "Genesee Evangelist" (Presb.), "Christian Guardian" (Univers.), "Advent Harbinger" (Sec. Adv.); semi-monthlies, "Christian Sentinel" (Uni vers.), " Flag of Freedom ;" monthlies, " Genesee Farmer" (agric.) and " Eclectic Journal" (med.) There are about 30 churches, some of which are fine structures, and 2 large orphan asylums. The city government is vested in a mayor, recorder, and common council, all of whom are elected annually. The common schools are governed by a board of education, composed of two members from each ward. The city is divided into 9 wards, is generally well paved and provided with sewerage, and is lighted by gas. Water is abundant from wells. The principal city market is a commodious structure, on the W. bank of the r. The city almshouse is in the S. suburbs. The rapid growth and prosperity of the city have resulted 729 ROC ROC from the natural advantages of great water-power here afforded by the Genesee river. Within the city limits the r. has a total descent of 26S feet, in which are 3 successive per pendicular falls of 96, 20, and 105 feet, and 2 rapids. The first great falls of 96 feet are a little N. of the centre of the city, and before they were disfigured by the construction of walls in the centre of the stream above for mechanical pur poses, they afforded at high water a very grand appearance. From a projecting point in its centre the notorious Sam Patch made his last and fatal leap. Below the first cataract the r. flows broad and deep for 1J m. to the second, where it has a perpendicular fall of 20 feet, and thence pursues a noisy and rapid course for about 25 rods to the third and last fall, by which it descends 105 feet. Through the entire distance from the upper to the lower fall it flows through a narrow ravine, over 100 feet deep. The depression of the stream commences considerably above the first falls, and in m. has a fall of 12 feet, easily used for manufacturing pur poses. On each side of the r. canals have been extensively constructed for the mills. Another power of considerable amount is created by the feeder for the Erie Canal, which conies from the r. nearly 2 m. above. The immense water-power thus afforded is used by va rious mills and factories, but chiefly by flouring-mills, which are the principal business establishments of the city. In 1850 there were 22 mills, with 100 runs of stone, nearly all of which were employed on flour. An approximate esti mate of the amount of flour manufactured annually is 600,000 barrels, or 3,000,000 bushels. Of this amount, about 1,640.454 bushels are left here by canal and railroad, leaving 1,359,546 bushels to be made up by receipts from wagons, and this is about equal to the product of the county. The following table exhibits the amount left here by the Erie and Genesee Valley Canals for a series of years : Years. Bushels. 1S44 .... 884,141 1S45 .... 1,169,281 1846 .... 1,503,546 The quantities of are as follows : Years, Bbls. 1344 400,383 1845 518,318 1846 540,232 Years. Bushels. 1847 ....1,778,116 1S4S .... 1,443,133 1849 .... 1,426,436 lour shipped for the Years. Bbls. 1847 631,574 1848 584,426 1849 570,757 Years. Bushels. 1850 .... 1,215,759 1851 .... 1,465,454 1852 .... 1,433,301 same series of years Years. Bbls. 1850 552,729 1851 500,3=30 1852 588,630 To the amount shipped should be added the amount con sumed by 40,000 inhabitants, and the large population of the suburbs and vicinity. Other manufactures are extensively prosecuted. There are several iron furnaces, casting principally stoves, agricul tural implements, etc. ; and numerous large machinery works. The edge tool factory of Barton & Co. employs about two hundred men ; and the scale factory of Duryee & Co. is also very large. A large stone cotton factory, 6 stories high, when in full operation, employs two hundred persons. There are several woolen factories, fulling-mills, large boat yards, breweries, tanneries, last factories, large factories of cabinet furniture, etc. There are 5 banks, with aggregate capital of $930,000, 2 savings banks, and several insurance companies. Rochester enjoys good facilities for transportation of its imports and exports. The Erie Canal, giving it connection with the E. and W., here crosses the Genesee r. by a splen did aqueduct, 804 feet long, resting upon 11 arches, erected at a cost of $80,000. The Genesee Valley Canal, completed to Dansville, 52 m., affords access to the interior. Though the r. is boatable above the city to Mount Morris, 45 m., it is little used for that purpose. The total value of property left at E. by both canals, during 1852, was $5.236,994 ; value of amount cleared, do., $4,304,762. The lines of railroads here centering are, Rochester and Syracuse R. R., 104 m. ; Ro chester and Syracuse direct R. R., along the line of the canal; Buffalo and Rochester R. R., 63 m. ; and Rochester, 730 Lockport, and Niagara Falls R. R., 76 m. The Genesee Valley R. R. is in construction. Rochester is the port of entry for Genesee collection dis trict. The river is navigable for steamboats, etc., from Lake Ontario to the landing, 2 miles below the center of the city. A line of steamboats from Oswego to Lewiston arrive and depart daily, and a line from Canada tri-weekly. The total tonnage of Genesee district, on June 30th, 1850, was 1,037 tons, all of which was " enrolled and licensed," permanent, and employed in the coasting trade. During the year pre ceding, the number of clearances for foreign countries was 215 40,077 tons ; number of entrances, do., the same statis tics. Vessels built during the year, 1 schooner 58 tons. Population in 1812, 15; in 1815, 331; in 1820, 1,500; in 1825, 4,274 ; in 1830, 10,863 ; in 1835, 17,160 ; in 1840, 20,191 ; in 1845, 25,265; in 1850, 36,561. The E. side of the river has of late increased its population in greater ratio than the "W. side. R. was laid out in 1S12, incorporated as a v. in 1817, and as a city in 1834. In 1312 it contained only 2 wooden frame buildings. It has frequently suffered heavy losses by fire, but has overcome these reverses. The agri cultural district surrounding it is among the most fertile in the Union, and has contributed greatly to its prosperity. The health of the city is affected by the proximity of the lake, and sudden changes of the weather, high westerly winds, etc. ; but is generally good. Mt. Hope Cemetery, in the S. suburbs, is an extensive inclosure of the most beauti ful grounds, improved by art, splendid monuments, etc. ROCHESTER, t. and sta., Lorain county, Ohio : 84 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by W. branch of Black river. The Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati R. R. passes through the t., 41 m. S. W. from Cleveland, and 214 m. N. E. from Cincinnati. Pop. 896. ROCHESTER, p. v., Warren co., Ohio: on E. side of Little Miami r., 69 m. S. W. Columbus. ROCHESTER, t. and p. v., Windsor county, Verm. : 30 m S. by W. Montpelier. Drained by White r. and branches, from which is derived excellent mill-power. Surface mountainous, and in parts much broken; soil good for grazing, and some excellent tracts of meadow land. The v. has a pleasant location on the left bank of White r., and commands considerable trade. The manufactures consist of leather, flour, lumber, etc. Pop. of 1. 1,493. ROCHESTER, p. v., Racine co., Wise. : on N. side of branch of Fox r., 61 m. E. S. E. Madison. Pop. 1,672. ROCHESTER, p. v., Beaver county, Penn. : on E. bank of Beaver r., at its junction with the Ohio r. and on the line of the Ohio and Pennsylvania R. R., 25 m. N. W. Pittsburg, 156 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. Coal and iron are abundant in the vicinity. ROCHESTER MILLS, p. v., Wabash co., HI. : on right bank of Wabash r., about 2 m. above Coffee Island Rapids, and 137 m. S. E. Springfield. ROCK county, Wise. Situate S., and contains 720 sq. m. Rock r. passes centrally through it, by which and its bnmch- es it is drained. Surface level ; soil fertile. Agriculture is the leading pursuit. Farms 1.965 ; manuf. 125 ; dwell. 3,61S, and pop. wh. 20,686, fr. col. 22 total 20,703. Capitol: Janesville. Public Works: Milwaukie and Mississippi Railroad, Beloit and Madison R. R., etc. ROCK, p. o. and sta., Plymouth co., Mass. : on Cape Cod Branch of Fall River R. R., 5 m. S. Middleboro and 3"i m. S. by E. Boston. ROCK, p. o., Lancaster county, Penn. : 30 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. ROCK river, Wise, and III. This river has its principal source in a region of lakes and swamps in the vicinity of Fox r. of Green bay; flowing south for some distance, it takes a south-westerly direction till it enters the Mississippi about 3 m. below Rock Island. After traversing some dis tance in Wisconsin it is joined by the Catfish, a small stream rising in Dane county, and connecting together th< " Four Lakes," the head waters of which have their com- ROC ROC ; mencement in a swamp a few miles south of Fort Win- nebago. It then continues its course S., entering Illinois, where it receives several tributaries, the principal of which are the Green, Turtle, Pecatonica, Sycamore, and Kyte rivers. The navigation is seriously obstructed by what are denominated the Upper and Lower Eapids. The latter at Yandruff s Island, about 3 m. above its mouth, are caused by a formation of calcareous rock three-fourths of a mile in extent, and completely crossing the stream, which is here divided by the island into two channels. Between this point and Prophetstown, a distance of about 52 m., is free from any obstruction, having a good channel, varying in width from 800 to 1.000 feet, in which there is never less than 4 feet water. The total fall for this distance is 28 8-10 feet, and the velocity of the current about 3 m. per hour. Op posite Prophetstown are shoals varying from 3 to 4 feet at low water. The Upper Rapids, at Harrisburg, extend 1 J m., the total fall in that distance being S$ feet. From this point to Eockford, a distance of 63 m., the obstructions arc slight, being only 2 or 3 movable sandbars. The bed opposite Eockford is a smooth, solid rock for 260 yards, and the water at its lowest stage from 2 to 2^ feet. Toward the head the land is marshy, with ridges of sand and tracts of rich undulating soil interspersed. In this region is the Terre Tremblant, or trembling land, which takes its name from the shaking of the surface while passing over it. In gen eral, till it reaches the State line, the country is beautifully undulating and the soil rich and productive ; but in Illinois a large portion through which it passes is prairie. Along its banks are numerous tracts of richly timbered land. Coal of a bituminous nature is found in the bordering re- . gions, and also some stone quarries, which supply a good building material. The water privileges it affords, and also its tributaries, are many and excellent. The Eockford and Eock Island E. E. runs along the valley of this river. Ca- naling and other improvements are contemplated so as to render the navigation certain at all seasons. EOCK creek, D, C. : separates Georgetown from Wash ington city, and enters the Potomac r. Two bridges cross it near its mouth. EOCKAWAY, p. v. and sta., Morris co., N. Jer. : on Eock- away r., on the Morris and Essex E. E., 31 m. N. W. Newark, 47 m. N. by E. Trenton. EOCKAWAY, p. v., Queen s co., Jf. Y. : on Eockaway bay, near the Atlantic shore, 143 m. S. by E. Albany. EOCKAWAY beach, Queen s co., W. Y. : a peninsula situ ated between Jamaica bay and the Atlantic Ocean, 16 m. S. E. from New York and 143 m. S. from Albany. Far Eockaway and Near Eockaway are names of villages. The latter is located on Eockaway bay, near the ocean, and contains several stores, a ship-yard, lumber-yard, etc., and 1 a number of coasting sloops and schooners are owned here. At this place is a monument erected to the memory of those who perished by shipwreck from on board the ships Bristol and Mexico, in 1S36-7. EOCK BOTTOM, p. o., Middlesex co., Mass. : 23 m. N. W. Boston. EOCKBRIDGE county, Virff. Situate centrally, and con tains 652 sq. m. Drained by affluents of North r., a main branch of James r., which it joins a little above its passage through the Blue Eidge. Surface, though in general moun tainous, is diversified with fertile valleys ; soil various. Chief products, wheat and Indian com, with tobacco. This county contains the celebrated Natural Bridge over Cedar cr., from which it takes its name. Farms 666 ; manuf. 57 ; dwell. 1,908, and pop. wh. 11,434, fr. col. 364, si. 4,197 total 16,045. Capital : Lexington. EOCK BRIDGE, p. v., Gwinnett co., Ga.: on E. bank of Yellow r., 71 m. N. W. Milledgeville. EOCKKRIDGE, p. o., Greene county, III. : 47 m. s. W. Springfield. EOCKBRIDGE, p. v., and cap. Ozark co., Mo.: 127 m. S. Jefferson City. It contains the court-house, jail, etc. EOCK CASTLE county, Ky. Situate S. E. centrally, and contains 312 sq. m. Drained by branches of Dicks and Eock Castle rivers. Surface elevated, and forms a ridge separating the waters of the Cumberland r. from those of Kentucky r. the land is well adapted to grazing ; soil fer tile, and generally productive. Staples, wheat and Indian corn. Farms 441; manuf. 3; dwell. 746, and pop. wh. 4,2S9, fr. col. 33, si. 375 total 4,697. Capital : Mount Yer- non. Public Works: Knoxville and Lexington E. E. EOCK CASTLE, p. v., Patrick co., Virg. : 147 m. W. S. W. Richmond. EOCK CITY, p. v., Duchess co., 2f. Y. : on small branch of Hudson r., 49 m. S. Albany. EOCK CITY, Cattaraugus co., N. Y. : 7 m. from Ellicotte- ville and near the line between Great and Little Yalley is a remarkable natural curiosity. The rock is here conglom erate, large masses, from 15 to 35 feet high, have been left standing isolated, and are separated by alleys and passages of various widths. The whole area covered by these blocks is near 100 acres. The scene is in the highest degree im posing, and impresses upon the beholder the conviction, that the name has not been improperly chosen. EOCK CITY MILLS, p. o., Saratoga county, N. Y. : 29 m. N. by W. Albany. EOCK CREEK, p. o. and sta., Bartholomew c o., Ind. : on the Madison and Indianapolis E. E., 34 m. from Madison, and 51 m. S. S. E. Indianapolis. EOCK CEEEK, p. o., Carroll co., HI. : 153 m. N. Springfield. EOCK CREEK, p. o., Cedar county, la. : on E. side of Cedar r., 19 m. E. Iowa City. EOCK CREEK, p. o., Somerset county, Md. : 63 m. S. E. Annapolis. EOCK CREEK, p. o., Lewis county, Ky. : 93 m. E. N. E. Frankfort. EOCK CREEK, p. o., Franklin co., Ala.: 185 m. N. N. "W. Montgomery. EOCK CREEK, p. o., Orange co., N. Car. : 56 m. W. N. W. Ealeigh. EOCK CREEK, p. o., Yell county, Ark. : 77 m. W. N. "W. Little Eock. EOCKDALE, t. and p. o., Crawford county, Penn. : 192 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by French cr. and tributary of Alleghany r. It has limited manufactures. EOCKDALE, sta., Licking co., Ohio: on the Central Ohio E. E., 18 m. W. by N. Zanesville, and 40 m. E. by N. Columbus. EOCKDALE, p. o., Chenango co., N. Y. : 98 m. W. by S. Albany. EOCKDALE, p. o., Eandolph co., Ala. : 86 m. N. E. by N. Montgomery. EOCKFORD, p. v., and cap. Winnebago co., III. : at the rapids on Eock r., 170 m. N. by E. Springfield, and on the Galena and Chicago Union E. E., 92 m. N.W. by N. Chicago. It is located on a high and fertile prairie on the "VY. side of the river, and contains the court-house, jail, etc. Immense water-power is derived from the rapids, and there are some good mill-seats. Steamboats come up to this place. The " Eockford Forum" (whig) is a weekly issue. Pop. 2,093. EOCKFORD, p. v. and sta., Jackson co., Ind. : on E. side of East fork of White r., and on the Jeffersonville E. E., 52 m. N. Jeffersonville, and 55 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. EOCKFORD, p. v., and cap. Surry co., Ji. Car. : on N. side of Yadkin r., 123 m. W. N. W. Ealeigh. EOCKFORD COURT-HOUSE, Coosa co., Ala.: on a branch of Hatchet cr. of Coosa r., 34 m. N. Montgomery. EOCK GROVE, p. o., Stephenson co., III. : on a branch of Eock r., 181 m. N. Springfield. EOCK HALL, p. v., Kent county, Md. : 18 m. N. E. Annapolis. EOCK HAVEN, p. o., Mead county, Ky. : 75 m. W. by S. Frankfort. EOCK HILL, p. o., St. Louis county, Mo. : 99 m. E. Jefferson City. 731 ROC HOC EOCK HILL, p. o., Marquette co., Wise. : 44 m. N. by E. Madison. EOCKIIOLD S, p. o., Whitley county, Ky. : 101 m. S. S. E. Frankfort. EOCKIIOLD S, p. o., Sullivan co., Tenn. : 244 m. E. by N. Nashville. EOCK HOUSE, p. o., Sumner oo., Tenn.: 31 m. N. E. Nashville. EOCK HOUSE, p.o., Hocking co., Ohio :42 m. S.E.Columbus. EOCKHOUSK PRAIRIE, p. o., Buchanan co., Mb. : 154 m. TV. N. W. Jefferson City. EOCKINGIIAM county, N JIamp. Situate S. E., and con tains 812 sq. m. Drained by Lamprey and Squamscot rivers and their affluents. Surface generally uneven ; soil fertile, and generally well cultivated. The face of the coun try is diversified with numerous lakes or ponds, the princi pal of which are Great Bay, in the N. E., and Massabesic pond in the "W. It has many important manufactures. Farms 3,811 ; manuf. 9S4 ; dwell. 9,113. and pop. wh. 50,SC9, fr. col. 117 total 50,986. Capital: Exeter. Public Works: Eastern E. E. ; Boston and Maine E. E. ; Manchester and Lawrence E. E. ; Portsmouth and Concord E. E. ; New- buryport Branch E. E., etc. EOCKINGIIAM county, A r . Car. Situate N., and contains 412 sq. m. Drained by Dan r. and its branches, and head branches of Haw r. Surface elevated, and in some parts hilly, and well adapted to grazing ; soil very fertile, and to bacco is grown considerably, forming one of its staples. Farms 717 ; manuf. 43 ; dwell. 1,693, and pop. wh. 8.647, fr. col. 419, si. 5,329 total 14,395. Capital : Wentworth. BUCKINGHAM county, Virg. Situate centrally, and con tains 769 sq. m. Drained by Shenandoah r. and its branch es. Surface broken, and in parts mountainous ; soil vari ous, adapted to grazing in the uplands along the streams very fertile. Chief products, wheat and Indian corn. Some tobacco is also grown. Farms 1.213 ; manuf. 167 ; dwell. 3,047, and pop. wh. 17,498, fr. col. 465, si. 2,331 total 20,294. Capital : Harrisonburg. EOCKINGIIAM, p. v., and cap. Eichmond co., N . Car. : on Hitchcock s cr., 81 m. S. W. Ealeigh. It contains a court house, jail, etc. EOCKINGIIAM, t. and p. v.. Windham county, Verm. : is delightfully located on W. side of Connecticut river, 78 m. S. by E. Montpelier. Drained by William and Sextas rivers, tributaries of the Connecticut r. Surface uneven ; soil fertile. Its agricultural products are large, and it has extensive manufactories. The location of the t. renders it a mart of much interior trade, and has caused the erection of a number of neat and pleasant villages. In the Connecti cut r., near the S. E. corner of the t, is " Bellows Falls," around which is an interesting locality of minerals. The rocks are principally gneiss. The river here is compressed into a narrow strait, between steep rocks, and for nearly a quarter of a mile has a rapid flow. A canal, with 9 locks, passes round these falls. A bridge (erected in 17S5) spans the river at this point Immense water-power is derived from the streams and falls, and used for manufacturing purposes. The manufactures consist of woolen goods, pa per, leather, flour, lumber, etc. The station is on William s river, and on the Eutland and Burlington E. E., 114 m. S. E. Burlington; and the Vermont Valley E. E. passes through the t. The " Eepublic" (whig) is a weekly issue. Pop. of t. 2,857. EOCK ISLAND county, III. Situate N. "W., and contains 425 sq. m. Drained by Eock r. and other affluents of the Mississippi, which forms its W. boundary. Surface undu lating ; soil fertile, particularly along the Mississippi. Farms 5S5 ; manuf. 11 ; dwell. 1,246, and pop. wh. 6,935, fr. col. 2 total 6,937. Capital: Eock Island. Public Works: Chicago and Eock Island E. E., etc. EOCK island, Eock Island co., III. : a large island in the Mississippi r., 93 m. below Savannah, and 181 m. N. N. W. Springfield. It is 3 m. long and about 1J in. wide, with 782 limestone rock for its base. On it stands Fort Armstrong, a strong and neat fortification of the U. States. On two sides the rock is 20 feet perpendicular in height above the river, and forms the foundation of the fort. The S. point of the island is elevated about 40 feet above the level of the river. EOCK ISLAND, p. o., Austin county, T&a. : 95 m. E. by 8. Austin City. EOCK ISLAND, p. o., Warren county, Tenn. : on S. side of Caney fork of Cumberland r., 71 m. S. S. E. Nashville. EOCK ISLAND CITY, p. v., and cap. Eock Island county, III. : at the junction of Eock river with the Mississippi river, 50 miles below Van Buren, and 131 miles N. N. W. Springfield. It has been laid out on an extensive plan, is rapidly increasing, and promises to become a place of con- .siderable importance. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. The position of the city is one of the best on the Upper Mississippi, and the country surrounding it affords fine agri cultural facilities, timber, limestone, and coal in abundance, large quantities of which are transported to other points. The " Eock Island Advertiser" (whig) is a weekly issue. The Chicago and Eock Island E. E. has its terminus at this point. EOCK ISLAND EAPIDS commence at Eock Island, just above the mouth of Eock r., and extend 15 m. up the Mississippi, with a descent of 21 feet 10 inches. The navigation at this point at low water is much obstructed by ledges of rock, which extend across in various places. The United States government has done something for their improvement. EOCKLAND county, N. Y. Situate S. E., and contains 172 sq. m. Drained by Hackensack r., Eamapo and Saddle rivers, branches of the Passaic, and small streams of Hud son r., which bounds it on the E. Surface hilly, and in some parts mountainous and much broken; soil generally fertile. It has some valuable minerals, and contains some fine beds of magnetic iron ore, and quarries of variegated marble. Large quantities of ice are exported to New York from this county. Chief products, wheat and Indian corn. Farms 682; manuf. 144; dwell. 3,011, and pop. wh. 16.363, fr. col. 594 total 16,962. Capital: Clarkstown. Public Works: New York and Erie E. E. EOCKLAND, t. and p. o., Sullivan co., 1Y. Y. : 72 m. S. W. Albany. Drained by Beaver Kill and branches, tributary of the Delaware. Surface hilly and mountainous ; soil va rious, fertile in the valleys. It has good water-power, and there are several mill-seats. Pop. of 1. 1,174. EOCKLAND, t and p. o., Venango county, Penn. : 164 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. Bounded on the W. by the Alle- ghany r. Drained by Eed river. Iron ore abounds in the vicinity, arid there are two furnaces, one moved by steam, of 1.600 tons, and one moved by water and steam-power, of 1,350 tons annual capacity. EOCKLAND, sta., Baltimore co., Met. : on the Westminster branch of Baltimore and Susquehanna E. E., 9 m. N. by W. Baltimore. EOCKLAND, t. and p. o., Lincoln co., Me. : on the W. coast of Penobscot bay, and includes Owl s Head, 40 m. S. W.by W. Augusta. Formerly called East Thomaston, and taken from Thomaston in 1848. Drained by a branch of the St. George r. It has a fine harbor, and is famous for the man ufacture of lime, obtained from the inexhaustible limestone ledges in the vicinity, and shipped in large quantities to different parts annually, and an excellent quality of granite (quarried by the convicts in Thomaston) is shipped from this point. Ship-building is carried on here, and it is 8 place of considerable maritime commerce. It has steam communication with Boston and Bangor, from which latter place it is distant about 55 miles. A large number of ves sels pass here daily. It contains a bank ; and the " Eock Gazette" (neut.) is a weekly iasue. Pop. of t. 5,052. EOCKLAND LAKE, p. o., Eockland co., N. Y. : 103 m. 8. Albany. Eockland lake is a body of very pure water. 5 m. in circumference, 200 feet above the level of Hudson river, chiefly valuable for its ice, which is used in supplying the New York market. BOC ROC ROCKLAND MILLS, p. o., Augusta county, Virg. : 101 m. W. N. W. Richmond. ROCK MILLS, p. o., Hancock county, Ga. : on W. side of Ogeechee r., 35 m. E. N. E, Milled geville* ROCK MILLS, p. o., Anderson dist., S. Car. : on W. side of branch of Savannah r., 108 m. W. N. W. Columbia, ROCK MILLS, p. o., Randolph county, Ala. : 87 in* N. E. Montgomery. ROCK MOUNTAIN, DeKalb oo., Get-. : a high, solitary peak, 2,226 feet above the stream which winds around its base. It is about 7 m. in circumference. ROCK POINT, p. o., Independence co., Ark. : on Si side of Saline or., 69 m. N. E. by N. Little Rock. ROCKPORT, p. o., Hot Springs co., Ark, : on E. side of Ouachita r., 40 m. S. W. by W. Little Rock. ROCKPORT, p. o., Pike co., III. : on the Snycartee Slough, 74 m. W. by S. Springfield. ROCKPORT, p. v., and cap. Spencer co., Ind. : on N. bank of Ohio r., 15 m. below Maxville, 134 m. S. S. W. Indian apolis. It is located on Rock Lady Washington, a formation of sandstone, which rises in a circular form to the height of 30 feet above the first bank of the river, presenting a bold front. The position is very commanding, and the surround ing country is exceedingly rich and fertile, producing large crops of corn, etc. It contains the county buildings, a tan nery, ship-yard, etc. ROCKPORT, t and p. v., Essex co., Mass. : comprises all the seaward portion of the extremity of Cape Ann, 31 m. N. E. Boston. There are two pleasant villages in the t., Sandy Bay and Pigeon Cove, about 1 m. apart, at both of which are artificial harbors for small vessels. Although the t. derives its name from the character of its shores and surface, it contains many large tracts of clear laud. At Pigeon Cove are extensive quarries of granite. This t. is of much resort in the summer months. There are some stores and a bank, capital $100,000. Pop. of t. 3,255. ROCKPORT, t, p. o., and sta. Cuyahoga co., Ohio : on W. side of Rocky r., near its entrance into Lake Erie, the N. boundary of the t., 116 m. N. N. E. Columbus. The Cleve land, Columbus, and Cincinnati R. R. passes through its S. part, 7 m. from Cleveland. Pop. ] ,441. ROCKPORT, p. o., Carbon county, Penn. : 76 miles N. E. Harrisburg. ROCK PRAIRIE, p. o., Rock county, Wise. : 35 m. S. S. E. Madison. ROCK PRAIRIE, p. v., Bade county, Mo. : 116 m. S. W. Jefferson City. ROCK QUARRY, p. o., Pope co., 111.: on X. side of Ohio r., 174 m. S. S. E. Springfield. ROCK RIFT, p. o., Delaware co., N. Y. ROCK RIVER, p. o., Fond du Lac co., Wise. : 62 m. N. E. 1 Madison. ROCK RUN, p. o., Slephenson county, HI. : 173 miles N. Springfield. ROCK RUN, p. o., Harford co., Md. : 49 m. N". Annapolis. ROCKSBUUG, Warren county, N. Jer. : 40 m. N. W. by N. Trenton. ROCKSFORD, p. o., Tuscarawas co., Ohio: S3 m. E. N. E. Columbus. ROCK SPRING, "Walker co., Ga. : on W. side of branch of Chickamauga r., a tributary of Tennessee r., 174 m. N. W. Milledgeville. ROCK SPRING, Orange co., N. Car. : 47 m. N. W. Raleigh. ROCK SPRINGS, p. o., Cecil county, Md. : 52 m. N. E. Annapolis. ROCK STATION, sta., Plymouth co., Mass. : on Cape Cod Branch R. R., 5 m. from Middleboro , 24 m. from Boston. ROCK STREAM, p. o. and sta., Yates county, N. Y. : on W. bank of Seneca lake, 164 m. "W. Albany. The Canandaigua and Elmira R. R. passes through, 40 m. from Canandaigua, and 27 m. from Elmira. ROCKTON, t. and p. v., Winnebago co., III. : on Rock river, 183 m. N. Springfield. The t lies chiefly on the W. side of Rock r., and is also well watered by Pekatonica r. flowing E. through its centre, and by N. Sugar cr., which drains its N. portion and enters the Pekatonica 6 m. above its mouth- Surface undulating ; soil rich prairie land, with some timber. The T. is on E. side of Rock river, ROCKTON, p. v. and sta., Herkimer county, N~. Y. : 91 m. W. N. W. Albany. Formerly called Little Falls. Surface of t. hilly and mountainous 5 soil sandy and argillaceous loam, watered by Mohawk r., on the S. side of which runs the Erie Canal, and on the N. side the Utica and Schenec- tady R. R. The v. is beautifully situated on both sides of the Mohawk r., and is of some resort for its romantic scen ery. The gap through which the r. passes is comparatively narrow, and on both sides the wooded hills rise from 350 to 400 feet. Their bases are of sandstone, above which are ex tensive beds of blue limestone, much used for building pur- posesi The canal here ascends in the space of a mile, by 4 locks, about 40 feet. It is supplied with water by a feeder carried across the r. by a handsome aqueduct of 3 arches, one of 70 feet, and two of 50 feet span. At one point the brow of a hill projects into the river, by which the canal was constructed, with expensive diggings and embankments, and by occupying a part of the river bed for the canal. The river has here a fall of 42 feet in half a mile, affording great water-power. Its bed is of granite gneiss, very hard, but easily quarried for building stones, and abounding with quartz crystals. The v. is principally on the N. side of the river, and contains several flouring, plaster, and paper mills, woolen factory, machine shop, several furnaces, and other manufactories ; 1 bank, capital $200,000, academy, and 5 churches. Two newspapers are issued weekly, " Mohawk Courier" (dem.), and " Herkimer Journal" (whig). The v. is supplied with water from a spring in the hills, 300 feet above the tops of the houses. Pop. of t. in 1840, 3,881 ; in 1850, 4,855. ROCK VALLEY, p. o., Marshall co., Virg. : 233 m. N. W. Richmond. ROCK VALLEY, p. o., Hampden co., Mass. : 78 m, W. by S. Boston. ROCKVTLLE, p. v., Washington county, R. I. : IS m. W. Newport. ROCKVILLE, p. v., Tolland county, Conn. ; 14 miles N. E. Hartford. A flourishing manufacturing T., having several cotton and woolen mills. ROCKVILLE, p. v., Putnam county, Ga. : 15 miles N. Milledgeville. ROCKVILLE, p. v., Will co., III. : 1 m. E. of Iroquois river, 127 m. N. E. Springfield. ROCKVILLE, p. v., and cap. Parke co., Ind. : on W. side of branch of Little Raccoon cr.,54 m. W. Indianapolis. It is on elevated ground, and surrounded by an extensive tract of rich and beautifully rolling land, comprising some of the best farms of the State. It was first settled in 1823, aud now contains the usual county buildings, a flourishing county seminary, female academy, and G churches. The Parke County Whig" is published weekly. Pop. about 1,200. ROCKVILLE. p. v., Delaware co., la. : on E. bank of branch of Makoqueta r., 51 m. E. N. E. Iowa City. ROCKVILLE, p. o., Waldo co., Me. ROCKVILLE, p. v., and cap. Montgomery co., Md. : 33 m. W. by N. Annapolis, on W r . side of Rock creek of Potomac river. It contains the usual county buildings. The "Mary land Journal" (whig) is issued weekly. Pop. Sift. ROCKVILLE, p. v., Norfolk county, Mass. : on W. side of Charles r., 22 m. S. W. Boston. Has some manufactures. ROCKVILLE, p. o., Allegany co., N. Y. : 218 m. W. by S. Albany. ROCKVILLE, p. v., Rowan co., 2i. Car. : 111 m. W. by N. Raleigh. ROCKVILLE. p. v., Adams co., Ohio : on the Ohio r., 83 m, S. by W. Columbus. ROCKVILLE, p. v.. Chester county, Penn. : 61 miles E. 8. E. Harrisburg. Here is a cold blast charcoal furnace of 1,000 tons 733 ROC ROL annual capacity, which amount it made in 1849, employing 75 men, using water-power. EOCKVILLE, sta., Perry county, Penn. : on Pennsylvania E. E., 7 m. W. by N. from Harrisburg. EOCKVILLE, p. v.. Monroe co., Tenn.: 151 m. E. S. E. Nashville. EOCKVILLE, p. o., Hanover co., Virg. EOCKVILLE, p. o., Lexington district, 8. Car, : 15 m. W Columbia. EOCKVILLB CENTRE, p. o., Queen s co., N. Y. : 132 m. S. Albany. EOCKWELL, p. v., Bond co., III. : on E. side of W. fork of Shoal creek, 64 m. S. Springfield. Surrounded by first-rate prairie land. The " Western Evangelist" is issued monthly, and the " Primitive Preacher" quarterly, both Baptist pub lications. EOCKWELL, p. o., Pickens district, S. Car.: 125 miles N. W. by W. Columbia. EOCKY river, N. Car. : rises by numerous branches, which drain the whole of Cabarras co., flows E., and empties into the Yadkin river. EOCKY river, S. Car. : rises in Anderson dist., flows S. through W. part of Abbeville dist, and empties into Savannah river. EOCKY BAYOU, p. o., Tzard co., Ark. : on E. side of Eock cr., 85 m. N. by E. Little Eock. EOCKY BRANCH, p. o., Greenup co., Ky. : 118 m. E. by N. Frankfort. EOCKY COMFORT, p. o., Sevier co., Ark. : 124 m. W. S. "W. Little Eock. EOCKY CREEK, p. o., Iredell co., & Car. : on Eocky cr., 128 m W. by N. Ealeigh. EOCKY FORD, p. o., Poutotoc co., Miss. : 146 m. N. N. E. Jackson. EOCKY GAP, p. o., Tazewell co., Virg. : 231 m. "W. by S. Eichmond. EOCKY HILL, p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : on "W. side of Connecticut r., 7| m. S. Hartford. It is a pleasant little v., containing a Congregational church, etc. Some vessels are built here. EOCKY HILL, p. o., Barren co.,Ey.: 97 m. S.S.W. Frankfort. EOCKY HILL, p. v., Somerset co., N. Jer. : on W. side of Millstone r., 12} m. N. N. E. Trenton, containing a few mills, a woolen factory, and stores. EOCKY HILL, p. o., Jackson co., Ohio: 63 m. S. by E. Columbus. EOCKY MILLS, p. o., Lavacca co., Tex. : 76 m. S. E. Austin City. EOCKY MOUNT, p. v., Meriwether co., Ga. : 90 m. W. Milledgeville. EOCKY MOUNT, p. o., Kemper co., Miss. : 103 m. E. N. E. Jackson. EOCKY MOUNT, p. o., Miller co., Mo. : 29 m. W. S. W. Jefferson City. EOCKY MOUNT, p. v. and sta., Edgecombe co., & Car. : on N. bank of Tar r., 49 m. N. E. by E. Ealeigh. The Wil mington and Weldon E. E. passes through the v., 37 m. from Weldon, and 125 m. from Wilmington. EOCKY MOUNT, p. o., Fairfleld dist, & Car. : on W. side of Catawba r., 33 m. N. by E. Columbia. EOCKY MOUNT, p. v., and cap. Franklin co., Virg. : on N. side of Pig r., a tributary of Eoanoke r., 134 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. It contains a court-house, jail, stores, tannery, and an iron furnace, which employs 100 laborers. Pop. about 450. ROCKY NARROWS, p. o., Monroe county, Ohio: 99 m. E. Columbus. EOCKY PLAINS, p. o., Newton co., Ga. : 53 m. N. W. Milledgeville. EOCKY POINT, p. o., Scott co., Virg. : 281 m. W. by S. Eichmond. EOCKY POINT, p. o., Attala co., Miss. : 53 m. N. N. E. Jackson. 734 EOCKY POINT, sta., New Hanover county, 2f. Car. : on Wilmington and Weldon Eailroad, 14 m. N. by E. Wilmington. EOCKY EIVER, p. o., Warren co., Tenn. : 70 m. E. S. E. Nashville. EOCKY EuN,p. o., Columbia co., Wise. : 28 m. N. Madison. EOCKY SPRING, p. o., Jackson co., Ala.: lS4m. N. by E. Montgomery. EOCKY SPRING, p. o., Claiborne co., Miss. : 87 m. W.N.W. Jackson. EOCKY SPRING, p. o., Grainger co., Tenn. : 179 m. E. Nashville. EOCKY WELL, p. v., Lexington dist., 8. Car. : on the S. side of Saluda r., 20 m. W. Columbia. EODGER S EOAD, sta., Erie co., N. Y. : on the Buffalo and State Line E. E., 10 m. S. Buffalo, and 269 m. W. Albany. BODMAN, t and p. v., Jefferson co., JV. Y. : on Sandy cr., 142 m. N. W. Albany. Surface of t. undulating ; soil sandy and clay loam of good quality. The v. on Sandy creek con tains 3 churches, saw, grist, carding, and fulling mills, several stores, etc. Pop. of t, in 1840, 1,702 ; in 1850, 1,784, EODNEY, p. v., Jefferson co., Miss. : on E. side of Missis sippi r., 68 m. S. W. by W. Jackson. It contains several stores, and a fine steam saw-mill. Pop. 510. EODNEY, p. o., Gallia co., OMo : 83 m. S. S. E. Columbus. EOESFIELD, p. o., Catahoula par., La. : 103 m. N.W. by N. Baton Eouge. EOGERS BRIDGE, p. o., Spartanburg dist, S. Car. ; 83 m, N. W. Columbia. EOGER S FARM, p. o., M Lean co., III. : on W. side of head branch of Kickapoo cr., 57 m. N. E. Springfield. EOGEU S STORE, p. o.. Wake co., 2f. Car. : oil E. side of Neuse r., 12 m. N. by E. Ealeigh. EOGERSVILLE, p. v., Lauderdale co., Ala. : about 4 m. N. of Tennessee r., 178 m. N. by W. Montgomery. EOGERSVILLE, p. o., Tuscarawas co., Ohio: 77 m. E. N.E. Columbus. EOGEUSVILLE, p. o., Halifax county, Virg. : 93 m. S. W. Eichmond. EOGERSVILLE, p. o., Madison county, Ey. : 49 m. S. E. Frankfort. EOGERSVILLE, p. o., Henry co., Ind. : on N. side of head branch of Blue r., 46 m. E. N. E. Indianapolis. EOGERSVILLE, p. o., Greene co., Penn. : 174 m. W. by 8. Harrisburg. EOGERSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Hawkins co., Tenn. : about 2 m. N. of Holston r., 209 m. E. by N. Nashville. It con tains a coiyt-house, jail, several stores, etc. The " E. Times" (whig) is published weekly. EOHRERSTOWN, sta., Lancaster co., Penn. : on Columbia Branch E. E., 6 m. W. from Lancaster. EOHRERSVILLE, p. v., Washington co., Md. : 76 m. N. W. Annapolis. EOHRSBURG, p. v., Columbia co., Penn. : on N. side of branch of Fishing cr., 61 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. EOKEBY p. o., Morgan county, Ohio: 63 m. E. by S. Columbus. EOLESVILLE, p. v., Wake co., N. Car. : 4} m. N. E. of Neuse r., 15 m. N. E. by N. Ealeigh. Pop. about 200. EOLLERSVILLE, p. v., Sandusky county, Ohio : 97 m. N. Columbus. EOLLIN, t and p. o., Lenawee co., Mich. : 65 m. S. by E. Lansing. Michemanetuc or Devil s lake is in its N. part, whence flows Tiffin s cr. through its W. portion, affording excellent water-power. The soil is very fertile, well adapt ed to grain. The v. on the creek contains flouring and saw mills. Pop. of t. in 1S40, 581 ; in 1850, 1,080. EOLLING FORK, p. o., Nelson county, Ky. : 55 m. S. W. Frankfort EOLLING PRAIRIE, p. o., Marion co., Ark. : 119 m. N. W. Little Eock. EOLLINSFORD, t and sta., Strafford co., A r . Hamp. : on W. ide of Salmon r., 34 m. E. Concord. This is a new t re- ROL ROO cently taken from Somersworth, containing the flourishing v. of Salmon Falls. Three railroads pass through the t. : Boston and Maine K. E., 71 m. from Boston ; Branch E. E. to Great Falls, etc. ; and the York and Cumberland R. R., now in construction. This t. contains numerous factories, fulling-mills, etc. Pop. 1,862. BOLLIN S STORK, p. o., Moore county, 2f. Car. : 82 m. 8. W. by W. Raleigh. BOLLINSVILLE, p. o., Darlington district, S. Car. : 63 m. E. N. E. Columbia. ROMA, p. o., Starr county, Tea;, : on the Rio Grande, 280 m. S. by W. Austin City. ROME, p. v., and cap. Floyd co., Ga. : at junction of Eto- wah and Oostanaula rivers, 1G4 m. N. W. Milled geville. The Rome R. R. extends hence to Kingston on Western and Atlantic R. R., and will be continued S. W. to Jacksonville, Ala., there uniting with the Alabama and Tennessee River R. R. The v. contains 2 churches, an academy, and stores. Two newspapers are published weekly, " Rome Bulletin" (whig) and " Southerner" (dem.) Pop. about 800. ROME, p. v., and cap. Perry co., Ind. : on N. bank of Ohio r., 124 m. S. by W. Indianapolis. It was first settled in 1S11. It contains a fine brick court-house, stone jail, county seminary, and 2 churches. Pop. about 300. ROME, p. v., Henry co., la. : on "W. side of Skunk r., 47 m. 8. by W. Iowa City. ROME, t and p. v., Kennebec co., Me. : 17 m. N. by "W. Augusta. It has a large pond on its N. border, another on the E., and a third on its S. border, all of which have their outlet into the Kennebec, at Waterville. Incorporated in 1804. The v. is pleasant and flourishing. Pop. of t. 830. ROME, t. and p. o., Lenawee co., Mich. : 56 m. S. by E. Lansing. Drained by head branches of Beaver cr. The soil is fertile, adapted to grain. Pop. in 1840, 1,128 ; in 1850, 1,528. ROME, t, p. v.,sta., and one of the caps. Oneida co., N. Y. : on the Mohawk r., 91 m. "W". N. W. Albany ; by R. R. from Albany 109 m. Surface of t. chiefly level, or gently undu lating ; soil a fertile clay and sandy loam. Drained E. by Mohawk r., on which is excellent land, and Wood cr., which flows W. into Oneida lake. These streams almost interlock, being only 1 m. separate, and were connected by a small canal before the construction of the Erie Canal, which was bought out when the latter was made. The v. on Mohawk r. is built upon the site of old Fort Stanwyx, built in 1758, and rebuilt in the Revolutionary War, and called Fort Schuyler. The Syracuse and Utica R. R. passes through it, 14 m. from Utica, 38 m. from Syracuse. Here commences the Watertown and Rome R. R., completed to Cape Vin cent, 97 m. The Erie Canal here receives the connection of the Black River Canal, affording communication by water with Lake Ontario, etc. The v., incorporated in 1819, is, withWhitesboro , a half shire-town for Oneida co., and con tains a court-house and jail, a flourishing female seminary, 2 banks, with aggregate capital of $287,200, 6 churches, a cotton factory, blast furnace, flouring and saw mills, etc. Here is a United States arsenal, to which are attached a magazine and a number of workshops. Two newspapers are issued weekly, " R. Sentinel" (whig) and " Roman Citi zen" (whig.) Pop. of t. in 1840, 5,680 ; in 1850, 7,918. ROME, t and p. o., Ashtabula county, Ohio : 153 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Grand r. and a branch. This town was formerly called Richfield. Pop. 744. ROME, sta., Franklin co., Ohio : on Columbus and Xenia E. R., 8 m. W. from Columbus. EOME, t and p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : on small branch of Susquehanna r., 110 m. N. by E. Ilarrisburg. Contains a number of saw and grist mills, and has some manufac tures. Pop. about 1,000. EOME, p. v., Smith co., Tenn. : on S. side of Tennessee r., 47 m. E. Nashville. EOME, p. o., Jefferson co., Wise. : 43 m. E. by S. Madison. EOMEO, p. v., Macomb co., Mich. : on S. side of N. branch of Clinton r., 78 m. E. Lansing. It is pleasantly situated, and is surrounded by an excellent farming country. It contains a very flourishing academy, an iron foundry, and tannery. The " E. Investigator" (temp.) is issued weekly. EOMEO, p. v., Greene co., Tenn.: 213 m. E. Nashville. EOMEO, p. o., M llenry county, HI. : 177 miles N. N. E. Springfield. ROMINCE S MILLS, p. o., Harrison county, Virg. : 199 m. N. W. Eichmond. EOMNEY, p. o., Tippecanoe co., Ind. : on E. side of Wea cr., a tributary of Wabash r., 51 m. N. W. Indianapolis. It contains a court-house, and about 500 inhabitants. EOMNEY, p. v., and cap. Hampshire co., Virg. : on E. side of S. branch of Potomac r., 142 m. N. by W. Eichmond. ROMULUS, p. o., Tuscaloosa co., Ala. ; on W. side of Black Warrior r., 99 m. N. W. Montgomery. ROMULUS, t. and p. o., Wayne county, Mich. : 64 m. S. E. Lansing. Pop., with Taylor and Van Buren, 2,833. ROMULUS, t. and p. v., Seneca co., N. Y. : lies between Cayuga and Seneca lakes, 159 m. W. Albany. The surface is high in the centre, declining E. and W. toward the lakes ; soil of good quality, well adapted to wheat. The village is a small settlement, containing a church, tavern, a few stores, etc. Pop. 2,040. EON ALD, t. and p. o., Ionia co., Mich. : 31 m. N. W. Lan sing. Drained by Prairie cr. of Grand r. and its branches. Pop. 452. EOOK S creek, Livingston county, III. : 64 miles N. E. of Springfield. EONDOUT, p. v., Ulster co., W. Y. : on N. side of Eondout cr., 1 m. above its entrance into the Hudson r., 52 m. S. by W. Albany. It derives its business importance principally from the Delaware and Hudson Canal, which terminates at Eddy- vine, 2 m. above, whence the canal-boats are towed by steamboats. In the vicinity are found large quantities of hydraulic cement and quicklime, employing a number of men and vessels. A considerable amount of lumber and produce is here collected, and transported to New York. There are four boat-yards for building and repairing canal- boats, two dry docks for the repair ing of sloops and coasting vessels, a grist-mill, tobacco factory, etc., a female seminary, and two churches. The "R. Courier" (neutral) is issued weekly. Steam ferry-boats ply to Eddy ville and Ehinebeck. Pop. about 1,700. EONDOUT kill or creek, N. Y. : rises in Sullivan co., and flows into the Hudson r, in Ulster co., near Eondout v., at which point is a light-house. It receives the Wallkill and other tributaries, and affords water-power. The Delaware and Hudson Canal passes along the valley of this creek. RONKONKOMA lake, N. Y. : situated near the centre of Long Island, about 1 m. in diameter, deep and transparent, abounding with fish, and surrounded by pine and other tim ber, presenting a romantic and pleasant appearance. EOOT, p. v., Allen co., Ind. : on E. side of St. Mary s r., 97 m. N. E. Indianapolis. EOOT, t and p. o., Montgomery co., JV. Y. : 39 m.W. by N. Albany. Surface in parts hilly ; soil fertile loam, or slate and lime. Drained by small streams, flowing into Mohawk r., which bounds it on the N. On one of these, the Platte- kill, is a water-fall, with a perpendicular descent of 50 feet. About 1 m. above this fall, a vein of lead ore, found at the bottom of the creek, has been wrought to some extent by a company incorporated for the purpose. In the rocky cliffs near the river is a remarkable cave, containing numerous apartments, of which fourteen have been visited ; some of these are 500 feet beneath the surface, and profusely adorned with stalactites, stalagmites, and various incrustations. Pop ulation of t. 2,736. EOOT CEEEK, p. o., Milwaukie co., Wise. : 73 m. E. by S. Madison. BOOT river, Minn. Ter: a large stream in S. E. part of the State, flows E. into Mississippi river. EOOTSTOWN, t., p. o., and sta., Portage co., Ohio : 116 m. 735 ROS ROS N. E. Columbus, lying directly S. of Ravenna, 43 m. from Cleveland, on Cleveland and Pittsburg K. R. It is a flm farming t., watered by Cuyahoga r. Pop. in 1840, 1,112 ; in 1850, 1,308. EOSCOE, t. and p. v., Winnebago co., III. : on E. side of Rock r., 181 m. N. by E. Springfield. This is a fine farming town, on the line of the Rockford and Rock Island R. R. now in construction. ROSCOB, p. v., Henry county, Mo. : 93 miles W. by S, Jefferson City. ROSCOE, p. o., Todd co., Ky. : 157 m. S. "W. Frankfort. ROSCOE, p. T., Coshocton co., Ohio: on W. side of Mus- kingum r., and on the Ohio Canal, 59 m. E. N. E. Columbus. The Muskingum is here formed by the confluence of the Walhonding and Tuscarawas rivers, which are crossed by a fine bridge, just above their confluence. Roscoe has good water-power, an iron foundry, boat-yard, mills, and several stores. The Walhonding Canal, which extends to Rochester, 25 m., here unites with the Ohio Canal. By these canals Roscoe has become a great dep6t for wheat and other merchandise. In times of high water, steamboats occasion ally run up to this point on the Muskingum. This town was first laid out in 1816, and named Caklersburg. It is a health ful and beautiful place, and surrounded by fine scenery. Pop. about 500. ROSCOMMOX county, Mich. Situate N. centrally, and con tains 576 sq. m. Drained by the branches of the Maskegon and South rivers, and streams of Higgins and Houghton s lakes. Surface even; soil various, but for the most part fertile. Organized since 1S50. ROSR, L and p. o., Oakland co., Mich. : 47 m. E. Lansing. Watered by the E. branch of Shiawassee r. Pop. in 1840, 415 ; in 1850, 836. ROSE, t ?ml p. o., Wayne co., N. Y. : 7 m. N. E. Lyons, 164 m. W. by N. Albany. Surface undulating ; soil, grav elly loam ; drained by small streams flowing into Lake On tario. It contains several saw-mills, a fulling-mill, and tannery. Pop. in 1840, 2,038 ; in 1S50, 2,264. ROSE, t. and p. o., Carroll co., Ohio: 97 m. E. N. E. Colum bus. The Beaver Canal passes through its N. W. corner. Pop. 1,537. ROSEBOON, p. o., Otsego co., Jf. Y. : 51 m. W. Albany. ROSEBURG, p. v., Perry co., Penn. : 29 m. W. Harrisburg. ROSE CREEK, p. o., M Nairy county, Tenn. : 120 m. S. W. Nashville. ROSEDALE, p. v., Madison county, Ohio : 25 m. W. N. W. Columbus. ROSE GROVE, p. o., Appomattox co., Virg. : 73 m. W. by S. Richmond. ROSE HILL, p. o., Seneca county., M Y. : 158 m. W. Albany. ROSB HILL, p. v., Jasper co., III. : on E. side of Embarras r., 88 m, E. S. E. Springfield. ROSE HILL, p. o., Amite co., Mtes. : on W. side of branch of Amitie r., 100 m. S. S. E. Jackson. ROSE HILL, p. o., Lee co., Virg. : about 17 m. E. Cumber land Gap, 319 m. W. by S. Richmond. ROSE HILL, p. o., Mahaska co., la. : on N. side of Skunk r., 50 m. S. W. by W. Iowa City. ROSELAND, p. o., Nelson county, Virg. : 73 m, W. by N. Richmond. Ross MILLS, p. o., Amherst co., Virg. : on S. side of Tye r., a branch of James r., 87 m. W. by N. Richmond. ROSENDALE, t. and p. v., Ulster co., N. Y. : on N. side of Rondout Kill, 63 m. S. by W. Albany. Here is found in great abundance the best of hydraulic cement, which is manufactured in large quantities by two cement mills. The unoccupied water-power at this place is very extensive. About 2 m. below the v., near the high falls of the Rondout, is a mineral spring, possessing valuable properties. Pop. oft. 2,418. ROSENDALE, t and p. o., Fond du L&c co., Wise. : 65 m. N. E. by N. Madison Pop. 714. ROSE TRIE, p. o., Delaware co., Penn. : 81 m. E. by S Harrisburg. ROSEVILLE, p. v., Parke co., I/id. : on 8. side of Big Rac coon cr., 58 m. W. by 8. Indianapolis. ROSEVILLE, p. o., Franklin co., Ark. : on S. side of Arkan sas r., 95 m. W. N. W. Little Rock. ROSEVILLE, p. o., Macomb co., Mich. : 84 m. E. Lansing. ROSEVILLE, p. v., Muskingum co., Ohio: on S. fork of Jonathan s cr. r 49 m, E. by S. Columbus; contains a few mills and stores, and about 200 inhabitants. ROSICLARE, p r o., Hardin co., III. : 1J m. N. of Ohio r., 125 m. S. S. E. Springfield. ROSLIN, p. o., Marquette co., Wise. : 57 m. N. Madison. ROSLYN. p. o., Queen s co., N. Y. : at southern extremity of Hempstead Harbor, 133 m. S. Albany. Ross county, Ohio. Situate toward the S., and contains 644 sq. m. Scioto river flows through it from N. to S., by which and its branches it is drained. Surface varied, in the N. being level, and in the S. hilly and broken ; soil gener ally fertile ; in the level portions the land is rich and very productive. There is some good timber land, and it has excellent pasturage for cattle, large numbers of which are exported. It has good water privileges. Farms 1,435; manuf. 141, dwell. 5,575, and pop. wh. 30,207, fr. coL 1,867 total 32,074. Capital: Chillicothe. Public Works: Ohio Canal, etc. Ross, t. and p. o., Butler co., Ohio : on W. aide of Miami river, 94 m. W. S .W. Columbus. Drained by Miami r.and its branches. Pop. in 1S40, 1,526 ; in 1850, 1.648. Ross, p. o., Anderson co., Tenn. : 147 m. E. Nashville. ROSSBURG, p. v., Decatur co., Ind. : on S. side of branch of Salt creek, a tributary of Whitewater river, 49 m. S. E. Indianapolis. Ross CORNER, p. o., York county, Me. : 79 m. S. S, W. Augusta. ROSSEAU, p. v., Morgan county, Ohio: 59 m. E. S. E. Columbus. Ross FERRY, p. o., Livingston county, Ky. : 199 miles S. W. by W. Frankfort. Ross GROVE, p. o,, De Kalb co., HI. : on W. side of Little Indian cr., 134 m. N. by E. Springfield. ROSSIE, t. and p. v., St. Lawrence county, N. Y. : 150 m. N. W. Albany. Surface of t. undulating and somewhat broken ; soil fertile loam, resting on lime, granite, and sand stone. Drained by Oswegatchie and Indian rivers. Iron and lead ore are found in great abundance. The lead ores are of the finest quality, and apparently inexhaustible. These have been extensively worked since 1S37 by three companies, which have produced and sent to market large amounts of lead. The veins have been traced 15 m., vary- ng in width from 6 inches to 2 feet, lying in a fissure of rock in a solid mass ; and from its location, its depth is evi dently very great. The mine on Cole Hill is the principal, he surface of which has been laid bare for a considerable distance, bounded on either side by granite rock. The nine is regarded by geologists as an anomaly in the mineral cingdom, and great natural curiosity, as well as a source of nexhaustible wealth. The v., on Indian r., is the principal ocality of these mines, and is a scattered manufacturing settlement, containing an extensive furnace and forge, iron bundry and machine shop, 1 grist-mill, 1 saw-mill, 2 tav erns, several stores, and about 900 inhabitants. Pop. of t. n 1S40, 1,553; in 1850, 1,471. ROSSTOWN, p. o., Shelby co., Tenn. : 179 m. W. S. W. Sashville. ROSSVILLE, p. v., Walker co., Ga. : a short distance from he Tennessee boundary, 183 m. N. W. Milledgeville. For- nerly a missionary station in the Cherokee Nation. ROSSVILLE, p. v., Clinton co., Ind. : on S. side of Middle brk of Ponceanichioux r. or Wild Cat cr., 49 m. N. N. W. ndianapolis. ROSSVILLK, p. v., Baltimore co., ML : 36 m. N. Annapolis. ROSSVILLE, p. v., Richmond co., N. Y. : on Staten Island ROS ROW Sound, 145 m. S. by TV. Albany. It contains 2 carriage manufactories, a few storea and dwellings, has a steamboat landing, and a ferry to the Jersey shore, formerly known as the Old Blazing Star Ferry. ROSSVILLE, p. o., Chester district, Car.: 45 m. N. Columbia. EOSSVILLE, p. v., Butler co., Ohio: on "W. side of Miami r., 89 m. W. S. W. Columbus. A flourishing and wealthy v. The Miami Democrat" is issued weekly. Pop. 1,452. EOSSVILLE, p. v., York county, Penn. : 14 m. S. by W. Harrisburg. EOSTKAVEK, t and p. o., "Westmoreland co., Penn. : on E. side of Monongahela r., 132 m. W. Harrisburg. ROSAVELL, p. o., Cobb co., Ga. : on N. side of Chattahoo- chee r., 93 m. N. W. Milledgeville. EOTHEEWOOD, p. o., Carroll co., Ga. : 109 m. W. by N. Milledgeville. ROTTERDAM, t and p. o., Schenectady co., N. Y. : 19 m. N. W. Albany. Surface rolling; soil sandy loam and allu vion, very productive along the Mohawk r., which bounds it on the N. ; also watered by some small creeks flowing into the Mohawk. The Erie Canal passes through its N. part Pop. of t. in 1840, 2,2S4 ; in 1850, 2,446. ROUBIDOUX, p. o., Texas co., Mb. : on E. side of Eoubi- doux fork of Gasconade r., 79 m. S. Jefferson City. EOUGE river (of the Detroit), Mich. : is formed from three principal tributaries which rise in Oakland and Washtenaw counties, and unite in the E. part of Wayne co. The Eouge river empties into the Detroit r., 5 m. below Detroit, and is navigable for small vessels to Dearbornville. Toward iis mouth it is deep and sluggish, but the greater portion of it is very rapid, having great descent, and with its numerous branches furnishing very great water-power. BOUGH AND READY, p. o. and sta., Chambers co., Ala. : on Montgomery and West Point E. E., 68 m. from Mont gomery, 20 m. from West Point EOUGII AND EEADY, p. o., Anderson county, Ky. : 18 m. S. S. W. Frankfort EOUGH AND EEADY, p. o., Hancock county, 111. : 83 m. W. N. W. Springfield. ROUGH AND EEADY, p. o. and sta., Fayette co., Get. : on Macon and Western E. E., 11 m. from Atlanta and 90 m. from Macon, 79 m. N. W. by N. Milledgeville. ROUGH AND EEADY, p. o., Steuben county, N. Y. : 190 m. W. by S. Albany. ROUGH AND EEADY, p. o., Warren co., Tenn. : 67 m. S. E. Nashville. EOUGH AND EEADY MILLS, p. o., Henry co., Viry. : 143 m. S. W. Eichmond. ROUGH CREEK, p. o., Charlotte co., Yirg. : 71 m. W. S.W. Richmond. ROUGH CREEK, p. o.. Grayson co., Ky. : 101 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. ROULETTE, t. and p. o., Potter co., Penn. : 122 m. N. N. W. Harrisburg. ROUND island, Mich.: a small island on the N. part of Lake Huron, between Bois Blanc and Mackinau islands. ROUND lake, AT. Y. : a handsome sheet of water, lying in the t of Lake Pleasant, Hamilton co., connected by an out- let ^ m. long, with Lake Pleasant. It is surrounded by a fine region of country, abounds with trout and other flsh, and much resorted to by sportsmen. ROUND lake, A 7 ". Y. : in the t. of Malta, Saratoga co., is a small lake, abounding in perch, pickerel, and other flsh. ROUND GROVE, p. o., Carroll co., Mo. : 95 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. ROUND HEAD, t. and p. v., Hardin co., Ohio : 58 m. N. W. Columbus. Drained by the head branches of Scioto and Miami rivers. The v., situated on the former, contains 135 inhabitants. Pop. of t in 1340, 569 ; in 1850 (including pop. of v.), 655. ROUND HILL, p. v., Fairfleld county, Conn. : 72 m. S. W. Hartford. Contains a church and several dwellings. W4 ROUND HILL, p. o., Cooper county, Mo. : 32 m. W. by N. Jefferson City. ROUND HILL, p. o., Orange co., 2f. Car. : 31 m. N. W. Raleigh. ROUND POND, p. o., Lincoln county, Me. : 26 m. 8. E. Augusta. ROUND PRAIRIE, p. o., Dallas county, Mo. : 75 m. S. W. Jefferson City. ROUND TOP, p. o., Fayette co., Tew. : on Cummin s cr. of Colorado r., on the post-road from Lagrange to Washington, 64 m. E. by S. Austin City. ROUSE S POINT, p. v. and sta., Clinton co., N. Y. : on the W. side of Lake Champlain, 166 m. N. by E. Albany. It is about i m. S. of the Canada line. Soon after the war of 1812, the United States commenced the construction of a strong fortification, a short distance N. of the v., to guard the entrance of the lake. It was subsequently found that this site was within the Canada line, and the further con struction of the work, upon which some $400,000 had been expended, was abandoned. However, this spot has since been ceded to the United States, and this fine fortification, now in dilapidation, may at some period be completed. At this point, the great railroad route between Ogdensburg and Boston, here crosses the lake. Previous to the construction of the railroad, this place was of no importance. It is now a great dep6t for merchandise and produce, and important landing-place for the boats on Lake Champlain. The rail road crosses the lake by a permanent bridge, 5,000 feet long, and a draw-bridge on pontoons. 300 feet by 30, which is swung round when not in use, so as to give free navigation. The dock is 800 by 164 feet, and the depot 550 by 104 feet. The improvements are all of the most permanent character. The Champlain and St. Lawrence E. E. extends hence to Montreal, 47 m. Eouse s Point is distant from Ogdensburg, by the Northern E. E., 118 m. ; from Boston, by both routes, 288 m. The v. is generally flourishing, and increasing in population. ROVER, p. o., Bedford county, Tenn. : 47 m. S. S. E. Nashville. ROWAN county, AT Car. Situate W. centrally, and con tains 332 sq. m. Drained by Yadkin r. and its branches. Surface undulating; soil a fine deep mold and very fertile, and well adapted to grain and grazing, fruits, etc. Chief productions, cotton, tobacco, wheat, and Indian corn. Farms 1,070 ; manuf. 108 ; dwell. 1,842, and pop. wh. 9,901, fr. col. 115, si. 3,854 total 13,870. Capital: Salisbury. ROWE, t and p. v., Franklin co., Mass. : 98 m. W. by N. Boston. Surface elevated and in some parts mountainous ; soil best adapted to grazing. Drained by Deerfield r., which forms its W. boundary, and by Pelham brook, passing through the centre of the t, on which are the ruins of old Fort Pelham, erected in 1744. The v. in the centre of t. is a neat settlement, has some manufactures, and contains 3 churches. Pop. of t. 659. EOWENA, p. o., Russell co., Ky. : 79 m. S. Frankfort. EOWE S, sta., Orangeburg district, S. Car. : on Columbia Branch E. E., 58 m. from Columbia, 71 m. from Charleston. ROWE S CORNER, sta., Merrimac county, A 7 ". Ilamp. ; on Portsmouth and Concord E. R., 13 m. S. S. E. Concord, and 34 m. from Portsmouth. ROWESVILLE, p. v., Bedford co., Tenn. : 55 m. S. S. E. Nashville. Row s, p. o., Ashland co., Ohio : on W. side of Muddy fork of Walhonding r., 73 m. N. N. W. Columbus. ROWLANDSVILLE, p. v., Cecil co., Md. : 52 m. N. E. by N. Annapolis. ROWLANPSVILLE, p. o., Stanly county, N. Car. : 103 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. ROWLEY, t, p. v., and sta., Essex county, Mass. : 27 m. N. by E. Boston. Soil of t. diversified ; a large portion is salt meadow, the arable soil is fertile. Watered by Rowley river, which, before its junction with Plum Island Sound, affords harborage for small vessels. Plum island belongs to T37 ROX ROt this t. The v. at the centre contains 2 churches. The Eastern R. R. passes through the t, 29 m. from Boston. This t was first settled in 1639, by an industrious and pious company from Yorkshire, England, who erected the first fulling-mill in New England, and manufactured the first cloth in North America. The ancient township of R. was divided in 1838, and its W. part incorporated by the name of Georgetown. Pop. of 1 1,075. ROXANA, t. and p. o., Eaton county, Mich, : 17 m. W. Lansing. Pop. 353. ROXBOROUGH, p. v., and cap. Person co., N . Car: 55 m. N. N. W. Raleigh. It contains a court-house, jail, a few stores, and about 150 inhabitants. ROXBUBY, t. and p. o., Oxford co., Me. : 45 m. N. W. by W. Augusta. Surface elevated and well timbered, with some good soil. Watered by Swift brook, a branch of Andros- coggin r., flowing S. through its centre. Incorporated in 1835. Pop. 246. ROXBURY, t and p. v., Li tch field co., Conn. : 86 m. W.S. W. Hartford. Surface of t diversified; soil chiefly gravelly loam. Watered by Shepang r., a branch of the Housatomc, flowing through its W. part. The t was aken from Wood- bury, and incorporated in 1801. The v. in the centre of the t contains 2 churches, a few stores, etc. Pop. of t in 1840, 971 ; in 1850, 1,114 ROXBURY, t, p. city, and sta., Norfolk co., Mass. : 2 m. 8. by W. Boston, with which it is closely connected by a narrow neck of land " Boston Neck" over which there are 4 broad and pleasant avenues. The natural surface of the city was very uneven and rocky, which gave to it its name, from the abundance of rocks; and though much changed by building improvements, is still much diversified. The soil is generally fertile and highly cultivated. The dwellings are noted for their elegance, arid are generally surrounded by ornamental gardens. The entire appearance of the city is most delightful, and it is one of the moot plea sant suburbs of Boston, with which its business and wealth are most intimately connected, and can hardly be con sidered as separate from the metropolis. It has, however, considerable trade of its own, and its manufactures are various and extensive. These consist of carpeting, cordage (the New England Company has a capital of $75,000, em ploying 130 men), India-rubber goods, railroad iron, iron castings, fire-engines, steam-engines, and boilers ; sheet lead, white lead, chemical preparations, turpentine, etc. ; worsted and silk fringes and lining ; patent leather, hats, shoes, cabinet-ware, etc. Steam-power is employed by about 30 establishments. There is 1 bank, capital $150,000 ; one in stitution for savings, 2 insurance companies, and 6 churches, several of which are located on elevated positions, and make a beautiful appearance. The Boston and Providence R. R. passes through the city, and is much used by the citizens in passing to and from Boston. Several lines of omnibuses afford constant communication with the city. The " Nor folk County Journal" (whig), and "Roxbury Advertiser" (neut), are issued weekly. Roxbury was incorporated as a town Sept 28, 1630 (in the same year with Boston) ; and as a city, March 12, 1846. The territory of the city is 7J m. long, 2 m. broad, and comprises an area of 10,686 acres. It is governed by a Mayor, Board of Aldermen, and Common Council, elected annually. Excellent provisions are made for public schools, etc. The following table exhibits the valuation of estates in Roxbury, from 1S37 to 1848 inclusive : Year. Valuation. , Year. Valuation. , Year. Valuation. 1837.. .$5,875,000 [1841.... $6,941,600 1845... $9.569,800 1838.... 5,979,900 ~ ~ - I 1839.... 6,438,600 1840.... 6,721,000 . . . .,, . . . ., 1842.... 7,341.600 j 1 846.. . 12,531,100 1847... 12,628,300 1844.... 8^578,600 1848... 13,192,600 In the W. part of the t is an extensive level, on which is situated the beautiful p. v. of Jamaica Plains, near Jamaica Pond, from which Boston was, to a considerable extent, 738 supplied with water, until the opening of the Cochituate Aqueduct, in 1S43. The Forest Hills Cemetery is situated a short distance from the city, on the Dedham turnpike. This beautiful city of the dead has an area of about 70 acres. The grounds are picturesquely diversified, and abounding with trees, shrubbery, and flowers. Here are monuments of General Joseph Warren, who fell at the battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1776 ; and of Rev. John Eliot, the " Apostle of the Indians," who was pastor of tb: fi st church in liox- bury for 68 years from 1632 until his death, in 1690. The entrance is an ornamental structure, in the Egyptian style. On one of the highlands in the city still remains, in a very perfect state of preservation, the breastwork and intrench- menfcs of a large military fortress constructed at that period. The population of Roxbury at different periods is as follows : Year. Pop. 1765 1,487 1790 2,226 1600 2,765 Year. 1S10 1820 1830 Pop. .3,669 .4,135 .5,247 Year. Pop. 1840 9,089 1850 18.873 ROXBURY, t. and p. o., Cheshire co., A T . JTamp. : 89 m. N. W. by W. Concord. Surface rough and uneven, but lias excellent grazing land. Drained by N. branch of Ashuelot r., which forms its W. boundary, and in its 8. part by Roar ing brook. On its E. side is Roaring Brook pond, at the outlet of which are mills. Incorporated in 1812. Pop. in 1840, 286 ; in 1850, 260. ROXBURY, t. and p. o., Delaware co., N. Y. : 48 m. S. W. Albany. Surface hilly and mountainous, the Cattskill Mountains passing through its E. portion ; soil sandy loam, very productive in the valleys. Drained S. by the Papacton branch of Delaware r. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in agricultural pursuits. Pop. in 1840, 3,013 ; in 1850, 2,853. ROXBURY, p. v., Franklin co., Penn. : on N. side of Oone- dogwinnet cr., and E. side of Blue Mountain, 42 m. W. by 9. Harrisburg. It contains a charcoal forge, constructed 1790, which, in 1849, made 90 tons of bars, employing 10 men. ROXBTTRY, t, p. v., and sta., Washington co., Verm. : 15 m. S. by W. Monipelier. Surface elevated and uneven ; soil fertile. Drained by head branches of Dog and W hite rivers, the former affords water-power. Iron ore is found in the S. E. part. First settled in 1789. The Vermont Central R. R. passes through the t, 60 m. from Windsor, and 97 m. from Rouse s Point Pop. of t 967. Roxo, p. o., Marquette county, Wise.: 52 in. N. N. E. Madison. ROXOBEL, p. o., Bertie county, N. Car. : 97 m. E. by N Raleigh. ROYAL CENTRE, p. o., Cass county, Ind.: 65 m. N. Indianapolis. ROYAL OAK, p. o., Talbot county, Md. : 24 m. E. S. E. Annapolis. ROYAL OAK, t, p. v., and sta., Oakland co., Mich. : 73 m. E. S. E. Lansing. Drained in N. part by Red r., and in 9. part by Bloody Run. The Detroit and Pontiac R. R. passes through the v., 12 from Detroit, and 13 m. from Pontiac. It contains a steam saw-mill, a few stores, and has some man ufactures. Pop. of t in 1840, 860 ; in 1S50, 1,092. ROYAL OAKS, p. o., Cumberland co., Virg. : 73 m. W. by 9. Richmond. ROY ALSTON, t, p. v., and sta., Worcester co., Mass. : 61 m. W. N. W. Boston. Surface diversified ; soil generally pro ductive, and upon the streams consists of excellent meadow land. Drained by Miller s r. and its tributaries. Several small streams, one of which has a perpendicular fall of 20 feet, and descends 100 feet in 40 rods, unite and form Tully r., which pours into Miller s r. a great quantity of water. These various streams afford good mill-siies. There are 2 ponds within \ m. of each other, which vary in height 150 fret, and abound with fish. The t. was first settled in 1754, and incorporated in 1765. The v. near the centre of the t is a handsome settlement The Vermont an.l Massachusetts R. R. p;isses through the S. part of the t., at South lioyal- ROY aton, 27 m. from Fitchburg. Pop. of t in 1840, 1,667 ; in 1850, 1,546. ROYALTON, p. v., Boone co., Ind. : on E. side of branch of Eagle cr., a tributary of W. fork of White r., 14 m, N.W. Indianapolis* ROYALTON, t and p. o., Niagara county, N. Y. ; 252 m. W. by N. Albany* Surface undulating ; soil fertile calcareous loam. Watered by Tonawanda cr., which bounds it on the S. The t. contains the villages of Middleport and Gasport, which latter derives its name from a spring of inflammable natural gas. used to some extent The Erie Canal, and the Rochester, Lock port, and Niagara Falls R. R. pass through the town. Pop. in 1840, 3,549 ; in 1850, 4,024. ROYALTOX, p. v., Fairfield co., Ohio : on S. side of branch of Little Walnut cr., 21 m. S, K by S. Columbus. Contains a church and some stores. Pop. 252. ROYALTOX, t., p. v., and sta., Windsor co., Verm. : 31 m. S. Montpelier. Surface broken and mountainous; soil fer tile, particularly along White r., by which and its branches it is watered. The agricultural products are of considerable amount. The v. is pleasantly situated on the bank of White r., and contains a handsome church, academy, stores, etc. It was first settled in 1771, and suffered much from Indian hostilities. The Vermont Central R. R. passes through it, 123 m. from Rouse s Point, 43 m. from Montpelier, and 34 m. from Windsor. Pop. of t. in 1840, 1,917 ; in 1850, 1,850. ROYER S FORD, p, o. and sta., Montgomery co., Penn. : 81 m. E. Harrisburg, on the N. bank of Schuylkill r., and on Philadelphia ami Reading R. R., 32 m. from Phila delphia. ROYTOX, p. o., Delaware county, Ind. : 49 miles N. E. Indianapolis. RTTARK, p. o., Lawrence co., III. : OH a small branch of Wabash r., 124 m. S. E. Springfield. RTJCKERSVILLE, p. v., Elbert co., Ga.: on N. side of Van s r., 80 m. N. N. E. MiHedgeville. Contains a Baptist church, academy, several stores and dwellings. RUCKERSVILLE, p. o, Tippah co., Miss. : 176 m, N. N. E. Jackson. RUCKERSVILLE, p. v., Greene co,, Virg. : 63 m. N. W. Richmond. RUCKERVILLE, p. o., Clark county, Ky. : 45 m. E. by S. Frankfort. RUCKMANVILI.E, p. o., Highland county, Vlrg. : 127 m. W. N. W. Richmond. RUDDLE S MILLS, p, o,, Bourbon co,, Ky. : 37 m. E, by N. Frankfort RUDE S MILLS, p. o., Lewis co., Virg, : 185 m. N, W. Richmond. RUGGLKS, t and p. o,, Ashland co., Ohio : 77 m. N. by E. Columbus. Drained by head branches of Vermillion river. Pop. 1,085. Ri MA, p, v., Randolph county, III. : 114 miles S. by W. Springfield. RUMFORD, t and p. o., Oxford co., Me. : on N. W. side of Androscojrgin r., 43 m. W. N. W. Augusta, The surface is somewhat diversified. White Cap Mountain rise 600 feet and Glass-face about 400 feet above the level of the sur rounding country, and present beautiful views from their summits. The soil is fertile, adapted to grain. Drained by the Androscoggin and its branches, Ellis and Swift brooks, which together furnish a great water-power. Incorporated m 180d. Pop. in 1840, 1,444 ; in 1850, 1.375. RI MFORD CENTRE, p. o., Oxford co,, Me. : 45 m. W. N.W. Augusta. RUMFORD POINT, p. o., Oxford co., Me : 46 m, W. N. W. Augusta, RUMMERFIKLD CREEK, p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : 116 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. RUMXEY, t., p. o., and sta., Grafton co., N. ITamp. : 45 m. N. N. W, Concord. Surface is uneven, and abounds with beautiful scenery; soil moderati-ly fertile. Drained by Baker s r. and its branches. First settled in 17(55. It con- RUS tains several tanneries, saw-mills, and stores. The Boston, Concord, and Montreal R. R. passes its S. part, 59 m. from Concord. Pop. in 1830, 993 ; in 1840, 1,116 ; in 1850, 1,109. RUMNEY, p. v., Mecklenburg co., Ky. : 141 m. W. S. W. Frankfort RUNDELL S, p. o., Crawford co., Penn. : 186 m. N. W. Harrisburg. RUPERT, t, p, v., and sta., Bennington co., Verm. : 79 m. S. W. Montpelier. Surface mountainous ; soil good for grazing. Watered by Pawlet r, and White cr. of Batten- kill, which afford water-powe?, improved by mills of various kintls. Some fine cattle are raised and large numbers of sheep. First settled in 1767. The Rutland and W r ashing- ton R. R. passes through the t, 36 m. from Rutland, 49 m. from Troy. Pop. of t in 1840, 1,086 ; in 1850, 1,101. RURAL, p. o>, Clermont co., Ohio: 86 m. S. W. Columbus. RURAL, p. o.. Jasper co., Mo. : 92 m. S.W. Jefferson City. RURAL HILL, p. o., Wilson co., Tenn. : 15 m. E. Nashville. RURAL HILL, p. o., Jefferson co., N. Y. : 142 miles N. W. Albany. RURAL RETREAT, p. o., Wythe co., Virg, ."208 m. W. by S. Richmond. RURAL VALE, p. o., Lapeer co., Mich. : 88 m. E. N. E. Lansing. RURAL VALIEY, p. o., Armstrong county, Penn, : 132 m. W, N. W. Harrisburg. RUSH county, Ind. Situate toward the S. E., and contains 442 sq. m. Drained by Big and Little Blue rivers, and Big and Little Flat Rock creeks, by which fine water-power is gained. Surface undulating or rolling, with occasional ridges of low hills ; soil a rich vegetable mold, and very fer tile. Chief productions wheat, Indian corn, potatoes, and tobacco. There is much fine grazing land in the co., and large numbers of cattle, sheep, and hogs are fattened and exported. Fine timber is found on the land. Farms 1,809 ; manuf. 59 ; dwell. 2,824, and pop. wh. 16,226, fr. col. 219 total 16,445. Capital: Rushville. Public Works : Junc tion R. R. } Shelbyville and Rushville R. R, ; Shelbyville and Knightstown R. R.; Central R. R.; Lawrenceburg and Upper Mississippi R. R. RUSH, t. and p. v., Monroe co., .$". Y. : on E. side Genesee r., 201 m. W. by N. Albany. Surface undulating ; soil very fertile, producing large crops of wheat and other grain Drained by Honeoye cr., flowing W. through its centre into Genesee f. The v. on Honeoye cr. contains 2 taverns, 3 churches, 4 stores, a flouring and saw mill, ashery, carding machine, and about 200 inhabitants. Pop. of town in 1840*, 1,929; in 1S50, 2,015. RUSH, t and p, o., Susquehanna co., Penn. : on Wyalu- sing creek, 108 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. Surface hilly ; soil gravelly loam. It contains several tanneries, grist and saw mills, and has some manufactures. Pop. about 1,200. RUSH, t, and p. o., Tuscarawas co., Ohio : 86 m. E. N. E. Columbus. Watered by branches of Tuscarawas river, and contains several grist, saw, and flouring mills. Pop. in 1840,1,293; in 1850, 1,332. RUSH, t and p. o., Shiawassee co., Mich. : on W. side of Shiawassce r., 25 m. N. E. Lansing. Pop. about 100. RUSH, p. o., Jo Daviess co., HI. : 175 m. N. by W. Springfield. RUSH BOTTOM, p. o., Holt county, Mo. : 194 miles N. W. Jefferson City. RUSH CREEK, p. o., Union county, Ohio : 41 miles N. W. Cohxmbus. RUSHFORD, t and p. v., Allegany county, N. Y.: 230 m. W. by S. Albany. Surface undulating; soil clay loam and gravelly mold, well adapted to grass. Drained E. by Cold cr. of Genesee r. The v. is a thriving business place, con taining 2 churches, 3 taverns, several mills and stores, and about 800 inhabitants. Population oft in 1840, 1,512; in 1850, 1,S06. RUSH LAKE, p. o., Fond du Lac co., Wise. : 65 m. N. N. E Madison. 739 KITS RUT Eusn TOWER, p. o., Jefferson co., Mo. : on W. bank o Mississippi r., 107 m. E. by S. Jefferson City. BUSHTOWN, p. o., Northumberland county, Penn. : 45 m N. by E. Harrisburg. BUSHVILLE, t., p. v., and cap. Schuyler co., III. : 52 m W. N. W. Springfield. Is a handsome and flourishing ^ pleasantly located at the S. end of a beautiful fertile prairie skirted by fine timber at the head of a small stream. ] contains a brick court-house 2 stories high, & jail, and churches. The " Prairie Telegraph" (neut.) is issue weekly. Pop. about 1,000. EUSHVILLE, p. v., sta., and cap. Eush co., Ind. : on bank of Big Flat Eock cr., 33 m. E. by S. Indianapolis. I was first settled in 1S21, and contains a court-house, jail, churches, several mills and stores. Two newspapers ar published weekly, " Eepublican" (whig), and " Jacksonian (dem.) The Eushville and Shelbyville E. E. extends hence to Shelbyville 20 m., and is part of an extensive line of ra road now constructing across the State. Pop. in 1850, 2,108 EUSHVILLE, p. v., Tales co., N. Y. : 177 m. W. Albany Is a thriving v., containing 2 churches, academy, 2 taverns 2 furnaces, mills, stores, etc., and about 600 inhabitants. EUSHVILLE, p. v., Fairfleld co., Ohio : on W. side of Eus cr., 83 m. E. S. E. Columbus. It contains 60 dwellings, am 300 inhabitants, and several mills in the vicinity. EUSHVILLE, p. v., Susquehanua county, Penn.: 106 m N. N. E. Harrisburg. EUSHYLVANIA, p. o., Logan county, Ohio : 49 miles N. W Columbus. EUSK county, Tece. Situate W. toward the N., and con tains 1,134 sq. m. Drained by branches of Angelina am Attoyac rivers. Surface undulating; soil very fertile, an< adapted to the growth of cotton, corn, fruits, etc. Pine tim ber is abundant. Farms 567 ; manuf. 15 ; dwell. 1,045, ani pop. wh. 6,012, fr. col. 0, sL 2,136 total 8,148. Capital Henderson. EUSK, p. o., Haywood county, Tenn. : 141 m. W. S. W Nashville. EUSK, p. v., and cap. Cherokee county, Tea). : 190 miles N. E. by E. Austin City. Pop. 332. EUSK, p. o., Surry county, JH. Car. : 120 m. W. N. W, Ealeigh. EUSSELL county, Ala. Situate toward the S., and con tains 858 sq. m. Drained by branches of Chattahoochee r. which forms its E. boundary. Surface undulating ; soil fer tile, and is well adapted to cotton, a large quantity of which is produced in the county. The land is rich and productive, and fine crops of wheat and corn are raised. It has some good timber land. Farms 1,049; manuf. 4; dwell. 1,411 and pop. wh. 8,405, fr. col. 32, si. 11,111 total 19,548. Capital: Crawford. Public Works: Girard and Mobile E. E. ; Montgomery and West Point E. E. EUSSELL county, Ky. Situate S. toward the E., and con tains 316 sq. m. Drained by Cumberland river and its branches. Surface undulating ; soil fertile, and adapted to grain ; a portion of the laud is devoted to pasturage. Chief productions, rice, cotton, and tobacco. Farms 665 ; manuf. 13 ; dwell. 840, and pop. wh. 4,901, fr. col. 13, si. 435 total 5,349. Capital: Jamestown. Public Works: Lexington and M-Minnville B. E. EUSSELL county, Virg. Situate S. W., and contains 1,312 sq. m. Drained by Clinch r. and head branches of W. fork of Sandy river. Surface much broken and rocky, consisting principally of mountain ranges and valleys; soil fertile. Chief products wheat and Indian corn. Farms 942 ; manuf. 14; dwell. 1,786, and pop. wh. 10,867, fr. col. 70, si. 932 total 11,919. Capital : Lebanon. EUSSELL, t., p. v., and sta., Hampden county, Mass. : on Westfleld r., 94 m. W. by S. Boston. Surface elevated and mountainous, abounding with wild and romantic scenery. Some of the high lands afford good grazing, and in the val leys are tracts of fertile meadow. We-itfleld river and its main branch, which flow rapidly through it, afford an im- 740 mense water-power, improved by a few factories. Stone wood, and other building materials are abundant. The "Western E. E. passes through the t., 13 m. from Springfield, 116 miles from Boston. Incorporated in 1792. Population of t. 521. EUSSELL, t. and p. o., St. Lawrence co., N. Y. : 151 m. N. N. "W. Albany. Surface somewhat uneven ; soil sandy and clay loam, well adapted for grazing. Drained N. by Grass river flowing through its centre. The v. is a small settlement containing a State arsenal, several saAv-mills, a tannery, etc. Pop. of t in 1840, 1,373 ; in 1850, 1,803. EUSSELL, t and p. o., Geauga co., Ohio: 130 m. N. E. Columbus. Watered by the N. head branch of Chagrinc river, and contains several saw and grist mills, etc. Pop. in 1S40, 742 ; in 1850, 1,083. EUSSELL, p. o., Atcheson county, Mo. : 213 miles N. W. Jefferson City. EUSSELL HILL, p. o., Wyoming co., Penn. : 92 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. EUSSELL PLACE, p. o., Kershaw district, S. Car, : 40 m. N. E. Columbia. EUSSELL S COKNEKS, p. o., Sank co., Wise. : 38 m. N. W. Madison. EUSSELL S MILLS, p. o., Tyler co., Virg. : 231 m. N. W. Eichmond. EUSSELL S MILLS, p. o., Parke county, Ind. : 52 m. W. Indianapolis. EUSSELL S PLACE, p. o., Lawrence county, Ohio: 90 m. S. by E. Columbus. EUSSELL S STORE, p. o., Boone co., Til.: 174 m. N. by E. Springfield. EUSSELLSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Franklin county, Ala. : on Cedar cr., a branch of Bear cr., which flows into the Ten nessee river, 167 m. N. N. W. Montgomery. It contains a court-house, jail, and some 30 dwellings. EUSSELLVILLE, p. o., Monroe co., Ga, : 49 m. W. by 8. Milledgeville. EUSSELLVILLE, p. v., Lawrence co., III. : on Wabash r., 174 m. E. S. E. Springfield. EUSSELLVILLE, p. v., Putnam co., Ind. : between small branches of Little Eaccoon creek, 44 miles W. by N. Indianapolis. EUSSELLVILLE, p. v., and cap. Logan co., Ky. : 144 m. S. W. Frankfort. It contains a court-house, jail, seminary, and two churches. The " E. Herald" (whig) is published weekly. Pop. 1,272. EUSSELLVILLE, p. v., Brown co., Ohio : 78 m. S. S. W. Columbus. Pop. 386. . EUSSELLVILLE, p. v., Cole county, Mo. : 15 m. W. by S. Jefferson City. EUSSELLVILLE, p. v., Chester co., Penn. : 56 m. E. S. E. rlarrisburg. EUSSELLVILLE, p. o., Jefferson county, Tenn. : 201 m. E. Nashville. EUSSELSBUKG, p. v., Warren co., Penn. : on W. side of Conewango cr., 164 m. N. W. Harrisburg. EUSSIA. t. and p. v., Herkimer co., N. Y. : 91 m.N. W. byW. Albany. Surface high and hilly ; soil sandy loam aud clay, ell adapted to grass. Drained S. by West Canada creek. ?he v. contains a church, a few stores and mills, and about 50 inhabitants. Pop. of t in 1840, 2,293 ; in 1850, 2,349. EUSSIA VILLE, p. v., Clinton co., Ind. : 38 m. N. by W. ndianapolis. EUTERSVILLE, p. v., Fayette county, Tex,. : on the main >ost-road from Lagrange to Washington, and Eocky creek f Colorado r., 60 m. E. S. E. Austin City. EUTHERFOED county, N. Car. Situate toward the S. W., nd contains 859 sq. m. Drained by head branches of road r. Surface varied, some portions being rather hilly, ut most generally level; soil in some places very fertile, hile in others it is poor and unfit for cultivation. It is enerally well adapted to grazing. Chief productions, cot- n, tobacco, wheat, aud Indian corn. Farms 959 ; manuf RUT SAB I tail by 28 ; dwell. 1,S33, and pop. wh. 10,425, fr. col. 220, si. 2,905 total 13,650. Capital: Rutherford ton. RUTUERFOKD county, Tenn. Situate centrally, and coa tains 431 sq. m. Stone r. passes through the N. E. portion which and its branches and small affluents of Cumber land r. it is drained. Surface hilly; soil very fertile, anc produces abundantly cotton, tobacco, wheat, grain, fruits, etc. Agriculture is the leading pursuit with a large num ber of the population. A portion of the land is well tim bered, and some minerals are to be found. Farms 1.507 manuf. 41 ; dwell. 2.895, and pop. wh. 16,914, fr. col. 230 si. 11.978 total 29,122. Capital: Murfreesboro . Public Works : Nashville and Chattanooga R. E. EUTHEKFORDTON, p. v., and cap. Rutherford co., N. Car. 193 m. W. by S. Raleigh. Situated on a branch of Broad river, and contains a court-house, jail, academy, hotels, and flouring-mills. The " Mountain Banner" (State rights) is published weekly. Pop. 398. RUTHER GLENN, p. o., Caroline county, Virg. : 33 m. N. Richmond. RUTLAND county, Verm. Situate E. toward the S., and contains 948 sq. m. Drained by Otter cr., and Black, White, Pawlet, and Queechee rivers. Surface elevated, and in parts mountainous; but on Otter cr. are some portions of fertile land ; soil various in most parts well suited for pasture. Iron ore of a good quality is found here, and some quarries of excellent marble, much of which is exported. Chief products, wheat and Indian corn. This county has good water privileges. Farms 2,668 ; manuf. 275 ; dwell. 5,661, and pop. wh. 32,939, fr. col. 120 total 33,059. Capital: Rutland. Public Works : Rutland and Burlington R. R. ; Western Vermont R. R. ; Rutland and Washington R. R. RUTLAND, t. and p. v., Worcester co., Mass. : 47 m. W. Boston. Situated on the height of land between the sea and Connecticut r. Surface uneven and hilly; soil best adapted to grazing ; watered by a branch of Ware river, which affords power for several mills. This t., formerly 12 miles square, was bought of the Indians for 23 in 1GS6, and incorporated in 1714. The v., in the central part of the L, contains a town-house, academy, handsome Congregational church, several neat dwellings, and has some manufac tures. Pop. 1,223. RUTLAND, t. and p. o., Jefferson co., N. Y. : 140 m. N. W. Albany. Surface undulating ; soil fertile loam, underlaid by limestone. Drained S. W. by Sandy cr. and by Black r., which forms its N. boundary. In this t. and vicinity are found remains of Indian fortifications. It has some manu factures, several tanneries, saw, grist, and fulling mills. Pop. in 1840, 2,090 ; in 1850, 2,265. RUTLAND, t. and p. v., Meigs county, Ohio : on N. side of Leading creek, a tributary of the Ohio, 77 m. S. E. by S. Columbus, containing several tanneries, grist, and saw mills, and has some manufactures. Pop. of t. in 1840, 1,410 ; in 1850, 1,745. RUTLAND, t and p. o., Tioga county, Penn. : 104 m. N. Harrisburg. Surface hilly ; soil gravelly loam ; contains a few mills. Pop. about 750. RUTLAND, t., p. v., sta., and cap. Rutland co., Verm. : on Otter cr., 50 m. S. S. W. Montpelier. Surface of t uneven; soil various, from a strong loam to a light sand, but gen erally fertile. Drained by Otter cr. and its branches, which afford water-power, and by a branch of Castleton r. Iron ore of good quality is found ; also, lime, and a great abund ance of white and beautifully variegated marble, of which several quarries are extensively worked. The t. was char tered in 1761, and settled about 1770. During the Revolu tionary War it was a frontier town, through which was the only military road from Charlestown, N. Ilamp., to Ticon- deroga and Crown Point, on Lake Champlain. The t. is divided into two parishes, East and West ; the former con tains Rutland village, the most important place; in the latter are two small villages, West Rutland, and Hookkin s Falls. Rutland village has an elevated situation, is well built, containing many handsome dwellings, and was incor porated in 1S17. Three, important railroads pass through it : Rutland and Burlington R. R., 53 m. from Bt Hows Falls, and 67 m. from Burlington ; Rutland and Washington R. R. from Troy 85 m. ; and Western Vermont R. R. from Troy, via N. Bennington, 83 m., the opening of which has given a powerful impetus to the prosperity of the village and town. It contains a court-house, jail, 1 bank, cap. $150,000, and 3 churches. Here are located the machine-shops and engine-houses of the Western Vermont R. R.. and some large manufactories of marble, iron, slate, leather, cabinet furniture, etc. The "R, Herald" (whig), and "Vermont Union Whig," are issued weekly. The town of Rutland ranks as the second in agricultural and the first in mineral productions in the State. Population of t. in 1840, 2,708 ; in 1850, 3,715. RUTLAND, t. and p. o., Dane co., Wise. : 24 m. S. S. E. Madison. Soil excellent, watered by branch of Catfish cr. of Rock r. Pop. 792. RUTLAND CENTRE, sta., Rutland county, Verm. : 2 m. N. Rutland, on Rutland and Burlington R. R. RUTLEDGE, p. v., and cap. Grainger co., Tenn, : 181 m. E. Nashville. It contains a court-house, jail, and about 100 inhabitants. RUTLEDGE, p. v., and cap. M Donald co., Mo. : on S. side of Elk r., 183 m. S. W. Jefferson City. RYE, t. and p. o., Eockingham co., N. Ilamp.: on the Atlantic shore, 41 m. E. S. E. Concord. The surface has considerable sandy beach and salt meadow, which yields large quantities of grass. It has a harbor near Goss Mill, admitting, at high water, vessels of 75 or 80 tons, and from which the fisheries are carried on. Chartered in 1719. Pop. in 1840, 1,205; in 1850, 1,296. RYE, t, p. v., and sta., Westchester co., N. Y. : 114 m. S. Albany. Surface, uneven and stony : soil, clay loam ; drained on the E. by Byram r., and on the W. by Blind brook, both flowing into Long Island Sound, which bounds it on the S. The v., situated 1 m. N. of the sound, contains 3 churches, an academy, 2 taverns, a few stores, and about 250 inhabit ants. The New York and New Haven R. R. passes through it, 27 m. from New York, and 49 m. from New Haven. Pop. oft in 1840, 1,803 ; in 1S50, 2,584. RYE COVE, p. o., Scott county, Virg. : 281 m. W. by S. Richmond. RYEGATE, t, p. v., and sta., Caledonia co., Verm. : on W. bank of Connecticut r., 25 m. E. by S. Montpelier. There is not much intervale land on the r., but the soil is generally productive ; it is best adapted to grazing, and large numbers of sheep are kept. Watered by W r ells r., which affords water-power, some smaller streams, and several ponds. At Canoe Falls, in Connecticut r., against the middle of the t., is a dam across the r., which affords extensive water-power. Chartered in 1763, and first settled in 1774, by emigrants from Scotland, from whom a large part of the present inhab itants have descended. They are chiefly devoted to agri cultural pursuits, are industrious and frugal. The t contains 2 churches Presbyterian and Associate Reformed 2 tan neries, and several saw-mills. The Connecticut and Pas- sumsic Rivers R. R. passes through the t., 44 m. from White River Junction, and 16 m. from St. Johnsbury. Pop. in 1830, 1,119 ; in 1840, 1.223 ; in 1S50, 1,606. EYERSON S STATION, p. o., Greene county, Penn. : 153 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. RYE VALLEY, p. o., Smyth co., Virg.: 231 m. W. by 8. Richmond. RYLAND S DspfiT, p. o. and sta., Greenville co., Virg. : on reenville, Gaston, and Raleigh E, E., 10 m. from Hicks- ford, 76 m. from Eichmond. S. SABATCS, p. o., Lincoln co., Me. : on branch of Andros- :oggin r., in t of Webster, 24 m. S. W. by S. Augusta. 741 SAB SAC SABBATH DAT POINT, .A 7 ". 1 : on "W. side of Lake George, in t of Hager ; derives its name from the landing of some English troops on the Sabbath day, during the old French War, and their destruction by Indians. SABILLISVILLE, p. v., Frederick co., Md. ; on a branch of the Monocacy r., 95 m. N. W. Annapolis. SABINA, p. v., Clinton co., Ohio : on a branch of Eattle- snake cr., 116 m. S. W. Columbus. The Cincinnati, Wil mington, and Zanesville B. E. will pass through it. SABINE parish, La. Situate W., and contains 1,287 sq. m. Drained by Haspoon, Negret, and Lannacoco bayous. Sur face generally level ; soil fertile, and along the banks of Sabine r., which bounds it on the W., are large tracts of land which prove productive with cultivation. Chief products, Indian corn, cotton, etc. Farms 522, manuf. 5, dwell. 632, and pop. wh. 3,347, fr. col. 0, si. 1,168 total 4,515. Capital: Manny. SABINE county, Tex. Situate E., and contains 809 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Sabine r., which forms its eastern boundary, and by Bear cr. in the S. W. Surface undulat ing ; soil varied ; in the W. and S. W., the land being gen erally rich and productive, and adapted to the growth of < cotton, wheat, corn, and fruit, and a large portion is cov ered with timber. Farms 171, manuf. 12, dwell. 283, and pop. wh. 1,556, fr. coi. 0, si. 942 total 2,493. Capital: Milan. SABINE river, Tex. and La. : is formed at the S. boundary of Hunt co., Tex., in lat. 32 50 N., by the confluence of 3 principal head branches, viz., Cow Leech, Caddo, and West fork the two former rising by several creeks in the N. part of Hunt co. From its source it flows E. S. E. 120 m. in very direct course toward the E. boundary of the State, until, at the middle of the N. boundary of Panola co., when 19 m. from the E. boundary line, it takes a more S. E. course through Panola co., and reaches the boundary at the S. E. corner of the co., in lat. 32 N., and thereafter forms, in its southerly course to the Gulf of Mexico, the boundary line between this State and Louisiana. Before it reaches the Gulf, it expands into Sabine Lake, 30 m. long, and averag ing 8 m. wide ; but on leaving the lake, 7 m. above the Gulf, it contracts to its usual width, which it retains until it enters the Gulf of Mexico, in lat. 29 40 48" N., long. 81 35 W. In low stages of water it has 4 feet of water on the bar at its mouth. Its entire length is about 360 m. It is navigable 150 m., and farther up for keel boats. Its upper portions water the most hilly parts of the State, and have a rapid current Along Sabine co. it is generally 100 yards wide, and from 6 to 8 feet deep. In its lower course it passes through a sandy tract of land. SABINE CITY, p. v., Jefferson co., Tex. : at the outlet of the lake so called, about 10 m. from the Gulf, 239 m. E. by S. Austin City. The harbor is excellent, admitting vessels drawing 9 feet of water. The trade of the settlements oil the Sabine, Neches, and tributaries will no doubt centre here, and in a few years it will rank with importance among the cities of the republic. SABINESVILLE, p, o., Tioga co., Penn. : 101 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. SABINE TOWN, p. v., Sabine co., Teas.: on the right bank of the river so called, below the confluence of Palo Gacho bayou, 257 m. E. N. E. Austin City. SABATTOUGLY, p. v., Yallabusha co., Jfiss. : near a fork of the Yallabusha r., 109 m. N. by E. Jackson. SABLE cape, Flor. : the most southerly point of the main land of the peninsula, in lat. 24 50 N., and long. 81 15 W. On it is situated Fort Poinsett. SABLE river, N. Y. See Air SABLE river. SABULA, p. v., Jackson co., la. : near the Mississippi r., 74 m. E. N. E. Iowa City. SAO county, la. Situate toward the N. W., and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Soldier and Boyer rivers, tributaries of Missouri r. Surface generally level ; soil fertile. Set off since 1850. 742 SAO river, Mo. : rises in Lawrence and Greene counties, flows N., and enters Osage r. in St. Clair county. SACANDAQA river, N. Y. : rises in several small lakes in Hamilton county, and after a winding E. course, enters Hudson r. opposite Luzerne village, Warren county. SACCARAPPA, p. v. and sta., Cumberland co.. He. : on the Presumpscot r. and York and Cumberland E. E., 7 m. from Portland, 54 m. S. by E. Augusta. Great water-power u here afforded, and improved by numerous saw-mills, etc., and a large brick cotton-mill, containing 104 looms and 2,900 spindles. SACKET S, p. o., Macomb county, Mich. : 84 m. E. by S. Lansing. SACKETT S HARBOR, p. v. and port of entry, Jefferson co., XT. Y. : on Black Eiver bay, at E. end of Lake Ontario, 154 m. N. W. Albany. Lat. 43 55 N., long. 75 57 W. This harbor is one of the best and most secure on the lake, and was an important naval station during the last war with Great Britain. On 2Sth May, 1813, a sharp contest here took place between the American and British forces, result ing in the defeat of the British ; and subsequently another, on 30th May, 1814, with the same success. During the war the v. increased with great rapidity, and at its close expe rienced a decline, from which it has now fully recovered. In 1814 the United States government here commenced the erection of the Madison Barracks, which consist of three extensive stone barracks, hospital, commissary s store-house, guard-house, and other buildings, affording accommodation for 2,000 troops, occupying a lot of about 40 acres, fronting on the bay. In the military burying grounds attached to the barracks is a monument to the brave General Pike, who fell on the N. frontier during the last war. The government has also a ship-yard and ship-houses, in one of which the New Orleans, a 110 gun ship, commenced during the war, remains upon the stocks. The v., incorporated in 1814, has considerable manufac tures, and trade by the lake and the river St Lawrence. A good water-power has been obtained by the construction of a canal from the Black r., a distance of 12 m., executed by the citizens at a cost of $25,000, and affording a fall of 30 feet, improved by various mills, machine shops, etc. There are 3 churches, 1 bank cap. $200,000, 4 hotels, 2 furnaces, etc. The "S. II. Observer" (whig) is issued weekly. A railroad is in construction, to connect at Pierrepont with the Watertown and Home E. R. On 30th June, 1850, the ton nage of Sackett s Harbor district was 8,124 tons, all of which was enrolled and licensed, permanent, and employed hi the coasting trade. During the year preceding the number of clearances for foreign ports was 259 142,799 tons ; No. of entrances do., 279 153,169 tons; of all which tonnage about ten-elevenths was American. Vessels built during the year, none. During the year 1S49 the value of the amount of trade of this port with Canada alone was im ports, $26,564 ; exports, $26,446 total, $53,010. SACO, t. p. v., and port of entry, York co., Me. : on N. side of Saco r., 67 m. S. S. W. Augusta. Lat. 43 31 N., long. 70 26 W. By Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth E. E., 13 m. from Portland, 38 miles from Portsmouth ; and thence by Eastern E. E., 92 m. from Boston. The surface of the t. is somewhat uneven, and abounds with romantic and beauti ful scenery. It has fine interval land on the r., by which it is well drained, and is also watered by several small streams flowing from an immense bog, called the Heath, on one of which is a fine waterfall of 60 feet, surrounded by wild scenery. From the mouth of the r. a fine beach ex tends along the shore about 5 miles to the E., called Old Orchard Beach, which is of considerable resort in summer. Another fine beach, of less extent, connects Fletcher s Neck with the main land, on which is a tavern. Saco v. is situ ated about 8 m. from the mouth of the r., at the falls, where is a descent of 42 feet, presenting a beautiful appearance and affording great water-power, and which has been ex tensively improved. Just below the falls is a fine basin, SAC SAD where vessels take in their cargoes. The factories consist of 9 large cotton-mills, 1 woolen-mill, numerous saw-mills, and various mechanical establishments. The York Manu facturing Co. have a capital of $1.000,000, manufacturing colored and white cotton goods, running 25,000 spindles, S50 looms, and annually consume 7,000 bales of cotton. The Saco Water-Power Co. have a capital of $2,000,000. The lumber business is very extensive, was commenced at a very early period, and for a long time was by far the chief business on Saco r. The v. contains 2 banks, with aggre gate capital of $115,000, savings institution, insurance com pany, an academy, some handsome churches, etc. The "Maine Democrat" and "The Union" (whig) are issued weekly. The total tonnage of Saco district on 30th June, 1850, was 2,723 tons. The registered tonnage was 1,570 tons, consisting of 330 tons permanent, and 1,240 tons tem porary. The enrolled and licensed tonnage was 1,153 tons, all permanent, employed as follows: coasting trade, 602 tons; cod fishery, 303 tons; mackerel fishery, 248 tons. During the fiscal year preceding, the number of clearances for foreign countries was 4 496 tons ; No. of entrances do., 2213 tons. Vessels built during the year 1 ship, 1,018 tons. Pop. of town in 1830, 3,219 ; in 1S40, 4.408 ; in 1850, 5,794. The v. of Biddeford, on the S. side of the r., in Bid- deford t., is connected with Saco by bridges, and closely united with it in business relations, and at a little distance the two villages appear as one settlement. SACO river, N. Ifamp. and Me. : is formed in the White Mountains, N. Hamp., from three small head branches, the most N. of which rises within a few rods of the source of Ammonoosuc r., which flows W. to Connecticut river. The Saco, in its general course, flows S. S. E., and empties into Saco bay of the Atlantic. It enters Me. in Fryeburg t., and in Cornish t. receives Ossipee r., the outlet of Ossipee lake. Its entire length is about 160 m. It is much broken in its course by falls, preventing navigation, but affording great water-power. The principal falls are in Me., 4 in number, viz., Great Falls, at Hiram, 72 feet ; Steep Falls, at Liming- ton, 20 feet ; Salmon Falls, at Hollis and Buxton, 30 feet ; and Saco Falls, at Saco, 42 feet. Pine timber abounds upon its banks, furnishing supplies for numerous saw-mills. The ordinary rise of the water, in the spring, is from 10 to 15 feet, but is much higher in freshets, when the r. and its falls present a very grand appearance. SACRAMENTO county, Calif. Situate centrally, and con tains 1,000 sq. m. Drained by American r. on the N., and Cosumes and Mokelumne rivers on the S., all affluents of the Sacramento, which on the W. forms its boundary. Sur face varied in the E. somewhat mountainous. In 1852 there were invested in quartz mining $124,165, in placer mining $89,808, and in other mining operations $169,850 ; in live-stock $1,335,698, in farming, etc., $1,773,325, and otherwise $5,358,394. It is one of the richest counties in the State. Pop. wh. 11,196, negroes 240, mulattoes 98, In dians 80, Chinese 804, etc. total 12,589. Capital : Sacra mento City. SACRAMENTO, p. o.. Marquette county, Wise. : 57 m. N. Madison. SACRAMENTO river, Calif. : rises in the mountainous range in the N. part of the State, in N. E. part of Shaste county. Its general course is S. ; it receives numerous small streams, and the larger ones, of Feather and American rivers, Putu cr., and near its mouth is joined by the San Joaquin. Its entire length is about 800 m., its width varies from 200 to 300 yards; its banks are adorned with trees, and it is nav igable at all seasons to Sacramento. In the rainy season it wonderfully increases in volume, overflows its banks, and floods Sacramento City and some other border settlements. The valley of the Sacramento (as also that of the San Joa quin ) is but a vast basin, of which the Coast Range and the Sierra Nevada Mountains form the exterior rim, and an unusual rain, together with the melting of the snow upon the mountains, is sure to flood the lower lands with water n depth proportioned to the duration of the rain or melting of the snows. It is generally well adapted to agricultural purposes. SACUAMENTO CITY, p. v., and cap. Sacramento co., Calif. : on the Sacramento r., at the mouth of American r., in lat 3S 30 12" N., and long. 121 20 08" W., about 150 m. N. E. San Francisco and 75 m. N. E. Vallejo. Its site is a low, level plain and is naturally overflowed in the rainy season. To prevent as far as possible this inundation, a levee has been constructed on the river banks. It was formerly called " New Helvetia," and is laid out in right angles, on the site of, and embraces the celebrated " Sutter 6 Fort." The streets running E. and W. are designated by the letters of the alphabet, and those running N. and S, by the numerals. The original forest trees still stand in the town, and give it a picturesque appearance, and many of the streets are lined with oaks and sycamores 6 feet in di ameter. It is a level and pleasantly situated place, embra cing a square of about a mile and a half to the side, and derives its name from the river so called. From a fort and its outbuildings, which a few years since constituted the whole inhabited tenements, it has suddenly become a flour ishing city, and is the grand dep6t for the supply of all the northern mines. In April, 1849, there were 4 houses in the place. The original price of embarcadero, or river lots, was $500, they now command as many thousands. Every thing indicates that this place has received an impetus which other localities will find it difficult, if not impossible, to retard. According to the census of 1850, Sacramento City contained 323 stores of various kinds, 65 blacksmith shops, 6 steam-mills, 5 soda and syrup manufactories, 2 breweries, 80 clothing stores, 8 cabinet shops, 8 livery sta bles, about 150 eating saloons and hotels some of the latter of the most costly description ; also 90 physicians, 70 law yers, 6 churches 1 Episcopal, 1 Presbyterian, 3 Methodist (1 colored), and 1 Baptist. A Eoman Catholic church is in course of erection. The number of inhabitants in the city proper, or within the city limits, was 6,000 ; but had the re sident population all been in the city, the number would not have fallen much short of 12,000, while in the country there are about 3,000 citizens. Out of the whole number there are but 1,460 females of all kinds, grades, and complex ions. The banks of the river in the vicinity furnish one of the best farming regions in the State, though the crops on the low lands are exposed to great ravages from the period ical floods. The gold diggings commence about 30 m. E. of the city, at the entrance of the hills, which rise rapidly to the eastward till they terminate in the high ridge of the Sierra Nevada. The gold was first discovered on the S. fork of the American r., 50 m. from Sacramento, and all that neighborhood is still much resorted to by miners. Steamboats ply daily between this city and San Francisco, and considerable trade is carried on by sailing vessels. The river is navigable up to the town at all seasons of the year, and the trade is rapidly increasing. Like San Francisco, this city has suffered considerably by fire, which, although causing immense losses, has tended to beautify it, in the form of neater and more substantial buildings. In 1850, the public press consisted of the " Transcript," a daily and weekly ; the " Placer Times," daily and weekly (neut) ; k Daily Index," daily; and the "Tribune," a daily and weekly issue. The census of 1S52 gives a pop. of 10,000. SADAQXJADA, or SAQUOIT creek, Oneida co., N. Y. : rises in Paris t., flows N. in general course, and empties into Mohawk r., 1 m. from Whitesboro . This is one of the most important mill streams of its size in the State, affording an immense water-power to numerous factories, flouring-mills, and other manufacturing establishments in the various vil lages and settlements on its banks. SADDLE mountain, Mass. : In Adams town, Berkshire co., 8,505 feet high, the highest of Massachusetts mountains, and of comparatively easy ascent. Its summit is generally known as Gray Lock. 743 SAD SADDLEBACK mountains, Franklin co., Me. : E. of Acques- suck lake, a few miles N. W. of Philipstown, 3,700 ft. high. SADDLE river, N. Jer. : risea in Eockland co., New York, a few m. above its S. boundary; and flows S. IS m. to its entrance into Passaic r., about 1 m. above Aquackanock. It has a rapid course, and affords extensive water-power. SADDLE PEAK MOUNTAIN, Sierra co., Calif. : 7,200 feet high. SADDLE EIVEB, t and p. o., Bergen co., N. Jer. : 58 in. N. E. by N. Trenton ; bounded by Saddle r. on the E. and Passaic r. on the S. Surface in some parts mountainous, but level on the E. between Passaic and Saddle rivers ; soil red shale and loam, fertile in the valleys and well cultivated ; watered by the aforesaid rivers and several brooks. It con tains a few mills and stores. The inhabitants are chiefly devoted to agriculture. Pop. 816. SADSBURYVILLE, p. v., Chester co., Penn. : 57 m. S. E. Harrisburg. SAEGERSTOWN, p. v., Crawford co., Penn. : on the E. side or French cr.,and on the proposed line of the Pittsburg and Erie E. E., 194 m. N. W. Harrisburg. SAEGERSVILLE, p. v., Lehigh co., Penn. : 75 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. SAFE HARBOR, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. : on the left side of Susquehanna r., near the mouth of Conestoga cr., 84 m. S. E. Harrisburg. There is a furnace here, having an annual capacity of 5,000 tons, and a rolling-mill, which in 1S50 made 5,567 tons rails, both moved by steam. SAGADAHOCK, Me.: the ancient name of a section of country at, and E. of the mouth of Kennebec r., deriving its name from the settlement of a colony, in a locality called Sagadahock, at the mouth of the Kennebec, in 1607. This name is still much used to designate the Kennebec, or more particularly that portion of it below the confluence of the Androscoggin. SAGE HILL, p. o., Graves county, Ky. : 229 m. S. W. Frankfort. SAGEVILLB, p. o., Hamilton co., N. Y. : 79 m. N. N. W. Albany. SAGEVILLE, p. v., Lauderdale co., Miss. : on W. side of Chickasawha r., 85 m. E. Jackson. SAG HARBOR, p. v. and port of entry, Suffolk co., K T. : on an excellent harbor so called, between Gardiner s and Great Peconic bays, 92 m. E. by N. New York city, 141 m. 8. E. Albany. First settled in 1730, and incorporated in 1S03. The site is sandy and sterile. It suffered severely by a fire in 1845, but was soon rebuilt in a better manner than before. It contains 4 churches, an extensive clock factory, several mills, 1 bank, cap. $20,000, a dry-dock for repairing vessels, and numerous stores. The " Corrector" is published semi-weekly and weekly. Considerable quantities of salt are manufactured in this vicinity by evaporation of sea- water in the open air. This place is extensively engaged in the whale and other fisheries. The return cargoes are chiefly taken to New York and other ports. In 1S49, the imports here received, were 1,791 gallons sperm, and 37,379 gallons whale oil ; and 186,400 Ibs. whalebone. The total tonnage of this district on 30th June, 1S50, was 15,166 tons; consisting of 10,954 tons in registered tonnage, and 4,212 tons in enrolled and licensed tonnage. The registered tonnage was all permanent, of which there was in the whale fishery 2,575 tons. The enrolled and licensed tonnage consisted of 3,776 tons permanently employed in the coasting trade, and 62 tons in the cod fishery ; besides 374 tons licensed under 20 tons" (319 tons in coasting trade, 55 tons in cod fishery); of all which, 12S tons were pro pelled by steam. During the year preceding, it had no foreign commerce. Vessels built during the year, 3 (1 brig, fi schooners) 419 tons. Pop. 8,650. SAGIXAW county, Mich. Situate E. centrally, in the peninsula, and contains 1,048 sq. m. Drained by the Sag- inaw, Shiawassee, Flint, Tittibawassee, and Cass rivers. Surface level ; soil a rich loam, of a sandy nature, on a 744 SAI substratum of clay. In the E. and S. E., pine timber c->\vrs the land to a great extent, about one-third of the co. being forest. Limestone and Gypsum are found on the bay, in the N. W. part The chief products are wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. Farms 72; manuf. 14; dwell. 473, and pop. wh. 2,609, fr. col. total 2.609. Capital: Saginaw City. SAGINAW, t, p. v., and cap. Saginaw co., Mich. : 57 m. N. E. Lansing. Drained by the Saginaw and Tittibawassee rivers. The v. is located on the W. bank of the Saginaw r., on an elevation of 30 feet above the water. It is built on the site formerly occupied as a trading post, and during the late war as a military post. It contains a court-house, jail, a printing-office, stores and warehouses of different kinds, saw-mills (moved by steam), and workshops of various descriptions. Steamboats and sailing vessels are owned here, and employed on the river and bay. It is at the ter mination of the Saginaw and Detroit turnpike, and as far as natural and artificial advantages are concerned, the loca tion is favorable to become a place of importance. The " Spirit of the Times" is a weekly issue. Pop. of t in 1840, 837 ; in 1850, 917. SAGINAW bay, Mich. : a branch of Lake Huron, on its W. side, near the middle, setting into the mainland in S. W. direction from the lake. It is about 60 m. long, and 30 m. wide, and contains a number of islands. It is navigable for vessels of any burden, and its numerous coves afford some of the best harbors on the lake. It receives Saginaw river. SAGINAW river, Mick. : is formed in Saginaw co., by the confluence of several large tributaries, of which the principal are, Cass r. from the E., Flint and Shiawasse r. from the S., and Tittibawassee r. from the N. W. The length of the Saginaw, from Flint r., where it commences, to its mouth, is about 30 m. Its general course is N. E., emptying into the head of Saginaw bay. It varies in depth from 25 to 30 feet, and has a somewhat sluggish current Below Saginaw city is a sand bar which has ordinarily 5 or 6 feet depth of water, but a N. E. wind frequently cumulates water to 8 feet in depth. SAGO, p. o., Lewis co., Yirg. : 1S9 m. N. "W. Eichmond. SAIL CREEK, p. o., Hamilton county, Tenn. : 108 m. S. E. Nashville. SAILOR S EEST, p. v., Montgomery co., Tenn. : on "W. side of Yellow cr., 47 m. W. by N. Nashville. SAINT ALBANS, p. v., Hancock co., 111. : on the border of a swamp, 87 m. W. N. W. Springfield. SAINT ALBANS, t and p. v., Somerset co., Me. : 47 m. N. by E. Augusta. This is a good township, having fertile soil adapted to grain. It contains a large and beautiful pond, the outlet of which, Indian stream, affords water-power, and is a branch of Sebasticook river. Incorporated in 1813. It contains two pleasant villages. In the t are several mills and stores, an academy, and some manufactories. Pop. of t. in 1830, 911 ; in 1840, 1,564; in 1850, 1,792. SAINT ALBANS, t, p. v., sta., and cap. Franklin co., Verm. ; on Lake Cham plain, 45 m. N. W. by N. Montpelier; by Vermont Central E. E. 57 m. from Montpelier, 134 m. from Windsor, 23 m. from Eouse s Point. Surface moderately uneven ; soil fertile loam, and well cultivated. Drained by a small creek. First settled about 1785. The v. is 3 m. E. of the lake, on elevated ground, commanding a fine pros pect It is surrounded by a fertile back country, has con siderable manufactures, and a large business from its water communications with New York and Canada. It contains many handsome buildings, court-house, jail, on a handsome public square, 30 by 25 rods, an academy, 3 churches, and 1 bank, capital $50,000. The " St Albans Messenger" (whig) is issued weekly, and the "Northern Advertiser" (advert.) monthly. The port of the v. and t is at St. Alban s bay. Pop. of t. in 1830, 2,395; in 1840, 2,702; in 1850, 3,567. ST. ALBAN S BAY, p. o., Franklin co., Vet-m.: on Lake Champlain, 46 m. N. W. by N. Montpelier. Here is a good landing-place, with a wharf and several store-houses, also a bank, with capital of $100,000. SAI SAI SAINT ANDREWS, p. o., Orange co., & Y. : SI m. S. by W. Albany. SAINT ANDREW S bay and sound. Flor. : on S. coast, in W. part of the State, chiefly in Washington co. Its main body sets up N. 12 m., with an average width of from 2 to 5 m. ; an E. arm extends parallel with the coast 30 m., from 1 to 10 m. wide; while another similarly extends W. 20 m., separated from the gulf by a beach 1 m. wide. The bay is easy of access, has 18 feet of water on the bar, and good anchorage within, sheltered from all winds. On its borders are some fertile settlements. SAINT ANDREW S BAY, p. o., Washington co., Flor. : at the head of St. Andrew s bay, 86 m. W. by S. Tallahassee. SAINT ANDREW S sound, Get. : receives the waters of San- tilla r. and some small streams, and contains Dover and other islands. SAINT ANTHONY S falls, Minn. Ter. : in the Mississippi r., a little above the mouth of Minnesota r. Their dimensions, as surveyed by the officers at Fort Snelling, are from W. bank to the island, 634 feet; across the island, 2T6 feet; the E. fall, 300 feet ; total width of river, 1,210 feet. The perpen dicular fall varies from 25 to 30 feet. The fall in about 260 rods in 53 feet ; and from the foot of the rapids, a distance of several miles, about 100 feet. Father Hennepin named these falls. SAINT ANTHONY S FALLS, p. v., Kamsey co., Minn. Ter. : on the E. side of the Mississippi, 15 m. by water and S by land above St. Paul. It is laid out opposite and above the falls, and is a beautiful town site. A handsome elevated prairie, with a gentle inclination to the r. bank, and of sufficient width for several parallel streets, extends indefinitely up and down the river. In the rear of this another table-land swells up some 30 feet high, forming a beautiful and elevated plateau. The houses are mostly frame built, and among them is numbered a large and well-furnished hotel for sum mer travelers. This place has good prospects. The sup plies for Fort Gaines, etc., create considerable traffic and travel both by land and water, and the return traffic consists of furs and peltries, with other Indian contributions. Pop. in 1850, 538. SAINT ARMAND, t. and p. o., Essex county, N . Y. : 119 m. N. by W. Albany. Drained by Saranac r., and Placid lake lies partly in the town. Surface in the N. mountainous, and in the S. hilly ; soil red shale. Iron ore and copper is found in the vicinity. Pop. 200. SAINT AUEERT, p. o., Callaway co., Mo. : 22 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. SAINT AUGUSTINE, p. city, port of entry, and cap. St. John s co., Flor. : 170 m. E. by S. Tallahassee. Lat. 29 48 30" N., long. 81 35 00" W. The city is situated 2 m. back from the Atlantic on an inlet, in the rear of a small island, which protects it from the swell of the ocean, but which is low and does not obstruct the sea breezes or a view of the ocean. The inlet upon which it fronts, called Matanzas Sound, is an excellent harbor, \ m. broad, capacious and secure. The bar at its mouth at low tide has about 9 feet of water, and within, 18 or 20 feet. The site of the city is somewhat penin sular, since the sound and a river extends in its rear up into the mainland, and is low, being not over 12 feet above the level of the ocean. Its form is a parallelogram, 1 m. long and m. wide. The houses are not compactly built, and many of them have a very antiquated appearance; they are generally two stories high, with the second story pro jecting over the first, the first story of stone, stuccoed, the second story of wood. The streets are narrow, and many of them very crooked. The climate is celebrated for its mildness, and has made the city a favorite resort for invalids from the Northern States. The winter season sometimes passes without a single frost, and there are but one or two months in the year in which they ever occur. In summer, the heat of the day is tempered by the sea breezes, and the evenings are rendered cool and pleasant by the land breeze. An abundance of trees give the place a very rural appear- X4 ance. There is a flue large public square in the E. part ol the city, fronting on the sound ; on its W. side is the court house; on the N. side a splendid Catholic church, and on the S. side Trinity church, Episcopal, a neat Gothic edifice. There are two other churches and a neat market-place in front of the harbor. Here is a United States land office and the station of a surveyor-general. In the S. part of the city, fronting the Matanzas, are extensive barracks. At the N. end of the city, and commanding the harbor, stands Fort Marion, formerly the old Spanish castle of St. Mark, which was completed about a century ago. It contains a number of Spanish guns, etc., which came into possession of the United States with the fort, one of which bears the date of 1735. One newspaper, " The Ancient City," is issued weekly. The foreign commerce of St. Augustine, during the year ending June 30, 1S50, consisted in the entrance and clearance of one foreign vessel of 68 tons, having a crew of four men. During the year no vessels were built, and it has no tonnage whatever of its own. This is the oldest set tlement in the Union, having been founded in 1564 by Spaniards. The present population is about one-half com posed of Spanish, French, and citizens descend ants of other foreign countries. Since the incorporation of the State with the Union, this portion of the population has been rapidly Americanizing. Pop. in 1850, 1,934. SAINT AUGUSTINE, p. v., Fulton co., III.: on the E. side of a branch of W. fork Spoon r., 73 m. N. W. Springfield. SAINT AUGUSTINE, v., Cecil co., Md. : about the middle of the neck of land lying between Bohemia r. and Black cr., 10 m. S. of Elkton, 49 m. N. N. E. Annapolis. SAINT BERNARD parish, La. Situate S. E., and contains 562 sq. m. Drained by Bayou Cheronese and its branches. Surface level and swampy ; soil various, owing to the diver sity of the surface ; in those portions where it is not too wet for cultivation, and the tillage attended to, it is very fertile. Chief products, sugar, rice, cotton, and Indian corn. It is bounded on the E. by the Gulf of Mexico, and fur some dis tance below New Orleans includes both banks of the Mis sissippi. Farms 34; manuf. 0; dwell. 2S3, and pop. wh. 1,406, fr. col. 73, si. 2,323 total 3,802. Capital: Terre aux Bosufs. SAINT BLAS cape, Flor. : a narrow beach, bounding St. Joseph s bay on the W., 25 m. W. Apalachicola. SAINT CATHARINE S island, Ga. : lies off Newport river, between St. Catharine s sound on the N., and Sapel s sound on the S., is 10 m. long, 5 m. broad, and belongs to Liberty county. SAINT CHARLES county, Mo. Situate E., and contains 495 sq. m. Drained by branches of Missouri r., which forms the S. E. boundary ; and of Mississippi r., which flows on the N. E. Surface varied ; soil fertile, and in the level por tions very productive, and raising large quantities of tobac co, which is the chief production. It has fine prairie land, and some excellent timber. Iron ore of good quality is found, and there are some beds of coal. Farms 1,035; manuf. 33; dwell. 1,633, and pop. wh. 9,492, fr. 13, si. 1,949 total 11,454. Capital : St. Charles. Public Works : St. Louis and Northern K. E. SAINT CHARLES parish, La. Situate S. E., and contains 2S9 sq. m. Drained by Mississippi r., which passes through its N. central portion. Surface generally level ; soil fertile, particularly along the banks of the Mississippi. Chief pro ducts, sugar, rice, and Indian corn. It is bounded on the N. E. by Lake Pontchartrain, W. by Lake Allemands, and S. by Lake Washa. Farms 70; manuf. 3; dwell. 191, and po p ._wh. 867, fr. col. 121, si. 4,132 total 5,120. Capital: St. Charles. SAINT CHARLES, p. v. and sta., Kane co., III. : on the W. bank of Fox r., and on a branch of Galena and Chicago E. E.. 37 m. W. Chicago, and 160 m. N. E. Springfield. This is a thriving village, with some good mills and other manufactories. The "Kane County Democrat" is issued weekly. 745 SAI SAI SAINT CHARLES, p. o., Butler co., Ohio: 99 m. W. S. W. Columbus. SAINT CHARLES, p. o., Johnson co., N. Car. : 25 m. E. S. E. Ealeigh. SAINT CHARLES, p. o., Arkansas county, Ark. : 60 m. S. E. Little Rock. SAINT CHARLES, t., p. v., and cap. St. Charles co., Mo. : on N. bank of Missouri r., 87 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. Its site is handsome, and upon the first elevated land on the river above its mouth. The village is about 1J m. long, has 5 streets parallel with the river, and contains a court-house, stone jail, brick market-house, 3 churches, a Catholic con vent, and female academy, several steam-mills, stores, etc. St. Charles College is here located, a Methodist institution, founded in 1837, which in 1S50 had 4 professors, 20 students, 17 alumni, and 900 volumes in library. Here is a ferry across Missouri r., which is the great crossing-place between St. Louis and the N. and "W. parts of the State. The " St. Charles Chronotype" (neut.) is issued weekly. Pop. of v. about 2,000 ; of t. about 3,300. SAINT CLAIR county, Ala. Situate toward the N. E., and contains 732 sq. m. Drained by branches of Coosa river, which forms its E. boundary, the principal being Canoe and Shoal creeks. Surface undulating; soil fertile, and pro duces fine crops of wheat and Indian corn. Cotton is the staple. Farms 573 ; manuf. ; dwell. 944, and pop. wh. 5,501, fr. col. 7, si. 1.321 total 6,S29. Capitol: Ashville. SAINT CLAIR county, III. Situate toward the S.W., and contains 656 sq. m. Drained by Kaskaskia r. and its afflu ents, and by Prairie du Pont and Cahokia creeks, all tribu taries of the Mississippi, which flows on its N. "W. border. Surface undulating; in parts it is hilly and broken, and makes good pasture land ; soil fertile, and produces fine crops of wheat and Indian corn. It is well timbered. Farms 1,961 ; manuf. 62 ; dwell. 3,727, and pop. wh. 19,606, fr. col. 575 total 20,181. Capital: Belleville. SAINT CLAIR county, Mich. Situate E. of the S. Penin sula, and contains 948 sq. m. Drained by Belle. Black, and Pine rivers, and Mill cr., and bounded on the E. by St. Clair strait. Surface undulating; soil in general fertile and pro ductive. The chief crops raised are wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. Farms 492; manuf. 68; dwell. 1,816, and pop. wh. 10.396, fr. col. 24 total 10,420. Capital : St. Clair. SAINT CLAIR county, Mo. Situate toward the S. W., and contains 656 sq. m. Drained by Osage river, which passes through it centrally, and by its branches, Sac r. and Clear creek. Surface rolling and diversified ; soil very fertile, and adapted to the growth of tobacco, wheat, and Indian corn. Farms 327; manuf. 5; dwell. 531, and pop. wh. 3,107, fr. col. 1, si. 448 total 3,556. Capital : Osceola. SAINT CLAIR, t., p. v., and cap. St. Clair co., Mich. : on St. Clair r., 105 m. E. Lansing. This is a thriving t., with fertile soil, watered by Pine r., on the S. side of which, at its mouth, is the v., on the site of old Fort St. Clair. It contains a court-house, jail, churches, a branch of the State Univer sity, some steam-mills and stores. The " St. Clair Observer" (dem.) is issued weekly. It has a good harbor, and does considerable business. During the year 1S4S its expor s amounted to $71,525; imports, do., $51.044 total value of exports and imports in 1848, $122,569. The lumber business is extensive; its annual product in year ending June 1, 1850, amounted in value to $90,000. Pop. of t. in 1840, 413 ; in 1850, 1,723. SAINT GLAIR, p. v., Schuylkill co., Penn. : 44 m. N. E. Harrisburg. In the vicinity is a furnace moved by steam, with an annual capacity of 3,500 tons. It is an ext ensive mining region, and the village contains a number of dwell ings, and 2,019 inhabitants, the majority of whom are en gaged in mining. SAINT CLAIR, p. o., Hawkins co., Tenn. : 210 m. E. by N. Nashville. ST. CLAIR, t. and p. o., Columbiana county, Ohio : 129 m. E. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Little Beaver r. and its 746 branches. Surface varied; in parts level, and in general productive. The Sandy and Beaver Canal passes through the E. part of the town. Pop. 1,115. SAINT CLAIR lake, Mich. See LAKE ST. CLAIR, p. 361. SAINT CLAIR river or strait, Mich. : connects Lake Huron with Lake St. Clair. It flows nearly direct S., with a broad and deep current, for two-thirds of its course, and then di vides into six channels, by which it enters Lake St. Clair. The N. channel, bounding the main land of the State, is the only one navigated in ascending and descending the strait. The river is 40 m. long, with 35 m. of ship channel, has an average width of half a mile, depth of 50 feet, currents of 3 m. per hour, and an entire descent of 13 feet. It is an exceed ingly beautiful stream of very clear water, is easily navi gated, and is surrounded by varied and beautiful scenery. It has few islands besides those formed by its outlets. It receives several rivers from Michigan, the principal of which are Black, Pine, and Belle rivers, but none from Canada. On its banks are several flourishing villages. SAINT CLAIRSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Belmont co., Ohio: on the National Road, 108 m. E. by N. Columbus. It con tains a court-house, jail, and other public edifices, 6 church es, a market-house, stores, etc. The " Belinont Chronicle" (whig), and the Gazette and Citizen" (dem.), are issued weekly. Pop. about 1,500. SAINT CLAIRSVILLE, p. v., Bedford co., Penn. : 84 m. "W. Harrisburg. SAINT CLEMENT S BAY, p. o., St, Mary s co., Md. : at the head of an inlet so called of the Potomac r., 47 m. S. by W. Annapolis. SAINT CLOUD, p. o., East Feliciana par., La. : 27 m. N. Baton Rouge. SAINT CROIX county, Wise. Situate "W., and contains 792 sq. m. Drained by branches of St. Croix r., which runs on its N. W. border, and by other streams falling into Lake St. Croix in the W. Surface hilly and broken, and diversi fied with small lakes ; soil fertile. The greater portion of the county is unsettled, and as yet little has been done toward its cultivation. Farms 4 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 181, and pop. wh. 619, fr. col. 5 total 624. Capital : Willow River. SAINT CROIX river, Me. : constitutes the S. portion of the boundary between the United States and the British prov ince of New Brunswick. It is also sometimes called Pas- samaquoddy, Cheputnetecook, and Schoodic ; but the latter name is now generally given to the W. branch of the St. Croix, flowing from the Schoodic lakes. The St. Croix rises in Grand lake, which is connected with Cheputnete cook lake. It leaves the latter lake 54rJ m. from its mouth, at an elevation of 382^ feet above tide-water. It has several sets of falls of considerable height, which afford great water- power. At the confluence of Schoodic r., 20 m. from its mouth, it has an elevation of 166 feet above tide-water. Its total descent, in reaching sea level, is 444 feet. It is navi gable for large vessels to Calais, 12 m., where it is crossed by a bridge. SAINT CROIX lake and river, Wise. : rises in Upper St Croix lake, in La Pointe county, and there receives several large head branches, of which the principal is the Namcka- gon r. It flows S. W. until it receives Kinebek or Snake r., and thence its general course is southerly until it empties into the Mississippi at Prescot v. About 30 m. above its mouth it widens into an expanse called St. Cr.>ix lake, which is H to 3 m. wide until near its mouth. The river is navigable for steamboats about SO m., and for boats about 200 miles. SAINTFIELD, p. o., Muskingum county, Ohio: 52 m. E Columbus. SAINT FRANCIS county, Mo. Situate toward the S. E., and contains 469 sq. m. Drained by head branches of St. Francis and Big rivers. Surface hilly, and in the W. mountainous ; soil generally fertile. This is a splendid mineral region, and the county contains the celebrated Iron Mountain, and Pilot Knob; these consist of micaceous ox- SAI SAI ide of iron, the whole top being one solid sheet. The ore yields 60 per cent, of pig metal, and the quantity altogether is estimated at about 600,000,000 of tons, enough to supply the world for a century. Other minerals are found. Farms 437; manuf. 11 ; dwell. 704, and pop. wh. 4,238, fr. col. 51, si. 6SO total 4,964. Capital : Farrnington. Public Works : Iron Mountain E. E. SAINT FRANCIS county, Ark. Situate toward the E., and contains 1,011 sq. m. Drained by Cache r., and branches of St. Francis r., which runs on its E. border. Surface in general level ; soil fertile, and adapted to grain. There is some fine timber on the land. Farms 343 ; manuf. ; dwell. C43, and pop. wh. 3,770, fr. col. 2, si. 707 total 4,479. Capital: Mount Vernon. SAINT FRANCIS, p. v., St. Francis co., Ark. : on the W. side of the river so called, 90 m. E. X. E. Little Rock. SAINT FRANCIS river, Mo. and Ark. : rises in St. Francis county, Missouri, flows S., and enters Arkansas, where it re ceives Whitewater river, a large branch which rises in Missouri, and for a long distance flows nearly parallel to it. It enters the Mississippi in Philip s co., and is navigable in high water nearly 200 m. It passes through many lakes and swamps, but its waters are very clear, and abound with fine fish. SAINT FRANCISVILLE, p. v., Lawrence co., III. : on the right bank of the Wabasu r., 133 m. S. E. of Springfield. It is surrounded by a fertile and well timbered country. SAINT FRANCISVILLE, p. v., and cap. West Feliciana par., La. : on the left bank of the Mississippi river, 36 m. above Baton Eouge. A great portion of the town is built on the plain, along the river, but the greater part is on a beautiful hill, immediately back, communicating with the Mississippi by the bayou Sara, and contains many fine buildings. It is a considerable place of trade, and has .a number of extensive warehouses. The descending boats make this a stopping-place, and here also is the dep6t of a railroad run ning to W r oodville (Mississippi), by which large quantities of cotton are brought from the plantations in the interior. It contains a court-house, jail, several stores, and about 1,000 inhabitants. SAINT FRANCISVILLB, p. v., Clark county, Mo. : on the W. side of Des Moines r., 132 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. SAINT GENEVIEVE county, Mo. Situate E. toward the S., and contains 433 sq. m. Drained by Au Vase and Establish ment rivers, affluents of Mississippi river, which forms its N. E. boundary. Surface undulating; in some parts it is hilly and broken; soil generally fertile, the river bottoms being excellent land and very productive, while the uplands are more fit for pasture. It contains minerals, among which are iron and lead ores. Farms 425; manuf. 16; dwell. 814, and pop. wh. 4,636, fr. col. 61, si. 616 total 5,313. Capi tal : St. Genevieve. SAINT GENEVIEVE, p. v., and cap. St. Genevieve co., Mo. : on the right bank of the Mississippi r., opposite the island so called, 62* m. beJow St. Louis, 117 m. E. S. E. Jefferson City. It is pleasantly located on a healthy spot, and is a considerable place of business, particularly in the article of lead, considerable quantities of which, as well as iron and copper, exist in the neighborhood. The v. is built on Ga- bourie ex., a small stream, which is sometimes beatable. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, Catholic church, con vent, and female academy. The " St. Genevieve Democrat" and the " Pioneer" (dem.) are both weekly issues. The in habitants are chiefly of French origin. Below here is a prairie of great fertility, 6,000 acres in extent, fenced and well cultivated. Pop. 718. SAINT GEORGE, t, and p. o., Chittenden co., Verm. : 8 m. S. E. Burlington, 23 m. W. N. W. Montpelier. Pop. 147. SAINT GEORGE, t. and p. o., Lincoln co., Me.: 33 m. S. E. Augusta, on a peninsula formed by the Atlantic Ocean on the E. and S., and Muscongus bay on the W. Incorporated in 1803. It has excellent facilities for navigation, and em ploys considerable shipping in the lumber and coasting trade, and in the fisheries. Ship-building is carried on: in 1S49 4 vessels 657 tons, were built. Pop. in 1S40, 2,094 ; in 1S50, 2,217. SAINT GEORGE river, Me. : rises in several ponds in Waldo county, and flows S. 40 m. into Muscongus bay. The tide extends to Warren, 15 m. from the sea, to which place it is navigable. SAINT GEORGE S, hund. and p. v., New Castle co., Del. : 23 m. N. by W. Dover. Its chief trade is lumber. It has also several grist and saw mills. Area, 42,630 acres. Pop. about 3,500. SAINT GEORGE S, p. o. and sta., Colleton district, S. Car.: on the W. side of a branch of Edisto r., and on the South Carolina E. E., 13 m. N. W. Charleston, and 63 m. N. by W. Columbia. SAINT HELEN, p. v., Cedar co., Mo. : on the right bank of Sac r., 105 m. S. W. Jefferson City. SAINT HELEN, p. o., Wellington county, Oreg. Ter. : on W. bank of Columbia r., 61 m. N. by E. Salem. SAINT HELENA parish, La. Situate N. in the E. part of the State, and contains 520 sq. m. Drained by Tickfau r. and its branches in the central portion, and tributaries of Amitie r. in the W. Surface uneven and broken ; soil in general barren, and much of the co. is covered with pine timber ; along the banks of the streams there are, however, some fertile portions, producing rice, cotton, and Indian corn. Farms 273; manuf. 9; dwell. 390, and pop. wh. 2,354, fr. col. 11, si. 2,196 total 4,561. Capital : Greens- burg. SAINT HELENA, p. v., St. Helena par., La. : on the W. side of Tickfau r., 35 m. E. N. E. Baton Eouge. SAINT HELENA island, Beaufort dist., /S. Car. : lies between St. Helena sound on the N. E. and Broad r. on the S. W. SAINT HELENA sound, S. Car. : lies between Colleton and Beaufort districts, receives Combahee, Coosa, Ashepoo, and other rivers, and contains several islands. SAINT HENRY S, p. o., Mercer co., Ohio: 96 m. N. N. W. Columbus. SAINT ILLA, p. o., Ware county, Ga. : on St. Ilia, or San- tilla r., 132 m. S. S. E. Milledgeville. SAINT INIGOES, p. v. and port of entry, St. Mary s co., Md. : near a creek so called, an arm of St. Mary s river, 56 m. S. Annapolis. This is the port of entry of St. Mary s district, of which the total tonnage on 30th June, 1850. was 2,1S5 tons, enrolled and licensed, all of which was employed in the coasting trade. During the preceding year the district had neither foreign commerce nor ship-building. SAINT JACOB, p. o., Madison county, III. : 71 m. S. by W. Springfield. SAINT JAMES parish, La. Situate centrally in the E. dis trict, and contains 329 sq. m. Drained by Mississippi river, which flows through its S. portion. Surface even ; soil fer tile. Chief products, cotton and sugar. It contains Jeffer son College. Farms 145 ; manuf. 6 ; dwell. 591, and pop. wh. 3,285, fr. col. 62, si. 1,751 total 11,098. Capital: Bringiers. SAINT JOHN, p. v., Lake co., Ind. : on Thorn cr., 132 m. N. W. Indianapolis. It is situated in the centre of a Ger man Catholic settlement, 6 m. N. W. of Crown Point, where they have erected a chapel. SAINT JOHN, p. o., Dodge county, Mo. : 13S m. N. N. W. Jefferson City. SAINT JOHN, p v., Hertford co., N. Car. : on a branch of Pottocasy cr., 96 m. E. N. E. Ealeigh. SAINT JOHN BAPTIST parish, La. Situate centrally in the E. district, and contains 238 sq. m. Drained by Mississippi river, which passes through its S. W. portion. Surface diversified ; soil generally unfit for cultivation, that portion lying along the streams only being fertile; this, with culti vation, proves productive, and yields large quantities of rice, sugar, and cotton, which form the leading articles of com merce. It is bounded on the N. E. by Lake Pontchartrain. Farms 162 manuf. 14 ; dwell. 530, and pop. wh. 2,586, fr. 74T SAI SAI coL 191, si. 4,540 total T,317. Capital: Bonnet Carre Public Work* : New Orleans, Opelousas, and Texas R. E. SAINT JOHN S county, Flor. Situate N. E., and contains 869 sq. m. Drained by St. John s r. and its branches, and North r. Surface generally level ; soil very fertile in many parts, and in others being too low for cultivation. Chief productions, cotton, sugar, Indian corn, oranges, citrons, lemons, and vegetables of different kinds. On the St. John s river large quantities of live-oak are found. Farms 34; manuf. 7; dwell. 321, and pop. wh. 1,417, fr. col. 115, si. 993 total 2.525. Capital: St. Augustine. SAINT JOHN S, p. o., Auglaize county, Ohio: 75 m. N. "W. Columbus. SAINT JOHN S, U. S. collection district, Flor. : embracing St. John s r. and vicinity, had, on 30th June, 1850, a tonnage of 310 tons enrolled and licensed, permanent, and employed in the coasting trade, of which SO tons were propelled by steam, with no foreign commerce or ship-building. SAINT JOHN S river, Flor. : this large river rises in an immense marsh in Orange co. Its general course is N. and parallel with the coast until, in Duval co., it turns suddenly to the E. and empties into the Atlantic. Its entire length is about 250 m. Its width varies greatly, from 4 m. to 3, and even 5 m. In the first part of its course, 150 m. from its mouth, it flows through Lake George, 20 m. long and 6 m. wide ; and on leaving that lake receives a very large stream, its main tributary, the Ocklawaha r. At its mouth it is 1 m. wide, and has 12 feet of water on the bar. A light-house is there erected. Vessels drawing 8 feet water can navigate it as far as Lake George and Dunn s lake, as also those lakes. SAINT JOHN S river, Me. : rises by several branches in the N. part of Somerset co., one of which (the N. W.) extends into Canada. It flows N. and E. until it reaches the N. boundary of the State, and thence constitutes the boundary line until it reaches the E. boundary line, in about lat. 47 N., when it passes into the province of New Brunswick, and flows with broad stream, in irregular course, S. and E. into the Bay of Fundy. Its entire length is about 350 m. The tide flows up about 80 m., through which distance it is navigable for sloops of 50 tons. It is navigable for boats, with the exception of two short portages, nearly to its source. By the late treaty with Great Britain its navigation is free to both nations. SAINT JOHNSBURY, t,p. v., and sta., Caledonia co., Verm. : 32 m. E. N. E. Montpelier. Surface uneven ; soil fertile. Watered by Passumpsic r. and its tributaries, which afford great water-power. Chartered in 1786 ; first settled in 17SS. There are in the t 3 handsome villages. On Sleeper s r. of the Passumpsic is the noted Fairbanks scale manufactory. Here commences the Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Railroad, extending to White River Junction, 61 m. One newspaper, the " Caledonian" (dem.), is issued weekly, and the v. contains a bank capital $100,000. Pop. of L iii 1830, 1.592; in 1840, 1,887 ; in 1850, 2,758. SAINT JOHNSBURY CENTRE, p. o., Caledonia co., Verm. : on Passumpsic r., 33 m. E. N. E. Montpelier. Contains a Con gregational church, academy, etc. SAINT JOHNSBURY EAST, p. o., Caledonia county, Verm. : 34 m. E. N. E. Montpelier. SAINT JOHNSVILLE, t, p. v., and sta., Montgomery county, N. Y. : 55 m. W. N. W. Albany. Drained by East Canada and Zimmerman creeks, tributaries of the Mohawk r., which bounds it on the S. Surface varied, in parts hilly ; soil fer tile, and much grain is raised. Organized in 1S37, and has limited manufactories, several mills, etc., a forge and fur nace. The v. is on the N. bank of the Mohawk r., and on the Schenectady and Utica R. R., 47 m. from Schenectady. The Erie Canal passes along the opposite side of the r. An extensive stone quarry is located near the village. Popula tion of 1. 1,627. SAINT JOSEPH, p. v., and cap. Calhoun co., Flor. : on the bay so called, 76 m. S. W. Tallahassee. It contains a court house, jail, etc. 743 SAINT JOSEPH, t. and p. v., Berrien co., Mich. : on Lake Michigan, 109 m. S. W. Lansing. Drained by St. Joseph and Pawpaw rivers, which unite in the t. Surface various, and heavy timber, consisting of oak, whitewood, linden, beach, elm, etc., in abundance ; soil, along the banks of the streams, rich and highly cultivated. The village has a com manding site, on an elevation of some 50 or 60 feet above the harbor, at the confluence of St. Joseph river with Lake Michigan, and being eligibly located for commerce, is one of the most important places on the W. side of the penin sula. The r., at the v., is 900 feet in width, and the harbor admits vessels drawing 6} feet water. A pier and other im provements have been constructed, and 2,000 feet of wharf is built. A bridge here spans the r., and it is contemplated to connect it with Cassopolis, New Buffalo, Niles, etc., by railroad. It contains a court-house, jail, several large for warding and commission houses, mills, etc. The imports for the year 184S amounted to $672,892, and the exports $543,895, making a total of $1,216,7S7. It is a thriving place, and contains about 2,000 inhabitants, and the t. 3,000. SAINT JOSEPH, p. v., Buchanan co., Mo. : about 1 m. E. of the Missouri r., 156 m. N. W. Jefferson City. SAINT JOSEPH, p. v., Allen county, Ind. : 109 m. N. E. Indianapolis. It is a pleasant v., with 525 inhabitants. SAINT JOSEPH, p. v., and cap. Tensas par., La. : on the Mississippi river, 1S9 m. (by water) N. Baton Rouge, and 102 m. direct. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. SAINT JOSEPH S county, Ind. Situate N., and contains 437 sq. m. Drained by the St. Joseph s r. in the N. and E., and by Kankakee r. in the W. Surface level ; soil a fine deep loam, well adapted to grazing. Chief productions, wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. In the S. is some fine prairie land, and a quantity of good timber. It has good water privileges. Farms 847 ; manuf. 45 ; dwell. 1,885, and pop. wh. 10,^25, fr. col. 29 total 10,954. Capital: South Bend. Public Works : Indiana Northern R. R. SAINT JOSEPH S county, Mich. Situate S. in the S. Penin sula, and contains 530 sq. m. Drained by the St. Joseph s r. and its branches, also by Portage, Prairie, Rooky, and Pigeon rivers. Surface slightly undulating; soil exceedingly fer tile. The principal products are wheat, Indian corn, oats, and potatoes. The industry of the co. is chiefly applied to agricultural pursuits, but the manufactures are considerable. The branches of the St. Joseph s river supply good water- power. Farms 1,379 ; manuf. 82 ; dwell. 2,301, and pop. wh. 12.699. fr. col. 26 total 12,725. Capital: Centreville. Public Works : Michigan Southern R. R. SAINT JOSEPH S, p. o., Champaign co., III. : 73 m. E. by N. Springfield. SAINT JOSEPH S, p. o., Susquehanna county, Penn. : 120 m. tf. by E. Harrisburg. In its vicinity is St. Joseph s College, a Catholic institution, established in 1852. SAINT JOSEPH S bay, Flor. : 22 m.W. Appalachicola. lying within Cape St. Bias, a long and narrow sandy beach, its W. inclosure. It is 20 m. long, about 8 m. wide, with a >road entrance from the N. W., having 17 feet of water on the bar, and another deep channel near the peninsula. SAINT JOSEPH S island, in the Straits of St. Mary. 36 miles N. E. Mackinaw, 20 m. long, S m. broad, dividing the pas sage into 2 channels nearly equal in extent, etc., through the S. one of which the U. S. boundary passes. SAINT JOSEPH S river, Mich. : rises in the N. E. part of lillsdale co., flows E., and after a broad S. bend, in which it enters Indiana, it proceeds N. W. until it enters Lake Mich- gan at St. Joseph. In length and volume of water it is the second river in Michigan, being about 250 miles long in its entire course, but not more than 150 m. in direct line. It is navigable for keel boats to Lockport, 130 m. At its month s a sandbar with 6 feet of water, but within is a good har- jor, which, with a pier, easily accommodates all vessels in he lake navigation. It receives many tributaries, and affords considerable water-power. Its intervals are very rtile, and in some places heavily timbered. SAI SAI SAINT JOSEPH S river of the Maumee, Mich.: rises by several branches in Hillsdale co., and flows in S. "W. course across the N. "W. corner of Ohio, into Indiana, and joins the St. Mary s at Fort "Wayne, forming Maumee r. It affords considerable water-power. SAINT JULIAN, p. o., Linn co., la. ; 25 m. N. Iowa City. SAINT LANDKY parish, La. Situate toward the S. "W., and contains 2,296 sq. m. Drained by Teche, Eouge, Cannes, and Crocodile bayous, Vermillion river, and Cartableau river, branch of Atchafalaya, which bounds it on the E. Surface diversified, but most generally a plain, and adapted to the growth of cotton ; soil fertile. Chief products cotton and Indian corn. It contains one or two lakes. Farms 775; manuf. IS; dwell. 2,421, and pop. wh. 10,139, fr. col. 1,243, si. 10,871 total 22,253. Capital : Bayou Chicot C. II. Public Works. : New Orleans, Opelousas, and Texas R. E. SAINT LAWRENCE county, Ji. Y. Situate N. toward the E., and contains 2,717 sq. m. Drained by Grass, Eacket, St. Eegis, Oswegatchie, and Indian rivers, affluents of the St. Lawrence river, which for a considerable distance makes its N. W. boundary. These supply navigation and good water-power. Surface much diversified, but in general level ; soil fertile, in the S. E. it is adapted to grazing, the land being mountainous. Chief products wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. Lead and iron ore is found extensively, and marble of excellent quality. It has many lakes, which add a beauty to the scenery of the surrounding country. Farms 6,124; manuf. 456; dwell. 11,704, and pop. wh. 6S,57S, fr. col. 36 total 68,614. Capital: Canton. Public Works: Northern (Ogdensburg) If. E. ; "Watertown and Northern Junction E. E. ; Utica and French Creek E. E. ; Amsterdam and Potsdam E. E. SAINT LAWKENCE, p. v., Chatham co., N. Car. : on N. side of Eock r., 45 m. W. Ealeigh. SAINT LAWKENCE, p. o., Jefferson county, N. Y. : 145 m. N. W. Albany. SAINT LAWRENCE river, United States and Canada : this very large and important river is the outlet of Lake Ontario, and of the other great lakes, Erie, Huron, Michigan, and Superior, and is the main artery to the heart of the Amer ican continent. Its length from Lake Ontario to the W. end of the island of Anticosti is about 660 miles, and to the Gulf of St. Lawrence about 750 miles. The continued navigation afforded by its connection with the lakes is over 2,000 miles. It forms the boundary between the United States and Canada until it arrives 1 m. N. of the 45th degree of N. lat. Its breadth varies, but has on the whole an increase in its descent, especially below Quebec, until at the "W.end of An ticosti island it is about 100 miles wide. It is navigable to Quebec (420 m. from the Gulf of St. Lawrence) for ships of the line, and for ships of 600 tons to Montreal. From Quebec to Montreal it has an average breadth of 2 m. The distance from Montreal to Lake Ontario is about 200 miles. This river is the natural course for direct commerce from the N. portion of North America with Europe. It runs almost upon a line of the great circle of the globe, upon which is placed the largest population of the world, that of Europe and Asia, and the great food-producing region of America ; and hence upon this line is the shortest possible distance between the great centres of Asiatic, European, and the future American population. The approximative sailing distances from the principal rivals in the western trade of North America to Liverpool are : From Quebec, by the Straits of Bellisle and North of Ireland 8,000 " bySt.Paul 8 3,300 " New York 3^475 " New Orleans 5,300 The population of the St. Lawrence valley in 1S50, includ ing Canada, was at least 4,000,000. The natural amount of commerce on this river is now greatly lessened by the re strictions imposed by Great Britain. SAINT LEGER, p. o., Ozark co., Mo. : 128 m. S. Jefferson City. SAINT LEONARD S, p. v., Calvert co., Md. : between the creek so called and Chesapeake bay, 34 m. 8. Annapolis. SAINT Louis county, Mo. Situate E., and contains 5S5 sq. m. Drained by Maramec r. and other tributaries of the Mississippi, which forms its E. boundary, and by branches of Missouri r., which runs on its "W". border. Surface undu lating; soil fertile, and consists of a fine deep mold, with sand and clay intermixed. Farms 1,294; manuf. 1,409; dwell. 13,430, and pop. wh. 97,577, fr. col. 1,434, si. 5,967 total 104,978. Capital : St. Louis. Public Works : Pacific E. E. ; St. Louis and Northern E. E. ; Iron Mountain E. E. SAINT Louis, p. city, port of entry, and cap. St. Louis co., Mo. : on the W. bank of the Mississippi r., on the first bluff, 20 m. S. of the confluence of the Missouri r., and in lat. 38 37 28" N., and long. 90 15 16" W. The distances by river course from New Orleans are 1,210 m. ; from the falls of St Anthony, 863 m.; from St. Paul, 822 m.; from Galena, 895 m. ; from Alton, 22 m. ; from Pittsburg, 1,189 m. ; from Cincin nati, 705 m. ; from Louisville and Jeffersonville, 564 m. ; from mouth of Ohio r., 170 m. ; from Council Bluffs, 687 m. ; from Fort Leavenworth, 413 m.; from Independence, 371 m. ; and from Jefferson City, 157 m. It is the great commercial dep6t of the Upper Mississippi, the Ohio, and the Missouri, and their numerous tributaries, furnishing connected water ways of upward of 8,000 m., and passing through countries rich beyond description in mineral, vegetable, forest, and animal products, and requiring for the support of their ill- habitants a vast amount of manufactures and productions of foreign countries and the sea-board States. Next to New Orleans, it is the principal port on the Mississippi, and among western cities, is second only to Cincinnati in pop ulation and wealth. St. Louis occupies the geographical centre of the Missis sippi Valley. Its advantages, as a commercial dep6t, can not be excelled, and the resources of its immediate vicinity in Missouri are immense. In a circuit of less than 90 m. from the city, iron, coal, lead, and probably copper, are suffi ciently abundant to supply the Union for indefinite ages, and of this region St. Louis is the only outlet. Capital alone is wanted to develop these wonderful riches. Nor is this all ; the country around is a magnificent agricultural district, yielding abundantly of all the staples of the latitude, and at this point the hunter, the miner, and overland emigrant, take in their supplies before setting out on their various adventures. The locality was first settled in 1764. The site is elevated many feet above the flood-marks of the Mississippi, and is favored in this respect in salubrity. It rises from the river by two plateaux; the first, the alluvial bottom, is 20 feet above the highest flood, and the second, a limestone bank, to the level of the back country, is 40 feet higher than the first, extending away to the horizon. The ascent from the river to the first plain is rather abrupt, but to the upper ter race it is more gradual, and from its highest elevation com mands a grand prospect of the lower city, and the country on every side. As originally planned, the city occupied only the first terrace, and consisted of three narrow streets, parallel with the river, but after its growth commenced, which was sub sequent to its coming into the possession of the Americans, it soon expanded its limits, and encroached upon the pla teau above. The streets in the newer portion are wide, and laid out at right angles. To the north and south of the city, which itself extends some two miles along the river, exten sive suburbs have been laid out on the same plan. The city reaches back nearly three miles. Front Street, on the river bank, is built up of substantial stone warehouses, which have an imposing appearance, and are generally appropriated to heavy businesses. The street immediately behind this is the principal seat of the wholesale dry goods business, although this and the grocery business are not 749 SAI confined altogether to these localities. The city is generally Well built of brick chiefly, and sometimes of stone, the lime stone of the neighborhood furnishing abundance of material* Many of the residences, hotels, etc., are magnificent and costly structures, and in the new city the private dwellings are mostly surrounded by garden plots and ornamental shrubbery. The whole area of the city covers about 36 sq. m., about one-tenth of which is thickly built upon. The principal public buildings are those appropriated to the county business, as the court-house, jail, and offices ; the municipal buildings, as the City Hall, courts, markets, etc. ; the churches, literary institutions, schools, and chariN able foundations. The Court-house is an elegant building, situate on a public square, near the centre of the city. The City Hall, the basement of which is used as a market, is en a square at the foot of Market Street, and is a splendid brick edifice. Among the churches, the Roman Catholic cathedral is the largest and most costly : it is 186 feet long, by 53 feet wide, with a massive Doric portico in front, and its steeple contains a chime of bells, the largest of which weighs 2,600 pounds. Many of the churches of other denominations are remarkable for chaste and beautiful design. The annexed, an abstract of the late census, are the de- finite statistics of the churches of the city : Churches. No. Seats. Value. R. Cathol. 12. 10,862. $584,300 Methodist 12. 8,300. 171,000 Presb 8. 5,900. 200,000 Lutheran. 6. 3,300. 44,500 Episcopal 5. 2,750. 136,000 Churches. No. Seats. Value, Unitarian .2. .2,100.. $70,000 E v angel. . . 2 . . 600 ,. 4,700 Baptist 2 . .1,600.. 83,000 Boatman s. 1.. 500.. 15,000 Jews 2.. 470.. 7,000 making a total of 49 churches, containing 35,712 seats, and Yalued at $1,213,500. The Roman Catholic population is much more numerous than is indicated by the number of seats in the churches, as a very large portion of that de nomination worship in the aisles and vestibules, and an average of three several congregations assemble at each church at the different hours at the several masses on Sun day morning. St Louis Is the see of the Catholic archdiocese of the same name, and also of the Protestant Episcopal diocese of Missouri. Among the charitable institutions the most conspicuous are the Protestant and Catholic Orphan Asylums the first under the direction of Protestant ladies, and the latter of the Sisters of Charity. There are also hospitals, dispensaries, and other charities, for the medical care of the destitute. Literary institutions are numerous. The University of St Louis is some 3 or 4 miles north from the city, but for the accommodation of the medical department, there are appropriate buildings within its limits. The University was founded in 1832, and has 17 professors ; and in 1850, had 160 students, and a library of 12,000 volumes ; and at the same period the medical department had 7 professors and 107 students. The Western Academy of Sciences is estab lished here, and has a fine museum ; and besides this there is a museum of Indian antiquities, etc. According to the census of 1850, there were within the city 44 common schools, with 2,847 pupils; 15 private schools, with 2,378 pupils; 9 Roman Catholic schools, with 1,356 pupils ; a Catholic col lege, with 250 pupils : two medical schools, with 14 profes sors, and 262 students. St. Louis is also the site of a United States arsenal, and a few miles below the city are Jefferson Barracks, with accommodations for a garrison of 700 men. The office of the Land District of St. Louis is located here, and also the office of the surveyor-general. The city is supplied with water from the river, which is raised by a steam-engine into a reservoir upon the summit of an ancient mound, and is thence distributed through iron pipes. The streets and public buildings are generally lighted with gas, which is supplied by a company. The public press of St. Louis consists of 7 daily, 3 tri weekly, 1 semi-weekly, and 13 weekly newspapers, and 6 monthly periodicals. The "St. Louis Times" is issued in 750 SAI daily, tri-weekly, and weekly editions; the "St. L. Intelli gencer," daily and weekly ; the " Organ and Reveille," daily and weekly ; the " St. L. Republican," daily, tri-weekly, and weekly ; the " St. L. Union," daily, tri-weekly, and weekly; Die Wochentliche Anseiger des Westens," daily; -Lie Woehlentliche Deut&ches Tribune," daily ; the St. L. Price Current," the Union Banner," the "American Banner," the "Shepherd of the Valley," the "Unfere Beit," the " Western Watchman," and the " St. L. Presbyterian," are issued weekly ; and the Valley Farmer," the " St. L. Probe," the " Insurance Reporter," the " Western Journal," the " Bank Note Detector," and the " Signet," are issued monthly. As a general thing, the press of St. Louis is con* ducted with a high standard of talent, and occupies a first rank in the great department of journalism. Many of its issues have a wide circulation. The growth of St Louis, within the past 20 years, has been wonderfully rapid, and each great interest has kept pace with the whole. It is not alone in commerce that St. Louis is a great city, but in manufactures, the arte, and all other departments of industrial economy. Improvement has gone hand in hand with her general prosperity, and the old shanty of the settler has given place to the substantial dwell ing of the resident. In every thing the change has been great, and a city of grand proportions, with all the elements of future success, has gained a footing where so lately a scattered village, depending on Indian trade and the trap per for support, alone existed. The census of 1850 gave St. Louis a population of 77,860, of which 73,842 were white 42,384 males, and 31,458 fe males; 1,362 were free colored persons 725 males, and 637 females, and 2,656 were slaves. These numbers constituted 13,161 families, and occupied 9.662 separate dwellings. The population; in 1830, was 4,377; in 1840, 16,469 increase 230.9 per cent ; and in 1850, 77,680 increase 172.7 per cent.* The population of the city includes 23,774 Germans, 11,257 Irish, 2,933 English, and 2,450 natives of other countries, mak ing an aggregate of 40,114 natives of foreign countries, leav ing 37,051 for natives of the United States. This presents even a greater disparity between the native and immigrant population that has been supposed to have existed. The im migrants, however, constitute one of the principal sources of the wealth and prosperity of the city. They have added mil lions to the value of its real estite, immensely increased the aggregate of the annual returns of its productive industry, and created an important market for the productions of the soil and the wares of the mechanic and the merchant The whole number of manufacturing establishments in operation on the 1st June, 1850, and producing to the value of $500 and upward, annually, was 1,308, in which was in vested a capital of $4,377,711 ; and these employed 7,321 males, and 1.130 females. The annual product of this branch of industry amounted to $15,400,340. The following table, showing the number of each kind of business, the capital invested, etc., is compiled from the census of the year specified : r, n > i Hands employed. Annual Busmen. Capital. Ma , e9 _ ^ Pro(jucti 104 Carpenters $150,265.. 557.. ..$1,171,580 9 Stone-cutters 28,100 . . 90 . . . . 122,700- 7 Shirt manufacturers .... 4=3,000. . . . 268. . 43,000 106 Tailors 205,500. .680. .181 . . 650,550 14 Hatters 26.700.. 72.. 16.. 85,150 8 Carriage-makers 56,600 . . 138 . . . . 130,000 9 Iron foundries 389,000. .545. . . . 569,000 2 Brass foundries 17,000. . 22. . . . 25,000 71 Blacksmiths 72,430. .326. . . . 303,130 16 Breweries 197,550. . 81. . . . 285,925 50 Cabinet-makers 72,760. .195. . . . 132,800 * A census taken under the State authorities m 1MS-2, gave the popu lation of the city at 94,81ft, and of the county at 2 ^.cm-total, 123,863, of which 118,385 were white persons, 1,341 free persons cf color, and 4,069 slaves. The census of white persons in the city gives 51,251 males and 40,791 females. SAI SAI Hands employed Business. Capital. Males. Kern. 85 Tinners & coppersmiths. 129,300. .151 . . . . 1 Type founder 10 Chandlers and lard oil ) melters ) 8 Tent and awning makers 7 Rope-makers 50 Bakers . > . > 110 Boot and shoe makers . . ip K: 51,800.. 10.. 10.. )..126..100., 1,709.. 10.. 70,230.. 97.. 62,250.. 122.. 73.975.. 272. 22. 5 Gunsmiths 4,800.. 14.. . 1 Fire-safe maker 700. . 7. . . 28 Painters and glaziers . . . 67,130. .170. . . 7 Book-binders 7,300 . . 27 . . . 8 Plane-makers 5,300. . 15. . . 8 Trunk-makers 7,700. . 86. . . 7 Locksmiths 3,710. . 13. . . 1 Chair manufactory 1,500. . 5. . . 6 Plumbers 12,500.. 30.. . 5 Tobacco manufactories. . 23,000. . 66. . . 8 Spirit gas distilleries .... 20,500 . . 7 . . . 2 Drug and chem. factories 21,000 . . 16 . . . 1 Flouring-mill 600.. 2.. . 1 Shot factory 40,000. . 25. . . 1 Bucket factory 4,000. . 10. . . 9 Tanneries 70,200. . 78. . 4. 9 Saw-mills 115,000 .. 103 .. . 22 Milk dairies 12,830. . 25. . . 10 Upholsterers 49,960. . 46. .112. . 146,000.. 160.. 16,000.. 91.. 6,700.. 28.. 600.. 2,330.. 2,500.. 20,180.. .)> . <>., 24 Saddlers 83,916.. 178.. 6 Turners. 2,330. . 8. . 2 Venetian blind makers . . 4,000 . . 5 . . 5 Wire- workers 16,800 . . 15 .. 1 Gold-pen maker 1,000.. 1.. 19 Flour-mills 439,500 . . 181 . . 2 Planing-mills 47,000. . 35. . 3 Patent medi nemanuf s. 14,000 8.. 53 Coopers 32,485. .248. . 2 Glass factories 50,000 . . 70 .. 3 Sugar refineries 177,000 . . 211 . . 2 White lead, castor and linseed oil factory 4 Soda-watermanufacto s. 10 Confectioners 1 Whip-maker 4 Lime-kilns 1 Cork manufactory 38 Cigar-makers 2 Rectifiers 4,000 5 Machinists 30,100. .100. . 3 Starch factories 25,000 . . 17 . . 44 Brick-yards 89,000 . . 619 . . 6 Sausage-makers 505 . . 6 . . 1 Cotton-yarn factory 70.000.. 40.. 80 13 Bricklayers 16,500. .104. . 2 Organ builders 3,500.. 8.. 6 Cap-makers 6.160. 2 Jewelers 2,100. 3 Bandbox-makers 420. 3 Match factories 5,500 . 49 Butchers $49,920. .111 . . . 1 Gas company 220,000. . 40. . , 1 Cotton batting factory .. 32,000.. 35.. , 1 Fife and Waterproof i roof manufactory . . . j 9l00 v 10 ^ 1 Spice-mill 14,000. . 12. . ILead pipe and sheet* lead factory i 85 000 -- 2 Brush-makers 2,500. . 20. . . 2 Mustard factories 1.900 . . 3 . . . 1 Basket-maker 400.. 2.. . 1 Umbrella-maker 4,000.. 3.. 2. 7 Milliners 4,300.. 1..48. 11.. 4. 7., 39. 2 Oil cloth manufactories . 8,000. . 80. . 287,328 150,000 498,950 6,BOC 215,000 276,640 402,900 10,360 7,000 217,000 55,300 4S,000 74.500 12,638 3,500 65,000 67,000 63,000 45,000 8,600 375.000 6.000 223,900 248,000 33,640 122,800 260,850 12,800 6,500 26,000 2,000 2,367,750 96,000 96,000 288,822 64,000 1,213,600 600,000 60,500 57,500 4.800 21,200 8.700 80,270 28,006 98,000 165,000 801,470 9,600 170,000 104,750 9,200 11,900 5,000 8,700 16.800 $349,650 43,000 73,000 13,500 50,000 75,000 14.500 2,100 2,160 7,500 29,500 30,000 Business, 2 Saw factories Capital."^ 16500. ids? employed, ales. Fern. 16 . 3 Vinegar factories 2 Bellows-makers 1,450.. 1.500 . . 7.. .. 3 . .. 8 Pork houses 1 Woolen factory < . 239,800.. 20 000 23.. .. 15 10 82 Wa^on-makers 27 275 1 1 Boat (yawl) builder 2 Distillers 4 Piano-makers . 150.. 89,000,. 5500 1.. .. 37.. .. 4 1 Comb-maker 600.. 1 2 Nailors 300 3 1 Mill-stone factory ...... 6 Da<merreans 10,000.. 8000 10.. .. 8 2 Mathematical instru- | ment makers f 2 Edge-tool makers 1 Block and pump maker. 2 Saddle-tree makers 1 Ship (steamboat) yard . . 2,000.. 3,500.. 8,000.. 3,500.. 125.000.. 2.. .. 15.. .. 17.. .. 34.. .. 85.. .. Annual Product. 34,000 12,500 32,000 799,522 45,000 146,585 750 82,000 8,000 1,000 2,000 10,000 18,000 7,600 8,500 9,000 15,000 150,000 Total $4,377,711 7,321 1,130 $15,400,340 St. Louis must, at no distant day, become important as a manufacturing city. The heaviest business, as shown above in this department, is that of iron-ware. The State boasts of her mountains of ore, and the coal region is at the im mediate doors of the city. Within a few years past, the articles made of iron have multiplied beyond any expecta tion; railing, fencing for agricultural use, window-sashes, door-fronts, columns, caps, telegraph-wire, and water-pipe, are only a few of the uses to which iron has lately been applied; and already speculation begins to whisper about entire buildings being constructed, and entire streets paved with it. The shops of St. Louis already compete with the best artisans elsewhere, for the manufacture of steam-engines, and of every species of machinery. A connection with Pilot Knob, and Iron Mountain, by railway, will obviate at once the difficulties of transportation, by placing the ore at the furnace, cheaply and expeditiously, and thus bring into general use this great metal. Missouri contains, then, within her own bosom, an element of wealth that has not yet been brought into requisition, and which is destined, at no distant day, to give a strong and vigorous pulsation to her growth in wealth. Besides this, lead and copper ore are abundant, exhaustless, and second in quality to the yield of no other region. The contiguity of these minerals to St. Louis, ren der the mines of far more value than those of Lake Superior, and will bring a better return for capital than the invest ments made in the mines of that region. If St. Louis, during the ten years preceding 1S50, increased from a fraction over 16,000 to nearly 80.000 without the im pulse of railroads, and notwithstanding many drawbacks, what must be her progress, and what her population during the decade next succeeding, when, independent of other causes of increase, the city will have more railroads concen trating within her limits, than Boston now has. To say that it will have half a million of inhabitants, and be the third city in the Union in size, would be only relying upon what the past m<l present is proving, and what the future indicates un erringly. It has hitherto duplicated its population every four i ears, and hence the reader may easily calculate the result at the period alluded to. The people of St. Louis and of the State have decided for themselves what shall be their destiny. They have entered pon measures of public improvement, the vastness of which is only equaled by the wisdom that has planned them; and such is the solid wealth, credit, and fixed purpose of the people, that they will certainly carry out what they have gun, and push on to completion the great railroads the Pacific, the Hannibal and St. Joseph, the St. Louis and Northern Missouri, and others in various directions. Knowing its own resources, St. Louis views with no jealous 751 SAI SAI eye, the efforts made in Illinois and elsewhere, to "carry out railroad enterprises, such as the Central K. E. from Galena and Chicago to Cairo, and the various cross lines that are being extended from the lakes to the Mississippi the latter, profitable as they may be to the parties interested, will yet mainly benefit St. Louis, by converting the thinly inhabited country through which they pass into populous and 1 flourish ing districts, whose people will resort to her to exchange their products for her manufactures, and the various supplies which now reach her from the West Indies, from the south and the east ; while the Central Railroad, by developing a still greater region, comparatively unimproved, and sparsely The commercial importance of the city is more readily made visible by a view of its shipping trade. Below will be found statements showing the arrivals, tonnage, etc., of steamboats and barges in the years 1847, 48, 49, 50, 51, and 52 respectively : Arrivals from 1847. 1848. 1849, 1850. 1851. 1852, New Orleans 502 426 813 803 800 330 Ohio River 430 429 401 493 401 520 Illinois River 653. . . .690. . . .686. . . .788. . . .634. . . .858 Upper Mississippi. 717. . . .697. . . .806. . ..635. . . .639. . . .705 Missouri River 314 327 855 390 301. . . .317 Cumberland ... 43 30 create and open to the trade of St. Louis a populous belt of country in front and to the right and left, the main road through which will be reached in less than two hours time, by the cross lines to the east. By virtue of railroad connections, St Louis will thus be made the immediate centre of commerce and manufacture of 1,500,000 people in Illinois and Missouri, while in ten years its own people, in all probability, will approach half a million, and itself be the acknowledged exchange mart of 4,000,000 people. The receipts at St. Louis of principal articles of produce for the years 1849, 50, 51, and 52, were as follows : Articles. 1849. 1860. 1851. 1852. Wheat bush SSI 428 927 346 1,700 708 1 591 8S6 Cairo 146. . . .194. . . .122. . . . 75. .. .119. . . .223 Other ports 202. . . .396. . . .217. . . .215. . . .175. . . .201 Total 2,969. . 3,159. .2,975. . 3,239. . 2,612. . 3,174 Tonnage... .. 633,892681,252.. .. Keel boats. .. .. 166.. 115.. .. The imports from foreign countries, according to the U. 8. Treasury Reports in 1850, were valued at $359,643. Ton nage owned in the district 28,907 tons, all of the class enrolled and licensed, and of which 24,956 tons were navigated by steam, rive steamers (1,854 tons) had been built during the year. The following is a statement of the principal transactions at the custom-house in the years 1851 and 1852 : Flour, per riv., bis 301,933 298,231) 193892 130339 " "wagon" 82,352) Corn sacks 142,182 484,014 1,840,900 344,720 Oats " 126,835 348.716 794,421 323,081 Barley " 44,613 34,744 101,674 47.264 Pork bbls 113,909 101,562 103,013 66.306 1852. 1851, The foreign value of goods, wares, and merchandise, imported into St. Louis from foreign countries, and entered for consumption at this port in 1852 $954 956 00 $757 509 00 " tierces 1,873 15,793 2 704 Salt. ...sacks 289,580 261,230 216.933 266616 " bbls 22,557 19,158 46,250 42,281 Dec., ult. 11 566 00 8 261 89 Hemp bales 45,227 60,862 65,336 49,122 Lead pigs 591,851 573,502 503,571 409,314 Tobacco ....hhds 9,664 9,055 10,371 14,053 " ....boxes 8,380 12,388 The foreign value of merchandise entered at other ports for trans portation hither, but not yet re ceived, estimated 72 951 00 107 902 00 Beef .. bbls 14,837 6049 8 S72 11165 Total $1,039,473 00 $873,672 89 " . . . tierces 8,121 2,586 5 640 6 546 Dry Hides.... No. 68,395 94,228 99,736 42,201 Nails kegs 57,862 97,148 Whisky bbls 28 471 25 959 47 991 46 446 Of the above-mentioned goods, wares, and merchandise, enter ed for consumption in 1852, the Sugar hhds 22,814 25,796 29,276 35 283 imports were from the following " . ...bbls 8,000 5,034 ) countries: From England, the " boxes S^ lS*f S ^ 2 672 foreign value of which was $431,343 00 $406,113 00 France 75 258 00 38 404 00 " bags 31,745 Coffee . sacks 58 702 73 678 101 904 96 240 Germany and Holland 22,695 00 23,239 00 Spain and Dependencies 262 886 00 2 9 770 00 Molasses bbls 31,217 29.518 40,251 54,935 Brazil 93,08600 68,98300 Lard " 64 615 61 52o i 52,208 42,515 Manilla (E. I.) 62 963 00 " tierces 11.041 17,925 5 Other countries 6,705 00 Bacon tierces 2,195 7,087 ) -. p^ M -M no- Total $954 946 00 $757 509 00 ca<ks 21,764 23,248 f ^ ^ Bacon. .. bbls 1,646 3019J The general descriptions of mer boxes 2,263 1,330 f ^ ^ " pieces 46,978 6,629 18,809 " ibs 32,496 chandise imported and entered for consumption are, viz. : sugar and molasses, foreign cost $413,172 00 $289,753 00 Hardware cutlery, etc. 118 276 00 133,401 00 " Bag dllams 2,893 Railroad iron 132 894 00 100,211 00 Bulk Pork .. casks 1.096 Earthen and glassware 80 729 00 98,786 00 "... boxes 100 " " ..pieces 301,381 " " lbsl2,5S9,360 1,481,747 Lumber feet 24 188 651 14 676 099 Tin-plate, tin, iron, copper, etc... 59,826 00 81,482 00 Dry goods and fancy goods 110,814 00 24.2S7 00 Brandies,wines, gins, cordials, etc. 82,98500 24.71206 Burr stones 520 00 2,257 00 Drugs and medicines 756 00 2,618 00 Cigars 5 733 00 Bagging ..pieces 2,746 3.650 Total $954 946 00 $757,509 00 Bale Eope... coils 34,088 42121 752 SAI SAI 1352. 1851. Amounts of duties on imports col- lectec [ $290.168 85 $239.318 CS resent time can not prove altogether without interest. Many wealthy citizens of the old times have now, from ome cause or other, dwindled into poverty, and many )thers who a few years since did not own a foot of real es- ate, have become millionaires to-day. The contrast, if in ome cases painful, is at all events curious. Only those tax- >ayers whose representatives, or who themselves are still iving, are noticed in the following list. Of the 429 tax-pay ers that there were at that time, the names of only the prin cipal 85 are given. Basseroa, Charles $6.225 M Guire, Thomas $1,910 Berthold, Bartholomew 7,600 M Knight & Brady 8,300 Bates Edw d 1000 O Fnllnn. John. . .. 2.450 Hospital moneys 3.129 89 2,941 03 Total amount collected in 1S52 $29:3,298 74 $243,259 71 Amount expended in 1852 for re lief of sick and distressed sea men $3.162 01 $5.441 44 Tonnage on steam vessels rema ing on 31st Dec., 1852...... St. Louis is divided into six mayor, aldermen, and commoi nary State courts, it has also pleas, with jurisdiction very s criminal court, a court of prol These are local courts, exerci county, and the recorder s jur offenses within the city limits. tion of the old and new limits ( with the tax which each ward VALUATION "Wards, Old Limits. First Ward $501 ,794 . n- 36,372 00 wards, and is governed by a i council. Besides the ordi- a separate court of common milar to the circuit court, a >ate, and a recorder s court, sing jurisdiction only in the isdiction is confined to small The following is the valua- )f each ward in 1851, together paid in that year. IN 1851. New Limits. Total. .. $3,267,934.... $3,769,728 834,265.... 1,486,286 . . 2,519,801 .... 8,783,505 .. 1,952,429.... 8,332,154 ... 1,287,420.... 4,207,518 .. 4,79: ,021.... 5,152,013 Bobb, John 2,800 Papin, Alexander 3,715 Provencher, J. L 1,500 Provencher, Peter 1,215 Prim, John 1,200 3enoist, Toussain and Seraphim 1,200 Chensa. Antoine 9,175 Clark, Gov. William.. . 9,930 Chambers, William... 1,200 Chouteau, Sr. Pierre.. 13,025 Chouteau, Sr. Auguste 9,105 Duchoquette, Bapliste. 3,500 Duchoquette, Francois 1,245 Duncan, Robert 1,865 Paul, Rene 4,680 Paul, Gabriel, 4,850 Papin, Hypt. and Sylv. 5,985 Papin, Theodore 2,000 Phillibert, Joseph 4,055 Paul & Ingram 20 000 Second Ward 652,021 . Third Ward 6.2(53.644. Pratte, B. and Jos 11,800 Price Risdon H 8 800 Everheart, George 720 English, Elkanah 1,020 Essex & Hough 3,600 Forsyth, Thomas 2,215 Farren & Walker, Drs. 1,700 Farrar, Barnard G 3,700 Furonson, Peter 1 925 Fourth Ward 6,379,725 . Fifth Ward 2,920,098. Sixth Ward 361,992. Phillipsen, Jos 11,000 Pratte, Bernard 10,165 Quarlas, Robert 8,000 Total $17,079,274 TAXES I Wards. Old Limits. First Ward $5,696 . . Second Ward 40 6S1 $14,651,930 $31,731,204 NT 1851. New Limits. Total. Reed, Jesse 4,000 Rector, Wm . . . 10,900 Rankin, Robert 800 Roubidox, Jas. and F . 9,055 Reed, Jacob, est 1,500 Rector, Eli as . . 1,365 Finney, John 240 9 ogg 49 ggf Geyer, Henry S 4,330 Third Ward 63,999 . . Fourth Ward 70,404 . . Fifth Ward 32,324.. Sixth Ward 4,026.. 21,654 90,653 27,790 98,194 Gratoist, Charles 8,300 Gamble, Archibald. . . . 2.500 Giddings, Salmon 1,200 Hunt, Wilson P 600 Hawkin, Jacob 530 Hanley Thomas . 8,530 Riddock, Thomas F.. . 7,070 Reynard, Hyacinth 7,570 Sullivan, William 2,435 15,044 47,368 53,988 58,014 Total $222,130 A list embracing the name property within the city limits has been compiled from the will misconceive the sense of 1 every name indicate, not the j estate, nor the total of their v property within the city limit assessor : Allen, Thomas $374,6^0 Ashley, Elizabeth... 121,300 Benoist, Louis A 200,000 Berthold, B. est 101,600 Biddle John 115 700 $164,458 $386,588 s of those citizens who own exceeding $100,000 in value assessment books. No one he list. The figures opposite issessed value of all their real wealth, but the value of their 3 only, as affixed by the city Smith, William, est.. . . 5,500 Scott Moses 1,012 Hunt Theodore 1 200 Hammond, Samuel... 7,900 Kennerly, James. 6,125 Kennerly, Jas. & Geo.. 8,000 Kerr, Bell & Co 20,000 Kerr Matthew S 600 Smith, Oliver C 2,712 Simpson Robert 4.200 Sarpy, John B 6,870 Sanguinette, Marianne 6,415 Stokes & Ashlev 4 000 Lisa s est. 10,065 Scott, Alexander 2,500 Thornton. John 50 Tisson, Louis H 800 Labadie, Maria Antoin ette est 5,000 Lindell, J. & Co., com posed of P., J.,&J.L. 5,050 Labeaume, Louis, est.. 300 Laveille, Francois 415 Long, Gabriel 2,000 Lakenan, James 1.720 Lee, Mary Ann 1,720 Lane, William Carr. . . 1,000 Labbadie, Joseph L. . . 1,525 Landreville, Andre. . . . 7,875 Lecompte, Margaret. . . 9,305 Lucas, John, B. C 10,000 Mullanphy, John. . . 8,100 Tesson, Michael 9,862 Lindell. Jesse G.... 102,700 Lindell, Peter 420,000 Lindell, P. and J. G. 148,400 Lucas, James II 452,000 Lucas & Hunt 593,000 Town & Dent . . . 2,000 Tracy & Wahrendorff. . 3,570 Vonphul Henry 5.460 Bogy, L. V 191,000 Valois, Francois 3,615 Wiggins, Samuel 1,200 Whetmore, Alphonzo. 1,387 White, Isaac W 412 Eoyce, Octavia. 310,000 Brant, , I. B 312,600 Carr, Wm. C. 128 000 Mullanphy, Bryan.. 291.000 O Falton, Col. John. 328,300 Page, D. D 427500 Chamber, Charles... 125,000 Choutcau, P., Jr 290,000 Chouteau, Henry 185,500 Clemens. James, Jr. 342,000 Deaver, Larkin est. . 115,300 Ewing, Benoist, et al 118,000 Finney. J. and W.. . 163,600 Gaty, McCune & Co. 171,000 Gay, J. II 115,800 Graham, Richard . . . 200,000 Besides the above, there ar is severally valued from 20,00 The thirty years since 1820 the wealth and general cirei exhibit of the assessment of White, Joseph 800 Wolford. Ann 2,115 Pratte, Bernard 118,200 Rankin, Robert, est. 155,700 Shaw, Henry 204.100 Stickney& Scollay.. 132,000 Tyler, Robert 337,000 Waddingham, Wm. 110,600 Walker, Isaac 307,500 Walker, David C 2,345 Wilier & Page 1 150 Wherry, Mackay. 1,085 Wash, Robert 3,975 Mackav James 1 500 Moore, James 1,280 M Nair, Alexander. . . . 6,400 For the year 1S21 the total ated within the town limits a Louis at that period containe there were but sixty stores ii of slaves was 316. The history of St. Louis is 15th February, 1764, La Cled Yoste, Theaste 4,790 taxes levied on property sitn- nd precincts, is $3,823 80. St. d only some 367 buildings, and i the town. The total number one of great interest. On the e and his party landed at the 753 Walsh, J. and E 166.500 Wood, James 107,000 e 273 persons whose property to 99,000 dollars, have effected vast changes in imstanccs of St. Louis, and an hat day along with one of th Y4 SAI SAI spot now occupied by the city, and proceeded to draw the town limits, which he named St. Louis, in honor of Louis XV. of France, a town which subsequently became the capital of Upper Louisiana, and which is now the commercial capital of Missouri. For long years after this period, the beasts of the forest afforded nourishment to the settlers, and rude huts on the ground and scaffolding in the trees shelter and protection to the daring people who first exposed the bosom of the soil to the genial influences of social industry. From the time of its establishment up to the year 1768, St. Louis had grown apace, and every thing connected with its position and prospects warranted the anticipation of a peaceful existence under a mild and patriarchal form of government. In the mean time, however, the fact of the cession of Louisiana to Spain became known, and disturb ance at once interrupted the tranquillity of the settlers, who rebelled against the change of masters. The inhabitants clung closely to their loved government of France, and it was not until 1768 that St. Louis was occupied by Spanish troops. From this period, the settlements made but little progress. Upon the transfer of the country from Spain to the^United States in 1803, the immigration of the Anglo- Americans commenced, and the population slowly but steadily augmented in numbers. On the 26th March, 1804, the country was constituted a District of the United States, under the name of the District of Louisiana, and on the 19th October of the same year, W. H. Harrison, then governor of Indiana, instituted the American authority. On the 4th July, 1805, it was erected into the Territory of Louisiana, and on the 4th July, 1S12, it received the name of the Territory of Missouri. " We have now arrived at a period," says Wilson Prirnm, in an address on the anniver sary of the founding of the city in 1851, when a new era was to dawn, not only on St. Louis, but on all her northern and western dependencies, when a power greater than that of the fabled lamp of Aladdin was to be brought into requisi tion, and by its magic, to mature as it were in a day, in the western wilds of America, an existence, which on the shores of the eastern continents, the lapse of centuries had not been able to procure. In 1817, the General Pike, the first steam boat that ever ascended the Mississippi, made its appearance at St. Louis." The " Independence" was the first steamboat that ascended the Missouri (May, 1819). Passing over the fierce discussions which eventuated in the establishment of Missouri as one of the confederacy in 1820, we come to the year 1>22, when St Louis was erected into a city. Since that time what wonderful changes have taken place. Work ing its way to importance and greatness, St. Louis has still maintained its onward and upward flight. The advantages of education, the lights of science, the blessings of religion, placed within the reach of all ; the establishment of a wise and vigorous municipal government, under the auspices of which its limits have been enlarged, and its interior im proved and embellished ; the erection of manufactures, the extension of the arts, the regulation of commerce all these results have derived themselves from the natural resources of the city, and the intelligence and enterprise of its inhab itants. St. Louis has now a name and reputation at home and abroad of which all may be proud. SAINT Louis river, Minn, and Wise. : rises by two prin cipal head branches in Dead Fish and Seven Beaver lakes, flows southerly in winding course until it turns, and empties into the W. end of Lake Superior. SAINT LOUISVILLE, p. o. and sta., Licking co., OMo: on the line of the Sandusky, Mansfield, and Newark R. R., 109 m. S. Sandusky City, and 7 m. N. Newark, 31 m. N. E. Columbus. SAINT LUCIE county, Flor. Situate E., toward the S., and a church, academy, s contains about 3,200 sq. m. Drained by Kissimmee river, which flows into Lake Okechobee, in the S. W., St. Lucie river, and branches of Indian river, which bounds it on the E. Surface level and low, a large portion being swamp ; growth of cotton. Chief productions, rice, cotton, wheat, Indian corn, and fruits. Farms 0; nianuf. 0; dwell. 22, and pop. wh. Ill, fr. col. 1, si. 27 total 139. Capital : SAINT MARIE, p. v., Jasper co., III. : on the left bank of Embarras r., 105 m. S. E. Springfield. SAINT MARK S, p. v., Wakulla co., Flor. : on St. Mark s r., near the confluence of the Wakulla, which together f. inn Ap- palachee, 20 m. S. by E. Tallahassee, with which it is con nected by railroad, and of which it is the port. It has con siderable other business. SAINT MARK S river, Flor. : rises in a small pond, in Jef ferson co., flows S. W. 20 m., and unites with the Wakulla, to form Appalachee r., flowing S. into the Gulf of Mexico. Boats drawing 4 feet water ascend to its source. Tin-re is 8 feet of water to St. Mark s v., 6 m. from the gulf, but the navigation is crooked, and impeded by oyster beds. At the mouth of the r. is a light-house. SAINT MARK S, U. S. collection dist., Flor. : comprising St. Mark s r. and vicinity ; had on June 30th, 1850, a ton nage of 353 tons, consisting of 282 tons enrolled and li censed, permanent, and employed in the coasting trade, and 71 tons licensed under 20 tons ; with no foreign commerce or ship-building at that date. Port Leon is the port of entry. SAINT MARTIN parish, La. Situate S. W. of the E. dis trict, and contains 1,117 sq. m. Drained by Techo river in the S. W. and W., and branches of Grant river in theE., and numerous small streams falling into Lake Chetimaches, which occupies the central and S. E. portion of the county Surface is varied, and there is some prairie land ; soil along the streams is fertile and easy of cultivation, and yields con siderable quantities of cotton, fruits, etc. Chief products, sugar, cotton, rice, indigo, and Indian corn. Farms 420 ; manuf. 0; dwell. 940, and pop. wh. 4,741, fr. col. 531, si. 5,885 total 11,107. Capital: St. Martinsville. Public Works : New Orleans, Opelousas, and Texas E. E. SAINT MARTIN S, p. v., Worcester co., Md. : at the head of St. Martin s r., 77 m. S. E. Annapolis. SAINT MARTIN S river, Worcester co., Md. : a large inlet, with a number of confluences, rising from the E. edges of the Cypress swamp. The Isle of Wight divides its entrance into Sinepuxent bay, into two channels. SAINT MARTINSVILLE. p. v., and cap. St. Martin s par., La. : on both sides of Bayou Teche, and at the head of steamboat navigation, 43 m. S. W. Baton Rouge. It contains a court house, jail, etc., and has considerable trade, principally in cotton. SAINT MART S parish, La. Situate S. W. in E. district, and contains 720 sq. m. Drained by Teche river, and Salle and Cypra Mort bayous. Surface level ; soil diversified, in some parts being liable to inundation, and too wet fur tillage. Where this is not the case it proves fertile, and is well fitted for the growth of cotton, sugar, rice, etc., which are the staple productions. Its S. W. coast is indented with large bays. Farms 193; manuf. 0; dwell. 746, and pop. h. 3,423. fr. col. 424, si. 4.961 total 8,808. Capital: Franklin. Public Works: New Orleans, Opelousas, and Texas K. R. SAINT MARY S county, Md. Situate W., and contains 315 sq. m. Drained by small streams flowing into the Potomac and Patuxent rivers. Surface level ; soil fertile, and pro duces abundantly tobacco, which is the staple. Farms S13 ; manuf. 9; dwell. 1.512, and pop. wh. 6,225, fr. col. 1,631, si. 5,842 total 13,698. Capital: Leonardstown. SAINT MARY S, p. v., and port of entry, Camden co., Ga. : on N. bank of St. Mary s r., 102 m. S. S. W. Savannah, 188 m. S. E. Milledgeville. It has a safe harbor, and vessels drawing 21 feet of water come to its wharves. It contain a church, academy, several stores, etc. Pop. about 700. The total tonnage of St. Mary s district, on June 30th, 1850 was 1.425 tons, of which the registered tonnage was -10: tons, temporary, and the enrolled and licensed tonnage was 933 tons (692 t. permanent, 241 t temporary) employed in soil, where fit for cultivation, is "fertile, and suited for the j the coasting trade. During the year preceding there was no 754 SAI foreign commerce nor ship-building. The tonnage and other importance of St. Murk s has decreased since the ac cession of Florida to the Union. SAINT MART S, p. o., Wood co., Virg. : 240 m. N. W. Richmond. SAINT MARY S, p. o., Hancock co., 111. : on the left bank of Crooked cr., 77 m. N. W. Springfield. SAINT MAKY S, p. o., Linn co., la. : on a branch of Cedar r., 17 m. N. Iowa City. SAINT MARY S, p. o., Yigo county, Ind.: 70 m. "W. S. W. Indian:! polls. SAINT MARY S, t. and p. v., Auglaize county, Ohio : 82 m. W. N W. Columbus. Drained by St. Mary s r. and branches. Surface level; soil very fertile. The v., formerly cap. of the co., is on the W. bank of the r. so called, and on the tine of the Miami Canal, 133 m.. N. Cincinnati. It contains several stores, mills, etc. The "Sentinel and Democrat" (dcm.) is issued weekly. Pop. of v. 874 ; of L 1,867. SAINT MARY S, p. o., Chester co, Penn. : 61 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. SAINT MARY S, v., St. Mary s co., Md. : on the E. side of St. Mary s r., about 8 m. from its confluence with the Potomac, 53 m. S. Annapolis. The site of St. Mary s City, founded by the first emigrants, the " Pilgrims of St. Mary s," 27th March, 1674, is a little S. of this. SAINT MARY S, p. o., Lafayette co., Wise. : 49 m. S. W. Madison. SAINT MARY S river, Ga. and Flor. : rises in Okefinokee Swamp, in the S. E. part of Ware co., Ga., flows S. for some distance, then suddenly turns N., and after flowing in that direction about 33 m., it takes an E. course, until it empties by St. Mary s sound into the Atlantic. It is 105 m. long, at low tide has 13| feet of water on the bar at its mouth, and 19^ feet at ordinary high tide, and forms the best harbor Dn the E. coast of Florida. SAINT MARY S river, Md. : a large inlet of Potomac r., in 3. E. part of St. Mary s co. For statistics of St. Mary s U. 3. collection district, see St. INIGOES. SAINT MARY S river, Ohio and Ind. : rises in W. part of A.ugiaize co., flows N. W. into Indiana to iis confluence at Fort Wayne with St. Joseph s . r., with which it forms Maumee river. SAINT MARY S strnit, Mich. : is the outlet of Lake Superior, .Connecting it with Lake Huron. It is about 70 m. long, but s naturally divided into two sections by the falls of St. Mary, 15 m. below Lake Superior. These falls are more iroperly great rapids, | m. long, and have a descent of 22 eet 10 inches. A ship and steamboat canal is about being constructed around them. Below the falls the strait is nav- gable for small steamboats, and vessels drawing 6 feet of ffaU r, though the navigation is most difficult. It contains I very large islands, and several smaller ones, which divert ts water into princ pal and cross channels. The usual ship ,hannel is the W. strait, which has an average width of | m. The entire fall of the r. between the lakes is 44 feet i inches, and its current (exclusive of the rapids) has a nedium rate of H m. per hour. The strait abounds with Ish of various kinds, which are taken in great quantities, md extensively exported. SAINT MARY S LANDING, p. v., St. Genevieve co., Mo. : on he W. bank of the Mississippi r., at the mouth of Saline r., 76 m. below St. Louis and 126 m. E. S. E. Jefferson City, salt springs are numerous in the vicinity, and salt has been nanufac-tured here. SAINT MATHEWS, p. v., Orangeburg dist., S. Car. : on Caw- raw Swamp of North Edisto r., 23 m. S. by E. Columbia. SAINT MICHAEL S, p. v., Talbot co., Md. : on the W. side >f St. Michael s r., a large inlet of Eastern bay of Chesa- >eake bay, 19 m. S. E. Indianapolis. Pop. S63. SAINT OMER, p. o., Decatur co., Ind. : on the N. side of ?lat Rock cr., on the Lawrenceburg and Upper Mississippi ". R., 38 m. S. E. Indianapolis. It is a pleasant village .vith about 450 inhabitants. SAI SAINT PARIS, p. v., Champaign co., Ohio : 51 m. W. by N Columbus. SAINT PAUL, p. v., and cap. Eamsey co., Minn. Ter. : on the left bank of the Mississippi, 15 m. by water and 8 m. by land below the Falls of St Anthony, and about half that distance below the mouth of Minnesota r., lat. 44 52 46" N., and long. 93 04 54" W. It is situate on two broad benches of land, the lowest of which is 50 feet above the high water mark of the Mississippi, which river flows past the town in an E. by N. direction. The town site is flanked by beauti ful bluffs, from which issue springs of cold clear water, and nature has done every thing to make it a romantic and healthful situation. The first store, or trading house, was built in 1S42, and seven years later it was the site of a Catholic mission, surrounded by stunted copse, and looking across the river from his elevated table rock, the pious re cluse saw a gloomy and silent forest frowning upon the slug gish waters and rising with the river hills, falling back for miles into the prairie, presenting an aspect of interminable woodlands reaching to the distant sunset. The town has risen from this wilderness as if by magic. It has now an imposing State-house, 139 feet by 53 feet, a court-house, with metallic dome, glittering in the sun like a fairy castle, jail, nine churches for Christian worship, 518 dwellings, of fices and shops, 70 manufactories and business houses, 4 hotels, 4 school-houses, public and private. In machinery of various kinds, including a flouring-mill, an iron foundry, a plow factory, 4 wagon shops, etc., $177,000 is invested ; and stocks of merchandise of all descriptions are valued at $790,000 the last sum including the amount invested in the Indian trade. These statistics refer to the spring of 1853; at which period it contained between 2,500 and 3,000 inhabitants. In 1850 its population numbered only 1,135. Lines of steamers, coming and going daily, omnibuses, coaches, etc., and yet St. Paul s is in the \vilderness. Look where you will, and the primitive features of the surround ing country remain unchanged, and the wild animal and Indian still haunt the grounds to which ages of occupancy have given them a prescriptive right. This new town, how ever, will "go ahead," and must eventually become a depdt of a vast interior commerce. It will receive and distribute the merchant ware of the Upper Mississippi and the whole valley of the Minnesota, which is now being opened to set tlement. Already the annual arrival of steamers from below averages 200, bringing to the rising State a wealth of labor that will soon level the forests and make the land glad with its burden of agricultural profusion. " The society at St. Paul s, says a recent writer, " is a peculiar conglomeration of attractive and repellant elements, reaching through all shades of color, from the bronzed savage to the smoothy polished Circassian ; and that confusion of tongues which distracted the builders of Babel is no comparison to the St. Paulian jargon. The Sioux, the French, the Patois, Dutch, German, Norwegian, Irish, English, and American alter nately salute you in the street. * * * There are but few drones here ; every body is busy, with no idle moneyed aristocrats to tyrannize over the industrious poor. * * * All here are strangers from different parts all adventurers; all industrious, generally very orderly, and consequently very prosperous and happy." SAINT PAUL, p. o., Madison county, Ark. : 106 m. N. W. Little Rock. SAINT PAUL, p. v., Greene co., Mo. : on a fork of James r., 97 m. S. by W. Jefferson City. SAINT PAUL, p. o., Clark county, Ala. : 100 m. W. S. "W. Montgomery. SAINT PAUL S, p. o., Eobeson co., N. Car. : 63 m. S. by W. Ealeigh. SAINT PETER S, p. o., Chester co., Penn. : 63 m. E. by S. ilarrisburg. SAINT PETER S, p. o., Franklin co., Ind. : 59 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. SAINT REGIS river, N. Y. : rises in St. Eegis lake, in 755 SAI SAL Franklin county, and flows N. by winding course into the St. Lawrence. SAINT SIMON S islands and sound, Ga. : lie off Glynn county, E. and N. E. Brunswick. SAINT STEPHEN, p. o., Fauquier county, Virg. : 79 miles N. by W. Richmond. SAINT STEPHEN S, p. v., "Washington co., Ala. : on the right bank of the Tombigbee r., 122 m. S. W. Montgomery. It is located at the head of schooner navigation. It contains a number of workshops, stores, etc., and a U. S. land office. The buildings are chiefly of stone, but present a dilapidated appearance. SAINT TAMMANY parish, La. Situate E. in the east dis trict, and contains 1,043 sq. m. Drained by Tangipalica and Chifunete rivers, Bogue Fallia, and other small streams. Surface generally uneven and in parts hilly, and adapted to grazing ; soil barren for the most part, but there are some fertile tracts on the streams, which are well cultivated and prove productive. Staple articles, cotton, sugar, and rice. Pine timber abounds extensively. Farms 90 ; manuf. 33 ; dwell. 786, and pop. wh. 3,642, fr. col. 359, si. 2,363 total 6,364. Capital: Covington. SAINT TAMMANY S, p. o., Mecklenburg co., .Virg. : 75 m. S. W. Bichmond. SAINT THOMAS, t. and p. v., Franklin co., Penn. : 53 m. S. "W. Harrisburg. Drained by Back cr. Surface uneven ; soil various. The village on the line of the proposed railroad from Gettysburg to Greensburg contains some manufactor ies, etc. In the town there is a furnace (constructed in 1S2S) of 1,400 tons annual capacity moved by water-power. Pop ulation of t. about 2,000. SALAMONIE river, Ind. : rises in S. E. corner of Jay co., near the Ohio boundary, flows N. W., and empties into "W abash r. opposite to Lagro. It is an excellent mill-stream, but not navigable. SALEM county, N. Jer. Situate S. W., and contains 31S sq. m. Drained by Stow, Salem, Alloway s, and Oldman s creeks, which flow into Delaware bay and river. Surface even ; soil varied, but in general is fertile in the N. portion it consists principally of a deep loam with an intermixture of sand and clay, in the S. E. gravelly. Chief productions, wheat and Indian corn. Pork and beef are exported large ly. It contains extensive beds of marl. Farms 1,313; manuf. 142 ; dwell. 3,545, and pop. wh. 17,415, fr. col. 2,052, si. total 19,467. Capital: Salem. SALEM, p. v., Eussell county, Ala. : 69 miles E. by E". Montgomery. SALEM, p. v., Newton co., Tex. : on the Sabine r., at the mouth of Big Cow cr., 261 m. E. Austin City. SALEM, t. and p. v., New London co., Conn. : 29 m. S. E. Hartford, 36 m. E. N. E. New Haven. Is an agricultural township, with fertile soil, well watered by several streams. Gardner s lake lies on its N. E. border. Incorporated in 1S19, and contains 4 churches. Pop. of t. 760. SALEM, p. v., Clark co., Ga. : on Green Briar cr., 39 m. N. by W. Milled geville. SALEM, p. v., and cap. Marion co., III. : on the borders of Grand Prairie, at the head of Crooked cr., 90 m. S. S. E. Springfield. It contains the county buildings, etc., and promises to become an important place upon the comple tion of the Ohio and Mississippi E. E., and the Massac and Sangamon E. E., which will pass through it. SALEM, t., p. v., sta., and cap. "Washington co., Ind. : near the head waters of Blue r. and on the New Albany and Salem E. E., 35 m. N. N. "W. New Albany and 79 m. S. from Indianapolis. It is located near the centre of the county, on rolling ground, and is one of the pleasantest places in the State. This village suffered much from the cholera in 1832, and for several years it did not improve ; but important improvements are now being made, and con siderable business is carried on in manufactures, etc. The public buildings are a court-house, jail, fire-proof offices, a market-house, fine and commodious churches of all denom- 756 inations, a flourishing county seminary, a female academy under the patronage of the Salem Presbytery, about 800 houses, mostly of brick and well constructed, and 1,500 in habitants. The manufactories (which are yarious) are chiefly moved by steam. The public press consists of 3 papers : the " Salem News" (whig), " Washington Demo- crat" (dem.), and the "Salem Locomotive" (neut.), all weekly issues. SALEM, p. v., Henry co., la. : 56 m. S. Iowa City. The village is surrounded by beautiful prairie land. Settled in 1S34 by a number of Friends from Salem, N. J., and incor porated in 1S39. It contains several stores, places of in struction, mechanic shops, etc. SALEM, p. v., and cap. Livingston co., Ky. : near Clay Lick cr., 193 m. S. W. Frankfort. It contains the court house, jail, etc. Pop. about 300. SALEM, t. and p. v., Franklin co., Me. : 48 m. N. N. W. Augusta. This is a good farming t., watered by Seven Mile brook. Mount Abraham commences in its N. part. Incorporated in 1823. Pop. of t. 454. SALEM, p. city, port of entry, and one of the caps. Essex co., Mass. : on Salem harbor of Massachusetts bay, 14 m. N. E. by N. Boston. Lat. (E. I. M. Hall) 42 31 18" N., long. 70 53 58" "W. It is chiefly built on a narrow penin sula, formed by two inlets from the harbor, called North and South rivers. The latter forms the main harbor, which affords good anchorage ground, but vessels drawing more than 14 feet of water must be partially unloaded before they can come to its wharves. The site of the city is -low, but pleasant and healthy. Its compact portion is about 1J m. long and | m. wide. Its streets are quite irregular, but of late many of them have been much improved. It is gener ally well built, and many of the houses and public buildings are very handsome structures. "Washington Square is a fine public park of eight acres, ornamented with trees, etc. The principal public buildings are, the City Hall, built in 1837, a very fine building, with granite front; the Court house, a new edifice, handsomely situated ; the Custom house, Mechanic Hall, market-house, alms-house, and jail. The Museum of the East India Marine Society is a cele brated collection of about 5,000 curiosities of nature and art, collected from almost every part of the world, kept in a spa cious hall built by the society. This society was formed in 1799 of those who, as captains or supercargoes, had doubled the Cape of Good Hope or Cape Horn, and in 1823 the number of its members residing in Salem was 160. There are 20 churches, of which several are very handsome edi fices. Much attention is given to education, and the public schools are of superior excellence. The Salem Athenaeum, incorporated in 1810, has a spacious hall in Lawrence Place, with a very valuable library of 11,000 volumes. The Essex Institute has 2,500 volumes, with other collections ; tlie Me chanics Library contains 1,200 volumes ; besides which there are two other libraries. In 1850 the periodical press con sisted of 6 issues; viz., 1 tri- weekly, "Salem Gazette" (whig); 2 semi-weekly, "S. Eegister" (whig) and "Essex County Freeman" (F. S.) ; 3 weekly, " S. Observer" (neut.), " S. Mercury" (neut), and the Villager" (fam.). The manufactures of Salem are considerable. The Naumkeag Cotton Manufacturing Company have a capital of $1,000,000, run about 28,000 spindles, employ about 600 operatives, and annually manufacture 5,000,000 yards of goods. There are 2 cordage factories, each employing about 60 hands, 3 twine factories, an iron factory, brass foundry, and 4 large machine shops. The manufactures of leather, boots and shoes, chemicals, and gum copal is very extensively carried on. There are 7 banks, with an aggre gate capital of $1,750,000 ; 6 insurance companies, with total capital of $900,000 ; 1 marine insurance company, and an institution for savings. The lines of railroad leading from Salem are Eastern E. E., passing through it from Boston to Portland ; Essex E. E., from Salem to Lawrence, 21 m. ; Salem and Lowell E. E., 24 m. ; South Heading Branch E. E. SAL SAL to Boston, viti South Reading 1 , 19 m. ; and the Marblehead i Branch R. R., 4 m. In foreign commerce Salem was for a long period the second town in New England, and was especially distin guished for its East India trade, by which it was very greatly enriched. In ISIS the number of vessels employed m this trade, belonging to Salem, was 53, the tonnage of which was 14,272 tons. This trade is not now carried on so extensively as formerly from this port, but many vessels therein engaged are owned here, and deliver their cargoes in Boston and New York. The total tonnage of Salem dis trict on 30th June, 1S50, was 2S.91G tons. The registered tonnage was 20,317 tons, of which 19,710 tons were perma nent, and 607 tons temporary. The enrolled and licensed tonnage was 8,599 tons, all permanent ; of which 8,430 tons were employed in the coasting trade, 97 tons in cod fishery, and 72 tons in the mackerel fishery. In neither class of tonnage was any portion employed in steam navigation. During the year preceding, the number of clearances for foreign countries was 37235,003 tons. The number of entrances during the same period, as given in the U. S. Treasury reports, are united with those of Beverly district, and their united total is 33636,796 tons. Of the entire foreign commerce about five-twelfths of the tonnage was American, seven-twelfths foreign. During the year 1 ship was built 299 tons. An U. S. naval officer is stationed at this port. The city government is vested in the mayor, board of 6 aldermen, and common council, composed of 24 members, 6 from each of the 4 wards. The city school committee is composed of 21 members. The territory of the city, includ ing islands, contains 5,429 acres. An aqueduct supplies the city with excellent spring water. The city alms-house, erected in 1816, is on the Neck, surrounded by a large farm. A bridge over the North r., 1,481 feet long, connects Salem with Beverly, N. of which is also the railroad bridge. The population at different periods has been as follows : Year, Pop. Pop. I op. Ye 1637... 900 1765... 4.427 1790... 7,921 1820... 12,731 1880... 18,895 1836... 15,002 1840... 15,082 1845... 16,762 1850... 20,203 Salem was settled in 1626, incorporated June 29, 1629, made shire town November 9, 1644. and incorporated as a city March 23, 1836. Its Indian name was Naumkeag. In 1629 it contained 200 inhabitants, and the first church was then formed, In July, 1630, 17 ships arrived, with 1.500 persons, by some of whom Boston was founded. In 1G92 the witchcraft delusion prevailed, during which 19 persons were condemned and hanged as witches. In 1774, when Boston was a closed port, Gen. Gage ordered the removal of the general court to this place, which called out great remonstrance from its citizens. During the Revolution it was distinguished for patriotism, and especially for its va rious naval achievements. In the course of the war it fitted out about 60 vessels, manned by about 4,000 men. At the end of the war it commenced the East India trade. The first vessel thus engaged was at the Cape of Good Hope in 17S4. and at Canton in 1T86. In 17S2 was established the first regular stage communication with Boston, which was tri-weekly; the railroad to Boston was opened August 23, 1888. The usual time at present of passing over it to Boston is 45 minutes. On December 23, 1847, the telegraph wires were completed to this place from Boston. SAI.EM, t. and p. o., Washtenaw co., Mich. : 58 m. E. S. E Lansing. Drained by a fork of W. branch of Rouge r. This is one of the best agricultural towns in the co., having a very rich soil, and well improved. Pop. 1,343. SALEM, p. v., Tippah county, Miss.: 182 m. N. N. E. Jackson. SAI.EM. t, p. v., and sta., Rockingham co., N~. ITamp. : on Manchester und Lawrence R. R., 19 m. from Manchester, 7 m. from Lawrence, 34 m. S. S. E. Concord. Surface uneven ; watered by Spiggot r. and branches, which afford water- power, improved by mills of various kinds. Pop. in 1840, 1,408; in 1850, 1,555. SALEM, p. v., and cap. Salem co., N. Jer. : on E. side of Salem cr., 3 m. from its mouth, in Delaware bay, 57 m. S. W. by S. Trenton. The soil of t. is a fertile sandy loam. The v. was the first place settled in "West Jersey, having been founded in 1675. It contains a handsome brick court-house, ith fire-proof county offices adjacent, a stone jail, academy, 8 churches, market-house, and bank, with capital of $75,000. The "National Standard" (whig) and "Salem Sunbeam" (dem.) are published weekly. Vessels of 50 tons come up to the v. ; the bar, at the mouth of the creek, has but 8 feet of water. A steamboat plies daily to Delaware City and New Castle, connecting wi h one from Philadelphia. Pop. oft. in 1840, 2,007; in 1850, 3,052. SALEM, t, p. v., sta., and one of the capitals of "Washington co., W. Y. : 44 m. N. E. Albany. Drained by branches of Batten Kill r. Surface undulating, in parts hilly ; soil in general good, and under high state of cultivation. Butter, cheese, pork, etc., are produced in abundance. It was firs* settled in 1756, by two companies of emigrants, one from Scotland and Ireland, and the other from New England, and organized in 1788. The v. is on White cr., in a pleasant valley, and on the Rutland and Washington R. R., 41 m. N. by E. Troy It was incorporated in 1803, and contains a part of the county buildings. It is surrounded by a rich and highly cultivated region of country, producing excellent grain, and raising large numbers of sheep ; it is celebrated as a mart for the purchase of wool. The Washington Acad emy, located here, is an old and flourishing institution. The v. has some manufactures, several mills, etc. ; and the " Salem Press" (whig) is issued weekly. Pop. oft. 2,904. SALEM, p. v., Forsyth county, N. Car.: 96 m. W. N. W. Raleigh. Settled by Moravians, who have here a celebrated female academy, with large buildings on a handsome square. The v. also contains a church, a cotton factory, paper fac tory, stores, etc., and a branch of the Bank of Cape Fear at Wilmington, with capital of $150,000. Pop. about 1,000. SALEM, p. v. and sta., Columbiana co., Ohio: on Ohio and Pennsylvania R. R., 65 m. from Wooster, 69 m. from Pitts- burg ; 122 m. N. E. Columbus. This v. is in Perry t. The " Homestead Journal" (land reform) and " Anti-Slavery Bugle" are issued weekly. Pop. about 1,000. SALEM, t., Columbiana co., Ohio: 123 in. N. E. Columbus. Surface rolling ; soil fertile. The Ohio and Pennsylvania R. R. passes through the t. at v. of Franklin Square, 69 m. from Wooster, 65 m. from Pittsburg. Pop. 1,960. SALEM, t. and p. o., Mercer co.. Penn. : 195 m. N. W. Har- risburg. Drained by Little Shenango and Crooked creeks. Surface even ; soil fertile. It has several mills, mechanic shops, etc. SALEM, p. v., Sumter dist, S. Car. : on the E. side of Black r., 55 m. E. by S. Columbia. SALEM, p. v., Franklin co., Tenn. : on Bean s cr., 7T m. S. S. E. Nashville. SALKM, p. v., sta., and cap. Roanoke co., Virg. : on the N. side of the Roanoke r., and on the Virginia and Tennessee R. R., 60 m. from Lynchburg, 145 W. by S. Richmond. It contains a court-house, jail, and a branch of the Exchange Bank of Virginia, Norfolk, with capital of $100,000. SALEM, p. v., and cap. Marion co, and capital of the Ter ritory of Oregon: is situated on the E. bank of the Willa mette river, and contains the State buildings, etc. SALEM, p. v., Racine co., Wise. : on Lake Michigan, 87 m. E. by S. Madison. SALEM CEXTRE, p. v., Westchester county, N. Y. : 92 m. 8. by E. Albany. SALEM CHURCH, p. v., Randolph county, W. Car. : W. of Ultarie r., 78 m. W. by S. Raleigh. SALEM CROSS ROADS, p. o., Chautauque co., N. Y. : 304 m. W. by S. Albany. 75T SAL SAL SALEM CROSS ROADS, p. o., Westmoreland co., Penn. : 133 m. W. Harrisburg. SALEM FAUQUIEK, p. v., Fauquicr co., Virg. : on the Manassas Gap R. R., 91 m. N. by W. Richmond. SALFORDVILLE, p. o., Montgomery co., Penn. : 7S m. E. Harrisburg. SALINA, p. v., Jefferson co., Ky. : on the E. side of Mil cr. of the Ohio r., 53 m. W. Frankfort. SALINA, t. and p. v., Onondaga county, JV. Y. : 133 m "W. N. W. Albany. Drained by several small streams flow ing into Onondaga lake, which bounds it on the W. Sur face rolling ; soil of great fertility, and well cultivated. I is celebrated for its salt manufactures the Onondaga Sal Springs, owned by the State, being located here, mostly 01 the " Onondaga Salt Spring Reservation," consisting of de tached lots of various dimensions, situated promiscuously ir the town. They are the largest and best in the United States. The making of salt, both by solar evaporation and by artificial heat, is carried on extensively in the villages of Salina, Syracuse, and Liverpool. The principal spring is at Salina v., which affords an inexhaustible supply of water yielding to every 40 gallons about one bushel of pure salt. The water is forced up by hydraulic engines into a large reservoir, from which Syracuse and other places are supplied by means of pipes. In 1350, there were manufactured at the Salina works 46,546 bushels of coarse salt, 1,866,435 bushels of fine, and 262,730 bushels of ground or dairy salt total, 2,175,711 bushels. The amount of duty accruing to the State from these works was $44.364. The v. is located on the E. bank of the lake, and on the Oswego Canal, 2 m. N. Syra cuse. It was incorporated in 1S24, and contains besides a number of stores and groceries, flouring and other mills an extensive machine shop and a furnace worked by steam, for the purpose of manufacturing steam-engines and fine cast ings, several other machine shops, etc. Pop. of t. 2,142. SALINE county, Ark. Situate centrally, and contains 931 sq. m. Drained by Hurricane cr. and branches of Saline r., which runs on its western border. Surface level ; soil pro ductive, and good cotton is raised. Farms 405, manuf. 16, dwell. 621, and pop. wh. 3,392, fr. col. 6, si. 503 total 3,901. Capital : Benton. SALINE county, III. Situate S., and contains 378 sq. m. Drained by south and middle fork of Saline cr., a tributary of the Ohio. Surface generally level ; soil of a sandy nature. Chief productions, wheat and Indian corn. It has fine pas turage for cattle, large numbers of which are fattened and exported annually. It is well timbered, and has some salt springs, which were formerly of considerable value. Farms 67S, manuf. 11, dwell. 961, and pop. wh. 5,495, fr. col. 93 total 5,5S8. Capital : Raleigh. SALINE county, Mo. Situate N. W. centrally, and contains 727 sq. m. Drained by La Mine r. and its branches. It is bounded on the N. E., N., and N. W. by Missouri r. Surface undulating; soil fertile; the land on the rivers being rich and exceedingly productive. It has some fine timber and prairie land. Farms 587, manuf. 8, dwell. 950, and pop. wh. 6,108, fr. col. 16, si. 2.719 total 8,843. Capital: Marshall. SALINE, t. and p. v., Washtenaw co., Mich. : 55 m. S. E. Lansing. Drained by Raisin r., affording good mill-power. Surface even ; soil rich loam, producing grains of all kinds, and of good quality. The v. on the river, in the N. E. part, contains several mills, etc. Pop. 1,631. SALINE, p. v., Rails co., Mo. : 75 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. SALINE, p. o., Bienville par., La. : near a cr. so called, 165 m. N. "W. Baton Rouge. Salt is manufactured in the vicinity. SALINE creek, Mo. : rises in S. W. part of Perry co., makes a circuitous course in a N. direction, and enters the Missis sippi r. near the S. E. corner of St. Genevieve co. There are numerous salt springs on its border, and salt has been manufactured here. SALINE river, La. : rises in S. part of Claiborne parish, 75S flows S. 50 m., and passing through .Saline lake, empties into Black Lake r., in Natchitoches parish. There are salt works on its border. SALINE river, HI. : rises by N., S., and middle forks, in Hamilton, Williamson, and Johnson counties, and forming a junction at Equality, flows S. E., and enters the Ohio r. 9 m. below Shawneetown. The great U. S. Salines are located on this r., about 2 m. S. of Equality. The manufacture of salt at this point is extensive. There are also other salt works on the borders of this stream, and it is navigable for some distance. SALINE MILLS, p. o., Natchitoches par., La. : on the W. of Saline cr., and in the neighborhood of the salt works, 155m. N. W. Baton Rouge. SALINEVILLE, p. v. and sta. , Columbiana co., Ohio : on the Cleveland and Pittsburg R.R., S6 in. S. E. Cleveland, 121 m. E. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 237. SALIQUOY, p. o., Cass county, Ga. : 131 m. N. "W. Milledgeville. SALISBURY, t. and p. v., Litchfield county, Conn. : 41 m. N.W. Hartford. Bounded on the N. by Connecticut r., E. by the Housatonic r., and on the W. by New York. Im mense hydraulic power is derived from the Housatonic and Salmon rivers, and it is well watered by several lakes and ponds. The surface is formed by lofty elevations and deep valleys, but the soil is well adapted to all kinds of grain and to pasturage. Limestone predominates in the valleys, and the hills are of granite. Iron ore is the chief staple com modity, inexhaustible quantities of which, celebrated for its superior quality, are here found, and the manufactures of it are extensive. Wood, also, is abundant, large quantities of which are turned into charcoal, and with other materials found here, used for smelting the ore. The " Old Ore Hill," located near the New York line, has been worked since the year 1732. The first furnace was erected in 1762, and a large amount of cannon-balls and bomb-shells were manu factured here during the Revolutionary War. There are now in Salisbury several furnaces, forges, puddling estab lishments, manufactories of guns, anchors, scythes, engine cranks, hoes, trip-hammers, etc. The forges and puddling establishments produce an immense quantity of wrought iron, which is used for anchors, car axletrees, musket bar rels, etc. Some of the oldest guns in our navy were made at the old furnace here, and muskets are still being made from the products of these mines. The ore is the brown hematite, and yields 40 per cent, of pig iron. The v. of alisbury is located on Salmon r., and is a pleasant place. Pop. of t. 3,103. SALISBURY, p. v., Sangamon co., 111. : on Richland cr. of Sangamon r., 11 m. N. Springfield. SALISBURY, p. v., Somerset co., Md. : on the E. side oC Wicomico r., on the E. line of the county, 14 m. N. N. E. Princess Anne, and 95 m. S. E. of Annapolis. SALISBURY, t. and p. v., Essex co., Mass. : 36 m. N. by E. Boston. Bounded on the N. by the State line, E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. by the Merrimac r., and W. by Powow r. Drained by several small streams flowing into the river and ocean. Surface generally uneven, but in the E. there is an extensive beach and some salt marsh; soil fertile. There are two important villages in the t, the principal on Powow r., at the head of tide-water, part of which is in Amesbury. On the part located in Salisbury are flannel factories, known as the " Salisbury Manufacturing Com pany," capital $400,000, employing about 400 operatives, and manufacturing over 1,000,000 yards of flannels, cloaking, etc., annually. Besides which are other manufactories of svoolen and cotton goods, fulling mills, tanneries, etc. The )ther v., located on the Merrimac, on a point of land formed >y the junction of that river with the Powow, is celebrated or its superior ship-building, which is the principal branch >f trade here. A number of vessels are owned in this v., md employed in the coasting trade and mackerel fishery. Salisbury is connected with Newburyport by a suspension SAL SAL bridge, which spans the Merrimac. The v. is on the East ern K. 11., at which point the Salisbury Branch IS. IS. diverges 86 m. N. by E. Boston. It is neatly laid out, and contains a number of places of business, a bank, etc. Pop. of t. 3,10(1. SALISBURY, t. and p. v., Merrimac co., JV. Ilamp. : 15 ra. N. W. Concord. Blackwater r. passes through the W. part, from which is derived good water-power. Surface varied ; in the N. W. is a portion of Kearsarge Mountain. The soil in the upland is mostly rich ; the hilly land abounds in ex cellent pasturage, and on Blackwater r. there is very fertile intervale. There are several very valuable farms in the t., and the people are chiefly employed in agriculture. This t. was the birthplace of the lion. Daniel Webster. The v. is located on the E. side of Blackwater r. Pop. of 1. 1,228. SALISBURY, t. and p. v., llerkimer co., N. Y. : 63 m. N.W. Albany. Drained by East and West Canada creeks, the former forming in part its E. boundary. Surface generally hilly ; in parts mountainous ; soil fertile, and some grain is raised. The v. is about 7 m. N. by E. Little Falls, and con tains several mills, etc. Deposits of magnetic iron ore are found in the vicinity. The t. has some manufactures, me chanic shops, etc. Pop. 2,035. SALISBURY, sta., Orange co., N. Y. : on the Newburg Branch E. E., 10 m. N. E. Chester, 7 S. W. Newburg, and 85 m. S. by W. Albany. SALISBURY, p. v., and cap. Eowan co., W. Car. : on a branch of Yadkin r., 108 m. W. Ealeigh. It contains a court-house, jail, an academy, etc. An ancient stone wall, from 12 to 14 feet high and 22 inches thick, reaching to within a foot of the surface and 300 feet in length, has been discovered here; and a similar one has been discovered 6 in. distant from the first, 4 or 5 feet high and 7 inches thick. The origin of neither has been ascertained. The " Carolina Watchman" (whig) is a weekly issue. SALISBURY, t. and p. o., Meigs co., Ohio : on the N. bank of the Ohio r., 76 m. S. E. Columbus. Drained by Leading creek and branches. Surface rugged ; soil fertile. This t. abounds with stone-coal of a good quality, and an extensive business is carried on in that article. Coalport village, on the bank of the river, is the principal mining point. Eail- ways are here built for the purpose of running down the coal from the mines to boats in the river. The mining is principally done by natives of Wales. The salt-works in the town produce large quantities of salt annually. There is a number of stores, mills, and mechanic shops, etc. In the S. part, on the bank of the r., a mile above Coalport, is Pomeroy, the capital of the county, and the principal point of business for the coal region ; its pop. is 1,637, and of t. 4.546. SALISBURY, t., p. v., and sta., Addison co., Verm. : 34 m. S. W. Montpelier. In the centre of the t. is Lake Drum- mond, 4 m. long, and from one half to three-fourths of a m. wide, the outlet of which, called Leicester r., furnishes good water-power. Drained by Middlebury r. and the outlet of the lake. Surface rolling; soil fertile. Chartered in 1761, and first settled in 1775. It is a manufacturing place, con taining valuable manufactories of woolen goods, glass, iron, lumber, etc. The v. is located at the outlet of the lake, and the sta. is on the Rutland and Burlington E. E., 39 m. S. by E. Burlington. Pop. of 1. 1,027. SALISBURY CENTRE, p. v., llerkimer co., N. Y. : on Spruce creek, 64 m. N. W. Albany. It contains some manufacto ries. In the vicinity are extensive deposits of magnetic iron ore. SALISBURY COVE, p. o., Hancock co., Me. : 72 m. E. by N. Augusta. SALISBURY MILLS, p. o., Orange co., N. Y. : 90 m. S. by W. Albany. It is a small mill-seat, with but few inhabitants. SALMAGUNDI, p. o., Wachita par., La. : 144 m. N.N. W. Baton Eouge. SALMON mountain, Klamath county, Calif. : between Salmon and Klamath rivers. 215 m. N. by W. Vallejo. Cov ered with snow nine months in the year. Gold abounds in the vicinity, particularly on the rivers. SALMON river, Calif. : rises in the mountains, in E. part of Klamath co., and running W., empties into Klamath r. Gold is abundant in its whole course. SALMON river, Conn. : rises in the S. part of Tolland co., and flows S. into Middlesex co., when it receives Moodus r., and empties into the Connecticut r. at East Haddam. There are several falls in its course which afford good water- power, and it is navigable a short distance from its mouth. SALMON river, J\ r . Y. : rises in Osceola t., Lewis co., and flowing W. through Oswego co., empties into Lake Ontario, about 5 m. S. from Great Sand bay. It has a tolerably good harbor at its mouth, and is boatable at high water as far up as the falls at Orwell, 14 m. At the falls the river has a perpendicular fall of 107 feet. At high water the sheet is 250 feet wide, but at low water is reduced to one-half that width. The rocky strata is composed of slate and granite, or gneiss. The height of the bank above the falls is from 80 to 90 feet, and below. 200 feet perpendicular rock. SALMON river, Oreg. To: : rises in the Eocky Mountains, and flowing N. W., forms the N. branch of Snake river, or Lewis fork of the Columbia river. SALMON FALLS, p. v., Strafford co., N. Ilamp.: on the river so called, 2 m. below the Great Falls, and on the Bos ton and Maine E. E., 39 m. S. W. Portland, and 36 m. E. Concord. SALMON FALLS river, Me. and N. Hamp. : rises in East Pond, between Acton and Wakefield, flows S. by E., and joins the Piscataqua r. at Hilton s Point. On this river, be tween the towns of Eochester and Lebanon, are extensive falls. SALMOX EIVER, p. o., Oswego co, 2f. Y. : on a stream so called, 133 m. N. W. Albany. SALMON EIVER mountains, Oreg. Ter. : a chain of mount ains extending from the Eocky Mountains W. along the S. side of Salmon r. to its junction with Snake or Lewis river. SALONA, p. v., Clinton county, Penn. : 63 m. N. N. W. Harrisburg. A furnace, located here, has an annual capaci ty of 1,100 tons. SALOXIA, p. o., Greene co., Ky. : 63 m. S. by W. Frankfort. SALT creek, Ind. : rises in the E. part of Brown co., flows W. into Monroe, then S. W. through Lawrence into the E. fork of White river. It is navigable at high water nearly 30 m. It has several good mill-seats, and near it are salt springs, which have been worked to advantage. SALT lake, Utah Ter. (See GREAT SALT LAKE.) SALT lake, Cajneron co., Tex. : this famous salt lake, about 3 m. in circumference, affords immense quantities of salt, supplying the vicinity and many neighboring States of Mex ico. Its waters are evaporated in summer, leaving a crust of salt 4 or 5 inches thick. SALT river, Ky. : rises in Mercer county, flows N. into Anderson, and turning W. enters the Ohio r. at West Point, 20 m. below Louisville. It is 200 yards wide at its mouth, and is boatable 150 miles. Its principal branch is Eolling fork. Some of the most fertile parts of the State are watered by this river and its branches. SALT river, Mo. : is formed by three large forks in E. part of Monroe co., and flows eastwardly in a winding course, and enters the Mississippi r. about 33 m. below Marion city. It is navigable to some extent SALT CREEK, p. v., Davis co., la. : on a branch of Soap cr., 65 m. S. S. W. Iowa City. SALTILLO, p. v., Itawamba county, Miss. : 169 m. N". E. Jackson. SALTILLO, p. o., Ilardin county, Tenn. : 96 m. S. "W. Nashville. SALTILLO, p. v., Jasper county, Ind. : on the Iroquois or Pickamink r., 93 m. N. N. W. Indianapolis. SALTKKTCIIER BRIDGE, p. v., Colleton district, S. Car.: on the left hank of Combahee r., in a swampy district, 87 m. S. Columbia. SALT LAKE CITY, or City of the Great Salt Lake, p. city, and cap. Salt Lake co., Utah Ter. : on Jordan river, a strait T59 SAL SAN between Utah and Great Salt lakes, 105 m. N. by E. Fillmore City. This settlement of the Mormons is situated at the west ern base of the Wasatch Mountains, on an elevation of more than 4,000 feet. The Mormon communion was first organ ized in 1S30, under the auspices of Joseph Smith, the prophet and founder, and the settlement commenced at this place under Brigham Young, his successor, in July, 1S4T ; soon after which it was laid out in streets and squares for a large city, and a fort or inclosure erected for defense against attacks by Indians. The streets are well planned, running at right angles S rods wide, with sidewalks of 20 feet, the blocks 40 rods square, divided into 8 lots, each containing one acre and a quarter. The houses are built principally of sun-dried brick, and present a neat appearance. In October the col ony was strengthened by the arrival of from 3,000 to 4,000 persons, since which time building and agriculture have been prosecuted to such an extent that it is now a place of con siderable note. Agriculture and the raising of stock are the chief pursuits of the inhabitants ; but establishments are being erected for the manufacture of woolen goods, sugar, etc. ; wood, iron ore, and alum is found in the vicinity, arid salt is manufactured from the waters of the lake, which con tains 20 per cent, of pure salt By an Act of Congress, a mail line has been established from this city through the principal cities and towns to San Diego (California). A school for the education of teachers has been commenced, school-houses built for the instruction of children, a univer sity is in contemplation (the site of which has been selected on one of the terraces of the mountain, overlooking the city), and altogether it is in a flourishing condition. SALT-LICK FALLS, p. o., Preston co., Virg. : 181 m. N. "W. Eichmond. SALTPETRE, p. o., Washington co., Ohio: S3 m. E. S. E. Columbus. SALT POINT, p. o., Duchess co., N. T. : 63 m. S. Albany. SALT EIVER, p. v., Audrian co., Mo. : on Davis fork of Salt r., 39 m. N. Jefferson City. SALTSBURG, p. v., Indiana co., Penn. : on the right bank of Conemaugh r., 133 m. "W. N. W. Harrisburg. Salt works are operated in the vicinity. It contains several stores, mills, workshops, etc. Pop. 623. SALT SPRING, p. o., Campbell co., Ga. : 90 m= "W. N. W. Milledgeville. SALT SPRING, p. o., Bienville parish, La. : 168 m. N. "W. Baton Eouge. SALT SPRINGVILLE, p. o., Otsego county, N. Y. : 52 m. W. by N. Albany. SALT SULPHUR SPRINGS, p. v., Monroe co., Virg. : 169 m. W. Eichmond. This is a pleasant watering-place, 24 m. from White Sulphur Springs. The springs are encircled by mountains on every side, are much visited by invalids and others, and enjoy a high reputation. The temperature of their waters varies from 49 to 56 Fahrenheit. SALTVILLE, p. v., "Washington co., Virg. : on S. side of N. fork Holston r., 243 m. W. by S. Eichmond. There are valuable salt springs in the vicinity ; and gypsum is found. "Water-power is good, and there are several mill-seats. SALUBRITY, p. v., Pickens district, S. Car. : on Eighteen mile cr., tributary of Seneca r., 109 m. N. W. Columbus. SALUDA, p. o., Jefferson county, Ind. : on a cr. so called, 73 m. S. S. E. Indianapolis. SALUDA, p. o., Coweta county, Ga. : 87 m. "W. by N . Milledgeville. SALUDA, p. v. and sta., Newbury district, S. Car. : on the N. side of Saluda r., and on the Greenville and Columbia E. E., 61 m. W. by N. Columbia. SALUDA, p. o., Middlesex co., Virg. : 51 m. E. Eichmond. SALUDA river, S. Car. : rises in the eastern division of the Alleghany Mountains, in N. W. part of the State, and flows in a S. E. direction, separating Greenville, Laurens, and Newbury, from Pickens, Anderson, Abbeville, and Edgefleld districts, crosses Lexington district and unites with Broad river at Columbia, to form the Congaree. 760 SALUDA MILLS, p. o., Newbury district, S. Car. : a mill- seat, 43 m. W. by N. Columbia. SALUNGA, p. o., Lancaster county, Penn. : 63 m. E. S. E. Ilarrisburg. SALURIA, p. v., Calhoun co., Tea;. : on the N. E. end of Matugorda island, between Espiritu Santo and Matagorda bays, 147 m. S. S. E. Austin City. It is a young city, and one of great promise, having been selected by the directors of the San Antonio and Mexican Gulf E. E. Company as the most suitable point for the terminus of their road. The greater depth of water, and superior advantages as a shel tered harbor for vessels of every class, in all seasons, give it claims superior to all other points on Matagorda bay, and entitle it to be considered, at no distant day, the emporium of western Texas." SALURIA, U. S. collection dist., Tex. : on June 30th, 1850, had a total tonnage of 5S9 tons, enrolled and licensed, con sisting of 456 tons permanent, 116 tons temporary, and 17 tons licensed under 20 tons, all employed in the coasting trade, and of which 105 tons were propelled by steam. During the preceding year, it had no foreign commerce. One vessel was built, a steamer 106 tons. Its port of entry is La Salle. SALVISA, p. v., Mercer co., Ky. : between Salt and Ken tucky rivers, IS m. S. Frankfort. Pop. 154. SAMANTHA, p. o., Highland county, Ohio : 59 m. S. S. W. Columbus. SAMMON S POINT, p. v., Iroquois co., III. : on the "W. bank of the Iroquois r., 125 m. N. E. Springfield. The Chicago Branch E. E., will pass through this village. SAMMONSVILLE, p. o., FuHon county, Jf. Y. : 47 m. N. W. Albany. SAMPSON county, JV: Car. Situate S. E. centrally, and contains 664 sq. m. Drained by Black r. and its branches, and branches of South r., all being tributaries of Cape Fear r. Surface undulating; soil moderately fertile, a large por tion is well adapted to grain and grazing. Chief produc tions, cotton, rice, Indian corn, and potatoes. Farms 943; manuf. 53; dwell. 1,582, and pop. wh. 8,424, fr. col. 476, si. 5,685 total 14,585. Capital: Clinton. SAMPSON, p. o., Darke co., Ohio : 83 m. "W. Columbus. SAMPSONDALE, v., Eockland co., JP. Y. : 98 m. S. Albany. It is a manufacturing village, and contains an extensive iron and wire factory, rolling and slitting mills, chemical works, etc. SAMPSONVILLE, p. v., Ulster county, N". Y. : 48 m. S. "W. Albany. It contains an extensive tannery, using oak and hemlock bark, and tanning annually 60,000 sides of sole leather, cap. $200.000. This establishment is owned by General Pratt, present quartermaster of the State Military, and son of the celebrated Zadock Pratt, of Prattsville. It is a handsome village, containing also 3 saw-mills, 1 grist mill, 2 taverns, a Dutch Eeformed Church, about 60 dwell ings, and 480 inhabitants. SAM S CREEK, p. v., Carroll co., Md. : on the E. side of Sam s cr., 46 m. N. W. Annapolis. SAN ANDREAS, v., Calaveras county, Calif. : between the N. and S. branches of Calaveras r., 139 m. E. Vallejo. It is surrounded by ravines and flats, rich in gold, and well adapted to winter mining. SAN ANTONIO, p. v., and cap. Bexar co., Tex. : near the source of the river so called, 73 m. S. 8. W. Austin City, lat. 290 25 22" N., and long. 98 29 15" W. It is located on both sides of the river, about 20 m. above its junction with the Medina, and is one of the oldest towns in North America, containing many ancient structures. The Alamo in the N. E. part of the L on the lea bank of the river, is a large oblong walled iuclosure, of about an acre in extent, once used as a fortress, but now in a ruinous condition. This t. is celebrated in history as the scene of several battles, and the Alamo was gallantly defended by Col. Travis for two weeks. A United States arsenal is located here, and an Ursuline convent, and several other Catholic institutions. SAN SAN The Mexican Gulf E. K. will verge from this place, and connect with Saluria (Calhoun co.). The " Western Texian" is a weekly issue. Pop. 3,263. SAN ANTONIO river, Tex. : is formed by the Medina and Salado rivers, in Bexar co., and flows in a S. E. direction through Goliad and Eefugio co s, and empties into Espiritu Santo bay. In its course it receives the Cibolo and Guada- loupe rivers, two considerable streams. SAN ANTONIO MISSION, Monterey county, Calif. : 133 m. S. by E. Vallejo. The lands of this mission are principally owned by private persons, and contain some excellent vineyards. SAN AUGUSTINE county, Tex. Situate E., and contains 642 sq. in. Drained by Ayish bayou and its affluents, and branches of Attoyac r., which flows on its western border. Surface undulating and somewhat elevated ; soil very fertile, and produces abundantly, cotton, corn, and potatoes. There is some rich prairie land in the co., and a small portion is covered with pine. It contains many minerals, and several valuable mineral springs. Iron ore is abundant, and lead is found in small quantities. There are some quarries of excellent limestone. Farms 158; manuf. 14; dwell. 350, and pop. wh. 2,086, fr. col , si. 1,561 total 3,647. Cap ital : San Augustine. SAN AUGUSTINE, p. v., and cap. San Augustine co., Tew.: on the Ayish bayou, near its source, and on the old military post road. 237 m. N. E. Austin City, and is one of the most flourishing villages in eastern Texas. It was laid off in August, 1S33, and it now contains a court-house, jail, and many neat edifices. Being located some distance from navigable waters, it possesses few commercial advantages. The " Eed Sand Herald" is a weekly issue. Iron and lead ore is found near here, and there are some valuable min eral springs in the vicinity. The country round San Au gustine is very rich, producing cotton, corn, rye, oats, etc., in abundance. SAN BERNARD river Tex. : rises near the source of Eedgatis cr. cf Colorado r., flows S. E. forming the N. E. boundary of Colorado and Wharton counties, and passing through Brazoriaco., empties into the Gulf of Mexico, about 5 m. below the mouth of Brazos river. It has several tribu taries, and is navigable for steamboats about 40 miles. SAN BERNAKDINO, p. v., Los Angelos co., Calif. : 60 m. from Los Angelos City, and 279 m. S. E. Vallejo. The valley in which it is situate has a rich soil, and is well watered and timbered ; and is noted for its hot springs. This place was originally the seat of a mission, but has lately been purchased by the Mormons, who have a considerable settlement here. SAN BERNANDINO mountain, Los Angelos co., Calif. : a lofty peak, 280 m. S. E. Yallejo. At its base is a rich and beautiful valley. SANBORNTON, t. and p. v., Belknap co., N. TTamp.: 18 m. N. Concord. Great bay, and Little bay, and Winnipiseogee r., the outlets of the lake so called, form the E. and S. E. boundary. Drained by the ouUet of Salmon Brook Pond, which is in the N. of the L, affording good water-power. Surface uneven ; soil fertile and well cultivated. There is a gulf here, extending nearly a mile through very hard, rocky ground, 38 feet in depth, the walls from SO to 100 feet apart. Also a cavern on the hill, which may be entered in a hori zontal direction to a distance of 20 feet. On the lake, at the head of Little bay, are the remains of an ancient fortification, in which have been found numbers of Indian relics, imple ments, etc. Incorporated in 1770, and contains several manufactures of woolen and cotton goods, leather, lumber, etc. The v. is situated S. of Salmon Brook Pond. Pop. of L 2,695. SAXBORNTON BRIDGE, p. v., Belknap co., 2f. ITamp.: on the left bank of Winnipiseogee r., and on the Boston, Con cord, and Montreal E. E., 18 m. N. Concord. SAN BUENAVENTURA river, Santa Barbara county, Calif. : risca in a mountainous district near the Eancho of Ojai, has a N. by W. course of 25 or 30 m. to the sea, which it enters near the mission so called, N. of Monterey. The bottom along the stream is very fertile. The mission was one, of the most flourishing in all California. SAN CARLOS, or CARMEL, mission, Monterey co., Calif. : 175 m. S. by E. Vallejo. The lands are rich and well culti vated, and there are many fine orchards. Gold and silver are found in the vicinity. SAN CLEMENTE, v., San Diego co., Calif. : on the S. E. end of the island so called (in the Pacific Ocean), 65 m. W. San Diego, and 288 S. S. W. Vallejo ; lat. 33 00 N., and long. 118 34 00" W. SAN COSME, p. o., Eusk co., Tex. : 219 m. N. E. Austin. City. SAND creek, Ind. : rises in the centre of Decatur county, runs S. W. through Jennings, and falls into the E. fork of White r., forming for the last 4 miles the boundary between Bartholomew and Jackson counties. It is about 50 miles in length, and for the greater part is a good mill-stream. Its Indian name is Laque-ka-ou-a-nek, which means, " water running through sand." SAND BANK, p. v., Oswego co., W. Y. : on the W. side of Salmon river, 133 m. N. W. Albany. The Watertown and Eome E. E. passes near the village. SANDBURG, p. o., Sullivan county, N~. Y.: 79 m. S. W. Albany. SANDERSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Washington co., Ga. : on a branch of the Oconee r., 25 m. E. Milledgeville. It con tains a court-house, jail, academy, and stores. The "Cen tral Georgian" (lit.) is issued weekly. SANDERSVILLE, p. v., Chester district, S. Car. : 53 miles N. by W. Columbia. The King s Mountain E. E. passes 2 m. E. of this place. SAND FLAT, v., Yuba co., Calif. : on the Yuba r., 123 m. N. E. Vallejo. Fertile country and good mining. SAND FORT, p. o., Eusaell county, Ala. : 63 miles E. Montgomery. SANDGATE, t. and p. o., Bennington co., Verm. : 84 miles S. by W. Montpelier. Surface mountainous and broken. Drained by branches of the Battenkill. First settled in 1771. The t. contains several mills. The Eutland and Washing ton E. E. passes through its N. W. corner. Pop. 850. SAND HILL, p. o., Scotland county, Mo. : on N. side of N. Fabius r., 120 m. N. Jefferson City. SAND HILLS, v. and sta., Hamilton co., Jf. Jer.: on the Camden and Amboy E. E., 58 m. S. W. from New York, and 20 m. S. E. Trenton. SAND HILLS, p. o., Eusk co., Tex. : 221 m. N. E. Austin City. SAN DIEGO county, Calif. Situate S., being the extreme southern co. of the State, and contains about 10,000 sq. m. It is traversed centrally by the Coast Eange of mountains, and bounded by the Eio Colorado, and W. by the Pacific, along which the coast extends from 32 N. lat. to the mouth of Santa Anna river, and including several valuable islands. San Diego bay is a splendid sheet of water, and has excel lent harbors ; and there are several other bays of minor im portance. Its industry is eminently agricultural, with some commerce, but no mining. Pop. in 1S52, 2,932 ; of which 537 were whites 397 males and 140 females; negroes 7; domesticated Indians, 2,273 1,249 males and 1,024 females ; foreign residents, 98 91 males and 7 females. Of the citi zens of the United States 274, of the negroes 7, of the In dians, 2,474; and of foreigners 90 were adults. Capital: San Diego. SAN DIEGO, p. v., and cap. San Diego co., Calif. : near the S. boundary of California, in lat. 32 41 5S" N., and long. 117 13 25" W., 425 m. S. E. San Francisco, and 455 from Vallejo. It is on a wide and spacious bay, the S. shore of which is low and sandy. From the opposite side a narrow strip of shingle beach projects into the sea, forming a natural breakwater, having an entrance of not more than 300 yards wide, and is, with the exception of Acapulco, the 761 SAN SAN finest harbor on the Pacific. The r., which is small, is on a plain 3 m. from the anchorage, which is at the foot of the hills just inside the bay, and from which it is scarcely visi ble. It was the first place occupied by the Spaniards in Upper California. There is a fort in the v., which is occu pied by a U. S. garrison. Coal is found in the vicinity. Population 700. SAN DIEGO bay, San Diego co., Calif. : makes up from the Pacific Ocean, 455 miles S. E. Vallejo, and is a good harbor. SANDIGES, p. o., Amherst co., Virg. : 95 m. "W. Richmond. SANDISFIELD, t. and p. v., Berkshire co., Mass. : 108 miles "W. by S. Boston. Surface elevated and uneven. Drained by Farminscton river, which forms its E. boundary, and its branches, which afford water-power. Incorp, in 1736 ; first settled in 1730. The town contains 2 churches, several mills, and has woolen factories. Pop. of t. 907. SAND LAKE, t. and p. v., Eensselaer county, N. T. : 9 m. E. Albany. Drained by Poestenkill and Wynantskill creeks, and there are several small ponds in the town affording ex cellent water-power. Surface hilly, but has fertile soil in the valleys. The v. contains manufactories of woolen and cotton goods, a furnace, a glass factory, several flouring, grist, and saw mills, mechanic shops, etc. Pop. of t. 2,558. SAND MOUNTAIN, p. o., De Kalb county, Ala. : 149 m. N. Montgomery. SAN DOVER, p. o., Abbeville district, & Car. : 79 m. W. Columbia. SANDOWN, t. and p. o., Eockingham county, Jf. Samp. : 27 m. S. E. by S. Concord. Surface uneven ; watered by Squamscot r. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in agri culture, but there are several mills. Pop. 566. SAND PRAIRIE, p. v., Eichland co., Wise. : on the N. of the Wisconsin r., 64 m. W. by N. Madison. SAND S MILLS, p. o., Westchester co., Jf. Y.: Ill m. S. Albany. SAND SPRING, p. o., "Wood co., Tex. : 173 m. N. E. Austin City. SANDTOWN, p. v., Campbell co., Ga. : on the Chattahoo- chee t., 87 m. N. W. Milledgeville. SANDUSKY county, Ohio. Situate N., and contains 458 sq. m. Sandusky r. passes through it centrally, by which and its branches, and by Portage r., it is drained. Surface level, and in parts very low; soil generally fertile. Agri culture is the leading pursuit. Pork and beef are exported in large quantities. Farms 1,391; manuf. 57; dwell. 2,437, and pop. wh. 14,257, fr. col. 4S-- total 14,305. Capital: Fremont Public Works : Toledo, Norwalk, and Cleve land E. E. ; Mad Eiver and Lake Erie E. E. (direct line). SANDUSKY, p. v., Cattaraugus county, N. Y. : on a fork of Cattaraugus cr., 244 m. "W. by S. Albany. SANDUSKY CITY, p. v., port of entry, and cap. Erie co., Ohio : on the S. side of the bay so called, fronting the open ing into, and 3 m. from, Lake Erie, N. E. Columbus. The v. is based on an extensive quarry of excellent stone, which has been used to a great extent as a building material in the city, as well as an article of export to other places. The ground on which the v. is built has a gradual rise from the water for about half a mile, thereby affording a fine view of the lake. The wharves are substantial and commodious, and, with the exception of a short time in the winter season, are thronged with steamboats and other lake vessels arriving and departing with travelers and merchandise. There are ship-yards situated here, at which vessels and steamboats are built to a considerable extent. It is connected with Cincinnati by the Mad Eiver and Lake Erie E. E. 218 mile?, and to Newark by the Sandusky, Mansfield, and Newark E. E. 116 miles distant, by which means a heavy tramportation business is carried on with the interior and the Ohio river. Other roads are projected, and will ere long be built, as the Lake Shore line, etc. From a detailed statement of the commerce of the port of Sandusky, and other places in the district, published in the 762 ; Commercial Eeporter," the following statistics are com piled, which exhibit a large increase in the business of 1852 as compared with that .of 1851 : COMMERCE OF SANDUSKY CITY. Imports. Exports. Total Commerce. 1S52 $40,896,085 $18,789,814 $59,655,899 1851 13,917,564 4,755,729 18,673,293 Increase. $26,978,521 $14,034,085 $41,012,606 COMMERCE OF OTHER PORTS OF DISTRICT. Imports. Exports. Total Commerce, 1852 $4,176,321 $1,237,267 $5,413,588 1851 1,411,918 1,160,158 2,572,071 Increase . . $2,764,403 $77,114 $2,841 ,517 TOTAL OF SANDUSKY DISTRICT Imports. Exports. Total Commerce. 1852 $45,072,406 $20,027,081 $65,099,487 1851 16,329,482 5,915,882 21,245.364 Increase. $29,742,924 $14,111,199 $43,854,123 To account in part for this great increase, it is proper to state, that the exhibit of the commerce for 1851 did not in clude money packages by express, which are included in that of 1852. The number of arrivals and departures for the same year, comparatively, were as follows : Arrivals. Departures, Total. 1S52 3,242 3,250 6.492 1851 1.99S 1,990 3,998 Increase 1,244 1,260 2,494 The Sandusky District extends from Black river to Port Clinton, and has a coast line of 50 miles. The shipping places are Vermilion, Huron, and Port Clinton on the lake, the city of Sandusky, and Seneca within Sandusky bay, and Fremont, 36 miles up Sandusky river. The shipping owned in the district in 1S50 was 7,328 tons. The port has also some small intercourse with the British provinces. Sandusky was originally laid out in 1817 by two gentle men from Connecticut, and the first dwelling erected in the fall of that year. The first church was built in 1830. It now contains the county court-house, jail, and other public buildings, several churches, an academy built of stone, three stories high, a large number of stores, several commission houses, extensive machine shops, at which are manufactured iron for railroad cars ; two banks, printing-offices, hotels, and other establishments. A short distance back from the bay is a public square, around which are the principal pub lic buildings and churches. On the whole, Sandusky is a well-planned and flourishing city, and rapidly increasing in importance. There are five papers published here, the "S Mirror," (dem.) daily and weekly, " Commercial Eegister" (com.) daily, "S. Clarion," weekly (whig), "Daily San- duskian" daily (whig), and " The Gleaner" monthly (neut.) Pop. 5,088, which includes Portland. SANDUSKY river and bay, Ohio : the river rises in Eich land and Crawford counties, flows E. into Wyandot county, thence N. by meandering course into Sandusky bay. It is 90 m. long, and though a rapid stream, affords good navi gation at high water. In Crawford co. it is only 4 miles dis tant from a Lead branch of Scioto r. The bay is about 16 m. long, and its average width 3 miles. It communicates with Lake Erie by a narrow strait. SANDWICH, t. and p. v., Barnstable county, Mats. : on the isthmus of Cape Cod, between Buzzard s and Cape Cod bays. Lat. (1st Cong, ch.) 41 45 31" N., long. 70 30 13 W. The v. on Cape Cod bay contains 4 churches,, an acad emy, and a very large glass factory, producing annually $300,000 worth of very superior glass. Here terminates the Cape Cod Branch E. E. from Middleboro on the Fall Eiver E. E., 28 m. ; distance by railroad from Boston 63 m. The SAN SAN "Sandwich Observer" (neut.) is issued weekly. In the t. there are three other v., and in it a considerable quantity of salt is annually manufactured. Pop. of t. in 1840, 3,719 ; in 1S50, 4,368. SANDWICH, t. and p. o., Carroll co., A r . ffamp. : 46 m. N. Concord. Surface uneven and mountainous, with some fertile soil. Watered by Bearcamp r., flowing into Ossipee lake and other streams. Squam lake lies partly in its S. E. corner, and in its N. part commences Sandwich Mountain. Chartered in 1763. It contains numerous mills of various kinds, and several tanneries. Pop. 2,577. SANDY, p. o., Columbiana county, Ohio : 121 m. E. N. E. Columbus. SANDY, p. o., Jackson co., Virg. : near Big Sandy creek, 247 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. SANDY river, Me. : rises in Franklin co., flows S. E. until it reaches Farmington Falls v., when it takes a N. E. course until it empties into Kennebec r., in Stark s t., Somerset co. It is about 45 m. long, has several branches, and affords excellent water-power. SANDY river, Virg. and Ky. : rises in Tazewell co., and receives numerous head branches. It flows in general N. N. W. course, and through its greater portion forms about one-half of the boundary between Virginia and Ken tucky. It enters the Ohio r., at Carletsburg, Ky., by a mouth 100 yards wide. It is navigable for batteaux 50 m. from its mouth. Its principal tributary is the West fork, which it receives at Louisa, Ky. SANDY BOTTOM, p. o., Middlesex county, Virg. : 41 m. E. Richmond. SANDY BRIDGE, p. v., Carroll co., Tenn. : on Big Sandy r., 83 m. W. Nashville. SANDY CREEK, t, p. v., and sta., Oswego co., 2f. Y. : on Lake Ontario, 138 m. N. W. Albany. Drained by Little Sandy cr., and other small streams flowing into the lake. Surface undulating; soil fertile. It contains a furnace, mills, etc. The v. is on the Watertown and Rome E. E., 47 m. N. W. Eome, and has limited manufactures. Pop. of t. 2.456. SANDY CREEK, p.o., Eandolph co., A T . Car.: on a stream so called, 55 m. W. Ealeigh. SANDY CREEK, t., Mercer co., Penn.: ISO m. N. W. Harrisburg. It con tains numerous saw and other mills, with several tanneries and distilleries. Pop. 1,100. SANDY FOUNDATION, p. o., Lenoir co., N. Oar.: 67 m. S. E. Ealeigh. SANDY GROVE, p. v., Chatham county, 2f. Car.: on one of the head branches of Eocky river, 51 m. W. by N. Ealeigh. SANDY HILL, p. v., Worcester co., Md. : on a creek of Chincoteague bay, 86 m. S. E. Annapolis. SANDY HILT,, p. v., and cap. Washington co., N. Y. : on the left bank of the Hudson r., 46 m. N. by E. Albany, and contains court-house and other county offices, etc. It is located on an elevation, was incorporated in 1S10, and is well laid out, the streets inclosing a triangular area in the centre. In its upper part is a fall of 12 feet in the r., below which distant about 100 rods is Baker s Falls, with an almost perpendicular fall of 50 feet, producing immense hydraulic power, which is much improved by a number of mills and manufactories. Glenn s Falls, feeder of the Cham- plain Canal, passes through, and the Saratoga and Wash ington E. E. near the place. The " Sandy Hill Herald" (dem.), and Washington Telegraph" (whig) are weekly issues. This village is noted for its " stated preachings," of which B. F. Butler is the historian. SANDY HOOK, N. Jer. : is a sandy beach, extending N. from Old Shrewsbury inlet, and the S. point of the highlands of Neversink. It is 6 m. long, has an average width of i m., and is of note from its proximity to New York bay. A lighthouse is here erected, and a floating light, with beacons, is stationed off the coast SANDY HOOK, p. v., Harford co.,M7.: on Deercr., 45 m. N. Annapolis. The vicinity has excellent farm lands, and is being improved rapidly; and on the creek there is abundance of fine stone, of which the houses are mostly built. Pop. 160. SANDY LAKK, t. and p. o., Mercer co., Penn. : 189 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by Sandy cr., which flows into the lake so called, in N. W. part of t. Surface even, with a productive soil. It contains a furnace, several mills, etc. SANDY LEVEL, p. o., Pittsylvania co.. Virg. : 120 m. S. W. Eichmond. SANDY PLAINS, p. o., Eutherford co., N. Car. : on the S. side of White Oak cr., 187 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. SANDY POINT, Anne Arundel co., Md. : a cape of Chesa peake bay, opposite Kent Island. The bay is here at its narrowest dimensions. SANDY POINT, sta., Prince William county, Virg. : on Washington and Wilmington E. E. route, 40 m. from Wash ington, etc. SANDY EIDGE, p. v., Lowndes co., Ala. : at the source of Big Swamp cr., 27 m. S. by W. Montgomery. SANDY EIDGE, p. v., Henry co., Ga. : 55 m. W. N. W. Milledgeville. SANDY EIDGE, p. o., Steuben co., Ind. : 139 m. N. E. Indianapolis. SANDY EIVER, p. v., Pittsylvania co., Virg. : at the head waters of a stream, so called, 126 m. S. W. Eichmond. SANDY BUN, p. o., Cleveland co., W. Car. : on a creek so called, 169 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. SANDY EUN, p. v., Lexington dist., S. Car. : on the S. side of a small stream so called, 15 m. S. by E. Columbia. SANDY SPRING, p. v., Montgomery co., Md. : in the hilly region, W. of Patuxent r., 30 m. N. W. Annapolis. SANDY SPRING, p. o., Fayette co., Tenn. : 163 m. S. W. Nashville. SANDYVILLE, p. v., Tuscarawas co., Oliio : on Sandy cr., and on the line of the Sandy and Beaver Canal, 96 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 223. SAN ELEAZARIO, p. v., El Paso co., Tex. : on the Eio Grande, 525 m. W. by N. Austin City. SAX FELIPE, p. v., Austin co., Tex. : the county seat, and formerly the capital of the Brazos jurisdiction, on the W. bank of the Brazos r., and on the border of an extensive prairie, 102 m. E. by S. Austin City. SANFORD, t. and p. v., York co., Me. : 82 m. S. W. by S. Augusta. Watered by Mousum r., which affords water- power, improved by several large factories. The York and Cumberland E. E. will pass through the t. Pop. of t. 2,330. SANFORD, p. o., Ingham co., Mich. SANFORD, t. and p. o., Broorne co., N. Y. : 97 m. S. W. Albany. Drained by tributaries of the Delaware r. Sur face hilly, in parts mountainous; soil best adapted to graz ing. It has several manufactories, mills, etc. The Erie E. E. passes through the t., on which is Summit station, 194 m. from New York. Pop. of t. 2,508. SANFORD S CORNERS, p. o., Jefferson co., N. Y. : 144 m. N. W. Albany. SAN FRANCISCO county, Calif. Situate W. middle, and contains 400 sq. m. It occupies a peninsula between the Bay of San Francisco and the Pacific Ocean. Drained by several creeks flowing into the bay ; and the surface some what hilly, with fertile valleys. San Francisquita creek divides it from Santa Clara county. Gold in small quan tities has been found in this creek, which rises in the Sierra Moreno, or Brown Mountains, running along the coast, and in some places 2,000 feet high, affording protection to the valley from the coast winds. Coal has been discovered in the county, and there is excellent red wood in several local ities. Soil rich and productive, and agricultural resources great, but undeveloped. Assessed value of property $17,794,711. Pop. in 1852, 86,151 whites 35,531, negroes 323, mulattoes 141, Indians 159, and of the whites 19,308 are foreign residents 34,876 in the city. Capital ; San Fran cisco. 763 SAN SAN SAN FRANCISCO, p. city, port of entry, and cap. San Fran cisco co., Calif. : on a narrow neck of land between the bay of the same name and the Pacific Ocean, fronting eastward on the bay, and having the ocean five miles on the west. Lat, of the Presidio, 37 47 35" N., and long. 122O 26 15" W. The year that gave birth to the great Western Republic on the Atlantic shore also witnessed the first permanent set tlement on the coast of California. In 1776, two Catholic missionaries Francisco Palou and Benito Cambon landed on the Bay of San Francisco, and proceeded to establish a central point for their operations in civilizing and Christian izing the native tribes. Finding a fertile tract, capable of irrigation, near 2 m. S. of the present city, they chose that for their home, and founded the Mission Dolores, a name commemorative of the sufferings of the Virgin. The mis sions of San Jos, Santa Clara, San Raphael, and others, were established subsequently, and were dependent on that of San Francisco. On the present site of the city a few houses were erected about the same time. This settlement was called Yerba Buena " good herb," because a herb of that name, reputed medicinal and sometimes used as a sub stitute for Chinese tea, was found in abundance on the sur rounding hills. The town retained this name until occupied by the Americans. All the buildings were of adobes. The presidio, three miles W. of the town, and near the entrance of the bay, was built about the same time for government purposes. Soon after its organization the mission flourished rapidly ; the Indians learned to repose confidence in the padres, and embraced with avidity the new religion and many of the arts of civilization ; they lived in small com munities, and were occupied in tilling the earth and other employments under the direction of the missionaries. Some idea of the extent of the operations of the padres may be formed from the fact, that there belonged to the mission at one period 20,000 head of cattle, 3,000 horses, and 30,000 sheep. In 1810 the number of Christian baptisms had reached 3.896, and in 1S31, the period of greatest prosperity, the whole number had amounted to 6.SS3. From this date the mission declined, and the Indians were driven off by political disturbances. From 1831 to 1819 the number of baptisms was only 468. Of the entire list, it is computed that nine- teuths were Indians, and the remainder Californians or im migrants and their descendants, principally from Mexico. In the mean time the town was slowly increasing, some im portance being attached to it in consequence of the hides and tallow which it exported. In 1S39 it was laid out as a town by Cnptain John Vioget, the few houses being pre viously scattered without regularity. In 1S45 it contained 150 inhabitants. About this time it began to attract the at tention of some adventurous Americans, and the population increased in two years to nearly 500. It was, in fact, an American settlement long before it fell a conquest to the United States. The bay on which the city stands extends S. of it some 50 m. parallel with the sea, from which it is only separated by a narrow strip of land, varying from 5 to 25 m. in breadth. The city is on the extreme point of this peninsula. Its site is handsome and commanding, being on an inclined plane half a mile in extent from the water s edge to the hills in the rear. Two points of land Clark s Point on the N., and Rincon Point on the S., one mile apart project into the bay, forming a crescent between them, which is the water front of the city, and which has already been filled in and covered with buildings for the extent of half a mile. Those points and the lofty hills, N. and W., upon which the city is rapidly climbing, afford a most extensive and pic turesque view of the surrounding country. Standing on Telegraph Hill, to the N. of the city, and looking E., the spectator sees the spacious bay, 8 m. in width, crowded with ships of all nations, and the fertile coast of Contra Costa beyond, with its new city of Oakland, behind which rises hill on hill, to the red wood forests on the summits- towering over the rest, the conical peak of Mount Diabolo, 764 at a distance of 30 m. To the N. is the entrance from the ocean, and Saucilito, 6 m. distant, at the foot of the opposite hills. The northern arm of the bay also stretches away till lost in the distance, studded with smoking steamers on their way to the numerous points on the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. To the S. is the busy city, the Mission Dolores, the southern arm of the bay lost in the horizon, and the dim, distant coast-range running parallel on the E. Facing W. is seen the narrow strait through which the rest less ocean ebbs and flows, and into which the sea-breeze sweeps daily with its chilling but purifying mists the Golden Gate, the Presidio, the fort, and the great ocean beyond. The Bay of San Francisco, says Fremont, has been cele brated, from the time of its first discovery, as one of the finest in the world, and is justly entitled to that character, even under the seaman s view of a mere harbor. But when all the accessary advantages which belong to it fertile and picturesque dependent country; mildness and salubrity of climate ; connection with the great interior Valley of the Sacramento and San Joaquin ; its vast resources for ship- timber, grain, and cattle when these advantages are all taken into account, with its geographical position on the line of communication with Asia, it rises into an importance far above that of a mere harbor, ond deserves a particular notice in any account of maritime California. Its latitudinal position is that of Lisbon ; its climate is that of Southern Italy ; settlements upon it for more than half a century at test its healthiness ; bold shores and mountains give it grandeur; the extent and fertility of its dependent country give it great resources for agriculture, commerce, and pop ulation. (See article CALIFORNIA.) The city, as it now exists, is regularly laid out into streets and squares, and contains a vast number of wholesale and and retail stores, well built, many of brick, and in its public buildings is not behind the majority of Atlantic cities in point of architecture and ornament. All is being built on a magnificent scale commensurate with the greatness of the golden lands of which it is the commercial dep6t. Its facil ities for shipping are excellent, and its anchorage s;ife and commodious. It would, however, be useless to describe such a place; its daily progress and general advancement render such an attempt nugatory, as a description of to-day would give but a poor idea of its condition on the morrow. To sum up its past and give its latest statistical returns is all that can be required. The city is governed by a mayor, aldermen, and recorder, and has various municipal courts, in which justice is regularly dispensed. The streets which so lately were mere sand-tracks, are now paved and lighted, and in regard of its police an unparalleled efficiency is maintained. There are many things in San Francisco? however, which would not be tolerated in New England ; it has its gaming houses and swindling shops of every degree, and many of its hotels are absolute hells ; but these are the incidents of its peculiar situation. The receptacle of the " fast men" of all countries, and the threadbare characters of the Atlantic States, it is only wonderful that it is not worse than it really is said to be. But this position of af fairs can only be temporary, and will be gradually removed as a permanent population is attained. The corporation of San Francisco consists of a mayor, recorder, marshal, controller, treasurer, tax collector, city attorney, street commissioner, three county assessors, county justice, constable, eight aldermen, and eight assistant alder men. The police force consists of a captain, assistant cap tain, and thirty-two men. Several of the heavy mercantile houses employ special policemen, maintained at their own expense, but clothed with authority by the mayor and mar shal. The health department levies one dollar from each passenger landing by sea, which entitles the sick to admis sion into the City Hospital free of charge for the subsequent six months. The general condition of the city in 1S52 may be gathered SAN SAN from the State census of that year, and other returns refer ring to other late periods. Total population 34.ST6 ; of which 34,320 were whites 29,166 males, and 5,154 females; 312 were negroes 260 mak-s, and 52 females ; 132 were mulattoes 99 males, and 83 females; 12 domesticated Indians 6 males, and 6 fe males. Persons over 21 years of age Americans, 11,3T1, negroes, 275, mulattoes, 103, and foreigners, 15,937. The total number of foreigners was 18,854, of which 16,144 were males, and 2,710 females. Statement showing the national character, number, and tonnage of vessels which arrived at San Francisco during the year ending 31st December, 1852, and the countries whence they came : Countries of Departure. Other Countries, Total. Tons, Vess, Tons. Vess. Tons, Vess. Tons. Vess, Tons. 18,121 .... .... .... 1 .... 432 .... .... .... 1S4 .... 74,153 N.America... . 5 .. 981 .... .... .... 8 .... 990 .... .. . . 13 ... 1,971 U.S. Pacific Ports.... 1S3 Mexico 23 .... 4.803 .... 2 .... 551 .... 5 .... 1,214 .... 47 .... 6,517 .... 77 Central America 36 22,030 2 564 6 .... 1,029 44 New Granada 64 53,243 2 .... 631 4 2,114 5 1,150 75 Peru 9 .... 1.671 .... .... .... .... .... 6.... 1,033 .... 15 Chili 17 .... 5,008 .... 1 .... 201 .... 28 .... 10.833 846 59 .... 13,023 .... 105 13,085 23,673 62,193 2,754 33,015 Sandwich Islands... . 31 .. .. 5,653 .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 .. 510 .... 23 .... 3,562 .. .. 63 .. . . 9,730 Other Pacific Ports.. . 12 .. .. 3,599 .. .. .. 12 .. . . 3,599 Philippines .... 2 .... 965 .. .. 2 .. .. 905 China .21 .. .. 11.527 .. .. 1 .. .. 593 .. .. 43 .. .. 28,004 .... 22 .... 7,080 ... ,. 92 .. .. 47,204 East Indies . 1 .. 197 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. 197 Australia . 5 .. .. 1,532 .. .. .. .. .. 19 .. . . 5,563 .... 1 .... 116 ... . 25 .. .. 7,211 France . 1 .. 309 .. .. 23 .. .. 9,435 .. .. 2 .. 433 .... 1 .... 420 .. 27 .. .. 10,652 Spain . .. .. 1 .. .. 370 .. .. .. .. 1 .. 370 Belgium . . . ... . . . . .. . . .... 1 .... 163 .. .. 1 .. 163 Holand ............. .... .... .... .... .... .... 5.... 2,405 .... 5 .... 2,405 Hanse Towns ........ ____ ____ ____ .... ____ ____ 8 ____ 1,687 ____ 8 ____ 1,637 Portugal ............. ____ ____ ---- ____ 2 ____ 300 ____ 1 ____ 680 ____ 8 ____ 980 GreaUkitain ........ .... .... .... .... 33 .... 17,198 .... 2 .... 1,038 .... 40 .... 18,236 U.S. Atlantic Ports ..152 ....123.770 .... .... .... .... - .... .... .... 152 ....123,770 All other Countries... 2.... 271.... .... .... .... .... 4.... 956.... 6.... 1,227 Total 594 ....317,262 .... 30 ....11,831 ....166 .... 69,106 ....200 .... 46,316 .... 990 ....444,515 The following table, taken from Hunt s " Merchants Mag azine" for May, 1853, though differing somewhat from the above, will nevertheless bo most valuable on account of its showing the character of the shipping, both entered and cleared, at the port : ENTRANCES, 1852. American. Character. CoastwNe. No. Tons. Steamers. 57. 46,046 Fr< Amer iign ports, Foreign. No, Ton! Total. No. Tons .127.118.376 72,441. 1.. Ships . . . .139.119,055. .23. .16/275. 93. .52,3s2. .2(50.137,712 Barks.... 53. 17,636.. 38.. 10,279. 141. .51,844.. 237. 79,809 Brigs.... 64. 11.221.. 64. .11,233.112. .19.732. .240. 42.236 Schooners 26. 2,733.. 53.. 6.666. 60.. 6,892.. 139. 16,321 Total ..344 196,731 252 116,944 407 131,2891,003 445,014 CLEARANCES, 185 American. For foreign ports. Character. Coastwise. American. Foreign. No. Tons. No. Tons. No, Tons. Steamers. 90. 57,758. 66. 68,511. 2.. 773. Ships ____ 22. 18,739.141.112,135. 93. .51,423. Barks ____ 43. 12,170. 74. 21,868.134. .52.577. Brigs.... 92. 15,416. 64. 11,625.107. .18,477. Schooners453. 29,424. 46. 5,545. 59.. 6,723. Total. No. Tons. . 153. 127,047 .256.182,302 256. 86.615 .263. 45,518 . 558. 41,657 Total ..705 133,507 391 219,644 405 129,9331,491 433,139 The following are the statistics of the arrivals from East- em domestic ports during the year, with the ports from which they sailed, the tonnage, etc. : Whence. Vessels. Tons. A v. passage. Boston, Mass 47 34,241 14?* days New York, N. Y 99 83,339 150 " Philadelphia, Pa 7 2.839 161 " BalUmore,Md 6 1,390 179 " Frankfort, Me 1 199 156 " NewLondon,Ct 1 135 185 " Eichmond,Ya 3 2,007 159* " The arrivals during the different months of the year were as follows : Months. Ves. Jan... 6.. Feb... S., Mar... 7., s. Av. days. Months. Ves. Tons. Av. days. 8,238.. 4,557.. April . 13... 10,267.. May.. 11... 7,695... 149 June.. 8... 2,864... 129 5.941... 140 145* 132 137* July.. 18... 14,439... 146* Aug. . 17... 12,424... 148* Sept.. 13... 10,022... 156* Oct. .. 27... 19,441... 160 jj Nov. . 22... 15,377... 161 Dec. . 18... 12,235... 158* The twelve shortest passages of the year were as follows : Name. From. Date of arr. Days. Sword Fish ...... New York ........ Feb. 10 ........ 92 Flying Fish ...... Boston ........... " 15 ........ 98 Staffordshire ...... " ........... Aug. 13 Sov. of the Seas... New York ........ Nov. 15 ........ Comet ........... " 101 103 .Jan. 13 104 104 Boston Mar. 26 105 " Aug. 17 105 New York Feb. 17 107 Boston Ap. 28 103 New York " 22 108 " Dec. 9 103 The number of passengers arriving and clearing by sea at San Francisco, during the year ending 2Sth Dec., 1852, was as follows : Passengers. Arriving, Clearing. Males 57,316 22,554 Females 5,223 390 Children... . 1,651.. 2 Wild Pigeon " " 23. John Bertram Shooting Star Celestial Courier Eclipse Sea Witch... Total 64,190 22,946 excess of arrivals 41,244. The arrivals overland and at other ports may be set down at 10,000, which would give to the State an increase of upward of 50,000 in the year, irre spective of natural increase. T65 SAN SAN Subjoined is a statement of the number of vessels whic have sailed from the Atlantic States for California, eac month, since the discovery of gold. Month. 18<8. i*M!. 1850. 1851 185 January S3 82 26.... February 64 S3 11 2 March 53 109 IS 2 April 21 69 8.... May 23 33 4.... June 34 32 5 2 July 42 25 6.... August 50 26 4 September 40 23 4. ... October 3 74 3T 10 3 November 6 105 41 14 2 December 11 89 21 11 Total 20 6T3 536 121 22 The amount of gold dust shipped by steamers from the por of San Francisco, during the year ending 31st December 1852, was, according to a table carefully prepared by Adam & Co., $45,537,803; of which $39,007,367 was destined fo* New York, $470,733 for New Orleans, $6,020,027 for Lon don, $46,000 for Panama, and $43,626 for San Juan. Thi shipments for the several months were, $2,905,770 for Janu ary, $1,770,122 for February, $2,173,304 for March, $3,407,29? for April, $5.470,923 for May, $3,570.266 for June, $4,119.509 for July, $3,619,929 for August, $4,103,630 for September $5,067.3*6 for October, $5,253,499 for November, $4,056,172 for December. The amount of gold dust manifested and shipped by sail ing vessels during the same time was $213.513 ; of which $97,907 was sent to Valparaiso, $22,611 to Hong Kong, $47,000 to Canton, $7,000 to Shanghae, and $39,000 to ports in China, The amount of coin manifested during the same time was $455.253; of which $135,061 was shipped to Hong Kong, $12,000 to Whampoa, $25,000 to Shanghae, $75.850 to ports in China, $32,432 to Valparaiso, $49,850 to Manilla, $4.000 to Punta Arenas, and $71,000 to Honolulu. The total amount of gold dust and coin manifested and shipped on board steamers and sailing vessels during the year 1352 was $46.256,574. This, of course, does not show all the gold dust exported during the year, as many vessels are in the habit of taking large amounts abroad without noting them on their manifests. To obtain the actual export it would be necessary to add these unknown shipments, and also an estimate for the amount taken away in the bauds of passengers. This last may safely be put down for the year at $10,000,000, showing a total export of gold from California during the year 1352 of about $56,000,000. The history of San Francisco since the American occu pancy, is full of interest and instruction. Within the brief space of 5 or 6 years, it has risen from a comparatively small village, to a mighty city, commanding the trade of the world, and the destined port of a large moving population. The war with Mexico, which broke out in 1S46, gave a first impulse to its commerce, by requiring the shipment of sup plies for military purposes. In March, 1847, there were in the harbor the extraordinary number of six vessels the imports for the last quarter of that year amounted to $49,600, and the exports to $53,600. At this period, the number of inhabitants, exclusive of Indians, was 375. Eight months later, when a census was taken by the Board of School Trustees, the number exceeded SOO, of which 60 were of scholastic age. This increase of more than 100 per cent, in eigh-t months, took place before the discovery of gold, and when California was sought merely for agricultural and commercial purposes. The first school-house was completed in Dec., 13-17, and the town council passed a resolution, that " not exceeding $400 be appropriated to the payment of the teacher of the public school of this place, $200 to be paid at the expiration of the first six mouths, and $200 to be paid 766 at the expiration of twelve months, from tho commencement of the school. This was the day of small things. Gold was a scarce article, except as a hidden treasure. The first American school in California was duly opened on Monday, 3d April, 1848. It appears that the early settlers were bent on reducing the town to the order and decorum of some Atlantic cities. Ordinances were passed in 1847 imposing a fine of $5 on any person allowing hogs to run at large, and a fine of $20 on any person discharging fire-arms within a mile of the public square. Complaints were even made in the newspaper, against the practice of smoking cigars in the magistrates office and other public places. In January, 1S47, an ordinance was published, directing that the name of Yerba Buena, as applied to the town, be changed to San Francisco, in all public documents and records. On the 13th Sept., the first election was held, for six members of council. The number of votes polled was 200. The " steamboat" made its experimental trip on the 15th NOT. of that year. This pioneer in steam navigation was a diminutive vessel, the name of which is not given. In April, 1S47, a semi-monthly mail was established to San Diego and other southward points. On the 1st of April next year, the "California Star Express" left by the overhand route. This formidable enterprise, the first regular convey ance to the States, was announced to go through, as far as Independence, in 60 days. The postage on a letter was 50 cents. Early in 1848, an excitement appears to have :aken hold of the public mind, in regard to the supposed mineral treasures of the country ; but it is worthy of remark, that gold was the metal least thought of. The quicksilver mines near San Jos had long been known and worked. Copper was discovered somewhere, saltpetre and sulphur also, a quarry of limestone was opened, and coal had been found near San Francisco. Silver it was said had also been discovered. To this metal, indeed, more than any other, was expectation directed, and people seemed to have an dea that the land was underlaid with silver ore. The first discovery of gold was made near Suiter s Fort, 30 miles from \ fcw Helvetia, in Dec., 1847, and by the ensuing spring, the yellow fever" as it was facetiously called, had carried off he greater part of the population. Stores were closed, and 3uses left tenantless, and every thing wore a desolate and ombre look. Lawyers, merchants, grocers, carpenters, and ooks, rushed in one motley assemblage to the mines. The lewspapers ceased their issues. This suspension of trade nd business, however, was soon succeeded by the most xtraordinary activity. Adventurers from all nations, and merchandise of all kinds began to pour into the town, on its vay to the mining regions. The forsaken buildings re- eived a new tenantry, and the store-houses were in demand or mercantile purposes. In August, emigrants began to rrive at the rate of 500 a month, and in the middle of eptember, the harbor is described as crowded with ship- ing, the wharf lined with goods, and the streets filled with a nisy throng. In the first two months of the golden age, the mount of dust brought into San Francisco was estimated t $250,000 ; and in the next two months, at $600,000. In ept., 1848, an era took place in the history of the city: a quare-rigged vessel the brig Belfast, from New York, had rrived, laden with a valuable cargo. She hauled up at roadway wharf, the only one accessible to such a vessel, nd there discharged. No sooner was she known to be nding her cargo, than real estate rose 50 per cent. A acant lot on the corner of "Washington and Montgomery reels, at that time bordering on thewaler, which had been ffered for $5,000 and refused, sold readily the very next ay for $10,000. The first brick building was erected at the )rner of Montgomery and Clay streets, in Sept., 1843. About this time projects were started for establishing a mperance society and a lyceum, but most persons thought at a theatre was most the suitable moral exponent; a pro- >sition was also made to establish a hospital for miners c. In November, at a public meeting, the Kev. T. D SAN SAN Hunt was elected " chaplain for the city." At the election in October, 1S48, 158 votes were polled ; in December, 1848, the voters numbered 34T, and in the August next year 1,519 votes were polled. In December, 1S4S, the public school was re-opened. In November, 184S, when the people re turned from the mines for the winter, the effects of the gold discovery were most generally fdt. Lots that in the spring were sold at from $100 to $2,000, now ranged from $1,000 to $15,000, and rents had quintupled. In February, 1849, the population was estimated at 2.000. The duties collected at the custom-house in 1S4S were 1st quarter, $11,931 ; 2d quarter, $8,835; 3d quarter, $74,827, and 4th quarter, $100.480. The exports of merchandise amounted to about $1,000,000, and the imports of coin to about the same amount, while the exports of gold dust for the last six months were $2,000,000, or something less than the quantity regularly exported every two weeks four years after. The first fire, for which incidents San Francisco has become famous, occur red in January, 1849, burning the Shades Hotel, and in June, the ship PhiladeJphia was burnt in the harbor. On the 1st February of the same year the " California," the first steamship in the mail service, arrived. On the 18th of May arrived the ship Grey Eagle, of Philadelphia, having made the passage in 117 days thus far the quickest passage. It was computed that the number of emigrants in tl>e country in June of this year was 15,000, of whom the greater portion had debarked at this pork Sixty-four vessels were in the harbor. In the month of July there arrived by sea 3,614 souls. Some idea of the rapid march of the country in those times may be formed, from the fact that, on a single day, the 1st July, there arrived 17 vessels with 889 passengers. In August the population was computed at 5,000. The num ber of arrivals during the month had been 3,805. In Sept., 5,802 arrived, and in October abont 4,000. The Baptists built the first Protestant house of Avorship in California, and dedicated it on the 5th August, 1849. Central wharf was finished in the latter part of this year. In October a little iron steamboat was launched, and was placed on the route to Sacramento. On one of her trips she brought a number of salmon from Sacramento, which sold readily at $1 per pound, and some of the fish brought as high a price as $45. The steamboats M Kim and Senator were shortly after put on the same route. All these vessels were crowded with passengers. An election to adopt the constitution, and to choose State officers, was held on the 13th November, when the number of ballots cast was 3,169, of which only 5 were in the negative. In the winter of 1849-50 the business of San Francisco was almost suspended on account of the im passable condition of the streets from rain, and in numerous instances persons are said to have perished in the mud. At this period the most motley population in the world was congregated in San Francisco, and the capricious taste of the citizens, in regard of dress, served to add to the ap parent diversity. Every man had his own standard of fashion entirely independent of the rest of the world. As the female population increased, however, the costume of the men began to approach a more uniform standard, and now, even the slouch hat, which so long distinguished the Californian, has given place to trim and formal modes from Broadway and Chestnut Street. In those days the humor of the people inclined them not in the slightest degree toward intellectual pursuits. From the multitude of gam bling and drinking houses, and the crowds that filled them, one might have inferred that drinking was a universal habit, and that gambling was a regular occupation of one- half of the people, and the nightly diversion of the other half. In the progress of civilization and refinement, during the winter two theatres w,ere kept in operation, and a por tion of the citizens began to amuse themselves with con certs, balls, dinner parties, and military suppers. The first rush homeward took place in this winter. Driven from the mines by the weather, many of the most fortunate adven turers looked toward their distant friends. All tickets for the steamers being taken, extraordinary prices were offered for them for steerage tickets, the original cost of which was $150, as much as $450 was frequently given. The first of the series of calamitous conflagrations thatb/ave marked the history of the city, broke out on the 24th Dec., 1849, and consumed, in houses and merchandise, property valued at $1,000,000. The fire of Nov., 1852, burned over a portion of the same ground, but with less destruction. Early in 1S50 an express wagon made its appearance in the streets ; and in January of this year, a curious incident transpired, in the public sale of three females from Sidney, to pay their passage money. They were sold for five months at .$15 each the captain of the vessels pocketing the money with entire satisfaction. In March was formed the " Stranger s Benevolent Society," for the relief of the indigent sick. From the 12th April, 1849. to the 29th Jan., 1850, a period of little over nine months, there arrived by sea at San Fran cisco, 39,388 immigrants, of whom 1,421 were, females. Of 805 vessels from which they landed, 487 were American and 318 foreign. In the year ending 15th April, 1850, there had arrived 62,000 passengers in 695 American and 418 foreign vessels. The winter of 1849-50 witnessed the first stop to ward the formation of the present enormous debt of the city. The expenditures for December were $135,000, and the re ceipts $175,000, being a balance in the treasury of $40,000. In January and February the expenditures were $201,000, and the receipts only $137,000, leaving a deficit of $24,000, which was the nucleus of the present, debt. Two-thirds of the receipts were from the sale of city lots. The debt then begotten increased rapidly, and in a little more than a year reached the enormous sum of $1,000,000. When the treasury was exhausted, scrip was issued, bearing interest at 3 per cent per month. The credit of the city growing worse and worse, the scrip depreciated until it would not command over one-third of its nominal value. Persons having claims against the city drew up bills for two or three times the amount of th: claim, so that they might realize from the sale of the scrip the full amount of the debt in cash. Thus a tradesman furnishing a $1,000 worth of sup plies to the hospital would present his bill for $3,000, and receive that amount in scrip bearing interest :is above. When the debt was funded and converted into 10 per cent, bonds, he received bonds equal to the amount of the scrip and interest, that is to say, if the scrip had run six months the city paid him $3.540 in bonds, with an annual interest of $354, or more than one-third the original debt. A more extraordinary specimen of financiering can scarcely be con ceived. In the course of the year 1850 the principal streets were graded and laid with planks. Commercial Street, from Montgomery to Kearny, was first completed. Antici pating another winter like the past, the preparation of the streets was hastened as the autumn advanced, and when the season of rain arrived, the chief thoroughfares were ef fectually covered with wood. The winter, however, brought but little rain, and the fires of May and June following, de stroyed a large portion of the costly expenditure which had added largely to the debt of the city. After introducing the subject, says Dr. Gibbons, from whose " Brief Sketch of San Francisco" the greater part of this article has been re duced, it would not be right to pass without commendatory notice, the arrangements finally adopted to redeem the credit of the city and to pay off the million and a half of debt. The funding of the debt and the issuing of bonds bearing interest at 10 per cent, per annum, has already been mentioned. The bonds were made payable in twenty years, and provision was made to redeem a portion annually. The citizens co-operated earnestly in the movement, and submitted cheerfully to the imposition of a heavy tax for the purpose. The credit of the city was at once restored, and the bonds rapidly approached to their par value. The transition from utter and hopeless bankruptcy to a basis of secure and permanent credit, and that, too, after the disas trous fires of May and June, 1850, and the still more ruin- 767 SAN SAN ous conflagrations of May and June, 1S51, which laid the city in ashes a second time, was rapid and extraordinary, exhibiting a degree of energy and courage rarely met with in the history of municipal governments. In the spring of 1850 there were three daily papers published in the city, the " Alia Californian," the " Pacific News," and the " Jour nal of Commerce." To these were added during the year, the " Evening Picayune," the " Herald," and the " Courier." In less than a year after there were eight daily papers ex isting in San Francisco. SAN FRANCISCO river, N. Mex. : in the "W. part of the Territory, is formed by two principal head branches, and flows S. into Salt r., just above the confluence of that stream with the Rio Gila. SAN FKANCISQUITA creek, San Francisco co., Calif. : rises in the Sierra Moreno, or Brown Mountains, runs eastwardly, dividing the co. from Santa Clara, and empties into San Francisco bay. Gold has been found in small quantities in this creek. SAN GABRIEL, p. o., Williamson county, Tex. : 35 m. N. Austin City. SANGAMON county, III. Situate centrally, and contains 936 sq. m. Sangamon r. passes through the N. E. portion, by which and its branches it is drained, and excellent water-power supplied. Surface undulating; soil a rich, calcareous loam, with sand intermixed, and very pro ductive. Staples, wheat and Indian corn. It has fine tim- ter land, and may be considered one of the richest counties of the State. Farms 1,578; manuf. 92 ; dwell. 3,173, and pop. wh. 1S,9S3, free colored 245 total 19,228. Capital : Springfield. Public Works : Great Western Central R. R. ; Chicago and Mississippi R. R., etc. SANGAMON river, III. : one of the chief branches of Illi nois r., rises in a small lake in Vermillion co., flows W. by changing course, and empties into the Illinois r. between Cass and Macon counties. It is about ISO m.long, of which about 120 m. are navigable for small craft. It flows through one of the most fertile and pleasant portions of the State. SANGERFIELD, t and p. v., Oneida co., N. Y. : 17 m. S. Oriskany Falls, and 86 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Chenango r. and Oriskany cr. Surface uneven ; soil rich anil highly cultivated. The v. is near Oriskany cr. There is in the t. a furnace and other manufactories, an oil, grist, and saw mills, etc. Pop. of t 2,371. SANGERVILLE, t. and p. o., Piscataquis co., Me. : on S. side of Piscataquis r., 63 m. N. N. E. Augusta. It has an uneven surface, with fertile soil, and contains 3 handsome ponds. Pop. 1,267. SANGSTER S STATION, p. o. and sta., Fairfax co., Virg. : on the Orange and Alexandria E. R., 83 m. N. Richmond. SANILAC county, Mieh. Situate E. of the S. Peninsula, and contains 780 sq. m. Drained by the Black and Cass rivers and their affluents. Surface generally even ; soil fer tile, and, with cultivation, adapted to the raising of wheat, grain, vegetables, etc. Lake Huron bounds it on the E. Farms 61 ; manuf. 27 ; dwell. 372, and pop. wh. 2,112, fr. col. total 2,112. Capital: Lexington. SANILAC MILLS, p. o., Sanilac co., Mich. : 110 m. N. E. Lansing. SAN JACINTO, p. o., Harris county, Tew. : 152 m. E. by S. Austin City. SAN JACINTO river, Tex. : rises in Walker county, flows S. S. E., receiving numerous tributaries, of which the prin cipal one is East fork, and empties into San Jacinto bay, an arm of Galveston bay. It is navigable about 45 m., is very deep, and its water is very clear and wholesome. SAN JOAQUIN county, Calif. Situate centrally, and con tains about 11,600 sq. m. Drained by San Joaquin r. and its tributaries, Moquelumne, Calaveras, and Stanislaus rivers. Moquelumne r. on the N., and Stanislaus r. on the S., form its boundaries in those directions. The banks of these rivers are rapidly being settled. A large portion bor dering on the San Joaquin and Moquelumne, consisting of 768 overflowed or " Tule" is being improved, but there is much land that can not be brought into cultivation without great labor. Game of all descriptions is plentiful on the plains. The rivers abound in fish, and many persons are engaged in taking and curing salmon. Oak is the principal timber. Located in the heart of a valley hundreds of miles in length, this is one of the finest agricultural counties in the State. Garden produce, melons, etc., are raised in abundance. Mining is but little engaged in. On the Stanislaus the pla cers average about $4 a day per man. The Indians have mostly removed to the mountains; those remaining, in all 379, are located in four pueblas, are perfectly friendly, and some cultivate the soil or work at the mines. Ferries and bridges have been established over the rivers, and the means of travel are convenient in all parts. Pop. in 1852, 5,029 whites 4,569 males 3,582, and females 987 ; negroes 81 males 60, and females 21 ; Indians 379 males 168, and females 211 ; foreign residents 749 males 450, and females 299. Over 21 years of age citizens of the United States, 2,451, male negroes 53, male Indians 125, and foreign resi dents 516. Capital employed in the co., $2,896,050. Capi tal: Stockton. SAN JOAQITIN, p. v., San Joaquin co., Calif. : on the r. so called, at the mouth of Stanislaus r., and opposite the city so called, 68 m. S. E. Yallejo. SAN JOAQUIN river, Calif.: rises in Tulares lake and the Sierra Nevada or Snowy Mountains, winds its way semi- circularly around the head of the Mercede in a N. W. direction, through a fine valley, and into the San Joaquin plains, about 15 m. N. of the line dividing the county from Tulare county, thence continues in a S. W. direction about 30 m., when it gradually inclines N., passing nearly through the centre of it, and joining the Sacramento river, flows W. into San Francisco bay. It has numerous tributaries, afford ing supplies of water to the surrounding country for mining purposes. This stream is navigable as far up as Stockton for vessels drawing over 9 feet of water, and for smaller craft as far up as the Tuolumne r., at which point vessels have arrived with 15 tons freight. It abounds in salmon and other fine fish. Fort Miller is located at its entrance into the plains. Wild oats, clover, and other rich grains, grow in abundance along the course of this stream. SAN JOSE, p. v., Santa Clara co., Calif. : the former seat of government ; is located in one of the most pleasant and healthy valleys in the State, 50 m. from San Fran cisco, and 100 m. S. Vallejo. It is an agricultural place, and its advantages for garden fruits and grains are of the highest order. There is a wharf here, and it is the dep6t where the small craft that ply to and fro in the bay deposit and take in their freights. The vessels range from 10 to 20 tons. The principal quicksilver mines in the State are about 20 m. S. of this place. Pop. 1.200. SAN JUAN, p. v., Monterey county, Calif. : at the base of Santa Cruz Mountain, in the valley of San Juan, 83 m. S. E Yallejo. There are several mines in the vicinity. SAN JUAN BAPTISTO, mission, Monterey county, Calif. : about 104 m. S. E.Vallejo. A tract of orchard land, in good state of cultivation, and well watered. Like other missions in California, it is in private hands, either by claim or pre emption. SAN Louis, p. o., Brazoria county, Tex. : 154 m. E. S. E. Austin City. SAN Luis OBISPO county, Calif. Situate S. on the Pacific, and contains 4,600 sq. m. Surface hilly, being traversed by the Coast Range and other mountains. The streams are the Nacimiento, dividing it from Monterey co. : the Arroyo Grande and the Santa Maria, dividing it from Santa Bar bara co. The bottoms on these streams are well timbered with sycamore, oak, and alamia, a species of cottonwood. Pine of large size and superior quality is abundant. Along the coast are fine harbors ; that of San Luis Obispo is 9 m. W. of the t. of the same name ; that of San Simeon is 40 m. N. W. of San Luis, and there is a fine harbor known as the SAN SAN Moro. Rich stiver mines are found in the co., and copper and iron are supposed to exist, and a fine bituminous coal is found near San Simeon bay. There are many and large bituminous springs, and a warm sulphur spring the pana cea of the natives about 10 m. S. of San Luis Obi*po. Lime-rock is plentiful. On the plains, in the N. E. part of the co., wild horses range in large numbers. Horticulture is carried on to some extent. The vineyard of San Miguel is extensive, but much neglected. The mission of San Luis Obispo, though in ruins, has still remaining some fine olive, peach, pear, fig, and apple orchards, and a small vineyard. The capital invested in ranches and stock amounted in 1852 to $664,34.3, and in village property to $40,000. Pop. of that year, 9S4 whites 494 males 331, and females 163; negroes 8 males 4, and females 4; foreign residents, 121 males 85, and females 36. Over 21 years of age citizens of U. S., 143, negroes 4, and foreigners 77. There are 37 ranches in the co., chiefly held under Mexican grants, containing in all 550,000 acres. Capital: San Luis Obispo. SAN Luis OBISPO, v., port, and cap. San Luis Obispo co., Calif. : half-way from Santa Barbara to Monterey, and 177 miles S. E. Yallejo. The v. is located .on a small stream, 9 m. from the harbor. An unsafe port in winter. Although having an extensive seaboard, it is not well watered. Lat. 85 10- 37.5" N., and long. 120 43 31" W. Ten miles S. of the v. are the warm sulphur springs the panacea of the natives. SAN MARCO, p. o., Travis co., Tex.. SAN MARCOS river, Tex. : the principal tributary of Gua- dalupe r. Is a large stream rising in the S. E. corner of Gillespie county, and flows E. and S. E. to its confluence with the Guadalupe, near Gonzales. SAN MIGUEL county, N. Mean. Situate centrally toward N., and immediately E. of Santa F6. Area 3,500 sq. m. Drained by the upper waters of Pecos and by Canadian rivers, which are here comparatively small streams. Sur face elevated, and in the W. mountainous, being traversed by the Jumanez range. Except on the rivers there is very little agricultural land. Farms 177 ; inanuf. ; dwell. 1,731, and pop. wh. 7,070, fr. col. 4 total 7,074. Capital : San Miguel. SAN MIGUEL, v., San Louis Obispo co., Calif. : on the "W. Bide of Monterey or Salinas r., 71 m. S. E. Monterey and 156 m. S. S. E. from Vallejo. SAN MIGUEL river, Tew. : rises by two head branches m S. E. corner of Medina county, and flows S. S. E. through Bexar county, and empties into the Rio Frio near its mouth. SAN NICOLAS, v., Los Angelos co., Calif. : on the S. E. end of the islnnd of San Nicolas, in the Pacific Ocean, 52 m. S. W. St. Vincent, in lat. 33 14 12.9" N., and long. 119 25 00" W., 339 m. S. S. E. Yallejo. SAN PABLO, v., Contra Costa co., Calif. : at the entrance of the bay so called, 15 m. S. by W. Vallejo. SAN PABLO bay, Calif. : one of the northern divisions or arm of San Francisco bay, bordering on the counties of Contra Costa, Napa, Sonoma, and Marin. It receives the waters of Napa, Sonoma, and Petaluma creeks. SAN PASQUEL, v., San Diego co., Calif. : on the line of the Santa Fe route, 45 m. N. of S. boundary of the State and 403 m. S. E. Vallejo. SAN PATRICIO county, Tern. Situate S., and contains 2,720 sq. m. Drained by West Aransas and other tributaries of Aransas r., and by branches of Eio Nueces, which runs along its southern border. Surface varied, in the N. being undulating and broken and somewhat elevated, but in the S. fine level tracts of land spreading over a large portion of the county. Along the streams are some strips of wood land. Farms 10 ; manuf. ; dwell. 38, and pop. wh. 197, fr. col. 0, si. 3 total 200. Capital : San Patrick). SAN PATRICIO, p. v., and cap. San Patricio co., Te. : on the E. bank of Nueces r., 166 m. S. Austin City. SAN PEDRO, p. o., Houston co., Tex. : 171 m. N. E. by E. Austin City. A5 SAN PEDRO, v. and port, Los Angelos co., Calif. : on the bay of San Pedro, 332 m. S. E. Vallejo, lat. 33 43 19.6" N., and long. 118 16 03" W. It is the port of Los Angelos, from which it is 27 m. S., and 80 m. N. W. San Diego. It is a good farming district, celebrated for the fine quality of its grapes, and was the former Spanish capital of California. The anchorage is good, and perfectly safe, except during the prevalence of the S. E. winds in the winter. SAN PEDRO river, Los Angelos co., Calif. : a small stream rising in the mountains in S. part of county, flowing S. empties into the bay so called. SAN PETE county, Utah Ter. Situate between 38 30 and 39 57 lat. N., and extending from the Rocky Mount ains W. to about 112 long. W. It is drained by Green and Grand rivers, the constituents of the Rio Colorado, and in the hills which cross its W. portion, Nicollet r. has its sources. Timber of various kinds is abundant, and bituminous coal, gypsum, salt, etc., are found in abundance. Farms 51 ; manuf. 1 ; dwell. 62, and pop. wh. 365, fr. col. total 365. Capital : Manti City. SAN RAFAEL, p. v., and cap. Marin co., Calif. : is laid out at the old mission of the same name, on the "W. side of Pablo bay, an arm of San Francisco bay, 23 m. "W. of Val lejo. It is a pleasant site, and when the resources of its undulating, wooded, and arable back country shall be de veloped, it will become an important point. SAN RAMON, p. o., Contra Costa county, Calif. : 39 m. S. Vallejo. SAN SIMEON, port, San Luis Obispo co., Calif. : on the bay so called, 40 m. N. W. San Luis Obispo and 158 m. S. S. E. Vallejo, lat 35 38 24" N., and long. 121 10 22" W. It has little or no harbor, being nearly an open roadstead. SANTA ANNA county, N. Mex. Situate centrally toward N., and contains about 400 sq. m. The Rio Grande and Santa Fe county bound it on the E., and on the W. it is bounded by the Sierra Madre, the highest peak of which in this county is Mount Taylor. The Puerco and other tribu taries of the Rio Grande, drain the surface, which, with the exception of the immediate valley of the river, is essen tially mountainous. Farms 144; manuf. 0; dwell. 973, and pop. wh. 4,644, fr. col. 1 total 4,645. Capital: Jemez. SANTA ANNA, p. v., De Witt co., III. : on the head branch of Salt cr., 60 m. N. E. Springfield. SANTA BARBARA county, Calif. Situate S. on the Pacific, and contains about 4,300 sq. m. The principal streams are the Santa Clara, forming the S. E. boundary, the San Bue naventura, Santa Inez, and a small stream forming the N. boundary. These are all small streams, rising in the Coast Range of mountains, which, on the E. border of the county rise to the height of from 3,000 to 4,000 feet, and are vol canic. The waters of the coast abound in corvinas, black fish, mackerel, crawfish, sardines, clams, and many other species of excellent fish and crustacae. A bed of oysters, 150 yards long and 25 yards wide, and 3 feet thick, has been discovered within the pueblo limits of Santa Barbara, the oysters being of uncommon size and good flavor. The islands off the coast are the rendezvous of otters, seals, sea elephants, and beaver. There are several fine valleys in the county, much of the soil of which is fertile arable land, and along the streams is susceptible of irrigation. About one-third the surface is adapted for cereal agriculture and horticulture. Fruit of all kinds, vines, melons, etc., grow finely. The grasses are luxuriant and nutritious, and vege tation generally fully developed. Agriculture, however, is in a very rude state, and the material for fencing scarce. For dairy farming the county cannot be excelled. Gold is found in the southern part, and was extensively worked in 1842. There are tar springs near Santa Barbara village, and the sea throws up bitumen for leagues along the coast Salt is abundant, and is gathered at the salinas in Aug. and Sept. in cart loads. A hot sulphur spring exists in the Mon- tecito, near the village of Santa Barbara, temperature 100 Fahr., and basin large enough to bathe in. In 1852 the 769 SAN SAP population numbered 2,131 : whites 1,516 males 834, and females 682 ; mulattoes 9 males 4, and females 5 ; and foreign residents 230 males 120, and females 110. Over 21 years of age: Americans 301, mulattoes 5, and foreigners 106. Land under cultivation 699 acres. Capital: Santa Barbara. SANTA BAEBAKA, p. v., and cap. Santa Barbara county, Calif. : & small sea-coast town, 253 m. S. E. Yallejo. It is pleasantly situated, surrounded by mountains. A point so called projects out from the town. Lat. 34 24 24.7" N., and long. 119 14 18" W. SANTA CATALINA island, Calif. : is a large island in the Pacific Ocean, of irregular triangular form, 20 m. long and the same width, attached to Los Angelos county, 20 m. S. of San Pedro. SANTA CLARA county, Calif. Situate "W., and contains about 12,000 sq. m. It lies between the Coast Range and the Santa Cruz Mountains, and is watered by the Pajara, Santa Cruz, Guadalupe, and other rivers. The Guadalupe empties into the bay of San Francisco at its S. extremity, and the others have short courses to the Pacific Ocean. The county occupies one of the most fertile vail ys of the coun try, producing all the grains, fruits, and vegetables of the latitude. Its minerals are of the most valuable description quicksilver, gold, silver, etc., and coal has been discover ed. A great portion of the produce in the markets of San Francisco is brought from this county. The roads are gen erally good, and the Atlantic and Pacific E. K. will pass near to San Jos, the old capital of the State. Forbes quicksilver mines in the Santa Cruz Mountains, are said to be as rich as those of Mexico. In 1S52 the county contain ed 6,664 inhabitants, of which the whites numbered 6,158 males 4,096. and females 2,062 ; negroes 53 males 45, and females 8; mulattoes, 3 females; Indians 551) males 3S8, and females 162; foreign residents 1,335 males 1,059, and females 276. Over 21 years of age 1.717 citizens, 47 ne groes, 198 Indians, and 1,081 foreign residents. Capital : Santa Clara. SANTA CLARA, p. v., Santa Clara co., Calif. : in the Santa Cruz Mountains, 5 m. S. of San Francisco bay, 26 m. W. of the sea-coast and 53 m. S. by E. from Vallejo. It was for merly a mission, and is surrounded by one of the best farm ing tracts in the State. About 19 m. S. E. are extensive quicksilver mines. Pop. 800. SANTA CLEMENTS island, Calif. : a large island, 16 m. long 6 m. wide, attached to San Diego county, 65 m. E. San Diego. SANTA CRTTZ county, Calif. Situate W. on the Pacific, and contains about SOO sq. m. The Santa Cruz Mountains bound it on the N. E. and the Pacific Ocean on the S. W. side. The interior is hilly, with intervening valleys, and along the coast there are precipitous bluffs. The Pajara r. forms its S. boundary, and there are several small streams emptying into the sea. A good road connects the village with San Francisco. Gold and other minerals are found, and quartz mining is carried on, but to no great extent The industry of the people is chiefly devoted to agriculture, trade, etc. The land under cultivation in 1852 was 5,472 acres. Pop. at that date 1,219: whites 1,097 males 723, and females 374 ; negroes 4 males 3. and females 1 ; mulat toes, S females ; Indians 110 males 63, and females 47 ; for eign residents 33 males. Over 21 years of age 279 Amer icans, 4 negroes, 8 mulattoes, 33 Indians, and 30 foreigners. Capital : Santa Cruz. SANTA CRUZ. .p. v., and cap. Santa Cruz co., Calif. : on Monterey bay, 75 m. S. Vallejo, lat. 36 57 26.9" N.. and long. 1220 (;0 10" W. It is one of tlie oldest pueblas in the State, and presents many advantages for an agreeable res idence. SANTA CRUZ island, Calif. : a large island in the Pacific, attached to Santa Barbara county, 23 m. long, 13 m. broad, 20 m. S. Santa Barbara. SANTA FE county, N. Mex. Situate centrally toward N., 770 and contains about SOO sq. m. The Rio Grande forms its W. boundary, and supplies water for irrigation, but is not navigable. The cultivated lands are all on the river bord ersfarther E. is a sandy waste, but seldom ever traversed except by the trader and Indian. Gold, silver, and other metals are found in the county. Farms 713 ; manuf. 6 ; dwell. 1,561, and pop. wh. 7,704, fr. col. 9 total 7,713. Capital : Santa Fe. SANTA FE. p. o., Maury co., Term.: 41 m. S. by"W. Nashville. SANTA FE, p. o., Bracken county, Ky. : 60 miles N. E. Frankfort. SANTA FE, p. v., Miami co., Ind. : on Big Pipe cr. of the \V abash r., 61 m. N. Indianapolis. SANTA FE, p. o., Alexander county, Itt. : 175 m. S. by E. Springfield. SANTA FE, p. city, and cap. Santa Fe co., and capital of the Territory of New Mexico: is situated about 20 m. E. from the Rio Grande. Lat 35 41 6" N., long. 106 02 03" W. Its site is a wide plain, surrounded by lofty mountains. Its elevation above the sea is about 7,047 feet. A small creek, rising in the hills, and flowing past the city to the Rio Grande, supplies it with water. The land around is sandy, poor, and destitute of timber, but the mountains are covered with pine and cedar. The climate is delightful, without extremes; the sky is clear, and the atmosphere dry. The streets are irregular and narrow. The houses are built of adobes, one story high, with flat roofs, and in square form, with an area in the centre. There are two churches (Catholic-) with steeples, but of ordinary construction. The inhabitants are chiefly a mixture of Spaniards and Indians, with a few Americans. Their mariners and customs are those of the whole country, and similar to those of other settlements of Spanish origin. For many years this place has been the main point of trade in this region, and many of the companies engaged therein have amassed large for tunes. In 1850 two newspapers were published, The New Mexican," weekly, and Santa Fe Republican," tri-weekly. Pop. in 1850, 4,846. Santa F6 was founded about 1581. Its history, with that of the territory, previous to belonging to the United States, is a continuous record of barbarism and tyranny. It was taken by Gen. Kearney, on September Sth, 1846. SANTA MARIA river, Calif.: constitutes about one half of tho boundary between Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo counties, and is about, 35 m. long. SANTA ROSA county, Flor. Situate W., and contains 1,500 sq. m. Drained by Blackwater and Yellow rivers and Cold Water, Clear Wa ter, and Sweet Water creeks. Escambia r. runs along its W. border. Surface level ; soil very fertile. Chief productions, cotton, rice, sugar, grain, fruits, and vegetables. Santa Rosa island runs along its S. shore, with inlets N. and S. to the sound. Farms 91 ; manuf. 28 ; dwell. 526, and pop. wh. 2,095, fr. col. 4, si. 784 total 2.5S3. Capital: Milton. Public Works: Fort Gaines and Pen- sacola R. R. ; Montgomery and Florida R. R., etc. SANTA ROSA island, Calif. : 13 m. S.W. Santa Cruz island, 36 m. S. by W. Santa Barbara (Santa Barbara co.), and 273 m. S. S. E. Vallejo. SANTEE, p. o., Covington co., Miss. : on a tributary of the Pascagoula r., 62 m. S. S. E. Jackson. SANTEE river, S. Car. : is formed at S E. corner of Rich- land co. by the junction of the Congaree and Wateree rivers (the head streams of which rise in North Carolina), flows E. S. E., and empties into the Atlantic by two mouths. It is navigable for sloops about 130 m. SANTYAM city. Linn co., Oreg. : at the confluence of San- tjam r. with the Willamette, and about equidistant between Salem and Albany. SANYBEL island, Flor. : lies off N. E. corner of Monroe co., is 9 m. long and 2 m. wide. SAPBLO island, Ga. : is E. of M-Intosh co., to which it bo- longs, between Sapelo sound and Doby inlet It is 10 na. long, 5 wide, and has a lighthouse at its S. end. SAP SAR SAPLING GKOVE, p. o., Washington co., Virg.: 204 m. W. S. W. Richmond. SAPPINGTON, p. o., St. Louis co., Mo, : 87 m. E. Jefferson City. SARAH, p. o., Blair co., Penn. : 78 m. "W". Harrisburg. A furnace moved by water-power, of 1,400 tons annual capa city, is located here. SARAIISVILLE, p. o., Franklin co., Itt. : 127 m. S. S. E. Springfield. SAKAHSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Noble co., Ohio: 76 m. E. Columbus. It contains the county buildings, etc. SARANAC, t. and p. v., Clinton co., JV1 11 : 16 m."W. Platts- burg, and 138 miles N. Albany. Drained by the river so called, which runs through it in a S. W. direction, affording extensive water-power, and the soil along its banks is rich and well cultivated. The surface is hilly and mountainous, abounding in deposits of iron ore, and heavily timbered. The v. contains a forge and glass factory, several mills, etc. Pop. of t. 2,5S2. SARANAC lakes, Upper and Lower, Franklin co., N. Y.: lie in the S. E. part of the co., and are connected by Round lake, which together form one body of water. Their outlet from the lower lake is by Saranac r. The length of the upper lake is 10 m., that of the lower 7 m., and the width of each is from 2 to 3 m. Round lake is about 4 m. long, and mostly 3 m. wide. Each abounds with trout and other fish. SARANAC river, W. Y. : rises in lower Saranac lake, flows in N. E. general Bourse, and empties into Cumberland bay of Lake Champlain at Plattsburg, where it descends 40 feet by a succession of falls, affording very great water-power. SARATOGA county, N. Y. Situate E. toward the N., and contains 785 sq. m. Drained by Sacandaga and Mohawk rivers, tributaries of the Hudson, and Fish and Kayaderos- seras creeks. Surface various, in the N. W. being mount ainous, and in the S. E. snd central parts hilly, with sandy plains interspersed ; soil a deep sandy loam, with clay inter mixed, and in many parts fertile. Chief products, wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. It contains many minerals, and has good granite, limestone, and slate quarries. In this co. are the celebrated mineral springs so much resorted to in the watering season. Farms 3,465; mamif. 349; dwell. 7,894, and pop. wh. 45,066, fr. col. 5SO total 45.646. Cap ital : Ballston. Public Works : Saratoga and Washington E. R. ; Schenectady and Saratoga R. R. ; Troy and Rens- selaer R. R. ; Albany Northern R. R. ; Saratoga and Sack- ett s Harbor R. R. SARATOGA SPRINGS, t., p. v., and sta., Saratoga co., N. Y: 36 m. by railroad N. Albany. Drained by several small streams flowing into Kayaderosserascr., which bounds it on the S. Surface on the N. hilly, elsewhere level ; soil sandy loam. It contains some manufactures, a number of mills, mechanic shops, etc. This is the most celebrated watering- place in the United States. Located closely together are a number of mineral springs with various properties, princi pally medicinal. The v. on the N. is located on a sandy plain, surrounded in part by pine groves. Its principal street is upon the W. margin of a narrow vale, in which the springs are found. On this broad street the principal hotels, churches, and other public edifices are located. The hotels, etc., are numerous, and some of them large, and fitted upon a grand scale; the United States is the most conspicuous, being located within a short distance of all the principal mineral springs; it is built of brick, four stories high, with ample accommodations for 400 persons. Con gress Hall and Union Hall, both popular establishments, are on the S. of the v., near Congress Spring, the most copi ous and most salubrious of all the springs in Saratoga. It was discovered in 1792 by a member of Congress named Gillman ; the Pavilion, on the site of a spring so called, near the Flat Rock, is surrounded by highly cultivated grounds, and as is the case with a number of others, is only kept open during the summer months for the accommoda tion of visitors. A number of other hotels and boarding- houses are kept open throughout the year. High Rock and Black Rock springs were first discovered in 1773, being then the resort of invalids ; and now there are 10 or 12 im portant mineral fountains, most of them located near the margin of a brook which runs through the v. on the E., in whose waters the mineral elements of soda, magnesia lime, and iron, with others of no less volume, are combined^ in different proportions, with carbonic acid gas. The pre vailing character is that of saline and chalybeate waters. Congress, Washington, Putnam s, Pavilion, Iodine, Hamil ton, Empire, Flat Rock, and High Rock springs are the most celebrated for their medicinal qualities. Located east of Saratoga Springs is a cluster of mineral springs known as " Ten Springs," the most celebrated of which is called Union Spring. Large quantities of these waters are annually exported to different parts of the country, bringing in a handsome income, most of them being owned by private individuals. The waters are highly efficacious in many inveterate cases of disease, and has an effect on the healthy system to renovate and invigorate its energies when relaxed from long confinement, etc. Their medicinal properties are of the cathartic and tonic kinds. The following is an anal ysis of several of the springs, taken from a work by Dr. R. L. Allen, a physician resident at Saratoga: Congress Springs. To one cubic gallon: chloride of sodium, grs. 390.246; hydriodate of soda and bromide of potassium, 6.000; carbonate of soda, 9.213; carbonate of magnesia, 100.931; carbonate of lime, 103.416; carbonate of iron, 1.000; silex and alumina, 1.036; solid contents, 611.892; carbonic acid gas, 3S6.1SS ; atmospheric air, 3.261. Gaseous contents, 389.449. High Rock Spring. To one gallon : chloride of sodium, grs. 190.223; carbonate of magnesia, 62.100; car bonate of lime, 71.533 ; carbonate of soda, 2,177 ; silex and alumina, 2.500 ; h\ drobromate of potash, a small quantity. Solid contents, 351.197. Carbonic acid gas, 331.666 ; atmos pheric air. 2.000. Gaseous contents. 333.666. Hamilton Spring. To one gallon: chloride of sodium, grs. 290.500; carbonate of soda, 83.500; carbonate of lime, 95.321; car bonate of magnesia, 33.000 ; carbonate of iron, 4.500 ; hydri odate of soda, 3.500 ; bromide of potash, a trace ; silex and alumina, 1.000. Solid contents, 466.321. Carbonic acid gaa, 840.777 ; atmospheric air, 2.461. Gaseous contents, 343.233. Temperature of the water, 48. Putnam^s Spring. To one gallon: chloride of sodium, grs. 220.000; carbonate of soda, 15.321 ; carbonate of magnesia, 45.500 ; carbonate of lime, 70.433; carbonate of iron, 6.333; hydriodate of soda, 2.500; bromide of potash, a trace; silex and alumina, 1.500. Solid contents, 370.587. Carbonic acid gas, 317.753 ; atmos pheric air, 3.080. Gaseous contents, 320.833. Temperature 48. Iodine Spring. To one gallon : chloride of sodium, grs. 147.665; carbonate of magnesia, 73.343; carbonate of lime, 23.955 ; carbonate of soda, 3.000 ; carbonate of iron, 9!!0; hydriodate of soda, 3.566. Solid contents, 257.434. Carbonic acid gas, 344.1)00 ; atmospheric air, 2.500. Gaseous contents, 3.465. "The freedom of this water from iron is such that it can be drank by a certain class of invalids, with whom iron proves a decided injury." Pavilion Spring. To one gallon: chloride of sodium, grs. 183.814; carbonate of soda, 6.000 ; carbonate of lime, 59.593 ; carbonate of mag nesia, 58.206; carbonate of iron, 4.133 ; iodide, sodium, and bromide of potassa, 2.566; sulphate of soda, 1.000; alumina, a trace; silex, 1.000. Solid contents, 316.373. Carbonic acid, 369.166; atmospheric air, 3.333. Gaseous contents, 372.499. Empire Spring. To one gallon : chloride of so dium, grs. 215.756; bi-carbonate of lime, 24.678; bi-carbon- ate of magnesia, 113.459: bi-carbonate of soda, 83.584; hydriodate of potassa, 9.600 : iron, 0.500 ; silex and alumina, 1.300. Solid contents, 399.877. Carbonic acid gas, 260.132 ; atmospheric air, 3.314. Gaseous contents, 263.466. The Troy, Whitehall, and Castleton R. R., Saratoga and Schenectady R. R.. and the Saratoga and Washington R. R., all connect in this village. Distance from New York city 771 SAR x SAV by K. E. 182 m., from Troy 22 m., from Schenectady 22 m., and from Rutland, Verm., 39 miles. The village was incor porated in 1S26, and contains an insurance office, a bank, an academy and female seminary, and other institutions of instruction, iron foundries, machine shops, an exten sive carriage manufactory, printing-offices, etc. The " Sar atoga Whig" is a daily and weekly (whig) issue, and the " Saratoga Eepublican" weekly (dem.) Pop. of t. 4,650. SARCOXIE, p. v., Jasper co., Mo. : on the S. side of Centre cr., 145 m. S. W. Jefferson City. SARDINIA, t and p. v., Erie co., N. T. : 252 m. W. Albany. Drained by Cattaraugus cr., which bounds it on the S., and several small streams flowing into it. Surface uneven, in parts hilly; soil fertile. The v., on a small stream in S. part, contains flouring and saw mills, a woolen factory, and furnace. Pop. of 1. 1.761. SARDINIA, p. o., Decatur county, Ind. : 48 m. S. E. Indianapolis. SARDINIA, p. v., Brown co., Ohio: on S. side of "White Oak cr., 74 m. S. S. W. Columbus. Pop. 198. SARDIS. p. o., Mason co., Ky. : 72 m. N. E. Frankfort. SARDIS, p. o., Monroe county, Ohio: 99 miles E. i S. Columbus. SARECTA, p. v., Duplin co., N. Car. : on the E. side of N. E. cr. of Fear r., 72 m. S. E. Ealeigh. SARKPTA, p. v., Lafayette co., Miss. : on a branch of Yal- labusha r., 133 m. N. N. E. Jackson. SARIETTA, p. o., Marion county, Virg. : 189 m. N. "W. Bichmond. SARVERSVILLE, p. o., Butler co., Penn. : 161 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. SASSAFRAS river, Md. : rises in Delaware, and flows "W., between Cecil and Kent counties, into Chesapeake bay, of which its principal portion is properly a broad inlet. SASSAFRAS HILL, p. v., Washington co., III. : on the "W. side of Little Crooked cr., 93 m. S. by E. Springfield. SATARTIA, p. v., Yazoo co., Miss. : on a small stream flowing into the Yazoo r., 33 m. N. W. Jackson, Pop. about ISO. SAUCELITO, v., Marin co., Calif.: on the bay of San Fran cisco, near the entrance to the harbor, 27 m. (direct) S. W. Yallejo. This place was laid out by a company of enterpris ing men, on the ranches of W. Richardson, Esq. It has one of the best anchorages to be found in the whole bay. and was formerly a favorite resort of whale ships, which visited the port for fuel, water, and supplies. The site of the town is small, but it is securely protected from the disagreeable winds which blow from the sea, by high hills behind it. It is surrounded by a fine agricultural country. SAUCON VALLEY, p. o., Lehigh co., Penn. ; S3 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. SAUGATITCK, p. o., Allegan co., Mich. : on the Michigan City and Grand Haven post route, 87 m. \V. Lansing. SAUGERTIES, t and p. o., Ulster co., JV. Y. : on the right bank of the Hudson r., 43 m. S. by W. Albany. Drained by Plattsville and Esopus creeks, tributaries of the Hudson r. Surface on the "W. mountainous, being covered by the Cats- kill Mountains, and on the E. moderately uneven ; soil of average fertility. It derives immense water-power, princi pally from the falls on Esopus cr., and is much improved by several manufactories, bloomeries, mills, etc. The p. o. is located in the v. of Ulster, near the falls, at which point a bridge with one arch of 2,600 feet span crosses the river. Steamboats and sloops ply between this place and New York. It contains a bank and other places of business, and is one of the most flourishing manufacturing places in the State. The li Ulster Telegraph" is a weekly (dem.) issue. Pop. oft. 8,048. SATJGUS, t. and p. v., Essex co., Mass. : 1 m. N. Boston. Taken from Lynn, and incorporated under its present name in 1S15. Drained by Saugus r., which passes through it, and enters Lynn bay on the S. Surface near the r. and 772 bay is level, but the uplands are rough and rocky. A great part of the t. toward the sea is covered by salt meadows ; in other parts the soil is rich and well cultivated. It contains some manufactories, a lumber-yard, etc. The v. is on the Saugus Branch E. E. Pop. of L 1,552. SAUK county, Wise. Situate toward the S. W., and con tains 9S5 sq. m. Baraboo r. flows through it from W. to E., by which and its branches, and by small streams of Wis consin r., it is drained. Surface hilly; soil fertile; on the Wisconsin are some fine tracts of land, which are very pro ductive. It is well timbered. Farms 245, manuf. 7, dwell. 844, and pop. wh. 4,370, fr. col. 1 total 4,371. Capital : Adams. SAUK EAPIDS, p. v., and cap. Benton co., Minn Ter. : at the second rapids, on the left bank of the Mississippi r., 67 m. N. W. St. Paul. It contains a court-house, etc. SAUK VILLAGE, p. o., La Porte co., Ind. : 125 m. N.N. W. Indianapolis. SAUKVILLE, t. and p. v., "Washington co., Wise. : 75 m. E. N. E. Madison. Drained by Milwaukie r. The v. is on the W. side of the r. Pop. of v. 840, and of 1. 1,796. SAULT DE STE MARIE, t., p. v., and cap. Chippewa co., Mich.: bordering on St. Mary s r. or strait, 255 m. N. Lansing. The v. has an elevated location on the border of the r., at the Falls of Ste Marie, and is an old Jesuit mission ary station. It is a famous fishing-place, immense quantities of white fish being caught and salted there for the markets of the West. The falls are merely rapids, with a fall of only 20 feet in a mile. It contains a court-house, jail, and other public buildings. At Fort Brady is a U. S. military post, and a storehouse of the American Fur Company, and there is also a U. S. land office located here. Vessels come to the foot of the rapids, and the cargoes are transported three-fourths of a mile by laud to the head of the rapids, and re-shipped. The inhabitants are composed of Americans, French, and Indians. They employ themselves chiefly in trading for furs, and in the fisheries. In 1850 Sault de Ste Marie had 180 dwellings, 890 inhabitants, 15 of whom were colored ; and the value of real estate owned, $101,930. The imports for same year amounted to $151,134, and the exports $340,800. The Lake Superior Journal 1 is a weekly (min ing) issue. A canal is in course of construction around the Falls, to be 100 feet wide and 12 deep, with locks 250 feet long and 60 feet wide, the whole length to be one mile, so that the navigation of the lower lakes may pass readily these falls into Lake Superior. SAUNDERSVILLE, p. v., Vanderburgh co., Ind. : on the Evansville and Illinois E. E., 1&3 m. S. S. W. Indianapolis. It is a small but neat village, and has a fine agricultural country surrounding it. SAUNDERSVILLE, p. o., Worcester co., Mass. : 145 m. W. Boston. SAUQUOIT, p. v., Oneida co., N. Y. : on both sides of Sau- quoit cr., 81 m. W. N. W. Albany. The water-power is good, and is much improved by manufactories, mills, etc. In the vicinity is an inflammable sulphur spring, the waters possessing valuable medicinal qualities, and the gas which escapes is used for lighting the public house, which is located near by. SAUTA, p. v., Jackson co., Ala. : on a small cr. of the Tennessee r., 157 m. N. Montgomery. SAVAGE, p. v., Howard county, Md. : on the Little Pa- tuxent r., and on the Washington Branch E. E., 20 m. N. W. Annapolis. There are extensive iron works in the vicinity. SAVAGE river, Alleghany co., Md. : a large stream drain ing the valley between Hoop Pole Mountain and Great Savage Mountain, from both of which it derives its waters, and falling into the N. branch of the Potomac r., about 2 m. W. of Lonaconing cr. Monro Eun, Middle fork, and Crab- tree cr. are its principal affluents. The Baltimore and Ohio E. E. takes the course of this stream to the junction of Crab- tree creek. SAV SAV SAVAGE GRANT, p. o., Wayne co., Virg. : 275 m. W. by N. Eic-hmond. SAVANNAH, p. v., and cap. Carroll co., III. : on the bank of the Mississippi r., 27 m. below Galena, 15S m. N. by W. Springfield. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and it is the terminus of the Savannah and Frankfort E. E. SAVANNAH, p. v., and cap. Andrew co., Mo. : 3 m. N. of the Missouri r.. and 108 m. N. W. Jefferson City. It con tains a court-house, jail, etc. SAVANNAH, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Chatham co., Gfi. : on the S. side of the r. of the same name, IS m. from the ocean, and in a direct line 157 m., or by railroad 187 m. E. S. E. Milledgeville. Lat 32 04 56" N., and long. 81 08 18" W. Its site is on a dry sand bluff, elevated some 40 feet above low-water mark, from E. to W., extending along the river upward of a mile, terminating abruptly at either ex tremity. Opposite the city, lies Hutchinson s Island. The ordinary elevation of the tide in the Savannah r. is about 8 feet, and the salt water approaches usually within 4 or 5 m. of the city. In its course to the ocean the river is divided into numerous channels by small marsh islands. The bar at its mouth is the deepest and most accessible of any on the Southern Atlantic coast, and its channel is from a half to three-fourths of a mile wide. The average depth is 19 feet at low water, and hence with a full tide a frigate may pass in safely. Just inside of the bar is Tybee Island, abreast of which, about 4 m. from the bar, is good anchor age in 5 or 6 fathoms of water. From this anchorage to Venus Point, 9 m. from the city, there is a depth of 18 feet; from the " Point to " Five Fathom," 2 m. from the city, there is a depth of 17 feet, and thence to the city, a dt-pth of 15 feet The Savannah is navigable for steamboats of mod erate draft to Augusta, 230 m. above its mouth. The port of Savannah has several light-houses, which are noted in the LIST OF LIGHT-HOUSES. Savannah, as a city, is one of the healthiest and most beautiful on the Southern coiist. It is laid out with regular ity, the streets crossing each other at right angles, and havinsr between every second street a public square ; these, about 18 or 20 in number, are generally inclosed and orna mented with shade trees, and many of the streets are orna mented in the same manner, which gives them a beautiful and rural appearance. The present dimensions of the city are about a mile by three-quarters of a mile. The number of dwellings in the city is about 2,000, chiefly of wood, but the warehouses and stores, in number about 400, are almost without exception brick buildings. This preponderance of wooden structures had exposed the city to several serious conflagrations: the year 1820 is memorable for the destruc tion by fire of 463 buildings, which with their contents were valued at $400,000; but since this event brick has more generally been used as a building material. The ware houses are ranged along the river front, 3 or 4 stories high toward the river, accessible to the lower story from the wharves, and to the upper stories from the city. Among the public buildings, the most conspicuous are the Court-house, Jail, Custom-house, Exchange, Arsenal, United States Barracks, City Hall, a market-house, several hospitals and asylums, a theatre, etc. The Exchange is a heavy Gothic structure, 5 stories high. The new Custom house is in length 110 feet, depth 52 feet, and in height, from the pavement to the ridge of the roof, 52 feet. The base ment story is devoted to the post-office and the appraiser s deparment: the first or principal floor for custom-house purposes, and the third or upper floor for United Suites court- rooms. There are four banking institutions in Savan nahthe Bank of the State of Georgia, capital $750,000 ; the Planters Bank, capital $535.4 !0 ; the Marine and In surance Bank, capital $400.0(<0, with privilege to increase it to $800,000; the Central Railroad and Banking Company, capital $2,549,165, of which $205,000 is devoted to banking purposes. The total banking capital of these institutions, appropriated to the trade and commerce of Savannah, is $1,890,400. There is also the Savannah Institution for Savings. Fourteen foreign insurance companies have agencies in Savannah. The churches of Savannah, numbering in all 14 or 15, are many of them handsome structures. The Independent Presbyterian Church is one of the most splendid buildings of the city; it is built of light-colored granite, and cost $100,000. The Episcopalians have 2 churches, the Eoman Catholics 2, of which that of St. John the Baptist is the metropolitan church of the diocese; and the Methodists, Lutherans, Unitarians, and other principal denominations have severally places of worship. There is also a Mariner s Church and a Jews Synagogue. Savannah, in all that appertains to the education of youth, is not behind her sister cities. It is true, public education has not received that attention it has in many other places, still she has always had a respectable number of private seminaries, and has sent to institutions in other parts of the State and country hundreds of her youth of both sexes. Much, however, can be done for public education ; but Savannah is no location for large institutions of a scholastic nature, which are well supplied by more eligible inland towns. The newspaper press of Savannah consists of three dai lies and one weekly. The dailies are the "Georgian" (dem.), the " Eepublican 1 (whig), and the "Daily News" (indept.) ; and the weekly is the " Friend of the Family" (literary). The circulation of these varies from 8UO to 1,200 copies at each issue. According to a census of the city, taken in 1852. the total population amounted to 18,301 souls, distinguished iuto castes and sexes in the following proportions: Castes. Males. Females, Total. White persons 6,551 5,653 12,204 Colored persons, free 248 376 624 " slave 2,205 3,268 5,473 Total. .9,004 9, J97 18,301 The number of inhabitants, according to the federal census of 1S50, was 16.060, and an enumeration, made in 1S48, showed the population to be then only 13,575. In crease from 1S48 to 1850, 2,485, or 18.3 per cent. ; and in crease from 1850 to 1852, 2.241. or 13.9 per cent.; and increase in the four years ending 1852, 4.726. or 34.8 per cent The decennial progress of the city from 1810, has been as follows : Years. Total Population. Absolute. KeUtiv 1810 .... 5,195 .. . 1S20 .... 7.5-23 2,328 ...44.8 1830 7,776 253 3.4 1840 ....11.214 3.438 ...44.2 1S50 ....16,060 4,846 ...43.2 The city is divided into 26 wards, and is governed by a mayor and 12 aldermen, annually chosen by the people, who, together, are styled the City Council. The police con sists, besides the above, of a marshal, 5 constables, and the city watch, consisting of 64 members, with a cnptain and o .her officers. A Board of Health, consoling of two persons from each ward and district, is appointed by the mayor, on the 1st of May of each year. All subordinate officers are chosen by the City Council. The occupations of the citizens comprise almost every eallins: found in large cities. The enumeration of 1848 clas sifies the male adult white population thus 263 merchants, factors, and wholesale dealers, 136 shopkeepers and retail grocers, 253 clerks, 15 druggists, 23 pilots, 24 bank officers, 28 captains of steamers and vessels, 1 captain revenue ser vice, 24 butchers, 22 bakers, 22 connected with railroads, 58 seamen, 8 connected with hotels, 4 auctioneers, 5 lumber measurers, 6 clothing stores, 13 connected with steam and cotton presses, 2 lottery offices, 3 sailors boarding-house SAV SAV keepers, and 1 of the sailors home, and 164 laborers, 50 planters, 14 master builders, 1 marble and stone manufac turer, 3SO mechanics, 15 ministers of the gospel, 4 judges of courts, 36 physicians, 31 attorneys-at-law, 6 U. S. army and naval officers, 24 U. S. civil officers, 1 civil engineer. 30 engineers, 15 teachers, 5 teachers of music, 8 magistrates, 7 county officers, 27 boot and shoe makers, 14 printers, 3 booksellers, 8 watchmakers and jewellers, 18 painters, 6 manufacturers of tin-ware, 3 editors, 4 dentists, 2 artists, 4 brickmakers, 3 dyers, 7 cigar-makers, 4 public stables, 6 bar bers, 1 soap and candle manufacturer, 1 engraver, 9 bar rooms, 4 watchmen at banks, 5 saddle and harness makers, 6 millers, 6 lumber and wood yards, 9 steamboat yards, 4 U. 8. soldiers, 9 constables, 12 city officers, 2 ice-houses, 1 keeper of hospital, a jailor, and a deputy, 70 connected with the city watch. Of the colored population, 34 free, and 73 slaves, were mechanics, 2 free and 5 slaves butchers, 5 free and 1 slave barbers, 2 free and 4 slaves engineers and pilots, and 3 free preachers. From the abore returns, it will be seen that Savannah is well represented in all the great departments of industry at least two-thirds of the population are immediately or re motely connected with the commerce and trade, and the greater part of the remaining third with her manufactures and mechanic arts. The learned professions are also amply represented. Only 164 persons among the whites are noted as laborers, while among the colored 129 only are other than laborers and servants. Savannah is one of the great commercial cities of the South, and as a market for cotton, rice, and lumber, ranks among the first. Its exports of cotton for the years 1S51 and 52, ending 1st September of each year, were as follows : 1P51-52. 1850.11. | The export of rice in tierces for the last twelve years, has been as follows : Years. Tierces. 1840-41 23,557 Sea Island. Upland. Sea Island. Upland. Liverpool 6.052 . . 96,304 . . 7,410 . . 122,228 Other British ports 501.. 6,461.. 897.. 7,108 Total Great Britain . 6,553 . . 102,825 . . 7,807 . . 120,336 Havre 1,052.. 11,541.. 690.. 10,546 Other French ports ... - - . . . . . . 590 Total France 1,052 . . 11.541 . . 690 .. 11.136 Other foreign ports.... - .. 2,483.. .. 4,678 Total foreign ports. . 7,605 . . 116,S49 . . 8,497 . . 145,150 Providence . 3.074 . . . . 1,633 New York 2,427 . . 145.877 . . 2,599 . 118 S->8 Philadelphia . 17,951 . . .. 10,835 Baltimore & Norfolk .. . . 4.527 . . . . 8.366 Charleston 1,121 . . 17,633 . . 341 . . 3,308 Other U. S. ports . 5.600 . . 40 Total coastwise 3.656 . . 224.958 . . 3,145 . . 160,642 Total foreign ports. . 7,605 . . 116,849 . . 8,497 . . 145,150 Grand total... 11,261 341,807 11,642 305,792 The following exhibits the number of bags exported in the past years, commencing 1842 : Years. Foreign Ports. Coastwise. Total, 1842 142,386 79,SfiS 222 254 1843 193.099 87.727 2S0.826 1844 130,964 113,611 244.575 1845 182.073 122.471 304.544 1S46 77.852 H-8.464 186,306 1847 119,321 114,830 234.151 1348 127,760 115,473 243,233 1849 _ _ 1850 _. ".. " _ " " _ 1S51 153,647 . . 163.787 317.434 1852 124,454 . . . . . . 228,614 . . . . 353,063 774 1841-42 22,065 1842-43 26,263 1843-44 23,543 1844-45 29,217 1845-46 32.147 Years. 1840-41 . Feet. 14 275 200 1841-42 . 8 390 400 1842-43 . 7 519 550 1843-44... 1844-45 . 5,933,351 8 270 5S2 1845-46... 18,585,644 Years. Tierres. 1S4G-47 31,739 1847-48 30.136 1848-49 37,348 1849-50 42.792 1850-51 35,602 1851-52 39,929 The lumber business has rapidly increased within the few last years, and it will be seen from the annexed table that the exports for the last-named year have exceeded those of any previous one by several millions of feet. There are six large steam saw-mills in the immediate vicinity of the city : Years. Feet. 1846-47 10,731,383 1847-48 16.449.553 1848-49 15,380.300 1849-50 17,719,100 1850-51 17,764,300 1851-52 25,508,500 The foreign commerce of the collection district of which Savannah is the port of entry, for the year ending June 30th, 1S50, is thus summed up in the U. S. Treasury Report. Value of exports $7,551,943, and of imports $636,964. En trances, 118 vessels, 57,017 tons and 1,940 men in crews; and clearances, 141 vessels, 72,563 tons and 2,285 men in crews. Tonnage of the district 19,931 tons, of which 10,437 tons were employed in foreign trade and 9,296 tons in coast ing. The steam tonnage was 6,478 tons. The steam ma rine in 1852, according to the returns of the U. S. inspector, amounted to 27 vessels, 5.750 tons, of which 12 were high- pressure vessels and 15 low pressure, which report indicates a decrease in the steam marine. The number of vessels built in 1850 were 5 (3 being steamboats), measuring to gether 684 tons. As the foreign commerce of Georgia all centres at Savannah, the progress of the commerce of Georgia, as exhibited in the description of the State, will also be that of Savannah. The commerce of the city has thus become of great mag nitude, and its growth of late years has been more rapid than previously. The developments that are now making of the resources of the State, together with the increased facilities for transporting the products of the interior to this one seaport must insure a more rapid increase of business for the future than has occurred during any period of the past. The port has regular communication with Florida on the S. and New York on the N., and other points by steam navigation. To the interior, the Savannah r.. on which nu merous steamboats are constantly plying, and the great line of railroad reaching into Tennessee and Alabama, give it facile access, and bring down to it for exportation an im mense tonnage. Another railroad is being built to Albany, on the Flint r. ; and the Savannah and Ogeechee Canal has been thoroughly repaired. These will give it greater facil ities than it has ever enjoyed, and open to its commerce the products of wide regions hitherto beyond its reach. Historical Notices of Savannah. The first settlement of Savannah was made in the month of February, 1733, by General Oglethorpe and some 30 families. On the 7th of July following, the settlers assembled on the strand (the bay) for the purpose of designating the lots. In a devo tional service they united in thanksgiving to God " that the lines had fallen to them in a pleasant place, and that they were about to have a good heritage." The wards and tithings were then named, each ward consisting of four tithings, and each tithing often houses, and a house and lot was given to each freeholder. After a dinner provided by the governor, the grant of a Court of llecord was read, and the officers were appointed. The session of the magistrates was then held, a jury impanneled, and a caae tried. Tubs SAV SAW Jury was the first impanneled in Georgia. The town was governed by three bailiffs, and had a recorder, register, and a town court, holden every six weeks, where all matters, civil and criminal, were decided by grand and petit juries, aa in England. No lawyers were allowed to plead for hire, nor attorneys to take money, but (as in old times in En gland) every man could plead his own cause. In October, 1741, the government of the colony was changed from bail iffs to trustees. In 1750, the number of white persons in Georgia was computed at about 1,500. The first royal gov ernor of Georgia, John Reynolds, Esq., arrived in Savan nah in Oct., 1754. The first printing-press was established in 1763, and the " Georgia Gazette" printed on the 7th April of that year. In 1766, the city consisted of 400 dwelling houses, a church, an independent meeting-house, a council-house, a court-house, and a filature. In 1770, the city extended on the west to what is now Jefferson Street, on the east to what is now Lincoln Street, and on the south to what is now South Broad Street, and contained six squares and twelve streets, besides the bay. On the 5th June, 1775, the first liberty- pole was erected in Savannah. The first attack by the British on Savannah was made on the 3d March, 1776. It ended in the discomfiture of the regulars, under Majors Maitland and Grant. On the 29th December, 1778, Savan nah was taken by the British. In October, 1779, an unsuc cessful attempt was made by the French and American nrmies to recapture Savannah from the British. Count D Estaing and General Lincoln were the commanders. Six hundred and thirty-seven of the French, and two hundred and forty-one of the continentals and militia were killed and wounded. In this attack Pulaski fell. The spot where he was shot down is about one hundred rods from the present depfit of the Central E. E. On the 11th July, 1783, Savannah was formally given up by the British to the Americans. The first session of the Legislature of the State was held in Savannah in January, 1784, in the brick house now stand ing in South Broad Street In December, 1789, a law was passed by the legislature making Savannah a city. The first mayor (elected in 1790) was John Iloustoun. In Nov., 1796, the first destructive fire occurred in Savannah. It broke out in a bake-house in Market Square, and destroyed 229 houses, besides out-houses, etc. Estimated loss of prop erty, $1,000, 00. In May, 1814, arrived in the waters of Savannah the United States sloop-of-war Peacock, Lewis "Warrington commander, bringing in as a prize II. B. M. brig-of-war Epervier, Captain Wales, of 18 guns. The Epervier had on board $110,000 in specie, which was con demned and distributed according to law. In April, 1819, arrived the steamship Savannah, from New York. This steamer was projected and owned in Savannah, and was the first steamship built in the United States, and the first that ever crossed the Atlantic. She left Savannah in May for Liverpool, and afterward proceeded to St. Petersburg. In January, 1S20, occurred the largest fire which ever ravaged the city. It commenced on the east side of Old Franklin Ward. Four hundred and sixty-three buildings were destroyed, besides out-buildings. Loss upward of $4,000.000. SAVANNAH, t and p. o., Wayne county, JV. T. : 160 m. W. N. W. Albany. Crusoe lake is located central y, by the outlet of which the t. is drained. Surface level; on the E. swampy, covered by Montezuma Marsh, and on the W. fer tile. The Rochester and Syracuse (direct) E. E. passes through this t. Pop. 1,700. SAVANNAH, p. v., and cap. Ashland co., OJiio: near a branch of the Walhonding r., 70 m. N. N. E. Columbus. It contains the county court-house and other public buildings, mechanic shops, etc. SAVANNAH, p. v.. and cap. Tlardin county, T?nn. : on the right bank of the Tennessee r., 103 m. S. W. Nashville, and contains the court-house, jail, and other public buildings. Pop. 502. SAVANNAH, p. v., Red River county, Tex, : on White Oak creek of North fork of the Eed river, 287 m. N. E. Austin City. SAVANNAH river. Ga. : has its sources in the north-east ern part of the State of Georgia, and the north-western counties of South Carolina, near the southern boundary of North Carolina, and in about lat. 85, and in long. 6 to 6 30 west of Washington City. The river is formed by the junction of the Tugalo and Keowee rivers, having their sources in a mountainous region of primitive formation, and its general course is southward, inclining from 35 to 38 to the east, but the channel is a very winding one. and at some points the river flows in a direction N. of E., or N. of W. The length of its channel from source to mouth is not less than 450 m., whereas the direct distance is only about 250 m. The Savannah and its tributaries drain an extent of country equal to about 8,200 sq. m., and all the branches which flow in abov.e Augusta have their rise in the mount ains or hilly sections of country, and have considerable ve locity of current with rapids and falls at different points ; in some degree, such is also the character of the main river to its source. Passing to the S. of Augusta, the features of the bordering country change, becoming comparatively level and flat, and the currents in the river, as a consequence, are less rapid. In this lower portion of the river, the channel is more crooked ; the distance from Augusta to Savannah, by water, being about 230 m., whereas the direct distance is about 115 m. The current in the upper part of the Savannah r. and its tributaries, being more rapid than they are when the river approaches the ocean, considerable quantities of earth are washed from the bottoms ;md banks as it passes through the hilly country, and carried in suspension to the more sluggish portions, forming bars and shoals. Some of the obstructions, even so far down as the city of Savannah, are probably formed in this way, and these bars are generally composed of a silicious gravel and sand, with a small pro portion of alumina and lighter earths. The products of the country bordering on the river above Augusta, are principally corn, wheat, rye, potatoes, cotton, timber, hogs, sheep, oxen, mules, and horses ; the main pro ductions of the middle and S. sections are corn, potatoes cotton, rice, and timber. The river above the city of Savannah is subject to the freshets, which often Overflow its banks, doing much injury to the bordering plantations of corn, cotton, and rice. Tha losses, from overflow, however, are confined to localities above the city, the plantations below being but little ex posed to injury from like causes. The Savannah r., near the month, becomes a tidal stream, and the flood-tides, in ordinary stages of the river, ascend to a point about 45 m. from the ocean, or 28 m. above the city of Savannah. SAVERN, p. o., Owen co., Ky. : 47 m. N. Frankfort. SAVIN HILL, sta., Norfolk co., J/ass. ; on the Old Colony Railroad, 3 m. S. Boston. SAVONA, p. o. and sta., Steuben co., JW.Y.: on the Buffalo, Corning, and New York R. E., 13 m. N.W. Corning, 315 m. N. W. (by railroad) New York City, and 185 miles (direct) W. by S. Albany. SAVOY, t and p. v., Berkshire co., Mass. : 103 m. W. by N. Boston. Drained by branches of Hoosick, Deerfleld, and Westfleld rivers. Surface mountainous and uneven ; soil better adapted to grazing than tillage. Incorporated ii\ 17D7. The v. is at the confluence of two streams, which constitute the head waters of Westfleld r. Pop. of t. 955. SAW MILL. p. v., Dale co., Ala. : between the E. and W. branches of Choctawhatchee r., 84 m. S. E. Montgomery. SAW MILL river, Westchester co., N. F. : rises in New castle t., flows S. by W., and enters the Hudson r. at the v. of Yonkers. Several mills and factories are located on ita banks. SAWYER S MILLS, p. v., Lexington dist., S. Car.: on a head branch of North Edtstti r., 39 m, S. W. Columbia. T75 SAW sen SAWYERSVILLE, p. o., Randolph co., N. Car. : 67 m. W. Ealeigh. SAXENBURG, p. v., Butler co., Penn. : 155 m. "W. N. W. Harrisburg. SAXS S MILLS, p. v., Franklin co., Verm. : on the E. of Mississquoi bay, 57 m. N. W. Montpelier. SAXON VILLE, p. v., Middlesex co., J/<m. : on the left bank of the Sudbury r., 18 m. W. Boston. It is the terminus of the Saxonville branch of the Boston and Worcester K. E., 5 m. N. of junction at Natick. SAXTON S EIVER, p. v., Windham co., Verm. : on left bank of Saxtou s branch of Connecticut r., 8 m. S. Montpelier. SAXTON S river, Verm. : formed by the union of several streams in Grafton, and running in an E. direction about 10 m., through the S. part of Eockingham, falls into Con necticut r. about 1 m. below Bellows Falls. SAYBKOOK, t., p. v., and sta., Middlesex co., Conn.: on W. side of Connecticut r., at its mouth, 36 m. S. S. E. Hart ford, and by New Haven and New London E. E., 31 m. E. New Haven. Surface uneven and stony; soil moderately fertile. Drained by the Connecticut and several creeks. Its interests in navigation are much affected by the bar at the mouth of the r., from which its harbor sets up. At this place the river is not frozen in winter. A ferry crosses it to Lyme. Considerable ship-building is carried on, and sev eral vessels are employed in the coasting trade. The shad fishery in the spring is diligently prosecuted, and is a source of considerable wealth, while large quantities of other fish are taken throughout the year. The v. at the point was first settled in 1635. It contains 2 churches, and was once the location of Yale College. In the N. part of the t. is the flourishing v. of Essex. Pop. of t. in 1840, 3,417 ; in 1850, 3,848. SAYBROOK, t., p. v., and sta., Ashtabula co., Ohio : near Lake Erie, 169 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by two small streams flowing N. into the lake. The village is centrally situated. The Cleveland and Erie E. E. passes through the N. of t., on which is the sta., 50 m. N. E. Cleveland. Pop. of 1. 1.374. SAYLORSBURG, p. o., Monroe county, Penn. : 95 m. N. E. Harrisburg. SAYLORVILLK, p. v., Polk co., la. : on a cr. flowing into the Des Moines r., 108 m. W. Iowa City. SAYVILLE, p. v., Suffolk co., N. Y. : near Great South bay, 51 m. E. New York city, and 145 m. S. E. Albany. SCARBOROUGH, p. v., Scriven co., Ga. : on the Central (Georgia) E. E., E. side of Ogeechee r., 70 m. N. "W. Sa vannah, and 91 m. E. S. E. (direct) from Milledgeville. SCARBOROUGH, t, p. v., and sta., Cumberland co., Me. : between Saco and Portland, and bordering on the Atlantic Ocean, 61 m. 8. W. Augusta. Drained by Nonsuck river, flowing through it ; soil rich, and it has large quantities of salt marshes. It is principally an agricultural t, but ship building is carried on to some extent, and several vessels are employed in the coasting trade and fisheries. The dis tinguished statesman, Eufus King, and his half-brother, William King, the first governor of Maine, were born in this town. The v. is on the Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth Eailroad, 45 m. N. E. Portsmouth. (N. H.). Population of 1. 1,837. SCARSDALT?, t. and p. v., Westchester co., N. Y. : 133 m. (by railroad) S. Albany. Drained by Bronx river. Surface rolling ; soil fertile. The Harlem E. E. passes through the t, on which the v. is located, 22 m. from New York city. It is a small but neat v., with 342 inhabitants. SCHAGHTICOKE, t. and p. v., Eensselaer co., N. Y. : 9 m. N. Troy, and 16 m. N. by E. Albany. Drained by Tomha- nic creek and Hoosic river, flowing into the Hudson, which bounds it on the W. Surface moderately uneven; soil fer tile. It has extensive water-power, and a number of manu factories, mills, etc. The v. is located on Hoosic r., E. of the Hudson, and is a thriving manufacturing place; cotton, linen, and hemp goods, powder, and powder kegs are T76 largely manufactured. The Troy and Boston E. K. passes through, and the Troy and Eutland E. E. diverges from this v., 12 m. from Troy. Pop. of t. 3,200. SCHATTLESVILLE, Berks co., Penn. : here are located four forges, two of which (in 1S5U) made 250 tons blooms and 80 tons bar iron ; moved by water-power. SCIIELLSBUBG, p. v., Bedford co., Penn. : 91 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. SCHENECTADY county, jV; Y. Situate toward the E., and contains 186 sq. m. Drained by Mohawk river and Scho- hariekill and Normanskill. Surface diversified, with low hills and valleys; soil various, but fertile in general, particu larly so along the banks of the Mohawk r. Chief products wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. Agricultural pursuits are much followed by the inhabitants. It contains some minerals, and has good slate quarries. Farms 1,040; manuf. 107 ; dwell. 3,195. and pop. wh. 19.G67, fr. col. 337 total 20,054. Capital: Schenectady. Public Works : Cen tral E. E. ; Schenectady and Saratoga E. E. ; Troy and Schenectady E. E. ; Erie Canal. SCHENECTADY, p. city, and cap. Schenectady co., 2f. Y. : on S. side of Mohawk r., 17 m. N. W. Albany. L:it. 4 2O 48 N. ; long. 73 55 W. This is one of the oldest cities in the State, having been first settled by the Dutch about 1620, and chartered March 26, 1798. On February 8, 1690, the v., then consisting of 63 houses and a church, was taken at night by the French and Indians, sacked and burned, who murdered 63 inhabitants and took 27 captives. The city contains a city hall, and jail, county offices, market, lyceum, female academy, and 10 churches. Its manufactures are considerable, chiefly of flour, paper, cotton goods, iron, leather, and machinery. One broom factory in the vicinity makes annually about 1,800,000 brooms. There are 2 banks, with aggregate capital of $315,000, and 1 savings bank. The Erie Canal passes through the city, and 4 lines of rail road here connect, viz., Albany and Schenectady E. E., IT m. ; Troy and Schenectady E. E., 20 m. ; Saratoga and Schenectady E. E., 22 m. ; Utica and Schenectady E. E., 78 m. The "S. Cabinet" (whig), and "S. Eeflector" (dem.) are issued weekly. Union College, located here, was founded in 1795, is pleasantly situated on an eminence over looking the city, with spacious grounds and several large edifices. In 1S50 it had 12 professors, 2,725 alumni, 266 students, and 15,000 volumes in its library. Pop. in 1840, 6,784 ; in 1850, 8,921. SCHENEVUS, p. o., Otsego co., N. Y. : 72 m. W. Albany. SCHLEISINGERSVILLE, p. o., Washington co., Wise. : 67 m. N. E. Madison. SCHNECKSVILLE, p. o., Lchigh co., Penn. : 10 m. N. E. Harrisburg. SCHODACK, t., Eensselaer county, N. Y.:S miles S. by E. Albany. Drained by several small streams flowing into the Hudson river, which bounds it on the W. Surface uneven ; soil fertile. Its water-power is good, and there are some mills, etc. Schodack Centre, Schodack Dep6t, and Scho- dack Landing, are names of post-offices. The Hudson Eiver E. E,, and Western E. E. both pass through this town. Pop. 3,510. SCHODACK CENTRE, p. o., Eensselear co., N. Y. : is a small settlement 7 m. S. E. Albany. SCHODACK DEp6T, p. v. and sta., Een?selar>r co., W. Y. : on the Western E. E., 8 m. N. Kinderhook, and 8 m. S. E. Albany. SCHODACK LANDING, p. v. and sta., Eensselaer co., JV 7 ! Y. : on the left bank of the Hudson r.. and on the Hudson Eiver E. E., 64 m. N. Poughkeepsie, 11 m. S. Albany. It con tains several stores, warehouses, and a hay press; and a number of sloops are owned here which ply between the v. and New York. SCIIOENECK, p. o., Lancaster county, Penn. : 35 m. S. E. Harrisburg. SCIIOIIARIE county, 2f. Y. Situate toward the E., and con tains 621 sq. m. Drained by Schoharie cr. and its tribut- SCH SCH aries. Surface generally mountainous, and well adapted to | grazing. The main branch of the Catskill Mountains cross the S. portion of the co. ; soil fi-rtile, and on the streams the land is productive. Chief productions, wheat and Indian com. It has some beds of bog-iron ore, and water lime stone. Sulphur springs are found in different parts, which are gaining celebrity, particularly those at Sharon. Farms 2,439; manuf. 243; dwell. 5,878. and pop. wh. 33,092, fr. col. 450 total 33,542. Capital : Schoharie. Public Works : Newburg and Syracuse K. K. (projected). SCHOIIARIE, t., p. v., and cap. Schoharie co., N. Y. : 28 m. W. Albany. Drained by Schoharie creek, which passes through it from N. to S., and Fox creek, affording excellent water-power. Surface various, in parts hilly, with extensive valleys; soil of great fertility, and well cultivated. The v. is located on the right bank of the creek so called, and con tains a court-house, jail, and other public buildings, an in corporated academy, and other places of instruction ; print ing offices, mechanic shops, etc., and the "S. Republican" (whig), and U S. Patriot" (dem.) are both weekly issues. Pop. of L 2,588. SCHOODIC lakes, Me. : these lakes are about twelve in num ber, lying in the N. part of Washington co., and from thence issues the Schoodic cr. "W. branch of St. Croix r. The most E. of these is Big lake, of irregular form, about 9 m. long, connected by a rapid stream 3 miles long, with Grand lake, 15 miles long, very deep, and remarkably clear. It is well stocked with fish. The other are on the S. W., Pocumcus, 4 miles long, and the Waboosis 3 m. long. In a W. direction lies the Siclabobsis, 10 miles in extent, and farther N. is the Horse-shoe lake, so called from its form, and also the Junior lake, 6 miles long. Still farther on is Scraggled lake, of an irregular shape; also the Pleasant lake, 5 miles long, with some others of less size. They are all connected by consid erable sized streams, and except between the Big and Grand lakes, there is a continuous boat navigation of nearly 100 miles in extent. The surrounding country is very fertile and well wooded. SCHOOLCKAFT county, Mich. Situate centrally in the N. peninsula, and contains 2,516 sq. m. Drained by the Mon- istique river and its branches, White Fish and Rapid rivers, and other streams. Surface in the interior level, on the lake shore rocky; soil various. Pine and other timbers abound. Farms ; manuf. ; dwell. 5, and pop. wh. 16, fr. col. total 16. Capital : SCHOOLCKAFT, t. and p. v., Kalamazoo co., Mich. : 66 m. 8. W. Lansing. Watered by a number of ponds, the outlets of which form in part the head waters of a branch of St. Joseph s river. It is a rich and fertile farming country, with good mill privileges. The v. near the centre of Prairie Bonde is a thriving place, and contains about 300 inhabit ants. Pop. of 1. 1,101. SCIIOOLEY S MOUNTAIN, p. v., Morris co., N. Jer. : 43 m. N. Trenton. The spring located near the top of the mount ain has a temperature of 56 Fahrenheit, and discharges 30 gallons an hour. The region abounds with magnetic iron ore. In the neighborhood of the springs are well kept hotels, boarding schools, etc., and 7 miles farther on the mountain is Budd s Pond, 2 miles long and 1 broad, of great depth, and abounding with fish. SCHOOLEY S mountain, Morris co., N. Jer. : forms a part Of a chain which extends in a N. E. and S. W. direction across the State, from the Delaware to the Hudson river. It crosses the N. W. part of the county with a height of 600 feet from its base, and about 1,100 feet above the level of the ocean. A mineral spring near its top has given it consider; able celebrity. BCHRAALENBITRG, p. o., Bergen co., N. Jer. : on a creek of Hackensack r., 59 m. N. E. Trenton. SCIIEOEPEL, t., Oswego county, N. Y. : 139 m. "W. N. W. Albany. Drained by Oneida and Oswego r., the latter bounding it on the S. W. Surface uneven ; soil fertile. It has some small manufactures and several mills. Phoenix B5 is the name of the post-office. Population of town, including Phoenix, 3,258. SCHROON LAKE, p. o., Essex co., N~. Y. : 80 m. N. Albany. SCHROON lake, Jf. Y.: lies partly in Essex county, and partly in Warren co. ; it is 10 miles long, and from one to two in width, abounding with trout and other kinds of fish. Deer and wild game are found in abundance on its borders, which in the E. are surrounded by a dense forest. SCHROON RIVER, p. o., Essex co., N. Y. : 77 m. N. Albany. SCIIULTZSVILLE, p. o., Duchess county, Jf. Y. : 63 m. S. Albany. SCHUMLA, p. o., Eitchie county, Virg.: 228 m. N. W. Richmond. SCHUYLER county, III. Situate toward the W., and con tains 334 sq. m. Drained by Sugar, Crane, and Crooked creeks, all tributaries of Illinois r., which runs on its S. E. border. Surface undulating; soil fertile. Chief produc tions, wheat and Indian corn. Pork and beef are largely exported. It is well wooded. Farms 624; manuf. 52; dwell. 1,783, and pop. wh. 10,547, fr. col. 26 total 10,573. Capital : R\ihvil\e. SCHUYLER county, Mo. Situate N., and contains 351 sq. m. Drained by North, Middle, and South forks of Fabius r., and branches of Chariton creek. Surface undulating ; soil fertile. A large portion of the land is well timbered. Farms 446; manuf. 5; dwell. 539, and pop. wh. 3,230, fr. col. 2, si. 55 total 3,287. Capital: Lancaster. SCHUYLER. sta., Sangamon co., III. : on the Sangamon and Morgan E. R., 9 m. W. Springfield. SCHUYLER S FALLS, t and p. o., Clinton co., N. Jer. : 5 m. W. by S. Plattsburg. and 139 m. N. Albany. The Saranac r. bounds it on the N., and it is drained by Salmon cr., af fording extensive water-power. Surface in parts hilly ; soil fertile. It has some extensive manufactories, and the sur rounding country is rich in agricultural and mineral pro ductions. Pop. 2,110. SCIIUYLER S LAKE, p. o., Otsego co., N. Y. : 74 m. TV. by N. Albany. SCIIUYLERSVILLE, p. v., Saratoga co., N. Y. : on the "W. bank of the Hudson r., at its confluence with French cr., 7 m. E. Saratoga Springs. 36 m. N. Albany. Incorporated in 1831. The Champlain Canal passes through, and, with the cr., furnishes extensive water-power. It is a thriving manufacturing village, containing cotton and woolen fac tories, iron foundries, machine shops, mills, etc. The British arms, under Burgoyne, sustained a defeat at Bemis Heights, near this place, on the 17th October, 1777, by the Americans, under General Gates. The Schuylersville acad emy, an incorporated institution, is located in this v. The " Old Saratoga" (neut.) is a weekly issue. SCIIUYLKILL county, Penn. Situate E. centrally, and con tains 684 sq. m. Drained by Schuylkill r. and its affluents, and small tributaries of Susqufhanna r. Surface varied; on the streams there is some fine land, but the general fea ture of the co. is mountainous ; soil, with the exception of the river bottoms, is poor and barren, and in many parts rocky. It contains extensive beds of mineral coal, which are much celebrated for their quality. Farms 1,247 ; manuf. 954 ; dwell. 10,671, and pop. wh. 60,307, fr. col. 406 total 60,713. Capital : Orwigsburg. Pallia Works : Phila delphia and Reading R. E. ; Catawissa R. R. ; Little Schuyl kill E. E. ; and a number of railroads extending to the mines; also Schuylkill Canal. SCIIKYLKILL, t., Schuylkill county, Penn. : 55 m. N". E. Harrisburg. This is an extensive coal district, and the cap ital invested in the coal trade during the fiscal year 1850 was $133,815, monthly wages paid, $8,570, annual product of the mines, $119,000, valued at $231,800. A railroad connects this place with the Mine Hill E. E., at Schuylkill Haven. SCIIUYLKILL, t. and p. o., Chester co., Penn. : on the "W. side of Schuylkill r., 70 m. E. Harrisburg. Drained by French and Stoney creeks. Surface level ; soil fertile. Tho Philadelphia and Reading E. E. passes through its E. part 777 SCH SCO SCIIIDENCK S STOKE, p. o., Montgomery co., Penn. : 88 m. E. Harrisburg. SCHUYLKILL river, Pa. : rises by three branches in Schuyl- kill co., and flowing S. E., enters the Delaware r., 7 m. below Philadelphia. Its length is 140 m. The most im portant of its tributaries are Tulpehocken cr. from the W., and Perkiomen cr. from the E. Vessels of from 300 to 400 tons ascend to the "W. wharves of Philadelphia, where its average depth at common tides is from 13 to 14 feet. By means of canals and pools, it is navigable 108 m. An im mense quantity of coal is transported on it. SciiL VLKiLL BEND, p. o., Berks county, Penn.: 49 m. E. Harrisburg. SCHUYLKILL HAVEN, p. v., Schuylkill co., Penn. : near the Schuylkill r., and on the Philadelphia and Eeading R. K., 89 m. N. W. Philadelphia, and 43 m. N. E. Harrisburg. It is connected with the coal region in the vicinity by the Mine Hill E. E.,12 m.Tremont, and with Philadelphia and Port Carbon by the Schuylkill Navigation Canal. A fur nace of 800 tons annual capacity, operated by water-power, is located near the village. The " S. H. Map is a weekly whig issue. Pop. 2,061. SCIENCEVILLE, p. o., Stewart co., Ga. : 107 m. S. W. Milledgeville. Scio, t. and p. v., Washtenaw co., Mich. : 45 m. S. E. Lansing. Drained by Huron r., Honey and Mill creeks. Surface undulating ; soil very prolific, gene-rally black, sandy loam, and clay. There is a great variety of excellent tim ber in the t and vicinity. The Michigan Central E. E. passes through the N. part, on which is Delhi station, 41 m. W. Detroit. The v. is 2 m. S. of the E. E. Pop. of 1. 1,195. Scio, t, p. v., and sta., Alleghany county, JV. Y. ; 148 m. TV. by S. Albany. Drained by Genesee r., and branches of the Allegliany r. Surface much broken, and heavily tim bered; soil fertile. It has good water-power, and some mills. The v. and sta. are on the Erie E. E., 361| m. from New York and 98 i m. from Dunkirk. Pop. of t. 1,924. Scio, p. o., Harrison county, Ohio: 99 m. E. by N. Columbus. SCIOTA, p. o. and sta., Clinton co., N. Y. : on the Platts- burg and Montreal E. E., 15 m. N. Plattsburg, 157 m. N. Albany. SCIOTO county, Ohio. Situate S., and contains 504 sq. m. Scioto r. passes through it centrally, by which and its branches, and by Little Scioto r. it is drained. Surface in general uneven ; soil fertile, and on the streams very pro ductive ; wheat and Indian corn are the principal produc tions. It is bounded on the S. by the Ohio. Farms 751 ; manuf. 73; dwell. 3,086, and pop. wh. 18,174. fr. col. 254 total 18,423. Capital: Portsmouth. Public Works: Scioto and Hocking Valley E. E. ; Iron E. E.; Ohio Canal. SCIOTO, p. o., Scioto co., Ohio : 78 m. S. by E. Columbus. SCIOTO river, Ohio: rises in Hardin county, flows E. into Marion co., and S. into Franklin, where it receives Whet stone or Olentangy r. just above Columbus, and theuco through Pickaway, Eoss, Pike, and Scioto co s, into the Ohio r. at Portsmouth, where it is 150 yards wide. It flows 160 miles through a fertile country, and is navigable 130 m., to the mouth of Little Scioto river. SCIOTO BRIDGE, p. o., Delaware co., Ohio: on the Scioto r., 24 m. N. N. W. Columbus. SCIOTOVILLE, p. o., Scioto county, Ohio : 80 m. S. by E. Columbus. SCIPIO, p. v., Jennings co., Ind. : on Sand cr., and on the Madison and Indianapolis E. E., 55 m. S. S. E. Indianapolis. It is located in an agricultural district, and much produce is exported from this point. Pop. about 200. SCIPIO, t. and p. v., Cayuga co., N. Y. : 14S m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Salmon cr., flowing S. into Cayuga lake, and other smaller streams. Owasco lake forms its E. boundary. Surface undulating, with a fertile and highly cultivated soil. The v. is near the head of Salmon cr., and has some manufactures, mills, etc. Pop. of t. 2,135. j 773 SCIPIO CENTBE, p. o., Hillsdale county, Mich. : 51 m. S. Lansing. SCIPIOVILLE, p. o., Cayuga co., N. Y. : 150 m. W. by N. Albany. SCITICO, p. v., Hartford county, Conn. : on the N. side of Scautic r., 18 m. N. by E. Hartford. SCITUATE, t. and p. v., Plymouth co., Mass. : on Massa chussets bay, of the Atlantic Ocean, IS m. S. E. Boston. It is located at the mouth of North r., and has a small but convenient harbor, defended by rocky cliffs, and Cedar Point, on which latter are two lighthouses, with fixed lights 40 feet elevation. Latitude 42 12 17" N., and longitude 70 43 15" W. The river is very deep, but nar row and crooked, and is noted for the fine ships built on its borders. A number of vessels belonging to this town are engaged in the merchant service and coasting trade, and the mackerel fishing is carried on to a great extent. The manufactures consist of leather, boots, shoes, lasts, vessels, etc. The v. is located a short distance back from the har bor. Pop. of t. 2,149. SCITUATE, t. and v., Providence co., R. I. : 10 m. W. of Providence. Drained by Pawtuxet river and its branches, affording valuable water-power. Surface diversified with hills and valleys; soil adapted to grazing. Large manu factories of cotton and wool are located on the bank of the river, and there is a valuable quarry of freestone in the western part of the town. This town was taken from Pro vidence in 1731. The v. is on Pawtuxet river. Pop. of t. 4,582. SCOXONDOA, p. o., Oneida co., N. Y. : 171 m. W. N. "W. Albany. SCOOBEN, p. o., Kemper county, Miss. : 90 m. E. by K Jackson. SCOTCH PLAINS, p. v., Essex county, N . Jer. : on the E. side of Green brook of llaritan r., and on the New Jersey Central E. E., 12 m. W. Elizabethport, and 35 m. N. E. Trenton. SCOTCH EIDGE, p. o., Wood county, Ohio : 97 m. N. N. W. Columbus. SCOTCIITOWN, p. o., Orange co., N. Y. : 87 m. S. S. "W". Albany. SCOTIA, p. v., Pope county, Ark. : on the left bank of the Arkansas r., 69 m. N. W. Little Eock. Coal deposits are found in the vicinity. SCOTIA, p. v., Schenectady co.. N. Y. : on the N. bank of Mohawk r., 1 m. W. Schenectady, and 18 m. N. W.Albany. Pop. about 200. SCOTLAND county, Mo. Situate N. E., and contains 477 sq. m. Drained by North and Middle forks of Fabius r., and S. Wyaconda r. Surface level; soil fertile. It is well timbered, and has excellent pasturage for cattle. Farms 384; manuf. 6 ; dwell. 5SS, and pop. wh. 3,631, fr. col. 0, si. 151 total 3.782. Capital : Memphis. SCOTLAND, p. o., Franklin county, Penn. : 50 m. S. W. Harrisburg. SCOTLAND, p. v., Windham co., Conn. : on the Show- tucket r., 31 m. E. Hartford. SCOTLAND, p. v., Jefferson county, Miss. : 65 m. S. W. Jackson. SCOTLAND, p. T., Greene county, Ind. : 60 m. S. W. Indianapolis. SCOTLAND, p. o., York co., Me. : 81 m. S. W. Augusta. SCOTLAND, p. v., Plymouth co., Mass. : 28 m. S. Boston. SCOTLAND NECK, p. v., Halifax county, N. Car: between. Fishing or. and Roanoke r., 77 m. N. E. Ealeigh. SCOTT county, Ark. Situate W., and contains 931 sq. m. Drained by La Fave r., and other tributaries of Arkansas river. Surface level; soil fertile. Farms 365; manuf. 10; dwell. 514. and pop. wh. 2,920, fr. col. 17, si. 146 total 3,OS3. Capital: Booneville. SCOTT county, la. Situate E. toward the S., and contains 445 sq. m. Drained by Walnut, Allen s, and Duck creeks. Surface rolling ; soil fertile and very productive. Farms 334 ; SCO SCR manuf. 19; dwell. 991, and pop. wh. 5,972, fr. col. 14 total 5,936. Capital: Davenport. SCOTT county, III. Situate toward the W., and contains 261 sq. m. Drained by small tributaries of Illinois r., which forms its western boundary. Surface undulating ; soil fertile. Wheat and Indian corn are produced abundantly. Pork and beef are exported. Prime timber abounds. Farms 712 ; manuf. 54; dwell. 1,300, and pop. wh. 7,902, fr. col. 12 total 7.914. Capital: Winchester. Public Works: Great Western Central R. R. SCOTT county, 2nd. Situate S. E., and contains 175 sq. m. Drained by Graham s fork of White r. and branches. Sur face varied, it is most generally undulating, but in the W. is hilly and broken ; soil fertile, and well adapted to grain and grazing. Chief productions, wheat, and Indian corn, with beef, pork, and vegetables. It has some quantity of good timber, ani contains several salt springs. Farms 719 ; manuf. 14 ; dwell. 1,040, and pop. wh. 5.870, fr. col. 15 total 5.SS5. Capital : Lexington. Public Works : Jefferson- ville E. E. SCOTT county, Ky. Situate toward the S., and contains 213 sq. m. Drained by North, Elkhorn, and Eagle creeks. Surface level; soil very fertile. Chief productions, wheat and Indian corn. Farms 75S; manuf. 59; dwell. 1.566, and pop. wh. 8,891, fr. col. 219, si. 5,836 total 14,946. Capital : Georgetown. SCOTT county, Miss. Situate centrally, and contains 589 sq. m. Drained by branches of Pearl and Leaf rivers. Surface level ; soil fertile, and adapted ro grazing. Chief productions, cotton and Indian corn. Farms 257 ; manuf. 4 ; dwell. 422, and pop. wh. 2,77S, fr. col. 1, si. 1,182 total 3.961. Capital: Hillsboro . Public Works: Alabama and Mississippi E. E. SCOTT county, Mo. Situate S. E., and contains 379 sq. m. Drained by James and White Water rivers. Surface diver sified ; soil very fertile, and produces in abundance wheat and Indian corn. Tobacco is the staple. It contains many minerals. Farms 408; manuf. 9; dwell. 500, and pop. wh. 2,773, fr. coL 16, si. 393 total 3,182. Capital: Benton. SCOTT count} , Virg. Situate S. W., and contains 718 sq. m. Drained by Clinch r., and North fork of Holston r., and their branches. Surface broken and hilly, in parts mountainous; soil modc-rately fertile. Chief productions, wheat and Indian corn. Farms 614; manuf. 32; dwell. 1,523, and pop. wh. 9,325, fr. col. 31, si. 473 total 9,829. Capital : Estillville. SCOTT, t, and p. o., Sheboygan co., Wise. : 61 m. N. E. Madison. Drained by branches of Milwaukee r. Surface varied ; soil fertile. It has excellent water-power, and some excellent mill-sites. SCOTT, p. v., La Grange county, Jnd. : on the S. side of Pigeon r., 136 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. SCOTT, t. and p. v., Cortlandt co., N. Y. : 22 m. S. from Syracuse, and 130 m. W. Albany. Drained by branches of Tioughnioga r., and the inlet of Skaneateles lake. Surface various, in parts much broken ; soil very fertile, and in good slate of cultivation. Its manufactures are limited, the chief pursuits being agricultural. The v. is centrally situate. Pop. of t. 1,290. SCOTT, p. o., La Salle county, III. : 120 m. N. N. E. Springfield. SCOTT, t. and p. o., Adams county, Ohio : 67 m. S. by W. Columbus. Drained by a branch of Brush cr. Surface uneven; soil of average fertility. Iron ore of superior quality is found. Pop. 1.270. SCOTT, p. v., Mahaska county, la. : 69 m. W. S. W. Iowa City. SCOTT, t. and p. o., Wayne co., Penn.: 130 m. N. E. Hiirrisburg. Drained by several small streams flowing E. into the Delaware r., and W. by Starucca cr., branch of the Siisqwhanna r. Surface uneven, in parts hilly ; soil fertile and good timber lands. SCOTT S creek, Calif. : rises in E. part of Tuba co., and flows W. into the Yuba r. Much gold is found in this stream, and the diggings are very profitable. SCOTTSBUKGII, p. o., Livingston co., N. Y. : 209 m. W. Albany. ScoTTSBURon, p. v., Halifax co., Virg. : on the line of the Richmond and Danville K. R., 87 m. S. W. Richmond. It is a small v., with about 50 or 60 inhabitants. SCOTT S CREEK, p. v., Hay wood co., N. Car. : on a stream so called of Tuckascoge r., 253 m. W. by S. Raleigh. SCOTT S HILL, p. o., Henderson co., Tenn. : 97 m. S. W. Nashville. SCOTT S SHOP, sta., Amelia co., Va. : on the Richmond and Danville R. R., 33 m. S. W. Richmond. SCOTTSVILLE, p. v., Bibb co., Ala. : on a tributary of Cahawba branch of Alabama r., 69 m. N. W. Montgomery. Good water-power is here afforded, and improved by the Tuscaloosa Manufacturing Company, who employ about 90 operatives. There is also a grist and saw mill, and a church, on the property of the company. Population about 200. SCOTTSVILLE, p. o., Claiborne par., La. : 169 m. N. W. Baton Rouge. SCOTTSVILLE, p. v., Sullivan co., Mo. : on the E. side of Locust cr., 117 m. N. W. Jefferson City. SCOTTSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Allen co., Ky. : on a fork of Big Barren r., 121 m. S. W. Frankfort, and contains a court house, jail, and other public buildings. The Lexington and Nashville R. R. passes through the village. Pop. 400. SCOTTSVILLE, cap. Powhatan county, Virg. (Se# Pow- HATAN C. II.) SCOTTSVILLE, p. v., Albemarle co., Virg. : on the N. bank of James r., and on the James River Canal, 73 m. W. by N. Richmond. " The Independent" is a weekly issue. SCOTTSVILLE, p. v., Monroe co., jV. Y. : on the left bank of the Genesee r., and on the Genesee Valley Canal, 12 m. S. by W. Rochester, and 212 m. W. by N. Albany. Exten sive hydraulic power is derived from the canal and river, and it has a number of mills, etc. SCOTTSVILLE, p. o., Wyoming co., Penn. : 95 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. SCOTTVILLE, p. v., Macoupin co., III. : on the S. of Apple cr., 33 m. S. W. Springfield. SCEANTOX, p. v., Luzerne co., Penn. : at the junction of the Lackawanna and Western R. R. with the Pennsylvania Coal Companies R. E., 50 m. S. Great Bend, and 97 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. Cobb s Gap E. R. and a railroad to Sunbury will diverge from this place. There is near the v. a furnace of 2,000 tons capacity, operated by water, and two of 3,500 tons each annual capacity, operated by steam, and a forge, which in 1830 produced 7,000 tons rail. Pop. 2,234. SCREAMERSVILLE, p. o., Maury co., Tenn. : 37 m. S. by W. Nashville. SCRIBA, t. and p. v., Oswego co., N . Y. : 152 m. N. W. Albany. Drained by a number of small streams flowing into Lake Ontario. Surface moderately hilly ; soil of middling fertility. It contains in part the county buildings. Old Fort Oswego, built in 1727. is located near the mouth of the river. The v. is 2 m. E. of the lake : has good water-power, and contains several mills, workshops, etc. Pop. of L 8.708. SCRIVEN county, Ga. Situate E., and contains 718 sq. m. It is bounded on the E. by Savannah r., and on the S. and W. by Ogeechee r., by branches of which it is drained, Little Ogeechee r., passing through the centre, and Brier cr. in the northern portion. Surface undulating ; soil fertile, and produces large crops of cotton, which is the staple. It has some minerals, and some fine timber land. Farms 498 ; manuf. ; dwell. 567. and pop. wh. 3,173, fr. col. 1, si. 3,673 total 6,847. Capital: .Tacksonboro . SCROGGIN S MILL S, p. o., Dale co., Ala. : on the W. side of Pea r., 63 m. S. E. Montgomery. SCKOGGSFIELD, p. v., Carroll county, Ohio : 111 m. N. E. Columbus. 779 SCR SEG SCRUB GRASS, p. o., Armstrong county, Penn,: 135 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. SCUFFLETOWN, p. v., Laurens district, S. Car. : on a small tributary of Enoree r., 65 m. N. W. Columbia. SCULL CAMP, p. v., Surry co., A r , Car. : at the source of Fisher s r., 137 m. W. N. W. Kaleigh. SCULL SHOALS, p. v., Greene co., Ga. : on the Oconee r., 46 m. N. Milledgeville. Ponlain s bridge here spans the river, at which point several mills are in operation. SCULLTOWN, p. v., Salem co., N. Jer. : on the left bank of Oldman s cr., 46 m. S. W. Trenton. SCULTOCK POINT, Hancock co., Me. : a small cape situated in lat. 440 IS N., and long. 67 53 W. Scui PERMONG, p. o., Washington co., N. Car. : 113 m. E. Ealeigh. SEABROOK, t. and p. v., Eockingham co., N. ffamp.: in the S. E. corner of the State, bordering on the Atlantic Ocean, 45 m. S. E. Concord. Drained by Black, Brown s, and Walton rivers, and several tributaries. Whale-boat building is carried on here to a greater extent than in any other town in New England. The inhabitants are occupied in mechanical pursuits and the fisheries. This t. is better adapted than any other in the State to the Bay and Labrador fisheries, which are extensively carried on. Bog iron ore is found on some of the streams. The Eastern 1{. E. passes through the t. on which the v. is located, 14 m. S. from Portsmouth. Pop. of t. 1,296. SEACOCUS, sta., Hudson co., M. Jer. : on the Union E. E., 4 m. N. Jersey City, and 53 m. N. E. Trenton. SEAFOHD, p. v., Sussex co., Del. : on W. side of Nanticoke river, 35 m. S. by W. Dover. SEAL, p. o., Wyandott county, Ohio: 61 m. N. by W. Columbus. SEAL COVE. p. v., Hancock co., Me. : at the head of the inlet so called, on Mount Desert island, 72 m. E. Augusta. SEARCY county, Ark. Situate N., and contains 941 sq. m. Drained by Buffalo fork of White r. and Crooked cr., a trib utary of White r. Surface varied ; in the N. it is level, or gently undulating, and in the S. hilly, being separated from the adjoining county by a low range of mountains; soil generally fertile, the hilly portions well adapted to grazing. Farms 246; maniif. 0; dwell. 822, and pop. wh. 1,950, fr. col. 0, si. 29 total 1,979. Capital: Lebanon. SEARCY. p. v.. and cap. White co., Ark: : on the W. of Little lied Branch of White r., 45 m. N. N. E. Little Eock. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. SEARIGHI S, p. o., Fayette county, Penn. :143 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. SEARSBURG, p. o., Tompkins county, N. Y. : 160 m. W. Albany. SEARSBCRG, t. and p. v., Bennington co., Verm. : 52 m. S. Eutland. Drained by Deerfield r. Surface mountainous, being located on the Green Mountains, and in general unfit for cultivation. Chartered in 1781. The v. is S. of the r. Pop. of t. 201. SEARSMONT, t and p. v., Waldo co., Me. : 31 m. E. Au gusta. Drained by St. George r., and a considerable pond is in N. part of t., from which flows a branch of the r. Sur face varied ; soil fertile. The manufactures consist in leather, flour, and lumber. The v. is located on the St. George r. Pop. of t. 1,696. SEAKSPORT, t. and p. v., Waldo co.. Me. : 45 m. E. by N. Augusta. Bounded on the S. by Belfast bay, and drained by a small stream flowing into it. Incorporated in 1845, from Prospect and a part of Belfast. It has a good harbor. The v. is situated near the entrance of the stream into the the bay. Pop. of t. 2.207. SEARSVILLE, p. o., Orange county, N. Y. : SI m. S. S. W. Albany. SEARSVILLE. p. v., Stewart co., Ga. : on Kacafoonee cr., 105 m. S. W. Milledgeville. SEATUCK, p. o., Suffolk co., N. Y.: 236 m. S. E. Albany. SEAVILLE, p. o., Cape May co., N. Jer. : 75 m. S. Trenton. ISO SEBAGO, t. and p. v., Cumberland co., Me.: bordering on the lake so called, 57 m. S. W. Augusta. There are several ponds in the t., by the outlets of Avhich it is drained. Sur face pleasantly diversified, and a fertile soil. Chartered in 1826, and contains several manufactories of flour, lumber, etc. The v. is on the lake. Pop. of t. 850. SEBAGO lake, Cumberland co., Me. : is 12 m. long, and 7 m. wide. It discharges its waters by Presumpscot r. into Casco bay. Connected on the N. by W. with Long Pond, by Songo strait, and receives Crooked r. from the N. The Cumberland and Oxford Canal, 50* m. in length, connects it with Portland. SEBASTIAN county, Ark. Situate W., and contains 779 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Arkansas r., which forms its N. boundary. Surface undulating, toward the W. hilly; soil fertile. It is well wooded, and in the N. are some fine beds ( f coal. Capital : Black Jack. SEBASTICOOK river, Me. : rises in a pond in the S. E. part of Penobscot co., passes through a lake in Newport t., and flowing S. W. empties into the Kennebec r. opposite Water- ville. It is about 50 m. in length, and affords in its course excellent water-power. SEBEC, t. and p. v., Piscataquis co., Me. : 74 m. N. N. E. Augusta. A portion of Sebec Pond, 10 m., lies in this t., and the Piscataquis r. crosses the S. part Drained by Sebec r., outlet of the pond, which flowing S. E. empties into the Piscataquis r. in Milot. Surface moderately uneven; soil fertile, and well adapted to grain. Incorporated in 1S12. The manufactures consist in woolen goods, leather, lum ber, etc. The v. is on Sebec r., near the lake. Population of t. 1.223. SEBEC pond, Piscataquis co., Me. : lies in the towns of Sebec, Foxcroft, and Bowerbank ; it is surrounded by a well-timbered country, is about 10 m. long, and averages about 1 m. in width. Its outlet is the river so called. SEBEWA, t and p. o., Ionia co., Mich. : 22 m. W. Lansing. Drained by Looking-Glass r. Surface undulating ; soil fer tile. Pop. 217. SEBOOIS lakes, Penobscot co., Me. : are connected sheets of water of irregular form, about 15 m. in length, and frora half a mile to one and a half in width, and constitute the head waters of the E. branch of the Penobscot r. Seboois r. is the name of their outlet. SECOND CREEK, p. v., Greenbrier co., Virg. : on a branch of Greenbrier r., 164 m. W. Eichmond. SEDGWICK, t. and p. o., Hancock co., Me. : 53 m. E. Au gusta. It is on a peninsula having Blue Hill bay on the E., and separated from Deer island, on the S. by a strait. The soil is interior, but sufficient produce is raised for its own people. It has good harbors, and considerable navigation. A number of vessels owned here are employed in the coast ing and fishing trade, and ship-building is carried on to a considerable extent. Leather and lumber are the chief articles of manufacture. The v. is on the bay so called, which makes up into the town. Pop. of t. 1,234. SEEKONK, t. and p. v., Bristol co., Mass. : 38 m. S. S. W. Boston. Separated from Ehode Island by Seekonk r., which bounds it on the W. ; and Ten Mile cr. affords water-power. The v. of Pawtucket is partly in Seekonk. Seekonk v. is on Ten Mile cr., near its confluence with Providence r., and contains several factories, etc. Pop. of t. in 1840, 1,996, and in 1850, 2,244. The Boston and Providence E. E. passes through the town. SEELY CHEEK, p. o., Chemung co., A 7 ". Y. : 170 m.W. S.W. Albany. SEELYSBITRG, p. v., Cattaraugus co., J\ r . Y.: on a branch of Connewango cr., 275 m. W. by S. Albany. SEELY S STATION, p. o., Erie co., Penn. : 203 m. N. W. Harrisburg. SEGO, p. o., Perry co., Ohio: 41 m. E. by S. Columbus. SEGUIN, p. v., and cap. Guadalupe co., Tex. : on the left bank of the Guadalupe r., 48 m. S. Austin City. It contains the county buildings, etc. SEI SEN SKIBEULINGVILLE, p. v., Lehigh co., Penn. t on a branch of Jordan cr., 65 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. SEISHOLTZVILLE, p. o., Berks county, Penn. : 55 m. E. Harrisburg. EEITZLAND, sta., York co., Penn. : on the Baltimore and Busquehanna R. R., 42 m. S. by E. Harrisburg. SELBY, v., Bureau co., III. : on the border of an extensive prairie, 4 m. N. of the Illinois river, and 108 m. N. by E. Springfield. SELBYSPORT, p. v., Aileghany co., Md. : on the W. side of Youghiogeny r., 3 m. below the Pennsylvania State line, 154 m. W. N. W. Annapolis. SELBYVILLE, p. o., Sussex co., Del. : 33 m. S. Dover. SEI.IN S GROVE, p. v., Union co., Penn. : at the junction of Perm s cr. with the Susquehanna r., 38 in. N. Harrisburg. SELLER S point, Baltimore co., Md.: a narrow neck of land, projecting into Baltimore harbor, on the east side thereof. SELLERSBURG, v. and sta., Clarke county, Ind. : on the Jeffersonville E. K., 9 m. N. Jeffersonville, and 93 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. SELMA, p. v., Dallas co., Ala. : on the right bank of the Alabama r., 45 m. W Montgomery. This v. is pleasantly located, and has considerable trade. The " Selma Reporter" (whig) is a weekly issue. A company, known as the "Selma Manufacturing Company," has, under the super vision of J. P. Pesham, Esq., erected an establishment here for the manufacture of all kinds of iron work, from a steam- engine down to a horse-shoe nail. Capital invested amounts to $22,000; they have eight acres of land, affording plenty of room for enlargement. Selma is the most important v. on the r., and from this point large quantities of cotton are annually shipped. Two railroads, the Alabama and Ten nessee River R. R. and the Alabama and Mississippi R. R., diverge from this place. Pop. about 1,200. SELMA, p. v., Jefferson co., Mo. : on the "W". side of the Mississippi r., near the mouth of Plattin cr., 35 m. below St. Louis, and 99 m. E. by S. Jefferson City. It has a good landing. A shot factory is located here, and there is considerable trade carried on. Lead is extensively ex ported. SELMA, p. v., Clark co., Ohio : 41 m. W. Columbus. It contains a few dwellings, and 47 inhabitants. SEMINARY, p. v., Waehita co., Ark. : on Sac Obert bayou of Wachita r., 99 m. S. S.W. Little Rock. SEMPRONIUS, t. and p. o., Cayuga co., N. Y. ; 136 m. W. Albany. Drained by several small streams flowing N. and W. Skaneateles lake is on the N. E. ; its water-power is good, and it contains several manufactures, several mills, etc. Pop. 1,266. SENATOBIA, v., De Soto co., Miss. : on a branch of Cold- water r., 157 m. N. Jackson. SENECA county, N. Y. Situate "W. centrally, and contains 308 sq. m. Drained by Seneca r. and several small streams which flow into Seneca lake on the W. side, and Cayuga lake on the E. Surface uneven, and between the lakes is diversified with pleasant hills and fertile plains, the highest elevation being in the middle ; soil fertile, and consists of a calcareous loam and mold. Chief products, wheat and Indian corn. It contains good beds of gypsum and quarries of variegated marble. A mineral spring, which emits hy drogen gas, is found here. Farms 1,555 ; manuf. 240 ; dwell. 4,541, and pop. wh. 25,261, fr. col. 180 total 25,441. Capital: Waterloo. Public, Works: Cayuga and Susque- hanna R. R., etc. SENECA county, Ohio. Situate N.. and contains 536 sq. m. Sandusky river flows through it centrally, by -which and its branches it is drained. Surface level ; soil consists of a deep black loam, with clay intermixed, and is very pro ductive. It has excellent pasturage, and large numbers of cattle and hogs are fattened and sent to eastern markets. It has some good timber land. Agriculture is the leading pursuit Farms 2,532 ; manuf. 199 ; dwell. 4,645, and pop. wh. 26,984, fr. col. 151 total 27,105. Capital : Tiffin. Public Works: Mad River and Erie R. R. SENECA, p. o., Anderson dist., S. Car. : on the r. so called, 114 m. W. N. W. Columbia. SENECA, p. o., Tompkins county, N. Y. : 152 m. "W. by S. Albany. SENECA, p. o., Whitesides county, III. : 130 m. N. by "W. Springfield. SENECA, t and p. o., Lenawee co., Mich. : 71 m. S. by E. Lansing. Drained by Bear cr. Soil excellent, and large crops of wheat, rye, etc., are raised. The stream affords good water-power, and moves several mills. Pop. 1,092. SENECA creek, Montgomery co., Md. : rises in the northern highlands of this county in numerous streamlets, which, uniting first into two, and afterward into one creek, flow into the Potomac river. All the western portion of the county is drained by this fine water-course. SENECA lake, N. Y. : lies in the counties of Seneca, On tario, and Yates, 168 m. W. from Albany. This is the largest of the series of lakes lying in the interior of western New York. It is 40 m. long, and from 2 to 4 in width. Its elongated diameter is from N. to S. ; elevation of surface 430 feet above tide-water, and being very deep, it is never en tirely frozen over. About 12 m. from the outlet it has been found to be about 560 feet in depth. The outlet is at the N. E. angle, which, flowing E. to Cayuga lake, affords ex cellent water-power at "Waterloo, and also at Seneca Falls. The whole descent in 12 miles is 80 feet. This lake is con nected by canal with Crooked lake. Navigation is made easy through its outlet by means of locks at Waterloo, there by connecting its commerce with that of the Erie Canal ; it is connected also S. by R. R. with Elmira, Owego, and Bing- hampton, and N. with Rochester, Syracuse, and Oswego. The water has a gradual rise and fall through periods of several years, but the causes have never been ascertained. The lands upon the shores are bountifully adorned with the fruits of cultivation, with here and there a remaining tract of the primitive forest. Steamboats ply daily between Geneva and Jefferson, a distance of 40 miles. SENECA river, S. Car.: rises in the Blue Ridge, N. Car., flows S. through Pickens and Anderson districts, S. Car., and enters the Tugaloo. Length 50 m., and it has numerous tributaries. SENECA river, N. Y. : outlet of Seneca lake, from the N. end of which it flows E., about 12 m. to the N. of Cayuga lake, after receiving the waters of which it runs N. and re ceives a stream formed by the outlet of Canandaigua lake and other small tributaries from the W. ; after which, flow ing E., again it receives other tributaries from the outlets of Owasco, Skaneateles, and Onondaga lakes, until it meets that of the Oneida lake, when turning N.W., it becomes the Oswego r., and flows into Lake Ontario at Oswego. It is 60 m. in length from its source to its confluence with the Oswego. It is navigable to the Erie Canal at Waterloo. There^ are falls at the v. of Seneca Falls and at Waterloo, from which great water-power is obtained. SENECA CASTLE, p. o., Ontario county, N. Y. : 175 m. "W Albany. SENECA FALLS, t. and p. v., Seneca county, 2f. Y. : 44 m. E. S. E. Rochester, and 162 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Seneca r., which passes through it from E. to W. Cay uga lake bounds it on the E. Surface undulating ; soil, in general, very fertile, and highly cultivated. The Cayuga and Seneca Canal passes through the t., connecting Seneca outlet with Cayuga lake. The v. is on the Seneca outlet, the canal, and Rochester and Syracuse R. R., 43 m. from Syracuse, and 61 m. from Rochester. It was first settled in 1829, and incorporated in 1S31. Abundant hydraulic power is derived from Seneca outlet, the water of which is constant and steady, and is applied extensively to manufacturing purposes by means of several dams, having a total fall of some 47 feet. The manufactures consist chiefly in cotton goods, flour (there being S mills with 27 run of stone), lum- 7SJ SEN SHA ber, iron, paper, etc. There is also a boat-yard, a lumber yard, etc. In the vicinity plaster or gypsum is abundant. The "Seneca County Courier" (whig), and "The Lily" (temp.) are both weekly issues. Pop. of v. 8,045, of t. 4,297. SENECA MILLS, p. o., Montgomery co., Sfd. : a mill-seat on Seneca cr.,40 m. W. Annapolis, with but few inhabitants. SENECA RIVER, p. o., Cayuga county, 2f. Y. : 156 m. W. by N. Albany. SKNECAVILLE, p. v., Guernsey county, Ohio: 81 m. E. Columbus. Pop. 457. SENEX, p. o., M Lean co., 111. : 63 m N. E. Springfield. SENNET, t. and p. v., Cayuga co., N. Y. : 145 m.W. by N. Albany. Drained by several small streams flowing into the Seneca r. Surface uneven ; soil fertile, and under good state of culture. The Rochester and Syracuse K. R. passes through the village, 22 m. from Syracuse, and 88 m. from Rochester. It has several mills, etc. Pop. of t. 2,347. SENTELL S STORE, p. o., Bossier par., La. : 203 m. N. "W. Baton Rouge. SEPULGA, p. o., Conecuh co., Ala. : on the river so called, 75 m. S. S. W. Montgomery. SEQUATCHEE, v., Marion co., Tenn. : on the river so called, 97 m. S. E. Nashville. SERENA, p. v., La Salle co., III. : on the right bank of Fox r., 122 m. N. E. Springfield. SEREPTA, p. v., Warren co., Jf. Jer. : on Beaver brook, 44 m. N. W. by N. Trenton. This is a small manufacturing place. SERGEANTSVILLE, p. v., Hunterdon co., N. Jer: 18 m. N. W. Trenton. SERRYSE, v., Lake co., III. : on the S. boundary of the co., 161 m. N. E. Springfield. SERVICE, p. o., Beaver county, Penn. : ITS m. "W". by N. Harrisburg. SETAUKKT, p. v., Suffolk co., 2f. Y.: on the N. side of Long Island, at the head of an inlet of Long Island sound, 88 m. E. N. E. New York, and 232 S. S. E. Albany. It has a good harbor, and the v. contains stores, mechanic shops, etc. SETZLER S STORE, p. o., Chester co.. Penn. : 63 m. S. E. Harrisburg. SEVEN BEAVER lake, Mo. : this sheet of water contains one or two islands, and is the source of the head branch of St. Louis river. SEVEN ISLANDS, p. o., Fluvanna county, Virg. : 48 m. W. by N. Richmond. SEVEN ISLANDS, p. o., Butts co., Go.. : 47 m. W. by N. Milled geville. SEVEN MILE, p. o., Butler county, Ohio: 99 m. S. W. Columbus. SEVEN MILE BROOK, Me. SEVEN MILE CREEK, p. o., Sauk co., Wise. : 37 m. N. "W. Madison. SEVEN MILE FORD, p. o., Smyth county, Virg. : 219 m. W. S. W. Richmond. SEVEN MILE PRAIRIE, p. o., Darke co., Ohio: 85 m.W. Columbus. SEVEN MILE PUMP, sta., Charleston co., 8. Car. : on the South Carolina R. R., 7 m. N. Charleston, and 112 S. E. Columbia. SEVENTY SEVEN, p. v., Johnston co., la. : on the E. side of the Iowa r., 14 m. S. Iowa City. SEVENTY Six, p. v., Clinton co., Ky. : on Indian creek, 97 m. S. Frankfort. SEVENTY Six, p. o., Beaver co., Penn. : 181 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. SEVEN VALLEYS, p. o., York county, Penn. : 13 m. S. Harrisburg. SEVERN river, Anne Arundel co., Md. : rises in several creeks, a little N. of the centre of the co., and after the union of these, spreads into a long and wide inlet of Chesapeake bay, into which it falls, between Grcenbury and Talley s points, opposite Kent Island. Annapolis, the State capital, is located in a projecting headland near its mouth. 782 SEVIER county, Ark. Situate S. W., and contains 1,106 sq. m. Drained by Cosselose, Saline, arid Rolling creeks, branches of North Little river, a tributary of Red river, which forms its western boundary. Surface level ; soil in general fertile, and adapted to cotton, which is the chief production. Farms 326; manuf. 4; dwell. 500, and pop. wh. 2,836, fr. col. 32, si. 1,372 total 4,240. Capital : Paraclifia. SEVIER county, Tenn. Situate E., and contains 526 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Tennessee river. Surface uneven and broken ; soil generally fertile, and produces wheat, In dian corn, and cotton. Pork is exported largely. On the S. E. is Smoky Mountain. Farms 531 ; manuf. 12 ; dwell. 1,071, and pop. wh. 6,451, fr. col. 66, si. 403 total 6,920. Capital; Sevier. SEVIER, p. v. and cap. Sevier co., Tenn. : between the E. and W. forks of Little Pigeon r., 208 m. E. by S. Nashville. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. SEVILLE, p. o., Madison county, Virg. : 72 miles N. W. Richmond. SEWARD, t. and p. v., Schoharie co., 2f. Y. : 6 m. S. from Sharon Springs, and 45 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Cobbleskill cr., which passes through it in a S. direction. Surface high and undulating; soil in general good. Cob bleskill cr. affords excellent hydraulic power, and there are several grist and saw mills ; but the manufactures are few, as is the case throughout the county. Pop. 2,203. SEWARD S POINT, p. v., Montgomery co., III. : on the West fork of Shoal cr., 33 m. S. Springfield. SEWEE, p. o., Meig s co., Tenn. : 114 m. S. E. Nashville. SEWELL MOUNTAIN, p. v., Fayette co., Virg. : 185 m. W. by N. Richmond. SEWELLSVILLE, p. o., Belmont co., Ohio: 103 m. W. S. Columbus. SEWICKLEY, sta., Alleghany co., Penn. : on the Ohio and Pennsylvania R. R., 12 m. W. by N. Pittsburg and 26S m. by railroad W. from Harrisburg. SEWICKLY BOTTOM, p. o., Alleghany co., Penn. : 161 m. W. Harrisburg. SEXTONS, p. v., Boone co., Mo. : on the right bank of Rocheperee r., 33 m. N. by W. Jefferson City. SEXTON S CREEK, p. v., Clay county, Ky. : on a stream so called, 61 m. S. E. Frankfort. SEXTONVILLE, p. o., Richland co., Wise. : 61 m. W. N.W. Madison. SEYMOUR, t., p. v., and sta., New Haven co., Conn. : on both sides of Naugatuck r., 35 m. 8. W. by S. Hartford, 11 m. N. W. New Haven. The v., formerly Humphreys- ville, is an important manufacturing place, containing 1 copper-rolling mill (one of the largest in the United States), 1 car manufactory with 6 shops, 1 large tool factory. 1 foun dry, 3 paper factories, 3 auger do., 1 axe do., 1 power-loom silk do., 1 forge-hammer shop, with other mechanic shops the whole employing about 450 hands, and producing an nually nearly $1.500,000. The water-power derived from the Naugatuck is very great, not more than one-half of which is now used. The v. also contains a bank and 4 churches. The Naugatuck R. R. passes through the v., 20 m. from Bridgeport, 42 m. from Winsted. and has greatly advanced its prosperity. Pop. of 1. 1,677. SHADE mountains, Penn. : & ridge of the Alleghany chain, extending from Bedford county, through Huntington into Mifflin county, a distance of 40 miles. SHADE FURNACE, p. o.. Somerset co., Penn. : in the v. of Stoystown, 107 m. W. Harrisburg. A furnace of 1,400 tons annual capacity is located here. SHADE GAP, p. o., Huntingdon county, Penn. : 57 m. W. Ilarrisburg. SHADE MILL, p. o., Alleghany co., Md. : on a branch of Youghiogeny r., 145 m. W. N. W. Annapolis. SHADEWKLL. p. o. and sta., Albemarle co., Virg. : on the Virginia Central R. R., 93 m. W. N. W. Richmond. SHADY, p. o., Johnson county, Tenn. : 275 m. E. by N. Nashville. SHA SIIA SHADY DALE, p. o., Jasper county, Ga. : 31 m. N. W. Milledgeville. SHADY GKOVE, p. o., Union co., Ga. : 132 m. N. N. "W. MOtedgevflle. SHADY GROVE, p. v., Dallas county, Mo. : at the head of Greasy cr., 83 m. S. 8. W. Jefferson City. SHADY GROVE, p. v., Gibson co.. Tenn. : on Rutherford fork of Obion r., 108 m. W. by S. Nashville. SHADY GROVE, p. o., Franklin co., Virg. : 126 m. S. "W. Richmond. SHADY GROVE, p. o., "Washington par., La. ; 67 m. N. E. Baton Rouge. SHADY HILL, p. o., Henderson co., Tenn. : 108 m.W. S.W. Nashville. SHADY SPRING, p. o., Raleigh county, Virg. : 210 m. W. Richmond. SHAEFFERSTOWN, p. v., Lebanon co., Penn.: 31 m. E. Harrisburg. It contains several churches, stores, work shops, etc. SHAFTSBITRY, t. and p. v., Bennington co., Verm. : 97 m. S. "W". Montpelier. Drained by tributaries of the Batten- kill and Walloomsack rivers, which afford power for sev eral small manufactories. Surface elevated ; soil fertile. "West Mountain lies partly in this town. Valuable beds of iron ore, pine timber, and a fine quality of white marble are found here. The "Western Vermont R. R. passes through the village, 49 m. S. by W. Rutland. Pop. of 1. 1,896. SHAKER VILLAGE, p. v., Merrimac co., Jf. Ilamp. : 12 m. N. Concord. See WATERVLTET. SHAKER VILLAGE, sta., Berkshire county, Mass. : on the "Western R. R., 121 m. W. N. W. Boston. SHAKELFORD S, p. o., King and Queen co., Virg. : 33 m. N. E. Richmond. SIIALER S MILLS, p. o., Knox county, Ohio : 42 m. N. E. Columbus. SHALERSVILLE, t. and v., Portage co., OJtio : 122 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Cuyahoga r. Surface uneven ; soil fertile. The v. is E. of the Cuyahoga r. Pop. of t. 1.190. SHALLOTTE, p. v., Brunswick co., N. far. : at the head of Shallotte inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, 127 miles S. Raleigh. Pop. 903. SHALLOW FORD, p. o., Orange co., N. Car. : 39 m. N. "W. Raleigh. SHAMOKIN, t. and p. v., Northumberland county, Penn. : 40 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. Drained by Shamokin creek. Surface uneven, in parts hilly; soil fertile. A furnace located here, moved by steam, has an annual capacity of 3,500 tons. Amount of coal sent from the mines to Phila delphia (in 1S49) was 19,658 tons. The railroad from Potts- ville to Danville and to Sunbury pass through the t. The V. contains several mills, workshops, etc. SHAMOKIN creek, Penn. : rises in the Mahony Mountains, flows "W. in a circuitous course 30 m., and empties into the Susqnehanna r. 2 m. below Sunbury. SHAMONY, p. v., Burlington co., y. Jer.: on both sides of a branch of Atsion r., 30 m. S. Trenton. SHAMROCK, p. v., Callaway co., Mo. : on a fork of Loutre river, 41 m. N. E. Jefferson City. SHAMROCK MILLS, p. o., Washington county, R. I. : 27 m. 8. "W. Providence. SHANANDOAII, p. o., Richland co., Ohio: 49 m. N. by E. Columbus. SHANDAKEN, t. and p. o., Ulster co., JV; Y. : 48 m. S. "W. Albany. Drained on the N. and E. by Esopus cr., on the B. by Neversink r., and on the "W. by the E. branch of the Delaware r. Surface mountainous, being covered in the greater part by the Catskill Mountains ; soil of inferior quality. It has good hydraulic power, and contains some manufactories, several mills, etc. Pop. 2,309. SHANES CROSSINGS, p. o., Mercer co., Ohio : 99 m. N. "W. Columbus. SHANESVILLE, p. o., Berks county, Penn. : 50 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. SHANESVILLE, p. v., Tuscarawas co., Ohio: on "W. side Sugar cr., 77 in. N. E. Columbus. It contains several work shops and 382 inhabitants. SHANESVILLE, p. v., Somerset co., Penn. : 103 m. "W. by S. Harrisburg. Iron ore is found in the vicinity. SHANNON county, Mo. Situate toward the S., and con tains 789 sq. m. Cunvnt river passes through the co. from N. W. to S. E., by which and its numerous branches it is drained. Surface undulating ; soil fertile. It is a fine min eral co., and there are extensive beds of iron and copper ores of a superior quality. It is partly timbered. Farms 152; manuf. 0; dwell. 204, and pop. wh. 1,190, fr. col. 0, si. 9 total 1,199. Capital: Eminence. SHANNON, p. o., Muskingum county, Ohio : 51 miles E. Columbus. SHANNON HILL, p. v., Goochland co., Virg. : 40 m. N. "W. Richmond. SHANNON S, p. o., Montgomery co., Tex. : 133 m. E. Austin City. SHANNONVILLE, p. v., Montgomery co., Penn. : 80 m. E. Harrisburg. SHAPLEIGH, t and p. v., York county, Me : 79 m. S. W. Augusta. It is separated from Acton by two ponds, the source of Mousum r., by which the t. Is drained. Surface level ; soil fertile, and it is a good farming t. Bog iron ore is found here, and there are iron works and other manufac tures. The v. is centrally situated. Pop. of t. 1,348. SHARK RIVER, p. v., Ocean county, W. Jer. : on Jumping brook of Shark r., 36 m. E. Trenton. SHARK-TOWN, v., Queen Anne co., Md. : & settlement on Kent Island, 12 m. E. Annapolis. SHARON, p. v., Chambers co., Ala. : on a branch of Talla- poosa r., 57 m. N. E. Montgomery. SHARON, t. and p. v., Litchfield county, Conn. : on the "W. side of Housatonic r., 40 m. W. by N. Hartford. Drained by a number of small streams, tributaries of the Housatonic river. Surface various, in parts mountainous and rocky; soil of average fertility, and agriculture is the chief pursuit of the inhabitants. It is connected with Cornwall by sev eral bridges spanning the Housatonic. The v. is located principally on one street on the E. side of a pleasant valley, and contains many fine buildings. The manufactures con sist of cotton, iron, leather, flour, lumber, etc. This t. took an active part in the war of the Revolution. Population of t. 2,517. SHARON, p. v., Whitesides co., III. : on the S. boundary of co., 3 m. S. of Rock r., and 123 m. N. by "W. Springfield. SHARON, t. and p. v., Norfolk co., Mass. : 16m. S. by "W. Boston. Drained by Neponset r., which has its source in Mashapoag Pond in this t. Surface hilly ; soil fertile, and much grain is raised. It has good water-power, and is much improved by several manufactories. The manufac tures consist of woolen and cotton goods, axes, bedsteads, straw goods, leather, machinery, joiners tools, etc. The Boston and Providence R. R. passes through the v., 17 m. S. by W. Boston. Pop. of t. 1.128. SHARON, t, and p. o., "Washtenaw co., MicJi. : 41 m. S. E. Lansing. Drained by Raisin r., which crosses its S. part. The soil is very fertile, and the products in wheat, rye, and corn are large. Pop. 869. , SHARON, p. v., Appanoose co., la. : on the left bank of Chariton r., 87 m. S. "W. Iowa City. SHARON, p. v., Madison co., Miss.: on a branch of Big Black r., 38 m. N. N. E. Jackson. SHARON, t, and p. v., Schoharie co., Jf. Y. : 46 m. "W. by N Albany. Drained by Bowman s creek and branch of Scho- hnrie cr. Surface high and undulating, resting upon lime stone, which in some places makes its appearance in the form of caverns, and displaying interesting stratifications This t. contains the celebrated mineral spring, so called (see SHARON SPRING). The v. is in S. E. of town, and contains several spacious hotels, and has some manufactures, mills, etc. Pop. of t 2,632. SHA SHA SHARON, p. o., Mecklenburg co., 2T. Car. : 121 m. S. W. Ealeigh. SHARON, p. v., Noble co., Ohio : 75 m. E. by S. Columbus. SHARON, p. v., Mercer co., Penn. : on the left bank of Shenango cr., 193 m. W. N. W. Harriaburg. There are two furnaces near the v., one of 2,000 tons, and the other 1.500 tons annual capacity, both operated by steam. The Beaver and Erie Canal passes near the village. Pop. 541. SHARON, t. and p. v., Windsor co., Term. : 43m- B. by E. Monlpelier. Drained by White r., which passes through, affording excellent water-power. Surface much broken, but the soil is fertile and well cultivated. The manufacture of woolen goods, paper, etc., is carried on to some extent here. The v. is on White r., and the Vermont Central E. K. passes through it, 50 m. S. by E. Montpelier. Pop. of 1. 1,240. SHARON, p. v., Wythe co., Virg. : at the source of North fork, Holston r., 212 m. W. by S. Kichmond. SHARON, t. and p. v., Walworth co., Wise. : 51 m. S. E. Madison. Drained by branches of Turtle or. The land is excellent, and highly cultivated, and good water-power. The v. is in the E. part. Pop. of 1. 1.169. SHARON CENTRE, p. o., Schoharie county, N. Y. : 47 m. W. by N. Albany. SHARON CENTRE, p. v., Medina co., Ohio: on Wolf cr., 99 m. N. E. Columbus. It contains an academy, several shops, etc. SHARON CENTRE, p. v., Potter co., Penn. : 127 m. N. W. Harrisburg. SHARON SPRINGS, p. v., Schoharie co., Jf. Y. : near the boundary line of Schoharie, Otsego, and Montgomery coun ties, 49 m. W. by N. Albany. It is located on an eminence, surrounded by numerous caverns of much interest. Near the v. are the celebrated Sharon Springs, greatly resembling the White Sulphur Springs of Virginia, and are highly effi cacious in rheumatic, dyspeptic, and other complaints. There are two springs, the sulphur and magnesia, situated at the foot of a hill, about a half mile N. of the turnpike road. These waters have an exhilarating effect on tho spirits, invigorating the system, and in many respects pos sess medicinal and healing qualities unsurpassed by any other in the country. They are much resorted to during the summer months, and there is a commodious hotel here, called the Pavillion, which is usually thronged with visitors. From an analysis, made by Dr. Chilton, of New Tork, the result from one gallon of this water is : sulphate of mag nesia, grs., 42.40; sulphate of lime, 111.62; chloride of 8odium,2.24; chloride of magnesium, 2.40; hydrosulphuret of sodium, hydrosulphuret of calcium, and vegetable ex tractive matter. 2.24 ; total grs., 160.94. Sulphuretted hy drogen gas, 16 cubic inches. SHARONVILLE, p. v., Hamilton co., Ohio : on a branch of Mill cr., 87 m. S. W. Columbus. SHARONVILLE, p. o., King William co., Virg. : 21 m. N. E. Eichmond. SHARPE S STORES, p. v., Lowndes co., Ga. : on the line of the Brunswick and Florida E. E., 151 m. S. Milledgcville. SHARPESVTLLE, p. v., Montgomery county, Ala. : 12 m. S. Montgomery. SIIARPSBTTRG, p. v., Bath co., Ky. : 54 m. E. Frankfort. SHARPSBURG, p. v., Washington co., Md. : a little W. of Antietam r., 72 m. N, W. Annapolis. SHARPSBURG, p. v., Marion co., Mo. : on the S. boundary of the co., 78 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. SHARPSBURG, p. v., Alleghany co., Penn. : on the right bank of the Susquehanna r., 7 m. above Pittsburg, and 155 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. It is a considerable manufac turing place, and much trade is carried on here. Pop. 1,229. SHARP S FORK, p. o., Athens co.,0?iio: 63 m. S.E. Columbus. SHARP S MILLS, p. o., Harrison co., Ind. : on the left bank of Green Bank r.. 101 m. S. Indianapolis. SIIARPSHIN POINT, Chittenden co., Verm. : a high, rocky point, on the N. side of Burlington bay, about a mile and a quarter from the S. wharf in Burlington. 784 SIIARPTOWN, p. v., Somerset co., Ml. : on the left side of Nanticoke r., 52 m. S. E. Annapolis. SIIARPTOWN, p. v., Salem co., N. Jer. : is a manufacturing place, on the right bank of Salem r., 49 m. S. W. Trenton. SHAHTLESVILLE, p. v., Berka county, Penn. : 43 m. N. E. Harrisburg. SHASTE county, Calif. Situate N., and contains about 4,800 sq. m. Bounded on the W. by the Coast Range, and on the E. by the Sierra Nevada. The S. boundary is a line on the parallel of Eed Bluff, the head of navigation in the Sacramento river, and its N. boundary the line of the new county of Siskiyou, in lat. 41 20 . The Sacramento runs directly through it from the north, and it is drained by its tributaries Pitt river, Lower and Ark creeks, from the E., and Salt, Clear, Dry, Cottonwood, and Sandy creeks, from the W., all rising from the mountains. Surface, except in the immediate valley of the Sacramento, hilly and broken; but there is a vast amount of fine agricultural land in the county, of which, in 1852, only 908 acres were under culti vation. There are many springs strongly impregnated with minerals, of which the Soda Springs, near the Sacramento, and 60 m. N. of Shast6 City, are the most celebrated ; and there are 12 or 15 salt springs, which would produce salt sufficient for the whole State. Not a river, creek, gulch, or ravine that does not contain gold, and mining is extensively carried on. The capita.1 invested in quartz mining, in 1852, was $94,700 ; in placer mining, $90,950 ; and in other mining operations, $92,800. The total industrial capital of the county was $958,500. The principal mining localities are French gulch, Mad Mule Canon, Mad Ox Canon, Whiskey creek,0ne- Horse Town, One-Mule Town, Clear creek, Grizzly gulch, and Middletown. About 2,000 men were engaged in mining, and the annual product had been $2,492,000. Pop. 4,050 wh. 3,700 : males 3,443, and females 252 ; negroes 48 males 45, and females 3; mulattoes 12 males 10, and females 2; Indians 73 males 52, and females 21 ; foreign residents 828 males 814, and females 14. Over 21 years of age Amer icans 2,647, negroes 45, mulattoes 9, Indians 59, and foreign ers 792. Capital : Shaste City. SHASTE CITY, p. v., and cap. Shaste" co., Calif. : is located in low hills, a little W. of the Sacramento r., 150 m. from San Francisco, and 120 m. N. from Vallcjo. It is a place of considerable importance, being the terminus of land car riage, and a starting-place for packers to Oregon. There is a bank here, and considerable money is in circulation. Mines are numerous in the vicinity, every stream (of which there are many) containing more or less gold. Salt springs are also found. Pop. 1,000. SHAUCK S, p. o., Morrow co., Ohio: 37 m. N. Columbus. SHAUMBURG, p. v., Cook county, 111. : 172 m. N. E. Springfield. SHAVER S CREEK, p. o., Huntingdon co., Penn. : 59 m. W. Harrisburg. There is a forge and rolling mill here, the former made (in 1850) 475 tons blooms, and the latter 150 tons boiler and sheet iron, both moved by water-power. SHAVERTOWN, p. v., Delaware co., 2f. Y. : on the S. side of the E. branch of the Delaware r., 71 m. S. W. Albany. SHAW ANA w county, Wise. Situate E. of the centre, and contains 828 sq. m. Drained by Wolf r. and its branches. Surface varied ; soil in parts fertile. Set off recently from ^ southern portion of Oconto county. SHAWANGUNK, t. and p. v., Ulster county, N. Y. : 74 m. S. by W. Albany. Drained by Shawangunk cr. and Wall- kill. The surface in general is mountainous, the Shawan gunk Mountains covering the principal portion on the E. gently undulating; soil pleasantly diversified, and on the E. highly productive and good timber. Grain is raised in large quantities, but more attention is paid to the rearing of cattle and to the dairy. A number of skeletons of the mastodon have been found hi this town and the vicinity. The v. is on a branch of the Wallkill, and lumber, flour, cotton, and woolen goods are manufactured. Population of t. 4,036. SHA SHE SIIAWAXGUNK mountains, JV. Y. : a continuation of the Alleghany chain, extending from the Delaware r., in Orange county, thence through Sullivan county to town of New Paltz, in Ulster county. On the E. they are well cultivated, but on the W. they are precipitous. Lead is found on them. Their greatest altitude is 1,866 feet. SHAWNEE, p. v., Niagara co., N. Y. : 12 m. E. of Niagara Falls and 237 m. W. by N. Albany. SHAVNEE, p. o., Monroe county, Penn.: 91 m. N. E. Harrisburg. SHAWNEE creek, Ind. : rises in the N. E. corner of Mont gomery county, runs "W. through Fountain county, and flows into the "W abash r., 10 m. above Covington. It is a valuable mill-stream, never failing, and the mills erected on it, and water-power that may still be used, will compare favorably with any part of the State. SHAWNEE MOUND, p. o., Tippecanoe county, Ind.: 61 m. N. W. Indianapolis. SHAWNEE PRAIRIE, p. o., Fountain co., Ind. : S. E. of the Wabash r., 61 IE. N. W. Indianapolis. It is situated on the border of a large and rich prairie so called, mostly well cultivated, the soil of which is favorable for wheat, corn, and grass. SHAWNEETOWN, p. v., Gallatin co., III. : on the Ohio r., 11 m. below the mouth of the Wabash and 164 m. S. E. from Springfield. Its situation, though pleasant looking, is low and liable to inundation. As a place of trade this is among the largest in southern Illinois. There is a paved levee here, almost as long as the one at Cincinnati, Ohio. A hog slaughtering and packing establishment, owned by Messrs. 0. Poole & Co., is quite an important feature, hav ing facilities for hanging up 1,000 hogs per day. Tobacco is raised in considerable quantities, 300 hogsheads of which was shipped to different parts in 1S52. Iron ore and coal is abundant on the river bank. The manufacture of salt is extensively carried on at the United States Saline, on the Saline cr., 12 m. in the interior, and a railroad is in course of construction to connect them with this place. A United States land office is. located here. The " Southern Illinois Advocate" is a weekly (dem.) issue. Pop. 1,764. SHAW S MILLS, p. v., Guilford county, N. Car. : 71 m. W. by N. Ealeigh. SHAWSVILLE, p. v., Harford co., Md. : 45 m. N. Annapolis. SHAWSVILLE, p. v., Montgomery county, Virg. : 159 m. W. S. W. Pvichmond. SHAWSVILLE, p. o., Broome county, N. Y. : 104 m. S. W. Albany. SHEARERS CROSS EOADS, p. o., "Westmoreland co., Penn. : 133 m. W. Harrisburg. SHEBOTGAN county, Wise. Situate E. toward the S., and contains 575 sq. m. Drained by Sheboygan r. and its afflu ents, and tributaries of Milwaukie r. Surface undulating ; soil fertile. It is bounded on the E. by Lake Michigan. Farms 328; manuf. 29; dwell. 1,783, and pop. wh. 8,371, fr. col. 7 total 8,378. Capital: Sheboygan. PullicWorks: Chicago, Milwaukie, and Green Bay E. E. ?IIEROYGAN, p. v., and cap. Sheboygan co., Wise. : on Lake Michigan, at the mouth of Sheboygan r., 98 m. N. E. Madison. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and has some trade. The exports during the year 1848 amounted to $19,191, and the imports for same year $571.800, making a total of $583,991. It is surrounded by a well cultivated and flourishing country. SHEBOYGAN river, Wise. : rises near "Winnebago lake, Fond du Lac co., passes through a small lake in the N. "W. part of Sheboygan county, and proceeding eastwardly in a winding course, flows into Lake Michigan at Sheboygan. SHEBOYGAN FALLS, t. and p. o., Sheboygan co., Wise. : 91 m. N. E. Madison. Drained by the Sheboygan r. and branches ; soil fertile, and well cultivated. SHED S CROSSING, sta., Middlesex county, Mass. : on the Lowell and Lawrence E. E., 8 m. E. Lowell and 21 m. N. by W. Boston. C5 SHEKPSCOT river, Me. : rises by two branches in ponds in Palermo, Waldo county, flows S. through the towns of Whitefleld and Alva, meets the tide- water between Wiscas- sett and New Castle, in Lincoln county, and empties into a bay of the same name. Its length from the source to the bay is 35 m., and it is valuable for its hydraulic power and navigable facilities. SHEEPSCOT bay, Lincoln co., Me. : sets up from the sea between Booth bay and Georgetown, and receives the waters of the river so called. It is about 3 m. wide at its mouth and extends 10 m. N. The mouth of the bay is about 6 m. N. E. from the light at the mouth of Kennebec river. SHEEPSCOT BRIDGE, p. v., Lincoln co., Me. : on the left bank of Sheepscot r., 25 m. S. E. Augusta. SHEKTZ MILLS, p. v., Hampshire co., Virg. : on the 8. branch of Potomac r., 145 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. It is a small village, has excellent water-power and several mill- SHEFFIELD, p. v., Fayette co., Ala. : on North r. branch of Black Warrior, 123 m. N. W. Montgomery. SHEFFIELD, p. v., Newton co., Ga. : on a branch of the Ocmulgee r., 65 m. N. W. Milledgeville. SHEFFIELD, t. and p. v., Berkshire co., Mass. : 119 m. S. W. by W. Boston. The Housatonic r. flows through the town, by which and its branches it is drained. Surface gen erally level, but in parts hilly ; soil alluvial and very fertile, and excellent water-power is derived from the streams. This is the oldest town in the county ; it was incorporated in 1733. The chief pursuit of the people is agriculture, but there are also manufactories of leather, hats, farming uten sils, spirits, lumber, etc. The village is neatly laid out on one extended street, on a plain surrounded by hills, one of which is 3,000 feet high, and contains some neat mansions. The Housatonic E. E. passes through the village, 31 m. S. Pittsfield and 79 m. N. Bridgeport, Conn. Iron ore and marble of a superior quality are found in the town. Popu lation of t. 2,769. SHEFFIELD, t. and p. o., Lorain co., Ohio : 107 m. N. N. E. Columbus. Lake Erie washes its N. border. Drained by Black r., which is navigable to near the centre of the town. Surface moderately uneven ; soil fertile, adapted to grain. It contains an academy, conducted on the manual labor principle, several other places of instruction, mills, work shops, etc. Pop. 908. SHEFFIELD, t. and p. o., Warren co., Penn. : 148 m. N. W Harrisburg. Drained by Teonista cr. and branches, from which is derived excellent mill-power. Surface various; soil in some parts fertile. It has several manufactories. The proposed route of the Sunbury and Erie E. E. passes through this town. SHEFFIELD, t and p. v., Caledonia co., Verm. : 36 m. N. E. Montpelier. Drained by branches of the Passumsic and Barton rivers, having their sources in several ponds here. Surface elevated and much broken ; soil of an inferior qual ity. The village is located on a branch of Passumsic r. Pop. of t. 797. SHEFFIELD LAKE, p. o., Lorain co., Ohio: 108 m. N. N. E. Columbus. SHEHOLA, p. o., Pike co., Penn. : 121 m. N. E. Harrisburg. SHEILVILLE, p. v., Hamilton co., Ind. : 31 m. N. Indian apolis. The Peru and Indianapolis E. E. passes near this village. SHELBURNE, t and p. v., Coos co., 2f. Hamp. : on both sides of the Androscoggin r., 81 m. N. by E. Concord. Drained by the Androscoggin and its tributaries, Battle r. and other small streams. Surface various, in parts moun tainous, having a part of Mount Moriah, an elevated peak of the White Mountains, in the S., and on the S. side of the river, in the centre, is Moses Eock, 60 feet high and 90 feet long, very smooth, and rising in an angle of nearly 50. Incorporated in 1820. Soil along the rivers is fertile, but otherwise of an inferior quality. Chief pursuits of the peo- 785 SHE pie are agricultural. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence E. E. passes through the village, 36 m. S. E. Northumberland. Pop. of t. 4SO. SHELBURNE, t, p. v., and sta., Chittenden county, Verm, : bordering on Lake Champlain, 32 m. W. by N. Montpelier. Drained by La Platte r, affording excellent water-power. A pond covering 600 acres is also in this town. Surface on the lake shore is level, otherwise uneven ; soil in general fertile. A fine harbor is formed by Shelburne bay, which sets up into the town, 4 m. from the lake, in a S. W. direc tion. The village is located on the border of the lake, and the Rutland and Burlington R. E. passes through the town, on which is the sta., 6 miles S. Burlington. Population of town 1,257. SHELBURNE, t and p. o., Franklin county, Mass. : 87 m. N. W. by W. Boston. Bounded on the W. and S. W. by Deerfield r., which in its course has a fall of 50 feet in 40 rods, producing immense hydraulic power. Surface various ; soil fertile, and much wool is grown, and dairy produce raised. It has some manufactures of leather, lumber, etc. Pop. of 1 1,239. SHELBTJRNE FALLS, p. v., Franklin co., Mass. : on the left bank of Deerfield r., 89 m. N. W. by W. Boston. It is a neat village, surrounded by a rich agricultural country, and contains besides several fine buildings, a well-endowed academy. SHELBY county, Ala. Situate centrally, and contains 993 sq. m. Cahawba r. flows through the W. portion, by which and its branches, and branches of Coosa r., which forms its E. boundary, it is drained. Surface generally level, in parts hilly ; soil fertile. It has some good beds of coal, and tim ber is abundant. Farms 693 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 1,170, and pop. wh. 7,153, fr. col. 7, si. 2,376 total 9,536, Capital: Columbiana. Public Works: Alabama and Tennessee Eiver E. E. SHELBY county, Hi. Situate S. centrally, and contains 762 sq. m. Kaskaskia r. passes centrally through it, by which and its affluents, and by branches of S. fork of Sangamon r., it is drained. Surface level ; soil in general fertile and very productive. Staples, wheat and Indian com. Pork is exported largely. Farms 834; manuf. 7; dwell. 1,411, and pop. wh. 7,762, fr. col. 45 total 7,807. Capital : Shelby- ville. Public Works: Terre Haute and Alton E. E. ; Cen tral E. E. ; Chicago Branch of Central E. E. SHELBY county, Ind. Situate S. E. centrally, and contains 428 sq. m. Drained by E. branch of "White r., Sugar cr., Big and Little Blue rivers, and Flat Eock cr., all which supply extensive water-power. Surface generally even; soil fertile, and consists of a deep loam, with sand inter mixed. Chief productions, wheat, Indian com, sugar, and tobacco. Timber of excellent quality is found on the land. Farms 1,620 ; manuf. 59 ; dwell. 2,721, and pop. wh. 15,484, fr. col. 18 total 15,502. Capital: Shelby ville. Public Works : Shelbyville Lateral Branch E. E. ; Shelbyville and Nashville E. E, ; Shelbyville and Knightstown E. E. ; Law- renceburg and Upper Mississippi E. E. ; etc. SHELBY county, Jn. Situate W. toward the S., and con tains 576 sq. m. Drained by Boyer r. and branch of Nish- nabatona r. Surface level ; soil fertile, and adapted to grain. Set off since 1S50. SHELBY county, Ky. Situate N., and contains 426 sq. m. Drained by branches of Floyd s fork of Salt r. and its other numerous tributaries. Surface rolling; soil fertile, and in parts very productive. Staples, wheat, Indian corn, and tobacco. Farms 1,202 ; manuf. 132 ; dwell. 1,803, and pop. wh. 10,288, fr. col. 190, si. 6,617 total 17,095. Capital: Shelbyville. Public Works : Louisville and Frankfort E.E. ; Lexington and Frankfort E. E. SHELBY co., Mo. Situate toward the N. E., and contains 495 sq. m. Drained by N. fork of Salt r. and North Two Elvers, by which good water-power is supplied. Surface level; soil a fine deep mold, and very fertile. It has some good timber land, and excellent pasturage for cattle. Farms 786 SHE 397 ; manuf. 14, dwell. 632, and pop. wh. 3,744, fr. col. 11, si. 498 total 4,253. Capital : Oakdale. SHELBY county, Ohio. Situate W., and contains 468 sq. m. Drained by Miami r. and its affluents. Surface rolling and pleasantly diversified ; soil generally fertile. Chief produc tions, wheat and Indian corn. It exports a large quantity of pork and beef. Pine and other timber is found on the land. Farms 1,363; manuf. 28; dwell. 2,405, and pop. wh. 13,634, fr. col. 224 total 13,958. Capital: Sidney. Public. Works: Bellefontaine and Indiana E. E.; Dayton and Michigan E. E. ; Miami Canal, etc. SHELBY county, Tenn. Situate S. \V., and contains 916 sq. m. Drained by Wolf, Loosahatchy, and Big rivers, all tributaries of the Mississippi, which flows on its W. border. Surface level ; excepting the bluffs on the Mississippi ; soil fertile, and adapted to cotton and tobacco, wheat, and In dian corn. It exports large quantities of beef and pork. It is well timbered. Farms 1,115; manuf. 129; dwell. 2,926, and pop. wh. 16,591, fr. col. 206, si. 14,360 total 31,157. Capital: Ealeigh. Public Works: Memphis and Charles ton E. E. ; Memphis and Nashville E. E. SHELBY county, Tea). Situate E., and contains 912 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Sabine r., which forms its eastern boundary. Surface undulating and interspersed with prairie and timber land ; soil rich and very productive, and con sists principally of a fine deep loam, with clay intermixed, the land on the Tenaha r. being remarkably fine and pro ductive, and adapted to cotton. Pine, ash, elm, and beach are the principal timber trees. Farms 380; manuf. 6; dwell. 560, and pop. wh. 3,278, fr. col. 0, si. 9C1 total 4,239. Capital: Shelbyville. SHELBY, t. and p. v., Orleans co., W. T. : 244 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Oak Orchard cr. Surface even ; soil calcareous loam. The Erie Canal, and Eochester, Lock- port, and Niagara Falls E. E. cross its N. "W. part. The v. has some manufactures, mills, etc. Pop. of t. 3,082. SHELBY, p. v., and cap. Cleveland co., A r . Car. : E. side First Broad river, 156 m. "W. by S. Ealeigh. It contains a court-house, jail, and other public buildings, several me chanic shops, etc. A short distance S. of the v. is a fine sulphurous mineral spring. SHELBY, p. v., Eichland co., Ohio : at the junction of the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati E. E. with the Mans field and Sandusky, and Sandusky, Mansfield, and Newark E. E., 67 m. S. W. Cleveland, 45 m. S. Sandusky City, and 69 m. N. by E. Columbus. SHELBY, p. o., Austin co., Tex. : 95 m. S. E. Austin City. SHELBY BASIN, p. v., Orleans co., & Y. : on the Erie Canal, 46 m. E. Buffalo, and 318 m. "W. by N. Albany., and near the line of the Eochester, Lockport, and Niagara Falls E. E. It is a small village. SHELBY S CEEEK, p. o., Tippah co., Miss. : 175 m. N. N. E. Jackson. SHELBY SPRINGS, p. v., Shelby co., Ala. : on a branch of Coosa r., 57 m. N. by W. Montgomery. SHELBYVILLE, p. v., and cap. Shelby co., III. : on the "W. side of the Kaskaskia r., 53 m. S. E. Springfield. It is situ ated on high ground, in the centre of a fertile and well-cul tivated country, and contains a neat court-house, built of brick, 2 stories high, surmounted by a cupola, other county buildings, etc. A copious sulphur spring is located here. The Alton and Terre Haute R. E. passes through the v. SHELBYVILLE, p. v., and cap. Shelby co., Ind. : on the S. E. bank of Blue r., 26 m. S. Indianapolis. It contains a court-house and jail, built of brick, stores of various kinds, a number of mechanic shops : 182 dwellings from two to three stories in height, some of which are of brick, and 995 inhabitants. The river is navigable to this place at high water, and affords excellent water-power. The Shelbyville Lateral Branch E. E., the Knightstown and Shelbyville E. E., and the Eushville and Shelbyville E. E. all verge from this point, 16 m. N. E. from Edinburg, 20 m. from Eushville, and 27 S. by "W. from Knightstown. Taking into SHE SHE consideration these railroad connections, this place will now increase rapidly in business and population. The " National Volunteer" is a weekly issue. SHELBYVILLE, p. v., and cap. Shelby co., Ky. : on Brash- er s cr. of Salt r., 21 m. W. Frankfort. It contains a court house, jail, etc., and the Shelby College is located here, which in 1850 contained 4 professors, 4 alumni, 44 students, and a library containing 300 volumes. The " Shelby News" is a weekly (whig) issue. Pop. about 800. SHELBYVILLE, p. v., and cap. Shelby co., Mo. : on the left bank of Jock s cr. of Salt r.. 84 m. N. Jefferson City. It is a small place, and contains a court-house, jail, etc. Pop ulation 301. SHELBYVILLE, p. v., and cap. Bedford co., Tenn. : on the right bank of Duck r., 48 m. S. by E. Nashville. It contains a court-house, jail, and other public buildings, and a branch of the Bank of Tennessee is located here. The " Expos itor" is a weekly (polit.) issue. Pop. about 800. SHELBYVILLE, p. v., and cap. Shelby co., T&E. : on S. side of Huana branch of Sabine river, on an elevated and fertile plain, 246 m. N. E. Austin City. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. SHELDON, t and p. v., Franklin county, Verm. : 48 m. N. W. by N. Montpelier. The Missisque r. divides the t, and with Black cr., its branch, drains it, and affords good hydraulic power. Its lands are good, producing grain, etc., in abundance. The v., on the Missisque r., is a thriving place, both iii its manufactures and trade. Population of 1 1,814. SHELDON, t. and p. v., "Wyoming co., 2f. Y. : 244 m. "W. Albany. Drained by Tonawanda and Seneca creeks. Surface hilly ; soil fertile, better adapted to grazing than grain. Its manufactures consist in flour, lumber, leather, etc. The v. contains 2 churches. Pop. of t. 2,527. SHELDONVILLE, p. o., Norfolk co., Mas s. SHELDRAKE, p. o., Seneca co., N. Y. : 161 m. W. Albany. SHELL MOUND, sta., Marion co., Tenn. : on the Nashville and Chattanooga E. E., 130 m. S. E. Nashville. SHELL POLNT, p. o., Wakulla county, Flor. : 24 miles S. Tallahassee. SHELLTOWN, p. o., Ocean co., N. Jer. : on S. side of Cross- wick s cr., 12 m. S. E. by E. Trenton. Here is a Friends meeting-house. SHELOCTA, p. v., Indiana co., Penn. : on a fork of Crooked creek, 127 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. SHELTER ISLAND, t. and p. o., Suffolk co., W. Y. : 95 m. E. by N. New York city, and 244 m. S. E. Albany, and di rectly opposite Greenport, the terminus of the Long Island Eailroad, occupying the whole of the island so called, lying between Great Peconic and Gardiner s bays. It is 6 miles long and 4 m. wide, and was first settled in 1652. Surface uneven; soil, though in general inferior, has some fertile parts. There is a ship channel around the island, and a ferry connects it with Southold, 120 rods distant. Pop. 386. SHELTONVILLE, p. o., Forsyth county, Get. : 95 m. N. W. Milledgeville. SHENANDOAH county, Virg. Situate toward the N., and contains 336 sq. m. Drained by N. fork of Shenandoah r. Surface uneven and mountainous; soil various, in some parts very fertile. Chief products, wheat and Indian corn. Farms 554 ; manuf. 7 ; dwell. 2,143, and pop. wh. 12,595, fr. col. 262, si. 911 total 13,763. Capital: "Woodstock. Public Works: Manassas Gap E. E. SHENANDOAH, p. T., Duchess co., 2f. Y. : 10 m. E. from Fishkill Landing, 76 m. S. Albany. SHENANDOAH river, Virg. : is a large S. branch of Poto mac r., formed from its S. branch, which rises in Augusta co., and the N. branch, which rises in Eockingham co., and flows along the "W. side of the Blue ridge, and parallel to the S. branch, until near their confluence in Warren co., whence the united stream flows N. E. to its junction with Potomac r., near its passage through the Blue ridge at Har per s Ferry. SHENANDOAH IRON WORKS, p. o., Page co., Virg. : 88 m. N. W. Eichmond. SHEPAUG river, Conn. : a branch of the Housatonic, en tering it at Southbury from the N., affording good water- power. SHEPHERD S GROVE, p. o., Culpepper co., Virg. : 66 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. SHEPIIERDSTOWN, p. v., Belmont co., Ohio : on E. side of a branch of Wheeling creek, 105 miles E. by N. Columbus. Pop. 90. SHEPHERDSTOWN, p. v., Cumberland co., Penn. : 1 m. S. Harrisburg. SHEPHERDSTOWN, p. v., Jefferson co., Virg. : on the S. W. side of the Potomac river. 10 m. above Harper s Ferry, and 129 m. N. by W. Eichmond. The water-power is excellent, and considerable flour is manufactured. The Baltimore and Ohio E. E. passes near the v. Three papers are Issued weekly: the "Free Press" (whig), "Spirit of Jefferson" (dem.), and the " Shepherdstown Eegister" (neut). Pop. 1,561. SIIEPHERDSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Bullitt co., Ky. : on N. side of Salt r., 48 m. W. S. W. Frankfort It contains the co. buildings, a seminary, and about 350 inhabitants. The Louisville and Nashville E. E. will pass through it Paro- quette Springs, 1 m. from the v., is a watering place of con siderable resort. SHERBORN, t and p. v., Chenango co., N. Y. : 92 m. W. Albany. Drained by Chenango river, and the Chenango Canal passes through, parallel with it. Surface hilly ; soil fertile. The t was settled by a party of 20 families from Connecticut, and incorporated in 1S30. The v., on the Che nango r. and canal, 41 m. S. W. Utica, is a flourishing place, and contains 4 churches, an academy, several forwarding houses, stores, etc. The name of the t has been changed by the legislature from Sherburne to the present. Popula tion 2,623. SHERBTJRNE, t. and p. v., Middlesex county, Mass. : 18 m. S. W. by W. Boston. Charles river forms its E. boundary. Incorporated 1674. Surface elevated ; soil fertile. The Milford Branch E. E. passes through its W. part. The v., at the centre, contains 2 churches, and has some manufac tures. Pop. of 1 1.023. SHERBURNE, t. and p. v., Eutland county, Verm. : 45 m. S. by W. Montpelier. Surface chiefly broken and mount ainous, rising in the S. part into Killington Peak, the sum mit of which is 3,924 feet above tide-water. Drained by Quechee r. Pop. of t. 578. SHERBURNE MILLS, p. v., Fleming co., Ky. : on E. bank of Licking r., 63 m. E. by N. Frankfort. SIIERBURNEVILLE, p. o., Lake co., Ind. : 125 miles N. W. Indianapolis. SHERIDAN, t. and p. o., Chautauque co., N. Y. : 2S8 m. W. by S. Albany. Lake Erie bounds it on the N. Drained by several small streams flowing into the lake. Surface hilly ; soil fertile. This is a highly cultivated farming district, with excellent water-power, several mills, and light manu factures. The New York and Erie, and Lake Shore rail roads pass through the town, and connect at Dunkirk, three miles W. Pop. 2,172. SHERMAN, t. and p. v., Fairfield co., Conn. : 47 m. W. S.W. Hartford, 36 miles N. W. New Haven. Surface uneven. Drained by Eock r., a branch of the Housatonic. It con tains several mills, a few stores, and tanneries. Population of t 984. SHERMAN, p. v., Cook co., III. : on the right bank of N. branch Chicago river, 19 m. N. by W. Chicago, and 183 m. N. E. from Springfield. SHERMAN, p. v., and cap. Grayson county, Tex. : on Choctaw branch of Eed river, 247 miles N. by E. Austin City. SHERMAN, t and p. v., Chautauque county, N. Y. : 308 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by head waters of French cr. Surface rolling; soil fertile. It has excellent water-power. 787 SHE SHO The v. contains a furnace, several mills, and a tannery. Pop. of 1. 1,292. SHERMAN, t. and p. v., Huron co., Ohio : 81 m. N. Colnm- bus. Drained by branches of Huron r. Surface rolling; Boil fertile. The Mansfield and Sandusky City R. E. passes through the E. part. The v., on E. side of Pipe creek, has several mills, etc. Pop. of 1. 1,184. SHERMAN S DALE, p. o., Perry co., Penn. : IT m. W. by N. Harrisburg. SHERMAN S HOLLOW, p. o., Yates co., N. Y. : 177 m. W. Albany. SHERODSVILLE, p. o., Carroll co., Ohio: 99 m. E. N. E. Columbus. SHERRILL S FOKD, p. o., Lincoln county, N. Oar. : 133 m. W. by 8. Raleigh. SHERWOOD, t. and p. o., Branch co., Mich. : 61 m. S. W. Lansing. Drained by St. Joseph s r. There is a pond in W. part. Surface rolling ; soil excellent, and much grain is raised. It is one of the best farming towns in the county. Pop. 686. SHERWOOD S, p. o., Cayuga co., N. Y. : 150 m. "W. Albany. SUESHEQUIN, L and p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : on E. side of Susquehanna river, 107 m. N. Harrisburg. Drained by several small streams flowing into the Susquehanna. Sur face hilly ; soil fertile. It has some manufactories, mills, etc. Pop. about 1,000. SHETUCKET river, Conn.: rises by several branches in Tolland and Windham counties, flows "8., receiving two large tributaries, the Natchaug and "Willimantic rivers; thence flows S. S. E., and in E. part of Norwich t receives the Quinebaug r., forming the main constituent of Thames river. It affords good water-power. SHIAWASSEE county, Mich. Situate centrally, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Shiawassee, Maple, Miwhtcgaycock, and Looking-glass rivers, which supply good water-power. Surface level ; soil productive. In some parts of the county mineral coal is found. The agricultural products are wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. The industry of the county is mostly applied to farming. Farms 640; manuf. 48; dwell. 972, and pop. wh. 5,230, fr. col. total 5.230. Capital: Corunna. SHIAWASSEE, t. and p. v., Shiawassee co., Mich. : 25 m. N. E. Lansing. Drained by the Shiawassee and Looking- glass rivers. Surface rolling ; soil fertile. Mineral coal is found. The v., on the Phiawassee r., is a flourishing place, and has some manufactures. Pop. of t. 810. SHICKSHINNY, p. v., Luzerne county, Penn. : on the right bank of the Susquehanna r., and on the North Branch Di vision of the Pennsylvania Canal, 77 m. N. E. Harrisburg. A furnace, located near the v, operated by water-power, has an annual capacity of 1,800 tons. SHIELDSBOROUGH, p. v., port of entry, and cap. Hancock co., Miss. : on W. side of the mouth of Louis bay, 144 m. 8. S. E. Jackson. It contains the co. buildings, etc., and is the port of entry for Pearl river U. S. collection district, of which the commercial statistics on 30th June, 1850, are as follows : total tonnage, 1,8C7 tons, all of which was enrolled and licensed, and engaged in the coasting trade ; of which 381 tons were licensed under 20 tons, and 215 tons propelled by steam. During the preceding year it had no foreign commerce nor ship-building. SHILOAH, p. v., Camden county, JV. Car. : between North and Pasqnotank rivers, near their entrance into Albemarlc Sound, 152 m. E. N. E. Raleigh. SniLon, p. v., Marengo county, Ala. : 90 miles "W. by S. Montgomery. SHILOH, p. o., Cumberland co., N. Jer. : 63 m. S. by "W. Trenton. SHILOH, p. o., Callaway co., Ky. : 216 m. 8.W. Frankfort. SHILOH, p. o., Gibson county, Tenn. : 117 m. W. by S. Nashville. SIIILOH, p. o., King George co., Virg. : 51 m. N. by E. Richmond. 7SS SIIILOII, p. v., Sumter dist., S. Car. : on E. side Paulding swamp of Black r., 58 m. E. Columbia. SHILOH, p. o., Union parish, La. : 173 m. N. N. W. Baton Rouge. mNOLE CREEK, p. o., St. Lawrence co., 2f. Y. : 145 m. N. N. W. Albany. SHIN HOLLOW, sta., Orange co., 2T. Y. : on the Erie R. E., 10 m. W. Otisville, 92 m. N. W. New York city, and 94 m. S. W. Albany. At this place there is a deep cut through a soft soil three-fourths of a mile in length and thirty feet deep. This part of the road is of the most oppressive lone liness, for the valley is completely shut out of sight by a steep wall on each side of slate rock, 50 feet in height and 2,500 feet in length, beyond which is a beautiful open country. SHINNECOCK bay, Jv". Y. : is a beautiful body of water in S. part of Southampton t., Suffolk co., Long Island, 10 m. long, and from 3 to 4 m. wide separated from the ocean by a narrow sand-beach, evidently formed by the waves. It has long been noted for producing large quantities of clams and other shell-flsh of superior quality, affording employ ment to many persons. SHINNSTON, p. v., Harrison co., Virg. : on the E. side of the W. fork of Monongahela r., 200 m. N.W. Richmond. It contains several mills and lumber yards, and has an exten sive trade in lumber. SHIPPER, t. and p. o., M Kean county, Penn. : 111 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by Driftwood branch and other trib utaries of Sinemahoning cr. Surface rough and mountain ous, with some fertile soil in the valleys. It has salt-works and springs on Driftwood creek. The Sunbury and Erie R. R. will pass through this place. SHIPPENSBURG, p. b. and sta., Cumberland co., Penn.: on a branch of Conedogwinit cr., and on the Cumberland Valley R. R., 45 m. S. W. Harrisburg. It is located in the midst of a fertile country, and has excellent water-power. Four miles distant are two furnaces, with an annual capac ity of 1,500 tons each. The " Weekly News" (whig) is pub lished. Pop. 1,578. SIIIPPENSVILLE, p. v., Clarion co., Penn. : on Paint cr., 149 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. Two furnaces, located here, have annual capacities of 1,100 tons and 1,400 tons ; also a forge which in 1850 produced 1,500 tons bar iron. SIIIREMANTOWN, p. v., Cumberland co., Penn. : 15 m. "W. by S. Harrisburg. The Cumberland Valley E. E. passes near the village. SHIRLAND, p. o., Alleghany co., Penn. : 155 m. W. by N. Ilarrisburg. SHIRLEY, t. and p. o., Piscataquis county, Me. : 72 m. N. Augusta. Incorporated in 1834. Watered by head branch es of IMscataquis r., on which are mills. Pop. 250. SniuLEY, t, p. v., and sta., Middlesex co., Mass. : 35 m. N. W. by W. Boston. Bounded on the S. E. by Nashua r., and on the N. E. by Squanicook branch, each of which af fords fine water-power. Surface generally low and level. The Fitchburg R. R. passes through the v. 40 m. from Bos ton, 10 m. from Fitchburg. In the S. W. part of the t. is a Shaker settlement of about 150 members. Pop. of t. 1,158. SHIRLEY, p. o., Erie co., N. Y. : 264 m. W. Albany. SHIRLEY, p. o., Tyler co., Virg. : 282 m. N.W. Richmond SHIRLEY MILLS, p. o., Piscataquis co., Me. : 72 m. N. Augusta. SIIIRLEYSUTTRO, p. o., Huntingdon co., Penn.: on E. side of Great Augwick cr., 58 m. W. Harrisburg. It occupies the site and bears the name of an old provincial fortress, erected in the French war for the defense of the western frontiers. SHIRLEY VILLAGE, p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : on Nashua river, 34 m. N. W. by W. Boston, containing a church, sev eral mills, and manufactories. SHIRLEYVILLE, p. o., Abbeville district, & Car. : 79 m. W. by N. Columbia. SHOAL CKEEK, p. o., Clinton co., HI. : on the E. side of the SIIO SIB stream so called, 80 m. S. Springfield. It is located on the border of a fertile prairie. SHOAL CRKEK, p. o., Newton county, Mo. : 162 m. 8. W. Jeflors in City. SHOAL FORD, p. v., Limestone co., Ala. : on E. side of Limestone creek of Tennessee river, 169 m. N. by W. Montgomery. SHOALS OK OGEOIIEE, p. o., Hancock county, On. : on the Ogcchee r., 33 m. E. N. E. Milledgeville. SHOAL SPRING, p.o., Giles co., Tetm. : 78 m. S.Nashville. SHOBER S MILLS, p. o., Carroll co., Ohio : 97 m. E. N. E. Columbus. SHOCCO SPRINGS, p. v., Warren co., N. Car. : on E. side of Fishing cr., 45 m. N. E. Raleigh. SHOEMAKER S, sta., Allegany county, N. Y. : on the New York and Erie li. 11., 802 m. New York, and 221 m. W. 8. W. Albany. SHOHOLA, sta., Sullivan co., N. Y. : on the Delaware r., Erie li. R., and Delaware and Hudson Canal, 107 m. N. W. New York, 101 m. 8. W. Albany. SHOKAN, p. o., Ulster co., N. Y. : 56 m. 8. W. Albany. SHOKOKON, p. v., Henderson county, III. : 3 m. E. of Iho Mississippi r., and 95 m. N. W. from Springfield. SIIONGALO, p. v., Carroll county, Minn.: on the W. of Big Black r., 75 m. N. by E. Jackson. SIIONGO, p. o., Allcgany county, N. Y. : 228 m. W. S. W. Albany. SHOOBOTA, p. o., Clark co., Mis*. : 87 m, E. by S. Jackson. SHOOLING CKEEK, p. o., Cherokee co., N. Oar. : 820 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. SHOPIERE, p. o., Kock co., Wise. : 35 m. S. E. Madison. SHOP SPUING, p. o., Wilson county, Term. : 23 m. E. by N. Nashville. SHOP SPRING, p. o., Newbury district, & Car.: 41 m. W. N. W. Columbia. SIIOREHAM, t. and p. v., Addison co., Verm. : on the E. side of Lake Champlain, 45 m. S. W. Montpelier. Drained by Lcmonfair r., affording good water-power. Surface even; soil fertile, and it is one of the best farming towns in the SUite, with some manufactures. Most of the waters here arc impregnated with epsom salts. The v. is pleasantly located a little E. of the lake, and. is the seat of Newton Academy. Pop. of 1. 1,601. SHOOT BEND, p. o., Dent co., Mo. : 62 m. S. E. Jefferson City. SHORT CREEK, t. and p. v., Harrison county, Ohio: 105 m. E. by N. Columbus. Drained by an affluent of the Ohio r., which furnishes good mill-sites. Surface uneven; soil fertile and well adapted to grain. The villages of Harris- ville and Georgetown are in the town. The v. has some manufactories, etc. Pop. of 1. 1.950. SHORT CREEK, p. o., Grayson county, Ky.: 95 m. 8. E. Frankfort. SHOKT CREEK, p. o., Brooke county, Virg. : 254 m. N. W. Richmond. SHORT TRAOT, p. v., Allcgany co., N. Y. : on a branch of the Gencsee r., 225 m. W. Albany. SUOKTER B, sta.,-Macon co., Ala. : on the Montgomery aud West Point R. li., 25 m. E. Montgomery. BHOUTSVILLE, v. aud sta., Ontario county, N. Y. : on the Rochester and Syracuse R. R., 41 m. S. E. Rochester, and 184 m. W. by N. from Albany. SiioiTBKTOWw, sta., Alleghany co., Penn. : on Iho N. side of the Ohio r., and on the Ohio and Pennsylvania R. R., 14 m. W. Pittsburg, and 175 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. SIIRKVK, p. o., Wayne co., Ohio : 78 in. N. E. Columbus. BiiBKVBi OBT, p. v., and cap. Caddo parish, L<i. : on the right bank of Red r., about 1 m. 8. of Soda lake, 201 m. N. W. Baton Rouge. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. It is the most important town in N. W. Louisiana, and will be intersected by the Vicksburg, Shreveport, and Texas 31. R., now in progress. Pop. 1,133. , t and p. v., Worcester co., Mass. : 88 m. W. by N. Boston. A large pond, abounding in fine fish, forms the S. W. boundary, and is the principal feeder of tho Blackstone Canal. Drained by several streams and rivulets. Surface uneven and hilly, a range of high land extending through it from N. to 8. ; soil good. In the S. W. part is a meadow, containing excellent peat. It has some manufac tures, consisting of clothing, guns, hats, leather, etc. Tho V. is centrally situate. Pop. of 1. 1,589. SHREWSBURY, t. and p. v., Monmouth co., N~. Jer. : 86 m. E. by N. Trenton. Drained by Neversink, Shrewsbury, and Shark rivers, the two former forming the N. boundary, and the latter its 8. W. boundary. Surface level ; soil clay loam, or marl. It is much resorted to by people from New York and Philadelphia in summer, us a bathing-place. The v. Is located between Shrewsbury and Nevorsink rivers. The t. contains a furnace, tannery, lumber yard, several mills, etc. Pop. of t. 8,180. SHREWSBURY, t. and p. v., York co., Penn. : 83 m. 8. by E. Harrisburg. Drained by branches of Codorus cr. Surface undulating; soil inferior. The b. is in the 8. part of the t., and has some manufactures, etc. There is in the t., inde pendent of the b., manufactures of woolen goods and paper, several mills, etc. The Baltimore and Susquehanna R. R. crosses the W. part of the town. SHREWSBURY, t. and p. v., Rutland county, Verm. : 54 m. S. by Montpi-licr. Drained by Mill and Cold rivers, which afford water-power. Surface mountainous, lying on tho Green Mountain range. It contains Shrewsbury Peak: height 4,100 feet above tide-water. The land is chiefly adapted to grazing, and there is good timber. It has some manufactures. The v. is on Cold river, and tho Rutland and Burlington R. R. crosses the S. W. part of the I Pop. of 1. 1,268. SHREWSBURY, p. o., Kanawlm co., Virg. : 229 m. W. N. W. Richmond. SHREWSBURY river, Monmouth co., N. Je.r. : a continua tion of Sandy Hook bay, flowing 5 m. partly through a salt marsh, averaging about \\ in. in width. It receives Shrews bury river proper, a stream 6 or 7 m. long. SHRUB OAK, p. o., Westchester county, N. Y. : 93 m. 8. Albany. SHULLSBURO, t. and p. v., Lafayette county, Wise. : on a branch of Fever r., 57 in. S. W. Madison. Large quantities of load ore are here raised. Pop. 1,673. SHUNK, p. o., Sullivan co., Penn. : 75 m. N. Harrisburg. SHUNK, p. o., Henry county, Ohio: 105 miles N. W. OolumbUB. SHUNPIKE, v. and sta., Cayuga county, N. Y. : on the Rochester and Syracuse R. R., 33 m. W. S. W. Syracuse, and 154 m. W. by N. from Albany. SHUSHAN, p. v. and sta., Washington co., N. Y. : on the Battenkill, and on the Rutland and Washington R. R.,84m. N. E. Troy, and 45 m. from Albany. SHUTKSBURY, t and p. v., Franklin county, Mass.: 69 m. W. by N. Boston. Drained by branches of Mill r. and by Swift r. Surface elevated, in parts hilly and rocky ; soil of average fertility, most productive along the streams. Lock s Pond in N. W. part of t., covers 700 acres, and is well stocked with fish. There is also a mineral spring of some note near the centre, abounding in muriate of lime. The manufactures of tho t are light. The v. is located centrally. Pop. of t. 912. SHY POST, p. v., Audrain co., Mo. : on the E. of Loutrie r., 42 m. N. E. Jefferson City. SIAM, p. o., Leon co., Teat. : 123 m. N. E. Austin City. SIASOONSKT, v., Nantucket co., Jfasa, : on tho S. E. part of Nantuckut island, 7 in. from Nantucket v., is an attractive summer resort, having a fine hotel and other accommoda tions. SIBILA, p. v., Washington par., La. : on a branch of Tan- gipahoa r., 49 m. N. E. Baton Rouge. SIBLEY, p. v., Jackson co., Mo. : on the right bank of the Ohio r. s 116 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. 789 STB SIM SIBLEY S MiLL9,Wilkinson co.,Jfws.: 101 m. S. W. Jackson. SiciLY.p. o.,Highland co.,0hio : 61 miles S.S.W. Columbus. SIDELING mountains, Penn. and Md. : a range of mount ains traversing Huntingdon and Bedford counties, Pennsyl vania, and Alleghany co., Md. SIDNEY, p. v., Marshall co., 2nd.: 101 m. N. Indianapolis. SIDNEY, t. and p. v., Kennebec county, Me. : 1 miles N. Augusta. The Kennebec r. forms its E. boundary, and a portion of Snow s Pond is on the N. part, by which it is watered. Surface varied ; soil fertile, and much grain is raised. Incorporated in 1792. Its manufactures consist of leather, lumber, etc. The village is on the right bank 0f the Kennebec river. Pop. of 1. 1,955. SIDNEY, p. v., Hunterdon co., N. Jer. : on the W. of South branch Earitan r., 26 m. N. W. Trenton. SIDNEY, t. and p. v., Delaware co., N. Y. : 82 m. W. S. W. Albany. Drained by Oleont creek and other small streams flowing into the Susquehanna r., which bounds it on the N. Surface hilly, except along the r., where it is even ; soil of great fertility, and well cultivated. It has good water- power, and some manufactures, consisting of woolen goods, flour, and lumber. The v. on Oleont creek has some mills, etc. Pop. of 1. 1,807. SIDNEY, p. v., and cap. Shelby co., Ohio : on a branch of the Great Miami river and line of the Sidney feeder of the Miami canal, 65 m. W. N. W. Columbus. It contains a fine brick court-house, a jail, several stores, manufactories, etc., and is destined to be a place of commercial importance. The Bellefontaine and Indiana E. E. passes through it, and is here intersected by the Dayton and Michigan E. E. two lines connecting it with the great towns in every direction. Pop. in 1S40, 713, and in 1850, 1,302. SIDNEY CENTRE, p. v., Delaware co.. A 7 ! T. : on a small stream, tributary of the Susquehanna river, 83 m. W. S. W. Albany. SIDNEY PLAINS, p. v., Delaware co., IT. Y.; on S. side of Susquehanna r., 92 m. "W". S. "W. Albany. SIDONSBITRG, p. o., York county, Penn. : 11 m. S. by "W. Harrisburg. SIEGEL S STORE, p. o., Lincoln county, N. Car. : 139 miles W. S. W. Ealeigh. SIERRA county, Calif. Situate E. on the State line, and occupying the mountain sources of the Yuba river. Area about 800 sq. m. The principal mountains are Saddle Peak, 7,200 feet high ; Table mountain 8,000 feet, and the Buttes at the head of the S. fork of the Yuba, 9,000 feet, and surrounded with quartz leads. This is one of the richest gold fields in the State, and has also many facilities for suc cessful agriculture, its great elevation nevertheless. Lime stone of excellent quality abounds ; but there are no mineral springs. In 1852 the capital invested in quartz mining amounted to $9,109 ; in placer mining, $134,051, and in other industries, $732,225. The principal mining locations are Downieville, with 810 inhabitants; Pine Grove, with 504; Windsor, 210 ; Cox s and Snake Bars, 346, and Good- year s Bar, 356. Cultivated land 163 acres. Population at same date 4,855 whites 3,6923,630 males, and 62 females ; negroes 42 ; mulattoes 7, and foreign residents 1,067 1,033 males, and 34 females. Over 21 years of age citizens of the United States 3,463, negroes 41, mulattoes 7, and for eigners 976. Capital : Downieville. SIERRA MORINO, or BROWN MOUNTAINS, San Francisco co., Calif. : the most remarkable commence at a point about 10 miles S. of San Francisco city, and run along the coast until they unite with the range of same name in the county of Santa Clara ; they are above 2,000 feet in height, and, protect the inhabitants of the valley from the coast winds. The soil in the valleys is rich and productive. Several streams have their sources here, and some gold is found SIERRA NEVADA mountains, Calif. (See CALIFORNIA.) SIGOURNEY, p. v., Keokuk county, la. ; on a branch of Skunk r., 50 m. S. W. Iowa City. Pop. 162. 790 SILL S CREEK, p. o., New Hanover co., M Car. : 84 m. S. S. E. Ealeigh. SILOAM, p. v., Madison co., N. Y. : 104 m. W. N. W. Albany. SILO AM, p. o., Surry county, 2T. Car. : 126 m. W. N. W. Ealeigh. SILVER lake, Wyoming co., N. Y. : a beautiful lake, lying in the towns of Perry and Castile, 5 m. long and three-quar ters of a mile wide, abounding with excellent fish, originally introduced from Lake Erie. SILVER BLUFF, S. Car: an eminence extending about 2 m. along the bank of the Savannah river, about 1 m. wide, and elevated nearly 30 feet above the opposite shore. SILVER CREEK, p. v., Stephenson co., 111. : on the S. side of Pekatonica r., at the mouth of Silver creek, 168 miles N. Springfield. The Illinois Central E. E. passes 1 mile N. of this place. SILVER CREEK, p. o., Schuylkill co., Penn. : 42 m N. E. Harrisburg. SILVER CREEK, t. and p. o., Cass co., Mich. : 93 m. S. W. Lansing. Drained by Dorragiake river. Surface gently undulating, with an exceedingly fertile soil, producing grain in abundance. The stream affords good water-power, i Pop. 491. SILVER CREEK, p. v., and sta., Chautauque county, N. Y.: near the mouth of the creek so called and its confluence with Lake Erie, and on the Buffalo and State Line E. E., 31 miles S. by W. Buffalo, 286 m. W. from Albany. It is a manufacturing village, and has some trade in lumber, etc. The imports for 1848 amounted to $212,819, and the exports $107,081, making a total of $319,900. Being connected with Dunkirk and Buffalo by E. E. and the lake by water, it bids fair soon to become a place of some note. It has 1 bank, cap. $92,850. The " Silver Creek Mail" (whig) is a weekly issue- SILVER CREEK, p. o., Maury county, Tenn.: 35 m. S. Nashville. SILVER GLADE, p. v., Anderson district, & Car. : E. of Twelve Mile creek, 95 m. N. W. by W. Columbia. SILVER HILL, p. o., Davidson county, N. Car. : 89 m. W. Ealeigh. SILVER LAKE, p. o., Washtenaw co., Mich. : 45 m. S. E- Lansing. SILVER LAKE, t. and p. v., Susquehanna co.,Penn. : 59 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. Drained by tributaries of Chocouut creek, and by Silver creek, outlet of Silver lake, a sheet of water three-quarters of a mile long and half a mile Avide, N. E. of which is Quaker lake. Surface hilly ; soil fertile. The v. on Silver cr. has several mills, etc. SILVER EUN, p. o., Meigs co., Ohio : 75 m. S. E. Columbus. SILVER EUN, p. v., Talladega co., Ala. : on Chockolocko creek, 86 m. N. by E. Montgomery. SILVER SPRING, p. o., St. Francois co., Mo. : 107 m. E. S. E. Jefferson City. Deposits of iron and lead are found in the vicinity. SILVER STREET, sta., Newbury dist, S. Car. : on the Greenville and Columbia E. E., 54 m. W. N.W. Columbia. SILVERTON, p. o., Barnwell district, S. Car. : 63 m. S. W. Columbia. SILVER TOP, Obion co., Tenn. : 137 m.W. Nashville. SILVERVILLE, p. v., Lawrence co., 2nd. : on a branch of White r., 65 m. S. S. W. Indianapolis. SIMMONS, p. o., Lawrence co.,0hio: 99 m.S. byE. Columbus. SIMMONSVILLE, p. o., Giles co., Virg. : 143 m. W. by S. Eichmond. SIMM S POET, p. o., Avoyelles par., La. : 73 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. SIMONSVILLE, p. v., Windsor co., Verm. : on a branch of William s river, 73 m. S. Montpelier. SIMPSON county, Ky. Situate S. toward the W., and con tains 234 sq. m. Drained by Drake s creek and branches, which enter Big Barren r., in the E. of Warren co., and by branches of Eed r., a chief tributary of Cumberland r. Sur face level ; soil fertile, and adapted to cotton and tobacco, which with wheat and Indian corn, form the staples. The SIM SIX boundary line of the State lies on its S. border. Farms 686 ; manuf. 37 ; dwell. 963, and pop. wh. 5,755, fr. col. 43, si. 1,935 total 7,723. Capital : Franklin. Public Works : Louisville and Nashville E. E. SIMPSON county, Miss. Situate toward the S. W., and contains 584 sq. m. Drained by branches of Pearl river, which bounds it on the W. Surface level ; soil generally fertile, and adapted to grazing. Chief productions, rice and cotton. Farms 451 ; manuf. S ; dwell. 526, and pop. wh. 3,190, fr. col. 3, si. 1,541 total 4,734. Capital: Westville. SIMPSON S, p. o., Floyd county, Virg. : 137 m. W. by S. Eichmond. SIMPSON S, sta., Preston co., Virg. : on the Baltimore and Ohio E. E., 113 m. S. E. Wheeling, and 173 m. N. W. Eichmond. SIMPSON S MILL, p. o., Laurens disk, S. Car. : on E. side of Eaeburn s cr., 66 m. N. W. Columbia. SIMPSON S STOKE, p. o.,Washington co., Penn. : 175 m.W. Harrisburg. SIMPSONVILLE, p. v., Shelby co., Ky. : on Floyd s fork of Salt r., 181 m. S. "W. Nashville. SIMPSONVILLE, p. o., Anne Arundel county, Md. SIMSBURY, t., p. v., and sta., Hartford co., Conn. : on W. side of Farmington r., 11 m. N.W. Hartford ; by New Haven and Northampton or Canal E. E., 42 miles N. from New Haven. Surface oft. is much diversified ; soil various. In the N. E. corner is the flourishing manufacturing village of Tariffville. Pop. of t. in 1840, 1,895 ; in 1850, 2,737. SINCLAIR S BOTTOM, p. o., Smyth county, Virg. : 231 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. SiN EATii, v. and sta., Charleston district, 8. Car, ; on the South Carolina E. E., 13 m. N. W. Charleston. SINEPUXENT bay, Worcester co., Md. : a large sheet of water inclosed from the Atlantic Ocean by the sand beach, called Assateague, or Fenwick s island. It is navigable only for very small craft. SINEPUXENT neck, Worcester co., Md. : a long neck of land projecting into the bay so called, almost separated from the main by Trap and Herring creeks, between the waters of which the construction of a canal has been pro posed. SING SING, p. v. and sta., Westchester co., W. Y. : on E. bank of Hudson river ; by Hudson Eiver E. E., 32 m. from New York, and 118 m. from Albany. Situated on elevated and uneven ground, and presenting a picturesque appear ance. Incorporated in 1813. It has several landings, from which steamboats and other vessels ply daily to New York, with which it has a large trade. It contains an iron foun dry, ship-yard, grist-mill, some small manufactories, and 5 churches. Mount Pleasant Academy, an incorporated in stitution for boys, has a handsome marble edifice, 3 stories high above the basement. The Mount Pleasant Female Seminary is also an incorporated institution, having a beau tiful location. The Croton Aqueduct at this place is an ob ject of much attraction ; it crosses over the Sing Sing kill by a handsome arch, of which the space between its abut ments is 88 feet, and its elevation from the creek 100 feet. Sing Sing is chiefly celebrated for its very extensive quar ries of excellent marble, large quantities of which are an nually quarried and sent to New York and other places ; these are chiefly worked by the convicts of the State Prison, located about half a mile S. of the village, on grounds com prising 130 acres. The main building is 484 feet long, 44 feet wide, 5 stories high, and contains 1,000 cells. Adjoining it are the various workshops, chapel, hospital, store-houses, etc., all built of rough-dressed marble. The female con victs are in a separate building. The annual receipts of labor from the convicts are nearly equaled by the expend itures. The average number of convicts in 1850 was 721, of whom SO were females. Pop. about 2,800. SINKING CBEEK, p. o., Botetourt co., Virg. : 131 m. W. Eichmond. SINKING SPRING, p. v., Highland co., Ohio: on E. side of Brush cr., 61 m. S. by W. Columbus. SINKING SPRING, p. v., Berks county, Penn. : 45 m. E. Harrisburg. SINKING VALLEY MILLS, p. o., Blair co., Penn. : 80 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. .. SINNAMAHONING, p. o., Clinton co., Penn. : 89 m. N. W. Harrisburg. SINNAMAHONING river, Penn. : a large tributary of the W. branch of Susquehanna r., from the N. W., 50 m. long, emptying into the W. branch in N. W. part of Clinton co. SINSINAWA mound, Wise : a noted elevation in Grant county, near the Illinois line, 12 m. N. W. Galena. Here has been established a Catholic college and Dominican convent. Sioux county, la. Situate N. W., and contains 1,050 sq. m. Drained by head branches of Floyd s r., a tributary of Sioux r., which flows on its western border. Surface in general level, but in parts undulating, presenting a pleasing diversity in the nature of the county. Soil fertile, and fa vorable to the growth of fruit, wheat, Indian corn, etc. It has some excellent timber. Set off since 1850. Sioux river, Minn, and la. : more commonly named Big Sioux r., rises in one of the numerous lakes near the head of the elevated prairie land in the central portion of Minnesota Territory flows E. S. E. about 200 miles, and empties into the Missouri r. Below 43 30 N. lat., it forms the boundary between Iowa and Minnesota. SIPESVILLE, p. o., Somerset county, Penn. : 113 m.W.S.W. Harrisburg. SIPPICAN, p. v., Plymouth co., Mass. : on W. side of Sip- pican harbor of Buzzard s bay, 51 m. S. by E. Boston. The principal business of this v. is the manufacture of salt. SIPSEY TURNPIKE, p. o., Tuscaloosa co., Ala. : on the right bank of Sipsey r., 106 m. W. N. W. Montgomery. SIR JOHN S EUN, p. o., and sta., Morgan co., Virg. : on the Baltimore and Ohio E. E., 49 m. N. W. Harper s Ferry, and 128 m. N. by W. Eichmond. SISKIYOTJ county, Calif. Situate N. E., between Shast county and the N. State line, and extending E. and W. between the E. line of the State and the Coast Eange. Area about 8,000 sq. m. The surface is elevated and mount ainous, with valleys of great extent intervening. It contains Mount Shast6, a lofty eminence, 14,400 feet above the sea- level, and from the slopes of which the Sacramento has its head constituents. A large number of tributaries, of which Pitt r. is the most considerable, join it in this county, and there are also several mountain lakes, the outlets of which flow into it. Of these Ehett and Deer lakes are the most extensive. Gold mining is the principal industry. In 1S52 there were 9 quartz mills in operation. Capital invested in quartz mining, $35,580 ; in placer mining, $39,165 ; and in other mines, $11,950. Capital employed in other occupa tions, $72,310. Land under cultivation, 309 acres. Pop ulation at the same period, 2,240, of which were wh. 1,956 males 1,874, and females 82 ; negroes 34 males 33, and female 1 ; mulattoes, 4 males ; Indians 2622 males, and 4 females ; and foreign residents 220 males 213, and females 7. Over 21 years of age citizens of the United States 1,517. negroes 32, mulattoes 4, Indians 12, and foreigners 207. Capital: SISSONVILLE, p. v., Kanawha co., Virg. : on a branch of Pocatalico r., 237 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. SISTERSVILLE, p. v., Tyler co., Virg. : on the left bank of the Ohio r., 59 m. below Wheeling, and 239 m. N. W. Eich mond. This place was originally laid out as the county seat, in 1814, which was subsequently transferred to Middle- town, 9 m. east. Six CORNERS, p. o., Eichland co., Ohio: 57 m. N. by E. Columbus. Six MILE, p. o., Jennings co., Ind. : on a creek so called, 58 m. S. S. E. Indianapolis. Six MILE FALLS, p. o., Penobscot co., Me. 791 SIX Six MILK RUN, p. o., Somerset co., A r . Jer. Six MILE R[JN, p. o., Bedford co., Penn. : S3 m. W. S. W Ilarrisburg. Six RUNS, p. v., Sampson co., N. Car. : on the E. side of a cr. so called, 66 m. S. by E. Raleigh. SKANKATELES, t and p. v., Ononclaga co., N. T. : 140 m W. by N. Albany. The greater part of the lake so called is in this town, and its outlet, flowing N. into Seneca r., drains it, and affords excellent water-power. The surface, for 5 or 6 miles from the foot of the lake upward, slopes gently to to the water s edge, but toward the head of the lake i becomes more abrupt, and even mountainous, and there are miniature palisades containing geological wonders. The soil is excellent, and the country is noted for its agricultural resources ; and is well laid out in farms, with spacious farm houses and out-buildings, giving every indication of abund ance and thrift The v. (incorporated in 1S03) is at the out let of the lake, and having a commanding site, presents a neat and tasteful appearance. Near it, at the base of a steep range of hills, some 600 feet high, is a commodious hotel and a water-cure establishment. It is a considerable manufacturing place, and contains flouring and saw mills, iron foundries, machine shops, two extensive carriage fac tories, woolen factories, and tanneries, besides a number of workshops of various kinds. The Skaneateles and Jordan Branch R. E. diverges from the v., and connects with the Rochester and Syracuse R. R. at the junction, 5 m. N. Three papers are issued, 2 weekly, the " S. Columbian" (whig), and the " S. Democrat" (dem.), and 1 monthly, the " Family Companion." Pop. of t. 4,080. SKANKATELES lake, N. Y. : lies partly between Cayuga and Onondaga counties. It is a beautiful sheet of water, 15 m. long, and about 1 m. wide, and surrounded by romantic scenery. It is noted for its fine trout and other fish, with which it abounds. SKEELS CROSS ROADS, p. o., Mercer co., Ohio: 89 m. W. by N. Columbus. SKEGG S CREEK, p. o., Barren co., Ky. : on a stream so called, 116 m. S. S. W. Frankfort SKINNER S, p. o., Benton co., Oreg. Ter. : 50 m. S. S. E. Salem. SKINNER S EDDY, p. o., "Wyoming co., Penn. : on Susque- hanna r., 95 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. SKINQUARTER, p. o., Chesterfield co., Virg. SKIPPACK, t. and p. o., Montgomery co., Penn. : 77 m. E. Harrisburg. Drained by the cr. so called. Surface hilly ; soil fertile. Skippackville is in this town. Pop. of 1 1,622. SKOWHEGAN, t and p. v., Somerset co., Me. : on N. bank of Kennebec r., 32 m. N. Augusta. Soil fertile and well cul tivated. The v. possesses the advantages of a great water- power, furnished by Skowhegan falls, which are improved by mills of various kinds, a woolen factory, tannery, etc. It is well built, and has considerable trade. The " People s Press" (whig) and " Democratic Clarion" are published weekly. Pop. of 1 1,756. SKCNK river, la. : rises in the highlands, in the central part of the State, flows by S. E. course nearly parallel to the Des Moines for 150 m., and empties into the Mississippi. It drains a rich and fertile portion of the State, and abounding with timber, and affords many excellent mill sites. SLABTOWN, p. b., Anderson dist, 8. Car. ; on the E. side of Twenty-three Mile cr., 103 m. N. W. Columbia. SLABTOWN, sta., Rush co., Ind. : on the Rushville and Shelbyville R. R., 14 m. Shelbyville, and 32 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. SLACK, p. o., Mason co., Ey. : 71 m. N. E. Frankfort. SLADE, p. o., Lee county, Ga. : 107 miles S. W. Milledge- ville. SLADESVILLE, p. o., Hyde co., N. Car. : 133 m. E. by S. Raleigh. SLATE, p. v., Bath co., Ey. : at the confluence of Slate cr. With Licking r., 67 m. E. Frankfort. 792 SME SLATEFORD, p. o., Northampton co., Penn. : 97 m. N. E. Ilarrisburg. SLATE HILL, p. o., York co., Penn. : 25 m. S. Harrisburg. SLATE HILL, p. o., Orange county, N. Y. : 97 m. S. W. Albany. SLATE LICK, p. o., Armstrong co., Penn. : 137 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. SLATE MILLS, p. o., Rappahannock county, Virg. : on a branch of the Rappahannock river, 75 miles N. N. W. Richmond. SLATERTILLE, p. v., Tompkins co., 2f. Y. : on Six Mile cr., 138 m. W. by S. Albany. It is a small manufacturing village containing about 350 inhabitants. SLATERVILLE, p. v., Providence co., R. I. : on Branch r., 14 m. N. W. by N. Providence. It contains several fac tories, which are chiefly engaged in making cotton and print goods, etc. It is a pleasant v., and contains also two churches. SLEDGEVILLE, p. v., Panola co., Miss. : on a branch of Tallahatchee r., 150 m. N. Jackson. SLEEPY CREEK, p. o., Wayne co., N. Car. : 43 m. S. E. Raleigh. SLEEPY CREEK, sta., Berkley co., Virg. : on the Baltimore and Ohio R. R., 35 m. N. W. Harper s Ferry, and 133 m. N. by W. Richmond. SLEEPY CREEK, p. v., Edgefleld dist, S. Car. : on a branch of Little r., 52 m. "W". Columbia. SLEEPY CREEK BRIDGE, p. o., Morgan co., Virg. : 80 m. N. N. W. Richmond. SLIGO, p. o., De Kalb county, Tenn. : 55 m. E. by S. Nashville. SLIGO, p. o., Henry co., Ey. : 25 m. N. "W. Frankfort SLIGO, p. o., Clinton co., Ohio : 55 m. S. "W. Columbus. SLIPPERY ROCK, t. and p. o., Butler co., Penn. : 173 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by the cr. so called, and its tributary, Wolf cr. Surface uneven, with a very fertile soil, producing grain, etc. The v. of Centreville is located in the town. There are in the t two furnaces, with an annual capacity of 1,100 tons each ; several tanneries, grist, and saw mills. Pop. of 1 1,700. SLOANSVILLE, p. v., Schoharie co., N. Y. : on Yly cr., and on Cherry Valley turnpike, 32 m. W. by N. Albany. It de rives good water from the stream, improved by various saw mills, etc. Pop. about 350. SLOATSBURG, p. v. and sta., Rockland co., W. Y. : on the Kamapo river, and on the New York and Erie R. R., 35 m. N. by W. New York, and 168 m. S. by W. from Albany. This beautiful and thriving manufacturing place presents a singular aspect to the traveler. From the sta. are to be seen two substantial cotton factories, and not a sign of a v. )r hamlet in sight, those employed in them dwelling in the mmble but neat abodes scattered along this " happy valley." The mills, embowered as they are in noble trees, look as hough they were placed in some gentleman s park, did not he adjacent dingy blacksmith shops show that the precincts were those of a regular factory. These establishments were erected in 1820, the brick portion in 1846, and are used exclusively for making cotton ticine, of which article 5,000 pounds are sent weekly " by rail" to New York. This mproved town is the invention of the principal proprietor f the mills, and owner of the grounds on which they stand, tf ajor Jacob Sloat, from whom the place gets its name. He erives his domain from his grandfather, to whom it was assigned by five Indian chiefs in 1738, and the original deed f conveyance, being drawn up in a choice lingo, com- >ounded of Dutch and Indian, is quite a curiosity. SLOYERSVILLE, p. o., Luzerne co., Penn. : 77 m. N. N. E. larrisburg. SMARR S, sta., Monroe co., Ga. : on the Maoon and West- rn R..R., 19 m. W. by N. from Macon, and 51 m. W. by S. rom Milledgeville. SMELSER S MILLS, p. o., Rush co., Ind. : 38 m. E. by S ndianapolis. SME SMI SMELTZEE S GKOVB, p. o., Grant co., Wise. : 65 m. S. W. Madison. SMELTZEE S MOUNT, p. o., Pickens disk, & Car. : 135 m. N. W. by W. Columbia. SMICKSBURG, p. v., Indiana co., Penn. : on Mahoning cr., 127 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. SMITH county, Miss. Situate S. centrally, and contains 615 sq. m. Drained by head branches of Leaf river and branches of Pearl r. Surface uneven ; soil in general good, and adapted to cotton, which is the principal production of the co. It has some fine pasture land. Farms 425 ; manuf. 8 ; dwell. 515, and pop. wh. 3,073, fr. col. 0, si. 998 total 4,071. Capital: Kaleigh. SMITH county, Tenn. Situate toward the N., and contains 2SS sq. m. Cumberland r. passes through the co., by which and its tributary, Caney fork, and also by their branches, it is drained. Surface hilly ; soil fertile, the land in general being very productive and adapted to tobacco, which it pro duces abundantly. Good cotton is also grown, and fine crops of wheat and Indian corn are raised. It exports large quantities of beef and pork. Farms 1,310; manuf. 32; dwell. 2,422, and pop. wh. 13,709, fr. col. 186, si. 4,517 total 18,412. Capital: Carthage. SMITH county, Tex. Situate toward the N. E., and con tains 1,046 sq. m. Drained by head branches of Angelina river and affluents of Neches r., which runs on its "W. bor der. Surface undulating; soil varied; on the rivers the land is generally rich, and consists of a fine black mold, favorable to the growth of cotton and corn. Grapes grow wild, and might, by cultivation, be rendered valuable. It has many springs and numerous streams of excellent water. Farms 248 , manuf. 1 ; dwell. 603, and pop. wh. 3,575, fr. col. 0, si. 717 total 4,292. Capital: Tyler. SMITH DALE, p. o., Amit6 county, Miss. : 83 m. S. S. W. Jackson. SMITHFIELD, p. v., Delaware co., Ind. : on the N. bank of White r., and on the Indianapolis and Bellefontaine E. E., 60 m. N. E. Indianapolis. SMITHFIELD, t. and p. v., Somerset county, Me. : 23 m. N. Augusta. The town contains East Pond and part of Milk Pond ; has a few saw-mills and some manufactures. Pop. of t. 873. SMITHFTELD, p. v., and cap. Johnson co., N. Car. : on the E. side of Neuse river, 20 m. S. E. Ealeigh. It contains a court-house, jail, and other county buildings. Pop. 329. SMITHFIELD. t. and p. v., Jefferson county, Ohio : 111 m. E. by N. Columbus. Drained by branches of a stream flowing E. into the Ohio river, affording good mill-power. Surface much broken; soil adapted to grain and grass. The t. contains several stores and flouring-mills, a tannery, etc. Pop. of 1. 1,882. SMITHFIELD, sta., Mahoning co., Ohio: on the Ohio and Pennsylvania E. E., 57 m. E. by N. Wooster, and 117 m. N. E. Columbus. SMITHFIELD, p. v., Polk co., Tex. : on E. bank of Trinity river, 174 m. E. by N. Austin City. SMITHFIELD, t., Providence co., R. T. : 9 m. N. Providence. This large and important manufacturing t. comprises sev eral large factory villages, described in order, of which "Woonsocket Falls and Slatersville are among the largest. Great water-power is furnished by Blackstone river (which bounds it on the E.) and its branches, particularly at Woon socket Falls, where it has a descent of about 20 feet in a short distance, over a rocky precipice. Surface undulating, and in some parts rough, but for the most part agreeably diversified; soil gravelly and sandy loam, and generally fertile, with some low and marshy tracts. Limestone abounds, and the manufacture of lime is extensive, employ ing many persons. There is a quarry of whitestone at Woonsocket Hill, valuable for furnace hearths, and 2 miles from this a quarry of excellent whetstones. In the S. part of the town is Scott s Pond, a considerable body of water, of great depth and steep shores. The factories are chiefly en- D 5 gaged in making print goods, cotton goods, etc., but other mills are numerous. In the t. are 5 banks, with aggregate capital of $334,775. Population in 1840, 9,534 ; in 1850, 11,500. SMITHFIELD, p. o., Fayette co., Penn. : in a hilly region, on left bank of the Youghiogeny r., 133 m. W. S. W. Harrisburg. SMITHFIELD, p. o. and sta., Henry co., Ey. : on the Louis ville and Frankfort E. E., 30 m. N. W. Frankfort. SMITHFIELD, p. v., and cap. Isle of Wight co., Virg. : on an inlet of James r., 25 m. W. by N. Norfolk and 58 m. S. E. Eichmond. It contains a court-house and other county buildings. Pop. 433. SMITHLAND, p. v., Livingston co., Ky. : on the Ohio r., at the lower side of the mouth of Cumberland r., 75 m. below Ealeigh, 205 m. W. S. W. Frankfort, It is a place of some importance, enjoying considerable trade with the interior of Tennessee, being a point for the re-shipment of goods destined up the Cumberland r. It contains a bank, several manufactories, a boat-yard, etc. SMITHLAND, p. o., Cass county, Tex.: 285 miles N. E. Austin City. SMITHLAND, p. v., Eandolph co., Mo. : 50 m, N. N. W. Jefferson City. SMITHPORT, p. v., and cap. M Kean co., Penn. : on the W. side of Potato cr., 133 m. N. ?. Ilfirr-.- mrg Ht con tains the court-house, jail, and oth^yf- j> C ,- o ^s built of brick, an academy, several mills, 4 SMITH S, p. o., Gallia co., Ohio: 84 m.-b. E.. Columbus. SMITH S island, Somerset co., Md. : a long, narrow island, extending from Fog s Point, or Craig s Strait, nearly to Tangier Island. Less than one-half the island is within the limits of Maryland. SMITH S island, New Hanover co., N. Car. : is located at the mouth of Cape Fear r. Cape Fear is on the S. ex tremity of the island, and a lighthouse stands on the W. side, overlooking the channel. Lat. 33 48 N., and long. ISP 9 W. SMITH S point, Virg. : the eastern extremity of Northum berland co., extending into Chesapeake bay. SMITH S BASIN, p. v. and sta., Washington co., N. T. : on Wood cr. and on the Saratoga and Washington E. E. and Champlain Canal, 65 m. by railroad and 57 m. by canal, N. by E. Albany. SMITHSBOEOUGH, p. v., Tioga co., N. Y. : on the N. side of the Susquehanna r. and on the New York and Erie E. E., 246 m. N. W. New York and 146 m. (direct) from Albany. It is a prettily situated village, 10 m. beyond Owego, at which point a bridge crosses the Susquehanna. SMITHSBUEG, p. v., Washington co., Md. : in the midst of a fine agricultural district, 72 m. N. W. Annapolis. In 1850 it contained 366 inhabitants 348 white and 18 free colored. SMITH S CKOSS EOADS, p. o., Ehea co., Tenn. : on W. side of Tennessee r., 103 m. S. E. Nashville. SMITH S CROSS EOADS, p. o., Morgan co., Virg. : 141 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. SMITH S FEREY, p. o., Beaver co., Penn. : 179 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. SMITH S FEREY, v. and sta., Hampshire co., Mass. : on the right bank of the Connecticut r. and on the Connecticut Eiver E. E., 12 m. N. Springfield and 81 m. W. by S. Boston. SMITH S FORD, p. v., York disk, S. Car. : on the left bank of Broad r., 67 m. N. by W. Columbia. SMITH S FOBK, p. o., Hardin county, Tenn. : 97 m. S. W. Nashville. SMITH S GAP, p. o., Hampshire co., Virg. : 145 m. N. N.W, Eichmond. SMITH S GBOVE, p. o., Warren county, Ky. : 61 m. S. E. Nashville. SMITH S GEOVE, p. v., Davie co., N. Car. : 102 m. W. Ealeigh. SMITH S MILLS, p. o., Henderson co.,.ffy. ; 97m. S. W. Nashville. 793 SMI SNO SMITH S MILLS, p. v. and sta., Chautauque co., 2f. Y. : on Silver cr. and on the New York and Erie E. K., 124 m. E. Dunkirk, 447i m. N. W. by W. New York and 284 m. W. Albany. The v. is surrounded by a highly cultivated farm ing district. SMITH S MILLS, p. v., Carroll co., Miss. : on a branch of Yallabusha r., 95 m. N. Jackson. SMITH S MILLS, p. o., Morrow county, Ohio: 42 m. N. Columbus. SMITH S MILLS, p. v., Clearfleld co., Penn. : on a branch of Clearfleld cr., 85 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. Limestone is found in the vicinity. SMITH S STORE, p. v., Spartanburg dist., Car.: on a branch of Tiger r., 69 m. N. W. Columbia. SMITHTOWN, t. and p. v., Suffolk co., N. Y. : bordering on Long Island Sound, 128 m. S. S. E. Albany. Drained by Nesaquake r., affording good water-power. Surface in most part level ; soil inferior. The v. is at the head of boat navigation on the Nesaquake r., and contains besides a number of stores and mechanic shops, a factory for the manufacture of woolen goods, etc. A bay so called makes up from the sound into the t., and affords good anchorage for vessels during easterly storms. It abounds with a vari ety of flsh and wild fowl. Pop. of t 1,972. SMITHTOWN BRANCH, p. o., Suffolk co., IT. Y.: 131 m. S. S. E. Albany. SMITHVILLE, p. T., and cap. Lawrence co., Ark. : on the left bank of Strawberry r., 105 m. N. N. E. Little Bock. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. SMITHVILLE, p. v., Monroe co., Miss. : on a small stream flowing W. into Tombigbee r., 161 m. N. E. Jackson. SMITUVILLE, p. v., Peoria co., 111. : at the head of Copperas cr., 58 m. N. Springfield. SMITHVILLE, p. v., Clay co., Mo. : on Smith s fork of Little Platte r., 138 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. SMITHVILLE, p. v., Jefferson co., N. Y. : on a branch of the Watertown and Home E. E., 5 m. S. Sackett s Harbor and 150 m. N. W. Albany. It contains a carriage manu factory, several mills, etc. SMITHVILLE, p. v., and cap. Brunswick co., JV 7 : Car. : on the W. side of Cape Fear r., near its mouth, and opposite Smith s Island. It has a good harbor, and contains a court house, jail, and hospital. It is the seat of an academy, and is a U. S. military post. Pop. 1,464 SMITHVILLE, p. v., Wayne co., Ohio: on a branch of Tus- carawas r., S3 m. N. E. Columbus. SMITHVILLE, p. o., Lancaster county, Penn. : 33 m. S. E. Harrisburg. SMITHVILLE, p. v., Abbeville dist., Car. : on W. side of Long Cane cr., 75 m. W. Columbia. The Abbeville Branch of Greenville and Columbia E. E. passes through this place. SMITHVILLE, p. v., and cap. De Kalb co., Tenn. : 53 m. E. by S. Nashville, and contains the court-house, jail, etc. SMITHVILLE, p. o., Powhatan county, Virg. : 21 m. W. Eichmond. SMITHVILLE, p. v., "Worcester co., Mass. SMITHVILLE, t., Chenango co., 2f. Y. : 106 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by tributaries of Chenango r. Surface undulating ; soil fertile. It has good water-power and sev eral mill-seats. Pop. 1,771. SMITHVILLE FLATS, p. v., Chenango co., A 7 ] Y. : on the E. side of Geneganslette cr., 109 m. W. by S. Albany. It contains manufactories of scythes, axes, rakes, pails, and leather, also several mills, workshops, etc. SMOKY HOLLOW, p. o., Columbia co., N. Y. : a small man ufacturing place, 32 m. S. by E. Albany. It contains a manufactory of woolen goods, machine shops, etc. SMOKY ORDINARY, p. o., Brunswick co., Virg.: 58 m. B. by W. Eichmond. SMUT EYE, p. o., Coffee county, Ala. : 81 m. S. by E. Montgomery. SMYRNA, p. v., Kent co., Del. : on the S. side of Duck cr. 794 It is a pleasant place, and contains stores of various kinds, shops, printing-offices, etc. The " Delaware Herald," and " Smyrna Telegraph," are weekly issues. SMYRNA, p. o., Ionia county, Mich. : about 30 m. N. W. Lansing. SMYRNA, t and p. o., Aroostook co., Me. : 157 m. N. E. Augusta. Drained by the head waters of the Mattamaun- keag r., and branch of the Meduxnekeag r. Pop. 172. SMYRNA, t. and p. v., Chenango co., W. 11: 97 m. W. Albany. Drained by sm all streams, tributaries of Chenango r., from which water-power is derived. Surface broken and hilly ; soil fertile. Settled in 1792. The manufactures con sist in woolen goods, lumber, leather, flour, oil, etc. The v. is on a small stream, has good water-power, and contains several mills, workshops, etc. Pop. of 1. 1,940. SMYRNA, p. o., Barnwell district, Car.: 57 m. S. Columbia. SMYRNA, sta., Eutherford co., Tenn. : on the Nashville and Chattanooga E. E., 21 m. S. Nashville. SMYRNA, p. o., Harrison co., Ohio: 90 m. E. by N. Columbus. SMYSER S, sta., York co., Penn. : on Codorus cr. of Susque- hanna r., and on the Baltimore and Susquehanna E. E., at its junction with the Hanover Branch E. E., 36 miles S. Harrisburg. SMYTH county, Virg. Situate S. W., and contains 516 sq. m. Drained by head branches of Holston river and New river. Surface broken and mountainous ; soil on the banks of the streams fertile. Chief products wheat and Indian corn. Farms 460 ; manuf. 22 ; dwell. 1,146, and pop. wh. 6,901, fr. col. 197, si. 1,064 total 8,162. Capital: Marion. Public Works ; Virginia and Tennessee E. E. SNAKE island, N. Y. : lies in the Niagara r., 4 m. below Black Eock. It consists of 50 acres of grass land. SNAKE BARS, v., Sierra co., Calif. : 137 m. N. E. Yallejo. SNAPPING SHOALS, p. o., Newton co., Ga. : 59 m. N. "W. Milledgeville. SNEED S FERRY, p. o., Onslow co., N. Car. : 97 m. S. E. Columbia. SNEEDSVILLE, p. o., Hancock co., Tenn.: 192 m. E. byN. Nashville. SNIBAR, p. v., Lafayette county, Mo. : 105 m. "W". N. W. Jefferson City. SNICKERSVILLE, p. v., London CO., Virg. : near Snicker s Gap, of the Blue Eidge Mountains, 108 m. N. by W. Eich mond. It is a small place, with about 135 or 140 inhabitants. SNIDER S, p. o., Washington county, Ky. : 33 m. S. by W. Frankfort. SNOW CAMP, p. o., Orange co., N. Car. : 37 m. N. W. Ealeigh. SNOW CREEK, p. o., Iredell co., AT. Car. : on a stream so called, 123 m. W. Ealeigh. SNOW CREEK, p. o., Pickens dist., Car. : 121 m. N. W. Columbia. SNOW CREEK, p. o., Marshall co., Miss. : 175 m. N. by E. Jackson. SNOW CREEK, p. v., Franklin co., Virg. : on a stream so called, 130 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. SNOW FALLS, p. o., Oxford co., Me. : 45 m. W. Augusta. SNOW HILL, p. v., Wilcox co., Ala. : on the left side of Cedar cr.,48 m. S. W. Montgomery. SNOW HILL, p. o., Hamilton co., Tenn.: 108 m. S. E. Nashville. SNOW HILL, p. v., Walker co., Ga. : on one of the head branches of Tennessee r., 1S2 m. N. W. Milledgeville. SNOW HILL, p. v., cap., and port of entry, Worcester co., Md.: on the E. bank of Tomoke r., 25 m. above its con fluence with the bay of the same name, 81 m. S. E. Annap olis. It contains a court-house, jail, an academy, and other public buildings. The total enrolled and licensed tonnage of the district in June, 1S50, was 9,512 tons, 225 tons of which are vessels under 20 tons burthen ; and of the whole tonnage 285 tons are employed in the coasting trade. The SNO SOL total number of vessels built during the year ending June, 1850, was 26 schooners, 990 tons. The " Worcester Shield" is a weekly (whig) issue. Pop. 714. SNOW HILL, p. v., Clinton county, Ohio : 53 m. S. S. W. Columbus. SNOW HILL, p. v., and cap. Greene co., N. Car. : on S. side of Contentnea cr., branch of Neuse r., 62 m. E. S. E. Ealeigh. It contains a court-house, jail, and the usual num ber of county buildings. SNOW SHOE, t. and p. v., Centre co., Penn. : 80 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by tributaries of Beach and Bald Eagle creeks, which furnish good water-power. Surface mountainous ; the main ridge of the Alleghanies passing through the S. part. The v. is on a branch of Beach creek, and contains several mechanic shops, mills, etc. SNOW S STOKE, p. v., Windsor co., Verm. : on a branch of White r., 39 m. S. Montpelier. SNOWSVILLB, p. o., Choctaw co., Miss. : at the source of Yochamockany cr., 89 m. N. N. E. Jackson. SNYDERSVILLE, p. v., Monroe co., Penn. : 93 m. N. E. Harrisburg. SNYDERTOWN, p. v., Northumberland co., Penn. : 55 m. N. Harrisburg. SOAP CREEK, p. o., Davis county, la. : 73 m. S. W. Iowa : City. SOCCOPATOY, p. v., Coosa county, Ala. : on a tributary of Coosa r., 45 m. N. by E. Montgomery. SOCIAL CIRCLE, p. v., Walton county, Ga. : on the Georgia R. E., 120 m. W. by N. Augusta, and 52 N. N. W. Mille.lgeville. SOCIALITY, p. o., Cattaraugus co., N. Y. : on a tributary of Connewango cr., 276 m. W. by S. Albany. SOCIETY HILL, p. v., Macon co., Ala. : on Ufaupee cr. of Tallapoosa r., 53 m. E. Montgomery. SOCIETY HILL, p. v.. Darlington dist., S. Car. : near Great Pedee r., and on the Cheraw and Darlington K. E., 73 m. N. E. Columbia. SOCOKRO, p. v., Socorro co., Jf. Mean. : on the right bank of the Rio Grande del Norte, 105 miles S. from Santa Fe. There is an old Spanish fort in the village. SODUS, t. and p. v., Wayne county, N. Y. : 27 miles S. W. Oswego, and 176 W. N. W. Albany. Lake Ontario bounds it on the N. Drained by Salmon and other creeks flowing into Sodus bay and Lake Ontario. The surface has a gentle declination toward the lake; soil fertile, and much grain and grass is raised. Sodus bay makes up into the town, and is the best harbor on the lake shore. The v. is on the ridge road 5 miles S. of the lake, and has several mechanic shops, stores, etc. The t contains a number of manufactories, mills, etc. The manufactures are chiefly flour, lumber, and leather. Pop. of t. 4,593. SODUS bay, Wayne county, N. Y.: this bay makes up from Lake Ontario, about 30 miles W. from Oswego, and 80 E. from Rochester. It is a little more than 5 m. long, and from one and a half to three broad, containing an area exceeding 12 square miles. The entrance to it on the lake is protected by substantial piers, built by the United States government, of more than a mile in length, and is easily accessible at all times to larger vessels than are engaged in the commerce of the lakes. A revolving light and beacon are maintained at the public expense ; height of lantern 66 feet; lat. 43 19 N. The bay is completely land-locked, so as to be protected from every wind, both from the lake and the shore. Its borders are high and salubrious. The aver age depth of the waters exceed 40 feet, and it is pronounced to be far the best harbor on any of the great lakes, and equal to any on this continent. It is sometimes called Great Sodus Bay. SODUS CENTRE, p. o., Wayne co., N. Y. : 179 m. W. N. W. Albany. SODUS POINT, p. v., and port of entry, Wayne co., _A r . Y. : at the entrance of Sodus bay into Lake Ontario, 28 miles 8. W. Oswego, and 176 W. N. W. Albany (direct), and 228 by canal. Although at present but a comparatively small place, it is destined soon to become one of much import ance. The Sodus canal, undergoing rapid completion, will connect it with the great channel of internal communica tion, the Erie Canal, and with other internal improvements. It is a tributary of the Erie Canal, and will be the means of bringing a large business into that portion of it which lies between the junction at Clyde and Albany. It is also a tributary to the Cayuga and Seneca canals, connecting the Cayuga and Seneca lakes with the Erie Canal. The Sodas Canal is of the same capacity as the enlarged Erie Canal, 70 feet width by 7 feet depth, with corresponding locks. It will easily admit vessels of 200 tons, which will pass from the Welland Canal and the ports of Lake Ontario through to Albany or to Ithaca without breaking bulk. A railroad connects the v. with the Rochester and Syracuse E. E. (direct line), and the Sodus Point and Southern E. E. con nects it with the New York and Erie E. R. at Elmira. This will eventually be the great coal dep6t on the lake, and the railroad will be the main channel of conveyance from the Pennsylvania mines. The building of wharves, etc., is in contemplation, which will much improve the harbor and facilitate the trade. SOLANO county, Calif. Situate centrally, with its base resting on Suisson bay and Sacramento r., and contains about 800 sq. m. Putah r. makes its N. E., and Suscol Hills the S. W. boundary. The Putah rises in the mountains, winds through a rich, lovely, and fertile plain, and loses itself in the extensive " tules" which lie between the plains and the Sacramento. The western part of the county is mountainous, with many small valleys, well adapted to stock-raising. At the head of Green Valley is a conspicu ous double peak, and another of lesser magnitude, between Green and Suscol valleys. Suscol Valley lies W. of Suscol Hills, running N. from the city of Vallejo, and is 8 m. long and 3 m. in width, Napa bay washing its whole length. This is a desirable farming region, and is noted for its lux uriant growth of wild oats. Sulphur Spring Valley runs up from Suisson bay, 2 m. N. of Benicia, winds through the Suscol Hills 5 or 6 m., and has a width of from 100 to 400 yards ; soil rich and well watered. Green Valley lies E. of Suscol Hills, and is about 6 m. long and from 1 to 2 m. wide; a large portion is always green hence its name. Suisson Valley lies N. of Suisson bay, and is easily accessible by the Suisson r., which runs through its centre ; it opens out on the E. into the Sacramento Valley. Soil exceedingly fer tile, and much cultivated. Ulattis Valley lies farther to the N. E. and is 5 m. long and H wide, runs N. W. between two hills, and opens out into the Sacramento Valley, which last extends as far as the eye can reach, and is covered with wild oats, and is not liable to inundation. North of Vallejo, four miles, there is a large soda spring running from Suscol Valley to Napa bay ; and 3 m. E. of this there is another, which, winding through low hills, and passing through the same valley, empties into the same bay. A sulphur spring, of warm temperature, about 3 m. N. Benicia, gives name to the valley through which it passes. Mining is in this county only a secondary industry ; its great and most valuable in terest is agriculture, for which its climate and soil is pecu liarly adapted. Orchards and vineyards are seen in several parts, and the productions of 5,949 acres under cultivation in 1S52 were very large. Capital employed in quartz miningj $8,000 ; in other mining operations, $24,000 ; and for other purposes, $110,900. Pop. at the date specified 2,835 whites 2,726 males 2,324, and females 402 ; negroes 23 males 26, and females 2 ; mulattoes, 25 males; Indians 4C males 31, and females 15 ; and foreign residents 891 males 790, and females 101 ; citizens of United States over 21 years of age, 1,298. Capital : Vallejo or Benicia. Public Works : Be nicia and Marysville E. E. SOLEMN GROVE, p. v., Moore co., N. Car. : S. side James creek, 53 m. S. S. W. Raleigh. SOLIDAD mission, Monterey county, Calif. : 19 m. S, E. 795 SOL SOM Monterey, and 111 m. S. S. E. Vallejo. It is located in a rich and fertile valley, and is celebrated for its fine vine yards. The lands are owned by private individuals. SOLON, p. v., Johnson co., la. : on a branch of the Iowa river, 11 m. N. Iowa City. SOLON, t. and p. v., Somerset co., Me. : on the E. side of Kennebec r., 45 m. N. Augusta. Drained by small streams, tributaries of the Kennebec. It has a considerable pond in the N. E. part Soil fertile, and well adapted to general farming. The v. is pleasantly located on the Kennebec r., and has some manufactures. Pop. of 1. 1,419. SOLON, t. and p. v., Cortlandt county, N. Y. : 116 m. "W. Albany. Drained by Otselic r. and branches of Tioughnioga river. Surface undulating; soil of good quality, adapted to grazing. The v. is on a branch of Tioughnioga r., and has some manufactures. Pop. of 1 1,150. SOLON, t. and p. v., Cuyahoga county, Ohio: 122 m. N.E. Columbus. Drained by Chagrin r. and its branches, and by Tinker cr., on the former of which there are a number of falls which afford extensive water-power. Surface level ; soil of the highest fertility, producing grains in abundance and excellent grass. The v. is centrally situate. The t contains several manufactories. Pop. 1,033. Somerville. Public Works : New Jersey Central K. E. ; Delaware and Raritan Canal. SOMERSET county, Penn. Situate S. toward the "W., and contains 977 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Youghiogheny and Conemaugh rivers. Surface hilly, and in the N. W. ia Laurel Hill Mountain. The Alleghany range forms its east ern boundary. Soil fertile, and produces wheat and grain in great abundance. It has excellent pasturage, and large numbers of cattle and hogs are fattened annually and ex ported. Farms 1,613; manuf. 88; dwell. 13,969, and pop. wh. 24,317, fr. col. 99 total 24.416. Capital : Somerset. SOMERSET, p. v., and cap. Pulaski county, Ky. : 78 m. S. by E. Frankfort. It contains a court-house, jail, county offices, etc. SOMERSET, t. and p. v., Bristol co., Mass. : on the W. side of Taunton r., and opposite Fall River, having Mount Hope bay on the S., 43 m. S. Boston. Its navigable facilities are excellent. It has some shipping, and ship-building is car ried on. In 1849 the imports of sperm oil amounted to 140 barrels. The v. is located on Taunton r., and contains manu factories of stone and earthen ware. Pop. of 1. 1,166. SOMERSET, t. and p. o., Hillsdale county, Mich. : 48 m. S. Lansing. Drained by head branches of Raisin r. It con SOLON MILLS, p. v., M Henry county, III. : on S. side of i tains the highest land in the State. Soil fertile, producing Nipasink cr., 4 m. S. of N. boundary of the State, and 193 m N. E. Springfield. SOLSVILLE, p. o., Madison co., 2T. Y. : 96 m. W. by N Albany. SOMERFIELD, p. v., Somerset co., Penn. : on the E. bank of Youghiogheny r., 133 m. W. S. W. Harrisburg. SOMERS, L and p. v., Tolland county, Conn. : 20 m. N. E Hartford. Drained by Scantic r. Surface on the W. leve 1 and fertile; on the E. elevated and mountainous, with gooc pasturage for sheep. The y. is located on one of the head branches of Scantic river, and contains a manufactory a which straw hats are extensively manufactured. Popula tion of 1. 1,510. SOMERS, t and p. v., Westchester co., N. Y. : 92 m. S. by E Albany. Drained by Croton river and tributaries. Surface uneven, w r ith some extensive plains ; soil adapted to grain and grass. The village contains a bank and 2 churches. Pop. of t, 1,722. SOMERSET county, Me. Situate toward the N. W. of the State, and contains 3,840 sq. m. Kennebec river having its rise in Moose-head lake, flows through the co. centntlly, by which and its tributaries, and by Penobscot and other fine streams it is drained. Surface varied in some parts elevated, and its hills and valleys present a pleasant prospect. Soil fertile in the southern portions, but the N. is mostly Avilder- ness, with numerous lakes interspersed. Chief productions, wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. Agriculture is the lead ing pursuit. Farms 3,813; manuf. 155; dwell. 5,917, and pop. wh. 35,577, fr. col. 4 total 35,581. Capital: Nor- riclgewock. SOMERSET county, Md. Situate toward the S. E., and con tains 485 sq. m. Drained by Annemesic, Manokin, and Wicomico rivers, and branches of Nanticoke river, which forms its N. W. boundary. Surface low and level, and a large portion is marshy. Soil, with cultivation, is fertile, and the swamp, when drained, makes good pasturage. It contains some sulphur and mineral springs, and beds of bog-iron ore. Oak, pine, ash. cedar, chestnut, and maple are found on the land, which is in general well timbered. Farms 1,485; manuf. 76; dwell. 3,158, and pop. wh. 13,385, fr. col. 3,483, si. 5,588 total 22,456. Capital: Princess Anne. SOMERSET county, W. Jer. Situate N. centrally, and con tains 232 sq. m. Raritan r. passes through it centrally, by which and its branches it is drained. Surface diversified; soil a fine deep mold on the streams, and very productive. Staples, wheat and Indian corn. It exports pork and sheep very largely. Farms 1,550 ; manuf. 137 ; dwell. 3,448, and pop. wh. 17,965, fr. col. 1,696, si. 27 total 19,688. Capital : 796 wheat, corn, oats, etc. Pop. 913. SOMERSET, p. v., Monroe co., Mb. : on the W. side of Salt river, 68 m. N. Jefferson City. SOMERSET, p. v., Wabash co., Ind. : on the right bank of the Mississinewa river, on the State road, 63 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. SOMERSET, t. and p. v., Niagara co., 2f. Y. : bordering on Lake Ontario, 31 m. N. E. Niagara City, and 256 W. by N. Albany. Drained by Golden Hill cr. and other streams flowing into the lake. Surface even ; soil, sand and clay loam. It has some manufactures. The v. is on a small stream near the lake. Pop. of L 2,154 SOMERSET, p. v., and cap. Perry county, Ohio: on the Cincinnati, Wilmington, and Zanesville R. R., 37 m. E. by S. Columbus. It contains the court-house, jail, and other county buildings, an academy (the St. Mary s Catholic), several stores, etc. The " S. Post" (whig), and Perry Co. Democrat" (dem.) are both weekly issues. Pop. 1,240. The Dominican Convent of St. Joseph s (Catholic) is located near the village. SOMERSET, t., p. b., and cap. Somerset co., Penn. : 115 m. W. by S. Ilarrisburg. Drained by Laurel Hill, Middle, and Cox s creeks. Surface undulating ; soil fertile. It has several small manufactories, mills, etc. The b. on Cox s cr., was incorporated in 1804, and contains the court-house and jail, built of stone, county offices, built of brick, an academy, a number of mills, etc. Two papers are issued weekly, the Herald" (whig), and the Visitor" (dem.) Pop. 866. SOMERS POINT, p. v., Atlantic co., N. Jer. : on Great Egg Harbor bay, 63 m. S. by E. Trenton. It is the port of entry for Great Egg Harbor district ; its tonnage, according to the rturns of 1850, was 14,084 tons, enrolled and licensed, and all engaged in the coasting trade. It has no foreign com merce or ship-building. SOMERSVILLE, p. o., Tolland co., Conn. : 21 m. N. E. Hartford. SOMERSWORTH, t, Strafford co., W. Hamp. : 82 m. E. Concord. Drained by small streams flowing into Salmon Falls r., which bounds it on the N. E. The soil is well adapted to all kinds of grain ; red and yellow ochre, and ron ore are found. This is a large manufacturing town, but he manufactures are principally carried on at the village of Great Falls, at the head of tide-water. (See GREAT FALLS v.) Otis Hill is in this town, from the summit of which the White Mountains can be seen. There are two considerable jonds in the town. Pop. 4,945. SOMERTON, p. T., Belmont co., Ohio: on a branch of Captiva cr., 97 m. E. Columbus. It contains several churcb- s, stores, tobacco factories, etc. It is located in an exten- SOM SOTT eive tobacco region, and large quantities are cultivated in the Immediate vicinity. Pop. 192. SOMERTON, p. o., Philadelphia co,, Penn. : 97 m. E. S. E Harrisburg. SOMERTOX, p. v., Nansemond co., Virg. : on the E. sid of Somerton cr., 80 m. S. E. Richmond. SOMERVILLE, p. v., and cap. Morgan co., Ala. : 5 m. S of the Tennessee river, and 150 N. by W. Montgomery. I contains a court-house, jail, and other public buildings. SOMERVILLE, t. and p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : 3 m. W of Boston. This t. was set off from Charlestown, and incor porated in 1842. It is bounded in part by Mystic r., Miller s creek, and an arm of Charles river. Drained by a smal stream called the Shawshun. Surface elevated and hilly The celebrated hills, called Winter and Prospect, are com prised in this town. The M Lean Asylum for the Insane is located here, and the Milk Row Bleaching Company have their extensive works in this place. The Boston and Maine R. R., and the Fitchburg R. R. pass through the v. 10 m, from Reading, 28 m. from Lowell, and 47 m. from Fitchburg, It is a place of considerable trade. Pop. 3,540. SOMERVILLE, p. v., and cap. Somerset co., N. Jer. : on the N. of Ilaritan river, 28 m. N. by E. Trenton. The New Jersey Central R. R. passes through, 26 m. from Elizabeth- port, and 8S from Easton. It is a neat and well-built place laid out in a fertile and highly cultivated country, and con tains a court-house, jail, an academy, several churches, etc. Copper ore is found about one and a half miles N. of the v. The " Somerset Messenger" (dem.) and the " Somerset Wlrig" (whig) are issued weekly. SOMERVILLE, p. o., St. Lawrence county, N. T. : 153 m. N. "W. Albany. The Rossie iron-works are in the vicinity. SOMERVILLE, p. o., Butler co., Ohio : on a branch of the Miami r., and on the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Eaton R. R., 90 m. W. S. W. Columbus. It contains se*_>ral stores, workshops, etc. SOMERVILLE, p. v., and cap. Fayette co., Tenn. : on the Loosahatchy r., 156 m. S. W. Nashville. It contains a court house, jail, a male and female academy, and a branch of the bank of Tennessee is located here. Somerville College has been chartered here, and a building is erecting. SOMERVILLE, p. v., Fauquier co., Virg. : on the left side of Cannon r., 65 m. N. by W. Richmond. SOMONAUK, p. v., De Kalb county, 111. : on a cr. so called, 137 m. N. E. Springfield. In the vicinity are large groves of excellent timber, such as walnut, sugar tree, elm, aspen, etc. SONOMA county, Calif. Situate W. between the Coast Range and the Pacific Ocean, and contains 1,200 sq. m. Surface mountainous and intersected by fertile valleys. which run in a direction N. and S. and watered by Sonoma, Petaluma, Russian, and other streams. Except Russian r., which flows to the Pacific above Bodega, these empty into Pablo bay. American r. and Pablo bay, makes the S. boundary of the co. The rich valleys of this co., protected from the winds, are the seats of great agricultural operations, and supply to San Francisco a large share of vegetable products found in its markets. In 1852, there were 9,3ST acres of land under cultivation, which produced grain and green crops in abundance. The stock of live animals is comparatively large, and feeds on the native grasses, which are highly nutritious. Value of town lots, $101,552 ; of farming implements, $50,472 ; of merchandise, $29,760 ; and of land, etc., $47,665. There was in the co., 5 threshing machines, 6 blacksmith s shops, a tan-yard, 21 carriages, and 218 wagons. It is not a mining county. Pop. at the date noted 2,337: whites 1,872 males 1,359, and females 513; negroes 5 males 4, and females 1 ; mulattoes 7 males 5, and females 2 ; Indians 276 males 223, and females 153 ; and foreign residents 118 males 85, and females 29. Over 21 years of age citizens of United States 881, negroes 4, mulattoes 7, Indians 13 2, and foreign residents 79. Capital : Sonoma. SOHOMA, p. v., and cap. Sonoma co., Calif. : on the W, side of Sonoma cr., 3 miles distant, and in the valley so called, 3 m. N.W. Yallejo. This is an excellent agricultural place, the land being good, the country healthy, and never very cold in winter snow being seen only in the highest mountains. This part of the country contains the best grazing land, many places being covered with clover and with wild oats. It is the oldest town in the north side of the San Pablo bay, and now has the remains of what was once a flourishing mission. Its importance will depend upon the appropriation of the rich agricultural resources which the valley possesses. There is a fort located here, and it is also a United States military post. The residence of General Vallejo is in the village. Pop. 600. SONOMA, p. v., and cap. Tuolumne county, Calif. : on the head waters of Tuolumne r., 56 m. E. by S. Stockton, and 111 m. Vallejo. It is located in the mountains, and is sur rounded by an excellent agricultural country. There are mines in its vicinity. SOOY S INN, p. o., Burlington co., N. Jer. : a small mill- seat on the left bank of Little Egg Harbor r., 41 m. S. E. Trenton. SOPCHOPPY, p. v., "Wakulla co., Flor. : on the left bank of the Ocklocking r., at the mouth of Seckehooho cr., 31 m. S. S. W. Tallahassee. SORBY, p. o., Wayne co., Tenn. : 79 m. S. W. Nashville. SORRELL HORSE, p. o., Montgomery co., Penn. : 79 m. E. Harrisburg. SOUCHAHATCHEE, p. o., Tallapoosa county, Ala.: 011 the r. so called, branch of the Tallapoosa, 33 m. E. N. E. Montgomery. SOUTH ABINGTON, p. v. and sta., Plymouth co., Mass. : on the Old Colony R. R., 21 m. S. Boston ; and the Bridge- water Br. R. R. verges from here, 7 m. N. E. Abington. SOUTH ACTON, v. and sta., Middlesex co., Mass. : on the Fitchburg R. R., 25 m. N. W. by W. Boston. SOUTH ACWORTH, p. o., Sullivan county, N. Ramp. : on Cold r., 36 m. W. Concord. SOUTH ADAMS, v. and sta., Berkshire co., Mass. : on the Pittsfield and North Adams R. R., 14 m. Pittsfield, and 109 m. N. W. by W. Boston. SOUTH ALABAMA, p. o., Genesee county, N. Y. : 249 m. W. by N. Albany. SOUTH ALBION, p. o., Kennebec co., Me. : 23 m. N. E. Augusta. SOUTH ALBION, p. o., Calhoun co., Midi. : 39 m. S. by W. Lansing. SOUTH ALBION, p. o., Oswego co., N. T. : 134 m. W. N. W. Albany. SOUTH ALDEN, p. o., Erie county, N. Y.: 252 m. W. Albany. SOUTH ALTEN, p. o., Belknap co., N. Hamp. : near the ine of the Cocheco R. R., 21 m. N. E. Concord. SOUTH AMBOY, p. o., Middlesex co., Mass. : 20 m. N. W. Boston. SOUTH AMBOY, t. and sta., Middlesex co., N. Jer. : on S. side of Raritan bay, 28 m. N. E. Trenton. The Camdcn and Amboy R. R. terminates at the mouth of Raritan river, 63 m. from Philadelphia, and is connected by the company s steamboats with New York, 27 m. Here is a good harbor. In the vicinity is a large manufactory of stone-ware from excellent clay, which is here abundant. There are also in ;he t. several stores and mills. SOUTH AMENIA, p. o., Duchess co., 2f. Y. : 64 m. S. by E. Albany. SOUTH AMIIERST, p. o., Hampshire co., Mass. : 74 m. W. Boston. SOUTHAMPTON county, Virg. Situate S. E., and contains 514 sq. m. Drained by Nottaway r. and its branches. Sur- ace level ; soil fertile, adapted to grain and grazing. Chief roducts, Indian corn, cotton, and tobacco. Farms 722; manuf. 6 ; dwell. 1,572, and pop. wh. 5,971, fr. col. 1,795, 1. 5,755 total 13,521. Capital: Jerusalem. 797 sou sou SOUTHAMPTON, t. and p. v., Hampshire co., Mass. : 87 m. W. Boston. Watered by Manham r., which passes twice through the t., flowing S. E. and N. E., and affords good water-power. In the N. part is a lead mine, to which a subterraneous passage 900 feet long has been cut, mostly through solid rock. The t. contains several mills of various kinds, and a tannery. The v. at the centre contains a church, academy, etc. The extension of the New Haven and Northampton K. K. on the line of the old canal, will pass through the t. Pop. of 1. 1,060. SOUTH AMPTON, p. o., Peoria county, III. : 73 m. N. Springfield. SOUTHAMPTON, t. and p. v., Suffolk co., N. Y. : on S. side of E. extremity of Long Island, between Great and Little Peconic bays and the Atlantic Ocean, 142 m. S. S. E. Albany. Surface level ; soil light sandy loam. The v. on the S. shore, contains a church, academy, 3 wind-mills, with several taverns, stores, etc. Sag Harbor, in N. E. corner of the t., is its principal place, besides which are several small settle ments. Pop. of t. 6,501. SOUTHAMPTON, t. and p. o., Somerset co., Penn. : 105 m. "W. S. W. Harrisburg. Drained by Wills cr. and tributaries. Surface mountainous; soil adapted to grain and grazing. It contains several small manufactures. SOUTH ANDOVER, p. o., Oxford co., Me. : 51 m. W. N. "W. Augusta. SOUTH ANNA, p. o., Louisa county, Virg. : 45 m. N. W. Richmond. SOUTH ARGTLE, p. o., Washington county, 2f. Y. : 40 m. N. by E. Albany. SOUTH ASHBURNHAM, v. and sta.. Worcester co., Mass. : at the junction of the Cheshire K. K with the Vermont and Massachusetts R. R.,13 m. W. Fitchburg and 49 m.W. N.W. Boston. SOUTH ASSTEIA, p. o., Barry county, Mich. : 35 m. S. W. Lansing. SOUTH ATTLEBOKOUGH, p. v., Bristol co., Mass. : 34 m. S. S. W. Boston. SOUTH AUBURN, p. o., Susquehanna co., Penn. : 103 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. SOUTH AVON, p. o., Livingston county, 2f. Y. : 214 m. W. by N. Albany. SOUTH BAINBRIDGE, p. v., Chenango co., N. Y. : on both sides of Susquehanna r., 98 m. W. S. W. Albany. It con tains a few stores and mills, and 2 churches. SOUTH BARRE, p. v., Orleans co., N. Y. : 234 m. W. by N. Albany. SOUTH BARRE, p. v., Washington co., Verm. : 8 m. S. S. E. Montpelier. SOUTH BELLINGHAM, p. v., Norfolk county, Mass. : 29 m. S. W. Boston. The Norfolk County R. R. passes near it. SOUTH BEND, p. v., Arkansas county, Ark. : on the right bank of the Arkansas r., 68 m. S. E. Little Rock. SOUTH BEND, p. o., Armstrong county, Penn. 137 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. SOUTH BEND, p. o., Lawrence co., Mo. : 132 m. S. W. Jefferson City. SOUTH BEND, p. v., and cap. St. Joseph co., Ind. : on the south bend of the St. Joseph s r., from which it derives its name, 129 m. N. Indianapolis. Its location is on a high bank. The settlement commenced in 1831, previous to which it had been an Indian trading post. L. M. Taylor and A. Coquillard were among the first settlers. The pub lic buildings consist of a court-house, jail, 4 churches, a county seminary, and a branch of the State bank, all built of brick. There are also 2 mills capable of making 150 bbls. of flour each per day, 1 woolen factory, 1 oil mill that man ufactures 80 gallons a day, establishments for building thresh ing machines, several saw-mills, an edge-tool factory, ma chine shops, an establishment for making pegs, lasts, veneer ing, lath, etc., all propelled by water-power created by a dam in the St. Joseph r. The village is improving rapidly. It is connected with Chicago by the Michigan Southern, and Northern Indiana R. R., distant from Chicago 58 m. E. by 8., which, with its fine situation, excellent water- power, etc., gives assurance that it will soon rank with the largest town in northern Indiana. The " St. Joseph Valley Register" is a weekly (whig) issue. There are in the vil lage over 300 houses and about 1,600 inhabitants. SOUTH BERNE, p. o., Albany co., N. Y. : 21 m. W. by S. Albany. SOUTH BERWICK, t. and p. v., York co., Me. : on the S. E. side of Salmon Falls, 95 m. S. W. Augusta. Drained by a branch of the Piscataqua r., which bounds it on the W. The falls on the river supplies the town with immense hy draulic power, and it has extensive manufactories of cotton and woolen goods, leather, etc. The " Great Works" Man ufacturing Company, located here, was incorporated in 1837. The village is located on the navigable waters of Piscataqua r. It contains a bank, and is a place of consid erable trade. The Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth R. R. passes through, and the Boston and Maine R. R. connects at the village, 13 m. from Portsmouth and 38 m. from Port land. Pop. of t. 2,592. SOUTH BLOOMFIELD, p. v., Pickaway co., Ohio : 1 m. E, of the Scioto r. and on the Ohio Canal, 81 m. N. Portsmouth and 18 m. S. Columbus. SOUTH BLOOMFIELD, p. o., Somerset co., Me. : 30 m. N. Augusta. SOUTHBOROUGH, t, p. v., and sta., Worcester co., Mass. : 27 m. W. by S. Boston. Drained by a branch of Sudbury r. Surface undulating ; soil rich, and well cultivated. It has some light manufactures, but it is chiefly a farming town. The v. is located N. of the Boston and Worcester R. R., on which is the sta., 17 m. E. Worcester. Pop. of 1. 1,347. SOUTH BOSTON, p. o., Ionia co., Mich. : 39 m. W. by N. Lansing. SOUTH BOSTON, p. o., Washington co., Ind. : on a fork of Great Blue r., 80 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. SOUTH BRADFORD, p. v., Merrimac co., N. Hamp. : 20 m, W. Concord. SOUTH BRADFORD, p. o., Orange co., Verm. : 27 m, S. E. Montpelier. SOUTH BRADFORD, p. o., Steuben county, N. Y. : 176 m. W. by S. Albany. SOUTH BRAINTREE, p. v. and sta., Norfolk co., Mass. : at the junction of the Old Colony and Fall River railroads, 42 m. N. by E. Fall River and 11 m. S. Boston. SOUTHBRIDGE, sta., Niagara co., N. Y. : on the Rochester, Lockport, and Niagara Falls R. R., 9 m. N. Buffalo and 276 m. W. by N. Albany. SOUTOBRIDGE, t. and p. v., Worcester co., Mass. : 56 m. S. W. Boston. Drained by the Quinnebaug r. and branches, affording good water-power. Surface uneven and hilly; soil adapted to fruit, grain, etc. It has several manufacto ries of cotton and woolen goods, among which are those of the " Central Manufacturing Company," at which are man ufactured 1,500,000 yards of sheetings per annum. The v. is on the right bank of Quinnebaug r., and contains a bank, several churches, etc. Pop. of t. 2,824. SOUTH BRIDGETON, p. v., Cumberland co., Me.: 56 m. S. W. Augusta. SOUTH BRISTOL, t. and p. v., Ontario co., A^ Y. : on the W. side of Canandaigua lake, 192 m. W. Albany. Drained by small streams flowing into Canandaigua lake. Surface uneven ; soil of moderate fertility. It contains some light manufactures. The v. is on Mud cr. Pop. of t. 1,130. SOUTH BRISTOL, p. o., Racine co., Wise. : 75 m. E. S. E. Madison. SOUTH BRITAIN, p. v., New Haven co., Conn. : on Pom- pesaug river, 36 m. 8. W. Hartford. It is a flourishing and neat place, and contains several manufactories of carpets, hats, etc. SOUTH BROOKFIELD, p. o., Madison co., N. Y. : 84 m. W. Albany. SOUTH BRUNSWICK, t. and p. o., Middlesex co., Jf. Jer.: sou sou 15 miles N. E. Trenton. Millstone river forma the S. W. boundary. Drained by branches of Millstone river and Lawrence s branch of Karitan r. " Sand Hills" are in the N. W. part, otherwise the surface is level ; soil fertile and well cultivated. This is chiefly an agricultural town, and but few manufactures. The Trenton and New Brunswick E. K. passes through the W. part of the town. Population 8,368. SOUTHBURY, t. and p. v., New Haven co., Conn. : on the N. side of the Housatonic river, 37 m. S. W. Hartford. "Water-power is derived from the Pampesaug r., on which are located several mills. Surface uneven ; soil in the up lands warm and productive, and along the river there is some good meadow land. The v. is on Pampesaug river, a fine mill-stream. Tho t. contains some manufactories, and coal has been discovered. Po;t. of t. 1.4St. SOUTH BUTLER, p. o.,Wayne co., N. Y. : 162 m. N.W. by W. Albany. SOUTH BUTLER, p. o., Butler county, Ala. : 49 m. S. S. W. Montgomery. There are springs located in the vicinity. SOUTH BYKON, p. o., Genesee co., N. Y. : 228 m. W. by N. Albany. SOUTH CAIRO, p. o., Greene county, M Y. : 29 m S. by "W. Albany. SOUTH CANAAN, p. o., Essex county, Verm. : 70 m. N. E- Montpelier. SOUTH CANAAN, p. v., Litchfleld co., Conn. : on Hollen- back r., on a tributary of the Housatonic, 85 m. N. W. by W. Hartford. Establishments for the manufacture of anchors, etc., are located on the Hollenback and Housatonic rivers, and there is also a satinet manufact ory in the T. Lime stone is found here, and lime of a superior quality is manu factured and exported. SOUTH CANDOR, p. v. and sta., Tioga co., 2f. Y. : on the Cayuga and Susquehanna E. E., 5 miles N. Oswego, 65 S. E. Cayuga, and 138 S. W. by W. Albany. THE STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. SOUTH CAKOLINA is situate between the latitudes 32 04 and 35 12 north, and between the longitudes 78 25 and 83 19 west from Greenwich, or 1 23 and 6 17 from Washington. Its shape is irregularly triangular. The distance north and south on the meridian of Savannah is 212 miles, and from the head of Tugaloo Kiver, on the west, to the mouth of Little Eiver, on the east, 263 miles. On the south-east the Atlantic forms its boundary for upward of 200 miles; on the south-west, dividing it from Georgia, the Savannah River for 240 miles, or following the windings of the stream, upward of 500 miles ; and the north line, separating it from North Carolina, is an irregular conventional boundary. Included within these limits the land area is estimated at 24.500 square miles. The coast region for 100 miles from the ocean is covered with forests of pitch pine, intersected with swampy tracts, and permeated by sluggish streams. In this respect, it assimilates the whole southern coast region. Beyond this, and parallel to it, is a belt of territory, called the "Middle Country," consisting of low sand hills, resembling the waves of an agitated sea. This tract occasionally presents an oasis of verdure, or a plantation of maize, but otherwise it is forbidding to the agriculturist. The middle country is bounded westward by another belt of land, called the " Kidge," where the country rises by a steep and sudden elevation, and afterward continues gradually to ascend. Beyond, the surface exhibits a beautiful alternation of hill and dale, interspersed with extensive forests, and watered by pleasant streams. There are a few lofty mountains in the western part, belonging to the Blue Eidge. Tablo Mountain, in this chain, rises to the height of 4,000 feet above the level of the sea. King s Mountain, in York District, lies partly in North Carolina, and is an iso lated eminence of considerable elevation. The principal rivers of South Carolina have their sources in the Blue Eidge. The great Pee Dee, which bears the name of Yadkin, in North Carolina, reaches Winy aw Bay, after having received the waters of Lynch s Creek and Black Eiver from the right, and the Little Pee Dee and Waccamaw from the left. It is navigable for steamboats to Cheraw, above which there is a fall of 15 feet in 18 miles. The Santee, the greatest river of the State, is formed by the junction of the Catawba, or Wateree, and the Congaree, and it reaches the sea without receiving any considerable tributary by two mouths. Steamboats ascend it to Camden and Columbia, and by the aid of canals, there is navigation for boats to the mountains. The Congaree is itself formed by the junction of two considerable navigable streams, the Saluda and the Broad rivers. The Edisto, Cambahee, and Coosawatchie, are smaller streams, in the southern part of the State, navigable for some distance by small vessels. Ashley Eiver is navigable by schooners 20 miles, and Cooper s Eiver, which joins it at Charleston, 30 miles to the Santee Canal. Although most of these rivers are navigable, as a general thing the lower parts of their courses are shallow, and obstructed by bars. The harbors of the State are almost valueless, but the coast presents numerous entrances, which are accessible to small vessels, and which afford advantages to an extensive and active coasting trade. The harbor of Charleston is obstructed by a dangerous sand bar, and that of Georgetown will only admit small craft. The harbor of Beaufort, or Port Eoyal, is the best in the State, and is sufficient to receive a navy, but is little frequented. Stone Inlet has nine or ten feet of water, and was used during the blockade of Charleston, in 1775. St Helena Sound is the most spacious opening for a great distance along the coast, but although about 3 miles wide and 10 miles long, it is too much beset by shoals to be of any great commercial value. The southern part of the coast is skirted by a range of islands, separated from the mainland by narrow channels, which afford an inland steamboat navigation from Charleston to Savannah. These islands, like the neighboring continent, are low and flat, but are covered with forests of live oak, pine, and palmettoes, and they yield the black seed, or Sea Island cotton. Before the cultivation of cotton was com menced, many of them were the haunts of alligators, and their thick woods and rank weeds rendered them impenetrable to man. At present they are under cultivation, and well inhabited, and as the voyager glides by their shores, he ia enchanted by the prospect of their lively verdure, interspersed by thick clumps of palmettoes and flowering groves of orange trees. The live oak, which is so called from its being an evergreen, is a noble tree, with a trunk sometimes 12 feet girth its long branches are spread horizontally, and festoons of moss hang from them, almost sweeping the ground. The laurel is here seen covered with large white blossoms, shaped like a lily, and a foot in circumference. The long sand beaches, which border these islands toward the sea, are covered with thousands of water-fowl. The mineral resources of South Carolina are by no means insignificant. The primitive region of the western part of the State belongs to the auriferous belt of the Atlantic slope, and for a number of years past the production of gold has been such as to encourage the miner in continuing his pursuits. In several cases large nuggets of native metal have been dug up, but the largest quantities have been obtained from washings. Iron is also abundant in this region, and in quality the ore is not surpassed. Coal is not found within the State; and the rocks which include the coal formation, between the clay slate and the new red sandstone, are entirely wanting. Regarding the minerals used as building material, Prof. Tuomey says, " it is owing to the difference in the facilities for transportation that the granite, marble, and flagstone of 799 SOUTH CAROLINA. Massachusetts and Connecticut are better known in Charleston and other cities, than those of the State (South Carolina), notwithstanding the abundance and quality of the latter. In choosing building materials, strength and resistance to external agents are among the principal requisites." * * * * " The granite and sienite around Columbia are of this char acter. Among the beautiful granites of the State, the porphyritic granite of Camden and Buffalo Creek, and the red granite near Columbia, are conspicuous. Of the sienites, those found in Abbeville, Fairfield, and Lexington are the most beautiful. The former resembles the Quincy granite, and the latter is remarkable for its white feldspar, contrasting so Btrikingly with the black crystals of hornblende. The white and variegated marble of Spartansburg and Laurens form excellent materials for building and ornamental purposes." * * * * " Gneiss, besides furnishing an excellent building Btone, is often sufficiently slaty in its structure to allow of being split into slabs. A fine quarry of this sort is open at Pickens. In the lower part of York gneiss is found, having a similar structure : it passes into mica slate, which presents every appearance of making an excellent flagging stone." * * * * " The mica slate found in Fairfield is equally prom ising." Soapstone of very fine quality is found at some of the above-named localities ; and porcelain earth abounds through the primary region, wherever the feldspathic granite is found in a state of disintegration. Localities are so well known as " chalk hills," that they need not be enumerated. A long-known locality occurs above Peudleton, and along the base of the mountains in Pickens it is seen in several places ; in Greenville, near where the Pendleton road crosses the Saluda ; and in Abbeville, near the village, a remarkable locality is pointed out. This deposit is the result of the decomposition of eurite. A similar deposit is found near Cherokee Ford, where it is used as a fire clay, and it is seen again on the branches of King s Creek. But the finest exposures of this earth are found in the diluvium. A good mate rial for glazing pottery will be found in the undecomposed feldspar of the granites, where it abounds. Sand of fine quality for the manufacture of glass is also abundant. Eed and yellow ochres abound in Chesterfield District, of very fine quality, yet they seem scarcely to be used even for domestic purposes. There are many localities where the micaceous and talco- micaceous rocks occur, which answer well for whetstone. A noted locality occurs in York, and another in Chesterfield, and in the upper part of Lancaster. Many of the precious stones are also found in various parts of the State. In richness, variety, and abundance, perhaps no part of the habitable globe, of the same territorial extent, exceeds South Carolina in agricultural capabilities. Governor Seabrook says, " Of the four great materials for human clothing, cotton, wool, silk, and flax, her climate and soil are peculiarly adapted to the first three, and in locations to the last. Of the prominent articles of food, she produces rice, wheat, Indian corn, oats, rye, barley, sweet and Irish potatoes, and different varieties of the pea tribe. For the habitation of man, the earth, her quarries, and forests, furnish an inexhaustible supply. Iron, so essential to every class in society, is superior in quality, it has been ascertained, to any found in the country. Gold, not too abundant to divert from other and more profitable pursuits, excites the enterprise, and rewards the labor of a portion of our citizens. In other minerals she is neither deficient in quantity nor value. "While the woods abound in game, including the deer and turkey, the ocean, which laves her southern border, and the numerous streams, both salt and fresh, that penetrate every part of her surface, yield almost every variety of the choicest fish. In relation to medicinal and culinary plants, her catalogue is large. To tobacco, indigo, and hemp, which once were staple com modities, fruits and esculent vegetables that everywhere meet the eye, and other productions that minister to the comfort or necessities of her people, it is needless in this place especially to direct your notice. So remarkable, indeed, is her topographical condition, that wheat and the sugar-cane grow profitably side by side, and the olive and orange ripen under the provident care of the same family of cultivators, who extract the saccharine matter of the maple, but essay in vain to secure the maturity of the native corn of America. Wheat is cultivated as low as 32 30 , and from bleak, cold winds, the northern side of the Glassy Mountains will not produce maize. To comprehend this subject in all its relations a more detailed examination is necessary. " South Carolina is most favorably situated, not only with regard to the States of the Union, but to the other portions of the globe. Midway between the frozen regions of the north, and the burning heats of the tropics, in her climate, seasons, and productions, it has been fully represented that she enjoys most of the advantages of all. If we except tropical fruits, to which frost is fatal, her capacity successfully to rear all the grains, fruits, and esculent roots, which enrich more southern countries, is nearly certain. Her latitude for cotton enjoys an extraordinary advantage. Much farther south, the forcing nature of a vertical sun develops the plant too rapidly, thereby running it into weed and foliage ; it is from the same cause most exposed to the ravages of the caterpillar and other insects. Farther north, the season is too short to mature an abundant crop of bolls, while the staple degenerates, and becomes less valuable. From the Sea Island the best cotton known to commerce is exported. So circumscribed are the lands in which it can be grown, that a half degree (32 10 to 820 40 north latitudes) of the sea-coast of North America seems to be the precise point where the length, strength, and firmness of the fibre are most happily blended. In reference to rice, our State enjoys almost a monopoly. South Carolina includes an area of 30,213 square miles, or 19,435,680 acres (according to the last census 24,500 square miles, or 15,680,000 acres). Of this area there is as little land in one body, the highest authorities assure us, unsusceptible of remunerating culture as the United States can furnish. Undistinguished by mountains with their agricultural disadvantages, it is worthy of remark that the spurs that make out from the great range which separates the waters falling into the Atlantic Ocean, and into the Gulf of Mexico, are capable of profitable tillage to their very summits. " As a difference of 12 degrees of latitudes exists between the western and eastern hemispheres, the countries of the latter, which are subject to the same atmospherical influences with South Carolina, comprise the most delightful and fruit- bearing portions of France, Italy, Turkey in Europe, Eussia, Tartary, and China. " Between the primitive and alluvial formation the State is nearly equally divided. The soils, though of every kind, may be said to comprehend six varieties, each the best suited to a certain crop, yet all of them capable of advantageously producing three-fourths of the vegetable products grown in its limits. While local differences are everywhere observable, the surface and soil cf the upper districts present a great similarity ; and this is equally true of the lower districts. In the former the lands are broken and hilly, in the latter level oak is the natural growth of the one, pine of the other. Clay is the soil of much the largest portion of the State, and, except in the immediate vicinity of the ocean, is almost the universal substratum. A close, stiff land predominates generally in the parishes south-east, and an open sand on the sea islands. The highlands of the country above the falls of the rivers are naturally much superior to those of the pine-covered region, but the alluvial bottoms of the former are greatly surpassed in richness by the river swamps of the latter. In its capacity for permanent improvement, the granite half of the State has been more highly favored by nature than the alluvial. This is mainly ascribable to the open texture permeable to water of its clayey subsoil, and the potash in the soil and sub soil, formed by the decomposition of the feldspar and mica of the granite. In a few localities, however, the depth of the substratum and its proximity to the surface offer serious obstacles to its higher productions. These, among other causes, 800 SOUTH CAROLINA. seem yet to be operating against the cultivation of perhaps the greater part of those peculiar soils known as the Flat Woods of Abbeville ; those in the neighborhood of Dutchman s and Wateree creeks, in Fairfleld, and the Black Jack lands of Chester. Deriving their fertility from the horneblende disintegrated rocks which lie below the close clay subsoil, it would appear that steady industry, incited and directed by ordinary skill, was alone wanting to preserve and perpetuate the uncommon productiveness which, in spite of long-continued and improvident tillage, still distinguishes these remark able tracts of land. In reference to the soils of the primitive country, to one more peculiarly only shall I now advert. "When the rocks lie horizontally, it is known that the soils derived from clay slates frequently suffer from the impenetrable nature of the subsoil and the position of the underlying rocks. In the regions to which they are confined in this State, they are all highly inclined, presenting their edges to the surface, and allowing the water to percolate through the strnta. " The swamps, covering 2,000 square miles of land of inexhaustible fertility, are capable of thorough and economical drainage and conversion into active and available capital. The pine lands, embracing 6,000,000 of acres, constitute the most neglected portion of the State, while in some quarters they are erroneously regarded as valuable only for the abun dance and quality of their timber, in others the belief is equally unsound, that their productive capacity is limited to plants which nourish only in a thin and feeble soil. That in all its relations it is a district of country of immeasurable Talue to our community, will hereafter be attempted to be shown. " South Carolina is most bountifully supplied with water. The base of her triangular form is washed by the ocean, and one of her lateral sides rests on a river accessible to vessels more than one-half its length, and small boats 100 miles beyond. Many bold and navigable streams, with numerous tributaries crossing through her territory in every direction, disembogue into the Atlantic at distances from each other, most suitable for the purpose of intercommunication and traffic. Before reaching the point where all traces of their distinctive character are lost forever, by united contributions they form a bold channel between the mainland and the sea islands the entire width of the State. Apart from the creeks and inlets of the sea, there is now an inland navigation equal to about 2,400 miles. Greenville is the only division of our domain without the benefit of navigation. In all the districts, however, water-courses abound which afford remarkably eligible sites for mills. The rocks cross the streams nearly at right angles, and hence form a series of natural dams across their beds, and make falls that vary from five to eighty feet in comparatively short distances. In perhaps no equal extent of territory are there so many advantages of this sort presented. In connection with this subject, it is proper to add that the metropolis of the State (Charleston) is only seven miles from the ocean ; that its harbor is spacious, well protected from storms, and at all times accessible. " Surprising to many as may be the declaration, South Carolina, in reference to her whole population, is a very healthy country, and by no means a sickly one with regard to her white inhabitants. If the alluvial region and a few of the middle districts are subject to fevers in summer, the whole State in winter is comparatively exempt from the diseases to which more northern climates are peculiarly liable. The assertion, too, is with entire confidence made, that even during the hot months, in perhaps one-half of her limits, foreigners may reside, not only with impunity, but with renovated constitutions. In the neighborhood of every locality in which mephitic exhalations show the fatality of their power, there are sites for settlements where vigorous health, under the ordinary safeguards, is always secured. The entire sand hill country and pine lands generally, as well as our towns and villages, furnish the most signal evidence of the salubrity of their atmos pheric influence. It may here be appropriately observed, that while from causes, several of which are among the arcana of nature, the lower division is becoming gradually but steadily healthier, a portion of the middle zone is decidedly more liable lo maladies of a fatal character. If a better system of drainnge and other improvements in the cultivation of the ground do not satisfactorily account for the one, certain agricultural features are perhaps sufficient to explain the other. For the diseases which occasionally clothe, in the habiliments of mourning, the people of Abbeville, Union, Chester, and York, it is supposed that the planters of those districts are competent to the diminution of the sources whence they spring. It is not unworthy of especial remark, that the atmosphere of the swamps and marshes, so poisonous to the white man, is at all times innocuous to his slave. If it were not for this merciful provision of an All Wise Being, the alluvial region of South Carolina in the immediate vicinity of its water-courses would soon become a dreary waste, and tenanted only by the beasts of the forest. Of the cities of the Union, Charleston, and it may be added Columbia, show a lower mortality among their acclimated inhabitants than any others. With regard to the former, the number of deaths from all fevera (the epidemic of the State), except from yellow fever, for the last 18 years, is G56, and in any one year 81 in a population of between 30,000 and 40,000. From yellow fever, which has prevailed as an epidemic but twice in 22 years, for the same period, the aggregate number of deaths is 646. The average mortality for the last 6 years, all classes included, is 1 in 51 ; blacks alone 1 in 44, and whites alone 1 in 58. "The natural means of resuscitating the soil are abundant and widely diffused. A Inrge portion of the lower country shows exhaustless beds of the richest marl. Limestone, though obtainable only in York, Spartansburg, Laurens, and Pickens, exists in such quantities in the first two districts, that by railroad communication the entire primitive region will, at no distant day, be furnished with this earth, so essential to the nutrition and development of plants. While the sea shore parishes possess unfailing supplies of salt mud, salt grass, and shell lime, two-thirds of the State are most amply furnished with swamp mud and peat. " Of minerals and the primitive rocks, the number of the former is 28, and of the latter more. (See account of minerals, antea.) " The botany of the State consists of about 8,000 species of plants of these 2,000 are flowering, and 1,000 unprovided with flowers, as parts of their organs of fructification. In relation to the former, about 65 are naturalized that is, foreign plants introduced, and now growing wild. There are about 150 grasses, of which 15 are native; 30 species of esculents (for man), of which three or four are naturalized, and about 70 more used in medicine, agriculture, and the arts, of which five or six are naturalized. "As a member of the Union, South Carolina in population occupies the eleventh rank (according to the census of 1850, tJie fourteenth), in territorial extent the twenty-second (since the admission of California, the twenty-third); in the value of her agricultural exports, \h?,Jifth; in the value of the goods, wares, and merchandise, of the growth, produce, and manufacture of the United States, the thirteenth. The very large contribution of this State to the national wealth, which is determined by the amount of her domestic exports, and not her imports, comes, too, from a limited part of her soil. The estimated number of acres in cultivation in 1S20, was 1,221,000 ; at present it does not exceed 2,000,000 (in 1850, according to the census 4,072,651), or about one-tenth, (one-fourth) of her arable lands." E 5 cn-i SOUTH CAROLINA. South Carolina is divided iiito 29 districts, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows: Farms in cult. Counties. Abbeville.. Anderson . Barnwell . . Beaufort . . . Charleston , Chester . . . Dwell. Pop. . . 3,391 . . 82,318 . . 2,440 . . 21,475 . . 2,460 . . 26,608 . . . . 1,385 . . 38,805 . . 5,213 . . 72,805 . . 1,541 . . 18,038 . , Chesterfield.. 1,263 ..10,790 . Colleton 1,515 .. 39,505 . Darlington.. . 1,313 . . 16,830 . Edgefleld . . . 3,019 . . 39,2C2 . Fairfield 1,282 .. 2.1,404 .. Georgetown . 575 .. 20,647 . Greenville. . . 2,351 . . 20,156 . Horry 980.. 7,646. Kershaw .... 928 .. 14,473 . Manuf. Estab. Capitals, Counties. Dwell. Pop. Farms in cult Manuf. Estab. Capitals. .156.. Abbeville Lancaster.... 1,096 . . 10,988 . . 580 .. 20.. Lancaster .66.. Anderson Laurens 2,132 . . 23,407 . . 1,603 . . 141 . . Laurens 85.. Barnwell Lexington . . . 1,812 . . 12,930 . 837 . . 40 .. Lexington . 18.. Gillisonville Marion 1,856 . - 17,407 . 1,374 .. 0.. Marion 76.. Charleston Marlborough. 929 . . 10,789 . 621 .. 23.. Bennettsville 50.. Chester Newberry . . . 1,494 . . 20,143 . 1,045 . . 39 .. Newberry 32.. Chesterfield Orangeburg. . 1,518 . . 23,582 . 1,206 . . 41 .. Orangeburg 10.. Walterboro Pickens 2,232 . . 16,904 . 1,231 . . 23 .. Pickens 26.. Darlingtou Eichland.... 1.583 . . 20,343 . 543 . . 87 .. Columbia 197.. Edgefleld Spartansburg 3,185 . . 26,400 . 1,555 .. 34.. Spartansburg 36.. Winnsboro Sumter 1,908 . . 83.220 . 1,343 . . 82 .. Sumter 6 .. Georgetown Union 1,734 . . 19,852 . . 869 .. 72.. Unionville . 55.. Greenville Williamsburg 717 . . 12,447 . 454 .. 0.. Kingstree 7.. Conwaysboro York 2,190 . . 19,433 . 1,252 .. 30.. Yorkville 21 .. Camden . 1,814 . , , 1,936 . 1,558 . . . 842., . 682 ., 844.. . 548., 888 . . 857 . , 2,030 . . 675.. 550.. , 1,063 . , 731.. , 383.. The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 52,642 ; of families, 52,937 ; and of inhabitants, 663,507; viz., whites 274,623 males 137,773, and females 136,850; fr. col. 8,900 males 4,110, and females 4,790, and el 884,934. Of the whole population there were, deaf and dumbvfh. 129, fr. col. 1, si. 15 total 145 ; blind wh. 152, fr. col. 14, si. 56 total 222; insane wh. 192, fr. col. 3, si. 9 total 204; and idiotic wh. 242, fr. col. 3, si. 50 total 295. The number of free persons born in the United States was 274,813, the number of foreign birth 8,662, and of birth un known 48. The native population originated as follows : Maine 68, N. Hamp. 39, Verm. 37, Mass. 407, K. I. 97, Conn. 228, N. York 884, N. Jer. 182, Penn. 862, Del. 14, Md. 320, Dist. of CoL 30, Virg. 1,621. N. Car. 6,173, South, Carolina 262,160, Ga. 1,504, Flor. 55, Ala. 225, Miss. 60, La. 30, Tex. 1, Ark. 9, Tenn. 188, Ky. 73, Ohio 23, Mich. 2, Ind. 11, 111. 6, Mo. 8, la. 0, "Wise. 0, Calif. 1, Territories 0; and the foreign population was composed of persons from England 921, Ireland 4,051, Scotland 651, Wales 10, Germany 2,130, France 274, Spain 30, Portugal 14, Belgium 0, Holland 9, Turkey 0, Italy 59, Austria 11, Switzerland IS, Russia 19, Denmark 24, Norway 7, Sweden 29, Prussia 44, Sardinia 0, Greece 1, China 1, Asia 4, Africa 9, British America 57, Mexico 4, Central America 0, South America 8, West Indies 177, Sandwich Islands 0, and other countries 50. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State, taken by the United States authorities : Census Years. 1790. White Persons. ....140,173., 1800 196,255. 1810 214,196. 1820 237.540., 1830 257,863.. 1840 259,089., 1850 274,623., Colored Persons. Free. Slave. Total. ..1,801. 107,094.... ....108,895. ..3,185. 146,151.... ....149,336. ..4,554. 196,365.... ....200,919. ..6,726. 258,475.... ....265,201. ..7,921. 315,401.... ....323.322. ..8,271. 317,038.... ....325,309. ..8,900. 384,934.... ....393,834. Total Population. ...249,073... ...345.5&1... ...415,115... ..502,741... ...5S1.1S5... ..594,393... ...663,507.. Decennial Increase. Numerical. ...96,518.. ...69.524.. ...87,626.. ...78,444.. ...13,213.. ...74,109.. Per cent. 83.T 20.1 21.1 15.6 2.3 ....12.8 The general statistics of the State regarding its productions, manufactures, commerce, and institutions, according to the census of 1850, and other official returns for that year, were as follows : Occupied Lands, etc. Improved farm lands, 4,072,651 acres, and unimproved lands, 12,145,049 acres valued together at $32,431.684. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 30th June, 1850, was 29,969. Yalue of farming imple ments and machinery, $4,136.354. Live-Stock. The number of live-stock or domestic animals for the two periods 1840 and 1850, according to the census of those years, was comparatively : Description. 1840. 5 one8 -V; [129,921 head \ Mules and Asses ) ( Milch Cows \ Working Oxen [-572,608 Other Cattle J Sheep 232,931 Swine 878,532 the value of all live-stock in 1850, was $15,060,015. Product* of Animals. Wool, 487,233 pounds ; butter, 2,931,350 pounds ; cheese, 4,970 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered in the year had been $1,302,637. The wool crop according to the census of 1340 amounted to 299,170 pounds ; and hence the increase exhibited in 1350, was 183,063 pounds, or 62.8 per cent. The product per fleece in 1840, was 20.1 ounces, and in 1350, 27.3 ounces, showing an increase of 7.2 ounces, or 35.8 per cent Grain Oops. Wheat, 1,066,277 bushels; rye, 43,790 bushels; Indian corn, 16,271,454 bushels; oats, 2,322.155 bushels; barley, 4,533 bushels ; and buckwheat, 233 bushels. Comparing the above with the products according to the census of 1340, the following results are obtained: Crops. 1840, 1850. Movement. Wheat 963,354 bushels 1,066.277 bushels incr. 97,923 bushels, or 10.1 per cent. Eye 44,738 " 43,790 " deer. 3,049 " or 2.1 Indian corn 14,722,805 16,561,454 " incr. 1,448,649 " or 9.9 Oats 1,486,208 " 2,322,155 " incr. 845,947 " or 56.9 Barley 3,967 4,583 " incr. 616 " or 15.5 Buckwheat 72 " 283 " . . incr. 211 " or 273.0 " Increase. 4,733 head, or 3.6 per cent. or 35.8 " 52.570 " or 22.6 186,971 " or 21.3 SOUTH CAROLINA. Other Food Crops. Rice, 159,930,613 pounds ; peas and beans, 1,026,900 bushels ; potatoes Irish, 136,494 bushels, and sweet. 4,337,469 bushels. The rice crop of 1540 was 60,590,861 pounds, and the increase in 1850 was 99,339,752 pounds, or 163.9 per cent. About three-fourths of the whole rice crop grown in the United States is produced in South Carolina, the proportions being as 1.599 to 2.153. The crop of potatoes in 1840, amounted to 2,698,313 bushels, and hence the increase over this in 1850 was 1,775,650 bushels, or 66.6 per cent. Miscellaneous crops. Tobacco, 74,285 pounds ; cotton, 330,991 bales of 400 pounds ; hay, 20,925 tons ; clover-seed, 376 bushels; other grass seed, 30 bushels; hops, 26 pounds ; flax, 333 pounds ; flax-seed, 55 bushels ; silk cocoons, 123 pounds; sugar maple 200 pounds, and cane, 671 hogsheads of 1,000 pounds ; molasses, 15,904 gallons ; beeswax and honey, 216.2S1 pounds; wine, 5,880 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products $35,103, and of market-garden products $47,286. The prin cipal of these crops in 1840 and 1850 compare as follows : Crops. 18-10, 1850. Moremeut. Tobacco 51,519 pounds 74,285 pounds increase 23,776 pounds, or 46.1 per cent. Cotton 61,710,274 " 132,396,400 " " 70,686,126 " or 114.8 " Hay 24.618 tons 20,925 tons decrease 3,693 tons or 15.0 " Sugar; 80,000 pounds 671,200 pounds increase 641.200 pounds, or 2,237.3 " Wine 643 gallons 5,880 gallons " 5,137 gallons, or 798.9 " Silk cocoons, 2,080 pounds 123 pounds decrease 1,957 pounds, or 90.7 " Home-made Manufactures were produced in the year ending 1st June, 1850, to the value of $909,525. The same class of goods for the year preceding the census of 1840, were valued at $930,703. Manufactures. Total capital invested, $0,000,000; value of all raw material, fuel, etc. consumed, $0,000,000; hands employed 00,000 males 0,000, and females 0,000 ; monthly cost of labor $000,000 male $000,000, and female $00,000 ; value of products for the year, $0,000,000. The number of manufacturing establishments in operation and producing to the annual value of $500 and upward on the 30th June, 1850, was 1,473, distributed to the counties according to the ex hibit of the general table. Of this number 18 were cotton factories, 91 tanneries, and 6 iron works. The total capital in vested in manufactures in 1840, amounted to $3,216,970. Capital invested in cotton manufactures, $857,200; cotton used, 9,929 bales; value of all raw material, $295,971; hands employed, 919 males 399, and females 620 ; monthly cost of labor, $10,716 male $5.565, and female $5,151 ; annual pro ductssheeting, etc. 6,563,737 yards, and yarn 1,348,343 pounds ; value of entire products, $749,333. In 1840, there were in the State 15 cotton factories capital $617,450 ; hands, 570 ; value of manufactures, $359,000. Capital invested in tanneries, $184,335; value of hides and skins used, $131,679; hands employed, 264; monthly cost of labor, $3,667 ; products of the year, 13,830 skins, and 110,000 sides of leather, valued together at $261,332. In 1840, the capital invested in 97 tanneries was $212,020 ; hands 281, and products 63,081 sides of upper leather, and 89,586 sides of sole leather. The iron manufacture of South Carolina is confined to the manufacture of castings. In 1850 there were 6 establish ments in operation, having an aggregate capital of $185.700. The material used in these was 169 tons of pig iron, 2,800 tons ore, and 405,560 bushels of charcoal and coke, valued as raw material at $29,128. Hands employed 155 males 153, and females 2; average wages per month to males $13 59, and to females $4; castings manufactured, 1,286 tons; total value of annual products, $87,683. In 1840 there were in the State 4 furnaces, producing 1,250 tons, and 9 bloomeries, forges, and rolling-mills, producing 1,165 tons ; fuel consumed, 6,334 tons; hands, 243 ; and capital invested, $133,300. In the manufacture of malt and spiHtous liquors, the capital invested amounted to $3,475; Indian corn consumed, 18,100 bushels; hands employed, 33; whisky and high wines produced, 43.900 gallons. la 1840, 251 distilleries em ployed 219 men, and produced 102,238 gallons ; and the capital invested amounted to $14,342. The manufacturing establishments making up the whole number as ascertained, otherwise than those detailed above, consist chiefly of such as are usual in an agricultural State, as carriages, saddlery, etc., and the mills of various descrip tions found in all parts of the country. At least one-half the whole capital is employed in these multifarious interests. Foreign commerce. The value of the foreign import and export trade in the year ending 30th June, 1850, was as fol lows of exports $11,448,800, and of imports $1,933,785. Of the exports, $11,446,892 was the value of domestic products- carried in American ships $6,467,201, and in foreign $4,979,691 ; and $908 was the value of foreign goods re-exported ; and ofthe imports $1,313,658 was the value of goods carried in American, and $620,127 that of goods carried in foreign ships. The statistics of the shipping employed in this branch of industry in the year aforesaid, exhibit the annexed aggregates. Entered. Cleared. Total. Nationality , , , , , > ofShipping. Vessels. Tons. Crews, Vessels. Tons. Crews. Vessels. Tons. Crews. American 163 52.711 2.206 205 72,222 2,781 ....:.. 363 124,933 4,987 Foreign 142 44,205 1,947 170 52,830 2,235 312 97,035 4,182 Total 305 96.916 4,153 375 .... 125.052 5,016 680 221,968 9,169 Districts. Charleston 303 96,619 4,139 351 .... 121,367 4,859 424 217,986 8,998 Georgetown 2 297 14 24 ... 3,685 157 26 8,932 171 Coasting Trade, Internal Improvements, etc. The great bulk of the commercial material of South Carolina and the States westward using its ports, is carried to New York for a market and for exportation, and in like manner these States are supplied with foreign goods from the same mart. This arrangement creates an immense coasting trade, which in South Carolina chiefly centres at Charleston. (See CHARLESTON.) With Georgia, Florida, and the Gulf ports a large trade is kept up, and regular lines of steamers and coasting vessels ply between the ports. Navigation on the rivers is also carried on to a great extent, and the heavy products of the interior are mostly brought down to the sea-board through this means. The Santee and other canals in this State are little used as channels of commerce, but are of local utility. The lines of railroad terminating at Charleston also greatly facilitate internal commerce. These railroads, indeed, are to Charleston what the Erie, Central, and other roads in New York are to the sea-board in that quarter, and have done more than all the natural facilities enjoyed by the country to swell the volume of its industry and wealth. These are noticed at length in the APPKNDIX. Except Georgia, no other Southern State has in operation such a successful system of railroads, and it was in South Carolina that the American railroad system was first tested as an agent in commercial movements. SOUTH CAROLINA. The total amount of shipping owned in the State was 36,072 tons, of which 17,126 tons was registered shipping, 18,926 tons enrolled and licensed, and 69 tons licensed (under 20 tons). Of the registered tonnage 1,116 tons was navigated by steam, and of the enrolled and licensed shipping 6,339 tons. No shipping had been built during the year. The statistics of the value of the foreign commerce for a series of years exhibit the following movements : Year. Exports. o G93 9 68 Imports. 1792 2,428,250 1793 3,191,867 _ 1794 3,867,908 5 993 492 7 620 049 6 505 118 fi QQ4. 1 7Q 1700 8 729 015 1 fifi^ ^1 ft 1801 14,304,045 10 639 365 1S03 7,811,108 7 451 616 1805 9 066 625 1806 9 743 782 1Q07 10 912 564 1 664 -115 1QOQ 3 247 341 1810 5,290,614 Year. 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 Exports. $4,861,279 2.030,195 2,968,484 737,899 6,675,129 10,849,409 1817 10,372,613 ISIS 1819 1820 1821 1822 1S23 1824 1S25 11,440,962 8,250,790 8.882,940 7,200,511 7,260,820 6,893,814 8,034,082 1,056,742 1826 1827 1S2S 1S29 1830 . . . 7,554,036 8,322,561 6,550,712 8,175,586 7.627.031 . . Imports. 1 Year. 1831 1832 Exports. $6,575,201 7,752,781 8,434,325 11,119,565 11,338,016 13,684,376 11,220,161 11,042,070 10,357,426 10,036,769 8,043,234 7,525,723 7,760,309 Imports. $1,233.163 1,213.725 1,517,705 1,787,267 1,891,805 2,801,361 2,510.860 2,318,791 3,036,077 2,053,870 1,557,431 1,359,465 . . 1 294 709 1833 1835 1836 1837 1833 1839 1840 1341 1842 1843 3,007,113 2 ; 2S3,5S6 2,419,101 2,166,185 1,584,498 1,434,106 1,242,048 1,139,618 1,054,619 1844 1845 1846 1847 1S43 1849 1850 7,433,282 8,890,648 6,848,477 10,431,517 8,081,917 9,701,176 .11,447,800 1,131,515 1,143,153 902,536 1,580,653 1,485,299 1,475.695 1,933,785 Banks, etc. On the 1st January, 1850, there were 12 banks and 2 branch banks in the State, the condition of which at that date was as follows: liabilities capital, $13,139,571 ; circulation, $8,741,765 ; deposits, $3.322,132 ; due other banks, $2,047,777; and other liabilities, $642,231; and assets loans and discounts, $20,601,137; stocks, $1,849.463; real estate, $377,571 ; other investments, $348,530 ; due by other banks, $2,850,942 ; notes of other banks, $715,093 ; specie funds, $239,278; and specie, $1,711,902. Government, etc. The first constitution of South Carolina was framed in 1775. The constitution adopted in 1790 is the basis of the government as at present administered. Every free white citizen of the State, 21 years of age, resident in the State two years, and owning a freehold of fifty acres, or a town lot, six months before the election, may vote wherever he so resides or holds such property. The general election is held on the second Monday of October annually. The Legislature consists of a House of Eepresentatives and a Senate. Eepresentatives, 124 in number, are chosen for two years on a mixed basis of population and taxation, and must be free white men, 21 years old, citizens and residents of the State for three years, and if resident in their election district, seized of a freehold estate of 500 acres and ten negroes, or of unencumbered real estate worth 150, and if non-residents, of an unencumbered freehold worth 5UO. Senators, 45 in number, shall be free white men, 30 years old, citizens and residents of the State for five years next before the election ; if residents of their districts, shall own a freehold of the clear value of 300 ; if non-residents, of the clear value of 1.000 ; and shall be chosen for four years, one-half the number of senators every two years. The legislature assembles at Columbia annually on the fourth Monday in November. The Governor and Lieutenant-governor shall be 30 years of age, residents and citizens of the State for ten years, and owners of a settled estate within the State of the clear value of 1,500 each ; and shall be chosen by joint ballot of both houses of the Legislature for two years, and shall be ineligible during the succeeding four years. If the office of governor be vacant, it shall be filled by the lieutenant-governor, and after him by the president of the senate, until it is filled by the General Assembly. The administrative officers of the State are, the Secretary of State, the Comptroller-general, two treasurers, the sur veyor-general, attorney-general, and the President of the Bank of the State of South Carolina. The judiciary consists of a Law Court of Appeals, and an Equity Court of Appeals, Courts for the Correction of Errors, Courts of Common Pleas and General Sessions, etc. The Law Court of Appeals, consisting of all the law judges, for hearing appeals from the Courts of Law, and the Equity Court of Appeals, consisting of all the chancellors, for hearing appeals from the Courts of Equity, are held in the capital, in May and November, and at Charleston, for the determining of facts from the districts of Georgetown, Horry, Beaufort, Colleton, and Charleston, in the month of January. Courts for tJie Correction of Errors, consisting of all the judges in law and equity, to try constitutional questions, or questions where the law and equity courts are divided, and which are referred thereto by either of the courts, are held at such times, during the sitting of the Court of Appeals, as the chancellors and judges may appoint. Courts of Common Pleas and General Sessions have original jurisdiction in all civil cases where legal rights are involved (except in matters of contract, where the account is $20 or under), and in all criminal cases affecting free white men ; and appellate jurisdiction in all appeals from the magistrates courts, and in appeals from the Court of Ordinary in all cases except in matters of account They are held in each and every district of the State twice in each year. Courts of Equity take cognizance of all matters in equity, as contra-distinguished from law, and a term is held annually in each district, except in that of Charleston, in which two are held. The City Court of Charleston is an inferior court of both civil and criminal jurisdiction, and is presided over by a Eecorder. An Ordinary s Covirt is established in each district. The principal duties of the Ordinary is to grant letters of administration, probate of wills, examining executors and administrators accounts, etc., and his office is the proper depository of wills and other papers relative to the administration of estates. Appeal lies from this court in matters of account to the Court of Equity, and in all other cases to the Common Pleas. Magistrates Courts have exclusive jurisdiction in matters of contract and under $20. Courts of Magistrates and Freeholders are established for the trial of slaves and free people of color for criminal offenses. The judges and chancellors are elected by joint ballot of the Legislature, and hold office during good behavior. Sheriffs hold office for four years, and are ineligible for the succeeding four years. 804 SOUTH CAROLINA. Amendments to the constitution, if proposed by two-thirds of the members of each house of the Legislature, must be published three months before the next election of representatives, and if agreed to by a vote of two-thirds of the members, at the next session, shall be adopted. No convention of the people shall be called unless by a vote of two-thirds of both houses. Federal Representation. South Carolina, in accordance with the law of 23d May, 1S50, is entitled to jive representatives in Congress. This State is the only one of the Union in which Presidential electors are chosen by the Legislature. The militia force of the State, as reported by the Adjutant-general of the United States, in 1850. consisted of 55,209 men of all arms, of which 2,591 were commissioned officers, and 52,618 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 19 were general officers, 96 general staff-officers, 452 field-officers, and 2,024 company-officers. The Governor is ex-oflicio Commander-in-chief in and over the State of South Carolina. Public Finances, Debt, etc. The -whole amount of moneys received into the treasury, during the year ending 30th September, 1850, was from taxation $313,381 55, and from other sources $286,911 22 ; total $600,292 S7 ; and the whole amount expended was $540,864 42 ; leaving in the treasury $69,423 45. The debt of the State, according to the report of the Legislature, in 1850, is as follows : 5 per cents, issued for the capital of the Railroad Bank, $46,714 34; Randolph Stock, $1,250 ; Revolutionary debt, $T8,S10 60; 6 per cents, due 1850, $3,726 84; 6 per cents, due 1852, $175,426 55; 5 per cents. Fire Loan Foreign Debt due 1858, $471,111 12 ; 5 per cents, do. due 1 86S, $482,222 21; 5 per cents, domestic debt due I860, $482,222 23; 5 per cents, do. due 1870, $325,808 92 total debt, $2,061.292 81. Since the adjournment of the previous Legislature $193,437 30 of the domestic, and $23,250 80 of the foreign debt had been cancelled by the bank, besides $8,750 of the Randolph Stock paid by the treasury. The net profits of the State Bank, for the past year, including $95,000 as arrears derived from business of former years, were $304,825 59. From this amount there has been transferred to the Sinking Fund $243,158 91, and been paid $73,453 11 for interest on the debt in Europe, and the balance that the bank was in advance for interest and expenses; also the interest on the 6 per cents, (fire loans), amounting to $48.179 99. The aggregate funds of the bank, on the 1st October, were $6,353,660 06, and the total liabilities $2,770,934 86, leaving as surplus the sum of $3,582,725 20. The property of the State consists of bank capital $2,933,611 10, sinking fund $653,022 72, and balance due treasurers of State Bank $101,071 15; debt of railroad and canal companies, $523.396 69; shares in South Carolina Railroad Com pany and South-Western Railroad Bank, $800,000 ; and sundries, $9,415 61 total $5.020,517 32. The State is possessed of several highly creditable charitable institutions, of which the Lunatic Asylum and the Deaf and Dumb Asylum are the principal. The State Lunatic Asylum is located at Columbia. On the 5th November, 1850, it had 121 inmates ; during the ensuing year 55 others were received, and 49 were discharged 22 cured, 18 improved, and 9 died, leaving in the institution at the end of the year 127. Receipts during the year $26,501 43, and expenditures $123,702 54. The Asylum for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb is situate at Cold Spring, and was instituted in 1849. In November, 1851. it had 27 pupils. Education. The number of public schools in this State, in 1849, was 1,023. the number of teachers 1,019, and the number of scholars 9,122. These schools are under the superintendence of Commissioners appointed by the Legislature. In 1848, the amount expended from the public funds, on account of public education, was $40.561 53. Throughout the State there are grammar schools, academies, and private establishments, at .one class of which, in preference to the public schools of the State, the great majority of young people are educated. The State also supports several military institutes, the curriculum of instruction at which is based on that of the West Point Academy. The principal colleges, theological seminaries, and medical schools in the State, and the statistics of each, are as follows : Names. Charleston College Location. Charleston Founded. . . 1735 . . 1304 .... . . 1831 Professors. .... 8 .... .... 6 Students. 70 . ... 195 32 Alumni, Vols. in libr. . . . 124 2.000 . . . 17,000 142 4 600 South Carolina College , Southern Theological Seminary (Pre Furman Theol. Seminary (Bapt,). ., Theological Seminary (Lutheran) . . Med. Coll. of State of S. Carolina. . , . . Columbia s.). do ...Fairfield District... . . 1826 .... 2 ... 30 30 1 000 ...Lexington .. 1835 2 10 20 1 800 ...Charleston .. . . 1833 . . .. 8 ... .. 158 ... Public Libraries. According to the report of the Librarian of the Smithsonian Institute, in 1851, there were in the State the following libraries : 2 social 28,500 volumes ; 2 college 19,000 volumes ; 4 students 1.900 volumes ; 5 academic and professional 10,264 volumes ; 1 public school 250 volumes. Total 14 libraries, and 59,914 volumes. Periodical Press. The whole number of periodicals and newspapers published in the State on the 1st June, 1850, was 47, of which number 7 were published daily, 4 tri-weekly, 2 semi-weekly, 25 weekly, 5 monthly, and 1 quarterly. Of the whole. 22 were democratic in politics, and 25 whig, or neutral, or devoted to religion, literature, etc. Of the dailies, the aggregate circulation was 20,700 copies at each issue ; of the tri-weeklies, ; of the senli-weeklies, 925 ; of the weeklies, 25,990 ; of the monthlies, 5,700 ; and of the quarterly, 1,600 copies. The number and character of periodicals in each dis trict, was as follows : Abbeville, 2 w. ; Anderson, 2 w. and 1 m. ; Beaufort, 1 w. ; Charleston, 4 d., 1 t.-w., 4 w., 3 m., 1 bi-m., and 1 quarterly ; Chesterfield, 1 w. ; Chester, 1 w. ; Edgefield, 2 w. ; Fairfield, 1 w. and 1 m. ; Greenville, 1 w. and 1 t.-w. ; Georgetown, 1 s.-w. and 1 w. ; Kershaw, 1 s.-w. ; Laurens, Marion, Newberry, and Pickens, each 1 w. ; Rich- land, 3 d., 2 t.-w., and 3 w. ; Spartansburg, 1 w. ; Sumter, 2 w. ; and York, 1 weekly. Pauperism. Whole number of paupers who received relief or support within the year ending 1st June, 1850, 1,642 1.313 natives, and 829 foreigners ; and the whole number of paupers at that date, 1,2931,113 natives, and 180 foreigners annual cost of support, $48,387. Religious Denominations. The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State in 1850, were as follows : nenomina. \ tions Cl.ii Baptist Christian... .. - .. Jewish 3.. 2.400 Congregat l. 1.. 2,000.. Dutch Ref. . . . . . Episcopal.. 71.. 28,540.. Free 5.. 1,550.. Friends.... 1.. 500.. 500 Presbytcr n. 125 .. 64,465 805 o. of Clinrrh roliea. accom. 413.. 165,805.. Value of Property. Denomina- No. of lions. Chun-he $293,863 Germ nRef. . Jewish 3 . 70,000 Lutheran. . . 41 . Mennonite.. . 615,450 Methodist.. 407. 1.700 Moravian. . . 500 Presbyter n. 125 . Value of Denomina- No. of Church Value of Property. tions. Churches. accom. Property. * R. Catholic. . 14 . . 6,030 .. $73,315 . 83,700 Swedenb g.. .. . 109,500 Tunker .. Union .. . 311,168 Unitarian ... 1 . . 700 .. 30,000 Universalist. 2 .. 650 .. 5,600 . 471,125 Minor Sects. 19 .. 6,620 .. 69,425 sou sou making a total of 1,163 churches, having accommodation for 453,930 persons, and valued at $2,140,346. South Carolina is a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and also forms a part of the Boman Catholic diocese of Charleston. Historical Sketch. South Carolina, for many years after its settlement, was united under the same government as North Carolina; but as early as 1671 it had been set off as the " County of Carteret in Carolina." and in 1715 had u sep arate legislature. In 1727 it became a royal colony. The general history of the colony, from its first settlement to the division of Carolina into North and South, is given in connection with the description of North Carolina (which see). The germ of the population of South Carolina was planted at Port Koyal in 1670, but becoming dissatisfied with the locality, the colony removed the next year to the banks of Ashley Eiver, where they founded old Charleston. A second removal took place in 1680 to Oyster Point, at the con fluence of Ashley and Cooper rivers, where the present city of Charleston was commenced. On the settlement of South Carolina, the proprietors engaged the celebrated John Locke to frame for them a constitu tion and body of laws. The system of government proposed by the philosopher consisted of 120 articles, and was partly aristocratic and partly feudal in its principles. Three classes of nobility were established, viz., barons, caciques, and landgraves. The first were to possess 12,000, the second 24,000, and the third 48,000 acres of land, which was to remain unalienable in their families. The legislature consisted of only one house, and was composed of the lords proprietors, the nobility, and deputies chosen by the free inhabitants holding heritable property. This plan of government, ill suited to the condition and views of the people, produced discord and anarchy. Its spirit was adverse to a democracy, and encour aged the proprietaries in arbitrary proceedings. Eeligious disputes, however, at this time, were the great causes of disturbance. The Episcopalians being in a majority, attempted to exclude dissenters from the legislature, and the at tempt succeeding, the Church of England was established by law. A train of evil consequences followed; and though the obnoxious law was annulled by the British Parliament, tranquillity was not restored, and soon after (1729) the people preferring a monarchy to an oligarchy, the colony became a royal government, the king purchasing the rights of the proprietaries. From this period the colony was governed on the same plan as the other royal governments, and its growth became more rapid. Population began to pour in when discord subsided. The Dutch expelled from New York, the French Protestants, on the revocation of the Edict of Nantz, and others fleeing from tyranny and opposition, sought asylum in the young colony. These generally settled themselves on the Santee Eiver, and perhaps more by their respectability and character than by their numbers, contributed to the future welfare of the State. The insurrections of 1715 and 1745 in England also sent numbers to the settlement; many arrived from Germany and Switzerland, and 1,500 French colonists, expatriated from Nova Scotia, found sanctuary in South Carolina. The cultivation of rice was commenced about the end of the seventeenth century, and as is well known, to this event (which was purely accidental) the State has derived a lasting source of wealth. The wars of tne Spaniards, French, and Indians, undertaken by each for the extermination of the settlers, greatly impeded the progress of the country during the period commencing with the eighteenth century, and ending with the general peace of 1763. The coasts were ravaged, the frontier settlements broken up, and numbers left the country ia despair, and, to add to the misfortunes of this state of matters, the small-pox raged with violence during the latter portion of this calamitous period. During the thirteen years intervening to the breaking out of the Eevolution of 1776, the province enjoyed uninterrupted peace and prosperity, and in that time nearly doubled its population ; and the Southern colonies were at that time little inclined to disturb the peaceful order of things, then existing, by joining in the revolt against the mother country. But though this feeling animated the inhabitants generally, there was also a minority favorable to the revolution ; and about this time a revulsion was brought about even among the monarchical party, by orders having been given the governor to use immediately and effectually the military in the subjugation of the dissentients. This circumstance seems to have determined the conduct of the colonists. During the long struggle that followed, this State suffered much both from the British and Indians, and the tory interest among themselves. The war in South Carolina was remarkable both for gene ral actions of great importance to the public cause, and for the display of individual bravery and patriotism. The battles of Cowpens and Eutaw Springs may vie with any in the contest for skill and courage, and the names of Marion, Sumter, and Lee will ever live on the page of history. The city of Charleston was twice besieged once in 1776, unsuccessfully, and once in 1780, when after a determined resistance its inhabitants and garrison fell into the hands of the enemy. The victory of Eutaw Springs in 1781 relieved the State from the pressure of war, and contributed not a little to the successful issue of the contest The scenes of the battles and sieges within South Carolina occurred in the following chronological order: Fort Moultrie, 2Sth June, 1776; Port Royal, 1779; St. John s, 1779; Monk s Corner, 14th April, 1780; Charles ton. 12th May, 1780 ; Camden, 16th August, 17SO ; Broad Elver, October, 1780 ; Tyger Jiiver, October, 1780 ; Cowpens, 17th January, 17S1 ; Fort Watson, 14th April, 1781 ; Hobkirk s Hill, 25 April, 1781 ; Ninety-Six, 18th June, 1781 ; Eutaw Springs, 8th September, 1781, the scenes of American success being noted in italics. The history of the State since this period has been one of interest. It notes many phases in politics which have startled the public mind, and though comparatively a small State, its proceedings have occupied a large share of public attention. Its attitude on several important federal questions has been peculiar and independent, and so tenacious of " State rights" have the people appeared, that on several occasions they have even gone so far as to threaten a separation from the "Onion. In these manifestations of sovereignly, however, the patriotism cf the people has not suffered in the general esteem of the world ; and it may be added that the influence of the conduct of South Carolina has not been without its benefits to the Union, in restraining the federal aggressions and upholding the rights of States to the management of their own internal affairs. South Carolina, too, has given to its sister States an example worthy of imitation, in its advocacy of Southern industry and improvement. Among Southern States, this is second to none in its public works, and in many of its industrial employments ranks superior to any other in which slave labor is used as a producing power. COLUMBIA, on the east side of Congaree Eiver, is the political capital of the State. SotTTn CARROLL, p. v., Carroll co., Term. : on a branch of Forked Deer r., 102 m. S. W. by TV. Nashville. SOUTH CARROLLTON, p. o., Muhlenburg co., Ey. : 143 m. 8. TV. Frankfort. SOUTH CASS, p. o., Ionia county, Mich. : 33 m. TV. N. TV. Lansing. SOUTH CHARLESTON, p. v., Clark co.. Ohio : on a branch of the Little Miami river, and on the Columbus and Xenia SOUTH CARVER, p. o., Plymouth CO., Mass. : 39 m. S. by E. I E. E., 36 m. TV. by S. Columbus. Boston. SOUTH CHARLZSTOWN, p. v. and sta., Sullivan county, sou sou jV. Ramp. : on the left bank of the Connecticut r., on the Sullivan K. E., 22 m. 8. from "Windsor, and 43 W. Concord. SOUTH CHESTERVILLE, p. o., Franklin county, Me. : on a oranch of Sandy r., 21 m. N. W. Augusta. SOUTH CHINA, p. o., Kennebec county, Me. : 13 m. N. E. Augusta. SOUTH COLUMBIA, p. o., Herkimer county, N. Y. : 68 m. N. W. by W. Albany. SOUTH CORINTH, p. v., Saratoga county, N. Y. : 36 m. N. Albany. SOUTH CORTLANDT, p. o., Cortlandt co., N. Y. : 132 m. W. by N. Albany. SOUTH COVENTRY, p. v., Tolland co., Conn. : on the Willi- mantic r., and on the New London, Willimantic, and Palmer K. II, 34 m. N. by W. New London, and 22 E. from Hart ford. This is a flourishing place, and contains several woolen factories for the manufacture of satinet warp, and the " Eagle Manufacturing Company" have their establish ment for printing cloths in this v. capital $20,000. There are from 50 to 60 operatives employed in the manufactories. SOUTH CRAFTSBUBG, p. v., Orleans co., Verm. : 30 m. N. by E. Montpelier. There is a manufactory of woolen goods in the village. SOUTH CREEK, t and p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : 113 m. N. Harrisburg. Drained by a stream so called, which af fords power to several mills. Surface hilly; soil gravelly loam. The Williamsport and Elmira E. E. will pass through this town. SOUTH DANBY, p. o., Tompkins co., N. Y. : 144 m. S. W. Albany. SOUTH DANSVILLE, p. v., Steuben county, N . Y. : on the Canaseraga r., branch of the Genesee r., 208 m. W. Albany. SOUTH DANVERS, v. and sta., Essex county, Mass. : at the junction of the Essex E. E. with the Salem and Lowell and South Eeading Branch railroads, 19 m. 8. E. Lawrence, 22 8. E. by E. Lowell, and IT N. E. by N. Boston. SOUTH DARTMOUTH, p. v., Bristol co., Mass. : on Appone- gansett bay, 57 m. S. Boston. SOUTH DEDHAM, v. and sta., Norfolk co., Mass. : on the Norfolk County E. E., 14m. S. W. Boston. SOUTH DEERFIELD, p. v., Bockingham co., N. Harnp. : on a branch of Lamprey r., 18 m. S. E. Concord. SOUTH DEERFIELD, v. and sta., Franklin co., Mass. : on the Connecticut Eiver E. E., 28 m. N. Springfield, and 81 m. W. by N. Boston. SOUTH DEER ISLE, p. o., Hancock co., Me. : on S. part of the island so called, 58 m. E. by S. Augusta. SOUTH DENNIS, p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : on the left bank of Bass river, 6T m. S. E. Boston. Common salt and epsom salt is manufactured in the vicinity. SOUTH DICKINSON, p. o., Franklin co., N. Y. : 150 m N by W. Albany. SOUTH DORSET, p. o., Bennington co., Verm. : 79 m. S. by W. Montpelier. SOUTH DOVER, p. v., Piscataquis co., He. : 67 in. N. E. Augusta. SOUTH DOVER, p. v. and sta., Duchess co., N. Y. : on the Harlem E. E., 73 m. N. by E. New York city, and 79 S. by E. Albany. SOUTH DRESDEN, p. o., Lincoln co., Me. : on the E. of the Kermebec r., 21 m. S. by E. Augusta. SOUTH DURHAM, p. o., Cumberland co., Me. : 31 m. S. W. Augusta. SOUTH DURHAM, p. o., Greene co., N. Y. ; on a tributary of the Hudson r., 80 m. S. W. Albany. SOUTH EAST, t. and p. o., Putnam county, N. Y. : 83 miles S. by E. Albany. The Harlem E. E. passes through, hav ing a sta. at Brewster s, 55 m. from New York, 99 from East Albany. Surface hilly ; soil fertile. Drained by Croton r. It contains several mills of various kinds, a paper factory, and tannery. Pop. 2,079. SOUTH EASTON, p. o., Washington county, W. Y. : 24 m N. N. E. Albany. SOUTH EASTON, p. o., Bristol co., Mass. : 25 m. S. Boston. SOUTH EDMESTON, p. o., Otsego county, N. Y. : 75 m. W. Albany. SOUTH EDTVARDS, p. o., St. Lawrence co., N. Y. : 138 m. N. N. W. Albany. SOUTH EGREMONT, p. v., Berkshire co., Mass. : on a small branch of Housatonic r., 122 m. W. by S. Boston. SOUTH ENGLISH, p. v., Keokuk co., la. : on a branch of English r., 33 m. W. S. W. Iowa City. SOUTH ERIN, p. o., Chemung co., N. Y. : 156 m. W. S. "W. Albany. SOUTHERLAND, p. o., Jefferson county, Flor. : 23 miles E. Tallahassee. SOUTH FARMS, p. v., Litchfield co., Conn.: 28 m. W. by S. Hartford, and 30 m. N. N. W. New Haven. It contains an academy and church. SOUTIIFIELD, t and p. o., Oakland county, Mich. : 69 m. E. by S. Lansing. Drained by affluents of the branch of Eouge r. Surface diversified; soil deep and fertile, well wooded. Pop. in 1840, 1,061 : in 1850, 1,658. SOUTIIFIELD, p. o., Berkshire co., Mass. SOUTH FrrciiBURG, v. and sta., Worcester county, Mass. : on the Fitchburg and Worcester E. E., 21 m. N. Worcester, and 40 W. N. W. Boston. SOUTH FLORENCE, p. v., Franklin co., Ala. : on the left bank of Tennessee river, opposite Florence, 185 m. N. W. Montgomery. SOUTHFORD, p. o., New Haven co., Conn. SOUTH FORK, p. a, Owsley co., Ky. : on a fork of Kentucky r., 77 m. S. E. Frankfort. SOUTH FORK, p. o., Ashe co*, N. Car. : 169 m. W. N. W. Ealeigh. SOUTH FORK, p. o., Wayne county, la.: Ill miles S. W. Iowa City. SOUTH FOSTER, p. o., Providence co., R. I. : 18 m. W. by S. Providence. <f. SOUTH FRAMINGHAM, p. v. and sta., Middlesex co., Mass. : on the Boston and Worcester E. E., 21 m. from Boston, and 24 m. from Worcester. SOUTH FRANKLIN, p. o., Delaware county, N. Y. : 76 m. W. S. W. Albany. SOUTH FRANKLIN, p. o., Norfolk county, Mass. : 27 miles S. W. by S. Boston. The Norfolk County E. E. passes near it. SOUTH FREEDOM, p. o., Waldo co., Me. : 25 m. N. E. by E. Augusta. SOUTH GALWAY, p. o., Saratoga county, 24 m. W. N. W. Albany. SOUTH GARDINER, v. and sta.. Kennebec co., Me. : on W. bank of Kennebec r., and on Kennebec and Portland E E., 12 m. from Augusta, and 48 m. from Portland. SOUTH GARDINER, p. o., Worcester county, Mass. : 51 m. W r . N. W. Boston. SOUTH GATE, p. o., Franklin county, Ind. : 66 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. SOUTH GENESEE, p. o., Waukesha county, Wise. : 47 m. E. by S. Madison. SOUTH GIBSON, p. v., Gibson co., Tenn. : 117 m. W. by S. Nashville. SOUTH GLASTENBURY, p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : on E. side of Connecticut r., 9 m. S. Hartford, 30 m. N. N. E. New Haven. SOUTH GRANBY, p. o., Oswego county, 2f. Y. : 144 miles W. N. W. Albany. SOUTH GRANVILLE, p. o., Washington co., 2f. Y. : 54 m. N. N. E. Albany. SOUTH GROTON, p. o., Middlesex county, Mass. : 30 m. N. W. by W. Boston. SOUTH GROVE, p. o., De Kalb co., Itt.: 161 m. N. N. E. Springfield. SOUTH GROVE, p. o., Walworth co., Wise. : 57 m. S. E. Madison. SOUTH HADLEY, t. and p. v., Hampshire co., Mass. : on SOT sou sou E. side of Connecticut r., 79 m. W. Boston. Surface beau tifully diversified ; soil productive. The Connecticut r. has here a fall of 50 feet in about SO rods, around which the first canal on the river was constructed, having the following dimensions : 2 m. long, with 5 locks, and for a distance of 300 feet cut through rock, 40 feet deep. Mount Holyoke is in the N. part of the town. The v. contains a church, etc., and the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, a flourishing in stitution of much celebrity. Pop. of t. 2,491. SOUTH HADLEY FALLS, p. v., Hampshire co., Mass.: on the E. bank of Connecticut r., 3 m. S. from South Hadley v., 80 m. W. Boston. It contains several manufactories, and is a very prosperous village. SOUTH HALIFAX, p. o., Windham co., Verm. : 108 m. S. Montpelier. SOUTH HAMPTON, t. and p. o., Eockingham co., N. Ilamp. : 37 m. S. E. Boston. Surface uneven. Watered by Powow r., which affords mill-sites. Pop. 472. SOUTH HANOVER, p. v., Jefferson co., 2nd. : on the W. of the Ohio r., 80 m. S. S. E. Indianapolis. The Hanover Col lege is located in this place. The college edifice is 100 feet by 40, and 3 stories high. There are also other small build ings erected for dormitories. The Indiana Theological Seminary is also connected with the college. In 1S50 the college had 6 professors, 100 alumni, and about 33 students. The libraries contain about 4,700 volumes. SOUTH HANSON, p. o., Plymouth co., Mass. : 23 m. S. S. E. Boston. SOUTH HAEDWICK, p. o., Caledonia co., Verm.: 20 m. N. N. E. Montpelier. SOUTH HARPETII, p. v., Davidson co., Tenn. : on the S. side of Harpeth r., 15 m. S. by W. Nashville. SOUTH HABRISBUBG, p. o., Lewis co., N. Y. : 129 m. N. "W. Albany. SOUTH HAETFORD, p. o., Oxford county, Me. : 27 m. W. Augusta. SOUTH HARTFORD, p. v., Washington co., N. T. : 51 m. N. N. E. Albany. It contains 2 churches, tannery, grist mill, and stores. SOUTH HARTWICK, p. o., Oteego co., N. T. : 63 m. W. Albany. SOUTH HARWICK, p. o., Barnstable co., Mass. : on S. side of Cape Cod peninsula, 1 m. from the shore, 70 m. S. E. Boston. SOUTH HAWLEY, p. v., Franklin county, Mass. : 97 m. "W. by N. Boston. SOUTH HERMITAGE, p. o., Lancaster co., Penn.: 40 m. S. E. Harrisburg. SOUTH HERO, t. and p. v., Grand Isle co., Verm. : on S. part of Grand Isle in Lake Champlain, 43 m. N. W. Mont pelier. The surface rises gently from the lake ; soil is va rious, but very fertile. Limestone is found. A ferry con nects the t with Colchester Point. The t. contains a tannery, store, and 2 churches. Pop. of t 666. SOUTH HILL, p. o., Steuben co., N. Y. : 201 m. W. by S. Albany. SOUTH HILL, p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : 90 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. SOUTH HILL, p. v., Mecklenburg co., Virg. : on a tributary of the Eoanoke r., 63 m. S. W. Eichmond. SOUTH HINGHAM, p. v., Plymouth county, Mass. : 14 m. S. E. by S. Boston. SOUTH HOPE, p. o., "Waldo co., Me. : 32 m. E. by S. Augusta. SOUTHINGTON, t, p. v., and sta., Hartford co., Conn. : on New Haven and Northampton E. E., 22 m. N. from New Haven, 18 m. S. W. by S. Hartford. Surface uneven ; soil fertile ; watered by Quinnipiac river, which affords water- power. The town contains several grist and saw-mills, an academy, and 4 churches. Pop. of t. 2,139. SOUTHINGTON, t. and p. o., Trutnbull co., Ohio : 133 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by branches of Grand r. Sur face undulating; soil fertile. The inhabitants are chiefly occupied in agricultural pursuits. Pop. 1,013. SOUTH JACKSON, p. v., Jackson co., Mich. : 38 m. S. by E. Lansing. SOUTH KENT, p. v., Litchficld co., Conn. : 40 m. W. by S. Ilartfnrd, 3S m. N. W. New Haven. SOUTH KILLINGLY, p. v., Windham co., Conn. : 40 m. E. Hartford, 66 m. N. E. New Haven. SOUTH KINGSTON, p. o., Eockingham county, N. Ilamp. : 32 m. S. E. by South Concord. SOUTH KINGSTON, t., Washington co., E. I. : 29 m. S. by W. Providence. Bounded on the E. by Narragansett bay, and on the S. by Atlantic Ocean. This t., formerly part of North Kingston, is the largest t in the State, comprising 93 sq. m. At its S. E. extremity is the noted Point Judith. Kingston village, in its N. part, is the capital of the county. The t. has an uneven surface ; soil of gravelly loam, and contains a large salt pond, and about 20 fresh-water ponds, one of which contains 3,000 or 4,000 acres. The fisheries on its shores are extensive and valuable. Many of its citi zens are employed therein, and in navigation. The town also contains several factories, chiefly making woolen goods. The Stonington and Providence E. E. passes through its N. W. part. Pop. 3,S02. SOUTH KIRTLAND, p. o., Lake co., Ohio: 138 m. N. N. E. Columbus. SOUTH KORTRIGIIT, p. v., Delaware county, N. Y. : 72 m. S. W. by W. Albany. SOUTH LANSING, p. o., Tompkins co., Jf. Y. : 146 m. W. Albany. SOUTH LEE, p. v. and sta.. Berkshire co., Mass. : on Berk shire E. E., 15 m. S. Piusfield, 114 m. W. Boston. Here are several paper mills and an iron foundry. SOUTH LEEDS, p. o., Kennebec county, Me. : on E. side of Androscoggin r., 21 m. W. S. W. Montpelier. SOUTH LINCOLN, p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : on E. bank of Penobscot r., 93 m. N. N. E. Augusta. SOUTH LIVONIA, p. o., Livingston co., N. Y.: between Conesus and Hemlock lakes, 206 m. W. Albany. SOUTH LODI, p. o., Seneca co., N. Y. : on E. side of Seneca lake, 161 m. W. Albany. SOUTH LOWELL MILLS, p. o., Orange co., JV. Car. : 33 m. N. W. Ealeigh. SOUTH LYME, p. v. and sta., New London co., Conn. : on the New Haven and New London E. E., 40 m. from New Haven, and 10 m. from New London. SOUTH LYNDEBOROUGH, p. o., Hillsboro co., N. Ilamp. : 26 m. S. S. W. Concord. SOUTH LYON, p. o., Oakland co., Mich.: 54 m. S. E. Lansing. SOUTH MANCHESTER, p. o., Hartford co., Conn,. : 9 m. E. Hartford. SOUTH MARCELLUS, p. o., Onondaga co., A T . Y. : 132 m. W. by N. Albany. SOUTH MAXFIELD, p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : on Piscata- quis r., 87 m. N. E. by N. Augusta. SOUTH MERRIMAC, p. v. and sta., Hillsboro co., JV] Ilamp. : on Wilton Branch E. E., 5 m. from Nashville, 45 m. from Boston, 27 m. S. Concord. SOUTH MIDDLEBOROUGH, p. o. and sta., Plymouth county, Mass. : on Cape Cod Branch E. E., 8 m. from Middleboro , and 43 m. from Boston. SOUTH MILFORD, p. o., Cecil county, Md. : 49 m. N. E Annapolis. SOUTH MILFORD, p. o., La Grange co., Ind. : 130 m. N.N.E. Indianapolis. SOUTH MILFORD, p. o., Otsego co., N. Y.: 6S m. W. by 8. Albany. SOUTH MILFORD, p. o., Worcester co., Mass. : 29 m. S. W. Boston. SOUTH MILLS, p. o., Camden co., N. Car. : 145 m. E. N. E. Ealeigh. SOUTH MOLUNCUS, p. o., Aroostook county, Me. : 142 m. N. N. E. Augusta. SOUTH MONTVILLE, p. o., Waldo co., Mo. : 27 m. E. by N. Augusta. sou sou SOCTH mountain, Washington and Frederick counties, M<L : a well-defined ridge of the Alleghanies, forming the boundary between the two counties. SOUTH NASHVILLE, p. o., Davidson co., Tenn, SOUTH NATICK, p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : on W. side of Charles r., 14 m. W. S. W. Boston. SOUTH NEW BERLIN, p. v., Chenango co., N. Y. : on "W. bank of Unadilla r. It contains a church and a few stores. Pop. about ISO. SOUTH NEWBURG, p. v., Penobscot co., Me.: on a creek of Sowadabscook r., 47 m. N. E. Augusta. SOUTH NEWBURY, p. o., Orange co., Venn. : 27 m. E. S. E. Montpelier. SOUTH NEWBURT, p. o., Merrimac co., N. Hamp. : 25 m. W. by N. Concord. SOUTH NEW CASTLE, p. o., Gallia co., Ohio: in a mineral coal region on the N. bank of the Ohio r., 99 m. S. S. E. Columbus. It contains several stores, a furnace, forge, and rolling-mill, etc. SOUTH NEW MARKET, t, p. v., and sta., Eockingham co., N. Hamp. : 31 m. E. S. E. Concord. Bounded on the E. by Squawscot r. and part of Great bay. The Boston and Maine R. 11. passes through the v., 55 m. from Boston, 56 m. from Portland, and connects with the Portsmouth and Con cord E. E. 10 m. from Portsmouth, 37 m. from Concord. Pop. 516. SOUTH NEWPORT, p. v., M Intosh co., Ga. : on the right bank of the river so called, about 9 m. from its mouth, 130 m. S. E. Milledgeville. SOUTH NEWRY, p. o., Oxford co., Me. : on a branch of Androscoggin r., 54 m. "W. Augusta. SOUTH NORWALK, p. v., and sta., Fairfield co., Conn. : on W. side of Norwalk r., near its mouth, and on New York and New Haven E. E., 44 m. from New York, 32 m. from New Haven. This is the landing-place for steamboats, and the commencement of the Danbury and Norwalk E. E., 24 m. from Danbury. The v. has considerable manufac tures, particularly of felt, beaver hats, and cloth. A most melancholy catastrophe and awful loss of life occurred here on Friday, May 6th, 10 A.M., 1853, when a locomotive, etc., with two passenger cars, were precipitated through the open drawbridge into the river below. The number of persons immediately killed and drowned was 47 ; 39 were very seriously injured, and many others much bruised, etc. The calamity was unprecedented since the introduction of railroads, and cast a gloom over the whole Union. SOUTHOLD, t., p. v., and sta., Suffolk co., N. Y. : at the E. side of Long Island, between Long Island Sound and Great Peconic and Gardiner s bays. Several islands also belong to it. Surface level ; soil sandy loam. The v. is a scattered settlement on the Long Island E. E., 91 m. from New York. The inhabitants are much engaged in the fisheries. Pop. in 1840, 3,007 ; in 1S50, 4,722. SOUTH OLIVE, p. o., Morgan co., Ohio : 75 m. E. by S. Columbus. SOUTH ONONDAGA, p. o., Onondaga co., N. Y. : 132 m. W. by N. Albany. SOUTH ORANGE, p. o. and sta., Essex co., N. Jer. : on Morris and Essex E. E., 6 m. from Newark, 15 m. from New York, and 44 m. N. E. by N. Trenton. In the vicinity is a water-cure establishment. SOUTH ORLEANS, p. o., Barnstable co., Mass. : 70 m. S. E. Boston. SOUTH ORRINGTON, p. o., Penobscot county, Me. : on the E. bank of the Penobscot river, 58 m. N. E. by E. Augusta. eouTii OTSELIO, p. o., Chenango co., N. Y.: 107 m. W. Albany. SOUTH OWEGO, p. o., Tioga co., N. Y. : on S. side of Sus- quehanna r., 186 m. W. S. "W. Albany. SOUTH OXFORD, p. o., Chenango co., N. Y. : on the Che nango r. and canal 102 m. W. S. W. Albany. SOUTH OYSTER BAY, p. o., Queen s co., N. Y. : 138 m. S. F5 Albany. This is a scattered settlement, 1 m. from the Great South bay, which it overlooks. SOUTH PARIS, p. v. and sta., Oxford co., Me. : on the AU lantic and St. Lawrence E. E., 48 m. from Portland, 38 m. W. by S. Augusta. In the vicinity is a flourishing woolen factory, making principally cassimerca. SOUTH PARSONSFIELD, p, v., York county, Me. : 74 m. S. "W Augusta. SOUTH PERRY, p. o., Hocking county, Ohio : 33 m. S. E. Columbus. SOUTH PLYMOUTH, p. o., Wayne co., Mich. : 71 m. S. E. Lansing. SOUTH PLYMOUTH, p. o., Chenango co., N. Y. : 99 m. W. Albany. SOUTH POINT, p. o., Lincoln co., &. Car. : 13S m. W. by S. Ealeigh. SOUTH POMFRET, p. o., Windsor county, Verm. : 43 miles S. by E. Montpelier. SOUTHPORT, p. b. and sta., Fairfleld co., Conn. : on W. side of Mill river, at its entrance into a small bay of Long Island Sound ; and on New York and New Haven E. E., 52 m. from New York, 24 m. from New Haven. The har bor is convenient for vessels of 100 tons, is rarely frozen, and is protected by an extensive breakwater constructed by the United States. The b. contains 2 churches, an academy, and bank with capital of $100,000. SOUTHPORT, p. o., Marion co., Inct. : on the line of the Madison and Indianapolis E. E., 6 m. S. from Indianapolis. SOUTHPORT, t. and p. o., Chemung co., N. Y. : on S. W. and S. side of Chemung r., 163 m. W. S. W. Albany. Sur face diversified, with very fertile soil. The Erie E. E. runs through the t. along the W. bank of the Chemung, and has a sta. at Wellsburg, 276 miles from New York, and 193 m. from Dunkirk. Pop. in 1S40, 2,101 ; in 1S50, 3.1S4. SOUTH PRAIRIE, p. v., Boone county, III. : 163 m. N. N. E. Springfield. SOUTH PROSPECT, p. o., Waldo co., Me. : on W. side of Penobscot r., near its mouth, 51 m. E. by N. Augusta. SOUTH PULTNEY, p. o., Steuben co., N. Y. : on W. side of Crooked lake, ISO m. W. Albany. SOUTH QUAY, p. v., Nansemnnd county, Virg. : on the E. bank of Blackwater r., 73 m. S. S. E. Eichmond. SOUTH EAYMOND, p. o., Eockingham county, N. Ilavnp. : 22 m. S. E. Concord. SOUTH EEADING, t., p. v., and sta., Middlesex co., Mass. : on the Boston and Maine E. E., 10 m. N. from Boston, and by South Eeading Branch E. E., 9 m. W. from Salem. In corporated from Eeading in 1S12. The v. near Eeading Pond is handsomely built, and contains 2 churches, with an academy. Many of its citizens transact their daily business in Boston. Pop. in 1840, 1,517; iii 1S50, 2,407. SOUTH EEADING, p. v., Windsor county, Verm. : 57 m. S. Montpelier. SOUTH EICHLAND, p. o., Oswego county, N. Y. : 141 miles W. N. W. Albany. SOUTH EIDGE, p. o., Ashtabula co., Ohio : 157 m. N. E. Columbus. SOUTH river, Anne Arundel county, Md. : a large inlet of Chesapeake bny, which it enters at Thomas Point, on which there is a lighthouse. Lat. 83 54 25", long. 76 27 34". Fixed light SOUTH river, W. Car. : rises in Cumberland county, flows S. S. E., and empties into Cape Fear river, 16 miles above Wilmington. SOUTH EIVER, Middlesex co., A". Jer. SOUTH EIVER, p. o., Anne Arundel co., Md. : on the river so called, 8 m. S. Annapolis. SOUTH EOYALTON, p. o. and sta., Worcester co., Mas*. : on Miller s river, and the Vermont and Massachusetts E. E., 27 m. from Fitcliburg, 29 m. from Greenfield, and by Fitch- burg E. E., etc., 77 m. from Boston. SOUTH EOYALTON, p. o., Niagara county, N. Y. : 256 m. W. by N. Albany. sou sou SOUTH EOYALTON, p. o. and sta., "Windsor co., Verm. : on Vermont Central E. E., 32 m. from "Windsor, and 125 miles from Eouse s Point, 31 m. 8. by E. Montpelier. SOUTH EUTLAND, p. o., Jefferson co., N. Y. : 138 m. N."W. Albany. SOUTH EYEGATE, p. o., Caledonia co., Verm. : on "Wells r., 22 m. E. by S. Montpelier. SOUTH SAINT GEORGE, p. o., Lincoln county, Me. : 40 m. 8. E. Augusta. SOUTH SALEM, p. v., "Westchester co., N. Y. : on a small branch of Croton r., 98 m. S. Albany. SOUTH SALEM, p. o., Boss co., Ohio: 42 m. S. Columbus. SOUTH SANDWICH, p. o., Barnstable co., Mass.: 54 m. S. E. Boston. SOUTH FRANKFORD, p. o., York co., Me.: 83 m. S. "W. Augusta. SOUTH SANGKEVILLB, p. o., Piscataquis co., Me. : 63 m. N. E. Augusta. SOUTH SCHODACK, p. v., Eenaselaer co., 2T. Y.: 15 m. S. by E. Albany. SOUTH SCITUATE, t. and p. o., Plymouth co., Mass. : on the N. side of North r., IS m. S. E. Boston. This town was taken from Scituate. Drained by branch of North riv er. A flourishing agricultural place. Pop. 1,110. SOUTH SCITUATE, p. v., Providence co., R. I. : on the E. side of Pawtuxet r., 11 m. "W. by S. Providence. A manufac tory of cotton warp here makes from 15 to 16 tons annually. SOUTH SEBEC, p. o., Piscataquis co., Me. : on N. side of Piscataquis r., T2 m. N. E. Augusta. SOUTH SEEKONK, p. v., Bristol co., Mass. : on a stream flowing into Providence bay, 43 m. S. W. Boston. SOUTH SHAFTSBURY, p. v., Bennington co., Verm. : on "Western Vermont E. E., 49 m. from Eutland, and 100 m. 8. S. "W. Montpelier. SOUTH SUENANGO, t. and p. o., Crawford co., Penn. : 200 m. N. "W. Harrisburg. Drained by Shenango cr. Surface un dulating. It contains several workshops, mills, etc. SOUTH SHREWSBUBY, p. v., "Worcester co., Mass.: 34 m. W. by S. Boston. SOUTH SIDE, p. o., Eichmond co., N. Y. : 144 m. S. Albany. SOUTH SODUS, p. v., Wayne co., N. Y. : 169 m. W. by N. Albany. SOUTH SOLON, p. v., Somerset co., Me. : 42 m. N. Augusta. It is surrounded by a fine agricultural country. SOUTH SOLON, p. o., Madison county, Ohio: 21 m. W. Columbus. SOUTH STEPHENTOWN, p. o., Eennselaer co., 2f. Y. : 22 m. 8. E. by E. Albany. SOUTH STERLING, p. o., "Wayne co., Penn. : 101 m. N. E. Harrisburg. SOUTH STODDAED, p. o., Cheshire co., N. Hamp. : 31 m. S. "W. Concord. SOUTH STRAFFORD, p. v., Orange co., Verm. : on a branch of the Ompomponoosucr., 32 m. S. E. Montpelier. Sulphuret of iron is found in the vicinity. SOUTH TAMWORTH, Carroll co., 2f. JTamp. : on Bearcamp r., at the mouth of the Conway r., 43 m. N. E. by N. Concord. SOUTH THOMASTON, t and p. o., Lincoln co., Me. : on the E. side of St. George s r., having Penobscot bay on the E., 41 m. S. E. Augusta. A new town, taken from Thomaston, in 1S4S. It is largely engaged in the ship-building and coasting trade. The celebrated peninsula of " Owl s Head" is comprised in the t. It has a fine harbor, off which a light house is located, in lat 44 03 50", and long. 69 00 00". Granite is abundant, and the quarrying and burning of lime, from limestone found here, is carried on to a consider able extent. Pop. 1,420. SOUTH THOMPSON, p. o., Geauga co., Ohio: 131 m. N. E. Columbus. SOUTH THUESTON, p. o., Steuben co., N. Y. : 204 m. W. by S. Albany. SOUTH TRENTON, p. o., Oneida co., 2f. Y.: on the S. of Trenton Falls, 85 ra. N. W. Albany. 810 SOUTH UNION, p. v., Logan co., Ky. : on a tributary of Big Barren r., 133 m. S. W. Frankfort. The inhabitants of this place are chiefly Shakers. They are divided into different families, each one having a separate house, with out-houses, work-shops, etc., attached. Pop. 245. SOUTH VALLEY, p. v., Oteego co., N. Y. : 52 m. W. Albany. SOUTH VASSALBOEO , p. o., Kennebec county, Me. : 9 m. N. E. Augusta. SOUTH VERNOHT, v. and sta., "Windham co., Verm. : on the right bank of the Connecticut r., on the Connecticut Eiver E. E., at its connection with the Vermont and Massachu setts, the Ashuelot, and the Brattleboro Branch of the Ver mont Valley Eailroads, 50 m. N. Springfield (Mass.), 19 m. W. by S. Keene (N. IT.), and 109 m. S. by E. from Mont pelier. SOUTHVTLLE, p. o., Litchfleld co., Conn. : 32 m. "W. by S. Hartford. SOUTHVTLLE, p. o., Shelby co., Ey. : 25 m.W. Frankfort SOUTHVILLE, p. v., St. Lawrence co., 2f. Y. : on the E. side of St Eegis r., 152 m. N. W. Albany. SOUTH WALDEN, p. v., Caledonia co., Verm. : 21 m. N. E. Montpelier. SOUTH WALES, p. v., Erie co., N. Y. : 20 m. S. E. Buffalo, and 254 m. W. from Albany. SOUTH WALLINGFOED, p. o. and sta., Eutland co., Verm. : on E. side of Otter cr., on the Western Vermont E. E., 13 m. S. Eutland, and 63 m. S. W. by 8. Montpelier. SOUTH WALPOLE, p. v., Norfolk co., Mass, : on a branch of Naponset r., 21 m. S. W. Boston. SOUTH WAREHAM, v. and sta., Plymouth co., Mass. : on the E. side of the Weweantic river, on the Cape Cod Branch E. E., 50 m. S. E. by S. Boston. SOUTHWARK dist., Philadelphia co., Penn. : a suburb of the city of Philadelphia, from which it was separated in 1762 is one and a quarter miles long, and the same in width. The streets, which are very straight, cross each other at right angles, and are well paved. The buildings, built chiefly of brick, are from 2 to 3 stories in height. It is lighted in most part with gas, and supplied with water from Schuylkill Water-works. The Navy Yard, several ship avid boat yards, a marine railway, and various manufactories are comprised in this district. There is also a lofty brick shot- tower. For capital invested in manufactures, etc., see PHILADELPHIA. Pop. 38,799. SOUTH WARREN, p. o., Bradford county, Penn. : 110 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. SOUTH WARSAW, p. o., Wyoming co., 2f. Y. : on the line of the Buffalo and New York City E. E., 47 m. E. by S. Buffalo, and 230 m. W. from Albany. SOUTH WATERFORD, p. v., Oxford county, Me. : 51 m. W. by S. Augusta. SOUTH WEARE, p. v., Hillsboro co., N. JTamp. : 17 m. S. W. Concord. SOUTH WELLFLEET, p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : on an inlet of Wellfleet bay, 63 m. S. E. Boston. Salt is exten sively manufactured in the vicinity, and the inhabitants are mostly engaged in the cod and mackerel fisheries. SOUTH WESTERLOO, p. v., Albany co., 2f. Y. : 19 m. S. W. Albany. It contains several manufactories. SOUTHWEST HARBOR, p. v., Hancock co., Me. : on the E. of an inlet of Bass harbor, 72 m. E. Augusta. SOUTHWEST OSWEGO, p. o., Oswego co., N. Y. : 152 m. N. W. Albany. SOUTH WESTPORT, p. o., Bristol co., Mass. : on the W. of Acoaksett r., 58 m. S. Boston. SOUTH WEYMOUTH, p. o. and sta., Norfolk co., Mass. : on the Old Colony E. E., 22 m. N. W. Plymouth, and 15 m. S. by E. Boston. SOUTH WHITEHALL, t. and p. o., Lehigh co., Penn. : on the W. side of the Lehigh river, 76 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Jordan and Cedar creeks. Surface even ; soil fertile, and under good culture. It contains some mauu factories, mills, workshops, etc. sou SPA SOUTH WHITLEY, p. o., Whitley co., Ind. : on the W. side of Eel r., at its confluence with Spring cr., 95 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. SOUTHWICK, L and p. v., Hampden co., Mass.: 93 m. 8. W. by W. Boston. Drained by a branch of Westfield r. Surface varied; in parts elevated, with a good soil. The State line forms the S. boundary. Gunpowder and leather form its chief manufactures. The v. is centrally located. Pop. of t. 1,120. SOUTH WILBRAHAM, p. v., Hampden county, Mass. : on Scantic r., 78 m. S. W. by W. Boston. There is a manu factory here employing 31 operatives, and manufacturing 80,000 yards woolen goods annually. SOUTH WILLIAMSTOWN, p. v., Berkshire county, Mass. : on Green river, W. of Saddle Mountain, 115 m. N. "W. by W. Boston. SOUTH WILLINGTON, v. and sta., Tolland co., Conn. : on the E. side of the Willimantic river, on the New London, "Willimantic, and Palmer E. K., 42 m. N. by W. New Lon don, and 21 m. E. by N. from Hartford. SOUTH WILSON, p. o., Niagara co., N. T. : about 25 m. N. Buffalo, and 268 m. N. W. by W. Albany. SOUTH WINDHAM, p. v., Cumberland county, Me. : on N. side of Presumpscot r., 73 m. S. "W. Augusta. The Cum berland and Oxford Canal passes along the river, opposite the village. SOUTH WINDHAJI, p. o., "Windham co., Verm. : 79 m. S. Montpelier. SOUTH WINDHAM, p. v. and sta., Windham co., Conn. : on the Willimantic r., and on the New London,Willimantic, and Palmer E. K., 26 m. N. New London, and 27 m. E. by S. from Hartford. SOUTH WINDSOR, t. and p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : on the E. side of the Connecticut river, 5 m. N. by E. Hartford. Drained by several small streams flowing into the Connec ticut r. The v. is located near the banks of the river. Pop. of L 1.63S. SOUTH WINDSOR, p. o., Kennebec county, Me. : 11 m. E. Augusta. SOUTH WOBUBN, v., Middlesex co., Mass. : a pleasant vil lage on the Boston and Lowell K. K., S m. N. by W. Boston. It is a place much resorted to, for a summer residence, by persons from the city. Various manufactures are carried on ; a stream passing the place, affords water-power. The Woburn Branch E. E., 2 m. in length, extends heiicc to Woburn Centre. SOUTH WOLFBOROUGH, p. o., Carroll co., N. ffamp. : 30 m. N. E. Concord. SOUTH WOODSTOCK, p. v., Windsor co., Verm. : a ueat and pleasant v., on a branch of Quechee river, 50 m. S. Montpelier. SOUTH WORCESTER, p. o., Otsego co., JV: Y. : oil Charlotte r., 52 m. W. Albany. SOUTH WRENTHAM, p. o., Norfolk county, Mass. : 30 m. 8. by W. Boston. There is a manufactory here, employing 41 persons, and manufacturing 80,000 yards of woolen car pets per annum. SOUTH YARMOUTH, p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : on W. side of Bass r., near the Atlantic coast. 67 m. S. E. Boston. It contains three churches, and has extensive salt works. SOWADABSCOOK river, Me. : rises by 3 branches in the towns of Stetson, Etna, and Carmel, the branch in Etna having its source in a pond ; flows eastwardly in a circuitous course, and empties into the Penobscot r. at Hampden, 5 m. below Bangor. In its course it passes through 2 ponds in the towns of Harman and Hampden. The country through which this r. flows is varied, having some good farming tracts, and a considerable portion is well wooded. It has sev eral falls, and there is a number of valuable mills ou its banks. SOXVILLE, p. v., Monroe co., Penn. : at the junction of Tunkhanna cr. with the Lehigh r., S3 m. N. E. Harrisburg. SPAFFORD, t. and p. v., Ononduga county, N. Y. : 134 m. W. by N. Albany. It has Otisco lake and its inlet on the E. and Skaneateles lake on the W. Surface hilly, and in parts broken ; soil various. The t. contains several mills and a tannery. Pop. of t. 1,903. SPAFFORD HOLLOW, p. o., Onondaga co., W. Y. : 135 m. W. by N. Albany. SPAFFORD S lake, Cheshire co., N. Ilamp. : a beautiful col lection of water in the town of Chesterfield, containing 526 acres, and fed by springs at its bottom. Its waters are clear and pure, its bed being a white sand. There is an island in this lake of 6 acres. SPANISHBURG, p. o., Mercer county, Virg. : 196 m. W. Eichinond. SPANISH PRAIRIE, p. v., Crawford co., Mo. : 39 m. S. E. Jefferson City. The Maumee Iron Works are located about 5 m. S. of this place. SPARROW SWAMP, p. o. and sta., Darlington (list., S. Car. : on the Wilmington and Manchester E. E., 65 m. E. by N. Columbia. SPARTA, p. v., and cap. Conecuh co., Ala. : on Murder cr. of Conecuh r., 109 m. S. W. Montgomery. It contains a court-house, jail, and U. S. land office. SPARTA, p. o., Chickasaw county, Miss. : SI m. N. E. Jackson. SPARTA, p. v., and cap. Hancock co., Ga. : on the divid ing ground between the Great Ogecheo and Ocouee rivers, 19 m. N. N. E. Milledgeville. It contains a court-house, jail, a female academy, etc. SPARTA, p. v., Eandolph co., Itt. : on the line of the Illi- noistown and Massac E. E., 113 m. S. Springfield. It is situated on the N. W. border of Flat Prairie, in an excellent agricultural district. Two newspapers are published weekly the " Sparta Freeman" (free soil) and the " Sparta Eegis- ter" (dem.) SPARTA, p. o., Dearborn county, Ind. : 75 miles S. E. Indianapolis. SPARTA, p. o., Bienville par., La. : 163 m. N. W. Baton Eouge. SPARTA, p. o., Hillsdale co., Mich. : 58 m. S. Lansing. SPARTA, p. v., and cap. Buchanan co., Mo. : on the head waters of Bee cr. of Platte r., 157 m. N. W. Jefferson City, and contains a court-house, jail, and other public buildings. The "Gazette" (dem.) and the "Adventurer" (whig) are both weekly issues. SPARTA, p. v., Sussex co., N. Jer. : on the Wallkill r., near its source, 56 m. N. by E. Trenton. It contains several mills and forges. Iron and zinc ores are found in the neigh borhood. SPARTA, t. and p. v., Livingston co., M Y. : 20S m. W. Albany. Drained by a small stream flowing N. into Hem lock lake. Surface uneven ; soil fertile. The v. is in the N. part. The t contains some light manufactures. Pop. of 1. 1,372. SPARTA, p. o., Edgecomb co., W. Car. : on W. side of Tar r., 65 m. E. Ealeigh. SPARTA, p. v., Morrow county, Ohio : 35 m. N. by E. Columbus. SPARTA, p. v., Washington co., Penn. : on a tributary of the Monongahela r., 179 m. W. Harrisburg. SPARTA, p. v., and cap. White co., Tenn. : on Calf Killer cr., 75 m. E. S. E. Nashville ; and contains the court-house, jail, other county buildings, a bank, etc. The " S. Times" ia a weekly (whig) issue. SPARTA, p. o., Caroline county, Firff. : 35 m. N. by E. Eichinond. SPARTA CENTRE, p. o., Kent co., Mich. : 66 m. W. N. W. Lansing. SPARTANBURG district, & Oar. Situate N. toward the W., and contains 1,036 sq. m. Drained by Forest cr., Ennoree, Tiger, and Pacolct rivers. Surface hilly ; soil fertile ; along the streams are some tracts of land proving very productive. Staples are cotton and Indian corn. Farms 1,555; manuf. 84; dwell. 3,185, and pop. wh. 18,312, fir. col. 49, si. 8,039- 811 SPA total 26,400. Capital : Spartanburg. Public Works : Union and Spartanburg R. E. SPARTANBURO, p. v., Eandolph co., Ind. : 72 m. E. by N Indianapolis. SPARTANBURG, p. T., and cap. Spartanburg dist, S. Car. . at the terminus of the Union and Spartanburg E. E., 80 m N. W. Columbia. It contains a court-house, jail, and other public buildings. The Wofford College, a new institution is located here. The " Spartan" is a weekly (dem.) issue. SPARTANSBURG, p. o., Crawford co., Penn. : 101 m. N. W Harrisburg. SPARTAPOLIS, p. o., Eockingham co., Virg. : 101 m. N.W. Eichmond. SPEARS STORE, p. o., Union parish, la. : 169 m. N. "W. Baton Eouge. SPEARS TURNOUT, sta., Jefferson co., Ga. : on the Central (Georgia) E. E., 112 m. N. W. Savannah, and 49 m. E. by S. Milledgeville. SPECKLED mountain, Oxford co., Me: lies on the N. H. line, partly in the t. of Eiley. Elevation 4,000 feet. SPEEDSVILLE, p. v., Tompkins co., N. Y. : on a tributary of the Susquehanna r., 134 m. S. W. by W. Albany. It contains several manufactories and a brick-yard. SPEEDWELL, p. v., Barn well dist., S. Car. : on the E. side of "Steel cr., N. of Savannah r., 67 m. S. by W. Columbia. SPEEDWELL, p. o., Claiborne co., Tenn. : 159 m. E. by N. Nashville. Deposits of iron ore are found in the vicinity. SPEEDWELL, p. o., Wythe co., Virg. : on Cripple cr., and on the S. W. boundary of the county, 211 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. SPEER S LANDING, p. o., Shelby co., Ohio : 65 m.W. N.W. Columbus. SPEERSYTLLE, p. o., Fulton county, Penn. : 30 miles S. "W. Harrisburg. SPEIGHT S BP.IDGE, p. v., Greene co., W. Car, : on Mock- osin cr., 51 m. E. by S. Ealeigh. SPEIR S TURNOUT, p. v., Jefferson county, Ga. : on the N. side of Williamson s Swamp cr, and on the Central Georgia E. E., 112 m. N. W. Savannah, and 49 m. E. by S. from Milledgeville. SPENCER county, Ind. Situate S. toward the "W., and contains 40S sq. m. Drained by Anderson s, Little Pigeon, Big Sandy, and Little Sandy creeks. Surface generally hilly, with exceptions of some level or undulating lands ; soil a black loam, and resting on a yellow clay mixed more or less with sand. The bottoms are extensive and thickly timbered. Coal is abundant. Farms 988; manuf. 28; dwell. 1,485, and pop. wh. 8,615, fr. col. 1 total 8,616. Capital: Eockport. SPENCER county, Ey. Situate N. toward the "W., and contains 125 sq. m. Drained by E. fork of Salt r. and its branches. Surface level ; soil fertile, and in parts very pro ductive. Chief articles for the markets, wheat, Indian corn, and tobacco. Farms578 ; manuf. IS ; dwell. 810, and pop. wh. 4,659, fr. col. 32, si. 2,151 total 6,842. Capital; Tay- lorsville. SPENCER, p. v., and cap. Owen co., Ind. : on the right bank of W. fork White r. It contains a court-house, jail, and other public buildings, warehouses, mechanic shops, an oil mill, ropewalk, copper and tin factory, and about 300 in habitants. The country around is very fertile, and its situa tion is favorable to a rapid increase in size and importance. SPENCER, t., p. v., and sta., Worcester co., Mass. : 48 m. W. by S. Boston. Surface uneven, rough, and elevated 950 feet above tide-water in Boston harbor ; soil fertile ; watered by branches of Chicopee r. The Western E. E. passes through its S. W. part, 62 m. from Boston, 138 m. from Al bany. The town contains several grist and saw mills, and 3 churches, of which 2 are in. the v., near its centre. Pop. of t. in 1840, 1,604 ; in 1 S50, 2,243. SPENCER, p. o., Davidson co., .A 7 ". Car. : 90 m. W. Ealeigh. SPENCER, t. and p. v., Tioga co., JV. Y. : 146 m. W. S. W. Albany. Surface hilly ; soil gravelly loam. Drained by 812 SPR Cattotong creek and its branches. The v. contains several mills, a tannery, 2 churches, etc. Pop. of t. 1,782. SPENCER, t. and p. o., Medina co., Ohio: 87 m. N. N. E. Columbus. Drained by the E. branch of Black r. Surface moderately uneven, with fertile soil. Centreville v. is on the S. side of the r. Pop. of 1. 1,336. SPENCER, p. v., and cap. Van Buren co., Tenn. : on N. side of Laurel cr., 73 m. S. E. Nashville. It contains the court-house, jail, etc. SPENCERPORT, p. v. and sta., Monroe co., A 7 : Y. : on the Eochester, Lockport, and Niagara Falls E. E., 10 m. W. from Eochester, and on the Erie Canal; 218 m. W. by N. Albany. Pop. about 400. SPENCERSBURG, p. v., Pike co., Mo. : on the E. of a branch of Spencer cr., 68 m. N. N. E. Jefferson City. SPENCERTOWN, p. v., Columbia co., N. Y. : 27 m. S. S. E. Albany. Pop. about 250. SPENCERVILLE, p. v., De Kalb county, Ind. : on the right bank of the St. Joseph s river of the Maumee, 121 m. N. E. Indianapolis. SPENCERVILLE, p. o., Marengo county, Ala. : 100 m. W. Montgomery. SPEONK, p. o., Suffolk co., JV. Y. : 140 m. S. S. E. Albany. SPERRYVILLE, p. v., Eappahannock county, Virg. : 87 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. The Alleghany range is on the TV. of the village. SPESCTIE island, Harford co., Md. ; an island of consid erable extent in the Chesapeake bay, about 6 m. S. of the confluence of Susquehanna r., and about a mile distant from the E. coast of the county. SPICELAND. p. v., Henry co., Ind. : on a creek of Blue r. 37 m. E. by N. Indianapolis. SPINNERSTOWN, p. v., Bucks county, Penn. : 88 m. E. Harrisburg. SPLUNG, p. v., Monroe county, Mi-ns. : on a branch of Buttahatchee cr., 163 m. N. E. Jackson. SPOTTEDVILLE, p. o., Stafford co., Virg. : 61 m. N. by W. Eichmond. SPOTTSWOOD, p. v. and sta., Middlesex county, N. Jer. : on Camden and Arnboy E. E., 52 m. from Philadelphia, 3S m. from New York, 22 m. N. E. Trentoa. It contains 2 churches, etc. SPOTTSYLVANIA county, Virg. Situate toward the N. E., and contains 403 sq. m. Drained by head branches of North Anna and Mattapony rivers. Surface generally urn- even; soil fertile, well adapted to grazing. Chief products, wheat, Indian corn, tobacco, etc. The city of Fredericks- burg is in this co. Farms 429; manuf. 15; dwell. 1,416, and pop. wh. 6,903, fr. col. 527, si. 7,481 total 14,911. Capital : Spottsylvania C. H. Public Works : Eichmond, Frederick, and Potomac E. E. SPOTTSYLVANIA C. H., p. v., and cap. Spottsylvania county, Virg. : on the Po river, tributary of Mattapony river, 44 m. N. by W. Eichmond. It contains the court house, etc. SPROUT SPRING, p. o., Appomattox county, Virg. : 72 m. W. by S. Eichmond. SPRAGUE S FALLS, p. o., Washington county, Me. : 131 m. E. N. E. Augusta. SPRAGUEVILLE, p. v., Jackson co., la. : on the E. bank of Makoqueta r., 60 m. E. N. E. Iowa City. SPRAKER S BASIN, p. v. and sta., Montgomery co., N". Y.: on the Erie Canal, Mohawk r., and Utica and Schenectady E. E., 43 m. from Utica, 35 m. from Schenectady, and 53 m. l)y E. E. from Albany. SPREAD EAGLE, p. v., Delaware co., Penn. : 81 m. E. by S. flarrisburg. SPREAD OAK, p. o., Jefferson county, Ga. : 54 m. E. Milledgeville. SPRING, t. and p. v., Crawford co., Penn. : 205 m. N. W. larrisburg. Drained by the cr. so called. Surface undu- ating and well wooded ; soil of average fertility. It has good water-power, and manufactures flour, leather, lumber, SPR SPR Ctc. The v. is on the Beaver and Erie Canal, 100 m. N. Beaver, near the Ohio line. Pop. of t. about 2,000. SPRING, p. o., Henry county, Ga. ; 61 m. W. by N. Milledgeville. SPRING AEBOK, t, and p. \\, Jackson county, Mich, : 35 m. S. Lansing. Drained by the Kalamazoo, and branch of Grand r. The v. is located on the site of an ancient Indian village, and in the midst of burr oak plains. Pop. of t. in 1S40, 775; in 1S50, 1,075. SPRING BAY, p. v., "Woodford co., Ill, : on the E. bank of Peoria lake of Illinois r., 69 m. N. by E. Springfield. It is located in a swampy and not very fertile district. SPRINGBOKOUGH, p. v., Warren co., Ohio : on the N. side of Spring creek of Miami r., 4 m. E. of the Miami Canal, and 70 m. S. W. Columbus. It contains several churches among which are two Friends with manufactories, stores, etc. The v. derives its name from a spring situate here, which moves several mills. SPRINGBOROUGH, p. o., White co., Ind, : 85 m. N. N. W. Indianapolis. SPRING BROOK, p. o., Erie county, N. Y. : 263 m. W. Albany. SPRING BROOK, p. v., Jackson county, la, : 65 m. N. E. Iowa City. SPRING COTTAGE, p. o., Marion county, Miss, : on E. side of Pearl r., 94 m. S. by E. Jackson. SPRING CREEK, p. v., M Donough co., Ill, : on a stream so called, 77 m. W. N. W. Springfield. SPRING CREEK, t. and p. o., Warren co., Penn, : 175 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by Broken Straw cr. Surface much broken and rocky; soil very inferior. There are deposits of iron iu the vicinity. SPRING CREEK, p. o. s Brunswick county, N, Car. : 112 m. S. by E. Ealeigh. SPRING CREEK, p. o., Cass county, Ind, : 69 m. N. Indianapolis. SPRING CREEK, p. v., Madison co., Tenn. : near a fork of Deer r., 109 m. W. S. W. Nashville. SPRING CHEEK, p. o., Eandolph co., Ark. : 121 m. N. N. E. Little Eock. SPRING CREEK, p. v., Greenbrier county, Virg. : in a mountainous region, on Thunder Gap. cr., 169 m. W. by N. Eichmond. SPRING CREEK, p. o., Berrien co., Mich. : 112 m.W. S.W. Lansing. SPRING DALE, p. v., Hamilton co., Ohio: near the Cin cinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton E. E., 91 m. S.W. Columbus. SPRING DALE, p. v., La Fayette county, Miss. : 134 m. N. by E. Jackson. SPRING DALE, p. o., Scott co., Ky. : 15 m. N. E. Frankfort. SPRING DALE, p. o., Dane co., Wise. SPRINGFIELD, p. o.,Greene co., Ala. : 3 m. W. from Black Warrior r., 100 m. W. N. W. Montgomery. SPRINGFIELD, p. v., and cap. Effingham co., Ga. : on a branch of Ebenezer cr., 13 m. W. of the Savannah r., aiid 126 m. E. S. E. Milledgeville. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. SPRINGFIELD, p. v., and cap. Sangamon co., 111., and cap ital of the State of Illinois : 4 m. S. from Sangamon r., 174 m. 8. W. by S. Chicago, 84 m. N. N. E. St. Louis, 1S6 m. W. Indianapolis. Lat. 39 48 N., long. 89 33 W. Its site is a level plain, on the borders of a broad and beautiful prairie, which is adorned with fine groves and some of the best farms in the State. It was laid out in Feb., 1822, according to a regular plan, with a, public square in the centre, and wide streets crossing at right angles. The older portion of the v. was purchased at the land sales in Nov., 1823, at which time it contained about 30 families, living in small log cabins. For several years its increase in population, etc., was slow. In 1S37 the legislature selected it as the State capital after July 4th, 1839, since which period it has been steadily increasing in business, wealth, and importance. The surrounding counties are very fertile, and their pro ducts are brought here to market. The railroads now pass ing through Springfield are Great Western Central E. E., extending centrally across the State, from the E. to the W. boundary, of which the portion completed, viz., from Spring field to Naples, 55 m., Was formerly styled the Sangamon and Morgan E. E. ; and Chicago and Mississippi E. E., of which 132 m. (from Alton to Bloomington) will be com pleted in July, 1853, and the entire road will be completed to Chicago, 257 m., in the spring of 1854. The Massac and Sangamon E. E., from Springfield to Metropolis, on the Ohio r., passing through Vandalia, Salem, Frankfort, etc., is in construction. The capitol occupies the centre of the principal square, which has an area of 3 acres. It is con structed of hewn stone, 3 stories high, with handsome por ticoes, and cost about $180,000. The v. also contains a court house, U. S. land office, market-house, jail, 3 banks, several academies and other schools, with 8 churches, some of which are handsome edifices. The v. has some manufac tures, an iron foundry, etc. The newspapers published in 1S50 were "Illinois Journal" (whig), issued daily, tri weekly, and weekly ; Illinois State Eegister" (dem.), daily and weekly ; and " Illinois Organ" (temp.), weekly. Pop. in 1840, 2,579 ; in 1S50, 4,533. SPRINGFIELD, p. v., Franklin co., Ind. : near the source of Eed Cedar Grove cr., 69 m. E. by S. Indianapolis. SPRINGFIELD, p. v., Keokuk county, la. : on a branch of Skunk r., 47 m. S. W. Iowa City. SPRINGFIELD, p. o., Eichmond co., N . Car. : 71 m. S. W. Ealeigh. SPRINGFIELD, p. v., and cap. Washington co., Ky. : 89 m. S. by W. Frankfort. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. In the vicinity are several Catholic institutions Dominican Convent of St. Eose, established 1806, with 6 priests and 23 religious; St. Catharine s Female Convent, founded 1822, having 26 members ; and a female academy with more than 100 pupils. SPRINGFIELD, p. v., and cap. Livingston par., La. : on Notatbaney cr., a branch of Tickfaw r., 39 m. E. Baton Eouge. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. SPRINGFIELD, t. and p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : 116 m. N. E. by N. Augusta. Drained by branches of Mattawam- keag r., which afford water-power. Pop. 583. SPRINGFIELD, t., p. city, and cap. Hampden co., Mass. : on E. side of Connecticut r., SI m. W. by S. Boston; by rail road 93 m. from Boston, 102 m. from Albany, 138 m. from New York. Lat. (Court-house) 42=> 06 04" N., long. 73 35 45" W. Its site along the river is a rich alluvial plain, back of which the ground rises gradually to a considerable ele vation, called Armory Hill, terminating in a plain which extends E. for several miles. Its general appearance is very beautiful, and it is surrounded by delightful scenery. The houses are generally well built, and many are elegant. The streets are generally paved, and the city is lighted with gas. The business part of the city is chiefly on and adjoin ing Main Street, which runs parallel with the river at some distance from it, is between 2 and 3 m. long, quite broad, and generally intersected at right angles by cross streets, and contains many handsome buildings, with the principal hotels and railroad station-house. From the position of Springfield, and its great railroad connections, it has be come one of the greatest inland thoroughfares of travel in the Union. Four railroads here connect at the central de- p6t from the four cardinal points, viz. : Western E. E., from Worcester 54 in. and from Albany 102 m. ; New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield E. E., 26 m. from Hartford and 62 m. from New Haven ; Connecticut Eiver E. E., 17 m. from Northampton and 50 m. from South Vernon. The great number of trains arriving and departing daily render the vicinity of this dep6t strikingly interesting to the passing traveler. The hotels of the city established to accommodate the traveling public are numerous, of which several are of great repute. The city contains a court-house, jail, and 12 churches, some of which are handsome edifices. These are 818 SPR SPR -4 Congregational, 1 Baptist, 1 Episcopal, 2 Methodist, 1 Unitarian, 1 Catholic, 1 Universalist, 1 African. The prin cipal cemetery is beautifully laid out and adorned. There are 5 banks, with an aggregate capital of $1,150,000, and 2 institutions for savings. The manufactures of the city are of considerable importance. There is a large manufactory of cars, locomotives, railroad machinery, steam-engines, etc. ; also several factories of sheetings, satinets, etc. ; also 1 pis tol factory. The "Springfield Eepublican" (whig), and "Hampden Post" (dem.), publish each daily and weekly editions. The IT. S. Armory located here is situated on Armory Hill, about one-half mile E. of Main Street. The buildings are of brick, handsomely arranged around a square, pre senting a fine appearance. From 12,000 to 15,000 muskets are manufactured annually. The arsenal, a very large brick building 4 stories high, contains about 175,000 muskets. Some of the machine shops are located on Mill r., in the S. E. part of the t, and comprise 5 shops, with 18 water- wheels, 10 trip hammers, and 80 forges. The whole estab lishment employs from 250 to 300 workmen, and has con tributed very much to the prosperity of the city. Springfield was settled in 1635, then called by its Indian name Agawam ; it received its present name in 1640, and was incorporated in 1646, and received its city charter May 2oth, 1S52. In 1786, during Shay s rebellion, it was in part the theatre of his movements. Since the construction of the railroads which now so closely connect it with other im portant cities, it has rapidly increased in population, wealth, and importance. Pop. in 1810, 2,767; in 1820, 3,914; in 1S30, 6,784 ; in 1840, 10,985. When the census of 1840 was taken, it was a much larger township than at present, then comprising also Chicopee Falls, Cabotville, "Willimansett, etc., now embraced in Chicopee township, the population of which with that of Springfield in 1850, amounted to 21,602. The separate population of Springfield t, in 1850, and as at present constituted, was 11,766. SPRINGFIELD, t and p. o., Oakland co., Mich. : 51 m. E. Lansing. Drained by a part of the head waters of Shia- wassee r. Surface level, and well wooded. Pop. 956. SPRINGFIELD, p. v., and cap. Greene co., Mo. : on "Wil son s cr. of James r., 109 m. S. W. Jefferson City. It con tains a court-house, jail, U. S. land office, etc. The country round about is hilly, with good timber lands. There are two weekly issues, the " Springfield Advertiser" and the " South Western Flag" (both democratic). Pop. 415. SPRINGFIELD, t. and p. o., Sullivan co., N. ffamp. : 31 m. N. W. by N. Concord. It occupies the height of land be tween Connecticut and Merrimac rivers, and is drained by streams flowing into each. It has a rough surface, and con tains several considerable ponds. Organized with its pres ent name in 1794. Pop. 1,270. SPRINGFIELD, t, and p. v., Essex county, N. Jer. : 42 m. N. E. by N. Trenton. Bounded E. by Eahway r. and W. by Passaic r. The v. on Eahway r. is noted for its paper factories. Through its N. part, called Millville, the Morris and Essex E. E. passes, 10 m. from Newark, 19 m. from New York. Summit is another sta, in the t, 3 m. W. Mill ville. Pop. of t in 1840, 1,651 ; in 1850, 1,945. SPRINGFIELD, t and p. o., Otsego county, N. Y. : 59 m. W. by N. Albany. Surface elevated and hilly. The N. end of Otsego lake extends to its centre. It contains numerous saw-mills, 3 tanneries, a furnace, woolen factory, and sev eral fulling and grist mills. Pop. 2,322. SPRINGFIELD, p. v., and cap. Limestone county, Tea;. : on N. E. bank of Navasota r., 119 m. N. E. by N. Austin City. SPRINGFIELD, t., p. city, and cap. Clark co., Ohio: on S. side of E. fork of Mad r., 43 m. W. by S. Columbus. It has great water-power, well improved by a variety of mills and manufacturing establishments. It contains a handsome court-house, and other county buildings. 2 banks (one is a branch of the State Bank), several academies, and 7 church es. Newspapers in 1S50 : " Eepublic" (whig), tri-weekly 814 and weekly; and 8 other weeklies, " Gospel Herald," "Dis trict Expositor" (dem.), and " Mad Eiver Gazette" (whig). Here are located the Wittenberg College, and Theological Seminary, both founded in 1845. In 1S50 the college had T instructors, 37 students, and 4,500 volumes in library ; while the Theological School had 2 professors and 8 students. Several important lines of railroad pass through the city, viz., Mad Eiver and Lake Erie E. E., 134 m. from Sandus- ky, and 24 m. from Dayton, 84 m. from Cincinnati : Little Miami E. E., from Cincinnati, 84 m. ; Springfield, Mount Vernon, and Pittsburg E. E., in construction to Loudonville, on the Ohio and Pennsylvania E. E., 115 m. ; and the Springfield and Columbus E. E., 19 m. to connection at London with Columbus and Xenia E. E., 43 m. to Colum bus all of which have connections with other principal railroads. Pop. of city in 1S40 (then a village), 2,062 ; in 1850, 5,108. Pop. of t in 1840, 2,349; in 1850 (including city), 7,314. SPRINGFIELD, t. and p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : 107 m. N. Harrisburg. Drained by Bently, and branch of Sugar cr. Surface mountainous; soil highly productive. The Will- iamsport and Elmira E. E. passes near the town. SPRINGFIELD, p. v., and cap. Eobertson co., Tenn. : on Sulphur fork of Eed r., 24 m. N. by W. Nashville. It con tains the court-house and other public buildings. SPRINGFIELD, p. v., Hampshire co., Virg. : on the right bank of the South branch Potomac river, 145 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. SPRINGFIELD, sta., Fairfax co., Virg. : on the Orange and Alexandria E. E., 7 m. W. Alexandria, and 85 m. N. Eichmond. SPRINGFIELD, t. and p. v., Windsor co., Verm. : on W. side of Connecticut r., 70 m. S. by E. Montpelier. Black r. flows through it from the N. W., and has an important fall, 4 m. from its mouth, near the principal v., affording great water-power, and improved by numerous fulling, grist, and saw mills, also woolen and cotton factories. Pop. of t. 2,762. SPRINGFIELD, v., Sutler co., Calif. : on the left bank of Sacramento r., at the mouth of Feather r., opposite Fre mont, and 66 m. N. E. Vallejo. SPRINGFIELD CENTRE, p. o., Otsego county, A r . Y. : 60 m. W. by N. Albany. SPRINGFIELD CROSS EOADS, p. o., Erie co., Penn. : 213 m. N. W. Ilarrisburg. The Cleveland and Erie E. E. passes through Springfield t. and sta ,75 m. from Cleveland, 20 m. from Erie. SPRINGFIELD FURNACE, p. o., Blair county, Penn. : 80 m. W. by N. Ilarrisburg. It contains a furnace with an annual capacity of 1,820 tons. SPRINGFIELD MILLS, p. o., Noble county, Ind. : on the N. side of Elkhart r., 121 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. g SPRING FORGE, p. o., York county, Penn. : 25 m. S- Ilarrisburg. It contains a forge which, in 1850, produced 223 tons bars. SPRING FORK, p. o., Pettis co., Mo. : on a stream so called, 60 m. W. Jefferson City. SPRING GARDEN, p. o., Cherokee county, Ala. : 138 m. N. N. E. Montgomery. SPRING GARDEN, p. o., Jefferson co., III. : 118 m. S. S. E. Springfield. SPRING GARDEN, p. district, Philadelphia co., Penn. : an integral part of the city of Philadelphia, though incorporated under separate charter, and governed by a board of com missioners. See PHILADELPHIA, for statistics of its popula tion, manufactures, water-works, etc. SPRING GARDEN, p. v., Pittsylvania co., Virg, : on N. side of Birch cr., 116 m. S.W. by W. Eichmond. SPRING GROVE, p. o., Warren county, III. : 105 m. N. W. Springfield. SPRING GROVE, station, Hamilton county, Ohio : on the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton E. E., 7 m. N. Cincinnati, and 101 m. W. S. W. Columbus. SPRING GROVE, t and p. v., Greene co., Wise. : 37 m. S SPR SPR, Madison. Drained by a branch of Eock r. Surface level ; soil rich, with some prairie and good pasturage. The v. is in S. part. Pop. of t. 703. SPRING GEOVE, p. o., Eowan co., 27, Car. : 97 m. "W, Kaleigh. SPRING GROVE, p. o., Linn co., la. : 27 m. N. Iowa City. SPRING GROVE, p. v., Laurens district, & Car. : N. of Saluda r., 55 m. W. by N. Columbia. SPRING HILL, p. o., Marengo county, Ala. ; 91 m. "W. Montgomery. SPRING HILL, v., Mobile co., Ala. : situated a little S. "W. of the city of Mobile, is a favorite summer resort of its cit izens. Here is located Spring Hill College (Catholic), founded in 18-30, which in 1S50 had 12 professors and 70 students, with 4,000 volumes in its library. There is also an ecclesiastical seminary. SPRING HILL, p. v., Hempstead co., Ark. : on a fork of Bois d Arc, 108 m. S. W. Little Kock. SPRING HILL, p. v., Decatur county, Ind.: on a branch of Clifty cr., 45 m. S. E. Indianapolis. SPRING HILL, p. v., Whitesides co., 1U. : on the S. bound ary line of the co., 125 m. N. Springfield. SPRING HILL, p. o., Livingston co., Mb. : 109 m. N. W. Jefferson City. SPRING HILL, p. o., Tippah co., Miss.: 181 m. N. N. E. Jackson. SPRING HILL, p. v., Maury county, Term. : 27 miles S. Nashville. The New Orleans and Nashville E. E. will pass through it. SPRING HILL, p. o., Navarro co., Tew. : 152 m. N. E. by N. Austin City. SPRING HILL FURNACE, p. o., Fayette co., Penn. : 158 m. W. S. W. Harrisburg. A steam and water-power furnace in the vicinity has an annual capacity of 1,100 tons. SPRING HILLS, p. o., Champaigne county, Ohio : 42 miles W. by N. Columbus. SPRING HOUSE, p. o., Montgomery co., Penn. : on a trib utary of the Schuylkill r., 86 m. E. Harrisburg. SPRING HOUSE, p. o., Grainger county, Tenn. : 179 m. E. Nashville. SPRING LAKE, p. o., Williams co., Ohio : 133 m. N. W. Columbus. SPRING LAKE, t, Ottawa co., Mich. : on Lake Michigan, 86 m. W. by N. Lansing. It contains 5 steam saw mills, producing to the value of $120,900 annually. Pop. 545. SPRING MILL, sta., Eichland co., Ohio : on the Sandusky, Mansfield, and Newark E. E., 51 m. from Sandusky, 65 m. from Newark. SPRING MILLS, p. o., Lawrence co., Ind. : 71 m. 8. by W. Indianapolis. SPRING MILLS, p. o., Allegany co., N. Y. : 224 m. "W. by S. Albany. SPRING MILLS, p. v., Centre county, Penn. : on a fork of Penn s cr., near Brush mt., 54 m. N. W. Harrisburg. SPRING MILLS, gta., Montgomery co., Penn. : on the left bank of the Schuylkill river, and on the Philadelphia, Ger- mantown, and Norristown E. E., 12 m. N. W. Philadelphia, and 82 E. by S. Harrisburg. SPRING PLACE, p. v., and cap. Murray co., Ga. : about 8 m. E. of Connesauga cr., and 162 m. N. W. Milledgeville. It was at one time a missionary station among the Cher- okees, and now contains the county court-house, jail, and other public offices, etc. SPRING PLACE, p. v., Marshall county, Tenn. : 141 miles S. Nashville. SPRINGPORT, t. and p. o., Jackson county, Mich. : 25 m. S. Lansing. Drained by a branch of Grand r. Surface undu lating ; soil, rich sandy loam, with good timber lands. Pop. in 1840,294; in 1850, 759. SPRINGPORT, p. v., Panola county, Miss. : 137 miles N. Jackson. SPRING PRAIRIE, t. and p. o., Walworth co., Wise. : 59 m. 8. E. Madison. Drained by Honey creek aud branches. The v. is on the Milwaukio and Elkhorn plank road. Pop. of 1. 1,344. SPRING EIDGE, p. o., Hinds co., Miss. : W. Jackson. SPRING EIVER, p. v., Lawrence co., Mo. : on a branch of the stream so called, 134 m. S. W. Jefferson City. SPRING EOCK, p. v., Clinton county, la. : on Potain creek, and on the line of the proposed ro ate of the Damanche and Iowa City E. E., 35 m. E. by N. Iowa City. SPRING EOCK, p. v., York dist., S. Car. : on E. side of Fishing cr., 55 m. N. Columbia. The Charlotte and South Carolina E. E. passes near the village. SPRING EUN, p. o., Franklin county, Penn. : 53 m. S. "W. Harrisburg. SPRINGS, p. o., Suffolk co., N. Y. : 145 m. S. E. Albany. SPRINGTOWN, p. v., Hendricks co., Ind. : on Mill cr., 25 m. W. by S. Indianapolis. The Terre Haute and Eichmond E. E. passes S, of this place. SPRINGTOWN, v. and sta., "Warren co., 2T. Jer. : on the New Jersey Central E. E., 68 m. W. from New York city, and 115 m. N. W. Trenton. SPRINGTOWN, p. v., Bucks county, Penn. : 84 m. E. N. E, Harrisburg. SPRINGTOWN, p. o., Polk co., Tenn. : near Focco r., 41 m. S. E. Nashville. SPRINGTOWN, p. o., Oxford co., Me. : 49 m. W. Augusta. SPRINGVALE, p. v., York co., Me. : on a fork of Mousam r., 82 m. S. "W. Augusta. SPRINGVALE, p. o., Jefferson county, Tenn.: 187 m. E. Nashville. SPRINGVALE, p. o., Sampson co., N. Car. : 49 m. S. S. E. Ealeigh. SPRINGVALE, p.o., Fairfax co., Tirg. : 90 m. N. Eichmond. SPRINGVALE, t. and p. o., Fond du Lac, Wise. : 61 m. N. N. E. Madison. Drained by several small streams. Soil excellent, and timber abundant. Pop. 5SS. SPRING VALLEY, p. v. and sta., Greene co., Ohio : on the E. side of Little Miami r., and on the Little Miami Branch of Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati E. E., 58 m. N. E. Cincinnati, and 62 m. S. "W. Columbus. SPRING VALLEY, p. o. and sta., Eockland co., N. Y. : on the New York and Erie E. E., Hi m. W. Piermont, and 108 m. S. by W. from Albany. SPRING VALLEY, p. o., Bergen co., N. Jer. : 62 m. N. E. Trenton. SPRING VALLEY, p. v., Marion co., Ind. : on the "W. side of the West fork of White r., 9 m. S. Indianapolis. SPRING VALLEY, t. and p. o., Eock co., Wise. : 31 m. S. Madison. Drained by a branch of Sugar r., furnishing good water-power. It is a good agricultural town, embracing some of the best prairie land in the State. Pop. 766. SPRINGVILLE, p. v., St. Glair county, Ala. : 99 m, N. Montgomery. SPRINGVILLE, p. v., Coles co., HI, : 5 m. E. Chicago Branch of Illinois Central E. E., and 75 m. E. S.E. Springfield. SPRINGVILLE, p. v., Crawford co., Wise. : on a branch of Coosa r., 99 m. N. Montgomery. SPRINGVILLE, p. v., Lawrence co., Ind. : 61 m. S. S. W. Indianapolis. There is a small spring in this place, from which it derives its name. This pleasant village was first settled in 1816, and it now contains about 250 inhabitants. SPRINGVILLE, p. o., Linn co., la. : 21 m. N. Iowa City. SPRINGVILLE, p. v., Greenup co., Ky. : on the Ohio r., at the mouth of Tygert cr., and opposite to Portsmouth, 111 m. above Newport, 114 m. E. by N. Frankfort. It contains a foundry, several manufactories, etc. Beds of iron ore of superior quality abound in the vicinity. SPRINGVILLE, p. v., Lenawee co., Mich. : 55 m. S. S. E. Lansing. SPRINGVILLE, p. v., Erie co., N. Y. : on Spring cr., 260 m. W. by S. Albany. Water-power is derived from a spring which rises in the neighborhood. There are in the v. an academy, several manufactories, a tannery, and furnace. The " S. Herald" (whig) is published weekly. 815 STA STE tains 289 sq. m. Spoon r. a tributary of Illinois r., passes centrally through it, by which and its branches it is drained. Surface undulating; soil a deep loam and very productive. Staples, wheat and Indian corn. Farms 343; manuf. 23; dwell. 594, and pop. wh. 3,710, fr. col. total 3,710. Capital: Toulon. STAKK county, Ind. Situate N. "W., and contains 432 sq. miles. Drained by Kankakee r. which traverses it N. E. and 8. W., and which, in the centre of the county, extends into English lake. Extensive marshes lie on the borders of the river. It may be considered the most impracticable county in the State. Farms 53; dwell. 100, and pop. wh. 557, fr. col. total 557. Capital: Knox. Public Works: New Albany and Salem extension E. B. ; Logansport and Chicago E. E. ; Fort Wayne and Chicago E. E., etc. STARK county, Ohio. Situate toward the N. E., and con tains 5S7 sq. m. Drained by Tuscarawas r. and its affluents. Surface even ; soil fertile, and well adapted to wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes, which it produces in abundance. It contains extensive beds of iron ore and mineral coal, and has some quarries of excellent limestone. Pork and beef are exported in large quantities. Timber is abundant Farms 3,177 ; manuf. 294 ; dwell. 6,778, and pop. wh. 39,733, fr. coL 145 total 39,878. Capital : Canton. Public Works : Ohio and Pennsylvania E. E. ; Cleveland and Pittsburg E. E. ; Ohio Canal, and Canton Branch Canal. STARK, t., p. o., and sta., Coos co., N. Hainp. : on S. side of Upper Ammonoosuc r., and on Atlantic and St. Lawrence E. E., 115 m. from Portland ; 98 m. N. Concord. Surface very uneven and broken. Pop. 418. STARKEY, t, p. o., and sta., Yates co., N. Y. : on W. side of Seneca lake, 168 m. W. Albany. Surface elevated and hilly; soil claf loam. Drained by small streams flowing into the lake. The principal v. is Dundee, near which is a brine spring. The Canandaigua and Elmira E. E. passes through, 32 m. from Elmira. Pop. 2,675. STARKS, t and p. v., Somerset co., Me. : on Sandy r. near its entrance into Kennebec r., 80 m. N. N. "W. Augusta. The t, has a fertile soil, and good mill privileges afforded by Sandy r. Pop. of 1. 1,446. STARKSBOROXJGH, t. and p. v., Addison co., Verm. : 23 m. W. Montpelier. Surface rough and mountainous; soil generally inferior. Drained by Lewis cr. and Huntington r. which afford water-power. Pop. 1,400. STARKVILLE, p. v., and cap. Lee co., Oa. : on the W. side of Muck alee cr. of Flint r., 107 m. 8. W. Milledgeville. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. STARKVILLE, p. v., and cap. Oktibbeha co., Miss. : near the Oktibbeha r., 116 m, N. E. Jackson. It contains the county buildings, etc. STARKVILLE, p. v., Herkimer co., JT. Y. : 58 m. W. N. W. Albany. STARLINGTON, p. o., Butler county, Ala. : 63 m. S. S. W. Montgomery. STARR county, Tew. Situate S., and contains 5,200 sq. m. Drained by outlet of Salt Lagoon. The Eio Grande flows on its S. "W. border. Surface varied, in the N. being undu lating and somewhat elevated, but in the S. level; soil near the streams is fertile. The greater portion of the county is one vast prairie, with occasional groves of oak and other trees interspersed. It has excellent pasturage. Capital: Eio Grande City. STARR, t and p. o., Hocking county, Ohio: 47 miles S. E. Columbus. Drained by head waters of Eaccoon cr. The Hocking river and canal cross its N. E. part, 27 miles S. E. Lancaster. Surface much broken ; soil fertile. Pop. 1,045. STARRSVILLE, p. v., Newton county, Ga. : 50 miles N. "W. Milledgeville. STARUCCA, p. v., Wayne county, Penn. : 124 miles N. E. Harrisburg. The Starucca creek flows from this vicinity into the Susquehanna, near Lanesborough, gives name to the Starucca Viaduct of the Erie E. E., one of the finest structures of its kind in the world, which here crosses a 818 deep ravine. It is 1,200 feet long, 110 feet high, and has 18 arches with spans of 50 feet. Its body is 24 feet wide, but its top is 30 feet, affording space for a double track. It was completed within one year, and cost $320,000. STATEBURG, p. v., and cap. Sumter disu, S. Car. : on a small tributary of Santee r., E. of the Camden Branch E. E., and 30 m. E. Columbia. It contains a court-house, jail, and other public buildings. STATE BRIDGE, p. o., Oneida co., N. Y. : 110 m. W. N. W. Albany. STATELAND, p. o., Choctaw county, Miss. : 99 m. N. N. E. Jackson. STATE LINE, p. o., Trumbull county, Ohio : 143 m. N. E. Columbus. STATE LINE, p. o., M Henry county, III. : 204 m. N. N. E. Springfield. STATE LINE, p. o., Wai worth co., Wise. : 61 m. S.E. Madison. STATE LINE, p. o., Franklin co., Penn. : 51 m. W. S. W. Harrisburg. STATEN ISLAND, N. T. : lies centrally, 12 m. S. W. from the City Hall, New York, and forms Eichmond co. It is 14 m. long, from 4 to 8 miles wide, and is divided into 4 town ships, containing many pleasant villages. Its surface is agreeably diversified, billy in the N., and more level in the S. From its hills are afforded the most delightful views to be obtained in the vicinity of New York. The highest elevation is that of Eichmond Hill, 307 feet above the bay. The numerous villages upon the shores of the island con tain elegant summer country seats of New York citizens, also a large permanent population. Several steamboats ply hourly to New York. The construction of a railroad cen trally through the island, and other improvements, have been projected. The fisheries on its borders are very valu able ; the amount of market produce raised is also consider able. The Seaman s Eetreat, and the Sailor s Snug Harbor are two noble institutions, occupying beautiful locations on its shores. The Quarantine Station for the port of New York is on its N. E. point. STATE EOAD, p. o., Lycoming county, Penn. : 75 miles N. Harrisburg. STATESBOROUGII, p. v., and cap. Bullock co., Ga. : at the head or source of Belcher s Mill creek of Ogechee r., 105 m. E. S. E. Milledgeville. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. STATEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Iredell co., N. Car. : 1$ m.N. Third creek, 115 m. W. Columbia, and contains the court house and other county buildings. STATESVILLE, p. v., Wilson county, Tenn. : 37 m. E. by S. Nashville. STATION, p. o., Thomas county, Ga. : 169 miles W. by S. Milledgeville. STAUNTON, p. o., Granville county, 2f. Car. : 53 m. N. Ealeigh. STAUNTON, p. v., Macoupin co., HI. : 1J m. E. Cahokia cr., and 56 S. Springfield. It is a pleasant v., located on the border of a healthy and fertile prairie. STAUNTON, p. v., Fayette county, Ohio : 33 miles S. W. Columbus. Pop. 87. STAUNTON, p. v., and cap. Augusta co., Yirg. : on Lewis creek, and on the Virginia Central E. E., 97 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. The land rises from the creek, and the streets, though narrow, are uniformly laid out. The court-house and jail are situated here, the former a neat and com modious edifice. This is one of the oldest villages in Mid dle Virginia, and the Virginia Central E. E. connects it with the Potomac and James rivers. The village contains a bank, capital .$100,000, 4 churches, an academy, and the Western Lunatic Asylum, a substantial and commodious building. The "Staunton Spectator (whig), "Eepublican Vindicator" (dem.), and the " Virginia Messenger" (neut.) are issued weekly. The v. is surrounded by a fertile and well-cultivated country. Pop. about 3,000. STEADY EITN, p. v., Keokuk co., la. : on a branch of Big creek, 37 m. S. by W. Iowa City. STE STE STEAMBOAT, sta., Chester co., Pf>nn. : on the Philadelphia and Pennsylvania R. K., 26 miles W. Philadelphia, and 80 E. S. E. Harrisburg. STEAM FACTOET, p. o., Muscogee co., Get. : 105 m. "W. S.W. Milledgeville. STEAM MILL, p. o., Warren county, Penn. : 160 m. N. "W. Harrisburg. STEAMPOKT, p. o., Henderson co., Ky. : 151 m. "W. by S. Frankfort. STEEDMAN S, p. v., Lexington dist., S. Car. :on the E. side of North Edisto river, 27 m. S. W. Columbia. STEELE CREEK, p. o., Mechlenburg co., N. Car. : 129 m. S. W. Raleigh. STEELE S, p. o., Rush co., Ind. ; 35 m. E. by S. Indianapolis. STEELE S, p. v., Anderson dist, 8. Car. : between Twenty- three and Twenty-six mile creeks, branches of Seneca r., 103 m. N. W. Columbia. STEELE S LANDING, p. o., Ottawa co., Mich. : 88 m. "W. by N. Lansing. STEELE S MILLS, p. o , Randolph co., III. : on the right side of St. Mary s r., 122 m. S. Springfield. STEELE S TAVERN, p. o., Augusta county, Virg.: 99 m. N. W. by W. Richmond. STEELEVILLE, p. o., Chester county, Penn. : 41 m. S. E. Harrisburg. STEEL S PRAIRTE, Daviess co., Ind. : is a sandy, level, tract of land, in the "W. part of the co., 79 m. S. W. Indian apolis. It is named from Nina Steele, the first settler, and contains about 1,000 acres, all in cultivation. Prairie creek passes through it, and flows into the West fork of White r. Steele v. is located on the border of the prairie, and contains about 450 inhabitants. STEELSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Crawford co., Mo. : on the S. side of the Maramec r., 62 m. S. E. Jefferson City. It con tains the county court-house, jail, and other public buildings. About 12 m. W. are the Maramec Iron Works, and the country abounds in iron ore. STERN S CREEK, p. o., Rankiu county, Miss.: 15 m. S. E. Jackson. STEEP BOTTOM, p. o., Beaufort district, S. Car : 99 m S. Columbia. STEEP S FALLS, p. o., Cumberland co., Me. : 56 m. S. W. Augusta. STBEB CREEK, p. o., Gilmer co., Virg. : 213 m. W. N. W. Richmond. STEILACOOM, p. v., and port, Lewis co., Oreg. Ter. : on Puget s Sonnd, 11 m. N. Fort Nesqually, and 156 m. N. Salem. The v. at this place is rapidly expanding, and from its position must eventually become important in a com mercial point of view. Its exports are chiefly sawed lumber, piles, square timber, shingles, etc., which are purchased for the San Francisco and other Pacific markets. STEMBERSVILLE, p. o., Carbon co., Penn. : 71 m. N. E. Harrisburg. STEMMEU S RUN, sta., Baltimore co., Md. : on Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore R. R., 9 m. from Baltimore, 89 m. from Philadelphia. STEPHEN?BURGIT, p. v., Hardin co., Ky. : on the Nashville and Louisville R. R.,74 m. S. W. Frankfort. STEPHENSON county, HI. Situate N., and contains 536 sq. m. Drained by Pekatonioa and its affluents, and small tributaries of Plum river. Surface undulating; soil fertile. A large portion of the land is prairie, interspersed with barrens and oak openings. This county is rapidly increas ing in importance. Farms 1,179; manuf. 75; dwell. 1,950. and pop. wh. 11,658, fr. col. 8 total 11,666. Capital: Freeport. PuUic Works : Galena and Chicago Union R. R. ; Galena Branch of Illinois Central R. R. STEPIIENSON S DEPST, p. o., Frederick co., Virg. : 119 m. N. N. W. Richmond. STEPHENSPORT, p. v., Breckenridge co., Ky. : on the Ohio r.. opposite Rome, at the mouth of Sinking cr., 101 m. below Louisville, 91 m. W. by S. Frankfort. It ia a small but handsome village, and a considerable business is done here in shipping the productions of the interior. STEPHEN-TOWN, t and p. v., Rensselaer co., N. Y. : 19 m. E. S. E. Albany. Surface hilly and mountainous, with a central valley, through which flows Kinderhook r., in S. E. course. Roofing slate is quarried. The t. contains 3 woolen factories, with grist and saw mills. Pop. of t. 2,622. STEPHENSVILLE, p. v., Wilkinson county, Ga. : 18 m. S. Milledgeville. STEPNEY, p. v., Fairfleld county, Conn. : 18 m. W. New Haven. STEPNEY Dr,p6T, p. o. and sta., Fairfleld co., Conn. : on the Housatonic R. R.,10 m.from Bridgeport, 17 m. W. New Haven. STERLING, t. and p. o., Windham co., Conn. : 45 m. E. by S. Hartford. Watered by branches of Moosup r., which afford water-power. Near its centre is a curious cavern, called the Devil s Den, which has a circular area of about 100 feet in diameter. Pop. 1,205. STERLING, p. v., Whitesides co., IU. : on the right bank of Rock r., 135 m. N. Springfield. STERLING, p. v., Phillips co., ArTc. : on the Mississippi r., at the lower side of the mouth of St. Francis r., 48 m. below Memphis (Tenn.), and 96 E. from Little Rock. STERLING, p. v., Crawford co., Ind. : on Little Blue r., 100 m. S. by W. Indianapolis. STERLING, t., p. v., and sta., Worcester co., Mats. : 37 m. W. by N. Boston. Surface uneven ; soil moderately fertile. Watered by Still r. The v. at the centre contains 2 churches, and is a station of Fitchburg and Worcester R. R., which connects at Sterling junction, 2 m. below, with Worcester and Nashua R. R. Pop. of 1. 1,800. STERLING, t. and p. v., Cayuga co., & T. : 161 m. W. N. W. Albany. Bounded N. by Lake Ontario, from which little Sodus bay, about 5 m. long, extends S. into the N. W. part. The v. on Sodus cr. contains a few mills, tannery, and iron foundry. Pop. of t. 2,808. STERLING, t. and p. o., Wayne co., Penn. : 101 m. N. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Waullenpaupack cr. and tribu taries, and the Lehigh r., which furnish good water-power. Surface hilly ; soil gravelly loam. Pop. about 1,000. STERLING BOTTOM, p. o., Meigs county, Ohio : 77 m. S. E. Columbus. STERLING GROVE, p. o., Greenville dist., S. Car. : 95 m. N. W. Columbia. STERLING HILL, p. o.,Windham co., Conn. : 45 m. E. by S. Hartford. STERLING JUNCTION, v. and sta., Worcester co., Mass. : oil the Fitchburg and Worcester R. R., at its junction with the Worcester and Nashua R. R., 8 m. N. Worcester, 33 m. S. S. W. Nashua (N. H.), and 38 m. W. Boston. STERLING TILLAGE, v. and sta., Worcester county, Mass. : on the Fitchburg and Worcester R. R., 10 m. N. Worcester, and 38 m. W. Boston. STERLINGVILLE, p. v., Jefferson co., Jf. T. : on a tributary of Indian r., 143 m. N. W. Albany. Iron ore abounds in the vicinity, and is extensively manufactured in this place. STERLINGVILLE, p. o.,Wyoming co., Penn. : 93 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. STETSON, t and p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : 53 m. N. E. Augusta. Drained by branches of Sebasticook and Sowa- dabscook rivers, having their sources in ponds in this t Surface undulating, and soil fertile, producing good grain. The v. is on a branch of Sebasticook r. The t. has some ligb i, manufactures. Pop. of t. 8S5. STEUBEN county, Ind. Situate N. E., and contains 324 sq. m. Drained by Pigeon r. and Crooked and Fish creeks, which are the principal streams; there are also several lakelets in the county. Surface level one-half well tim bered, and the residue barrens and prairies. Farms 586 ; manuf. 28; dwell. 1,109, and pop. wh. 6,102, fr. col. 2 total 6,104. Capital: Angola. STEUBEN county, 2T. Y. Situate S. toward the W., and 819 STA tains 289 sq. m. Spoon r. a tributary of Illinois r., passes centrally through it, by which and its branches it is drained. Surface undulating; soil a deep loam and very productive. Staples, wheat and Indian corn. Farms 343; manuf. 23; dwell. 594, and pop. wh. 3,710, fr. col. total 3,710. Capital: Toulon. STAKK county, Ind. Situate N. W., and contains 432 sq. miles. Drained by Kankakee r. which traverses it N. E. and S. W., and which, in the centre of the county, extends into English lake. Extensive marshes lie on the borders of the river. It may be considered the most impracticable county in the State. Farms 53; dwell. 100, and pop. wh. 557, fr. col. total 557. Capital: Knox. Public Works: New Albany and Salem extension E. E. ; Logansport and Chicago E. E. ; Fort Wayne and Chicago E. E., etc. STARK county, Ohio. Situate toward the N. E., and con tains 5S7 sq. m. Drained by Tuscarawas r. and its affluents. Surface even ; soil fertile, and well adapted to wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes, which it produces in abundance. It contains extensive beds of iron ore and mineral coal, and has some quarries of excellent limestone. Pork and beef are exported in large quantities. Timber is abundant Farms 3,177 ; manuf. 294 ; dwell. 6,778, and pop. wh. 39,733, fr. col. 145 total 39,878. Capital : Canton. Public, Works : Ohio and Pennsylvania E. E. ; Cleveland and Pittsburg K. E. ; Ohio Canal, and Canton Branch Canal. STARK, t., p. o., and sta., Coos co., N. Ifamp. : on S. side of Upper Ammonoosuc r., and on Atlantic and St. Lawrence E. E., 115 m. from Portland ; 98 m. N. Concord. Surface very uneven and broken. Pop. 418. STARKBY, t, p. o., and sta., Yates co., N. Y. : on "W. side of Seneca lake, 168 m. W. Albany. Surface elevated and hilly; soil cla^ loam. Drained by small streams flowing into the lake. The principal v. is Dundee, near which is a brine spring. The Canandaigua and Elmira E. E. passes through, 32 m. from Elmira. Pop. 2,675. STARKS, L and p. v., Somerset co., Me. : on Sandy r. near its entrance into Kennebec r., 80 m. N. N. "W. Augusta. The t. has a fertile soil, and good mill privileges afforded by Sandy r. Pop. of 1. 1,446. STARKSBOROUGH, t. and p. v., Addison co., Verm. : 23 m. W. Montpelier. Surface rough and mountainous; soil generally inferior. Drained by Lewis cr. and Huntington r. which afford water-power. Pop. 1,400. STARKVILLE, p. v., and cap. Lee co., Ga. : on the W. side of Muck alee cr. of Flint r., 107 m. S. W. Milledgeville. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. STARKVILLE, p. v., and cap. Oktibbeha co., Miss. : near the Oktibbeha r., 116 m, N. E. Jackson. It contains the county buildings, etc. STARKVILLE, p. v., Herkimer co., N. Y. : 58 m. W. N. "W. Albany. STARLINGTON, p. o., Butler county, Ala. : 63 m. S. S. W. Montgomery. STARR county, Tew. Situate S., and contains 5,200 sq. m. Drained by outlet of Salt Lagoon. The Eio Grande flows on its S. "W. border. Surface varied, in the N. being undu lating and somewhat elevated, but in the S. level ; soil near the streams is fertile. The greater portion of the county is one vast prairie, with occasional groves of oak and other trees interspersed. It has excellent pasturage. Capital: Eio Grande City. STARR, t and p. o., Hocking county, 07ao : 47 miles S. E. Columbus. Drained by head waters of Eaccoon cr. The Hocking river and canal cross its N. E. part, 27 miles S. E. Lancaster. Surface much broken ; soil fertile. Pop. 1,045. STARRSVILLE, p. v., Newton county, Ga. : 50 miles N. W. Milledgeville. STARTTCOA, p. v., Wayne county, Penn. : 124 miles N. E. Harrisburg. The Starucca creek flows from this vicinity into the Susquehanna, near Lanesborough, gives name to the Starucca Viaduct of the Erie E. E., one of the finest structures of its kind in the world, which here crosses a 818 STE deep ravine. It is 1,200 feet long, 110 feet high, and has 18 arches with spans of 50 feet. Its body is 24 feet wide, but its top is 30 feet, affording space for a double track. It was completed within one year, and cost $320,000. STATEBURG, p. v., and cap. Sumter dist., S. Car. : on a small tributary of Santee r., E. of the Camden Branch E. E., and 30 m. E. Columbia. It contains a court-house, jail, and other public buildings. STATE BRIDGE, p. o., Oneida co., N. Y. ; 110 m. W. N. W. Albany. STATELAND, p. o., Choctaw county, Miss. : 99 m. N. N. E. Jackson. STATE LINE, p. o., Trumbull county, Ohio : 143 m. N. E. Columbus. STATE LINE, p. o., M Henry county, III. : 204 m. N. N. E. Springfield. STATE LINE, p. o., Wai worth co., Wise. : 61 m. S.E. Madison. STATE LINE, p. o., Franklin co., Penn. : 51 m. W. S. W. Harrisburg. STATEN ISLAND, N. T. : lies centrally, 12 m. S. W. from the City Hall, New York, and forms Eichmond co. It is 14 m. long, from 4 to 8 miles wide, and is divided into 4 town ships, containing many pleasant villages. Its surface is agreeably diversified, hilly in the N., and more level in the S. From its hills are afforded the most delightful views to be obtained in the vicinity of New York. The highest elevation is that of Eichmond Hill, 307 feet above the bay. The numerous villages upon the shores of the island con tain elegant summer country seats of New York citizens, also a large permanent population. Several steamboats ply hourly to New York. The construction of a railroad cen trally through the island, and other improvements, have been projected. The fisheries on its borders are very valu able ; the amount of market produce raised is also consider able. The Seaman s Eetreat, and the Sailor s Snug Harbor are two noble institutions, occupying beautiful locations on its shores. The Quarantine Station for the port of New York is on its N. E. point. STATE EOAD, p. o., Lycoming county, Penn. : 75 miles N. Harrisburg. STATESBOROTTGII, p. v., and cap. Bullock co., Ga. : at the head or source of Belcher s Mill creek of Ogechee r., 105 m. E. S. E. Miiledgeville. It contains a court-house, jail, etc, STATEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Iredell co., N. Car. : 1J m.N. Third creek, 115 m. W. Columbia, and contains the court house and other county buildings. STATESVILLE, p. v., Wilson county, Term. : 37 m. E. by S. Nashville. STATION, p. o., Thomas county, Ga. : 169 miles W. by S. Milledgeville. STAUNTOX, p. o., Granville county, N. Car. : 53 m. N. Ealeigh. STAUNTON, p. v., Macoupin co., HI. : 1 J m. E. Cahokia cr., and 56 S. Springfield. It is a pleasant v., located on the border of a healthy and fertile prairie. STAUNTON, p. v., Fayette county, Ohio: 33 miles S. W. Columbus. Pop. 87. STAUNTON, p. v., and cap. Augusta co., Vlrg. : on Lewis creek, and on the Virginia Central E. E., 97 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. The land rises from the creek, and the streets, though narrow, are uniformly laid out. The court-house and jail are situated here, the former a neat and com modious edifice. This is one of the oldest villages in Mid dle Virginia, and the Virginia Central E. E. connects it with the Potomac and James rivers. The village contains a bank, capital $100,000, 4 churches, an academy, and the Western Lunatic Asylum, a substantial and commodious building. The " Staunton Spectator (whig), " Eepublican Vindicator" (dem.), and the " Virginia Messenger" (neut.) are issued weekly. The v. is surrounded by a fertile and well-cultivated country. Pop. about 3,000. STEADY EUN, p. v., Keokuk co., la. : on a branch of Big creek, 37 m. S. by W. Iowa City. STE STE STEAMBOAT, sta., Chester co., Penn. : on the Philadelphia and Pennsylvania E. E., 26 miles W. Philadelphia, and 80 E. S. E. Harrisburg. STEAM FACTOEY, p. o., Muscogee co., Ga. : 105 m. "W. S.W. Milledgeville. STEAM MILL, p. o., Warren county, Penn. : 160 m. N. "W. Harrisburg. STEAMPORT, p. o., Henderson co., Ky. : 151 m. "W. by S. Frankfort. STEEDMAN S, p. v., Lexington dist., S. Car. :on the E. side of North Edisto river, 27 m. S. W. Columbia. STEELE CREEK, p. o., Mechlenburg co., Jf. Car. : 129 m. S. W. Kaleigh. STEELE S, p. o., Eush co., Ind. : 35 m. E. by S. Indianapolis. STEELE S, p. v., Anderson dist, S. Car. : between Twenty- three and Twenty-six mile creeks, branches of Seneca r., 103 m. N. W. Columbia. STEELE S LANDING, p. o., Ottawa co., Mich. : 88 m. W. by N. Lansing. STEELE S MILLS, p. o , Eandolph co., III. : on the right side of St. Mary s r., 122 m. S. Springfield. STEELE S TAVERN, p. o., Augusta county, Virg.: 99 m. N. W. by W. Eichmond. STEELEVILLE, p. o., Chester county, Penn. : 41 m. S. E. Harrisburg. STEEL S PRAIRTE, Daviess co., Ind. : is a sandy, level, tract of land, in the W. part of the co., 79 m. S. W. Indian apolis. It is named from Nina Steele, the first settler, and contains about 1,000 acres, all in cultivation. Prairie creek passes through it, and flows into the West fork of White r. Steele v. is located on the border of the prairie, and contains about 450 inhabitants. STEELSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Crawford co., Mb. : on the S. side of the Maramec r., 62 m. S. E. Jefferson City. It con tains the county court-house, jail, and other public buildings. About 12 m. W. are the Maramec Iron Works, and the country abounds in iron ore. STERN S CREEK, p. o., Eankin county, Miss. : 15 m. S. E. Jackson. STEEP BOTTOM, p. o., Beaufort district, S. Car : 99 m S. Columbia. STEEP S FALLS, p. o., Cumberland co., Me. : 56 m. S. W. Augusta. STHER CREEK, p. o., Gilmer co., Virg. : 213 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. STEILACOOM, p. v., and port, Lewis co., Oreg. Ter. : on Puget s Sonnd, 11 m. N. Fort Nesqually, and 156 m. N. Salem. The v. at this place is rapidly expanding, and from its position must eventually become important in a com mercial point of view. Its exports are chiefly sawed lumber, piles, square timber, shingles, etc., which are purchased for the San Francisco and other Pacific markets. STEMBEUSVILLE, p. o., Carbon co., Penn. : 71 m. N. E. Harrisburg. STEMMER S EUN, sta., Baltimore co., Md. : on Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore E. E., 9 m. from Baltimore, 89 m. from Philadelphia. STEPHEN?BURGII, p. v., Hardin co., Ky. : on the Nashville and Louisville E. E., 74 m. S. W. Frankfort. STEPIIENSON county, HI. Situate N., and contains 536 sq. m. Drained by Pekatonica and its affluents, and small tributaries of Plum river. Surface undulating ; soil fertile. A large portion of the land is prairie, interspersed with barrens and oak openings. This county is rapidly increas ing in importance. Farms 1,179; manuf. 75; dwell. 1,950, and pop. wh. 11,658, fr. col. 8 total 11,666. Capital: Freeport Public Works : Galena and Chicago Union E. E. ; Galena Branch of Illinois Central E. E. STEPHENSON S DEP6T, p. o., Frederick co., Virg. : 119 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. STEPHENSPORT, p. v., Breckenridge co., Ky. : on the Ohio r.. opposite Rome, at the mouth of Sinking cr., 101 m. below Louisville, 91 m. W. by S. Frankfort It is a small but handsome village, and a considerable business is done here in shipping the productions of the interior. STEPHEN-TOWN, t and p. v., Eensselaer co., N. T. : 19 m. E. S. E. Albany. Surface hilly and mountainous, with a central valley, through which flows Kinderhook r., in S. E. course. Eooflng slate is quarried. The t. contains 3 woolen factories, with grist and saw mills. Pop. of t. 2,622. STEPHENSVILLE, p. v., Wilkinson county, Ga. : 18 m. S. Milledgeville. STEPNEY, p. v., Fairfield county, Conn. : 18 m. W. New Haven. STEPNEY DEPST, p. o. and sta., Fairfleld co., Conn. : on the Housatonic E. E.,10 m.from Bridgeport, 17 m. W. New Haven. STERLING, t. and p. o., Windham co., Conn. : 45 m. E. by S. Hartford. Watered by branches of Moosup r., which afford water-power. Near its centre is a curious cavern, called the Devil s Den, which has a circular area of about 100 feet in diameter. Pop. 1,205. STERLING, p. v., Whitesides co., III. : on the right bank of Eock r., 135 m. N. Springfield. STERLING, p. v., Phillips co., Ark. : on the Mississippi r., at the lower side of the mouth of St. Francis r., 48 m. below Memphis (Tenn.), and 96 E. from Little Eock. STEELING, p. v., Crawford co., Ind. : on Little Blue r., 100 m. S. by W. Indianapolis. STERLING, t., p. v., and sta., Worcester co., Mass. : 37 m. W. by N. Boston. Surface uneven ; soil moderately fertile. Watered by Still r. The v. at the centre contains 2 churches, and is a station of Fitchburg and Worcester E. E., which connects at Sterling junction, 2 m. below, with Worcester and Nashua E. E. Pop. of 1. 1,800. STERLING, t. and p. v., Cayuga co., W. T. : 161 m. W. N. W. Albany. Bounded N. by Lake Ontario, from which little Sodus bay, about 5 m. long, extends S. into the N, W. part. The v. on Sodus cr. contains a few mills, tannery, and iron foundry. Pop. of t. 2,808. STEELING, t and p. o., Wayne co., Penn. : 101 m. N. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Waullenpaupack cr. and tribu taries, and the Lehigh r., which furnish good water-power. Surface hilly ; soil gravelly loam. Pop. about 1,000. STERLING BOTTOM, p. o., Meigs county, Ohio : 77 m. S. E. Columbus. STERLING GROVE, p. o., Greenville dist, S. Car. : 95 m. N. W. Columbia. STERLING HILL, p. o.,Windham co., Conn. : 45 m. E. by S. Hartford. STERLING JUNCTION, v. and sta.. Worcester co., Mass. : oil the Fitchburg and Worcester E. E., at its junction with the Worcester and Nashua E. E., 8 m. N. Worcester, 33 m. S. S. W. Nashua (N. H.), and 38 m. W. Boston. STERLING VILLAGE, v. and sta., Worcester county, Mass. : on the Fitchburg and Worcester E. E., 10 m. N. Worcester, and 38 m. W. Boston. STERLINGVILLE, p. v., Jefferson co., IT. Y. : on a tributary of Indian r., 143 m. N. W. Albany. Iron ore abounds in the vicinity, and is extensively manufactured in this place. STERLINGVILLE, p. o.,Wyoming co., Penn. : 93 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. STETSON, t and p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : 53 m. N. E. Augusta. Drained by branches of Sebasticook and Sowa- dabscook rivers, having their sources in ponds in this t. Surface undulating, and soil fertile, producing good grain. The v. is on a branch of Sebasticook r. The t. has some liglu manufactures. Pop. oft. 885. STEUBEN county, Ind. Situate N. E., and contains 324 sq. m. Drained by Pigeon r. and Crooked and Fish creeks, which are the principal streams ; there are also several lakelets in the county. Surface level one-half well tim bered, and the residue barrens and prairies. Farms 586 ; manuf. 28 ; dwell. 1,109, and pop. wh. 6,102, fr. col. 2 total 6,104. Cap ital: Angola. STEUBEN county, K Y. Situate S. toward the W., and 819 STE STI contains 1,400 sq. m. Drained by Tioga and Conhocton rivers (which, uniting, form Chemung), and their affluents. Surface pleasantly diversified with hills and valleys; soil generally fertile, and well fitted for pasture. Chief prod ucts, wheat and Indian corn. Considerable quantities of live-stock and lumber are exported. It contains iron ore and some mineral springs: Farms 5,797; manuf. 576; dwell. 11,210, and pop. wh. 63,409, fr. col. 362 total 63,771. Capital : Bath. Public Works : New York and Erie E. E. ; Buffalo, Corning, and New York E. E. ; Buffalo and New York City K. E. ; Corning and Blossburg E. E., etc. STEUBEN, t. and p. v., Washington co., Me. : bordering on the Atlantic Ocean, having Narragaugas bay on the S. E., and Goldsboro Harbor bay on the S. W., and Dyer s bay and Pigeon Hill bay set up from the ocean on the S., 94 ra. E. by N. Augusta. It has several good harbors, and is en gaged in tha coasting trade and fisheries Incorporated in 1795. The village is on an inlet of Goldsboro bay. Popu lation oft. 1,122. STETJBEN, p. o., Crawford county, Penn. : 190 m. N. W. Harrisburg. STEUBEN, t. and p. o., Oneida co., 2f. T. : 92 m. N. W. Albany. Drained by Cincinnati cr. and tributaries of the Mohawk r. Surface hilly, with excellent soil for grass or grain. It is a good farming town, and butter and cheese are exported. The manufactures are leather and lumber. Pop. 1,744. STEUBEN, p. v., Huron county, Ohio: on a branch of Huron r., 73 m. N. E. Columbus. The Sandusky, Mans field, and Newark E. E. passes to the W. of the v., 1 m. distant. STEUBENVILLE, p. v., Steuben co., Ind. : 137 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. STEUBENVILLE, t, p. v., and cap. Jefferson county, Ohio : on an elevated plain on right bank of the Ohio river, 30 m. above Wheeling, Virg.,VXl m. E. N. E. Columbus. Drained by a tributary of the Ohio r. The v. is neatly and regularly laid out, was incorporated in 1S35, and has many fine man sions, several churches, a neat and commodious court-house, and other county buildings, a bank, and considerable manu factures, a rope-walk, boat-yard, and printing offices. The lower story of the court-house is occupied as a market. The manufacture of woolen and cotton goods, steam en gines, silver-plating, glass, etc., is carried on ; there are also iron and brass foundries. In the vicinity the manufactories of copperas yield 160 tons per annum. Over a thousand persons are employed in the factories, and the town is fast increasing in importance. Much attention is paid in the neighboring country to the raising of Merino and other su perior breed of sheep. Inexhaustible beds of stone coal are found throughout a great portion of this region. The v. contains 6,140 inhabitants. It has several academies of re putation, and is amply provided with common schools, etc. The newspapers published here are the " Messenger" and "Herald," semi-weekly and weekly issues, and the "Amer ican Union," a weekly. Steubenville is on the E. and W. line of railroads connecting Pennsylvania and Ohio, aud it is also connected with Cleveland on the one hand and Wheeling on the other by an extension of the Cleveland and Pittsburg E. E. The t, of Steubenville in 1840 had 5,203 inhabitants, and in 1850, 7,224 STEVENSBURG, p. v., Culpepper co., Virg. : 61 m. N. by W. Eichmond. STEVENSON, sta., Jactfson co., Ala. : on the Nashville and Chattanooga E. E., 36 miles W. by S. Chattanooga (Tennessee), and 179 miles N. by E. Montgomery. The Memphis and Charleston E. E. will form a junction at this point STEVEN S PLAINS, p. v., Cumberland county, Me. : 52 m. S. W. Augusta. The York aud Cumberland E. E. passes this place 2 m. W. Portland. STEVEN S POINT, p. v., Portage co., Wise. : on the left bank of Wisconsin r., 105 m. N. Madison. STEVENSVILLB, p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : 109 m. N. Harrisburg. STEVENSVILLE, p. o., Sullivan co., N. Y. : 81 m. S. W. Albany. STEVENSVTLLT?, p. o., King and Queen co., Virg. : 44 m. E. N. E. Eichmond. STEWART county, Ga. Situate W. toward the S., and contains 683 sq. m. Drained by branches of Chattahoochee river, which bounds it on the W., and by Kitchafoona river and its branches, which enter Flint river. Surface level ; soil fertile, and produces cotton in abundance. Indian corn and wheat are raised, and there is some fine pasture land ; timber is abundant. It contains several valuable minerals. Farms 990; manuf. 36; dwell. 1,432, and pop. wh. 8,649, fr. col. 5, si. 7.373 total 16,027. Capital : Lumpkin. Pub lic Works : South-western E. E. STEWART county, Tenn. Situate N. toward the W., and contains 674 sq. m. Drained by Cumberland river and its branches, and by branches of Tennessee river, which forms its western boundary. Surface undulating. The soil con sists of a deep mold, and is very fertile. Tobacco is the staple, but excellent crops of wheat and grain are raised. Its facilities for commerce are great, easy access being had to the different market towns by means of the rivers. Farms 936; manuf. 33; dwell. 1,225, and pop. wh. 17,017, fr. col. 127, si. 2,575 total 9,719. Capital : Dover. STEWART S DRAFT, p. v., Augusta county, Virg. : on W. side of South r., 90 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. STEWART S FERRY, p. o., Davidson co., Tenn. STEWART S EXJN, p. o., Venango co., Penn. : 168 m. N. W. Harrisburg. STEWART S SPRINGS, p. o., Polk county, Ark. : 109 m. W. by S. Little Eock. There are several sulphur springs in the vicinity. STEWARTSTOWN, t and p. o., Coos county, N. JTamp. : on the E. side of the Connecticut river, 124 m. N. Concord. Drained on the E. by outlets of Great and Little Diamond ponds, and on the W. by tributaries of the Connecticut r. Surface uneven; soil fertile. The Connecticut r. at this point is about 15 rods wide. Farming is the chief pursuit. The v. is on a branch of Indian stream. Pop. of t. 747. STEWARTSTOWN, p. o., Monongalia county, Virg. : 203 m. N. W. Eichmond. STEWARTSTOWN, p. v., Eichmond co., N. Car: on the left bank of Yadkin r., 89 m. S. W. Ealeigh. STEWARTSTOWN, p. o., York co., Penn. : 33 m. S. by E. Harrisburg. STEWARTSVILLE, p. o., Warren county, N. Jer.: 36 m. N. by W. Trenton. STEWARTSVILLE, p. v., Eichmond co., N. Car. : on Leith s river, 77 m. S. S. W. Ealeigh. STEWARTSVILLE, p. v., Westmoreland co., Penn. : 149 m. W. Harrisburg. The Philadelphia and Pennsylvania E. E. passes within 2 m. of the village. STICE S SHOAL, p. o., Cleveland county, Jf. Car. : 157 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. STICKLE YVILLE, p. o., Lee co., Virg. : 203 m. W. S. W. Eichmoud. STicKofa, p. o., Cherokee co., N. Car. : 312 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. STILESBORO , p. v., Cass co., Ga. : on the S. of Etowah river, 129 m. N. W. Milledgeville. STILESVILLE, p. v., Hendricks co., Ind. : on the National Eoad, 25 m. W. S. W. Indianapolis. STILL EIVER, v. and sta., Worcester co., Mass. : on the Worcester and Nashua E. E., 23 m. N. by E. Worcester, 32 m. W. N. W. Boston. STILL VALLEY, p. v., Warren co., A r . Jer. : 35 m. N. W. Trenton. STILLWATER, L and p. v., Sussex co., N. Jer. : 55 m. N. Trenton. Drained by Paulinskill cr. and a tributary of it, flowing from Swartout s Pond, in the E. part of the t. Sur face hilly, and on the N. W. mountainous, with a fertile STI STO soil. It contains several tanneries, mills, etc. The v. is on the N. side of Paulinskill, and contains a church, several mills, etc. Pop. of L 1,742. STILLWATKR, t. and p. v., Saratoga co., & Y. : on the W. side of the Hudson r., 22 m. N. Albany. Drained by An thony s kill and other small branches of the Hudson river. Surface undulating; soil fertile. In the N. of the town is Bemus Heights, at which were fought the celebrated actions of Sept. 19 and Oct. 8, 1777, which led to the surrender of Burgoyne to the American arms under General Gates. The town has good water-power, and there are several manu factories. The Champlain Canal passes through the v., 24 m. from Albany. Pop. of t. 2,966. STILLWATER, p. o., Columbia co., Penn. : 59 m. N. by E. Harrisbn rg. STILL WATER, p. v., Tuscarawas co., Ohio : on the N. side of a stream so called, a branch of the Tuscarawas r., 90 m. E. N. E. Columbus. Extensive salt springs are found on the banks of the r. in the vicinity of the v. STILLWATER, p. v., and cap. Washington co., Minn. Ter. : on the W. side of St. Croix lake, 31 m. N. St. Paul. It re ceives its name from the circumstance that the current from the St. Croix r. is no longer perceptible at this place. The v. was founded in 1843, and contains the territorial peniten tiary, three churches Presbyterian, Baptist, and Episcopal, two mills, one driven by water and the other by steam, two hotels, several stores, groceries, etc., and about SOO inhabit ants, who are principally engaged in the lumber trade. The pop. in 1850 was 621, and has since rapidly increased. A U. S. land office is located here. STILLWELL, p. o., Wood county, Virg. : 227 miles N. W. Richmond. STILLWELL S, p. o., Butler county, Ohio : 96 m. W. S. W. Columbus. STIP S HILL, p. v., Franklin co., Ind. : on the right bank of Salt cr. of White r., 55 m. E. S. E. Indianapolis. STITTVILLE, p. o., Oneida co.. N. Y. : 95 m.W. by N.Albany. STOCKBRIDGB, t. and p. v., Berkshire co., Mass. : 117 m. W. Boston. Drained by Housatonic r. and branches. Sur face uneven, with extensive alluvial meadowe; soil gener ally fertile, especially on the streams. Marble and limestone are found in large quantities. It has extensive hydraulic- power, and there are several manufactories of woolens, cot ton goods, leather, etc. The "Centreville Manufacturing Company" manufacture 624,000 yards cloth per annum, and employ 96 operatives ; cap. $100,000. There is also a fur nace and several mills here. The v. is pleasantly located on a plain, on the N. side of Housatonic r., and contains several churches, a bank (cap. $100,000), and an academy. The Housatonic R. R. passes through the v., 17 m. S. Pitts- field. Pop. of t. 1,940. STOCKBRIPGE, t, and p. o., Ingham co., Mich. : 25 m. S. E. Lansing. Drained by branches of Huron and Grand rivers. Pop. 657. STOCKBRIBGE, t. and p. v., Windsor co., Verm. : 36 m. S. by W. Montpelicr. Drained by White r., which passes through it, affording good water-power, and a branch of Tweed r. Surface uneven ; soil well adapted to the growth of grass. Steatite or soapstone is found iu considerable quantities. It contains several manufactories of woolens, leather, etc. The v. is on the N. side of White river. Pop. of 1. 1.327. STOCK BRIDGE, p. v., Henry co., Gn.: on a head branch of the Ocmulgee r., 71 m. N. W. Milledgeville. STOCKBRIDGE, t. and p. v., Madison co., N. Y. : 100 m. W. by N. Albany. Surface uneven, with a fertile and, in general, well-cultivated soil. Drained by Oneida creek. It has excellent water-power, and contains several manufacto ries. The v. is located on Oneida cr., and contains several churches and an academy. Pop. of t. 2.081. STOCKBRIDGE, p. v., Calumet co., Wise. : on the E. side Of Winnebago lake, 94 m. N. E. Madison. STOCK CEEEK, p. v., Scott co., Yirg. : on a cr. so called, 293 m. W. S. W. Richmond. At this place thero is a re^ markable natural tunnel, through which the cr. flows. STOCKERTON, p. o., Northampton county, Penn. : 85 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. STOCKHOLM, p. o., Sussex co., W. Jer. : 54 m. N. Trenton. STOCKHOLM, t., p. v., and sta., St. Lawrence co., N. Y. : 152 m. N. W. Albany. Drained by St. Regis river and branches, and a branch of Racket river. Surface hilly and somewhat stony; soil fertile and heavily timbered. There are some manufactures, consisting of flour, lumber, fulled cloths, potash, and leather. The village is on the Northern (Ogdensburg) R. R., 82 m. W. by S. Rouse s Point. Pop. of t. 3,661. STOCKPORT, t.. p. v., and sta., Columbia co., N. Y. : on the E. side of the Hudson river. 24 m. S. Albany. Drained by Kinderhook creek, flowing into the Hudson river. Surface uneven; soil fertile. Columbiaville is a manufacturing v. The t. contains several manufactories of woolen and cotton goods, leather, paper, flour, etc. The v. is on the Hudson River R. R., 24 m. S. Albany, and 121 m. N. from New York city. Pop. of t. 1,655. STOCKPORT, p. o., Morgan county, Ohio : 63 m. E. by S. Columbus. STOCKPORT STATION, p. v. and sta., Delaware co., .A 7 ". Y. : on the E. side of the Delaware r., on the New York and Erie R. R., 169 m. N. W. New York city, and 94 m. S. W. (direct) Albany. Its location is in a pleasant bend of the r., 3 miles below the junction of the Mohawk and Popacton branches, and it is important as a lumber dep&t, large quantities of which is manufactured in the neighborhood. STOCKSVILLE, p. v., Buncombe co., AT. Car. : on S. side of Ivy r., 219 m. W. Raleigh. STOCKTON, p. v., Baldwin county, Ala. : on the E. side of Tensaw river, 25 miles N. E. Mobile, and 137 m. S. W. of Montgomery. STOCKTON, p. o., Madison co., Flor. : 45 m. E. Tallahassee. STOCKTON, t. and p. o., Chautauque co., .A 7 ". Y. : 12 m. S. Dunkirk, and 296 m. W. by S. Albany. Bear and Cassadaga lakes are in the N. part, by the outlets of which the town is drained. Surface even ; soil fertile. It has excellent water- power, and several light manufaetim s. Pop. 1.642. STOCKTON, p. v., and cap. San Joaquin co., Ctdif. : on the Stockton slough or canal (which contains the "back wa ters" formed by the junction of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers) about 3 m. from its junction with the San Joaquin, 100 m. E. by water from San Francisco, and 59 m. direct from Vallejo. This is one of the principal cities of the State, ranking next to San Francisco and Sacramento. First settled in 1844, by C. M. Weber, who obtained a grant from the then governor of California for a large section of country; made a pueblo in 1845, when there were seven residences, and was abandoned in the succeeding year. In 1848 the settlement was successfully established, and in 1849 it was a canvas city of 1,000 inhabitants, with a fleet of mer chant vessels lying before it. The Stockton slough is divided into three branches ; the city occupies the peninsula between the two northern, and extends also S. to the third branch. The ground on which it is built is high, and not subject to overflow, and is in the centre of the two great tracts of ara ble land which constitute the valleys of the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers. The San Joaquin is navigable at all seasons to this place for vessels drawing not over nine feet of water, and such is the peculiar formation of the bank that they can lay directly along it and discharge their cargoes. It ie the depdt for the supply of all the southern mines, and every thing indicates that this point is destined to become one of the great inland marts of this wonderful and growing country, and it is believed by some that it will outstrip all its rivals in the race of prosperity. The largest-sized brigs and schooners, and a great number of launches, etc., are engaged in the carrying trade, and steamers ply here regu larly. The mines are situated among the hills and mount ains forming the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, com- STO STO mencing some 20 m. E. of the city, and extending thcnc E. to the banks of the river. Two papers are publishe and a military post is located here. A State hospital i erecting, which will be an ornament to the city. Pop. 8 STODDARD county, Mo. Situate S. E., and contains 93 sq. m. Drained by White Water r. and numerous nutlet of the different lakes which cover a large portion of the c< Surface varied; in the N. it is much broken, but in the S level and marshy ; soil in general is good, and the swam portions when cultivated are rendered feriile and produc live. Farms 41S; manuf. 2; dwell. 719, and pop. wh 4,221, fr. col. 6, si. 50 total 4,277. Capital: BloomlicM. STOUDAKD, t, and p. v., Cheshire co., N. llamp. : 81 m S. W. Concord. There is a largo number of ponds in th< town. Drained by tributaries of the Merrimac on the E. and of the Connecticut r. on the W. Surface mountainoui and very rocky ; soil adapted to grass. Incorporated ir 1774. There is some leather and lumber manufacturei here. The v. is in the N. part. Pop. of t, 1,100. STODPARTSVILLB, p. v., Monroe co., Peirn. : on the bank of the Lehigh r., 85 m. N. E. llarrisburg. STOKES county, N. Car. Situate N. toward the W., anil contains 728 sq. m. Drained by Dan r. and tributaries, an< branches of Yadkin r. Surface diversified, the greater par of it being hilly ; soil fertile, and making good pasture land Chief production.- , rutlnn and tobacco, wheat, and Indiai corn. Farms 591 ; manuf. 34 ; dwell. 1,268, and pop. wh 7,264, fr. col. 149, si. 1,793 total 9,266. Capital: Ger- manton. STOKES, p. o., Oneida co., N. Y. : 104 m. N. W. Albany. STONE county, Mo. Situate 8. toward the W., and con tains 477 sq. m. Drained by James r., and Buffalo fork of White r. Surface undulating; soil fertile, and produces wheat and Indian corn in abundance ; it is also well adapt ed to the growth of tobacco. Apple, pear, peach, and other fruit-trees are grown, and yield excellent fruit. Pine and other timber abounds. STONE ARABIA, p. v., Montgomery county, N. Y.: about 4 m. N. of the Mohawk river and 44 m. W. N. W. Albany. This is one of the oldest settlements in the county, and in October, 1780, was the scene of a bloody conflict between the English and Americans, in which, through treachery and unequal numbers, the latter were defeated. It con tains a Dutch Reformed church erected in 1783, and a Lu theran church built in 1791. STONE CHURCH, p. o., Geneseo co., N. Y. : 224 m.W. by N. Albany. The Buffalo and Rochester R. R. passes near this place. STONE CHURCH, p. o., Northampton county, Venn. : 85 m. E. N. E. llarrisburg. STONE CUEEK, p. o., Tuscarawas co., Ohio : C9 m. N. E. Columbus. STONKHAM, t, p. v., and sta., Middlesex co., Mafts. : 7 rn. N. Boston. There is a pond in the S. part covering about 283 acres. Surface uneven and rocky; soil fertile and well wooded. The chief manufacture here is shoes, at which nearly two-thirds of the inhabitants are employed. The v. is centrally located, and contains several churches. The station is on the Boston and Maine R. R., 8 m. N. Boston. Pop. of t. 2,085. STONE LICK, p. o., Randolph county, N. Car. : 71 m. W. Randolph. STONE MILLS, p. o., Jefferson co., N. Y. : 153 m. N. W. Albany. STONE MOUNTAIN, p. o. and sta., De Kalb co., Ga. : on Georgia R. R., 12 m. E. N. E. from Atlanta, 81 m. N. W. Milledgeville. STONE MOUNTAIN, p. o., M Dowell co., N. Ca-r. : 198 m. W. Raleigh. STOKER, p. o., Seneca co., Ohio: 78 m. N. i W. Columbus. STONE RIDGE, p. v., Ulster co., N. Y. : 1 m. N. Rondout kill, 64 m. 8. S. W. Albany. BTONKR S PRAIBIE, p. o., Dane co., Wise. STONKK S STORE, p. o., Roanoko co., Virg. : 187 m. "W. by S. Richmond. STONERSTOWN, p. v., Bedford co., Penn: on E. bank of Rayston branch of .luniata r.,71 in. W. llarrisburg. Broad Top Mountain is in its vicinity. BTONERSVILLE, p. o., Berks co., Penn. : 51 m. E. by N. llarrisburg. STONESVILLE, p. v., Greenville dist., S. Car. : on a tribu tary of Ennoree r., 83 m. N. W. Columbia. STONE WALL MILL, p. v., Appomattox co., Virg. : on lames r. and canal, 15 m. below Lynchburg, and 131 m. W. by S. from Richmond by canal, and 71 m. direct. STONINGTON, t., p. b., and port of entry, New London co., Conn. : 51 m. 8. E. Hartford, 53 m. E. New 1 laven. Bound ed S. by Long Island Sound, E.by Pawcatuck r., separating ii from Rhode Island, and W. by Mystic r., both of which afford water-power. This is a large t., with rocky and un even surface, but moderately fertile soil, and contains three villages. The borough is on a narrow and rocky point of land, extending about m. 8. into the sound. The harbor is protected by a break-water, constructed by the United States government at a cost of $50,000. It is handsomely laid out, well built, and was incorporated in 1801. Its citi zens are noted for commercial enterprise, especially in the whaling and sealing business, in which a large aggregate capital is employed. Many vessels are owned here, which bring (heir cargoes into New York and other ports. H Ire, a marine railway and lighthouse at the entrance of the har- lor, etc. The total tonnage of Stonington district on "0th lime, 1850, was 19,913 tons. The registered tonnage amounted to 13,189 tons, and all permanent, of which S,M;I OILS were in the whale fishery. The enrolled and licensed onnage amounted to 6,724 tons, consisting of 6,102 tons >crmancnt, 144 tons temporary, employed as follows ceasi ng trade, -1 ,11-20 tuns; cod (Khery, 1,655 tons; mackerel fishery, 571 tons; steam navigation, 67 tons; and the ton nage "licensed under 20 tons," viz. : 89 tons in coasting- trade, 8S9 tons in cod fishery. The number of clear; ; :br foreign countries during the year preceding was 9 _ ,. ,!>! .ons; numberof entrances do. 10 2,894tons. The number >{ vessels built during the year was 9 1,084 tons; viz., 2 diips, 1 schooner, 5 sloops, and 1 steamer. During 1st 1 .), the whale fishery imports of Stonington were 1,628 bbls. of perm oil, J5.IW4 bbls. whale oil, and 97,500 Ibs. whalebone. The town contains several manufactories, of which three re extensively engaged in making plaid and plain linseys, sic. The b. contains 2 banks, with aggregate capital of <HJO,ono, 1 savings bank, 2 academies, 4 churches, etc. lero commences the Stonington R. R. to Providence, r>n m., iiimecting with daily steamboats to and from New York. his place is of considerable resort in summer. The Wad- awannuck House, the chief fashionable hotel, is kept iu rst-class style. Pop. of t. in 1840, 3,898 ; in 1850, f>, 1", i. STONINGTON, p. v., Christian co., III. : on the S. fork of >anganicjji r., 29 rn. 8. E. Springfield. STONY BROOK, sta., Middlesex co., Mass.: on Fitchburg 1. R., 12 in. from Boston. STONY BROOK, p. v., Suffolk county, N. Y. : on N. side of .orig Island, 122 in. S. S. E. Albany. It has a good harbor, ccessible at all seasons of the year, and carries on shii>- uilding, with some manufactures. Pop. about 400. S IONY CRKEK, p. o., Warren co., N. Y. : 54 m. N. Albany. STONY CRKEK, sfa., New Haven county, Conn.: on New laven and New London R. R., 11 m. from Now Haven. 9 m. from New London. STO.NY CREEK, t. and p. o., Somerset co., Penn.: 108 m. V. by 8. llarrishurg. The Alleghany Mountain i.s on its ]. border. Drained by Stony cr. and branehe.s. Surface ountainous, with fertile valleys. Iron ore is abundant. contains numerous saw-mills, with a few tanneries, grist- nills, etc. STONY CREEK, p. o., Scott co., Virg. : 290 m. W. S. W ichmond. STO STR STONY FORK, p. o., Amherst county, Virg. : 90 m. W Richmond. STONY FORK, p. o., Wautauga co., N. Car. : 157 m. N.W Raleigh. STONY HILL, p. o., Richmond co., Virg.: 47 m. E.N. E Richmond. STONY MOUNT, p. o., Brunswick co., Virg. : 6T m. S. by W Richmond. STONY POINT, p. o., White co., Ark. : 49 m. N. E. Littk Rock. STONY POINT, p. o., E. Baton Rouge par., La. STONY POINT, p. o., Alexander co., N. Car. : 129 m. W Raleigh. STONY POINT, Rockland co., N. Y. : Is a high rocky pro montory at the head of Haverstraw bay, in Hudson r., or which was a fort during the Revolutionary War, bravely taken by storm from the British on the night of July 16th 1779, by the Americans under Gen. Wayne. A lighthouse has been erected on the site of the old fort STONY POINT, p. v., Abbeville district, 3. Car.; 65 m W. N. W. Columbia. STONY POINT, p. o., Bradley county, Tenn. : 125 m. 8. E. Nashville. STONY POINT, p. o., Albemarle co., Virg. : 67 m. W. N.W. lit litnonil. STONY POINT, p. o., Jackson co., Mo. : 120 m. W. by N. Jeff.-rson City. STONY POINT MILLS, p. v., Cumberland co., Virtj. .- on W. bank of Appomattox r., 42 m. W. by S. Richmond. STONY RIDGE, p. v., Wood co., Ohio: at the source of a stream flowing N. E. into Lake Erie, 107 m. N. by W. Col urn bug. STONY RIDGE, p. o., Surry co., JV. Car. : 121 m. N. W. Rtieigk STONY RUN, p. o., Genesee co., Midi. : 46 m. E. N. E. Lansing. STOKKvir.T-E, p. v., Anderson dist., S. Car.: 5 m. E. of the Savannah r., 121 m. W. by N. Columbia. STOKMVILLE, p. o., Duchess county, N. Y.: 1 in. S. of the Fishkill, 7S m. S. Albany. HTORK B, p. o., Hamilton county, Ohio : 96 m. 8. W. Columbus. STORR H, sta., Henrico county, Virg. : on Virginia Central Railroad, m. N. by E. Richmond. STORY county, fa. Situate centrally, and contains 570 sq. m. Drained by Skunk r. and its tributaries. Surface undulating; soil fertile, and consists of a deep black mold, adapted to wheat and grain, and favorable to the cultivation of fruit, apples, pears, and peaches of good quality being produced. Erected since 1850. STOKY, p. o., Ogle co., ftt. : 155 m. N. by E. Rpringfleld. STOUOHBUBO, p. o., Berks county, 1 enn. : 85 m. N. E. Harrisburg. STOUGIIHTOWN, p. v., Cumberland county, Fenn. : 29 m. W. 8. W. Harrisburg. STOUGHTON, t, p. v., and sta., Norfolk co., Mas*. : 19m. 8. Boston. Drained by head branches of Neponset r. The v. contain* 1 woolen mid 2 cotton factories, and 4 churches. Here terminates the Stoughton Branch R. R., 4 m. long, which connects with Boston and Providence R. R. at Can ton. The v. and t are noted for the manufacture of boots and shoes. The Fall River R. R. touches the E. border of the L at East Stoughton. Pop. of t in 1340, 2,142 ; in 1850, 8//J4. STOUOHTON, t and p. o., Dane co., Wine. Pop. 70. STOUT S, p. o., Adams county, Ohio : 79 m. 8. by W. Columbus. STOUT S, p. o., Northampton county, Penn. : 83 m. N. E. Harmburg. i- roL T s GROVE, p. o., M Lean county, fU.: in N. W. corner of county, 57 m. N. N. E. Springfield. MOVKK, p. o., Dallas county, Ark,: 55 m. 8. by W. Little iiock. STOVER S PLAOK, p. o., Centre co., Perm. : 67 m. N. W. Harrisburg. STOVERTOWX, p. o., Muskingum county, Ohio: 51 m. E. "liirnliii . STOW, t. and p. v., Oxford county, Me, : 63 m. W. by 8. Augusta. Bounded W. by New Hampshire. It contains several ponds, the outlets of which flow into baco r. Pop. of t. 471. STOW, t. and p. o., Middlesex co., Maftn. : 24 m. W. by N. Boston. Drained by Assobet river, which affords water- power. The t. contains several grist and saw mills, and has considerable manufactures. The Lancaster and Ster ling Branch It. R. (from South Acton, on Fitchburg R. K. to Feltonville) runs upon Its E. border. Pop. 1,455. STOW, t. and p. v., Summit county, Ohio: 111 m. N. K. Columbus. Drained by Cuyahoga r. and one of its branehe-., affording excellent water-power. Surface rolling; soil fer tile, and in a good state of cultivation. The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal crosses the S. part, and the Akron I .nmHi of the Cleveland and Pittsburg It. R. passes through the v. Bituminous coal of a superior quality is found in the S. \V. of the town. It has several stores, mills, etc. Population oft 1,702. STO WE, t and p. v., Lamoillo co., Verm. : 16m. N. N. W. Monlpelier. Surface level ; soil fertile. Drained by Water- bury r. and its branches, which flow S. Into Onion r., and afford water-power. The t. contains a woolen factory, 2 tanneries, and mills of various kinds. Pop. of t. 1,771. H IOWKLI/S COHNEKB, p. o., Jefferson county, JV. Y. : 152m- N. W. Albany. STOW S FKRRY, p. o., Tallapoosa co., Ala. : 42 m. N. E. Montgomery. STOW B SQUARE, p. o., Lewis co., N. Y. : 128 m. N. W. Albany. iousviLLE, p. o., Gaston co., N. Car. : 133 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. STOVKSTOWN, p. v., Somerset co., Penn. : on W. side of Stony cr., 107 m. W. by 8. Harrisburg. Near the v. are 55 furnaces; annual capacity 700 and 1,400 tons; and a for;*- producing annually 80 tons bar iron. The village has some other manufactures, mills, etc. .KANE, p. v., Lenoir co., ./V. Car.: on the 8. side of N i ue r., 63 m. S. E. Columbia. Si i-.AisANE, t and p. o., Washington co., Penn. : 170 m.W. larrisburg. Drained by Chartiers and Little Charlie .reeks, uniting on its N. W. boundary. Surface uneven ; ,il fertile. It contained in 1850, 8 schools and 200 scholars, male and female. Pop. about 1,250. HTKAKKORD county, N. Jfamp. Situato toward tho 6 in<l eoritains 40S sq. m. Drained by Lamprey, Isinglass, ri l Cocheco rivers. Surface various, and diversified with mail ponds; soil in most parts fertile, and producing good jrops of grain, etc. Agriculture is much attended to \,y a arge number of the population. Chief product*, wheat, Jn- ian corn, and potatoes. .Farms 1,844 ; manuf. . , .) \ ; dwell. 70 1, and pop. wh. 29.327, fr. col. 37 total 20, ;>;i. i ;,,,. tal: Dover. PuUic Works: Cocheco R. R.; Gr<-at i jid Conway R. R. ; Boston and Maine R. R. STRAFTOKD, t. and p. v., StrafTord co., W Ifamp. : 20 m. C. by N. Concord. Blue Hill crosses 1U N. part, Drained n its N. part by branches of Stincook r., and in S. part by singlass r., flowing from Bow Pond, in its S. W. part <>, m. fng, 1J m - wide), into Cocheco r. The t has generally a ertile soil, abounds with fine scenery, and contains four hurches. Pop. of 1 1 ,920. STKAKFORD, t and p. v., Orange co., Verm. : 31 m. . - Jontpelier. Surface uneven ; soil fertile. Drained by a ranch of Ompompanoosuc r., which affords water-power. n the S. E. corner is a bed of sulphuret of Iron, half a mile ng, 3 rods wide, and of unknown depth, from which large inaritities are annually taken. The principal company en- ;aged in the manufacture of copperas therefrom has a cap- tal of $40,000. Pop. of t. 1 ,546. SIR STU STKAFFORD CORNER, p. o., Strafford co., N. Ifamp. : 22 m. E. by N. Concord. STRAIGHT FORK, p. o., Campbell county, Term, : 137 m. E. by N. Nashville. STRAIT S LAKE, p. o., Oakland co., Mich. : 59 m. E. by S. Lansing. STRAITSVILLE, p. o., New Haven co., Conn. STRAITSVILLE, p. v., Perry county, Ohio : 48 m. 8. E. by E. Columbus. In its vicinity (in Salt Lick t.) are found im mense deposits of bituminous coal, some of the strata of which have been found to be 90, 112, and 138 feet deep. A vein of carbonate of iron is found 10 m. S. of this coal-bed. STRASBITRG, p. v., Tuscarawas county, Ohio : on the W. side of a branch of the Tuscarawas river, 84 m. N. E. Columbus. STRASBITBG, t and p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. : 43 m. S. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Little Beaver cr. Pecquea cr., on its N. and W. boundary, affords valuable water-power ; and on its bank are several mill-seats. Surface hilly ; soil fertile, and much grain is raised. The v. is 2 m. \V. Mine Eidge Mountain, and contains an academy and several stores. Pop. of t. 4,734. STRASBURG, sta., Blair co., Penn. : on the Baltimore and Susquehanna E. E., 43 m. S. llarrisburg, and 39 m. N. Baltimore. STRASBITRG, p. v., Shenandoah co., Virg. : on N. branch of Shenandoah r., 109 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. The inhab itants are chiefly of German origin. The v. contains 3 churches, several mechanic shops, stores, etc., and is on the line of the Manassas Gap E. E. Pop. 600. STRATA, p. o., Montgomery county, AM. : 72 m. S. S. E. Milledgeville. STRATFORD, t, and p. o., Fulton county, JVi Y. : 56 m. N. W. Albany. Surface hilly ; soil best adapted to grazing. Drained by East Canada creek and its branches, upon which are numerous saw-mills. Fish lake on its E. border is a handsome sheet of water. Pop. 801. STRATFORD, t, p. v., and sta., Fairfleld county, Conn. : on W. side of Housatonic r., at its entrance into Long Island Sound, 14 m. S. W. New Haven. LaL 41 11 07" N. ; long. 73 OS 45" W. Surface generally level ; soil fertile, especially on the r. and harbor. The village is chiefly one street 1 m. long, parallel to the r., and pleasantly ornamented with shade trees, and contains 5 churches, an academy, etc. The Episcopal church was founded in 1723, and is the old est of the denomination in the State. The t. has considerable inland and coasting trade. The New York and New Haven E. E. passes through the v., 62 m. from New York, 14 m. from New Haven, and with it the Naugatuck E. E. con nects at Stratford Junction, 1 m. from the v. Pop. of t. in 1840, 1,808 ; in 1850, 2,040. STRATFORD, p. o., Delaware county, Ohio: 19 ra. N. Columbus. STRATFORD, t., p. o., and sta., Coos co., N. JTamp. : on E. side of Connecticut r., 106 m. N. Concord. Surface rough ; soil mostly sterile. Drained by small streams. The Atlantic and St Lawrence E. E. runs along the r., having stations at Stratford Hollow, 127 m. ; and North Stratford, 134 m. from Portland. Pop. in 1840, 441 ; in 1850, 552. STRATHAM, t, p. v., and sta., Eockingham co., N. TTamp. : 34 m. E. 8. E. Concord. Bounded W. by Squamscot or Exeter r. flowing into Great bay. Surface level ; soil generally fertile. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in farming. In its E. part is a large peat swamp. The Ports mouth and Concord E. E. passes through, 8 m. from Portsmouth, 39 m. from Concord. Pop. 843. STRATTON, t. and p. o., Windham count} , Verm. : 90 miles S. by W. Montpelier. This is a mountainous town bordering on the Green Mountain Eange, with poor soil. Pop. 286. STRATTON S FALLS, p. o., Delaware county, JV. T. : 73 m. W, S. W. Albany. BTRATTONVILLB, p. v., Clarion co., Penn. : 144 m. N. W. Harrisburg. There is a steam furnace in the vicinity, with an annual capacity of 1,350 tons. STRAUSTOWN, p. v., Berks county, Penn. : 39 m. N. E. Harrisburg. STRAWBERRY PLAINS, p. v., Jefferson co., Tenn. : on S. side Holstori r., 171 m. E. Nashville. The E. Tennessee and Virginia E. E. passes through the village. STRAWBRIDGE, p. o., York county, Penn. : 85 m. S. S. E. Harrisburg. STRAWTOWN, p. v., Hamilton county, Ind. : on E. bank of White r., 25 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. It was once an Indian town, and derives its name from a house in it, thatched with straw. It is pleasantly located, and contains about 200 inhabitants. STREETSHORO , t and p. v., Portage county, Ohio : 117 m. N. E. Columbus. Surface gently uneven. Drained by Cuyahoga r. and one of its branches. The Cleveland and Pittsburg E. E. passes across the S. W. corner of the town. Pop. of 1. 1,108. STREET S ECN, p. v., Alleghany co., Penn. : on Mononga hela r., 4.m. S. E. Pittsburg; 157 m. "W. Harrisburg. STRTCKERSVILLE, p. v., Chester county, Penn. : on a small stream flowing E. into the Delaware river, 67 in. S. E. Harrisburg. STRICKLAND S, p. o., Ware county, Ga. : 114 in S. S. E. Milledgeville. STRICKLAND S DEP&T, p. v. and sta., Duplin co., N. Car. : on the Wilmington and Weldon E. E., 37 m. S. Goldsboro , and 87 m. S. S. E. Ealeigh. STRICKLAND S FERRY, sta., Kennebec co., Me. : on Andros- coggin river and E. E., 12 m. from Leeds sta., 21 m. W. Augusta. STRINESTOWN, p. v., York county, Penn.: 13 m. S. E. Harrisburg. STRING PRAIRIE, p. o., Lee co. la. : 69 m. S. Iowa City. STRING PRAIRIE, p. o., Burleson co., Tex. : 66 m. E. by N. Austin City. STRINGTOWN, p. v., Eichland co., HI. : on the border of a fertile prairie, 110 m. S. E. Springfield. STRINGTOWN, p. o., Eipley county, Ind. : 65 miles S. E. Indianapolis. STRODE, p. o., Culpepper county, Virg. : 65 m. N. N. W. Eiohmond. STRODE S MILLS, p. o., Mifflin co., Penn. : 49 m. N. W. Harrisburg. STRONG, t. and p. v., Franklin co., Me. : 48 m. N.W. by N. Augusta. Surface uneven in the S. ; well watered by Sandy r.. along which is a fine tract of fertile intervale. The v. is very pleasant. Pop. of 1. 1,008. STRONGSTOWN, p. v., Indiana co., Penn. : on Yellow cr., 108 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. STRONGSVILLE, t. and p. v., Cuyahoga county, Ohio : 14 m. S. S. W. Cleveland, 105 m. N. E. Columbus. Watered by E. branch of Eocky r., upon which the v. is situated. The v. contains several mills, stores, etc., and 3 churches. Pop. of t. 1,199. STROUDSBTTRG, p. v., and cap. Monroe co., Penn. : on the N. bank of Smithfield cr., 3 m. N. W. from Delaware Gap, 98 m. N. E. Harrisburg. It is built upon one street, and contains a court-house, jail, and other public buildiugs, a forge moved by water-power, producing 280 tons annu ally, several mills, etc. Two weekly newspapers are pub lished : " Jeffersonian Eepublican" (whig), and "Monroe Democrat" (dem.) Pop. 841. STRYKERSVILLE, p. v., Wyoming co., K Y. : on Buffalo creek, 244 m. W. Albany. It contains 2 churches, a few mills, etc. Pop. about 250. STUMP BRIDGE, p. o., Madison county, Miss. : 25 m. N Jackson. STURBRIDGE, t. and p. v., Worcester co.. Mass. : 55 m. W. S. W. Boston. Surface uneven finely watered by Quinnebaug r. and its numerous branches, some of which flow through fine fish-ponds. Water-power is afforded by STU SUG the Quinnebaug, and improved by factories of cotton goods, grist and saw mills, etc. The v. at the centre contains 2 churches. Pop. of t. 2,119. STUUGEONVILLE, p. o., Brunswick county, Virg.: 58 m. 8. by \V. Richmond. STUIMJIS, t p v and sta., St. Joseph s co., Mich.: S3 m. S.W. Lansing, The entire t. is part of u rich track of prairie land. It is crossed by the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana R. R., on which the village is located, 131 m. from Chicago, 116 m. from Monroe. Pop. of t. 839. STUYVESANT, t and p. v., Columbia co., N. Y. : on E. side of Hudson river, and on Hudson River R. R., IS m. S. Albany. Surface hilly, with productive soil. The v. on the river was formerly called Kinderhook Landing. It has con siderable .business with New York in supplying country produce. Pop. of t. 1,766. STUYVESANT FALLS, p. v., Columbia county, N: Y.: on Kinderhook cr.,which furnishes fine water-power to various mills, 23 m. S. Albany. SUBLETT S TAVERN, p. o., Powhatan co., Virg. : 21 m. W. Richmond. SUBUGNA, p. o., Chattooga county, Ga. : 153 m. N. W. SUCCESS, p. o., Suffolk co., 2T. Y.: 134 m. S. E. by S. Albany. Trenton. SUDBURY, t. and p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : 20 m. W. Boston. Bounded E. by Sudbury r., a branch of Concord river. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in agricultural pursuits. The v. at the centre is very pleasant. Popula tion of t 1,578. SUDBURY, t. and p. v., Rutland co., Verm. : 45 m. S. "W. Montpelier. Otter cr. forms part of its E. boundary. Sur face elevated and uneven. Pop. of t. 794. SUDLERSVILLE, p. v., Queen Anne co., Hd. : on the W. side of the upper course of Tuckahoe cr., 42 m. E. by N. Annapolis. SUFFERS, p. o. and sta., Rockland co., N. Y. : on Erie R. R., at junction of Union R. R., 112 m. S. by W. Albany. The vicinity is interesting, from its romantic scenery and Revolutionary history, and is noted for its abundant iron ore. SUFFIELD, t. and p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : on W. side of Connecticut r., and bounded N. by Massachusetts, 16 m. N. Hartford. Surface diversified; soil fertile loam, but with out alluvial meadows, owing to the elevated banks, and affording some of the best farms in the State. The v., on one street, one mile long, is pleasantly built on elevated ground, commanding fine views of the river and vicinity. The Connecticut Literary Institution, here located, was founded by the Baptists in 1S35 ; it has a brick edifice, four stories high, and employs four teachers. The v. and t. have considerable manufactories. Pop. of t. 2,962. SUFFIELD, t. and p. o., Portage co., Ohio: 108 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by branches of Cuyahoga r. Surface gently uneven. Pop. 1,275. SUFFOLK county, Mass. Situate E., and contains 109 sq. m. Drained principally by the Charles r. It consists of Boston and Chelsea, in connection with several small islands. Surface generally level ; soil fertile. Chief prod ucts, wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. This county has many extensive manufactures, and is at the present time the most important in the State, the city of Boston constitut ing the greater part of its area. Farms 76 ; manuf. 1,939 ; dwell. 16,567, and pop. wh. 142,484, fr. col. 2,023 total 142,507. Capital : Boston. Public Works : Eastern R. R. ; Boston and Maine R. R. ; Norfolk County R. R. ; Boston and Lowell R. R. ; Fitchburg R. R. ; Boston and Worcester R. R. ; Boston and Providence R. R. ; Old Colony R. R. ; Grand Junction R. R., etc. SUFFOLK county, N. Y. Comprehends the E. portion of Long Island, with several considerable islands, the prin cipal of which are Fisher s, Shelter, and Gardiner s islands, H5 and contains 976 sq. m. Surface hilly and broken : soil a sandy loam. It contains extensive salt meadows, and has some minerals. Chief products, wheat and Indian corn. Salt is extensively manufactured. Fishing is much follow ed by the inhabitants. Farms 323; manuf. 96; dwell. 6,745, and pop. wh. 34,809, fr. col. 2,113 total 36.922. Capital : Suffolk C. H. Public Works: Long Island R. R. SUFFOLK, sta., Suffolk co., N. Y. : in Islip t, on Long Island R. R., 43 m. from New York. SUFFOLK, p. v., sta., and cap. Nansemond county, Vlrg. : on Nansemond r., 72 m. S. k. by S. Richmond. The Sea board and Roanoke R. R. passes through, 17 m. from Portsmouth, 63 m. from Weldon ; as will also the Peters burg and Norfolk R. R., now in construction. The v. con tains the county buildings and 4 churches. The "Suffolk Intelligencer" (whig), and " Nansemond Chronicle" are semi-weekly issues. Pop. about 1.700. SUFFOLK COURT-HOUSE, p. o., Suffolk county, N. Y. (See RIVERHEAD.) SUGAR CREEK, p. o., Telfair co., Ga. : 77 m. S. by E. Milledgeville. SUGAR CREEK, p. v., Hancock co., Tnd. : on the N. bank of a stream so called, 14 m. E. by S. Indianapolis. SUGAR CREEK, p. o., Crawford co., Penn. : near a lake so called, 183 m. N. W. Harrisburg. A furnace operated by steam, near here, has an annual capacity of 1,100 tons. Nashville. SUGAR CREEK, t. and p. o., Wai worth co., Wise. .-47 m. S. E. Madison. Drained by branches of Fox r. There are several small ponds in the town. Surface level, consisting of timber and prairie land ; soil of great fertility. Popu lation 1,229. SUGAR GROVE, p. o., Pendleton co., Virg. : 128 m. N. W. Richmond. SUGAR GROVE, p. o., Kane co., Til. : on Blackberry cr. of Illinois r., 149 m. N. E. Springfield. SUGAR GROVE, p. o., Tippecanoe co., Tnd. : 159 m. N. "W. Indianapolis. SUGAR GROVE, p. o., Fairfield county, Ohio : 24 m. S. E. Columbus. SUGAR GROVE, p. v., Poweshick co., 7a. : on a branch of South fork, Skunk r., 64 m. W. Iowa City. SUGAR GROVE, p. o., Butler county, Ky. : 113 m. S. W. Frankfort. SUGAR GROVE, p. o., Ashe co., N. Car. : on the W. side of Watauga r., 183 m. W. by N. Raleigh. SUGAR GKOVE, t. and p. v., Warren co., Penn.: 173 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by Jackson s Run. Stillwater cr., and other tributaries of Conewango cr., affording excel lent mill-power. Surface undulating ; soil moderately fer tile. The v. on Stillwater cr. is surrounded by groves of su gar maples, and contains several mills, etc. SUGAR HILL, p. o., Panola co., Tex. : 251 m. N. E. by E. Austin. SUGAR HILL, p. o., Grafton co., N. Hamp. : 72 m. N. by W. Concord. SUGAR HILL, p. o., Steuben co., N. Y. : 172 m. W. by S. Albany. SUGAR HILL, p. o., M Dowell county, N. Car. : 191 m. "W. Raleigh. SUGAR HILL, p. o., Hall county, Ga. : 93 m. N. N. W. Milledgeville. SUGAR LAKE, p. o., Crawford co., Penn. : near a lake so called, 183 m. N. W. Harrisburg. SUGAB LAND, p. o., Matagorda co., Tete. : 142 m. S. E. Austin. SUGAR LOAF, p. v., Orange co., N. Y. : 102 m. S. by W. Albany. SUGAR LOAF, p. o., Sebastian co., Ark. : 107 m. W. by N. Little Rock. SUGARLOAF mountain, Frederick co., Md. : a conspicuous elevation near Monocacy r., in the S. part of the county. II sua SUL is the southern termination of the ridge called Catoctin Mountain, traversing in a N. and S. direction. SUGAR EUN, p. o., Bradford co.,Penn.: 99 m. N. Harrisburg SUGARTOAVN, p. o., Chester county, Penn. : 63 m. E. S. E Harrisburg. SUGAR TREE, p. o., Pittsylvania co., Virg.: 160 m. S. W Eichmond. SUGAR TREE EIDGE, p. o., Highland co., Ohio: 63 m S. W. Columbus. SUGAR VALLEY, p. o., Murray co., Ga. : 160 m. N. W Milledgeville. SUGAR VALLEY, p. o., Preble co., Ohio: 87 m. W. S. W Columbus. SUGAR VALLEY, p. o., Clinton co., Penn. : 71 m. N. W Harrisburg. SUGGSVILLE, p. v., Clark co., Ala. : 100 m. S. W. by W Milledgeville. Pop. about 200. SUISUN, v., Solano co., Calif. : is laid out on the W. bank of the Sacramento r., about 80 m. from San Francisco, half way between it and Sacramento City, and 30 miles E. from Vallejo. The country surrounding the town, and the site itself, is the first healthy and high ground after passing the title marshes which lie at the junction of the Sacramento and San Joaquin. The town was surveyed and laid out by C. S. Lyman, and is a very pretty place. Large squares are reserved for a university and other public edifices, and lots modious square on the river is appropriated to the purposes of a market and a steamboat landing. The streets are very broad, and altogether it forms a picturesque appearance. It is not supposed that this will ever become a great com mercial position, but the beauty of the climate and scenery, and the agricultural capacities of the surrounding country, will eventually make it the " Hyde Park" of California. SUISUN bay, Solano co., Calif. : an arm or division of San Francisco bay. It is connected with an expansion of the river so called, formed by the junction of the Sacramento and San Joaquin, which enter San Francisco bay in the same latitude nearly as the mouth of the Tagus at Lisbon. A delta 25 m. in length, divided into islands by deep chan nels, connects the bay with the valleys of the San Joaquin and Sacramento, into the mouths of which the tide flows, and which enter the bay together as one river. The coun try around Suisun bay presents low ridges and rounded hills clothed with wild oats and clover, and more or less openly wooded on their summits. The anchorage is good for vessels of the largest draught SUISUN valley, Solano co., Calif. : N. of Suisun bay. and E. of Green Valley, 6 m. square, covered by Spanish grant, opens on the E. into Sacramento valley. The soil is exceed ingly fertile and well cultivated. It is especially prolific in the grasses : the hay consists chiefly of wild oats and clover. Navigation is excellent. Large quantities of hay are shipped from here, and six vessels are constantly taking produce from the embarcadero. SULLIVAN county, Ind. Situate S. "W. on the Wabash r., and contains 430 sq. m. The interior is drained by Turn- man s, Turtle, and Busseron creeks. Surface generally level, and heavily timbered. The bottoms and prairies are of small extent Many sections have excellent soil, and coal is found in abundance. Farms 1,215; manuf. 31; dwell. 1,675, and pop. wh. 10,110, fr. col. 31 total 10,141. Capi tal: Sullivan. SULLIVAN county, Mo. Situate N., and contains 637 sq. m. Drained by Locust and Yellow creeks and their branches. Surface rolling and pleasantly diversified ; soil very fertile, and produces abundantly wheat, Indian corn, and oats. The land is in general good, and in all portions where care has been had to cultivation, is highly productive. Farms 817; manuf. 5; dwell. 457, and pop. wh. 2,895, fr. coL 0, L 38 total 2.933. Capital: Milan. SULLIVAN county, N. Hamp. Situate "W. toward the S. part of the State, and contains 616 sq. m. Drained by Sugar 826 and Cold rivers and their tributaries, which furnish abund ant water-power to the county. Surface, though elevated, is not mountainous ; soil rich and very productive, particu larly along the Connecticut, which forms its W. boundary. It has numerous ponds and lakes, the principal of which is Sunapee lake, toward the S. E. Principal products wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. Farms 2,129; manuf. 141; dwell. 3,649, and pop. wh. 19,341, fr. col. 34 total 19,315. Capital : Newport. Public Works : Sullivan E. E. SULLIVAN county, N. Y. Situate toward the S. E., and contains 784 sq. m. Drained by Mongoup and Neversink rivers, branches of the Delaware, and Bashe s, Beaver, and Little Beaver kills. Surface hilly, and in some parts mount ainous, and well suited for grazing; soil various, but in general fertile, and in the valleys adapted to the raising of grain, etc. Chief products wheat and Indian corn. It con tains several minerals. Near Wartzboro lead ore of a good quality is found. Farms 1,889 ; manuf. 360 ; dwell. 4,355, and pop. wh. 24,996, fr. col. 92 total 25,088. Capital: Monticello. Public Works : New York and Erie E. E. ; Delaware and Hudson Canal. SULLIVAN county, Penn. Situate toward the N. E., and contains 434 sq. m. Drained by Plunket s cr., a tributary of Susquehanna river. Surface uneven ; soil fertile, adapt ed to wheat and Indian corn. Farms 425 ; manuf. 26 ; dwell 660- and nnn_-h S,fiC2, <V 1 11 *^tl 2^01. Capital : Laporte. Public Works : Towanda E. E. SULLIVAN county, Tenn. Situate N. E., and contains 524 sq. m. Holston r. passes through it from E. to W., by which and its affluents it is drained. Surface mountainous ; soil consists of deep loam with clay intermixed, and productive, fine crops of wheat and Indian corn being raised, and adapted to the culture of tobacco. Timber is found on the land. Farms 816; manuf. 15 ; dwell. 1,826, and pop. wh. 10,605, fr. col. 133, si. 1,004 total 11,742. Capital: Blount- ville. Public Works: East Tennessee and Virginia E. E. SULLIVAN, p. v., Moultrie co., III. : on the E. of a branch of Kaskaskia r., 53 m. E. by S. Springfield. * SULLIVAN, t. and p. o., Tioga co., Penn. : 103 m. N. ILir- risburg. Drained by branches of Tioga r. Surface uneven ; soil of inferior quality, well timbered. It contains numer ous saw and other mills. Pop. about 1,500. SULLIVAN, p. v., and cap. Sullivan co., Ind. : on the left bank of Busseron creek, 75 m. S. W. Indianapolis. It was laid out in 1842, and contains a court-house, jail, county seminary, and two churches. SULLIVAN, p. o., Jackson co., la. : 67 m. N. E. Iowa City. SULLIVAN, t. and p. v., Hancock co., Me. : at the head of Frenchman s bay, with Taunton bay on the W., 82 m. E. !>y N. Augusta. The outlet of a pond in the N. E. part flows into Frenchman s bay, and furnishes mill privileges. Its location for navigation is good, and it has some ship building. There are some light manufactories of woolen goods, flour, and lumber in the town. The v. is located on Taunton bay, at which point a bridge 1,400 feet long con nects the town with Hancock. Pop. of t. 810. SULLIVAN, t. and p. v., Cheshire co., N. Ilamp. : 86 m. S. W. Concord. Drained by a branch of Ashuelot r., cross- ng its S. E. part Incorporated in 1787. Water privileges ire good, and it contains several mills. The village is in the :entre of the town. Pop. of L 463. SULLIVAN, p. o., Ashland county, Ohio: 66 m. N. N. E. Columbus. SULLIVAN, t. and p. o., Jefferson county, Wise. : 41 miles E. by S. Madison. Drained by branches of Eock river. Surface various; soil very fertile: grain and grass thrive qually, and this is a good farming town. Pop. 872. SULLIVAN S island, Charleston dist., S. Car. : a small island ying at the mouth of Charleston harbor. It is resorted to by tie citizens of Charleston for the enjoyment of its scenery .nd salubrious atmosphere. SULLIVANVILLE, p. o., Chemung county, JV^ T. : 160 miles . W. by W. Albany. SUL SUM SULPHUR BLUFF, p. o., Hopkins co., Tex. : 252 m. N. E. Austin City. SULPUUK HILL, p. o., Shelby county, Ind. : 25 miles S. E. Indianapolis. SULPHUR LICK, p. o., Lincoln county, Mo. : 72 miles N. E. Jefferson City. SULPHUR LICK, p. o., Monroe co., Ky. : 109 m. S. by W. Frankfort. SULPIIUR EOCK, p. o., Independence county, Ark. : on a branch of White r., 90 m. N. N. E. Little Rock. SULPHUR SPRING, p. o., Crawford county, Ohio : 57 m. N. Columbus. SULPHUR SPRING valley, Solano co., Calif.: runs up from Suisun bay, 2 miles N. of Benicia and near Vallejo, from 100 to 400 yards wide, and winds through the Suscul Hills for 5 or 6 miles. The soil is rich and well watered. The springs located here are of good temperature for bathing. SULPHUR SPRINGS, p. v., Williamson county, III.: on the Sangamon and Massac E. E., 155 m. S. S. E. Springfield. SULPHUR SPRINGS, p. o., Madison co., Mi#s. : 27 m. N. Jackson. SULPHUR SPRINGS, p. o., Henry co., Ind.: 39 m. N. E. Indianapolis. SULPHUR SPRINGS, p. v., Jefferson co., Mo. : on the "W. side of the Mississippi river, 96 m. E. by S. Jefferson City. There are a number of springs in the vicinity, and iron ore and lead also abound. SULPHUR SPRINGS, p. o., Cherokee co., Teas. : 191 m. N. E. Austin Citv SULPHUR SPRINGS, p. o., Benton county, Ala. : 103 miles N. E. by N. Montgomery. SULPHUR SPRINGS, p. v., Ehea co., Tenn. : on the "W. bank of the Tennessee r., Ill m. E. S. E. Nashville. SULPHUR WELL, p. o., Shelby co., Tenn. : 183 m. W. S.W. Nashville. SUMMERFIELD, p. v., Dallas co., Ala. : on a branch of the Cahawba r., 49 m. W. by N. Montgomery. SUMMERFIELD, t. and p. v., Monroe county, Mich. : 77 m. S. E. Lansing. Drained by Eaisin r. Surface rolling, with prairie land and good timber ; soil fertile, producing excel lent grain ; and some sheep and hogs are raised. The v. is on the Eaisin r., and contains several mills, etc. The Mich igan Southern and Northern Indiana E. E. crosses the N. part, on which is Petersburg station, 23 miles W. Monroe. Pop. of t. 472. SUMMERFIELD, p. v., Guilford co., N. Car. : 71 m. N. W. Ealeigh. SUMMERFIELD, p. v., Noble co., Ohio : on the E. boundary, 85 m. E. by S. Columbus. SUMMEKFORD, t and p. v., Madison co., Ohio : 24 m. W. Columbus. Drained by the head waters of Deer cr. tribut ary of Scioto r., affording good mill-power. The v. is on the cr. Pop. of v. 139, and of the t. 755. SUMMER GROVE, p. o., Smith county, Tex. : 209 m. N. E. Austin City. SUMMER HILL, t. and p. v., Cayuga co., N. T. : 134 m. W. Albany. Drained by the head branches of Fall creek. Sur face hilly ; soil of moderate fertility. It contains several mills and a tannery. The v. is on a branch of Fall creek. Pop. of 1. 1,251. SUMMER HILL, t. and p. v., Cambria co., Penn. : 101 m.W. by N. Harrisburg. Drained by branches of Kiskiminetas r., affording power to several mills. It contains some light manufactures. The Pennsylvania E. E. passes through the town, and a branch connects it with Ebensburg, about 11 miles N. SUMMEESET, p. v., Polk co., la. : on the N. side of Middle river branch of the Des Moines, 112 m. W. by S. Iowa City. SUMMERSVILLE, p. v., Greene co., Ky. : on Pitman s cr., 64 m. S. by W. Frankfort SUMMERSVILLE, p. v., Jefferson co., Penn. : 125 m. N. W. Harrisburg. SUMMERVILLE, p. v., and cap. Chattooga county, Ga. : on the W. bank of the Chattooga branch of Coosa river, 153 m. N. W. Milledgeville, and contains a courWiouse, jail, etc. SUMMERVILLE, p. o., Cumberland county, N. Car. ; 41 m. S. W. Ealeigh. SUMMERVILLE, p. v., Cass co., Mich. : on Dowagiake r., 101 m. S. W. Lansing. The country in the vicinity consists of dry prairie land. SUMMERVILLE, p. v., Charleston district, S. Car. : on the South Carolina E. E., 22 m. N. W. Charleston, and 104 by railroad S. E. Columbia. SUMMERVILLE, p. v., Eock co., Wise. : on the S. of Turtle cr., 47 m. S. E. Madison. SUMMERVILLE, p. o., Boone co., Mo. : 29 m. N.W. Jefferson City. SUMMIT county, Ohio. Situate toward the N. E., and con tains 532 sq. m. Cuyahoga river flows through the central portion, by which and its tributaries and by head branches of Tuscarawas river it is drained; good water-power is supplied in their courses. Surface undulating, in parts hilly ; soil a rich vegetable mold, and produces in abund ance wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. Large numbers of cattle and hogs are fattened and sent to market, transporta tion being greatly facilitated by means of the Ohio Canal. Timber is exported. Farms 2,329; manuf. 292; dwell. 4,885, and pop. wh. 27,422, fr. col. 63 total 27,485. Cap ital: Akron. Public Works: Cleveland and Pittsburg E. E. ; Cleveland, Zanesville and Cincinnati E. E. ; Ohio Canal, etc., o WT n n . r> Q tia^ ^"v*r, -a^-*. et- imies L. by S. Lansing. SUMMIT, p. o., Summit co., Ohio : 108 m. N. E. Columbus. SUMMIT, sta., Licking co., Ohio : on the Central Ohio E. E., 22 m. E. Columbus. SUMMIT, p. v., Blount co., Ala. : on the W. boundary line of Marshall co., 128 m. N. from Montgomery. SUMMIT, p. o., Whitley county, Ind. : 99 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. SUMMIT, p. v. and sta., Essex co., W. Jer. : on the E. of the Passaic r., on the Morris and Essex E. E., 13 m. W. from Newark, and 41 N. E. from Trenton. SUMMIT, t., p. v., and sta., Schoharie co., N. Y.: 46 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by Charlotte r., and tributaries of Schoharie cr. Surface high and hilly; soil adapted to grass. It contains several manufactories. The v. is on a branch of the Schoharie cr. Pop. of 1. 1.800. SUMMIT, sta., Clinton co., N. Y. : on the Northern (Og- densburg) E. E., 37 m. W. Eouse s Point, and 162 m. N. from Albany. SUMMIT, p. o., Northampton co., N. Car. : 85 m. N. E. Ealeigh. SUMMIT, sta., Broome co., Nl Y. : on the New York and Erie E. E., 194 m. N. W. New York city, and 104 m. S. W. (direct) from Albany. The road at this point has been cut through a solid rock, at an expense of $200,000. SUMMIT, sta., Eutland co., Verm. : on the Eutland and Burlington E. E., 18 m. S. Eutland, and 72 m. S. W. Montpelier. SUMMIT, p. v., Cambria co., Penn. : on the head branch of Kiskiminetas r., and on the Philadelphia and Pennsyl vania E. E., 150 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. A furnace of 1,100 tons annual capacity is near the village. SUMMIT, eta., Chester co., Penn. : on the Columbia and Philadelphia E. E., 44 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. SUMMIT, t. and p. v., Waukesha co., Wise. : 57 m. E. Madison. Drained by branches of Eock and Fox creeks, and it has several ponds, which, with the streams, afford excellent water-power, and there are several mills. Surface level, and well wooded ; soil fertile. The v. is centrally situated. Pop. of 1. 1,008. SUMMIT BRIDGE, p. o., Newcastle co., Del. : on the Chesa peake and Delaware Canal, 27 rn. N. by W. Dover. At this point there is a bridge over a deep rut in the canal. SUMMIT HILL, p. v. and sta., Carbon co., Penn. : on the 82T SUM SUN Mauch Chunk and Summit Hill E. E., 9 m. W. Mauch Chunk, and 64 m. N. E. Harrisburg. Coal is found in the vicinity, and the inhabitants of the village are mostly em ployed in the mines. Pop. 2,501. SUMMIT MILLS, p. o., Somerset co., Penn. : 113 m. W. S.W. Harrisbnrg. SUMMIT POINT, p. o., Jefferson co., Virg. : 117 m. N. by "W. Bichmond. SUMMITVILLE, p. v., Lee co., la. : 77m. S. Iowa city. The Dubuque and Keokuk E. E. will pass through this village. SUMMITVILLE, p. v., Madison county, Jiid. : SO m. N. E. Indianapolis. SUMNER county, Tenn. Situate N., and contains 496 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Cumberland river, which forms its southern boundary. Surface rolling; soil, which consists of a deep, black mold, is fertile, and well adapted to tobacco and cotton, large quantities of which are produced. Fine crops of wheat and Indian corn are raised, and the county is generally rich in agricultural productions. Farms 1,335; manuf. 103; dwell. 2,555, and pop. wh. 14,511, fr. col. 200, si. 8,006 total 22,717. Capital: Gallatin. Public Works: Louisville and Nashville E. E. ; Nashville and Cincinnati E. E. SUMMER, t. and p. v., Oxford co., Me. : 33 m. "W. Augusta. There is a pond in the W. part. Drained by a branch of the Androseoggin r. Surface undulating; soil fertile, and much grain is raised. The L contains several tanneries, i^-.iu,, otf ,_ agt g umner anc i ^ T est Sumner are the names of villages, rop. v *. *,>.*.. SUMNEYTOWN, p. v., Montgomery co., Penn. : on Perkio- man creek, and on line of Upper Sal ford and Marlboro townships, 75 m. E. Harrisburg. in the v. is a furnace of 900 tons annual capacity, and a forge making 140 tons blooms and 100 tons bar iron, and powder is manufactured iu the vicinity. SUMTER county, Ala. Situate "W., and contains 963 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Tombigbee river and its W. fork. Surface hilly, and partly broken ; soil in general fertile. On the streams are some fine tracts of land very productive, and adapted to cotton and other agricultural productions. Farms 663 ; manuf. 12 ; dwell. 1,342, and pop. wh. 7,869, fr. col. 50, si. 14,831 total 22,250. Capital: Livingston. Public Work-s: Alabama and Mississippi E. E. SUMTER county, Ga. Situate toward the S. W., and con tains 5S9 sq. m. Drained by branches of Flint river. Surface varied ; soil fertile, and very productive. Wheat, Indian corn, and grain, are raised in considerable quantities, but cotton is the staple, the land being well adapted to its growth. Apple, pear, and other fruit trees, are grown, and there is some good timber on the land. It contains some minerals. Farms 763; manuf. 34; dwell. 1,109, and pop. wh. 6,469, fr. col. 13, si. 3,835 total 10,322. Capital: Americus. Public Works: South-Western E. E. SUMTER district, S. Car. Situate S. E. centrally, and con tains 1,391 sq. m. Drained by Black river and its branches, and branches of Santee river. Surface level ; soil moderately fertile, being of a sandy nature. Chief productions rice, cotton, and Indian corn. Farms 1,343 ; manuf. 82 ; dwell. 1,903, and pop. wh. 9,815, fr. col. 840, si. 23.065 total 33.220. rrtp#rt/:Sumtervi!le. PuWc Works: Wilmington and Manchester E. E. ; Camden Branch E. E. ; Columbia Branch E. E. STJMTER, p. o., Trinity co., Tex. : 161 m. N. E. by E. Austin City. SUMTERVILLE, p. v., Sumter co., Ala. : 119 m. W. by N. Montgomery. SUMTERVILLE, p. v., Lee co., Ga. : on a branch of Flint r., 96 m S. S. W. Milledgeville. SUMTERVILLE, p. v., Sumter dist., S. Car. : on the Wil mington and Manchester E. E., 146 m. W. S. W. Wilming ton (N. C.), 48 m. E. by S. Columbia. The "Black River Watchman" and " Sumpter Banner," both democratic, are Issued weekly. SUN, p. o., St. Tammany parish, La. : 61 rn. E. Baton Eouge. SUNAPEE lake, N. H. : in the N. W. part of Merrimac co., and the E. part of Sullivan county, in the towns of Sunapee, New London, and Newbury, 9 m. long, and about 1$ m. in width. Its elevation above the sea level is 1,030 feet, and the descent of its outlet, Stigar river, to the Connecticut, is very rapid. SUNBURY, p. v., Livingston county, III. : 97 m. N. E. Springfield. SUNBURY. p. v., Delaware county, Ohio.: on Walnut cr., 21 m. N. Columbus. It contains several stores, workshops, and is a thriving village. SUNBURY, p. v., Gates co., N. Car.: on the E. side of Bennett s cr., 121 m. N. E. Ealeigh. SUNBURY, p. b., and cap. Northumberland co., Penn. : on the E. bank of the Susquehanna r., below the confluence of its N. and W. branches, at Northumberland, 44 m. N. Harris burg. Its location is on a broad plain, in the township of Augusta. The Pennsylvania Canal is carried across the river by a basin created by the Shamokin dam, 2,7S3 feet long, a short distance below the t., nearly a mile in width. A railroad connects Sunbury with the Shamokin coal mines, 19 miles E., and Sunbury will be an important point on tho line of railroads from the Delaware to Lake Erie, now in progress of construction. A bridge across the N. branch of the Susquehanna connects the town with Northumberlrind It contains a court-house and county offices of brick, a jail uuiit ^r oiwi.^, ....a ^x-^^l ol>,^T, a Prvol, ir^n, iinii lime stone are abundant in the vicinity, and there are some manufactures in the v. The " S. American," " S. Gazette," and the " Deutscher Americaner" are issued weekly. Pop. of t. 1,218. SUNCOOK, p. v., Merrimac co., N. Hamp. : on the W. side of Suncook r., near its junction with the Merrimac, and on the Portsmouth and Concord E. E., 40 m. W. by N. Ports mouth, and 7 m. S. E. from Concord. It contains some light manufactures. SUNCOOK river, N. Ilamp. : rises in several ponds between Gilmanton and Guilford, near the summit of one of the Sun- cook mountains, elevated 900 feet above its base. It flows in S. W. direction, and empties into the Merrimac, in the town of Allerstown. SUNDAY CKEEK CROSS EOADS, p. o., Perry co., Ohio: near a cr. so called, 54 m. S. E. Columbus. SUNDEKLAND, t. and p. v., Franklin co., Mass. : on tho E. side of the Connecticut r., 79 m. W. by N. Boston. Sur face along the river is level, back of which it is mountain ous ; soil fertile. This is chiefly a farming town. The v. l built upon one street running parallel with the r., and con tains several churches and some handsome dwellings. A bridge here crosses the river. Mount Toby lies partly in Sunderland, and partly in Leverett Pop. oft. 792. SUNDERLAND, t and p. v., Bennington co., Venn. : 89 ra. S. W. by S. Montpelier. Drained by Battenkill r. and Eoaring brook. Surface uneven, and in part mountainous ; soil fertile. It has excellent water-power, and some light manufactures. Sulphuret of iron is found in considerable quantities, and lead ore has been discovered in granular limestone. The v. is on the Western Vermont E. E., 36 m. S. by W. Eutland. Pop. of t. 479. SUNFISH, p. o., Monroe county, Ohio t in the village of Clarington, at the mouth of Sunflsh creek, 111 m. E. by S. Columbus. SUN FLOWER county, Mixs. Situate W. toward the N.. and contains 824 sq. m. Drained by Sun Flower r. and its branches. Surface moderately level ; soil fertile, and adapt ed to cotton, which is the chief production. Farms 43, dwell. 75, and pop. wh. 348, fr. col. 0, si. 754 total 1,102. Capital: M Nutt. SUNKHAZE, p. v., Penobscot co., Me. : on the E. side of ;he Penobscot r. at the mouth of Sunkhaze r., 77 m. N. E. Augusta. SUN SU8 SUNNY SIDE, p. v., Lowndes co.,Ala. : on a branch of Big Swamp cr., 29 m. S. W. Montgomery. SUN PRAIRIE, t. and p. o., Dane co., Wise. : 21 m. N. E. Madison. Drained by affluents of Rock r, Surface rolling} coil fertile. Pop. 500. SUNRISE, p. o., Bath county, Vit g.: 131 m. "VV. by Ni Richmond. SUNVILLE, p. o., Yenango county, Penn. : 174 m. N. W. Ilarrisburg. SUPERIOR, t and p. o., Washtenaw co., Mich. : 55 m. S. E. Lansing. Drained by Rouge and Huron rivers, from which good water-power is derived. Surface is gently undulating, with a rich soil. Timber is abundant Pop. 1,127. SUPERIOR lake, the largest of the 5 great lakes of North America, and said to be the largest body of fresh water in the world. Its length is 350 m., and greatest breadth 150 m. It contains a number of islands of various sizes, the largest of which is Isle Royal, in the N. W., about 100 m. long and 40 broad. The elevation of the lake s surface above the high tide of the ocean has been calculated to be 1,048 feet, and the average depth of its bottom 900 feet. The lake is sub ject to as violent gales as the Atlantic, and equally as difl> cult of navigation. The coast is generally elevated, rocky, and in some parts mountainous. The vessels navigating the lake are confined within its own waters, as the Falls of St. Mary present a complete obstruction to communication with the lakes below. This obstruction is in course of re moval, by the building of a ship channel around the Falls of St. Mary; and, when completed, the wide expanse of Lake Superior will be added to the present extent of the lake navigation. The length of the road to be cut by this canal is three-fourths of a mile, at an estimated expense of $230,000. By this means access will be obtained to the whole country tributary to Lake Superior a tract rich in timber and mineral wealth. It receives more than 30 rivers, and discharges its waters into Lake Huron by the Straits of St. Mary. The temperature of the water of the lake, during the summer, a fathom or two below the surface, is but a few degrees above the freezing point. In the western portion the water is much colder than in the eastern the surface flow becoming warmer as it approaches the outlet. The mirage which frequently occurs is occasioned by the differ ence between the temperature of the air and the lake. In the region about the shores of Lake Superior many valuable mines of copper and other ores have been discovered within a few years past, and are now being extensively worked. The products of the copper mines for the year 1S51 amount ed to about 2,500 tons, or about one-half the annual con sumption of the United States. The copper, for certain pur poses in the arts, stands unrivaled ; and, according to present report, it surpasses all the ores of copper in density and tenacity. The per centage of silver, too inconsiderable in most cases to justify separation, still enhances its value, by protecting it in a considerable degree from the corrosive action of salt water. The boundary line between the U. S. and the British possessions passes from the outlet through the middle of the E. section of this lake ; but toward the W. it is carried clear round to the N. of Isle Royal, giving that island and the whole body of the lake below it to the U. S. ; then passing round the W. extremity of the island, it inclines S. to the entrance of Pigeon river, leaving the largest por tion of this section of the lake on the British side. The Pictured Rocks, so called, toward the E. end of the lake, are a great natural curiosity. They form a perpendicular wall, 300 feet high, extending about 12 m. along the shore of the lake. They have numerous caverns and projections. The fishing stations about the coast are numerous, and several thousand of barrels of fish are put up and exported an nually, the waters of this lake yielding an exhaustless sup ply of this article. The species caught are. the trout, white fish, and sturgeon, the two former of which are highly prized in the markets. SURGEON S HALL, p. v., Alleghany co., Penn. : on a small stream flowing into the Monongahela river, 160 m. W. Ilarrisburg. SURKOUNDED HiLLB, p. o., Monroe co., Ark, : 69 m. E. Little Rock. SURBY county, N. Car. Situate N., toward the W/, and contains 670 sq. m. Drained by Yadkin r. and its branches. Surface varied, generally much broken, and mountainous ; soil fertile, and the uplands adapted to pasturage. Chief productions, cotton, tobacco, Indian corn, wheat, and pota toes. Farms 1,503; manuf. 48; dwell. 2,797, and pop. wh. 16,171, fr. col. 272, si. 2,000 total 18,443. Capital: Rockford. SUBRY county, Virg. Situate toward the S. E., and con tains 2C3 sq. m. Drained by small branches of James and Blackwater rivers. Surface an extended plain : soil a deep loam, and fertile, in some portions making fine pasture land. Chief productions, cotton and Indian corn, potatoes, etc. Farms 301 ; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 650, and pop. wh. 2,215, fr. col. 935, si. 2,479 total 5,679. Capital : Surry C. H. SURRY, t. and p. v., Hancock co., Me. : 65 m. E. by N. Augusta. This is a very fertile farming town, having a number of ponds and excellent water privileges. Union River bay bounds it on the E., affording navigable facilities. Its manufactures consist of leather, lumber, etc. The v. is situated at the head of an inlet of Union River bay. Pop. ofLl,lS9. SURRY, L and p. v., Cheshire county, N. Ilamp. : 43 m. S. W. by W. Concord. Drained by Ashuelot r. Surface varied, in parts uneven. On the summit of a mountain, on the E. side of Ashuelot r., is a pond covering 3 acres, 25 feet deep. Incorporated in 1769. The village contains several shops and stores. Pop. of t 550. SURRY C. H., p. v., and cap. Surry co., Virg.: near au inlet of James r., 43 m. S. E. Richmond. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. SUSCOL valley, Solano co., Calif. : a little W. of Suscol Hills ; runs from the city of Vallejo to the northern part of the county ; 8 m. in length and 3 in width, Napa bay wash ing its whole length. It is a desirable and interesting coun try, well adapted to farming, and has a luxuriant growth of wild oats. Running through this valley are two large soda springs, which, after winding through low hills, empty into Napa bay. One of these springs, 4 m. N. of Vallejo, is culled Sulphur Spring "Waters, and is of good temperature for bathing, SUSPENSION BRIDGE, p. o., Niagara county, .2V. Y. : 276 m. W. by N. Albany. Si SQUEiiANNA county, Penn. Situate N. E., and con tains 712 sq. m. Drained by branches of Susquehanna r., which flows through its N. part. Surface hilly, and the land in many places is much broken ; soil fertile, and pro duces excellent crops of wheat and Indian corn. It is cov ered in different portions with a fine growth of timber, and has good pasturage for cattle. Farms 8,909 ; manuf. 322 ; dwell. 5,203, and pop. wh.. 28,529, fr. col. 159 total 28,GSS. Capital: Montrose. Public Works: New York and Erie R. R. ; Lackawanna and Western R. R. SUSQUEHANNA, p. o., Broome co., N. Y. : on W. bank of Susquehanna r., 124 m. W. S. "W. Albany. SUSQUEHANNA, t. and p. o., Dauphin co., Penn. : on E. side of the Susquehanna r. Drained by Paxton cr. Sur face uneven; soil fertile. Blue Mountain crosses the N. part Its manufactures are flour, lumber, etc. Harrisburg lies partly in this town. Pop. 1,526. SUSQUEIIANNA river, Penn. : this river, the largest in the State, rises in Otsego county, New York, and flows S. W. (receiving Uuadilla river in Sidney t.) until it enters Penn sylvania. It then returns into New York by bending W. course, receives Chenango river at Binghampton, and flow ing again into Pennsylvania receives Chemung river 3 m. below the State line. Its general course in crossing the State is in form nearly that of an oxbow. It receives the western branch, its largest tributary, at Northumberland, the sus SWA Juniata river at Bloomfleld, and empties into Chesapeake bay, in the north-east part of Maryland, at Havre de Grace at which place it is 1J m. wide. It is about 450 miles long but its importance for navigation is not commensurate with this great length. It is navigable for sloops 5 miles from its mouth to Port Deposit, at the head of the tide, beyond which it is entirely obstructed for 50 m. by a frequent su& cession of rapids. In its upper parts the natural obstruc^ tions are not great, and might be easily overcome. During freshets a great amount of lumber and produce is sent down in rafts, etc. Canals are extensively constructed along its banks, which greatly facilitate the movements of commerce SUSQUEHANNA DEp6T, p. o. and sta., Susquehanna co., Penn. : on the Erie E. E., 202 m. from New York, 267 m from Dunkirk, 115 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. At this station the Erie E. E. Company have large shops for repairing en gines, cars, etc., and thus formed a small but flourishing settlement. SUSSEX county, Del. Situate S., and contains 994 sq. m. Drained by Nanticoke river and its branches, which enter Chesapeake bay, and Jones, Cold Spring, Cedar, Mispillion, and other small creeks which flow into Delaware bay. Sur face in general level, and a large portion is marshy ; soil varied, much of it being of a sandy nature. Chief produc tions wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. There is fine graz ing land in the co. Farms 2,746 ; manuf. 11 ; dwell. 4,319, and pop. wh. 20,348, fr. col. 4,039, si. 1,548 total 25,935. Capital: Georgetown. SUSSEX county, N. Jer. Situate N. W., and contains 568 sq. m. Drained by Paulinskill, Wallkill, Pequannock, and Pequest creeks. Surface in general is hilly, and portions of it mountainous; soil fertile, consisting of a fine deep mold with sand intermixed. Wheat, Indian corn, and other grains are produced abundantly, and excellent crops of po tatoes are raised. Farms 1,653 ; manuf. 184 ; dwell. 3,851, and pop. wh. 22,673, fr. col. 810, si. 1 total 22,989. Cap ital: Newton. SUSSEX county, Virg. Situate S. E., and contains 458 sq. m. Drained by Nottoway r. and its branches. Surface even ; soil fertile and easy of cultivation. Chief produc tions cotton, tobacco, and Indian corn ; wheat is also grown extensively. Farms 472 ; manuf. 23 ; dwell. 751, and pop. wh. 3,086, fr. col. 742, si. 5,992 total 9,820. Capital: Sussex C. H. Public Works: Petersburg and Weldon B. E. ; Petersburg and Norfolk E. E. SUSSEX C. H., p. v., and cap. Sussex co., Virg. : 41 m. S. by E. Eichmond, and contains a court-house, jail, etc. SUSSEX, p. o., Waukesha co., Wise. : 59 m. E. Madison. SUTHERLAND S sta., Dinwiddie co., Virg. : on South Side E. E., 10 m. W. Petersburg, 42 m. from Burkville. SUTHERLAND SPRINGS, p. o., Bexar county, Tex. BUTTER county, Calif. Situate centrally, and chiefly be tween the forks of the Sacramento and Feather rivers, and contains 760 sq. m. Surface diversified, and In the N. are several high hills called Buttes. The portion of the county 8. E. of Feather river contains the important towns of Ver- non, Oro, and Nicholas, which are noted for their mineral wealth, and also for their commercial positions. Springfield, opposite Tremont, and Tuba City, opposite the mouth of Yuba r., are also considerable places. It is a rich mining region, and has been very productive. The quantity of land under cultivation in 1S52 was only 1,401 acres, and in gene ral little attention is here paid to any agricultural operations. Pop. at the date specified 1,207; whites 675 males 590, and females 85 ; negroes 11 males 8, and females 3 ; Indians 514 males 262, and females 252 ; and foreign residents 10 males 7, and females 3 ; above 21 years old citizens 527, negroes 11, Indians 314, and foreigners 10. Capital : Oro. SUTTERSVILLE, v., Sacramento county, Calif. : on the left bank of Sacramento r., about 3 m. S. Sacramento City, 48 m. N. E. Vallejo. SUTTON, t., p. v., and sta., Worcester co., Mass. : 39 m. W. S. W. Boston. Surface hilly ; soil productive. Drained by Blackstone river, which affords water-power, and along which passes the Blackstone Canal in its N. part. The Providence and Worcester E. E. touches on its N. border, 35 m. from Providence, 8 m. from Worcester. Soapstone and granite are found. The t. contains 5 churches, several cotton factories, with some other mills. Pop. of t. 2,595. SUTTON, t. and p. v., Merrimac county, Jf. Ifamp. : 23 m. N. W. by N. Concord. Surface uneven; soil various. Watered by Warner r. and branches, which afford water- power. The town contains tanneries and saw-mills. Pop. of 1 1,387. SUTTON, t and p. v., Caledonia co., Verm. : 39 m. N. E. by N. Montpelier. Surface mostly level, much of it low and wet Watered by branches of Passumpsic river. A pond in its N. W. corner covers 200 acres. There are several bogs of marl in the town. Pop. of 1. 1,001. SUTTON S MILLS, p. o. and sta., Essex county, Mass. : on Essex E. E., 1 m. from Lawrence, 20 m. from Salem. SUWANE, p. v., Gwinnett co., Ga. : on a branch of Shal low fork of Chattahoochee r., 81 m. N. W. Milledgeville. SUWA.NNEE river, Flor. : rises in Okeflnokee Swamp in Georgia, flows S., then W., receives the Allapahaw from the N., and the Withlacoochee from the N. W., then flows S. and S. E., receives the Santa F6 from the E., and thence flows in southerly course until it empties into Waksase bay of Gulf of Mexico, which it enters by numerous shallow channels. The bar at its mouth has not more than 5 feet water, but above that it has 15 feet for 55 miles. Its bed is rocky, and in some places its banks are 100 feet high of per pendicular granite rock. SUWANNEE SIIOALS, p. o., Columbia co., Flor. : 99 m. W. Tallahassee. SWAINSBORO , p. v., and cap. Emanuel county, Ga. : on a branch of the Great Ohoopee r., 61 m. E. S. E. Milledgeville. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. SWAINSVILLE, sta., Wyoming co., N. Y. : on the Buffalo and New York E. E., 69 m. E. S. E. Buffalo, 218 m. W Albany. SWALLOW falls, All^ghany county, 3fd. : these falls of the Youghiogeny r. occur near the mouth of Hendorn cr., in the S. W. part of the county. The general elevation of the country in the vicinity is 2,390 feet above tide-water. SWAMPSCOTT, p. o., Essex co., Mass. SWAN, p. v., Noble co., Ind. : at the source of Black cr., 114 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis, SWAN, t. and p. o., Vinton county, Ohio: 49 m. S. E. Columbus. Eaccoon cr. flows through the t., affording ex cellent mill privileges. Surface much broken ; soil fertile. Pop. 1,154. SWAN CREEK, p. v., Warren co., HI. : near the West fork of Spoon r., 80 m. N. W. Springfield. SWAN CREEK, p. o., Warren county, Ky. : 119 m. S. W. Frankfort. SWAN CREEK, p. o., Gallia county, Ohio : 83 m. 8. S. E. olumbus. SWANCEY S FERRY, p. o., Abbeville dist., S. Car.: 97 m. W. Columbia. SWANGSTOWN, p. v., Cleveland county, Nl Car. : on the right banlt of Buffalo cr., 151 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. SWAN LAKE, p. o., Arkansas county, Ark. : 60 m. S. E. Little Eock. SWANNANO, p. v., Buncombe co., N~. Car. : on a branch )f French Broad r., 205 m. W. Ealeigh. SWAN POINT, p. o., Knox county, Ky. : 109 m. S. S. E> Frankfort. SWAN QUARTER, p. v., and cap. Hyde co., N. Car. : 123 m. 5. by S. Ealeigh, and contains a court-house and other ounty buildings. SWAN EIVER (or Arthur s Ferry), p. o., Benton co., Minn^ Ter. : 107 m. N. N.W. St. Paul. The ferry at this point is one veil known, and is held by one of the oldest traders and >ioneers of Minnesota. The settlement contains some 30 amilies. SWA SYC SWANSBOBO , p. v., Onslow co., ^V. Car. : on W. side of the estuary of Whittock r., and opposite Bogue inlet, 105 m. 8. E. Ealeigh. SWANSEY, t and p. v., Bristol co., Mass. : 45 m. S. by W. Boston. Mount Hope bay sets up into its S. part by two inlets, on one of which stands a. small v. which has some navigation and ship-building. The t was incorporated in 1667, and is noted for having been the t. in which King Philip s Indian War commenced on June 20th, 1675. In the t. are several tanneries, paper and other mills. Pop. of 1 1,554. SWAN S ISLAND, t. and p. v., Hancock co., Me. : 67 m. E. by S. Augusta. Pop. oft 423. SWANSONVILLE, p. o., Pittsylvania co., Virg. : 116 m. S.W. Eichmond. SWANTON, t. and p. o., Lucas co., Ohio : 113 m. N. N. W. Columbus. The railroad from Sandusky City to Fort Wayne will pass through this town. SWANTON, v., Alleghany co., Md. : on the line of the Baltimore and Ohio E. E., 221 m. from Baltimore by rail road, and 143 m, W. N. W. Annapolis direct. Elevation, 2,272 feet above tide-water. SWANTON, t. and p. v., Franklin co., Verm. : on the E. side of Lake Champlain, 66 m. (by railroad) N. W. Mont- pelier. Drained by Missisqui r.,which is navigable for lake vessels to S wanton Falls, six miles up. These falls have a descent of twenty feet, from which are derived extensive hydraulic power. Bog-iron ore is found here, and there is an excellent quality of variegated marble quarried and ex tensively exported. The surface and soil of the t. are well adapted to agricultural pursuits, with the exception of a por tion bordering on the lake. The v. is located at the falls, and is the site of several manufactories, and of increasing trade. The Yermont Central E. E. passes through the v. 13 m. 8. E. Eouse s Point (N. Y.) Pop. of t. 2,824. SWANTON CENTRE, p. o., Franklin county, Verm. ; 67 m. N. W. Montpelier. SWANVILLE, t. and p. v., Waldo co., Me. : 43 m. E. by N. Augusta. Drained by the outlet of a pond in the N. part, emptying into Belfast bay. Surface even ; soil fertile. The village is located in the N. part. Pop. of t. 944. SWANVILLE, p. o., Jefferson county, 2nd. : 75 m. S. E. Indianapolis. SWANZEY, t. and p. v., Cheshire co., N. Hamp. : 45 m.j S. W. Concord. Drained by Ashuelot river and branches. The r. is navigable for boats as far up as Keene, except a short curving place around the rapids in Winchester. Sur faceas also the soil is various. There is a mineral spring here, the waters of which are impregnated with iron, and iron ore is found. The manufacture of cottons, woolens,! leather, and lumber, is carried on. The v. is on the Con-1 necticut Eiver E. E., 6 m. S. Keene. Pop. of t. 2,106. I SWARTSWOOD, p. o., Sussex county, N. Jer. : 55 m. N. Trenton. SWARTWOTJT, p. v., Polk county, Tex. : on the E. side of Trinity r., 161 m. E. by S. Austin City. SWARTZ CREEK, p. o., Genesee co., Micli. : on a stream so called, 47 m. N. E. Lansing. SWEARINGENS, p. o., Austin co., Teas.: 95 m. E. by 8. Austin City. SWEDEN, t. and p. v., Oxford county, Me. : 67 m. S. W. Augusta. Saco r. crosses the W. part, and on the N. E. are two ponds, by the outlets of which the t. is drained. Soil adapted to grains. The v. is located in the centre. Pop of t. 696. SWKDEN, L and p. o., Potter co., Penn. : 115 m. N. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by one of the head branches of the Alleghany river. The greater portion of the t. remains in a wild, uncultivated state. Iron ore is found in the vicinity. SWEDEN, t. and p. v., Monroe county, N. Y.: 220 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Salmon creek, from which water-power is derived. Surface undulating ; soil, moist, argillaceous loam, yielding large crops of grass, grain, and fruits. The Eochester, Lockport, and Niagara Falls E. E., and the Erie Canal pass through the t, on both of which is located the manufacturing village of Brockport, The v. of Sweden is 2 m. S. of Brockport. and contains a church and about 50 dwellings. Pop. of t. in 1840, 1,8S4; in 1S50, 3,623. SWEEDLIN HILL, p. o.,Pendleton co., Virg.; ISOm.N.W. Eichmond. SWEEDSBORO , p. v., Gloucester county, N. Jer. : on the right bank of Eaccoon cr., at the head of sloop navigation, 52 m. S. S. W. Trenton. It contains a church, several mills, etc. SWEET AIR, p. v., Baltimore co., Ind. : 37 m. N. by W. Annapolis. SWEET SPRINGS, p. v., Monroe co., Virg. : in the valley of the Alleghany mountains, W. of Middle Mt., 153 m. W. Eichmond. This is one of the oldest watering-places in Virginia. The springs are situated 17 m. from the celebrated White Sulphur Springs, and there is accommodation for 300 persons. The waters are celebrated for their medicinal properties, and are used both externally and internally. The power derived from the springs is sufficient to turn a mill at the distance of 200 yards from the source. Temperature of the water 73 Fahrenheit. SWEET VALLEY, p. o., Luzerne co., Perm, : 79 m. N. E. Harrisburg. SWEET WATER, p. v., Gwinnett co., Ga. : on Yellow r., 73 m. N. W. Milledgeville. SWEET WATER, p. v., Marengo co., Ala. : on a branch of Tombigbee r., 95 m. W. by S. Montgomery. SWEET WATER, p. o. and sta., Monroe co., Tenn. : on the East Tennessee and Georgia E. E., 14 m. S. by W. Loudon, and 147 m. E. S. E. Nashville. SWEET WATER FACTORY, p. o., Campbell co., Ga. : 95 m, W. N. W. Milledgeville. SWIFT CREEK, p. o., Darlington dist., S. Car. : 61 m. N. E. Columbia. SWIFT CREEK BRIDGE, p. v., Craven co., N. Car. : on E> side of Swift cr., 90 m. E. Ealeigh. SWIFT ISLAND, p. o., Montgomery co., 2f. Car.: 72 m. S. W. Ealeigh. SWIFT river, Carroll co., N . Ramp. : rises in the mountains on the N. of Waterville, and flowing in an easterly course empties into the Saco river at Conway. Its whole course is rapid, and in one place it falls 30 feet in the distance of six rods, through a channel in the solid rock, about 12 feet wide, the sides being from 10 to 30 feet perpendicular height SWINEYAHDS, p. o., Charles City co., Virg. : 29 m. S. E. Eichmond. SWINTON, p. v., Kane co., 111. : 155 m. N. E. Springfield. SWITZERLAND county, Ind. Situate S. E. on Ohio r., and contains 216 sq. m. Drained by Log, Lick, Indian, Plum, Brian s, and Grant s creeks. Large and fine bottoms lino the Ohio, and the hills back of these rise to a height of 400 or 500 feet ; farther back a high table-land is reached. Soils are everywhere good. Mills are numerous, and many are worked by steam-power. Farms 1,270 ; manuf. 79 ; dwell 2.254, and pop. wh. 12,866, fr. col. 66 total 12,932. Cap ital: Vevay. SYBERTSVILLE, p. o., Luzerne county, Penn. : 85 m. N. E. Harrisburg. SYCAMORE, p. v., and cap. De Kalb co., Itt. ; on the left side of the river so called, 157 m. N. E. Springfield. It contains the county court-house, etc. It is a pleasant place, located on a prairie near a clear brook, and contains 975 inhabitants. SYCAMORE, t and p. v., Wyandott co., Ohio : 66 m. N. by W. Columbus. Drained by a branch of the Sandusky r. Surface level, with a productive soil. The v. is situate near the stream, and is a small agricultural settlement. Popula tion of t 880. SYCAMORE, p. o., Claiborne co., Tenn. : 187 m E by N Nashville. SYC TAB SYCAMORE ALLEY, p. v., Halifax co., N. Car. : N. of Tar r., 67 m. N. E. Raleigh. SYCAMOKS GKOVK, p. o., Overton co., Tenn. : 81 m. E. by N. Nashville. SYCAMORE MILLS, p. o., Davidson co., Tenn. : 17 m. N.W. Nashville. SYDNOESVILLE, p. v., Franklin co., Virg. : between Chest nut and Snow creeks, 123 m. W. S. W. Richmond. SYKESVILLE, p. v., Carroll co., Md. : on N. side of W. branch of Palapsco r., and on the Baltimore and Ohio R. E., 32 m. W. by N. Baltimore, and 37 m. N. N. W. Annapolis. SYLACAUOA, p. v., Talladega co., Ala. : on the line of the Alabama and Tennessee R. R., 53 m. N. Montgomery. SYLAMORE, p. o., Izard co.. Ark.. : 85 m. N. Little Eock. SYLCO, p. o., Polk co., Tenn. : 139 m. S. E. Nashville. SYLVA, p. v., Washington co., Ark. : on a cr. of Illinois r., 153 m. N. W. Little Eock. SYLVAN, t. and p. v., Washtenau co., Mich. : 33 m. 8. E. Lansing. Drained by the head waters of Huron r. Surface undulating; soil rich and productive. Wheat, corn, and oats of an excellent quality are raised. The Michigan Cen tral E. E. passes through the t., near which ia the village. Pop. of t. 934. SYLVAN, p. o., Franklin county, Penn. : 50 m. W. S. W. Harrisburg. In the vicinity is a Ibrge producing annually 100 tons blooms and 50 tons bars. SYLVAN GROVE, p. v., Jefferson co., Ga. : at the source of Lambert cr., 59 m. E. Milledgeville. SYLVAN GROVE, p. o., Clark county, Ind. : 90 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. SYLVANIA, p. o., Bradford county, Penn. ; 101 miles N. Harrisburg. SYLVANIA, p. o., Eacine county, Wise. : 171 m. E. S. E. Madison. SYLVANIA, p. v., and cap. Scriven co., Ga. : 105 m. E. S. E. Milledgeville. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. SYLVANIA, p. o., Parke co., Ind. : 53 m. W. Indianapolis. SYLVANIA, p. o., Licking county, Ohio : 25 miles N. E. Columbus. SYLVANIA, sta., Lucas co., Ohio : on the Erie and Kala- mazoo E. E., 11 m. N. W. Toledo, and 123 m. N. N. W. Columbus. SYLVANUS, p. o., Hillsdale co., Mich. : 59 m. S. Lansing. SYLVIA, p. o., Hardiu co., Ohio: 57 m. N. W. Columbus. SYLVESTER, t and p. o., Greene county, Wi#c. : 32 m. S. Madison. Drained by a branch of Sugar r. Surface level ; soil fertile. Pop. 712. SYMME S CORNERS, p. o., Butler co., Ohio: 90 m. "W. S.W. Columbus. SYMME S CREEK, p. o., Muskingum co., Ohio: 49 m. E. Columbus. SYMSONIA, p. o., Graves county, Ky. : 229 m. S. W. Frankfort. SYRACUSE, p. v., Kosciusko co., Ind. : on the N. W. bor der of Turkey lake, at the mouth of Turkey cr., its outlet, 113 m. N. Indianapolis. SYRACUSE, p. city, and cap. Onondaga county, N. Y. : on E. bank of Onondaga cr., near its entrance into Onondaga lake ; from Albany, 130 m. W. by N. (direct) ; by railroad, 148 m. It is regularly laid out with wide streets crossing at right angles, and is for the most part handsomely built of brick. Many of the public buildings and churches are handsome edifices. The hotels are noted for their size, elegance, etc., and good fare. Its manufactures, besides the salt-works, are extensive, the principal of which are iron castings, machinery, and flour. According to the Eeport to the Bank Department of the State, for Oct. 25th, 1S52, there were then eight banks in Syracuse, with an ag gregate capital of $1,040,000. The construction of the vari ous canals and railroads which pass through Syracuse have made it the centre of a vast domestic trade with all parts of the State: these are, the Erie Canal, 171 m. from Albany, 193 m. from Buffalo; Oswego Canal, extending hence to Oswego, 38 m. ; Syracuse and Utica E. E., 53 m. ; Roch ester and Syracuse E. E., 104 m. ; Eochester and Syracuse Direct E. R., 68 m. ; Oswego and Syracuse E. E.," 35 m. The Syracuse and Binghampton E. E. is in construction, and the Syracuse and Newburg R. R. has been pro jected. These great avenues of intercourse and trade have very rapidly increased the population and general prosperity of the city, and will continue to develop its permanent greatness and importance among the large cities of the State and of the Union. The newspapers pub lished in 1S50 comprised 17 issues, viz., 4 dailies : Onon daga Standard" (dem.), "S. Journal" (whig), "S. Star" (whig), "Transcript" (neutral), /each of which published weekly editions (the "Star" also a semi-weekly); 6 other weeklies : " Onondaga Sentinel" (whig), " Religious Re corder," " Free-School Clarion," " Liberty Party Paper" (abol.), " Archimedean," " Central New Yorker ;" 1 semi monthly, the " Temp. Protector ;" and 2 monthly, u Syra- cusean" (indep.), and " Literary Union" (lit.) Pop. in 1S30, 2,505; in 1840, 6,502; in 1850, 22,271. Syracuse is celebrated for its great salt works. The salt water is conveyed in pipes from the springs or wells to the works. The coarse salt is produced by solar evaporation ; fine salt by boiling, and other modes of applying artificial heat. The springs are pierced through the alluvial, and terminate on gravel. The wells generally used are excava ted about 18 or 20 feet deep. In one case a boring of 250 feet deep was made without finding fossil salt, but the strength of the brine increased (as generally) with the depth of the well. From the strongest spring a cubic foot of wa ter will afford 14 pounds of salt. In 1840, a new salt spring of great strength was discovered by boring to a depth of 265 feet, from which large quantities of salt are now manufac tured, 30 gallons of the water producing one bushel of fine salt. From recent experiments in salting beef for the pur pose of comparing the relative merits of Onondaga and Turks Island salt, it has been satisfactorily ascertained that the Onondaga is fully equal in all respects to the Turks Island salt, and in some points superior. The quantities of salt here manufactured during the year 1850, were as fol lows : 287,882 bushels of coarse salt, 813,882 bushels of fine salt, 53,600 bushels of ground or dairy salt total 1,184,928 bushels. This total is about one-half of the total of salt manufacture in Salina during 1850, and about one-fourth of the aggregate amount manufactured in 1S50 in this salt district T. TABU S CREEK, p. o., Granville co., N. Car. : 44 m. N. Raleigh. TABEG, p. v. and sta., Oneida co., N. Y.: on W. bank of Fish cr., 110 m. W. N. W. Albany. It contains a blast furnace. 2 grist and several saw mills, etc. The Watertown and Rome R. R. passes a little S. of the village, 11 m. from Rome, 61 m. from Watertown. TABERNACLE, p. o., Marion disk, S. Car. : 85 m. E. by N. Columbia. TABLE mountain, Greenville dist., & Car. : this remark able mountain, about 26 m. N. W. Greenville, is elevated 3,168 feet above the surround ng country, and about 4,000 feet above sea level ; one of its sides is an immense rocky precipice, wiih bold square front, presenting a very grand appearance. TABLE mountain, Sierra co., Calif. : 151 m. N. E. by N. Vallejo, is 8,000 feet high. TABLK GBOVE, p. o., Fulton co., HI. : 65 m. N. W. by N. Springfield, surrounded by an elevated and beautiful tract of timber, from which it derives its name. TABO, p. o., La Fayette county, Mo. : 96 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. TABOR, p. o., Tuscarawas county, Ohio : 83 m. E. N. E Columbus. TAG TAL TACALCCHE, p. o., Marshall county, Miss. : on N. side of branch of Tippah cr., 169 m. N. by E. Jackson. TACIIORA, p. o., Marquette co., Wise. : 52 m. N. by E. Madison TACKETT S MILL, p. o., Stafford county, Vira. : 61 m. N. Richmond. TACOA,P. o., Gilmer county, Ga. ; on W. side of Tacoa river, 144 m. N. N. W. Milledgeville. TACOXY, sta., Philadelphia co., Penn. : on Delaware r., and the Trenton R. R., 8 miles N. E. Philadelphia. TAITON, p. v., Pike co., Penn. : 123 in. N. E. Harrisburg. TAFTSVILLE, p. v., Windsor county, Venn. : 46 in. S. Montpelier. TAGHKANIC, t and p. o., Columbia co., N. Y.: 40 m. S. Albany. Surface hilly and mountainous ; soil very fertile in the valleys. Drained by Copake cr. The t contains a few mills of different kinds. Pop. of 1 1,540. TAGUKANIC mountains, N. Y. : a range in the E. part of the State, near the State line, commencing in Rensselaer county, and extending through Columbia and Duchess counties. They are partly in Massachusetts, and have their highest summits in Sheffield, about 8,000 feet above tide-wa ter. The range is about 50 m. long, and is properly a divi sion of the Green Mountains. TAIILEQUAH, p. v., and cap. Cherokee nation, Ind. Ter. : on Illinois r. of the Arkansas, 53 m. N.W.Van Burea, Ark. Here are located the council-house, U. S. agency, missions, etc., of the Clierokees, and altogether it is a thriving settlement TAILS CREEK, p. o., Gilmer co., Ga. : 136 m. N. W. by W. Milledgeville. TALAHATAH, p. o., Newton co., Miss. : 63 m. E. by N. Jackson. TALASHA, p. o., Newton co., Miss. : 67 m. E. Jackson. TALBOT county, Ga. Situate toward the W., and contains 451 sq. m. Drained by branches of Flint r., which forms its E. and N. E. boundary. Surface hilly ; soil fertile, and is peculiarly adapted to cotton which is produced largely. Wheat and Indian corn are raised in large quantities, and there is some timber land. Farms 928 ; manuf. 46 ; dwell. 1,324, and pop. wh. 7,793, fr. col. 18, si. 8,723 total 16,534. Capital: Talboton. PuUic Works: Muscogee R. R. TALBOT county, Md. Situate E. toward the N., and con tains 336 sq. m. Drained by small streams which flow into Choptank r. and the several bays set up from the Chesa peake. Surface varied ; soil fertile, well adapted to wheat and Indian corn, the chief productions of the co. Wye r. runs along its N. W. border. Farms 793 ; manuf. 35 ; dwell. 1,751, and pop. wh. 7,080, fr. col. 2,597, si. 4,134 total 13,S11. Capital : Easton. TALBOTTON, p. v., and cap. Talbot county, Go,. : 73 m. W. S. W. Milledgeville. It contains the county buildings, 2 academies, 2 churches, etc. Pop. about 600. TALIAFERRO county, Ga. Situate N. E. centrally, and contains 163 sq. m. Little r. runs through the N. E., by branches of which, and of Ogeechee r. it is drained. Sur face level or rolling ; soil fertile and produces cotton abund antly, also wheat and Indian corn, and fine crops of apples, pears, and other fruits. Pine timber is found on the land. Farms 294 ; manuf. 16 ; dwell. 408, and pop. wh. 2,051, fr. col. 51, si. 3,044 total 5,146. Capital: Crawfordsville. PiMic Works: Georgia R. R. TALIBENELA, p. o., Pontotoc co., Miss. : 150 m. N. N. E. Jackson. TALKING ROCK, p. o., Gilmer co., Ga. : 132 m. N. W. by N. Milledgeville. TALLADEGA county, Ala. Situate toward the N. E., and contains 1,206 sq. m. Drained by branches of Coosa river, which forms its western boundary, and also by branches of Tallapoosa r., which traverse its southern portion. Surface level ; soil very fertile. Cotton is the staple, and is produced In abundance; wheat and Indian corn are raised in good crops, and there is some excellent pasture, on which large numbers of cattle and hogs are fattened. Agriculture is the 15 leading pursuit with a large portion of the population. Farms 993; manuf. 21; dwell. 1,861, and pop. wh. 11,618, fr. col. 35, si. 6,971 total 18,624. Capital: Tulladega. Public Works: Alabama and Tennessee River R. R. TALLADEGA, p. v., and cap. Talladega county, Ala. : on a small branch of Coosa r., 75 m. N. by E. Montgomery. It contains the county buildings, etc. The Alabama Reporter" (whig), and "Democratic Watehtower" (dem.) are issued weekly. The Alabama and Tennessee River R. R. will pass through this place. Pop. about 700. TALLAHASSEE, p. city, and cap. Leon county, Flor. : and capital of the State of Florida. Latitude 30 28 N.; longitude 84 36 W. from Greenwich. It is situated on a commanding eminence, and is regularly laid out with several public squares. Its settlement was commenced in 1824, upon its selection as the State capital. The legislature held its first session here in 1S25, and incorporated the city. It contains the State-house, court-house, U. 8. land office, market-house, jail, academy, and three churches. Two newspapers are published weekly, " Sentinel," and " Flor- idian and Journal." The Tallahassee and St.,Marks R. R., connecting it with Port Leon on Appalachee bay, will be extended N. to Thomasville, Ga., to connect with the pro posed Brunswick and Florida R. R. A good mill-stream flowing from several springs, runs on its E. border, falls 15 or 16 feet into a pool scooped out by its own current, and after running a short distance, sinks into a cleft of the lime stone. In the winter, it is a place of considerable resort. Pop. in I860, 1,891. TALLAHATCIIIE county, Mi-ss. Situate toward the N. W., and contains 898 sq. m. Drained by Tallahatchie r. and its branches. Surface level; soil fertile and adapted to cotton, it also is well fitted for grain, and makes good pasture land. Chief productions, cotton and Indian corn. Farms 282; manuf. 0; dwell. 368, and pop. wh. 2,096, fr. col. , si. 2,547 total 4,643. Capital: Charleston. TALLALOOSA, p. o., Marshall county, Miss. : on S. side of branch of Oka Copasau r., 172 m. N. by E. Jackson. TALLAPOOSA county, Ala. Situate toward the E., and contains 916 sq. m. Tallapoosa r. enters it in the N. E., and flows through the western portion, by which and its branches it is drained. Surface level; soil fertile and adapted to cotton, wheat, and grain, fine crops of which are annually raised. Farms 1,270; manuf. 18; dwell. 2.037, and pop. wh. 11,511, fr. col. 0, si. 4,078 total 15,584. Capital: Dadeville. Public Works: Montgomery and West Point Railroad. TALLAPOOSA, p. o., Greene co., Ala. : 96 m. W. N. W. Montgomery. TALLAPOOSA, p. o., Carroll co., Ga. : on E. side of Talla poosa r., 136 m. W. N. W. Milledgeville. TALLAPOOSA river, Ga. and Ala. : rises in Carroll county, Ga., flows in southerly winding course to its junction with Coosa r., 12 m. N. Montgomery, which together form the Alabama river. TALLASSEE, p. v., Tallapoosa county, Ala. : on E. side of Tallapoosa r., 29 m. E. N. E. Montgomery. TALLEYVILLE, p. o., New Castle co., Del. : 48 m. N. by E. Dover. TALLMAPGE, t. and p. o., Ottawa county, Mich. : on both sides of Grand r., 64 m. W. by N. Lansing. This was, in 1850, the most productive farming t in the co., but not more than one-fourth of its area was then cultivated. It contains 3 saw-mills using water-power, of which the annual product in 1850, was valued at $15,S 20. Population in 1840, 139; in 1850, 534. TALLMADGE, t. and p. v., Summit county, Ohio : 109 m. N. E. Columbus. The Akron Branch R. R., and the Penn sylvania and Ohio canal pass through its N. W. comer. The t contains a large part of the v. of Cuyahoga Falls, and Middleburg v. Tallmadge v., in the centre of the t., is pleasantly laid out. Near the Cuyahoga Falls is an exten sive bed of bituminous coal. Pop. of t 2,456. 838 TAL TAR TALLOKAS, p. o., Lowndes county, Ga. : 156 miles S. Milled geville. TALLULAH, p. v., and cap. Issaquena co., Miss. : on E- bank of Mississippi r., 62 m. N. W. by W. Jackson. TALLULAH river and falls, Ga. : rises in Rabun co. in the N. E. corner of the State, flows S. E., separating Rabun and Habersham counties, and unites with the Chatuga to form the Tugaloo, one of the two head streams of the Savannah r The falls are not broad, but have a great descent, and pre sent a most romantic and delightful appearance. TALLY-HO, p. o., Granville county, N. Car. : 36 m. N Raleigh. TALOFA, p. o., Madison county, Flor. : 58 m. E. S. E Tallahassee. TAMA county, la. Situate centrally, and contains 720 sq. m. Drained by Iowa r. and its branches, and affluents of Cedar r. Surface undulating and diversified ; soil fertile, and adapted to wheat, grain, and other agricultural produc tions; it is also favorable to the cultivation of fruit. Pine and other timber is found on the land. Farms ; manuf. dwell. 1, and pop. wh. 8, fr. col. total 8. Capital : TAMAQUA, p. b. and sta., Schuylkill co., Penn. : on Little Schuylkill river and R. R., 20 m. from Port Clinton, 58 m. N. E. Harrisburg. It was founded in 1829. It is surrounded by a wild, mountainous, and sterile country, but abounding with excellent anthracite coal, the trade in which constitutes almost the entire business of the place. The following are the statistics of this trade for the year ending 30th June, 1850: Coal Operators. Capital invested Oft] Monthly wages. product J & R. Carter. . . .$13,000. . . .$4,500. . . .$75.000. . . .$102,500 Heaton & Carter. 5,500 600 8,400 126,000 R. Ratcliffe & Co. 10,000 .... 1,400 .... 20,000 .... 30.000 Wm. Donaldson. 8,000.... 1,200.... 20,000.... 30,000 Jas. Taggart 6,000.... 1,800.... 14,000.... 21,000 The Tamaqua Legion" (neut.) is issued weekly. Pop. about 600. TAMARAWA, p. v., Monroe co., Itt. : on W. bank of Kas- kaskia r., 104 m. S. by W. Springfield. TAMPA, p. v., and cap. Hillsboro county, Flor. : at the head of Tampa bay, 209 m. S. E. by S. Tallahassee. Here is Fort Brooke, garrisoned by U. S. Artillery. TAMPA bay, Flor. : is the largest bay in the Gulf of Mexico. It sets up N. E. from the gulf into the N. part of Hillsboro co., is about 40 m. long, and i.i one place 35 m. wide. It is easy of access, has 15 to 20 feet of water on the bar, and affords safe anchorage. It receives five small creeks. Little Tampa bay, in its N. part, is 10 m. wide, but very shallow. Tampa bay abounds with fish and water fowls, and has several islands at its mouth. TAMPICO, p. o., Oktibbeha co., Miss. : on S. side of Oka Tibbyhah r., 119 m. N. E. by N. Jackson. TAMPICO, p. o., Darke co., Ohio : 84 m. W. Columbus. TAMPICO, p. o., Grainger co., Tenn. : 177 m. E. Nashville. TAMWORTH, t. and p. o., Carroll co., N. Ifamp. : 45 m. N. by E. Concord. Drained by Bearcamp r. and branches, flowing into Ossipee lake, and affording water-power to several saw-mills. The interests of the t. are chiefly agri cultural. Pop. of 1. 1,766. TAMWORTH IRON- WORKS, p. o., Carroll co., N. Hamp. : 46 m. N. by E. Concord. TANEY county, Mo. Situate S. toward the W., and con tains 1,071 sq. m. Drained by White r. and its tiibutaries, Bull, Swan, and Big and Little Beaver creeks. Surface level ; soil in general fertile, and adapted to the culture of wheat, grain, cotton, and tobacco. It is well-timbered and has excellent pasturage. Farms 509 ; manuf. ; dwell. 6SO, and pop. W h. 4,274, fr. col. 0, si. 99 total 4,373. Capital : Forsyth. TANEY. p. o., Washington co., Ark. : 125 m. N. W. by W Little Rock. TANEYTOWN, p. v., Carroll co., Md. : 38 m. E. by S An- 834 napolis. It contains several mills and iron-works. Pop. 279 (363 wh., 16 fr. col). TANEYVILLE, p. o., Lycoming co., Penn. : 72 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. TANGAPHA, p. o., St. Helena parish, La. : 43 m. E. N. E. j Baton Rouge. TANGIER sound, Mel : in Chesapeake bay. off Somerset county, 24 m. long, 6 to 10 m. wide. It contains numerous islands, and receives several rivers. TANNER S CROSS ROADS, p. o., Jackson co., Yit-n. : 243 m. W. N. W. Richmond. TANNEH S STORE, p. o., Mecklenburg co., Vii-g. : 72 m. S. W. Richmond. TANNERSVILLE, p. v., Greene co., N. Y. : 43 m. S. W. by S. Albany. TANNERSVILLE, p. v., Monroe co., Penn. : on E. bank of a creek of Delaware r., 93 m. N. E. by E. Harrisburg. TAGS county, N. Mex. Occupies a large territory^ in the N. E., extending from 103 to 107 W. long., and between 36 and 38 N. lat. Surface generally mountainous, with large valleys, through which traverse the Rio Grande, etc., and from the E. slope of the mountains flow tributaries of the Arkansas, Canadian, and other large rivers. It is rich in minerals, as gold, silver, and iron, and in the Ratone Mountains bituminous coal exists. Farms 651 ; manuf. 13 ; dwell. 2,214, and pop. wh. 9,507, fr. col. total 9.507. Capital: Taos. TAOS, p. v., Cole county, Mo. : 1 m. S. E. bv E. Jefferson City. TAOS, p. v., and cap. Taos co., N. Mex. : on a small tribu tary of the Rio Grande, 65 m. N. by E. Santa F. It con tains a Catholic church and school. TAPLEYVILLE, p. o., Essex co., Mass.: 20 m, N. by E. Boston. TAPPAHANNOCK, p. v., port of entry, and cap. Essex co., Virg. : on S. W. side of Rappahannock r., about 50 m. from its entrance into Chesapeake bay, 43 m. N. E. by E. Rich mond. Its site is low and unhealthy. It contains the co. buildings, a church, and female seminary. It has a good harbor. The total tonnage of Tappahannock district on 30th June, 1S50, was 5,824 tons. The registered tonnage amounted to 503 tons (172 tons permanent, and 331 tons temporary). The enrolled and licensed tonnage amounted to 5.321 tons, consisting of 4,975 tons permanent, 346 tons "licensed under 20 tons," all of which was employed in the coasting trade. During the year preceding, the number of clearances for foreign countries was 7802 tons; number of entrances do., 7718 tons ; and one schooner was built 43 tons. TAPPAN, Harrison co., Ohio : 103 m. E. N. E. Columbus. TAPPAN bay, A r . Y. : is an expansion of Hudson river, between Rockland and Westchester counties, 11 m. long, 8J m. wide, terminating near Piermont, 24 m. above New York. TAPPANTOWN, p. v., Rocldand co.. A T . Y. : 2 m. W. of Hudson r., 108 m. S. Albany. It contains 2 churches, a few stores, etc. Major Andre was here executed, Oct. 2. 1780, and buried in the vicinity. In 1831 his remains were disin terred, removed to England, and interred in Westminster Abbey. TAR river, JV. Car. : rises in Person county, and flows in general course E. S. E. into Pamlico Sound. Below Wash- ngton it expands into a wide estuary, commonly called Pamlico r. It receives several streams, of which the prin cipal is Fishing cr. It is about ISO m. long, and is naviga- jle for small steamboats to Tarboro , and to Washington for vessels drawing 9 feet of water. TARBORO , p. v., and cap. Edgecomb county, JVT Car. : on W. side of Tar r., 63 m. E. by N. Raleigh. Small steam- joats ascend the river to this place. It contains the court- louse, etc., an academy, and a branch of the Bank of State >f North . Carolina, with capital of $150,000. Population ibout 700. TAR TAY TARDYVILLE, p. o., Pontotoc co., Jfias.: 162 m. N. N. E. Jackson. TAKEXTfM, p. v., Alleghany co., Penn. : on N. W. side of Alleghany r., 147 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. The West ern Division of Pennsylvania Canal passes through, 19 m N. E. from Pittsburg. Pop. 509. TARIFF, p. o., Butler co., Ohio : on E. side of branch of Miami r., 100 m. S. W. by W. Columbus. TARIFFVILLE, p. v. and sta., Hartford county, Conn. : on Farmington r., 12 m. N. N. "W. Hartford, and on the New Haven and Northampton R. E., 45 m. from New Haven. It contains the large carpet factories of the Tariff Manufac luring Co., which employs a capital of $300,000 in this business. TARKIO, p. o., Holt co., Mo. : on W. bank of Big Tarkio cr., a tributary of the Missouri, 210 m. N. "W. by W. Jeffer son City. TARLTOX, p. v., Pickaway co., Ohio : on E. side of Salt cr., 30 m. S. S. E. Columbus. It contains 3 churches, several stores, etc. Pop. about 450. TARPAULIX cove, Mass. : on S. E. side of Naushon island, in Vineyard Sound. This is a good harbor, and has a light house on its W. side. T ARRANT county, Tex. Situate toward the N., and con tains 1,U1S sq. m. Drained by W. fork of Trinity r. and its affluents. Surface undulating; in the N. are Stewart s Mt. and Pilot Hill, considerable eminences. Soil fertile, and yields good crops of wheat and Indian corn. It is thickJy covered with timber, and contains minerals. Capital: Tarrant Court-house. TARRANT, p. v., and cap. Hopkins co., Tex. : 249 m. N. E. Austin City. It contains the county building?, and is sur rounded by an undulating and very fertile country, abound ing with good timber. TAII RIVER, p. o., Granville co., N. Car.: 32 m. N. by E. Kaleigh. TARRYTOWX, p. v. and sta., Westchester co., N. Y.: on E. bank of Hudson r., and by Hudson River R. E. 27 m. from New York, 117 m. from Albany. It contains a female seminary, an academy for boys, and 3 churches. It has a large river trade with New York. Major Andre was cap tured near this v. in September, 17SO. In the vicinity is Sleepy Hollow," described by Washington Irving, who resides 2 m. below the v. Pop. about 1,000. TARVEHSVILLE, p. v., Twiggs co., Ga. : 42 m. S. S. W. MiHedgeville. It contains an academy, a few stores, and several dwellings. TASSINONG GKOVE, p. o., Porter co., Lid. : 115 m. N. by W. Indianapolis. TATESVILLE, p. o., De Soto county, J/m. : on N. side of branch of Cold Water r., 161 m. N. Jackson. TATESVILLE, p. o., M Nairy co., Tenn. : 120 m. S.W. by W. Nashville. TATNALL county, Ga. Situate toward the S. W., and contains 1,023 sq. m. Great Ohoopee r., a tributary of Oc- mulgee r., by which and also by Little Cannouchee r. and Pendleton s and Beard s creeks it is drained. Surface roll ing; soil in general fertile, but a large portion of the laud is covered with pine and other timber. It contains some minerals. Farms 327 : mannf. 10 ; dwel!. 434, and pop. wh. 2.37S, fr. col. IS, si. 831 total 3,227. Capital : Eeidsville. Pullic Works : Savannah and Flint River R. R. TAUXTON, t, p. v., and one of the capitals of Bristol co., Ma**. ; on Taunton r., 33 m. S. Boston. Lat. (Trin. Cong. Ch.) 41 54 11" N., long. 71 05 55" W. The t, contains some good land, which is well cultivated, but the inhabit ants are chiefly engaged in manufactures. The v. is well built, and contains many handsome buildings and private residences. Taunton Green is a fine public ground, orna mented with trees, etc., fronting which is the court-house, a handsome edifice, with four Doric columns. There are 10 churches, several of which are beautiful structures, a town- house, jail, etc. The Mount Pleasant Cemetery is beauti fully laid out, and contains, among other fine monuments, one to the memory of Miss Elizabeth Poole, a chief founder of this place. Some of the hotels are noted for their excel lence, and in summer accommodate many persons here spending the season. The Taunton Branch E. R. diverges at Mansfield from the Boston and Providence R. E. (11 m. to Mansfield, 35 m. to Boston, 30 m. to Providence), and here connects with the New Bedford and Taunton E. E. (20 m. to New Bedford), which intersects at Myrick s sta. G in., with Fall River E. R. The Taunton r. is navigable to this place for small vessels, and some shipping is here owned, which is employed in the coasting trade and fish eries. The manufactures for which Taunton is noted are various, but the largest are of printing cloths, castings, ma chinery, hardware, nails, etc. Great water-power is afford ed by Taunton r. and its branches, Canoe and Rumford rivers. Iron works were established here as early as 1652. Britannia ware, of superior quality, is extensively manu factured. Among the principal factories of printing cloths are the Whittenton Mills, capital $100,000, and Hopewell Factory, capital $75,000, each making over 1,200,000 yards annually. There is a large manufactory of railroad cars, steam-engines, etc. The village also contains 3 banks, with aggregate capital of $500,000, and 2 institutions for savings. Newspapers : " Taunton Daily Gazette" (dem.), " Taunton Democrat" (dem.), weekly, and " American Whig," weekly. Pop. of t. in 1S20, 4,520 ; in 1830, 6,042 ; in 1840, 7,645 ; in 1S50, 10,431. TA.UNTOX river, Mass. : rises in Plymouth co., and flows S. W. into Mount Hope bay. It is navigable for sloops of 50 tons to Taunton v., about 20 m. It affords extensive water-power, and abounds with alewives. TAWAWA, p. o., Shelby county, Ohio: 64 m. W. N. "W. Columbus. TAW TAW, p. o., Allen co., Lid. : 104 m. N. E. by N. Indianapolis. TAYCHEEDA, p. v., Fond du Lac co., Wise. : on Winnebago lake, 75 m. N. E. Madison. TAYLOR county, la. Situate S. toward the W., and con tains 522 sq. m. Drained l>y affluents of Nodaway and La Platte rivers. Surface undulating; soil fertile. F"arms27; manuf. ; dwell. 3S, and pop. wh. 204, fr. col. total 204. Capital : Taylor C. II. TAYLOR county, Ky. Situate centrally, and contains 208 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Green river. Surface undu lating ; soil fertile, and adapted to grain and grazing. Chief productions tobacco, wheat, Indian corn, and some cotton and sugar. Farms 648 ; manuf. 22 ; dwell. 971, and pop. wh. 5,463, fr. col. 147, si. 1,640 total 7,250. Capital : Campbellsville. TAYLOR county, Virg., was erected in 1844 from Barbour, Harrison, and Preston. Situate N. W., and contains 214 sq. m. Drained by Monongahela river, which passes through. Surface hilly and much broken; soil in some parts very fertile, best adapted to grazing. Chief products wheat, Indian corn, etc. Farms 519; manuf. 19; dwell. 818. and pop. wh. 5,130, fr. col. 69, si. 168 total 5,367. Capital: Prunty Town. Public, Works: Baltimore and Ohio R. R. ; North Western R. R. TAYLOR, p. o., Cortlandt co., N. Y. : 122 m. W. Albany. TAYLOR, p. o., St. Charles parish, La. : 60 m. S. E. Baton Elouge. TAYLOR, p. o., Ilarford county, Md. : 39 miles N. by E. Annapolis. TAYLOR, p. v., Ogle co., El. : on S. side of Deep cr., 152 m. N. by E. Springfield. TAYLOR, p. o., Davis co., la.: 72 m. S. W. Iowa City. TAYLOR, p. o., Posey county, Lid. : 144 miles S. W. by S. [ndianapolis. TAYLOR S, p. v., Sumter disk, S. Car.: on S. side of Lynch s creek, 60 m. E. Columbia. TAYLOR S, p. v., Jefferson co., Ala, : on the E. boundary of he county, 94 m. N. by W. Montgomery. 885 TAY TEL TAYLOR S BETDGE, p. o., Sampson county, N. Car. : 54 in. S. W. by S. Ealeigh. TAYLOHSBURG, p. o., Bartholomew county, Lid. : 35 miles S. by E. Indianapolis. TAYLOR S CORNERS, p. o., De Kalb co., Ind. : 128 m. N. E. by N. Indianapolis. TAYLOR S CREEK, p. o., Liberty county, Ga. : 133 m. S. E. Milledgeville. TAYLOR S FALLS, p. v., Washington co., Minn. Ter.: on the "W. side of the St. Croix river, opposite the lower falls, 32 m. above Stillwater, and 109 m. N. by E. St. Paul s. It was laid out in 1850 by a Mr. Taylor, and it now (1853) con tains 1 store, 1 hotel, 1 mill for grinding corn, etc. TAYLOR S ISLAND, p. o., Dorchester county, Md. : on an island so called, 34 miles S. by E. Annapolis. TAYLOR S STAND, p. o., Crawford county, Penn. : 190 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. TAYLOR S STORE, p. o., Franklin county, Virg. : 128 miles W. by S. Kichmond. TAYLOR S STORE, p. o., Knox co., Mo. : 102 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. TAYLORSTOWN, p. v., "Washington county, Penn. : 179 m. W. Harrisburg. TAYLORSVILLE, p. o., Christian co., Ny. : 16S m. S.W. by W. Frankfort. TAYLORSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Spencer county, Ky. : on N. side of Salt river, at junction of Brashear s creek, 29 miles W. S. W. Frankfort, It contains a court-house, jail, etc. TAYLOESVILLE, p. o., Montgomery county, Ohio: 69 m. W. S. W. Columbus. TAYLORSVILLE, p. v., Clinton co., Ind. : 43 m. N. N. W. Indianapolis. TAYLORSVILLE, p. v., Bucks co., Penn. : on W. side of Delaware r., and on the Delaware Division of the Pennsyl vania Canal, 106 m. E. Harrisburg. TAYLORSVILLE, p. v,, and cap. Johnson co., Tenn. : on TV. side of Roan s creek, 273 m. E. by N. Nashville. It con tains a court-house, jail, etc. TAYLORSVILLE, p. v., Anne Arundel co., Md. : on the W. side of the W. branch of Patuxerit r., 4 m. N. W. of Upper Marlboro , and 126 m. S. W. Annapolis. TAYLORSVILLE, p. o., Ontario county, y. Y. : 185 miles "W- Albany. TAYLORSVILLE, p. v., Oakland co., Midi. : 53 m. E. by S. Lansing. TAYIORSVILLK. p. v., and cap. Hanover co., Virg. : at junction of Newfound and South Anna rivers, 20 m. N. Eichmond. The Eichmond, Frederickburg, and Potomac E. E. passes through this place, 110 m. S. by W. from Washington (D. C.) TAYLORSVILLE, Patrick co., Virg. : (see PATRICK C. II.) TAYLORSVILLE, p. v., Smith co., Miss. : on E. side of Leaf r., 56 m. S. E. by E. Jackson. TAYLORSVILLE, p. v. Madison county, Ga. : 78 m. N. Milledgeville. TAYLORTON, p. v., Wayne co., Miss. : 4 m. W. of Buck- atuna cr., 102 m. E. by S. Jackson. TAYLORVILLE, p. v., and cap. Alexander co., W. Car.: 182 m. W. by N. Ealeigh. TAYLORVILLE, v. and sta., Bartholomew co., Ind. : on the Jeffersonville E. E., 73 m. N. by W. Jeffersonville, 34 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. TAZEWELL county, Virg. Situate S. W., and contains 1,056 sq. m. Drained by head waters of Clinch and Hol- ston rivers, Tug fork of Sandy r. and its branches, and tributaries of Great Kanawha r. Surface elevated and somewhat mountainous ; soil moderately fertile, adapted to grain and grass. Chief products, wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. Farms 726 ; manuf. 12 ; dwell. 1,449, and pop. wh. 8.807, fr. col. 75, si. 1,060 total 9,942. Capital: Taze- well C. H. TAZEWELL county, Itt. Situate N. centrally, and contains 704 sq. m. Illinois r. runs on its N. W. border, by branches of which and Sangamon r., and also by Mackinaw cr., it is drained. Surface undulating and diversified ; soil fertile, of a sandy nature, and adapted to grain. Chief produc tions, wheat and Indian corn. There is some fine prairie and timber land. In the S. W. corner are some swamps. Pork and beef are exported. Agriculture is the leading pursuit. Farms 1,110 ; manuf. 76 ; dwell. 1,991. and pop. wh. 12,016, fr. col. 36 total 12,052. Capital: Fremont Public Works: Oquawka and Peoria E. E. TAZEWELL, p. v., and cap. Marion co., Ga. : on E. bank of S. Whitewater cr., a tributary of Flint r., 90 m. S. W. by W. Milledgeville. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, and several churches. TAZEWELL, p. v., and cap. Claiborne co., Tenn. : 183 m. E. by N. Nashville. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. TAZEWELL C. H., p. v., and cap. Tazewell co., Virg. : on S. side of N. fork of Clinch r., 217 m. W. by S. Eichmond. The v. is called Jeffersonville, and contains the court-house, jail, etc. TCHULA, p. o., Holmes co., Miss. : on E. bank of Yazoo r., at the mouth of Funnigusha cr., 63 m. N. Jackson. TEACUY S, p. o. and sta., Duplin co., N. Car. : on the Wil mington and Weldon E. E., 124 m. S. Weldon and 74 m. S. E. by S. Ealeigh. TEAZE S VALLEY, p. o., Kanawha county, Virg. : 248 m. W. by N. Eichmond. TEBO, p. o., Henry county, Mo. : 78 miles W. by S. Jefferson City. TECIIE, U. S. collection district, La. : embracing Tech6 r. and vicinity ; had, on June 30th, 1850, a total tonnage of 1,381 tons, consisting of 955 tons enrolled and licensed, per manent, and 426 tons licensed under 20 tons, of which the whole was employed in the coasting trade ; and 538 tons were propelled by steam. During the year preceding, its foreign commerce was, 2 entrances, 904 tons, with no clear ances. Vessels built during the year, 4 (2 schooners, 1 sloop, 1 steamer), 90 tons. Franklin is the port of entry. TECIIE river, La. : rises near Eed r., in Eapides parish, flows in a winding S. S. E. direction, and enters the outlet of Chetimeches lake, in St. Mary s parish. Its length is ISO m., and it is 200 yards wide at the mouth. The chan nel is deep, and the tide ascends more than 100 m. It is 20 feet deep, has 8 feet water on the bar, and is navigable to New Iberia, 100 miles. TECUMSEH, t. and p. v., Lenawee county, Mick. : 56 m. S. E. by S. Lansing. Drained by Eaisin r. and branch. Surface undulating; soil fertile. It contains a number of mills and manufactories. The village of Clinton is in the N. and Tecumseh in the S. The latter has a pleasant loca tion, and does a good business. It contains several flouring and saw mills ; and the " Tecumseh Herald" is published weekly. Connected with the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana E. E. by the Tecumseh Branch E. E., 8 m. distant from junction. It was the former seat of justice for the county, and contains a court-house, jail, etc. Popu lation of t. 2,678. TEDROW, p. o., Fulton county, Ohio : 121 m. N. N. W. Columbus. TEHAMA, v., Colusi co., Calif. : on the right bank of Sacramento r., 127 m. N. by E. Vallejo. TEKONSAH, t. and p. v., Calhoun county, Mich. : 46 m. S. W. by S. Lansing. Drained by St. Joseph r. Surface various ; soil fertile. The v. is pleasantly located on St. Joseph r. Pop. of t. 651. TELFAIR county, Ga. Situate S. centrally, and contains 1,073 sq. m. Ocmulgee r. runs through it from E. to W., and then forms it N. W. boundary. It is drained by the Ocmulgee and its principal branches, Horse, White, and Turnpike creeks, and tributaries of Santilla r. Surface even ; soil fertile, and produces corn, rice, and Indian corn. A portion of the land is covered with pine and other tim ber. Farms 980; manuf. 0; dwell. 340, and pop. wh. TEL TEN 2.096. fr. col. 0, si. 930 total 2,126. Capital : Jacksonville. W. side of branch of Savannah river, 89 miles W. by N. Public, Work*: Savannah and Flint R. K. i Columbia. TELLER S point, Woetchostur co., X. Y. : this peninsula j TEMPI. K, t. and v., Franklin county, Me. : 85 m. N. "W. lies on the E. side of Hudson r., in the town of Cortlandt, Augusta. Drained by a branch of Sandy r. Surface in the above the mouth of Croton r. It is 2 m. long and separates S. even, and on the N. it has the Blue Mountains, 2,700 feet Ilaverslraw and Tappan bays. high. Pop. 735. TELLICO PLAINS, p. o., Monroe co., Tenn. : on "W. side TEMPLETON. t. and p. v., "Worcester co., Mass. : 54 m. of Tellico r., 144 m. E. 8. E. Nashville. W. by N. Boston. Drained by branches of Miller s and TELOGA SPRINGS, p. o., Chatooga co., Ga. : 165 m. N. W. Chicopeo rivers. Surface uneven the elevated parts adapt- Milledgeville. I ed to grazing, and in the valleys much grain is raised. Its TEMASCAL, v., Los Angeles co., Calif. : on a branch of i manufactures consist of woolens, leather, farming imple- San Pedro r., 22 in. S. W. Mount Bernardino and 307 m. ments, carriages, wooden-ware, etc. The Vermont and S. E. Vallejo. Massachusetts R. R. crosses the N. E. part of the town. TEMPERANCE, p. o., Telfair co., Ga. : on E. side of Oc- The village is pleasantly located on a branch of Miller s r. mulgee r., 84 m. S. Milledgeville. j Pop. of t. 2,173. TEMPERANCE, p. o., Amherst county, Vii g.: 95 m. "W. i TEMPLETOX, p. v., Prince George co., Virg. : 30 m. S. E. Richmond. TEMPERANCE HALL, p. o., De Kalb county, Tenn. : 51 m. Richmond. TEMPLEVILLE, p. v., Queen Anne co., Md. : near the Del- E. by S. Nashville. aware State line, 39 m. E. by N. Annapolis. TEMPERANCEVILLE, p. o., Alleghany co., Penn. : 142 m. ] TENALLYTOWN, p. o., Washington co., D. of Col. : on the "W. by N. Harrisburg. I Georgetown and Frederick road, 2 m. N. from Georgetown, TEMPERANCEVILLE, p. v., Belmont county, Oldo: 105 m. and 5 in. N. W. from the Capitol. E. by N. Columbus. TEN MILE, p. o., Washington co., Penn. : on cr. of same TEMPLE, t and p. v., Hillsboro county, N. ITamp. : 32 m. name, 167 m. W. Harrisburg. S. S. W. Concord. Drained by branches of Souhegan r., i TEN MILE, p. o., Macon co., Mo. : 90 m. N. Jefferson City, which rises in this town. Surface uneven, and in parts quite ! TEN MILE POINT, p. o., Prairie co., Ark. : 27 m. E. by N. mountainous ; soil interior. The village is located centrally. : Little Rock. Pop. of t. 579. TEN MILK SPRING, p. o., Cattaraugus co., N. T. : 253 m. TEMPLE MILLS, p. o., Franklin county, Me. : 36 m. N. "VV. i W. by S. Albany. Augusta. TEN MILE STAND, p. o., Meigs co., Tenn. : on branch of TEMPLE OF HEALTH, p. o., Abbeville disk, S. Car. : on ; Hiwassee r., 120 m. E. S. E. Nashville. THE STATE OF TENNESSEE. TENNESSEE lies in the form of a parallelogram, with Kentucky and Virginia on the north, North Carolina on the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi on the soulh, and the Mississippi River on the west, which divides it from Missouri and Arkansas, and extends east and west between 81 37 and 90 23 west from Greenwich, or 4 35 and 13 26 west from Washington, and between the latitudes 35 and 36 35 north. From North Carolina it is separated chiefly by the Alleghanies. Its area is computed at 45,600 square miles. Tennessee is perhaps more diversified in the character of its surface than any other of the central States. In the east, mountain prevails, and in this section the country is traversed in a north and south direction by several ridges of the Appalachian chain, and in its topography presents much picturesque and beautiful scenery. The middle portion of the State is less bold in its outlines, and the surface imperceptibly declines by gradations from a region overspread by hills and swells of ever-changing and varying elevation and character, to a rolling country of exquisite fertility, and watered by innumerable streams, affluents of its great rivers, the Cumberland and Tennessee. Between the Tennessee and the Mississippi in the west, the surface is nearly level, the general evenness being interrupted only by the courses of the low water-shed dividing the tributaries of the two rivers, or by alternations of woodland and prairie. In all the country, however, there are but few portions so hilly and broken as to interfere with its agricultural capacities; the hills are clothed with wood to their summits, and the soil is everywhere sufficiently fertile for profitable cultivation, or yields nour ishing grasses for pasturage to the hill-tops. The east abounds in minerals, the rich deposits of which are only now being disclosed, and the spurs of the mountains contain in the various rocks materials useful for building purposes and ornamental architecture. The Kittatinny range, under the local name of Stone, Bald, Iron, Smoky, and Unika mountains, forms the dividing line between Tennessee and North Carolina, while the prolongation of the Alleghany chain, of Chestnut Ridge and of Laurel Ridge, traverse the State north and south. The latter, which here takes the name of Cumberland Mountains, spreads out in this State to a breadth of about fifty miles, filling that section of the country which lies between the Tennessee and the Cumberland rivers, before they take a western course, with long regular ridges of no great elevation. Perhaps none of their summits exceed 2,000 feet in height, but the chains are continuous, interrupted only at great intervals by gaps or passes. In some places they are rocky and rugged, while in others, and generally, they swell gently from their elevated bases and embosom numerous, delightful, and fertile valleys. The valleys of the small rivers are extremly beautiful, and rich beyond any of the same description west of the Alleghanies. The valleys of the great streams the Tennessee and Cumberland differ little from the alluvions of the other great rivers of the central region of the Union. In the small valleys are many fine plantations, so lonely that they seem lost among the mountains. Noble rivers, open to navigation, and fine pure streams, furnishing ample powtr for economical purposes, are distin guishing features of Tennessee. The Mississippi washes the western border for 160 miles, and its banks within this State afford some of the most valuable commercial sites to be found in its long course. The Cumberland has its sources and its mouth in Kentucky, but runs for about 250 miles in Tennessee, through which is its most southern bend ; it enters this State about longitude 85 4 ) , and leaves it about longitude S> 12 , and within 10 miles to the east of Tennessee River. Steamboats have ascended to Burkesville, in Kentucky, but they rarely pass above Carthage, the point where Cancy Fork meets the principal stream. To Nashville, the capital of the State, steamboat navigation is easy and conve nient. The Tennessee also rises beyond the limits of the State. The Clinch and Holston have their sources in the Alleghany ridge of Virginia, but the Watauga, a tributary of the Holston, the Nolichucky, and Big Pigeon, branches TENNESSEE. of the French Broad River, the Little Tennessee, and the Hiwassee all rise in the Blue Fudge. The Little Tennessee is often considered as the main river, out it is much inferior to the Ilolston, with which it unites, and the confluence of the Holston and Clinch form the Tennessee Kiver. Most of these rivers are navigable by boats, and they receive numerous valuable mill-streams. The junction is effected at Kingston, whence the course of the Tennessee is south and south-west until it enters Alabama, through which State its course is generally west to the Mississippi State line, on which it takes a north direction, through Tennessee and Kentucky, to the Ohio. Alter re-entering Tennessee, it flows 200 miles within its limits, and is navigable throughout that distance for steamboats. The Elk and Duck rivers are its only considerable tributaries: rising in the same district, on the western slope of the Cumberland Mountains, they reach their common recipient at a distance of 200 miles from each other, and are both navigable for a considerable distance. The Sequatchee is a smaller stream, flowing through a rich and beauiiful valley in the Cumberland Mountains. Caney Fork, and Stone s Eiver, the principal tributaries of the Cumberland, are navigable streams: the former rises within the mountains, and the latter on their western slope. Western Tennessee is almost entirely drained by affluents of the Mississippi. The mineral resources of Tennessee consist of valuable deposits of iron, copper, lead, etc., of which the ores are ex ceedingly rich; these are mostly located in the eastern and middle divisions of the State. Copper is of recent discovery, and promises to become a rich acquisition to the known resources of the country. Iron is extensively reduced alona; the borders of Cumberland Eiver. In December, 1352, there were in this region 19 furnaces, 9 forges, and 2 rolling-mills in operation,* and producing in the aggregate 44.500 tons of metal annually. The lead-mines have been partially worked The gold region extends into the north-eastern part of Tennessee, but the metal has not been found in any large quanti. ties. Coal of excellent quality has been mined in the Cumberland Mountains, but. except for local purposes, can be of little value, the means of transportation being inferior, and the coal-fields of the Ohio basin being much more accessible and more cheap y wrought Formerly this coal was mined to a considerable extent, and carried from Crab Orchard Mountain, near Emory s Eiver, down the Tennessee to New Orleans. The supposed coal of Williamson, Davidson, and Maury counties is, according to Professor Troost, aluminous slate. The State contains quarries of excellent marble and other calcareous formations ; gypsum is also abundant; nitrous earths are found in the limestone caverns, and there area variety of other useful minerals throughout the country; east of the Tennessee salt is abundant. In the eastern section there are numerous sulphur and other mineral springs. Many of Ihe caverns are of great extent some have been ex plored for a distance often miles, and contain spacious apartments, and are traversed by considerable streams. The climate of Tennessee is mild and genial, being free from the scorching heats of the South and the chilling blasts of the North. Cattle may graze on the plains throughout the winter. Its salubrity is unquestionable; the low valleys where the waters are stagnant, and the alluvions of the great rivers, being exceptions. The soil of East Tennessee, prin cipally calcareous, is eminently fertile. In the west the soils vary, and the strata descend from the mountains in the fol lowing order: first, loamy soil, or mixtures of clay and sand; next, yellow clay; next, a mixture of red sand and red clay ; and lastly, white sand. In the southern parts are immense beds of oyster shells, on high table-land, at a distance from any stream. Nearly all the forest trees of the central country are found in this State ; juniper, red cedar, and savin cover the mountains. The pine-forests of the eastern section are valuable for their tar, turpentine, etc. The sugar-maple is very abundant. Fruit in all its varieties is raised in great perfection in every part of the State. The agricultural pro ductions are similar to those of the Ohio Valley generally, with the addition of cotton, which is grown chiefly in the south and west The east is chiefly engaged in cattle-raising, and exports largely to the south. Tobacco and hemp are also staples of Tennessee, and in quality are excellent, perfect growth. Tennessee is divided into 79 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows: EASTERN TENNESSEE 28 counties. Counties. Anderson . . Bledsoe Blount Bradley Campbell. . . Carter Dwell. . 854 . 1,992 . 1.955 . 916 1 002 Pop .. 6.933 .. 5,951 ..12.332 ..12,259 .. 6.063 .. 6.296 .. 9.369 .. 8,3 . .12.370 ..17,824 ..10.075 .. 5,660 Farm* in cult. . . 698 . . . R25 . .. 976. . . 836 . .. 521. . . 565 . ..944. . . 836 . .. 723. ..1.346. .. 633. 7^7 Manu Kftab . 9 . 2. . 44 . 14 . 47 . 24. . S5 . 34. . 47. . 10. . 17 . . Clinton . Pikeville . Marysville . Cleave! and . Jacksboro . ElizalK-tlitown . Tax-well . Newjv -rt . Eutledge . Gr.-enville . Harrison . Sneedvilie Counties. Johnson Dwell. 565 Pop. 3.705 Farms in cult. 325 Manuf. 42 Capitals, Taylorsville Knoxville Jasper Decatur Madisonville Montgomery Athens Benton Washington Kingston Sevier Elnunlville Jonesboro Capitals. Charlotte Smithville Jamestown Winchester Knox Marion M.-igs Monroe Morgan M-Minn Polk Ehea Eoane Scott Sevier 2,804.. 18,755 957 . . 6,314 819 . . 4,879 1,316.. 11,874 581 .. 3,430 2,040 . .13,906 1,:12 .. 6.333 631 . . 4.415 1,812.. 12.185 296 . . 1,905 1 071 6 9-20 ..1,403 . .. 724. . . 598 . .. 913 . . . 430 . . .1,688 . .. 561 . . . 305 . .. 842. .. 290. 531 .67.. . 9.. . 1. .59.. . 3.. .115.. .11.. . 2.. .21.. 12 Claiborne . . . Cooke Granger Greene Hamilton Hancock . 1.425 . 1,295 . 1.894 . 2,938 . 1,590 . 939 Hawkins.... Jefferson Counties. Bedford Cannon Coffee Davidson . . . . 2.019 . 1,975 Dwell. . 2,754 1,326 1.179 . 4,257 ..13,370 ..13,204 Pop. . 21,512 . 9.932 . 8,351 . 38,881 . . 735 . . 21 . .. 904.. 72. Farms Manuf. in cult. K,tHn. . . 936 . . 23 . .. 877.. 7. . . 435 . . 19 . ..1,343.. 169. . Eogersville . Danbridge MIDDLE TENSES. Capitals. . Shelbyville . Woodlmry . Manchester NASHVILLE Sullivan 1,826 . .11,742 Washington .. 2,155 . .13,861 ;EE 32 counties. Counties. Dwell. Pop. Dick^on. 1 OSO R404 .. 816. . . 922 . Farms in cult. . . 467 . .15.. . 120 . . Munut Kstab. . 14.. De Kalb Fentress Franklin 1,247 . . 707 . . 1,033 . . 8,016 4,454 13,763 .- 717. . . 409 . ..1,015. .24.. . 5.. .67.. * The followin Furnaces .. g statistics are from Hunt s " Number Product of Works. I8o2. Merchants Magazine" for May, 1853. a. Value of Products, tons pij metal $0 i7,000 " bloom? .583,000 Capital liivUted. $750,000 .. 235.000 .. \v i Hands Employed, hites^ -" Jfegrom. ,045 i,-;60 260 410 Forges Rolling Mill Total 9 ... 10/00 30 ... 44.500 ... $1.673,000 ... ... $J,21C>,.00 l,3:-5 ... 1,910 TENNESSEE. MIDDLE TENNESSEE 32 counties [continued^ Counties. Dwell. Pop. Farms in cult. Manuf. E.-tab. Capitals. Co unties. Dwell. Pop, in cult. Manuf. Estab. Capitals Giles . 2,330 . 25.949 ..2,075 ..139.. Pulaski Overton 1,673 . . 11,211 .. 929. . 9.. Monroe Grundy . 435 . . 2,773 .. 263 .. 2.. Altarnont Eobertson . . . 1,995 . . 16,145 ..1,063. . 63.. Springfield Hickman.... . 1,296 . . 9,397 .. 778 . . 46 .. Centreville Eutherford... 2,895 . . 29,122 ..1,507. .41.. Murfreesboro Humphreys . . 919. . 6,422 .. 679 .. 46.. Waverly Smith 2,422 . . 18,412 ..1,310. .32.. Carthage Jackson . 2,325 . . 15,673 ..1,211 .. 4.. Gainesboro Stewart 1,2-25 . . 9,719 . . 936 . . 33. Dover Lawrence... . 1,364 . . 9,280 .. 993 .. 43.. Lawrenceburg Sumncr 2,555 . . 22,717 ..1,335. .108.. Gallatin Lewis . 599 . . 4,433 .. 394 .. 13.. Hampshire Van Buren . . . 404 . . 2,674 .. 192. . 5.. Spencer Lincoln . 3,010 . 23.492 ..1,926 ..100 .. Fayetteville Warren 1,337 . . 10,179 .. 645. . 6.. M-Minnville Macon . 1,044 . . 6.943 . . 782 .. 3 .. La Favette Wayne 1,216 . . 8,170 . . 689 . .10.. Waynesboro Marshall.... 2,061 . 15,616 ..1,032 . . 33 .. Lewisburg White 1,706 . . 11,444 ..1,341 . .22.. Sparta Maury . 2,961 . . 29,520 ..1.501 ..112.. Columbia Williamson... 2 5-34 27,201 ..1,355. . 54.. Franklin Montgomery 2,086 . . 21,045 ..1,227 59 Clnrksvillft Wilson 8.4 VI .. 27,444 ..1,938 . . 36 .. Lebanon. WESTERN TENNESSEE 19 counties. Counties. Dwell. Pop. Farms Manuf. Estab. Capitals. Counties. Dwell. Pop. Farms in cult. Manuf. Estab. Capitals. Benton . 984 . 6,315 .. 706 .. 2 .. Camden Henry 2,245 . . 18,233 . .1,478 . 51.. Paris . Carroll 2,105 . 15,967 ..1,404 .. 24.. Huntingdon Lauderdale . . . 503 .. 5,169 . . 237 . . 4.. Eipley Decatur . 941 . . 6,003 .. 443 .. 15.. Decaturville Madison 2,232 . . 21,470 ..1,408. .49.. Jackson Dvcr 824 6.361 515 7 . . Dversburg \I* \airy 1,895 12.814 ..1,379 . . 33 . . Ptirdy Favette .... . 1.951 . 26,719 ..1,172 29 .. Somerville Obion 1,131 . . 7,633 .. 653 . . 6 .. Troy Gibson 2,529 . 19,548 . .2,160 .. 48.. Trenton Perry 927.. 5,822 .. 458 . . 4.. Linden Henderson.. . 1,798 . 13,164 .. 973 .. 25.. Lexington Shelby 2,926 . . 81,157 ..1,115. .129.. Ealeigh TT- 1 1,454 . . 17 259 967 13 .. Brownsville Tipton . 813 8,887 631 16 . Covington Hardeman .. . 1,735 . . 17,456 . .1,027 .. 64.. Bolivar Weakley 1,943 . . 14,608 ..1,467. . 13 .. Dresden Hardin . 1,503 . . 10,323 .. 690 .. 19.. Savannah The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 129.420; of families, 130,005; and of inhabitants, 1,002.625 ; viz., whites 756,893 males 382,270, and females 374,623 ; fr. col. 6,271 males 3,072, and females 3,199, and si. 239,461. Of the whole population there were, deaf and divmb wh. 335, fr. col. 2, si. 40 total 377; WwwZ wh. 3S5, fr. col. 10. si. 73 total 468 ; insane wh. 453, fr. col. 4, si. 21 total 478 ; and idiotic wh. 789, fr. col. 4, si. 61 total 854. The number of free persons born in the United States was 755,655, the number of foreign birth 5,740, and of birth un known 1,759. The native population originated as follows: Maine 97, N. Hamp. 64, Verm. 179, Mass. 331, E. I. 33, Conn. 261. N. York 1,019, N. Jer. 248, Penn. 2,146, Del. 95, Md. 1,554, Dist. of Col. 101, Virg. 46,631, N. Car. 72,027, 6. Car. 15,197, Ga. 4,863, Flor. 369, Ala. 6,398, Miss. 2,137, La. 261, Tex. 100, Ark. 496, Tennessee 535,084, Ky. 12,069, Ohio 742, Mich. 7, Ind. 769, 111. 872, Mo. 920, la. 30, Wise. 8, Calif. 0, Territories 2; and the foreign population was com posed of persons from England 706, Ireland 2,640, Scotland 327, Wales 17, Germany 1,163, France 245, Spain 3, Portugal 2, Belgium 4, Holland 57, Italy 59, Austria 10, Switzerland 266, Eussia 9, Denmark 8, Norway 0, Sweden 8, Prussia 32, . Sardinia 2, Greece 2, China 0, Asia 3, Africa 5, British America 76, Mexico 12, Central America 0, South America 0, West Indies 20, Sandwich Islands 0, and other countries 59. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State, taken by the United States authorities : Colored Persons. Decennial Increase. Years. 1790. * Persons. 32,013 91 709 Free. ... 361.. 309 Slave. 3.417.... 13584 Total. .... 3,778 13 893 Population. ... 35,791... 105,602 .. Numerical. . . . 69,811 . . Per cent. 195.0 1S10. 1S 9 215,875 339 9 7 ...1,317.. 2 779 44.535.... 80,1 07 .... 45,852 , ... 82,836 ... 261,727... ,.. 422,813... ....156,125... ....161,086... ....147.8 .... 61.5 1830. 1840. 1850. 585,646 640,627 ...756.893... ...4.655.. ...5,524.. ...6,271.., 141,603 188,059.... ...239,461... ....146,258 ....188,583...... ...245,732... ... 681,904... ,.. 829,210... ..1,002,725... ....259,091... ....147,306... ....173,615... .... 61.2 . ... 21.6 .... 20.9 The general statistics of the industry, products, wonlth, and institutions of the State, according to the census returns of 1850, and other official documents referring to the same year, are as follows: Occupied Lands, etc. Improved farm lands, 5,175,172 acres, and unimproved attached lands, 13,808,849 acres valued tosether at $97,851,212. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, 1850, was 72,710, of which 21,232 were in Eastern Tennessee, 32 545 in Middle Tennessee, and 18,933 in Western Tennessee. Total value of farming implements and machinery. $5,360,220. Live-Stock. Horses, 270,636 ; asses and mules. 75,303 ; milch cows. 250.456; working-oxen, 86,255 ; other cattle, 414,051 ; sheep, 811,591 ; and swine, 3,114,111. These numbers, compared with the stock in 1340, exhibit the following results : Description. IH-tQ. IH. O. Movement. n rse9 1341,409 head Mules and Asses ) Milch Cows \ Working Oxen [-322,851 Other Cattle Sheep 741.593 Swine 2,926.607 the live-stock in 1850 was valued in the aggregate at $29,978,016. Products of Animals. Wool, 1,364,378 pounds; butter, 8,139,535 pounds cheese, 177,681 pounds; and the value of ani- 270.636 head 75.303 " J- incr. 4,530 head, or 1.3 per cent 250.456 " 1 86.255 * [ deer. 72,089 " or 9.6 414.<i51 " } 811,591 " incr. 69,998 " or 9.4 (t 3.114,111 incr. 187,504 u or 6.4 it TENNESSEE. mals slaughtered was $6,401,765. The wool crop according to the census of 1840 amounted to 1,060.332 pounds ; and hence the increase exhibited in 1S50, is 304.046 pounds, or 19.2 per cent. The product per fleece in 1840, was 22.8 ounces, and in 1850, 26.8 ounces increase in production 4 ounces per fleece, or 17.6 per cent. Grain Cropx. Wheat, 1,619,386 bushels ; rye, S9,163 bushels ; Indian corn, 52.279,223 bushels; oats, 7,703,086 bushels ; barley, 2,737 bushels ; and buckwheat. 19,427 bushels. Comparatively, the grain crops returned in 1840 and 1850 were as follows : Crops. 1S40. IP 50. Movement. Wheat .............. 4,569,692 bushels ......... 1 619,386 bushels .......... deer. 2,950.306 bushels, or 64.5 per cent. Eye ................. 304,320 " ......... 89,163 " .......... deer. 225,157 " or 73.9 Indian corn ......... 44,986,188 " ......... 52,279,223 " .......... incr. 7,293,085 " or 16.2 Oats ................ 7,085,678 " ......... 7,703,086 .......... ino; 667,408 " or 9.4 Barley ............. 4,809 " ......... 2,737 " .......... deer. 2,072 " or 43.1 Buckwheat ......... 17,118 ......... 19,427 " .......... incr. 2,309 " or 13.4 Other Food Crops. Rice, 258,854 (in 1840, 7,977) pounds; peas and beans, 369.821 bushels; potatoes Irish, 1,060,844 bushels, and sweet. 2,777,716 bushels. The potato crop of 1840 amounted to 1,904.370 bushels, and hence the increase in 1850 was 1,934,190 bushels, or 101.5 per cent. The cultivation of rice may be said to have been commenced within the decade. Miscellaneous Crops. Tobacco, 20,148,932 pounds; cotton, 194,532 bales of 400 pounds; hay, 74,092 tons; clover-seed, 6,096 bushels ; other grass seed, 9,118 bushels ; hops, 1,032 pounds; hemp dew-rotted 3,913 tons, and water-rotted 1,183 tons : flax, 867,807 pounds ; flax-seed, 18,905 bushels ; silk cocoons, 1,923 pounds ; sugar maple, 153,557 pounds, and cane, 248 hogsheads of 1,000 pounds; molasses, 7,223 gallons; beeswax and honey, 1,036,572 pounds; wine, 92 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products was $52,^94, and of market-garden products $97,183. On comparison with the like pro ducts of 1840 the following are the results Crops. 18-10. 1850. Movement. Tobacco ............ 29.550.432 pounds ......... 20,148,932 pounds ........ deer. 9,401,500 pounds, or 31.8 per cent. Cotton .............. 27,701,277 " ......... 77,812,800 " ........ incr. 50,111,523 " or 180.9 " Hay ................ 31.233tons ......... 74,092 tons, ........ incr. 43,849 tons or 140.4 Hemp dew -rotted ... \ t 8.913 " \ " water-rotted... V 3,344* tons ......... < 1.183 " ...... [ incr. 4,291,167 pounds, or 57.2 " Flax ................. J ( 367,807 pounds """"cTne. 6 . f \ j- 258,073 pounds ......... { 248^000 " } iner 148,484 pounds, or 57.5 Wine .................... 653 gallons .......... 92 gallons..- ..... deer. 561 gallons, or 85.9 " Home-made Manufactures were produced in the year ending 1st June, 1850. to the value of $3,137,710. The same class of goods for the census year of 1840, were valued at $2.886.661. Increase $251,049, or 8.7 per cent. Manufactures. Aggregate capital invested, $0,000,000; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., used and consumed, $0,000,000; hands employed 00,000 males 0,000, and females 0,000; monthly cost of labor $00,000 male $00,000, and female $00,000; value of the year s products, $0,000,000. The whole number of manufacturing establishments in opera tion on the 1st June, 1850, and producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, was 2,789 in the Eastern District 941, in the Middle District 1.297, and in the Western District 551, and distributed to the counties of each district as exhibit ed in the general table. Of the aggregate number 33 were cotton factories, 4 woolen factories, 81 iron works 16 making castings, 23 making pig iron, and 42 making wrought iron and 394 were tanneries. The total capital employed in man ufactures, according to the returns of 1840, amounted to $3,731,589. Cotton manufactures employ a capital of $669,600 ; consume annually 6,411 bales of cotton, and 3,010 tons of coal, valued at $297,500 ; hands employed 891 males 310, and females 581 ; monthly cost of labor, $7,124 male $3,392, and fe male $3,730; products of the year sheeting, etc., 363,250 yards, and yarn 2,326,250 pounds; value of entire products, $510,644. In 1840 there were in the State 33 factories, with an aggregate capital amounting to $462,240, employing 1,542 hands, and producing to the annual value of $325,719. Woolen manufactures have a capital of $10,900; used 6.200 pounds of wool, valued at $1,675; hands employed 17 males 15, and females 2 ; monthly cost of labor $277 male $2G5, and female $12 ; hats manufactured 2,220, valued at $6,310. There are probably other woolen factories producing to a less amount than $500 annually. In 1840, the number of factories was 26, and fulling-mills 4, with an aggregate capital of $25,600, employing 45 hands, and producing to the value of $14.290. Iron manufactures enumerated in the census of 1850, exhibit the following statistical details : Specifications. Pig Iron. Cast Iron. Wrought Iron. Total. Capital invested dollars 1,021,400 139,500 775,050 1,935,950 Iron ore used .tons 88,810 5,050 9,151 103,011 Pig Iron used K 1,GS2 11,696 18,878 Blooms used . " 325 825 Mineral Coal consumed 177,167 24,690 6,238 208,0!)5 Coke and Charcoal consumed . busTiels 164.000 13,200 173,200 Value of all raw material, etc . dollars . . . 254.900 90,035 385.616 730,551 Hands employed male .number. . . 1,713 261 731 2,705 " female 109 8 55 172 Monthly cost of labor male . dollars . . . 21,958 4,687 11,111 87.756 " " female . . . u 558 36 275 869 Iron produced . tons 80,420 3,384 10,348 44,152 Value of all other products . dollars... 41.900 88,800 80,700 Value of entire products " 676,100 264,325 670,618 1,611,043 -in 1840 there were in Tennessee 34 furnaces, producing 16,128$ tons cast iron, and 99 bloomeries, forges, and rolliug- TENNESSEE. mills, producing 9,673 tons bar iron; fuel consumed,187,453 tons; hands employed 2,266, and aggregate capital invested in the manufacture, $1,514,736. Tanneries employ a capital of $490,320; value of hides and skins, $396,159 ; hands employed 921 males 916, land fe males 6 ; monthly cost of labor $14,370 male $14,338, and female $32 ; sides of leather tanned 333,388, and skins tanned 43,429 ; value of annual products, $746,484. The number of tanneries in 1840 was 454, employing a capital of $484,114, and 9d9 hands, and producing annually 133,547 sides of sole leather, and 171,324 sides of upper leather. Malt and spiritous liquors employ in their manufacture $66,125 ; quantities and kinds of grain, etc., consumed barley S,flOO bushels; corn 258,400 bushels, and rye 5,480 bushels; hands employed, 159; and whisky and high wines produced 657,000 gallons. In 1840 there were reported 1,426 distilleries, producing annually 1,109,107 gallons, and 6 breweries, pro ducing 1,S35 gallons; hands employed 1,341, and capital invested $218,082. Tennessee has also large manufactories of machinery, hardware, and other metallic ware, brick-yards, tobacco factories, saddlery manufactories, potteries, paper-mills, cordage factories, carriage factories, etc. Grist, saw, flour, and other mills common to agricultural States, employ about one-third the whole capital invested in manufactures. The chief manufac turing centres are Nashville, Knoxville, Memphis, etc... but the great bulk of the manufactures are distributed among the villages, and as yet there are no manufacturing towns such as exist in the Eastern States. Commerce and internal communication. Tennessee has no direct foreign commerce. The internal trade carried on through its rivers, railroads, and other channels, however, is extensive, and a large amount of produce, goods, and mer chandise is carried to the seaboard at New Orleans, Savannah, and Charleston, and much of the produce of the State ia brought down the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers to the Ohio, and seeks a northern outlet by way of Pittsburg and the lakes. The shipping owned in the district of Nashville in 1850 amounted to 3,776 tons, all of which was navigated by steam-power. The system of railroads in Tennessee is as yet but partially completed, but great progress has been made, and a magnificent system projected. The centres are Nashville and Knoxville. From Nashville, lines diverge toward every direction north toward Henderson, Louisville, Cincinnati, and Maysville, east toward Savannah and Charleston, south toward Mobile and New Orleans, and west toward the Mississippi, at Memphis, etc. The great line from Mobile to Cairo also passes through this State. From Knoxville, lines also diverge to Louisville, on the Ohio, to Richmond on the Atlantic, and to the southern Atlantic ports. The Charleston and Memphis Railroad is also in part within this State, but chiefly in Mississippi and Alabama. Tennessee has no canals, but several of the rivers have been improved and rendered navigable. The county roads, turnpikes, etc., are of ordinary construction, and hitherto have been the only available channels of trade to and from the rivers. They are generally good, and, except in wet weather, answer the present de mands of the country. The several lines of railroad are detailed in the APPENDIX. Banks. On the 1st January, 1851, there were in Tennessee 4 banks and 19 branch banks. The Bank cf Tennessee (head quarters at Nashville) has branches at Athens, Clarksville, Columbia, Rogersville, Shelby ville, Somerville, Sparta, and Trenton ; the Planters bank of Tennessee (Nashville) has branches at Athens, Clarksville, Franklin, Memphis, and Pulaski ; the Union Bank of Tennessee (Nashville) has branches at Columbus, Chattanooga, Jackson, Knoxville, and Memphis ; and the Bank of East Tennessee is located at Knoxville. The condition of the reporting banks at the date specified was as follows: liabilities capital, $6,881,568; circulation, $6,814,376; deposits, $1,917,757; due other banks, $61,638 ; and other liabilities, $10,000 ; and assets loans and discounts, $10,992,139 ; stocks, $432,902 ; real estate, $662,520 ; due by other banks, $1,559,418; notes of other banks, $729,186; and specie, $1,458,778. A free banking law has come into operation since the above returns were made, and several banks have commenced under its provisions. Government, The first constitution of Tennessee was adopted at Knoxville in 1796, and amended at Nashville in 1834. The right of suffrage is secured to every free male white citizen, 21 years old, resident in the county where he offers his vote six months next before the election. Every man is to be considered white who is a competent witness in court against a white man. The general election is held every second year on the first Thursday of August. The Legislature consists of a House of Representatives and a Senate. Representatives, in number not exceeding 75, until the population of the State is 500,000, and thereafter not exceeding 99 (now 75), shall have the same qualifications as voters, and have resided in the State three years, and in the county one year next before the election. Senators, in num ber not exceeding one-third of the representatives, shall have the qualifications of representatives, and shall be 30 years of age. Representatives and Senators are chosen for two years. The sessions commence (every second year) on the first Monday of October. " A census shall be taken and an apportionment made in 1841, and in every tenth year thereafter." The Governor must be 80 years of age, a citizen of the United States, and a citizen of the State for seven years pre ceding the election, and is chosen by a plurality of votes for two years, but the same person is not eligible for more tha-i six out of every eight years. If the office of Governor become vacant, the Speaker of the Senate, and after him the Speaker of the House o/ .Representatives, shall act as Governor. The administrative officers are, the Secretary of State, the Treasurer, Comptroller of the Treasury, Attorney-general, etc. The judiciary is, vested in a Supreme Court, a Court of Chancery, and Circuit Courts. The supreme court is constituted of three judges, one of whom resides in each of the three grand divisions of the State. Judges of this court must be at least 35 years of age, and are elected by joint ballot of the two houses of the General Assembly tor 12 years. The court of chancery is presided over by a chancellor, one in each of the four chancery districts of the State. There are fourteen circuit courts, also a special criminal court in Davidson county (Nashville), and a commercial and criminal court of Shelby county (Memphis). The judges of all inferior courts must be at least 30 years of age, and are chosen in the same way as supreme court justices, but only for eight years. All judges receive a fixed compensation, and are removable on a vote of two-thirds of both houses. Justices of the peace are elected in districts for six years ; sheriffs in counties for two years, and registrars for eight years. Among the provisions of the constitution are the following: No person who denies the being of a God or a future state of rewards and punishments, can hold any office ; any person directly or indirectly engaged in a duel shall be disquali fied for office; no fine exceeding $50 shall be laid on any citizen of the State, unless assessed by a jury ; lotteries and the sale of lottery tickets are prohibited; the proportion and the proceeds of the sale of the public lands coming to the State shall be applied to education and internal improvement ; the General Assembly can not emancipate slaves without the consent of the owners, etc. Amendments to the constitution, if agreed to by a majority of the members of the two houses, shall be published six months before the next general election, and if approved by a vote of two-thirds of the members of the next Legislature, shall be submitted to the people, and if ratified by a majority of votes, shall be adopted. But the Legislature shall not propose alterations oftener than ten years. K 5 841 TENNESSEE. Federal Representation In. accordance with the law of 23d May, 1850, Tennessee is entitled to ten representatives in the Congress of the United States. Finance*, Debt, etc. There had been paid into the treasury, during the biennial period ending on the first Monday in October, 1851, the sum of $1,004,004 94, and there had been paid out within the same period for all purposes, .$933,431 25, Excess of receipts over disbursements for the two years, $70,573 69, which, added to balances from former years, amount ing to $152,198 11, makes the resources of the treasury in October, 1851, $222,771 80. The receipts have increased within the last two years from $790.695 53 to $1,004,004 94, and the disbursements from $862,436 66 to the sum of $933,431 25. The State debt amounted at the date aforenamed to $3,651,856 66, and the annual interest on it to $195.626 37. The amount of productive property held by the State in 1S51 was $4,128,725 74; school fund, $1,321,655. Ordinary annual expenditure, exclusive of debts and school fund, $290,000. The principal benevol-ent institution* of Tennessee are, the Lunatic Asylum and Institution for the Blind at Nashville, and the Deaf and Dumb School at Knoxville. The State appropriates about $5,000 annually to each of these institutions. Tennessee has made no general returns of its militia force to the United States Government since 1840. At that date the total number enrolled was 71,252, of which 3,607 were commissioned officers, and 67,645 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 25 were general officers, 79 general staff-officers, 859 field- officers, etc., and 2,644 company-officers. All white male persons between 18 and 45 years of age are subject to military duty ; but all free colored men are exempt in time of peace, and exempt also from poll tax. Education. The only returns required of the District School Commissioners are of the scholastic population of their several districts. The amount of school fund apportioned among the several counties in July, 1847, was $117,284 12 Increased by sums remaining undrawn, in treasury, and otherwise, to $191,241 84. Scholastic population at the same time, 266,073. Amount apportioned in July, 1S48, $114,227 18. Scholastic population in 1S4S, 272,000 and a fraction. There are academies in all the principal towns and villages which receive a portion of the school fund. The principal colleges and professional schools within the State, and the statistics of each, as exhibited by their returns in 1850, are as follows : Names. East Tennessee College. . . Location. Knoxville , Founded. ; 1792 Professors. 5 Alumni. 122 Students. Vols. in libr. Washington College Washington co. . . . 1795 3 116 2 1 800 University of Nashville. . . Nashville 1806 ... 7 .. 893 75 10207 Jackson College Columbia 1833 5 46 26 Tiisculum College Near Greenville. . . 1847 2 10 36 Cumberland University... Lebanon 1844 5 30 63 5 000 Franklin College Near Nashville 1845 5 6 80 3 000 Union College.. . . . Murfreesboro 1S4S 5 g 100 South-western Theol. Sem. (Presb.) Maryville 1821 ... 2 . . 90 .... .... 24 ... .... 6,000 the Cumberland University has a Law Department, which in 1850 had 3 professors and 58 students, and the University of Nashville has a Medical Department, which at the same time had 7 professors. Public Libraries. According to the report of the Librarian of the Smithsonian Institute, in 1S51, there were in the State 21 libraries and 47,356 volumes; 1 State library 8,000 volumes; 9 college 20,844 volumes; 8 students 9,712 volumes ; 1 professional 3,500 volumes, and 2 public school 5,000 volumes. Total 21 libraries 47,356 volumes. Periodical Pre*s. The whole number of periodicals published in the State on the 1st June, 1850, was 61, and of these 24 were whig. 17 democratic, and 20 neutral in politics, the last named including such as are devoted to literature, religion, science, etc., and of which the political principles were not ascertained. Of the aggregate number 8 were published daily, 2 semi-weekly, 46 weekly, and 4 monthly ; and the aggregate circulation of each class was as follows: of ihe dailies, 14.0S2 copies ; of the semi-weeklies, 1,718 copies ; of the weeklies, 41,477 copies, and of the monthlies, 10,600 copies at each issue. Bedford County has 1 w. ; Davidson (Nashville), 5 d., 7 w., and 2 m. ; Franklin, Gibson, Greene, and Giles, each 1 w. ; Hamilton, 2 w. ; Henry and Hawkins, each 1 w. ; Knox, 1 s. w. and 5 w. ; Lawrence and Lincoln, each 1 w.; Montgomery, 3 w. and 1 m. ; Marshall, 1 w. ; Maury, 2 w. and 1 m. ; M Minn, 1 w. ; Rutherford, 2 w. ; Shelby, 4 d., 1 e. w., and 6 w. ; Sumner, 1 w. ; Wilson, 2 w. ; White, 1 w. ; Weakley, 2 w. ; Williamson and Washington, each 1 w. Religious Denominations. The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State in 1S50, as is shown by the census of that year, were as follows : Baptist 611.. 188,815.. 57.. 17,800.. Christian... Congregat l. Dutch Ref.. Episcopal.. Free Friends... 17.. 7,810.. 23.. 6,900.. 4.. 1,600.. Value of Property. $269,424 48,295 85,300 6,665 1,300 Denomina- No. of Church Value of tions. Churches, accom. Property. Gcrm n Ref. . . - . . $ Jewish . . . . Lutheran... 12.. 3,400.. 2,600 Mennonite.. .. .. Methodist.. 831 ..240,353 .. 378,511 Moravian . . . . . . Presbyter n. 357.. 132,717 .. 365,531 Denomina- "No. of Church Value of tions. Churches, aero in. Property. R. Catholic.. Swedenb g .. Turiker Union Unitarian... Universalist. Minor Sects. 1,300 500 3,900 1,600 $45,000 300 3,800 2,150 making a total of 1,939 churches, having accommodation for 606,695 persons, and valued as property at $1,208,876. Tennessee forms a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and also the Roman Catholic diocese of Nashville. Pauperism and Crime. The whole number of paupers who received support within the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 1,005, of which 99 were native born, and 14 foreigners ; and the whole number of paupers at the date specified was 591, of which 577 were natives, and 14 foreigners. Annual cost of support, $30,981. Of 195 convicts in the Tennessee Penitentiary on the 30th September, 1847, 56 had been convicted for crimes against life and person ; 121 for crimes against property, including larceny, forgery, counterfeiting, burglary, etc., 14 for negro stealing, harboring, etc., 2 for incest, S tar bigamy, 4 for arson, and 1 for perjury. Historical Sketch. Tennessee derives its name from its principal river. On the division of Carolina into two provinces this country fell to the lot of North Carolina. Between 1740 and 1750 the eastern parts of the country were explored, and large grants of land awarded for the service. No settlements however were made at this time. At the commencement Of the French War in 1754, about fifty families were located on the Cumberland River, but these were driven off by tho 842 TENNESSEE. Indians. About the same time the Shawnees, who had lived near the river Savannah, emigrated to the banks of the Cumberland and settled near the present site of Nashville, but they also were driven away by the Cherokees. In 1T55, a number of persons settled themselves beyond the present limits of North Carolina, and were the permanent colonists of Tennessee. In 1773, population was found to have increased to a very considerable extent. In the succeeding year a war broke out with the northern Indians residing across the Ohio, and terminated by their suing for peace. The year 177fi was rendered memorable by a formidable invasion of the Cherokees, whom the British had incited to attack the infant settlements. The British superintendent had previously made proposals to the Tennesseans to join the British standard, and failinir to lure them from the support of the colonies, thus directed against them the savage foe, A strong force from Virginia and the Carolinas, however, soon dispersed the enemy, and peace was again restored. When the constitution of North Carolina was formed in 1776, Tennessee (then the "District of Washington 1 ) sent deputies to the convention. In 1730 the mountaineers of the borders of North Carolina and Tennessee distinguished themselves in the southern cam paign, at Kins s Mountain, Guilford, and other battle scenes, and soon after these events they penetrated the Indian country and dispersed the savages. At the peace these brave men again sought their mountain homes, and devoted themselves to the improvement of their settlements. About this time, a small colony of about forty families, under the direction of James Robertson, crossed the mountains, and settled on the Cumberland River, where they founded the town of Nash- Tille. The nearest white neighbors were the settlers of Kentucky, and between them was a wilderness of 200 miles. In 17S3 the Legislature of North Carolina laid off a tract of land on the Cumberland Eiver for the discharge of tho military bounties and the officers and soldiers of the Continental Line. The district set apart included the colony at Nashville, a small tract having been allotted to the original settlers. After this period population began to increase rapidly. Many to whom military lands had been granted repaired thither with their families, while others sold their warrants to citizens of different States. In 1785, the inhabitants, feeling sensibly the inconveniences of a government &o remote as that at the capital of North Carolina, endeavored to form an independent one, to which they gave the title of the State of Franklin," or Frankland, but the scheme was ultimately abandoned. In 17S9, the Legislature of the State of North Carolina passed an act ceding the territory, on certain conditions, to the United States ; and in the following year Congress accepted the cession, and by its act of 26th May, 1790, provided for its government under the title of " The Territory of the United States South of the Ohio," which included the present States of Kentucky and Tennessee, the former having been ceded by Virginia. In 1794 Tennessee was constituted a separate territory. Two years afterward Congress passed an act enabling the people to form a State constitution, which, having been adopted, was approved by Congress 1st June, 1796, and Tennessee was admitted as a sovereign State of the Union. NASHVILLE, on the left bank of the Cumberland Eiver, is the political capital of the State. TENNESSEE river, chiefly in the State of same name, and the lanrest tributary of the Ohio r.. rises in the Alleghany Mountains, in Tazewell and Wirt counties, Virginia. Its principal head tributaries are the Holston and the Clinch rivers, the former of which receives the French Broad r., and the latter Powell s r. The Holston and Clinch unite at Kingston, in Eoan co. (Tenn.), and thence the course of the main stream is about S. W., until it crosses the boundary of Alabama, near the N. E. corner of the State, continues 50 or 60 m. in this direction, and then bends N. W., passes through the Cumberland mountains, flows through the entire N. end of Alabama, crosses the N. E. corner of Mississippi, and again enters Tennessee, when it takes a due N. course, crossing the State, enters Kentucky between Calloway and Stewart counties, and flows N. W. into the Ohio r., at Pa- ducah village, 12 m. below Smithland (Ky). The valley of the Tennessee divides itself into two sections, the upper and the lower. The Upper valley is the part above the passage through the Cumberland mountains, and is included between the two parallel chains of the Appalachian system, which form a connection just below this pass. This section is mountainous, and much elevated, embracing an area of about 24,000 sq. m. The lower valley is composed of several physical sections, in N. Alabama, W. Tennessee, and Ken tucky, comprising an area of 17,600 sq. m., making the ex tent of the whole valley 41,600 sq. m. Its whole length is about 1,100 miles. In its course it receives numerous trib utaries, rapid streams, but of no great length. The whole descent of the river, from its source to its mouth, is about 1.700 feet. There are no perpendicular falls, the greatest obstruction being the Muscle Shoals, in Alabama, Florence, at this point, on the N. side, is 259 miles from its mouth, to which steamboats come during high water. A canal has been made along these shoals, 36 miles long, to admit tho passage of steamboats, and the navigation of the river above is unobstructed for 250 miles, to the pass of the Cumberland mountains. At the entrance of the pass, a suck or whirl is caused by a large projecting rock, on the N. side, producing a sudden bend in the river. TENNESSEE IKON WORKS, p. o., Montgomery co., Tenn. : on Cumberland r.. 37 m, N.W. by W. Nashville. These works are very extensive, and produce 2,000 tons castings annually. TENNESSEE LANDING, p. o., Issaquena co., Jitfiss.: 63 m N. W. Jackson. TENNESSEE EIVEK, p. o., Macon county, AT. Car. : on Tennessee r., 274 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. TENNILE, p. o., and sta., Washington co., Get.: on the Central (Georgia) E. E., 136 m. N. W. Savannah, and 26 m. E. S. E. Milledgeville. TENSAS parish, La. Situate E., in the western district, and contains 619 sq. m. Drained by Tensas river, and branches of Mississippi river, which bounds it on the E. Surface even and diversified, with small lakes; soil fertile. Along the banks of the Mississippi are some portions of rich land, suited to the raising of cotton, sugar, etc. It is bounded on the E. by Bayou Macon. Staple productions, cotton, sugar, Indian corn, etc. Farms 165 ; manuf. 6 ; dwell. 244, and pop. wh. 900, fr. col. 2, si. 8,138 total 9,040. Capital: St. Josephs. TENSAS river, La. : rises in Chicot co., Ark., flows nearly parallel with the Mississippi, through Carroll and Madison parishes, forms the boundary between Concordia and Cat- tahoola parishes, and falls into Wachita river. TENSAW, p. o., Baldwin county, Akt. : 150 m. S. W. Montgomery. TENSAW river, Ala. : the eastern outlet of Mobile r., which it leaves 8 m. below the junction of Tombigbee and Ala bama rivers. It flows S. past Blakely, and enters Mobile bay by several mouths. It contains a considerable island a little below where it leaves Mobile river. TENTH SECTION, sta., Cheshire county, N. Ramp.: on the Cheshire E.E., 8 m.W. Keene, and 45 m. S. W. from Concord. TENTOPOLIS, p. a, EfHngham county, 111. : 73 m. S. E. Springfield. TEOTSA, p. o., Eock co., Wise. : on S. side of Hock r., 28 m. S. E. by E. Madison. TEQUAMKNON river and bay, Chippewa co., Mich. : rises in the S. W. part of the co., flows E. by N. in a circuitous course, am 1 , empties into the bay so called, near the outlet of Lake Superior. There are some falls in this river. The bay is located between the Straits of St. Mary, on the S. E., and Lake Superior on the N. W., and separates Canada from Michigan. TKKUE Aux BCECF sta., St, Bernard par,, La. : on tha 848 TER TEX Mexican Gulf R. R., 14 m. S. E. New Orleans, and 84 m. S. E. by E. Baton Rouge, TKKRE BONNE parish, La. Situate S., in the eastern dis trict, and contains 1,618 sq. m. Drained by Terre Bonne, Grand Callion, Little Callion, Large and Black bayous. Sur face level, but in many parts so low, that it is unfit for culti vation ; soil various, along the streams being exceedingly productive ; but in general too moist to allow of its being successfully tilled. Chief products, sugar, cotton, rice, and Indian com. It contains fine lakes, and its coast is indented with numerous bays. Farms 224; manuf. 4; dwell. 550, and population wh. 8,824. fr. col. 72, si. 4,328 total 7,724. Capital: Houma. THERE COUPEE, p. v., and sta., St. Joseph co., Ind. : 135 m. N. by W. Indianapolis. The Michigan Southern, and Northern Indiana E. E. passes through this place, 73 m. E. by S. Chicago (111.) TERRE COUPEE, sta., Berrien co., Mick. : on the Michigan Central E. E., 202 m. W. by S. Detroit, and 117 m S. W. Lansing. TEKKE HAUTE, p. v., and cap. Vigo co., Ind. : on the left bank of Wabash r., 73 m. "W. Indianapolis. Its site is a high bank, from 50 to 60 feet above the river, and 15 or 20 feet above the adjacent prairie. This is one of the most im portant towns in the State, and being located on the Wabash and Erie Canal, and on the most available line of railroad travel east and west, is destined to become a principal cen tre of internal commerce. Among the public buildings, the most conspicuous are its fine court-house, town hall, State banking house, 13 churches, several good hotels the Prairie House being one of the best in the State, etc. ; and the dwelling houses amount to over 800, of which about one-half are of brick, and many are built with much taste. The business, wholesale and retail, carried on at this point is extensive and valuable. There are 93 retail stores and groceries, 6 book-stores, 4 printing-offices, and several large warehouses and wholesale concerns. The principal manu facturing establishments are 2 foundries, a plow manufac tory, 8 carriage and wagon factories, 2 soap factories, an oil- mill, 3 steam flouring and 1 steam saw mill, 2 breweries, 2 distilleries, 13 coopers shops, 4 large slaughter-houses, and the same number of packing establishments. The number of hogs packed at Terre Haute in 1849-50 was 59.000, valued at $300,000. Among the religious establishments almost every denomination is represented. The means of educa tion are ample, viz. : 2 seminaries, 4 select schools, and 5 district scools. Here are also three societies for mutual im provement. The public press consists of 6 newspapers, viz. : the " Wabash Express" (whig), the " Wabash Cour ier," the " T. H. Journal" (dem.), the " Prairie City," the "Independent" (relig.), and the "Indiana Universal ist" (relig.) these are issued weekly. The railroads centering here are, the Terre Haute and Eichmond E. E. and the Atlantic and Mississippi E. E., forming links in the line from St. Louis to the East; the Terre Haute and Alton E. E. via Paris to Alton ; the Evansville and Illinois E. R. to Evansville, on the Ohio, and several others projected to dif ferent points. In the vicinity are rich beds of coal and iron, which, with the completion of the grand works connecting at Terre Haute, will become a source of great wealth to the country generally, and build up within the town a manu facturing interest equal to the wants of the neighborhood. Terre Haute was founded in 1816: in 1S30 it contained 600 inhabitants, in 1840 about 2,000, and in 1850 about 4,900. TERRE HAUTE, p. o., Champaign county, Ohio: 45 m W. by S. Columbus. TERRE HILL, p. o., Lancaster co., Perm. : 47 m. W. S. W Harrisburg. TEBRE NOTE, p. o., Clark county, Ark. : 72 m. S. W Little Eock. TEKRY, p. o., Carroll county, Tenn.: 90 m. W. by S Nashville. TERRYVILLB, p. v., Litchfleld co., Conn. : 18 m. W. S. W. Hartford. TERRYVILLE, p. v., Abbeville dist., S. Car. : on a creek of Savannah r., 81 m. W. Columbia. TERRYTOWN, p. v., Bradford co., Penn. : 112 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. TETE DE MORT, p. v., Jackson county, la. : 57 m. N. E. Iowa City. TETERSBURG, p. v., Tipton co., Ind.: 43 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. TEWKESBUBY, t and p. v., Middlesex co., Masa. : 21 m. N. N. W. Boston. Drained by Shawsheen r., which flows through the town, and by branches of Merrimac and Con cord rivers. Surface even; soil light and sandy. The vil lage is on the Salem and Lowell and the Lowell and Law rence railroads, 5 m. E. Lowell and 7 m. S. W. from Law rence. Pop. 1,048. TEWOCKINY SPRINGS, p. o., Limestone co., Tex. : 123 m. N. E. Austin City. TEXANA, p. v., and cap. Jackson co., Tex. : on the right bank of the Navidad r., 119 m. S. E. Austin City. Its lo cation is at the head of steamboat navigation, on the bordei of an exceedingly rich and productive prairie. It contains the county buildings, etc. THE STATE OF TEXAS. TEXAS is bounded north by New Mexico and the Indian Territories, from the latter of which it is divided chiefly by the Eed and Arkansas rivers ; east by Arkansas and Louisiana, the Sabine Eiver being its boundary toward Louisiana ; south by the Gulf of Mexico, and west by Mexico, from which the Eio Grande separates it, and the Territory of New Mexico. It lies between latitudes 26 and 36 30 N., and longitudes 93 30 and 110 west of Greenwich, or 16 2S and 3-2 58 from Washington. Its greatest extent north and south is 700 miles, and east and west 800 miles ; but its average extent is much less. The superficies is estimated at 237,321 square miles an area more than equal to the whole of France, and nearly four times the area of New England. Texas may be divided into three physical districts or regions of country, each of which, in many respects, is entirely different. These are the level, the undulating, and the mountainous or hilly; or the lower, middle, and upper districts, or, as it may be more convenient, the country may be divided into Eastern, Middle, and Western Texas. Eastern Texas extends from the Sabine to the Trinity ; Middle Texas from the Trinity to the Colorado, and Western Texas from the Colorado to Jhe Eio Grande del Norte. The level region occupies the entire coast, extending from 30 to 60 miles into the interior. The undulating succeeds this, and embraces the whole of the interior and the north, and reaches westward to the mountainous tract, which is distant 150 to 200 miles from the boundaries of the tevel lands. The alluvial lands of the several rivers which make into the Gulf are from 3 to 20 miles in breadth, and are heavily timbered with live-oak, red. black, and white, and other species of oak ; with ash, cedar, peccan, elm, hickory, mulberry, and all other varieties of forest trees and growths common in the rich alluvions of the Mississippi. The cane-brakes are of immense extent in the low country, and on the Caney Creek may be seen 70 miles long and from 1 to 8 miles wide. Here may be grown cotton, sugar, rice, etc. In the second division are the high, rolling, verdant prairies, the narrow-wooded bottoms, the beautiful islands of timber, the quick-running streams, the cool, refreshing springs, and the healthful clime of Texas. Here the soil, a little 844 TEXAS. broken, is not inferior to that of the alluvial country below, is more easily worked, the products are greater and more varied, and though not so convenient to a foreign market, will have a market at home. This is destined to be the most densely populated part of Texas, if not of America. In this region the planter may raise all the cotton, rice, and tobacco, and the corn and grain he requires, and stock to any extent, without labor and almost without care. The tablelands are yvt the home of the hunter and the range of the buffalo. Little is known of them, but they are represented by travelers to rival the table-lands of Mexico, to be rich in soil and climate, to be clothed in constant verdure, beautifully variegsited in surface, and watered by streams as clear as crystal to be, in fine, a perfect paradise. Of the northern portion of Texas still less is known than of the table-lands. This region is said to be intersected by many streams furnishing water-power, and to be rich in the precious metals. No part of the extensive coast of the Gulf of Mexico presents a greater number of commanding harbors, bays, and inlets, than that of Texas. The interior, intersected by numerous magnificent and navigable streams, in close vicinity to the great western tributaries of the Mississippi, and holding easy communication with the mighty " .Father of Waters," furnishes a commercial position very desirable and seldom surpassed. Red River may be considered in part as belong ing to Texas. The vast region west of the mountains in which it rises and through which it rolls its turbid waters, has been yet scarcely explored, but it is known to be of great fertility and of surpassing beauty. In t^iis region has the Texan emigrant reared his cottage and planted his cotton, and his corn, and his wheat, which are borne along the current of Red River to the great mart of the South-west. The chief rivers, those which are more or less navigable for steamboats, are the Sabine or Neches, Trinity, Brazos, Colorado, Guadalupe, San Antonio, and the Rio Grande. Besides these, there are others of less note and magnitude, though navigable to a considerable extent the Angelina, San Jacinto, Buffalo Bayou, Oyster and Chocolate bayoux, San Bernard, Caney, Navidad, Lavacca, and Nueces. There are no lakes of any importance to be found in the country. A few small ones near the sources of the Guadalupe, and on some of the tributaries of Red River and the Trinity, are all that are worthy of the name, and they are inconsiderable. To a country so well watered, intersected by rivers so numerous and important, and offering such valuable facilities for canal commu nication, they would be useless. Indeed, its vast water-courses might be united in one great navigable chain, which would render transportation from any section of this wide-spread territory to a commercial emporium at any point on the coast, a matter of the utmost ease and but very little expense. Texas abounds with minerals, and is interesting in its geology. The silver mine of San Saba is among the richest in the world, and under the dominion of Spain afforded considerable revenue to the crown. Gold has been found on the Atoyac and other streams, especially toward the western hill country, and silver also on the Bedais. Iron ore pervades the greater portion of the country. Lead, copper, alum, etc., are found in several parts, and bituminous coal on the Trinity and Upper Brazos. Salt is exceedingly abundant, and immense quantities are annually taken from a famous salt lake near the Rio Grande. Salt springs and lagoons abound near the Trinity, and a branch of the Brazos has its waters highly impregnated. Soda and potash are found near the salt lagoons in dry seasons. Lime can be plentifully furnished from limestone existing in the undulating and northern sections. In the level districts oyster-shell lime can be substituted. Asphaltum is sometimes found on the coast. Agate, chalcedony, jasper, and some singular petrifactions are found near the mountains. The remains of whole forests are seen on the Trinity and Brazos rivers entirely petrified. Extensive quarries of red and white sandstone, or freestone, abound throughout the country. At Austin there is a quarry of white stone similar to that of the Paris basin, and of which the Louvre is built. It is soft and easily worked with the knife, and may be reduced to any form ; but on exposure to the atmosphere it becomes a perfect freestone, and is as hard and compact as granite and marble. The same kind of stone is found on the Trinity and in the vicinity of San Aruonio de Bexar. Mineral springs are numerous. The Salinilla Springs, both white and salt sulphur, in Walker County, are very remarkable. They rise near the salines, in a picturesque valley, and are highly appreciated for their medicinal virtues. Not far from these, and near the Bedais, is a white sulphur spring, supersaturated with magnesia, and possessing all the healing properties of the celebrated Virginia springs. Thirty miles west, in the same county, is a blue sulphur sprin^. Near Cibolo, and about thirty miles from Bexar, is a mineral spring, the waters of which are in high repute. Besides these, there are others of great value. Near Carolina, in Montgomery County, is a white sulphur spring, the waters of which are efficacious in many distempers. All who have visited Texas concur in ascribing to it the most delightful of climates. Though varying with location from tropical to temperate, it is remarkably pleasant and salubrious. The average notation of the thermometer in the summer season is about 80 Fahr., and refreshing breezes from the south blow almost without Interruption. During the winter ice is seldom seen, except in the northern part of the State. From March to November but little rain falls. The southerly winds are invigorating. In November the strong northers set in, and in the months of December and January the cold north wind sweeps down the plains with near as much regularity as the south wind of the summer. These periodical winds tend to purify the atmosphere, and contribute much to the salubrity which distinguishes Texas from other Gulf States. The climate, indeed, is modified by so many favorable circumstances, as to possess all the genial in fluences of Louisiana, while it escapes its attendant evils. In the river bottoms, which are periodically overflowed, however, fever prevails to a greater or less extent ; but elsewhere the danger of endemic disease is trifling. The prairies are open and admit of a free circulation of air, and the forests, for the most part, are free from undergrowth. Miasmatic marshes and stagnant pools, which so frequently originate endemics, are se dom found in any portion of the country. Texas, in general, is a prairie country, having all the streams skirted with timber. The sublime and beautiful are blended in these vast natural meadows sublime in extent and beautiful in prospect. Leagues may be traveled over a continuous plain, with nothing to interrupt the utmost stretch of vision upon the living green, save the beautiful groves and islands of timber which are here and there interspersed, and flowers of every variety, hue, and fragrance and herds of cattle and deer delighting the eye With the view of splendid lawns and magnificent parks tastefully laid out by the hand of Nature, and presenting all the order and taste of civilization. Nothing in Nature can surpass the beauty and loveliness of a Texan landscape. Nothing can surpass its beauty in the spring and summer seasons, neither is it possible to form an estimate, even in imagination, of the number of useful domestic animals that are reared on them without trouble or expense. Even in the winter season the pasturage is sufficiently verdant to dispense with feeding live-stock. Texas in her forests has an infinite variety of timber suitable for building and ornamental purposes. Her forests of Jive- oak and cedar are unrivaled. The whole coast nearly, including all the bayoux and river bottoms, from the Sabine to the Nueces, is one entire belt of timber. The eastern section probably embraces more woodland than any other. It is 846 TEXAS. heavily timbered with pine, oak, ash, walnut, hickory, pecan, mulberry, cedar, cypress, and other forest trees which extend quite to the Bed Kiver, occasionally variegated with beautiful prairies containing from one hundred to several thousand acres. The soil is admirably adapted to grasses and other agricultural staples, and the lumber trade will soon become extensive and lucrative in this section. Among the productions which may be regarded as naturally adapted to the soil, and which now form a chief and im portant article of commerce, cotton stands pre-eminent This is the great crop of Texas, and the source of much of its wealth and power. Its staple is uniformly good, and near the Gulf it equals in length and firmness the Sea Island cotton of Georgia. It is an indigenous plant, and in the western region needs to be planted only once in three or four years to yield an abundant crop. The climate is ever favorable, and the soil, whether upland or lowland, woodland or prairie, is admirably adapted to its culture. The sugar-cane grows luxuriantly throughout the whole level region; but its culture, for various reasons, will not be extensive, nor will the production of sugar, unless forced by unexpected circumstances, probably compete with that of Louisiana for many years to come. Tobacco grows almost spontaneously throughout the country. It is an important production, equal in quality to that of Cuba, and will soon become an article of commerce and export. The indigenous indigo of Texas is greatly superior to the plant which is cultivated in the United States. It is manufactured in families for domestic use, and is preferable to the imported article. Breadstuff s of every description are produced easily and abundantly in every district. Two crops of Indian corn an nually is a common thing the first planted in February, and the last in June. Wheat, buckwheat, millet, rye, oats, bar ley, and other small grain yield plentiful crops throughout the undulating region. Flax and hemp are well adapted to the soil. Eice is also produced in considerable quantities, and can be grown to any extent. Fruits of all descriptions are profusely plentiful. The grape and mulberry are indigenous, and grow luxuriantly, indicating that wine and silk, as well as tobacco and cotton, will one day become valuable staples. The vanilla plant grows wild. It can be successfully cultivated as a commercial commodity. This delicious plant is highly esteemed in medicine, as a perfume to flavor the cigar, and in various culinary arts, etc. The nopal, celebrated for the production of the cochineal insect, grows luxuriantly. Its fruit, with the leaves, furnishes food for vast herds of cattle and horses ; for building purposes and fencing its timber is superior, and in Texas it also forms a principal article of fuel. The yaupan, or tea-tree, furnishes an acceptable and cheap beverage in lieu of the China product, and is not at all inferior in flavor to the common black tea of that country. Cayenne pepper, or the chile of Mexico, grows exuberantly all over Texas. Many other sources of wealth and enjoyment abound here, and will in all good time be realized by the citizens, who are already industriously exploring the true springs of national greatness and individual prosperity. The displays of vegetation in Texas are profuse, various, and valuable, presenting on the one hand the stately and magnificent forest, and on the other delighting the eye with the rich and splendid scene of the luxuriant prairie, garnished with an endless variety of fragrant flowers, and forming a landscape of surpassing loveliness. All the varieties of the stellaria, yellow, blue, and purple, display their rich and gaudy tints. The fashionable dahlia, an exotic highly esteemed and carefully raised in foreign hot-houses, is indigenous to the south-west. Geraniums adorn and perfume with their fragrance the wild meadows, and the water lily, trumpet flower, and the cardinal, are common in the fields. The May apple, bearing a delicate flower, is abundant, and violets form a common carpeting for the prairies. The passion flower is frequent in its season, while the perpetual rose, multiflora, and chickasaws, and other varieties, grow without cultiva tion. or care. The chaste and elegant primrose flowers everywhere ; while the jonquil and hyacinth, honeysuckle and sweet seringa, form a variegated garland, or are thrown together in most admirable disorder throughout the paradise of flowers. The shrinking mimosa, an object of so much interest to the naturalist and philosopher, is also a native of the wilds, and the traveler, trampling over its drooping and apparently withered leaves, looks back in vain for the path his rude footsteps had marked out, but not a vestige of the invasion remains, but all again is life and verdure. The fruits of the tropics and of the north alike flourish in Texan soil. The fig is common, the peach unrivaled, the nectar ine, quince, and grape luxuriant, and these, side by side, grow in the same sun and soil with the plum, apple, and puw- paw. The orange, lemon, and lime, the pine-apple, and olive ripen together. Berries are iu great variety. The mulberry, dewberry, whortleberry, and gooseberry grow wild and in the greatest profusion. The pecan, walnut, and hickory nuts are very abundant Garden vegetables of every description, and melons, are easily cultivated and yield in the greatest abundance. Wild animals, formerly numerous and formidable tenants of the forests, are now comparatively strangers to the country. The black bear frequents the cane-brake, and is a favorite object of the hunt Wolves abound. The peccary, or Mexican hog, and the wild hog, run at large in the woods. These have degenerated from the domestic species, and are very fero cious. Mustangs roam in herds over the north and west. Many of them are of fine figure and spirit, and are highly prized for their fleetness. When domesticated, they are hardy and active, and alike adapted to the saddle or stirrup. Mingled with the herds of mustangs are found jacks, jennies, and mules. The buffalo or bison is found in Texas astonish ingly gregarious. Thousands and tens of thousands in a drove are yet seen in the interior roving over the prairies, the luxuriant herbage affording them the means of subsistence. The deer is still more numerous than the buffalo, and the moose, antelope, and mountain goat are also found ranging upon the frontier or far-west The fox peeps from every bush and brake. Eaccoons, opossums, rabbits, and squirrels are in great numbers ; and a greater variety of smaller animals serve to stock the forests of Texas with game, and supply the hunter with endless and animated sport Wild fowl and game birds are everywhere plentiful, and one accustomed to the use of the fowling-piece may easily keep a table well supplied. W r ild turkeys, prairie hens, geese, brant, teal, canvas-backs, partridges, quails, pheasants, grouse, pigeon, plovers, snipes, woodcock, ortolans, cranes, swans, pelicans, king-fishers, crows, blackbirds, starlings, and hun dreds of other descriptions of the family " aves" are in endless numbers. The beautiful paroquet, the oriole, whip-poor- will, and cardinal, and the sweet-toned mocking-bird, enliven the woods with the beauty of plumage and melody of voice which belong to them. The rivers and bays of Texas abound in fish of an excellent quality, in great variety, and some of them of peculiar character. Eedfish Bar, in Galveston Bay, takes its name from the number of red fish which are caught there. This fish is very delicious, and often weighs fifty pounds. Yellow, white, and blue codfish are found in the rivers and streams; sheep-head, buffalo, perch, mullet, pike, trout, flounders, suckers, and other fish common in American waters, are found not only in abundance, but of rare size and flavor. The gar is a worthless fish, with a snout of immense length. The alligator gar is very large several yards in length ; its back is covered with scales, and it resembles the alligator, which is very common in the rivers and bayoux, and of enormous size. Beds of oysters line the coasts ; crabs, clams, muscles, and various marine animals may be had all along the shore, and turtles are common to all the rivers and bays. Ser- 846 TEXAS. pents, snakes, lizards, and many other curious, venomous, and vexatious species of crawling things of the earth are found in Texas. But of these few are as dangerous as troublesome. Insects swarm in myriads, some useful, some dangerous, some annoying, but most of them attractive on account of their beautiful forms and magnificent colors. The cantharides and honey-bee are among the first; spiders and the tarantula represent the second ; mosquitoes, gad-flies, ticks, and sand- flies the third, and the wonderful variety of beetles, bugs, butterflies, etc., fill up the fourth chapter of insect life. Many of these, if not carefully guarded against, will spoil the beauty of the fairest face in creation beyond the redemption of cosmetics for days to come. Their attachment to suffering humanity is a wonderful instinct of their nature. The traveler, however, has a certain remedy against attacks in liquid ammonia, a small vial of which should at all times be accessible when passing through the brake or river bottom. Its application immediately neutralizes the venom even of the tarantula and renders it harmless. Texas is divided into 11 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1S50, were as follows : Counties. Anderson . Angelina. . Dwell. 375. 166 Pop. . 2.834.. . 1.1(55 Farms .206.. 88.. Mi. Est . 0. Capitals. ..Palestine . .Marion Counties. Hunt Jackson Dwell. . 268.. . 114.. Pop. 1,520. 996 in cult. .. 93. 73 EiU . ^ Capitals. ..Greenville Texana Austin .... 432 8.S41 . .230 . . Belleville Jasper . 192.. .1,707 ..123 6 Jasper Bastrop . . . . ... 3T7 . 3,099 . 219. 9 . Bastrop Jefferson . 259.. .1,836. 91.. .1 . Beaumont Bexar 1,204. . 6,052.. .117.. 18 ..San Antonio Kaufman . 170.. .1.047. .. 94.. ii . . Kaufman C. H. Bowie. .. 250. . 2.912.. .157.. B . . Boston Lamar . 497.. .3,978. ..407. - ..Paris Brazoria. . Brazos Burleson . . Caldwell . . Calhoun . . . Cameron ) Starr I Webb I Cass 296. 81. 224. 174. 182. 1,554. 558 . 4,841.. . 614.. . 1,713.. . 1,329.. . 1,110.. . 8,541.. 4991 .134.. . 47.. .115.. .51.. . 22.. . 11.. 365 . 0. . n. . 0. . 0. . o. . 0. 10 .Brazoria . .Booneville ..Caldwell . .Lockhart . . Port Lavacca {Brownsville Rio Grande C. Laredo Lavacca Leon Liberty Limestone Matagorda Medina Milam Montgomery... Nacogdoches . 203.. . 231.. . 312.. . 380.. . 176.. . 177.. . 414.. . 260.. 631 .1,571. .1,946. .2,522. .2,608. .2,124. . 909. .2.907. .2,384. 5193 ..139.. ..151.. ..149. ..279. .. 89.. .. 40.. ..152.. ..ISO. 287 . o. . 1 . 0. . 0. . 0. . 1. . 8. s . . Petersburg ..Leona ..Liberty ..Springfield . .Matagorda ..Castroville . . Cameron ..Montgomery Cherokee. Collin Colorado . . 891. 811. 283 . 6,673.. . 1,950.. 2257 .454.. .218.. 116 . s. . 0. 2 ..Rusk ..M-Kinney Navarro Newton Nueces . 576.. . 219.. 151 . .3,343. .1,689. 698 ..304. ..145.. . 8 .18 . 5. 1 . .Corsicana . . Burkeville Comal Cook Dallas Denton . . . De Witt . . 36T. 38. 435. 109. 231 . . 1,723.. . 220.. . 2,743.. . 641.. . 1,712 . 55.. . 25.. .178.. 81.. 100 . 8. . 0. . 1. . o. <? . . New Braunfels ..CookC. H. ..Dallas ..Alton Panola Polk Red River Refugio Robertson . 456.. . 292.. . 420.. . 56.. . 132 .3,871 .2,349. .3,906. . 238. 934 ..209. ..172.. ..166.. .. 21.. 18 . (1 . 0. . 7. . 0. ii . . Carthage . .Livingston ..Clarksville . .Refugio Fannin Fayette . . . Fort Bend Galveston 54S. 494. 199. . . 727 . 2,783.. . 8,756.. . 2,533.. 4529 .8-31.. .209.. .109.. 33 . 2. . G. . 0. 88 . . Bonham . .La Grange . .Richmond Rusk Sabine San Augnsthie. San Patricio .1,045.. . 288.. . 350.. 88 .8,148. .2,493. .3,647. 200 ..567.. ..171.. ..158. 10 .15. .12. .14 o . . Henderson . .Milam ..San Augustine San Patricio Gillespie . . 274. . 1,240.. . 40.. 7 . .Fredericksb g Shelby . 560 .4,239. ..380.. 6 .. Shelby ville Goliad . . 88 . 648 30 Goliad Smith 603 4202 248 1 Tvler Gonzales . . 188. . 1,492.. .123. Gonzales Titus . 548.. .3.636. ..269.. 4 . .Mt. Pleasant Gravson. . . 295. . 2.008.. .171. i) . .Sherman Travis . 423.. .3.138. ..146.. 1 . . AuSTIX ClTT. Grimes . . . . 405. . 4,008.. .217.. . .Anderson Tvler . 267.. 1,394. ..137.. 6 . .Woodville Gu-adalupe 216. . 1,511.. .101.. 8 . .Segnin Upshur . 484. . .3,394. ..240.. ..Gilmer Harris Harrison . . Hays Henderson Hopkins . . 834. 972. 41 . 192. 435. . 4,668.. .11,822.. . 387.. . 1.237.. . 2.623.. .197.. .521. . 22.. .106.. .121.. .42. .18 . 3. . 0. ..Houston ..Marshall . . San Marcos . .Athens . .Tarrant Vanzants Victoria Walker Washington . . . Whartori . 246.. . 817.. . 473.. . 600.. . 112.. 1,348. .2,019. 3,964. .5,933. .1,752. ..133.. .. 84.. ..234.. ..306.. .. 55.. . 4. . . . 0. . o. , ..Jordan s Saline ..Victoria ..Huntsville . .Brenham . . Wharton Houston . . . 357. . 2,721.. .192.. , 0. ..Crockett Williamson.... . 230.. 1,563. .107.. . 1. ..Georgetown The whole number of dwellings in the State at the above date was 27.988; of families, 28,377 ; and of inhabitants, 212,592; viz., whites 154,100 males 84.863, and females 69.237; fr. col. 331 males 171, and females 160; si. 58,161. Of the whole population there were, deaf and dumlt wh. 49, fr. col. 0, si. 9 total 53 ; "blind wh. 59, fr. col. 3, si. 14 total 76 ; insane wh. 39, fr. col. 1, si. total 40. The number of free persons born in the United States was 137,070, the number of foreign birth 16,774, and of birth unknown 604. The native population originated as follows: Maine 226, N. Hamp. 97, Verm. 144, Mass. 414, R. I. 56, Conn. 369, N. Y. 1,539, N. Jer. 205, Penn. 1,005, Del. 61, Md. 521, Dist. of Col. 36, Virg. 3,580, N. Car. 5,155, S. Car. 4,432, Ga. 7,639, Flor. 365, Ala. 12,040, Miss. 6,545, La. 4,472, T&cas 49,177, Ark. 4.693, Tenn. 17,692, Ky. 5,478, Oh. 947, Mich. 125, Ind. 1,799, 111. 2,855, Mo. 5,139, la. 109, Wise. 42, Calif. 0, Territories 14 ; and the foreign population was composed of persons from England 1,002, Ireland 1,403, Scotland 261, Wales 17, Ger many 3.191, France 647, Spain 62, Portugal 5, Belgium 8, Holland 14, Italy 41, Austria 11, Switzerland 134, Russia 10, Denmark 49, Norway 105, Sweden 48, Prussia 75, Greece 0, China 0, Africa 4, British America 137, Mexico 4,459, Central America 3, South America 1, West Indies 22, Sandwich Islands 5, and other countries 60. The general statistics* of the products, manufactures, wealth, institutions, etc., of the State, in accordance with the cen sus of 1850 and other official returns referring to the same period, are as follows : Occupied Lands. Improved farm lands, 639,107 acres, and unimproved lands attached to farms, 14.454,669 acres- valued together at $16,393,748. The whole number of farms under cultivation in the State is 12,198 ; and the value of farming implements and machinery, $2,133,731. The statistics of the county of Lavacca are not included in the census returns. 84T TEXAS. Live-Stock. Horses, 75,419 ; asses and mules, 12,364; milch cows, 214,758 ; working oxen, 49,932 ; other cattle, < Bheep, 99,098, and swine, 683,914. Total value of live-stock, $10,266,880. Animal Products. Woo], 131,374 pounds ; butter, 2,326,556 pounds ; cheese, 91,619 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered, $1,106.032. Grain, Crop*. Wheat. 41,689 bushels ; rye, 3,108 bushels ; Indian corn, 5,926,611 bushels ; oats, 178,883 bushels ; bar ley, 4,776 bushels; and buckwheat, 59 bushels. Other Food Crops. Kice, 87,916 pounds ; peas and beans, 179,332 bushels ; potatoes Irish, 93,543 bushels, and sweet, 1,323,170 bushels. Mixcettaneom Crops Tobacco, 66,897 pounds ; ginned cotton. 57,596 bales of 400 pounds ; hay, 8,279 tons ; clover- seed, 10 bushels; hops, 7 pounds; flax, 1,04S pounds; flax-seed, 26 bushels; silk cocoons, 22 pounds; cane sugar, 7,351 hogsheads of 1,000 pounds ; molasses, 441,688 gallons ; beeswax and honey, 380,532 pounds ; wine, 99 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, $12,605, and value of market-garden products, $12,254. Home-made Manufactures produced in the year ending 1st June, 1850, were valued at $255,719. Manufactures. Total capital invested $000,000 ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed in the year, $000,000 ; hands employed, 0,000 males 0,000, and females 00 ; monthly cost of labor, $00,000 male $00,000, and female $000 ; value of products in the year, $000,000. The whole number of manufacturing establishments in operation, on the 1st June, 1850, was 307, of which number 1 was a woolen factory, 2 iron works, and 22 tanneries. In the woolen manufacture the invested capital amounted to $8,000 ; wool used, 30,000 pounds ; value of all raw material, $10,000 ; hands employed, 8 males 4, and females 4 ; monthly cost of labor, $160 male $80, and female $80 ; annual products cloth 14,000 yards, and blankets 4,000 ; value of entire products $15,000. The iron manufacture employed a capital amounting to $16,000 ; pig iron used. 250 tons; mineral coal consumed, 250 tons ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc.. $8,400 ; hands employed, 85 ; entire monthly cost of labor, $1,520 ; castings made, 2uO tons ; other products valued at $15,000 ; value of entire products, $55,000. The tanneries had a capital of $33.850; value of hides and skins used, $18,624; hands employed, 64 males 63, and females 1 ; monthly cost of labor, $1,017 male $1,007, and female $10 ; skins tanned, 1,750, and sides of leather tanned, 18,700 ; value of products of the year, $52,050. The manufactures of Texas, otherwise than those enumerated, consist chiefly of those incident to agricultural counlries, as carriages, harness, fanning implements, and machinery, etc., and the great bulk of the capital is invested in milling and other like occupations. Commerce. The exports direct to foreign countries, for the year ending 80th June, 1850, were valued at $24,958, all carried in foreign bottoms, and the imports were valued at $25,650, of which, to the value of $14,652 were carried in American, and to that of $10,998 in foreign bottoms. The great bulk of the commercial material of the State is carried coastwise to New Orleans, New York, etc., and is thence shipped to other countries. The shipping employed, in the foreign carrying trade was as follows: Entered. Cleared. Total. Nationality -- "- - * / - * - > t * - N uf Shipping. Vessels. Tons. Crews, Vessela. Tons, Crews. Vessels. Tons. Crews. American ......... 3 ..... 494 ..... 26 ..... . 8 ..... 591 ..... 28 ....... 6 ..... 1,085 ..... 54 Foreign ........... 13 ..... 3,177 ..... 138 ...... 72 ..... 3,017 ..... 139 ....... 25 ..... 6,194 ..... 277 Total 16 3,671 164 15 Districts. Galveston 10 2,987 118 9 .... Brazos Santiago 6 684 46 6 ... 167 31 7,279 331 121 684 5,911 239 1,368 92 The total amount of shipping owned within this State, at the date specified, was 3,897 tons, of which 3.309 tons were owned in the district of Galveston, and 5S8 tons in that of Saluria. The principal ports of the State are Sabine, Galveston, La Salle, and Point Isabel. The serial statistics of the commerce of the State are as follows : Year. Exports. Imports. 1846 17,266 1S47 29,826 Year. Exports. . Imports. 1S48 143,610 94,024 1S49 82,791 16,600 Year. Exports. Imports. 1850 24.953 25,650 1851 75,422 94,715 Coasting, inland, etc., trade. In proportion as the direct foreign commerce of Texas is small, the coasting trade i extensive. As before remarked, the great bulk of its commercial material is carried to the other States for export, and hence a coasting trade commensurate with the staple and surplus products of the State is carried on. The interior is chiefly reached by the fine streams which in every direction penetrate it, the principal of which are the Eed Kiver, on the northern boundary, and Sabine, Neches, Trinity, Brazos, Colorado, Lavacca, Guadalupe, Nueces, and the Kio Grande emptying into the Gulf of Mexico. Most of these are navigable for light-draft steamers, which ply regularly on their waters without interruption on account of season. The rivers are reached from the neighboring settlements by wagon roads, which are good except in the wet season. The railroad is practically unknown in Texas, but many are now in progress of construction, and a few miles of the Harrisburg railroad were brought into use in April, 1853. Texas will be intersected east and west by a Southern Pacific railroad, and many lines are projected between the principal ports and the interior, with lateral lines diverging to the various centres of commerce. It would, however, be immature to mention definitely any of the lines projected, as few are located, and fewer have made any advance toward construction. The great road will probably pass from Providence, on the Mississippi, through Shreveport, La., and Marshall, Tesc., and another from New Orleans, via Opelousas, etc., westward. A road will also be extended from the Eed River to the Gulf. With these improvements the markets will be reached with facility, and immigration and settlement be rapidly directed to the fertile interior. Cotton and sugar are as yet the only available exports of the State, the annual product of which articles has been given on a former page. The imports consist of manufactures of all kinds, groceries, etc. Hanking. With the exception of the Commercial and Agricultural Bank of Galveston, there would not appear to be any other recognized banking institution in the State. Government, etc. The constitution of Texas was adopted at Austin City, 27th August, and ratified by the people 13th October, 1845. The right of suffrage is conceded to every free white male person, 21 years old, a citizen of the United Slates, or of TEXAS. Texas, when resident in the State one year, and six months in the district, county, city, or town, where he offers to vote, The general election is held on the first Monday of August biennially. The legislative authority is vested in a House of Representatives and a Senate. Representatives in number not less than 4>. nor more than 90 (now 66) are chosen for two years, and they must be qualified voters who have lived two years in the State, and one year in the place where they are chosen. Senators in number not less than 19, nor more than 33 (now 21), chosen for four years, one half leaving office biennially, and they must be qualified voters, 80 years of age, who have lived in Texas three years, and the last year thereof in their district The sessions of the Legislature are biennial, and commence on the 1st Monday in November. The fifth biennial session commences in November, 1853. The governor and lieutenant-governor are chosen, by a plurality of votes, for two years, and are not eligible for more than four out of any six years. They must have the qualifications of Senators, and the lieutenant-governor is ex-officio president of the Senate. The governor s veto to a bill is negatived by a subsequent two-thirds vote of both houses. The administrative officers of the State are a secretary, nominated by the governor, and confirmed by the Senate for two years ; and a treasurer and a coniptroller of accounts, chosen biennially by joint vote of both houses. Other officers are the attorney-general, auditor, adjutant- general, commissioner of the land office, and superintendent of penitentiary. The judiciary consists of the Supreme Court, District Courts, County Courts, etc. The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and two associates, who are chosen by the people for six years. Three sessions are held annually : one at Austin, on the second Monday of November; one at Galveston, on the first Monday of January, and one at Tyler, on the first Monday of April. The Court has appellate jurisdiction only ; but in criminal cases, and appeals from interlocutory judgments, it is under legislative regulations. The judges of the District Courts, are elected for six years, and hold a court twice a year in each county. District Courts have original jurisdiction in all commercial cases, and in all suits both in law and equity, in which more than $100, exclusive of interest, is at stake. In criminal cases, if the punishment be not specifically determined by law, the jury shall determine it. In equity causes, either party may demand a jury. The judges of both courts may be removed by the governor on the address of two-thirds of each house ; or, upon impeach ment, to be tried by the Senate. There is also in each county a County Court, sitting once a month, as a Court of Ordinary, and once in three months for the transaction of county business. Justices of the Peace, with jurisdiction to the amount of $100, are elected in precincts for two years. Among the provisions of the constitution, the following are the most important : Any person concerned in a duel, sending or accepting a challenge, shall be ineligible to any public office ; grants of money for private purposes, or for internal improvement, must be made by two-thirds of both houses; a wife s property, both real and personal, acquired before or after marriage, shall be her separate property ; a homestead of not more than 200 acres, not included in a town or city, or city and town lots, worth not more than $2.UOO, shall not be subject to forced sale for any debt hereafter contracted; no corporation shall be created, renewed, or extended, with banking or discounting privileges ; private corporations can only be created by a vote of two-thirds of both houses; the State may not borrow money unless by a like vote, nor contract an aggregate amount of debt of more than $100.000, except in case of war, invasion, or insurrection ; no law shall be passed to emancipate slaves, except by their owners consent, and after paying a full compensation for them ; emigrants to the State shall nt be prevented from bringing their slaves with them, but the importation of slaves as merchandise may be lorbidden; laws may be passed obliging masters to treat their slaves with humanity, and to abstain from injuries to them, affecting life or limb. In case of disobedience of these laws, the slaves may be taken away, and sold for the benefit of the owners; slaves accused of higher crimes than petit larceny shall have a fiiir trial by jury ; and any one who maliciously dismembers or deprives a slave of life, shall be punished as if he had committed the same crime on a white person, except in case of insurrection of such slave ; one-tenth of tho annual revenue derived from taxation shall be set aside as a p. rmanent fund for the support of free public schools, and all public lands granted for such schools shall not be alienated in fee, nor leased for more than 20 years. The constitution may be amended on the proposal of two-thirds of both houses, which propositions shall then be published three months before the next general election ; and if approved of at that election by a majority of the voters, and then ratified by two- thirds of both houses, in the next Legislature, they shall be valid, and form part of the constitution. Finances, Debt, etc. According to the Comptroller s report, dated 12ih November, 1S51, the debt of the late Republic of Texns, which has been recognized and adopted by the State, including interest, amounted ostensibly to $12,436,991, or at par to $6.821,278. Of the debt, $9,647.253, or $4,807,774, par. had been filed according to the net of 20th March, 1848, and $2,789,733, or $2.019,514, had not been filed, and would require further legislative action before its owners could benefit by the act of 1843. The debt is classified as follows : Ostensible. Par value. First claw. Audited and ascertained claims $8,587.132 92 $3,817,321 64 Second das*. Sufficiently authenticated to be audited 902,445 12 892,767 63 Third class. Not sufficiently authenticated to be audited 97,675 10 97,675 10 The first class embraces all consolidated funds, funded debts, treasury bonds, and audited paper, including the claims for naval vessels, loans from United States bank, etc. The second class embraces claims not audited, but for debts contracted by the government under the sanction of law. The third class embraces claims not provided for by law. though many of them are highly meritorious. Among them are many claims for losses sustained during the war, from the appropriation or destruction of property by the Texan army or that of the enemy. The act of Congress of 9th of September, 1850, provided that, as an indemnity for lands ceded by that act, for public property ceded by annexation, and for rdinquishment for all claims upon the federal treasury, the United States should pay to Texas $10,000,000 in 5 per cent, stock, redeemable at the end of fourteen years, with interest, payable half yearly; $5.000.000 of this stock was not to be issued " until the creditors of the State holding bonds and other certificates of stock of Texas, for which duties on import* were specially pledged, shall first file in proper form, at the Treasury of the United States, releases of all claims against the United States on account of said bonds or certificates." The executive of the United States has decided that all the public debt of Texas created prior to the act of Congress of that Republic of the 14th January, 1840, and all the debt of said Republic made receivable for all public dues, are debts of Texas, for which the duties on imports are specially pledged, and that releases of all claims against the United States for or on account of such debts, should be filed in the Treasury Department, before the President will be justified in issuing the second $5,000,000 stock to Texas." L5 849 TEX TEX Besides this immense sum, the State owns nearly 200,000.000 acres of lands, and according to the census of the United States, the value of real and personal estate liable to taxation was valued at $52,740,473. The average annual expenses of the State government are about $100,000, which is raised chiefly by a direct tax on assessments, and a capitation tax. The military force of Texas consists of 19,766 men of all arms, of which 1,243 are commissioned officers, and 18,518 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the officers, 15 are general officers, 45 general staff-offi cers. 248 field officers, etc., and 940 company officers. Every white male citizen between the ages of IS and 45 years, unless exempt by law, is liable to military duty. . Federal Rf-presentatton.-^. o. accordance with the act of 23d May, 1850, apportioning representation, Texas is entitled to two representatives in the Congress of the United States. Education. Primary and common schools are established in the chief towns and counties, and education is becoming universal and easy of attainment. The State has a considerable school fund, which is being constantly augmented by grants and donations. The College of Ruterville has been liberally endowed by tho State, and is quite flourishing. Gal- veston University is also in full operation, and is very popular. There are also theological institutions in various towns, supported by the several denominations. Though in respect of educational means the Stale may. at present occupy a secondary rank, the provisions made for its advancement insure the speedy enlargement of the sphere of their influence. Religious Denominations. The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State, in 1850, according to the census of that year, were as follows : Denomina- N 0. Of Church Value oT Denomina- No o tions. Chu relied. accom. Property. tions. ChurctH Baptist 30 .. 8,075 .. $19,790 German Ref. Christian 1 .. 100 150 Jewish Congregat l. . .. _ Lutheran ... Dutch Ref... .. Mennonite . . Episcopal . . . 5 .. 1,025 . . 15.100 Methodist ... 83 Free . . . 7 1,600 7,100 Moravian ... Friends Presbyterian 15 accom. 2S,9S5 Value of Property. <t _ 56,095 Denomma- No. of Church tions. Churches, arcom. R. Catholic... 13 .. 6,760 Swedenbo n .. .. Tunker .. Union 2 . . 350 Unitarian . . Universalist... .. Value of Property. $79,700 Presbyterian 15.. 6,100.. 19,070 Minor Sects.. 3.. 1,500.. 3,000 making a total of 164 churches, having accommodation for 74,495 persons, and valued as property at $200,530. Texas forms a missionary diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church; and also the Roman Catholic diocese of Galvestou, a suffragan of the ecclesiastical province of New Orleans. Public Libraries. According to the report of the librarian of the Smithsonian Institution, in 1S51, Texas contained but 4 public libraries, and 1,631 volumes one State library, 1,001 volumes; one college library, 300 volumes; and two public school libraries, 330 volumes. Periodical Press. The whole number of periodicals published in the State, in 1850, according to the census, was 37, of which the political principles of three were "whig," and of 11 "democratic," and 23 were neutral in politics, including those devoted to literature, religion, science, etc. Of the whole number (37), 3 were issued tri-weekly, 2 semi-weekly, and 32 weekly. The aggregate circulation of the tri-weeklies was 2,500 copies at each issue, of the semi-weeklies 1.800 copies, and of the weeklies 14,837 copies. There were published in Anderson county, 1 weekly ; in Bexar (San Antonio), 2 week lies ; in Bowie, 1 weekly ; in Cameron (Brownsville),^ weeklies ; in Cherokee, Calhoun, Dallas, Fannin, and Fayette, each 1 weekly; in Galveston (Galveston City), 2 tri-weeklies, 1 semi-weekly, and 1 weekly; in Harris (Houston), 1 tri-weekly and 4 weeklies; in Harrison (Marshall), 2 weeklies ; in Jasper, Lamar, and Matagorda, each 1 weekly ; in Eusk (Hender son), 3 weeklies ; in Red River and San Augustine, each 1 weekly ; in Travis (Austin), 2 weeklies ; in Victoria, 1 weekly ; in Walker (Huntsville), 2 weeklies; in Washington, 1 semi-weekly and 1 weekly. Pauperism. The whole number of paupers relieved or supported within the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 7, all natives, and the whole number of paupers at that date was 4. Cost of support, etc., $433. Historical Sketch. The first settlements in Texas were made by the French at Mutagorda; but the settlers were soon after expelled by the Spaniards, who, in 1690, extended their cordens from New Spain over the whole territory. Previous to this time the Indians held undisputed sway over this fine country. Spanish forces were stationed at Goliad, Bexar, Nacogdoches, etc., and held military possession until the revolution which overthrew the Spanish power in Mexico. On the consummation of Mexican independence, Texas became, in connection with the adjoining State of Coahuila, a province of the Republic. Soon after this period, several colonies of Americans, who had been invited into the territory by the Mexicans, settled in the eastern section, and were for a long time secured from the onerous burdens of Mexico Proper. Previous to 1835, however, serious complaints against the central government, now a consolidated republic, were uttered, and in the following year open rebellion was rife. The Mexican President invaded Texas with a large army, and was successively victorious and defeated in numerous skirmishes. The American settlers declared their inde pendence in March, 1836, and the defeat of the Mexicans and capture of Santa Anna, at San Jacinto, 21st April. 1836, secured to the patriot party the acknowledgment of their assumption by that leader, and the whole of the country east of the Rio Grande was acceded to them. The acts of Santa Anna, however, were never confirmed by the Senate, and of course their authority was, to say the least, equivocal. No serious attempts having been made by the Mexicans to regaiu Texas for eight or nine years, the political nationality of the country was considered as consolidated, and in 1845, the United States of America admitted the young republic as a State of the Union. The consequences of this act was war with Mexico a war which the United States virtually assumed by the annexation, at a time when Texas was in a state of war with Mexico. The history of this war is recent and well known. The arms of the United States were every where victorious ; and when peace returned, not Texas alone, but New Mexico and California Alta were parceled off to the Americans, and forever lost to the Mexican Republic. The joint resolutions of Congress, admitting Texas into the Union, were signed by the President of the United States, on the 1st March, 1845, and ratified by the Congress of Texas, on the 4th July of the same year. The State Government was organized on the 19th Feb., 1846. The boundary between New Mexico and Texas, the latter of which claimed the line of the Rio Grande, was adjusted by compromise in 1850. AUSTIN CITY is the political capital of the State. TEXAS county, Mo. Situate toward the S.. and contains j Big Piney fork of Gasconade r. Surface varied, in parts 1,247 sq. m. Drained by head branches of Current r. and 1 being hillv, but in general it is undulating ; soil fertile. 850 TEX THO Chief productions, wheat and Indian corn; it is also favor able to the growth of tobacco. Timber is abundant. It contains some minerals. Farms 2o2; manuf. 15; dwell. 394, and pop. wh. 2,270, fr. col. 0, si. 42 total 2.312. Cap- ikil: Houston. TEXAS, p. o., "Washington county, Ind. : 84 miles S. Indianapolis. TEXAS, p. o., Randolph co., J21. : 216 m, S. Springfield. TEXAS, p. v., Oswego co,, N . Y. : on Salmon r., near its entrance into Lake Ontario, 140 m. W. N. W. Albany. TEXAS, p. o., Lycoming county, Penn. : 75 m. N. by W. Ilarrisburg. TEXAS, p. o., Henry county, Ohio: 101 m. N. W. by N. Columbus. TEXAS VALLEY, p. o., Cortlandt co., N. T. : 121 W. by S. Albany. THAMES river, New London co., Conn. : formed by the junction of the Quiimebaug, Shetucket, and Yantic rivers, near Norwich, from which it flows S., and empties into Long Island Sound below New London. It is navigable to Norwich, 14 miles. THEBES, p. v., and cap. Alexander co., III.: on E. bank of Mississippi r,, 176 m. S. Springfield, It contains the county buildings, etc., and has many facilities for commerce. THE CORNERS, p. o., Ulster county, N. Y. : on Esopus cr., o3 m. S. S. W, Albany. THE FORKS, p. o., Somerset co., Me.: on W. side of Ken- nebec r., at junction of Dead r., 73 m. N. by W. Augusta. THE GLEN, p. o., Warren co., N. Y.: 63 m. N. by W. Albany. THE GULPH, p. o., Chatham county, N. Car. : 38 m, W. Raleigh. THE NARROWS, p, o., Crawford county, Ark.: 120 m. N.W. by W. Little Rock. THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, p. o., Fairfax co., Virg. : 95 m. N. Richmond. The Episcopal Theological School of Vir ginia is located here, and in 1S50 had 4 professors and 32 students. The library contains about 5,000 volumes. THE PLAINS, p. o., Fauquier co., Virg, ; 91 m. N. by W. Richmond. THE PURCHASE, p. o., Westchester co., 2f. Y. : 114 m. S. Albany. THERESA, t and p. v., Dodge counly, Wise.: 57 miles H". E. by E. Madison. The village is OH the N. side of Rock river. THERESA, t. and p. v., Jefferson co., JV. Y. : 152 m. N. W. Albany. Surface uneven and broken. Drained by Indian r, on which is the v-,, containing about 200 inhabitants. Pop. of t 2,342. THE SQUARE, p. o., Cayuga co., W. Y. : 150 m. W. by N. Albany. THETFORD, t, p. v., and sta., Orange co., Verm. : on the W. side of Connecticut r., 37 m, S. E. by E. Montpelier. Surface uneven and rough. The t. is well watered by Oni- pomponoosuc r. and branches, which afford water-power, and also contains several poncJs, one of which is very deep, without inlet or outlet, and noted for abundance of fish. The t. contains 3 villages. The central v. contains a church, an academy, several stores, etc. The Connecticut and Pas- sumpsic Rivers R. R. runs along the Connecticut r., having stations at Thetford and North Thetford. Pop. of t. 2,010. THETFORD, L and p. o., Genesee county, Mich. : 53 m. N. E. by E. Lansing. Drained by branches of Upper Sag- inaw and Flint rivers. Pop. 363. THE VILLAGE, p. o., Point Coupee par., La. : 36 m. N. W. Baton Rouge. THIBODEAUX. p. v., and cap. La Fourche par.. La. : at junction of Blue and La Fourche bayoux. It contains the county buildings and 3 churches. The " Minerva" (whig) is published weekly. The New Orleans, Opelousas, and Texas R. R. will pass through this place. Pop. about 1,000. THICKETY FORK, p. o., Spartanburgh dist., S. Car. : 80 m. N. W. Columbia. THVKNKR, p. o., Gailia county, Ohio: 88 m. S. S. E Columbus. THOMAS county, Ga. Situate S. toward the W., and con tains 1,348 sq. m. Ochlockonee river enters it in the N. W., and passes centrally through it, by which and its branches, and by branches of Withlachoochee, it is drained. Surface level; soil fertile, and produces cotton, rice, and corn, in abundance. Apples, oranges, and lemons, etc., are grown, and pine and other timber abounds. Farms 534 : manuf. 6; dwell. 838, and pop. wh. 4,943, fr. col. 4, sla, 5,156 total 10,103. Capital: Thomasville. Public Works: Bruns wick and Florida R. R., and Branch to Tallahassee, THOMAS, sta., Burke co., Ga. : on the Augusta and Waynes- boro R. R., 36 m. S. from Augusta. THOMASTON, p. v., and cap. Upson county, Ga. : 69 m. W. by S. Milledgeville. It contains the court-house and jail, an academy, 2 churches, stores, etc. Pop. about 180. THOMASTON, t and p. v., Lincoln co., Me. :on E. side of St. George s r., 36 m. S. E. Augusta. This t. contains an abundance of limestone, from which 300,000 casks of lime are annually made. The Maine State prison here located has spacious and commodious buildings, with 10 acres of ground attached. The prisoners are extensively employed in cutting granite. Large ships come up to this t, 12 m. from the ocean. The " Lincoln Miscellany" is issued semi- weekly. Pop. oft. 2,723. THOMASTOWN, p. v., Leake co., Miss. : on "W. bank of Gochamockamy cr., 51 m. N. E. by N. Jackson. THOMASVILLE, p. v., and cap. Thomas co., Ga. : 169 m. S. by W. Milledgeville. The projected Brunswick and Florida R. R. will pass through this place, with which the N. extension of the Tallahassee and St. Mark s R. R. will here connect. It contains the county buildings, etc., and is a village rapidly rising into commercial importance. THOMASVILLE, p. v., Oregon co., Mo. : 125 m. S, S. E. Jefferson City. THOMASVILLE, p. v., Robertson county, Tenn. : 28 m. N. Nashville. THOMPSON, t., p. v., and sta., Windham co., Conn. : 46 m. E. N. E. Hartford. Drained by French, Quinnebaug, and Five-mile rivers, which afford good water-power. On their banks are the manufacturing villages of Thompson, Ma- snusville, Fisherville, Wilsonsville, and New Boston, all of which, except New Boston, are on the Norwich and Wor cester R, R. The t is large, with hilly surface, and fine grazing soil. Pop. in 1S40, 3.535 ; in 1850, 4,6=38. THOMPSON, p. v., Columbia co., Ga. : on the Georgia R. R., 38 m. W. from Augusta, 56 m. N. E. by E. Milledgeville. THOMPSON, t and p. o., Geauga co., Ohio: 149 m. N. E. Columbus. Pop. 1,211. THOMPSON, t., Seneca co., OMo : situate in N. E. corner of the co., 84 m. N. Columbus. The Mad River and Lake Erie R. R. crosses it, 23 m. S. S, W. Sandusky. Pop. 1,668. THOMPSON, L and p. o., Susquehanna co., Penn.: 121 m. N. by E. Ilarrisburg. Pop-, about 400. THOMPSON S, p. o., Fairfield dist., S. Car.: 19 m. N.W. by N. Columbia. THOMPSON S CROSS ROADS, p. o., Louisa co., Virg. ; on S. side of South Anna r., 31 m. N. W. Richmond. THOMPSON S STATION, p, o., and sta., Suffolk co., 2f. Y. : on Long Island R. R., 41 m. E. from New York. THOMPSON S STORE, p. o., Guilford co., N. Car.: 72 m. W. N. W. Raleigh. THOMPSONTOWN, p. v., Juniata co., Penn. : on N. side of Juniata r., and on Canal, 29 m. N. W. Ilarrisburg. THOMPSONVILI.E, p. v. and sta,, Hartford co., Conn. : on E. bank of Connecticut r., and on New Haven and Spring field R. R., 18 m. N. by E. Hartford. It contains a carpet factory, which employs 400 operatives. THOMPSON VILLE, p. o., Racine co., Wise. : 44 m. E. S. E. Madison. THOMPSONVILLE, p. v., Sullivan co., Jf. Y. : on small branch f Delaware r., 87 m. S. W. by S. Albany Pop. about 200. 861 THO TIM THOMPSONVILLE, p. o., Washington co., Ky. : SB m. S.S. W. Frankfort. THOMFSONVILLE, p. o., Culpepper co., Virg. : on N. side of branch of Rapid Ann r., 75 ra. N. N. "W. Kichmond. THOM S creek, Colusi co., Calif. : flows E., and enters the Sacramento r., at Tehama village. THORN BURG, p. v., Spottsylvania county, Virg. : 46 m. N. N. W. Kichmond. THORNBUEY, t. and p. o., Chester county, Penn. : 67 m. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Chester cr. and Brandy wine r. THORNDIKE, p. v., Hampden co., Mass. : on S. bank of Chicopee r., 6&J m. W. by S. Boston. A manufacturing v., with superior water-power. THORNDIKE. t. and p. o., Waldo co., Me. : 84 m. N. E. by E. Augusta. Drained by Sebasticook r. Pop. 1,029. THORN HILL, p. o., Walker co., Ala. : 132 m. N. N. W. Montgomery. THORN HILL, p. o., Grainger county, Tenn. : 192 m. E. Nashville. THORN HILL, p. o., Orange co., Virg. : 50 m. N. W. by N. Eichmond. THORN LEYSVILLE. p. v., Boone co., Ind. : IS m. N. W. Indianapolis. THORNTON, t and p. o., Cook co., III. : on N. side of Thorn cr., 153 m. N. E. Springfield. Pop. about 400. THORNTON, L and p. v., Grafton co., N. Hump. : 57 m. N. by W. Concord. Surface uneven ; watered by Pehiigc- wasset river. On Mill brook there is a cascade, at which the water first falls 7 feet in 2 rods, and then falls over a rock 42 feet perpendicularly. Pop. of t. 1,012. THORNTON, p. v., Delaware co., Penn.: 76 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. THORNTON S FERRT, p. o. and sta., Hillsboro county, N. Hamp. : on W. bank of Merrimac r., and ou Concord R. R., 6 m. from Nashua, 29 m. S. from Concord. THORNTON S MILLS, p. o., Eappahannock co., Yirg. : S5 m. N. N. W. Richmond. THORNTOWN, p. v. and sta., Boone co., Ind. : on N. side of Prairie cr., near its junction with Sugar cr., and on La fayette and Indianapolis U.K.. 37 m. N.W. from Indianapolis. The v. contains about 550 inhabitants. THORNVILLE, p. v., Perry co., Ohio : 36 m. E. by S. Co lumbus. On the Scioto and Hocking Valley R. 11. THOROUGHFARE, p. v. and sta.. Prince William co.. Virg. : 88 m. N. by W. Richmond. The Manassas Gap R. R. passes through it. It has flonring-mills in the vicinity, on Broad run, which affords good water-power. THOUSAND islands, N. Y. : situated in the St. Lawrence r., a little below Lake Ontario. The American portion of them belongs to Jefferson co., and the remainder to Canada. The St. Lawrence is he-re from 2 to 9 m. wide. The number of these islands, many of which are very small indeed, is said to exceed 1,500. within the distance of 27 m. The largest belonging to the United States are Carlton, Grindstone, and Wells islands; and of those belonging to Canada, the largest are Grand and Howe islands. They are generally covered with cedar and hemlock to the water s edge; and many are so close together, that a canoe can hardly pass between. THRF.E FORKS, p. o., Barren co., A>. : 96 m. S. W. Frankf >rt THREE FORKS, p. o. Wilson co., Tenn. : 85 m. E. Nashville. THREE FORKS, p. o., Taylor county, Virg. : 185 m. N. W. Richmond. THREE MTLE BAY, p. o., Jefferson county, JV". Y. : 160 m. N. W. by W. Albany. THREE RIVERS, p. v., St Joseph s co., Mich. : on SL Jo- seph s r., near the junction of Portage r. and Rocky cr. ; 74 m. S. W. Lansing. The St. Joseph s r. is navigable to this place for boats of 80 tons. THREE RIVERS, p. o., Polk co., la. : 96 m. W. Iowa City. ^THKEE RIVERS, p. v. and sta.. Ilampden co., Ma**.: on Chicopee r ., near junction of Ware and Swift rivers. 66 m. W. by S. Boston. The Amherst and Belchertown R. R. passes through it, 3 m. from Palmer, 17 m. from Amherst. 852 THREE ROADS, p. o., Cambria co., Penn. : 95 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. THREE SPRINGS, p. o., Hart county, Ky. : 83 m. S. W. Frankfort. THREE SPKINGS, p. o., Huntingdon co., Penn. : 55 m. W. Harrisburg. THREE SPRINGS, p. o., Washington co., Virg. : 253 m. W. by S. Richmond. THROG S point, Westchester co., N. Y. : on S. E. point of Throg s Neck, projecting into East r, 13 m. N. E. City Hall, New York. Here is Fort Schuyler, a very strong fortifica tion, commanding the entrance of East r. from Long Island Sound. Here also is a lighthouse. (See LIGHTHOUSES.) THROOPSVILLE, p. v., Cayuga co., N. Y. : on Owasco out let, 151 m. W. by N. Albany. THUNDER bay, Mich. This large bay sets up N. W. from Lake Huron into Alpena co., affording an excellent harbor, with 5 or 6 fathoms of water. Its waters are of reddish color. It receives Thunder Bay r., and other smaller streams. Several islands lie near the entrance of the bay. THURMAN, p. o., Gallia county, Ohio: 85 miles S. by E. Columbus. THURSTON, t, and p. o., Steuben co., N. Y. : 1S6 m. W. by S. Albany. Pop. 726. TIARA, p. o., Montgomery co., Ala. : 18 m. S. Montgomery. TIBBATT S CROSS ROADS, p. o., Campbell co., Ky. : 57 m. N. E. by N. Frankfort. TICONDEKOGA, t. and p. v., Essex co., Jf. Y. : on both sides of outlet of Lake George ; 87 m. N. by E. Albany. Surface of t is level or rolling on the E., hilly and mountainous on the W. ; soil clay loam and fertile, particularly near the lakes. The v. is situated at the lower falls, 2 m. W. of Lake Cham- plain. The outlet has here a descent of 30 feet, affording great water-power ; it is navigable to the lower part of the v. for lake craft. The ruins of old Fort Ticondcroga are situated 2 m. below the v., on a point of land at the entrance of the outlet of Lake George into Lake Champlain. Their site is elevated about 70 feet above the lake. About 1 m. S. W. is Mount Defiance, rising 750 feet above the lake. Pop. of t. 2.669. TIDIONTO, p. o., Warren co., Penn. : on W. side of Alle- ghany r., 162 m. N. W. Ilarrisburg. TIFFIN, p. v., sta., and cap. Seneca co. T Ohio : on Sandusky rirer, 76 m. N. Columbus. The Mad River and Lake Erie R. R. passes through it. It contains a court-house, jail, several churches, etc., and is the centre of considerable trade. Four weekly newspapers are published "Seneca Whiff," "Western Whig Standard," " Seneca Advertiser" (dem.), and " Northwestern Continent" (neut.) Popula tion 2,728. TIGER, p. o., Rabun county, Ga. : 130 miles N. by W. of Mille.lgeville. TIGER CREEK, p. o., Claiborne par., La. : 195 m. N. W. by N. Baton Rouge. TIOBKSVIILE, p. o., Terre Bonne par., La. : at the junction of head- waters of Tiger bayou, 52 m. S. by E. Baton Rouge. TILLER S FERRY, p. o., Kershaw dist., S. Car. : 50 m. N. E. by E. Columbia. TII.TON, p. o. and sta., Murray co., Ga. : 156 m. N. W. Milledgeville. The Western and Atlantic R. R. passes through it, 8 m. S. Dalton, and 92 m. from Atlanta. TIMBALIER bay, La. ; sets up N. W. from the month of Bayou La Fourche ; is 30 m. long, 3 to 6 m. wide. It is shal low with sandy and muddy.bottom. At its mouth are sev eral large islands. TIMBKE, p. o., Peoria county, III. : 54 miles N. by W- Springfield. TIMBER CREEK, p. o., Marshall county, la. : on S. side of branch of Iowa r., 72 m. W. Iowa City. TIMBER CREEK, p. o.. Hunt county, Tex. : 7 m. E. by S. Greenville, 228 m. N. N. E. Austin City. TIMBER GROVE, p. o., Washington co., Virg. : 266 m. W. by S. Richmond. TIM TIV TIMBER RIDGE, p. o., Union dist., S. Car.: 60 m. N. "W. Columbia. TIMHEK RIDGE, p. o., Rockbridgc co., Virg. : 101 m. W. by N. Richmond. TIMBEK RIDGE, p. o., Greene county, Tenn.: 216 m. E. Nashville. TIMBEIIVILLE, p. v., Buckingham co., Virg. : 117 m. N.W. Richmond. TIMONIUM. v. and sta., Baltimore co., Md.: on the Balti more and Etasqnehanna R. R., 11 m. N. Baltimore. TINKER KNOB, p. o., Botetourt co., Virg. : 145 m. W. of Richmond. TINKKU RUN, p. o., Westmoreland co., Penn.: 143 m.W. Harroburg. TINKKK S CREEK, p. o., Barnwell district, S. Car.: 60 m. 8. S. W. Columbia. TIN-MOUTH, t. and p. o., Rutland co.. Verm. : 63 m. S. S.W. Montpelier. Surface elevated and hilly. Drained by Fur nace brook. It contains marble and iron ore. Top. 717. TINNEY S GKOVE, p. o., Ray co., Mo. : 120 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. TINTON FALLS, p. o., Monmouth co., N~. Jer. : on E. side of branch of Neversinkr., 34} m. E. by N. Trenton. This place and vicinity is of great resort in the summer. TIOGA county, N. Y. Situate centrally, and contains 456 sq. m. Drained by branches of Susquehanna r.. the princi pal of which are E. and W. Owego creeks, and which afford good water-power. Surface diversified by hills and valleys; soil various, but fertile, consisting mostly of a gravelly loam, intermixed with clay; the uplands are adapted to grazing. and the valleys to wheat, grain, etc. There is a quantity of white pine and other valuable timber on the land. It has some minerals, and marl is found, which takes the place of lime. It also contains sulphur springs. Chief production?, wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. Farms 2.036; .manuf. 354; dwell. 4,442, and pop. wh. 24.683, fr. col. 197 total 24 SSO. Capital : Owego. Pallie Works : New York and Erie R. R, ; Cayuga and Ithaca R. R. TIOGA. county, Penn. Situate N., and contains 1.056 sq. m. Tioga r. passes through the eastern portion, by which and its branches, and affluents of W. brunch of Susquehanna r., it is drained. Surface pleasantly diversified, with low hills and fertile valleys. Soil fertile, and adapted to grain, "Wheat and Indian corn are raised in large quantities. A part of the county is well wooded. Farms 2,1 S3; manuf. 225; dwell. 4,222, and pop. wh. 23.8S9, fr. col. 98 total 23.9S7. Capital: Wellsboro . Public Works: Corning and Blossburg R. R. TJOGA, t. and p. o., Tioga co., Penn.: 110 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. Surface hilly ; soil various. Drained by Tioga r. The Corning and Blossburg R. R. passes through the t. TIOGA, t., Tioga co., N. Y. : on Susquchanna r., 140 m. W. S. W. Albany. Surface hilly. Pop. 2,839. TIOGA CENTRE, p. v. and sta., Tioga co., N . Y. : on the Erie R. R , 252 m. from New York, 217 m. from Dunkirk. TIONESTA, t. and p. o., Venango co., Penn. : on E. side of Alleghany r., 157 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. TIPPAH county, Mixs. Situate N. toward the E., and con tains 1.037 sq. m. Drained by head branches of Talla- hatchie river. Surface undulating. Farms 1,890; mannf. 20: dwell, 2.655, and population wh. 15,808, fr. col. 5, si. 4.928 total 20,741. Capital: Ripley. Tiri KCANOE county, Jnd. Situate N. "W., on Wabash r., and contains 504 sq. m. The interior is drained by Tippe- canoe r., Wild Cat and Burnett creeks. Surface gently un dulating, or spread out into extensive level tracts: along the Wabash. the county is hilly. Farms 1,377; marmf. 204: dwell. 3.227, and pop. wh. 19.31S, fr. col. 159 total 19,377. Capital: La Fayette. Pul>lic Works: New Albany and Salem Extension R. R. : Lafayette and Indianapolis R. R. ; Great Western Central R. R. ; Wabash and Erie Canal, et^. TIPPKCANOE, sta., Montgomery eo.. Ala. : on Montgomery and West Point 11. It., 11 m. E. from Montgomery. TII-PEOANOE, p. o., Harrison county, Ohio : 98 m. E. byN. Columbus. TIPPKCANOE, p. o., Henderson co., Tenn. : 96 m.W. S.W. Nashville. TIPPKCANOE, p. o., Fayette co., Penn. : 145 m. W. by S. Hitrrisburg. TIPPECANOE river, Ind. : rises in a lake in Kosciusko co., flows W. and then S., and empties into Wabash river, 9 m. above Lafayette. It is over 200 in. long, but is narrow and shallow, though with a permanent supply of water. TIPTON county, Ind. Situate centrally, and contains 264 sq. m. Drained by Cicero and Duck creeks. Surface mostly level and well timbered. Farms 839; manuf. 1; dwell. 627, and pop. wh. 8.525, fr. col. 7 total 3,532. Cap ital .- Ti pton. PiMu- Works : Indianapolis and Peru R. R. ; Newcastle and Logausport R. R. TIPTON county, Tenn. Situate W., and contains 682 sq. m. Drained by branches of Big Hatchee and Loosahatchee rivers, both tributaries of Mississippi r., which flows on its W. border. Surface level, excepting the bluffs on the Mis sissippi. Soil fertile, and adapted to cotton and tobacco, which are produced in large quantities. Farms 631 ; manuf. 16; dwell. 813, and pop. wh. 4,673, fr. col. 22, si. 4,192 total 8,887. Capital : Covington. TIPTON, p. v., and cap. Cedar co., la* : about 1$ m.W. of Sugar cr., a tributary of Iowa r., 20 m, E. by S. Iowa City. It is situated on a handsome prairie, and is rapidly increas ing in population. The "Tipton Times" (miscel.) is pub lished monthly. TIPTON, p. o., Lenawee county, JMch. : 62 m. S. S. E. Lansing. TIPTON, p. v., sta., and cap. Tipton county. Ind. : on Peru and Indianapolis R. R.,40 m. N. Indianapolis. TIRO, p. o., Marshall co.. Miss. : 157 m. N. by E. Jackson. TISII-EMINGO county, 3/m. Situate N. E., and contains 1,149 sq. m. Drained by Tuscumbia and Yellow creeks, and tributaries of E. fork of Tombigbee r. Surface uneven, and on the Tennessee, which bounds it N. E., presents high bluffs. Chief productions, cotton and Indian corn. Farms 1,247; manuf. 16; dwell. 2.201, and pop. wh. 13.528, fr. col. 1, si. 1,901 total 15.490. Capital: Jacinto. Public Works : Mobile and Ohio R, R. TISEILWA, p. o., Bureau co., TIL : 101 m. N. Springfield. TITICUT, sta., Plymouth co., Jfafts. : on S. side of Taunton river, and on Fall River R. R., 81 m. from Boston. TITSWOUTH, p. o., Madison county. Ark. : on N. side of Richland cr.. 125 m. N. W. Little Rock. TITI-P.OY, p. o., Greenville district, S. Car. : 90 m. N. W. Columbia. TITUS county, 7<w. Situate N. E., and contains 1,143 sq. m. Drained by White Oak bayou, and affluents of Big Cypress river, which flows on its S. border. Farms 269; manuf. 4: dwell. 548. and pop. wh. 3.168, fr. col. 1, si. 468 total 3.636. Capitod: Mount Pleasant. TITUSVILLE, p. v. and sta., Mercer county, N. Jer. : on Belvidere Delaware R. R., 9J m. N. W. Trenton. TITUSVILLE, p. o., Crawford co., Penn. : 171 m. N.W. byW. Harrisburg. TIVERTON. t. and p. o.. Coshocton co., Ohio : 52 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Walhonding r. Pop. 842. TIVERTOX. t and p.v., Newport co., R. I. : 13 m. N. E. by E. Newport, and 18 m. S. E. by S. Providence. Bounded W. by the E. passage of Narragansett bay and Mount Hope bay. which afford great facilities for navigation. Surface gently uneven; soil gravelly loam, and fertile. It contains several ponds, abounding with fish, the outlets of which afford water-power. It is connected with Rhode Island by a stone bridge 1,0 iQ feet long. The v. and t. contain nu merous factories, chiefly of calicoes, cotton batting, thread, coarse yarn, eassimeres, and tweeds. The v. contains 1 bank, capital $200,000, has considerable coasting trade, and i* somewhat engaged in the fisheries. Pop. of t. in 1840, 8,183 ; in 1850, 4,699. 8W TIV TOL TIVERTON FOUR CORNERS, p. v., Newport co., R. I. : 9 m. N. E. Newport, 21 m. S. E. by S. Providence. TIVOLI, p. v. and sta., Duchess co., JV. Y. : on E. side of Hudson r., 44 m. from Albany. TIVOLI, p. o., Dubugue county, la. : 64 ra. N. N. E. Iowa City. TOBACCO PORT, p. v., Stewart co., Tenn. : on N. E. side of Cumberland r., 69 m. W. N. W. Nashville. TOBACCO Eow, p. o., Amherst county, Virg. : 94 m. W. Richmond. TOBACCO STICK, p. o., Dorchester co., Md. : 38 m. S. S. E. Annapolis. TOBEY S, station, Bristol county, Mass. : on Boston and Providence R. E., 17 miles from Providence, 26 miles from Boston. TOCCOA FALLS, p. o., Habersham co>., Ga. : 106 m. N. Milledgeville. TOCCOPOLA,P. o., Pontotoc county, Miss.: 147 m. N. N. E. Jackson. TODD county, Ky. Situate S. toward the "W., and con tains 362 sq. m. Drained by Elk fork of Red r., which flows into Cumberland r. and tributaries of Green r. Sur face even. Farms 930; manuf. 23; dwell. 1,816, and pop. wh. 7,861, fr. col. 97, si. 4,819 total 12,268. Capital: Elkton. TODD, t. and p. o., Huntingdon co., P&nn. : 56 m. "W. Harrisburg. It contains a furnace, forge, and numerous mills. Pop. about 900. TODD S, p. o., Spottaylvania county, Virg. : 43 m. N. N.W. Richmond. TODD S CREEK, p. o., Platte co., Mo. : 148 m. "W. N. W. Jefferson City. TODDSVILLE, p. o., Otsego county, 2f. Y.: 70 m. "W. Albany. TOGITS SPRINGS, p. o., Kennebec county, Me. : 5 m. S. E. Augusta. TOIIOPEKATTIGO lake, Orange co., Flor. : near S. boundary line of the co., 12 m. long, 5 m. wide, and connected with Lake Kissimear. TOLAND PRAIRIE, p.o., "Washington county, Wise. : 52 m. E. by N. Madison. TOLEDO, p. o., Union county, III. : 152 miles S. by E. Springfield. TOLEDO, p. city, and port of entry, Lucas co., Ohio : on "W". bank of Maumee r. 5 m. from its entrance into Maumee bay, 117 m. N. by W. Columbus. The built portion of the city extends for more than a mile along the bank of the river, but it is most compact at its upper and lower extremi ties or landings, which were originally two distinct settle ments, called Port Lawrence and Vistula. The rapidly increasing population is fast filling up with houses, whatever of ground remains unoccupied between these points. The city contains many fine blocks of wart-houses, stores, and dwellings, with some handsome public buildings, and numerous churches. Its settlement was commenced about 1831 ; and it was incorporated as a city in 1836. It has had a very rapid growth, chiefly developed from its connection with the Wabash and Erie canal, which extends from Manhattan. 4 miles below Toledo, to Evansville, Indiana, on the Ohio river, 467 m. The railroads here centering are, Toledo, Norwalk, and Cleveland R. R., Ill miles; Erie and Kalamazoo R. R. to Adrian, 32 m. ; Dayton and Michigan R. R. ; and the Junction R. R., to Cleveland ma Sandusky. The total tonnage of Miami district, of which Toledo is the port of entry, on June 30th, 1850, was 2,629 tons, all permanent and employed in the coasting trade; of which 539 tons were propelled by steam. The total tonnage of same on June 30, 1851, was 3,236 tons; of which 1,153 tons were propelled by steam. During the year ending June 30th, 1850, it had no foreign commerce or ship-building. The following exhibits the value of the total amounts of imports and exports during the years mentioned. 854 Year. Imports. Exports. Total Commerce. 1847 $4,033,985 $3,848,248 $7,832,233 1848 7,852,021 5,263,464 , 13,115,485 1851 22,987,772 7,847,803 30,885.580 1852 37,565,029 19,788,928 57,303,952 The value of the principal articles in the above, during the year 1852, were as follows: IMPORTS COASTWISE. Salt $235,523 i Nails $70,171 Lumber, pine 200.592 R.R. Iron 1,793,275 Car wheels, etc Locomotives R.R. cars R. R. materials Machinery 136.185 196,000 42,650 120,120 52,780 Iron ..... ......... 64,291 Stoves, etc. ......... 93,192 Hardware ......... 465,000 Marble ............ 174.760 Leather ....... ..... 441,600 Sugar ............. 171,612 Molasses ........... 228,505 EXPORTS COASTWISE. Wheat ........... $2,250,092 Beef ............... $1-37,990 Flour ............ 504,033 Tallow ............. 186.665 Corn ............. 2,177,154 , Spirits .......... . . . , 456,454 Pork ............. T02.162 j Tobacco. .. ...... ..... 120,925 Butter .............. 44,736 Hams 575,610 Bacon 194.750 Lard 452,958 Lard oil 107.112 Live Hogs Cattle . . . 336,798 111,640 Staves ____ ...... ______ 96900 Pearl and potashes. . 137.425 Oilcake,.. . 98,816 Wool... Furs. . _ 190,893 210.000 The amount of duties collected at this port during 1S52 T on goods entered here, and on articles entered at New York and brought here in bond, was $80,001 33. The arrival* and departures during 1852, were as follows: Arrivals. Departures. Vessels. Number. Tommge. Number. Tonnage. Steam 926 494,111 923 495,021 Sail 1,127 179,182 1,129 179,591 Total 2,053 673,293 2,057 674,613 The British tonnage in the above, consisted of 1 steam vessel, 156 tons, and 10 sail vessels, 1,001 tons. The increase of the total number of vessels and their tonnage, which entered and cleared from Toledo, during 1852, over 1851, was as follows : Tonnage. Year. Vessels. Steam. Sail. Total 1851 3,212 579,076 259,758 838,834 1852 4,110 989,132 358,779 1,347,911 Increase... 893 410,056 99,021 509,077 The total tonnage arriving at, and departing from, Toledo by the Wabash and Erie canal, during 1850, was 184,400 tons, and during 1851, 250,000 tons. Of this, by far the largest quantities brought to Toledo were those of wheat, flour, and corn; and of those sent from Toledo, the largest was rail road iron, of which the amount cleared in 1551, was 13,889,921 pounds; and in 1S52, 41,933,592 pounds. The increase of grain, flour, and pork brought by the canal from the interior during 1352, was 50 per cent over the amounts brought during 1851. The receipts of grain and other produce brought by railroad during 1852, were more than twice the amounts in 1851, or any year preceding; and this was also the case with the receipts by wagon. Toledo prom ises to long retain its present pre-eminence over the other lake ports, as the leading market and exporting town of the great staples of N. W. Ohio. The city is divided into 4 wards of nearly equal population. Its newspaper press in 1850 consisted of the " Toledo Blade" (whig), and "Toledo Republican" (free-soil dem.), each issuing daily, tri-weekly, and weekly editions. Pop. in 1840, 1,222 ; in 1850, 3,819 ; in 1853, 6,512. TOLERS, p. o., Amit6 co., Miss. : 94 m. S. S. W. Jackson. TOLERVILLE. p. v. and sta., Louisa county, Virg. : 40 m. N. W. by N. Richmond. By Virginia Central R. R., which passes through it, 56 m. from Richmond. TOL TOLESBORO , p. o., Lewis county, Ky. : 90 m. E. by N Frankfurt. TOLLAXD county, Conn. Situate N., inclining to the E., and contains 337 sq. m. Drained by Willimantic, Hop, Hockanum, Salmon, and Scantic rivers, and their affluents, which afford good water privileges. Farms 1,943; manuf. 241 ; dwell. 3.741, and pop. wh. 19.946, fr. col. 145 total 20,091. Capital: Tolland. Public Works: New London, Willimantic, and Palmer It. E. ; Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill E. E. TOLLAND, t., p. v., and cap. Tolland county, Conn. : 18 m. N. E. by E. Hartford. Surface rough and hilly ; soil rather sterile, but fertile in the valleys. Drained by Willimantic r., which bounds it on the E., and by head branches of Hop r. Snipsic Pond, on its N. W. border, is 2m. long and m. wide. The v., situated on an elevated plain, contains a court-house, jail, 1 bank, cap. $81,000, 1 savings bank, with permanent deposits of over $125,000, 1 insurance company, cap. $253,000, and 3 churches. The New London, Willi mantic, and Palmer K. E., runs on the N. E. border of the t, having a station 45 m. from New London 21 m. from Palmer. Pop. of L 1,410. TOLLAND, t. and p. v., Hampden co., J/a-9S. : on E. side of Farniington r., 103 m. W. by S. Boston. Surface elevated ; soil best adapted to grazing. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in farming. The v. at the centre is neatly built, and contains a Congregational church. Pop. of t. 594. TOLL GATE, p. o., Marion co., Ala. : on W. side of Butta- hatchee r., 156 m. N. W. Montgomery. TOMAHAWK, sta., Powhattan co., Virg.: on Eichmond an.l Danville E. E., 17 m. W. by S. Eichmond. TOMAHAWK SPUING, p. o., Berkeley county, Virg. : 133 m. N. by W. Eichmond. TOMBIGBKE river, Miss, and Ala. : rises by several sources iu Tishemingo county, Miss., flows S., receiving numerous creeks, and bending to the E., enters Pickens county, Ala. In the N. part of Marengo co., it receives from the N. E. the Black Warrior r., nearly as large as itself, and thence flows S. iu a meandering course, until it unites with Ala bama r. to form Mobile r., 45 m. above Mobile. During nine months in the year, it is navigable for large vessels to St. Stephens, and for steamboats to Columbus, Miss. TOM COBWIN, p. o., Allemakee co., la. : about 2 m. W. of the Mississippi, 96 m. N. by E. Iowa City. TOMHANXOCK, p. o., Eensselaer county, 2T. Y. : 22 m. N. E. by N. Albany. TOMOLTA, p. o., Cherokee co., & Car. : 297 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. TOMPKINS county, JT. T. Situate W. centrally, and con tains 5SO sq. m. Drained by Fall, and Six Mile creeks, and Cayuga inlet, all of which enter Cayuga lake in their course, having considerable falls, and supplying good water privileges. Surface uneven; soil fertile, well adapted in the hilly portions to grazing, and in the valleys to grain, fruits, etc. The growth of wool is much attended to by the farmers. Its commerce is good, and it exports consider ably. Chief products, wheat. Indian corn, and potatoes. It has some minerals, and marl and gypsum in abundance, also 2 or 3 sulphur springs. Farms 3.193; manuf. 484; dwell. 7,103, and pop. wh. 38,440, fr. col. 298 total 38,738. Capital: Ithaca. PMicWorks: Cayuga and Ithaca E. E. TOMPKINS, t. and p. o., Jackson county, Mich.: 24 m. S. Lauding. Drained by Grand r. and Sandstone cr., a branch of same. The inhabitants are mainly engaged in farming. It has 1 steam saw-mill. Pop. in 1840, 2; 9 ; in 1850, 6-J3. TOMPKINSVILLE, p. o., Choctaw co., Ala.: on W. side of Tombigbee r., 105 m. W. by S. Montgomery. TOMPKINSVILLE, p. v., and cap. Monroe county, Ky. : on small branch of Big Barren r., Ill m. S. S. W. Frankfort. It contains the county buildings, etc. Pop. about 240. TOMPKINSVILLE. p. v., Eichmond county, N. Y. : on N E. part of Staten Island, 6 miles S. W. by S. City Hall, New York, 140 m. S. by W. Albany. It occupies a very beaati- TOP ful site, overlooking New York bgy, the Narrows, etc., and contains many fine residences, with 3 churches, etc. Steam ferry boats ply hourly to New York. It is chiefly noted for containing the Quarantine Station of New York. The ground appropriated for the purposes of a lazaretto has a frontage on the bay of about 1,400 feet, and extends back 1,200 feet It is inclosed by a high brick wall, and includes suitable hospitals for the sick, and offices for physicians and others employed at the quarantine. The largest hospital, that for fever patients, is nearest the water; it is constructed \ of brick, 3 stories high, 136 feet long by 28 feet wide. The hospital for convalescents, on rising ground above, is of brick, 3 stories high, 50 feet long, 45 feet high, with 2 wings 66 by 26 feet each. The small-pox hospital is 2 stories high, 80 feet long, 28 feet wide, and generally has the largest number of patients. There are other hospital buildings for various diseases, all of which are built of brick, with open galleries. TOM S BROOK, p. v., Shenandoah county, Virg. : 118 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. TOM S CIUCEK, p. o., Surry co., N. Car. : on creek of same name, 118 m. W. N. W. Ealeigh. TOM S EIVER, p. v., and cap. Ocean co.. N. Jer. : on Tom s r., at head of Tom s r. bay, 35 m. S. E. by E. Trenton. TOMSVILLE, p. v., Chester dist., 8. Car. : on N. side of branch of Broad r., 58 m. N. by W. Columbia. TONAWANDA, t., p. v., and sta., Erie co., N. Y. : 269 m. W. by N. Albany. Surface of t. level ; soil fertile. Drained by Tonawanda creek. Grand island belongs to this town. The village is situated on E. side of Niagara r., at mouth of Tonawanda creek. Through it pass the Erie Canal ; Buffalo and Niagara Falls E. E., 11 m. from Buffalo, and 11 miles from Niagara Falls ; and the Buffalo and Lockport E. E. From the dam here in the creek there are outlet locks to Niagara river. It has a good harbor for steamboats and other vessels. Considerable manufacturing is carried on. The " T. Commercial" (neut.) is published weekly. Pop. of t in 1840, 1,261 ; in 1850, 2,072. TONTINE, p. o., Steuben county, N. Y. : 188 m. W. by S. Albany. TOOELE county, Utah Ter. Extends from the "W. bound ary of Salt Lake and Utah counties to the Californian line, and contains about 18,000 sq. m. It is crossed by Hum- boldt and other mountains, and in the W. are Mud and Humboldt lakes, which receive many streams, but have no outlets. It is a fine farming region. Farms 27 ; manuf. 0; dwell. 33, and pop. wh. 152, fr. col. 0, si. total 152. Capital: Tooele City. TOOELE, p. v., and cap. Tooele co., Utah Ter.: 30 m. W. Salt Lake City. TOOLEY S, p. o., Concordia parish, La. : 76 miles N. N. W. Baton llouge. TOOLS BORO , p. o., Louisa co., la. : 42 m. 8. E. by S. Iowa City. TOOL S POINT, p. o., Jasper co., la. : 72 m. W. Iowa City. TOOMSBOKO , p. o., Wilkinson county, Ga. : 20 miles 8. Milledgeville. TOPSAIL SOUND, p. o., New Hanover co., JS r . Oar. : 106 m. S. S. E. Ealeigh. TOPSKIELD, t. and p. v., Washington county, Me. : 131 m. N. E. Augusta. Pop. of t. 268. TOPSFIELD, t. and p. v., Essex co., Mass. : 20 m. N. by E. Boston. Surface diversified. Drained by Ipswich r. First settled in 1639 ; incorporated in 1650. The village contains a church, academy, and some handsome dwellings. Boots and shoes are among the principal manufactures. Popula tion of t. 1,171. TOPSHAM, t., p. v., and one of the caps. Lincoln co., Me. 28 m. S. S. W. Augusta. Bounded E, by Kennebec river and S. and W. by the Androscoggin, which affords great water-power, and extensive facilities for navigation and ship-building. Saw-mills are numerous, and lumber is argely exported. The v. contains a court-house, 1 bank, 855 TOP TRA cap. $50,000, churches, etc. Through it passes the Konne- bec and Portland E. E., ft miles from Portland, 32 m. from Augusta. It is connected by a substantial bridge with Brunswick, situated on the opposite side of the Androscog- gin. Pop. of L in 1840, 1,883 ; in 1850, 2,010. TOPSHAM, t. and p. v., Orange county, Verm. : 20 miles 8. E. by E. Montpelier. Surface elevated, uneven, and stony. Watered by head branches of Wait s r.. which fur nish water-power to numerous mills. The t. also contains several tanneries, and other manufactories. Granite is found abundantly. First settled in 1731. Pop. 1,668. TORBIT S STORE, Chester district, S. Car.: 42 miles N. Columbia. TORCH, p. o., Athens co.. Ohio : 69 m. S. E. Columbus. TORO, p. o., Sabine parish, La. : 162 m. W. N. W. Baton Eouge. TORONTO, p. o., YermiHion county, Ind. : 65 miles W Indianapolis. TORRINGFOED, p. v., LHch field co., Conn. : 22 m. W. by N. Hartford. TORRINGTON, t. and p. v., Litchfleld county, Conn. : 26 m. W. by N. Hartford. Surface uneven. Drained by Nauga tuck river and its brandies. The Naugatuck 11. E. passes through its E. part, having stations at the flourishing manufacturing v. of Wolcottville (which see), and at Burr- ville. Burrville contains a large tannery, and furnishes large quantities of agricultural and dairy productions, con siderable timber and brick. Pop. of t. in 1840, 1,707 ; in 1850, 1,916. TOSNOT, sta., Edgecombe co., N. Car. : on Wilmington and Weldon E. E., 108 miles from Wilmington, 54 m. from Weldon. TOTTON S WELLS, p. o., Obion county, Tenn. : 126 miles W. by N. Nashville. TOTTENVILLE, p. v., Eichmond co., 2f. Y. : 143 m. S. by W. Albany. TOTTY S BEND, p. o., Hickman county, Tenn. : 43 miles 8. W. by W. Nashville. TOULMINVILLE, v. and sta., Mobile co., Ala. : on Mobile and Ohio E. R., 3 m. N. by W. Mobile. It is of much resort in summer from Mobile, etc. TOULON, p v., and cap. Stark co., III. : 88 m. N. by W. Springfield. Situated on the border of a prairie, near the head of a small stream ; it is a pleasant, healthy place, con taining the county buildings, etc. TOWALLIGA, p. o., Butts county, Ga. : 45 m. W. N. W. Milledgeville. TOWANDA, t, p. b., and cap. Bradford co., Penn. : on W. side of Susquehanna r and N. side of Towanda cr., 100 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. Surface of t. hilly ; soil gravelly loam. Drained by the above streams and Sugar cr. It contains bituminous coal. The b., on the Susquehanna r., was incor porated in 1828, and contains the court-house, jail, a furnace, tannery, and other manufacturing establishments. Three newspapers are issued weekly" B. Eeporter" (free soil), "B. Argus" (whig), and "North Pennsylvanian (dem.) Pop. 1.171. TOWEE FALLS, p. o., Monroe co., Tenn. : on N. side of Tennessee r., 157 m. E. by S. Nashville. TOWER HILL, p. o., Washington county, R. I. : 8 m. W. Newport. TOWLESVILLE, p. v., Steuben co., N. Y. : 192 m. W. by S. Albany. TOWN BLUFF, p. o., Tyler county, Teas. : on W. bank of Neches r., 216 m. E. by N. Austin City. TOWN CREEK, U. S. collection district, Md. : had, on the 30th June, 1850, a total tonnage of 2,227 tons, all of which was enrolled and licensed, permanent, and employed in the coasting trade. During the year preceding, it had no for eign commerce or ship-building. TOWNER S, p. o., Putnam co., N. Y. : 82 m. S. Albany. TOWN HILL, p. o., Luzerne county, Penn. : 80 m. N. E. Harrisburg. 856 Towx HOUSE, p. o., Smyth co., Virg. : 220 m. W. by 3- Eichmond. TOWN LINE, p. o. and sta., Erie co., N. Y.: On Buffalo and New York City E. E., 15 m. E. from Buffalo ; 254 m- W. Albany. TOWNSBURT, p. v., Warren co., N. Jer. : on both sides of Pequest cr., 44 m. N. N. W. Trenton. It has several mills, moved by water-power afforded by the creek. TOWNSEND, t. and p. v., Middlesex county, Mass. : 39 m. N. W. by W. Boston. Surface undulating or level : drained by Squanticook r. and branches flowing into Nashua r. The t contains three flourishing villages, through which passes the Peterb<>ro and Shirley E. E. The v. at the centre contains 2 churches, a good academy, and is neatly built. Pop. oft. 1,947. TOWNSEND, p. o ., Chemung co., N. Y.: 166 m. W. by S. Albany. TOWN-SEND, t. and p. o., Sandusky co., Ohio : on S. side of Sandusky bay, 96 m. N. Columbus. The inhabitants are mainly engaged in agricultural pursuits. Pop. in 1S40, 692 ; in 1S50, 969. TOWNSEND HARBOR, p. v. and slu., Middlesex co., 3fass.: 37 m. N. W. by W. Boston. The Peterboro and Shirley E. E. passes through, 8 m. from Groton, there connecting with Fitchburg E. E., by which it is 43 m. from Boston. This is a pleasant and flourishing v., containing several mills, stores, etc. TOWNSEND S INLET, p. o., Cape May co., N. Jer. : 7SJ m. S. by E. Trenton. TOWNSENDSVILLE, p. o., Seneca county, N. Y. : 160 m. W. Albany. TOWNSHEND, t. and p. v., Windham co., Verm. : 88 m. S. Montpelier. Surface uneven, with elevated and steep hills; watered by West r. flowing S. E. through it centrally, upon the E. bank of which the v. is situated, containing 2 churches and an excellent academy. The t. contains seve ral tanneries, grist and saw mills. Pop. oft. 1.354. TOWNVILLE, p. o., Anderson dist., S. Car. : on N. side of Savannah r., 117 m. W. N. W. Columbia. TOWSONTOWN, p. o., Baltimore co., Md. : 28 m. N. by W Annapolis. TRACT, p. o., Huntingdon co., Ind. : on N. side of Wabasb r., 81 m. N. E. by N. Indianapolis. TRACY S LANDING, p. v., Anne Arundel co., Md. : 13 m. S. by W. Annapolis. TRADERSVILLE, p. v., Madison co., Ohio : 25 m. W. by S. Columbus. TRADE S HILL, p. o., Chatham co., N . Car. : on New Hope r.. 18 m. W. Raleigh. TRANQUILITY, p. o., Granville county, N. Car. : 26 m. N. Ealeigh. TRANQUILITY, p. o., Sussex co., N. Jer. : 66 m. N. Trenton. TRANQUILITY, p. o., Adams co., Ohio: 76 m. S. by W. Columbus. TRANQUILLIA, p. o., Jones co., Ga. : a little N. of branch >f Oconee r., 20 m. W. by N. Milledgeville. TRANSIT, p. o., Genesee co., N. Y. : 237 m. W. by N. Albany. TRANSIT BRIDGE, p. o., Alleghany county, N. Y. : 22S m. W. by S. Albany. TRANSPARENT lake, N. Y. : lies partly in Hamilton and partly in Herkimer counties, 82 m. N. W. Albany. It is 5 m. long and 2 m. wide. Its waters, noted for their clearness, abound with salmon, trout, etc.. of very large size and deli cious flavor. It is surrounded by a wild region, abounding with game. TRAP HILL, p. o., Wilkes co., N. Car. : 149 m. W. by N. Raleigh. TRAPPE, p. v., Talbot co., Md. : 82 m. S. E. Annapolis. TRAPPE, p. v., Montgomery county, Penn.: 73 m. E. Harrisburg. TRASCINTO, p. o., Neshoba county, Miss. : 70 m. E. N. E. Jackson. TRA TRASK, p. o., Grant co., Ind. : 61 m. N. N. E.Indianapolis. TRAVELLER S REPOSE, p. o., Pocahontas co., Virg. : 145 m. W. N. "W. Kiclimond. TRAVELLER S REPOSE, p. o., Franklin co., Mo. : on E. Bide of Bourbeuse cr., 65 m. E. by S. Jefferson City. TRAVELLER S REST, p. v., Dooly co., Ga. : about 2| m. E. Flint r., 75 m. S. W. Milledgeville. TRAVELLER S REST, p. o., Coosa county, Ala. : 27 m. N. Montgomery. TRAVELLER S REST, p. o., Greenville disk, S. Oar. : 99 m. N. W. Columbia. TRAVERSE I)E Sioux, p. v., Dakota county, Minn. Ter. : situated on Minnesota r., by which It is 82 m. from St. Paul ; in direct course about 56 m. W. S.W. St. Paul. It was laid out in 1852. In the spring of 1853 it contained 3 trading houses, several stores, etc., with good prospects of increasing trade. TRAVIS county, Tea). Situate centrally, and contains about 1,000 sq. m. The Rio Colorado passes centrally through it, by which and its affluents it is drained. To the N. W. is an extensive territory, which is attached to the co. Surface varied ; in the northern portions, hills and valleys being interspersed, while in the southern it extends into broad, level plains, resembling the rich prairie lands of the adjoining territory. Soil fertile, and consists chiefly of a deep black mold, which is generally very productive. Farms 146 : manuf. 1 ; dwell. 423, and pop. wh. 2,336, fr. col. 11, si. 791 total 3,138. Capital : Austin. TRAVIS, p. o., Austin co., Tex. : in the N. part of the co., 86 m. E. by S. Austin City. TRAYLORSVII.LE, p. o., Henry co., Virg. : on branch of Dan r., 148 m. W. S. W. Richmond. TREADWAY, p. o., Barnwell dist., 8. Car. : 58 m. S. S. W. Columbia. TREIBLEVILLE, p. v., Monroe county, Penn. : 94 m. N. E. Ilarrisburg. TREICHLERSVILLE, p. v., Lehigh co., Penn. : 72 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. TREMAINVILLE, p. v., Lucas co., Ohio : 99 m. N. by W. Columbus. TREMONT, p. v., and cap. Tazewell co., III. : 50 m. N. by E. Springfield. It is pleasantly situated on a beautiful elevated prairie, and is a place of considerable trade. It was laid out in 1S35. It contains the court-house and jail, stores, etc. TREMONT, t., p. v., and sta., Schuylkill co., Penn. : 32 m- N. E. Ilarrisburg. This t. and vicinity abound with coal. The Mine Hill R. R. extends to this place, 12 m. from Schuylkill Haven. The following statistics of dealers iu coal at this place are for the year ending June 30, 1850 : Coa. Operator,. ^-P. X? AS. V "- Levi S. Spangler.. . $10,000. . . . $667. . . .$21,1)00. . . .$42,000 Henry Eckel 17,000 .... 1,667 .... 30,000 .... 60.000 TREMONT. p. v. and sta., Clark co., Ohio: on Mad River and Lake Erie R. R., 127 m. from Sandusky, 7 m. from Springfield, 46 m. W. Columbus. TREMONT, t. and p. o., Hancock county, Me. : 72 m. E. Augusta. It comprises the S. W. part of Mount Desert island. Pop. 1,425. TRENTON, p. v., Jackson co., Ala. : on "W. side of Point Rock r., a tributary of Tennessee r.,164 m. N. Montgomery. TUENTON. p. v., and cap. Dade co., Ga. : on W. side of branch of Tennessee r., 192 m. N. W. Milledgeville. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and several dwellings. TRENTON, p. v., Henry county, la. : 40 m. S. by W. Iowa City. TUENTON. p. o., "Wachita parish, La. : 150 m. N. N. W. Baton Rouge. TRENTON, p. o., Randolph county, Ind. : 60 m. E. N. E. Indiana polls. TRENTON, p. v., Todd county, Ky. : 167 m. S. W. by W. Frankfort. TRENTON, p. v., Wayne co., Mich. : on W. channel of M5 TRE Detroit strait, 79 m. S. E. by E. Lansing. It has consider able lake trade. Exports in 1848, $25,554; imports, do., $7,325. Total value of exports and imports in 1848, $32,879. TRENTON, p. v., and cap. Grundy co., Mo. : on E. side of Crooked fork of Grand r., 131 m. N. W. by W. Jefferson City. It contains the county buildings and several dwellings. TRENTON, p. city, and cap. Mercer co., N. Jer., and cap. of the State of New Jersey : is situated on the E. side of Dela ware r., at the mouth of Assunpink cr., opposite the lower falls, and at the head of steamboat and sloop navigation. Lat. 40 14 N., long. 74 46 30" W. from Greenwich, and 2 15 E. from Washington. Its distance by the most direct railroad from Boston is 293 m., from New York 58 m., from Philadelphia 29 m., from Baltimore 127 m., from Washing ton 165 in. The city is pleasantly located on ground somewhat un even, and is laid out with general regularity. Many of the public buildings are handsome edifices. The State House, beautifully situated near the Delaware, commanding a fine view of it and of the vicinity, is built of stone, 100 feet long and 60 feet wide, and stuccoed to resemble granite, with a handsome portico of 6 columns, and beautiful dome. The pub lic offices are fire-proof buildings. The Governor s House is a plain but commodious building. The Court-house is a handsome edifice of brick, stuccoed, in Grecian architec ture, with a portico of Ionic columns at each end, and sur mounted with a balcony. The State Lunatic Asylum is a very fine building, with ample grounds, etc. It was opened for patients May 15, 1848. In January 1, 1851, it contained 162 patients (S6 males and 76 females). During 1S51 it re ceived 102 and discharged 93 patients, leaving on January 1. 1852, 171. The expenses of the asylum during 1S51 wero $27,170, receipts $22,076. The State Prison, in South Tren ton, is well situated in an area of 4 acres, inclosed by walls 3 feet thick and 20 feet high. The number of prisoners ou December 31, 1850, was 210, on December 31, 1351, 207. Earnings of the prison in 1S51, $18,693, expenses of do. $11,853, balance paid the State $6.840. The city also con tains a public library, established in 1750, a lyceum, and 10 churches. Newspapers in 185!) "True American" (dem.), " Trentonian," and " New Jersey State Gazette," each pub lished daily and weekly; also the "New Jersey Weekly Visitor." The railroad and steamboat connections of Trenton have made it a great thoroughfare and the centre of extensive trade. The New Jersey R. R. here connects with the Phil adelphia and Trenton R. R., constituting the principal route between New York and Philadelphia. The Trenton Branch R. R. extends hence to Bordentown, 6 m., connecting with Camden and Amboy R. R. The Belvidere Delaware R. R. extends hence to Belvidere, 63 m. The Delaware and Raritan Canal affords sloop navigation from Brunswick to this place. It is 42 m. long, 75 feet wide, 7 feet deep, and was finished in 1834 at a cost of $2,000,500. It is hero entered by a feeder taken from the Delaware, 23 m. above the city, and crosses the Assunpink cr. in a fine stone aque duct. The Delaware r. is navigable above the falls at Trenton, for large boats, as far as Easton, which adds much to the commercial advantages of the city. Trenton possesses a fine site for manufacturing purposes, with abundance of permanent water-power, obtained from the falls on the Delaware, and greatly increased by artificial means; also some water-power furnished by Assunpink cr Among the principal manufactures are paper, leather, and lumber ; there are also several flouring, grist, and saw mills, with various other establishments. The city contains two banks, with an aggregate capital of $310,000. The Dela ware r. is here crossed by an excellent covered bridge* 1.100 feet long, resting on 5 arches supported by stone piers, which was built in 1806 at a cost of $180,000. The adjoin ing villages of Mill Hill. Bloomsbury, and Lamberton are suburbs of the city. Trenton was first settled about the year 1720, and was incorporated as a city in 1792. It is memor- 857 TRE TRI able for the " Battle of Trenton," on the night of December 25th, 1776, when Gen. Washington crossed the Delaware, and suddenly captured 1,000 Hessians of the British army, which signal event, in that gloomy period of the Revolu- tion, greatly encouraged the American forces. Pop. in 1840, 4,035 ; in 1850, 6,766. TRENTON; p. v., and cap. Jones co., N. Car. : on S. side of Trent r., 82 m. S. E. Raleigh. It contains a court-house, jail, stores, etc. Pop. about 125. TRENTON, p. v. and sta., Butler co., Ohio. : on W. side of Miami r., 82 m. W. S. W. Columbus. The Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton R. R. passes through, 83 m. from Cincinnati, 27 m. from Dayton. TKENTON, t. and p. v., Oneida county, JV. T. : 86 m. N. W by W. Albany. Surface hilly ; soil clay loam, and fertile. Drained by Nine Mile and West Canada creeks. The town contains several villages, of which the principal are Trenton and Trenton Falls the former, near the centre of the town, 13 m. N. from Ulica, was incorporated in 1819, and contains about 450 inhabitants, 2 churches, with taverns, stores, etc. Pop. of t. 3,540. TRENTON, p. v., and cap. Gibson co., Tenn. : on S. branch of Forked Deer r., 120 m. W. Nashville. It contains a court-house, jail, 2 churches, stores, etc., and a branch of the Bank of Tennessee, with a capital of $254,203. The " Star Spangled Banner" (whig) is published weekly. Pop. about 750. TKENTON, t. and p, o., Dodge co., Wise. : 45 m. N. E. by N. Madison. Pop. 997. TRENTON CORNERS, p. o., Dodge county, Wise. : 46 m. N. E. by N. Madison. TRENTON FALLS, p. v., Oneida county, Ni Y. : at Trenton Falls, on W r est Canada cr., 84 m. N. W. by W. Albany. These falls are six in number and separate. All these are formed by solid reefs of rocks which cross the bed of the stream. The first, called the Upper, decends 20 feet per pendicular; the second, the Cascades, IS feet; the third, the Mill Dam, 14 feet ; the fourth, the High Falls, which have three separate cascades of 48, 11, and 37 feet; the fifth, Sherman s, 35 feet; the sixth, Conrad s, 15 feet, terminates the ravine, where is a mill dam. Besides these falls there are several raceways, from 10 to 20 rods long, through which the water flows very rapidly. The entire descent of the stream, from the top of the Upper Fall to the foot of Conrad s Fall, is 312 feet, and the distance is about 2 m. The ravine through which the creek passes is often 100 feet deep, with banks of stone almost perpendicular. The scenery thus presented is wild, picturesque, and beautiful, and when the water is high, is of much grandeur. The country adjoining is mostly covered with forest trees, thus retaining for the ravine its primeval appearance, which, in fact, constitutes the greatest charm of these falls. The number of visitors is very large. These are accommodated in first-class style by an excellent hotel. TKEVILLIAN S DEi6r. p. o. and sta., Louisa co., Virg.: 42 m. N. W. Richmond. The Virginia Central R. R. passes through it, 67 m. from Richmond. TREVORTON, p. o., Northumberland co., Penn.: 38 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. TREXLERTOWN, p. v., Lehigh co., Penn. : 69 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. TRIADEI.PIITA, p. v., Montgomery co., Md. : on Patuxent r., 38 m. W. N. W. Annapolis. It contains a cotton factory, and is surrounded by a beautiful country. TRIADELPIIIA, p. v., Ohio county, Virg. : 248 m. N. W. Richmond. Pop. 242. TRIADELPIIIA, p. v., Morgan co., Ohio: 66 m. W. S. W. Columbus. TRIANA, p. v., Madison co., Ala. : on N. side of Tennessee r., at the mouth of Indian cr.. 156 m. N. by W. Montgomery. TRIANGLS, t and p. v., Broome county, N. Y. : 116 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by Otsetic and Tioughnioga rivers, which here unite. Surface hilly. It contains several 858 mills, stores, etc. The v. is located on a branch of the Tioughnioga r. Pop. of 1. 1, T28. TRIBE S HILL, p. v., Montgomery co., N. Y. : on N. bank of the Mohawk r., 34 m. N. W. by W. Albany. The Utica and Schenectady R. R. passes through the v., 56 m. E. Utica. TRICE S STORE, p. o., Orange co., N. Car. : 30 m. N. W. Raleigh. TRIER, p. o., Bexar co., Tex. : 134 m. S. W. Austin City. TRIGG county, Ky. Situated S. toward the W., and con tains 356 sq. m. Drained by Little r. and its branches, which enter the Cumberland r. Surface undulating; soil fertile. Chief productions, tobacco, cotton, wheat, and In dian corn. It is bounded on the W. by Tennessee r. Farms 843 ; manuf. 37 ; dwell. 1,281, and pop. wh. 7,252, fr. col. 80, si, 2,797 total 10,129. Capital : Cadiz. TRIMBLE county, Ky. Situate N., and contains 127 sq. m. Drained by Little Kentucky and small tributaries of the Ohio. Surface undulating, and presenting high bluffs on the shore of the Ohio ; soil generally fertile Chief produc tions, tobacco and Indian corn. Farms 469; manuf. 19; dwell. 865, and pop. wh. 4,99T, fr. col. 25, si. 941 total 5,963. Capital: Bedford. TRIMBLE, t and p. o., Athena co., Ohio : 55 m. S. E. Co lumbus. Drained by Sunday cr., branch of Hockhocking r. Pop. 924. TRINITY county, Calif. Situate between the Cascade Range and the Pacific, and between 40 and 41 N. lat. Drained by Trinity r., a branch of Klamath r., and Eel r., which empties into the ocean. Humboldt bay is in the N. W. corner of the co. Surface considerably broken in the E. hilly, and many of the summits of the range are very lofty. ML Linn is the highest peak. Pop. in 1852, 1,764: whites 1,764 males 1,741, and females 23 ; negroes 6 ; mu- lattoesS; Indians (domesticated) 4; foreign residents 155, of which only 5 were females. Over 21 years of age: 1.491 citizens, 5 negroes, 6 mulattoes, 3 Indians, and 133 foreign residents. Land under cultivation, 275 acres. Capital em ployed : in placer mining, $34.440 ; in other mining, $28,820; and for other purposes, $201,117. Capital : Humboldt City. TRINITY county, Teas. Situate toAvard the E., and con tains 983 sq. m. Drained by Big Pine cr. and affluents of Trinity r., which forms its S. W. boundary. Surface undu lating, and presents a surface of gently-swelling lands, thickly covered with pine forest. Soil fertile, and adapted to cotton, corn, and potatoes. As yet, the land has been but little cultivated, and but few of its agricultural resources developed. Capital: Trinity C. H. TRINITY, p. o., Chatahoula par., La. ; on W. side of Wachita r., 88 m. N. N. W. Baton Rouge. TRINITY, p. o., Morgan county, Ala. : 144 m. N. by W. Montgomery. TRINITY river, Tex. : is formed by a number of streams uniting in Dallas county, in a forest called the Cross Tim bers ; flows S. E., and empties into Galveston bay. It lias numerous branches, and in its course affords excellent water-power. TRINITY river, Klamath co., Calif. : rises in the Coast Range Mountains, in E. part of the co., flows S. W. into Trinity, where it receives Panther creek, when it takes a N. W. course and empties in the Klamath river. Gold is found in all parts of its val ey. TRINITY SPRINGS, p. o., Martin co., Ind. : on E. side of White r., 73 m. S. S. W. Indianapolis. TRINITY valley, Klamath co., Calif. : 195 m. N. by W. Vallejo. A portion of this valley is set apart as an Indian reservation. TRION, p. o., Jefferson co., Tenn. : 188 m. E. Nashville. TRION. p. o., Tuscaloosa co., A la. : on a small branch of Black Warrior r.. 79 m. N. W. Montgomery. TRION FACTORY, p. o., Chatooga co., Ga. : 163 m. N. W. Millelgeville. TRIPLETT, p. o., Fleming co., Ky. : on cr. of same name 7S m. E. by N. Frankfort. TRI TRO TRIPOLI, p. v., Tishemingo co., Miss. : 200 m. N. E. by N Jackson. TRIUNE, p. v., "Williamson county, Tenn. : 18 m. S. by W Nashville. TKIVOLI, p. v., Peoria county, HI. : 62 m. N. by W Springfield. TROUBLESOME, p. o., Eockingham county, N". Car. : on Troublesome cr., 87 m. N. W. Kaleigh. It contains iron works. TKOUP county, Ga. : situate W., and contains 417 sq. m Drained by Chattahoochee r. and branches, of which Yel low Jacket cr. is the principal. Surface undulating ; soi fertile, and in general very productive. It is well adapted to cotton, of which a large quantity is annually produced and is the staple. Wheat and Indian corn are also raised There is some good pine and other timber on the land Farms 789; manuf. 8; dwell. 1,295, and pop. wh. 7,789 fr. col. 42, si. 9,048 total 16,879. Capital: La Grange Pullic Works:- La Grange E. E. TROUV FACTORY, p. o., Troup county, Ga. : 106 m. "W Milledgeville. TROUPSBURG, t. and p. v., Steuben co., N. Y. : 199 m, S. W. by S. Albany. Drained by Cowenesque cr. Surface undulating. It has good water-power, and some mill sites. The v. is on Cowenesque cr. Pop. of t 1,754. TROUPVILLE, p. v., and cap. Lowndes co., Ga. : on E. side of Withlacoochee r., 178 m. S. Milledgeville. It contains the county buildings, etc. TROUSDALE, p. o., Warren co., Tenn.: 56 m. E. S. E Nashville. TROUT island, Mch. : in the N. part of Lake Michigan, N. from Little Beaver Island. TROUT CREEK, p. o., Delaware co., N. Y. : 72 m. W. S. W. Albany. TROUT CJJEEK, p. o., Saint Clair co., Ala. : 98 m. N. Montgomery. TKOUT river, Verm. : rises by the junction of several branches in Montgomery, flows in a N. W. direction, and omptk-s into the Missisqui, on the border of Enosburg and Berkshire. It is a good mill stream. TROUT EUN, p. o. and sta., Ly coming co., -Penn. : on the Williamsport and Elmira E. E., 10 m. N. from Williams- port, and 82 m. N. Harrisburg. In the vicinity is a forge and a rolling mill, the former producing annually 140 tons bar iron, and the latter 300 tons bars and nails, both operated by water-power. TROY, p. v., and cap. Pike co., Ala. : on small branch of Conocuh r., 46 m. S. S. E. Montgomery. It contains the county buildings, etc. TROY, p. o., Cherokee co., Ga. : on S. side of Etowah r., 104 in. N. W. Milledgeville. TROY, p. o., Madison co., III. : 75 m. S. by W. Springfield. TKOY, p. v.. Perry co., Ind. : on the Ohio r., 6 m. below Cannelton, 103 m. S. S. W. Indianapolis. TROY, t. and p. v., Waldo co., Me. : 36 m. N. E. Augusta. Drained by branches of Sebasticook r. Surface undulating, and well supplied with timber. It is a good farming t, and produces an abundance of wheat, and there are some light manufactures. The v. is located centrally. Pop. of t. 1,4S4. TROY, t. and p. o., Oakland co., Mich. : 72 m. E. by S. Lansing. Drained by head branches of Eed r., a tributary of Clinton r. It contains some manufactures. TROY, p. o.. Yallabusha co., Miss. : 2 m. N. of Yallabusha river, 106 m. N. by E. Jackson. TR Y, p v., Lincoln co., Mo. : on Cuivre r., 71 m. E. N. E. JeffVrson City. It contains the county buildings, etc. TROY, t. and p. v., Cheshire co., 2f. Ilamp. : 44 m. S. W. Concord. Drained by affluents of Ashuelot r. It has some manufactures, but it is chiefly an agricultural town. The v. is on the Cheshire E. E., 10 m. S. E. Keen*. Pop. oft. 759. TROY, p. city, and cap. Eensselaer co., N. Y. : on E. side of Hudson r., 6 m. N. by E. Albany. Lat. 42 44 N. ; long 73 40 W. It is built chiefly upon an alluvial flat, extend ing along the r. for about 3 m., and 1J m. broad, and part?/ upon the hills in the E. part of the city limits. It is very regularly laid out, with streets crossing at right angles, which are generally 60 feet wide, ornamented with fine shade trees, well paved, with good side walks, and kept remarkably clean. The main business street, called Eiver Street, conforming to the Hudson river, is, however, some what curved. The city plat is somewhat elevated above the river, affording good drainage. The high hills (of which the principal summits are called Mount Ida and Mount Olympus) afford most extensive and delightful prospects, embracing the city of Albany, the villages of West Troy, Lansingburg, Waterford, and Cohoes, the Cohoes Falls, the Hudson r. and its beautiful valley for miles, a long extent of the Erie Canal, with the various railroads here center ing, combining a variety of the most interesting scenery, rarely presented in the vicinity of any large city. From these hills descend two considerable streams, Poestenkill and Wynantskill, which have picturesque cataracts and cas cades, and afford very great water-power to numerous mills, factories, etc. The blocks of stores and houses are generally built of brick, with considerable regularity and much taste. The more retired streets contain many elegant dwellings, surrounded by flower gardens, etc. The city is lighted with gas, and supplied with water from Piscawin creek, of which the reservoir, situated in the N. part, and about ^ m. E. of the Hudson, is 90 feet above tide water, and thus naturally forcing the water above the highest houses, renders it most serviceable for every purpose. Of the public buildings the court-house is the most splendid ; it is built of Sing Sing marble, in Grecian architecture, with fine front of the Doric order. Several of the church edifices are costly structures. The principal market buildings are well-built and very commodious. Hotels of large size are numerous, and sev eral of those of the first class are noted for excellent accom modations. The Troy City Hospital, under the direction of ten Sisters of Charity, has four attending physicians, and received during the year 1851-52, 689 patients. Much attention is given to general education in the public schools and other academies. The Troy Female Seminary is one of the most popular institutions of the kind in the Union. It was established in 1821 (having been com menced in Middlebury, Vermont, in 1814, and removed to Waterford in 1821), at which time it received from the city corporation $4,000 for the erection of suitable buildings. It is beautifully situated in the central part of the city, wiih finely ornamented grounds, commodious buildings, etc. The Eenssalaer Institute is a polytechnic school of high repute. The Young Men s Association has a large library and reading room, with cabinet of curiosities, etc., and annual courses of lectures. The Lyceum of Natural History trove valuable cabinets, a good library, etc. Newspapers in 1850, "Northern Budget" (dem.) daily, and 4 weeklies^ "Troy Whig," "Troy Post," " Family Journal" (temp.), and. "New York State Eepublican" (whig). Troy is pre-eminently distinguished for the business cn- :erprise of its capitalists and citizens generally. Its situation "or trade and commerce has some natural advantages, but ;hese have been wonderfully improved and increased by he various important railroads and canals which, centering here, have made this a great thoroughfare of travel and rade, and developed the manufacturing interests of the jity. It directly connects by the Hudson with th<> Erie Ca nal at West Troy directly opposite, and with the Champlaiu Canal at Waterford, 4 m. above. The lines of railroad en- ering the city arc Hudson Eiver E. E. from New York, 50 m. ; from Worcester, 156 m. ; from Boston. 200 m. ; Troy .mi Boston E. E., which is completed to North Hoosick 7 m., and connects at Eagle Bridge with Eutland and Washi ngton E. E., and at North Hoosick with Troy and Benning- on E. E., and is in construction to Greenfield, Mass. ; Eens- elaer and Saratoga E. E., 32 m. ; and Schenectady and >oy E. E., 20 m. ; all of T*hich dire.tly connect with othei TRO TRU extended and important railroads. The railroad bridge across the Hudson is a fine structure, 1,650 feet long. Troy is at the head of tide-water on the Hudson, and of its natu ral navigation. Steamboats, sloops, etc., come to its wharves. The trade of the city with New York is very great, employ ing an aggregate of several hundred vessels, and daily steamboats of the first class ply between the two cities. Be sides the immense amounts of merchandise received from the railroads and canals, it also receives from the very fer tile rural districts surrounding (with which it is well con nected by good plank and macadamized roads), very large amounts of agricultural and dairy produce, etc., for shipment to New York and other markets. By means of the State dam sloop navigation is secured to Lansingburg, etc. The manufactures of the city comprise nearly all the lead ing branches of such industry, but the largest interests are those connected with iron, machinery, hardware, and cut lery, etc. Cotton factories, tanneries, and flouring mills are numerous. There are also several breweries and paper fac tories ; and a large amount of capital is invested in numer ous lumber-yards. The railroad-car manufactory of Eaton, Gilbert, & Co. employs a very large number of operatives, and is of wide celebrity for the number and superior excel lence of the cars made. The iron rolling mills and nail fac tories in the city and suburbs are extensive establishments, as also those furnaces engaged in making stoves, castings for agricultural implements, etc. Immense water-power is here easily obtained from the two large streams from the hills on the E., and from a dam near the N. boundary of the city, built by the State across the Hudson, which makes a fall of 1H feet, affording unlimited hydraulic power, besides securing navigation to the river above. There are 6 banks in the city, with an aggregate capital of $1,768,000 ; also several insurance companies and institutions for savings. The first settlement of Troy was commenced about 1720, in which year Derick Vanderheyden leased 490 acres ot the proprietor of Rensselaerwyck. This grant now constitutes the most densely populated portion of the city. This settle ment bore the name of Vanderhej den s Ferry until 1789, when it received its present name, and was then laid out. It was made the county seat in 1791, incorporated as a village in 1796, and as a city in 1816. In June, 1S20, a great ( con- flagration consumed the wealthiest and most important part of the city. It recovered from this severe calamity in a few years, has since rapidly advanced in gener.il prosperity, and now promises to long retain its present distinction as one of the most enterprising cities in the Union. Pop. in 1810, 3.895; in ^20. 5.-J64; in 1830, 11,405; in 1840, 19,334; in 1850, 28,785. The large and thriving village of West Troy, pop. 7,514, on the opposite side of the Hudson, though in All any co., is in all business interests a part of Troy. TROY, p. o., Montgomery co., N. Cat: : 75 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. TROY, p. v., and cap. Miami co., Oliio : on the W. bank of the Great Miami r., 63 m. W. Columbus. It contains a court-house of brick, jail, and other county buildings, and publisht-s 2 weeklies, the "Troy Times" (whig), and "The Touchstone" (F. 8. D.) The Dayton and Michigan R. R., the Columbus. Pequa, and Indiana R. R., and the Miami Canal pass through this place. Pop. 1,956. TROY, t, and p. o., Bradford county, Penn. : 102 m. N. Harrisburg. Drained by Sugar cr. Surface hilly. It con tains several manufactories, etc. TROY, p. v., and cap. Obion co., Tenn. : on a branch of 01 lion r., 135 m. W. by N. Nashville. It contains the co. buildings, etc. TROY, p. o., Davis co., la, : 68 m. S.W. by S. Iowa City. TROY, t. and p. o., Walworth co., Wise. : 50 m. E. 8. E. Madison. Drained by Honey cr. It is an excellent farm ing town. Pop. 1.072. TROY, p. v., Freestone county, Tex. : 119 m. N. E. Austin City. TROY, t. and p. v., Orleans co., Verm. : 46 m. N. by E. Montpelier. Drained by Missisqui r. Surface level. Water- power is derived from the falls on the Missisqui river, which pass down a ledge of rocks some 70 feet. Iron ore is found in the vicinity. It contains furnaces, forges, tanneries, mills, etc. The v. is on the W. side of Missisqui r. Pop. of 1. 1,008. TROY CENTRE, p. o., Walworth co., Wise. : 52 m. E. S. E. Madison. TROY GROVE, p. o., La Salle county, III. : on W. bank of Little Vermillion r., 116 m. N. by E. Springfield. TROY LAKE, p. o., Walworth co., Wise.: 55 m. E. S. E. Madison. TROY MILLS, p. o., Fulton co., Itt. : on S. side of W. fork of Spoon r., a tributary of Illinois r., 70 m. N. W. by N. Springfield. TROY S STORE, p. o., Randolph co., N. Car. : 62 m. W. Raleigh. TRUCKSVILLE, p. o., Luzerne co., Penn. : 84 m. N. E. by N. Harrisburg. TRITITTSVILLE, p. o., Greenup co., Ey. : 115 m. E. by N. Frankfort. TRUMAXSBURG, p. v., Tompkins co., N. Y. : 162 m. W. Albany. It contains several manufactories, consisting of carriages, lumber, iron, etc. TRUMBAURSVILLE, p. v., Bucks co., Penn. : 89 m. E. Harrisburg. TRUMBULL county, Ohio. Situate N. E., and contains 892 sq. m. Drained by Mahoning r., and Shenango, Mill, and Musquito creeks, and head branches of Grand river. Sur face undulating, and pleasantly diversified. Soil fertile, consisting of a deep mold, intermixed with sand and clay, and adapted to grain., which with wheat, oats, and potatoes form the staples. It exports beef, pork, butter, and cheese, access being had to the Eastern markets by means of the Mahoning Canal, a branch of the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal, which passes through the county. Agriculture is the leading pursuit Farms 2,753; manuf 133; dwell. 5,459, and pop. wh. 30,455, fr. col. 85 total 30,490. Capital: Warren. Public Works : Cleveland and Mahoning E. E. ; Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal. TRUMBULL, t. and p. v., Fairfield county, Conn. : 46 m. S. W. by S. Hartford. Drained by Pequannoek r. Surface varied by hills and valleys. Grain and hay is raised. Its manufactures consist of woolen goods, lumber, etc. The v. is on the E. side of Pequannoek river, near the Housatonic R. R., which passes through the town. Pop. of t. 1,313. TRUMBULL, t. and p. o., Ash tabula co., Ohio: 153 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by a branch of Grand r. Organized in 18-25. Pop. 805. TRUMBULL CORNERS, p. o., Tompkins co., N. Y. : 144 m. W. by S. Albany. TRUMBULL LONG HILL, p. v., Fairfield co., Conn. : 49 m. S. W. by S. Hartford. It is the first land seen from the ocean in this direction. TRUNDLE S CROSS ROADS, p. o., Sevier co., Tenn. : 16S m. E. by S. Nashville. TRURO, t. and p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : 56 m. E. S. E. Boston. It occupies the N. part of Cape Cod, having the Atlantic Ocean on the E. and Cape Cod bay on the W. Pamet r. sets in from the bay 3 m. long and about of a m. wide. The soil is light and sandy, with a very scanty growth of vegetation. The cod and mackerel fisheries are extensively carried on, from which the inhabitants derive their chief subsistence. Salt is extensively manufactured. There is a lighthouse on the Highlands, on the N. E. coast, ar North Truro village, lau 42 02 23" N., and long. 70= 03 55" W. ; height of lantern from the sea, ISO feet. The village is on the N. side of Pamet r. Pop. of t. 2,051. TRURO. p. o., Knox county, III. : 76 m. N. N. W. Springfield. TRUSS, p. o., Jefferson co., Ala. : on S. side of head branch of Cahawba r., 88 m. N. by W. Montgomery. TRUXTON, t. and p. v., Cortlandt co., Jf. Y. : 118 in. W. TRU Albany. Drained by the Tioughnioga r. Surface undu lating. The manufactures consist of woolens, leather, iron lumber, etc. The v. is on the Tioughnioga r., and contain several mills, sash factories, a furnace, tannery, etc. Pop of t. 8.623. Tiu. XTON, p. o., Bureau co., III. : 113 m. N. Springfield. TKYON, p. o., Rutherford co., N. Car.: on 8. side of N Pacolet r., 198 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. TrcKAHOE, p. v., Cape May county, N: Jer. : 60 m. S Trenton. TUCKAHOE, p. o., Jefferson county, Tenn. : 193 m. E. Nashville. TrcKAiioE, p. v. and sta., Westchester county, N . Y. : on Ihe Harlem R. R., 20 m. from the City Hall, New York city, and 153 m. S. Albany. TUCKALKECHEE COVE, p. o., Blount co., Tenn. : on S. side of Little r., 172 m. E. by S. Nashville. TUCKASAGA, p. o., Mecklenburg co., 2f. Car. : 120 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. TUCKER S CABIN, p. o., Henry co., Qa. : 66 m. W. N. W. Milledgeville. TUCKERTON, p. v., and port of entry for Little Egg Harbor district, Burlington co., N. Jer. : on the Atlantic Ocean, at the head of Tuckerton Mill cr., which empties into the bay of Little Egg Harbor, 45 m. S. E. by S. Trenton. It is well laid out, the streets crossing at right angles, and lined with shade trees. Salt is manufactured, and wood and lumber are exported. Flat boats ascend the river from Litlle Egg Harbor, 6 m. The enrolled and licensed tonnage for the year ending June 30, 1850, was 6,183 tons, all of which were engaged in the coasting trade. It is a place of summer resort for sea bathing. TUFTONBORO , t. and p. v., Carroll cot, N. Ramp. : 34 m. N. N. E. Concord. Winnipiseogee lake bounds it on the S. W., and presents a delightful prospect. It has several ponds. The inhabitants are generally engaged in farming, etc. First settled in 1780 ; incorporated in 1795. Pop. of 1. 1,305. TUG RIVER, p. o., Tazewell county, Virg.: 245 m. W. Richmond. TULARE county, Calif. Taken from the S. part of Mari- posa county, and contains Tularc lake and all its tributaries. In 1852 it had 8,575 inhabitants, viz., wh. 174 males 142. and females 32 ; negro 1 ; Indians 8,408 males 5,SOO, and females 2,607. The Indians are contained in fourteen tribes. TULARE lake, Tulare co., Calif. : is 52 m. long, and from 6 to 10 m. wide. TULIP, p. o., Dallas co., Ark. : 49 m. S. S. W. Little Rock. TULLAHOMA, p. v. and sta., Franklin co., Tenn. : 70 m. 8. E. by S. Nashville. The Nashville and Chattanooga R. R. passes through, and here connects with the Mackmin- ville and Manchester R. R. (in construction). TULLT, p. v., Lewis co., Mo. : on E. side of Mississippi r., 112 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. TULLY, p. o., Van Wert co., Ohio : 112 m. N. W. Columbus. TULLY, L and p. v., Onondaga co., N. Y. : 123 m. W. by N.Albany. Surface generally level ; soil clay loam. Drained by Onondaga cr., and Tioughnioga r. The v. contains 1 church, a few stores, and about 800 inhabitants. The Syra cuse and Binghampton R. R. passes through this t. Pop. of t. 1,559. TULI.YTOWN, p. v., Bucks county, Penn. : 94 m. E. Harrisburg. TULLY VALLEY, p. o., Onondaga co., 17. Y. : 127 m. W. by N. Albany. TULLYVILLE, p. o., Monroe co., Ark. : on E. side of Big cr., 72 m. E. Little Rock. Tu LPEHOCCAN, t. and p. o., Berks co., Penn. : 42 m. E. by N. Ilarrisburg. Surface diversified ; soil very fertile. Drained by tributaries of Tulpehocken cr. The Union Canal passes along its S. border. It contains tanneries, distilleries, and TUO saw mills, with some other manufacturing establishments. Pop. about 1,800. TUMBLE, sta.. Hunterdon co., N. Jer. : on BeMdere Del aware R. R., 8J m. from Milford, 25^ m. from Trenton. TUMBLING SHOALS, p. o., Laurens dial. S. Car. : on W. side of branch of Saluda river, 74 miles N. W. by W. Raleigh. TUMLINSONVILLE, p. o., Scott co., Ark. : on W. bank of King s cr., 104 m. W. by N. Little Rock. TUNBRIDGE, t. and p. v., Orange county, Ver-m. : 28 m. S. by E. Montpelier. Drained by the first branch of White r. Surface varied, in parts elevated. It is principally a farming town, a considerable quantity of the products of which are sent to market. The v. on the first branch of White r. contains several churches, mills, and trip-hammer works. There is a sulphur spring of some note in the W. part of the town. Pop. of t. 1,786. TUNICA county, J/ws. Situate N. W., and contains 574 sq. m. Drained by branches of Coldwater river, which flows through its N. E. portion, and by numerous streams entering the Mississippi river. Surface pleasantly diversified with akes ; the land hilly toward the W., and terminating in high bluffs on the Mississippi river, which bounds it on the W. Chief productions Indian corn and potatoes. The soil is jest adapted to grazing. Farms 41 ; manuf. 0; dwell. 73, and pop. wh. 396, fr. col. 1, si. 917 total 1,814. Capital: Austin. TUNICA, p. o., West Feliciana par., La. : 42 m. N.W. by N. Baton Rouge. TUNKHANNOCK, t and p. v., and cap Wyoming co., Penn. : on N. E. bank of Susquehanna r., 99 m. N. N. E. Harris- burg. Drained by Tunkhannock and Meshoppen creeks. Surface uneven, and well wooded. Tunkhannock Mountain crosses it diagonally, and near the S. boundary has an ele vation of 640 feet. The t. furnishes a large amount of umber, and contains several manufactories. The v. is at he mouth of Tunkhannock cr., on the North Branch Di- rision of the Pennsylvania Canal, and on the Laekawanna and Western R. R., 27 m. S. W. Great Bend. It contains he county buildings, etc., and 561 inhabitants. Pop. of t. about 2.400. TUNNEL, p. o. and sta., Indiana co., Penn. : on the line of he Alleghany Portage R. R., 16S m.W. N. W. Ilarrisburg. TUNNEL, sta., York co., Penn. : on the Baltimore and Susquehanna R. R., 32 m. S. by E. Harrisburg. TUNNEL, p. o., Franklin county, Tenn. : 71 m. S. S. E. Nashville. TUNNEL, p.o., Augusta county, Virg.: 100 m. W. N. W. Richmond. TUNNEL HILL, p. v. and sta., Murray co., Ga. : on the Western and Atlantic R. R., 108 m. N. W. from Atlanta, and 165 m. N. W. Milledgeville. TUNNKLL S STORE, p. o., Sussex co., Del. : 43 m. S. Dover. TUNUNGWANT, sta., Cattaraugus co., N. Y.: on the New York and Erie R. R., 53 m. S. E. Dunkirk, 416 m. N. W. tfew York city. TUOLUMNE county, Calif. Situate generally between the Stanislaus and Merced rivers, and extending from the Coast .iange to the Sierra Nevada. The San Joaquin flows through ts W. portion. This is a fine agricultural as well as mining jounty. In 1852, it had 17.657 inhabitants, viz.. wh. 16.925 nules 15,967, and females 958 ; negroes, 100 ; mainlines. 42 ; imesticated Indians, 590; foreign residents, 8,6li8. Over 21 years of age citizens of the United States, 6,9u4: ne groes, 95; mulattoes, 40; and foreign residents. 8,600. L,and in cultivation, 1.870 acres. Capital in quartz mining, (149.900; in placer mining, $76,085; and in other mining, H.900. Total capital employed, $1,283,885. Capital. Sonora. TUOLUMNE CITY, v., Tuolumne co., Calif. : laid out at the ead of navigation on the N. side of Tuolumne r., 30 m above its junction with the San Joaquin, and 78 m. S. E. rom Vallejo. It has quite a number of inhabitants, and its 861 TUO TUT proximity to the mines will render it important as a pleasant winter residence for miners. TUOLUMNE river, Tuolumne co., Calif.: rises by two branches in the Sierra Nevada Mountains, flows westwardly, and empties into the San Joaquin, about 80 m. above San Jonquin City, TUPPEK S PLAINS, p. o., Meigs co., Ohio: 74 m. S. E. Columbus. TiTRBOTviLLE, p. o., Northumberland co., Penn. : 55 m. N. Harrisburg. TURIN, t. and p. v., Lewis co., N. Y. : 112 m. N. W. Albany. Black r. bounds it on the E., and its branches drain the t. Surface rolling. The v. is on a branch of Black r., and contains several stores, and some manu factures. The manufactures of the t consist of leather, flour, lumber, and oil. Pop. of 1. 1.826. TURKEY, p. o., Monmouth co., N. Jer. : 1 m. N. Manasquin p., 27 m. E. Trenton. TURKEY river, la. : in N. E. part of the State, flows 8. E., and empties into the Mississippi, at Millville, in Clayton co. TURKEY COVE, p. o., M Dowell co., N. Car. : 187 m. W. Raleigh. TURKEY COVE, p. o., Lee co., Virg. : 304 m. W. by S. Richmond. TURKEY CREEK, p. o., Buncombe co., A 7 . Car. : 303 m. W. Raleigh. TURKEY CREEK, p. o., Hunt county, Test. : 219 m. N. E. Austin City. TURKEY CREEK, p. o., Benton co., Mo. : 67 m. S.W. by W. Jefferson City. TURKEY FOOT, t and p. v., Somerset co., Penn. : 125 m. "W. by S. Harrisburg. Drained by Castleman s r. and Lau rel Hill cr. Surface hilly. Laurel Hill Mountain is on the "W. and Negro Mountain on the E. boundary. TURKEY FOOT, p. o., Scott county, Ky. : 18 m. E. by N. Frankfort. TURKEY GROVE, p. o., Dane co., Wise. TURKEY TOWN, p. v., Cherokee co., Ala. : on the Ala bama and Tennessee R. R., 123 m. N. by E. Montgomery. TURMAN S CREEK, p. v., Sullivan co., Ind. : on E. side of creek of same name, 80 m. S. W. by W. Indianapolis. TURMAN S FERRY, p. o., Lawrence co., Ky, : on W. bank of Big Sandy r., 181 m. E. Frankfort. TCRNBACK, p. o., Dade co., Mo. : on E. side of branch of Sac r., 124 m. S. W. Jefferson City. TURNBULL, p. v,, Monroe co., Ala,. : on S. side of branch of Flat cr., 69 m. S. TV. Montgomery. TURNER, t. and p. o., Oxford co., Me. : on the W. side of Androscoggin r., 25 m. W. S. W. Augusta. Drained by branch of Androscoggin r. Surface pleasantly diversified ; soil fertile. Incorporated in 1T86. It contains several lum ber yards, grist and saw mills, tanneries, etc. There are a number of thriving villages in the town. Pop. of t, 2,537. TURNER CREEK, p. o., Potter co., Penn. : 110 m. N. W. by N. Harrisburg. TURNERS, p. v., and sta., Orange co., N. Y. : on the New York and Erie R. R., 47 m. N. TV. New York city. TURNER S STORE, p. o., Caroline county, Virg. : 38 m. N, Richmond. TURNERSVILT.E, p. v., Robertson county, Tenn. : 81 m. N. W. by N. Nashville. TCRNERSVILLE. sta., Mobile co., Ala. : on the Mobile and Ohio R. R., 5 m. N. Mobile and 157 m. S. TV. Montgomery. TURNS, p. o.. Monroe county, Penn. : 95 m. N. E. by E, Harrisburg. TURTLE CREEK, p. v., Alleghany co., Penn. : 150 m. TV. Harrisburg. TURTLE TOWN, p. o., Cherokee county, N. Car. : 295 m. TV. by S. Raleigh. TURTLEVILLB, p. o., Union co., Penn. : 40 m. N. N. TV. Harrisburg. TUSCAIIOMA, p. o., Tallahatchee co.. Miss. : on the S. side of Yallabusha r., 110 m. N. Jackson. TUSCALOOSA county, Ala. Situate N. TV. centrally, and contains 1,507 sq. m. Black Warrior r. flows through it from N. E. to S. W., by which and its affluents and by Sipsey r., a tributary of Tombigbee r., it is drained. Surface undu lating ; soil consists of a rich mold, and is very fertile it is well adapted to cotton, which is the staple production of the county. Farms 1,115; manuf. 32; dwell. 1,914, and pop. wh. 10,553, fr. col. 26, si. 7,477 total 18,056. Capital : Tuscaloosa. TUSCALOOSA, p. city, and cap. Tuscaloosa co., Ala. : on S. K bank of Black Warrior r., 94 m. N. W. by W. Mont gomery. Lat 32 12 N., long. 87 42 W. It is situated on an elevated plain at the lower falls, and head of steamboat navigation on the river, and is regularly laid out with broad streets crossing each other at right angles. This city was until 1847 the capital of the State. It contains the for mer State-house, a court-house, jail, a Masonic hall, an academy, lyceum for boys, seminary for young ladies, the Alabama Institute, 5 churches, stores, etc. The University of Alabama, here located, has 5 buildings, with several houses for professors, which present a fine appearance. This institution was founded in 1831, in 1850 it had 9 in structors, 197 alumni, and 91 students, with 7,123 volumes in its libraries. In 1850, 3 weekly newspapers were here published, " Independent Monitor (whig), " Tuscaloosa Ob server" (dem.), and u Crystal Fount" (temp.) Pop. in 1840, 1,949 ; in 1850, 2,961. TUSCARAWAS county, Ohio. Situate toward the E., and contains 704 sq. m. Drained by Tuscarawas r., Sandy, Conotten, and Sugar creeks, and other small streams. Sur face uneven, and in parts hilly and broken ; soil fertile, and raises fine crops of wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes, and is generally rich in agricultural productions. Farms 2,250; manuf. 159 ; dwell. 5,441, and pop. wh. 31,672, fr. col. 89 total 31.761. Capital: New Philadelphia. Public Works: Springfield, Mount Yernon, and Pittsburg R. R. ; Ohio Canal. TUSCARAWAS, p. v., Tuscarawas co., Ohio : on Ohio Canal, W. side of Tuscarawas r., 84 m. E. N. E. Columbus. TUSCARORA, p. o., Lee co., la. : 67 m. S. Iowa City. TUSCARORA, p. v., Livingston county, N. Y. : 204 m. W. Albany. TCSCOLA county, Mich. Situate E. centrally in the S. por tion of the State, and contains 811 sq. m. Drained by Cass r. and its branches. Surface even; soil fertile, and produces good crops of wheat, oats, etc. It has good water- power, which might be put to advantage in the establish ment of factories. Farms 18 ; dwell 65, and pop wh. 291, fr. col. total 291. Capital: Tuscola, TUSCOLA, t. and p. o., Livingston co., Mich-. : 30 m. E. Lansing. Drained by small branches of Shiawassee r. A farming town containing 544 inhabitants. TUSCUMBIA, p. v., Franklin co., Ala. : about 2 m. S. Ten nessee r., 182 m. N. N. W. Montgomery. The Memphis and Charleston R. R. passes through this place. It contains an iron foundry, several stores, etc. A spring here flows from a fissure in a limestone rock, which discharges 20,000 cubic feet of water per minute, and it flows a considerable stream 2 m. to Tennessee r. The depth of the spring where it issues from the rock is 8 feet. The "North Alabamian" (whig) and "Franklin Democrat" (dem.), are both published weekly. Pop. about 2.300. TUSCUMBIA, p. v., and cap. Miller co.. Mo. : on right bank of Osage r., 28 m. S. W. by S. Jefferson City. It contains the county buildings, etc. TUSKKGEE. p. v., and cap. Macon co., Ala. : on a small branch of Tallapoosa r., 37 m. E. Montgomery. It contains the co. buildings, etc. The "Macon Republican" (whig), and " Herald" (whig) are issued weekly, and the " Univer- salist" semi-monthly. Pop. about 600. TUSQUITEE, p. o., Cherokee co., N. Car. : 288 m.W. by S. Raleish. TUTIIILL, p. v., Ulster co., N. Y. : 76 m. S. S.W. Albany TUT UDI TATTLE S CORNERS, p. o., Sussex co., N. Jer. : 60 m. N. Trenton. TWALITY PLAINS, p. o., "Washington co., Of eg. Ter. : 80 m. N. by E. Salem. TWELVE MILE, p. o., Pickens district, S. Car.: 117 m. N. W. by W. Columbia. TWELVE MILE, p. o., Cass co., Ind.: 68 m. N. by W. Indianapolis. TWELVE MILE CREEK, p. o., Steuben co., N. Y. : 122 m. W. by S. Albany. TWELVE MILE PRAIRIE, p. o., St. Clair co., III. : 95 m. S. by W. Springfield. TWENTY MILE STAND, p. o., Warren co., Ohio: 78 m. S. W. by W. Columbus. TWIGGS county, Ga. Situate centrally, and contains 393 sq. m. Ocmulgee r. forms its W. boundary, by branches of Avhich it is drained. Surface hilly; soil very fertile, con sisting of a fine deep mold, productive, and well adapted to cotton, the principal production of the county. A portion of the land is covered with pine timber ; it contains some minerals. Farms 367; manuf. ; dwell. 696, and pop. wh. 3,517, fr. col. 42, si. 4,620 total 8,179. Capital: Ma rion. PuUie Works: Central Georgia E. E. TWINSBURO, t and p. v., Summit co., Ohio : 120 m. N. E. Columbus. Soil fertile. Drained by Tinker s cr., flowing centrally through the t. in a N. W. course, and affording water-power. The Cleveland and Pittsburg E. E. crosses the S. W. corner of the t. The village contains 2 churches, stores, mills, shops, etc. The v. and t. received their names from twin brothers who first settled here in 1827. Pop. of 1. 1,281. Two MILE BRANCH, p. o., Smyth co., Virg. : 220 m. W. by S. Richmond. Two MILE PRAIRIE, p. o., Pulaski co., Ind. : about 8 m. E. Tippecanoe r., 85 m. N. by W. Indianapolis. Two RIVERS, p. o., Pike co., Penn.: on Delaware and Hudson Canal, W. side of Delaware, 124 m. N. E. by N. Ilarrisburg. Two ELVERS, t. and p. o., Manitoowoc co., Wise. : 123 m. N. E. Madison. Drained by E. and W. Twin rivers, flow ing S. E. into Lake Michigan, which bounds it on the E. Population 924. Two TAVERNS, p. o., Adams county, Penn. : 36 m. S. W. Ilarrisburg. TYE RIVER WAREHOUSE, p. o., Nelson co., Virg. : on W. side of James river, at junction with Tye river, 69 m. W. Richmond. TYGEUT S CREEK, p. o., Greenup co., Ky. : on cr. of same name, 110 m. E. by N. Frankfort. TYLEH county, Tex. Situate E., and contains 1,157 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Neches r., which forms its eastern boundary, and by branches of Big Sandy or Alabama cr., which runs along its S. border. Surface undulating; soil fertile, consisting of a fine deep mold on a sandy bottom, and is well adapted to cotton and corn. On the Trinity the land is in general rich and very productive, but sub ject to submersion. It is thickly wooded with oak, pine, and other trees. Farms 137; manuf. 6; dwell. 267, and pop. wh. 1,476, fr. col. 0, si. 418 total 1,894. Capital: Woodville. TYLER county, Yirg. Situate N. W., and contains 373 sq. m. Drained by Fishing and Middle Island creeks, which enter the Ohio river. Surface generally uneven and rough; soil a strong loam, and fertile. Chief products, wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. Farms 417 ; manuf. 15; dwell. 949. and pop. wh. 5,456, fr. col. 4, si. 38 total 5,498. Capital: Middlebourne. TYLER, p. o., Winnebago county, III. ; 176 m. N. by W. Springfield. TYLER, p. o., Smith county, Tea). : 209 m. K E. Austin City. TYLERSBURG, p. o., Clarion co., Penn. : 147 m. W. N. W. Ilarrisburg. TYLER S PORT, p. o., Montgomery co., Penn. : 70 m. E. Ilarrisburg. TYLERSVILLE, p. o., Laurens district, S. Car. : 70 m. N. W. by W. Columbia. TYMAN S STORE, p. o., Spottsylvania county, Virg. : 55 m. N. Eichmond. TYMOCHTEE, t and p. v., Wyandott co., Ohio : 68 m. N. by W. Columbus. Drained by Sandusky and Tymoch- tee rivers. The Mad Eiver and Lake Erie E. E. touches the N. W. corner of the t. Pop. oft 1,817. TYNGSBORO , t., p. v., and sta., Middlesex county, Mass. : on both sides of Merrimac r., 29 m. N. W. by N. Boston. The Nashua and Lowell E. K. passes through the v. on the W. bank of the Merrimac r., 32 m. from Boston. The v. occupies a pleasant site, and contains a church and acade my, with several neat dwellings. Pop. of t. 799. TYRE, t. and p. o., Seneca co., N. Y. : 150 in. W. by N. Albany. Surface level; soil sandy and calcareous loam. Drained by Clyde r., flowing into Seneca r. The Erie Canal passes through its N. part. The inhabitants are generally engaged in farming. Pop. 1,356. TYREE SPRINGS, p. o., Sumner co,, Tenn. : 21 m. N. by E. Nashville. TYRELL, p. o., Venango co., Penn. : 168 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. TYRINGUAM (Shaker settlement), t and p. v., Berkshire county, Mass. : 112 m. W. Boston. Watered by branches of Housatonic r., one of which flows from a pond in its S. E. part. The t. is twice crossed by two heavy ranges of hills. The v. at the centre is neatly built. In its S. W. part is Shaker village. The t. also contains 3 churches, and several grist and saw mills. Pop. 821. TYRO, p. v., Crawford county, Ohio: 66 m. N. by E. Columbus. TYRONE, t. and p. o., Livingston county, Mich. : 40 m. E. Lansing. Drained by Ore cr., a branch of Shiawassee r The inhabitants are generally engaged in farming, etc. Pop. in 1840, 394 ; in 1850, 867. TYRONE, p. v., Blair county, Penn.: 76 m. W. N. W Ilarrisburg. Situated on N. E. part of the county, and on Pennsylvania E. E., 118 m. W. Harrisburg. TYRONE, p. o., Coshocton county, Ohio: 62 m. E. N. E. Columbus. TYRONE, t. and p. v., Steuben co,, N. Y. : 172 m. W. by S. Albany. Surface hilly ; soil clay and calcareous loam. Drained by Mud cr., which flows through two large ponds on its W. border. The v. contains 2 churches, stores, etc. The t. also contains several tanneries, grist and saw mills, etc. Pop. of v. about 250 ; of the 1. 1,894. TYRONE MILLS, p. o., Fayette county, Penn. : 140 m. W Ilarrisburg. TYRRELL county, XT. Car. Situate E., and contains 727 sq. m. Drained by Alligator r. and its branches; which waters are discharged into Albernarle sound. Surface low and generally even, in many parts it is liable to submersion, and is too wet for cultivation; soil where fit for tillage is fertile, and produces rice, cotton, grain, etc., which form the staple articles of commerce. On the E. in the Atlantic, are islands belonging to the county, of which the principal is Eoanoke. Farms 210; manuf. 41; dwell. 635, and pop. wh. 3,301, fr. col. 130, si. 1,702 total 5,133. Capital: Columbia. TYSON FURNACE, p. o., Windsor co., Verm. .-,55 m. S. by E. Montpelier. U UCHEE, p. v., Russell co., Ala. : 59 m. E. Montgomery. UCHEE ANNA, p. v., and cap. Walton co., Flor. : on W. side of a branch of Choctaw hatch ie river, 115 m. W. by N. Tallahassee. It contains a court-house, about 60 dwellings, and is surrounded by a very productive region. UDINA, p, v., Kane co., W.: 153 m. N. N. E. Springfield. UFF UNI UFFINGTON, p. v., Monongalia co., Virg. : 207 m. N. W. Eichmond. UHLERSVILLE. p. v., Northampton county, Penn. : 85 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. UIIRICKSVILLE, p. v.,Tuscarawas co., Ohio: 95 m. E. N. E. Columbus. The Steubenville and Indiana K. E. passes through this place. Pop. 577. UINTAH river, Utah Ter. : a tributary of the Eio Colorado, which it joins a little above 40 N. lat., in Utah county. The valley of this r. is one of the few fertile places in this part of the territory. UINTAH FORT, Great Salt Lake co., Utah Ter. : a trading post on a branch of Uintah r., 167 m. N. E. Fillmore City. ULAO, p. o., "Washington county, Wine. : 67 m. E. N. E. Madison. ULATT S valley, Solano co., Calif: lies N. E. of the Suisun Valley, is 5 m. long, and 1| m. wide. It runs N. W. between two ranges of hills, and opens out into the Sacramento Val ley. It is a great thoroughfare, aad the admiration of all travelers. ULSTER county, N. Y. Situate toward the S. E., and con tains 1,076 sq. m. Drained by Walkill, Esopus, Eondout, and Shawangunk creeks, which in their courses supply good water-power. Surface in general mountainous, the Shaw- aiigunk traversing it for a distance of 30 miles in a N. E. direction, and the Blue mountains spreading over its W. section, between these is a broad fertile valley; soil various, on the hills being adapted to grazing, and in the valleys very fertile. Chief products, wheat and Indian corn. This co. contains many minerals, and some sulphur spring?, also large quarries of marble and limestone. It has some im portant manufactures, and exports large quantities of coal, brought here by the canal, and lumber. Farms 3.539; manuf. 441 ; dwell. 9,735, and pop. wh. 57,803, fr. col. 1,5S1 total 59,334. Capital: Kingston. Public Works: Delaware and Hudson Canal ; Albany and Hoboken E. E. ULSTER, t, and p. o., Bradford county, Penn. : 107 m. N. Harrisburg. Drains into the Susqufhanna r., which makes its E. border. Surface diversified ; soil in the valley exceed ingly rich. There are several saw and flour mills in the L, and several stores. ULSTERVILLE, p. v., Ulster county, N. T. : 76 m. S. S. W. Albany. ULTIMA THULE, p. o., Sevier co., Ark. : on Eock cr., a branch of Little r., 131 m. W. S. W. Little Eock. ULYSSES, t, Tompkins co., A 7 ". Y. : on the W. side of Cayuga lake, S m. N. W. Ithaca, and 152 m. W. from Albany. Drained by small streams running into Cayuga lake, toward which its surface declines. It contains several manufactories. Pop. 8,122. ULYSSES, t. and p. o., Potter co., Penn. : 121 m. N. by "W. Harrisburg. Drained by head waters of Pine cr. of Sus- quehanna r., and of the Genesee r. flowing in different directions. Surface elevated ; soil fertile. Pop. 542. UMBAGOG lake, JV". Hamp. and Me. : a large body of water located mostly in Maine, extending about 800 yards in width along the E. of the townships of Errol and Cambridge in N. H. It is about 15 m. long, and in some parts 10 m. wide, and is little inferior to the "Winnepisiogee in extent and beauty. Its form is long and irregular, increasing in width from S. to N. Its outlet is on the N. W. side of Errol, and flows into the Androscoggin river. UMCOLCUS, p. o., Aroostook county, Me. : 172 m. N. E. Augusta. UMPQUA City. p. v., and port, Umpqua co., Oreg. Ter. : at the mouth of Umpqua r, 92 m. S. S. W. Salem. It lies on a neck between the river and Pacific Ocean ; has a good harbor, and promises to become a flourishing place. UMPQUA river, Oreg. Ter. : a considerable stream falling into the Pacific Ocean, about 40 m. to the N. of Cape Arago It rises by several branches from the coast range of moun tains, and some of the heads are separated from tributaries of Rogue r. by a well-defined watershed. Gold has been S64 found in the greater part of its length, and already several settlements are found on ita banks. Umpqua City at its mouth, Providence and Gardiner on opposite sides of the r. 6 m. up, Middleton on its S. bank 13 m. up, Scottsburg Myrtle City, and Gagniersville on the N. bank 22 to 25 m up, and Elkton at the confluence of Elk r. are the principal, and there are others on Elk r., and on the N. and S. Umpqua rivers, which latter are the chief constituents of the Umpqua. UNADILLA, t. and p. v., Livingston county, Mich. : 31 m. S. E. Lansing. Drained by Portage r., a branch of Huron river. Soil very fertile, and one of the best towns in the county. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in farming Pop. in 1840, 643 ; in 1S50, 1,027. UNADILLA, t. and p. v., Otsego co., N. Y. : 30 m. S. W of the village of Cooperstown, 84 m. "W. by S. Albany Drained by Unadilla and Susquehanna rivers. Surface hilly and somewhat broken, but has rich alluvial flats. It contains some manufactures of woolens, leather, tobacco, etc., and has considerable trade in lumber. The v. on N. side of Susquehanna r. contains several mills, some manu facturing establishments, a bank, cap. $100,000, and about 600 inhabitants. Two covered bridges, each 250 feet long, resting on 3 arches, here span the river. Pop. of t. ii.463 UNADILLA river, A 7 ". Y. : rises in Bridgewater, Oneida co., flows in a southerly direction, dividing the counties of Madison, Otsego, and Chenango, and falls into the Susque hanna, in the N. E. corner of Brainbridge. It is about 5 m. in length, and affords immense hydraulic power. On ita banks are situated several manufacturing villages. UNADILLA CENTRE, p. v., Otsego co., N. Y. : on a branch of Unadilla r., 84 m. W. by S. Albany. UNADILLA FOKKS, p. v., Otsego co., N. Y. : at the junction of the E. and W. branches of the Unadilla r., 89 m. W. by S. Albany. It contains several manufactories, and about 300 inhabitants. UNCASVILLE (Mohegan), p. v., New London co., Conn.; on the Eeservation of the Mohegan Indians, 36 m. S. E. Hartford. It contains a chapel, school-house, etc., erected at the expense of the general government The New Lon don, Willimantic, and Palmer E. E. passes it, 9 m. from New London. In the vicinity is a large factory, making drillings, running 80 looms, 2,400 spindles, and employing about 100 operatives. UNDERBILL, t. and p. v., Chittenden co., Verm. : 23 m. N. W. Montpelier. Drained by head branches of Brown r., a tributary of Lamoille r., which affords water-power to several saw-mills. Surface uneven, with an inferior soil. The v. is on a branch of Brown r. Pop. of t. 1,599. UNDERBILL CENTRE, p. v., Chittenden co., Verm. ; 25 m. N. W. Montpelier. UNDERWOOD, p. o., Hopkins co., Ky. : 161 m. E. by S. Frankfort. UNDEIIWOOD S, p. o., Marion co., Ohio: 47 m. N. by W. Columbus. UNIKA mountains, a name given to that portion of the Alleghany range that separates Tennessee from North Carolina, and which lies S. W. of Tennessee river. UNION county, Ark. Situate S., and contains 1.230 sq. m. Drained by Wachita river and its affluents. Surface level; soil fertile. Cotton is the chief production. Farms 679 manuf. ; dwell. 964, and pop. wh. 5,526, fr. col. 5, sla. 4.767 total 10,298. Capital : El Dorado. UNION county, Ga. Situate N., and contains 706 sq. m. Drained by head branches of Hiawassee river, and other small streams. Surface uneven ; soil fertile. In the S. and E. it is bounded by a mountainous range. Farms 911 ; manuf. 3 ; dwell. 1,141, and pop. wh. 6,955, fr. col. 1, sla. 278 total 7,234. Capital: Blairsville. UNION county, III. Situate S. W., and contains 390 sq. m. Drained by Clear creek, a tributary of Mississippi river, which forms its western border, and by Cash river, a trib utary of Ohio river. Surface hilly; soil fertile, and pro duces abundantly wheat, Indian corn, and other grains. UNI UNI Pork and beef are exported. Farms S10 ; manuf. 21 ; dwell. 1,289, and pop. wh. 7,570, fr. col. 45, total 7,615. Capital: Jonesboro . Public Works : Illinois Central R. R. UNION county, Ind. Situate E., and contains 168 sq. m. Drained by E. fork of "White river, and Hannah, Eockland, and Silver creeks. Surface E. level, W. undulating or hilly. Seven-eighths of the country originally timbered upland. The soil is uniformly good. Farms 606 ; manuf. 35 ; dwell. 1,220, and pop. wh. 7,106, fr. col. 38 total 7,144. Capital: Liberty. Public Works : Indiana Junction R. R. UNION county, la. Situate toward the S. W., and con tains 432 sq. m. Drained by Crooked fork of Grand river and its branches. Surface level, extending into broad, open plains ; soil fertile, and well adapted to wheat and grain. Set off since 1850. UNION county, Ky. Situate N. "W., and contains 385 sq. m. Drained by Highland creek and branches, and branches of Tradeswater creek. Surface undulating, the land rising gradually to the Ohio, on the W. border, and on the shore terminating in high bluffs ; soil moderately fertile. Chief productions tobacco and Indian corn. Some cotton is also produced. Farms 681 ; manuf. 7 ; dwell. 1,140, and pop, wh. 6,704, fr. col. 16, sla. 2,292 total 9,012. Capital: Morganfield. UNION parish, La, Situate N., and contains 1,027 sq. m. Drained by D Arbonne river, and its branches, which tra verse it from E. to W., and branches of Wachita river. Sur face level ; soil varied, that on the streams being generally rich and fertile, adapted to the culture of cotton, rice, and Indian corn, which, with wheat, form the staple produc tions. Farms 717 ; manuf. 1 ; dwell. 942, and pop. wh. 4,778, fr. col. ; si. 3,425 total 8,203. Capital : Farmersville. UNION county, N, Car. Situate S., and contains 475 sq. m. Drained by branches of Yadkin river. Surface uneven ; soil fertile, and well adapted to grain and grazing. Some portions of it are very productive, and yield a large quan tity of cotton, etc. Staple articles of commerce, tobacco, cotton, rice, and wheat. Farms 877; manuf. 9; dwell 1,422, and pop. wh. 8,018, fr. col. 51, si. 1,982 total 10,051. Capital: Monroe. UNION county, Ohio. Situate W. centrally, and contains 884 sq. m. Drained by Big Darby and Boques creeks, and other affluents of the Scioto river. Surface an extended plain, with occasional swells, and pleasantly diversified ; soil fertile, and produces abundantly wheat, grain, and po tatoes. Pork and beef are exported. Farms 1,255 ; manuf. 16 ; dwell. 2,059, and pop. wh. 12,076, fr. col. 128 total 12,204. Capital: Marysville. Public Works: Springfield, Mount Vernon, and Pittsburg R. R. ; Columbus and Belle- fontaine R. R., etc. UNION county, Penn. Situate E. centrally, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Penn s, Middle, Buffalo, and West Mahantanga creeks, tributaries of Susquehanna river, and its W. branch, which bound it on the E. Surface hilly, and in parts mountainous ; soil fertile, and very productive. Staples, wheat and Indian corn. Farms 1,597 ; manuf. 160 ; dwell. 4,455, and pop. wh. 25,982 ; fr. col. 101 total 26,083. Capital: New Berlin. UNION disk, S. Car. Situate N., and contains 749 sq. m. Drained by Pacolet and Tyger rivers, and their branches. Surface undulating; soil generally fertile, and adapted to grain. Chief productions, cotton and Indian corn. Farms 869 ; manuf. 72 ; dwell. 1,734, and pop. wh. 9,322, fr. col. 138, si. 10.392 total 19,852. Capital : Unionville. Public Works : Union and Spartan burg R. R. UNION, p. o., Jasper co., Tex. : 228 m. E. by N. Austin City. UNION, p. v., Greene co., Ala. : 98 m. W. by N. Mont gomery. Pop. 290. UNION, t. and p. o., Tolland co., Conn. : 31 m. N. E. by E. Hartford. Drained by head branches of Willimantic river, and other small streams. Surface hilly, with an inferior soil. Mashapaug and Breakneck ponds, sources of the N5 Quinnebaug, and a branch of the Natchaug rivers, are in this town. Pop. 729. UNION, p. o., York co., Penn. : 31 m. S. S. E. Harrisburg. UNION, p. v., and sta., M Henry co., III. : on the Galena and Chicago Union R. R., 62 m. N. W. Chicago, and 175 m. N. E. Springfield. UNION, p. o., Pike county, Ind. : 110 m. 8. W. by W. Indianapolis. UNION, v. and sta., Randolph co., Ind. : on the State line, 84 m. E. N. E. Indianapolis. This is the point of union of the Indianapolis and Bellefontaine R. R., and the Ohio lines to Cleveland, Pittsburg and Cincinnati, viz., the Bellefon taine and Indiana R. R., the Columbus, Piqua and Indiana R. R., and the Greenville and Miami R. R. respectively, which, with their eastern connections, extend to the above- named places, and thence connect with roads to the Atlantic, etc. It is one of the most important points of junction in the west, and must soon become a thriving commercial centre. UNION, p. v., Boone co., Ky. : 51 m N. by E. Frankfort. UNION, t and p. v., Lincoln co., Me. : 27 m. E. S. E. Augusta. Drained by St. George and Mnscungus rivers. Surface gently uneven. Incorporated in 1786. The t. con tains a considerable number of saw, grist, and fulling mills. The v. is on St. George r. Pop. of 1. 1,974. UNION, p. o., Cass co., Mich. : on the W. of a tributary of St. Joseph s r., 88 m. S. "W. Lansing. UNION, p. V., Newton county, Miss. : 69 m. E. by N. Jackson. UNION, t., Branch co., Mich. : 52 m. S. W. by S. Lansing. St Joseph s r. crosses its N. W. corner, and receives at Union City the stream draining the t. The inhabitants arc generally engaged in farming. Pop. in 1840, 507 ; in 1850 1,271. UNION, p. v., Franklin co., Mo. : a little N. of Bourbeuse cr., 64 m. E. Jefferson City. UNION, p. o., Carroll county, N. Ramp. : 40 m. N. by E. Concord. UNION, p. v., Van Buren co., la. : 72 m. S. S. W. Iowa City. UNION, t, and p. v., Essex county, JY. Jer. : 42 m. N. E. Trenton. Drained by Elizabeth and Rahway rivers. Sur face uneven, with a fertile and well-cultivated soil. Pop. of 1. 1,662. UNION, t, p. v., and sta., Broome co., N. Y. : on the N. side of the Susquehanna r., 128 m. W. S. W. Albany. Drained by Nanticoke r., a tributaiy of the Susquehanna. Surface undulating, and in parts hilly ; soil fertile. The v. is located 1$ m. N. of the Susquehanna r., at the base of a round hill, which has excellent pasture to the top, facing the v., while on the opposite side it is covered with pine and hemlock. From its summit there are excellent views of the river and valley. It is a thriving place, and contains about 1,000 inhabitants. The sta. is | m. distant from the v., on the New York and Erie R. R,, which passes along the Sus quehanna 233 m. from New York city, and 237 m. from Dunkirk. The t contains about 80 saw mills, with tan neries and grist mills. Pop. of t. 2,143. UNION, t. and sta., Licking county, Ohio : on the Central Ohio R. R., 26 m. E. by N. from Columbus. The Ohio Canal passes on its S. E. border. It contains the p. v. of Hebron (pop. 649), and Lura, pop. 88. Pop. of t. 2,368. UNION, p. v., Montgomery co., Ohio : on the W. side of Greenville creek, 73 m. W. by S. Columbus. Pop. about 800. UNION, p. v., and cap. Monroe co., Virg. : 171 m. "W. Richmond. It contains a court-house, jail, and an academy, several stores and tanneries. The " Union Republican" is issued weekly. Pop. 253. UNION, t. and p. o., Rock co., Wise. : 20 m. S. Madison. Drained by branch of Sugar r., and is a good farming town Pop. 1,050. UNION, v., Trinity co., Calif. : at the head of Humboldt Harbor, 212 m. N. W. Vallejo. UNI UNION, p. v., Santa Clara county, Calif. : 78 m. S. S. E Vallejo. UNION river and bay, Hancock co., Me. : has its source a few miles S. of Passadumkeag r., flows S., and empties into Union river bay, between Trenton and Surry. Its length is over 40 m. It receives several tributaries and af fords valuable water-power. UNION BRIDGE, p. v., Carroll co., Md. : on Little Pipe creek, 10 m. N. from Westminster, and 53 m. N. W. Annapolis. UNION BRIDGE, v. and sta., Belknap co., N. Ilanip. : on the W. border of Little Bay, and on the Boston, Concord, and Montreal E. E., 22 m. from Concord. UNION BRIDGE, p. o., Titus co., Tex. : 266 m. N. E. Austin City. UNION CENTRE, p. v., Broome co., N. Y. : 125 m. W. S. "W. Albany. UNION CHUECH, p. o., Jefferson co., Miss, : near a branch of Homochito r., 58 m. S. W. by S. Jackson. UNION CITY, p. v., Branch co., Mich. : on S. side of St. Joseph s r., at the junction of Coldwater r., 54 m. S. W. by S. Lansing. Its location is at the head of navigation, and it possesses a considerable amount of water-power. UNION COBNEB, sta., Queens co., N. Y. : on the Long Is land E. E., 8 m. E. New York. Here is one of the most noted race courses in the Union. UNION COBNEBS, p. o., Livingston co., N. Y. : 214 m. "W. Albany. UNION COBNERS, p. v., Yan Buren co., la.: on South branch of Fox r., 75 m. S. S. W. Iowa City. UNION DISTBICT, p. o., Washtenaw co., Mich. : 46 m. S. E. Lansing. UNION FALLS, p. v., Clinton co., 2\T. Y. : W. side of Sar- anac r., which affords great water-power, 133 m. N. Albany. UNION FUBNACE, p. o., Huntingdon co., Penn.: 54 m. W. Harrisburg. UNION GROVE, p. v., Whitesides co., III. : on the W. side of Little Eock r., 143 m. N. by W. Springfield. UNION GROVE, p. o., Eacine co., Wise. : 70 m. E. S. E. Madison. UNION GBOVE, p. v., Prince George co., Virg. : near the head waters of Blackwater r., 33 m. S. by E. Eichmond. UNION HALL, p. o., Franklin co., Virg. : 135 m. W. S. W. Eichmond. In the vicinity, on Pig r., are several mills. UNION LEVEL, p. o., Mecklenburg county, Virg. : 88 m. 8. W. Eichmond. UNION MEETING HOUSE, p. o., Baltimore co., Md. : on Great Gunpowder Falls, 81 m. N. of Baltimore city, and 51 m. N. by W. Annapolis. UNION MILLS, p. o., La Porte co., Ind. : on W. side of branch of Kankakee r., 159 m. N. by W. Indianapolis. UNION MILLS, p. o., Carroll county, Md. : on side of Big Pipe cr., 52 m. N. N. W. Annapolis. UNION MILLS, p. o., Fulton co., N. Y. : 38 m. N. W. by N. Albany. It contains several mills. UNION MILLS, p. o., Mahaska co., la. : on N. side of N. Skunk r., 53 m. W. by S. Iowa City. UNION MILLS, p. v., Erie co., Penn. : on a branch of French cr., 191 m. N. W. Harrisburg. UNION MILLS, p. v., Fluvanna co., Virg. : on Eivanna r., 55 m. N. "W. Eichmond. It contains several mills and a large cotton factory. UNION PLAIN, p. o., Brown co., Ohio : 89 m. S. E. by S. Columbus. UNION POINT, p. o. and sta., Greene co., Get. : on the Georgia E. E., at the junction of the Athens Branch E. E., 40 m. from Athens, 76 m. from Augusta, and 42 m. N. by E. MilledgeviUe, UNION POINT, p. o., Concordia par., La. : 78 m. N. by W. Eaton Eouge. UNION POINT, p. o., Union co., HI. : on E. side of Missis sippi r., 3 m. below the mouth of Big Muddy r., 162 m. S. Springfield. 866 TJNI UNION SETTLEMENT, p. o., Oswego county, N. Y. : 142 m. W. N. W. Albany. UNION SOCIETY, p. o., Greene co., JK Y. : 33 m. S. W. Albany. UNION SPRINGS, p. o., Macon county, Ala. : on a fork of Cupia Hatchie cr., 41 m. E. by S. Montgomery. Popula tion about 160. UNION SPBINQS, p. o., Harrison co., Tex. : 19 m. S. W Austin City. UNION SPRINGS, p. v. and sta., Cayuga co., N. Y. : on E. side of Cayuga lake, 156 m. "W. Albany. The Cayuga and Susquehanna E. E. passes through this place, 64 m. N. W. from Owego, and connects at Cayuga, 4 m., with the Eoches- ter and Syracuse E. E. It has several mills, 1 iron foundry, and 1 woolen factory. There are two springs here whicll discharge sufficient water to supply the mills with power, there is also a mineral spring here of some celebrity. It has a steamboat landing, and a steam ferry connects the v. with Canoga, in Seneca county. The " Cayuga Telegraph" (neut.) is here published. Pop. about 600. UNION SQUARE, p. o., O&wego co., 2f. Y. : 144 m. W. N.W. Albany. UNION SQUARE, p. v., Montgomery co., Penn. : 83 m. E. Harrisburg. UNIONTOWN, p. v., Perry co., Ala. : at the head-watera of Cbilalob.ee creek, 77 miles W. Montgomery. Population about 50J. UNIONTOWN, p. v., Knox county, III. : 71 m. N. by W. Springfield. UNIONTOWN, p. v., Union county, Ky. : 167 m. "W. by S. Frankfort. UNIONTOWN, p. v., Wells co., Ind. : on S. side of branch of Little r., 117 m. N. E. by N. Indianapolis. UNIONTOWN, p. v., Carroll co., Md. : 51 m. N. W. by N. Annapolis. Pop. 339. UNIONTOWN, sta., Middlesex co., N: Jer. : on New York and Philadelphia E. E., 84 m. N. E. Trenton. UNIONTOWN, p. o., Indian Territory. UNIONTOWN, p. v., Belmont co., Ohio: 111 m. E. by N. Columbus. Pop. 194. * UNIONTOWN, p. b., and cap. Fayette co., Penn. : on Eed- stone cr., 153 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. In this neighbor hood are three cold blast furnaces, with a capacity of 1,100 tons each, and a rolling-mill, with an annual product of 700 tons. It contains several stores, workshops, and printing- offices, and three newspapers, the "Pennsylvania Demo crat," the " Fayette Whig," and the " Genius of Liberty" (whig), are issued weekly. Pop. 2,833. UNION VALE, t., Duchess co., N. Y. : 69 m. S. Albany. Drained by Fishkill r. Surface rolling and hilly, having on the E. Matteawan ridge ; soil fertile. It has some manu factures. Pop. 1,552. UNION VALLEY, p. v., Cortlandt co., N. Y.: 124 m. W. Albany. UNION VILLAGE, p. v., Broome co., If. Y. : 120 m. W. by S. Albany. UNION VILLAGE, p. v., Orange co., Verm. : on S. side of branch of Connecticut r., 40 m. S. E. by S. Montpelier. UNION VILLAGE, p. v., Northumberland co., Virg. : 65 m. E. N. E. Eichmond. UNION VILLAGE, v., Warren county, Ohio : 84 m. S. W. Columbus. The inhabitants are chiefly Shakers, and are divided into families, each one with its separate house, hav- ng out-houses and work-shops adjoining. This is the old est and largest society in the West UNIONVILLE, p. v., Monroe co., Ga. : on S. side of branch of Ocmulgee r., 52 in. W. by N. MilledgeviUe. UNIONVILLE, p. v., Hartford county, Conn. : on E. side of Farmington r., on the Collinsville branch of the New Haven and Northampton, or Canal E. E., 28 m. from New Haven, and 11 m. W. from Hartford. UNIONVILLE, p. v., Monroe co., Ind. : 51 m. S. S. W. of Indianapolis. tTNI tJPP UNIONVILLE, p. v., Appanoose county, Jr/.. : on S. side of branch of DCS Moines r., 81 m. 8. W. Iowa City. UNIONVILLE, p. v., Frederick co., Jfd. . on a tributary of Linganore cr., 14 m. E. N. E. of Frederick City, and 47 m. JT. "W. Annapolis. UNIONVILLE, p. v., Orange co., N. Y. : 98 m. 8. S. E. of Albany. It contains a chufch, several stores, etc. Popu lation about ISO. UNIONVILLE, p. v. and sta., Lake co., OMo: on Cleveland and Erie E. E., 42 m. from Cleveland, 53 m. from Erie, 165 m. N. E, Columbus. It contains two churches, several stores, etc. In the vicinity are extensive ironworks. UNIONVILLE, p. v., Chester co,, Penn* : 66 m, E, S. E, of Harrisburg, UNIONVILLE, p. v., sta., and cap. Union dist, S. Oar, : on a small branch of Tiger r., 57 m. N. W. by N. Columbia. It contains the county buildings etc. The Union and Spar- tanburg E. R., diverging from Alston on Greenville and Columbia E. K., extends through this place to Spartan- burg, 60 m. UNIONVTLLE, p. v., Cass co., Teas. : 223 m. N. E, Austin City. UNIONVILLE, p. v., Bedford co., Tenn. : 45 m, S. S. E. of Nashville, UNION VILLE CENTRE, p. o., Union co., Ohio : 23 m. N. "W. by N. Columbus. UKIOPOLIS, p. v,, Auglaize county, OMo: 77 miles N. W. Columbus. UNISON, p. v., Loudon co., Virg* : 99 m. N. Eichmond. UNISON, p. v., Delaware co., OMo: 19 m. N. by W. Columbus. UNITARIA, p. o., Broome co., 2T. Y. : 125 m. "W. S. "W. Albany. UNTTIA, p, v., Blount county, Tenn. : 144 m. E. by S. Nashvilte. UNITY, p. v., Alexander county, III. : 1 m. W. of Cash river, 5 m. N. of the Mississippi r., and 189 m. S. by E. Springfield, UNITY, t and p. v., Waldo co., Me. : 31 m. N. E. Augusta Drained by branch of Sebasticook r. There is a pond on its N. border, S. of which the v. is located. The t contains fulling, grist, and saw mills, and tanneries. Pop. of 1. 1,557. UNITY, p. v., Montgomery co., Md. : to the "W. of Patux- cnt r., 36 m. "W. N. "W, Annapolis. UNITY, L and p. v., Sullivan co., 2f. Hamp. : 36 m. W. Concord. Drained by Sugar r., and other small branches of Connecticut r. Perry s Mountain, in the S. "W, part, is partly in this town. The inhabitants are generally engaged in farming. Pop. oft 961. UNITY, t. and p. v., Columbiana county, Ohio : 149 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. Drained by tributaries of Little Beaver river. The v. of Unity is situate about a mile N. of the Ohio and Pennsylvania E. E., which passes through the t. in an E. and W. direction. Pop. of t. 2,095. UNITY, p. v., Muhlenburg co., Ky. : 144 m. S. "W. by "W. Frankfort. UNITY, p. o., Crawford co., Penn. : 198 m. "W". N. "W. Harrisburg. UNITY, t., "Westmoreland co., Penn. : 130 m. W. Harris burg. Drained by Crabtree and Big Sewickly creeks, and Nine Mile run, affording extensive hydraulic power, im proved by various tanneries, distilleries, flouring and saw mills. Pop. about 3,100. UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, p. o., Atbemarle co., Ylrg. : at the University, 1 m. "W. Charlottsville, and 98 m. from Eich mond by the Virginia Central E. E. Lat. 38 02 03" N., and long. 78 31 29" "W. The University was founded in 1819, and in 1850 had 10 professors, and 383 students, 3,500 alumni, and a library of 10,000 volumes. In the law depart ment there were 70 students, and in the medical department 95 students. This is one of the most flourishing institutions of the kind in the United States. UPATOIE, p. v., Muscogee co., Ga. : on W. side of branch of Upotoy cr., 98 m. "W. S. "W. Milled geville. The Muscogee E. E. passes through this place. UPDEGRAFFS, p. o., Jefferson co., Ohio : 111 m. E. by N, Columbus, UPIIAUPEE, p. v., Macon co., Ala.: on Uphaupee cr., 81 m, E. by N. Montgomery. UPPER ALTON, p. v., Madison co., M. : on elevated ground, 2| m. E. of Mississippi r., and E. of Alton, 69 m. S. by"W. of Springfield. It contains several mills and stores, and about 2,000 inhabitants. In 1816 the v. was laid out, and for the past 20 years it has gradually increased in growth. It contains Shurtleff College, founded in 1S35, having (in 1850) a president, 6 professors, and 45 students, with a library containing 1,600 volumes. UPPER AQUEBOGUE, p. v., Suffolk co., N. Y. : 132 m. 8. E. by S. Albany. UPPER BLACK EDDY, p. o., Bucks co,, Penn. : 105 m. E. Harrisburg. UPPEROO, p. v., Baltimore co., Md. : situated E. of the N. branch of Patapsco r., 21 m. N. N.W. Baltimore, 43 N. N.W. Annapolis. UPPER CROSS EOADS, p. o., Harford co., Md.: 45 m. N. by E. Annapolis. UPPER DARBY, t. and p. o., Delaware co., Penn. : 89 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. Drained by Cobb s and Darby creeks. Surface hilly; soil fertile. It has good water-power, and some manufactories. UPPER DUBLIN, t and p. o., Montgomery co., Penn. : 99 m. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Darby and Cobb s creeks, by which good water-power is supplied. Surface hilly ; soil fertile, consisting of black mold. It has several stores, and a number of mills and factories. Pop. 1,550. UPPER EMB ARRAS, p. o., Coles co., 111. : about 2 m. W. of head branch of Embarras r., 79 m. E. Springfield. UPPER FALLS, p. v., "Windsor co., Verm. : 53 m. S. by E. Montpelier. UPPER FREEHOLD, t., Monmouth county, W. Jer. : 12 m. E. by S. Trenton. It has Assunpink cr. on the N. E., and Crosswick s cr. on the S. border. Drained by tributaries of Assunpink and Crosswick s creeks. Surface even, with forests of pine in the S. E. part. It has good water-power, and several manufactories and mills. Pop. 2,556. UPPER GILMANTON, p. v., Belknap co., N~. Ifamp. : on the N. of Winnipisseogee r., 17 m. N. by E. Concord. UPPER GLOUCESTER, p. v., Cumberland county, Me. : on Eoyals r., 35 m. S. W. Augusta. UPPER HANOVER, t., Montgomery county, Penn. : 81 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. Drained by Perkiomen cr. and ite branches. Surface hilly, and in parts rough and broken. Soil red shale. It contains several stores and a number of mills, and has about 1,570 inhabitants. The village, called New Goshenhoppen, is situate in the forks of Perktemen creek. UPPER HUNTING creek, p. o., Caroline co., Md. : on a cr. so called, above its confluence with Choptank r., 38 m. S. E. Annapolis. UPPER IOTVA river, la. : rises in S. part of Minnesota Ter., flows S. E. into Winnisheik co., and then N. E., emptying into the Mississippi r. near the N. boundary of the State. UPPER JAY, p. o., Essex co., N. Y. : 120 m. N. Albany. UPPER LISLE, p. o., Broome co., N. Y. : 122 m. W. by S. Albany. UPPER MACUNGY, t, Lehigh co., Penn. : 74 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. Drained chiefly by Lehigh cr. It contains several stores, and has a number of grist and saw mills. Pop. about 1,900. UPPER MAHANTANGO, t. and p. o., Schuylkill co., Penn. : 37 m. N. E. by N. Harrisburg. Drained by two branches of Mahantango cr. Surface diversified, with collection of low hills ; soil red shale and white gravel, in general barren. It contains several stores, and has a number of grist and saw mills. UPPER MARIETTA, p. v., Lancaster co., Penn. : on the R 667 UPP UTA bank of Susquehanna r. and on the line of the Columbia Branch E. K., 5 m. above Columbia. UPPER MARLBORO , p. v., and cap. Prince George co., Md. : on the S. side of the W. branch of Patapsco r., 4 m. above its mouth, 17 m. S. W. Annapolis and 18 m. E. by S. "Washington, D. C. It contains the county buildings, etc., and is a well-built village. The " Marlboro Gazette" (neut.) is published weekly. Pop. about 800. UPPER MIDDLETOWN, p. v., Middlesex co., Conn, : on W. side of Connecticut r., 15 m. S. Hartford. The name of this place has lately been changed to CROMWELL. It contains 2 churches, academy, a few stores, etc. UPPER MIDDLETOWN, p. v., Fayette co., Penn. : on bend of Bedstone cr., 5 m. N. Union, 155 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. UPPER MOUNT BETHEL, t., Northampton co., Penn. : on the W. side of Delaware r., 99 m. N. E. Harrisburg. Sur face mountainous. It contains several manufactories. UPPER PEACH TREE, p. v., Wilcox co., Ala. : on the W. side of the Alabama r., 75 m. S. W. by W. Montgomery. UPPER BED HOOK, p. v., Duchess co., N. Y.: 3 m. E. from Hudson r., 42 J m. S. Albany. UPPER ST. CLAIR, t. and p. o., Alleghany county, Perm. : 173 m. W. Harrisburg. Drained by Chartier s cr. Surface hilly ; soil black loam, and very fertile. It contains a num ber of stores and several mills and factories, and has a pop. of about 2,700. UPPER SANDUSKY, p. v., and cap. Wyandott co., Ohio : on W. side of Sandusky r., 60 m. N. by W. Columbus. It contains the usual county buildings and is well built Popu lation 783. UPPER STILLWATER, p. v. and sta., Penobscot co., Me. : on the "W. side of the Penobscot r., opposite Marsh s Island, 69 m. N. E. Augusta. The Bangor and Piscataquis B. B. passes through this place, 9 m. from Bangor. Great water- power is here afforded by the falls in the Penobscot river. UPPER STRASBURG, p. v., Franklin co., Penn.: on a fork of Heyren s branch of Conedogwinit cr., 10 m. N. W. Charabersburg, 47 m. W. S. W. Harrisburg. UPPER TRACT, p. v., Pendleton co., Virg. : on the W. side of S. branch of the Potomac r., 119 m. N. W. by W. Bichmond. UPPER TRAPPE, p. v., Somerset co., Md. : on the N. side of Wicomico cr., 65 m. S. E. Annapolis. UPPER TYGART, p. o., Carter co., Ky. ; on Buffalo fork of Tygart cr., 102 m. E. by N. Frankfort UPPERVILLE, p. v., Fauquier co., Virg. : 103 m. N. by "W. Bichmond. It contains an academy, church, and several stores, and about 350 inhabitants. UPPER YARMOUTH, p. v., Cumberland co., Me. : 41 m. S. W. by S. Augusta. UPSHUR county, Tea;. Situate toward the N. E., and con tains 1,053 sq. m. Drained by Little Cypress r. and its branches, and affluents of Sabine and Big Cypress rivers. Surface undulating ; soil fertile, and favorable to the growth of cotton and corn. Grapes grow wild, and might with a little care be rendered a valuable article in the manufactur ing of wines. It is thickly wooded, and is interspersed with numerous streams of pure running water. Farms 240 ; manuf. ; dwell. 484, and pop. wh. 2,712, fr. col. 0, el. 682 total 3,394. Capital : Gilmer. UPSHUR, p. o., Preble co., Ohio : 95 m. "W. by S. Colum bus. It was formerly called NEW HOPE. UPSON county, Ga. Situate W. centrally, and contains 208 sq. m. Drained by branches of Flint r., which forma the S. W. and W. boundary. Surface uneven ; soil fertile, and is adapted to cotton, which is produced in abundance, and a!so to wheat and Indian corn, good crops of which are raised. A portion of the land is covered with pine. Some minerals are found. Farms 436 ; manuf. 19 ; dwell. 795, and pop. wh. 4,720, fr. col. 0, si. 4,704 total 9,424 Capital: Thomaston. UPSONVILLE, p. v., Susquehanna county, Penn. : 127 m. -N. N. E. Harrisburg. UPTON, t and p. v., Worcester co., Mass. : 31 m. W. S. W. Boston. A tributary of Blackstone r. has Us source in this town, and furnishes water-power. Surface rough and hilly. It has several manufactories, among which are wool and leather. The v. is on West r. Pop. of t in 1840, 1,466 ; in 1850, 2,023. UPTON, p. v., Dodge co., Wise. : oil W. of the W. branch of Bock r., 51 m. E. N. E. Madison. UPTON, p. v., Franklin co., Penn. : on a branch of the Potomac r., 59 m. S. W. Harrisburg. URBAN A, p. v., and cap. Champaign co., III. : on S. side of Salt fork of Vermillion r., 76 m. E. N. E. Springfield. It contains a court-house and jail, and about 400 inhabitants. The Chicago Branch of the Illinois Central E. E. intersects this place. UBBANA, p. v., Frederick co., Md. : on the E. side of Monocacy r., on the high ground between Back and Ben nett s creeks, S4 m. W. N. W. Annapolis. URBANA, p. v., Hickory co., Mo. : on the E. boundary of the county, 72 m. S. W. Jefferson City. UBBANA, t. and p. v., Steuben county, 2f. T. : 183 m. W. Albany. A portion of Crooked lake is in the t. Drained by several small streams flowing into the lake. Surface hilly ; soil various. The v. is located at the S. end of the lake, at which point there is a landing. The t contains numerous mills. Pop. of t. 2,079. UBBANA, t, p. v., sta., and cap. Champaign co., Ohio : 39 m. W. Columbus. The v. contains the county buildings, an academy, and several churches. The Columbus, Piqua, and Indiana E. E. and the Mad Eiver and Lake Erie E. B. pass through the v., affording great facilities for trade. Two newspapers are issued weekly, " U. Expositor" (dem.), and " U. Citizen and Gazette" (whig). Pop. of v. in 1840, 1,070 ; in 1850, 2,020. Pop. of t (including v.) in 1840, 1,386; in 1850, 3,414. URBANE, p. v., Jackson co., Itt. : 155 m. S. by E. Spring field. The Illinois Central E. E. passes 2i m. E. of this place. UBBANNA, p. v., and cap. Middlesex co., Virg. : on S. W. side of Bappahannock r., near the mouth of Urbanna cr., 46 m. E. by N. Eichmond. It contains a court-house, jail, several stores, and about 200 inhabitants. Considerable pine timber is exported. Steamboats plying between Bal timore and Fredericksburg make this one of the stopping places. URIEVILLE, p. v., Kent co., Md. : on the E. side of Mor gan s cr. of Chester r., 27 m. N. E. Annapolis. URSA, p. o., Adams co., HI. : 3 m. E. of the Mississippi r M 91 m. W. by N. Springfield. UBSINE, p. o., Grant co., Wise. : 69 m. W. by S. Madison. USQUEPAUGH, p. v., Washington county, E. I. : 18 m. W, Newport. THE TERRITORY OF UTAH. UTAH, originally a portion of California Alta, lies between latitudes 37 and 42, and longitudes 106 and 120 west from Greenwich, or about 29 and 43 west from Washington. It is bounded north by Oregon, east by Nebraska and New Mexico, south by New Mexico, and south-west and west by California. In extreme length east and west 740 miles, and in breadth 340 miles, it contains an area estimated at 187,923 square miles. This territory occupies the great basin lying between the Bocky Mountains on one hand, and the Sierra Nevada on the other ; and with the exception of its eastern portion, drained by the Colorado and its tributaries, forms a distinct geo graphical region, having mountains, rivers, and lakes all its own, and which originate and terminate within its natural limits. It is one of the most peculiar countries of the world ; and in many respects assimulates the topography of UTAH. Palestine, and like that country has its Dead Sea, its mountain borders, its peculiar people as Palestine of old, and on its west the maritime Philistines of California. The characteristics, historical, geographical, and theocratical, of the two might be compared indefinitely; nor is the resemblance less striking in form of government, in manners, and in customs. The physical elements of the countries are the same, and the moral and religious, modified, however, by external associa tions, only distinct in the perceptions of the sectarian. The Great Basin, in which the larger portion of Utah lies, says Dr. Bernhiael, is about 500 miles long east and west, by 265 miles breadth. It has never been fully explored ; but so far as it has been, a portion of it is found to consist of arid and sterile plains, another of undulating table-lands, and a third of elevated mountains, a few of whose summits are capped with perpetual snow. Some portions of the basin abound in rich and nutricioas grasses. There are within its limits many streams and lakes, and of the latter, the most remarkable is the Great Salt Lake, which is about 70 miles in length, and 80 to 35 miles in breadth. Its waters are a saturated solution of muriate of soda or common salt. Indeed, they contain more salt than they are capable of holding in solution; and when low, considerable quantities of it are pre cipitated to the bottom of the lake, or rather are there crystallized. No living creature can exist in this lake. A striking feature in the topography of this region is, that none of the streams or lakes have any visible outlet either to the Atlantic or Pacific Ocean. The sources of the Colorado are in the Eocky Mountains, lying in Oregon and New Mexico, and the country in their vicinity is unfit for cultivation. No portion of that vast extent of country between the Great Basin and the Rocky Mountains is habitable excepting the valley of the Uintah, and perhaps that of Green Eiver. The valleys known in the Great Basin are the Great Salt Lake Valley, Bear Eiver Valley, Utah Valley, Yuab Valley, South Valley, Sevier Valley, and Sand Pitch Valley. The Great Salt Lake Valley, which is much the largest, is about 115 to 120 miles long, and from 20 to 40 broad, but the Salt Lake occupies the greater part of the northern portion of it. The surface of the centre of the valley is level, but ascends gently on either side toward the mountains. There is in the immediate vicinity of the city bearing the name of this lake, a warm saline mineral spring issuing from the base of a mountain, the temperature of which is 108, and two miles north of this is a similar spring, whose temperature is 125 Fahr. The character of the best soil in the valleys that are inhabitable, is as follows : one portion of it is a vegetable loam, another a marly loam, and the third a gravelly shale containing some silica. The latitude of Great Salt Lake City is 40 45 44" north. The altitude is 4,300 feet. The climate is milder aud drier in general than it is in the same parallel on the Atlantic coast. The temperature in the Salt Lake Valley in the winter season is more uniform than that of the Atlantic States in the same season, the thermometer rarely descending to zero. There is but little rain except on the mountains between the 1st May and the 1st October, and hence the necessity for irrigation in most places which are susceptible of it. The other valleys bear a general resemblance to the Salt Lake Valley, except that they are much smaller ; South Valley being 30 miles long, by 20 broad ; Utah Valley about 60 long, by 20 broad, and Sand Pitch Valley some 40 or 50 long, and perhaps 20 wide. The only timber to be found in this region is in the canons, on the banks of a few of the streams, and along the bases of some of the mountains. "Wheat, rye, barley, buckwheat, oats, and Indian corn are its chief agricultural products ; and all the garden vegetables peculiar to the Middle and Western States are produced in great perfection. Cotton, sugar, and rice, are not susceptible of cultivation in the region described ; tobacco and sweet potatoes can be produced in limited quantities. Only a few portions of the valleys are well supplied with water, and upon the rest but limited crops can be raised, as artificial irrigation in agriculture is indispensable to success. There are tracts of land of considerable extent in each of these valleys which are not susceptible of cultivation, because they can not be irrigated. ..But limited portions, therefore, adds Erastus Snow, even of the most fertile and -warmest valleys in this region, can ever be made available for agricultural purposes, and only such as are adjacent to streams, and are well located for irrigation. Small valleys, surrounded by high mountains, are the most abundantly supplied with water, the streams being fed by the melting snow and summer showers. Broad extended plains, whether level or broken, are generally arid and unproduc tive. Such is the whole eastern portion of Utah, including the valley of Green Eiver, and those of its tributaries, which extend from the Sierra Madre on the east, to the Bear Eiver divide on the west, and from the Wind Eiver Chain, aud Cascade mountains on the north, to a point at the south where Green River passes through the mountains, descending over rapids and cataracts, to the plains of the lower Colorado. Green Eiver Valley is about 150 miles square ; and though larger than several States of the Union, yet its elevation is such, and it is so badly watered, that it is doubted whether a single spot in it is adapted to agriculture. There is, however, a small valley on the Uintah River, about 60 miles south of Fort Bridger, which is, perhaps, the warmest and most inviting in this portion of Utah, and in which a settlement will probably be made. . f The Great Basin, although warmer than the eastern section, is, to a great extent, as arid and unproductive. A portion of a large desert, extending through the centre of the basin from north to south, and from the western shore of the Great Salt Lake toward the Sierra Nevada, was evidently once the bed of the lake, for various portions of it are covered with incrustations of salt, and abound in salt springs, but are destitute of fresh water. All the streams that have their sources in the eastern declivity of the Sierra Nevada for a distance of 500 miles, soon disappear beneath the surface, and none of them are known to disembogue themselves either into the lakes of the basin or into the Pacific Ocean. There are several small valleys and oases along the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, but these are included within the limits of the State of California. By far the most desirable portions of the Great Basin are the valleys on its eastern border, skirted by the "Wasatch Range, which extend from near the mouth of Bear River to the Rio Virgin. An analysis of the facts presented by Dr. Bernhisel and Mr. Snow, exhibits difficulties of significant importance. The whole country is isolated from the States on either side, by mountains impassible except in a few gaps, and even through those during a great portion of the year. Its seclusion in the middle of the continent, indeed, is more complete than if surrounded by waters in the middle of the ocean; and its distance from the settlements in Iowa, Missouri, and Arkansas, is too great to allow of any commercial connection. As to the latter point, witness the following statement : from Inde pendence (on Missouri River) to Fort Kearny, is 400 miles ; from the latter to Fort Laramie, 806 miles ; thence to the north fork of the Platte River, 127 miles; thence to Rock Independence, 50 miles; thence to South Pass, 100 miles; thence to Fort Bridger, 118 miles; and thence to Salt Lake City, 113 miles; making a total distance of 1,214 miles. To this should be added, 400 miles between Independence and St. Louis, or in all 1,614 miles from the Great Salt Lake to the first considerable market. In no part of this vast tract can the rains of heaven be relied upon to any great extent for the cultivation of the soil. The earth is destitute of tree*, and in great part also of any vegetation whatever. Should the Great Pacific Railroad, however, be carried through this territory, the natural obstacles to intercourse would in a great measure be overcome, but at best, Utah must ever remain a country within itself naturally and politically, and as a UTAH. member of the American Union, will ever be independent of that Union in all but in theory. Nor can the theological aystem held by the inhabitants of Utah, have the sympathies of the more dogmatic sectaries of the old States. The success of the State, then, depends on no external influences ; but on the intelligence and forces of the people within. Utah in 1850 was divided into seven counties,* the general statistics of which and the capitals of each were as follows: Counties. Dwelt Pop. | Capitals. Tooele 33 .. 152 .. 27 . . . . Tooele City Utah 411 . . 2,000 . . 144 . . 4 . . Provo City Weber 22T .. 1,186.. 38 . . 2 . . Ogden City Counties. Dwell. Pop. { t * b ; Capitals. Davis 215 .. 1,134 .. 112 .. 1 .. Miller s Creek Great Salt Lake 1,288 .. 6,157 .. 505 .. 6 .. Salt Lake City Iron 86 .. 360 .. 54 . . 2 . . Cedar City San Pete 62 .. 365 .. 51 . . 1 . . Manti City The whole number of dwellings in the Territory was at the above date 2,322 ; of families, 2,322 ; and of inhabitants, 11,380 ; viz., whites 11,330 males 6,022, and females 5,308 ; fr. col. 24 males 13, and females 12 ; si. 26. Of the whole population there were deaf and dumb, ; blind, 2; insane, 3 ; and idiotic, 2, The number of free persons born in the United States was 9,355 ; the number of foreign birth 1,990, and of birth unknown 9. The native population originated as follows : Maine 151. N. Hamp. 123, Verm. 232, Mass. 350, E. I. 21, Conn. 193, N. Y. 1,430, N. Jer. 96, Penn. 553, Del. IT, Md. 27, DisL of Col. 1, Virg. 99, N. Car. 92, S. Car. 53, Ga. 12, Flor. 4, Ala. 62, Miss. 119, La. 8, Tex. 7, Ark. 7, Tenn. 294, Ky. 256, Oh. 694, Mich. 121, Ind. 303, 111. 1,235, Mo. 519, la. 726, Wise. 30, Calif. 14, Territories 76, and the foreign population was composed of persons from England 1,056, Ireland 106, Scotland 232, "Wales 125, Germany 50, France 13, Spain 1, Portugal 0, Belgium 0, Holland 0, Turkey 0, Italy 1, Austria 3, Switzerland 1, Russia 1, Denmark 2, Norway 32, Sweden 1, Prussia 6, Greece 0, China 1, Asia 0, British America 338, Mexico 7, Central America 0, South America 0, West Indies 2, and other countries 12. The general statistics of the industry and wealth of the Territory, as derived from the census of 1850 and other official returns, are as follows : Occupied Land, etc. Improved farm land, 16,333 acres, and unimproved, 30,516 ; valued in cash at $311,799. The number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, 1850, was 926. Value of farming implements and machinery, $84,288: Lite Stock. Horses, 5,429 ; asses and mules, 325 ; milch cows, 4,861 ; working oxen, 5,266 ; other cattle, 2,489; sheep, 3,262, and swine, 914. Value of live-stock, $546,968. Products of Animals. Wool, 9,222 pounds ; butter, 83,309 pounds ; cheese, 30,998 pounds, and the value of animals slaughtered during the year had been $67,985. Grain Crops. Wheat, 107,702 bushels; rye, 210 bushels; Indian corn, 9,899 bushels; oats, 10,900 bushels; barley, 1,799 bushels, and buckwheat, 332 bushels. Otfier Food Crops. Peas and beans, 289 bushels ; potatoes Irish, 43,968 bushels, and sweet 60 bushels. Miscellaneous Crops. Tobacco, 70 pounds ; hay, 4,805 tons ; clover-seed, 2 bushels ; hops, 50 pounds ; flax, 550 pounds ; flax-seed. 5 bushels ; molasses, 58 gallons; bees-wax and honey, 10 pounds, etc. Value of the produce of mar ket-gardens, $23,868. Home-made Manufactures were produced to the value of $1,302. Manufactures. In 1850 there were sixteen manufacturing establishments producing to the annual value of $500 and upward. The ascertained value of all property, real and personal, assessed for taxation in 1850 amounted to $986,083. Government. The basis of the government of Utah is identical with that of New Mexico, except that in it there is no provision that " no citizen of the United States shall be deprived of his life, liberty, or property, except by the judgment of his peers or the laws of the land." (See NKW MEXICO, p. 552.) Historical Sketch, The territory, now called Utah, formerly constituted a portion of the Mexican province of California Alta, and as such passed into the possession of the United States by the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 2d February, 1848. Previous to the Mexican War, few white men, except those engaged in scientific explorations, had entered the country. About the period that the war had broken out, the Mormons were driven from their city of Nauvoo, in Illinois, by mob violence, and shortly afterward emigrated to the borders of the Great Salt Lake. Their settlements became prosperous and populous, and within two years after the first pioneers had entered the country their numbers had increased to about five thousand. After the ratification of peace, they found themselves without a government, and without protection for person or property. To remedy this anomalous condition of the body politic, a temporary govemment was organized under the style of "The State of Deseret," and under its sanction the usual government officials were elected. But the ultimate destiny of the country belonged to Congress, and that body, during the session of 1849-50, remanded the State back to a territorial condition under its present title. The increase of its population, however, continues to be so rapid, that it must at no distant period be admitted as a State, and whenever such an event is consummated Utah will, no doubt, form as bright an independency as the brightest star of our national galaxy. FILLMOKE CITY, in Millard County, is the political capital of the Territory. UTAH county, Utah Ter. Extends from the mountains W. of the Utah lake to the Kocky mountains, and is about half a degree in width. Green r. passes through it, and by its branches drains the whole country. It is everywhere a hilly country, but has extensive and fertile valleys, in which agriculture is pursued with success. Farms 144 ; manuf. 4 ; dwell. 411, and pop. wh. 1,991, fr. col. 9, si. 26 total 2,026. Capital: Provo City. UTAH, p. o., Warren county, III. : 90 miles N. W. by N. Springfield. UTAH, p. v., La Grange county, Ind. : at head waters of Pigeon r., 132 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. UTAH, p. o., Lucas co., Ohio: 117 m.N. N. W. Columbus. UTAH lake, Utah co., Utah Ter. : S. by E. of Great Salt lake, to which it is connected by the river Jordan. It re ceives Timpanogoo r. and Spanish Fork, with other smaller streams from the E., and Utah r. from the 8. UTAH river, Utah Ter. : rises in W. part of San Pete co., flows W. into Juab county, where it takes a N. course, and empties into the S. end of the lake so called. UTAH LAKE, p. o., Utah county, Utah Ter. : 82 miles N. Fillmore City. UTICA, p. v., Clark co., Ind. : on W. side of Ohio r., 5 m. below Charleston Landing, 130 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. * To these hare since been added the counties of " Desert," extending from the Salt Lake to the Californian boundary" Green River." in th N. E. part of the territory" Millard," in the S. W.-" Washington," in width half a degree, and running along the whole length of the S. border, and Yuab, tying immediately N. of Millard County in all twelve counties. UTI VAL UTICA, p. v., Macomb co., Mich. : on E. side of Clinton r., 76 miles E. by S. Lansing. It contains an iron foundry, several mills, stores, etc., an academy, and 2 churches. UTICA, p. v., Hinds co., Miss. : 29 m. W. 8. W. Jackson. UTICA, p. v., Livingston co., Mo. : on S. side of Grand r., at the head of steamboat navigation, 113 m. N. W. Jefferson City. UTICA, p. o., Dane co., Wise. UTIOA, p. city, Oneida co., N. T. : on S. side of Mohawk r., 84 m. W. N. W. Albany, direct, by railroad 95 m. Lat. (Dutch church) 43 06 49" N., long. 75 13 W. The city is built upon ground rising from the river toward the S., and commands a beautiful prospect of the Mohawk valley. It is laid out with general regularity, with spacious streets, many of which are 100 feet wide, and is well built, having many fine blocks of stores and elegant dwellings. It con tains a court-house, 20 churches, 2 orphan asylums, a good public market, 5 banks, with aggregate capital of $1,610,200, 1 savings bank, and 2 insurance companies. The State Lunatic Asylum is located about 1 m. W. of the centre of the city, on elevated ground, with splendid buildings, sur rounded by a farm of 160 acres. In 1S50 it contained 449 inmates, 226 males, and 223 females. The total cost of these buildings at completion, according to the plan proposed, will be about $500,000. Much attention is given to educa tion in the public schools, private academies, etc. There are two flourishing incorporated seminaries, one for males, and the other for females, of which the latter especially has a high reputation ; also three literary associations. Utica is surrounded by one of the best agricultural and manufacturing districts in the Union. Its connections by the Erie and Chenango canals, and the great line of rail roads from Albany to Buffalo, which pass through the city, give it great advantages for trade. By railroad, it is 78 in. from Schenectady, 53 m. from Syracuse, 225 m. from Buffalo. The Erie Canal has here been enlarged to 70 feet wide and 7 feet deep, presenting a fine appearance from several beau tiful bridges by which it is spanned. A culvert between the canal and the river cost about $100,000. The principal manufactures carried on in the city are those of iron and machinery, leather, carriages, and flour ; but the smaller es tablishments are very numerous and various. The news paper press in 1850 comprised 18 issues: viz., 4 dailies, "Evening Observer" (dem.), "Oneida Whig," "Oneida Herald" (whig), and "Utica Gazette" (whig), each of which issued weekly editions; 5 other weeklies, "Utica Democrat" (free soil), " Gospel Messenger" (free soil), " American Bap tist," " New York Baptist Register," and " American Mes senger" (relig.) ; 3 temperance papers, " Utica Teetotaller," " Cadet s Banner," and " Central City Cadet," the last two semi-monthly ; and 1 monthly, " The Mirror" (relig.) Utica stands upon the site of old Fort Schuyler, erected in 1758, during the French War. In 1794 it contained four inferior houses ; in 1798 it was incorporated as a village, and received its present name ; in 1817 it was incorporated as a town, and in 1832 received its city charter. It is divided into six wards, and governed by a mayor and 12 aldermen, elected annually. Pop. in 1830, 8,323 ; in 1840, 12,782 ; in 1850, 17,565. UTIOA, p. v., Van Buren co., /a. : 63 m. S. S. W. Iowa City. UTICA, p. v., Licking co., Ohio : on E. side of N. fork of Licking river, 47 m. by the Central Ohio, and the Sandusky, Mansfield, and Newark E. R. from Columbus. Pop. 420. UTICA, p. v., Venango county, Penn. : on the W. side of Venango r., 178 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. UTICA MILLS, p. v., Frederick co., Md. : on Fishing cr. branch of Monocacy r., 58 m. N. W. Annapolis. UTOY, p. v., Dekalb county, Oa. : 91 miles N. W. by N. Milledgeville. The Macou and Western R. R. passes about 4 m. W. of the village. UTTER S CORNERS, p. o., Walworth co., Wise.: 68 m. S. E. Madison. UVALDE county, Tew. Situate centrally, and contains about 1,300 sq. m. Drained by the Rio Frio and its branches, and branches of Nueces r., which runs on its W. border. Surface aried, the N. portion being hilly and rather mountainous, but in the S. it is undulating, and the land more capable of cultivation ; soil in general a dark calcareous loam, and in parts very fertile, and producing abundantly corn, wheat, cotton, tobacco, indigo, and various culinary vegetables. The nopal, or prickly pear, abounds, forming thick hedges, and covering a large portion of land in the co. ; the fruit of this tree attains a large size, and has an excellent flavor. It contains good prairie. and timber land. UWCHLAND, t and p. o., Chester county, Penn. : 85 miles E. S. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Brandywine creek, which affords good water-power. Surface plane, with a slight de clination ; soil fertile, principally a sandy loam with clay. It contains several stores and a number of mills and facto ries, and has a population of about 1,600. UXBBIDGE, t., p. v., and sta., Worcester co., Mass. : 86 m. S. W. Boston. The Blackstone r. crosses the E. part of L Drained by tributaries of Blackstone r., and has good water- power. It contains several manufactories. The Uxbridge Woolen Company, and Messrs. Wheelock s establishment manufacture over 300,000 yards of woolen goods annually. The v. is on the Providence and Worcester R. R., 18 miles S. E. Worcester, and contains a bank, capital $100,000, 2 churches. There are deposits of iron ore here, and a fine species of granite is quarried. Pop. of t. 2,457. V. VAIL S CROSS ROADS, p. o., Morrow county, Ohio : 44 m. N. by E. Columbus. VAIL S GATE, sta., Orange county, N. 7. : on Newburg Branch R. R., 5 m. S. W. from Newburg, 88 miles S. by W. Albany. VAIL S MILLS, p. o., Fulton co., N. Y. : 52 m. W. N. W. Albany. VALATIE, p. v., Columbia county, N. T. : at confluence of Valatie and Kinderhook creeks, 2 miles N. E. Kinderhook, 19 m. S. by E. Albany. It contains 4 large cotton factories, some other mills, 2 iron foundries, 3 churches, etc. Pop. about 1,650. VALCOUR island, N. T. : on Lake Champlain 5 miles S. by E. Plattsburg, 3 m. long, and 1 m. wide. VALBENK, p. v., Orange county, Ind. : 85 miles 8. by W. Indianapolis. VALE MILLS, p. o., Giles co., Term. : 66 m. S. by W. Nashville. VALENCIA county, N. Hex. Situate 8. E., and covers a large territory extending between 32 and 35 N. lat., and between Texas on the E. and the Rio Grande on the W. The Sierra Blanco follows the course of the Rio Grande at a distance of about 40 m., and is the watershed of the coun try, dividing the Pecos from the great river on the W. It abounds in gold and silver, etc., and at many places mining was once extensively engaged in. The Guadalupe mts. also extend N. into this county, and beyond them are seve ral detached elevations. The settlements are all on the Rio Grande, the E. portion being a wilderness. Farms 1,379; manuf. 1 ; dwell. 2,877, and pop. wh. 14,147, ft. col. total 14,147. Capital: Valencia. VALENTIA, p. o., Shelby county, Ohio : 48 m. W. N. W. Columbus. VALLE CRTJCIS, p. o., Ashe co., N. Car. : 164 m. W. by N. Raleigh. Here is an Episcopal missionary school. VALLEJO, p. v., Solano county, Calif. : and capital of the State of California, is situated on the Napa Straits, 25 miles N. N. E. San Francisco. The permanent location of the seat of government at this place is not certain, the legisla ture of 1852-3 having adjourned to Benicia on Suisun bay, 8 miles E. by S. Vallejo. The present general interests of Vallejo are entirely agricultural and grazing. The eminence 871 VAL VAN designated for the capitol buildings commands an extensive prospect of beautiful scenery. "VALLEY, p. o., Tazewell county, Virg. : 230 m. W. by S. Richmond. VALLEY FALLS, p. o.. Providence co., R. I. : on E. side of Blackstone r., 30 miles N. Newport Here are large fac tories of print goods, running about 15,000 spindles, and making over 3,000,000 yards per annum. VALLEY FORGE, p. v. and sta., Chester co., Pmn. : on the S. side of the Schuylkill r., near the mouth of Valley creek, 70 m. E. Harrisburg. It contains several factories and mills, which are also numerous upon the banks of the stream above. The Philadelphia and Reading R. R. passes through, 23 m. from Philadelphia, 70 m. from Pottsville. This locality is of historical interest, from having been the winter quarters of the American army in 1777-8. VALLEY GBOVE, p. o., Monroe oo., Ark. : 671 m. E. by S. Little Rock. VALLEY GROVE, p. o., De Soto county, Mtes. : 168 m. N. Jackson. VALLEY HEAD, p. o., DC Kalb co., Ala. : 159 m. N. by E. Montgomery. VALLEY PBAIBIE, p. o., Barry co., Mo. : 154 m. S. W. by S. Jefferson City. VALLEY TOWN, p. o,, Cherokee county, 2f. Car. : 304 m. W. by S. Raleigh. VALLONIA SPRINGS, p. o., Broome co., JT. T.: 108 m. W. S. W. Albany. VALONIA, p. v., Jackson co., Ind. : 62$ m. S. Indianapolis. VALPARAISO, p. v., and cap. Porter co., Ind. : on E. side of Salt cr., 123 m. N. N. W. Indianapolis. It contains the county buildings, 3 hotels, churches, etc. First settled in 1836. The " Practical Observer" (dem.) is here published. VAN BUREN county, Ark. Situate N. centrally, and con tains 1,456 sq. m. Drained by Little Red r. and its branches. Surface varied ; soil fertile, and adapted to corn and graz ing. Good crops of wheat are raised, and there is some fine Umber on the land. Farms 380 ; manuf. ; dwell. 448, and pop. wh. 2,761, fr. col. 0, sL 103 total 2,864. Capital: Clinton. VAN BUREN county, la. Situate S. E., and contains 450 sq. m. Des Moines r., a tributary of the Mississippi, flows through it from N. "W. to S. E., by which and its branches it is drained. Surface undulating, in parts hilly ; soil fer tile. It is a fine mineral country, and iron, copper, and tin ores are found abundantly. Marble of excellent quality is quarried here. Farms 998 ; manuf. 23 ; dwell. 2,069, and pop. wh. 12.266, fr. col. 4 total 12,270. Capital: Keo- sauque. Public Works: Des Moines River Improvements. VAN BUREN county, Mich. Situate S. W. of the South ern Peninsula, and contains 620 sq. m. Drained by Paw paw r. and its branches ; in the central part, by S. branch of Black r., and Brush and Dowagiake creeks, which supply good water-power. Surface level; soil fertile, the chief productions of which are, wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. The Pawpaw r. is navigable for boats 70 m. from its mouth. Farms 459 ; manuf. IS ; dwell. 1,053, and pop. wh. 5,800, fr. col. total 5,800. Capital: Pawpaw. Public Works: Michigan Central R. R. VAN BUREN county, Tenn. Situate N. centrally, and contains 312 sq. m. Drained by Laurel cr. and other branches of Caney fork of Cumberland r., which flows on its N, border. Surface undulating ; soil fertile, and adapted to wheat and grain. Farms 192 ; manuf. 5 ; dwell. 404, and pop. wh. 2,481, fr. col. 18, si. 175 total 2,674. Capital: Spencer. VAN BUREN, p. v., De Kalb co., Ala. : on E. side of "Will s cr., 132 m. N. by E. Montgomery. VAN BUREN, p. o., De Kalb co., III. : 147 m. N. N. E. Springfield. VAN BUREN, p. o., Anderson co., Ky. : 18 m. S. by W. Frankfort. VAN BUREN, p. v., and cap. Crawford co.. Ark. : on N. 872 side of Arkansas r., 124 m. W. N. W. Little Rock. It con tains the county buildings, several stores, etc., and has con siderable river trade. The " Van Buren Intelligencer" (dem.) is issued weekly. Pop. 547. VAN BUREN, p. o., Clay co., Ind. : 55 m. W. S. "W. In dianapolis. The Terre Haute and Richmond R. R. passes near it, 10 m. from Terre Haute. VAN BUREN, p. o., Itawamba co., Miss. : on W. side of Tombigbee r., 165 m. N. E. by N. Jackson. Pop. about 100. VAN BUREN, p. v., and cap. Ripley co., Mo. : on E. bank of Current r., 123 m. S. E. by S. Jefferson City. It contains the county buildings and several dwellings. VAN BUREN, t and p. o., Onondaga co., N. Y. : on S. side of Seneca r., 144 m. W. by N. Albany. Surface undulating. Drained by Camp brook and other streams flowing S. into Seneca r. The Oswego and Syracuse R. R. passes through its N. E. part, and the Erie Canal touches its S. border at Canal p. o. It contains mills of various kinds, and has considerable manufactures. Pop. of t 8,873. VAN BUREN, p. o., Hancock co., Ohio : 95 m. N. "W. by N. Columbus. VAN*BTTBEN, p. o., "Washington co., Penn. : 180 m. W. Harrisburg. VAN RUBEN, p. v., Hardeman county, Tenn.: 144 m. S. W. by W. Nashville. VAN BUBEN CENTRE, p. o., Onondaga co., IT. Y. : 9 m. W. N. W. Syracuse, 142 m. W. by N. Albany. VAN BUREN FURNACE, p. o., Shenandoah co., Virg.: 116 m. N. "W. by N. Richmond. VAN BUREN HARBOR, p. v., Chautauque co., JV. Y. : on E. side of Lake Erie, 295 m. W. Albany. The Buffalo and State Line R. R. passes near it, 4 m. from Dunkirk. It is regularly laid out, and has a convenient landing. VANCEBORO , p.v., Winnebago county, III.: 177 m. N. Springfield. VANCEBUBG, p. v., Lewis co., Ky. : on S. bank of Ohio r., 93 m. E. N. E. Frankfort. It contains a few stores, shops, etc. A good bed of copperas, a fine limestone quarry, and clay suitable for stone-ware and fire-brick are found in the vicinity. VANCE S FERRY, p. o., Orangeburg district, 8. Car. : on S. "W. bank of Santee r., 50 m. S. E. by S. Columbia. VANCEVILLE, p. o., Washington co., Penn. : 165 m. "W. Harrisburg. VAN CLEVESVILLE, p. o., Berkeley co., Virg. : 128 m. N. by "W. Richmond. VANCOUVER (FORT), v., Clark CO., Oreg. Ter.: on N. bank of Columbia r., 12 m. above the mouth of Willamette r., 60 m. N. N. E. Salem. Columbia Barracks, at this place, is a U. S. military post garrisoned by artillery. VANDALIA, p. v., and cap. Fayette co., III. : on W. bank of Kaskaskia r., 66 m. S. E. by S. Springfield. Lat 38 5(/ N., long. 89 02 W. Its site is high, undulating, and was originally a timbered tract. It was selected by commis sioners, with 4 sections of land, granted by Congress iu ISIS, for the seat of government for 20 years. The capital was removed to Springfield July 4th, 1839. It was regu larly laid out, with streets 80 feet wide, and crossing at right angles. In the centre is a public square, on elevated ground, containing the public buildings formerly used by the State. It also contains a TJ. S. land-office and several churches. The " Fayette Yeoman" is published weekly. From the important railroad connections which Vandalia will soon have with all parts of the State, it promises to become one of the greatest thoroughfares of trade and travel in Illinois. The railroads already in construction to pass through it are, Illinois Central R. R. ; Massac and Sangamon R. R. ; and Mississippi and Atlantic R. R. The National Road has pre viously been of much benefit The surrounding country near the river is heavily timbered, and a few miles back are extensive prairies. Pop. about 1,100. VANDALIA, p. o., Owen county, Ind. : 51 miles S. "W. Indianapolis. VAN VER VANDALIA, p. o.,Cass co., Mich. : 96 m. S. W. Lansing. VANDALIA, p. o., Montgomery co., Ohio : 2 m. W. of Miami r. and canal, 62 m. W. by S. Columbus. VANDERBURG county, Ind. Situate S. W. on Ohio r., and contains 240 sq. m. Drained by Big Pigeon, Blue Grass Little, and Locust creeks. The succession of bottoms, hills and table-land, characteristic of the river counties, is here maintained. The uplands are undulating or rolling ; soils everywhere productive. Farms 743; manuf. 76; dwell. 2,659, and pop. wh. 11,187, fr. col. 227 total 11,414. Cap ital: Evans ville. Public Works : Wabash and Erie Canal and Evansville and Illinois E. K. VAN DEUSENVILLE, p. v. and sta., Berkshire co., Mass. on W. side of Housatonic r., 117 m. W. by S. Boston. The Berkshire R. E. passes through the v., 23 m. from Pittsfield and the Stockbridge E. E. extends hence to the State line. VAN DYKE S MILL, p. o., Spencer county, Ky. : 26 m W. S. W. Frankfort. VAX ETTONVILLB, p. o., Chemung co., N. T. : 156 m. W. by S. Albany. VAN GCNDY S, sta., Morgan co., III. : on Sangamon and Morgan E. E., 50 m. from Springfield, 5 m. E. from Naples. VAN HILL, p. o., Hawkins co., Tenn. : 215 m. E. by N. Nashville. VAN HISEVILLE, p. o., Mercer county, JVI Jer. VAN HOOK S STORE, p. o.. Person county, N. Car. : 47 m. N.N.W. Ealeigh. VAN HORNESVILLE, p. o., Herkimcr co., 2f. Y. : 60 m W. N. W. Albany. VANLUE, p. o., Hancock county, Ohio : 74 m. N. by W. Columbus. VANNOY S MILL, p. o., Pike county, Mo.: 67 m. N. E. Jefferson City. VANN S VALLEY, p. o., Floyd co., Ga. : 146 m. N.W. by "W. Milled geville. VANN S VALLEY, p. o., Delaware co., Ohio : 20 m. N. N. E. Columbus. VAN SYCKLES, p. o., Hunterdon co., N. Jer. : at foot of Musconetong Mountain, 31 m. N. N. W. Trenton. VAN WERT county, Ohio. Situate W. toward the N., and contains 396 sq. m. Drained by St. Mary s and Little Au- glaize rivers, and other small streams. Surface level ; soil varied ; in some portions consisting of a fine black mold, while in many parts it is sandy and of a light formation ; it is however in general fertile, and very productive. A dense forest of pine and other timber covers a large portion of the county. Farms 817; manuf. 13; dwell. 786, and pop. wh. 4,766, fr. col. 47 total 4,818. Capital : Van Wert. Pullic Works: Ohio and Indiana E. E. ; Miami Canal, etc. VAN WERT, p. v., and cap. Paulding co., Ga. : 130 m. "W. N. W. Milledgeville. It contains the county buildings, an academy, and church. Pop. about 150. VAN WERT, p. v., and cap. Van Wert co., Ohio : 105 m. N. W. by W. Columbus. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. The Ohio and Indiana E. E. will pass near this place. Two Democratic papers are published : " Van Wert Demo crat," and " Section Ten Budget." Pop. 270. VANZANDT county, Tea;. Situate toward the N. E., and contains 919 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Sabine and Neches rivers, and numerous small streams. Surface undu lating and diversified ; soil fertile, and is generally pro ductive and favorable to the growth of cotton and corn. It has some beds of iron ore, and is thickly covered with forest trees. Farms 138 ; manuf. 4; dwell. 246, and pop. whites 1,308, free col. 0, si. 40 total l,3iS. Capital: Jor dan s Saline. VARENNES, p. v., Anderson dist, S. Car. : on W. side of Eocky r., 94 m. W. by N. Columbia. VARICK, t. and p. o., Seneca county, N. Y. : 160 m. W. Albany. It is bounded E. by Cayuga lake, and W. by Se heca lake. Surface somewhat elevated in the middle ; soil fertile. The inhabitants are generally engaged in farming. Pop. 1,872. 05 VARIETY MILLS, p. o., Nelson co., Virg. : 85 m. W. by N, Eichmond. It contains several dwellings and a few mills. VARNA, p. v., Tompkins county, N. Y. : 140 m. W. by S. Albany, on Fall cr., which affords water-power to several mills. Pop. about 200. VARYSBURG, p. v., Wyoming co., N~. Y. : on E. side of head branch of Tonawanda creek, 236 m. W. Albany. It contains several mills and stores, and 2 churches. Pop. about 250. VASSALBORO , t. and p. o., Kennebec co., Me. : on E. side of Kennebec r., 10 m. N. by E. Augusta. Vessels come from the ocean to this t. by means of the dam and lock at Augusta. It contains several large ponds, the outlets from two of which furnish water-power. There is a large num ber of tanneries, grist and saw mills, etc., in the t Popu lation 3.099. VATJGHANSVILLE, p. o., Putnam co., Ohio : 120 m. N. W. Columbus. VAUGHAN VALLEY, p. o., Eutherford co., Tenn. : 30 m. S. E. Nashville. VELASCO, p. v., Brazoria county, Tex. : at the mouth of the Brazos r., 170 m. S. E. by E. Austin City. This place early received a business impulse from the settlement of capitalists in the village and vicinity. The Brazos is here about 300 yards wide, with a good harbor. The village has some coasting trade, and promises to become one of the most important places on the coast of Texas. VENANGO county, Penn. Situate toward the N. W., and contains 692 sq. m. Alleghany r. passes through its central portion, by which and its branches it is drained. Surface undulating; soil fertile, and produces excellent crops of wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. It has good grazing land, on which large numbers of cattle and hogs are fat tened enough to supply the neighboring markets. Farms 1,730 ; manuf. 72; dwell. 3,065, and pop. wh. 18.270, fr. col. 40 total 18,310. Capital : Franklin. Public Works : Al- leghany Valley E. E. ; Pittsburg and Erie E. E. ; Frankliu Canal and E. E. VENANGO, p. o., Crawford co., Penn. : 193 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. VENICE, t. and p. o., Cayuga county, N. Y. : 144 m. W. Albany. Surface rolling ; soil gravelly and clay loam. Drained S. by Salmon cr. The inhabitants are generally engaged in farming. Pop. 2,028. VENICE, p. v., Erie co., Ohio : on S. side of Sandusky bay, at entrance of Cold cr., 99 m. N. by E. Columbus. It contains a large flouring-mill and some others, a few ware houses and stores. The Junction E. E. from Toledo to Sandusky, will pass through this place. Pop. about 450. VENICE, p. o., Washington county, Penn. : 160 m. W. Ilarrisburg. VENICE, p. o., Shiawassee co., Mich. : 25 m. E. N. E. Lansing. VENICE, p. o., Madison co., III. : on E. side of Mississippi river, 82 m. S. S. W. Springfield. VEEA CRUZ, p. o., Wells co., Ind. : 80 m. N. E. by N- Indianapolis. VBRBANK, p. o., Duchess co., N. Y. : 62 m. S. Albany. VERDIKRVILLE, p. o., Orange co., Virg. : 58 m. N. W. Eichmond. VERDON, p. o., Hanover co., Virg. : 22 m. N. Eichmond. VERGENNES, p. o., Jackson county, III. : 134 m. S. by E. Springfield. VERGENNES, p. o., Kent co., Mich. : 44 m. N. W. Lansing. VERGENNES, p. city, Addison co., Verm. : is beautifully situated on Otter cr., at the head of navigation, 7 m. from its mouth, 33 m. W. by S. Montpelier. Otter cr. is here about 500 feet wide, and is divided by two islands, forming three channels, and separate falls of 87 feet each, furnishing im mense water-power. The city is neatly built, and presents a very picturesque appearance. The factories, mills, and anneries, improving the water-power of the cr., are numer ous. The manufacture of iron, obtained from Monkton, is 873 VERMONT carried on extensively. The city contains 1 bank, cap. $100,000, an academy, an United States arsenal and ordi nance dep6t, and 3 churches. The Eutland and Burling ton R. R. passes through, 98 m. from Bellows Falls, 22 m. from Burlington. Otter cr. is somewhat crooked between the city and the lake, but vessels of 300 tons can come to the wharves. Yergennes was first settled in 1766, and incorporated in 17SS. Here was fitted out the squadron of M Donough, which achieved the celebrated victory of Platts- burg, Sept. llth, 1S14. The " Vergennos Vermonter (whig) is published weekly. Pop. in 1S40, 1,017 ; in 1850, 1,378. VERMILLION county, Itt. Situate E., and contains 1,208 sq. m. Drained by Big and Little Vermillion rivers and their affluents, which traverse the co. N. and S. Surface undulating ; a large portion is prairie. Soil fertile, and pro duces wheat and grain in abundance. Farms 1,269 ; manuf. 15; dwell. 1,985, and pop. wh. 11,482, fr. col. 10 total 11,492. Capital: Danville. Public Works : Great Western Central R. R. VERMILLION county, Ind. Situate W., between Wabash r. and the Illinois State line, and contains 280 sq. m. Nu merous streams, of which Big and Little Vermillion rivers are the principal, and tributaries of the "Wabash, drain the land. Surface high and level, with some bluffs, and two- thirds of the whole is covered with forest. Soils excellent. Coal is abundant, and extensive beds of iron ore are found on Brouillet s creek. Farms 733; manuf. 46; dwell. 1,509, and pop. wh. 8,643, fr. col. 18 total 8,661. Capital : New port VERMILLION parish, La. Situate S. W., and contains 1,545 sq. m. Drained by small streams of Vermillion river. Surface generally level, and much of it covered with pine forest and other timbers ; soil fertile, and, with cultiva tion, producing rice, cotton, sugar, etc., which form its staple. It contains part of Mermentau lake in its western portion, and small bays of the lake which indent its coast On the eastern side is Vermillion bay, a large expanse of water, and washing part of the shore of St. Mary s co. in the N. W. In the extreme S. E. is Grand Island, separated from it by Grand Bass. Farms 198 ; manuf. ; dwell. 406 and pop. wh. 2,328, fr. col. 14, si. 1,067 total 3,409. Capi tal : La Fayette. VERMILLION, p. o., Oswego co., N. Y. : 130 m. W. N. W. Albany. VERMILLION, t, p. v., and port, Erie co., Ohio : 98 m. N. N. E. Columbus. Bounded N. by Lake Erie. The t contains large deposits of iron ore, which is much wrought The v. at the mouth of Vermillion r. has a convenient har bor, improved by U. S. Government. Its imports, in 1848, amounted to $150,000 ; exports, $207,200 total lake trade, $307,200. The Junction R. R. from Toledo to Cleveland will pass through this place. Pop. oft. 1,515. VERMILLION river, HI. : rises in Livingston co., flows N. W., and empties into Illinois r., at the foot of the rapids in La Salle co. It furnishes good water-power by falls and rapids in its lower part On its banks are valuable quarries of limestone, coal, and sandstone. VERMILLION river and bay, La. : the r. rises in St. Landre par., and flows S. into W. part of Vermillion bay. It is navigable to Vermillionville. The bay is about 20 m. long, with the same width, and has 10 or 12 feet water, but not more than 5 feet on the bar at its entrance. C6t6 Blanche bay connects it with the Gulf of Mexico. VERMILLIONVILLE, p. v., and cap. La Fayette par., La. : 50 m. W. by S. Baton Rouge. It is situated on a beautiful plain, H m. from W. bank of Vermillion r., at the head of navigation, and contains the county buildings, etc. Pop. about 250. THE STATE OF VERMONT. VERMONT, so called from the verdant aspect of its mountains, lies between 42 44 and 45 latitudes north, and between 71 38 and 73 26 longitudes west from Greenwich, or between 3 36 and 5 24 east from Washington. It is bounded on the north by Lower Canada, on the east by New Hampshire, on the south by MassaAmsetts, and on the west by New York. Its eastern boundary is formed by the Connecticut River, and on the west it is separated from New York chiefly by Lake Champlain. The length of the State from north to south is 157 miles, and its breadth from east to west from 40 to 92 miles, its widest part being on the northern State line. The superficial area of the country is estimated to contain 10,212 square miles. The surface of Vermont, with some slight exceptions, is mountainous. The most striking feature in its topography is the range called the Green Mountains, which traverses the State in a direction north and south. Southward it is contin ued into Massachusetts, where it is known under the name of the Hoosic Mountains. In the centre of the State this ridge bifurcates: one branch, the Western, and principal, continuing in a northerly direction, sinks down gradually, and terminates near the northern boundary; and the other, or Eastern branch, called also the "Height of Land," strikes a course to the north-east, and, passing into Canada, is lost on the shores of the St. Lawrence. The latter divides the streams of lakes Champlain and Memphreraagog from the tributaries of the Connecticut, while the former, though loftier, pre sents a more broken outline, and is cut through by several rivers. It is a curious fact that this immense barrier has a passage through it, even without any high hills, and the southern branch of the Onion River, which passes through it and flows into Lake Champlain, has its source very near to, if not in, the same swamp with the head waters of White Eirer, which flows into the Connecticut The Vermont Central Railroad also passes along these streams without any consider able elevations or depressions, although near the base of Camel s Rump, one of the highest peaks of the range. The part of the mountains which traverses the southern portion of the State forms the watershed between the Hudson and Con necticut rivers. The base of these mountains varies from ten to fifteen miles in width. Beautiful and fertile valleys intersect them everywhere, and the slopes are covered with growths of small evergreen trees and shrubs, and the sum mits with green mosses and winter grasses. There are many fine farms among the hills, and much of the land upon them is excellent for grazing. Before the mountain bifurcates, the highest summit is Killington Peak, 3,675 feet above the level of the sea ; but there are two higher culminations after it divides, and which are in the western range : these are Camel s Rump, on the south side of Onion River, which is 4,188 feet high ; and Mansfield Mountain, the highest of all, which is 4.279 feet high. Ascutney is an isolated mountain in the town of Windsor, near the Connecticut, the apex of which is 8,320 feet above tide-water. In the neighborhoods of Lake Champlain and the Connecticut River the country is only moderately uneven, and in many places extensive level tracts are found, which form a striking contrast to the gen eral features of the country. The Connecticut River washes the eastern borders of the State, the watershed, or dividing ridge already mentioned being nowhere more than thirty-five miles from the river, and throughout most of its course not more than half that distance; its tributaries in this State, viz., the Deerfleld, White, Black, and Passumpsic rivers are scarcely more than mountain torrents. On the western side of the ridge the streams have chiefly a north-westerly course, and nre consider ably longer ; but as they force their way through the westerly branch of the mountain ranges, their courses are also rapid 874 VERMONT. and much broken by falls. The Missisqui, Lamoille, Onion, and other creeks flowing into Lake Champlain, are the prin cipal, and these afford navigation for lake craft to their lower cascades, from five to six miles up. The Battenkil and Hoosic rivers have their rise in the S. part of the range, but soon pass into New York. The whole State is abundantly watered by pure running brooks, many of which, as also the larger streams, are turned to use in operating numerous mills. Lake Champlain extends along the western border a distance of 140 miles, and varies in width from one to sixteen miles, covering an area of 600 square miles. It is sufficiently deep for the largest class of shipping ; it is, however, usually navigated by vessels of 80 or 100 tons, to which the rivers and canals are accessible, and several fine steamboats ply to and from different points on its shores. It receives the surplus waters of Lake George, and discharges itself by the Sor- relle or Richelieu, which, by means of some canals round its rapids, affords a navigable communication with the St. Lawrence. At its southern base it is connected by canal with the Hudson River and the New York and Erie Canal. There are several large islands in the northern part of the lake, which, together with Alburg Peninsula, divide it in its broadest part into two unequal proportions. There are also some fifty or sixty smaller islands. The aspect of its shores is varied and pleasant ; the peaks of the Green Mountains are visible in the distance, and well-cultivated farms line its shores. The harbors on the Yermont side of the lake are generally good, and the principal of these are Burlington, St. Albans, and Yergennes. Lake Memphremagog is partly in this State, but mostly in Canada; it is thirty miles long, and discharges its waters into the St. Lawrence through the channel of the St. Francis River. Between the mountains and New York State line there are several smaller lakes, which are known under the names of Bombazine Lake, Austin Lake, Great Trout Pond, etc., which are remarkable for the purity and clearness of their waters and the bland scenery that surrounds them. The minerals produced in this State are iron, copper, zinc, and a great variety of rocks. Iron occurs in great abund ance. Sulphuret of iron, or pyrites, is found at Strafford and Shrewsbury, from which an immense quantity of copperas is annually manufactured. Copper has been discovered near Brandon, and a few miles south-east of that place a bed of silver and copper. The ore of the latter is incorporated with milk quartz and argillaceous slate ; an average specimen, analyzed by W. H. Shepherd, mineralogist, yielded 31.13 per cent, of pure silver and 17.09 of copper. Lead, zinc, and manganese are also found. At Monckton, near Burlington, there is also an extensive bed of kaolin, or porcelain earth. Granite, however, is the great staple, and marbles of fine quality are extensively quarried at Middlebury, Swanton, Ben- nington, etc. The novaculite, or oil-stone, sold under the name of magog oil-stone, is found on one of the islands in Lake Memphremagog, and quarries of slate are wrought near Brattleboro . Yermont has also several mineral springs, containing iron and sulphur, which are resorted to for relief in many cutaneous and chronic complaints. The climate assimilates that of New Hampshire, and is variable and cold, but extremely salubrious. Snow lies ou the ground from the middle of November to the end of April, and on the hill-sides it is often six or eight feet deep. The mean annual range of the thermometer is about 120, the temperature in winter sinking sometimes to 25 or 80 below zero, and in summer rising to 90 or 100. Trees commence to bud early in April, and flowers unfold themselves in May. The first frosts appear about the middle of September, but are light until November. The summer season is fair and serene, and although the heat of the day is sometimes excessive, the nights are always cool. Through September and October the finest weather prevails, with gentle winds and a blue sky. The natural growths of Yermont are hemlock, spruce, and fir, which flourish on the mountain sides ; the lower tracts abound with elm, oak, hickory, butternut, pine, beech, sugar-maple, and birch, and the cedar grows luxuriantly in the swamps. The indigenous animals are wolves, foxes, and others, similar in a great measure to those which are spread over Canada and the North-eastern States generally. The lakes and rivers abound with excellent fish. The soils of Yermont are generally rich and loamy. On the borders of the rivers are fine tracts of valley land, which consist of a deep black alluvial deposit these are sometimes a mile in width, and very productive iit grain, grass, and garden vegetables. The uplands are in many places scarcely inferior to the intervales, and are in general sufficiently free from stone to admit of easy cultivation. The hilte and mountains, that are not arable on account of their steepness or the rocks, yield the best of pasturage. There is hardly any part of the country better adapted to the rearing of horses, horned cattle, and sheep, than the mountain regions of this State. Wheat is raised more abundantly ou the western than on the eastern side of the mountains. The soils and climate of all parts are favorable to the growth of the apple and most other kinds of garden trees ; but the peach seldom comes to perfection anywhere. The greater part of the State is better suited to grazing than to tillage. Springs and brooks are very numerous, and there is no extensive tract but is well supplied with running water. Yermont is divided into 14 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1850, were as follows : Counties. Dwell. Pop. J^cuh fistab! Capitals. Addison 4,679 . . 26,549 . . 2,292 . . 157 . . Middleburg Bennington . . 3,404 . . 18,589 . . 1,397 . . 147 . . Manchester Caledonia. . . . 4,231 . . 23,086 . . 2,754 . . 245 . . Danville Chittenden. . . 4,805 . . 29,036 . . 1,908 . . 201 . . Burlington Essex 846,.. 4,650.. 602.. 32 .. Guildhall Franklin 4,827 ~ 28,586 . . 2,172 . . 108 . . St. Albans Grand Isle ... 691 .. 4,145 . . 839 .. 8 . . North Hero Counties. Dwell. Pop. J Jjj Capitals. Lamoille ..... 2,022 . . 10,872 . . 1,082 . . 42 .. Hyde Park Orange ...... 5,192 . . 27,296 . . 2,677 . . 86 .. Chelsea Orleans ...... 2,780 . . 15,707 . . 2,055 . . 68 .. Irasburg Rutland ...... 6,661 . . 83,059 . . 2,668 . . 275 . . Rutland Washington. . 4,442 . . 24,654 . . 2,104 . . 77 .. MONTPELIEB Windham .... 5,374 . . 29,062 . . 8,368 . . 197 . . Fayetteville Windsor ..... 7,373 . . 38,320 . . 4,274 . . 192 . . Woodstock The whole number of dwellings in the State at the above date was 56,327 ; of families, 58,475 ; and of inhabitants, 813,611 ; viz., whites 312,902 males 159.374, and females 153,528 ; fr. col. 709 males 366, and females 343. Of the whole population there were, deaf and dumb wh. 143, fr. col. 1, total 144 ; blind wh. 138, fr. col. total 138 ; insane wh. 552, fr. col. total 552, and idiotic wh. 280, fr. col. 1 total 281. The number of free persons born in the United States was 2^0,966, the number of foreign birth 32,831, and of birth unknown 823. The native population originated as follows: Maine 835, N. Hnmp. 19,609, Vermont 232,086, Mass. 15,059, R. I. 801, Conn. 4,551, N. Y. 7,218, N. Jer. 171, Penn. 188, Del. 1, Md. 23, Dist. of Col. 5, Virg. 21, N. Car. 7, S. Car. 5, Ga. 18, Flor. 9, Ala. 6, Miss. 5, La. 12, Tex. 1, Ark. 2 Tenn. 6, Ky. T, Oh. 166, Mich. 86, Ind. 15, III. 84, Mo. 10, la. 5, Wise. 82, Calif. 0, Territories 1 ; and the foreign popula tion was composed of persons from England 1,546, Ireland 15,377, Scotland 1,045, Wales 57, Germany 218, Franco 40 Spain 3, Portugal 5, Belgium 0, Holland 2, Italy 7, Austria 0, Switzerland 2, Russia 1, Denmark 1, Norway 8, Sweden 0* Prussia 6, Greece 0, Asia 7, Africa 0, British America 14,470. Mexico 0, Central America 0, South America 3, West Indies 6, Sandwich Islands 4, and other countries 23. 875 VERMONT. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State taken by the United States authorities : Colored Persons. Decennial Increase Census White / * * < * > Years Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Total. Nuiner. Percent 1790 85,144 255 17 272 85,416 1800 153,903 557 557 154.465 69,049 80.8 1810 216,963 750 750 217.713 68,248 40.8 1820 284,846 918 918 235,764 18,051 8.2 1880 279,771 881 881 280,652 44,888 19.0 1840 291.218 730 730 291,948 11,296 4.0 1S50 812,902 709 709 318,611 21,563 7.4 The general statistics of the wealth, industry, productions, manufactures, and institutions of Vermont, as ascertained by the census of 1S50, and other official reports maJe in the same year, afford the following results : Occupied Lands, etc. Improved farm lands 2.591,379 acres, and unimproved lauds 1,525.368 acres together valued in cash at $59,727,731. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st Jurie, 1850, was 29,687. Value of farming implements and machinery $2,790,237. Live-Stock. Horses, 61,057 ; asses and mules, 218 ; milch cows, 146,146 ; working oxen, 48,497 ; other cattle, 154,025 ; sheep, 919,992, and swine, 66,278. Compared with the live-stock existing in the State in 1840, the following movement is shown : Livestock. 1840. 18fiO Decrease. j. 62,402 head -{ 61 ^ h ^ ad j. 1,127 head, or 1.8 per cent Milch cows \ i 146.146 " \ Working oxen V 884,341 " ] 48,497 " V 35,673 " or 9.S " Other cattle ... . . ) ( 154,025 " . . . ) Asses and mules Milch cows ............... i / 146.146 154,025 Sheep ..................... 1,681,819 " ............. 919,992 ............ 761,827 " or45.3 " Swine ..................... 203,800 ............. 66,278 ............ 137,522 " or67.4 " in 1850 the aggregate value of live-stock in cash was $12,640,248. Product* of Animals. Wool 3,410,993 pounds, butter 11,S71,451 pounds, cheese 8,729,834 pounds; and the value of animals slaughtered during the year had been $1,871,468. The quantity of wool returned in the census of 1840 was 3,699.235 pounds, or 288,242 pounds more than in 1850, and hence the decrease shown in the latter year amounts 7.8 per cent The production in relation to the number of sheep, however, has been much larger at the latter than at the former period ; in 1S40 it was 35.2 ounces per fleece, and in 1850,59.3 ounces. In the production of butter only five States surpass Vermont, and of cheese only two New York and Ohio, and of the latter article it produces one-twelfth the quantity made in the Union. Grain Crops. Wheat 525,925 bushels, rye 176,207 bushels, Indian corn 2,032,016 bushels, oats 2,307,714 bushels, barley 42,147 bushels, and buckwheat 208,699. The crops of 1840 and their comparative quantities, with those of 1850, are as follows : Crops. 1840. 1860. Movement. Wheat ............... 495,800 bushels ............ 525,925 bushels ............ incr. 30,125 bushels, or 6.1 per cent P w ye .................. 230,993 " ............ 176,207 " ............ deer. 54,7S6 " or 23.7 Indian corn _____ ..... 1,119,678 ............ 2,032,016 " ............ incr. 912,333 " or 81.5 Oats .................. 2,222,584 " ............ 2,807,714 " ............ incr. 85,130 or 37.8 Barley ................ 54,781 " ............ 42,147 " ............ deer. 12,634 or 23.1 Buckwheat .......... , 228,416 " ............ 208,699 ............ deer. 19,717 " or 8.6 Otfier food Crops. Beans and peas 104 bushels ; potatoes, Irish, 4,947,851 bushels. The potato crop reported in the census of 1840 amounted to 8,869,751 bushels, and hence the decrease between the returns of 1840 and 1850 has been 3,922,400 bushels, or 44.2 per centum. Miscellaneous Crops. Hay, 866,989 tons; clover- seed, 760 bushels; other grass-seed, 14.996 bushels; hops, 253,513 pounds ; flax, 20,752 pounds ; flax-seed, 939 bushels ; silk cocoons, 268 pounds ; Maple sugar, 5,980,955 pounds ; molasses, 5,997 gallons ; beeswax and honey, 249,432 pounds; wine 659 gallons, etc. Value of orchard products, $315,045, and of market-garden products, $18,853. A comparison of the principal productions of 1850 with those returned in 1840, gives the following result : Productions. 1840. 1850. Movement. Hay ............... 836,739 tons ............ 866,989 tons ............ incr. 80,250tons, or 8.6 per wnt Hops .............. 48,137 pounds ............ 253,513 pounds ............ incr. 210,376 pounds, or 434.9 " Flax ............... 66,080 " ............ 20,752 " ............ deer. 45,328 " or 68.6 " Maple sugar ....... 4,647,934 ............ 5,980,955 " ............ incr.l, 333,021 or 28.6 " Wine .............. 94 gallons ........... 659 gallons ............ incr. 565 gallons, or 601.1 " Some-made manufactures were produced in the year ending 1st June, 1850, to the value of $278,331. The same class of goods produced in the year represented in the census of 1840, were valued at $674,548. Manufactures. Aggregate capital invested, $0,000,000 ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed in the year, $0,000,000 ; average number of hands employed, 00,000 males 00,000, and females 00,000 ; monthly cost of labor, $000,000 male $000,000, and female $00,000 ; total value of manufactures for the year $0,000,000. The whole number of manufac- ing establishments in operation on the 1st June, 1850, and producing to the annual value of $500 and upwards, was 1,835, and these were distributed among the counties in proportion, as shown in the general table before given. Of these 9 were cotton factories, 72 woolen factories, 37 iron factories 3 making pig iron, 26 making castings, and 8 making wrought iron ; and 152 were tanneries. The manufacturing establishments others than those named were various, but chiefly such as are incident to an agricultural region, or such as the immediate wants of the people demand. The total capital invested in manufactures, in 1840, amounted to $4,326,440. 876 VERMONT. In the cotton manufacture, the capital employed is $202,500 ; cotton used, 2,243 bales ; value of all raw material, etc., consumed, $114,415 ; hands employed, 231 males 94, and females 14T ; entire wages per month, $3,321 to males $1,460, and to females $1,861 ; products of the year sheeting, etc., 1,651,000 yards, and yarn 53,050 pounds, valued at $196,100. In 1S40, there were in the State 7 factories capital $118,100 ; hands 262, and value of products $113,000. In the manufacture of woolen goods, the capital employed is $886,300 ; annual consumption of wool, 2,328,100 pounds ; value of all raw material, etc., consumed, $830,684 ; average hands employed, 1,393 males 688, and females 710 ; entire monthly wages, $25,100 to males $16,712, and to females $S,3SS ; products for the year, 2,830,400 yards of cloth, valued at $1,579,161. The number of factories in 1840 was 95, which, with 239 fulling mills, employed a capital of $1,406,950 ; hands 1,450 ; annual value of products, $1,331,953. The statistics of the iron manufactures, in 1850, were in accordance with the annexed table : Cast Iron. Wrought Iron. Total. . .290,720 62,700 415,920 Ore used... ...tons 7,676 2,625 10,301 Specifications. Capital invested Pig Iron, .dollars.... 62,500 .tons.. .. 7,676 Pigironused " 5,279 750 6,029 Blooms used w 625 525 Old metal used " 274 274 Mineral coal consumed " 150 1,066 1,216 Coke and charcoal bushels. . .326,437 198,400 887,000 961,831 Value of raw material dollars. . . . 40,175 160,603 66,194 266,972 Hands employed number... 100 881 57 538 Monthly cost of labor dollars.... 2,208 10,771 1,719 14,748 Iron produced tons 8,200 5,000 2,045 10,245 Value of other products dollars 87,770 87,770 Entire value of products " .... 68,000 460,831 163,986 692,817 in 1840, there were in the State 26 furnaces, producing annually 6,743 tons cast iron, and 14 bloomeries, forges, and rolling mills, producing 655 tons bar iron ; fuel, etc., consumed, 388,407 tons ; hands, 783 ; capital invested, $664,150. The tanneries employ a capital of $346,250 ; value of hides and skins, $357,946 ; hands employed 397 ; monthly wages $8,807 ; skins tanned, 44,330, and sides of leather tanned, $250,104 ; value of products $587,466. In 1840, there were 261 tanneries in the State, employing a capital of $403,093, and 509 hands, and producing annually 102,763 sides of sole leather, and 102,937 sides of upper leather. The capital invested in the manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors is $7,000; quantities and kinds of grain, etc., consumed barley 2,500 bushels, and hops 1 ton ; hands employed, 2 ; ale manufactured, 800 barrels. No spirits are returned, and probably none is now manufactured as an article of commerce. In 1840, there were two distilleries, pro ducing annually 3,500 gallons, and one brewery producing 12,800 gallons the whole employing 5 men, and a capital of $8,850. Internal Improvements, etc.~The lines of railroad from Boston and the coast of New England, generally toward Canada and the north-west, pass through Vermont, and the lines from New York also form connection with those of the western districts of the State. Locally these roads have tended greatly to the development of the resources of the towns through which they pass, and have opened sea-board markets to the great body of the State. The bulk of the mer chandise and travel on the Vermont roads, however, is from and to places beyond the limits of the State, which has no large manufacturing towns or aggregated populations, beyond a few thousands in number. The several lines are noted in the " APPENDIX." On the 1st January, 1853, the railroads in operation had a total length of 427 miles, and there were some 50 miles additional in course of construction. There are no canals in Vermont, with the exception of three short cuts to overcome river falls, viz. : that around White Kiver Falls, that at Bellows Valley, and that at Waterqueechy Falls. The macadamized and ordinary roads of the State .ire generally well kept, and in sufficient number for all purposes. foreign Commerce. The commerce of Vermont is carried on chiefly at Burlington on Lake Champlain, and finds an outlet by the Chambly river to Canada, and transmarine countries. The exports in this direction, in the year ending 30th June, 1850, were valued at $430,906, of which $404,749 was the value of domestic products exported,"and $26,157 that of foreign re-exports, and the value of imports amounted to $463,002. The shipping employed in carrying the mer chandise above represented, was as follows : Total. Vessels. Tons. Crews, . . 330 86,828 3,535 ssels. Tons. Crews. J22 81,073 3,201 ... Nationality of Shipping. American Foreign Total 504 99,435 4,251 342 82,856 3,298 846 ..... 182,291 7,549 the shipping owned in the State at the above period amounted to 4,530 tons, all of the class enrolled and licensed, and of this, 8,097 tons -was navigated by steam. The commercial movement for a series of years had been as follows : .174 12,607 716 20 1,783 97.. Vessels. Ton*. Crew^. ....652 167,901 6,736 . ... 194 14,390 813 Year. Exports. 1799 $20,480 , 1800 57,041 1801 57,267 1802 31,479 1803 117,450 1S04 191,725 1805 169,402 1806 193,775 1807 204,285 , 1808 108,772. 1809 175,782 , 1810 432,631 , Imports. Year. Exports. 1811 $571,104 1812 138,647 1813 1814 1815 161,002 1816 892,594 1817 913,201 1818 240,069 1819 585,596 1820 395,869 1821 268,330 1822 257,694 Imports. 15,987 60,897 Year. Exports. Imports. 1823 $236,140 $62,242 1824 208,258 161,854 1S25 896,166 109,021 1826 884,202 228,650 1827 1,259,441 144,078 1328 239,610 177.539 1829 808,079 205,392 1830 658,256 140.059 1831 925,127 166,206 1832 849,820 214,672 1833 377,399 523,260 1S34 834,372 322,806 877 VERMONT. Year. 1835 Exports. $328,151 Imports. $217,853 Year. 1841. Exports, $277,987 Imports, i Year. ..$246739 184R Exports. $403 820 Importn. $127 223 1836 188,165 456.S46 1342. 1843. 1844. 557,509 .. 209,868 1847 514 298 239 641 1837 ... 1S38 138,693 132650 842,449 258,417 169,971 . . 38000 1848.. 1849 . . 1850 534.102 . 688,869 . 430 906 306,005 147,721 463 092 413367 . . 97,183 81 997 1839 193,886 413,513 1845 . .... 542 607 1840 . . . 805,150 404,617 Banks. The returns of August, 1850, report 27 banks, and their condition as follows Liabilities ; capital, $2,197,249; circulation. $9,856,027 ; deposits, $546,708 ; and debts to banks, $32,984 ; and assets, loans and discounts, $4,423,719 ; stocks, $40,500; real estate, $94,497; due by other banks, $1,001,789; notes of other banks, $127,637; specie fund, $2,376; and specie, $127,825. Government. The first Constitution of this State was formed in 1777; the one now in operation was adopted on the 4th July, 1793, but has since been modified at various periods. It secures to every man on attaining his 21st year, the right of suffrage, provided he has been a resident of the State for the next preceding year, and is of a quiet and peaceable behavior. The annual elections are held on the first Tuesday of September. The Legislature consists of a Senate (established in 1886), and a House of Representatives. The Senate consists of 30 members, chosen by a plurality of votes, apportioned in ratio of the population, but each county is entitled to at least one. The House of Representatives, at present, consists of 230 members, one from each town. Representatives shall be persons noted for wisdom and virtue, resident in the State for the last two years, and for one year in the town. Two-thirds of the members elected are required to form a quorum, when a State tax is voted. The Legislature is renewed annually. The Lieutenant-governor is ex-qffido President of the Senate, otherwise the officers of both houses are chosen by the members thereof respectively. The chief executive is vested in a Governor, chosen annually by a majority of votes. In case of no choice being made, the three candidates having the highest poll numbers are presented to the Legislature, which in joint ballot elects one of their number to be governor. The Lieutenant-governor and Treasurer are elected in like manner. No one is qualified for these offices unless he has resided in the State for the preceding four years. Twelv Councilors, assistants to the executive, are chosen annually by general ticket, and by a plurality of votes. The Governor and Council appoint to offices and fill vacancies, and may grant pardons for all crimes excepting treason and murder, in which they may grant reprieves until the end of the next session of the General Assembly, and excepting also impeachments, which can be reversed only by act of the Assembly. The Governor presides in the Council and has a casting vote only. He may veto a bill, but two- thirds of both houses may pass it again, and it thus may become law notwithstanding. He is allowed a Secretary of civil and military affairs, chosen by himself and paid by the State. Judiciary powers are vested in a Supreme Court, consisting of a chief and two assistant justices ; in County Courts, or Courts of Common Pleas comprising four circuits, each County Court being composed of one Judge of Circuit, elected by the Legislature, who is ex-offieio chief justice of the County Courts of his Circuit, and two assistant judges for each county, elected by the people ; and in Justices of the Peace. The Supreme Court sits in each county once, and the County Courts twice in each year; an additional term of the Supreme Court is also held once a year in each district, at such time and place as the court may order. Each Judge of the Supreme Court is Chancellor of a Circuit. The Court of Chancery has two stated sessions annually in each county, and is always in session for all purposes, except the final hearing of a cause. An appeal from a decree of the Chancellor lies to the Supreme Court. Judges of the Supreme Court, county and probate Courts, sheriffs, and justices of the peace, are elected by the General Assembly in joint ballot. The Constitution prohibits slavery, and permits imprisonment for debt only in cases of fraud. It abolishes perpetuities. Every alien of good character coming to settle in the State, and swearing allegiance thereto, is permitted to hold land. By a law of 1850, a homestead of the value of $500 is secured from attachment or execution. Once in seven years, 13 censors are chosen on one ticket by the people, whose duty it is to inquire whether the Con stitution has been observed in every particular, etc., and also to call a convention for amending the Constitution within two years, six months public notice being given of the amendments proposed. The financial condition of this State is in an enviable condition the expenses of government are small, and its lia bilities insignificant. For the year ending 31st August, 1850, the receipts into the treasury, including a balance from 1849 of $8,330, amounted to $125,375, of which $94,309 was raised from taxes. The disbursements for the same year amounted to $122,253, leaving a balance of $3,122. The principal sums paid out, were the expenses of the Legislature, $36,043; executive expenses, $2,618, and pay of judiciary and for prosecuting crime, $49,738. The minor items of expense were those on account of elections, pauper relief, common schools, agricultural societies, militia, etc. The expenses of 1850 exceed those of 1849 by $7,767, but they embrace about $15,000 of extraordinary expenditure. Vermont has no public debt. It has, however, some temporary liabilities, which at the above-named date amounted to $58,086. Among the benevolent institutions of the State, the Vermont Asylum for the Insane, at Brattleboro , is the most con spicuous. Since the opening of the asylum there have been admitted to August 1st, 1850, 1,609 patients, and 1,281 have been discharged, and 328 remained in the institution. Of the discharged, 745, or 46.3 per cent, had been recovered. Of those placed in the asylum within six months from the attack, nearly nine-tenths have recovered. During the year end ing as above, the whole number of patients was 468; admitted 150, and discharged 140. Of those discharged, 79 were cured, 26 died, 16 were improved, and 19 not improved. Income $34,240 12, and expenditures $33,868 92. There is connected with the asylum a library of over 1,200 volumes, and a large number of periodicals and newspapers are taken. The deaf and dumb and the blind are supported at institutions in other States, for which purpose the Legislature appro priates a large sum of money annually. federal representation. In accordance with the provisions of the law of 23d May, 1850, Vermont sends four repre sentatives to the federal Congress. Education. In 1850 there were 2,594 school districts in the State, and the whole number of scholars was 90,110 ; aver age length of schools 24 weeks ; average of scholars in each district, 39 ; expense of each scholar, $2 20 ; average wages to teachers male $1,355, and female $554 per month ; whole wages to males $65,759 16, and females $61,312 65 ; total $127,071 81; cost of board, $70,492 87; cost of fuel, $19,837 64; cost of wages, board, fuel, etc., $217,402 33. Public money divided for support of schools, $90,893 91. Vermont has no school fund. 878 VERMONT. ThP collegiate institutions of the State arethe University of Vermont at Burlington, founded 1T91 ; Middlebury Col lege, founded in 1SOO ; and Norwich University, founded in 1834. The University of Vermont in 1S50 had 7 professors, 95 students, and 416 alumni, and a library of 10,000 volumes; Middlebury College, 6 professors, 63 students, 87T alumni, and 5,000 volumes; and Norwich University had 4 professors, 60 students, and 133 alumni, and 1,400 volumes. Medical schools are es;ablished at Castleton and Woodstock. The Castleton Medical College was founded in 1318, and in 1S50 had 7 professors, 104 students, and 555 graduates, and the Vermont Medical College at Woodstock was founded in 1835, and in 1850 had 7 professors, 90 students, and 332 graduates. Academies are established in all the larger towns and villages, and throughout the State there are private schools of high reputation. Public Libraries. According to a report of the librarian of the Smithsonian Institution in 1851, there were in Vermont 1 State library 3,500 volumes; 8 college libraries 13.032 volumes; 6 students libraries 8,667 volumes; and 13 public school libraries 9,100 volumes ; total 23 libraries, and 34,299 volumes. Periodical Press. The whole number of periodicals published in Vermont in 1850 was 86 14 whig, 7 democratic, and 15 neutral in politics. In the latter class are included religious, literary, and other general issues. Of the whole number 2 were published daily, 1 semi- weekly, 31 weekly, and 2 monthly. The dailies had an aggregate circulation of 550 copies, the tri-weeklies of 2,200 copies, the weeklies of 41,206 copies, and the monthlies of 2,000 copies. The counties in which issued are as follows : Addison, Bennington, and Caledonia, each 2 weeklies ; Chittenden (Burlington), 2 dailies and 3 weeklies; Franklin, 1 weekly and 1 monthly; Orange, 2 weekly and 1 monthly; Orleans, 1 weekly ; Eutland, 4 weeklies ; Washington, 6 weeklies ; Windham, 5 weeklies ; Windsor, 4 weeklies. Pauperism and Crime. The whole number of paupers relieved and supported within the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 3,654, of which 2,043 were native, and 1,611 foreign born ; and the whole number of paupers at the date specified was 1,879, of which 1,565 were natives, and 314 foreigners. Cost of support, etc., $120,462. The total number of convicts sent to the State Prison in the year ending 1st September, 1850, was 33, and at that date 76 were undergoing sentence. The convicts are chiefly employed in snath-making and shoe-making. Income $6,107 09, and expenses $6,251 61 bal ance against the prison, $144 52. Religious Denominations. -The statistics of the several religious denominations iu the State in 1850, will be found by reference to the table annexed : Denomina- No of Church Value of tions. Churches accom. Property. Baptist 88 ... .31,937. . .$153,842 Christian .... 7 .... 2,220 .... 12,000 Congregat l. .168 . . . .76,122. . . .451,084 Dutch Kef. r - - - Episcopal . . Free 25... M 0,525.... 1 . . 100 81,500 300 5,500 Friends . 7.... 2,550.... Denomina- No. of Church Value of tions. Churches, accom. Property. German Eef. Jewish .... ....$ Lutheran ... .... Mennonite. .. Methodist. . . .123 . . . .45,010. . . .221,850 Moravian. ... Presbyterian . 10 .... 4,100 .... 17,500 Denomina. No. of Church Value of tions. Churches, accom. Property. B. Catholic ... 8 .... 4,305 .... $42,200 Swedenbo n .. .... Tanker ... Union 88 . . .34,550.... 122,800 Unitarian .... 2 ... 1,000 .... 82,000 Universalist . . 84 ...13,325.... 71,750 Minor Sects. 3... 700... 800 making a total of 564 churches, with accommodation for 226,444 persons, and valued at $1,213,120. Vermont forms a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and is included in the Eoman Catholic diocese of Boston. Historical Sketch. The distance of Vermont from the coast prevented any settlement being made within its borders, cither by the French or English, until the colonies of the latter extended themselves into its vicinity. The governments of New York and Massachusetts made large grants in the direction of this State, but it was not until 1724 that any actual possession was taken of lands within its present bounds. In that year Fort Durance, or Dummer, was built on the Connec ticut River. On the other end of the State, in 1731, the French built a fort at Crown Point, and began a settlement on the eastern shore of Lake Champlain. Vermont, however, attracted little attention until the reduction of Quebec. After that event, New Hampshire, supposing the territory to fall within its limits, made large grants to settlers ; but New York also claiming it, the matter became involved in serious controversy. Having been referred to the crown, a decision was made confirmatory of the title of the latter to all the country west of the Connecticut, and in this determination New Hampshire seems to have acquiesced, with the understanding, that the titles of the lauds purchased from her by the settlers should not be disturbed. Had New York contented itself with the possession of the unsold lands and jurisdiction over those which had been fairly purchased from New Hampshire, Vermont would probably have been to this day an integral portion of that great State : a violent and impolitic course, however, was pursued. The New Hampshire grants were declared invalid, and the settlers were required to take out new patents. The refusal to do this was nearly general, and in consequence decrees of ejectment were issued by the courts at Albany. At the head of the Vermonters was Ethan Allen, a bold and determined man, without mental cultivation, but of great natural powers. Under his guidance and counsel they resolved to main tain what they conceived to be their rights, at the risk of being treated as outlaws. The militia of New York was called out, but effected nothing. Appeal was now made by the inhabitants to the crown, and the government of New York was forbidden to make any grant of the lands in question. The order was evaded, however, and the same state of affairs continued as before. The battle of Lexington was fought, and more important objects then occupied the attention of the government of New York. The attempts of the British ministry upon the liberties of the colonies excited as much indignation in Vermont as in those provinces which were more immediately obnoxious to the royal poAver. On the news that hostilities had com menced, Ethan Allen collected a body of about three hundred settlers, and, joined by some officers from Connecticut and New Hampshire, surprised the British post at Ticonderoga. The fort at Crown Point was surrendered soon afterward. These enterprises, executed with address, redounded greatly to the success of the revolutionary cause, and operated strongly on the public mind in favor of the Vermontese. In a bold attempt on Montreal, Allen was shortly afterward taken prisoner, and carried to England in irons. In the following year the British succeeded in defeating the colonial navy on Lake Champlain, and on the advance of Burgoyne s army in 1777, Ticonderoga fell again into their possession. War now pressed heavily upon Vermont ; the northern settlements were broken up. and the whole frontier subjected to savage incursion. Submission to the British, however, was never thought of. A force was raised and united with that of General Starke. The battle of Benningfxin, where upward of one thousand regular troops were assaulted in their intrenchments and compelled to surrender, will be long remembered as a proof of what an undisciplined militia are 879 VER VER capable, when warmed by patriotism and animated by hatred to the oppressor. The surrender of Burgoyne a army restored the country to comparative tranquillity. "While thus fighting in favor of the general cause, the people of Yermont were placed, as regards their civil govern ment, in an anomalous situation. At the commencement of hostilities they found themselves even without a form of gov ernment. The jurisdiction of New York was disclaimed, and the authority of the crown was thrown off. In this state of matters every thing was effected by voluntary agreement. Application was made to Congress for its interference, but that body recommended submission to New York. Kesolute in their determination not to submit, the people saw no alternative than to establish an Independent State. In January, 1777, a general convention met, and proclaimed that the district of territory, previously known by the name of the New Hampshire grants, was of right a free and independent jurisdiction, to be thenceforth called by the name of "New Connecticut, alias Vermont." The convention now ad dressed Congress, and claimed admission into the confederation. The petition for admission was met by a counter-memorial from New York, and Congress refused to recognize its separate existence. Embarrassment increased, and other circumstances soon after involved the Vermontese in a contest with the government of New. Hampshire. The charter of the latter State circumscribed it by a line drawn at a distance of sixty miles from the sea. All the lands west Of this line to the Connecticut were derived from royal grants ; and the inhabitants of the towns within this strip, conceiving that the royal authority expired with the Declaration of Independ ence, imagined they had a right to determine to what State they would be attached. Under this impression they applied to the Verinontese requesting a union with them. The assembly of Vermont acceded to the application, but the vote of union was subsequently rescinded on a representation that Congress would, on the connection with the revolted towns of New Hampshire being dissolved, admit Vermont as a separate State. This action was followed by great dis content within the State. The inhabitants of that part which lies near the Connecticut Eiver determined to unite with the New Hampshire towns, and to form a State government Encouraged by these dissentions, New Hampshire now ad vanced a claim before Congress for the whole of Vermont. New York did the same, and Massachusetts endeavored to obtain a part by reviving an antiquated title. Menaced from so many quarters, the Vermontese gave up their local dissentions, and united in their own defense. Ethan Allen, who had returned from captivity, was placed at the head of a body of militia, and made prisoners of the officers who were acting under the authority of New York. Complaint was made to Congress, but the discussion of the subject was postponed from time to time, as the Vermontese refused to become parties to it, and no decision was pro nounced. The British were naturally attentive to the progress of the contest, and flattered themselves that the people of Vermont, exasperated and neglected by Congress, would place themselves under their protection. Negotiations were actually opened for this purpose in 1780, and were continued without any open result until 1783. Whatever the inten tions of the leading men of Vermont were, there is no doubt but that the body of the people were still warmly attached to the revolutionary cause. The consequences of the negotiation in one respect, however, were favorable to Vermont, as she remained unmolested by the British during the remainder of the war. The peace of 1783 found Vermont a sovereign and independent State de facto, and the Vermontese felt little desire to join in a confederation, the rulers of which had pursued such an evasive policy toward her during the war. New York still claimed a jurisdiction over the State, but was unable to enforce it, and the State government was administered as regularly as in any other part of the United States. Affairs remained in this singular condition until after the formation of the constitution in 1787, the advantages of which, under the administration of Washington, inclined the people of Ver mont again to attempt an admission into the Union. The only obstacle arose from the opposition of New York, which was finally withdrawn in 1789. In that year commissioners from the two States met, and effected an amicable arrange ment. The sum of $30.000 was agreed to be paid to New York as a compensation for lands belonging to its citizens, which had been re-granted by Vermont, and New York consented that her claims to jurisdiction should cease. A con vention was immediately called, by which it was resolved to join the Union. The consent of Congress was given, and on the 4th of March, 1791, Vermont became one of the United States. During the war of 1812-15 with England, the vicinity of this State was the seat of a warm contest. On the invasion of New York, volunteers poured from the mountains and valleys of Vermont, and by their patriotism and valor proved that they had not degenerated from, or forgotten the prowess of, their fathers. The repulse of the British from Platts- burg, and the capture of their squadron on Lake Champlain, delivered the soil of this district from the presence of aa enemy. Aside from this interruption the prosperity of the State has been onward, but its history furnishes no event of sufficient importance to require detail. MONTPELIER is the political capital of the State. VERMONT, p. v., Fulton county, III. : 51 miles N. W. Springfield. VERMONT, p. o., Howard co., Ind. : on N. side of Wild Cat cr., 50 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. VERMONT, p. v., Cooper co., Mo. : 35 m. W. N. W. Jeffer son City. VERMONT, p. o., Chautauquo co.. N. Y. ; 287 m. W. by S. Albany. VERMONT SETTLEMENT, p. o., Will co., III. : 147 m. N. E. Springfield. VERMONTVILLE, t. and p. Y., Eaton co., Mich. : 24 m. W. by S. Lansing. The t derives its name from having been settled by a colony of forty families from Vermont. Pop. of t. in 1840, 182 ; in 1850, 324. VERNAL, p. o., Greene county, Miss. : on S. E. side of Chickasawha r., 125 m. S. E. Jackson. VERNAL, p. o., Wyoming co., N. Y. : 232 m. W. by N. Albany. VERNON county, Mo. Situate W., and contains 612 sq. m. Drained by Marais des Cygnes r a tributary of Osage r., and by its numerous branches. Surface undulating and diversified ; soil fertile, and adapted to the growth of grain. It is well wooded, and has good pasturage for cattle. VERNON, p. v., Autauga co., Ala. : on N. side of Alabama river, near the junction of Swift cr., 19 m. W. Montgomery. VERNON, p. v. and sta., Tolland co., Conn. : 10 m. E. N. E Hartford. Drained by Hockanum r., which affords water- power to numerous manufactories. Surface diversified ; soil of moderate fertility. The Hartford, Providence, and Fish- kill K. E. touches the S. part of the t., 12 m. from Hartford. The v. contains 2 churches, etc. Pop. of t. 2,900. VEKNON, p. v., Kent co., Del. : on W. side of Marshy Hope creek, 18 m. S. S.W. Dover. VERNON, p. v., Troup co., Ga. : on W. side of Chattahoo- chee river, 118 m. W. Milledgeville. It contains an acad emy, church, and dwellings. VERNON, p. v., and cap. Jennings co., Ind. : on E. side of Vernon fork of Muscatuck r., 60 m. S. E. by S. Indianapo lis. The Madison and Indianapolis E. E. passes through, 22 m. from Madison, 64 m. from Indianapolis. The T. has VER a very pleasant site. It was laid out in 1S15. The county buildings are neat structures. Pop, about 600. VERNON. p. o., Jackson parish, La. : 150 m. N. W. by N Baton Rouge. VKRNON, t. and p. o., Shiawassee co., Mich. : 32 m. E. N. E Lansing. This is one of the best agricultural townships ir the county. Pop. 674. VERNON, p. v.. Sutler co., Calif. : on E. bank of Feather river, at its confluence with the Sacramento, directly oppo site Fremont. It is pleasantly situated at the head of navi gation d nring high water, and is not liable to overflow. It is a market for the supply of the northern mines. VKKNON, p. v., Madison co., Mas. : 3 m. S. E. Big Black river, 2 m. N. by W. Jackson. During a part of the year steamboats can ascend to this place. Pop. about 230. VERNON, L :md p. v., Sussex co., tf. Jer. : 68 m. N. by E Trenton. Surface very hilly and mountainous. Drained by several streams. The v. is situate centrally. Popula tion of t. 2.619. VERNON, t. :md p. v., Oneida co., W. Y. : 98 m. W. by N. Albany. Surface rolling. Drained N. W. by Oneida and Skenandoa creeks. The v., incorporated in 1S27, contains an academy, 3 churches, stores, mills, etc., and 1 bank, cap ital $100 000. Near the v., on Skenandoa creek, is an ex tensive glass factory. Pop. of v. about 750 ; of t. 3,093. VEHNON, t. and p. o., Trumbull co., Ohio: 150 m. N. E. Columbus. Bounded E. by Pennsylvania. Drained S. by Pymatuning creek flowing centrally through the L Popu lation S28. VERNON, sta., Crawford co., Ohio : on Cincinnati, Cleve land, and Columbus R. K., 75 m. from Cleveland, 180 m. from Cincinnati. VERNON, p. v., and cap. Hickman co., Tenn. : on E. side of Pine cr. 45 m. W. S. W. Nashville. It contains the co. offices, a church, dwellings, etc. VKRNON, p. v. and sta.. Windhara co.. Terra. : on W. side of Connecticut r., 105 m. S. by E. Montpelier. Surface of t. rough and mountainous. Slate is quarried in the "W. part. Oak and chestnut timber is abundant. The Brattleboro Branch R. R. runs along the Connecticut r., having stations at Vernon v. and South Vernon. Pop. of t. 821. VERNON, t. and p. o., Waukesha co., Wise. : 60 m. E. by S. Madison. Pop. 889. VKKNON, p. o., Washington co., Flor. : on E. side of Holmes cr., 79 m. W. by N. Tallahassee. VERNON CENTRE, p. v., Oneida co., K T. : 96 m.W.byN. Albany. VERONA, t. and p. o., Dane co., Wise. : on head branch of Sugar r., 8 m. S. W. Madison. Pop. 438. VEKONA, p. v., Boone co., Ky. : 49 m. N. Frankfort. VERONA, t. and p. v., Oneida county, N. Y. : 106 m. W. N. W. Albany. Surface generally level, with some swampy tracts ; soil rich mold, with some sand. Drained by Oneida and Wood creeks, which bound it on the W. and N., /lowing into Oneida lake on its N.W. border. The Erie Cynal and Utica and Syracuse R. R. pass through the t. The t. contains numerous saw-mills, with several tanneries, and has considerable manufactures. Pop. of t. in 1840, 4,504 ; in ISoO, 5,568. VERONA DF.p6x, p. v. and sta., Oneida county, N. Y. : on Syracuse and Utica R. R., 23 m. from Utica, and by railroad 118 m. from Albany. VEKONA MILLS, p. o., Oneida co., 2i. Y. : 104 m.W. N.W. Albany. VERPLANK, p. v. and sta., Wcstchester county, N. Y. : on Hudson River R. R., 42 m. from New York, 102 m. from Albany. It has a good steamboat landing, with stores and dwellings, etc. VERSAILLES, p. v., Brown co., 121. : N. E. of M Kee a cr., 64 m. W. Springfield. VERSAILLES, p. v., and cap. Ripley co., Ind. : on W. side of Laughery s cr., 65 m. S. E. Indianapolis. The village is built upon a high bluff, and contains the county buildings, P5 VIC with stores, etc. First settled in 1818. The Cincinnati and St. Louis R. R. passes through this place. The " Western Intelligencer" (whig) is issued weekly. The population (now about 800) is rapidly increasing, with the general im portance of the place. VERSAILLES, p. v., and cap. Woodford co., Ky. : 13 m. S. E. Frankfort. It contains the county buildings. VERSAILLES, p. v., and cap. Morgan county. Mo. : 37 m. W. S. W.Jefferson City. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. Pop. about 600. VERSAILLES, p. o., Cattaraugus co., N. Y. : 274 m. W. Albany. VERSAILLES, p. v., Rutherford co., Tenn. : 30 m. S. S. E. Nashville. VERSHIRE, t and p. v., Orange county, Vet m. : 24 m. S. E. by S. Montpelier. Drained by Ompompanoosuc r. Surface uneven and stony. The L contains several saw and some other mills. Pop. 1,071. VESPER, p. o., Onondaga co., N. Y. : 125 m. W.by N. Albany. VESTAL, t. and p. v., Broome co., N: Y.: on S. side of Snsquehanna r., 126 m. W. S. W. Albany. Surface uneven and broken. Drained by Choconut cr. and other streams flowing into the Susquehanna. This t. is very heavily tim bered, and contains numerous saw-mills. Pop. of t. in 1S40, 1.253 ; in 1850, 2,054. VESUVIUS FURNACE, p. o., Lincoln co., 2f. Car. : 152 m. W. by S. Raleigh. VETERAN, t and p. o., Chemung county, A T . Y. : 160 m. W.by S. Albany. Surface hilly; soil productive loam. Catharine s creek flows on its W. border, N. into Seneca lake, affording water-power. The t. contains several tan neries : farming is the chief pursuit. Pop. 2,698. VETO, p. o., Washington co., Ohio : 84 m. S. E. by E. Columbus. Probably John Tylersville. VEVAT, p. v., and cap. Switzerland co., Ind. : on the Ohio river, 88 m. S. E. by S. Indianapolis. Lat. 38 46 N., long. 84 59 W. This v. occupies part of the tract of land granted on credit by the United States in 1S02 to a colony of families from Switzerland for the cultivation of the vine. The colony soon received a large addition from Switzer land. The v. was laid out in 1813. It has one of the most pleasant sites on the Ohio r. It contains a court-house, jail, academy, several stores, etc. Many of the dwellings are neatly built of brick. The cultivation of the grape and manufacture of wine resembling claret is very extensively carried on. The " Palladium" (dem.) is here published. Pop. about 1,500. VIADUCT, sta., Cambria county, Penn. : on Alleghany Portage R, R., 5 m. from Con maugh, 28 m. from Holli- daysburg. VICKERY S CREEK, p. o., Forsyth county, Ga. : 103 m. N. W. Milledgeville. VICKSBURG, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Warren co., 7.sx : on E. bank of Mississippi r., 41 m.W. by N. Jackson. It is principally built on a high bluff, 200 feet above high- water mark, but the more business part of the city is on the Bottom, along the river. About 2} m. above the city are the Walnut Hills, which rise to an elevation of 500 feet above he river, presenting very fine scenery. The city contains a court-house and jail, 1 large public school, several private academies, and 5 churches. An orphan asylum is about to be established. The business interests of the city are chiefly ommercial. Immense quantities of cotton are annually sent from this place to New Orleans and other points on the Mississippi. There is an excellent harbor for steamboats, with very convenient landings. The surrounding country s remarkably fertile, having a black loamy soil, well adapted to the cultivation of cotton, tobacco, and grain. The Vicksburg, Jackson, and Brandon R. R. extends henco hrough Jackson, 46 m. to Brandon, 60 m., and will ulti mately form a link in the Alabama and Mississippi R. E. rom Montgomery and Selma westward; and Vicksburg will also be a starting point for one of the lines of railroad VIC VIN toward the Pacific, via Shreveport and Texas. The ton nage of Vicksburg district on 30th June, 1850, was 460 tons, all of which was enrolled and licensed, permanent, em ployed in the coasting trade, and propelled by steam. During the year preceding it had no foreign commerce or ship-building. The newspaper press in 1850 consisted of the " V. Sentinel" (dem.) and the " V. Whig," each issuing tri-weekly and weekly editions. Vicksburg was incorpo rated as a town in 1825, and as a city in 1836. Pop. in 1850, 3.67S. VICKSVILLE, p. o., Southampton county, Virg. : 58 m. S. by E. Kichmond. VICTOR, t., p. v., and sta., Ontario county, N, Y. : 192 m. W. by N. Albany. Surface oft. rolling. Drained in E. and S. E. parts by Mud cr. and branches. The t. contains nu merous saw, grist, and flouring mills, with several manufac turing establishments. The Rochester and Syracuse E. R. passes through the v., 20 to. from Rochester, 84 m. from Sy racuse. The v. is a thrirving place, with about 350 inhabit ants. Pop. of t. 2,230. u VICTOR, t. and p. o., Clinton county, Mich. : 13 m. N. E. Lansing. A farming township. Pop. 277. VICTORIA county, Teas. Situate S. E., and contains 804 sq. m. Drained by Guadalupe r., which passes through its western portion, and by Garcitas, Znrilla, and Casa Blanca creeks. Surface undulating and diversified. A large por tion is prairie, with timber interspersed ; soil very fertile and productive. Limestone is found. Farms 84 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 327, and pop. wh. 1,448, fr. col. 0, si. 571 total 2,019. Capital: Victoria CH. VICTORIA, p. o., Knox county, HI. : 87 miles N. by W. Springfield. VICTORIA, p. o., Daviess county, Mo. : 138 miles N. W. Jefferson City. VICTORIA, p. v., Bolivar co., Miss. : on E. bank of Mis sissippi r., 100 m. N. N. W. Jackson. VICTORIA, p. v., and cap. Victoria co., Teas. : on E. bank of Guadalupe r., 113 m. S. S. E. Austin City. Lat. 2S 56 47" N., and long. 97 7 30". The v. is pleasantly situ ated, and is rapidly increasing in population. It contains the county buildings, etc. The Guadalupe when improved is easily navigable for steamboats 70 m. from its mouth. It is here crossed by a bridge. The "Texas Advocate" (Indep.) is published weekly. VICTORY, t. and p. v., Cayuga co., N. Y. : 153 m. "W. by N. Albany. Surface rolling. Drained by Little Sodus cr. The t contains several tanneries, grist, and saw mills. The v. contains a church, stores, etc., and about 220 inhabitants. Pop. of t. 2.299. VICTORY, p. o., Wayne co., Tenn. : 77 m. S. W. Nashville. VIDALIA, v., and cap. Concordia par., La.: on W. bank of Mississippi r., directly opposite Natchez, Miss., 77 m. N. by W. Baton Rouge. It is built on one street parallel with the r., and contains the county offices. The " Concor dia Intelligencer" (neut.) is issued weekly. VIENNA, p. v., Pickens county, Ala. : on the Tombigbee r., near the junction of Sipsey r., 120 m. W. N. "W. Mont gomery. Pop. about 140. VIENNA, p. v., and cap. Dooly co., Ga. : on N. side of branch of Flint r., 78 m. S. S. W. Milledgeville. It con tains the court-house, jail, and several dwellings. VIENNA, p. v., and cap. Johnson co.. HI. : 167 m. S. by E. Springfield. This is a pleasant little v. on Cash cr., con taining the county buildings, etc. The projected Massac and St. Louis R. R. will pass through this place. Pop. 142. VIENNA, p. v., and sta., Scott co., Jnd. : 68 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. The Jeflersonville "R. R. passes a little W. of the v., 27 m. from Jeffersonville, 50 m. from Edinburg. VIENNA, t. and p. v., Kennebec co., Me. : 15 m. N. W. Augusta. It contains a large pond in S. part, and is water ed on the W. by M Curdy stream, of Sandy r. Population of L 851. VIENNA, p. v. and port of entry, Dorchester co., Md. : on W. side of Nanticoke r., 49 m. S. E. Annapolis. It has considerable trade, the river being navigable for sea-going vessels to this place, 24 m. above Chesapeake bay. It con tains several stores, 2 churches, etc. The total tonnage of this district on June 30th, 1850, was 15,478 tons enrolled and licensed, and 537 tons " licensed under 20 tons," all of which was employed in the coasting trade. During the year pre ceding 27 schooners were built 1,533 tons. VIENNA, p. o., Jackson par., La. : 150 m. N. W. by N. Baton Rouge. VIENNA, p. v., Macomb county, Mich. : 82 miles E. Lansing. VIENNA, t. and p. v., Oneida co., 2f. Y. : 112 m. W. N. W. Albany. Bounded S. W. by Oneida lake. Surface rolling. Drained by Fish cr. and other streams. The t. contains numerous saw-mills, etc. Pop. 3,393. VIENNA, t., Dane co., Wise. : 14 m. N. Madison. VIENNA, p. o., Walworth co., Wise. : 48 m. S. E. Madison. VIENNA, t and p. v., Trumbull county, Ohio: 144 miles N. E. by E. Columbus. Soil good. Drained by several small streams. Pop. of 1 1,007; VIENNA CROSS ROADS, p. o., Clark county, Ohio : 33 m. W. by S. Columbus. VIGO county, Ind. Situate "W. on Wabash r., and con tains 408 sq. m. It is drained by numerous streams falling into the Wabash, Surface level, or gently undulating, fine ly timbered, with prairies of small extent ; soil rich and productive. Coal, freestone, and limestone abound. Farms 1,113; manuf. 130; dwell. 2,645, and pop. wh. 14,556, fr. col. 733 total 15,289. Capital: Terre Haute. Public. Works: Wabash and Erie Canal ; Terre Haute and Rich mond R. R. ; Evansville and Illinois Extension R. R. ; the National Road, etc. VILLAGE GKEEN, p. Y., Delaware county, Penn. : 77 m. E. S. E. llarrisburg. VILLAGE SPRINGS, p. o., Blount co., Ala. : 100 m. N. by W. Montgomery. VILLANOVA, t. and p. o., Chautauque co., N. Y. : 280 m. W. Albany. Surface broken and uneven ; soil best adapt ed to grazing. Drained by Conewango cr. The t. cou- tains mills of various kinds. Pop. 1,536. VILLANOVA, p. o., Walker county, Ga. : 156 m. N. W. Milledgeville. VILLA RICA, p. o., Carroll co., Ga. : 114 m. W. N*. W. Milledgeville. VILLE PLATTE, p. o., St. Landry par., La. : 69 m. W. by N. Baton Rouge. VILITLA, p. o., Russell county, Ala. : 71 miles W. by S. Montgomery. VINCENNES, p. v., and cap. of Knox co., Ind, : on E. bank of Wabash r., 100 m. S. W. Indianapolis. Lat. 38 43 N. 5 long. 87 25 W. The v. has a fine site along the river bank, and is regularly laid out, with wide streets crossing each other at right angles. It contains the county buildings, a fine town hall, good market-house, a U. S. land office, and several churches. The Catholic cathedral is a spacious and well-finished edifice. Considerable attention is given to education. Of the principal institutions several are Roman Catholic, viz., an ecclesiastical seminary, female academy, with loO pupils, and 2 orphan asylums, which, in 1852, con tained 73 girls and 60 boys. The v. contains a branch of the State Bank of Indiana, cap. $147,200, and has some manufactures. The Wabash r. is here $ m. wide, and is navigable to this place for steamboats. The railroads pass ing through Vincennes are Evansville and Illinois R. R.; and Ohio and Mississippi R. R. ,* to which may be added a projected road, extending hence to Indianapolis. The " Vincennes Gazette" is here published This place is the oldest settlement in the State, and is. invested with much historical interest. The French established a trading post about 1702. A Catholic church had been established here as early as 1749, in which year it received its name. In 1788. all the" families in the place were of French origin, except VIRGINIA. twelve. A considerable proportion of the present popula tion is their descendants. In 1805, the first territorial legislature assembled here, and, among other acts, incor porated Vincennes as a borough. In 1S13, the seat of gov ernment was removed to Corydon. The country around is very fertile prairie land. Pop. 2,070. VINCENT, t. and p. o., Chester co., Penn. : on S. W. side of Schuylkill r., 67 m. E. Harrisburg. Pop. about 2.500. VINCBXTON, p. v., Burlington co., N. Jet: : on 8. branch of Rancocus r., at junction of Stop-the-jade cr., 19 miles 8. Trenton. It contains several stores and mills, and 2 churches. VINEYARD, p. o., Grand Isle co., Verm. : 53 m. N. N. "W. Montpelier. VINEYARD MILLS, p. o., Huntingdon co., Penn. : 65 m. "W. Earrbburg. Here is a hot-blast charcoal furnace, with an annual capacity of 1,600 tons. VINEY GROVE, p. o., Lincoln co., Tenn. : 72 m. 8. by E. Nashville. VINLAND, L and p. o., "Winnebago county, Wise. : 84 miles N. N. E. Madison. Pop. 756. VINTON county, Ohio. Situate toward the S. E., and con tains 416 sq. m. Drained by Raccoon cr. and its affluents, and by branches of Scioto r. Surface hilly, and in parts broken ; soil in general fertile, and favorable to the culture of wheat and grain. Coal is found. Farms 806 ; manuf. 24; dwell. 1,569, and pop. wh. 9,246, fr. col. 107 total 9,353. Capital : M Arthurstown. Public Works : Scioto and Hock ing Valley E. E. ; Cincinnati and Marietta E. E. VINTON, p. v., and cap. Benton co., la. : on a branch of Cedar r., 40 m. N. W. Iowa City. It contains the county buildings, etc. VINTON, p. v., Gallia co., Ohio : on W. side of Eaccoon r., 75 m. 8. E. by S. Columbus. It contains an academy, a few stores and mills. Iron ore and mineral coal are found in the vicinity. VIOLA, p. o., Delaware co.. la. : 54 m. N. Iowa City. VIOLY, p. o., Blount co., Ala. : on N. side of Little War rior r., 104 m. N. by W. Montgomery. VIRQEN river, Utah : rises in the Wahsatch mountains, flows in southerly course, to its confluence with the Eio Colorado. VIKGIL, L and p. v., Cortland co., W. Y. : 128 m. W. by S. Albany. Surface uneven ; soil fertile loam. Drained S. by Tioughnioga r. The v. contains 3 churches, stores, etc. Pop. oft. 2,410. VIRGIL, p. o., Fulton county, 111. : 64 m. N. W. by N. Springfield. THE STATE OF VIRGINIA. VIRGINIA, perhaps, in natural resources, as well as in geographical position, one of the most important States of the Union, lies generally between the latitudes 36 30 and 39 43 north, and extends east and west between longitudes 75 40 and 83 33 west, and is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania and Maryland, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean and Chesapeake Bay, on the south by North Carolina and Tennessee, and on the west by Kentucky and Ohio. With the ex ception of the long tongue of land between Pennsylvania and the Ohio River, and the peninsular projection between the Chesapeake Bay and the ocean, the State has an average length of 855 miles, and a breadth of 218 miles, and comprises an area computed at 61.352 square miles. Virginia is naturally divided into east and west by the Blue Eidge, a division which obtains also in the distribution of the federal judiciary ; but according to the State constitution, it is divided into four districts or sections the Tide Water, below the lower falls of the rivers ; the Piedmont, between those falls and the Blue Ridge ; the Valley, between the Blue Eidge and the Alleghany ; and the Trans- Alleghany the latter comprising all the country west of the mountain ranges. The first mountains are found in the Piedmont section, which is traversed by a low ridge, under the local names of White Oak, Southern, etc., and running nearly parallel with the Blue Ridge, at a distance of 25 or 30 miles. The Blue Ridge, although pierced by the Potomac, James, and Staunton rivers, constitutes a well-marked and continuous chain of more than 250 miles in length. In general, it forms rounded, swelling masses, but in several places, and especially the Peaks of Otter^ shoot up in projecting summits to the height of 4,260 feet The Kittatiny, or Blue Mountain, enters the State farther west, under the name of Great North Mountain, and forming the centre of the great plateau or table-land of Virginia, is continued, under various local names, until it takes the name of Iron Mountain, and enters North Carolina. It is pierced by the Potomac and James rivers running eastwardly. and by the New River running westwardly. West of this great ridge lie several detached masses, bearing the local names of Sideling Hill, etc. Still farther west is the great Alleghany chain, which is broken through by New River and other streams to the north. Powell s Mountain appears to be an out-lier of this chain, and reaches to the height of 4.500 feet. Westward of the Alleghany there is a general slope toward the Ohio; but several other considerable chains traverse this section, the principal of which is Laurel Mountain, of which Greenbrier, Great Flat Top, and the Cumberland Mountains appear to form a part. With the exception of Pennsylvania, Virginia is the only other State of the Union that has territory on both sides of the Alleghany Mountains. Virginia has noble rivers and streams, useful as channels of commerce or for industrial purposes. With few excep tions, the Ohio River west, and Chesapeake Bay east of the mountains, are the recipients of the waters of the whole State : those of Eastern Virginia flow, with an almost uniform south-easterly course, into the bay, carrying with them also the waters of the great valley, excepting only those of New River and the Holston. on the extreme southern part. The Potomac rises in the Great Back Bone, but a few miles from the Youghiogeny, and pursuing a devious course, forces its way through the several intermediate mountain chains to the Piedmont section, where it is broken by falls nine miles above Georgetown, at which place it meets the tide-water, and about 100 miles below, after a course of 350 miles, it reaches the Chesapeake. At Alexandria, 290 miles from the ocean, it is 1} miles wide, and below the city gradually ex pands, till at its mouth it forms a broad estuary, 10 miles in breadth. Ships-of-the-line ascend to the navy-yard at Wash ington ; above this it is obstructed by numerous falls and rapids. The principal tributaries of the Potomac are its South Branch, which rises near the head-streams of James River, the Great Cacapon, and the Shenandoah, the latter of which flows about 120 miles along the western base of the Blue Ridge, and joins the main river at Harper s Ferry. "The pas sage of the Potomac through the Blue Ridge," says Mr. Jefferson, is perhaps one of the most stupendous scenes in nature. The Rappahannock rises in the Blue Ridge, and receives the Rapid Ann from the same ridge, and falling over the primary ledge of Fredericksburg, 100 miles from its mouth, there reaches tide-water. Vessels of 140 tons ascend it to this point. York River, formed by the union of the Pamunky and Mattapony, partakes rather of the character of a long nar row bay than of a river; to the junction, 40 miles from the bay, it is from two to four miles wide, and large vessels pass to Yorktown smaller ones ascend some distance above the bifurcation. James River, the principal river of Virginia, rises in the Alleghany Mountains in several head streams, of which Jack- VIRGINIA. son s Eiver must be considered the main constituent ; after having received the Cow Pasture and the Calf Pasture rivers from the north, it forces its way through the Blue Ridge, and falling over numerous pitches, meets the tide 100 miles from its mouth at Richmond, which is accessible to vessels of 140 tons. The only considerable tributary of this river below the Blue Ridge is the Appomattox, which carries seven feet of water to Petersburg, 12 miles. The James River and Kanawha Canal, now complete to Balcony Falls, at the passage of the Blue Ridge, is constructed along the valley of the river, and is one of the most stupendous and important works in the United States. The Meherrin and Nottoway are small rivers, which unite in North Carolina, and form the Chowan. The Eoanoke is formed in Virginia by the junction of Dan River and Staunton River, two rapid mountain streams which rise, the former in the Blue Ridge, and the latter in the North Mountain. -The larger part of the Roanoke is through North Caro lina, which State it enters about 40 miles below the union of its constituent rivers. The great rivers of Western Virginia, flowing to the Ohio River are the Monongahela, one of the constituents of that river; the Kanawha ; the Guyandotte; the Big Sandy, etc. The Monongahela is formed in Virginia by the junction of the West Branch and Tygart s Valley River, and beyond the Pennsylvania line it receives Cheat River, which descends from Greenbrier Mountain, and which is navigable for boats for a considerable distance. Little Kanawha River rises in the same district with the west branch of Monongahela River, and enters the Ohio at Parkersburg. The Kanawha, the principal river of Western Virginia, rises in the Blue Ridge, in North Carolina, and bears the name of New River until it unites with Gauley River, a small affluent from Greenbrier Mountain. The Greenbrier, above the latter, and the Elk and Coal rivers below it, are its principal tributaries. It is navigated by steamboats to Charleston, 60 miles from its mouth. The Covington and Ohio R. R., and the James River and Kanawha Canal traverse the valley of this river. The Guyan dotte and Big Sandy enter the Ohio below the Kanawha the latter forming partof the boundary between Kentucky and Virginia. The Ho ston and Clinch, which drain the south-western section of the Great Valley of Virginia, pass into Ten nessee, and uniting at Kingston in that State, form the Tennessee River. Virginia is an almost boundless field of mineral wealth, and within its limits, not only the useful, but also the precious metals are found in one part or the other. Gold, copper, lead, iron, coal, salt, lime, marls, gypsum, magnesian and alum earths, marbles, granites, soap-stones, and sand-stones are among the treasures, as yet for the most part lying uuheeded in the bowels of the earth. Mining industry, however, has been commenced, and within the past few years has been wonderfully developed. The first coal-field is found at the junction of the Tide-Water and Piedmont sections, and this extends from the Pamunky by Richmond to the Appomattox, a distance of about thirty-five miles, with a breadth of from one or two to eight miles. The coal is bitumin ms, in seams of enormous thickness, being 30; 40, and even 60 feet thick, and of excellent quality. Coal has also been found on both sides of the Upper Appomattox. The coal of the Richmond basin is now extensively mined, and a railway to the principal mines has been built to facilitate its transportation to tide-water. Anthracite of ereat purity is found in the valley from the Potomac to the James River, south of which it contains a considerable portion of bitumen. Beyond the Alleghanies there are some of the most extensive and valuable deposits of bituminous coal in the United States, which derive additional value from their being associated with not less important beds of iron and salt. At Wheeling, on the Ohio, and for fourteen miles down the river, the bank presents an uninterrupted bed of highly bitu minous coaC upward of 16 feet thick. The Wheeling basin, indeed, extends for 30 miks up and down the river in Ohio and Virginia. Another vast field stretches above Clarksburg, on the Monongah la to Pittsburg, and far beyond to the north-east in Pennsvlvania. There is also a valuable coal-field on the head-waters of the north branch of the Potomac. Thus we have five tiers of coat seams, with an average thickness of from 30 to 35 feet There are also coal seams associ ated with salt springs on the Little Kanawha, and springs of petroleum, or rock oil, occur in the same tract On the Great Kanawha is also a very rich and extensive coal-field ; and on Coal, Gauley, and other rivers in this portion of Western Virginia, the beds of this mineral arc frequently brought to view, and in fact no better general description can be pre sented of its extent than that it is almost continuous with the vast beds of sandstone which spread in nearly horizontal planes over nearly the whole of this broad region. The salines of Virginia are almost wholly in the west. Salt-springs occur on the Ilolston, on the New River, and on the Greenbrier ; but the most important works are on the Great and Little Kanawha rivers. The brine is raised by steam-power, and evaporated in large cast-iron pans over furnaces. The brine of the Kanawha wells contains very little gypsum or sulphuret of lime, and the process of crystalization is therefore attended with fewer difficulties than usual. The average yield of salt is about one bushel from every 65 or 70 gallons of brine. The" mineral springs of Virginia have long been noted for their efficiency in numerous chronic complaints, and as the resort of the fashionable world in the summer season. The State abounds with these, but the best known are the White and Blue Sulphur Springs of Greenbrier county, the Salt and Red Sulphur, and the Sweet in Monroe county. Hot and Warm in Bath Berkley in Morgan, Fauquier White Sulphur in Fauquier, Shannondale in Frederick, AJum in Rockbridge, Jordan s White Sulpnur in Frederick, Red in Alleghany, Graysonin Carroll, Botetourt in Roanoke, Holston in Scott, Au- eusta Springs and Dasgus Springs in Botetourt. Of the metalic products of Virginia, gold is at present perhaps the most important. It is found on both the North and Rapid Ann rivers, of the North and South Anna near their sources, of the Rivanna, in the lower part of its course, and of James River above and below the mouth of the Rivanna. Within the past few years, several rich mines have been opened and worked successfully in these and other sections of the State. We believe that Commodore Stockton was one of the first who introduced into Virginia effective machinery for reducing on a large scale the quartz-rock, and demon strating that a profitable business could be done in this branch of mining. The Stockton mines are located in Fluvanna county. Among other at present productive mines are those of William M. Mosely & Co., and of the Garnett Mining Company, in Buckingham county. There are also mines more or less productive in Spottsylvania, in Stafford, in Fauquier, in Culpepper, in Orange, in Louisa, and in Goochland counties. "It is a matter of not less mortification," says a Report of the Manufacturers Convention, 1851, " than astonishment, that Virginia, with an area of coal measures covering not less than 21,000 square miles, very much of which lies on or near navigable waters, and capable of yielding all the varieties of British coal, and of equal quality, should be reduced to the actual production of less than 200,000 tons, of the value of $650,000, while Great Britain with little more than half the extent of coal measures, produces annually 37,000,000 tons, of about the value of $37,000,000 at the mines, and $180,000,000 at the market of sale. And in regard to the iron-trade, while Virginia has an unlimited supply of the finest ores, easily accessible for use and transportation, with the greatest abundance of coal, wood, and limestone for their man- 884 VIRGINIA. ufacture, yet under the operation of the present revenue laws of the country, her production, in spite of all the efforts of the Slate to encourage it, has shrunk to an almost inconsiderable amount, and is in danger of utter ruin." The soils of Virginia are naturally of a most fertile nature, but in the old settlements they have been exhausted by a vicious system of tillage. In many parts, however, a renovation has been effected by the application of proper fertilizers, and the adoption of a more scientific mode of culture. The Eastern and Piedmont sections are chiefly engaged in the production of Indian corn and tobacco, the latter of which is one of the great staples of the State. Cotton is also pro duced in these sections. In the valley, the crops are much the same, excepting that wheat takes the place of cotton, and the system of agriculture is superior to that followed in the lower country. Beyond the mountains, and westward to the Ohio river, is a fine country, adapted in soil and climate to the successful culture of all the gmins, roots, and products of the Middle States, and equally propitious to the breeding and rearing of cattle and other domestic, animals. It is not only a great agricultural district, but it is alike rich in minerals and metals of the greatest importance and value, and will eventually become the workshop of the State, as it is now the grairary. Boll scenery is one of the disiinguishing features of Virginia; and no other State presents so many or so magnificent results of Nature convulsed. At Harpers Ferry, where the Potomac breaks through the Blue Ridge, the disruption has left behind it indelible marks of its force. The "Natural Bridge" below Lexington, according to Jefferson, is the moat sublime of Nature s works. It is an arch reaching across a narrow ravine, which extends for some distance above and below, at the height of 215 feet above the stream which flows under it, 80 feet wide and 93 feet long;" and again he says, "so beautiful and arch, so elevated, so light, and springing as it were up to heaven ! the rapture of the spectator is really indescribable." These are but a moiety of the magnificent scenes of the country ; everywhere in the Great Valley, and among its mountain borders, are found spectacles of grandeur and sublimity. Virginia has also numerous caves and caverns, of which Madison s Cave and Weir s Cave, both in the vicinity of Staunton, are those best known. Madison s Cave extends about 800 feet into the earth, branching into subordinate caverns, and terminating in two basins of water, of about 30 or 40 feet in depth. Weir s cave is much more extensive, and its numerous halls and chambers are pillared with an astonishing profusion of stalactites, which in some places resemble stiffened water-falls, in others banging in rich festoons ami folds like tapestry, or seem to rise from the floor like columns, thrones, towers, or statues; it extends 1,260 feet into the ground, and contains upward of 20 large rooms, besides numerous passages and galleries. One of these halls is 260 feet in length, 33 feet high, and from 10 to 20 feet wide : and another is 153 by 15 feet, with a height of 60 feet. Virginia is divided into 137 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1S50, were as follow : Counties. Accomac Albemarle Alexandria Amelia Amherst Appomattox... Bedford Brunswick Buckingham,. Campbell Caroline Charlotte Charles City . . Chesterfield.... Culpepper Cumberland . . . Dwell. Pop. 2,540. .17,890. 2,022.. 25,800. 1,484.. 10,008. 568.. 9,770. 1,127.. 12,699 7S5.. 9,193. 2,396.. 24,080. 1,051.. 13,894 1,062.. 13,837. 2.203.. 23 ,245. 1,451.. 18,456. 903.. 13.955. 486.. 5,200. 1,757.. 17,439. 1,034. .12.282. 640 9 751 Farms in cult. .1.007 . 935 . 94 . 354 . 728 . 502 .1,364 . 655 . 616 . 758 . 715 . 563 . 199 . 564. . 504 89S Mann Ksta . 17. .102. . 89. . 5. . 0. . 10. . 16. . 4. . 5. .119. . 51. . 6. . 6. . 30. . 53. 9 EASTERN VIRGI Capitals. . Accomac .Charlottcsville .Alexandria .Amelia .Amherst .Appomattox . Liberty .Lawrenccville .Buckingham .Campbell .Bowling Green .Charlotte .Charles City .Chesterfield .Culpepper Cumberland .Dinwiddie .Hampton .Tappahannock Fairfax NIA 69 counties. Counties. King & Qneen. Lancaster Dwell 892. 426. 2,834. 1,254. 820. 827. 711. 1,500. 401. 1,523. P Farms Man P P- iucnlt. Esta 10,319., 502.. 6. . 4,708.. 299.. 4 .22.079.. 1,256.. 139 .16,691.. 838.. 22 .11,692.. 548.. 13 . 9.331.. 513.. 38 . 6,714.. 293 3 l f : Capitals. .King&Q.C.H .Lancaster . Leesburg .Louisa .Lunenburg .Madison .Mathews . Boydtown .Urbanna Suffolk* London Louisa Lunenburg Madison Mathews Mecklenburg . . Middlesex Nansemond . . . .20.630. 4.394. 12.283. . 666 280 731. . 25 . 14 82 Nelson New Kent Norfolk Northampton . . NorthumbeiTd. Nottoway Orange Patrick Pittsylvania . .. Powhatan Prince Edward. Prince George. Princess Anne . Prince William Rappahannock. Richmond Southampton... Spottsylvania.. Stafford Surry 1,217.. 12.758. 535.. 6 ; 064.. 3,906.. 33,036. 693.. 7,498. 639.. 7,346. 492.. 8,437. 756. .10,067. 1,248.. 9.609. 2,804.. 28, 796. 517.. 8,178. 805.. 11.857. 661.. 7,596.. 893.. 7.669. 998.. 8,129.. 990 9.782.. 805. 6,448.. 1.572.. 13.521.. 1,416.. 14,510.. 922.. 8.044 650.. 5.679.. 638. 313. 648. 371 492 842 335. 748. 1,524. 312. 421. 312. 712. 579. 472. 836. 722. 429. 360. 301 . 70.. Livingston . 12.. New Kent j Nurfolk and | Portsmouth . IL.Eastville . 3 . . Northumberl d . 17. .Nottoway . 48.. Orange . 27.. Patrick .109.. Competition . O..Scottsville . 86.. Prince Edward . 0.. Prince George . 8.. Princess Anne . 2S..Brentsville . 34.. Washington . 4. .Warsaw . 6.. Jerusalem . 15. .Spottsylvania . 14.. Stafford . 5 Surrv Dinwiddie Elizabeth City.. Essex 2,745. 456. 725. 1380 .25.118. . 4.586. .10.206. 106s2 . 703. . 173 . 328. 610 . 71. . 12. . 17. 8 Fairfax Fauquier Fluvanna Franklin 1,839. 878. 2,024. .20.868. . 9,487. .17,430. . 889. . 454 .1.299. . 62. . 51. . 47. . Warrenton .Palmyra Rocky Mount .Gloucester Goochland .Stannardsville Gloucester Goochland 1,000. 876. 10,527 .10,352. . 573 . 53. . 49. Greene 494 . 4.400. . 301 94 Greenville Halifax Hanover Henrico Henry 385. 2,152. 1,827. 5,317. 936 . 5,639 .25.962. 15.153. .43.572. 8872 . 242 .1.309 603. . 454. K2S . 8. . 21. . 32. .230. 41 Hicksford .Halifax Hanover RICHMOND Martinsville Smithfleld Williamsburg King George King William WESTERN VIRGI Capitals, Covington Staunton Philippa Isle of Wight.. James City King George. . . King William.. Counties. Allechany Augusta Barbour 1.200. 896. 526. 625. Dwell. 464. 3.207. 1,467. . 9.353.. 6 29. . 4,020.. 129. . 5,971.. 279. . 8,779.. 388. pp. *:: . 3.515.. 216. .24,610.. 1.264. . 9,005.. 1,075. . 13. . 0. . 8. . 10. Mannf Ktab . 11. .181. . 0." Sussex 751.. Warwick 132.. Westmoreland. 869.. York 442.. SIA 68 counties. Counties. Dwell. Bath 410.. Berkeley 1,668.. Boone 495.. 9,8-20.. 1,546.. 8.080.. 4,460.. Pop. 3,426.. 11,771.. 3,237. . 472. 91. 443. 161. Farm* in cult. 261. 570. 861. . 23. 0. 5. . 0. . 17. - 81. 3. .Sussex .Warwick Westmoreland .Yorktown Bath .Martinsburg Boone 885 VIRGINIA. Counties. Botetourt , Braxton . . Brooke... Cabell... Dwell. Pop. 1,803.. 14,908., 679.. 4,212. 839.. 5,054., 976.. 6,299., 712.. 408.. 3S..FincastIo 10.. Braxton 2S4.. 29..WelIsburg 498.. 33..Cabell Carroll 996.. 5.909.. 115.. 11.. Carroll C. H. Clarke 636.. 7,352.. 271.. 48 .. Berry ville. Doddridge 525.. 2,750.. 240.. 2.. West Union Fayette 593.. 3.955.. 423.. 7..Fayetteville Floyd 987.. 6,453.. 444.. 16.. Floyd Frederick 2,325.. 15,975.. 1,055.. 89 .. Winchester Giles 919.. 6,570.. 539.. 0.. Giles Gilmer 571.. 3,475.. 325.. 2..Glenvillc Gra yson 1,001.. 6,677.. 604.. Greenbrier 1,419. .10,022.. 603.. 2,035.. 14,036.. 1,063.. 690.. 4,050.. 306.. 1.327.. 9,543.. 723.. 1,866.. 11,728.. 1,093.. 651.. 4,217.. 389.. Hampshire Hancock ., Hardy Harrison . . Highland.. Jackson 1,034.. 6.544. Jefferson 1,960 . . 15,357 . Kanawha 2,1 10.. 15,353. Lee l,536..1p,267. Lewis 1,533.. 10.031. Logan 572.. 3,620. Marion Marshall . . . Mason Mercer Monongalia. Monroe . . . 0.. Greenville O..Lewisburg 57..Romney 26.. Hancock. 49..Mooreneld 34.. Clark esburg 7.. Monterey 602.. 16..Ripley 447 . . 165 . . Charlestown 777.. 110.. Kanawha 595.. 5..Jonesville 878.. 27..Weston 469.. 0.. Logan 1,786.. 11,552.. 904.. 44..Fairmount 1,668.. 10,138.. 847.. 19.. Marshall 1,151.. 7.539.. 563.. 9. .Point Pleasant 655.. 4.222.. 472.. 2 .. Princeton. 2,124. .12.387.. 727.. 57. .Morgantown 1,576.. 10,204.. 910.. 30.. Union Counties. Dwell. Pop. arms Montgomery... 1,121.. 8,359 .. "54(L Morgan . . Nicholas . . Ohio Page Pendleton . 06.. 3,557.. 02.. 3.963.. 418.. s tai Ca litsls - O..Christiansburg 9.. Berkley Spr gs 1.. Nicholas C. H. 3,097.. 18,006.. 37( 376.. 143.. Wheeling ,. 1,089.. 7,600.. 526.. 2S..Luray .. 891.. 5,795.. 693.. 56.. Franklin Pocahontas 553.. 3,598.. 353.. 14..Huntersville Preston 1,664. .11,708. .1,019. . 5. .Kingswood Pulaski Putnam Raleigh Randolph Eitchie Roanoke Rockbridge Kockingham .. Kussell Scott Shenandoah . . . 6,116.. 5.335.. 1,765. . 5,243.. 649.. 3,902.. 925.. 8,477.. 1,908.. 16,045.. 585.. 788. 296., 844., 301.. 19..Newbern 455.. 21.. Putnam 216.. 0.. Raleigh 379.. 0.. Beverly 8.. Ritchie 5.. Salem 385.. 405.. 666.. 57.. Lexington 3,047.. 20.294.. 1,213.. 167.. Harrisonburg 1,786.. 11,919.. 942.. 14.. Lebanon 1,523.. 9,829.. 614.. 32..Estillville 2,143 .. 13,763 . . 554 . . 7 . . Wood stock Smyth 1,146.. 8,162.. 460.. 22. .Marion Taylor 818.. 5.367.. 519.. 19..Pruntytown Tazewell 1,449.. 9,942.. 726.. 12..Tazewell Tyler .f 949. .5,498.. 417.. 15. .Middlebourne Warren 828 .. 6,607 . . 397 . . 84 . . Front Royal Washington ... 2,137. .14,612. .1,148. -112.. Abingdon 749.. 4,760.. 473.. 9.. Wayne Wayne Wetzel 716.. 4,284.. Wirt 528.. 3.353.. Wood 1,554.. 9,450.. Wyoming 248.. 1,645.. Wythe 1,631.. 12,024.. 423., 309.. 640.. 24..Parkersburg 188., 0.. Wyoming 22..Wythevilla The whole number of dwellings in the State, at the above date was, 165.815; of families, 167,530; and of inhabitants, 1,421.661; viz., whites 895,304 males 451,552, and females 443.752; fr. col. 53,829 males 25,843, and females 27,986, and si. 472,528. Of the whole population there were, deaf and dumbvrh. 581, fr. col. 18, si. 112 total 711 ; Hind wh. 536, fr. col. 121, si. 339 total 996 ; insan^-vih. 922, fr. col. 46, si. 58 total 1,026 ; and id iotic wh. 945, fr. col. 120. si. 220 total 1,235. The number of free persons born in the United States was 925,795, the number of foreign birth 22,394, and of birth unknown 585. The native population originated as follows: Maine 271, N. Hamp. 239, Yerm. 231, Mass. 1,198, R. I. 100, Conn. 556, N. York 2.934, N. Jer. 11,447, Penn. 6,823, Del. 542, Md. 10,328, Dist, of Col. 1,184, Virginia 872,823, N. Car. 7,343, S. Car. 281, Ga. 93, Flor. 26, Ala. 92, Miss. 78, La. 93, Tex. 7, Ark. 150, Tenn. 1,501, Ky. 2,029, Ohio 5,206, Mich. 33, Ind. 238, 111. 126, Mo. 223, la. 37, Wise. 11, Calif. 4, Territories 8 ; and the foreign population was composed of persons from England 2.993, Ireland 11.643, Scotland 947, Wales 173, Germany 5,511, France 321, Spain 29. Portugal 51, Belgium 7, Holland 65, Italy 65, Austria 15, Switzerland 83, Russia 8, Denmark 15, Norway 5, Sweden 16, Prussia 36, China 3, Asia 4, Africa 3, British America 235, Mexico 4, Central America 1, South America 7, West Indies 72, Sand wich Islands 1, and other countries 76. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first census of the State, taken by the United States authorities : Colored Persona. Decennial Increase. Census "White , ( Total t , Y"ars. Persons. Free. Slave Total. Population. Numerical. Percent. 1790 442,115 12.766 293.427 3o(i.l93 748,308. 1800 514.280 20,124 345.796 365.920 830,200 131.892 17.6 1810 551.534 30,570 392,518 423.088. ....... 974,622 94.422 10.7 1820 6"3,OS7 37,139 425.153 462,292 1.065.379 90.757 9.3 1830 694.300 47,343 469.757 517.105 1.211.405 146.026 13.7 1840 740.953 49.852 448,957 498.339. . ..... .1.239 797 28.892 2.3 1850 895,304 53.329 -172.523 526.357 1.421,661 181.864 14.6 The aggregate statistics of the resources, wealth, productions, manufactures, and institutions of the State, according to the census of 185 i, and other official returns referring to the same period of time, are as exhibited in the following summary: Occupied Lands, etc. Improved farm lands, 10,3(il.l55 acres, and unimproved lands, 15,792,176 acres valued in cash at $216,401,441. The whole number of farms under cultivation on the 1st June, 1850, was 77,013 in the Eastern District 37.741, and in the Western Dislrict 39.272. Value of farming implements and machinery, $7,021,772. Live-Stock. Horses, 272,403 ; asses and mules, 21,430; milch cows, 317,619; workmg-oxen, 89.513; other cattle, 669,137 ; sheep, 1,310,004; and swine, 1,830,743. The live-stock of 1840, and the comparison of that with the live-stock of 1350, exhibit the following results : Description. Horses... Asses and Mules Milch Cows j Working Oxen (-1,024,148 Other Cattle ) Shee P 1.293.772 8wine . 1.992.155 272.403 head 21.480 " 317.619* " 89.513 * Movement. deer. 32,555 head, or 9.9 per cent. in 1850, the total value of live-stock was estimated at $33,656,659. 1,310.004 " 1,830,743 " incr. 52,121 incr. 16.232 deer. 161,412 or 5.1 or 1.3 or 8.1 VIRGINIA. Products of A nim,als Wool, 2,860,765 pounds; butter, 11,039.359 pounds; cheese, 436.298 pounds; and the value of animals slaughtered during the year was $7,503,006. The wool crop accounted for in the census of 1840 amounted to 2,538,374 pounds; and hence the increase in the crop of 1850 was 322,391 pounds, or in the ratio of 12.7 per ceutum. In 1840, the average clip per fleece was 31.4 ounces, and in 1850, 34.9 ounces making an increase in 1850 of 3.9 ounces per fleece, or 12.4 per centum. Grain Crop*. Wheat, 11,232,616 bushels ; rye, 458,930 bushels ; Indian corn, 85,254,319 bushels ; oats, 10,179.045 bushels ; barley, 25,437 bushels; and buckwheat, 214,898 bushels. The several yields compared with those returned in the census of 1S40 give the following results : Crops. 1*40. I860. Movement. Wheat 10,109.716 bushels 11,232,616 bushels incr. 1,122,900 bushels, or 11.1 per cent. Rye 1.482,799 " 458.930 " deer. 1 ,023,869 " or 69.7 " Indian corn 34,577,591 " 5,254,319 " incr. 676,723 " or 1.9 " Oats 13,451,062 " 10,179.045 " deer. 3,272.017 " or 24.3 Uarloy 87,430 " 25,437 " deer. 61,993 " or 70.9 Buckwheat 243,822 " 214,893 " deer.. 28,924 " or 11.8 " Other Food Crap*. Rice, 17,154 (in 1840, 2,596) pounds; peas and beans, 521,581 bushels; potatoes Irish, 1,316,933 bushels, and sweet. 1,813,671 bushels. The potato crop of the census of 1840 amounted to 2,944,660 bushels, and hence the increase in 1850 is 185,944 bushels, or at the rate of 6.3 per centum. Miscellaneous Crops. Tobacco, 56,803,218 pounds ; cotton, 3,947 bales of 400 pounds; hay, 369,098 tons; clover-seed, 29,727 bushels; other grass seed, 23,428 bushels; hops, 11,506 pounds; hemp dew-rotted 90 tons, and water-rotted 51 tons ; flax, 999,450 pounds; flax-seed, 52,318 bushels ; silk cocoons, 517 pounds; maple-sugar, 1,227,665 pounds; molasses, 40,822 gallons; beeswax and honey, 880,767 pounds; wine, 5,408 gallons, etc. The value of orchard products $177,137 and of market-garden products $183,047. The principal crops exhibited in the censuses of 1840 and 1850 are comparatively as follows : Crops. 18-10. 1850. Movement. Tobacco 75,347,106 pounds 50,803.218 pounds deer. 18,533.888 pounds, or 24.6 per cent Cotton 3,494,483 " 1,578.800 " deer. 1,915.6S3 " or 54.8 " Hay 364.7084- tons 369,098 tons incr. 4,390* tons or 1.2 Hops 10,597 pounds 11,506 pounds incr. 909 pounds, or 8.6 " Hemp dew-rotted . . . \ ( 90 tons i " water-rotted ... V 25,594* tons ] 57 " [ deer. 56,015,720 or 97.7 Flax J ( 999,450 pounds ) Silk cocoons 8,191 pounds 517 " deer. 2,674 " or 83.9 Maple-sugar 1,541,833 " 1,227.665 " deer. 314,163 " or 20.3 Wine 13,911 gallons 5,408 gallons deer. 8,503 gallons or 61.1 " "The correctness of the returns as to hemp, in the seventh census, has not yet been perfectly verified. There has been some doubt, whether, in a number of instances, the marshals have not written tons where they meant pounds. (lias not the reporter in this instance written tons where HE meant pounds, and vice versa? Ed. of Gaz.). If, however, the returns are allowed to stand without reduction, it would appear that the cultivation of hemp or flax has materially changed since 1840. In the returns of that year as stated above, both of these articles were included under the same head. In 1840, those of Virginia gave 25,594 tons of hemp and flax together. In 1850, only 141 tons of hemp, and 500 tons of flax were returned. Such a falling off would amount to almost an abandonment of the culture of hemp in that State, which there is no reason to suppose has taken place." Report of Superintendent of the Census, Dec. 1st., 1852. Home-made Manufactures were produced in the year ending 1st June, 1850. to the value of $2,156,312. The same description of manufactures returned in the census of 1840 were valued at $2,441,672. Manufactures. Total capital invested, $00,000,000; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed in the year, $00,000.000 ; average number of hands employed 00,000 males 00,000, and females 0,000 ; monthly cost of labor $000,000 male $uOO,000, and female $00,000; value of manufactures produced in the year, $00,000.000. The whole number of manufacturing establishments in operation on the 1st June, 1850, and producing to the value of $500 and upward annually, was 4,433 in the Eastern District 2.293, arid in the Western District 2,140, and these were distributed to the several counties as exhibited in the general table. Of the whole number 27 were cotton factories; 121 woolen factories; 122 iron manufactories 29 making pig iron, 54 making castings, and 39 making wrought iron; 341 tanneries, etc. The total capital invested in manufactures, in the year represented in the census of 1840, amounted to $11.360.861. In the manufacture of cotton goods, the capital employed is $l,9i)S,900; cotton consumed 17,785 bales, and coal 4,805 tons; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., $82^,375; hands employed 2,963 males 1,275, and females 1,688; monthly cost of labor, $24.774 male $12,983, and female $11,791; products of the year sheeting, 15.640,107 yards, and yarn 1.755,915 pounds, valued at $1,486,8S4. In 1840 there were in the State 22 cotton mills, and 1 dyeing and printing establishment, together employing 1,816 hands, and a capital of $1,299.020, and producing in the year, goods to the value of $446.063. In the manufacture of woolen goods, capital to the amount of $3^2,640 is invested ; wool consumed in the year, 1,554,110 pounds, and coal 357 tons, valued together at $488.899; hands employed 658 males 478, and females 190 ; monthly cost of labor $10,571 to males $8.688, and to females $1,883; products of the year cloth 2.037.025 yards, and yarn 393.705 pounds, valued at $841,013. The capital invested in the woolen manufacture in 1840. was $112.350, hands employed 222; value of yearly manufactures $147,792 ; which statements include also the statistics of fulling-mills. The condition of the iron manufacture is exhibited in the following statistical aggregates : Specifications. Pig Iron. Cast Iron. Wrought Iron. Total, Capital invested dollars... 513,800 471,160 791,211 1,776,171 7 114 17296 24 410 u 2500 2 5iX) u 205 Mineral Coal consumed It 39982 7878 66515 114 375 Coke and Charcoal consumed. . . . bushels .... 1,311,000 71,600 . . . 103,000 1 485 600 887 VIRGINIA. dollars .. number. . 11.443 .... 1,295 .... 1 ig Iron. Wrought Iron. C 158.307 297,014 1,115 810 14 9 14,328 16.312 22,163 5,577 15.328... 521.924 674,416 1,254,995 Total. 1,046.769 3,220 61.109 43,063 2,451,335 Specifications. Value of all raw material, etc. . Hands employed male " " female Monthly cost of labor dollars . Iron produced tons Value of year s products dollars . in 1840, Virginia had in operation 42 furnaces, that in the preceding year had produced 18,8101- tons of cast iron, and 52 bloomeries, forges, and rolling-mills, which had produced 5,836 tons of bar iron. The tanneiit* employ a capital of $676983; hands employed 9(16 males 900, and females 6; monthly cost of labor $13,705 male $13,643, and female $62; sides of leather tanned 878,400, and skins tanned 74,573, together valued at $894.876. In 1840 there were in the State, 660 tanneries employing 1.422 hands, and a capital amounting to $338,141 ; and which had produced during the preceding year, 135.782 sides of sole leather, and 206,216 sides of upper leather. The capital invested in the manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors amounts to $100.915. Quantities and kinds of grain, etc.. consumed barley 20,000 bushels, corn 250,700 bushels, rye 62,680 bushels, oats 450 bushels, and hops 14 tons ; hands employed 123; quantities of liquor produced ale, etc., 5,500 barrels, and whisky, etc., 879.440 gallons. In the census year 1S40, Virginia had 1,454 distilleries, producing in the year 865,725 gallons, and 5 breweries, producing 3^,960 gallons; hands employed 1,631, and capital invested $187.212. The manufactures, others than the above specified, consist of a great variety of important productions, as machinery of all kinds, carriages, harness, etc., and Virginia has also a large number of merchant and other mills. As a flour-pro ducing State it stands first in its brands, and is only behind one or two other States in the extent of production. It has also large and valuable tobacco manufactories. Foreign Commerce. Virginia, in respect of foreign commerce, holds a seventh or eighth rank among the States of the Union. According to the official returns for the year ending 30th June, 1850, the value of its exports to foreign countries amounted to $3,415.646, and of its imports to $426.599. This would indicate that the great bulk of its com mercial material is carried to the ports of other States for exportation, and the foreign merchandise consumed within the State is brought through the same channels. That such is the case is well known, and hence we find that the coasting trade is unusually extensive, chiefly carried on by the shipping of northern ports. This was not always so, for at one time Virginia stood at the head of the commercial States, and its shipping held the same rank in foreign ports as that now occupied by the mercantile marine of New York. Of the total exports in 1850, $3,413.153 was the value of domestic products, and of these to the value of $2.365,241 was shipped in American and $1,047,917 in foreign vessels the re mainder of the aggregate value ($2,438) was foreign produce re-shipped in American vessels. Of the imports $172.878 was the value of merchandise landed from American and $253,721 from foreign vessels. The shipping employed in the carrying trade consisted as follows : Entered. Cleared. Total. Nationality of \ . shipping. Vessels. Tons. Crews, Vessels. Tons, Crews. American 69 12,190 564 187 42,091 1,710 . . . Foreign , 88 18,775 828 98 23,367 956 ... . . . 256 54.281 2,274 . . . 186 42,142 1,784 Total... ... 157 . 30,965 ! 1,392 285 ... . . . 65,458 . . .... 2,664 . 442 . 96,423 4058 Alexandria . . , Norfolk Petersburg . . . Richmond... , . . . 59 , . . . 74 ... 9 , 8 ... . 10,638 . 14,281 . 8.517 . 1.811 .. 442 684 131 76 64 ... 140 ... 5 ... 69 ... ... 11.534 .. ...26.765 .. . . . 1.946 . . . . . 24,321 . . .... 474 . .... 1,163 . .... 63 . . 908 . 123 . 214 . 14 . ,. 77 . .... 22.172 . .... 41,046 . .... 5,463 . ... 26,132 . .... 916 . . . . 1,847 . . . . 194 . 984 Tappabannock... 7 718 42 7 892 44 14 1,610 86 The shipping owned in the several districts of the State in 1850, amounted to 74,071 tons; of this 18.043 tons was "registered" shipping 7,092 permanent, and 10,591 temporary; 52,535 tons was "enrolled and licensed" 51,51 1 tons permanent, and 1,021 temporary: and 3,493 tons was "licensed under 20 tons." The tonnage of the districts was as follows Alexandria, 8,738 tons; Norfolk, 24.135 tons; Petersburg, 2,708 tons; Richmond, 8,458 tons; Yorktown, 4,807 tons; Tappahannock, 5,824 tons; Accomac, 4,083 tons; East River, 4,869 tons; Yeocomico, 3.284 tons; Cherrystone 1,232 tons, and Wheeling, 5.934 tons. Of the enrolled and licensed tonnage, all of which is employed in the coasting and river trade. 8.726 tons are navigated by steam-powerin the Atlantic districts, 2,792 tons, and in Wheeling district, on Ohio River. 5.934 tons. Within the year specified there wore built in the State 1 ship. 1 brig, 27 schooners, and 5 steamers total, 34 vessels, of an aggregate burden of 3,584 tons. The serial statistics of the foreign commerce from 1791. to 1850, are comprised in the following table : 1 mportsi. Year. Exports. 1791 $3,130,865 1792 3,552,825 1793 2,987.098 1794 8.321.636 1795 8,490.041 1796 5,268.655 1797 4.908.713 1793 6,113,451 1799 6,292,986 1800 4.430,689 1801 5,655.574 1802 ....... 8.978.363 1803 6,100,708 1804 5,790.001 1805 5,61)6,620 Year. 1806 1807 Exports. Imports. $5.055,396 $ 4 761 31 - Year. 1821 1 009 Exports. $3,079,209 . . . . Imports. ..$1,078,490 1808 1809 1810 526,473 2,894,125 4,822,611 1823 1S24 1825 4,006,783 . . . . 8.277.564 .... 4 129 520 . . 681,810 . . 639.787 553 562 1811 1812 4,822,307 .. 8091.112 1826 IS ? 4,596,732 .... 4 657 938 . . 635.458 401 -TCK 1813 1 819 7 1814 1815 17.581 6 676 976 1829 I a 30 8.787,431 .... . . 395.352 1816 1817 8,212,860 iasi 1^32 4,151,475 .... . . 4S8.522 553 639 1818 7 016 16 69 391 1819 4,392,321 1834 5 469 240 . 837,325 1820 4,557,957 1835 6,064,063. .. . 691,255 VIRGINIA. Year. 1886 Exports. $6 192 040 Imports. $1 106 814 Year. 1^41 Exports. $5 630 286 Imports. $877 37 Year. 1846 Exports. $3 529 99 Imports. $2d9 004 1837 3 702 714 . 813862 1842 ... ... 8,750.3^ . 316,705 1847 .. . . . 5.658,374 3Si>.127 1838 8 986 228 . . . . 577,142 184-3 . ... 1.957,165 . 187.062 1S4S . . ... 8,681,412 215,081 18.39 1844 . . 2,942.279 . 2i:7 654 1^49 ... . . . 8,373,788 241.935 1840 ... . 4,778,220 . . , 545,685 1845 ... , . 2,104,581 . 267,653 1850 .., . 3,415,646 , 426.599 Internal Communication, etc. The railroads and canals of Virginia, which are among the most magnificent works of the kind in the Union, extend generally from the Atlantic ports to the West, and are continued through Ohio, Ken tucky, and Tennessee, to all the chief places in the north-west, west, and south-west. Alexandria. Richmond, and Norfolk are the initial points on the Atlantic; from Alexandria diverge the Orange and Alexandria Railroad and the Mariassas Gap R. R. the one directed toward Gordonville, where it joins the Central road, and the other crossing the first mountains, and passing down the valley to Ilarrisburg and Staunton, there unites with the same line ; the Central Railroad, starting at Richmond, passes through Gordonsville, Staunton, etc., to Covington, and there unites with the Covington and Ohio Railroad, extending westward to Point Pleasant, on the Ohio, there uniting with the Ohio system, anil to the mouth of Big Sandy River, where it joins the Kentucky lines to Maysville, Lexington, and Louisville, and through them connects with the lines stretching to (he north and toward Nashville and New Orleans, and from Norfolk and Petersburg a line extends through the southern counties to the Tennessee line, whence it is continued to Knoxville, connecting at that point with numerous lines directed to every important central station in the south-west, etc. These railroads furnish to the State ample means of transportation, and will carry to and from the seaboard an immense com mercial material. They will also be the means of reviving the general commerce of the State, and of furnishing an outlet at Virginian ports for much of the produce of Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee, which now finds its way to more northern markets. In the north-west several lines are being built to connect the systems of Pennsylvania and Maryland with those of Ohio and the West, and of these the North-western Railroad is, perhaps, the most important, as it will furnish the shortest route from Cincinnati to Baltimore. In the south-east the Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad furnishes an important route from the seaboard into North Carolina. The great southern line of railroads also passes through Virginia, having Frederick sburg, Richmond, and Petersburg in its route, and being continued south and south-west to Wilmington, Columbia, etc. This is the route of the great southern mail. There are, besides these, numerous short lines, branches, etc.. diverging from the main lines to several important points. The whole extent of completed railroad in the State on the 1st January, 1853, was 624 miles, and about 800 miles more were in course of construction. The canals of Virginia are the James River and Kanawha Canal, the Dismal Swamp Canal, and the Alexandria Canal. The Baltimore and Ohio Canal, though in Maryland, is to all intents and purposes as much a canal of Virginia as of that State, being only separated from it by the channel of the Potomac River. The Alexandria Canal, which is a continuation of the Baltimore and Ohio Canal, from Georgetown to Alexandria, is 7 miles long, and is carried over the Potomac on a splendid aqueduct. The James River and Kanawha Canal, second only in extent and importance to the Erie Canal of New York, is carried through the valley of James River, and is now complete to Balcony Falls, from which point it will be continued along the valley of Kanawha River to the Ohio. This great work has been of vast advantnge to the interior of Virginia, and on an average transports about $12,000,000 valuation of merchandise " Without the Erie Canal," says Governor Floyd, " the city of New York would have been second still to Philadelphia. Great as the advantages of this work unquestionably are, those of the James River and Kanawha Canal are undoubtedly superior. It possesses the striking advantage of lying five degrees S mth of the great northern work, and is therefore free from the ice which obstructs the navigation there for so large a portion of the year. It touches the Ohio River far south of any water communication from the Atlantic whatever, and at a point south of which there can be across the country no other water connection. It will command all the trade of a great part of Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana. Illinois, and Missouri, and most probably those regions lying still higher up toward the sources of the Missouri after that period it is unsafe to send produce north. We will see." says the governor. " canal boats laden at the Falls of St. Anthony or Council Bluff discharging their cargoes at Lynchburg, Richmond, and Norfolk," etc. This work is now rapidly pro gressing to completion. The Dismal Swamp Canal connects Chesapeake Bay with Albemarle Sound, extending from Deep Creek to Joyce s Creek. 23 miles. At present it is chiefly valuable as an avenue for the transportation of the lumber, naval stores, etc., of the region through which it passes. With such works as the above, who can not but foresee that Virginia will, at no distant day, be one of the most successful commercial States of the Union, and its ports, so long forsaken, the marts of a trade not surpassed by that of the present great emporia of the country. Bunks. In October, 1850. Virginia had 6 banks and 31 branch banks. The condition of these establishments, at that date, was as follows: HaUUties capital. $9,^14545: circulation. $10.25 i.967 ; deposits, $4.717.732; due other banks, $338.841; and ansefft loans and discounts, $19.646.777: stocks, $269.914: real estate, $764,2^2; other investments, $210.498; due by other banks, $1.925.652; notes of other banks, $552.153; and specie. $2,928.174. Since the date of these returns several banks have been established in accordance with the new banking luw, depositing security for the redemption of their notes. *Th<> returns above given are those of the old chartered banks, which enjoy a hisrh credit at home and abroad. These are the Hank of the Valley, at Winchester, with branches at Charlestown, Leeshurg. Rom- ney. Stannton. and Christianburg; the Bank of Virginia, at Richmond, with branches at Buchanan, Charlestown, Danville. Fredericksburg, Lynchburg. Norfolk, Petersburg, and Portsmouth ; the Exchange Bank of Virginia, at Nor folk, with bram-hes at Abington, Alexandria. Clarkesville, Petersburir. Richmond, Salem, and Weston ; the Farmers Bank of Virginia, at Richmond, with branches at ^Alexandria, Charlottesville, Danville, Farmville. Fredericksbnrg, Lynchhunr. Norfolk. Petcrshursr, Winchester, and Wythesville : the Merchants and Mechanics Bnnk, at Wheeling, with branch sit Morgantown ; and the North-western Bank of Virginia, at Wheeling, with branches at JeflFersonville, Park- ersburg. and Wellsburs. Government, etc. The present constitution of Virginia was adopted in convention on the 1st of August and ratified by the people on the 25th of October, 1851. It superseded the constitution of 1776 and the amendments of 1831. The right to vote is given to every white male citizen 21 years old. resident of the State two years, and of the county, city, or town one year next preceding* an election. The exceptions are those common to other States. Votes are given rna roce, and not by ballot ; but dumb persons may so vote. The general election is held on the fourth Thursday of October biennially. The Legislature is styled the General Assembly, and consists of a House of Delegates and a Senate. The house con- Q5 889 VIRGINIA. sists of 152 members, chosen biennially, apportioned on the basis of the white population. The Senate is based on population and taxation combined, and consists of 50 members, elected in districts by the voters therein for the term of four years, one-half the number being chosen biennially. Delegates must have attained the age of 21 and senators that of 25 years, and none but qualified voters are eligible for election. Persons holding lucrative offices, ministers of the Gospol, salaried officers of banks, and attorneys of the Commonwealth are ineligible. Any elective officer removing from his district vacates his office. In 1S65, and decennially thereafter, there shall be a re-apportionment. The sessions of the Legislature commence on the second Monday of January biennially, and continue not more than 90 days, unless a prolongation be concurred in by three-fifths of all the members, nor in any case shall a session be extended beyond the ordinary term for more than 30 days. Bills may originate or be amended in either house. The executive power is vested in a Governor, elected by the people for four years, commencing from the 1st January succeeding election. The governor is ineligible for any other office during his term, and can be elected for two succes sive terms. He must be 3D years of age, a native citizen of the United States, and for 5 years a citizen of the State. He must reside at the seat of government. A Lieutenant-governor, with like qualifications, etc., is elected for a like term, and is the constitutional successor of the governor iu case of death or disability ; he is also ex-officio president of the Senate. The principal administrative officers are a Secretary of the Commonwealth, a Treasurer, and an Auditor of Public Accounts. These are elected by joint vote of the General Assembly for two years. For the purpose of electing the Board of Public Works, the State is divided into three districts, each of which shall elect one commissioner. Their term is six years, and they are so classified that one of their number shall retire every two years. The General Assembly by a three-filths vote may abolish the board. The judiciary is vested in a Supreme Court of Appeals, District Courts, and Circuit Courts. In each circuit (21 in number), a judge is elected by the voters for the term of eight years, and who holds two circuit courts in the counties of his circuit annually. In each district (10 in number), a district court is held by the judges of the circuits constituting the District, and the Judge of the Supreme Court for the Section, any three of whom may hold a court Judges of the Supreme Court of Appeals are also elected by the voters for 12 years, each section (5 in number), electing 1 Judge. The 5 judges so elected constitute the Supreme Court, any three of whom may hold a circuit. It has jurisdiction only where the matter in controversy is not less in value than $500, except in certain specified cases. Special Courts of Appeal may be organized. Circuit Judges must not be less than 30, nor Supreme Court Judges less than 85 years of age, and no election for judges shall be held within 30 days of the time of holding the election for President, for Congressmen, or for members of the State Legislature. Officers of the Supreme and District Courts are appointed by the Judges thereof; but Clerks of Circuits are elected by the voters for six years. When a Governor is elected, an Attorney-general is also elected for the term of four years. County Courts are held monthly by not less than three, nor more than five Justices. Each county is divided into dis tricts, and each district elects 4 Justices for the term of 4 years. The Justices so elected choose one of their own body to attend each term of the Court, and classify the rest for the performance of their duties. The voters of each county elect also a Clerk of the County Court, and a Surveyor, for 6 years, an Attorney of the Commonwealth for 4 years, and a Sheriff, and Commissioner of the Revenue, for 2 years. Constables and overseers of the poor are elected by the voters. Among the miscellaneous provisions of the constitution are the following : the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus pended, nor shall any bill of attainder be passed, nor any ex-post-facto law, nor any law impairing the obligation of contracts, or taking private property without just compensation, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or establishing any religion, or prescribing any religious test, or conferring any privileges or advantages on any one sect or denomination; no law shall embrace more than one object, and when amended, shall be reenacted at length; provision may be made, rendering ineligible for office those who fight or are engaged in a duel; the Senate sh;dl try impeachments made by the House, and may sit for this purpose during recess ; slaves hereafter emancipated shall forfeit their freedom by remaining in the Commonwealth more than 12 months ; restrictions may be imposed upon emancipation, but the General Assembly shall not emancipate ; it may relieve the State from the free negroes by removal or otherwise ; yeas and nays shall be taken on all tax and appropriation bills ; no incorporated company shall be released from its liability to the State, nor shall the faith of the State be pledged for the debts of any company ; seven per cent, of the State debt existing, 1st January, 1S52, shall be annually set apart as a sinking fund to redeem said debt ; no loans shall be contracted for a longer period than 34 years ; whenever a debt is contracted, there shall be set apart annually for 34 years, a sum exceeding by one per cent, the aggregate amount of the annual interest agreed to be paid thereon at the time of its contraction, which sum shall be a part of the sinking fund ; stocks held by the Commonwealth may be sold, but the proceeds must be applied to the payment of the public debt ; no charter shall be granted to any church, but title to church property may be granted to a limited extent; no lottery shall be authorized, and the buying and selling of tickets shall be prohibited; no new county shall be formed with an area less than 600 square miles; powers shall be conferred on the Courts exclusively to grant divorces, to change the names of persons, and direct the sale of infants estates; there shall be a periodical regis tration of voters, and of births, marriages, and deaths, annually ; a census shall be taken every ve years after the national census. Federal Representation. In accordance with the act of 23d May, 1953, Virginia elects thirteen representatives to the Congress of the United States. The militia force of the State, in 1851. consisted of 125,128 men of all arms, of which number 6,494 were commissioned officers, and 118,634 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates. Of the commissioned officers 32 were general officf-rs, 66 general staff-officers, 1.423 field-officers, etc., and 4,9T3 company officers. All white persons between the ages of 18 and 45 are subject to military duty. The principal benevolent institutions of the State are the Lunatic Asylum, at Staunton, and the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind, at the same place. These institutions are liberally supported by annual legislative appropriations. Public Finance*, etc. The aggregate debt of Virginia, on the 1st April, 1851, was as follows: Revolutionary War debt (6 p. c.), 124.039 17; war debt of 1812 (7 p. c.), $319,000; internal improvement debt (6 p. c.), $9.364.916 04; internal improvement debt (5 p. c.), $1,065,600: internal improvement debt (5$ p. c.), $25,300; debt for subscription to banks, $450,107 total debt, $11,248.962 21 ; but of this there was held by State agents, under the control of the Legislature by Literary Fund $1.125.606 50, and by Board of Public Works $375,912 41, or in all $1,501,518 91, leaving an actual out standing debt of $9,747.443 30. The State is also liable conditionally for guaranteed bonds for Internal improvements $3.947,S94. The State holds assets, consisting of stocks and debts due productive of $7,060,565 48, and not now pro- 890 VIRGINIA. ductive, $6,052,266 53 ; total $13,112,832 11. The valuation of property, real and personal, assessed for taxation, in 1S50, amounted to $381,876,660. The valuation of the same, according to the U. S. census of that year, was $430,701,082. The valuation for taxes in May, 1852, amounted to $415,542,189 70, being an increase of over $34,000,000 in two years, and it was estimated that there was other property not taxed to the value of $50,000,000. The chief sources of income for the year were as follows : ordinary revenue and taxation, $676,256 09 ; dividends on bank stock, $286,542 94; bonus on bank dividends, $46,093 36; internal improvements, $64,029; interest on loans to internal improvement companies, $90,771 61 ; militia fines $13,509 76 ; annuity from Old James River Company, $21,000 ; loans obtained to pay subscriptions to joint-stock companies, etc., $1,23S,395 19; temporary loans, $100.000; Washington Monument Fund, $22,115 69 ; and sales of articles made at the Penitentiary $11,COO. The expenditures were as follow : expenses of General Assembly, $103,867 25; officers of government, $93.647 45; criminal charges, $39,554 82; con tingent expenses of Courts, $32,931 65; militia, $19,344 55; Virginia Military Institute, $20,710; public guard at Rich mond, $21,340 18 ; comm. of revenue, $32,106 90 ; lunatics and lunatic asylums, $100,390 71 ; deaf and dumb, and blind asylums, $13,901 29; interest on public debt, $559,634 47; contingent fund, $16,672 40; public roads, $5,601 50; general appropriations, $27,162 02 ; revision of laws, $28,801 ; penitentiary, $27,502 84 ; redemption of public debt, $239,500 ; advance to Board of Public "Works, $197,000; Washington monument, $29,860 25; dividends to stockholders of Old James River Company, $20,895; surveys, $3,500; subscriptions to internal improvement companies out of loans received, $1,185,527 28 ; primary schools. $45,674 03 ; and annuity to University of Virginia, $150,000. Educational Statistics. The number of schools reported in 126 counties and towns, for the year 1850-51, was 3,904, and the number of poor children 72,876, of which 31,655 had attended schools during the year. Amount expended for tuition, including books, compensation of officers, and all other expenses $68,135 93. Average actual attendance of each child at common schools, 52f days. Average cost per annum of each scholar, $2 15. The permanent ctipital of the Literary Fund amounted, on the 1st October, 1850, to $1,533,710 82; and the revenue derived therefrom, for the year, amounted to $97,883 66. Academies, seminaries, and private schools, are numerous in all the cities and towns, and many of these are institutions of favorable reputation. The statistics of the collegiate establishments and professional schools, in 1851, are as follow : Ccliegiate Institutions. Location. - Founded. Professors. Alumni. Students. Vols. infibr. William and Mary Coll. (Episc.) Williamsburg 1692 7 36 5,000 Hampden-Sidney College Prince Edward s co 17S3 6 1,500 25 8,000 Washington College Lexington 17S9 6 600 50 4,950 University of Virginia Charlottesville 1819 10 3,500 383 16,000 Randolph-Macon College (Meth.) Boydton 1832 7 147 80 8,000 Richmond College (Baptist) Richmond 1832 5 5 50 1,200 Emory and Henry College (Meth.) . .Emory 1S33 5 65 100 7,807 Rector College (Baptist) Pruntytown 1839 3 50 2,500 Virginia Military Institute Lexington 1839 6 107 120 2,000 Bethany College Bethany 1841 6 80 141 8,500 Professional Schools : Episcopal Theol. School of Virginia.. Fairfax county 1822 4 229 38 5,000 Unio.i Theol. Seminary (Presb.) Prince Edward co 1824 3 175 20 4,000 Virginia Baptist Seminary Richmond 1832 8 67 1,000 Law Department, Univ. of Virginia .Charlottesville 1 70 " " Will, and M. ColLWilliamsburg 1 32 Meuical School, Univ. of Virginia... Charlottesville 1825 3 95 Medical Depart., Ilamp.-Sidney Coll.. Richmond 1838 T 40 90 Winchester Medical College Winchester 5 William and Mary College is, with the exception of Harvard University, the oldest literary institution in the country, and is distinguished for its large proportion of graduates who have risen to eminence, some of whom have held the highest stations in the nation. Thomas Jefferson was a graduate of this college. It was founded on a donation of land, 20,000 acres, granted in the reign of William and Mary. The buildings are of brick, and sufficient to accommodate 100 students. It was formerly allowed a representative in the General Assembly. Hampden-Sidney College was established in 1774, and named after thi>se martyrs, who perished in the good old cause John Hampden, and Algernon Sidney. It was chartered in 1783. More instructors haye emanated from this college than from any other Southern institution. Con nected with the college is a Literary and Philosophic Society, and an Institute of Education. There are also several societies among the students. The university owes its origin and peculiar organization to Mr. Ji-fferson. It possesses philosophical and chemical apparatus, together with a fine cabinet of minerals and fossils, and an anatomical and miscel laneous museum. The observatory, a short distance from the university, is furnished with the requisite astronomical instruments. The organization of the university differs materially from that of any other institution in the Union. The students are not divided into four classes, with a course of studies embracing four years, but the different branches are styled "schools," and the student is at liberty to attend which he pleases, and graduate in each when prepared. In order to attain the degree of M. A., the student must graduate in the several schools of mathematics, ancient languages, moral philosophy, natural philosophy, chemistry, and in some two of the modern languages. This institution is in every respect organized, and justly regarded as a university of the first class. The Virginia Military Institute is conducted on the plan of instruction observed at West Point, and is a highly valued institution, and has been liberally encouraged by State appropriations. Public Libraries. The Report of the Librarian of the Smithsonian Institution made in 1S51, states the public libraries of Virginia as follows : one State library 14.000 volumes ; 4 social 3,313 volumes ; 9 college 15,790 volumes ; 8 students 10,466 volumes; 5 academic and professional 12,951 volumes; 1 scientific and historical 1,200 volumes ; 2 public 1,460 volumes. Total 30 libraries, and 89,180 volumes. Periodical Press. Virginia, on the 1st June, 1850, had 100 periodical issues in politics 81 were whig, 22 democrat, and 47 neutral, the latter including those devoted to literature, science, religion, and all the character of which had not been ascertained. Of the whole number 20 were published daily, 6 tri-weekly, 7 semi-weekly, 60 weekly, 4 monthly, and 1 quarterly ; and the circulation of the dailies was 32,750 copies at each issue ; of the tri-weeklies, 700 copies ; of the semi- 891 VIRGINIA. weeklies, 6.500 copies; of the weeklies, 41,936 copies; of the monthlies, 13,150 copies; and of the quarterly, 1,000 copies. There were published in Augusta County (Slaunton), 3 weekly ; Albemarle (3 in Chariottesville), 3 w. and 1 m. ; in Alexandria, 1 d., 1 t.-w., and 1 w.; in Botetourt, Berkeley, and Brooke, each 2 w.; in Campbell (Lynchburs), 3 s.-w. ; in Dinwiddie (Petersburg), 2 d. and 1 t.-w. ; in Fauquier, 2 w. ; in Fairfax, 1 w. ; in Frederick (Winchester). 2 w.; in Greenbrier. 1 w.; in Harrison, 2 w.; in Hardy. 1 w. ; in Hampshire, 2 w. ; in Henrico (Richmond), 6 d., 1 s.-w.. 2 w., 5 m., and 1 quarterly; in Jefferson, 3 w.; in Kanawha, 1 w. : in Loudon, 2 w. ; in Lewis, Marshall, and Monroe, each 1 w. ; in Monongalia, 3 w. ; in Marion and Nansemond, each 1 w. ; in Norfolk (Portsmouth 6, and Norfolk 7). 7 d., 4 t.-w., and 2 w. ; in Ohio (Wheeling), 3 d. and 2 w. ; in Preston, Prince Edward, and Pittsj Ivania, each 1 w. ; in Rock- bridge, Rockingham, and Shenandoah, each 2 w. ; in Spntts\ Ivania (Fredericksburg), 1 d., 2 s.-w., and 3 w. ; in Tazewell, 1 w. ; in Washington, 2 w. ; and in Wood and Wythe, each 1 weekly. Religious Denominations. The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State in 1S50 were as follows : Denomina- No. of Olniroh tiona Clmn-lies. accom. Baptist ..... 639.. 241,6->9., Christian... 16.. 4,900. Congregatl . . Dutch Ref:. .. ., Episcopal.. 167.. 78.884.. Free ....... 107.. Friends.... 14.. 35.025., 6,300., Value of No. of Cliurc.li Value of Property $687,918 tions. Germ n Ref. Churcl 9 . . 8,800 .. $16,200 R. Catholic.. 17 .. 7,930 . $126,100 7,595 Jewish .... 1 600 4,000 Swedenb g .. _ .. Lutheran.. . 50 .. 18,750 . . 52,445 Tunker 8 .. 4,400 8,200 Mennonite. . 6 . . 2,250 . . 5 550 Union 47 .. 13 r 250 . 24,025 627,150 Methodist. . 1,002 . .315.763 .. 721,003 Unitarian... .. 61,900 Moravian.. 8 .. 1,500 . . 2,550 Universalist. 1 .. 200 500 18,825 Presbyter n. 236 ..101,625 .. 567,165 Minor Sects. 8 .. 2,825 .. 18,050 making a total of 2,336 churches, with accommodation for 834 691 persons, and valued at $2,^49 176. Virginia forms a diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and comprises the Roman Catholic Dioceses of Rich mond and Wheeling, and also a portion of the Archdiocese of Baltimore, the last being that portion of the District of Columbia retroceded in 1846. Pauperism. The whole number of paupers relieved and supported within the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 5,118, of whom 4 933 were native born and 185 foreigners ; arid the whole number of paupers at the date specified was 4,458, of whom 4,356 were natives and 102 foreigners. Cost of support, etc., during the year $151,722. Historical Sketch. The name of Virginia, though now belonging only to the present State of that name, was origin ally given to the whole extent of country afterward divided into the thirteen colonies. It was bestowed upon the country, which he attempted to colonize, by Sir Walter Raleigh, in honor of Elizabeth, England s virgin queen. The settlement within the limits of the present State were not, however, effected until April, 16 i7, and this was the first per manent settlement by the English in America, Previous to this many ineffectual efforts had been made to plant colonies on the Atlantic coast. At length the matter was undertaken by a company, to which a patent was granted by James I., and which was called the London Company, to distinguish it from the Plymouth Company, which subsequently settled New England. Three ships, with K 5 persons, sailed from London in December, 1606, and after a tedious and circuitous passage entered the Bay of Chesapeake in April, 1607. On a peninsula a little distance up James River, a settlement called Jamestown was begun. The colonists soon experienced the difficulties of their new position, and to the great exertions of Captain John Smith, distinguished among the adventurers of the age, the colony was indebted to its pres ervation. An incident which occurred at this period has lent to his history the attractions of romance. While on a foraging expedition he was taken prisoner by the Indians, who determined to put him to death ; his head was placed on a stone, and the savages were about to dispatch him with clubs, when Pocahontas, the daughter of the principal chief, Powhatan, after in vain imploring mercy for him, rushed forward, and resting her head upon that of the captive, appeared determined to share his fate. Powhatan relented, and soon afterward permitted Smith to return home. Two years after, when the Indians had plotted the destruction of the colony, Pocahontas, faithful to the attachment she had formed, disclosed the plot to the English, and the Indians finding them on their guard, abandoned the project. Such was the distress of the colonists in 1610, that the survivors had actually embarked to return to England, when Lord Delaware, who had been appointed governor, arrived with supplies and 150 men, and persuaded the colonists to remain. Under this governor and his successor the settlement prospered ; useful industry succeeded to their previous habits, and, aided by a fertile soil, they were enabled to raise large stocks of provisions. In 1619 the first legislature was convened, and about this period 1,200 additional emigrants arrived, among whom were 150 young women, who were sold to the planters for wives. Negro slaves were first brought into the country at this time. In 1622 the Indians surprised the settlements and massacred some 847 of the colonists; and the whole colony would have shared the same fate, but that timely information had been given the inhabitants of Jamc-stown of the conspiracy. To this famine succeeded, which was, however, alleviated by the arrival of provisions from England. A reinforcement arriving at the same time, war was levied against the Indians, and in a short time most of the neighboring tribes were subdued or slain. Two years afterward the company was dissolved and the charter resumed by the king. All power was vested in commissioners, and under their rule the colony suffered grievously. Sir John Harvey, the royal governor appointed in 1629, was seize! by the people and sent home a prisoner. He was succeeded by Sir William Berkeley, who called an assembly of burgesses, and governed the province with mildness and prudence. On the revolution in England, the Virginians adhered to the cause of the monarch, and even after the death of Charles I. refused to acknowledge the commonwealth. Submission was forced by sending against them an armament; but the sentiments of the colonists were again declared, for even before the restoration in England the authority of Charles II. had been acknowledged in Virginia. In 1661, an assembly was called by the, governor, and in the succeeding year the Church of England was established by law. Notwithstanding this remarkable loyalty of the Virginians, they were made to suffer grievously from the arbitrary and monopolizing system of the home government. The navigation act, and other measures of a similar nature adopted to this time, weighed heavily on the people, and in addition to these grievances, the king, regardless of the rights of the landed proprietors, granted to his courtiers large tracts of land, to which the settlers were legally entitled. From these causes arose an insurrection, memorable in the history of Virginia, and known as Bacon s Rebellion. Colonel Bacon, an eloquent and ambitious man, put himself at the head of the people, who had assembled with the ostensible object of a foray against the Indians. The governor, by advice of the legislature, issued a proclamation of rebellion against them, and so exasperated the leaders of the expedition as to direct its object from hostilities against the Indians to war against the government. They marched to Jamestown, and after dispersing VIR WAB the assembly, Bacon called a convention, and assumed the reins of government. Civil war with all its horrors now en sued. Jamestown was burnt, and the colony given up to pillage. After several months bloodshed and confusion. Bacon died suddenly, and for want of a leader his party dispersed. It was long, however, before prosperity revived in the colony. Soon after these events, Berkeley returned to England, and was succeeded by Lord Culpepper, who brought with him several bills drawn up by the ministry of England, to which he required the assent of the legislature, on pain of being treated as rebels. The object of these acts was the increase of his emoluments. During the reigns of Charles IL and James the colony suffered much, and rejoiced greatly in the change of government that drove the Stuarts from the throne. The Revolution, indeed, brought to Virginia internal tranquillity, and a long succession of prosperous years Nothing occurred to interrupt its growth in wealth and power. In 17-2. she gave birth to the most illustrious of her sons, the great statesman and warrior, who was destined afterward to achieve and consolidate the independence of all the colonies. During the war between France and England, prior to 1754. her local situation exempted her from hostilities. From 1754 to 1758. when the French began to put in operation their scheme to unite Canada and Louisiana, the frontiers of Virginia were harassed by incursions of French and Indian parties; to repel which a regiment was raised, in which Washington first distinguished himself. On the conclusion of peace, when the British attempted to raise a revenue within the colonies, the statesmen of Virginia were among the first to raise the voice of opposition. The eloquence and talents of her orators contributed greatly to excite public feeling on this occasion. The services and suff -rings of Virginia in the war of the Revolution were at least as great as those of any other State, and in Virginia the last important measure of the war took place, in the surrender of Cornwallis. Since the peace of 1783, Virginia has retained an elevated rank in the family of States. Fruitful of illustrious men, that State has given seven presidents to the Union. During the war of 1812, her citizens displayed great patriotism in opposing the common enemy, and her maritime frontier suffered severely from predatory incursions. "Within the, last few years the progress of the State in population and material greatness has been wonderfully rapid ; and her territory beyond the mountains a wilderness to the last generation, has become equal to the old settlements in all that constitutes national wealth. In 1850 the constitution of the State was ad justed to its present condition and circumstances. RICHMOND, on the bank of James River, 130 miles above its entrance into Chesapeake Bay, is the political capital of the State. VIRGINIA, p. v., Cass co., III. : 32 m.W. by N. Springfield. This v. was formerly the capital of the county, now re moved to Beardstown, but continues to be a thriving place. Pop. about 300. VIRGINIA GROVE, p. o., Louisa co., la. : 33 m. S. S. E. Iowa City. VIRGINIA MILLS, p. o., Buckingham co., Virg. : about 2 m. S. James r., 51 m. W. by N. Richmond. VIRGINIA MINES, p. o., Franklin co., Mo. : on W. side of Maramec r., 70 m. E. by S. Jefferson City. VIRGINSVILLE, p. v., Berks county, Penn. : 59 m. E. Harrisburg. VISCHEB B FERRY, p. o., Saratoga co., N. Y. : 15 m. N. by W. Albany. VISTA, p. o.. Westchester co., N. Y. : 90 m. S. by E. Albany. VI.AIE marsh, Fulton co., N. Y.: in the E. part of the county, is annually overflowed by the surplus waters of the Sacandaga r. and other streams. This is a place of much resort by sportsmen, on account of the abundance of game, for which it is famous. VOGANSVILLE, p. o., Lancaster co., Penn. : 40 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. VOLCANO, p. o., Calaveras co., Cftlif. : at head-waters of Jackson cr., in extreme E. part of the co., 78 m. W. Vallejo. The gold-mines of the vicinity are among the richest in the State, and quartz-mining here, more than elsewhere, has been successfully engaged in. VOLINIA, t. and p. o., Cass co., Mich. : 85 m. S.W. Lansing. The inhabitants are generally engaged in farming. Pop. in 1840, 411 ; in 1850, 607. VOLNEY, p. o., Logan co.,Ey. : 144 m. S.W. Frankfort. VOLNEY, t. and p. o., Oswego co., N. Y. : on E. side of Oswego r., 144 m. W. N. W. Albany. Surface undulating; eoil sandy loam. Drained by Big Black cr. The t. con tains several saw-mills, and has some manufactures. Pop. of t. with Fulton, 5,310. VOLUNTOWN, t and p. v.,"Windham county, Conn. : 46 m. E. S. E. Hartford. Surface uneven. Drained W. by Pa- chaug r. The t. contains 2 cotton factories, a few stores, and 2 churches. Pop. 1,064. VOLUSIA, p. o., Chautauque co., N. Y. : 307 m. W. by S. Albany. VOLUSIA, p. v., Orange co., Flor. : on E. side of St. John s river, between lakes George and Dexter, 190 m. E. S. E. Tallahassee. It was formerly occupied as a military post VTJE DE L EATJ. p. o., Bristol co., Mass. W. WABASH county, M. Situate E. toward the S., and con tains 198 sq. m. Drained by Jordan, Coffee, and Crawfish creeks. Surface undulating; a large portion is prairie. Soil fertile, and produces fine crops of wheat and grain. It fattens large numbers of cattle and hogs, which are annually exported. Pine timber abounds. The Wabash r. bounds the co. on the S. and E. Farms 533 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 808, and pop. wh. 4,640, fr. col. 50 total 4,690. Capital : Mount Carmel. WABASH county, Ind. Situate N. middle, and contains 420 ?q. m. Wabash and .Eel rivers, with their tributaries, drain this county. Nowhere hilly, the greatest, portion is rolling or undulating, but there are also extensive level tracts and bottoms. Timber abundant, and the soil is every where rich and productive. Corn and hogs are the great staples. Farms 1,OCS : manuf. 57 ; dwell. 2.079, and pop. wh. 12.124, fr. col. 14 total 12.138. Capital: Wabash. Public Work*: the Wabnsh and Erie Canal ; and the E. K. between Fort Wayne and Lafayette. WABASH, p. v., and cap. Wabash county, Infl. : 72 nv N. by E. Indianapolis. It is very pleasantly situated on the N. bank of Wabash r., and is built partly on the first, and partly on the second bottom, elevated about 40 feet above the first. It contains the court-house, jail, etc., and several churches. The " Wabash Gazette" (whig) is here pub lished. The Wabash and Erie Canal passes through, 155 m. from Toledo, 312 m. from Evansville, and creates a large business. First settled in 1835. Pop. about 1,100. WABASII river, Ind. : is formed by two creeks rising in Mercer and Darke counties, Ohio, and flows in a N. W. course into Indiana. In Huntington co. it receives Little river, and flows W. until it passes Logansport ; thence in a S. W. course until it reaches Covington ; thence nearly S. until it reaches Terre Haute ; after which it forms the boundary line between Indiana and Illinois, to its entrance into the Ohio r. It is navigable to Lafayette for steam boats, and connects the Ohio r. with Lake Erie by means of the Wabash and Erie Canal. Its entire length is about 600 m., of which more than 450 m. have been navigated by steamboats in high water. WABASHAW county, Minn. Ter. Occupies all that vast territory extending from the Mississippi to the Missouri, and between the N. boundary of Iowa and the parallel of 44^ 40 N. lat Drained in the E. by Minnesota and its tributa- WAB WAL ties, and in the "W. by Tchan-sausan, or Riviere a Jaques, Sioux r., and other large affluents of the Missouri. The surface is elevated, chiefly level, interspersed with numerous lakes, and very fertile. Farms 8 ; manuf. ; dwell. 55, and pop. wh. 242, fr. col. 1 total 243. Capital: WABSIPINECON river, la. (See WAPSIPINICON.) WACAHOOLIE, p. o,, Marion co, Jnd. WACCAMAW river, N. Car. and S. Car. : rises in Wacca- maw lake (N. Car.), flows W. S. W., and nearly parallel with the coast, to its ent ranee into Winy aw bay. It is about 100 m. long, and navigable for steamboats to Conwayboro , about 40 m. from its mouth. WACHITA river. Ark, and La. : the principal N. tributary of Red r., rises in Polk co. (Ark.), and flows E., S. E., and S., receiving numerous branches. It has a large volume of water, and, upon the removal of small obstructions, will be asily navigable for small steamboats. WACHtrsETT mountain, Worcester co., Mass. : is an iso lated peak in the N. part of Princeton t., 42 m. W. by N. Boston. Its summit is elevated 2,021 feet above Massachu setts bay, and affords a most extensive and delightful prospect. WACOUSTA, p. v., Clinton co., Mich. : on N. bank of Looking-glass r., 9 ra. N. W. Lansing. WACO VILLAGE, p. o., Milan county, Tex. : on W. side of the Rio Brazos, 99 m. N. N. E. Austin City. WADDAM S GROVE, t. and p. o., Stephenson county, III. : 174 m. N. Springfield. Pop. about 450. WADDINGTON, p. v., St. Lawrence co., N. T. : on S. E. side of St. Lawrence r., 168 m. N. N. W. Albany. Incor porated in 1839. It contains various mills and manufactur ing establishments, and is connected by a bridge with Og- <len s island, lying opposite. Pop. about 650. WADEBORO , p. o., Livingston par., La. WADE S, p. o., Bedford county, Virg. : 105 m. W. by S. Richmond. WADESBORO . p. v., and cap. Callaway co., Ky. : about 2 m. W. Clark s r., 236 m. S.W. by W. Frankfort. It contains the county buildings. Pop. about 200. WADESBORO , p. v., and cap. Anson co., N. Car. : 86 m. S.W. by W. Raleigh. It contains a court-house, jail, stores, etc., and 1 bank, capital $200,000. The "North Carolina Argus" (whig) is issued weekly, and the " Cadet of Temper ance" semi-monthly. Pop. about 650. WADESTOWN, p. o., Monongalia co., Virg. : 203 m. N. W. Richmond. WAUESVILLB, p. v. and sta,, Clark co., Virg. : on Win chester and Potomac R. R.,23 m. from Harper s Ferry, 9 m. from Winchester, 109 m. N. by W. Richmond. WADHAM S MILLS, p. o., Essex co., N. Y. : 102 m. N. Albany. WADING RIVER, p. v., Suffolk co., N. Y. : on small inlet of same name, 131 m. S. S. E. Albany. WADSWORTII, u and p. v., Medina co., Ohio: 94 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by N. branch of Chippewa r. Inter ests of t. are chiefly agricultural, but has some manufac tures, with several mills. Pop. of 1. 1,622. WADSWORTH S, sta., Norfolk county, Mass. : on Norfolk County R. R., 30 in. from Boston. WAGGONER S RIPPLE, p. o., Adams county, Ohio : 75 m. S. by W. Columbus. WAGONTOWN, p. v., Chester co., Penn. : 60 m. E. S. E. Harrisburg. Here is located a charcoal forge, which in 1849 made 300 tons of blooms, and a rolling mill, with an nual capacity of 400 tons. WAGKAM, p. a, Accomac county, Virg. : 97 m. E. by N. Richmond. WAHKOU county, Ta. Situate W., and contains 770 sq. m. Drained by Little Sioux r. and branches. Surface in gen eral undulating: soil fertile, and adapted to wheat and grain. Set off since 1S50. WAHNAHTA county, Minn. Ter. Extends from the Mis sissippi to the Missouri, and between 45 25 and 46 20 N. 894 lat., and is drained centrally by the Minnesota and a Jaques rivers, and E. and W. by rivers flowing to the border rivers. Surface elevated, and generally level, interspersed with thousands of lakes, and covered in many parts with valu able timber. The Minnesota and Red rivers of the north have their rise in two adjoining lakes, separated only by a short portage. Farms ; manuf. ; dwell. 26, and pop. wh. 160, fr. total 160. Capital : WAHOLOCK, p. o., Kemper co., Miss. : 110 m. E. N. E. Jackson. WAHSATCII mountains, Utah Ter. : extends across the territory in S. S. W. direction from the Green river range of the Rocky Mountains, to the Sierra Nevada range of California. WAITE, p. o., Washington county, Me. : 126 m. E. N. E. Augusta. Pop. of Waite Plantation, 81. WAITEFIELD, L and p v., Washington co., Verm. : 11 m. S.W. Montpelier. Drained by Mud r. and branches, which furnish water-power to grist and saw mills, etc. The in habitants are chiefly engaged in farming. Pop. of 1. 1,021. WAIT S river, Verm. : flows through N. E. part of Orange co. into the Connecticut, and with its branches, affords great water-power. WAIT S CORNERS, sta., Washington co., N. T. : on Rut land and Washington R. R., 25 m. from Troy, 59 m. from Rutland. WAKASASSA, p. o., Levy co., Flor. : on Wakasassa river, 114 m. S. E. by E. Tallahassee. WAKASASSA bay, Flor. : bounds Levy co. on the S. W. ; it receives several rivers, and contains a number of islands. WAKATOMICA, p. o., Coshocton co., Ohio : 49 m. E. N. E. Columbus. WAKE county, N. Car. Situate centrally, and contains 1,018 sq. m. Drained by Neuse r. and its branches. Sur face even ; soil various, but in general very fertile. Chief productions, cotton, tobacco, wheat, and grain. Farms 1,410 ; manuf. 56 ; dwell. 2,844, and pop. wh. 14.177, fr. col. 1.301, si. 9,409 total 24,8S7. Capital: Raleigh. Public Works : North Carolina Central R. R. ; Gaston and Ral eigh R. R. WAKEFIELD, p. v., Carroll county, Md. : 60 m. N. N. W. Annapolis. WAKEFIKLD, t. and p. v., Carroll co., N. FTamp. : 32 m. N. E. Concord. This is a pleasant t, with good soil, and possessing water-power. It contains 3 large ponds, of which Lovewell s Pond, in the S. part, is celebrated as the scene of a battle with the Indians in 1725. Pop. of 1. 1,405. WAKEFIELD, p. v., Wake co., W. Car.: 18 m. E. N. E. Raleigh. WAKEFIELD, p. v., Washington co., R. /. : 11 m.W. S. W. Newport It contains a church, a factory of satinets and jeans, and one bank, capital $100,000. WAKE FOREST, v., Wake co., N. Car. : on Gaston and Raleigh R, R., 17 m. N. Raleigh. Here is located Wake Forest College, a Baptist institution, founded in 1 838, which in 1S50 had 3 professors and 24 students, with 4,700 vols. in library. WAKEMAN, t., p. o., and sta., Huron co., Ohio : 89 m. N. N. E. Columbus. The Toledo, Norwalk, and Cleveland R. R. passes through, 69 m. from Toledo, 43 m. from Cleve land. The t. has fertile soil, and is drained N. by Vermil- lion r., flowing through it centrally. It contains flouring, saw. and grist mills ; also woolen factories. Pop. 704 WAKULLA county, Flor. Situate N., and contains 492 sq. m. Drained by branches of Ockatockany r. Surface level; soil fertile, and productive in a high degree. Chief products, cotton, sugar, rice, wheat, Indian corn, and fruits of all kinds. Farms 100; manuf 5; dwell. 227, and pop. wh. 1,1 64, fr. col. 1, si. 790 total 1,955. Capital : Newport. WALCOTT, p. o., Greene co., Ark. : 126 m. N. E. Little Rock. WALDEN, p. v., Orange co., N~. T. : on E. side of Walkill WAL WAL r., SO m. S. by W. Albany. It contains several woolen fac tories and mills. Pop. about 440. WALDEN, t and p. v., Caledonia co., Verm. : 21 m. N. E. Montpelier. Surface elevated and rough. Drained by head branches of Lamoille river. Pop. of t. 910. WALDEN S CREEK, p. o., Sevier co., Tenn. : 180 m. E. by S. Nashville. WALDKNSVILLE, p. o., Schoharie county, N. Y. : 25 m. W. Albany. WALDO county, Me. Situate S., and contains 931 sq. m. Drained by Marsh and St. George rivers, and tributaries of Sebasticook river. Surface undulating and diversified, with numerous lakes and streams of running water, the latter supplying fine water-power; soil fertile, and favorable to the growth of wheat and grain, and other agricultural pro ductions. On the E., the Penobscot stretches out into a broad expanse of water, forming a noble bay, and affords, by means of the many excellent harbors on the line of coast, facilities for navigation and the fisheries, that can not at all times be commanded. It is well wooded, and has large beds of excellent limestone, great quantities of which are exported. Farms 4,415 ; nianuf. 347 ; dwell. 7,631, and pop. wh. 47,191, fr. col. 39 total 47,230. Capital: Belfast WALDO, t and p. v., Waldo co., Me. : 37 m. E. by N. Au gusta. Drained by small streams flowing into Belfast bay, furnishing good water-power. Pop. of t. 812. WALDO, p. o., Delaware county, Ohio: on W. branch of Whetstone r., 33 m. N. by W. Columbus. WALDO, p. o., Wright co., Mo. : 97 m. S. by W. Jefferson City. WALDOBORO , t, p. v.,and port of entry, Lincoln co., Me. : on Muscongus r. The v. has considerable ship-building and navigation. The total tonnage of Waldoboro district on June 30th, 1850, was 96,330 tons. The registered tonnage amounted to 38,483 tons, consisting of 30,612 tons permanent, and 7,871 tons temporary. The enrolled and licensed ton nage amounted to 57,847 tons, consisting of 56,094 tons en rolled, and licensed, and permanent, of which 51,832 tons were in the coasting trade, 3,718 tons in the cod fishery, and 544 tons in the mackerel fishery, and 1,753 tons "licensed under 20 tons," of which 283 tons were in the coasting trade, and 1,470 tons in the cod fishery. The foreign commerce during the year preceding consisted of 18 clearances 2,543 tons, and 6 entrances 192 tons. Vessels built during the year 71 32 ships, 17 brigs. 22 schooners 23,632 tons. Pop. of L in 1840, 3,661 ; in 1850, 4,199. WALDRON, p. o., Scott co., Ark. : 96 m. W. by N. Little Eock. WALDWICII t. and p. o., Iowa co., Wise. : 30 m. S. W. by W. Madison. Pop. 423. WALES, t. and p. v., Kennebec co., Me. : 18 m. S. W. Au gusta. Pop. of t. 612. WALES, p. t., Hampden co., Mass. : 63 m. W. S. W. Bos ton. Drained by a head stream of Quinnebaug r. and other small creeks. The v. contains 2 churches and 2 factories, making principally satinets, and employing 50 operatives. Pop. of t. 711. WALES, p. o., Ogle co., IU.: 156 m. N. by E. Springfield. WALES, t. and p. v., Erie co., N. Y. : 248 m. W. Albany. Surface undulating; soil fertile loam. Drained N. W. by Seneca cr. The inhabitants are generally engaged in farm ing, etc. Pop. of t. 2,124. WALES, t. and p. o., St. Clair co., Mich. : 98 m. E. by N. Lansing. Pop. 189. W T ALES CENTRE, p. o., Erie county, N. Y. : 250 miles W. Albany. WALESKA, p. o., Floyd county, Ga. : 150 m. N. W. by W. Milledgeville. WALESVILI.E, p. v., Oneida co., K Y. : 90 m. W. N. W. Albany. It contains several paper and other mills. WALHOXDING, p. v., Coshocton co., Ohio : on the Wal- honding Canal and river, 50 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. WALHONDINQ river, Ohio : is formed in the N. W. part of Holmes county, by the confluence of Muddy and Black forks, thence flows S. and E., and at Coshocton unites with the Tuscarawas r., forming Muskingum r. WALKER county, Ala. Situate toward the N., and con tains 1,687 sq. m. Drained by Mulberry fork of Black War rior r. and its branches, Sipsey r. and Blackwater and Lost creeks. Surface uneven and broken, in parts hilly ; soil fer tile, and on the streams are some level bottom-lands adapted to cotton, the staple production. Coal is abundant. It is well timbered, and interspersed with numerous streams of clear running water. Farms 909; manuf. 11; dwell. 799, and pop. wh. 4,857, fr. col. 1, si. 266 total 5,124. Capital : Jasper. WALKER county, Ga. Situate N. W., and contains 645 sq. m. Chatooga r. drains it in the S., and Chickarnanga in the N., flowing into Tennessee r. Surface varied, in general it is hilly, with broad fertile valleys interspersed ; soil fertile, and produces fine crops of wheat and grain. Good timber is on the land. About 12 miles N. of the C. II. is Crawfish Spring, which at its source affords sufficient water to float a small vessel, and at about 50 yards distant a large steamboat. Farms 600; manuf. 1; dwell. 1,SC7, and pop. wh. 11,408, fr. col. 37, si. 1 ,664 total 13,1 09. Capital : Lafayette Pub lic Works: Western and Atlantic It. E. WALKER county, Tex. Situate toward the S., and contains 1,042 sq. m. Drained by head branches of Sari Jacinto r., and affluents of Trinity r., which flosvs on its N. E. border. Surface hilly and broken ; in the S. are some bottom lands, the soil of which is generally a black mold, and very fertile. A large portion is prairie, the soil adapted to grazing. It is well wooded, and is interspersed with streams of clear and wholesome water. Iron ore and limestone have been found, and in the E. is a valuable salt-water spring. Farms 234; manuf. ; dwell. 478, and pop. wh. 2,663, fr. col. 0, si. 1,801 total 3,964. Capital: Huntsville. WALKER, t. and p. v., Centre co., Penn. : 60 m. N. W. Harrisburg. WALKER lake, Millard co., Utah Ter. : 358 m. W. Fillmore City. It lies at the base of the Sierra Nevada range, is 30 m. long, 7 m. wide, and receives Walker river. WALKER S, p. o., M Donough co., HI. : on S. side Turkey cr., 64 m. N. W. by W. Springfield. WALKER S, p. o., Crittenden co., Ky. : 194 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. WALKER S sta., Strafford co., N. Ilamp. : on Cocheco E. E., 14 m. from Dover. WALKER S, p. o., Colleton dist., S. Car.: 80 m. S. by E. Columbia. WALKER S CHURCH, p. o., Appomattox co., Virg. : 58 m. W. S. W. Richmond. WALKER S GROVE, p. o., Fulton co., III. : 28 m. N. N. W. Springfield. WALKER S MILLS, p. o., Alleghany co., Penn. : 168 m. W. Harrisburg. WALKER S NECK, p. o., Brown co., III. : 65 m. W. by N. Springfield. WALKERSVILLE, p. v., Frederick co., Md. : 70 m. N. W. Annapolis. WALKKRSVILLE, p. v., Union county, N. Car. : 114 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. WALKERTON, p. v., King and Queen co., Virg. : 80 m. N. E. Richmond. WALKERTOWN, p. o., Forsyth co., tf. Car. : 95 m. W. by N. Ealeigh. WALKERVILLE, p. o., Lycoming county, Penn. : 62 m. N. Harrisburg. WALLABOUT bay, 2f. Y. : lies between the cities of Brook lyn and Williamsburg. It is about one m. long, and three- fifihs m. wide. On its S. W. side is the (J. S. Navy Yard, covering some 40 acres, with the greatest dry dock in the Union. In the vicinity is the tomb, containing the remains of 11,000 Americans, who died on board the British prison ships moored in this bay during the Eevolution. WAL WAL WALLACE, p. o., Jones county, Ga. : 16 miles S. W. Miltedgeville. WALLACE, p. o., Fountain co., Ind. : 62 m. N. W. by W- Indianapolis. WALLACE, p. o., Iowa county, Wise. : 49 miles W. by N. Madison. WALLACE, p. o., Chester co., Penn. WALLACE GREEK, p. o., Independence co., Ark. : on W. side of White r., 73 m. N. N. E. Little Eock. WALLACE S, sta., Steuben co., N. Y. : on Buffalo, Corning^ and New York R. K., 31 m. from Corning. WALLACE S CROSS ROADS, p. o., Anderson county, Tenn. : 144 m. E. Nashville. WALLACEVILI.K, p. o., Venango county, Penn, : 163 miles W. N. W. Harrisburg. WALLAWALLA river, Oreg. Ter.: rises in the Blue mountains, flows N., then W., and empties into Columbia r. near Fort Wallawalla. WALLDEN S RIDGE, p. o., Marion co., Tenn. : 90 m. S. E. Nashville. WALLED LAKE, p. o., Oakland co., Mich. : 54 m. E. by S. Lansing. WALLER, p. o., Ross co., Ohio : 45 m. S. Columbus. WALLINGFORD, t., p. v., and sta., New Haven co., Conn. : 23 miles S. S. W. Hartford. Surface pleasantly diversified, with good soil. Drained by Quinnipiac r., which furnishes water-power. The v. at the centre is pleasantly situated and neatly built, and contains 3 churches. A little W. of the v. is the sta. on the New Haven, Hartford, and Spring field R. R., 12 m. from New Haven, 24 m. from Hartford. Pop. of t. 2,639. WALLTNGFORD, p. o., Will county, 111.: 133 miles N. E. Springfield. WALLINGFORD, t., p. v., and sta., Rutland county, Verm. : 59 m. S. S. W. Monipelier. Surface uneven and mountain ous. Drained on the W. by Otter creek, and by its branch, Mill river, on the E., which rises in Hiram s Pond in the S. part, covering 350 acres. There are other ponds in the t, which are very handsome, and abound with fish. Lime stone and excellent marble is abundant. The v. in the N. part, near Otter creek, is very pleasant, and surrounded by beautiful scenery. The Western Vermont R. R. passes through it, 9 m. from Rutland, 42 m. from N. Bennington, 74 m. from Troy. Pop. of t 1,6S8. WALLING S FERRY, p. o., Rusk county, Teas. : 226 m. N. E. Austin City. WALLKILL river, N. Jer. and N. Y. : rises in S. E. part of Sussex county, New Jersey, flows N. N. E. through Orange and Ulster counties, New York, and empties into llondout- kill, 7 m. from the entrance of that stream into the Hudson. It furnishes great water-power. WALLONIA, p. v., Trigg county, Ky. : on small branch of Cumberland r., ISO m. S. W. by W. Frankfort WALLOOMSAC, sta., Rensselaer co., N. Y. : on Troy and Bennington R. R., 28 miles from Troy, 4 miles from North Bennington. WALLOOSTOOK river, Me. : is the main branch of the St. John s r. ; rising in Somerset co., it flows in general N. N. E. course, through Aroostook county, to its confluence with St. Francis r., at the N. boundary of the State. WALLSVILLE, p. o., Luzerne co., Penn. : 105 m. N. E. by N. Harrisburg. WALNFORD, p. o., Monmouth co., N. Jer. : 12 m. E. S. E. Trenton. WALNUT, p. o., Juniata county, Penn. : 35 miles N. W. Harrisburg. WALNUT, p. o., Jefferson county, la. : 48 m. S. W. by S. Iowa City. WALNUT BEND, p. o., Phillips co., Ark. : 94 m. E. Little Rock. WALNUT BOTTOM, p. o., Cumberland co., Penn. WALNUT CAMP, p. o., Poinsett co., Ark. : 96 m. E. N. E. Little Rock. WALNUT COVE, p. o., Stoke co., N. Car. : 103 m. W. N.W. Raleigh. WALNUT CREEK, p. o., Claiborne par., La. : 190 m. N. W. by N. Baton Rouge. WALNUT CREEK, p. o., Grant co., Ind. : 55 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. WALNUT CREEK, t. and p. o., Holmes co., Ohio : 74 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. Drained by cr. of same name, a branch of Tuscarawas r. Pop. 1.077. WALNUT CREEK, p. o., Buncombe co., N. Car. : 216 m. W Raleigh. WALNUT FLAT, p. o., Lincoln co., Ky. : on a branch of Dick s r., 48 m. S. S. E. Frankfort. WALNUT FOREST, p. o., Greene co., Mo. : 105 m. S. S. W. Jefferson City. W ALN UT FORK, p. o., Newton co., Ark. : 95 m. N.W. by N. Little Rock. WALNUT FORK, p. o., Jones co., la. : 26 m. N. E. by N. Iowa City. WALNUT GROVE, p. o., Blount co., Ala. : 112 m. N. by W. Montgomery. WALNUT GROVE, p. o., Knox co., HI. : 91 m. N. by W. Springfield. WALNUT GROVE, p. o., Scott co., la. : on S. side Wapsi- pinicon r., 42 m. E. Iowa City. WALNUT GROVE, p. o., Morris co., 2f. Jer. : 41 m. N. by E. Trenton. WALNUT GROVE, p. o., Orange co., & Car. : 39 m. N. W. Raleigh. WALNUT GROVE, p. o., Overton co., Tenn. : 80 m. E. by N. Nashville. WALNUT GROVE, p. o., Spartanburg dist., S. Car. : 62 m. N. W. Columbia. WALNUT GROVE, p. o., Walton county, Ga.: 62 miles N. W. by W. Milledgeville. WALNUT GROVE, p. o., Kanawha co., Virg. : 225 m. W. N. W. Richmond. WALNUT HILL, p. o., La Fayette county, Ark. : 185 m. S. W. by S. Little Rock. WALNUT HILL, p. o., Franklin county, Ga. : 93 m. N. Milledgeville. WALNUT HILL, p. o., Panola county, Tex. : 247 m. N. E. Austin City. WALNUT HILL, p. o., Marion co., HI. : 95 m. S. by E. Springfield. WALNUT HILL, p. o., Buchanan county, Mo. : 160 m. N. W. by W. Jefferson City. WALNUT HILL, p. o., Lee co., Virg.: 833 m. W. by S. Richmond. WALNUT HILL, p. o., Rapides par., La. : 102 m. N. W. by W. Baton Rouge. WALNUT HILL, p. o., Fayette co., Ky. : 27 m. E. S. E. Frankfort. WALNUT HILL, p. o., Hamilton county, Ohio : 86 m. S. W. by W. Columbus. WALNUT LANK, p. o., Surry co., N. Car. : 124 m. W. N.W. Raleigh. WALNUT PEAK, p. o., Tishemingo co., Miss. : 195 m. N. E. by N. Jackson. WALNUT POST, p. o., Lauderdale co., Tenn. : 158 HL W. by S. Nashville. WALNUT RIDGE, p. o., Phillips co., Ark. : 84 m. E. Little Rock. WALNUT SPRINGS, p. o., Greene co., Wise. : 31 m. S. W. Madison. WALNUT VALLEY, p. o., Madison co., Ky. : 48 m. S. E. Frankfort WALNUT VALLEY, p. o., Rock Island county, III. : 180 m. N. N. W. Springfield. WALNUT VALLEY, p. o., Marion co., Tenn. : 86 m. S. E. Nashville. WALNUT VALLEY, p. o., Warren co., N. Jer. : on N. side Paulin s kill, 52 m. N. by W. Trenton. WAL WAR WALPOLE, t., p. v., and sta., Norfolk co., Mass. : 13 m. S. "W. by S. Boston. Surface uneven. Drained by Nepon- set r. and branches, which furnish water-power to several factories of woolen and cotton goods. The town contains several pleasant villages. The Norfolk Co. E. E. passes through Walpole v., IS m. from Boston. Top. of 1 1,929. WALPOLE, t., p. v., and sta., Cheshire county, N. ffamp. : 41 m. W. S. "W. Concord. Connecticut r. bounds it on the W. Surface beautifully diversified. The v. is very pleas antly situated in S. E. part of the t., on an elevated plain at the foot of Fall Mountain, which is 750 feet above the Con necticut r. The t. contains several woolen factories, tanne ries, grist and saw mills. The Cheshire E. E. runs along the bank of the Connecticut, having stations at Walpole v. and Cold river ; the former is 59 m. from Fitchburg. Pop. of t 2,034. WALPOLE EAST, p. o., Norfolk co., Mass. : 19 m. W. S. W. Boston. WALSEU S MILL, p. o., Davidson co., W. Car. : 97 m. W. Ealeigh. WALTERBORO , p. v., and cap. Colleton dist, S.Car. : 94m. S. by E. Columbia. It contains the county buildings, etc. Pop. about 300. WALTHAM, t, p. v., and sta., Middlesex co., Mass.: 8 m. W. N. W. Boston. Surface generally level ; drained by Charles river, which affords water-power to several factories. The principal v. is pleasantly situated, and is very neatly built with many elegant dwellings, surrounded by fine gar dens. Many of the inhabitants transact their daily business in Boston, with which it is connected by Fitchburg E. E. It contains several handsome churches, a lyceum, and 1 bak, capital $100,000. Prospect Hill, N. W. of the v., elevated 452 feet above the level of the sea, affords delightful pros pects of the vicinity, and Boston city and harbor, etc. Pop. in 1S40, 2,504 ; in 1850, 4,464. WALTHOURVILLE, p. o., Liberty county, Ga. : 134 m. S. E. Milledgeville. WALTON county, Flor. Situate W., and contains 1,157 sq. m. Drained by Yellow and Shoal rivers, with White and Alequa creeks. Surface generally level ; soil varied in the N., being fertile and more productive than in the other parts of the co. Chief products cotton, sugar, and Indian corn. Choctawhachie bay bounds it on the S. Farms 1G1 ; manuf. ; dwell. 1S5, and pop. wh. 1,037, fr. col. 6, si. 336 total 1,379. Capital: Uchee Anna. WALTON county, Ga. Situate N. centrally, and contains 354 sq. m. Drained by head branches of Oconee and Oc- mulgee rivers. Surface undulating; soil fertile, and ia a deep mold, with clay intermixed ; it is well adapted to coU ton, which is one of the principal productions of the county. Farms S64; manuf. 56; dwell. 1,191, and pop. wh. 6,896, fr. col. 16, si. 3,909 total 10,821. Capital : Monroe. Public, Works: Georgia E. E. WALTON, p. o., Boone co., Ky. : 53 m. N. by E. Frankfort. WALTON, t. and p. v., Delaware co., N. Y. : 78 m. S. W. by W. Albany. Drained by W. branch of Delaware r. and its affluents. Surface hilly ; soil best adapted to grazing. The v. on Delaware river contains several mills, 2 churches, and about 400 inhabitants. Pop. of t 2,271. WALTON, p. o., Kanawha co., Vlrg. : 218 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. WALTON, p. o., Newberry district, & Car. : 40 m, N. W. Columbia. WALTONIIAM, p. v., St. Louis co., Mo. : 102 m. E. by N. Jefferson City. WALTON S FORD, p. o., Habersham co., Ga. : 105 m. N. Milledgeviile. WALWORTH county, Wise. Situate S. E., and contains 576 sq. m. Drained in the W. portion by Turtle cr. and its affluents, and in the E. by Fox r. and its branches. Surface level and diversified, with numerous lakes, the principal being Geneva and Duck lakes ; soil fertile, and adapted to wheat and grain. It is well timbered, and has some fine J E5 prairie land. Farms 1,SS4; manuf. 81; dwell. 3,112, and pop. wh. 17,858, fr. col. 3 total 17,861. Capital: Elk- horn. Public Works : Chicago and Wisconsin E. E. ; Milwaukie and Mississippi E. E. ; Eacine and Janesville Plank-road, etc. WALWORTH, t. and p. v., Wayne co., N. T. : 168 m. W. by N. Albany. Surface undulating; soil fertile, gravelly loam. Drained by streams flowing into Lake Ontario. The v. contains several stores, 2 churches, and about ISO inhabitants. Pop. of 1. 1,981. WALWORTH, t. and p. o., Walworth co., Wise. : 46 m. S. E. Madison. Surface diversified, with excellent land, chiefly prairie, but considerable timber, and highly cultivated. Part of Geneva lake lies on its E. border. Pop. of town in 1840, 226 ; in 1850, 987. WAMPMISSIC, sta., Suffolk county, N. Y. : on Long Island E. E., 64 m. from New York. WAMPSVILLE, p. v. and sta., Madison co. N. Y. : 90 m. W. by N. Albany. The Syracuse and Utica E. E. passes through, 30 m. from Utica, 23 m. from Syracuse. Pop. about 420. WANANRI river, Minn. Ter. : a N. tributary of Missouri river, which it enters a little below Niobrarah r. It is about ISO m. long, and flows in direct S. E. course. WANCONDA, p. o., Lake county, El. : 180 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. WAPAUKONETTA, p. v., and cap. Auglaize co., Ohio : on S. side of Big Auglaize river, 74 m. N. W. by W. Co?umbus. This v. was formerly near the centre of the reservation of the Shawnee tribe of Indians, but they have all been re moved West. It contains the county buildings, etc. Popu lation 504. WAPELLO county, la. Situate toward the S. E., and con tains 432 sq. m. Drained by Des Moines river, which flows through it from N. W. to S. E., and by W. branch of Skunk river. Surface level ; soil fertile, and adapted to wheat and grain ; it is also favorable to the cultivation of fruits and vegetables. Farms 828; manuf. 7; dwell. 1,416, and pop, wh. 8,466, fr. col. 5 total 8,471. Capital: Ottumwa. Public Works: Des Moines Eiver Improvements. WAPELLO, p. v., and cap. Louisa county, la. : 1J m. W. Iowa r., 36 miles S. E. by S. Iowa City. It occupies a very level but pleasant site on the border of the Wapello prairie. It is regularly laid out, and contains the court-house, etc. The "Louisa County Times" (indep.) is issued weekly. Pop. 937. WAPPINGER S FALLS, p. o., Duchess co., N. Y.: S m. W. Hudson r., 76 m. S. Albany. WAPSIPINICON river, la. : flows through N. E. part of the State, in nearly direct S. E. course for 180 m., and enters the Mississippi 5 m. N. Princeton. WAQUOIT, p. o., Barnstable co., Mass. : 36 m. S. S. E. Boston. WARDBORO , p. o., Warren co., N . Y. : 64 m. N. Albany. WARDENSTILLE, p. o., Hardy co., Virg. : 145 m. N. W. Eichmond. WARDSBORO , t. and p. v., Windham co., Verm. : 90 m. S. by W. Montpelier. Surface hilly. Drained by branches of West r. Pop. of 1. 1,125. WARD S GROVE, p. o., Jo Daviess county, III. ; 160 m. N. by W. Springfield. W T ARE county, Ga. Situate S. E., and contains 1,652 sq. m. Drained by Santilla r. and its affluents, and other small streams. Surface level, and much of it is low and subject to submersion ; soil fertile, and where fit for cultiva tion, is well adapted to cotton and grain. Okeflnoke Swamp occupies the whole of the southern portion, and extends some distance into Florida; it resembles in wet seasons an nland sea or large lake, with numerous islands. St. Mary s river has its source in this swamp. Farms 339 ; manuf. ; dwell. 561, and pop. wh. 3,597, fr. col. 3, si. 288 total 3,888. Capital: Waresboro . Public Works: Brunswick and Florida E. E. 89T WAR WAR WARE, t. and p. v., Hampshire co., Mass. : 61 m.W. by S. Boston. Drained by Ware r. and branches, which by the falls at Ware v. affords good water-power. The v. has sev eral large factories of cotton and woolen goods. The Otis Company, manufacturing sheetings, etc., has a capital of $450,000. It also contains a bank, capital $200,000. The " Village Gazette" (neut.) is published weekly. Pop. of t in 1840, 1,890 ; in 1S5Q, 3,TS5. WAR EAGLE, t. and p. o., Madison co., Ark.: 129 m. N. W. Little Kock. It contains several grist-mills and tan neries. Pop. about 850. WAREHAM, t., p. v., and sta., Plymouth co., Mass. : 45 m. 8. S. E. Boston. Drained by Awagon r. and small streams, which afford great water-power, and flow into Buzzard s bay, bounding the t. on the S. The t. contains several pleasant villages. Wareham v., at the head of the bay, has a good harbor, admitting vessels of 200 tons to its wharves. It contains a bank, capital $100,000, an institution for sav ing?, and is largely engaged in the manufacture of iron, na Is, ete. The Tremont Iron Company, making railroad rails, have a capital of $200,000, and 3 very extensive nail factories employ several hundred operatives. The Cape Cod Branch E. R. passes through W. and S.Wareham, and and Wart-ham v. ; the latter 15 m. from Middleboro , 50 m. from Boston. Population of town in 1840, 2,002; in 1850, 3,186. WAREHOUSE POINT, p. v. and sta., Hartford co., Conn. : on E. side of Connecticut r., and on New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield E. E., 12 m. N. from Hartford. It contains 2 churches, and some large woolen factories. WARESBORO , p. v., and cap. Ware co., Ga. : about 3 m. 9. Eantilla r., 67 m. N. W. by W. St. Mary s, 107 m. S. S. E. Millecigeville. It contains the county buildings, etc, WARFIELDBURG, p. v., Carroll co., Md. : 42 m. N. W. by N. Annapolis. WARFORDSBURG,P.V., Fulton co., Penn. ;75m. S.W. byW. Harrisburg. WAR GAP, p. o., Hawkins co., Tenn. : 204 m. E. by N. Nashville. WAR HILL, p. o., Hall county, Ga. . 92 m. N. N. W. Milledgeville. WARMINSTER, p. v., Nelson co., Virg. : on James Eiver Canal, and N. side of James r., 70 m. W. Eichmond. WARM SPRINGS, p. o., Meriwether co., Ga. : 90 m.W. by S. Milledgeville. WARM SPRINGS, p. v., Buncombe co., N. Car. : on S. side of French Broad r., 237 m. W. Ealeigh. These springs have valuable medicinal properties, and are of much resort during the summer. WARM SPRINGS, p. v., Bath co., Virg. (See BATH.) WARNER, t., p. v., and sta., Merrimac co., N. Ilamp. : 14 m. W. by N. Concord. Surface uneven. Drained E. by Warner r. The v. contains some manufactories and one bank, capital $50,000. The Merrimac and Connecticut Eivers E. E. passes through it. Pop. of t. 2,033. WARNER S LANDING, p. o., Bad Ax co., Wise. : on E. bank of Mississippi r., 98 m. W. N. W. Madison. WARNERVILLE, p. o., Schoharie co., 2T. T. : 25 m. W. Albany. WARNERVILLE, p. o., Livingston co., Mich. : 33 m. E. S. E. Lansing. WARREN county, Ga. Situate E. toward the N., and con tains 436 sq. m. Drained by branches of Ogeechee and Lit tle rivers, and of Brier cr., which runs on its S. E. border. Surface undulating ; soil fertile, and adapted to cotton and other agricultural productions, wheat and grain being pro duced in abundance. It has good pasturage, and fattens large numbers of cattle and hogs. Farms 605 ; manuf. 42 ; dwell. 1,135, and pop. wh. 6,168, fr. col. 149, si. 6,108 total 12,425. Capital: Warrenton. Public Works : Georgia Py. E. ; and Warrenton Branch E. E. WARREN county, III. Situate W. toward the N., and con tains 540 sq. m. Drained by Henderson s r. and its afflu ents, and by Ellison s cr. and branches of Spoon r. Surface level ; soil fertile ; on the streams are some rich tracts of land which are very productive, and yield fine crops of wheat and grain, the staple productions of the co. Pork and beef are exported. Farms 956 ; manuf. 42 ; dwell. 1,401, and pop. wh. 8,162, fr. col. 14 total 8,176. Capital: Monmouth. Public Works : Central Military Track E. E. ; Peoria and Oquawka E. E. WARREN county, Ind. Situate N. W. middle, on the Illinois State line, and contains 360 sq. m. Peru, Eock, and Eed Wood creeks drain the interior ; and, except on the Wab;ish, on which bluffs bound an extensive bottom-land, the surface is gently undulating, rising toward the W. Woodland and prairie about equally divided. The soil ia good in some parts very fertile. Live-stock and grain are exported. Farms 782 ; manuf. IS ; dwell. 1,273, and pop. wh. 7,331, fr. col. 6 total 7,387. Capital: Williamsport. WARREN county, la. Situate S. centrally, and contains 432 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Des Moines r. Sur face undulating; soil consists of a fine deep mold, and is very fertile. It is well timbered, and contains good pastur age for cattle. Farms 47 ; manuf. ; dwell. 152, and pop. wh. 960, fr. col. 1 total 961. Capital ; Indianola. WARREN county, Ky. Situate S. toward the W., and con tains 546 sq. m. Drained by Big Barren r. and its branch es, which enter Green r. in the N. Surface level ; soil fer tile, and makes excellent pasture land. Chief productions, tobacco, wheat, and Indian corn; fruits and vegetables are also produced. Farms 1,145; manuf. 38 ; dwell. 1,798, and pop. wh. 10,597, fr. col. 209, si. 4,317 total 15,123. Capi tal : Bowling Green. Public Works : Louisville and Nash ville E. E. WARREN county, Miss. Situate W., and contains 570 sq. m. Drained by Yazoo r. and branches of Big Black r. Surface varied ; in the eastern portion the land is much broken and hilly ; in the west level, and in parts lying so low that it is liable to inundation. Soil very fertile, and in some portions exceedingly rich. There is much fine grazing land in the county. Chief productions, cotton and Indian corn. Of the former is raised upward of 16.000,000 of Ibs. Farms 435; manuf. 25; dwell. 1,230, and pop. wh. 5,998, fr. col. 27, si. 12,096 total 18,121. Capital : Vicksburg. Public Works: Vicksburg, Jackson, and Brandon E. E. WAKREN county, Mb. Situate toward the E., and con tains 342 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Missouri r., which forms its southern boundary, and in the northern portion by branches of Cuivre r. Surface diversified ; soil fertile ; the bottom-lands consist chiefly of a fine black mold, and are very productive. Tobacco is the staple, but wheat and grain are raised in large crops. It is well timbered. Farms 744; manuf. 11; dwell. 899, and pop. wh. 4,921, fr. col. 4, si. 935 total 5,860. Capital : Warrenton. WARREN county, N. Jer. Situate N. W., and contains 414 sq. m. Drained by Paulinskill, Eequest, and Pohatcong rivers, tributaries of Delaware r., which forms its western boundary. Surface broken and hilly ; soil fertile, and adapted to grain. Staples, wheat, Indian corn, and pota toes. Pine timber abounds. Schooley s Mountain forms its S. E. boundary. Farms 1,537 ; manuf. 341 ; dwell. 8,854, and pop. wh. 21,990, fr. col. 366, si. 2 total 22,358. Cap ital : Bel videre. Public Works : Belvidere Delaware E. E. ; Morris Canal, etc. WARREN county, W. Y. Situate E. toward the N., and contains 912 sq. m. Drained by Hudson r., Schroon branch of the Hudson, and Jessup s cr. Surface generally hilly and broken, but in the S. is some level land ; soil in most parts barren and unfit for cultivation ; there is, however, some good land in the level portions, and in the valleys, where agricultural pursuits are followed, and much corn, oats, etc., are produced these, with wheat and Indian corn, make the staple articles of commerce. This co. is rich in min erals, and contains some quarries of granite and limestone. The Palmertown range traverses the E. section, Clinton WAR WAR fange the W., and the Kayadirosseras ttie central. Lumber is exported in a large quantity. Farms 1,505 ; manuf. 128; dwell. 2,976, and pop. wh. 1T,153, fr. col. 4G total 17,199* Capital : C&\dvre\]. WARREN county, N. Car. Situate N. toward the E., and contains 489 sq. m. Drained in the N. by Eoanoke r. and its branches, and in the S. by Fishing cr. and its branches. Surface somewhat elevated and diversified ; soil in general fertile. Chief productions, tobacco, cotton, wheat, and In dian corn, Farma 543; manuf. 20; dwell. 905, and pop. Wh. 4,604, fr. col. 441, si. 8,867 total 13,912, Capital: Warrenton. Pullic Works : Gaston and Ealeigh E. R. ^ Koanoke Valley R. R. WARREN county, Penn. Situate N. "W., and contains 782 sq. m. Alleghauy river enters it in the N. E., and passes through its central portion, by which and its branches, Broken Straw and Conewango creeks, it is drained. Sur face uneven, and in parts hilly and broken ; soil varied on the streams being very fertile. Staples, wheat, grain, and potatoes. It has some good timber land and excellent pas turage for cattle. Farms 1,207; manuf. 216; dwell. 2,489, and pop. wh. 13,593, fr. col. 78 total 13,671. Capital: Warren. Pullic Works: Sunbury and Erie E, E. ; Alle- ghany Valley R. R. WARREN county, Term. Situate S. E. centrally, and con tains 872 sq. m. Caney fork of Cumberland r, flows on its N. E. border, by branches of which it is drained. Surface hilly ; soil fertile, and adapted to grain. Farms 645 ; manuf. <6; dwell. 1,387, and pop. wh. 8,336, fr. col, 83, si. 1,710 total 10,170. Capital: M Minnsville. Pullic Works; Lexington and M Minnsville R. R. WARREN county, Virg. Situate N., and contains 226 sq. m. Drained by Shenandoah r., which passes through its centre. Surface mountainous and broken ; soil fertile. Chief productions, wheat and Indian corn. Farms 897 ; manuf. 84 ; dwell. 828, and pop. wh. 4,492, fr. col. 367, si. 1,748 total 6,607. Capital . Front Royal. Pullic Works : Manassas Gap E. R. WARKKN, t. and p. v., Litchfleld co., Conn. : 38 m. W. Hartford. Drained by Shepaug r., a tributary of Housa- tonic r. Eaumaug Pond lies in its S. part. Pop. of t. 831. WARREN, p. o., Huntingdon co., Ind. : on E. side of Sala- monie r., 70 m. N. E. by N. Indianapolis. WARREN, t., p, v., and one of the capitals, Lincoln co., Me. : 31 m. S. E. by E. Augusta. Drained by St. George river, which is navigable for sloops. The manufacture of lime is carried on extensively, with some ship-building and large lumber business. The v. is well located, and contains the county buildings, an academy, etc. Pop, of t. 2,428. WARREN, t. and p. o., Macomb co., Mich. : 71 m. E. by S. Lansing. Interests entirely agricultural. Pop. in 1840, 837 ; in 1850, 700. WARREN, p. v., Fannin co., Tex. ; on S. bank of Eed r., 247 m. N. E. Austin. WARREN, p. v., Baltimore co., Md. : on E. bank Gun powder r., 32 m. N. Annapolis. WARREN, t., p. v., and sta., Worcester co., Mass. : 58 m. W. by S. Boston. Drained W. by Chicopee r., on which the v. is situated. The Western R, R, passes through it, 29 miles from Worcester (73 m. from Boston). It contains sev eral manufacturing establishments, with 2 churches, stores, etc. Pop. of t. in 1840, 1,290 ; in 1850, 1,776. WARREN, t and p. o., Marion co., Mo. : 84 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. Pop. of t. about 2,000. WARREN, t., p. v., and sta., Grafton co.. N. ITamp. : 52 m. N. N.W. Concord (direct), and by the Boston, Concord, and Montreal R. R., which passes through, 71 m. from Concord. Surface diversified ; in S. part mountainous, having Carr s Mountain on its S. E, border. Pop. of t 872. WARREN, p. v., Jo Daviess county, HI. : 182 miles N. Springfield. The Illinois Central E. R. will pass through this place WARREN, p. o., Lee co., la. : 72 m. S. Iowa City. WARKEN, sla., Du Page co., III. : on Galena and Chicago Union R. R., 25 m. from Chicago. WARKEN, t and p. o., Herkime r county, K Y. : 62 m. W. by N. Albany. Surface hilly ; soil excellent loam. The inhabitants are generally engaged in agricultural pursuits, but the t. also contains mills of various kinds. Pop. 1,756. WA.RREN, p. v., and cap. Trumbull co., Ohio : on Mahon- ing r,, 140 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. The v. is regularly laid out with streets crossing at right angles. It contains the county buildings, a bank, several churches, etc. In 1S50 three newspapers were published T. Whig," "T. Democrat," and " Western Reserve Chronicle" (neut.) Pop. of t. 734. WABREN, p. b., and cap. Warren co., Penn. : on N. side of Alleghany r., at the confluence of Conewango cr., 158 m. N. W, Harrisburg. It occupies an elevated site, 85 feet above the river, of which it commands a fine view in either direction. It is regularly laid out with streets crossing at right angles, and has a fine public square in the centre con taining the county buildings. It contains 8 churches, an academy, stores, etc., and has some manufactures. The " W. Ledger" (dem.) and " W. Mail" (whig) are here pub lished. Two lines of railroad are projected to pass through this place, Sunbury and Erie E. E. and the Alleghany Val ley R. E. Pop. in 1840, 737 ; in 1850, 1,013. WARREN, t. and p. v., Bristol co., R. I. : 16 m. N. by E. Newport. Surface of t. rolling, with very fertile soil. The v. in the S. E. part of the t. is handsomely situated on ele vated ground. Its harbor readily admits vessels of 800 tons. Ship-building, coasting trade, the fisheries, and some manu facturing of cotton goods are carried on. It contains an ex cellent female seminary and some other schools, 2 churches, and 2 banks, cap. $260,000. The " Northern Star" (miscel.) issued weekly. Pop. in 1840, 2,437 ; in 1850, 3,103. WARREN, t and p. v., Washington co., Verm. : 14 m. S. W. by S. Montpelier. Drained W. by Mud r., which af fords water-power. Pop. of t. 962. WARREN, p. v., Albemarle co., Virg. : on James River Canal, N. side of James r., 62 m. W. by N. Eichmond. WARREN, p. o., Eock co., Wise. : 26 m. S. S. E. Madison. WARREN COURT-HOUSE, p. v., and cap. Bradley co.,Arfc. : 3 m. W. Saline r., 75 m. S. by E. Little Eock. It contains the co. buildings, etc. Pop. 679. WARRENIIAM, p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : 115 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. WARKENSBURG, p. v., and cap. Johnson county, Mo. : on Post Oak cr., near its confluence with Black r., 87 m. W.by N. Jefferson City. It contains the county buildings, etc. Pop. 195. WAV.RENSBURG, t. and p. v., Warren co., N~. Y. : 58 m. N. Albany. Drained by Hudson and Schroon rivers, which here unite. Surface hilly, with very fertile soil on the streams. The v. on Schroon r. contains several stores, mills, 2 churches, and about 450 inhabitants. Population of L 1,874. WARKENSBURG, p. v., Greene co., Tenn. : on N. side of Nolichucky r., 205 m. E. Nashville. Pop. about 100. WARRENSVILLE, p. v., Mahaska co., la. : on S. W. side Skunk r., 66 m. W. by S. Iowa City. WARRENSVILLE, p. v., Du Page co., TIL: on E. side of Mill brook, 158 ra. N. E. by N. Springfield. WARRENSVILLE, t. and p. v., Cuyahoga co., Ohio /8m. E. S. E. Cleveland, 123 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. Popu lation t>f t 1,409. WARRENSVILLE, p. v., Lycoming county, Penn. : 72 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. WARREN TAVERN, p. o., Chester co., Penn. : 70 m. E. by S, Harrisburg. WARKENTON, p. v., and cap. Marshall co., Ala. : a little S. Tennessee r., 137 m. N. Montgomery. It contains a court-house, jail, etc. The " Southern Guard" (dem.) is is sued weekly. WARRENTON, p. v., and cap. Warren co., Ga. : 45 m. N. E. WAR WAR by E. Milledgeville. It contains the county buildings, a church, stores, etc. The Warrenton Branch K. E. extends hence to Camak, 4 m., connecting with the Georgia E. E., by which it is 51 m. from Augusta and 120 in. from Atlanta. WABBENTON, p. v., Gibson co., Ind. : 126 m. S. W. by S. Indianapolis. WARRENTON, p. v., Warren county, Ey. : 120 m. S. "W. Frankfort WARRENTON, p. v., "Warren co., Miss. : on E. bank of Mississippi r., 44 m. "W. by S. Jaokson. WARRENTON, p. v., and cap. Warren county, Mo. : 60 m. E. by N. Jefferson City. It contains the county buildings, several stores, etc. Pop. about 150. WAKRENTON, p. v., sta., and cap. Warren co., N. Oar. : 48 m. N. N. E. Ealeigh. It contains the court-house and jail, several stores, a church, etc. The " Warrenton News" is published weekly. The Gaston and Ealeigh E. E. passes near it, 24 m. from Gaston, 63 m. from Ealeigh. Pop. about 750. WABBENTON, p. v., Jefferson co., Ohio: on W. bank of Ohio r., 119 m. E. by N. Columbus. Pop. about 300. WABRENTON, p. v., Abbeville dist, S. Car. : on E. side of Little r., SO m. W. Columbia. WABRENTON, p. v and cap., Fauquier co., Virg. : 80 m. N. by W. Eichmond. It contains a court-house, town-hall, jail, and 3 churches. The " Piedmont Whig" and " Flag of ; 9S" are issued weekly. The Warrenton Branch E. E. extends hence to junction with the Orange and Alexandria E. E. Pop. about 1,300. WARRENTON SPKINQS, p. v., Fauquier co., Virg. : 85 m. N. by W. Eichmond. WARRENVILLE, p. v., Somerset county, N. Jer.: 30 m. N. E. by N. Trenton. WARRICK county, Ind. Situate S. W., on Ohio river, and contains 360 sq. m. Little Pigeon river, and several slow- moving streams drain the interior. Except the Ohio bottom, and the abutting bluffs, the surface is rolling, but at the head of Pigeon river there are some wet prairies. Corn and tobacco are staples, and coal is abundant. Farms 994; manuf. 22; dwell. 1,513, and pop. wh. 8,782, fr. col. 29 total 8,811. Capital : Booneville. PuUic Works : Wabash and Erie Canal. WARRINGTON, t and p. v., Bucks co., Penn. : 90 m. E. Harrisburg. WARRINGTON, p. v., Hancock co., Ind. : 29 m. E. N. E. Indianapolis. WARRINGTON, p. v., Escambia co., Flor. : 182 m. W. by K Tallahassee. WARRIOR CREEK, p. o., Wilkes county, N. Car. : 140 m. W. by N. Ealeigh. WARRIOR S MARK, t and p. v., Huntingdon co., Penn.: 66 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. Surface of t. mountainous. The v. in N. part contains several stores, dwellings, etc. In the vicinity are two charcoal furnaces, one a hot-blast, of 1,650 tons annual capacity, and another, cold-blast, with annual capacity of 1,830 tons. The t. also contains several grist and saw mills, tanneries, and distilleries. Pop. of t. about 2,000. WARRIOR STAND, p. o., Macon county, Ala.: 36 m. E. Montgomery. WARSAW, p. v., Sumter co., Ala. : on W. side of Oka- tibby-hah r., 121 m. W. N. W. Montgomery. WARSAW, p. v., Forsyth co., Ga. : on E. side of Chatta- hoochee r., 90 m. N. W. Milledgeville. WARSAW, p. v., Hancock co., M. : on E. bank of Missis sippi r., 100 m. W. N. W. Springfield. It has a fine site, with good landing, does considerable business in exporting corn and pork, and is surrounded by a good farming country. The " Warsaw Signal" (whig) is issued weekly. WARSAW, p. v., and cap. Kosciusko co., Ind. : 100 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. It is beautifully situated near Tip- pecanoe r. and two of the lakes. It contains good county buildings, and two churches. The " Kosciusko Eepublican" 900 (whig), and "Warsaw Democrat," are here published. Lines of railroad are projected from Peru and Fort Wayne to pass through this place. Pop. 304. WARSAW, p. v. and cap., Gallatin co., Ky. : on S. bank of Ohio r., 36 m. N. Frankfort. It contains a court-house and other county buildings, and two churches. It has con siderable trade, and exports a large quantity of produce and tobacco. The surrounding country is hilly, but very pro ductive of wheat, corn, and tobacco; and also abounds with fine timber. Pop. about 700. WARSAW, p. v., and cap. Benton co., Mo. : on N. side of Osage r., 68 m. W. S. W. Jefferson City. It contains the court-house and jail, several stores, etc. The " Warsaw Weekly Whig" is here published. Pop. about 500. WARSAW, p. o., Portage county, Wise. : 105 m. N, by W. Madison. WARSAW, p. v,, and sta., Duplin county, N. Car. : 50 m. S. E. by S. Ealeigh. The Wilmington and Weldon E. E. passes through, 55 m. from Wilmington, 107 m. from Weldon. WABSAW, t, p. v., sta., and cap. Wyoming co., N. Y. : 230 m. W. Albany. Surface diversified ; soil extremely fer tile. Drained by Allen s cr., flowing N. through the t. cen trally. The v. on Allen s cr. contains the county buildings, 5 churches, an academy, various manufacturing establish ments, 1 bank, capital $100,000, and about 900 inhabitants. The Buffalo and New York City E. E. passes through it, 48 m. from Buffalo, and 43 m. from Hornell&ville. The Western New Yorker" (whig) is issued weekly. Pop. of t. 2,624. WARSAW, p. v., Coshocton co., Ohio : on the Ohio Canal, and N. side of Walhonding r., 53 m. E. N. E. Columbus. WARSAW, t and p. o., Jefferson co., Penn. : on N. side of Sandy Lick cr., 126 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. WARSAW, p. v., and cap. Eichmond co., Virg. : 47 m, N. E. by E. Eichmond. It occupies a pleasant site, 3 m. from Eappahannock r., and contains the county buildings, a female academy, church, several stores, etc. Pop. about 150. WAESAW PBAIRIE, p. o., Henderson co., Teas. : 173 m. N. E. by N. Austin. WAETHEX B STORE, p. o., Washington county, Ga. : 31 m. E. by N. Montgomery. WARTBACE DEPOT, p. o., and sta., Bedford co,, Tenn. : on Nashrille and Chattanooga E. E,, 55 m. from Nashville, 96 m. from Chattanooga. A branch E. E. extends hence, 8 m. to Shelbyville. WARWICK county, Virg. Situate toward the S. E., and contains 55 sq. m. Drained by small streams of James river. It occupies the S. W. portion of the peninsula, between York and James rivers. Surface level ; soil mod erately fertile. Chief products wheat and Indian corn. Farms 91 ; manuf. ; dwell. 132, and pop. wh. 598, fr. col. 43, si. 905 total 1,546. Capital : Warwick C. II. WABWICK, p. v., Cecil county, Md. : 49 m. N. E. by E. Annapolis. WARWICK, p. v., Dooly county, Ga.: 85 m. S. S. W. Milledgeville. WARWICK, t. and p. v., Franklin co., Mass.: 68 m. W. N. W. Boston. Surface elevated and uneven ; soil besi adapted to grazing. The central v. is neatly built, and very pleasant. Pop. of 1. 1,021. WARWICK, t. and p. v., Orange co., N. Y. : 96 m. S. S. W. Albany. Surface hilly ; soil fertile. Drained by branches of Wallkill and Passaic rivers. In its W. part is a portion of the drowned lands," and in S. E. part, a portion of Greenwood lake. The v. contains 2 churches, and about 450 inhabitants. The t. is very large, and contains other settlements. Pop. of t. 4,902. WARWICK, t., p. v., and sta., Kent co., R. I. : on Stoning- ton and Providence E.E., 8 m. S. from Providence. Bounded E. by Narragansett bay. Surface of t. varied ; soil gravelly loam. Drained in N. part by Pawtuxet r., which affords great water-power, improved by numerous factories. Paw tuxet v.. at its mouth, lies partly in this t., and partly in WAR WAS Cranston. Other villages in the t. are also noted for their manufactures. Warwick v. contains, besides factories, 2 banks, an academy, church, etc. The "Kent Co. Atlas" (miscel.) is issued weekly. Pop. of t. in 1840, 6,726; in 1S50, 7,740. WARWICK, p. o., Waukesha co., Wise. : on W. side White r., 69 m. N. by E. Madison. WARWICK, p. v., and cap. Warwick co., Virg. : 5S m. 8. E. by E. Richmond. It contains a court-house, jail, etc., and is a pleasant village. WASHA lake, La. : 17 m. S. S. W. New Orleans. It is 15 m. long, with average breadth of 5 m., and connects by wide bayous Avith Cotouche and Little lakes. WASHBOURX PRAIEIE, p. o., Barry county, Mo. : 163 m. S. W. by S. Jefferson City. THE TERRITORY OF WASHINGTON. THIS Territory, until 1853 a portion of Oregon Territory, occupies all the country lying generally between the parallels of 46 and 49 of north latitude, and extending from the Rocky Mountains on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west. The Columbia River forms the southern boundary below the line of 40 to the sea. It comprises somewhat more than one-third the original territory, or about 130,000 square miles. Of the physical characteristics of this Territory much has yet to be learned. It includes the waters of Puget s Sound, equal in the magnificence of their scenery and in their secure and spacious harbors to the waters of Sau Francisco Bay. Vancouver s Island and the Gulf of Georgia indent its north-western extremity. The Columbia River is its great interior water-course, and there are numerous other important streams which empty either into the sound above named, or into the Pacific, through bays which may hereafter become valuable to commerce. The Columbia River has been thoroughly surveyed by Belcher, R. N., and Wilkes, U. S. N., and the Coast Survey has twice examined its mouth. Shoal-Water Bay, Grey s Harbor, and Chickaes River have also been surveyed by the United States officers, and the English Admiralty charts cover the Straits of Fuca, and many harbors on the mainland and Vancouver s Island. The surveys of Captain Wilkes give full information of all the group of islands in the Gulf of Georgia, and the channels leading to and making up Puget s Sound. The shores of this wonderful network of channels are so favorable in soil and location, that they must soon possess great value. Through a surprising extent of line they are directly accessible for ocean vessels, and form, as it were, an immense network of harbor. They present the foundation for a kind of agricultural Venice far into the heart of the west half of Washington, the resources of which they will greatly aid in developing. Fort Nesqually and Olym- pia, at the southern extremity of Puget s Sound, must rapidly advance with the growth of the Territory, and in fact are already important places. The interior is but imperfectly known. The land-office surveys north of the Columbia have as yet made but little progress. On penetrating further toward the Rocky Mountains, the country is essentially unknown. The earrative of Lewis and Clarke, the book on Oregon Missions by Father De Smet, and Irving s Astoria, are the chief publications of value on this ground. These serve merely to show that the country bordering the Rocky Mountains, between 46 and 49 on both sides, is still a fine field for exploration. Much may be expected from Dr. Evans, who is engaged in a geological reconnoissance of the old Oregon Territory, which has taken him much among the Rocky Mountains, and over their basaltic plains. There are several important geographical problems connected with the establishment of this new Territory. The boundary, initial points, and parallels will have to be determined, and it must soon be decided where the crest of the Rocky Mountains really is. This latter problem may not be easy of solution, for Lewis and Clarke, De Smet, the Irving Astoria map, and the Indian Bureau and Topographical Bureau maps all represent these mountains differently. Lewia and Clarke exhibit four distinct ranges, with which the best recent explorations essentially agree, and indicate at least three parallel ranges running nearly north-west, instead of the more prevalent indication of a single north and south range. Exploration may show the necessity of a more definite eastern boundary. On the north the mouth of Frazer s River is so near to latitude 49, that a portion of it may be found to full in the United States, though this is improbable. Thus, with a field every way so requiring examination, it is fortunate that the newly-appointed governor of Washington possesses so many peculiar qualifications for his station, and especially a thorough training in geographical science. Col. Isaac I. Stevens has been assistant in charge of the Coast Survey office for over three years. A head graduate of West Point, a highly efficient constructing officer of engineers, distinguished in General Scott s staff in Mexico, he has dis charged the laborious and difficult administrative duties of his recent positions in so excellent a manner, as to afford every guarantee that he will make himself most usefully felt in the sphere on which he is entering. It is expected, and that expectation will not be without its fruits, that he will not permit his term to expire without presenting to the public a complete map of the Territory, and such reports as will give a clear conception of the surface, soil, resources, products, and peculiarities of a region so soon to become a State, with a voice in our national councils. Those who best t know the governor are confident he will be able to accomplish this and much more, in addition to those important and laborious duties which will devolve upon him in organizing and putting into thorough operation the machinery of a new territorial government. Since the appointment of Col. Stevens as governor of this Territory, the President has further honored him by placing him at the head of a party to explore what is termed the Northern Pacific Railroad line, under a recent act of Congress, making an appropriation to explore the different proposed routes to the Pacific. The first thing to be ascertained in the survey of this route is the practicability of the undertaking, and the labors of the governor and his associates will relate only to the route upon which they are to be engaged, and their reports will be of those things alone that are sought for by the department under which they are to act. The officers of the army appointed to assist Gov. Stevens are Capt. John W. T. Gardiner, 1st Dragoons; Bvt Capt. George B. M Clellan; 2d Lieut. J. K. Duncan, 3d Artillery; 2d Lieut. Rufus Saxton, Jr., 4th Artillery; 2d Lieut Cuvier Grover, 4th Artillery; 2d Lieut. A. J. Donelson, Corps of Engineers; Bvt. 2d Lieut. John Mullan, Jr., 1st Artillery ; and Drs. Luckley and Cooper, Surgeons and Naturalists. The scientific corps will consist of some 12 or 14 persons, among whom are named John Evans, geologist ; J. M. Stanley, artist ; G. W. Ste vens and A. Remenyi, astronomers ; A.W. Tenkham and F. W. Lander, civil engineers ; and John Lambert draughtsman. The escort consists of 10 non-commissioned officers, artificers, and privates of the engineer company, under command of Lieut. Donelson, and one sergeant, two corporals, one musician, and 16 privates of Co. D, 1st Dragoons, under command of Capt. Gardiner. Capt. M Clellan will depart from Puget s Sound for the purpose of exploring the Cascade range, with two officers furnished him by the brigadier-general in command on the Pacific, and thirty men, and proceed east ward. A portion of the main party, under Lieut. Donelson, will leave St. Louis and ascend the Missouri River to Fort 901 WAS WAS Union, at the mouth of the Yellowstone, the place of rendezvous on the east, where they will be joined by the remainder of the party, under the immediate command of Gov. Stevena. A topographical survey, says the Washington (D. C.) Republic of Tth May, 1S53, will be made of the Rocky and Cas cade mountains, between the 46th and 49th parallels, and of the intervening country, to determine the general course of the railroad, and to guide the civil engineers in establishing its precise route. This reconnoisance will embrace the prom inent features of the country, the mountain ranges and passes, the windings of rivers and streams, and Iheir dividing ridges, the prairies, and every thing necessary for the construction of a map of the country. This will comprehend the important points of the Missouri and Columbia rivers, the dilouc7i.es of the Cascade and Eocky mountain ranges, the fixing of the latitude and longitude of all important points, and all the facts bearing upon the construction of the road including the natural facilities for the transportation of iron, supplies, etc., required for the road. In crossing rivers the height of the banks will be noted, the depth of the water, the apparent highest water, the nature of the bottom on which abutments and piers must rest, the width between the banks, and all information leading to correct estimates of the means and cost of carrying a road over the stream. It is not doubted that the controlling points will prove to be the passes of the Cascade and Eocky mountains, and the opinion is entertained that the location of a road between the two ranges, and for a long distance east of the Eocky Mountains, may be suspended until these passes shall be thoroughly examined, and a practical avenue discovered. It is proposed to construct a general map from the head waters of the Mississippi Eiver to the Pacific Ocean, a map of Washington Territory, and thence eastward to the head waters of the Mississippi ; maps of the Cascade range, Eocky Mountains, and other critical points of the route and of the mountain passes. As it will be necessary to determine the capacity of the adjacent country to supply materials for the construction of the road, and of the Columbia and Missouri rivers and their tributaries to transport them, attention will be given to the ge ography and meteorology of the whole intermediate region ; to the seasons and the characters of the freshets ; to the quantities and continuance of its rains and snows, especially in the mountain ranges ; to its geology in arid ranges, keeping in view the bringing of water to the surface by means of artesian wells ; to the botany, natural history, and agricultural and mineral resources ; to the location, numbers, history, traditions, and customs of the Indian tribes ; and such other facts as may tend to the solution of the railroad problem. We learn, further, that after the completion of the survey of the mountain passes, probably in October or November next, such portions of the escort and scientific corps as will not be needed in the operations toward the Pacific, will be dispatched homeward by new routes, in order to obtain still further knowledge of the geography of the country ; and it is hoped that a satisfactory report may be made to Congress in February next The preparation and equipment of this expedition have been well considered, and every man, from the principal to the humblest subaltern, has been selected with reference to his peculiar fitness for the duty assigned him. The most effective means have already been employed to conciliate and secure the good will of the various Indian tribes inhab iting the region to be traversed ; but for any demonstration of an opposite feeling, the party will be well prepared. The Hudson s Bay Company has manifested a laudable disposition to render every aid in its power to facilitate the operations of the expedition, and the hospitality of its posts, and the friendly offices of its agents, may be depended upon. Though some of the Indian tribes of this territory are reputed to be ferocious and malignant in character, they are generally superior to those of their race with whom we are better acquainted. In industry, thrift, and intelligence, they far excel the eastern tribes. To act justly toward them, and to merit their respect and confidence, will be the policy of Governor Stevens and his companions, in commendation of whom we might say much, did we not know that they possess the entire confidence of the administration and of the country. Their duty is one of some peril, and will be attended with great privations and hardships. Often, we doubt not, apparent impossibilities will arise before them in such form as would deter irresolute men from the consummation of the task assigned them. But the reality of such appearances will undoubtedly in each instance be fully tested by this chosen band, in whose safety and welfare, and in the triumph and success of whose enterprise, their whole country will feel the deepest interest WASHINGTON county, Ala. Situate S. W., and contains 1,049 sq. m. Drained by numerous branches of Tombigbeo r., which forms its E. boundary, and by Escatawpa creek. Surface varied in the N. undulating, and in the S. gener ally level. Soil fertile, and adapted to cotton and corn. Pine and other timber abounds. Farms 141; manuf. 0; dwell. 258, and pop. wh. 1,195, fr. col. 22, si. 1,496 total 2,713. Capital: Washington. Public Works: Mobile aud Ohio R. E. WASHINGTON county, Ark. Situate N. W., and contains 929 sq. m. Drained by Illinois r., a tributary of Arkansas r., and by a head branch of White r. Surface mountainous ; soil fertile, and adapted to cotton. Farms 850 ; manuf. 27 ; dwell. 1,430, and pop. wh. 8,636, fr. col. 14, si. 1,199 total 9,849. Capital: Fayetteville. WASHINGTON county, D. of Col. : co-extensive with the DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. WASHINGTON county, Flor. Situate toward the W., and contains 1,226 sq. m. Drained by several branches of Choc- tawhatchee r., which bounds it on the west. Surface level ; soil generally poor, but there are some fertile tracts, adapted to cotton ; rice is also grown. In the S. is St. An drew s bay, the banks of which contain a quantity of live oak. Farms 155; manuf. 4; dwell. 273, and pop. wh. 1,434, fr. col. 12, si. 504 total 1,950. Capital : Roche s | Bluff. WASHINGTON county, Ga. Situate E. centrally, and con- ! m tains 962 sq. m. Drained by branches of Oconee r., which flows on its western border, and of Ogeechee and Great Ohoopee rivers. Surface varied ; soil fertile in some por tions, but in general is of a light sandy nature, and very indifferent Wheat and grain are produced, but cotton is the staple. Pine and other timber is found on the land. Farms 632; manuf. 6; dwell. 1,077, and pop. wh. 5,993, fr. col. 35, si. 5,733 total 11,766. Capital: Sandersville. Public Works: Georgia Central E. E. WASHINGTON county, III. Situate toward the S. W., and contains 5S3 sq. m. Drained by Elkhorn and Muddy creeks, and small branches of the Kaskaskia r., which forms its N. W. boundary. Surface level, and a large portion is low and wet. Soil poor, and unfit for cultivation. It has good pasturage, on which large numbers of cattle and hogs are fattened, and the exportation of which is considerable. In the S. are some fine prairies. Farms 829; manuf. 9; dwell. 1,288, and pop. wh. 6,929, fr. col. 24 total 6,953. Capital: Nashville. PuWc Works : Illinois Central E. E., Sangamon and Massac E. E. WASHINGTON county, Jnd. Situate S., and contains 540 sq. m. Drained by Muscatatnck r. and E. fork of White r., Lost r., and head streams of Blue r. Surface diversified hills, levels, and undulations succeed each other rapidly, and forests, prairies, and barrens intermingle strangely. Sink holes and caverns abound, the substratum being limestone Soils unusually fertile. Farms 1/T1S; manuf. 83; dwell. WAS WAS 2,897, and pop. wh. 16,T88, fr. col. 252 total 17,040. Capi tal : Salem. Public Works : New Albany and Salem E. E. WASHINGTON county, la. Situate toward the S. E., and contains 569 sq. m. Iowa r. flows through its N. E. corner, by which and its branches, and by Skunk r. and Long and Crooked creeks, it is drained. Surface level or rolling; soil consists of black mold, with sand intermixed, and fertile, and well adapted to grain. Timber abounds. Farms 423 ; manuf. 1 ; dwell. 856, and pop. wh. 4,957, fr. col. total 4,957. Capital: Washington. WASHINGTON county, Ky. Situate N. centrally, and con tains 307 sq. m. Drained by Chaplin s fork of Salt r., and its branches. Surface level ; soil generally fertile, and adapted to grain and grazing. Chief productions, tobacco and Indian corn. Farms 867 ; manuf. 21 ; dwell. 1,517, and pop._wh. 9,086, fr. col. 63, si. 3,045 total 12,194. Capital : Springfield. WASHINGTON parish, La. Situate N. E. in the eastern district, and contains 858 sq. m. Drained chiefly by Bogue Chitto, and Chifuncte rivers. Surface hilly and broken, and much of it covered with pine forests; soil in general is barren, but there are some portions of fertile land, and cotton and rice are grown, which form the staple articles of commerce. Farms 260; manuf. 0; dwell. 406, and pop. wh. 2,367, fr. col. 4, ela, 1,037 total 8,408. Capital: Franklintown. WASHINGTON county, Me. Situate S. E., and contains 2,470 sq. m. Machias, Pleasant, and Naraquagas rivers, with other large streams, drain the co. Surface uneven and broken, and is diversified with numerous lakes, the prin cipal of which is the Schoodic in the N. Soil fertile, adapted to wheat and grain. A large number of cattle and hogs are fattened in this co. The eastern boundary is formed by the St. Croix r., which separates it from New Brunswick. The numerous bays which indent the Atlantic shore afford excellent harbors, and also advantages for navigation and the fisheries. It is well timbered. Farms 1,875; manuf. 310; dwell. 5,835, and pop. wh. 88,684. fr. col. 126 total 38,810. Capital: Machias. Public Works: Franklin E. E. ; European and N. American E. E. ; Calais and Baring E. E. WASHINGTON county, Md. Situate W., and contains 518 sq. m. Drained by branches of Patuxent r., which forms its E. and N. E. boundary, and by Piscataway, Broad, Conecocheague, and other creeks, affluents of the Potomac, which flows on its S. W. border. Surface varied, in some parts being hilly and much broken; soil a deep mold, and in the valleys and the river bottoms is very rich and pro ductive. Staples wheat and grain. Live-stock and grain are exported. Farms 1,292 ; manuf. 170 ; dwell. 5,052, and pop. wh. 26.929, fr. col. 1,829, si. 20,903 total 30,848. Capital: Hagerstown. Public Works: Baltimore and Ohio E. E. ; Franklin E. E. ; Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. WASHINGTON county, Minn. Ter. On the Wisconsin boundary, from which State it is separated by St. Croix r., and extending back to the 16th meridian W. of Washington City. The Mississippi makes its S. boundary, and its N. is the 47th parallel of latitude. Surface generally level, and well drained by creeks of the St. Croix. It has numerous lakes and in all parts ; as a farming co. it is one of the best and most accessible in the Territory, and has been the longest settled. Farms 48 ; manuf. 4 ; dwell. 161, and pop. wh. 1,052, fr. col. 4 total 1,056. Capital : Stillwater. WASHINGTON county ; Miss. Situate W., and contains 1,219 sq. in. Drained by Williams bayou, and Sun Flower rivers and their branches and small streams, all of which are tributaries of Yazoo river. Surface diversified with lakes, and in the W. the land rises toward the Mississippi, and forms high natural embankments to that river; soil very fertile, and well adapted to cotton, which is the chief pro duction. Farms 109; manuf. 0; dwell. 126, and pop. \*h. 553, fr. coL , sla. 7,836 total 8,889. Capital: Greenville. WASHINGTON county, Mo. Situate toward the S. E., and contains 937 sq. m. Big river and ita branches, and head branches of St. Francois and Big Blackwater rivers, drain this co. Surface varied, for the most part it is hilly and much broken, but there is some level laud ; soil fertile, and adapted to grain. It contains part of the celebrated " Iron Mountain," which is one vast mass of micaceous oxide of iron ; it rises in height about 300 feet above the plain ; the ore is so pure that it yields 70 or 80 per cent, good iron. It con tains lead and copper, and is rich in minerals of all kinds. Farms 713; manuf. 41; dwell. 1,291, and pop. wh. 7,713, fr. col. 23, si. 1,075-total 8,811. Capital: Potosi. Public Works : Iron Mountain E. E. WASHINGTON county, N. Y. Situate E. toward the N., and contains 807 sq. m. Drained principally by Hoosick and Battenkill rivers, which flow into the Hudson, and Pawlet and Poultney rivers, Wood cr., and Moseskill. Sur face various, generally hilly and interspersed with pleasant valleys; soil fertile, and in the valleys and on the plain producing good crops of wheat; the uplands are well adapted to grazing, and much live-stock is raised. Chief productions, wheat and Indian corn. It contains many minerals, and in the N. granite forms the principal portion of the under-stratum of rock. Limestone and slate are found in the S. This co. is marked by three distinct ranges of mountains, viz. : the Taghkanic in the E. portion, the Peterboro extending from N. to S., and the Palmerstown occupying the country between Lake George and Lake Champlain. Farms 3,037; manuf. 270; dwell. 8,043, and pop. wh. 44,402, fr. col. 848 total 44,750. Capitals : Salem and Sandy Hill. Public Works : Eutland and Washington E. E. ; Saratoga and Washington E. E. ; Champlain Canal. WASHINGTON county, N. Car. Situate E., and contains 378 sq. m. Drained by several small streams falling into Lake Phelps in the E., and Albemarle Sound in the N. Surface level, much of it being low and swampy; soil moderately fertile. Chief productions, cotton and Indian corn. Farms 444; manuf. 24; dwell. 670, and pop. wh. 3,216, fr. col. 235, si. 2,215 total 5,666. Capital: Plymouth. WASHINGTON county, OMo. Situate toward the S. E., and contains 612 sq. m. Muskingum r. passes centrally through it, by which and its branches, and by Little Musk ingum r., and Duck, Wolf, Bear, and Cat creeks, it is drained. Surface in general is hilly and broken, there are, however, some tracts of level land along the Ohio and Muskingum rivers ; soil fertile and adapted to grain. Staples wheat and Indian corn. Apple, pear, peach, and other fruit-trees produce well. It contains some salt-beds, and iron ore of a good quality is found. On Big and Little Muskingum rivers bituminous coal abounds. Farms 1,776 ; manuf. 108 ; dwell. 4,906, and pop. wh. 29,149, fr. col. 391 total 29,540. Capital: Marietta. Public. Works: Cincinnati and Marietta E. E. ; Cincinnati and BelprS E. E., etc. WASHINGTON county, Oregon Ter. Extends from the E. boundary of Clatsop co. to the Columbia and Willamette rivers, which make its N. E. and E. borders, and into these ita rivers and creeks empty. Area about 5,000 sq. m. It is one of the most important counties of the Territory, both in regard to situation and resources ; and being possessed of ample navigation and water-power, is destined to a high rank in wealth and prosperity. St. Helen s, on the Columbia, and Portland, and Linn City on the Willamette, are already flourishing towns. Farms 116; manuf. 5; dwell. 418, and pop. wh. 2,643, fr. col. 8 total 2,651. Capital: Hillsboro . WASHINGTON county, Penn. Situate S. W., and contains 795 sq. m. Drained by branches of Monongahela r., which forms its eastern boundary, and by Buffalo, Eaccoon, and Cross creeks. Surface somewhat elevated, and m parts much broken ; soil generally fertile, and produces abund antly wheat, grain, and potatoes. A large quantity of live stock is raised and exported. Coal of bituminous nature is found abundantly, and extensively mined. Farms 8,572:;, 903 WAS WAS inanuf. 247 ; dwell. 8,045, and pop. wh. 43,380, fr. col. 1,559 total 44,939. Capital: Washington. Public Works: Pitts- burg and Steubenville E. E. ; Hempfield K. E. WASHINGTON county, R. I. Situate S., and contains 367 sq. m. Drained by Pawcatuck r., and Charles and Wood rivers, its chief branches, both of which supply good water privileges. Surface uneven ; soil a strong gravelly loam, with clay intermixed, and is well suited for pasture. It has many fine harbors, and has great commercial advantages. Chief products, wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. Farms 1,308; manuf. 95; dwell. 2,891, and pop. wh. 15.911, fr. col. 519 total 16,430. Capital: Kingston. Public Works: Providence and Stonington E. K. WASHINGTON county, Tenn. Situate E., and contains 512 sq. m. Drained by Nolichucky r. and its affluepts, and branches of Watauga r., a tributary of Holston river. Surface hilly, and in parts somewhat mountainous and broken. Soil fertile, and produces good crops of wheat and grain. Pork is exported in large quantities. It has some important manufactures. A portion of the county is well timbered. Farms 922; manuf. 120; dwell. 2,155, and pop. wh. 12,672, fr. col. 259, si. 930 total 13,821. Capital : Jonesboro . WASHINGTON county, Teaf. Situate E. centrally, and con tains 937 sq. m. Drained by Yegua, Jackson, New Year s, and Caney creeks, by which good water-power is supplied. Surface undulating, and is mostly prairie land with occa sional groves of timber; soil fertile, particularly on the streams, where it consists of a deep black loam. Staples, cotton, corn, and potatoes. The soil of the prairies is generally rich, and makes excellent pasturage. Farms 306 ; manuf. ; dwell. 600, and pop. wh. 3,166, fr. col. 0, si. 2,817 total 5,983. Capital: Brenham. WASHINGTON county, Verm. Situate in the centre, toward the N. part of the State, and contains 550 sq. m. Drained by Onion r. and its chief branches, which afford good water- power to the co. Surface hilly ; soil in general fertile, and there is some fine land along the streams. There are some fine quarries of granite and slate found here. Chief produc tions, wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. It has some im portant manufactures. Farms 2,104; manuf. 77; dwell. 4,442, and pop. wh. 24,641, fr. col. 13 total 24,654. Capital : Montpelier. Public Works : Vermont Central E. E. WASHINGTON county, Virg. Situate 8. W., and contains 547 sq. m. Drained by New r., and branches of Great Kanawha and Clinch rivers. Surface diversified, mostly valleys between mountain ridges ; soil various, in the valleys being fertile, and on the uplands adapted to grazing. The Blue Eidge forms its N. W. boundary. Chief produc tions, wheat and Indian corn, with pork, potatoes, etc. Farms 1,148 ; manuf. 112 ; dwell. 2,137, and pop. wh. 12,372, fr. col. 109, si. 2,131 total 14,612. Capital: Abingdon. Public Works : Virginia and Tennessee E. E. WASHINGTON county, Utah Ter. Extends along the S. line of the Territory, from the Eocky mountains to the California line, and is 35 miles wide. Drained by Colorado river and its tributaries. Formerly a part of Iron county. WASHINGTON county, Wise. Situate E. toward the S., and contains 663 sq. m. Drained by Milwaukie and Meno- monee rivers. Surface undulating; soil fertile. It is well timbered. Farms 1,353; manuf. 22; dwell. 3,770, and pop. wh. 19,484, fr. coL 0. total 19,484. Capital: Port Washington. WASHINGTON, p. city, District of Columbia : and cap. of the United States, beautifully and conveniently situate on the N. bank of Potomac r., between Eock creek and the Anacosti or Eastern Branch. Lat. 38 55 48" north, and long. 77 1 30" west from Greenwich. It is the first meri dian of American geographers. The site has a gently undulating surface. The city extends N. W. and S. E. about 4| m., and E. to S. about 2* m. The public buildings occupy the most elevated situations. The streets run N. and S. and E. and W., crossing each other at right angles, with the exception of 15, which point to the 904 States, of which they severally bear the names. The Capitol commands the streets called Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania avenues; the President s House, Penn sylvania, Vermont, New York, and Connecticut avenues, and all these different intersections form 1,170 squares. Pennsylvania avenue, which stretches in a direct line from Georgetown to the Eastern Branch, passing the President s House to the Capitol, is 4 m. in length, and 160 feet wide between those edifices, and beyond them 130 feet. The streets, which are from 70 to 100 feet wide, will give a fine appearance to the city; but as yet few are built upon. The whole area of the city is about 8,016 acres, and its periphery about 14 miles. Washington is nearly surrounded by a fine amphitheatre of hills of moderate elevation, covered with trees and shrubbery, and commanding from many points picturesque scenery, and extensive views of the " Eiver of Swans," which descending from the Alleghany mountains and winding its way for nearly 400 m. through a fertile and most attractive country, expands into Chesapeake bay. The environs of the city abound in the most eligible sites for villas and country seats, and such will doubtlessly be multiplied, as the great advantages of the metropolis become more ex tensively known. The first record in regard to the laying out of the city, is from the pen of Washington, dated llth March, 1771, and iu a letter dated 30th April of the same year, he calls it the "Federal City." Its present name was adopted by the commissioners appointed to lay it out. The original pro prietors, in consideration of the benefits they expected to derive from the location of the seat of government, conveyed in trust to the commissioners, for the purpose of establish ing the city, the whole of their respective lands which were included within the city limits, upon condition that after retaining for the public the ground of the streets, and any number of squares that the president might tuink proper for public improvements or other public uses, the lots should be equally divided between the public and the respective proprietors. By this means the public obtained possession of more than 10,000 lots, from which, in addition to a donation of $192,000 from Maryland and Virginia, funds were to be raised to defray the expenses of the public build ings, etc. The city was founded, and the corner-stone of the Capitol laid with Masonic honors, on the 18th Sept, 1793, and the city was first occupied as the seat of government in 1800. The public buildings of Washington are the Capitol, the Executive Mansion, the State Offices, Treasury Buildings, War Offices, Navy Offices, Offices of the Secretary of the Interior, Post-office, Office of the Attorney-general, Nation al Observatory, the Arsenal, Navy Yard, Smithsonian Insti tute, National Medical College, Columbian College, Coast Survey Office, City Hall, National Institute, numerous churches, the hotels, and many others devoted to a variety of useful, literary, and benevolent purposes. The Capitol is situate on an area of 30 acres, inclosed by an iron railing. The building stands on the western por tion of this plat, and is so elevated as to command a view of the entire city, including Georgetown Heights, the wind ings of the Potomac, and the city of Alexandria. It was commenced in 1793. During the embargo the works were suspended, and as the British subsequently demolished much of what had been accomplished, the government in 1815 found it necessary to reconstruct the whole edifice. The exterior exhibits a rusticated basement of the height of the first story, the two other stories are comprised in a Co rinthian elevation of pilasters and columns ; these columns, which are 30 feet in height, form an advancing portico on the east, 160 feet in extent, the centre of which is crowned with a pediment of 80 feet span ; while a receding loggia, 100 feet in extent, distinguishes the centre of the west front. The building is surrounded by a balustrade of stone, and covered with a lofty dome in the centre, and a flat dome on WAS WAS each wing. The dimensions of the building are : length of front 352 feet 4 inches, depth of wings 121 feet 6 inches, and the height to the top of centre dome 145 feet The cost up to 1823, when it may be said to have been completed, was nearly $1,800,000. During the session of Congress 1850-51, appropriations were made for the further enlargement of the Capitol by the addition of two new wings of 238 by 140 feet each wing ; and when these are completed, the whole Capitol, including the space between the wings and the main building, will cover an area of four and one-third acres. The corner stone of the extension was laid by Pres ident Fillmore, on the 4th of July, 1S51, with Masonic cere monies, on which occasion the Hon. Daniel Webster deliv ered a brilliant oration. The Senate Chamber is in the second story of the north wing, of a semicircular form, 75 feet long and 45 high ; a screen of Ionic columns, with capitals, support a gallery to the east, forming a loggia below ; and a gallery of iron pil lars and railings of a light structure projects from the circu lar walls, and the dome ceilings are enriched with square caissons of stucco. The walls are partially covered with drapery, and columns of breccia, or Potomac marble, sup port the eastern gallery. The only painting which adorns the Senate Chamber is a portrait of Washington. The Hall of Representatives is also of a semicircular form, and of course much larger than the Senate Chamber. It is in the second story of the south wing, 96 feet long and 60 feet high. It is surrounded with 24 columns of the variega ted Potomac marble, with capitals of white Italian marble of the Corinthian order, and surmounting a base of free stone, and the dome of the hall is painted in imitation of that of the Pantheon of Rome. From the centre of the dome hangs a massive gilt chandelier, and high over the speaker s chair, which is elevated and canopied, is placed the model of a colossal figure of Liberty, supported by an eagle just ready to fly, the work of Italian artists named Causici and Yalaperti. In front of the chair, and immedi ately over the main entrance, stands a statue in marble rep resenting History recording the events of the nation. She is placed on a winged car, rolling around a globe, on which are delineated the signs of the Zodiac, and the wheel of the car is the face of the clock of the hall ; and this is also the work of a foreign artist named Franzoni. Two full-length portraits one of Washington and one of Lafayette adorn the walls on either side of the chair, and in every direction are displayed ample folds of crimson drapery. The galle ries of this haftare so extensive as nearly to encircle it, and the general arrangement of the room is such as to render the members and the audience as comfortable as possible. The Rotundo occupies the centre, and is 96 feet in diam eter and the same number of feet high. The dome is hem ispherical and filled with large plain caissons ; the room in its circuit is divided into eight panels, intended for paint ings, seven of which are already filled ; and stationed be tween these panels are four bas-relievos of historical sub jects, one representing the Preservation of Capt. Smith by Pocahontas, one the Landing of the Pilgrims on Ply mouth Rock, one the Conflicts between Daniel Boone and the Indians, and the other Penn s Treaty with the Indians. In addition to these, specimens of sculpture are also dis played, encircled with floral wreaths, the heads of Columbus, Raleigh, La SaUe, and Cabot all these productions of the chisel being from the hands of Causici and CnpeUano. In niches on the outside of the east door are also two statues of colossal size representing Peace and War, from the chisel of Persico. Of the paintings, four are by Col, John Trumbutt, one by Weir, one by Vanderlyn, and one by Chapman the order for the remaining vacancy not having yet been filled. The subjects of Trumbull s pictures are, the Decla ration of Independence, the Surrender of General Btir- ffoyne, the /Surrender of the British Army, commanded by Lord Cornwallis, at Yorktown, in Virginia, and the Resignation of General Washington at Annapolis. The 85 subjects of the remaining pictures are the Embarkation of the Pilgrims from Leyden, by Weir ; the Landing of Co lumbus, by Vanderlyn ; and the Baptism of Poeahontas, by Chapman. As these illustrate scenes connected with the very earliest history of our country, none but the lead ing figures are to considered in the aspect of authentic portraits. The Congressional Library is unquestionably one of the chief attractions of the Capitol. The principal room, of which there are three, faces the W., and is a large and hand some affair, 92 feet long, 34 wide, and 36 high ; divided into twelve alcoves, ornamented with fluted pilasters, and in every direction are displayed portraits and busts, cases of medals, and other works of art. The number of volumes which it contains is about 50,000. The original library, which was collected under the direction of Mr. Gallatin and Mr. Mitchell, in 1800, was destroyed by flre during the last war, and that which now enriches the Capitol, was founded upon one which was purchased by Congress, in 1814, of Thomas Jefferson, for $23,000. The yearly average increase is about 1,800 volumes. The sum of $5,000 is an nually appropriated by Congress for miscellaneous books, and $1,000 for law books. In 1851 the library lost many valuable works from an accidental flre. The apartment for the accommodation of the Supreme Court is an ill-arranged, inconvenient, and badly lighted room, in the basement under the Senate Chamber. It is semicircular in shape, with manifold arches ; and on the wall is an emblem of Justice, holding her scales, in bold relief, and also a figure of Fame crowned with the rising sun, and pointing to the Constitution of the United States. The members of the bar are accommodated with seats and desks in the body of the room ; and the justices occupy a row of elevated seats, and appear in their official capacity clothed in black silk gowns or robes. In addition to the apartments of the Capitol already spe cified, it should be mentioned, that there is also a large number of ordinary, but well-furnished rooms, which are occupied by the Vice-President, the Speaker of the House, and other officers, by the Postmasters of Congress, the Pub lic Documents, and the committees of the two houses. The Capitol grounds are not only extensive, but are kept in the very neatest order, constituting one of the pleasantest and most popular resorts for promenading to be found in the metropolis. They command most charming prospects of the surrounding country, are adorned with a great variety of American trees, fountains and basins of pure water en liven them in various parts, and an air of superior refine ment is given to them by a number of pieces of statuary, the most attractive specimens being a statue of Washington, by Greenough, and a pair, of Columbus and an Indian Woman, by Persico, the former occupying the centre of a square east of the Capitol, and the two others appropriate places on the eastern portico. Near the western entrance of the Capitol stands a monu ment erected by the officers of the navy to the memory of their brother officers who fell in the war with Tripoli It is of marble, rises out of a pool or basin of water, and is 40 feet high. On one side of the base is a view of Tripoli and the American fleet, on another the words, "To the memory of Somers, Caldwell, Decatur, Wordsworth, Dorsey, Is rael," and on another side, a brief but comprehensive his tory. At the base of the column are four marble emblem atic figures Mercury, Fame, History, and America; the column has also appropriate embellishments, and is sur mounted by an eagle. The Executive Mansion is situated at the west end of the city, at the intersection of Pennsylvania, New York, Con necticut, and Vermont avenues. It occupies the centre of a plot of 20 acres, and has an elevation of 44 feet above the waters of the Potomac. The grounds are partially laid out in gardens, etc., but are still in an unfinished state. The mansion is 170 feet front and 86 feet deep, built of white 905 WAS WAS freestone, with Ionic pilasters, comprehending two lofty stories of rooms, crowned with a stone balustrade. The north front is ornamented with a lofty portico of four Ionic columns in front, and projecting with three columns. The outer inter-columniation is for carriages to drive under, and place company under shelter ; the middle space is for those visitors who come on foot the steps from both leading to a broad platform in front of the door of entrance. The gar den front is A aried by having a rusticated basement story ander the Ionic ordonnance, and by a semi-circular pro jecting colonnade of six columns, with two flights of steps leading from the ground to the level of the principal story. The interior arrangements of the Executive Mansion are, of course, elegant and convenient, well adapted to the va rious purposes to which the building was designed. In the centre of the small square immediately in front of the President s House, stands a bronze statue of Thomas Jefferson, executed by whom we know not, but presented to the government by Capt. Levy of the United States Navy, the present proprietor of Monticello, the former abode of Mr. Jefferson. It is a handsome piece of statuary, and in its present position has quite a commanding appearance. Directly across Pennsylvania Avenue from the above-men tioned square, is Lafayette Square, which has recently been laid out in fashionable style, and planted with new shrub bery. Mills equestrian statue of General Jackson, which occupies its centre, is a work of superior merit. It is in bronze, and cast from certain cannon captured by General Jackson in some of his military engagements. The State Department, which stands north-east of the President s House and within the same inclosure, is a plain brick building, two stories high, 160 feet long and 55 wide, with a broad passage on both floors, and containing in all 32 rooms. It contains a handsome library of books, maps, and charts, numbering perhaps some 15,000 distinct works, which are indispensable in the performance of the exten sive and varied duties of the department. In addition to this collection, the Copyright Bureau contains some 10 or 12,000 volumes published in this country, which are kept with care as part and parcel of the archives of the govern ment. It is the department through which alone the diplo matic corps and all foreigners can hold any intercourse with the government of the United States, and is of course the head-quarters of all the American ministers and consuls. The Treasury Department stands at the eastern extrem ity of the President s Square, so called, and is a stone edifice^ painted white, 340 feet long, and 170 wide, but when the northern and southern wings are added, it will be 457 feet in length. In front is an imposing colonnade, stretching the entire length of the building. It has three floors upon which business is transacted, on each of which are nearly fifty apartments. This is the department where all the financial and commercial affairs of the country are attended to. A good legal library is attached to this department. The "War Department building occupies the north-west corner of the President s Square, and is precisely similar in design to the State Department. It is the head-quarters of all the officers of the army, and the mainspring of all the military movements. This department comprises the War Office proper, the Quartermaster s Department, the En gineer s Department, Bureau of Topographical Engineers, Ordnance Office, Subsistence Department, Pay Depart ment, Medical Department, Office of Adjutant-general, and the head-quarters of the Major-general or military Com mander-in-chief of the Army. The War Department is furnished with a valuable library of some 10,000 volumes. The Navy Department building lies directly west of the President s House, and in the rear of the War Department It has five bureaus, exclusive of the Secretary s office, viz. : Bureau of the Navy Yards and Docks, Bureau of Construc tion, Equipment, and Repair ; Bureau of Provisions and Clothing, Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography, and Bureau of Medicine and Surgery. 906 The Department of the Interior, or Home Department, is he most extensive connected with the government. The building which it is destined to occupy is yet unfinished, but when completed, it will be the most extensive and most in teresting in the metropolis. A portion of it is already occu pied by one of the bureaus of the department (the Patent Dfflce), and also by the museum of the National Institute. The titles of the bureaus connected with the Interior De partment are as follows : Land Office, Patent Office, Indian Office, and Pension Office. As its name indicates, this de partment has to do exclusively with all those matters bear- ng upon the internal economy of the United States, and is, of course, increasing in importance with every successive rear. A library of some 5,000 volumes is attached to this lepartment. In the second story of the building now occu pied by the Patent Office, are the invaluable relics of Wash- ngton, including his camp chest, the Original Declaration of Independence, the gifts presented from time to time to the government by foreign powers, Franklin s printing press, a collection of Indian portraits by King, the treasures of the National Institute, interesting memorials of the late James Smithson, and the extensive and rare treasures se. cured by the U. S. Exploring Expedition, under Captain Wilkes, in almost every department of national history and human ingenuity. Every thing here is open to the inspec tion of the public. In the first story of the same building are collected all the models of the machines which have been patented since the foundation of the government The Post-office Department is of white marble, and after the Corinthian order. It is 3 stories high, and 204 feet long, and 102 deep ; it contains 27 rooms on each floor, making 81 in all. It occupies a central position in the city, near the Department of the Interior, both of which are about half a mile from the President s Square and the other depart ments. With regard to the Office of the Attorney-general, which we have classed with the Executive branches of the govern ment, we have only to say that it derives its chief attraction from the person who may occupy it, who must be, of neces sity, a man of distinguished ability. Booms are assigned to him in the Treasury building, and it is to him that all knot ty questions, in all the departments, are submitted for final settlement. The National Observatory is situated on the banks of the Potomac, in an oblique direction from the President s House, toward Georgetown. The site is a*beautiful one, having a commanding view of Washington and George town, of the Potomac river, and surrounding country as far down as Fort Washington, opposite to Mount A T ernon. It is a naval institution, under the control and management of Lieutenant M. F. Maury, U. S. N. The force employed at it consists principally of naval officers. Besides the as tronomical duties of the establishment, here are kept all the nautical books, charts, and instruments belonging to the navy. The apartment in which the chronometers are kept is a very interesting one. Before one of these instruments is purchased by government, it is required to be put on trial by the Superintendent of the Observatory for one year; during which period it is compared daily with the great astronomi cal clock of the Observatory, which regulates the time for the whole city. The temperature of the room in which it is kept is also carefully observed, and recorded every day. The test is a severe one, and in case the instrument fails to come up to it, it is returned- to the maker at the end of the year. The observations on the temperature in connec tion with the performance of the chronometer, enable the maker to improve the instrument, and on a second trial of another year it rarely fails to pass. There are from 60 to 100 chronometers always in this room, all of which are daily wound, and compared and treated in the manner de scribed. Thus a complete and minute history is kept of each one. Here also are conducted the celebrated re searches connected with the "wind and current charts," WAS WAS the habits of the whale, and a variety of phenomena con nected with the great deep. The National Observatory of "Washington occupies a high ranft among the observatories of the world, there being but two those of Russia and Greenwich superior to it. The largest telescope, called the equatorial, is a 14 feet refractor, with an object-glass of 9 inches. It is mounted in the revolving dome on the top of the main building; and is so arranged with clock-work and machinery, that being directed to a star in the morning, it may be left alone, when on returning to it in the evening, it will have followed the path of the star so exactly, that it will be found still pointing to the star, and the star will be visible through it. With its powers the stars are visible at mid-day. In one room below are the meridian and mural circles ; in another, the transit instrument ; in another, the prime vertical instrument ; and in another yet, the great refraction circle, invented by the superintendent : it is made by Ertel & Son, Munich, and taken altogether is, perhaps, one of the finest instruments anywhere to be found. But perhaps the most wonderful object at this interesting estab lishment is the electro-chronograph, invented by Dr. Locke, of Cincinnati. It is in the room with the transit instrument, and is so arranged, by its connection with an electrical bat tery in the building, that its ticks may be heard in any part of the country to which the magnetic wires lead, provided they be put in connection with it. Thus it may be made of itself to record the time, and in such a manner, that the as tronomer in Boston, New Orleans, or elsewhere, will know it, and tell the time of day by his clock, as well as one who stands before it and reads the hands on its face. The Ob servatory regulates the time for Washington and George town by the falling of a ball. At ten minutes before mean noon every day, a large black ball is hoisted to a flag staff, standing on the top of the dome. This is to give warning for those who wish to get the exact time of the day to look out. Precisely at twelve the ball drops. The whole city is informed of the exact time. The Arsenal occupies a fine position on the extreme southern point of the city (called Greenleafs Point), at the junction of the eastern branch with the Potomac, com manding a beautiful and extensive view, over a broad ex panse of water, toward the cities of Washington and Georgetown on the N., and Alexandria on the 8. The channels of both rivers running near the Arsenal shore, afford all requisite facilities for receiving and shipping ord nance and other military stores. Although this site was originally reserved for the purpose of an arsenal, it was not occupied by any building of importance until after the peace of 1814, when the building of the present establish ment was commenced under the direction of the late Col. George Bomford. From the small square embraced in the first plan, the buildings have been gradually extended until they occupy nearly the whole reservation, and form one of the principal arsenals of construction in the United States. The workshops contain much useful and ingenious machin ery, propelled by steam, for manufacturing gun-carriages and equipments for artillery, and for preparing ammunition of all kinds. Among these may be noticed particularly the machines for planing and boring iron and wood, those for tenoning and morticing the spokes and hubs of wheels ; Blanchard s ingenious lathe for turning irregular forms in wood, such as spokes, axe-handles, etc. ; the machinery for making leaden bullets by pressing them out of the bar-lead instead of casting them ; and, above all, the beautiful ma chine for making and charging percussion caps for small arms, invented by Mr. George Wright, a workman at the Arsenal. By this last-mentioned machine, a sheet of cop per being inserted on one side, and some percussion pow der put in a hopper on the other, the finished caps are pro duced without any further agency of the workman. In the spacious storehouses of the Arsenal are to be seen arms and equipments for the troops ; also a large number of gun-car riages, and other apparatus for the service of the artillery in the forts and in the field, from the ponderous Columbiad for the defense of the coast, to the little mountain howitzer, which may be transported, with its miniature smith s forge, on the back of a mule. The model office contains a collec tion of models or patterns of the various arms and military equipments used in our service, and also of such of those used in the armies of other nations as have been obtained by the ordnance department. Here may also be seen some specimens of old and new inventions, repeating arms, re volvers, etc., which have been suggested at home or abroad by the organ of destructiveness. In the gun lot are ar ranged many pieces of ordnance and piles of balls, mos .ly of heavy calibre for the armament of the forts. In front of the old Arsenal Square a small collection of foreign brass can non will attract the notice of the visitor, who will perceive by the inscriptions that some of them are trophies of the success of our arms at Saratoga, Yorktown, Niagara, and Vera Cruz. The guns and cannons of Duncan s field-bat tery, which performed distinguished services on nearly every field of battle in the Mexican War, are likewise pre served at the Arsenal as a saluting battery. On the W. side of the Arsenal grounds, near the river, are 2 pyramidal structures, which often attract the curiosity of visitors, and of persons passing by the Arsenal. These buildings con tain an apparatus called a Ballistic Pendulum, which is used for testing the force of gunpowder when fired in heavy ordnance, and also for trying many other interesting experi ments in gunnery. The Navy Yard is situated on the " Anacostia," a branch of the Potomac r., at the southern termination of Eighth Street, east. It was established in the year 1800. The area covers about 20 acres, and is inclosed by a substantial brick wall, having a principal entrance at the foot of Eighth Street, through a handsome arched gateway. Several com fortable residences have been erected for the accommoda tion of the commodore, the executive officers, the first lieu tenant, surgeon, sailing-master, boatswain, and gunner, whose official duties require their constant attendance in the yard. The mechanical operations of this establishment are various and extensive, and the skill of the workmen and the excellence of the materials employed have been satis factorily tested in every sea. Anchors of all sizes, for the naval service, are manufactured by the use of two heavy steam hammers (termed the " Nasmyth Hammer"), one of which weighs 3,GOO pounds, the other 2,240 pounds. The forges for this work are kept in blast by a fan-blower at tached to the steam-engine in the machinist s department. There is also in operation, in the anchor department, a direct action steam-hammer (called the "Kirk Hammer"), in con nection with a blast-furnace for working up into looms and bars all the scrap iron of the navy. The massive chain- cables are made in another shop, which is provided with a powerful hydrostatic press for testing their strength. These cables are highly esteemed for their superior finish, great strength, and durability. Another department is engaged in the manufacture of galleys, cabooses, and copper powder- tanks, and of the various kinds of brass work appertaining to ships of war. The different machines employed in mak ing these articles are driven by a steam-engine of about 15 horse-power. A brass foundry is connected with this range of buildings on the eastern side of the yard. A large and extensive iron foundry has recently been erected of suffi cient capacity and with the necessary facilities for molding and casting the heaviest work. Connected with this foun dry are the machines for boring, turning, and planing the steam cylinders and other massive machinery required for the naval service. Adjoining the iron foundry are the ord nance and boiler-making departments, which are provided with a steam-engine of about 12 horse-power. The ord nance department is engaged in the fabrication of light brass ordnance, howitzers for boat and land service, of shot and shells, percussion-caps, musket and pistol balls, etc. Some of this machinery is very ingenious and highly inter- 907 WAS WAS esting. The boiler shop contains all the machinery neces sary for the construction of boilers. Close by this range of buildings is a very extensive machine-shop, in which ar placed all the tools required in the manufacture of steam engines and machinery of every description. When com pleted it will afford room for the employment of from 150 U 200 workmen. Attached to this shop is an engine of 6( horse-power, which also gives motion to the block-making machinery, and to the fan-blowers of the anchor-making department. On the western side of the yard is the pyro- technical laboratory, in which are prepared all the article for the navy appropriate to this department There an two large ship-houses for building ships, under one ol which is about to be constructed a marine railway fo hauling up steamers for repair. The grounds are beauti fully laid out, the avenues shaded with fine trees, the plats neatly inclosed, and the whole preserved in handsome order. The Smithsonian Institution was founded upon a bequest of more than half a million of dollars made to the United States by an Englishman named James Smithson. The object of the bequest, according to his will, was " to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institu tion, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." On the 1st of July, 1836, Con gress solemnly accepted this important trust, and the money was paid into the Treasury of the United States in 1S3S. The Act of Congress establishing the Institution as it now exists, was passed in 1846. The Institution is situated on the Mall, below the Capitol ; and though the edifice is yet in an unfinished state, it presents a noble appearance, and is unquestionably one of the great attractions of the metrop olis. The style of the architecture is the Eomanesque, the material a reddish freestone of fine grain ; its extreme length is 450 feet, its width 140 feet, and it has nine towers, varying in height from 75 to 150 feet. The grounds which surround it are very extensive, and are now in progress of being beautified. The library room is capable of holding 100,000 volumes. The building is supplied with a lecture-room, which will seat 1,200 persons ; and its museum is 200 feet long ; its rooms for chemical experiments are more spacious and convenient than any to be found in the country ; and in the western wing, which is 120 feet long, will hereafter be located a gallery of art The Washington Monument stands on the Mall, between the President s House and the Potomac, and embraces the idea of a grand circular colonnaded building, 250 feet in di ameter, 100 feet high, from which springs an obelisk shaft, 70 feet in diameter at the base, and 500 feet high, making a total elevation of 600 feet The vast rotundo, forming the grand base of the monument, is surrounded by 30 columns of massive proportions, 12 feet in diameter, and 45 feet high, elevated upon a base of 20 feet in height and 300 feet square, surmounted by an entablature 20 feet high, and crowned by a massive balustrade 15 feet in height The terrace out side the colonnade is 25 feet wide, and the walk within the colonnade 25 feet. The front portico is adorned with a tri umphal car and statue of the illustrious chief; and over each column around the entire building are sculptured es cutcheons, coats of arms of each State of the Union, sur rounded by bronze civic wreaths, banded together by fes toons of oak-leaves, while the centre of the portico is em blazoned with the coat of arms of the United States. Around the rotundo are stationed statues of the Signers of the Dec laration of Independence : in niches prepared for the pur pose, statues of the Fathers of the Revolution, cotemporary with Washington ; and directly opposite to the entrance is placed a statue of Washington himself. The interior of the shaft is embellished with a great variety of inscriptions ; at one point it is ornamented with four of the leading events of "V\ ashington s career, sculptured in basso relievo, above which is placed a single star, emblematic of the glory which the name of Washington has attained : and in the centre of the monument will be placed the tomb of the Father of his Country. 1 he National Medical College, instituted in 1823, is now in successful operation. It was, until a few years past, known as the Medical Department of the Columbian Col lege, from which institution it derives its authority to con fer degrees, under an act of incorporation from the Con gress of the United States. The requisites for graduating are, that the candidate shall have attended the lectures of each professor two full courses, or one full course in this school, and one full course in some other respectable insti tution. He must have a fair moral character, and he shall have dissected during at least one session. He shall have entered his name with the dean of the faculty as a candi date for graduation, and delivered to him an inaugural dissertation upon some medical subject, thirty days before the close of the session, and pass a satisfactory examina tion. The Columbian College, which was incorporated in 1821, is beautifully situated on an eminence, adjoining the City Corporation, on the north, and on Fourteenth Slreet, west- It is a fine brick edifice, four stories high, and overlooks the city, the Capitol, and other public buildings; and com mands a fine view of the Potomac, with the surrounding country, for many miles in extent In beauty and health- fulness of position, it is unsurpassed; and its local advant ages are such as no other situation in the country can afford. The College has a good library, a valuable philosophical apparatus, and other means and facilities for pursuing a thorough and liberal course of studies. The last catalogue (1S50) embraces a president, and twelve professors and teachers including those of the National Medical College, which is under the same corporation 100 students, and be tween 200 and 300 alumni. The Coast Survey Office Buildings, occupied for the use of the United States Coast Survey, are situated on the west side of New Jersey Avenue, about a sixth of a mile from the Capitol. They consist of four old houses, in a block, pre senting a decidedly rusty exterior, and in no way looking like public buildings. The National or Congressional Burial Ground, situated about one mile east of the Capitol, embraces about ten acres, commands an extensive view of the country, and is well nclosed with a brick wall, laid out with taste, and beautified with trees and shrubbery. It was located in 1807, and has since been in the keeping of an incorporated company. The monuments are manifold, and many of them beautiful; and in addition to several private vaults is one spacious and well constructed, inclosed by a neat railing, built by the >rder and the expense of Congress, as a place of deposit for he dead whose remains it may be the purpose of friends lubsequently to remove. The City Hall, the official home of the City Fathers, was iommenced in 1S20, and finished in 1850, it having remained a kind of ruin during most of the intervening time. It is a arge and handsome edifice, and occupies a commanding wsition on Judiciary Square, is 200 feet in length, and after he stucco style of architecture. The Circuit and Criminal Courts hold their sessions in this hall ; also the members of he City Councils. The mayor has his office here, and so ilso have a large number of the city attorneys. The Public Schools of Washington are quite numerous: f free public schools there are four, with quite a large etinue of primary schools, which are carried on at an annual expense of about $12,000. Select schools and sem- naries for the education of both sexes also exist in different iarts of the city, several of them of a high and established haracter. Public attention has been strongly directed to dese institutions, and perhaps in no other city are there to >e found superior advantages of education, which are an- ually on the increase. There are also several excellent )oarding-schools in Washington,, and two or three in Georgetown. WAS WAS The National Institute was founded in 1S40, and has for its object the promotion of science in all departments. It holds its meetings and has its head-quarters at the Patent Office. It has a miscellaneous library of nearly 4,000 vols., pamphlets, maps and charts, with a few interesting man uscripts, and in the cabinet are many medals and coins. The library is always open to the inspection of the public. The Metropolis is well supplied with churches, and con sidering its extent is quite as well supplied with eloquent preachers as any city in the Union. Of Baptist churches jhere are four one on Tenth Street, one on E., and two on Virginia Avenue ; their congregations are all large, and their pastors popular. Of Catholic churches there are four St. Matthew s, on II. street ; St. Peter s, on Second ; St. Patrick s, on F. ; and St. Mary s, on Fifth. Of Episcopal churches there are five, viz. : Christ church, on G Street; St. John s, on II ; Trinity, on Third; Epiphany, on G ; and Ascension, on H. The. Trinity church edifice is the handsomest, devoted to religion, in the city. In this church, as indeed in all other churches of the city, a certain number of pews are assigned to strangers. St. John s church stands directly in front of the President s House. There is also one Quaker meeting held in the city on I Street; and two Lutheran churches, the English on H Street, and the German on G Street. Of Methodist churches there are seven in the city- one on 4th, one on 14th, one on 5th, one on Massachusetts Avenue, one on Maryland Avenue, one on 9th Street, and one on Virginia Avenue. Of Presbyterian churches there are six one on F Street, one on 8th Street, one on 4| Street, one on II, and two on 9th Street. There is also one Uni tarian church in the city, on D Street; and of colored churches, there are some half dozen scattered about the city. Hotels are quite numerous, but not sufficiently so, even now, to accommodate the public. With one or two unim portant exceptions, they are all situated on Pennsylvania Avenue. The names of the principal ones are the National Hotel, Brown s Hotel, Willard s Hotel, Gadsby s Hotel, the Irving Hotel, the United States Hotel, the Potomac Hotel, and Tyler s Hotel. The finest hotel edifice in Washington is that recently erected by Mr. Brown, which is very large, and has a beautiful marble front. All these hotels are supplied with the best of a first-rate market, and with numerous and generally accommodating servants. From the doors of each, the stranger may at almost any moment step into a convenient and elegant omnibus, and go to almost any part of the city he may desire. Pop. in 1800, 3,210; in 1S10, 8,208; in 1820, 13,24T; in 1830, 18,827; in 1840, 23,364 ; and in 1850, 40,001. The general statistics of Washington will be found under the caption of DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. WASHINGTON, p. v., and cap. Hempstead county, Ark. : 101 m. S. W. Little Bock. It contains the county buildings, an United States land office, stores, etc. The " Washington Telegraph" (whig) is published weekly. Pop. 469. WASHINGTON, v., Yolo co., Calif. : on W. bank of Sacra mento river, 49 m. E. N. E. Vallejo. In 1852, it contained 4 hotels, 2 stores, and 3 foundries. WASHINGTON, t. and p. v., Lltchfleld county, Conn. : 32 m. W. by S. Hartford. Surface elevated. Drained by Shepaug river, on which the v. is situate. It contains 3 churches and a factory of satinets. The t. also contains several mills, and quarries of limestone and marble. Pop. of 1. 1,802. WASHINGTON, p. v., and cap. Wilkes county, Ga. : 52 m. N. E. by N. Milledgeville. It contains a brick court-house and jail, 1 bank, an academy, 8 churches, Masonic hall, etc. The "Washington Gazette" is issued weekly. The con struction of a branch R. R. from the Georgia R. R. to this place is contemplated. Pop. about 850. WASHINGTON, p. o., Tazewell co., HI. : on E. side of Hol land s Grove, 62 m. N. by E. Springfield. WASHINGTON, p. v., and cap. Daviess co., Ind. : 4 m. E. of W. fork of White r., 90 m. S. W. by S. Indianapolis. It Contains good county buildings and 5 churches. It was laid out in 1817. The " Literary Journal" is here published. Pop. 2,578. WASHINGTON, p. v.. and cap. Washington county, la, : E. side of Adams creek, 25 m. S. by W. Iowa City. It is well situated on a fine prairie, contains the county buildings, etc., and is a thriving v. The Dubuque and Keokuk R. R. will pass through the place. Pop. 742. WASHINGTON, p. v., and cap. Mason county, Ky<: 60 m. E. N. E. Frankfort. It contains the county buildings, 4 churches, an academy, etc. The Lexington and Maysville R. R. passes through it. Pop. about 650. WASHINGTON, p. v., St. Landry par., La. : on E. bank of Vermillion r., 52* m. W. by N. Baton Rouge. It is at the head of steamboat navigation, contains several stores, a Catholic church, etc. Pop. about 250. WASHINGTON, t. and p. v., Lincoln county, He. : 22 miles E. S. E. Augusta. Drained by branches of Muscongus r., one of which rises in a large pond in the centre of the t N. of the v. Pop. of 1. 1,756. WASHINGTON, t. and p. v., Warren co., N~. Jer. : 37 m. N. by W. Trenton. Drained by the Musconetong r., which bounds it on the S. E,, and Pohatcong creek. Population of t. 1,567. WASHINGTON, t., p. v., and sta., Berkshire county, Mass. : 104 miles W. Boston. Surface very diversified ; soil best adapted to grazing. The Western R. R. passes through the v., 13 m. from Pittsfleld, 40 m. from Springfield, 138 m. from Boston. Pop. of t 953. WASHINGTON, t. and p. o., Macomb co., Mich. : 76 m. E. Lansing. This is one of the most fertile and best cultivated agricultural townships in the co. Drained by branches of Clinton r. In its N. E. corner is the thriving y. of Romeo. Pop. of 1. 1,541. WASHINGTON, p. o., Adams co., Miss. : 6 m. E. Natchez, 82 m. S. W. by W. Jackson. Lat. 31 36 N. ; long. 91 2(X W. It contains 2 academies, 2 churches, stores, etc. Pop about 400. WASHINGTON, p. v., Franklin county, Mo. : on S. bank of Missouri r., 63 m. E. Jefferson City. WASHINGTON, t. and p. v., Sullivan co., 2f. ffamp. : 27 m. W. by S. Concord. Drained by Ashuelot and Contoocook rivers, which rise from large ponds, of which the town con tains sixteen, abounding with fish, and surrounded by beau tiful scenery. Surface hilly ; soil moist and deep. Pop. of t. 1,054. WASHINGTON, t. and p. o., Duchess co., N. Y. : 60 m. 8. Albany. Surface rolling and hilly. Drained by small creeks. Contains several cotton factories, tanneries, with flouring, grist, and saw mills. Pop. 2,805. WASHINGTON, p. v., port of entry, and cap. Beaufort co., N. Car.: on N. side of Tar r., at its entrance into Pamlico r., 91 m. E. by S. Raleigh. It contains the court-house, jail, 3 churches, and 2 banks, cap. $300,000. The " North State Whig" is issued weekly. Vessels drawing 9 feet water can come to its wharves. The total tonnage of Washington dis trict on June 30th, 1S50, was 5,703 tons, chiefly employed in the coasting trade. Pop. of v. about 1 ,300. WASHINGTON, p. v., and cap. Fayette co., Ohio: 31 m. S. S. W. Columbus. It contains the county buildings, etc., and a branch of the State bank of Ohio, and is on the line of the Cincinnati, Wilmington, and Zanesville R. R. The " Fayette New Era" (whig) is here published. Pop. 569. WASHINGTON, t. and p. v., Guernsey county, Ohio : 79 m. E. by N. Columbus. Pop. of v. 757 ; pop. of t. including village 1,729. WASHINGTON, p. b., and cap. "Washington county, Penn. ; 170 miles W. Harrisburg. It contains the court-house and jail, a female academy, and 5 churches. Washington Col lege, here located, was chartered in 1806 ; in 1S50 it had 8 instructors, 1S7 students, 441 alumni, and 3,300 volumes in its libraries. The b. also contains a woolen factory, with various manufacturing establishments, and 1 bank, capital $120,000. Three newspapers are published, "The Com- WAS WAT monwealth" (whig), " W. Reporter" (whig), and " W. Ex aminer" (dem.) The Hempfield R. R. passes through thi place. Pop. in 1840, 2,062 ; in 1850, 2,662. WASHINGTON, p. v., and cap. Rhea co., Tenn. : on W. sid Tennessee r., 108 m. E. S, E. Nashville. It contains the co buildings, several stores, etc. Pop. about 150. WASHINGTON, p. v., and one of the caps. Washington co, Tex. : on W. bank of Brazos river, opposite the mouth o: Navasoto r., 94 m. E. Austin City. The " Lone Star," semi weekly, and "Texas Ranger," weekly, are published a this place. It is beautifully situated on high post-oak land and the surrounding country, being diversified by numerou hills, presents delightful scenery. It contains a court-house and jail, stores, etc. WASHINGTON, t, and p. v., Orange county, Verm. : 19 m S. E. by S. Montpelier. Soil fertile; drained by scvera small creeks. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in farm ing, etc. The v. is neatly built. Pop. of t, 1,848. WASHINGTON, p. v.. and cap. Rappahannock co., Vlrg. . 87 m. N. N. W. Richmond. It contains the co. buildings several stores, an academy, and church. Pop. about 400. WASHINGTON lake, Yolo county, Calif. : 52 m. N. N. E, Vallejo, 3 m. long, and 1| m. wide. WASHINGTON COLLEGE, p. o., Washington county, Tenn. . 231 miles E. Nashville. Washington College, here located, was founded in 1795 ; in 1850 it had 8 professors, 116 alumni, 22 students, and 1,800 volumes in its libraries. WASHINGTON HOLLOW, p. o., Duchess co., 2f. Y. : 62 m. S. Albany. WASHINGTON MILLS, p. o., Oneida county, IT. Y. ; 80 m. W. N. W. Albany. WASHINGTONVILLE, p. T. and sta., Baltimore co., Md. : on Baltimore and Susquehanna R. R., 6 m. N. Baltimore. WASIIINGTONVILLE, v. and sta., Orange co., W. Y.: on New burg Branch R. R., 12 m. Newburg, 7 m. Chester. WASIHNGTONVILLE, p. v., Columbiana co., Ohio : 128 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. WASHINGTONVILLE, p. v., Montour co., Penn. : 54 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. WASIIITA county, Ark. Situate S., and contains 815 sq. m. Drained by Washita r. and its branches. Surface gen erally even ; soil fertile, and adapted to cotton. Timber is found in some quantity. Farms 697 ; manuf. 1 ; dwell. 1,122, and pop. wh. 6,285, fr. col. 0, si. 8,804 total 9,591. Capital: Camden. WASIIITA parish, La. Situate N., and contains 752 sq. m. Drained by Washita r. and its branches. Surface diversified ; much of the land is covered with pine timber, and a portion of it is rendered unfit for cultivation on account of its low situ ation ; soil, where fit for tillage, is productive. Staples, cotton and Indian corn. Farms 242 ; manuf. 4, d well. 442, and pop. wh. 2,293, fr. col. 7, si. 2,708 total 5,008. Capital : Monroe. WASIIITA, p. o., Grayson county, Tea:. : 237 m. N. by E. Austin City. WASHTENAW county, Mich. Situate S. E. of the South ern Peninsula, and contains 720 sq. m. Drained by the Huron, Saline, Macon, and Raisin rivers, and Mill, Honey, Mullet s and Paint creeks. Surface slightly undulating, and diversified with numerous lakes ; soil very productive, being a rich black loam with clay intermixed. There is some prairie land and some good timber in the co. Fine water- power is supplied by the branches of Huron and Raisin rivers. The principal productions are wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. Agriculture is the leading pursuit. Farms 2,543; manuf. 154; dwell. 5,142, and pop. wh. 28,343, fr. col. 224 total 28,567. Capital: Ann Arbor. Public Works: Michigan Central R. R. WASSAIC, p. o. and sta., Duchess co., JV. Y. : on the Har lem R. R., 85 m. from New York, 69 m. from Albany. WASSAWA lake, Wise. : in S. W. part of La Pointe co., 7 m. long, and 4 m. wide, connecting by short outlet with St. Croix river. WASBONVILLE, p. o., Washington co., Virg. 910 I WATAB, p. v., Benton co., Minn. Ter. : on E. bank of Mississippi r., opposite the mouth of Watab r., 72 m. N. W, St. Paul ; by the river 82 miles. It was laid out in 1S50 by Messrs. Oilman, Vincent, and Co. This was the highest point attained by the volunteers in the Winuebago cam paign of 1850. WATAREE river, & Car. : rises in N. Car., but in that State is called the Catawba. In S. Car. it flows through the N. central portion of the State, in general course S. by E., and near the centre of the State it unites with Congaree r., forming Santee river. WATAUGA county, Jf. Car. Situate N. W., and contains 548 sq. m. Drained by Stony fork of Yadkin r., and afflu ents of New river. Surface mountainous, having the Blue Ridge passing through it ; soil in the valleys and most of the level portions is fertile, and adapted to grain. It is well wooded. Farms 442 ; manuf. 1 ; dwell. 569, and pop. wh. 3,242, fr. col. 29, si. 129 tptal 3,400. Capital : Boone. WATAUGA BEND, p. o., Washington co., Tenn. : 242 m. E. by N. Nashville. WATENSAW, p. o., Monroe co., Ark. : 60 m. E. Little Rock. WATERBORO , t, and p. v., York co., Me. : 72 m. S. W. Augusta. Surface diversified ; drained by head branches of Mousum r., and by Little Ossipee r. The inhabitants are mainly engaged in farming, etc. The York and Cumber land R. R. will pass through S. E. part of the town. Pop. of 1. 1,989. WATERBOEO CEHTEE, p. o., York co., Me. : 71 m. S. W. Augusta. WATERBUEG, p. o., Tompkins co., N. Y. : 148 m. W. by S. Albany. WATERBUEY, t, p. b., and sta., New Haven co., Conn. : >n both sides of Naugatuck r., 19 m. N. N.W. New Haven, 25 m. S. W. Hartford. The Naugatuck R. R. passes through he v. 82 m. from Bridgeport, 30 m. from Winsted. The t, las generally a rough surface. The Naugatuck r. and its ranches afford great water-power, well improved by nu merous factories. Of these, the principal are that of the American Pin Company," which (with another at Pough- keepsie, are the only ones of the kind in the Union) has a capital of $100,000, employing 150 operatives ; three fac- ories of gilt and plated buttons, silver ware, etc. ; India- ubber webbing factories; rolling mills of brass and copper, making articles of all sorts, and the woolen factories. The manufacturing interests of this place have for several years >een steadily and rapidly increasing. During 1851 and 52, 1 manufacturing establishments were organized with an ggregate capital of over $1,000,000. The capitalists thus nterested, and the citizens generally, are among the most nterprising in the State. The b. is generally well built, pith many elegant dwellings. It contains a bank, with a apital of $510,000, two first-class hotels, a good high-school, nth fine building, and 6 churches, of which the Episcopal ociety has a superior church edifice. The " Waterbury American" (fam.) is issued weekly. Pop. of t. in 1840, 3,668 ; n 1S50, 5,137. WATERBURY, p. v. and sta., Washington co., Verm. : 12 m. T. W. Montpelier. Drained by Waterbury river and other ranches of Onion r., which bounds it on the S. W. The v. ear Onion r. is neatly built, and contains 2 churches. The r ermont Central R. R. passes through it SS m. from Wind- or, 69 m. from Rouse s Point, The "Industrial Excelsior" .dvertising) is issued weekly. Pop. of t. 2,352. WATERFORD, t., p. v., and sta., New London co., Conn. : 9 m. S. E. Hartford. Bounded S. by Long Island Sound, nd E. by Thames r. Surface uneven ; soil gravelly loam. rained by Jordan and Niantic rivers, the latter flowing to Niantic bay, which sets up from the sound 4 miles Is avigablo for sloops, and is quite a resort for fishermen, he village, situate centrally 5 m. W. New London, is neat- built. The sta. is on the New Haven and New London ?. R., 4 m. S. W. New London. Pop. of t. 2,262. WATERFORD, t. and p. v., Oxford co., Me. : 49 m.W. by S. WAT WAT Augusta. The t contains numerous large ponds, with level surface and fertile soil. Crooked river flows through its N. and N. E. part. Pop. of L 1,448. WATERFORD, p. o., Eacine co., Wise. : on E. side Fox r., 65 m. E. S. E. Madison. WATERFOKD. t. and p. o., Oakland county, Midi. : 60 m. E. by S. Lansing. It contains a large number of ponds, which with their tributaries and outlets water it abundant ly ; also 2 large flouring-mills. Pop. 1,085. WATERFORD, p. v., Marshall co., Miss. : on small branch of Tallahatchie r., 165 m. N, by E. Jackson. WATERFORD, p. o., Fulton county, Itt. : on E. side Spoon river, 44 m. N. W. by N. Springfield. WATERFORD, p. o., Spencer county, Ky. : 29 m. S. W. Frankfort WATERFORD, t, p. v., and sta., Saratoga co., N. Y. : 10 m. N. Albany. Bounded E. by Hudson r., and W. by Mohawk river, which unite at S. end of the t. Surface rolling ; soil alluvial and sandy. The v. ia on W. bank of Hudson r., at the head of sloop navigation. The Champlain Canal passes through it, and communicates with the Hudson by locks. The Eensselaer and Saratoga K. E. also passes through, 4 miles from Troy, 28 m. from Saratoga. The trade carried on by these annually is very extensive. The manufactures of the v. are also of large amount and importance. Here are 5 churches, 2 academies, and 1 bank, capital $50,000. The v. is connected with Lansingburg by a bridge across the Hud son. The " Sentinel" is here published. Pop. of v. about 1,800. Pop. of t. in 1840, 1,824 ; in 1850, 2,683. "WATERFORD, t. and p. v., "Washington co., Ohio : on both sides of Muskingum r., 74 m. E. S. E. Columbus. Surface rolling and broken ; soil fertile on the r. The village, on S. bank of the river, contains several mills, etc. Pop. of t in 1840,1,166; in 1850, 1,693. WATERFORD, t and p. b., Erie county, Penn. : 195 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. The b. contains several stores, and 498 inhabitants. The Sunbury and Erie E. E. will pass through it. Pop. of t. about 1,300. WATERFORD, sta., Providence co., R. I. : on Blackstone river, and Providence and Worcester E. E., 18 m. from Providence, 25 m. from Worcester. WATERFORD. p. v., Gibson co., Tenn. : on branch Obion river, 110 m. W. by S. Nashville. WATERFORD, t and p. v., Caledonia co., Verm. : 81 m. E. by N. Montpelier. Bounded S. by Connecticut r. The Connecticut and Passumpsic Elvers E. E. passes through the W. corner of the t. having a station at Passumpsic, 4 m. from St. Johnsbury, 57 m. from White Eiver Junction. Pop. of 1. 1,412. WATEBFORD, p. v., London co., Virg. : on S. side of Kit- toctan cr., 116 m. N. Eichmond. It contains 2 churches, several mills and stores. In the vicinity are cotton facto ries. Pop. about 500. WATERFORD CENTRE, p. o., Oakland co., Mich. : 61 m. E. by S. Lansing. WATERFORD WORKS, p. o., Camden county, 2f. Jer. : 34 m. S. by W. Trenton. WATERLOO, p. v., Lauderdale co., Ala. : on N. bank of Tennessee r., 200 m. N. E. by N. Montgomery. WATERLOO, p.v.. and cap. Monroe co., 111. : 114 m. S. by W. Springfield. Situated on elevated ground, containing the county build ings, churches, etc. The "Waterloo Patriot" (whig) is issued weekly. WATERLOO, t. and p. v., Fayette co., Tnd. : on E. side of Whitewnter river, 52 m. E. by S. Indianapolis. Pop. of t. about 1,000. WATERLOO, p. o., Pulaski county, Ky. : 68 m. S. S. E. Frankfort. WATERLOO, sta., Merrimac co., N. Ramp, : on Merrimac and Connecticut Eivers E. E., 17 m. from Concord, 8 m. from Bradford. WATERLOO, p. o., Sussex co., N. Jer. : on N. side Musco- netecong r., 46 m. N. Trenton. WATERLOO, p. v., Point Coupee par., La. ; near the outlet of Fausse r., on W. side of Mississippi r., 20 m. N.W. by N. Baton Eouge. It is a very beautiful settlement, surrounded by fine plantations. Pop. about 150. WATERLOO, t. and p. o., Jackson county, Mich. : 29 m. S. E. by S. Lansing. Drained by Portage cr. of Grand r., flowing through several large ponds. It contains two large flouring-mills. Pop. 1,090. WATERLOO, p. v., and cap. Clark co., Mo. : on N. side Fox r., 131 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. WATERLOO, t, p. v., sta., and one of the capitals of Seneca co., N. Y. : on N. side of Seneca outlet, 166 m. W. by N. Albany. The v. is an important manufacturing place, with considerable trade. It contains the county buildings, an academy, one bank, capital $200,000, and 4 churches. The " Observer and Union" (dem.) is issued weekly. The Eoch- ester and Syracuse E. E. passes through, 58 m. from Eoch- ester, 46 m. from Syracuse ; also ;he Cayuga and Seneca Canal. Pop. of v. about 2,800. Pop. of t. in 1840, 3,036; in 1850, 3,795. WATERLOO, p. v., Granville county, N. Car. : 45 m. N. Ealeigh. WATERLOO, t and p. o., Jefferson co., Wise. : 22 m. E. by N. Madison. Drained by Eock cr. Pop. 831. WATERLOO, p. o., Lawrence co., Ohio : 96 m. S. S. E. Columbus. WATERLOO, p. v., Juniata co., Penn. : on Tuscarora cr., 42 m. W. Harrisburg. WATERLOO, p. o., Fauquier co., Virg. : 85 m. N. by "W. Eichmond. WATERLOO, p. v., Laurens dist., S. Car. : 60 m. W. N. W. Columbia. WATERPORT, p. o., Orleans co., N. Y. : 242 m. W. by N. Albany. WATER PEOOF, p. o., Tensas par., La. : 102 m. N. Baton Eouge. WATER STREET, p. v., Huntingdon co., Penn. : on Juniata r., 70 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. It contains a charcoal forge, which in 1849 made 1,150 tons of blooms. WATERTOWN, t. and p. v., Litchfleld co., Conn.: 25 m. W. S. W. Hartford. Bounded E. by Naugatuck r. and drained by its branches. The Naugatuck E. E. runs along the river side. The v. contains 2 churches and some manu factures. Pop. of t, 1,533. WATERTOWN, L and p. y., Middlesex co., Mass. : 5 m. W. by N. Boston. Drained by Charles r., which bounds it on the S., and is navigable to the v. for vessels requiring 6 feet of water. Surface of t. beautifully diversified. In its E. part is Mount Auburn Cemetery and part of Fresh Pond. The v. contains 3 churches and a U. S. arsenal. The Water- town Branch E. E. extends to the v. from West Cambridge on Fitchburg E. E., which is much used by the citizens, many of whom transact their daily business in Boston. Pop. in 1840, 1,810 ; in 1850, 2,837. WATERTOWX, t., p. v., and cap. Jefferson co., N. Y. : on S. side of Black r., at the falls, 145 m. N. W. by W. Albany. Surface of t. gently uneven ; soil sandy loam and clay, very fertile, and well cultivated, lying upon limestone foundation. Drained by Black r. on the N. and by Sandy and Stoney creeks flowing S. W., and Lake Ontario. Black r., in pass- tig the v., descends 88 feet in 1 m. by 5 natural cascades and 7 artificial dams, creating an immense water-power, unrivaled in the Union for its natural availability, and of which only a small portion is yet used. The factories al ready erected are chiefly engaged in making woolen and cotton goods and paper ; but there are also extensive flour- ng, grist, and saw mills, besides tanneries, iron furnaces, and a large variety of smaller manufacturing establish ments. The v. was first settled in 1800, and incorporated "n 1S31. It contains a court-house and jail, of stone, 2 flour- shing academies, a State arsenal, of brick, and 9 churches. There are 5 banks, with aggregate capital of $600.000. The Watertown and Eome E. E. extends through this place, 911 WAT WAT 71 m. from Eome, to Cape Yincent 25 m. The construction of a line of railroad hence to Stockholm, on the Northern E. E., is contemplated, also a railroad to Utica through the valley of the Black r. Five newspapers were here publish ed in 1S50 " Northern New York Journal" (whig), " Dem ocratic Union," " Jeffersonian" (dem.), Jefferson County Democrat," and " New York Eeformer" (temp.) Pop. oft. in 1840, 5,027 ; in 1S50, 7,201. WATERTOWN, t and p. v., Washington co., Ohio : 74 m. E. S. E. Columbus. Soil well cultivated, and drained N. by Wolf cr., which affords water-power. Pop. of 1. 1,374. WATERTOWN, t and p. v., Jefferson co., Wise. : 35 m. E. by N. Madison. Surface diversified ; soil generally very fertile, well watered by Eock r., which here makes a great bend, flowing on both its W. and E. borders. The v. is handsomely situated in the N. part of the t., on both sides of Eock r., at the great bend, and at the foot of Johnson s rapids, where a dam across the river creates very great water-power. It has had a rapid growth, and is in a very flourishing condition. Two newspapers are here published "W. Chronicle" (whig) and "State Eegister" (dem.) Two lines of railroad are projected to pass through Water- town, viz., Fond du Lac and Eock Eiver E. E. ; and Mil waukee, Portage, and La Crosse E. E. ; and a plank-road from Lake Michigan to Madison passes through this place. Pop. of t in 1840, 218 ; pop. of v. in 1S50, 1,561 ; pop. oft., including v., in 1850, 2,888. WATEKVALE, p. v., Onondaga co., JV. Y. : on W. side of Limestone cr., 120 m. W. by N. Albany. Pop. about 200. WATER YALLEY, p. o., Erie county, N. Y. : 268 m. W. Albany. WATER YALLEY, p. o., Yalabusha co., Miss. : on N. side of branch of Tallahachie r., 129 m. N. by E. Jackson. WATER YILLAGE, p. v., Carroll co., W. ffamp. : 37 m. N. N. E. Concord. WATERVILLE, p. v. and sta., New Haven co., Conn. : on the Naugatuck r., 22 m. N. N. W. New Haven, 24 m. S. W. Hartford. The Naugatuck E. E. passes through, 35 m. from Bridgeport, 27 m. from Winsted. The v. is chiefly noted as containing a very extensive pocket cutlery estab lishment, which has been as successful as any other in the Union. WATERVILLE, t., p. v., and sta., Kennebec co., Me. : on W. bank of Kennebec r., 17 m. N. N. E. Augusta. Surface diversified ; soil alluvial and well cultivated. The Kenne bec r. is navigable to the v., handsomely situated at the Ticonic Falls, which extend across the river, are 18 feet high, and afford immense water-power. The other water- power in the vicinity is very great, and could be improved by a very large number of factories. The v. contains va rious mills and manufactories, 2 banks, capital $125,000, an academy, and 4 churches. Waterville College, located here, is a Baptist institution, founded in 1S20, which in 1S50 had 5 professors, 267 alumni (of whom 82 had entered the min istry), 88 students, and a library of 15,500 volumes. The Androscoggin and Kennebec E. E. extends to this place from Portland 82 m. ; the Kennebec and Penobscot E. E. is in construction to Bangor, and the Kennebec and Port land E. E. will also extend hence to Augusta. Pop. of t. in 1840, 2,971 : in 1850, 8,965. WATERVILLE, p. v., Oneida co., N. Y. : 86 m. W. by N. Albany. This v. is noted for its manufactures of woolen goods, carriage springs, flour, starch, lumber, and iron. It contains also an organ manufactory. 1 bank, capital $120,000, 2 academies, and 2 churches. Pop. about 1,000. WATEKVILLE, t. and p. v., Lucas co., Ohio : on N. W. side of Maumee r., 110 m. N. N. W. Columbus. The Wa- bash and Erie Canal passes through the v. Pop. of t. in 1840,565; in 1850, 958. WATERVILLE, p. v., Waukesha county, Wise. : 50 m. E. Madison. WATERVILLE, t. and p. v., Lamoille co., Verm. : 31 m. N. by W. Montpelier. Surface mountainous. Drained by 912 N. branch of Lamoille r., which affords good mill-sites. The t. contains several saw-mills, and 1 large woolen fac tory having 2,000 spindles. Pop. of t 753. WATERVILLE, p. o., Lycoming co., Penn. : 73 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. WATERVLIET, t. and p. o., Albany co., N. Y. : 5 m. N. Albany. It occupies the N. E. corner of the county, being bounded N. by Mohawk r., and E. by the Hudson. At the confluence of these rivers are numerous islands breaking the mouth of the Mohawk into several channels. Surface level or undulating; soil generally sandy or swampy, ex cept on the Hudson, where are extensive and fertile flats- The Erie and Champlain canals separate in this t., and in the former are many locks to overcome the Falls of Cohoes. The Troy and Schenectady E. E. runs along the S. bank of the Mohawk. West Troy, the site of the U. S. Arsenal, ia in Watervliet, and occupies about 130 acres, inclosed by walls and iron paling. There is also in this town the cele brated Shaker settlement " Niskayuna," of which a detailed description is appended. The manufactures of this t. em ploy upward of a million dollars capital, and embrace many valuable branches of industry in the fabrication of iron, cot ton and woolen goods ; and there are also numerous flour, grist, and saw mills. Pop. of t in 1840, 10,141 ; and in 1S50, 16,675 increase in the decade, 64.4 per centum. The following is a description of the Shaker settlement in this town, as communicated (24th May, 1S53) by S. Buck ingham, a member of the society : " TJie United Society." The founder of this Society, or peculiar sect of people, commonly called " Shakers," was Ann Lee, daughter of John Lee, a native of Manchester in England, was born on the 29th of February, in the year 1736. She, with her little company of followers, embarked for America in 1774, where they arrived the 6th of August. Those that came over with her as companions and fellow- laborers in the work of her calling, were eight in number. In the year 1776, as many of her followers as had kept their rectitude and remained with her, took up their resi dence at Watervliet, 8 miles N. W. from the centre of Albany, in a wilderness country, which required great toil and labor to render useful either to man or beast, or pro ductive of the necessaries of life ; but by their industry, zeal, and frugality, together with the additions, culture, and im provements of their successors, up to the present time, a permanent settlement has been established, much admired by those who visit the place ; and though once a dreary and solitary spot of earth, is now a situation becoming an indus trious and enlightened people, productive of nearly all the ordinary comforts of life. This branch of the " United Society" possess and occupy about 2,540 acres of land, much of which is tillable, and produces corn, grass, wheat, rye, oats, barley, potatoes, pease and beans, to tolerable advantage ; and by manuring, may be rendered highly productive. They have also fine orchards, yielding an abundance of fruit in favorable sea sons, such as apples and peaches, with some plums and pears ; and much of the smaller kinds, as currants, goose berries, and strawberries, which are raised in their gardens. A small stream of water, called the Schulune kill, runs through the south and easterly part of the village, and flows northward into the Mohawk r. On this creek they have several artificial ponds, which afford their main privileges in water-power. The land bordering upon this stream is a deep, mucky soil, but the upland is of a sandy and gravelly quality. About 300 acres of the most valuable part of their land lie upon the banks of the Mohawk r., in the town of Niskayu na, near the mouth of the Schulune kill, a little above Fast s Ferry, and in the town of Eotterdam, a short distance above the city of Schenectady, where is raised the principal part of their broom-corn, which they manufacture into brooms of the first quality, and vend them in the public markets throughout the country. By the overflowing of WAT WAU the river upon its banks, the low land along here is ren dered highly productive without manuring, and is thereby made profitable to those who possess it. The population of the Society numbers some 300 or more being divided into four distinct families, located from E half to three-fourths of a mile distant from each other, a little back from the main road leading from Troy to Sche- nectady, so that the village is somewhat central between the above-mentioned pi-aces and the city of Albany, and may be approached within two and a half or three miles by railroads, connecting the aforesaid cities. As you pass along the village from east to west, you ascend a moderate rise of land from which an agreeable scenery springs to view, extending from the Helderberg Mountains on the west to the Kayaderosseras Mountains on the north, and the G reen Mountains on the east, overlook ing the valleys of the Hudson and Mohawk rivers. The whole number of buildings in the village may be estimated at some 150 or 160, many of which are built of the best materials, and are quite valuable. Among the num ber there is a commodious building for divine worship, erected in the year 1848; besides which there are three offices for the transaction of all public business, two school- houses, eight dwelling houses, suitable to accommodate from fifty to one hundred persons each, and many work shops and storehouses, built in the most commodious style. They have also two grist-mills, three saw-mills, and three machine-shops, in which various branches of mechanical business are carried on, such as carding wool, turning broom-handles, turning iron, and sawing firewood. Their principal domestic employments being agriculture, horticulture, the manufacture of brooms, and various kinds of medicines, they have buildings and machinery appro priated to each branch of business sufficient to render each profitable ; and the many articles they manufacture for sale are noted for their neatness, durability, and good quality. No pains is spared in the raising and preparing of their garden seeds, of which they raise a general assortment ; and the botanical herbs, roots, barks, and extracts which they procure for market are prepared in the most punctual and faithful manner. Their brooms, also, have an extensive sale, which need but be used to receive commendation. Thus, all the articles manufactured by them and offered for sale are of the most durable quality, and may be relied on as genuine and pure. They generally perform the most part of their own black-smithing, joiner, and carpenter work, tailoring, and shoe-making; and the females are not less industrious in their various branches of business, including dressmaking, spinning, weaving, braiding whip-lashes, manufacturing bonnets, small fancy baskets, fans, brushes, with a variety of other small saleable articles. The society generally keep from forty to fifty good horses, eighty cows, sixteen yoke of oxen, five hundred sheep, and young cattle and other stock in proportion. The manner of life by them adopted seems not at all deleterious to longevity, for from their statistical reports of the ages of those who have deceased in their society since its first establishment in this country, show an average of fifty-four years. It is a fact, that these singular people strictly adhere to a life of chastity and virgin purity, and do neither marry, nor are given in marriage, but believe that true Christianity consists in purity of heart, and a life devoted to God in all things being ingrafted into the true vine, and living the life and imitating the example of Him who overcame the world, with all its affections and lusts. Consequently, they have nothing to do with war and blood shed, and the political strifes of the world, but choose to live in peace with all men. They are temperate and sober in their habits, discarding entirely the use of ardent spirits and its attendant evils, excepting occasionally in medicinal preparations. In this society, as in other branches of their community, T5 equal rights and privileges are enjoyed, as no one claims aught as his own; but each and all receive according to their needs and circumstances, possessing all things in com mon, whether of a spiritual or temporal nature. The first established and largest Society of Shakers is at New Lebanon, Columbia county, New York, 2* m. 8. of Lebanon Springs. There is also another small Society in tiiis State, at Groveland, Livingston county. The following is a brief statement of the several societies located in the other States. Massachusetts HANCOCK, Berkshire county, 5 m. W. of Pittsfield. TYRINGIIAM, in the same county, 16 m. S. of Hancock. HARVARD, Worcester county, 30 miles N. "W. from Boston. SHIRLEY, Middlesex county, 7 miles W. from Harvard. New Hampshire. CANTERBURY, Merrimac county, 12 m. N. by E. from Concord. ENFIELD, Grafton county, 12 m. S. from Dartmouth College. Connecticut, ENFIELD, Hartford county, 5 m. E. of the Connecticut r., and IS m. N. E. from Hartford. Maine. ALFRED, York county, 30 m. S. W. from Port land. NEW GLOUCESTER, Cumberland county, 25 m. N. "W". from Portland. Ohio. UNION TILLAGE, Warren county, 4 m. W. from Lebanon, and 27 m. N. by E. from Cincinnati ; this is the oldest and largest Society in the Western country. Also, WATERVLIET, Montgomery county, 6 m. S. E. from Dayton. WHITEWATER, Hamilton county, 22 m. N. W. of Cincin nati. NORTH UNION, Cuyahoga county, 7 m. S. E. from Cleveland. Kentucky. PLEASANT HILL, or SHAKERTOWN, Mercer county, S m. E. from Harrodsburg ; pop. 342. SOUTH UNION, Logan county, nearly central between Eussellville and Bow ling Green, 14 m. from the latter, and 50 m. N. of Nash ville (Tenn.) ; pop. in 1S50, 245. WATERYLIET, t. and p. o., Berrien county, Mich. : 96 m. W. S. W. Lansing. WATERVLIET CENTRB, p. o., Albany co., N. Y. : 9 m. N. Albany. WATKINS, p. o., Union co., Ohio : 32 m. N. W. Columbus. WATKINSVILLE, p. T., and cap. Clark co., Ga. : 56 m. N. by W. Milledgeville. It contains a court-house, jail, an academy, several stores, etc. Pop. 935. WATSON, t. and p. o., Lewis co., N. Y.: 110 m. N. W. Albany. Surface hilly and mountainous. Pop. 1.138. WATSON S BRIDGE, p. o., Moore co., N. Car. : 50 m. S. "W. Raleigh. WATSONTOWN, p. o., Northumberland co., Penn. : on E. side of Susquehnnna r., 54 m. N. Harrisburg. WATTSBORO , p. v., Lunenburg co., Virg. : on N. bank of Meherrin r., 53 m. S. W. Eichmond. WATTSBURG, p. b., Erie co., Penn. : on French cr., 190 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. Pop. about 180. WATT S MILLS, p. o., Appanoose co., la. : 87 m. S. W. Iowa City. WATT S MILLS, p. o., Westmoreland co., Penn. : 130 m. W. Harrisburg. WAUHATCIIEE, p. o., Dade co., Ga. : on E. side of Look out cr., 192 m. N. W. Milledgeville. WAUHOO, p. o., Vigo county, Ind. : 63 miles W. by S. [ndianapolis. WAUKAU, p. o., Winnebago co., Wise. : 83 m. N. N. E. Madison. WAUKEENAH, p. o., Jefferson co., Flor. : 19 m. E. S. E. Tallahassee. WAUKEGAN, p. v., port, and cap. Lake co., III. : 196 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. Its site is a very attractive loca- ion, rising from the lake to a considerable eminence, with a hill in the centre, on which stands the court-house. It has had a very rapid growth, which will probably continue for years. It is already well built, containing many hand some and substantial buildings. The surrounding country 913 WAIT WAY is of great fertility, being the best prairie land, and with considerable timber. It has a good harbor, piers, etc., and carries on an extensive lake trade. During 1843, its exports amounted to $283,107, and its imports to $69,081. The " Waukegan Chronicle" (dem.) and the " Gazette" (whig) are issued weekly. The Chicago and Milwaukie E. E. will pass throuffh this place. Pop. about 4,000. WAITKESIIA county, Wise. Situate S. E.. and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Fox r. and its affluents, and other streams. Surface undulating, and diversified with numer ous lakes, which are the sources of many of the streams which traverse the co. in all directions. Soil fertile, and produces good crops of wheat and grain. Pine and other forest trees cover a considerable portion of the land. The water-power supplied by the streams affords good advan tages for manufacturing establishments. Farms 1,703 ; manuf. 78 ; dwell. 3,408, and pop. wh. 19.136, fr. col. 38 total 19,174. Capital: Waukesha. Public Works: Mil waukie and Mississippi E. E. ; Milwaukie and Portage R. E. WATTKESHA, t., p. v., sta., and cap. Waukesha co., Wise. : 60 m. E. by S. Madison. Surface diversified ; soil fine prairie and timber land. Drained by Pishtaka river and branches. The v. is on the Pishtaka r. and the border of a rich prairie. It contains the county buildings and many neat dwellings. The Milwaukie and Mississippi R. R. passes through it, 20 m. from Milwankie, 50 m. from Janes- ville. The " Waukesha Democrat is issued weekly. Pop. oft. 2,814. WATTKSAIK, p. o., Cook county, III. : 175 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. WATTPAKA, p. o., Marquette co., Wise. : on S. side Wau- paka r., 95 m. N. by E. Madison. WATTPITN, t and p. v., Fond du Lac co., Wise. : 57 m. N. E. Madison. Drained by head streams of Rock r., which, immediately S. of the t, enters a large marsh, from which it escapes about 12 m. below. Surface handsomely varied ; soil of great depth, and productive. The v. is a thriving and healthy place, and contains about 300 inhabitants; and within a short distance is the railroad from Fond du Lac to Chicago. The State prison is located here. Pop. of t. 882. WAPSAIT, t., p. v., and cap. Marathon co., Wise. : on E. bank Wisconsin r., 135 m. N. by E. Madison. This is the principal settlement in the co. The inhabitants in and around it for several miles are chiefly engaged in lumber ing and sugar-making. Pop. of t 466. WAUSHARA, t and p. v., Dodge county, Wise. : 43 m. N. E. by N. Madison. Fox lake occupies about one-fourth of the surface of the t The v. is situate on its S. side. Pop. oft. 856. WAUTOMA, p. o., Waukesha co., Wise. : on W. bank of White r., 52 m. N. by E. Madison. WAUWATOSA, t., p. v., and sta., Milwaukie co., Wise. : 72 m. E. Madison. The Milwaukie and Mississippi R. R. passes through the v., 5 m. from Milwaukie, 65 m. from Janesville. Pop. of t 2,056. WAVELAND, p. o., Montgomery co., Ind. : 45 m.W. N.W. Indianapolis. WAVERLY, p. o., Lowndes co., Miss. : on W. side Tom- bigbee r., 130 m. N. E. Jackson. WAVERLY, p. v. and sta., Tioga county, N. Y. : 136 m. W. S. W. Albany. The Erie R. R. passes near it, 266 m. from New York, 203 m. from Dunkirk. WAVERLY, p. v.. Morgan county, III. : 22 miles S. W. Springfield. WAVERLY, p. o., Henry co., Mo. : 97 m. W. by S. Jeffer son City. WAVERLY, p. v., Pike co., Ohio : on W. bank of Scioto r., 57 m. S. Columbus. The Ohio Canal passes through it. Pop. 678. WAVERLY, p. v., and cap. Humphreys co., Tenn. : 57 m. "W. by S. Nashville. Contains the county buildings, etc. WAVERLY, p. o., Luzerne co., Penn. : 80 m. N. E. by E. Harrisburg. 914 WAVERLY HALL, p. o., Harris co., Ga. : on S. side of Mulberry cr., 100 m. W. by S. Milledgeville. WAWARSING, t. and p. o., Ulster co., N. Y. : 70 m. S. S.W. Albany. Surface hilly and mountainous, having on the S. E. the Shawangunk range of mountains ; soil fertile, gravelly loam and clay. Drained by Rondout kill and branches, which afford abundant water-power. The t, is large, containing several settlements and post-offices ; also, about 50 saw-mills, numerous tanneries, and woolen fac tories, with other manufactories. It contains ores of iron, plumbago, and lead. The Delaware and Hudson canal passes through its S. E. part Population in 1840, 4,044 ; in 1850, 6.459. WAWPKCONG, p. o., Miami county, Ind. : 52 miles N. Indianapolis. WAXAHACHIK, p. v., and cap. Ellis county, Tea;. : on N. side of Waxahachie r., 157 m. N. N. E. Austin City. It con tains the court-house, jail, etc. WAY, p. o., Ripley county, Ind. : 65 m. S. E. by E. Indianapolis. WAYLAND, t. and p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : 14 m. W. Boston. Surface of t. pleasantly diversified. Drained by Sudbury river, which forms the principal part of its W. boundary. It contains Pelham and Dudley ponds, and part of Long Pond. Pop. oft. 1,115. WAYLAND, t. and p. o., Allegan co., Mich. : 53 m.W. by S. Lansing. Surface somewhat uneven, and diversified by several handsome ponds. Pop. 406. WAYLAND DEPOT, p. o. and sta., Steuben co., N. Y. : on Buffalo, Corning, and New York R. R.,46 m. from Corning 1 , 201 m. W. Albany. WAYLANDSBCRG, p. v., Culpepper county, Virg. : 72 m. N. N. W. Richmond. WAYLAND S SPRINGS, p. o., Lawrence county, Tenn. : 70 m. S. S. W. Nashville. WAY.MART, p. v., Wayne county, Penn. : 115 m. N. E. Harrisburg. Pop. about 100. WAYNE county, Ga. Situate S. E., and contains 716 sq. m. Drained by Little Santilla and Turtle rivers, and by Finholloway cr. and other small streams of Alatamaha r., which forms its N. boundary. Surface low and level ; soil in general fertile, but there are some portions of marshy ground unfit for cultivation these, when drained, make good grazing land. Farms 172 ; manuf. ; dwell. 182, and pop. wh. 1,088, fr. col. 5, si. 406 total 1,499. Capital: Waynesville. WAYNE county, III. Situate toward the S. E., and con tains 719 sq. m. Little Wabash r. passes through its east ern section, by which and its branches, Skillett fork and Elm cr., it is drained. Surface level, or gently undulating ; soil fertile, and produces wheat and grain, and tobacco in a small quantity. Pork and beef are exported, ready access being had to other markets by means of the Little Wabash. A large portion of the county is prairie and woodland. Farms 492 : manuf. 6 ; dwell. 1.209, and pop. wh. 6,822, fr. col. 3 total 6,825. Capital : Fairfleld. WAYNE county, Ind: Situate E. on Ohio State line, and contains 420 sq. m. The streams are E. and W. forks of White river. Surface level or pleasantly rolling in S. E. somewhat hilly. Dense forests originally covered the co. Soil a rich loam, bedded on clay. Manufactures have a good footing. Farms 1,934 ; manuf. 213; dwell. 4,515, and pop. wh. 24,323, fr. col. 9.917 total 25,320. Capital : Cen- Ireville. Public Works : Whitewater Canal ; Indiana Central R. R. : Richmond and Newcastle R. R., and the Nat. Road. WAYNE county, la. Situate S., and contains 508 sq. m Drained by branches of Chariton and Weldon rivers, and Muddy cr., all tributaries of Crooked Fork of Grand r. Sur face level or rolling- soil fertile, and consists of black mold, with sand and clay intermixed, and favorable to the culti vation of wheat and grain. It has good pasturage, and is well wooded. Farms ; manuf. ; dwell. 57, and pop. wh. 339, fr. col. 1 total 340. Capital : Cambria. WAY WAY WAYNE county, Ky. Situate S. toward the E., and con tains 637 sq. m. Drained by S. fork of Cumberland r. and its branches, and Beaver creek. Surface even ; soil mod erately fertile ; a large portion is well adapted to grazing. Chief productions, wheat and Indian corn ; tobacco and cotton are also grown. It is bounded on the N. by Cum berland r. Farms 929 ; manuf. 11 ; dwell. 1,359, and pop. wh. 7,856, fr. col. 6, si. 830 total 8,692. Capital : Monticello. WAYNE county, Mich. Situate S. E. in the Southern Pe ninsula, and contains about 600 sq. m. Drained by Huron and Rouge rivers and their branches, which flow into De troit r. on the S. E. Surface level ; soil various a sandy loam, with clay intermixed, prevailing. In most parts it is fertile, and produces abundantly. Good water-power is supplied by the Eouge r. and its tributaries. Iron ore of good quality, and limestone are found in this county ; also sulphur springs, the waters of which are used medicinally. The chief products are wheat, Indian corn, oats, and pota toes. Farms 1,6S5 ; manuf. 244; dwell. 7,063, and pop. \vh. 42,035, fr. col. 721 total 42,756. Capital : Detroit. Public Works : Michigan Central E. E. ; Detroit and Pon- tiac E. E. ; Toledo and Detroit E. E. WAYNE county, Miss. Situate E. toward the S., and con tains 764 sq. m. Drained in the E. by Chickasawha r. and its branches, which extend through, the N. portion of the county, and in the W. and S. by branches of Leaf creek. Surface uneven; soil barren; along the streams there is some good land which proves productive. Staples, cotton and Indian corn. Farms 162; manuf. 0; dwell. 231, and pop. wh. 1,399, fr. col. , si. 1,393 total 2,792. Capital : Winchester. Public Works : Mobile and Ohio E. E. WAYNE county, Mb. Situate S. E., and contains 946 sq. m. St. Francois r. flows through it centrally, by which and its branches, and by Big Blackwater r. and Castor cr. it is drained. Surface uneven, and in parts broken. Soil in parts very fertile ; on the rivers are some bottom-lands which are very productive, and raise fine crops of wheat and grain. It contains many minerals, and has excellent timber land. Lake Micola lies on its S. E. border. Farms 478 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 699, and pop. wh. 4,152, fr. col. 6 total 5,233. Cap ital: Greenville. WAYNE county, N. Y. Situate N. W., and contains 572 sq. m. Drained by Clyde r., which is formed by the junc tion of Mud cr. and Canandaigua r. Surface uneven, and diversified in S. portion by hills and valleys. Soil fertile, and productive in a great degree in the S., but principally adapted to grazing and the culture of grain. It contains many minerals, and has some salt and sulphur springs, the former of which yielded a short time back a considerable revenue. Some good beds of iron ore are found. The mountain ridge which runs from E. to W. divides the wa ters of the N. from those which run S. Sodus bay, Port bay, and East bay are on the lake coast. Chief products, wheat and Indian corn. Farms 3,957 ; manuf. 250 ; dwell. 8,074, and pop. wh. 44,701, fr. col. 252 total 44,953. Cap ital: Lyons. Public Works: Syracuse and Eochester E. E. ; Sodus and Southern E. E. ; Erie Canal ; Sodus Canal, etc. WAYNE county, N. Car. Situate S. E. centrally, and contains 328 sq. m. Drained by Neuse r. and its branches. Surface undulating; soil fertile, and adapted to grazing. Chief productions, cotton, wheat, and Indian corn. " Farms 6C8; manuf. 69; dwell. 1,576, and pop. wh. 7,S<)2, fr. col. 604, si. 5,020 total 13,486. Capital: Waynesboro . Public Works : Wilmington and Weldon E. E. ; North Carolina Central E. E., etc. WAYNE county, Ohio. Situate toward N. E.bf the centre, and contains 569 sq. m. Chippewa r. and Sugar cr. drain the E. portion, and Killbuck cr. and its branches the central and eastern. Surface varied, parts being level, and much of it rolling and pleasantly diversified. Soil consists of deep mold, and on the streams is very fertile. Staples, wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. Live-stock and grain are ex ported largely. Farms 2,904 ; manuf. 880 ; dwell. 5,712, and pop wh. 82,953, fr. col. 28 total 82,981. Capital: Wooster. Public Works : Ohio and Pennsylvania E. E. ; Cleveland, Zanesville, and Cincinnati E. E., etc. WAYNE county, Penn. Situate N. E., and contains 762 sq. m. Drained by Lackawaxen cr. and its affluents and tributaries of Delaware r., which forms its N. E. boundary. Surface hilly and broken; on the streams are some fine tracts of level land ; soil fertile. Farms 1,336 ; manuf. 200 ; dwell. 3,719, and pop. wh. 21,841, fr. col. 49 total 21,890. Capital : Bethany. PuUic Works : Delaware and Hudson Canal ; Pennsylvania Coal Company s E. E. WAYNE county, Tenn. Situate S. toward the W., and contains 694 sq. m. Buffalo river and Shoal cr. and their branches, with other affluents of the Tennessee, drain the co. Surface varied, the larger portion being hilly, and in parts broken ; soil, which is a deep mold on the streams, is fertile ; it is adapted to wheat and grain, and cotton and to bacco are produced in considerable quantities. Live-stock and grain are exported. Farms 6S9; manuf. 10; dwell. 1,216. and pop. wh. 7,232, fr. col. 8, si. 930 total 8,170. Capital : Waynesboro . Public Works : Nashville and Memphis E. E. WAYNE county, Virg. Erected from Cabell in 1842. Sit uate W., and contains 412 sq. m. Drained by Twenty- pole cr. and branches of Sandy r. Surface broken, and in parts mountainous ; soil in general is indifferent, but there are some tracts of land which are fertile, and adapted to the culture of grain. Chief products, wheat and Indian corn. Some tobacco is raised. Farms 478 ; manuf. 9 ; dwell. 749, and pop. wh. 4,564, fr. col. 7, si. 189 total 4.760. Capital : Wayne C. H. Public Works : Covington and Ohio E. R. Y/AYNE. sta., Du Page co., 111. : on Galena and Chicago Union E. E., 33 m. from Chicago. WAYNE, t., Allen co., Ind. : 103 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. Pop. in 1840, 2,080 ; in 1850, 5.283. WAYNE, t. and p. v., Kennebec county, Me. : 17 m. W. Augusta. Androscoggin Pond occupies a large part of this t.. which has generally a fertile soil, and pleasantly diversi fied surface. Pop. of 1. 1,367. WAYNE, p. v. and sta., Wayne co., Mich. : on S. branch of Rouge r., and Michigan Central E. E., 18 m. from De troit, 65 m. E. 8. E. Lansing. WAYNE, t. and p. v., Steuben co., N. Y. : 176 m.W. by S. Albany. Bounded in part on the E. by Little and Mud lakes, and on the W. by Crooked lake. Surface hilly in N. part ; soil, loam and clay. The v. contains 2 churches, and about 150 inhabitants. Pop. of 1. 1,847. WAYNE, t. and p. o., Erie co., Penn. : 182 m. N.W. by W. Harrisburg. Pop. of t. about 1,000. WAYNE CENTRE, p. o., Du Page county, III. : 162 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. WAYNE COURT-HOCSE, p. v., and cap. Wayne co., Virg. : 279 m. W. by N. Eichmond. It contains the county build ings, etc. WAYNESBOKO", p. v., sta., and cap. Burke co., Ga. : on the Augusta and Waynesboro R. R., 30 m. from Augusta, 66 m. E. Milledgeville. It contains a court-house, jail, 2 churches, an academy, stores, etc. Pop. about 200. WAYNESBORO , p. v., and cap. Wayne co., N. Car. : on N. side of Neuse river, near the mouth of Little river, 48 m. S. E. by E. Raleigh. It contains the county buildings, et. The North Carolina Central E. E., connecting with the Wilmington and Weldon E. E. at Goldsboro , extends W. through this place to Greensboro . Pop. about 400. WAYNESBORO , p. b., Franklin co., P&nn. : 48 m. S. W. Harrisburg. It contains 3 churches, an academy, and 1 bank, capital $100.000. The " Village Eecord" (neutral) is issued weekly. Pop. about 850. WAYNESBORO , p. v., and cap. Wayne co., Tenn. : 75 m. S. W. Nashville. It contains a court-house, jail, stores, etc., and about 100 inhabitants. 915 WAY WEI WAYNESBORO , p. v., Augusta co., Virg. : on tbe line of the Virginia Central K. R., 86 m. \V. N. W. Richmond. WAYNESBURG, p. v., Lincoln co., Ky. : 31 m. S. by E. Frankfort. WAYNESBURG, p. v., Stark co., Ohio : on Sandy cr. and Sandy and Beaver Canal, 93 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. It contains several stores, manufacturing establishments, etc. A line of railroad from Bayard to New Philadelphia, pass ing through this place, is contemplated. Pop. about 550. WAYNESBUKG, p. b., and cap. Greene co., Penn. : 170 m. "W. by S. Harrisburg. It contains the county buildings, an academy, and 8 churches, several tanneries, stores, etc. The " "Waynesburg Messenger" (dem.), and " Greene Co. Whig" are issued weekly. Pop. S52. WAYNESVILLE, p. v., and cap. Wayne co., Ga. : 153 m. S. E. by S. Milledgeville. It contains the county buildings, an academy, stores, etc. Pop. about 200. WAYNESVILLE, p. v., De Witt co., III.: on S. side Kick- apoo cr., 42 m. N. E. Springfield. WAYNESVILLE, p. v., and cap. Pulaski co., Mo. : on E. side Robidoux fork of Gasconade r., 50 m. S. Jefferson City. It contains the county buildings, etc. Pop. about 200. WAYNESVILLE, p. v., and cap. Haywood co., 2f. Car. : on branch of Big Pigeon r., 248 m. W. by S. Raleigh. It con tains a court-house, jail, etc. Pop. about 120. WAYNESVILLE, p. v., Warren co., Ohio: on W. side of Little Miami river, 62 m. S. W. by S. Columbus. Settled chiefly by Friends. The " Miami Visitor" (literary) is here published. Pop. about 600. WAYNETOWN, t. and p. v., Montgomery co., Ind. : 70 m. W. N. W. Indianapolis. WAYNMANSVILLE, p., o., Upson co., Ga. : 62 m. W. by S- Milledgeville. WEAKLEY county, Tenn. Situate N. W., and contains 972 sq. m. Drained by numerous tributaries of Obion r., an affluent of the Mississippi. Surface level or rolling ; soil consists of rich black mold, and is in general productive. Wheat, grain, tobacco, and cotton are raised, and pork is exported considerably. Farms 1,467; manuf. 13; dwell. 1,943, and pop. wh. 11,523, fr. col. 15, si. 3,070 total 14.508. Capital: Dresden. Public Works: Nashville and Missis sippi R. R. WEAEE, t and p. v., Hillsboro co., N. ITamp.: 14 m. S. W. Concord. Surface uneven. Drained by Piscataquis r., which affords water-power. The t. contains numerous grist and saw mills, with several tanneries, cotton and woolen factories, etc. The v. near the centre is pleasantly situated. The Merrimac and Connecticut Rivers R. R. passes through the v. of East Weare and North Weare, the former 16 m. the latter 19 m. from Manchester. Pop. of t. 2,436. WEAR S COVE, p. o., Sevier co., Tenn. : 177 m. E; by S. Nashville. WEATHEBLY, p. o., Carbon county, Penn. : 70 m. N. E. Harrisburg. WEATUEBSFIELD, t. and p. v., Windsor co., Verm. ; on W. side of Connecticut r., 63 m. S. by E. Montpelier. Sur face uneven ; watered in S. W. part by Black r., which af fords water-power. Mount Ascutney lies on its N. border. The t. contains several pleasant settlements. It has several woolen factories, tanneries, and a variety of mills. Pop. of 1. 1,851. WEATOQTJE, sta., Hartford co., Conn.: on New Haven and Northampton R. R., 40 m. from New Haven, 9 m. N. W. Hartford. WEAVEBSVILLE, p. o., Northampton co., Penn.: 90 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. WEAVERSVILLE, p. o., Fauquier co., Vlrg. : 87 m. N. by W. Richmond. WEAVEBSVILLE, p. v., Trinity county, Calif. : 1S8 m. N. Vallejo. WEBB county, Tex. Situate S. W., and contains about 3,500 sq. m. Drained by small streams of the Rio Grande and Nueces rivers. Surface level or rolling, and is mostly 916 prairie, the undulations and swells giving it the appellation of the rolling prairie ; soil is generally a dark sandy loam, very productive, and yielding very large crops of wheat, grain, cotton, tobacco, sugar, and indigo. Potatoes and other vegetables are also grown. The napal, or prickly pear, abounds. It is extensively wooded. Capital : Laredo. WEBBER S, sta., Cuumberland co., Me. : on Atlantic and St. Lawrence R. R,, 18 m. from Portland, 39 m. S. W. by S. Augusta. WEBBER S PRAIRIZ, p. o., Travis co., Tex. : 16 m. E. by S. Austin City. WEBB S FORD, p. o., Rutherford co., N. Car. : 190 m. W. by S. Raleigh. WEBB S MILLS, p. o., Ritchie co., Virg. : 223 m. N. W. by W. Richmond. WEBB S MILLS, p. o., Chemung co., N. Y. : 164 m. W. by S. Albany. WEBER county, Utah Ter. Extends from the Bear River mountains to the California boundary, and is about 40 m. wide. The E. portion is drained by Bear and Weber rivers, which empty into the Great Salt lake, one-half of which lies in this county. Farms 33 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 227, and pop. wh. 1,186, fr. col. total 1,186. Capital: Browns ville. WEBSTER, t. and p. v., Lincoln county. Me. : 21 m. S. W. Augusta. Surface of t. is pleasantly diversified by several small ponds. Interests chiefly agricultural. Population of 1. 1,110. WEBSTER, t., p. v., and sta., Worcester co., Mass. : 45 m. S. W. by W. Boston. French r. flows on its W. border, and receives the outlet of a large pond, each of which af fords great water-power. The v. contains 2 churches and several very large factories of cotton goods. The Norwich and Worcester R. R. passes through it, 43 m. from Nor wich and 16 m. from Worcester. Pop. of t in 1840, 1,403 ; in 1850, 2.371. WEBSTER, t. and p. o., Washtenaw co., Mich. : 44 m. S. E. Lansing. Soil fertile. Watered by Huron r., several ponds, and Portage lake in its N. W. corner. A part of Dexter v. is in this town. Pop. 924. WEBSTER, t. and p. o., Monroe co., N. Y.: 194 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by small streams flowing into Lake On tario. Soil very fertile. Interests entirely agricultural. Pop. 2,446. WEBSTER, p. o., Wayne county, Ind. : 60 m. E. by N. Indianapolis. WEBSTER, p. o., Hancock co., III. : on branch of Crooked cr.. 84 m. N. W. by W. Springfield. WEBSTER, p. o., Winston county, Miss.: 97 m. N. E. Jackson. WEBSTER S MILLS, p. o., Fulton co., Penn. : 63 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. WEEDOWEE, p. v., Randolph county, Ala. : on S. side of branch of Tallapoosa r., 80 m. N. E. by E. Montgomery. WEED S PORT, p. v. and sta., Cayuga co., N. Y. : on the Erie Canal and Rochester and Syracuse Direct R. R., 149 m. W. by N. Albany. It contains 2 churches, stores, etc., and about 850 inhabitants. WEHADKEE, p. o., Randolph co., Ala. : 83 m. N. E. by E. Montgomery. WEEK S MILLS, p. o., Kennebec co., Me. WEELAUNEE, p. o., Winnebago co., Wise. : 75 m. N. N. E. Madison. WEEWOKAVILLE, p. o., Talladega co., Ala. : 62 m. N Montgomery. WEGATCHIE, p. o., St. Lawrence county, N. Y. : 150 m. N. W. by N. Albany. WEHOGA, p. o., Benton co., Ala. : on branch of Talla poosa r., 100 m. N. E. by N. Montgomery. WEIR S BRIDGE, p. o. and sta., Belknap co., N. Hamp. : on W. shore of Winnipiseogee lake, and on the Boston, Concord, and Montreal R. R., 33 m. from Concord. It is of much summer resort by visitors to the lake, upon which WEI WEL a steamboat, starting from this point, plies daily on excur sion trips. WEIR S CAVE, Virg.: this cavern is generally considerec one of the most beautiful in the world, is 16 m. N. E. Staun ton, 81 m. N. W. by W. Richmond. It is about 1.260 fee long, and divided into numerous apartments, each abound ing with white limestone pillars, stalactites, and stalagmite of great brilliancy, as seen by torches, and with consider able variety of form and color. WEISENBURG, t and p. o., Lehigh county, Penn. : 66 m E. N. E. Harrisburg. The t. contains numerous distilleries tanneries, grist and saw mills. Pop. about 1,600. WEISEBURG, p. v., Baltimore co., Md. : 44 m. N. Annapolis WEISPORT, p. o., Carbon co., Penn.: 72 m. N. E. by E Harrisburg. WF.LAK.Y, p. v.. Orange c., Flor. : on the E. bank of St John s r.. 27 in. above Pilatka, and -238 m. E. S. E, Talla hassee. This is a new settlement, but is expected to becom< a place of considerable commerce, since, by running steam ers up to this point, the present pole-boat navigation t( Pilatka, which is frequently dangerous, would be avoided Very near the v., and near the bank of the r., are the Welaka Sulphur Springs, and about 2 m. distant are the Magnolia Springs one sulphur and the other magnesia. Game and fish are abundant. WELCH S MILLS, p. o., Cabarras county, W. Car. : 96 m. W. by S. Raleigh. WELCHVILLE, p. o., Oxford co., Me. : 45 m. W. Augusta. WELD, L and p. o., Franklin co., Me. : 40 m. N. W. byjS Augusta. Drained by streams flowing into Weld Pond, in. the S. central part. Surface diversified, with fertile soil. Pop. 995. WELDOX. p. v., and sta., Halifax co., AT. Car.: OH S. W. bank of Eoanoke r., 70 m. N. E. Raleigh. The Roanoke here has a great fall, but is navigable for vessels of 75 tons. A canal around the falls, 12 m. long, with lockage of 100 feet, extends navigation to Staunton r., about 200 m. The Wilmington and Weldon R. R (from Wilmington 1(12 m.), here connects with Petersburg R. It., 64 m. long., Sea-board and Roanoke R. R. to Portsmouth, SO m., and Gaston and Weldon R. R. The v. has a good site, and possesses con siderable trade. The "Weldon Herald" (whig) is issued weekly. Pop. about 600. WELD S LANDING, p. o., Dubuqnc co.. la.: on S. W. bank of Mississippi r., 72 m. N. E. by N. Iowa City. WELBORN, p. v., and cap. Coffee co., Ala. : 81 m. S. S. E. Montgomery. It contains the county buildings. WELLBOEN S MILLS, p. o., Houston co., Ga. : on S.side of branch of Ocmulgee r., 42 m. S. W. by S. Milledgeville. WELLERSBURG, p. v., Somerset co., Penn. : Iu5 m. W. S.W. Harrisburg. WELI.KRVILLE, p. o., Crawford county, Ohio: 60 m. N. Columbus. WELI.FLEET, t. and p. v., Barnstable co., Mass.: 58 m. 8. E. by E. Boston. The t. extends across Cape Cod, and has a sandy soil. Wellfleet bay, upon which the v. is sit uated, affords good harborage. The v. employs considerable shipping in the fisheries and coasting trade, and is largely engaged in the manufacture of salt. Pop. of t. 2,411. WELLINGTON, t. and p. o., Piscataquis co., Me.: 53 m. N. by E. Augusta. Pop. 600. WELLINGTON, p. v., Lafayette co., Mo. : on S. bank of Missouri r., 106 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. WELLINGTON, p. o., Morgan co., Ga. : 42 m. N. by W. Milledgeville. WELLINGTON, t, p. v., and sta., Lorain co., Oldo: 89 m. N. N. E. Columbus. Drained by W. branch of Black r. The Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Columbus R. R. passes through, 36 m. from Cleveland, 99 m. from Columbus, and 219 m. from Cincinnati. Pop. of L in 1840, 781 ; in 1850, 1,556. WELLINGTON, p. o., Lake co.. HI. : 190 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. WELLS county, Ind. Situate N. E. middle, and contains 372 sq. m. Drained by Upper Wabash and Salamonie rivers. Surface level, or gently undulating, well timbered, and the soil universally good. There are some wet prairies and marshes. Farms 640; manuf. 14; dwell. 1,021, and pop. wh. 6,141, fr. col. 11 total 6,152. Capital : Bluffton. Public Works : Fort Wayne and Southern R. R. WELLS, t., p. v., and sta., York co., Me. : 81 m. S. S. W. Augusta. Soil inferior and marshy. Drained by small streams flowing into the Atlantic Ocean. The harbor of the v. admits small vessels, of which a considerable number are employed in the coasting trade. The t. contains numerous mills, with several tanneries. The Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth R. R. passes through the t., 23 miles from Port land, and 23 m. from Portsmouth. Pop. of t. 2,945. WELLS, t. and p. o., Hamilton co., N. Y. : 69 m. N. N. W. Albany. Surface diversified. Drained by Sacandaga r. Pop. about 400. WELLS, t. and p. v., Rutland co., Verm. : 67 m. S. S. W. Montpelier. Surface of L diversified, containing Lake Aus tin, extending nearly through the t. from Poultney centrally S., the outlet of which flowing into Pacolet r., affords water- power. The v. is situated on this outlet. Pop. of t 804. WELL S island, Jefferson co., N. Y. : is one of the largest of the Thousand Islands, in the St. Lawrence river. It is attached to the t of Clayton, and is of note, from the burn ing of the steamer Sir Robert Peel in the vicinity, during the Canadian Rebellion. WKLLS river, Verm.: is an important mill-stream, flowing from Long Pond, in Groton, S. E. to its entrance into the Connecticut at Wells River village. WELLSIJORO , p. b., and cap., Tioga co., Penn. : 102 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. It contains a court-house, jail, stores, etc., and an academy. A plank road extends hence to Tioga. The Wellsboro Advertiser" (whig) is here pub lished. Pop. 620. WELLSBTRG, p. o., St. Charles co., Mo. : 78 m. E. by N. Jefferson City. WELLSBTRG. p. o. and sta.. Chemung co., N. Y. : on Erie R. R., 270 m. from New York, 193 m. from Dunkirk, and 162 m. W. S. W. Albany. WELLSBURG, p. v. and cap. Brooke co., Virg. : on the E. side of Ohio r., at the mouth of Buffalo cr., 250 m. N. W. Richmond. It has an elevated and beautiful situation, and was laid out in 17S9. It contains the county buildings, 5 lurches, 8 seminaries, and 1 bank, capital $118,000. It has very extensive trade with the river towns and New Or- eans. Its principal manufactures are earthen and stone ware, glass and flour. The "Millennial Harbinger," and Wellsburg Herald" (indep.), are issued weekly. In the vicinity are great beds of bituminous coal. Pop. about 2,200. WELL S CORNER, p. o., Orange co., 2i. Y. : 96 m. S. S. W. Albany. WELL S CORNEBS, p. o., Erie co., Penn. : 195 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. WELLSCOT, p. o., Union county, Ga. : 137 m. N. by W. Milledgeville. WELL S DEPO^T, p. o. and sta., York co., Me. : on Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth R. R., 28 m. from Portland, 23 m. rom Portsmouth, 83 m. S. S.W. Augusta. WELL S MILLS, p. o., Appanoose co., la. : on E. side of Chariton r.. 90 m. S. W. Iowa City. WELL S RIVER, p. v. and sta., Orange co., Verm. : on W. de of Connecticut r.. at the mouth of Wells r., 26 m. E. S. E- Montpelier. It is surrounded by very high hills, preventing ny great growth ; but it is a place of much business. The Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers R. R. passes through, m. from White river junction, 31 m. from South Johns- ury. The Boston, Concord, and Montreal R. R. will here ross the Connecticut The village contains one bank, cap. 75.000, and has some manufactures. WELLSVILLE, p. v., Alleghany co., 2f. Y. : 227 m. W. by S. Albany. 917 WEL WELLSVILLE, p. v. and sta., Columbiana co., Ohio: on "W. bank of Ohio river, 126 m. E. N. E. Columbus. It was laid out in 1S24 by William Wells. It has very extensive trade with river towns and with the interior. The Cleve land and Pittsburg E. E. here connects by steamboat to Pittsburg with the other or railroad portion of the route, to Cleveland, 100 m. An extension of the railroad to Wheel ing is now in progress. Pop. in 1840. 759 ; in lS50 r 1,549. WELLSVILLE, p. o., Newberry district, S. Car. ; 47 miles W. N. W. Columbia. WELSHFIELD, p. o., Geauga county, Ohio : 130 m. N. E. Columbus. WELSH EUN, p. o., Franklin eo., Penn. : 85 m. W. S. W. Harrisburg. WENDE station, Erie co., N. T. : on Buffalo and Kochester E. E., 18 m. from Buffalo, 50 m. from Eochester. WENDELL, t., p. v., and sta., Franklin co., Jfa-ss. : 68 m. W. by N. Boston. Bounded N. by Miller s r., which affords water-power. The v., situate centrally, is neatly built. The Vermont and Massachusetts E. E. passes through its N. part. Pop. of t 920. WENDELL DEP&T, p. o. and sta., Franklin co., Mass. : on Vermont and Massachusetts E. E., 40 m. from Fitchburg, 29 m. from Brattleboro , 69 m. W. by N. Boston. WENHAM, t, p. v.. and sta., Essex co., Mttss. : on Eastern E. E., 20 m. N. X. E. Boston. Surface pleasantly diversified. Wenham Pond, about 1 m. sq., is a beautiful sheet of water, noted lor its transparency ; it abounds with fish, and in win ter great quantities of ice are here cut for market. Pop. of t977. WENTWORTH, t, p. v., and sta., Grafton co., N. Hamp. : 48 m. N. N. W. Concord. The t is drained by Baker river, which affords water-power to several mills and factories. The Boston, Concord, and Montreal E. E. passes through the v., 67 m. from Concord. Pop. of t. 1,197. WENTWORTH, p. o., Lake co., III. : 192 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. WENTWORTH, p. v., and cap. Eockingham co., N. Car. : on E. side of small branch of Dan r., 76 m. N. W. by W. Ealeigh. It contains the county buildings. Population about 120. WENTWORTH S LOCATION, p. o., Coos county, JV. Hamp. : 117 m. N. Concord. WESCOSVILLE, p. o., Lehigh co., Penn. : 70 m. E. X. E. Harrisburg. WESLEY, p. o., Fulton co., Intl. : 85 m. N. Indiannpolis. WESLEY, p. o., Monroe co., Miss. : on E. side of Tombig- bee r., 142 m. N. E. Jackson. WESLEY, p. o., Hickman county, Ky. : 125 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. WESLEY, t. and p. o., Washington co., Me. : 114 m. E. X. E. Augusta. Pop. of t. 829. WESLEY, p. o., Venango co., Penn. : 168 m. W. X. W. of Harrisburg. WESLEY, t. and p. v., Washington co., Ohio : 47 m. E. S. E. Columbus. Surface of t. rolling. Drained by small streams flowing into Ohio r. Pop. of t. 1.561. WESLEY, p. v., Haywood county, Tenn. : S m. S. of Big Hatchee r.. 150 m. W. S. W. Nashville. WESLEY CITY, p. o., Tazewell county, III. : on E. side of Illinois r., 56 m. N. Springfield. WESLEY CHAPEL, p. o., Tippecanoe county, Ind. : 54 m. N. W. Indianapolis. WESLEYVILLE, p. v., Erie co., Penn. : 200 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. WKSORULOA, p. o.,Eandolph co., Ala. : 88 m. N. E. byN. Montgomery. WEST river, Windham county, Verm. . an excellent mill- stream rises in Weston, flows in general course S. S. E., and empties into the Connecticut river in N. E. part of Brat- tleboro . WEST river, Anne Arundel co.. J/?7. : a large estuary of Chesapeake bay, in S. part of the county. 913 WES WEST ACTON, p. v. and sta., Middlesex co., Mass. : on Fitchburg E. E., 27 m. from Boston. WEST ADDISON, p. o., Stcuben county, N. Y. : 190 m, W. by S. Albany. WEST ALBURG, p. o. and sta., Grand Isle co., Verm. : 6 m. N. W. Montpelier. The Vermont Central E. E. passes through, 1 mile E. Eouse s Point and 156 J miles from Windsor. WEST ALEXANDRIA, p. v., Washington co., Penn. : near the Ohio State lino, 182 m. W. Harrisburg. The Hempfield E. E. will pass near it. WEST ALEXANDRIA, p. v., Preble co., Ohio : on W. side of Twin cr. of Miami r., 80 m. W. by S. Columbus. WEST ALMOND, t. and p. o., Alleghany co., N. Y. : 218 m. W. by S. Albany. Surface hilly. Drained by branches of Genesee r. Pop. 976. WEST ALTON, p. v., Belknap co., N. Hamp. : on W. shore of Winnipiseogee lake, 23 m. N. E. by N. Concord. WEST AMESBURY. p. o., Essex county, Mass. : 85 m. N. Boston. WEST ANDOVER, p. v. and sta., Merrimac co., N. Hamp. : on Northern E. E., 83 m. from Concord. WEST ANDOVER, p. o., Ashtabula co., Ohio: 162 m. N. E. Columbus. WEST ANSON, p. o,, Somerset co., Me. : 86 m. N. N. W. Augusta. WEST ARLINGTON, p. o., Bennington co., Verm. : S3 m. S. S. W. Montpelier. WEST ASHFORD, p. o., Windham co., Conn. : 28 m. E. N. E. Hartford. WEST AuBtrp.N, p. o., Susquehanna co., Penn.: 100 m. N. N. E. Harrisburg. WEST AURORA, p. o., Erie co., N. Y. : 258 m. W. Albany. WEST AVON, p. o., Hartford county, Conn. : 10$ m. W. Hartford. WEST BAINBEIDGB, p. o,, Chenango co., N. Y.: S3 m. W. S. W. Albany. WEST BALDWIN, p. o., Cumberland co., Me. ; on E. side of Saco r., 63 m. S. W. by W. Augusta. WEST BALTIMORE, p. o., Montgomery co., Ohio: 66 m. W. by S. Columbus. WEST BARNSTABLE, p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : 64 m, S. E. by S. Boston. WEST BARRE, p. o., Huntingdon county, Penn. : 53 m. W. X. W. Harrisburg. WEST BARRE, p. o., Fulton co., Ohio : 123 m. N. N. W. Columbus. WEST BATH, t. and p. o., Lincoln county, Me. : 27 m. S. Augusta. Pop. 560. WEST BEAVER, p. o., Columbiana county, Ohio. : 123 m. E. X. E. Columbus. WEST BECKET, p. o., Berkshire co., Mass. : 104 m. W. Boston. WEST BEDFORD, p. o., Coshocton county, Ohio: 67 m. X. E. by E. Columbus. WEST BEND, t., p. v., and capital of Washington county, Wi<-.: 63 m. E. N. E. Madison. Drained by Milwankie r. and branches. The v. contains a court-house, jail, etc. Pop. oft. 67-2. WEST BERGEN, p. o. and sta., Genesee co.. N. Y. : on Buf falo and Kochester B. E., 22 m. from Eochester, 46 m. from Buffalo, 224 m. W. by X. Albany. WEST BERKSHIRE, p. o., Franklin county, Verm. : 50 m. N. X. W. Montpelier. WEST BERLIN, p. o., St. Clair co., Mich. : 82 m. E. by N. Lansing. WEST BERLIN, p. o., Eensselaer co., N. Y. : IS m. E. Albany. WEST BETHANY, p. o., Genesee co., N. Y. : 232 m. W. Albany. WEST BETHEL, p. v. and sta., Oxford co.. Me. : on E. side of Andrnsc. ggin r.. 54 m. W. Augusta. Thf Atlantic and 6t. Ltiwrence 11. K. passes through. 74 m. from Portland. WES WES WEST BLOOMFIELD, t. and p. v., Oakland co., Mich, : 60 ra. E. by 8. Lansing. Pop. of 1. 1,085. WEST BLOOMFIELD, p. v., Essex county, N. Jer. : 48 m. N. E. by N. Trenton. It contains several stores, etc. Shoe- making is carried on extensively. WKST BLOOMFIELD, t. and p. v., Ontario co., Nl Y. : 198 miles W. Albany. Surface of t. somewhat hilly ; drained by Iloneoye cr., which affords water-power. The v. has an ek-vated site, and contains 3 churches, with stores, etc. The Cnnandaigna and Niagara Falls E. K. passes through it. Pop. oft. 1,693. WEST Bo I/TON, p. o., Chittenden county, Verm. : IS m. N. W. by W. Montpelier. WESTBORO , t., p. v., and sta., Worcester co., Mass. : 28 m. W. by S. Boston. Surface pleasantly diversified, and containing several ponds ; soil fertile. Drained by branches of Sudbury and Concord rivers, which afford water-power. The Boston and Worcester E. E. passes through S. part of t., 32 m. from Boston, 13 m. from Worcester. In this t. is located the State Eeform School for boys, which generally contains about 300 inmates. Pop. of t. 2,376. WESTBORO , p. o., Clinton county, Ohio : 54 m. S. W. Columbus. WEST BOSCATVEN, p. o., Merrimac co., 2f. Ramp. : 12 m. N. W. Concord. WEST BOXFORD, p. o., Esssx co., Mass. : 24 m. N. Boston. WEST BOYLSTON, t, p. v., and sta., Worcester co., Mass. : 36 m. W. Boston. Drained by branches of Nashua r., which afford water-power to various factories. The Worcester and Nashua E. E. passes through the v., 9 m. from Worcester, 30 m. from Nashua. Pop. of 1. 1,749. WEST BRAINTREE, p. o., Orange county, Verm. : 22 m. W. by S. Montpelier. WEST BRANCH, p. o., Oneida co., N. Y. ; on branch of Mohawk r., 102 m. W. N. W. Albany. WEST BRATTLEBORO , p. v. Windham co., Verm. : 102 m. 8. Montpelier. WEST BREWSTER, p. o., Barnstable co., Mass. : 63 m. S. E. Boston. WEST BRIDGEWATER, t. and p. v., Plymouth co., Mass. : 24 m. S. Boston. Surface level ; drained by a large branch of Taunton r., which affords water-power. The Fall Eiver E. E. touches its E. border. Pop. of t. 1,447. WEST BROOK, t., p. v., and sta., Middlesex co., Conn. : 36 m. S. by E. Hartford. Bounded S. by Long Island Sound. The New Haven and New London E. It. passes through, 26 m. from New Haven, 24 m. from New London. Popu lation of 1. 1,203. WEST BROOK, p. o., Bladen co., N . Car. : on W. side of Cape Fear r., 88 m. S. by E. Ealeigh. WEST BROOKFIELD, t, p. v., and sta., Worcester co. Mass. : 57 m. W. by S. Boston. Surface pleasantly diversified, and contains a handsome pond. The Western E. E. passes through the S. part of t., 25 m. from Worcester, 69 m. from Boston. Pop. of 1. 1,344. WEST BROOKFIELD, p. o., Stark county, Ohio : 100 miles N. E. by E. Columbus. WKST BROOKVILLE, p. v., Hancock co., Me. : 52 m. E. Augusta. WEST BROOKVILLE, p. v., Sullivan co., N. Y. : 84 m. S. S. W. Albany. WEST BROWNSVILLE, p. v., Washington co., Penn. : 175 m. W. Harrisburg. Pop. 477. WEST BUCKFIELD, p. o., Oxford co., Me. : 32 m. W. by S. Augusta. WEST BUFFALO, p. o., Scott co., la. : on W. side Missis sippi r., 41 m. E. S. E. Iowa City. WEST BURLINGTON, p. o., Otsego co., N. Y. : 74 m. W. Albany. WKST BURLINGTON, p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : 102 m. N. Harrisburg. WF-STBUBY, p. o., Wayne co., 2f. Y. : 160 m. W. by N. Albany. WEST BTTTLER, p. o., Wayne co., N. Y.: 163 m. W. by N. Albany. WEST BUXTON, p. o., York county, Me. : 63 m. S. W. Augusta. WEST CAMBRIDGE, t., p. v., and sta., Middlesex co., Mass. : 6 m N. W. Boston. Surface in S. E. part level, low, and somewhat marshy ; in the middle more elevated and dry ; in N. W. part broken and rocky. It contains Spy and Little ponds, with part of Fresh Pond, which are very beautiful sheets of water, abounding with fish, and furnishing great quantities of ice for Boston market and exportation. Soil fertile and highly cultivated. Great quantities of garden vegetables and fruit are raised for the Boston markets. Manufacturing establishments are not numerous. Many persons here residing transact their daily business in Bos ton, to which trains run hourly, over the Fitchburg E. E. The Lexington and West Cambridge Branch E. E extends hence to Lexington v., 5 m. This t. and vicinity are of much historical interest. The valuation of property in this t., in 1840, was $472,423 ; in 1850, $1,671,644. Pop. of t. in 1840, 1,363 ; in 1S50, 2,202. WEST CAMDEN, p. o., Waldo county, Me. : 39 m. E. S. E. Augusta. WEST CAMDEN, p. o. and sta., Oneida co., N. Y.: on Watertown and Eome E. E., 23 m. from Eome, 120 m. W. N. W. Albany. WEST CAMERON, p. o., Steubeu co., N. Y. ; 196 m. W. by S. Albany. WEST CAMP, p. v., Ulster co., N. Y. : on W. side of Hud son r., 38 m. S. by W. Albany. WEST CAMPTON, p. o., Grafton county, N. Ilamp. : 42 m. N. by W. Concord. WEST CANADA creek, N. Y. : rises in Hamilton co., flows S. W., S. E., and S., and empties into Mohawk r., 1 m. below Herkimer v. It has a very rapid current, affording great water-power. Its principal descent is at Trenton Falls, 20 m. above its mouth, where it has a descent of more than 300 feet in 4 miles. WEST CANAAN, p. o. and sta., Grafton co., N. ffamp. : on Northern E. E., 56 m. from Concord, 13 m. from W. Lebanon. WEST CANDOR, p. o., Tioga co., -ZV. Y. : 140 m. W. by S. Albany. WEST CARLISLE, p. v., Coshocton co., Ohio : 35 m. E.N.E. Columbus. WEST CARLTON, p. o., Orleans county, Jf. Y.: 240 m. W. by N. Albany. WEST CAYUTA, p. o., Chemung co., 2f. Y. : 153 m. W. by S. Albany. WEST CHARLESTON, p. o., Penobscot county, Me. : 64 m. N. E. Augusta. WEST CHARLESTON, p. v., Miami co., Ohio: 58 m. W. Columbus. WEST CHARLESTON, p. v., Orleans co., Verm. : on N. side of Clyde r., 50m. N..N. E. Montpelier. WEST CHARLTON, p. v., Saratoga county, 2f. Y.: 24 m. N. W. by N. Albany. WEST CIIAZY, p. v., and sta., Clinton co., Nl Y. : on Platts- burg and Montreal E. E., 10 m. from Plattsburg, 52 m. from Montreal, 152 m. N. Albany. It contains a church, stores, etc., and several mills on Little Chazy r. WEST CHKLMSFORD, p. v., Middlesex co., Mass,: 23 m N. W. Boston. WESTCHESTER county, N. Y. Situate S. E., and contains 470 sq. m. Drained by Croton, Sawmill, and Bronx rivers, which supply good water. Surface generally hilly, being broken by numerous ridges, running chiefly from S. W. to N. E. ; soil naturally indifferent, but where cultivated is pro ductive. Good crops of corn are raised, and fruits and vegetables in considerable quantity. These, with wheat and Indian corn, form the staple productions. This county is rich in minerals. At Sing-Sing marble is found in abund ance, and in the vicinity is a copper mine formerly wrought, 919 WES WES but for some time abandoned. It contains Crotou lake, which, by means of an aqueduct, supplies New York with a con stancy of fresh water. Farms 2.587; manuf. 396; dwell. 8,754, and pop. wh. 56.217, fr. col. 2,046 total 5S.2C3. Otft- itals : Bedford and White Plains. PitUic Works : Hudson Eiver R. E. ; Harlem K. E. ; New York and New Haven E. E. ; Croton Aqueduct WESTCHESTER, p. v., New London county, Conn. : 20 m. S. E. by S. Hartford. It contains a church, academy, several stores, etc. WESTCHESTER, t. and p. v., Westchester co., N. Y. : 123 m. S. Albany. Bounded E. and S. by East r., and W. by Bronx r. Surface pleasantly diversified ; soil clay loam, and highly cultivated, producing immense quantities of garden vege tables, etc., for the New York markets. The v., on West- Chester cr., 12 m. from the City Hall, New York, contains 3 churches, stores, etc., and about 500 inhabitants. Sloops ply hence to New York. Pop. of t. 2.492. WESTCUESTEK, p. v., Butler co., Ohio : 84 m. S. W. by W. Columbus. WESTCHESTER, p. b., and cap. Chester co., Penn. : 70 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. It is regularly laid out with streets, crossing each other at right angles. Incorporated as a borough in 1799. It contains the county buildings. 2 market- houses, 1 bank, capital $225,000, and 6 churches. It has considerable trade and manufactures, and is connected by a branch of the Columbia E. E., with Philadelphia, A direct railroad to Philadelphia is also being constructed. Its citizens are noted for enterprise and intelligence, and have several literary associations. Five weekly newspapers were published in 1850 "Village Eecord" (whig), " Eegister and Examiner" (whig), " Republican" (dem.), " Jeffersonian" (dem.), and " Phoenix Ledger" (dem.) Pop. about 2,500. WEST CHESTERFIELD, p. o., Hampshire co., Mass. : 92 m. W. Boston. WEST CLAREMONT, p. v., Sullivan co., 2T. Ilamp. : 41 m. W. by N. Concord. WEST CLARKSVILLB, p. v., Alleghany co., N. T. : 242 m. W. by S. Albany. WEST CLIMAX, p. o., Kalamazoo co., Mich. : 55 m. S. W. Lansing. WEST COLESVILLE, p. v., Broome county, tf. Y. : 92 m. W. S. W. Albany. WEST COLUMBIA, p. v., Mason co., Virg. : 263 m. W.N.W. Richmond. WEST CONCORD, p. v., Erie county, N. Y.: 262 miles W. Albany. WEST CONCORD, p. v. and sta., Merrimac co., N. Ramp. : on Northern E. E., 3 m. W. N. W. Concord. It contains a cotton factory, carriage manufactory, etc. The Merrimac and Connecticut Rivers R. R. passes through the place. WEST CONCORD, p. v., Essex co., Verm. ; 36 m. E. by N. Montpelier. WEST CONESUS, p. v., Livingston co., N. Y. : 208 m. W. Albany. WEST CONSTABLE, p. o., Franklin county, N. Y. : 162 m. W. by N. Albany. WEST CORNWALL, p. v. and sta., Litchfield co., Conn: on E. side of Housatonic r., 36 m. W. by N. Hartford. The Housatonic R. R. passes through, 61 m. from Bridgeport, 49 m. from Pittsfleld. It contains a church and several manufacturing establishments. WEST CORNWALL, p. o., Addison county, Verm. : 36 m. S. W. by W. Montpelier. WEST CREEK, p. o., Lake county, Ind. : 68 m. N. N. W. Indianapolis. WEST CREEK, p. o., Ocean county, N. Jer. : 34 m. S. E. Trenton. WEST CUMBERLAND, p. o., Cumberland co., Me.: 43 m. B. W. by S. Augusta. WEST DANBY, p. v., Tompkins co., 2T. Y. : 144 m. W. by 8. Albany. WEST DANVERS, sta., Essex co., Mass. : on Salem and Lowell R. R., 6 m. from Salem, 18 m. from Lowell. WEST DANVILLE, p. v., Cumberland co., Me.: 31 m. S.W. Augusta. WEST DAVENPORT, p. v., Delaware co., N. Y. : 62 m. W. by S. Albany. WEST DAY, p. o., Saratoga co., N. Y. : on Sacandaga r., 44 m. N. N. W. Albany. WEST DEDHAM, p. v. and sta., Norfolk county, Mass. : on Norfolk County R. E., 12 m. S. W. from Boston, 23 m. from Blackstone. WEST DEERFIELD, p. v., Eockingham co., Jf. Ilamp.: 13 m. S. E. by E. Concord. WEST DENNIS, p. o., Barnstable co., Mass. : 63 m. S. E. Boston. WEST DERBY, p. v., Orleans co., Verm. : 53 m. N. N. E, Montpelier. WEST DOVER, p. v., Windham county, Verm.: 77 m. S. Montpelier. WEST DOVER, p. o., Piscataquis co., Me. : 65 m. N. E. by N. Augusta. WEST DRESDEN, p. o., Yates co., N. Y. : 176 m.W. Albany. WEST DRYDEN, p. v., Tompkins co., N. Y. : 140 m. W. Albany. WEST DUBLIN, p. v., Fulton co., Penn. : 58 m. W. by 8. Harrisburg. WEST DUMMERSTON, p. v., Windham co., Verm. : 80 m. S. Montpelier. WEST DURHAM, p. o., Cumberland co., Me. : 32 m. S. W. by S. Augusta. WEST DUXBURY, p. v., Plymouth co., Mass.: 36 m. S. E. Boston. WEST EDMESTON, p. v.. Otsego co., 2f. Y. : on E. aide of Unadilla r., 80 m. W. Albany. WEST ELIZABETH, p. v., Alleghany county, Penn. : on W. side Monongahela r., 155 m. W. Harrisburg. WEST ELKTON, p. o., Preble co., Ohio : 86 m. W. by S. Columbus. WEST ELI.ERY, p. o., Chautauque co., N. Y. : 297 m. W. by S. Albany. WEST ELY, p. o., Marion county, Mo. : 85 m. N. N. E. of Jefferson City. WEST EMDEN, p. v., Somerset co., Me. : 44 m. N. by W. Augusta. WEST END, p. o., Bedford co., Penn. : 84 m. W. by S. of Harrisburg. WEST ENFIELD, p. o., Grafton county, If, Ilamp. : 39 m. N. W. Concord. WEST EXFIELD, p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : 72 m. N. E. of Augusta. W T EST ENOSBURG, p. v., Franklin co., Verm. : 54 m. W. by N. Montpelier. WESTERLOO, t. and p. v., Albany co., W. Y. : 17m. S. W. Albany. Drained by Provost cr. and other branches of Catskill r. The t. contains several grist and saw mills, but the inhabitants are generally engaged in farming, etc. Pop. 2,860. WESTERLOO island, Albany co., W. Y. : lies in the Hud son r., in Albany co., opposite Bethlehem, to which t. it is attached. It is 2 m. long, i m. wide, and of extraordinary fertility. WESTERLY,!., p. v., and sta., Washington co., R. I. : 26 m. W. by S. Newport. Bounded S. by the Atlantic and W. by Connecticut. Pawtucket r. flows on its N. and W. border, affording water-power to numerous mills and factories. The t. has an uneven surface, and contains several stores, 3 churches, and 3 banks, capital $325,000. It has consider able coasting trade and ship-building. The Stonington and Providence R. R. passes through it, 5 in. from Stonington, 45 m. from Providence. Pop. of t, in 1840, 1.912 ; in 1850, 2,766. WESTERMAN S MILLS, p. o., Baltimore co., Md. : on Bal timore and Susquehanna R. R., 18 m. from Baltimore. WES WES WESTERN FORD, p. o., Randolph co., Virg. : on W. aid of Cheat r., 163 m. N. W. Richmond. WESTERNPOUT, p. v., Alleghany co., Md. : on N. Bid Potomac r., 135 m. W. by N. Annapolis. It is connected b railroad with the coal mines, and will become an importan place of deposit. WESTERN PRONG, p. o., Bladen co., N, Car. : about 2 m W. White Marsh cr., 84 m. S. Raleigh. WESTERN SARATOGA, p. o., Union co., III. : 162 m. S. by E Springfield. WESTERN STAB. p. o., Summit county, Ohio: 96 m. N. E Columbus. WKSTERNVILLE, p. v., Oneida co., N. Y. : on Mohawk r and Black River Canal, 80 m. W. N. W. Albany. It con tains 2 churches, several stores, and mills. Pop. about 300 WESTERNVILLE, p. v., Franklin co., Ohio : 12 m. Columbus WEST EXETER, p. o., Otsego co., N. Y. : 70 m. W. by N Albany. WEST F AIRFIELD, p. v., Westmoreland co., Penn. : on a small branch of Conemaugh r., 115 m. W. Harrisburg. In the vicinity is a charcoal hot-blast furnace, with annual ca pacity of 1,800 tons, employing 80 men ; also a charcoal coal-blast furnace, with annual capacity of 1,100 tons, em ploying 40 men. WEST FAIRLEE, t. and p. v., Orange co., Verm. : 28 m. S. E. Moutpelier. Surface mountainous. Drained by branches of Ompompanoosuc r. Pop. 696. WEST FALLS, p. o., Erie co., N. Y. : 264 m. W. Albany. WEST FALMOUTH, p. v., Cumberland county, Me. : 48 m. S. W. by S. Augusta. WEST FALMOUTH, p. v., Barnstable county, Mass. : 58 m. S. S. E. Boston. WEST FARMINGTON, p. o., Ontario county, N. Y. : 169 m. W. by N. Albany. WEST FARMS, t. and p. v., Westchester co., W. Y. : 126 m. S. Albany. The t is bounded E. by Bronx r. and W. by Harlem r., and contains several pleasant villages on the Harlem R. R. The v. on Bronx r. contains 4 churches and several factories. Several sloops ply to New York, convey ing country produce to the city markets. Pop. of t. 4,436. WEST FAYETTE, p. o., Seneca co., N. Y. : 165 m. W. by N. Albany. WESTFIELD, p. o., Clark co., III. : 90 m. E. by S. Springfield. WESTFIELD, p. o., Hamilton county, Ind. : 18 miles N. Indianapolis. WESTFIELD, t., p. v., and sta., Hampden co., Ma$s. ; 74m. W. by S. Boston. Surface diversified. Drained by West- field r. and its branch, Little r., which afford water-power to numerous manufactories. The v. is handsomely situated on a plain, and is neatly built. In the centre is a public ground, fronting which are the principal churches and ho tels. The v. contains a town-house, State normal school, an academy, several churches, and 2 banks, capital $200,000. The Western R. R. passes through it, 9 m. from Springfield, 64 m. from Worcester, 108 m. from Boston, and 92 m. from Albany. The " News-Letter" (whig) and " Standard" (dem.) are issued weekly. Pop. of t. in 1840, 8,526 ; in 1850, 4,186. WESTFIELD, t., p. v., and sta., Essex co., N. Jer. : 36 m. N. E. by N. Trenton. Surface in S. part level, in N. part hilly. The t. contains several flouring and grist mills. The New Jersey Central R. R. passes through, 23 m. from New York. 55 m. from Easton. Pop. 1,575. WESTFIELD, t., p. v., and sta., Chautauque co., N. Y. : 306 m. W. by S. Albany. Surface hilly, declining toward Lake Erie, which bounds it on the N. Drained by Chautauque cr. and other streams. The v. on Chautauque cr., H m. from the lake, contains several manufacturing establishments and mills, a bank, 4 churches, an academy, etc., and about 1.000 inhabitants. The Buffalo and State Line R. R. passes through it, 57 m. from Buffalo. The " Westfleld Messenger" (whig) is here published. Pop. of L 3,100. WESTFIELD, t arid p. v., Morrow co., Ohio : 81 m. N. Columbus. Drained by E. branch of Whetstone r. The U5 Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati R. R. passes through its E. part Pop. of t. 1,414. WESTFIELD, t. and p. o., Tioga co., Penn. : on S. side of Cowanesque cr., 117 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. Population of 1. 1,000. WESTFIELD, t. and p. o., Orleans county, Verm. : 41 m. N. by E. Montpelier. Surface diversified. Drained by branches of Missisque r. Pop. 502. WESTFIELD, p. o., Marquette co., Wise. : 60 m. N. by E. Madison. WEST FINLEY, t. and p. v., Washington co., Penn. : sur face very hilly. Drained by branches of Wheeling cr. The Hempfield R. R. will pass through its N. part. Population about 1,200. WEST FITCHBURG, p. v. and sta., Worcester co., Mass. : on Vermont and Massachusetts R. R., 2 m. W. by S. Fitcii- burg, 43 m. W. N. W. Boston. WEST FLORENCE, p. v., Preble co., Ohio: 93 m. W. by S. Columbus. WESTFORD, p. v., Windham co., Conn. : 29 m. E. N. E. Hartford. It contains 2 churches, stores, etc. WESTFORD, t., p. v., and sta., Middlesex co., Mass. : 23 m. N. W. by W. Boston. Surface elevated. Drained by Stony r., which affords water-power. The v. near the centre con tains 2 churches, an academy, stores, etc. The station on Stony Brook R. R., is 10 m. from Groton, 7 m. from Lowell. The t. contains several mills and manufacturing establish ments. Pop. of t. 1,473. WESTFORD, t. and p. o., Otsego county, N. Y. : 53 m. W. Albany. The inhabitants are generally engaged in agri cultural pursuits. Pop. 1,423. WESTFORD, t. and p. v., Chittenden co., Verm. : 31 m. N. W. Montpelier. Drained by Brown s r., tributary to La- moille r., flowing through the t. centrally. Surface rough ; soil best adapted to grazing. Pop. of 1. 1,458. WEST FORK, p. o., Overton co., Tenn. : 85 m. E. by N. Nashville. WEST FORT ANN, p. o., Washington co., N. Y. : 55 m. N. by E. Albany. WEST FOWLER, p. o., St. Lawrence county, N. Y. : on S. Oswegatchie r., 144 m. N. W. by N. Albany. WEST FOXBORO , p. v., Norfolk co., Mass. : 23 m. S. S. W. Boston. WEST FRANKLIN, p. v., Posey co., Ind. : 150 m. S. W. S. Indianapolis. WEST FRANKLIN, p. y Bradford co., Penn.: 90 m. N. [larrisburg. WEST FREEDOM, p. o., Waldo co., Me. : 26 m. N. E. by E. Augusta. WEST FREEMAN, p. o., Franklin county, Me. : 45 miles N. W. by N. Augusta. WEST FULTON, p. o., Schoharie co., N. Y. : 36 m. W. by S. Albany. WEST FULTON, p. o., Itawamba county. Miss. : on E. side Tombigbee r., 168 m. N. E. by N. Jackson. WEST GAINES, p. o., Orleans co., N. Y. : 240 m , W. by N. Albany. WEST GALWAT, p. o., Fulton co., N. Y. : 40 m. N. W. Albany. WEST GARLAND, p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : 61 m. N. E. y N. Augusta. WEST GENESEE, p. v., Alleghany county, A r . Y. : 240 m. W. by S. Albany. WEST GILBOA, p. o., Schoharie co., If. Y. : 42 m. W. S. W Albany. WEST GLAZE, p. o., Camden county, Mo. : 47 m. S. S. W. TeflVrson City. WEST GLENBURN, p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : 63 m. N. E. Lugusta. WEST GLOUCESTER, p. o., Cumberland co., Me.: 36 m. i. W. Augusta. WEST GORHAM, p. v., Cumberland co., Me. : 57 m. S. W. y S. Augusta. 921 WES WES WEST GOSHEN, p. o., Litchfield co., Conn. : 81 m. W. by N. Hartford. WEST GOULDSBORO , p. v., Hancock co., Me. : 85 m. E. Augusta. WEST GKAKBY, p. o., Hartford co., Conn. : on N. side of branch of Farmington r., 19 m. N. W. by N. Hartford. WEST GKANVILLE, p. o., Hampden county, Mass. : 99 m. W. by S. Boston. WEST GREAT WORKS, p. o., Penobscot county, Me. : on Penobscot r., 73 m. N. W. by W. Augusta. WEST GREECE, p. o., Monroe co., N. Y. : 212 m. W. by N. Albany. WEST GREENFIELD, p. v., Saratoga county, N. Y. : 33 m. N. by W. Albany. WEST GREENVILLE, t and p. v., Mercer co., Penn. : 194 m. W. N. W T . Harrisburg. The t. contains several mills. Pop. about 700. WEST GREENWICH, t. and p. v., Kent co., B. I. : 23 m. W. N. W. Newport Drained by Wood r. and branches, and by S. branch of Pawtuxet r., which afford water-power to several large factories of sheetings, cotton-yarn, etc. ; and to numerous grist and saw mills. Tho v. contains a church, stores, etc. Pop. 1,350. WEST GREENWICH CENTRE, p. v., Kent co., B. I. : 24 m. W. N. W. Newport WEST GREENWOOD, p. o., Steuben county, N. Y. : 211 m. W. by S. Albany. WEST GROTON, p. v., Tompkins co., N. Y.: 139 m.W. Albany. WEST GROTON, p. v. and sta., Middlesex co., Mass. : on Peterboro and Shirley E. R., 4 m. from Groton, 19 m. from Mason village ; 31 m. N. W. by W. Boston. WEST GROVE, p. o., Chester co., Penn. : 60 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. WEST HADLEY, p. o., Saratoga co., N. Y. : 48 m. N. by W. Albany. WEST HALIFAX, p. o., Windham co., Verm. : 106 m. S. Montpelier. WifeT HAMPDEN, p. o., Penobscot county, Me. : 53 m. N. E. by E. Augusta. WEST HAMPTON, t. and p. o., Hampshire co., Mass. : 87 m. W. Boston. Surface rough ; drained by North r. and branch. Pop. 602. WEST HANOVER, p. v., Dauphin co., Penn. : 10 m. N. E. Harrisburg. Here is a hot-blast charcoal furnace, with annual capacity of 2,215 tons, employing 100 men. WEST HARPETH, p. o., Williamson co., Tenn. : 14 m. S. W. Nashville. WEST HARPSWELL, p. o., Cumberland co., Me. : 87 m. S. by W. Augusta. W r EST HARTFORD, p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : 4 m. W. Hartford. WEST HARTFORD, p. v. and sta., Windsor co., Verm. : on N. E. bank of W T hite r., 41 m. S. by E. Montpelier. The Vermont Central R. R. passes through, 21 m. from Wind sor, 56 m. from Montpelier, and 136 m. from Rouse s Point. The water-power at this place is partially improved, and the manufacture of woolens and leather is carried on to some extent. WEST HARTLAND, p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : 22 m. N. W. Hartford. A\ EST HARTLAND, p. o., Somerset co., Me. : 40 m. N. by E. Augusta. WEST HARWICH, p. o., Barnstable co., Mass. : 68 m. S. E. Boston. WEST HAVEN, t and p. v., Rutland co., Verm. : 58 m. S. W. by S. Montpelier. Bounded W. by Lake Champlain, and S. by Poultney r. Drained by Hubbardton s r. and Cogman s cr., which afford mill privileges. Pop. 718. WEST HAVEN, p. v. and sta., New Haven co., Conn. : on New York and New Haven R. R., 3 m. S. W. New Haven, and 73 m. from New York. WEST HAVERFORD, p. o., Delaware co., Penn. : 85 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. 922 WEST HAWLEY, p. v., Franklin co., Mass. : 97 m. W. by N. Boston. WEST HEBRON, p. o., Washington co., N. Y. : 46 m. N. N. E. Albany. WEST HEBRON, p. v., M Henry co., HI. : 192 m. N. N. E. Springfield. WEST HENNIKER, sta., Merrimac co., N. Ilamp. : on Con- toocook Valley R. R., 16 m. W. by S. Concord. WEST HENRIETTA, p. o., Monroe county, N. Y. : 209 m. W. by N. Albany. WEST HILLS, p. o., Suffolk co., N. Y. : 132 m. S. by E. Albany, on Palisade bluff, If m. from Hoboken. WEST HOBOKEN, p. v., Hudson co., N. Jer. : ferry 3$ m. N. N. W. from City Hall, New York ; 54 m. N. E. Trenton. It has a fine site, and is a rapidly growing village. WEST HOPKINTON, sta., Merrimac co., N. Hamp. : on Contoocook Valley R. R., 10 m. W. Concord. WEST HURLEY, p. o., Ulster co., N. Y. : 75 m. S. by W. Albany. WEST JEFFERSON, p. o., Lincoln co., Me. : 16 m. 8. E. Augusta. WEST JEFFERSON, p. v. and sta., Madison co., Ohio : on W. bank of Little Darby cr., and on Columbus and Xenia R. R., 14 m. W. by S. Columbus. Pop. 436. WEST JERSEY, p. v., Stark co., HI. : 90 m. N. Springfield. WEST JUNIUS, p. o., Seneca co., N. Y. : 167 m. W. by N. Albany. WEST KENDALL, p. v., Orleans co., N. Y. : 232 m. W. by N. Albany. WEST KILL, p. v., Greene county, N. Y.: 46 m. S. W. Albany. WEST KILLINGLY, p. v., Windham co., Conn. : 42 m. E. Hartford. It contains several factories and stores. The " True Democrat" is here published. WEST KINDERHOOK, p. v., Tipton county, Ind. : 31 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. The Peru and Indianapolis R. R. passes 2 m. W. from it. WEST LA FAYETTE, p. o., Coshocton co., Ohio: 65 m. E. N. E. Columbus. WESTLAND, p. v., Halifax county, N. Car. : 73 m. N. E. Raleigh. WEST LAITRENS, p. v., Otsego county, N. Y. : 75 m. W. Albany. WEST LEBANON, p. v., Warren co., Ind. : 70 m. W. N.W. Indianapolis. WEST LEBANON, p. o.,York co., Me. : on E. side of Salmon river, 90 m. S.W. by S. Augusta. WEST LEBANON, p. v. and sta., Grafton co., N. Hamp. : on E. side of Connecticut r., at mouth of Mascomy r., 51 m. N.W. by N. Concord. Here terminates the Northern R. R. from Concord, 69 m. long, which here connects with the Vermont Central R. R., and the Connecticut and Passump- sic Rivers R. R., which cross the Connecticut to receive passengers. The v. contains extensive car-houses, shops, etc. of the Northern R. R. WEST LEBANON, p. v., Wayne co., Ohio: 84 m. N. E. Columbus. WEST LEBANON, p. v., Indiana county, Penn. : 115 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. WEST LEVANT, p. o., Penobscot co., Me. : 58 m. N. E. Augusta. WEST LEXINGTON, p. o., Lewis co., 2f. Y. : 46 m. S. W. Albany. WEST LEYDEN, p. v., Lewis co., N. Y. : 105 m. N. W. by W. Albany. WEST LIBERTY, p. v., Muscatine county, la. : 12 m. S. E. Iowa City. WEST LIBERTY, p. v., and cap. Morgan county, Ky. : on N. side Licking r., 100 m. E. by S. Frankfort It contains the county buildings and several dwellings. WEST LIBERTY, p. v. and sta., Logan co., Ohio : 42 m. W. N. W. Columbus. Laid out in 1817, and now contains several churches, etc. The " West Liberty Banner" (neut) WES WE3 ts here published. The Mad Eiver and Lake Erie E. K. passes through it, 110 m. from Sandusky, 43 m. from Day ton, and 118 m. from Cincinnati. Pop. about 500. WEST LIBERTY, p. v., Liberty county, Tex. : 169 m. E. Austin City. WEST LIBERTY, p. v., Ohio co., Virg.: 242 m. N. W. Richmond. WEST LODI, p. v., Seneca co., Ohio : 83 m. N. Columbus. WEST LOWVILLE, p. v., Lewis co., JV. I". : 126 m. N. W. Albany. WEST LTJBEO, p. o.,Washington co.,Me. : 139 m. E.byN. Augusta. WEST MACEDON, p. o., Wayne co., N. Y. : 190 m.W. by N. Albany. WEST MANCHESTER, p. v., Alleghany co., Penn. : 165 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. WEST MARTINSBURG, p. v., Lewis county, N. Y. : 120 m. N. W. by W. Albany. WEST MEDFORD, p. v. and sta., Middlesex co., Mass. : on Boston and Lowell E. E., 5 m. N. N. W. Boston. WEST MEDWAY, p. v., Norfolk co., Mass. : 25 m. S.W.byW. Boston. WEST MEREDITH, p. v., Delaware county, N. Y. : 67 m. W. by S. Albany. WEST MERIDEN, p. v., New Haven co., Conn. : 18 m. 8. S. W. Hartford. WEST MIDDLEBURG, p. v., Logan county, Ohio: 33 m. W. N.W. Columbus. WEST MIDDLESEX, p. o., Mercer county, Penn. : 190 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. WEST MIDDLETOWN, p. b., Washington co., Penn. : 180 m. W. Harrisburg. Pop. about 300. WEST MILAN, sta., Coos co., 2f. Hamp. : on the Atlantic and St. Lawrence E. E., 110 m. from Portland ; 95 m. N. Concord. WEST MILFORD, t and p. o., Passaic co., N. Jer. : 60 m. N. N. E. Trenton. The t. contains a large number of forges, wilh several tanneries, grist and saw mills. Pop. 2,624. WEST MILFORD, p. o., Harrison county, Virg.: 200 m. N. W. by W. Eichmond. WEST MILLBURY, p. v., Worcester county, Mass. : 88 m. W. S. W. Boston. WEST MILL GROVE, p. o., Wood co., Ohio : 89 m. N. N. W. Columbus. WEST MILTON, p. v., Saratoga co., N. Y. : 28 m. N. by W. Albany. WEST MILTON, p. o., Miami county, Ohio: 72 m. "W. Columbus. WEST MILTON, p. v., Chittenden co., Verm. : on S. side of Lamoille r., 86 m. N. W. Montpelier. WEST MINOT, p. o., Cumberland co., Me. : 31 m. S.W. by W. Augusta. WESTMINSTER, p. v., Windham co., Conn. : 34 m. E. by S. Hartford. WESTMINSTER, p. v., and cap. Carroll county, Md. : 47 m. N. W. by N. Annapolis. It contains the county buildings, several churches, and 1 bank, cap. $110,000. The " Carroll- Ionian" (whig), and "Carroll Co. Democrat," are issued weekly. The Westminster Branch E. E., diverging from the Baltimore and Susquehanna E. E. at the Eelay House, 7 m. N. to Baltimore, is in construction to this place. Pop. in 1S50 784 wh., and 51 fr. col. total 835. WESTMINSTER, t., p. v., and sta., Worcester co., Mass. : 45 m. W. by N. Boston. Drained by affluents of Nashua r. The v. contains 8 churches. The sta., on Vermont and Massachusetts E. E., 5 m. from Fitchburg, is in its N. E. part. Pop. of t. 1,916. WESTMINSTER, p. v., Guilford co., N. Car. : 70 m. W. N. W. Raleigh. WESTMINSTER, p. v., Allen county, Ohio: 72 m. N. W. Columbus. WESTMINSTER, p. v., Shelby co., Ohio : 69 m. W. N. W. Columbus. WESTMINSTER, t., p. v., and sta., Windham co., Verm. : OH W. side of Connecticut r., 84 m. S. by E. Montpelier. The v. is beautifully situated, and neatly built. The Vermont Valley E. E. passes through it, 4 m. from Bellows Falls, 20 m. from Braltleboro . Pop. of 1. 1,721. WESTMINSTER WEST, p. v., Windham co., Verm. : 86 m. S. by E. Montpelier. WEST MONROE, t. and p. o., Oswego co., JV T . 1". : 130 m. W. by N. Albany. Bounded S. by Oneida lake. Surface level. Drained by Bog cr. Pop. 1,197. WESTMORELAND county, Penn. Situate toward the S. W., and contains 9S9 sq. m. Drained by Loyalhanna and Youghiogheny rivers, and by Sewickly cr. and Beaver Dam run. Surface uneven and in parts mountainous ; soil very productive. Staples, wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. Tobacco is also cultivated. The N. W. is bounded by the Alleghany river. Farms 4,013; manuf. 586; dwell. 8.350, and pop. wh. 51,2SO, fr. col. 446 total 51,726. Capital : Greensburg. Public Works : Pennsylvania E. E. ; Hemp- field E. K. ; Alleghany Valley E. E. ; Pennsylvania Canal. WESTMORELAND county, Virg. Situate N. E., and con tains 162 sq. m. Drained by small streams flowing into the Potomac and Eappahannock rivers. Surface level; soil fertile and adapted to grain and grazing. Chief pro ducts, wheat and Indian corn, with cotton. Farms 443; manuf. 5; dwell. 869, and pop. wh. 3,410, fr. col. 1,118, si. 3,557 total 8,080. Capital : Westmoreland .C. H. WESTMORELAND, p. o., Dallas county, Ala.: 50 m. W- Montgomery. WESTMORELAND, t. and p. o., Cheshire co., N. Hamp. : on E. side of Connecticut r., 45 m. W. S. W. Concord. Surface uneven ; soil moderately fertile. The Cheshire E. E. passes through its N. E. part Pop. 1,677. WESTMORELAND, t. and p. o., Oneida county, N. Y. : 93 m. W. N. W. Albany. Surface of t. level; soil rich loam. Interests chiefly agricultural, but contains several saw-mills and tanneries. Pop. 3,291. WESTMORELAND C. H., p. v., and cap. Westmoreland co., Virg.: 50 m. N. E. Eichmond. It contains the county buildings, several stores, etc. Pop. about 180. WESTMORELAND DEPST, p. v. and sta., Cheshire county, N. Hamp. : on Cheshire E. E., 54 m. from Fitchburg, and 10 m. from Bellows Falls. WESTMORELANDVILLE, p. v., Lauderdale co., Ala. : 193 m. N. N. W. Montgomery. WEST NEEDHAM, p. v. and sta., Norfolk co., Mass.: on Boston and Worcester E. E., 15 m. from Boston. WEST NEWARK, p v., Tioga co., N. Y. : 130 m. W. by S. Albany. WEST NEWBURY, t and p. v., Essex co., Mass. : on S. side of Merrimac r., 31 m. N. Boston. Interests of t. are chiefly agricultural. Pop. 1,746. WEST NEWFIELD, p. o., York co., Me. : on N. side of Little Ossipee r., 78 m. S. W. Augusta. WEST NEWPORT, p. o., Orleans co., Verm. : 46 m. N. by E. Montpelier. WEST NEWSTEAD, p. o., Erie co., W. Y. : 252 m. W. by N. Albany. WEST NEWTON, p. v. and sta., Middlesex co., Mass. : on Boston and Worcester E. E., 9 m. from Boston. It is hand somely built, and contains a State Normal school for female teachers. WEST NEWTON, p. o., Allen co., Ohio : 82 m. W. N. W. Columbus. WEST NEWTON, p. v., Westmoreland co., Penn. : on E. bank of Youghiogheny r., 146 m. W. Harrisburg. The Hempfleld E. E. will pass through this place. Pop? 771. WEST MILES, p. o., Cayuga co., N. Y. : 142 m. W. Albany. WEST NOBFOLK, p. v., Litchfield county, Conn.: 32 m. N. W. by W. Hartford. WEST NORTHFIELD, p. o., Franklin county, Mass. : 74 m. W. N. W. Boston. WES WES WEST NORTHWOOD, p. o., Kockingham co., W. Ilamp.: 16 m. E. Concord. WEST OGDEN, p. o., Lenawee co., Midi : 75 m. S. S. E. Lansing. WESTON, t. and p. v., Fairfleld co., Conn. : 58 m. S. W. Harlford. Surface uneven. Drained by Saugatuck r. and branch, which afford water-power. The v. contains an academy and church. The chief interests of the L are agricultural. Pop. of 1 1,063. WESTON, p. v., Jo Daviess co., III. : 175 m. N. by "W, Springfield. WESTON, t. and p. o., Aroostook co., Me. : 135 m. N. W. Augusta. Pop. 293. WESTON, t., p. v., and sta., Middlesex co., Mass. : 11 m. W. Boston. Surface of t pleasantly diversified. The cen tral v., built chiefly on one street, contains 2 churches. The station is in N. part of L, on Fitchburg E. E., 13 m. from Boston. The Boston and Worcester K. E. crosses S. E. corner of t Pop. of 1. 1,205. WESTON, p. v., Platte co., Mo. : on N. E. side of Missouri t., 161 m. W. N. W. Jefferson City. It has a good situation, ami carries on extensive business and trade. The " Weston Reporter" (whig), and "Platte Argus" (dem.), are published weekly. WESTON, p. v., Somerset co., Jf. Jer. : on the Delaware and Earitan Canal, and E. side of Millstone r., 22 m. N.N.E. Trenton. WESTON, t and p. v., Wood co., Ohio : on S. side of Mau- mee r., 107 m. N. N. W. Columbus. Drained by Beaver cr. Pop. 546. WESTON, p. o., Steuben county, N. Y. : 188 m. W. by S. Albany. WESTON, t and p. v., Windsor co., Verm. : 66 m. S. Montpelier. Drained by West r., which furnishes mill sites. The v. near the centre contains several manufacturing estab lishments, and two churches. Pop. of t. 950. WESTON, p. v., and cap. Lewis co., Vlrg. : on W. fork of Monongahela r., 188 m. N. W. by W. Eichmond. It con tains the county buildings, several stores, etc. The " Weston Sentinel" (dem.) is issued weekly. Pop. about 250. WEST ONEONTA, p. o., Otsego co., N. Y. : 72 m. W. by S. Albany. WEST ONONDAGA, p. v., Onondaga co., W. Y.: 133 m. W. by N. Albany. WEST OSSIPEE, p. v., Carroll co., N . Ilamp. : on S. side of Bear Camp r., 40 m. N. by E. Concord. W EST OTIS, p. v., Berkshire co., Mass: 106 m. W. by S. Boston. WEST PAKSONSFIELD, p. v.,York co., Me, : 76 m. S.W. by W. Augusta. WEST PENN, t and p. v., Schuylkill co., Penn. : 60 m. N. E. Harrisburg. The t has a hilly surface, gravelly and sterile soil, and abounds in anthracite coal. Pop. about 1,500. WEST PERKYSBURG, p. o., Cattaraugus co., N. Y. : 275 m. W. Albany. WEST PERTH, p. o., Fulton co., N~. Y: 36 m. N. W. Albany. WEST PERU, p. o., Oxford county, Me. : 36 m. W. by N. Augusta. WESTPHALIA, p. v., Osage co., Mo. : on W. bank Mauvais cr., a tributary of Osage r., 13 m. S. E. Jefferson City. WEST PHILADELPHIA, p. district, Philadelphia co., Penn. : on W. side of Schuylkill r., directly opposite the city proper, with which it is partly associated in municipal government, but has also a separate local government of commissioners. In its W. part are the extensive buildings of the Pennsyl vania Hospital for the Insane. Pop. in 1840, 2,896; in 1850, 5,670. WEST PIERPONT, p. v., Ashtabula co., Ohio : 168 m. N. E. Columbus. WEST PIKE, p. o., Potter co., Penn. : 110 m. N. N. W. Harrisburg. WEST PITTSFIELD, p. v., Berkshire co., Mass. : 117 m. W. Boston. 924 WEST PLAINS, p. v., Oregon co., Mo. : 127 m. S. by E. Jefferson City. WEST PLATTSBURG, p. v., Clinton county, N. Y. : 142 m. N. by E. Albany. WEST PLYMOUTH, p. Y., Grafton co., N. Hamp.: 37 m. N. by W. Concord. WEST POINT, p. v. and sta., Troup co., Ga. : on E. side of Chaltahoochie r., 119 m. W. by S. Milled geville. The Lagrange E. E. extends to this place from Atlanta, 87 m., and connects with Montgomery and West Point E. E., thence to Montgomery, 88 m. These impo/tant thorough fares have made this a place of considerable trade. Pop. about 45 ). WEST POINT, p. o., Cass co., Mo. : 120 m. W. Jefferson City, WEST POINT, p. v., Tippecanoe co., Ind. ; 60 m. N. W. Indianapolis. Pop. about 350. WEST POINT, p. o., Lee co., la. : 62 m. S. Iowa City. WEST POINT, p. v., Hardin co., Ky. : on S. side of Ohio r., at mouth of Salt r., 58 m. W. by S. Frankfort. Population about 200. WEST POINT, p. v., Lowndes co., Miss. : 2 m. N. Oka- tibbehah r., 125 m. N. E. Jackson. WEST POINT, p. v., Orange co., N. Y. : on W. bank of Hudson r., 91 m. S. by W. Albany. Lat 41 23 31.2" N., long. 73 57 03" W. The U. S. Military Academy, here lo cated, was established in 1802. Its site, with 250 acres at tached, was ceded by New York to the United States in 1826. It occupies an elevated plain, commanding most de lightful views of the river and vicinity, and is surrounded by high hills. The buildings are numerous, and hand somely built of stone. The number of cadets is 250, of in structors 35. The course of instruction, chiefly military and scientific, is of the highest order, and occupies four years. Upon graduation, the cadets are immediately appointed as officers in the U. S. army. The average annual appropria tion of Congress for this academy is $160,000. This place is of great historical interest, from its connection with the Eevolution. In 1777 it was fortified and occupied by the American army, and during the war was garrisoned by a strong division of troops. A very massive chain was here stretched across the Hudson, thus preventing, with the aid of the forts, the British from ascending the Hudson and communicating with the Canadian provinces. The ruins of Fort Putnam are still seen. In 1794 a military school was here commenced, but the building was destroyed by fire two years afterward, and the school suspended until 1S02, when the present academy was organized. WEST POINT, p. v., Orange co., W. Car. : 25 m. N. W. Ealeigh. WEST POINT, p. v., Columbiana co., Ohio : on N. side of branch of Little Beaver r., 126 m. E. N. E. Columbus. W T EST POINT, p. o., Lawrence co., Tenn. : 72 m. S. S. W. Nashville. WEST POLAND, p. o., Cumberland county, Me. : 36 m. S. W. by W. Augusta. WBSTPORT, t., p. v., and sta., Fairfield co., Conn. : 55 m. S. W. Hartford. Drained by Saugatuck r., which affords water-power. The v., on both sides of the Saugatuck r., contains 2 churches, the Saugatuck iron-works, a very ex tensive establishment, with several cotton and other factor ies. The New York and New Haven E. E. passes through it, 47 m. from New York, 29 m. from New Haven. Pop. of t in 1S40, 1,803 ; in 1850, 2,649. WESTPORT, p. v., Decatur co., Ind.: on W. side of Sandy cr., 70 m. S. E. by S. Indianapolis. WESTPORT, p. v., and cap. Oldham co., Ky. : on S. E. bank of Ohio r., 36 m. W. N. W. Frankfort. It contains the county buildings, 2 churches, and several stores. Popula tion about 300. WESTPORT, p. o., Clinton co., Penn. : 80 m. N. W. by N. Harrisburg. WESTPORT, t. and p. o., Lincoln co., Me. : 29 m. S. by E. WES WES Augusta. Bounded E. by Sheepscot r. and S. and "W. by Sheepscot bay. Pop. 761. WKSTPORT, t. and p. v., Bristol co., Mass. : on W. side o Acoaksett r., 51 m. S. Boston. The t. contains several man ufactories. Many of the inhabitants are engaged in th fisheries. Pop. of t. 2,795. WESTPORT, p. v., Jackson co., Mo. : on W. line of the State, 4 m. S. Missouri r., 136 m. "W. by N. Jefferson City Pop. about 300. WESTPORT, p. v. and sta., Cheshire co., N. Ifamp.: on Ashuelot R. R., 8 m. from Keene, 49 m. S. "W. by S. Concord WKSTPORT, t. and p. v., Essex co., N. Y. : on W. side of Lake Champlain, 1(J6 miles N. by E. Albany. Drained by small streams flowing into the lake. The v. at the head of Northwest bay contains 8 churches, several stores, and abou 650 inhabitants. The " Westport Courier" (dem.) and " Old Settler" (lit.) are here published. A ferry plies hence across the lake to Basin Harbor, Verm. Pop. of t. 2.352. WESTPORT POINT, p. o., Bristol county, Mass. : 59 m. S. Boston. WEST POTSDAM, p. v., St. Lawrence co., N. Y. : 156 m. W. by N. Albany. WEST POULTNEY, p. v., Eutland co., Verm. : 61 m. S. W. by S. Montpelier. Here is located the Troy Conference Academy, a flourishing Methodist institution. WEST PRAIRIE, Stoddard co., Mo. : 180 m. S. E. Jefferson City. WEST RANDOLPH, p. v. and sta., Orange co., Verm. : 25 m. S. Montpelier. It contains several mills on a branch of White river, a church, stores, etc. The Vermont Central R. R. passes through, 46 m. from Windsor, 31 m. from Montpelier, 111 m. from Rouse s Point. WEST RIPLEY, p. o., Somerset co., Me. : 49 m. N. N. E. Augusta. WKST RIVER, p. o., Anne Arundel co., Md. : 1 m. S. S.W. Annapolis. WEST RIVES, p. o., Jackson co., Mich. : 27 m. E. by S. Lansing. WEST ROCHESTER, p. o., Windsor co., Verm. : 28 m. S. by E. Montpelier. WEST ROSENDALE, p. o., Fond du Lac co., Wise. : 64 m. N. E. by N. Madison. WEST ROXBURY, t, p. v., and sta., Norfolk co., Mass. : on Dedham Branch R. R., 6 m. S. W. Boston. Incorporated in 1981. WEST RUMNEY, p. o. and sta., Graflon co., If. ffamp. : on S. side of Baker s r., 44 m. N. N. W. Concord. The Boston, Concord, and Montreal R. R. passes through, 62 m. from Concord. WEST RUPERT, p. v. and sta., Bennington county, Verm. : 76 m. S. S. W. Montpelier. The Rutland and Washington R. R. passes through it, 47 miles from Troy, 38 miles from Rutland. WEST RUSH, p. o., Monroe co., JV. Y. : 208 m. W. by N. Albany. WEST RUSHVILLE, p. v., Fairfleld co., Ohio: on W. side of Rush cr., 31 m. E. S. E. Columbus. WEST RUTLAND, p. v. and sta., Rutland co., Verm. : on W. side of Otter cr., 51 m. S. S. W. Montpelier. The Rut land and Washington R. R. passes through it, 4 miles from Rutland, 21 miles from Troy. It is beautifully located in a fertile valley, surrounded on all sides by high hills. It is noted for containing the finest quarries of marble in Amer ica. At the two main quarries in this vicinity 500 men are employed ; and besides 5 mills, which are turned by water, there is a steam-mill sawing an immense quantity of slabs daily. Their annual product is about 175,000 cubic feet of marble, valued at about $500,000. WEST RUTLAND, p. v., Worcester co., Mass. : 49 m. W. Boston. WEST S, sta., Middlesex county, N. Jer. : on Camden and Amboy R. R., 48 m. from Philadelphia, 42 miles from New York. WEST SALEM, p. o., Morgan county, Ind. : 30 m. S. W. Indianapolis. WEST SALEM, p. o., Wayne county, Ohio : on E. side of Muddy Fork of Walhonding r., 79 m. N. N. E. Columbus. WEST SALISBURY, p v., Addison co., Verm. : 36 m. S. W. Montpelier. WEST SAND LAKE, p. v., Renaselaer co., A r . Y. : 10 m. E. by S. Albany. WEST SANDWICH, p. v. and sta., Barnstable co., Mass. : on Cape Cod Branch R. R., 25 m. from Middleboro , 49 m. S. E. by S. Boston. WEST SCHUYLER, p. o., Herkimer co., 2f. Y. : on N. bank of Mohawk r., 77 m. W. N. W. Albany. WEST SCITUATE, p. v., Plymouth co., Mass. : 16 m. S. E. Boston. WEST SEDGWICK, p. o., Hancock co., Me. : 56 m. E, Augusta. WEST SHANDAKEN, p. o., Ulster co., N. Y. : 54 m. S. W. Albany. WEST SHONGO, p. o., Alleghany co., N. Y. : 229 m.W. by S. Albany. WEST SIDNEY, p. v., Kennebec co., Me. : 6 m. N. by W. Augusta. WEST S MILLS, p. o., Franklin co., Me. : 32 m. N. N. W. Augusta. WEST SOMERS, p. v., Westchester county, N. Y. : 94 m. S. Albany. WEST SOMERSET, p. o., Niagara county, N. Y. : 256 m. W. by N. Albany. WKST SPRING CREEK, p. o., Warren co., Penn. : 176 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. WEST SPRINGFIELD, t., p. v., and sta., Hampden county Ma-ss. : on W. side of Connecticut river, 82 m. W. by S. Boston. Surface of t. pleasantly diversified. Drained by Westfleld r., which affords water-power. The t. contains several pleasant villages or settlements. The principal village, 2 m. from Springfield, is very pleasant. The West ern R. R. passes through it, 100 m. from Boston, and 100 m. from Albany. Pop. of t. 2,979. WEST SPRINGFIELD, p. v., Shelby county, Mo. : 82 m. N. Jefferson City. WEST SPRINGFIELD, p. v., Erie county, Penn. : 214 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. WEST STAFFORD, p. v., Tolland co., Conn. : 22 m. N. E. Hartford. WEST STEPHENTOWN, p. v., Rensselaer co., N. Y. : IS m. E. by S. Albany. WEST STERLING, p. T., Worcester county, Mass. : 37 m. W. by N. Boston. WEST STEWARDSTOWN, p. v., Cass co., N. Hamp. : on E. side of Connecticut river, 123 m. N. Concord. WEST STOCKBRIDGE, t., p. v., and sta., Berkshire county, Mass. : 120 m. W. Boston. Surface uneven and hilly. Drained by William s r., which affords water-power. Lime stone is abundant, and some excellent marble is found. The Western and Stockbridge railroads cross this t., and con nect at State line with Hudson and Berkshire R. R. The village on Stockbridge R. R., 3 m. from State line, contains 3 churches, several stores, manufactories, etc. Population. of t. 1,713. WEST STOCKBRIDGE CENTRE, p. v., Berkshire co., Mass. : 123 m. W. Boston. WEST STOCKHOLM, p. v., St. Lawrence co., N. Y. : 140 m. N. N. W. Albany. WEST SUFFIELD, p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : 17 m. N. lartford. WEST SULLIVAN, p. o., Hancock county, Me. : 82 m. E. Augusta. WEST SUMNER, p. o., Oxford co., Me. : 86 m. W. Augusta. WEST SUTTON, p. v., Worcester co., Mass. : 40 m.W. S.W. Boston. It contains 2 churches, stores, etc. WEST SWANZEY, p. o., Cheshire co., 2f. ITamp. : 45 m. W. by W. Concord. 925 WES WEST TAGHKANIC, p. o., Columbia county, N. Y. : 86 m. S. by E. Albany. WEST THERESA, p. o., Jefferson co., N. Y. : 150 m. N. W. Albany. WEST THORNTON, p. v., Grafton co., 2f. Hamp. : on W. side of Pemiwagasset river, 51 m. N. by W. Concord. WEST TISBURY, p. v., Dukes co., Mass. : 72 m. S. S. E. Boston. It contains 2 churches, stores, etc. WEST TOPSHAM, p. v., Orange co., Verm. : on N. side of Wait s river, 18 m. S. E. by E. Montpelier. WEST TOWN, p. v., Orange co., N. Y. : 96 m. S. S. W. Albany. It contains several stores, an academy, and church. Pop. about 230. WEST TOWNSEND, p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. : on branch of Nashua r., 41 m. N.W. by W. Boston. The Peterboro and Shirley K. R. passes through it, 12 miles from Groton junction. It contains a female seminary of high repute. WEST TOWNSHEND, p. v., Windham co., Verm. ; 87 m. S. Montpelier. WEST TRENTON, p. v.. Hancock co., Me. : 70 m. E. by N. Augusta. WEST TROUPSBURG, p. v., Steuben co., N. Y. : 202 m. W. by S. Albany. WEST TROY, p. v., Albany county, 2f. Y. : on W. bank of Hudson r., 6 m. N. by E. Albany. This flourishing village was incorporated in 1836, and has had a rapid growth. The Erie Canal here connects with the Hudson r. by lateral canals and locks, and transfers to it a large proportion of the canal-boats with their freight of produce, merchandise, etc., unbroken, which are thence towed by steamboats to New York. A large number of steam-barges, sloops, and schooners are here owned and employed in transportation. The surplus waters of the canal afford very great water- power, improved by numerous factories and mills. Other manufacturing establishments using steam-power, are also numerous. The Meneely bell foundry is the most extensive of the kind in the Union. The general interests of this place are directly connected with Troy, of which it is prop erly a suburb. It also contains 10 churches, and the Water- vliet arsenal, established here in 1S13 by the United States. This is the largest arsenal of construction in the Unioit, comprising about 40 buildings upon its grounds of 100 acres, employs about 200 men, and at all times has on hand im mense quantities of munitions of war. The " W. Troy Ad vocate" (neut.) is issued weekly. Pop. 7,564. WEST UNION, p. v., Knox co., Ind. : 4 m. E. Wabash r., 90 m. S. W. Indianapolis. WEST UNION, p. v., and cap. Adams co., Ohio: 79 m. S. by W. Columbus. It contains the county buildings, two churches, stores, etc. The " Adams County Democrat" is here published. Pop. 462. WEST UNION, p. o., Fayette county, la. : 84 m. N. by W. Iowa City. WEST UNION, p. v., Pickens dist, & Car. : 128 m.W.N.W. Columbia. WEST UNION, p. o., Steuben co., N. Y. : 203 m. W. by S. Albany. WEST UNION, p. v., and cap. Doddridge county, Virg. ; 212 m. N. W. by W. Eichmond. It contains a court-house, jail, and several stores. Pop. 161. WEST UNITY, p. o., Williams co., Ohio: 133 m. N. W. by N. Columbus. The " Equal Eights" (dem.)is here published. WEST VERMILLION, p. o., Erie co., Ohio : 98 m. N. by E. Columbus. WEST VIENNA, p. o., Oneida co., N. Y. : 116 m. W. N. W. Albany. WEST VIEW, p. o., Augusta co., Virg. : 98 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. WEST VIEW, p. o., Hamilton co., Tenn.: 108 m. S. E. of Nashville. WESTVILLE, p. v., New Haven co., Conn. : 3 m. N. W. of New Haven. It contains several manufactories. WESTVILLE, p. v., and cap. Simpson county, Miss. : 33 m. WES S. S. E. Jackson. It contains the county buildings. POD about 130. WESTVILLE, p. v., Otsego co., 2f. Y,: on E. side of Bus- quehanna r., 58 m. W. Albany. WESTVILLE, p. v., Champaign co., Ohio: 4* m, W. Urba- na, 43 m. W. by N. Columbus. WEST VINCENT, p. o., Chester co., P&nn. : 67 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. WEST WALWORTH, p. o., Wayne county, Jf. Y. : 192 m. W. by N. Albany. WEST WARDSBORO , p. v., Windham co., Verm. : 90 m. S. by W. Montpelier. WEST WAKEHAM, p. v. and sta., Plymouth oo., Mass. : on the Cape Cod Branch E. E., ll| m. from Middleboro , and, by railroad, 46 m. S. S. E. from Boston. It contains several manufactories. WEST WATERVILLE, p. v. and sta., Kennebec co., Me. : at N. end of Snow s Pond, 17 m. N. Augusta. Emerson s stream here affords great water-power. The Androscoggin and Kennebec E. E. passes through, 75$ m. from Portland, 6$ m. from Waterville. WEST WEBSTER, p. o., Monroe co., N. Y. : 197 m. W. by N. Albany. WEST WILLIAMSFIELD, p. o., Ashtabula co., Ohio : 160 m. N. E. Columbus. WEST WHITELAND, t. and p. o., Chester co., Penn. : 72 m. E. by S. Harrisburg. WEST WILLINGTON, p. o., Tolland county, Conn. : 22 m. E. N. E. Hartford. The New London, Willimantic, and Palmer E. E. passes near it, 45 m. from New London, 21 m. from Palmer. WEST WINCHESTER, p. v. and sta., Cheshire co., JV. Hamp. : on Ashuelot E. E., 15 m. from Keene, 8 m. from South Ver- non, 55 m. S. W. Concord. It contains several manufac tories. WEST WINDHAM, p. o., Eockingham co., 2f. Ilamp. : 33 m. S. by E. Concord. WEST WIXDHAM, p. v., Bradford county, Penn. : 120 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. WEST WINDSOR, p. v., Broome co., N. Y. : 112 m. W. S. W. Albany. WEST WINDSOR, p. v., Eichland co., Ohio : 63 m. N. N. E, Columbus. WEST WINDSOR, p. o., Eaton county, Mich. : 10 m. S. W. Lansing. WEST WINFIELD, p. o., Herkimer county, N. Y. : 76 m. W. by N. Albany. WEST WINSTED, p. v. and sta., Litchfleld co., Conn. : on Mad r., a branch of Farmington r., 23 m. N. W. by W. Hartford, 45 m. N. by W. New Haven. Here terminates the Naugatuck E. E., 62 m. from Bridgeport. This v. is noted chiefly for its manufactures. Water-power is fur nished by the outlet of Long Lake, an interesting pond 8 m. long, J m. wide, which .lies in an elevated plain, nearly i m. above the plain below. This outlet is but a small stream, in a narrow channel, but affords great and perma nent power to the factories on its banks. Among these are an extensive cutlery establishment ; one coach axle do. ; a large machine shop ; a tannery 140 feet long, and 4 stories high; various establishments making hoes, shovels, edge tools, sashes, and blinds; also large scythe factories; 2 woolen do., making satinets and cassimeres ; an iron foun dry, etc. The flourishing condition and prospects of Win- sted have most favorably affected its growth, and many new buildings are erecting to accommodate the increase of pop ulation; among which is a fine hotel, containing over 100 rooms. The Winsted Bank has a cap. of $100,000. WEST WOOD, p. v., Woodford co., III. : on N. side Mack inaw cr., 66 m. N. N. E. Springfield. The Illinois Central E. E. will pass a little E. of this place. WEST WOODSTOCK, p. v., Windham co., Conn.: on E. side of branch of Natchaug r., 34 m. E. N. E. Hartford. It contains a church and several dwellings. WES WHB WEST WOODVILLK, p. v., Clermont co., Ohio : on W. side of Stonelick cr., 71 m. 8. W. Columbus. The Cincinnati, Hillsboro , and Parkersburg E. K. passes a little N. of this place. WEST WORTHINGTON, p. v., Hampshire co., Mass. : 97 m. "W. Boston. WEST WRENTHAM, p. v., Norfolk county, Mass. : 28 m. 8. W. by S. Boston. WEST YARMOUTH, p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : 63 m. S. E. Boston. It contains 2 churches, etc. WEST YORKSHIRE, p. o., Cattaraugus co., N . Y. : 252 m. W. by N. Albany. WETHEREDVILLE, p. v., Baltimore co., Md. : on Gwinn s Falls, 4| m. W. N. W. Baltimore. It is 800 feet above tide water, with a fall within its limits of 90 feet, which affords immense water-power. The cassimere factories of Weth- ered Brothers are here located, with several mills making coarse cotton cloth, besides numerous flouring and other mills in the vicinity. Pop. of neighborhood about 750. WETIIERSFIELD, t. and p. v., Hartford co., Conn. : on W. eide of Connecticut r., 3| m. S. Hartford. Surface of t. gen erally level ; soil sandy loam, and very fertile, producing large crops of vegetables, especially onions. The v. in N. E. part of t. is very pleasant, having wide streets, beautifully shaded with elms ; and contains 2 academies and 3 churches. The Connecticut State Prison, here located, is a massive building of Portland (Conn.) sandstone ; and contained, on March 31st., 1850, 175 inmates 163 males, 12 females. Pop. of t, 2,523. WETHERSFIELD, p. v., Henry co., lU. : 98 m. N. by W. Springfield. WETIIERSFIELD, t and p. o., Wyoming co., N. Y. : 235 m. W. Albany. Pop. 1,4S9. WETIIERSFIELD SPRINGS, p. v., Wyoming county, N. Y. : 237 m. W. Albany. It contains 3 churches, several stores, etc. Pop. about 160. WETUMPKA, p. c., Coosa co., Ala. : on E. side of Coosa r., 13m. N. N. E. Montgomery. It has a fine site, at the head of steamboat navigation, and is a place of considerable trade. It contains 5 churches, with numerous stores, etc. The State Guard" (dem.) is published tri-weekly and weekly. The State Penitentiary, here located, on Oct. 1st., 1S51, con tained 156 convicts. Pop. 3,016. The Harrowgate Springs, S. of the city, possess valuable properties, and are of great resort during the summer. WETZEL county, Virg. Organized from Tyler in 1846. Situate N. W., and contains 553 sq. m. Drained by branches of Ohio r. Surface hilly and broken ; soil moderately fer tile, adapted to grain and grazing. Chief products wheat, Indian corn, and tobacco. It contains a large quantity of bituminous coal. Farms 423, manuf. 8, dwell. 716, and pop. wh. 4,261, fr. col. 6, si. 17 total 4,284. Capital: Wetzel C. H. Public Works : Baltimore and Ohio K. E. WEVERTON, p. v. and sta., Frederick co., Mel. : on W. side of Potomac r., at confluence of Israel cr., 66 in. W. N. W. Annapolis. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal passes through it ; also the Baltimore and Ohio E. E., 80 m. from Baltimore, and 300 m. from Wheeling. WEXFORD county, Mich. Situate N. W. of the Southern Peninsula, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by the Manis- tee r. and its branches. Surface even, diversified with email lakes ; soil fertile, and with cultivation adapted to the raising of wheat, corn, etc. Organized since 1850. WEXFORD, p. v., Alleghany co., Perm. : 166 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. WEYAU WEYA, p. o., Winnebago co., Wise. : 86 m. N. N. E. Madison. WEYBRIDGE LOWER FALLS, p. o., Addison co., Verm. : 83 m. S. W. by W. Montpelier. WEYMOUTH, t., p. v., and sta., Norfolk co., Mass. : 11 m. S. S. E. Boston. Surface of t. pleasantly diversified, well watered by large ponds, and several streams flowing into two large inlets of Boston harbor called Fore and Back rivers. The t contains several pleasant villages, of which Weymouth v., or Weymouth Landing is the largest. Thia is well situated, at the head of Fore r., contains several stores, etc., and 1 bank, cap. $100,000, and has considerable business and coasting trade. The manufacture of boots and shoes is carried on extensively. The South Shore E. E. passes through it, 12 m. from Boston. Pop. of t. in 1840, 3,738; in 1S50, 5,369. WEYMOUTH, p. o., Atlantic co., 2f. Jer.: on Great Egg Harbor r., 47 m. S. Trenton. WEYMOUTU, p. v., Medina co.^Ohio: on branch of Eocky r., 102 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. WHALEYSVILLE, p. v., Worcester co., Md. : on E. bank of Pocomoke r., 81 m. S. E. Annapolis. WHALLOUSBURG, p. o., Essex co., JH. Y. : on E. side of Boqaet r., 110 m. N. by E. Albany. WHARTON county, Tex. Situate S. E., and contains 1.256 sq. m. Drained by Colorado river, which passes through the county, and by branches of San Bernardo r., and other small streams. Eurfa.ce in general level, but in parts it is undulating; soil fertile, and is a rich black mold, very pro ductive, and well adapted to cotton, corn, and tobacco. The soil of the prairies is good, and supports a dense crop of grass. Farms 55 ; manuf. ; dwell. 112 ; and pop. wh. 510, fr. col. total 1,242. Capital: Wharton. WHARTON, t. and p. o., Potter co., Pen n. : 105 m. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by E. branch of Sinnermahoning cr. Interests agricultural. WHARTON, p. v. and cap., Wharton co., Tex. : on N. E. bank of Colorado r., 117 m. S. E. by E. Austin City. It contains the county buildings. WUARTON S, p. o., Noble county, Ohio: 71 m. E. by S. Columbus. WHATELEY, t., p. v., and sta., Franklin co., Mass. : 80 m. W. Boston. Bounded E. by Connecticut r. Drained by Mill r., which affords water-power to various mills. The v. is on Connecticut Eiver E. E., 26 m. from Springfield. Pop. of 1. 1,101. WHEAL PIONEER MINE (formerly " Fentress Mine"), Guil- ford co., Jf. Car. : 10 m. S. Greensboro , and 73 m. \Y.N.W. Ealeigh. This mine, which is owned by the North Carolina Copper Mining Company, is located on the geological range, between the slates and granites, which is the great metalli ferous line E. of the Alleghanies. The mine was formerly worked for gold, the vein having been explored to the dejith of 60 feet, but the gold giving out, it is now worked solely for its copper. The vein is entirely on the Company s prop erty, but in its comparatively short extent, it has proved to be the best in the country, and, compared with the veins of Europe, probably the richest and largest ever discovered. While at the surface the thickness of the vein is inconsider able, at the depth of 60 feet it measures 5 feet, and at 70 feet has increased to over 8 feet, the regular dip begin ning at this point in such a manner that while the inclina tion of the hanging wall.is 35, that of the lower wall is 45, thus occasioning for every few feet advanced, an increase of a foot in the thickness of the vein. The vein is a regular one, and consists of alternate layers of quartz and copper pyrites, and spathic iron, containing 33 per cent, of metal. It is supposed that when machinery is applied to the working of the mine, that 50 men will take out monthly 400 tons of ore. Several other mines have been discovered in the vicinity, which, if equally rich with the Wheal Pioneer, will add greatly to the resources of the State, and stimulate the people to enterprise and energy. WUEATLAND, p. o., Ionia co., Midi: 32 m. W. N. W. Lansing. WHEATLAND, t. and p. o., Monroe county, N. Y.: 214 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Allen s cr., tributary of Genesee river. The t. contains several mills and tanneries, but the inhabitants are chiefly engaged in agriculture, etc. Pop. 2,917. WHEATLAND, t and p. o., Kenosha county, Wise. : 71 m. 927 WHE WHI 8. E. by E. Madison. Fox r. flows through its N. E. part and receives branches from the interior. Pop. 1,193. WHEAT-LAND, p. o., London county, Virg.: 205 m. N. Richmond. WIIEATLAND CENTRE, p. o., Hillsdale co., Mich. : 52 m. S. by E. Lansing. WUEATLEY, p. o., Fauquier co., Virg. : 65 m. N. by W Richmond. WHEAT RIDGE, p. o., Adams co., Ohio : 73 m. S. S. W Columbus. WHEATVILLE, p. v., Genesee CO., 2f. Y. : 236 m. "W. by N Albany. WHEELER, t. and p. o., Steuben co., N. T. : 187 m. W. Albany. Drained by branch of Conhocton r. Pop. 1,471. WHEEI.EKSBURG, p. v., Scioto co., Ohio: on Ohio r., 56 m. S. by E. Columbus. Pop. about 800. WHEELING, p. o., Cook co., 111. : on E. side Des Plaines r., 182 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. WHEELING, p. v., Delaware co., Ind. : OB S. W. side of Mississinewa r., 53 m. N. E. Indianapolis. WHEELING, p. o., Holmes co., Mies. ; on W. side of Big Black r., 65 m. N. N. E. Jackson. WHEELING, p. city, port of entry, and cap. Ohio county. Virg. : on E. bank of the Ohio r., 247 m. N. W. Richmond lat. 40 07 N. ; long. 80 42 W. It occupies a fine site on a high bank of the river, along which it extends about 2 m., but its extension W. is restrained by high hills. It is divided by Wheeling or., here emptying into the Ohio, over which here is a beautiful stone bridge. The Ohio river is crossed by a wire suspension bridge, which is one of the finest structures of the kind in the world, and has the fol lowing measurements: length of span, from centre to centre of the stone supporting towers, 1,010 feet; height above low-water mark, 97 feet ; height of towers on Wheeling side, 153$ feet above low-water mark, and 160 feet above the abutment on which they stand. It is sup ported by 12 wire cables, laid in pairs, 3 pairs on each side of the flooring, each of which is 4 inches in diameter, com posed of 550 strands, and 1,3SO feet long. It has a carriage way 17 feet wide, and 2 footwalks, each 3| feet wide. The wire used in its construction was manufactured by D. Rich ards & Co., of Wheeling. It is capable of supporting a pres sure of CIS pounds to the square foot, and cost $210,000. In front of the city lies Zane s island, which contains 350 acres, ani to which a bridge is constructed. Wheeling is distinguished for enterprise in manufactures and trade. In the city and vicinity flouring-mills are very numerous, and form the leading interest of manufactures. The next most important manufactures are those of glass, nails, stoves, and all kinds of iron castings, steam-engines, woolen and cotton goods, white and sheet lead, paper, etc. The Virginia Iron Works, here located, make about 1,100 kegs of nails per week. The silk factory of J. W. Gill is the largest in the Union ; but is in operation only 3 months during the year, because of scarcity of stock. The city early experienced the advantages of its position for navigation on the Ohio, and its connections E. and W. by the National Road. The Baltimore and Ohio R. R. here terminates, 8SO m. from Baltimore. The Central Ohio R. R., now com pleted below Columbus and Zanesville, will here connect with the Hempfield R. R., now in construction to junction with the Pennsylvania R. R. at Greensburg. The Cleveland and Pittsburg R. R. is also being extended to Wheeling. The tonnage of Wheeling district on June 30th, 1850, was 5,934 tons, all of which was of the class " enrolled and licensed," permanent, employed in the coasting trade, and propelled by steam. Vessels built during the year preceding, 4 steamers, 835 tons. In 1852, 38 steamboats, all high pres sure, were here owned, with aggregate tonnage of 6,843 tons. The city contains, besides the county buildings, 13 churches, several academies, and 2 banks, with aggregate capital of $969,100. Its newspaper press in 1850 consisted of the " Wheeling Gazette" (whig), and " Wheeling Even ing Argus" (dem.), each issuing daily and weekly editions; and the "Virginische Staats Zeitung" (dem.) in German language, issued weekly. Pop. in 1810, 914 ; in 1820, 1,567 ; in 1830, 5,221 ; in 1840, 7,885; in 1850, 11,391. WHEELING VALLEY, p. o., Marshall co,, Virg.: 289 m. N. W. Richmond. WHEELOOK, p. o., Choctaw Nation,. Ind.Ter. WHEELOCK, p. o., Robertson co., Teas. : 90 m. N. E. by E. Austin City. WHEELOCK, t. and p. o., Caledonia county, Verm. : 29 m. N. E. Montpelier. Drained by branches of Passumpsic r Pop. 885. WHETSTONE, p. o., Morrow county, Ohio : 48 m. N. by E. Columbus. WHETSTONE river, Ohio: see OLENTANGY river. WUIGVILLE, p. v., Lapeer co., Mich. : 68 m. N.E. Lansing. WHIPPY SWAMP, p. o., Beaufort dist., S. Car. : 73 m. S. Columbia. WHITCOMB, p. v., Franklin county, Ind. : 60 m. E. S. E Indianapolis. WHITE county, Ark. Situate N. E. centrally, and con tains 1,043 sq. m. Drained by Little Red r., tributary of White river, which forms its E. boundary, and by other streams. Surface even ; soil fertile, and adapted to grazing. Farms 307 ; manuf. 2 ; dwell. 455, and pop. wh. 2,309, fr. col. 2, si. 308 total 2,619. Capital: Searcy. WHITE county, 1U. Situate S. E., and contains 447 sq. m. Little Wabas h river and Skillet fork of same drain the co. Surface partly level, and partly undulating ; soil fertile ; staples, wheat and Indian corn. Tobacco is cultivated. It has some excellent prairie land in the E. portion. The country bordering the streams is well wooded. Farms 1,101 ; manuf. 22 ; dwell. 1,537, and pop. wh. 8,816, fr. col. 109 total 8,925. Capital : Carmi. WHITE county, Ind. Situate N. W. middle, and contains 504 sq. m. Drained by Tippecanoe r. and its several trib utaries. Two-thirds of the surface is prairie, and at least one-half dry and gently undulating ; soil rich, and the forest growths extensive. Farms 458 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 821, and pop. wh. 4,752, fr. col. 9 total 4,761. Capital: Monticello. Public Works: New Albany and Salem Extension R. R. WHITE county, Tenn. Situate E. centrally, and contains 346 sq. m. Drained by Caney fork of Cumberland river and its affluents. Surface uneven, in parts hilly; soil fertile; staples wheat, grain, and tobacco. Pork and grain are ex ported. Farms 1,341; manuf. 22; dwell. 1,706, and pop. wh. 10,093, fr. col. 132, si. 1,214 total 11,444. Capitol: Sparta. Public Works: Lexington and M Minnville R. R. WHITE mountains, N. Hamp.: these mountains, in the N. part of the State, are the highest in New England, and among the highest in the United States. The range is iu. form nearly square, extending N. and S. about 26 m., and E. and W. about 22 m. ; but the more elevated summits are comprised within a range of S miles. The highest summits are covered with snow during the greater part of the year, and in clear weather are visible at sea more than 50 miles from shore. The elevations of the highest peaks are as follows : Mount Washington . .6,226 feet Mount Adams 5,960 " Mount Jefferson 5,860 " Mount Madison . . .5,620 feet Mount Monroe 5,510 u Mount Franklin... 5,050 besides which several others are little inferior in elevation. The ascent of these mountains is fatiguing, but not danger ous; and is frequently accomplished by summer visitors. The scenery from their summits is of surpassing interest, and of varied character. The construction of the Boston, Concord, and Montreal R. R., Atlantic and St. Lawrence ,. R., and other lines of railroad toward this interesting icinity, has greatly increased the number of summer isitors, for whose accommodation there are numerous hotels kept in first-class style. WHITE river, Ark. : is formed in Washington co., by the WHI \VHI confluence of 3 branches, flows N. N. E., crosses into Mis souri, then turns to the S. E., and holds this general course for 150 m. until it receives Black r., its principal N. branch, after which it flows l>y wind ins course in general direction 8. by K., until it empties into the Mississippi r, in Desha co. About 8 miles from its mouth it connects by a broad bayou, usually boatable, with Arkansas river; afu-r which its course is through a great marsh or swamp. Its length is over 600 miles; and although it is at present choked up in many places by accumulations of drift-wood, steamboats ascend to Bat(sville. 200 m., and on the removal of these obstructions will ascend 200 miles farther. It receives numerous tribu taries, of which several are large streams, and flows through a very fertile region. WHITE river, Jiid. : is formed by the confluence of the E. and W. forks of White r., 20 m. S. K. Vincennes, and flows W. 8. W. in winding course about 35 m. to its entrance into "Wabash r. Its stream is but little inferior to the Wabash, is about (iOO feel wide, and navigable in high water for steam boats. The W. fork rises in Randolph co. ; in high water it is navigable for steamboats to Indianapolis, and flat-boats have descended it from near Winchester. The E. fork is about 225 miles long, and boatable 150 m. The numerous branches of these forks drain the entire central portion of the Slate. WHITE river, Mich. : rises in Newago county, flows 8. W. through Oceana co., and. enters Lake Michigan by a broad estuary, WHITE river, Utah Ter. : a principal head branch of Colorado r., flowing through E. part of Utah co., about 150 in. in W. course. WHITE river, Verm. : rises in Granville, flows S. S. E., N. E., and S. E., and empties into the Connecticut river in Hartford t. It is about 55 miles long, and receives several tributaries, each of which affords valuable water-power. WHITE ASH, p. o., Alleghany county, Penn. : 168 m. W. Harrisburg. WHITE CHIMNEYS, p. o., Caroline county, Virg. : 28 m. N. Richmond. WHITE COTTAGE, p. o., Muskingum co., OJdo: 55 m. E. Columbus. WHITE COTTAGE, p. o., Shelby co., Tex. : 244 m. E. N. E. Austin City. WHITE CREEK, t. and p. v., Washington co., N~. Y. : 30 m. N. E. Albany. Drained by Owl and Little White cr. flow ing S. into Hoosic r. The v. contains 2 churches, and seve ral stores. Pop. of t. 2,994. WHITE CROSS, p. o., Orange co., Jf. Car. : 35 m. N. W. Raleigh. WHITE DAY, p. o., Monongalia co., Virg. : 258 m. N. W. Richmond. WHITK DKER, p. o., Lycoming county, Penn. : 68 m. N. Harrisburg. WHITE DEER MILLS, p. o., Union co., Perm.: 55 m. N. Harrishurg. WHITE EYE S PLAINS, p. o., Coshocton co., Ohio: oil S. side of Tuscarawas r., 69 rn. E. N. E. Columbus. WnriEFACK mountain, N. Y.: on E. side of Wilmington r.. in N. W. part of Essex co., is 4,855 feet above the Atlantic ocean. WHITEFIEU), p. o., Oktibbeha co., Miss. : on branch of Okanoxubee r.. 95 m. N. E. Jackson. WHITEKIKLD, p. o., Marshall county, III. : 80 m. N. by E. Springfield. WiiiTEFiEi.i), t. and p. o., Lincoln co., Me. ; 14 m. S. E. Augusta. Watered by Sheepscot river, which affords water-power. Interests of the town chiefly agricultural. Pop. 2.160. WHITEFIELD, t and p. o., Coos co., jff. JTamp. : 79 m. N. Concord. Drained by John s r., on which are saw-mills. Pop. 857. WHITE-FISH point, Chippewa co., Mich. : separates Te- quamenon bay from Lake Superior. WHITEFORD, p. o., Lucas co., Ohio: 120 m. N. N. W. Columbus. WHITE HALL, p. v., Greene co., Itt. : 48 m. W. S. W. Springfield. It contains 3 churches, several stores, etc. Pop. about 400. WHITE HALL, p. o., Hunterdon county, N. Jer. : 33 m. N. by W. Trenton. WHITE HALL, p. o., Madison county, Ey. : 44 m. S. E. Frankfort. WHITE HALL, t, p. v., and sta., Washington co., N. Y.: 58 m. N. N. E. Albany. Surface hilly. Drained by Pawlet river, Wood creek, and Poultney river, M hich flow into the. head of Lake Champlain. The v. at the head of the lake is well situated for trade. The Champlain Canal extends hence 73 m. to Albany. The Saratoga and Washington R. R. passes through, 13 m. from Castleton, and it is pro posed to build a railroad hence to Plattsburg. It contains four churches, several mills and manufactories, and two banks, with aggregate capital of $208,200. The " Demo crat," and " Chronicle" (whig) are here published. Pop. of v. about 3,000; oft. 4,726. WHITE HALL, p. o., Owen co., Ind. : 43 m. S. W. by S. Indianapolis. WHITE HALL, p. v., Mecklenburg co., N. Car. : 120 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. Pop. about 100. WHITE HALL, sta., Delaware co., Penn. : on Philadelphia and Columbia R. R., 10 m. W. Philadelphia. WHITE HALL, p. o., Montour co., Penn. : 54 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. WHITE HALL, p. v., Fayette co., Term. : 160 m. W. S. W Nashville. WHITE HALL, p. o. and sta., Baltimore county, Md. : on Baltimore and Susquehanna R. R., 26 m. N. from Balti more, 56 m. from Harrisburg, 45 m. N. by W. Annapolis. WHITE HALL, p. v., Frederick co., Virg. : 123 m. N. by "W. Richmond. Pop. about 100. WHITE HALL, p. o., Clark county, Mb. : 128 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. WHITEHALL VILLE, p. o., Bucks co., Penn. : 96 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. WHITE HARE, p. o., Cedar co., Mo. : 116 m. S. W. by "W. Jefferson City. W HITE HAVEN, p. v., Somerset co., Md. : on W. side of Wicomico river, 60 m. S. E. by S. Annapolis. It has some coasting trade by vessels of considerable burden. WHITE HAVEN, p. v., Luzerne co., Penn. : on W. bank of Lehigh r., and on the line of the Lehigh and Susquehan na R. R., 78 m. N. E. Harrisburg. WHITEHEAD island, Lincoln county, Me. : S. W. of "W. entrance of Penobscot bay, 45 m. S. E. Augusta. It con tains a light-house. (See LIGHT-HOUSCS.) WHITE HILL, p. o., Giles county, Tenn. : 70 miles S. Nashville. WHITE HOUSE, p. o., Henry co., Ga. : 64 m. N. W. by W. Milled geville. WHITE HOUSE, p. o., Randolph co., 2f. Oar. : 72 m. "W. Raleigh. WHITE HOUSE, p. o., Mecklenburg co., Virg. : on S. side of Roanoke river, 84 m. S. W. Richmond. The Roanoke Valley R. R. will pass through this place. WHITE HOUSE, p. o., Williamson co., Tenn. WHITE HOUSE, p. v. and sta., Hunterdon co., N. Jer.: on S. E. side of Rockaway cr., 26 m. N. Trenton. The New- Jersey Central R. R. passes through, 50 m. from New York, 28 m. from Easton. WHITE HOUSE, p. o., Cumberland county, Penn. : 18 m. W. S. W. Harrisburg. WHITE LAKE, p. o., Sullivan county, 2f. Y. : 88 m. S. W. Albany. White lake, in the vicinity, is a small but very beautiful sheet of water, abounding with fish, etc. A good hotel accommodates summer visitors. WHITELEY, t. and p. o., Greene co., Penn. : 168 m.W. by 8. Harrisburg. Drained by Whiteley cr., flowing into Monon- 929 WHI WHI gahela r. It contains several tanneries, grist and saw mills. Pop. about 2,500. WHITELEYSBUHG, p. v., Kent co., Del. : 11 m. S. W. by S. Dover. WHITE MARSH, p. o., Columbus county, N. Car. : 99 m. 8. Ealeigh. WHITE MARSH, t and p. o., Montgomery county, Penn, : 85 m. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Wissahickon cr., which affords water-power to various mills. Pop. of t about 2,400. WHITE MILLS, p. o., Wayne county, Penn. : 124 m. N. E. Harrisburg. WHITE MOUNTAIN, p. o., Coos co., N. Hamp. : 74 m. N. Concord. WHITE OAK, p. o., Columbia co., Ga. : 64 m. N. E. by E. Milledgeville. WHITE OAK, p. o., Ritchie co., Vlrg. : 223 m. N. W. by W. Eichraond. WHITE OAK, L and p. o., Ingham county, Mich. : 522 m. S. E. by E. Lansing. Pop. in 1840, 270 ; in 1850, 508. WHITE OAK, p. o., Hopkins co., Tex. : 247 m. N. N. E. Austin City. WHITE OAK, p. o., Humphreys co., Tenn. : 48 m. W. by N. Nashville. WHITE OAK GKOVE, p. o., Dubois county, Ind. : 102 m. S. S. W. Indianapolis. WHITE OAK GROVE, p. o., Greene county, Mo. : 117 m. S. W. by S. Jefferson City. WHITE OAK HILL, p. o., Fleming co., Ky. : 72 m. E. by N. Frankfort. WHITE OAK SPRING, p. v., La Fayette co., Wise. : near Illinois State line, 66 m. S. W. Madison. WHITE OAK SPRINGS, p. o., Brown county, III. : 60 m. W- Springfield. WHITE PATH, p. o., Gilmer co., Ga. : 152 m. N. W. by N. Milledgeville. WHITE PIGEON, t, p. v., and sta., St. Joseph s co., Midi. : 80 m. S. W. by S. Lansing. Drained by Pigeon and Fawn rivers, branches of St. Joseph r. The v. contains 2 churches and several stores. The Michigan Southern E. E. passes through, 119 m. from Chicago, 128 m. from Monroe. Pop. of t 794. WHITE PLAINS, p. v., Benton county, A la. : on W. side of Chocolocko cr., 105 m. N. N. E. Montgomery. WHITE PLAINS, p. Y., Greene co., Ga. : 30 m. N. N. E. Milledgeville. It contains an academy, 2 churches, and several stores, etc. WHITE PLAINS, t., p. v., eta., and cap. Westchester county, N. Y. : 116 m. S. Albany. Bounded W. by Bronx r., and E. by Mamaroneck cr. The v. contains the county build ings, 2 academies, 6 churches, and about 750 inhabitants. The Harlem E. E. passes W. of the v., 26 m. from the City Hall, New York ; 128 m. from Albany. Pop. of 1 1,414. WHITE PLAINS, p. v., Cleveland county, N. Car. : 153 m. W. by S. Ealeigh. WHITE PLAINS, p. T., Jackson co., Tenn. : 75 m. E. N. E. Nashville. WHITE PLAINS, p. v., Brunswick county, Vlrg. : 65 m. S. S. W. Eichmond. WHITE POND, p. o., Barnwell district, S. Car.: 60 m. S. by W. Columbia. WHITE POST, p. o., Pulaski county, Ind. : 32 m. N. N. W. Indianapolis. WHITE POST, p. v., Clark co., Virg. : 115 m. N. by W. Eichmond. W T HITE EIVER, p. o., Desha co., ArJc : on White r., at its entrance into the Mississippi, 83 m. S. E. by E. Little Eock. WHITE EIVEB, p. o., Morgan county, Ind. ; 32 m. S. W. Indianapolis. WHITE EIVER JUNCTION, p. v. and sta.,Windsor co., Verm. : on W. side of Connecticut r., at confluence of White r., by E. E. 62 m. S. E. by S. Montpelier. The v. is pleasantly built, and contains an extensive iron-foundry and machine- shop; but derives its business and importance from the railroads here connecting: viz., Vermont Central E. E. Connecticut and Passumpsic Eivers E. E., and Northern (N. Hamp.) E. E. WHITE EIVER VILLAGE, v. and sta., Windsor co., Verm. : on White r., and Vermont Central E. E., 1 m. from White Eiver Junction, and by railroad, 61 m. from Montpelier. It is built upon an elevated plain, principally upon the N. side of the r., and is encircled on the N. by a hill. A dam is here thrown across the stream, affording water-power on both sides. WHITE EOAD, p. o., Forsy th co., N. Car. : 99 m. W. N. W. Ealeigh. WHITE EOCK, t. and p. v., Ogle co., 111. : 153 m. N. by E. Springfield. The t. contains considerable prairie land, and is drained by Stillman s river. WHITE EOCK, p. o., Yancey county, N. Car. ; 192 m. W. Ealeigh. WHITE EOCK, p. o., Navarro co., Tex. : 146 m. N. N. E. Austin City. WHITKSBORO , v. and sta., Oneida county, N. Y. : on S. W. bank of Mohawk r., 87 m. W. N. W. Albany. Settled in 1784 ; incorporated in 1813. It is very pleasantly built, and its streets are finely ornamented with shade trees. It con tains the county buildings, 5 churches, 2 excellent academies, several large manufactories, and 1 bank, cap. $120,000. The New York Central E. E. passes through it, 4 m. from Utica, 99 m. from Albany, 49 m. from Syracuse. Pop. about 2,000. W T HITESBCRG, p. v., Madison county, Ala. : on N. side of Tennessee r., 158 m. N. Montgomery. WHITESBURG, p. v., and cap. Letcher county, Ky. : 123 m. E. S. E. Frankfort. It contains the counly buildings. WHITE S CORNERS, p. o., Erie county, N. Y. : 256 m. W, Albany. WHITE S CORNERS, p. o., Potter county, Penn. : 110 m N. N. W. Harrisburg. WHITE S CREEK, p. o., Bladen co., N. Car. : 80 m. S. by E. Ealeigh. WHITESIDES county, HI. Situate N. W., and contains 729 sq. m. Eock r. flows through the co. from E. to S. W., by which and its branches it is drained. Surface varied, part being level and part undulating ; soil productive. Wheat and Indian corn are exported. Farms 1,404; manuf. 24; dwell. 923, and pop. wh. 5,359, fr. col. 2 total 5.361. Capital: Sterling C. H. Public, Works: Chicago, Albany, and Camanche E. E. WHITESIDE S CORNERS, p. o., Saratoga co., N. Y. : 40 m. N. Albany. WHITE SPRINGS, p. v., Hamilton county, Flor. : 86 m. E. Tallahassee. WHITE STONE, p. o., Lancaster co., Virg. : 55 m. E. by N. Eichmond. WHITE S STORE, p. o., Chenango co., N. Y. : on W. side of Unadilla r., 87 m. W. by S. Albany. WHITE S STORE, p. o., Anson co., N. Car. : 96 m. S. W Ealeigh. WHITESTOWN, t., p. v., and one of the caps. Oneida co., N. Y. : 88 miles W. N. W. Albany. Bounded N. E. by Mohawk r., and drained by Sadaquada and Oriskany creeks, which afford water-power. It contains several flourishing villages, of which Whitesboro contains the Whitestown p. o. and the county buildings. The Erie Canal, and Central E. E. pass through its N. part. Pop. of t. in 1840 5,156 ; in 1550, 6,810. WHITESTOWN, v., Adams co.. Penn. : 22 m. S. W. Harris burg. It contains a cold-blast charcoal furnace, with annual capacity of 1,100 tons, employing 56 men. WHITESTOWN, p. o., Butler co., Penn. : 168 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. WHITE SULPHUR, p. o., Scott county, Ky.; 20 m. N. E. Frankfort. WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, p. v., Limestone county, Ala. : 175 m. N. by W. Montgomery. WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, p. v., Merriwether county, Ga. : WHI WIL on small branch of Chattahoochie river, 96 in. W. by S, Milledgeville. WHITE SULPHUR SPBINGS, p. o., Catahoula parish, La, : 103 m. N. W. by N. Baton Kouge. WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, p. v., Greenbrier co., Virg. : on a branch of Greenbrier r., 156 m. W. by N. Richmond. These valuable medicinal springs have for many years been the principal summer resort in Virginia. Their location is in an elevated and beautifully picturesque valley surrounded by mountains. The average number of visitors per annum is usually 5 to 6,000; and upon the completion of the Covington and Ohio E. R., which will pass through this place, will be greatly increased. WHITESVILLK, p. v., Harris co., Ga. : on branch of Chatta hoochie r., Ill m. W. by S. Milledgeville. WIIITESVILLE, p. v., Wilkinson co., Miss. : near Louis iana State line, 109 m. S. S. W. Jackson. WHITESVILLE, p. o., Halifax co., Virg. : 94 m. S. W. Richmond. WUITESVILLE, p. v., Alleghany co., N. Y. : on branch of Genesee r., 218 m. W. S. W. Albany. It contains several mills, stores, etc., and 2 churches. WHITESVILLE, p. v., sta.. and cap. Columbus co., N. Car. : on W. side Whitemarsh cr., 93 m. S. Raleigh. It contains the county buildings, stores, etc. The Wilmington and Manchester R. R. passes through it, 43 m. from Wilmington. Pop. about 350. WIIITESVILLE, p. o., Andrew co., Mo. : 170 m. N. W. Jef ferson City. WHITE TOP, p. o., Sullivan co., Tenn. : 240 m. E. by N. Nashville, WHITEVILLB, p. v., Hardeman co., Tenn. : 145 m. W. S.W. Nashville. Pop. about 100. WHITE WATER, p. a, Pike co., Ala. : on E. side of branch of Pea r., 54 m. S. E. by S. Montgomery. WHITE WATER, t, Hamilton co., Ohio : 102 m. S. W. by W. Columbus. Drained by Whitewater r. It contains several pleasant villages, among which is a Shaker settlement. See WATEEVLIET, etc. Pop. 1,567. WHITE WATER, p. a, Fayette co., Ga. : 80 m. W. N. W. Milledgeville, WHITE WATER, p. o., Wayne co., Ind. : near Ohio State line, 64 m. E. by N. Indianapolis. WHITE WATER, t., p. v., and sta,, Walworth co., Wise. : 39 m. S. E. by E. Madison. Watered by tributaries of Rock r. The Milwaukie and Mississippi R. R. passes through the v., in N. W. part of t., 50 m. from Milwaukie, 20 m. from Janesville. Pop. of 1. 1,252. WHITE WATER river, Ind. : is formed at Brookville, Franklin co., by the confluence of the E. and W. forks ; thence it flows S. E. and S., to its entrance into Miami r., 6 m. above its mouth. It affords water-power, has an aver age width of 300 feet, and is navigable in high water. WHITE WATER river, Mo. and Ark. : is formed in Cape Girardeau co., Mo., by several head branches ; thence flows in general course S. by W., and nearly parallel to the Mis sissippi, until it enters St Francis bay, in Mississippi county, Arkansas. WHITING, t and p. o., Washington county, Me. : 109 m. E. by N. Augusta. Surface diversified by numerous ponds. Machias bay lies on its S. W. border. Pop. 470. WHITING, t., p. o., and sta., Addison co., Verm. : 41 m. S. W. Montpelier. An agricultural township. The Rut land and Burlington R. R. passes through its E. part, along the banks of Otter creek, 75 m. from Bellows Falls, 45 m. from Burlington. Pop. oft. 629. WHITINGHAM, t, and p. o., Windham co., Verm. : 106 m. S. by W. Montpelier. Drained by Deerfleld r. and branches. It contains abundance of limestone, and an excellent min eral spring. Pop. 1,330. WHITINS, sta., Worcester co., Mass. : on Providence and Worcester R. R., 17 m. from Worcester, 26 m. from Provi dence, 34 m. S. W. by W. Boston. WurriNSViLLE, p. v., Worcester co., Mass. : on branch of Blackstone r., 36 m. S. W. by W. Boston. WHITLEY county, Ind. Situate N. E., and contains 824 sq. m. Drained principally by Eel r. and its tributaries. In the N. and middle portions the surface is undulating sometimes hilly; but in the S. level. Forest land, inter spersed with wet prairies, preponderate ; but there are also considerable bottoms and barrens. Farms 522 ; manuf. 8 ; dwell. 913, and pop. wh. 5,095, fr. col. 95 total 5,190. Capital: Columbia. WHITLEY county, Ky. Situate S. E., and contains 704 sq. m. Drained by Cumberland r. and its branches. Surface hilly ; soil fertile, and in general very productive, the up lands being well adapted to grazing, and much grain is raised. Chief productions, Indian corn and tobacco. Farms 980 ; manuf. ; dwell. 1,214, and pop. wh. 7,227, fr. col. 19, si. 201 total 7,447. Capital : Williamsburg. Public, Works : Knoxville and Lexington R. R. WHITLEY C. H., p. v., and cap. Whitley co., Ind, : in Columbia v., on N. W. side of Eel river, 101 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. WHITLEY C. H., p. v., and cap. Whitley co., Ky. : in Williamsburg v., on S. side of Cumberland r., 88 m. S. S. E. Frankfort. WHITLEY S POINT, p. o., Shelby co., HI. : 65 m. E. S. E. Springfield. WHITLEYVILLE, p. o., Jackson co., Tenn. : 55 m. E. N. E. Nashville. WHITNEY S CORNERS, p. o., Jefferson co., 2f. T. : 152 m. N. W. by W. Albany. WHITNEY S POINT, p. o., Broome county, N. Y. : 116 m. W. by S. Albany. WHITNEY S VALLEY, p. v. and sta., Alleghany co., N. Y. : on Buffalo and New York City R. R., 78 m. from Buffalo, 13 m. from Hornellsville, 214 m. W. Albany. It contains 2 churches, several stores, etc. WHITNEYVILLE, p. v. and sta,, Washington co., Me. : on S. W. side Machias r., and on the Franklin R. R, 9 m. from Machiasport, 114 m. E. by N. Augusta. WHITNEYVILLB, p. o., Kent co., Mich. : 58 m. W. N. W. Lansing. WHITTLESEY, p. o., Medina co., Ohio : 96 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. WHITTLE S MILLS, p. o., Mecklenburg co., Virg. : 87 m. S. W. by S. Richmond. WICK, p. o., Tyler county, Virg. : 280 m. K W. by W. Richmond. WICKFORD, p. v., Washington co., R. I. : on W. side of branch of Narragansett bay, 9 m. N. W. Newport. It has a good harbor, and employs considerable tonnage in the fisheries and coasting-trade. It contains three churches, an academy, and one bank. Pop. about 500. The Stonington and Providence R. R. passes through Wickford Dep6t, 3 m. W. of the village, 30 miles from Stonington, 20 miles from Providence. WICKLIFFE, p. v., Chambers county, Ala. : 66 m. E. N. E. Montgomery. WICKLIFFE, p. v., Crawford co., Ind. : 98 m. S. by W. of Indianapolis. WICKLIFFE, p. v., Jackson co., la. : 54 m. N. E. of Iowa City. WICKLIFFE, p. v., Lake co., Ohio: 140 m. N. E. by N. of Columbus. WICOMICO CHURCH, p. o., Northumberland co., Virg.: 58 m. E. N. E. Richmond. WICONISCA, t and p. o., Dauphin co., P&nn. : 22 m. N. of Harrisburg. Pop. of t. about 500. WIDEMAN S, p. o., Abbeville district, S. Car. ; 75 m. W. Columbia. WILKRAHAM, t and p. v., Hampden co., Mass. : 72 m. W. by S. Boston. Drained by head branches of Scantic river, and other streams flowing into the Connecticut r. The v. contains two churches and the Wesleyan Academy, a flour- 931 WIL WIL ishing Methodist institution. The Western E. E. passes through th N. part of the t. Pop. of t. 2,1 2T. WILCOX county, Ala. Situate toward the S. W., and con tains 906 sq. m. Alabama r flows through it, by which and its branches it is drained. Surface uneven ; soil in some parts very fertile: on the streams the land is in gen eral very productive. Staples, Indian corn and other grain, cotton, rice, and potatoes. It has some good timber land. Farms 6(56; mamif. 6; dwell. 983. and pop. wh. 5,516, fr. col. 1. si. 11 335 total 17,352. Capital: Camden C. II. WILOOX S STORE, p. o., Casey county, Ky. : 60 miles S. of Frankfort. WILD CAT. p. o., Carroll county, Ind. : 53 miles N. N. W. Indianapolis. WILDERNESS, p. o., Spottsylvania county, Virg.: 44 miles N. by W. Eichmond. WILDERNESS, p. o., Clark co.. Ala. : on small branch of Tombigbee r., 109 m. W. S. W. Montgomery. WILD HAUS, p. o., Izard co., Ark. : 91 m. N. by E. Little Eock. WILEY S COVE, p. o., Searey co., Ark. : on E. side of Cove cr.. 74 m. N. by W. Little Rock. WII.EYVILLE, p. o., Desha co., Ark. : 74 m. S. W. by S. Little Eock. WILKES county, Gn. Situate toward the N. E.. nnd con tains 486 sq. m. Fishing cr. and its branches, and affluents of Broad and Little rivers drain the county. Surface level ; soil fertile, and adapted to cotton, which is the chief pro duction, and also t wheat and grain, fine crops of which are raised. Pork and beef are exported. Farms 463; mnnuf. 9 ; dwell. 709. and pop. wh. 3,805, fr. col. 21, si. 8,281 total 12,107. Capital: Washington. WILKES county, FT. Cr. Situate N. W., and contains 579 sq. m. Drained by Yadkin r. and its branches. Sur face elevated, and diversified with mountains and valleys; soil fertile, and well fitted for pasture. Chief productions, tobacco, cotton, and Indian corn. This courry is bounded on the N. W. by the Blue Eidge. Farms 1.097; manuf. 9; dwell 2.050. and pop. wh. 1< 1 J46, fr. col. 211, si. 1,142 to tal 12,099. Capital: Wilkesboro . WILKESBARRE, p. b., and cap. Luzerne co., Penn. : on S. K. bank of Snsquehaiina r.. 82 m. N. K. by N. Harrishurg. The t. has a diversified surface, and is in the midst of the anthracite coal region. The b. occupies a very beautiful and elevated situation, and is surrounded by delightful scenery. It is laid out according to a beautiful plan of gen eral regularity, and is neatly built. The county buildings are handsomely located on a public square at its centre. It also contains 3 churches, 2 academics. 1 bank, cap. $^5 330, 1 anthracite blast furnace, with annual capacity of 1.500 tons, employi-ig 50 men. one of the largest rolling-mills in the Union, employing 250 men. and producing annually about 3.500 totis. besides oiher manufacturing establishments. The North Branch Division of the Pennsylvania Canal passes through the borough. The " Luzerne Democrat" and "Dem. Waehter" are issued weekly. This place, with the vicinity surrounding it. are of much ^historical interest. It WHS first settled under the Susquehanna Land Company of Connecticut, and was laid out in 1773. Its founders were of the b> st citizens of New England, intelligent, enterpris ing, and patriotic. Their conflicts in the Revolution wiih the allied British and Indians, especially that of the disas trous -Massacre of Wyoming, " are recorded in the annals of the nation, and commemorated on the field of their bat tle by a beautiful monument. Pop. in 1840, 1.718 ; in 1850, 2.723. WU.KF/SBORO , p. v., M Lean county, III. : 55 m. N. N. E. SpringfiVid. WILKF^BORO . p. v., and cap. Wilkes co., N. Car. : on S. side of Ya.lkin r., 133 m. W. by N. Raleigh. It contains the court-house, jail, stores, etc. Pop. about 180. WiLKEqjouo . p. v.. Covinsrton co., Miss. ; on branch of Pearl r, 6r> m. S. S. K. Jackson. WILKESVILLE. t and p. v., Vinton co., Ohio : 68 m. S. E. by S. Columbus. Drained by Eaccoon cr., which affords ater-power to several grist and saw-mills. The Cincinnati, II llsboro , and Parkersburg E. E. will pass through this t. Pop. of t. 1,037. WILKINS, p. o., Union co., Ohio: 41 m. N. W. Columbus. WILKINS. t. and p. o., Alleghany co., Penn. : 10m. E. by S. Pittshurg, 143 miles W. by N. Harrisburg. Population about 2.500. WILKINSBURG, p. v. and sta., Alleghany co., Penn. : on Pennsylvania E. E., 7 m. from Pittsburg, 151 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. WILKINSON county, Ga. Situate centrally, and contains 338 sq. m. Drained by Big Sandy and Commissioner creeks, branches of Oconee r., which forms its eastern boundary. Surface level or undulating; soil fertile, and in part very productive. Cotton is the staple, but excellent crops of wheat and grain are raised, and fruit is much cultivated, oranges, lemons, citrons, peaches, plums, pears, and pome granates being produced of excellent flavor and quality. Farms 645 : manuf. o ; dwell. 933, and pop. wh. 5,467, fr. col. ; si. 2.745 total 8,212. Capital : Irwinton. Public Works : Georgia Central E. E. ; Milledgeville and Gordon E. E. WILKINSON county, Miss. Situate S. W., and contains 654 sq. m. Drained principally by Buffalo cr.. which passes through it centrally. Surface in general is hilly, and in parts much broken. On the Mississippi, which bounds it on the W., the land is high, from which it inclines to the in terior ; soil fertile, and is well adapted to cotton, which is the chief production. Farms 404; manuf. 18; dwell. 736, and pop. wh. 3 624, fr. col. 30, sla. 13,260 total 16,914. Capital : Woodville. WILKINSONVILLE, p. v., Worcester co., Mass.: on S. side of Blackstone r., 35 m. W. S. W. Boston. WILKINSONVILLK, p. v., Union disk, & Car. : on W. sidle of Broad r.. 70 m. N. N. W. Columbia. WILL county, III. Situate N. W., and contains 1,152 sq. m. Drained by Iroquois and Kankakee rivers, tributa ries of Illinois river Surface generally even; in parts it is hilly and broken. Soil in many portions very productive. Staples, wheat, grain, and potatoes. Farms 1,200; mannf. 94 ; dwell. 2,796, and pop. wh. 16.670, fr. col. 33 total 16,703. Capital: Joliet. Public Works: Chicago Branch of Central E, E. : Chicago and Mississippi E. E. ; Illinois and Michigan Canal. WILLAMETTE river, Oreg. Ter. : rises in Lane co., flows N. E. and N., and empties into Columbia r., nearly opposite Fort Vancouver. WILLAMETTE FORKS, p. o., Linn co., Oreg. Ter. : 60 m. S. Salem. WILLET, t. and p. o., Cortlandt co., N.Y. : 114 m.W.by S. Albany. Drained by Otselic r. Pop. 923. WILLET, p. o., Greene co.. Wise. : 35 m. S. S.W. Madison. WILLETVILLE, p. o., Highland county, Ohio : 59 m. S.8.W. Columbus. WILLIAMS county, Ohio. Situate N.W., and contains 432 sq. m. Drained by St. Joseph s branch of the Maumee r. and its affluents, and Tiffin r. and its branches, which sup ply good water-power. Surface undulating; soil fertile. It contains a mineral spring, which is much frequented on ac count of its medicinal qualities, and the odor of which is perceived at the distance of a quarter of a mile. It is well wooded. Farms 651: manuf. 29; dwell. 1.390, and pop. wh. 8,018. fr. col. 90 total 8,108. Capital: Bryan. WILLIAMS, p. o., Christian co., Ky.: 159 m. W. S. "W Frankfort. WILLIAMSBORO , p. v., Granville county, N. Car.: 42 m. N. by E. Ealeigh. Pop. about 100. WILLIAM S BRIDGE, sta., Westchester county, 2f. Y.: on Bronx r. and Harlem E. E., 14 m. from City Hall, New York. WILLIAMSHUKG district, S. Car. Situate to-ward the E., and contains 1,<>87 sq. in. Druined,by Black r. and its trib utaries, and Cedar cr. Surface even; soil varied in gen- WIL WIL oral fertile an<l productive. Staples, rice and cotton. Farms 454; manuf. 0; dwell. 717, and pop. wh. 3.9<>2, fr. col. 87, si. 8,508 total 12.4T7. Capital : Kingstree. Public Works : North-eastern R. R. WII.LIAMSBI.BG, p. v., Wayne co., Ind. : on Green s fork, 58 m. E. by N. Indianapolis. Pop. about 400. WJLLIAMSBURG, L and p. o., Piscataquis co., Me. : 80 m. N. N. E. Augusta. Drained by Pleasant r. and its branches. Pop. 124. WILLIAMSBURG, t. and p. v., Hampshire co., Mass. : 85 m. W. Boston. Drained by Mill river, which affords water- power to several mills and manufactories. The v. contains 8 churches. Pop. of L 1,537. WILLIAMSBURG, p. v., and cap. Covington county, Mias. : 57 in. S. E. by S. Jackson. It contains the co. buildings. Pop. about 100. WILLIAMSBURG. p. v., Callaway county, Mo. : 28 m. N. E. Jefferson City. Pop. about 120. WILLIAMSBURG, p. city. Kings co., N. Y. : on E. bank of East river, 2 m. E. by N. City Hall, New York, 145 m. S. Albany. This flourishing city occupies a handsome and elevated site, is planned and laid out with regularity, and is increasing in population and general prosperity correspond ing to the growth of New York, of which it is properly a suburb, being connected by the most intimate ties of busi ness. It is well built and paved, and lighted wilh gas. It was incorporated as a village in 1827, and chartered as a city April 7, 1851. Its situation for business is most favor able, and its manufactures are varied and very extensive. The ship-yards in its N. W. part are among the largest and most important in the vicinity of New York, employing sev eral hundred men. A very large proportion of its citizens are engaged in daily business in New York, to Avhich four eteam ferries have boats constantly plying. The general municipal government is vested in a mayor and twelve aldermen (four from each of three wards), who hold office for two years. The police, fire, and other departments are constituted upon plans similar to those of New York, but varied by the particular wants of this city. The City Water- Works, commenced in 1S53, are in progress toward com pletion. The churches are about thirty in number, many of which are very commodious and handsome edifices Among the public buildings, the Odeon is the principal hall for public entertainment, etc. Its public schools, ar ranged according to the general State system, are well con ducted, and considerable interest is manifested in education by the citizens generally. The newspaper press, in 1S50, consisted of four dailies, viz., " W. Gazette" (whig), ; W. Times" (neut.), " Independent Press" (dem.), and " Demo cratic Advocate." In 1S53, the construction of avenue rail roads and other improvements, are operating with most beneficial influence upon the growth of the city. Pop. iu 1S35. about 3,000; in 1840,5,094; in 1845, 11,338; in 1S50, 30,786. The population at the present time (July, 1853) is perhaps little less than 50,000. WILLIAMSBURG, p. v., De Kalb co., IU. : on Sycamore r., 155 m. N. N. E. Springfield. WILLIAMSBURG, p. v., Iredell co., N. Car. : on E. side of Rock cr., 116 HL W. by N. Ealeigh. WILLIAMSBUKG. t. and p. v., Clermont co., Ohio : 82 m. S.W. by S. Columbus. Drained by K. fork of Little Miami river. Pop. of v. about 500 ; of t. 1,885. WILLIAMSBURG, p. b., Blair county, Pt-nn. : on S. side Juniata r., 72 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. Incorporated in 1828. It contains 5 churches, several mills, and other man ufacturing establishments, 1 hot-blast charcoal furnace, with annual capacity of 1,400 tons, and 2 charcoal forges, each annually producing 600 tons blooms, and employing 30 men. Pop. about 850. WILLIAMSBUHG, p. v., and cap. James City co., Virg. : 4f> m. E. S. E. Richmond. Pleasantly situated on elevated laud between James and York rivers. ItAvas first settled in 1632, and was the seat of the colonial government It is handsomely laid out with streets crossing at right angles The county buildings stand upon a public square. It also contains 3 churches, and the College of William and Mary, which was founded in lf,92, and in 1850 had 7 professors, 36 students, and 5.000 volumes in its library, and a flourishing law department of 82 students. Pop. 877. WILLIAM S CENTRE, p. v., William s co., Ohio: 134 m. N. W. Columbus. WILLIAM S Cuoss ROADS, p. o., Choctawco.,-4fo.: 115m. W. by S. Montgomery. WILLIAMSFIELD, t. and p. o., Ashtabula co., Ohio: 158 m- N. E. Columbus. Drained by branches of Shenango and Pymatuning creeks. Pop. 982. WILLIAMSON county, 111. Situate 8., and contains 482 sq. m. Drained by Muddy and Saline creeks, the former being a tributary of the Mississippi, and the latter of the Ohio. Surface varied ; in some parts hilly and broken, but in general it is level. Soil fertile, and raises good crops of wheat and grain, and is favorable to the cultivation of to bacco and cotton. Pine timber is to be found on the land. Farms 752; manuf. 10; dwell. 1,195, and pop. wh. 7,149, fr. col. 67 total 7,216. Capital: Marion. Public Works: Sangamonand MassacR. R. WILLIAMSON county, Tenn. Situate W. centrally, and contains 536 sq. m. Ilarpeth r., a branch of Tennessee r., passes through the co., by which and its branches it is drained. Surface level or gently undulating; soil fertile. Staples, wheat, grain, tobacco, and cotton. It has a good growth of timber. Farms 1,355; manuf. 54; dwell. 2.534, and pop. wh. 14,267, fr. coL 70, si. 12,864 total 27,201. Capital: Franklin. Public Works: Nashville and New Orleans R. R. WILLIAMSON county, Ten. Situate E. centrally, and con tains 1.187 sq. m. Drained by San Gabriel r. and its N. and S. forks, and by Brushy cr. and its branches. Surface va ried, part of it being mountainous, and part level or rolling the latter portions being mostly prairie, with groves of timber interspersed. Soil fertile and very productive, yield ing large crops of grain, cotton, and potatoes. Indigo grows wild, and might, by cultivation, be rendered very valuable. Wheat, also, succeeds well, and the land is in general favor able to all agricultural productions. Farms 107 ; manuf. 1 ; dwell. 230, and pop. wh. 1,410, fr. col. 3, si. 155 total 1,568. Capital : Georgetown. WILLIAMSON, L and p. v., Wayne county, N. Y. : 182 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by small streams flowing into Lake Ontario, which bounds it on the N. Pop. of v. about 160 ; of t., 2,880. WILLIAMSON, p. v., Jefferson county, Ky. : 40 m. W. Frankfort. WILLIAMSON, p. v., Owen co., Ind. : 47 m. S. W. by S. Indianapolis. WILLIAMSON S MILLS, p. o., Lexington district, S. Car.: on small branch of N. Edisto r., 42 m. S. S. W. Columbia. WILLIAMSONVILLE, p. v., Macon co., Mo. : 90 m.N. by W. Jefferson City. WILLIAMSPORT, p. v., and cap. Warren co., Ind. : on W. bank of Wabash r., 69 m. N. W. by W. Indianapolis. It has a good landing for steamboats, carries on an important trade, and is surrounded by a very fertile region. First set tled in 1829. It contains the county buildings, etc. The " Wabash Commercial" (whig) is here published. Pop. about 450. WILMAMPPORT. p. o., Point Coupee parish, La. : 87 m. N. W. Baton Rouge. WILLIAMSPORT. p. v., Washington county, Md. on N. E. bank of Potomac r., 79 m. N. W. by W. Annapolis. This is the dcpflt of an extensive fertile region, and has excellent shipping facilities. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal passes through it. and the Franklin R. R. from Chambersburg will be extended to this place. It contains a bank, capital $135.000. Pop. about 450. WILLIAMSPOBT, p. b., and cap. Lycoming co., Perm. : on 933 WIL WAY N. bank of W. branch of Susquehanna r., 66 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. It contains the county buildings, 1 bank, cap ital $100,000, 2 academies, and 4 churches. The " L. Ga zette" (dem.) and " L. Democrat" are issued weekly. The West Branch Division of Pennsylvania Canal passes through it The Williamsport and Elmira R. R. (constructed to Kalston, 25 m.), and the Sunbury and Erie R. R, with other projected lines, will greatly increase the business interests of this place. Pop. in 1840, 1,358 ; in 1850, 1,615. WILLIAMSPORT, p. v., Pickaway co., Ohio: on E. side of Darby cr., 26 m. 8. Columbus. WILLIAMSPORT, p. v., Maury co., Tenn. : on S. side of Duck cr., 38 m. S. W. by S. Nashville. WILLIAMSPORT, p. v., Hardy co., Virg.: on branch of Potomac r., 143 m. N. N. W. Richmond. WILLIAM S STOKE, p. o., Berks co., Penn. : 54 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. WILLIAM S STOBE, p. o., Hardeman co., Tenn. : 125 m. W. S. W. Nashville. WILLIAMSTON, p. v., and cap. Martin co., N. Car. : 88 m. E. Raleigh. It contains the county buildings, etc. Pop. about 300. WILLIAMSTON, p. v. and sta., Anderson dist., S. Car. : on Greenville and Columbia R. R., 93 m. W. N. W. Columbia. WILLIAMSTOWN, p. v., Decatur co., Ind. : 48 m. S. E. by E. Indianapolis. WILLIAMSTOWN, p. Y., and cap. Grant co., Ky. : 36 m. N. N. E. Frankfort. It contains the court-house and sev eral dwellings. WILLIAMSTOWN, t and p. v., Berkshire co,, Mass. : 19 m. N. Pittsfleld, 111 m. W. by N. Boston. Drained by Hoosic r. and branches, which afford water-power to several mills and factories. The v. is on uneven ground, but very pleas ant Lat. of Cong. ch. 42O 42 49" N., long. 73O 13 10" W. Williams College, here located, was founded in 1793, and in 1850 had 8 professors, 1,317 alumni, 179 students, and 13,751 volumes in its libraries. Pop. of t 2,626. WILLIAMSTOWN, p. o., Ingham co., Mich. WILLIAMSTOWN, t, p. v., and sta., Oswego co., N. Y. : 124 m. W. N. W. Albany. The Watertown and Rome R. R. passes through, 28 m. from Rome, 54 m. from Watertown. Pop. in 1S40, 842 ; in 1850, 1,121. WILLIAMSTOWN, p. o., Camden county, N. Jer. : 37 m. S. by W. Trenton. WILLIAMSTOWN, t and p. o., Orange co., Verm. : 10 m. S. by E. Montpelier. The t. has an elevated and uneven surface, and contains 5 churches, several mills, etc. Pop ulation 1,452. WILLIAMSVILLE, p. v., Erie eo., N. Y. : on N. E. side of Ellicott s cr., 262 m. W. Albany. It contains 3 churches, several mills, and other manufacturing establishments, and a large water-lime mill. WILLIAMSVILLE, p. v., Kent co., Del. : 15 m. S. S. W. Dover. WILLIAMSVILLE, p. v., Person co., 2f. Car. : on branch of Dan r., 56 m. N. W. by N. Raleigh. WILLIAMSVILLE, p. v., Elk co., Penn. : on N. county line, 127 m. N. W. Harrisbnrg. WILLIAMSVILLE, p. o., Dickson co., Tenn. : 37 m. W. Nashville. WILLIAMSVILLE, p. T., Windham co., Verm. : on branch of West r., 95 m. S. Montpelier. WILLIAMSVILLK, p. v., Delaware co., Ohio : 13 m. N. by W. Columbus. WILLIAMSVILLE, p. o., Bath co., Virg.: 123 m. W. N. W. Richmond. WILLIMANSETT, p. v. and sta., Hampden co., Mass. : on E. bank of Connecticut r., 77 m. W. by S. Boston. The Connecticut River R. R. passes through, 6 m. from Spring field. WILLIMANTIC, p. b. and sta., Windham co., Con*,. : on N. side of Willimantic r., 23 m. E. by S. Hartford. It con tains several very large cotton factories, other mills, and 4 churches. The " Public Medium" (neut.) is issued weekly. The railroads passing through this place are, Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill R. R., 32 m. from Hartford ; New London, Willimantic, and Palmer R. R., 30 m. from New London, 36 m. from Palmer; and the projected New York and Boston Direct R. R. WILLING, p. o., Alleghany co., N. Y. : 224 m. W. by S. Albany. WILMINGTON, t. and p. v., Tolland county, Conn. : 21 m. E. by N. Hartford. Drained by branches of Willimantic r., which supply good water-power. The New London, Wil limantic, and Palmer R. R. passes on its W. border. In the v. are 2 churches. Pop. of 1. 1,399. WILLINGTON, p. v., Abbeville dist., S. Car. : 80 m. W. Columbia. WILLISBFRG, p. o., Washington co., Ky. : 35 m. S. S. W. Frankfort. WILLISTON, p. v. and sta., Barnwell dist, S. Car. : on South Carolina R. R., 99 m. from Charleston, 38 m. from Augusta., 45 m. S. S. W. Columbia. WILLISTON, p. o., Potter co., Penn. : 110 m. N. W. by N. Harrisburg. WILLISTON, t, p. v., and sta., Chittenden co., Verm. : on S. side of Onion r., 26 m. W. N. W. Montpelier. Surface uneven. Drained by small streams. The Vermont Central R. R. passes through its N. E. part, 106 m. from Windsor. The v. is handsomely built. Pop. of 1. 1,699. WILLOUGHBY, t, p. v., and sta., Lake co., Ohio : 133 m. N. E. by N. Columbus. Chagrin r. flows on its E. border into Lake Ontario, which bounds it N. The v. contains 2 churches, several stores, etc. The Cleveland and Erie R. E, passes through it, 18 m. from Cleveland, 77 m. from Erie. Pop. of t 2.081. WILLOITGHBY lake and river, Orleans co., Verm. : the lake in Westmoreland town is a large and handsome sheet of water, and the river, its outlet, is the principal tributary of Barton river. WILLOW CREEK, p. o., Marquette county, Wise. : 76 m. N. by E. Madison. WILLOW CREEK, p. o., Lee co., III. : 130 m. N. by E. Springfield. WILLOW CREEK, p. o., Marion dist, S. Car. : 90 m. E. Columbia. WILLOW DALE, p. o., Trumbull co., Ohio : 145 m. N. E. Columbus. WILLOW GROVE, p. o., Coweta co., Ga. : 104 m. W. by N Milledgeville. WILLOW GROVE, p. v., Montgomery co., Penn. : 90 m. E. Harrisburg. WILLOW GROVE, p. o., Sumter dist., S. Car. : on W. side Lynch s cr., 50 m. E. Columbia. WILLOW ISLAND, p. o., Wood co., Virg. : 226 m. W.N.W. Richmond. WILLOW SPRING, p. o., Claiborne county, Miss. : 43 m. W. S. W. Jackson. WILLOW SPRINGS, t and p. v., Lafayette co., Wise. : 45 m. S. W. by W. Madison. Watered by Pekatonica r. Pop- of t. 606. WILLOW STREET, p. o., Lancaster co., Penn. : 36 m. S. E. by E. Harrisburg. WILLISBOUO , t and p. v., Essex co., N. Y. : on W. side of Lake Champlain, 118 m. N. by E. Albany. The v. on Boquct r. contains several mills, etc. Pop. of v. about 500 ; of t. 1,932. WILLS CREEK, p. o., Coshocton co., Ohio : on creek of same name, 65 m. E. by N. Columbus. WILLSEYVILLE, p. v. and sta., Tioga co., N. Y. : on Cayuga and Susquehanna R. R., 14 m. from Oswego, 19 miles from Ithaca, 138 m. W. by S. Albany. WILLSHIRE, t. and p. v., Van Wert county, Ohio: 93 miles W. N. W. Columbus. Drained by St. Mary s r., on the S. bank of which is the v., containing in 1S50 147 inhabitants. Pop. of t. in 1840, 434 ; in 1S50, 1,053. WIL WIL WILLS POINT, p. o., Benton county, Tenn. : 72 miles W Nashville. WILMINGTON, p. v.. Union co., Ark. : on S. side of Wachita r., 98 m. S. Little Rock. WILMINGTON, p. city, port of entry, and one of the caps Newcastle co., Dd. : is pleasantly situated between Bran dywine and Christiana creeks, 1 m. above their confluence 2 m. W. Delaware r., 37 miles N. Dover. Lat. 39 41 N. long. 75 2S W. Distance by railroad from Washington 108 m. ; Baltimore, 70 m. ; Philadelphia, 28 m. ; New York 115 m. Its site is pleasant and healthy, on ground rising gradually to the height of 112 feet above tide-water. It is regularly laid out, with wide streets crossing at right angles and is well built, chiefly of brick. It is supplied with water from {he Brandywine, by extensive water-works, constructec like those of Philadelphia. It contains a city hall, severa county buildings, an arsenal, 2 market-houses, several ex cellent academies, and 19 churches. The hospital, located upon a fine eminence, is 126 feet long and 3 stories high There are 4 banks, with aggregate capital of $700,000. The manufactures of Wilmington are various and most exten sive. Great water-power is afforded by the falls of the Brandywine, and improved by mills and factories of al kinds. The flouring-mills are, however, the most numer ous and extensive, and among the largest in the Union The making of gunpowder has for many years been exten sively carried on in the vicinity. The navigation interests of Wilmington are also large. Vessels drawing 14 feet water come to its wharves in Christiana cr., and Brandy- wine creek admits those drawing 8 feet water. The total tonnage of this district on June 30th, 1850, was 9,460 tons. The register tonnage amounted to 1,651 tons, viz., 681 tons permanent, and 970 tons temporary. The enrolled and licensed tonnage amounted to 7,809 tons, mostly perma nent, and all employed in the coasting trade, of which 1,429 tons were propelled by steam. During the year preceding it had no foreign commerce. Vessels built during the year, 16 (12 schooners, 3 sloops, 1 steamer) 1,849 tons. In 1852 it had among its vessels 11 steamboats 2,681 tons. The general business and prosperity of this city are steadily in creasing. It is surrounded by a very fertile agricultural district, has great natural advantages for manufacturing, in dustry, and trade, and its connections by railroad insure constant communication with the great cities of the nation. Its newspaper press in 1850 consisted of " Delaware Re publican," " Del. State Journal," each publishing tri-weekly and weekly editions; "Del. Gazette," semi-weekly and weekly ; and 2 weeklies, " Blue Hen s Chicken" (whig), and * Independent Delawarian" (dem.) Pop. in 1810, 4,416 ; in 1820, 5,263 ; in 1830, 6,628 ; in 1840, 8,367 ; in 1850, 13,979. An enumeration taken in 1853 gives the following : 6,587 white males, 7,389 white females, 920 colored males, 1,257 colored females total 16,153. WILMINGTON, p. v., Will co., III. : on E. side of Kankakee r., 127 m. N. E. Springfield. WILMINGTON, p. v., Dearborn county, Ind. : on S. side of Tanner s cr., 77 m. S. E. by E. Indianapolis. WILMINGTON, t., p. v., and sta., Middlesex co., Mass. : 15 m. N. W. by N. Boston. The t. has a level surface, light sandy soil, and produces large quantities of hops. It is crossed by the Boston and Lowell R. R. ; Boston and Maine E. R. ; Salem and Lowell R. R. ; and a junction branch R. R. The v. is small but neatly built. Pop. of t. 876. WILMINGTON, p. city, port of entry, and cap. New Hanover county, N. Car. : on Cape Fear r., near the confluence of the N. E. and N. W. branches, about 35 m. from the Atlantic Ocean ; 128 m. S. S. E. Raleigh. Latitude 34 11 N. ; longitude 78 10 W. Its site is rather low, and considered eomewhat unhealthy. Its favorable position for trade has, however, secured a large population, and permanent busi ness interests. In 1819, it suffered most severely by a con flagration which destroyed 200 buildings, at a loss of over $1,000,000. It contains a courtrhouse, jail, several churches, and 3 banks, with aggregate cap. of $1,050,000. It is lighted by gas distilled from wood. In 1850, its newspaper press comprised 6 issues, viz., " Commercial" (whig), tri-weekly and weekly; 2 semi-weeklies, "Aurora" (neutral), and " Journal" (dem.) ; 2 weeklies, " Chronicle" (whig), and " Religious Intelligencer" (Bapt.). The railroads entering Wilmington are, Wilmington and Weldon R. R. (from Weldon 162 m.); and Wilmington and Manchester R, R. (from Manchester 156 m.) ; both of which are very important avenues of travel and trade. The harbor has a shoal at its entrance, but admits vessels of 300 tons. The r. is divided into 3 channels by 2 islands, which are the finest rice fields in the State. The total tonnage of this district on June 30th, 1850, was 15,198 tons. The registered tonnage amounted to 9,123 tons, consisting of 1,406 tons permanent, and 7,717 tons temporary. The enrolled and licensed tonnage amounted to 6,075 tons, all permanent, and employed in the coasting trade, of which 2,949 tons were propelled by steam. Its foreign commerce during the year preceding, consisted of 175 clearances 31,098 tons, and IIS entrances, 20,670 tons. Vessels built during the year, 4 (1 brig, 1 schooner, 2 steamers) 483 tons. The principal exports of Wilmington during 1S52, were as follows: Coastwise. Foreign. Total. 17,135,889.. 15.201,000 ..32,336.889 1,025,202 . . 2,383.814 . . 3,409,016 63.071 . . 33,596 . . 96,663 820,219 . . 18,981 . . 339,200 17,522.. 2.187.. 19,659 6,660 . . 1,146 . . 7,806 Lumber feet .. Timber " .. Turpentine., bbls... Rosin " .. Tar .. Pitch " .. Peanuts bush. . . Cotton bales.. 4,136 Value $3,991,561.83 $548,107.74 $4,540,669 In 1852, the number of steamboats of this port was 15 (10 high pressure, 5 low pressure), with aggregate tonnage of 3,014 tons. An U. S. naval officer is stationed at this port. Pop. in 1830, 2,700 ; in 1840, 4,744 ; in 1850, 7,264. WILMINGTON, t. and p. v., Essex co., N. Y. : 124 m. N. Albany. Drained by Wilmington r., on which the village .s situate. Excellent iron ore is abundant and extensively wrought Pop. of 1. 1,176. WILMINGTON, p. v., and cap. Clinton co., Ohio: 54 m. S. W. Columbus. It contains the county buildings and 5 churches. Laid out in 1810. The Cincinnati, Wilmington, and Zanesville R. R. is in construction through this place. The " Clinton Republican" (whig), and " Weekly Em- >yrean" (fr. soil) are here published. Pop. 1,238. WILMINGTON, t. and p. v., Windham co., Ver-m. : 102 m. S. by W. Montpelier. Drained by Deerfleld river and tranches. The v. near the centre is pleasant and neatly built The " Green Mountain Eagle" is here published. Pop. of 1. 1,872. WILMINGTON, p. r., Fluvanna co., Virg. : on E. side of livanna r., 44 m. W. N. W. Richmond. WILMORE, p. o., Cambria co., Penn. : 101 m. W. by N. larrisburg. WILMOT, t and p. o., Merrimac co., N. Hamp. : 25 m. f. W. Concord. Drained by small streams which afford water-power. Pop. 1,272. WILMOT, p. o., Boone co., III. : near Wisconsin State line, 66 m. N. by E. Springfield. WILMOT, p. o., Kenosha co., Wise.: 81 m. E. S. E. ladison. WILMOT, p. o., Noble county, Ind. : 114 miles N. N. E. ndianapolis. WILMOT FLAT, p. o., Merrimac county, N. Hamp. : 22 m. . W. by W. Concord. WILMUET, t and p. o., Herkimer co., N. Y. : 86 m. N. W. Albany. Pop. in 1840, 60 ; in 1850, 112. WILNA, p. v., Houston co., Ga. : on branch of Ocmulgee , 50 m. S. W. by S. Milleogeville. WILNA, t and p. o., Jefferson co., N. Y.: 134 m. N. W. WIL WIN Albany. Drained by Black and Indian river and their branches. Pop. 2.993. WILSON county, Tenn. Situate N. centrally, and contains 468 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Cumberland r., which forms its N. boundary. Surface hilly, and in parts much broken ; soil fertile, and produces large crops of tobacco and cotton, which are the staples. Large crops of wheat and grain are also raised, and pork and beef are exported. Timber is abundant. Farms 1,988 ; manuf. 36 ; dwell. 3,41 1, and pop. wh. 19,915, fr. col. 402, si. 7,127 total 27,444. Capital : Lebanon. WILSON, t and p. o., Piscataquis co., Me. : 94 m. N. by E. Augusta. Drained by Wilson s creek. WILSON, p. o., Edgecomb co., N. Car. : 56 m. E. by N. Ealeigh. WILSON, p. o., Marion county, Ohio : 42 miles N. N. W. Columbus. WILSON, t and p. o., Niagara co., N. T.: 2C6 m. W. by N. Albany. Interests exclusively agricultural. Surface generally level. Drained by small streams. Pop. in 1S"40, 1,753 ; in 1S50, 2,955. WILSON S p. o., Anderson county, Term. : 150 m. E. Nashville. WILSON S CREEK, p. o., Graves co., Ky. : on cr. of same name, 228 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. WILSON S CREEK, p. o., Abbeville dist., S. Car. : 83 m. W. Columbia. WILSON S DEP&T, p. o. and sta.. Dinwiddie co., Vlrg. : on South Side K. E., 28 m. from Petersburg; 36 m. S. W. Eichmond. WILSON S MILLS, p. o., Venango county, Penn. : 160 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. WILSON S STATION, p. o., Clinton co., Ohio : 53 m. S. W. Columbus. WILSONVILLE, p. v., Shelby co., Ala.: on W. side of Coosa r., 59 m. N. by W. Montgomery. WILSONVILLE, p. o., Spencer co., Ky. : 28 m. W. S. W. Frankfort, WILSONVILLE, p. o., Cocke co., Tenn. : 210 m. E. by S. Nashville. WILSONVILLE, p. o., Highland co., Virg. : 180 m.W. N.W. Richmond. WILTON, t, p. v., and sta., Fairflekl co., Conn. : 54 m. S. W. Hartford. Drained by Norwalk r. and branches, which affords water-power. The v. contains 2 churches, etc. The Danbury and Norwalk R. R. passes through it, 7 m. from S. Norwalk, 17 m. from Danbury. Population of t 2,066. WILTON, t and p. v., Franklin co., Me.: 27 m. N. W. by W. Augusta. Drained by branches of Sandy r., which flow from two handsome ponds, and afford water-power to various mills. Pop. of 1. 1,909. WILTON, t, p. v., and sta., Hillsboro co., N. Ramp. : 29 m. 8. S. W. Concord. Drained by Souhegan r. and branches which afford water-power. The t. contains several stone quarries. The v. is neatly built, and is the terminus of Wilton R. R. from Nashville, 15 m. The Peterboro and Shirley R. R. touches the S. border of the t., where is a sta., 20 m. from Groton Junction. Pop. of 1. 1,161. WILTON, p. o., Pike county, Ark. : 96 m. S. W. by W. Little Rock. WILTON, t and p. o., Saratoga county, N, Y, : 82 m. N. Albany. Drained by a tributary of Hudson r. Surface di- versifled. Interests chiefly agricultural. The Saratoga and Washington R. R. crosses the t. Pop. 1,458. WINCHENDON, t, p. v., and sta., Worcester co., Mass. : 54 m. W. N. W. Boston. Drained by Miller s r., which af fords excellent water-power. One cotton factory contains 5,700 spindles. The t. contains several stone quarries. The v. near the centre is neatly built. The Cheshire R. R. passes a little N. of it, 18 m. from Fitchburg, 46 m. from Bellows Falls. Pop. of L in 1840, 1,754 ; in 1S50, 2,445. WINCHESTER, t and p. v., Litchfield co., Conn. : 2S m. W. N. W. Hartford. Drained by Mad r., which affords great water- power. The principal v. in this t. is West \Y in- sted, which see. Pop. of t. in 1840, 1.6G7 ; in 1850. 2,179. WINCHESTKK, t. and sta., Middlesex co., Max*. : on Boston and Lowell R. R., 8 m. N. N. \V. Boston. Pop. 1,353. WINCHESTER, p. v., and cap. Scott co.. IU. : on N. W. bank of Sandy cr., 44 m. W. by S. Springfield. It contains the county buildings, several mills, and manufacturing es tablishments. It has a fine location, and is a thriving place. Pop. about 800. WINCHESTER, p. v., and cap. Randolph co., Ind. : on S. side of W. fork of White r., 64 m. E. N. E. Indianapolis. First settled in 1819. It contains the county buildings, etc. The Indianapolis and Bellefontaine R. R., in construction, passes through this place. The "W. Patriot" (whig) is here published. Pop. about 800. WINCHESTER, p. v., Van Buren co., la. : 65 m. S. S. W. Iowa City. WINCHESTER, p. v., and cap. Clark county, Ky. : 40 m. E. by S. Frankfort. It contains the county buildings, 2 churches, etc. A north and south railroad, passing through this place, is projected. Pop. about .1,100. WINCHESTER, p. v., ami cap. Wajne co., jl/m.; on E. bank of Chickasawha r., 104 m. E. S. E. Jackson. It con tains the court-house and jail. Pop. about 100. WINCHESTER, p. v., Clark co., Mo. : on a branch of Fox r., 120 m. N. by E. Jefferson City. WINCHESTER, t, p. v., and sta., Cheshire co., N. Ilamp.: 53 m. S. W. by W . Concord. Drained by Ashuelot r., which affords extensive water-power. The v. near the centre is very handsome, and contains 3 churches, 1 bank, capital $100.00(1, and several manufactories. Three principal wool en factories run about 1,500 spindles. The Ashuelot R. R. passes through it, 13 m. from Keene. The "Northern Ad vocate" (free soil) is published weekly. Pop. of t. in 1840, 2,065 ; in 1850, 3,296. WINCHESTER, p. v., Guernsey co., Ohio : 82 m. E. by N. Columbus. WINCHESTER, p. o., Union co., N. Car. : 110 m. S. W. by W. Raleigh. WINCHESTER, p. v., and cap. Franklin co., Tenn. : on small branch of Elk r., 73 m. S. S. E. Nashville. It con tains the county buildings, several stores, etc. The " W. Independent" (dem.) is issued weekly. The Winchester and Alabama R. R. is projected. Pop. about 800. WINCHESTER, p. v., and cap. Frederick co.. Virg. : 116 m, N. N. W. Richmond. It is regularly laid out, with streets crossing at right .-ingles, which are generally well paved. It contains the county buildings, lyceum, academy. Masonic hall, and 14 churches. Its manufactures and trade are ex tensive and increasing. The Winchester and Potomac R. R. extends hence, 32 m.j to Harper s Ferry and junction with the Baltimore and Ohio R. R.. The v. also contains the Winchester Medical School, having 5 professors ; 2 banks, with aggregate capital of $680.000, and 1 savings institu tion. The " W. Republican" (whig) and the " Virginian" (dem.) are issued weekly. This place was founded in 1752, and is of considerable historical interest. Pop. in 1840, 3,454 ; in 1850, about 4,300. WINCHESTER CENTRE, p. v., Litchfleld co., Conn. : 25 m. N. W. by W. Hartford. WIND CREEK, p. o., Tallapoosa co., Ala. : 85 m. N. E. by E. Montgomery. WIND GAP, p. o., Northampton co., Penn. : 90 m. E. N. E. Harrisburg. The Wind Gap is an opening in the Blue Mountain, extending nearly from the bottom to the top. Its sides are very abrupt, and it is surrounded by romantic scenery. The road from Easton to Wilkesbarre passes through it. WINDHAM county, Conn. Situate N. E., and contains . m. Drained by Quinriebaug and Shetucket rivers and their branches. Surface uneven, and in some parts rough and stony ; soil fertile^ the larger portion adapted to WIN WIN grazing, while on the streams is some fine meadow land. This co. has excellent water privileges, and some extensive manufactures. Chief products, wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. Farms 2,445 ; manuf. 3SO ; dwell. 5,494, and pop. wh. 30,512, fr. col. 567 total 31,079. Capital: Brooklyn. Public Works: Norwich and Worcester li. E.; New York and Boston (air-line) K. K. ; Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill R. E. ; Plainfield R. R. WINDIIAM county, Venn. Situate S. E., and contains 765 sq. in. Drained by Williams, West, and Saxton rivers and their tributaries, which supply abundant water-power. Surface hilly, and in the western portion mountainous; soil fertile in some parts, generally suited for pasture and the growth of grain. It has excellent granite and limestone quarries. Chief products, wheat, Indian corn, etc. Farms 3,363; manuf. 197; dwell. 5,374, and pop. wh. 29.025, fr. col. 37 total 29,062. Capital : Fayetteville. Public Works: Vermont Valley R. R., etc, WINDHAM, t. and p. v., Windham co., Conn. : 28 m. E. by S. Hartford. Drained by Shetucket r. and branches, which afford good water-power. The t. contains several flourishing villages, of which Wiliimaritic is the principal. The v. near the centre contains 2 churches, an academy, several stores, and 1 bank, cap. $60,000. Pop. of t in 1840, 3,3S2 ; in 1850, 4,636. WINDHAM, t and p. v., Cumberland county, Me. : 47 m. S. W. Augusta. Drained by branches of Presumpscot r., which furnish mill privileges. Interests entirely agricultu ral. Pop. of t. 2,3SO. WINDHAM, t.. p. v., and sta., Rockingham co., K ITamp. : 35 m. S. S. E. Concord. Watered by several ponds and branches of Merrimac r. The Manchester and Lawrence R. R. crosses N. E. corner of the t., 15 m. from Manchester, 12 m. from Lawrence. Pop. of t. 818. WINDIIAM, t. and p. o., Greene co., N, T. : 32 m. S. W. Albany. Drained by Pataviakill or Red Kill cr. Surface hilly and mountainous, with intervening valleys ; soil on the flats rich and productive the hills good grazing lands. Hemlock is abundant, and is extensively used in the tan neries. About 2 m. apart, on Pataviakill, are the Windham and Big Hollow tanneries, employing each about 30 hands; and Windham Centre in this t. is also a nourishing v. Pop. oft. 2,048. WINDIIAM, t. and p. v., Portage co., Ohio : 130 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by branch of Mahoning r. Interests, agricultural. Pop. 813. WINDIIAM, t. and p. o., Bradford county, Penn.: 115 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. Drained by Wepassening cr., on which are grist and saw mills. Pop. of t. about 1,000. WINDIIAM, t. and p. v., Windham co., Verm. : 76 m. S. Montpelier. Drained by small streams. Interests, chiefly agricultural. Pop of t. 763. WINDHAM CENTRE, p. v., Greene co., N. Y. : on Redkill cr., 83 m. S. W. Albany. It contains the largest carpet-bag manufactory in the Union, employing a capital of $50,000. and an extensive manufactory of wooden combs, with a capita! of $20,000. It is a pretty village, the Squirekill Bridge turnpike passing through it, and has between 600 and 700 inhabitants. WIND II ILL, p. o., Montgomery county, If. Car. : 72 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. WINDRIDGE, p. o., Greene co., Penn. : 173 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. WIND RIVER mountains, Oreg. Ter., are a range of the Rocky mountains, forming in part the boundary of Oregon on the S. E., and comprising some of the highest peaks of that great chain. WINDSOR county, Verm. Situate E. toward the S., and contains 912 sq. m. Drained by Black, Queechee, Williams , and White rivers; these supply immense water-power. Surface uneven ; soil fertile, particularly along the banks of the Connecticut, where fine crops of grain, vegetables, and fruit are raised. Chief products, wheat, Indian corn, oats, and potatoes. In different parts of the co., steatite, or soap- stone, is found. Gold is also found near Queechee r., not in washings, but in veins. The rock in which the gold lies is quartz, containing also the sulphurets of iron, lead, and zinc, particles of gold being in these as well as in the quartz. This discovery is of recent date, and is communicated by Professor Hubbard, of Dartmouth College. Farms 4,274; manuf. 192; dwell. 7.373, and pop. wh. 38,208, fr. col. 112 total 38,320. Capital : Woodstock. PtMic Works : Vermont Central R. R. ; Rutland and Burling ton R. R., etc. WINDSOR, t., p. v., and sta., Hartford co., Conn. : on W. side of Connecticut r., 7 m. N. Hartford. Drained by Far- mington r., which passes through the t. centrally, and affords good water-power. The t. contains several pleasant and flourishing villages. Windsor v. extends along the bank of the Connecticut over a mile, and is beautifully shaded with trees. The New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield R. R. passes through it, 42 m. from New Haven, 20 m. from Springfield. Pop. of t. in 1840, 2,2S3 ; in 1850, 3,254. WINDSOR, t. and p. o., York county, Penn. : 32 m. S. E. Harrisburg. An agricultural township. WINDSOR, p. v., Walton co., Ga. : on branch of Ocmulgee r., 69 m. N. W. by N. Milledgeville. WINDSOR, p. v., Mercer co., N. Jer. WINDSOR, p. v., Randolph co.,Ind. : on W. fork of White r., 53 m. E. N. E. Indianapolis. WINDSOR, t. and p. v., Kennebec county, Me. : 10 m. E. Augusta. Drained by Sheepscot r. It contains several mills, but its interests are chiefly agricultural. Population of t. 1,793. WINDSOR, t. and p. o., Eaton county, Mich. : 8 m. S. W. Lansing. Drained by S. branch of Grand r. Pop. 253. WINDSOR, t and p. o., Dane co., Wise. : 12 m. N. by W. Madison. Drained by small streams flowing into Fourth lake. A proposed railroad from Madison to Portage will pass through it. Pop. 860. WINDSOR, t. and p. v., Berkshire co., Mus*. : S3 m.W.by N. Boston. Drained by branches of Westfield r. The v. con tains 2 churches. Pop. of t. 899. WINDSOR, t. and p. v., Broome county, N. Y. : 106 m. W. S. W. Albany. Drained by Susquehanna r., on the W. bank of which the v. is situate, containing 2 churches, several stores, etc. Pop. of v. about 440, of t. 2,645. WINDSOR, p. v., and cap. Bertie co., N. Car. : on Cashie r., 93 m. E. by N. Raleigh. It contains the county buildings, several stores, etc. The r. is navigable for small vessels to this place, but its banks are low and swampy, preventing, by their unhealthiness, any great settlement. WINDSOR, t. and p. v., Ashtabula co., Ohio: 146 m. N. E. Columbus. Drained by Grand r. and branches. The town contains several mills, tanneries, etc., and a quarry of grindstones. Pop. of 1. 1,033. WINDSOR, t., p. v., and sta., Windsor co., Verm. : on W. side of Connecticut r., 54 m. S. by E. Montpelier. Drained by Mill br., which has a fall of 60 feet in | m., affor.ling ex cellent water-power. Surface uneven, rising in S. part into Ascutney Mountain, 3,320 feet above tide-water. The town contains 3 pleasant villages. Windsor v., on W. bank of Connecticut r., is noted for the beauty of its site and sur rounding scenery. It is irregularly laid out, but well built, and contains 3 churches, a seminary, bank, capital $50,000, stores, etc. The " Chronicle" (whig) and -Journal 1 (whig) are issued weekly. The State prison, here located, contained on Sept. 1, 1850, 76 convicts. The Sullivan R. R. extends to this place from Bellows Falls, 25 m., and connects with Vermont Central R. R., hence to Rouse s Point, 15 m. These railroads, with the manufactures of the v., have made this place one of a very active business and trade. Pop of t. 1.923. WINDSOR LOCKS, p. v. and sta., Hartford co., Conn.: on W. bank of Connecticut r., 12 m. N. Hartford. The locks here constructed by the Connecticut River Company allow 93T WIN the passage of small steamboats and freight boats of 85 tons burden, and furnish an immense water-power, which, as yet, is but partially improved. The New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield E. K. passes along the banks of this great water privilege, having a sta. in the v., 14 m. from Spring- Held, 48 from New Haven. WINDSORVILLE, p. v., Hartford co., Conn. WIXESBURG, p. v., Holmes co., Ohio : 80 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. \VINFIELD, p. v., Putnam co., Virg. : 248 m. "W. by N. Biclmiond. WINFIELD, t and p. v., Herkimer county, N. T. : 74 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by head branches of Unadillar. The v. and t. contain several mills and manufactures. Pop. of 1 1,481. WINFIELD, p. o., Carroll co., Md. : 38 m. E. Annapolis. WIN FIELD, p. v., Union county, Perm. : 40 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. WINFIELD, p. o., Lake county, Ind. : 165 m. N. "W. by N. Indianapolis. WINFIELD, p. o., Columbia co., Ga. : 68 m. N. E. by E. Milledgeville. WINFIELD, p. v., Tuscarawas co., Ohio : 84 m. E. N. E. Columbus. WINHALL, t. and p. v., Bennington county, Verm. : 80 m. 8. by W. Montpelier. Drained by Winhall r. Pop. 762. WINNAMAC, p. v., and cap. Pulaski co., Ind. : on W. side of Tippecanoe r., 90 m. N. by W. Indianapolis. First set tled in 1839. It contains the county buildings, and an U. S. land office. The Indiana Central K. E. passes near it. Pop. about 240. WINNEBAGO county, III. Situate N., and contains 534 sq. m. Kock river flows through the co., by which and its branches Kishwaukie and Pekatonica rivers it is drained. Surface undulating and diversified; soil deep mold, and very productive. Staples, wheat, grain, and tobacco Farms 919; manuf. 62; dwell. 1,979, and pop. wh. 11, 761 fr. col. 12 total 11,773. Capital: Eockford. Public Works: Galena and Chicago Union K. E., and Beloit Branch E. E. WINNEBAGO county, fa. Situate N., and contains 432 sq. m. Drained by affluents of Mankato river. Surface undulating, and is mostly prairie and timber land. Stt off since 1850. WINNEBAGO county, Wise. Situate S. E. of the centre, and contains 471 sq. m. Drained by Neenah or Fox, and Panwaggun rivers and their affluents. Surface level find diversified, with large lakes ; soil deep mold, very pro ductive. Farms 338 ; manuf. 32 ; dwell. 1,889, and pop. wh. 10,107, fr. col. 18 total 10,125. Capital : Oshkosh. WINNEBAGO, p. o., Bureau county, lU. : 116 m. N. Springfield. WINNEBAGO lake, Wise. : lies in E. part of the State, 30 m. W. Lake Michigan, between Winnebago and Calu met counties, and in N. part of Fond du Lac county. It is 32 miles long, with average width of 8 m. It has sufficient depth for navigation by steamboats, several of which ply from Fond du Lac to various points on the lake and Neenah river. The water is hard and clear, though rendered tur bid by winds. Its E. shore for 15 m. is composed of a high rocky wall, which is also found on portions of the W. shore. The N. shore is low, having for 8 m. a narrow sandy beach. It receives several streams, of which Neenah r. is the prin cipal, and is its outlet into Green bay. WINNEGANCE, p. o., Lincoln co., Me. WINNESHIEK county, la. Situate N. E., and contains 732 sq. m. Drained by Upper Iowa and Turkey r. and their branches. Surface undulating, and a large portion prairie and timber land ; soil fertile, and favorable to the growth of wheat, grain, and potatoes. It has good pastur age for cattle, and is well wooded. Farms ; manuf. ; dwell. 100. and pop. wh. 546. Capital: Winneshiek. WINMIPISEOGEH lake and river, JK Hamp. : the lake WIN lying between Belknap and Carroll counties is of very irreg ular form, having an extreme length of about 23 miles, and its main portion an average width of 6 m. Its branches are also large sheets of water, and combine with the main lake to form one of the most beautiful lakes in the Union. Its shores are winding, and generally rocky, affording most de lightful scenery. Several pleasant villages upon its banks occupy picturesque sites. The water is remarkably clear and cold, derived extensively from springs at its bottom. It contains about 300 islands, some of which are large and very fertile, containing farms of from 200 to 500 acres, and abounds with excellent fish. This lake and vicinity have always been very popular resorts in summer, and by the recent construction of railroads to its shores, the annual number of visitors has since been very greatly increased. Its elevation above the sea is 472 feet, and thus affords to its outlets, Winnipiseogee and Merrimac rivers, abundance of water-power, used by the great factories at Manchester, Lowell, etc. WINNIBIGOSHISH lakes, Minn. Ter. : 180 m. N. by W. fit* Paul. The larger is 14 m. long and 9 m. -wide. WINNICONNET, t and p. o., Winnebago co., Wise. : 84 m. N. N. E. Madison. Pop. 1,948. WINNIPANK, p. v. and sta., Fairfleld co., Conn. : on Dan- bury and Norwalk E. E., 3 m. from S. Norwalk, 59 m. S.W. Hartford. WINNSBORO , p. v., Franklin par., La. : 118 m. N. by W. Baton Eouge. WINNSBORO , p. v., sta., and cap. Fairfleld dist., S. Car. : on the Charlotte and S. Carolina E. E., 24 m. N. by W. Columbia, It has an elevated and healthy site, and is generally well built. The county buildings are handsome structures. It also contains 5 churches, 4 academies, and the Furman Theological Seminary (Baptist), founded in 1S26, which in 1850 had 2 professors, 30 students, 30 alumni, and 1,000 volumes in library, and occupies 4 handsome buildings of granite on a pleasant location. The " Fairfleld Herald" (dem.) is issued weekly, and the " Christian Maga zine (relig.) monthly. Pop. about 1,050. WINONA, p. o., Trimble co., Ky. : 88 m. N. W. Frankfort. WINOOSKI FALLS, p. v. and sta., Chittenden co., Verm. : on N. bank of Onion river, 33 m. N. W. by W. Montpelier. Here is excellent water-power, improved by first-class fac tories, etc. A branch E. E. from Burlington to Essex Junction passes through it, 3 m. from Burlington. WINOOSKI river, Verm. : (see ONION river.) WINSLOW, p. v., Pike co., Ind. : on Patoka cr., 107 m. S. W. by S. Indianapolis. WINSLOW, L and p. v., Stephenson co., III. : on branch of Pekatonica r., 182 m. N. Springfield. WINSLOW, t and p. v., Kennebcc co., Me. : on E. bank of Kennebec r., 17 m. N. N. E. Augusta. Excellent water- power is afforded by Sebasticook r., which empties into the Kennebec at the v. opposite Waterville. The Kennebec and Penobscot E. E. will pass through this place. Pop. of 1. 1,796. WINSLOW, t. and p. v., Camden co., N. Jer. : 38 m. S. Trenton. Drained by Great Egg Harbor r. and a branch of Little Egg Harbor r. The t. contains several settlements. Pop. of 1. 1,540. WINSTED, Litchfield co., Conn. : (see WEST WINSTED.) WINSTON county, Miss. Situate N. E. centrally, and con tains 718 sq. m. Drained by head branches of Pearl r. and affluents of Noxubee r. Surface level, and somewhat ele vated, presenting the appearance of table-land ; soil a deep rich mold, and very fertile; it produces in abundance cotton and Indian corn, and is favorable to the cultivation of fruit, peaches, melons, and grapes. It is traversed by numerous streams of pure running water. Farms 556; rmmuf. 18: dwell. 886, and pop. wh. 5,178, fr. col. 10, si. 2,768 total 7,956. Capital: Louisville. WINSTON, p. v., and cap. Forsyth co., N. Car. : 101 m. W. N. W. Ealeigh. It contains the county buildings. WIN WIS WINSTON, p. v., Alleghany co., Md. : 142 m. W. by N. Annapolis. WINSTON, p. o., Randolph co., Ala. : 85 m. N. E. by N. Montgomery. WINSTON, p. o., Weakley county, Tenn. : 107 miles W. Nashville. WINTER HARBOR, p. o., Hancock county, Me. : 86 m. E. Augusta. WINTERPOCK, p. o., Chesterfield co., Virg. WINTER SEAT, p. o., Abbeville dist., S. Car. : 75 m. W. Columbia. WINTEP.SET, p. v., and cap. Madison co., la. : 122 m. W. by S. Iowa City. It contains the county buildings. WINTERSVILLE, p. v., Jefferson co., Ohio : 120 m. E. by N. Columbus. WINTERSVILLK, p. o., Decatur county, Ind. : 45 m. S. E. Indianapolis. WINTHROP, p. o., Middlesex co., Conn. WINTHROP, p. o., Kane county, III. : 150 m. N. N. E. Springfield. WINTHROP, t. and p. v., Kennebec county, Me. : 10 m. W. by S. Augusta. Drained by Cobbeseconte r., flowing through the large ponds in E. part of t. The v. is situated at the S. end of the North Lake, the outlet of which affords wuter-power. The Androscoggin and Kennebec E. B. passes through it, 53 m. from Portland, 29 m. from Water- ville. Pop. of t 2,154. WINTON, p. T., and cap. Hertford co., N". Car. : on S. W. bank of Chowan r., 102 m. N. E. by E. Ealeigh. It contains the county buildings and several stores. Pop. about 140. WINTON, p. o., Butler county, Ohio: 92 m. W. S. W. Columbus. WIN YAW bay, Georgetown dist., <S". Car. : sets up N. W. from the Atlantic, is 14 m. long, 2 m. wide, and navigable for large vessels. It receives Black, Great Pedee, and Wacamaw rivers. WIOTA, t. and p. v., Lafayette co., Wise. : 40 m. S. W. by S. Madison. Wasscommou r. flows through its E. part Pop. of t. 711. WIOTA, p. o., Laclede co., Mo. : 60 m. S. S. W. Jefferson City. WIRETOWN, p. v., Ocean co., N. Jer. : on Barnegat bay, 42 m. S. E. Trenton. WIRT county, Virg. Created from Wood and Jackson in 1843. Situate N. W. and contains 296 sq. m. Drain ed by Little Kanawha r. and its tributaries. Surface much broken ; soil in general fertile. Chief products, wheat and Indian corn. Farms 309 ; manuf. 7 ; dwell. 528, and pop. wh. 3,319, fr. col. 2, si. 32 total 3,353. Capital : Wirt C. II. Public Works : North-western E. E. WIRT, t. and p. o., Alleghany co., N. Y. : 230 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by small creeks. Interests chiefly agri cultural. Pop. 1,544. WIKT C. H., p. v., and cap. Wirt co., Virg. : on S. W. bank of Little Kanawha r., 232 m. W. N. W. Eichmond. It contains the county buildings, etc. WIRT COLLEGE, p. v., Sumner co., Tenn. : 30 m. N. E. Nashville. WISCASSETT, t., p. v., port of entry, and cap. Lincoln co., Me. : on W. bank of Sheepscot r., 22 m. S. S. E. Augusta. The v. has an elevated and very beautiful site, and contains the county buildings, several churches, 1 bank, capital $50,000, and many handsome dwellings. It is one of the most important seaports in the State, being largely engaged in the coasting trade, fisheries, ship-building, etc. Its for eign commerce is not so extensive as formerly. The total tonnage of this district on June 30th, 1850, was 18,241 tons. The registered tonnage amounted to 6,024 tons, of which 4,748 tons were permanent, and 1,276 tons temporary. The enrolled and licensed tonnage amounted to 12,217 tons, consisting of 5,540 tons in the coasting trade, 6,092 tons in the cod fishery, 26 tons " licensed under 20 tons" in coast ing trade, and 359 tons "licensed under 20 tons" in the cod fishery. At that date it had no steam tonnage. Its foreign commerce during the year preceding, consisted of 23 clearances 4,509 tons, and 4 entrances 1,025 tons. Vessels built during the year IS (4 ships, 4 brigs, 10 schoon ers) 2,535 tons. Pop. of t. 2,343. THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. WISCONSIN embraces all of that portion of the northwest territory lying north of the parallel of 42 30 north latitude, and west of Lake Michigan, excepting the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and that part of Minnesota lying east of the Mississippi Eiver. It is bounded north by Minnesota and Michigan ; northeast and east by Lake Michigan ; south by Illinois, and west by Iowa and Minnesota ; or, according to the constitution, as follows, to wit : " Beginning at the north east corner of the State of Illinois, that is to say, at a point in the centre of Lake Michigan, where the line of 42 30 of north latitude crosses the same ; thence running with the boundary line of the State of Michigan, through Lake Michigan and Green Bay, to the mouth of the Menomonee Eiver ; thence up the channel of the said river to the Bnile Eiver ; thence up said last-mentioned river to Lake Brule ; thence along the southern shore of Lake Brule, in a direct line to the centre of the channel between Middle and South islands, in the Lake of the Desert: thence in a direct line to the head waters of the Montreal Eiver, as marked upon the survey made by Captain Cram ; thence down the main channel of the Montreal Eiver to the middle of Lake Superior ; thence through the centre of Lake Superior to the mouth of the St. Louis Eiver ; thence up the main channel of said river to the first rapids in the same, above the Indian village, according to Nicollet s map ; thence due south to the main branch of the river St. Croix ; thence down the main channel of said river to the Mississippi ; thence down the centre of the main channel of that river to the northwest corner of the State of Illinois; thence due east with the northern boundary of the State of Illinois, to the place of beginning." Its greatest extent north and south is 285 miles, and east and west 255 miles. Its land area is 53,924 square miles. The natural feature peculiar to Wisconsin, says J. W. Hunt, Esq., in his Gazetteer of the State, published 1853, is the uniformity of its elevation, and shape of its surface, which is neither mountainous, hilly, nor flat, but gently undulating. The country west of Sugar Eiver and south of the Wisconsin is somewhat broken, principally by the dividing ridge upon which the road from Madison to Prairie du Chien passes. In this section, known as the Mines, are several peculiar elevations called Mounds. West of the Wisconsin Eiver is a range of high hills, being the only elevations in the State either deserving or assuming the dignity of mountains. The south-eastern portion of the State is marked by ravines at the streams, but little depressed below the surrounding level. Its prominent features are the prairie, destitute of tree or shrub, covered only by a luxuriant growth of grass, interspersed with flowers of every hue ; the oak opening, the lake, the woodland on the border of streams, and the natural meadow. Proceeding north, to the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, and Green Bay. the timber increases, and the soil gradually changes from the vegetable mold of the prairie to a sandy loam. The surface also becomes somewhat depressed and uneven, diversified with timber, rolling prairie, large marshes and extensive swamps, having an abundant growth of cranberries and wild rice. Still, north and west the surface be comes more uneven, and the streams rapid, affording an abundance of water-power for the manufacture of lumber from the immense forests of evergreen, scarcely surpassed on the Western Continent. WISCONSIN. The soil of the prairie consists of a dark brown vegetable mold, from one to two feet in depth, very mellow, and entirely destitute of stone or gravel, and, for fertility and agricultural properties, can not be surpassed. The subsoil is a clayish loam, similar to (he soil of the timbered lands, and is also suitable for cultivation. The soil of the timbered land is less rich than the prairie, not so deep, and contains less carbonate of lime, which enters into the composition of the latter in the proportion of from 20 to 40 per cent The mining region, unlike that of any other mineral district, promises a liberal reward, as well to the farmer as to the miner. The soil of the evergreen district is mostly sandy, and not so rich as in other portions of the State. It is nevertheless well adapted to agriculture and grazing. The prairies of Wisconsin are not so extensive as those of other States, and aro so skirted and belted by timber, that they are well adapted to imme diate and profitable occupation. The opening*, which comprise a large portion of the finest land of the state, owe their present condition to the action of the annual lires which have kept under all other forest growth, except those varieties of oak which can withstand the sweep of that element This annual burning of an exuberant growth of grasses and of under-brush, has been adding, perhaps for ages, to the productive power of the soil, and preparing it for the plow share. It is the great fact, nature has thus cleared up" Wisconsin to the hand of the settler, and enriched it by yearly burnings, and has at the same time left sufficient timber on the ground for fence and fire wood, that explains, in a great measure, the capacity it has exhibited, and is now exhibiting, for rapid settlement and early maturity. There is another fact important to be notied in this connection. The low level prairie, or natural meadow, of moderate extent, is so generally distributed over the face of the country, that the settler on a fine section of arable land finds on his own farm, or in his immediate neighborhood, abundant pasturage for his stock in summer, on the open range; and hay for the winter for the cutting the bounty of Nature supplying his need in this behalf till the cultivated grasses may be introduced and become sufficient for his use. The limestone underlying the coal fields of Illinois forms the immediate basis of the alluvion of Southern Wisconsin. This geological district, in addition to that portion of the State which lies southerly of the valley of the Wisconsin Eiver. comprises the whole of the slope toward Lake Michigan. In many portions of this district the lime rock dis appears, and the out-cropping standsione furnishes a fine material for building. The lead-bearing rock of the mineral region is a porous limestone, prevailing throughout Grant Lafayette, and Iowa counties, comprising four-fifths of the "lead district" of the Upper Mississippi, the remaining one-fifth being in the States of Illinois and Iowa. Deposits of iron ore, water limestone, and beds of gypsum, together with other varieties of minerals, are found in localities more or less numerous throughout the limestone region. All of that section of the State which lies between Lake Superior on the north and the Falls of St Anthony on the Mississippi, and the falls of the other rivers flowing southerly, is primitive in its prevailing geological character; and it is within this primitive region that the copper mines of Lake Superior are fouii.l probably the richest in the world, and apparently inexhaustible. In all that portion of the State lying between the primitive region just described and the limestone formation of the south and east, the transition sandstone prevails, interspersed wiih limestone and more sparsely .with rock of a primitive character. This formation comprises that section ot the country drained by the Wisconsin and other rivers tributary to the Upper Mississippi and below the falls of those streams. "Wiihin this geological district are found quarries of white marble, which promise to be abundant and valuable. Wi.-consiu, says J. A. Lapham, Esq., dote not fall behind the other portions of the "Western country in the monti menis it affords of the existence of an ancient people who once inhabited North America, but of whom nothing is known except what can be gathered from some of the results of their labors. The works at Aztalan, in Jefferson County, arc mi st known and visited, but there are many other localities which are said to equal them in interest and importance. The substance called brick at this place is evidently burned clay, showing marks of having been mixed with straw, but they were not molded into regular forms. There is a class of ancient earth-works in "Wisconsin, not before found in any othi r country, being made to represent quadrupeds, birds, reptiles, and even the human form. These representa tions are rather rude, and it is often difficult to decide for what species of animal they are intended ; but the effects of time may have modified their appearance very much since they were originally formed. Some have a resemblance to the buffalo, the eagle or crane, or to the turtle or lizard. One representing the human form, near the Blue Mounds, is, according to E. C. Taylor, Esq., 120 feet in length; it lies in an east and west direction, the head toward the west, with the arms and legs extended. The body or trunk is 80 feet in breadth, thk head 2o, and its elevation above the general surface of the prairie is about 6 feet. Its conformation is so distinct that there can be no possibility of mistake "in assign ing it to the human figure.* A mound at Prairieville, representing a turtle, is about 5 feet high, the body is 56 feet in length , it represents the animal with its legs extended and its feet turned backward. It is to be regretted that this interesting mound is now nearly destroyed. The ancient works are found in all parts of the territory, but are most abundant at Azialan, on Eock Eiver, near the Blue Mounds, along the Wisconsin, the Neenah, and the Fishtaka rivers, and near Lake Winnebago. The mounds are generally scattered about without any apparent order or arrangement, but are occasionally arranged in irregular rows, the animals appearing as if drawn up in a line of march. An instance of this kind is seen near the road, seven miles east from the Blue Mounds, in Iowa County. At one place near the Four Lakes it is said that one hundred tumuli, of various shapes and dimensions, may be counted those representing animals being among others that are round or oblong. Fragments of ancient pottery of a very rude kind are often found in various localities. They were formed by hand, or molded, as their appearance shows evidently that these vessels were not turned on a " potter s wheel." Parts of the rim of vessels, usually ornamented with small notches or figures, are most abundant A mound is said to have been discovered near Cassville, on the Mississippi, which is supposed to represent an animal having a trunk like the elephant, or the now extinct mastodon. Should this prove true, it will show that the people who made these animal earth-works, were cotemporaries with that huge monster whose bones are still occasion ally found; or that they had then but recently emigrated from Asia, and had not lost their knowledge of the elephant. The salubrity of the climate (Mr. Lapham is again quoted), the purity of the atmosphere and of the water, which is usually obtained from copious living springs, the coolness and short duration of summer, and the dryness of the air dur ing winter, all conspire to render V. Ssconsin one of the most healthy portions of the United States. The wet meadows, marshes, and swamps are constantly supplied with pure water from springs; and as they are not exposed during summer to a burning heat, they do not send forth those noxious and deleterious .qualities so much dreaded in more southern and less favored latitudes. Many of our most flourishing towns and settlements are in the immediate vicinity of large swamps, * The reader is referred to the " Notice of Indian Mounds, etc., in Wisconsin, 1 in Silliman s Journal, vol. xxxiv., p. 88, by R. C. Taylor, and to the " Description of Ancient Remains in Wisconsin," by S. Taylor, vol. xlisr.., p. 2.1, of the same work, for more detailed descriptions and drawings of these interesting animal mounds. 940 WISCONSIN. Yenrs. No. of Pounds. Value 1S41 29.749,909 $1,189.996 1 842 29,424.329 1.1 76.9T3 1843 36,818.797 1,475,151 1S44 41,C36,293 1,641,451 No. of Pound*. Vulue. ..45.9S5.-S39 $1,8:59.433 , . 41 .4S5.900 1 J159.436 ..34,51)0.384 1.88- -.015 .40.000,000 1.6 ; io,000 and partially overflown meadows, yet no injurious effects upon the .general health are produced by them. It has usually been found, in making new settlements in the Western wilderness, that as the forests are cleared away, and the surface thereby exposed to the direct influence of the sun and winds, a deleterious effect is produced on the general hesilih ihe decaying vegetable matter being thus suddenly made to eend forth its malarious qualities. But in Wisconsin no such result is apprehended, or can be produced, for a large proportion of the country consists of oak-opening and prairie, and may therefore be considered as already cleared. The removal of the few remaining ; burr oaks" can not have the same effect upon the soil as the cutting down of the dense forests of tin- other States. And besides this, the fires that have an nually raged over the surface, often kindled purposely by the Indians, on their hunting excursions, have prevented that rapid accumulation of vegetable matter which is always found in deep shady woods, where the fires do not so ofen pene trate. It is believed that the facts here stated will be sufficient to satisfy the reader of the truth of the opinion expressed by our most intelligent physicians, that Wisconsin is, and will continue to be. one of the most healthy places in the world. The amount of lead shipped from Galena during the last year was 40,000,000 pounds, nine-tenths of which was raised in Wisconsin. Considerable more than the remaining one-tenth of the amount above stated lias been shipped from ports in this State, from which it will be seen that this estimate is small. To the practical miner, as capitalist, or operative, the lead region of the Upper Mississippi offers the most substantial inducements to s -ttlement. Th:- exceeding abundance and richness of the mineral, the comparative ease with which it may be mined, and the high price it commands the mo ment it is brought to the surface, open to the industrious and prudent operator a highway to wealth. New leads of the richest promise have been recently discovered in the mineral district, and an increasing emigration to that section of the State promises to replace the California draft, and to meet the growing demand for the mineral. The copper mines of Lake Superior are of established celebrity throughout the world, and open an inviting field for enterprise. The mining interest in that region is fast losing its character of adventure, and is attracting the attention of the prudent capitalist and the practical miner, as a remunerative branch of business The iron mines of Wisconsin have not yet been opened to any extent, but are worthy the attention of the immigrant. There are rich localities of ore near the head-waters of the Rock, and on the Upper Mississippi and its branches. The following statement exhibits the shipment of lead from Galena from the year 1841 to 1852 inclusive, and the value of the same at four dollars per hundred weight: Years. No. of Pounds. Value. Years, 1S45 51.144.S22 $2,045.792 1849. , 1846 48.007.938 1.920.317 1850.. 1847 50.999303 2.039.97 J 1S51. 1848 49,783,737 1.991.349 1852.. There are also large quantities of lead shipped at different points along the Wisconsin and Mississippi rivers, the precise amount of which no data has been furnished upon which an intelligent estimate can be made. In reviewing Ihe forego ing statement, it should be recollected that Wisconsin is rapidly increasing, not only in population and wealth, but in the amount and quality of its resources, manufactures, and products. The richness of the soil of Wisconsin, and its ability to produce in abundance all kinds of grain, as well as Ihe facility by which the lands are brought under subjection, create a permanent demand for all kinds of agricultural implements and mechanical labor. Architectural elegance in public and private buildings, and elaborate perfection in complicated machinery is not to be expected in new settlements; but nv.ny of Ihern in Wisconsin compare favorably with those of Ihe older States. The rapid growth of towns, and the great influx of farmers with their families, create a necessity lor tem porary buildings, soon to be superseded by comfortable dwellings and out-houses, and give constant employ for the mason, the carpenter, and all other mechanics. The immense flouring-mills of the State already in operation, as well as those in progress of erection, provide labor for Ihe millwright and machinist, and furnish not only their respective vicinities with all kinds of mill stuff, but more than 100.000 barrels of flour annually for exportation. To the lumberman, ihe pineries of Wisconsin present inducements for investment and settlement, which can be hardly overrated. That of the Upper Wisconsin and its tributaries is the most ext. nsive; and distinguished siill mure |,,r the fine quality than the inexhaustible quantities of its timber. The other localities of the white pine and other evergreens are mainly on the Wolf, the great northern affluent of the Fox, the tributaries of Green Bay, and on the La I rosse. the Black, Chippewa, and the St. Croix, branches of the Upper Mississippi. The rapids of these streams furnish abundant water-power for ihe manufacture of lumber, and on the annual spring rise, and occasional freshets at other seasons of ihe year, the yield of the mills is floated from the Wolf into Lake Winnebago and the Lower Fox, and from most of the other streams into the Mississippi. Scarcely ten years have elapsed since the Alleghany pincol Western New York and Penn sylvania had undisputed possession of the market, not only of the Ohio Valley, but of the Mississippi and its tributaries above New Orleans, at which point it competed with the Iun her of Maine and New Brunswick. The course of the lumber trade may now be considered as permanently changed. The pineries of Wisconsin now control, uml will hold exclusive possession of the market of the valleys of the Mississippi and its great, western affluents. The amount of pine lumber estimated to be sawed in Wisconsin annually, is as follows: Black Biver. 15.0 o,(H)0 ; Chippewa. 28,500,000 ; Green Bay, 21,000,000; Manitouwoc, 24,500,000; St. Croix, 20,000,000; Wisconsin, 58,500,000; Wolf, 20,500,000 total number of feet, 193,000,000. Aside from the manufacture of pine lumber, reaching as it does nearly 200.000,000 feet per year, saw-mills, driven by both steam and hydraulic power, are now in operation in every section of the State where limber is found, and large quantities of oak scantling and plank, and basswood siding and lath, are yearly manufactnred. Wisconsin is divided into 81 counties, the general statistics of which, and the capitals of each, in 1S50, were as follows: Counties. Dwelt Pop. ^jj* *"^ Capitals. Adams 40.. 187.. 0.. 0.. Adams C.H. Brown 1,003.. 6,215.. 190.. 27..DePere Chippewa 94. . 614 0. . 8 .ChippewiiC.II. Iowa Columbia. 1,853. . 9,565. . 833. . 24. .Ft. Winnebago Jefferson Crawford 571. . 2.493 80 . 11. .Pralr.duChien Kenosha Dane 3.203. .16,641 .1,501 . 87 .MADISON Lafayette Dodge . . . 3.600. .19,138 .2,132 . 28 .Juneau La Pointe Coiihtif.-. Dwt-ll. Pop. Fond du Lac 2.721 . .14,463. Grant 2.S61. .16,170. , 1.481.. 8.563.. 1,S46.. 9,530.. ..2,984.. 15,817.. ..1,812.. 10.732.. ..2,076.. 11,541.. 74.. 489 921. 704. 763. , 470.. 982., 914.. 899.. 5.. 16.. Fond du Lac 78.. Lai i caster 45. .Monroe 24.. Mineral Point 74. .Jefferson 51. .Kenosha 21..Shullsburg. 1 . . La Pointe 941 WISCONSIN. Counties. Manitouwoc. Marathon... Marquette . . Milwaukie. . Portage Racine , Pop. 8,702. S cTu Sb 85.. 22..ManitouwocR. 7.. 15..Wausau 827.. 7.. Marquette 935.. 236.. Milwaukie 5.. 15.. PI over Portage 971.. 104.. Racine Counties. Dwell. Pop. S** Estab Ca P itaI . Saint Croix 181.. .624.. 4.. 2 .. Willow River . 844.. 4,371.. 245.. 7..Baraboo .1,783.. 8,378.. 328.. 29 .. Sheboygan . 3,112. . 17,861 . .1,884. . 81 . . Elkhorn . 3,770 . . 19,484 . . 1.3S3 . . 22 .. Ozaukee .3,408 . .19,174. .1,703. . 78. . Waukesha .1,889.. 10,125.. 338.. 82..0shkosh Sauk Sheboygan . . Walworth . . . Washington . Waukesha... "Winnebago . Dwell. .... 715.. .... 76.. 508.. ....1,778.. 8,642.. ....5,630. .31,077.. .... 204.. 1,250.. ....2,578.. 14,973.. Eichland 178.. 903.. 58.. 4. .Eichland Cent Kock 3,618 .. 20,708 .. 1,965 .. 125 .. Janes ville The whole number of dwellings in the State was, at the above date, 56,316; of families, 57,608; and of inhabitants 805.191 ; viz., whites 304,565 males 164,221, and females 140,344; fr. col. 626 males 365, and females 261. Of the whole population there were, deaf and dumbvfh. 65, fr. col. total 65 ; Hind wh. 50, fr. col. total 50 ; insane wh. 48, fr. col. total 48 ; and idiotic wh. 76, fr. col. 1 total 77. The number of free persons born in the United States was 197,912, the number of foreign birth 106,695, and of birth unknown 784. The native population originated as follows . Maine 3,252, N. Hamp. 2.520, Verm. 10,157, Mass. 6,285, R. I. 690, Conn. 4,125, N. York 68,595, N. Jer. 1,566, Penn. 9,571, Del. 141, Md. 462, Dist. of Col. 83, Virg. 1,611, N. Car. 322, 8. Car. 107, Ga. 495, Flor. 4, Ala. 49, Miss. 35, La. 78, Tex. 4, Ark. 67, Tenn. 449, Ky. 1,429, Ohio 11,402, Mich. 1,900, Ind. 2,773, 111. 5,292, Mo. 1,012, la. 445, Wisconsin 63,015, Calif. 0, Territories 26 ; and the foreign population was composed of persons from England 18,952, Ireland 21,043, Scotland 3,527, Wales 4,819, Germany 34,519, France 775, Spain 4, Portugal 4, Belgium.45, Holland 1,157, Italy 9, Austria 61, Switzerland 1,244, Russia 71, Denmark 146, Norway 8,651, Sweden 88, Prussia 3,545, Sardinia 1, Greece 1, Asia 17, Africa 1, British America 8,277, Mexico 9, Central America 11, South America 6, West Indies 20, and other countries 191. The following table will show the decennial progress of the population since the first general census of the State : Census "White Years. Persons. 1840 80,749. Colored Persons. Total Population 80,945. Decennial Increase. Numerical. Percent, Free. Slave. Total. .185 11 196.... 1850 304,565 626 626 305,191 274,246 S86.2 The general statistics of the resources, productions, manufactures, wealth, and institutions of Wisconsin, in accordance with the census of 1850, and other authentic reports referring to the same period of time, are as follows: Occupied Lands, etc, Improved farm lands, 1,045,499 acres, and unimproved lands, 1,931,159 acres together valued at $28,528,563. The total number of farms in operation on the 1st June, 1850, was 20,177. Value of farming implements and machinery $1,641,568 Live-Stock. Horses, 30,179 ; asses and mules, 156 ; milch cows, 64,339 ; working-oxen, 42,801 ; other cattle, 76,293 ; sheep, 124,892 ; and swine, 159,276. The live-stock of 1840 and of 1850 compared, give the following results : Live Stock. Horses Asses and Mulea. Milch Cows Working Oxen.. Ol her Cattle Sheep Swine.. . 1840. ISfiO. Increase. 5,735 head -j 80 1T9 bead i 24,600 head, or 428.9 per cent 156 * / 64,339 .153,164 or 506.0 42,801 76,293 124,892 159,276 121,430 107,893 or 3,507.5 or 209.8 34,624 " 51,383 " in 1850, the value of live-stock amounted to $4,879,385. Products of Animals. Wool, 253,963 pounds ; butter, 3,633,750 pounds ; cheese, 400,283 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered in the year had been $920,178. The wool crop of the census year of 1840 amounted to 6,777 pounds ; and hence that of 1850 exhibits an increase of 247,186 pounds, or of 8,499.8 per centum. The clip per fleece, in 1840, was 31.3 ounces, and in 1850, 32.5 ounces being an average increase of 1.2 ounces per fleece. Grain Crops. Wheat, 4,286,131 bushels ; rye, 81,253 bushels ; Indian corn, 1,988,779 bushels ; oats, 3,414,672 bushels ; barley, 209,692 bushels ; and buckwheat, 79,878 bushels. These crops, compared with the crops of 1840, result as follows : Crops, 1840. 1850. Increase. Wheat 212,116 bushels 4,286,131 bushels 4,074,015 bushels, or 1,920.6 per cent. Rye 1,965 " 81,253 " 79,288 " or 4,035.1 " Indiancorn 379,359 " 1,988,979 " 1,609,620 " or 426.9 Oats 406,514 " 8,414,672 8,008,158 " or 739.8 " Barley 11,062 209,692 " 198,630 " Orl,795.6 " Buckwheat 10,654 " 79,878 " 69,224 " or 649.8 " Other Food Crops. Peas and beans, 20,657 bushels ; potatoes, Irish, 1,402,077 bushels, and sweet 879 bushels. The potato crop of 1840 amounted to 419,608 bushels ; and hence the crop of 1850 exhibits an increase of 983,348 bushels, or 234.3 per centum. Miscellaneous Crops. Tobacco, 1,268 pounds; hay, 275,662 tons; clover-seed, 483, and other grass-seed, 342 bushels; hops, 15,930 pounds ; hemp dew-rotted, 300 tons, and water-rotted, 2 tons ; flax, 68,393 pounds ; flax-seed, 1,191 bushels ; maple sugar, 610,976 pounds; molasses, 9,874 gallons; beeswax and honey, 131,005 pounds; wine, 113 gallons, etc., etc. Value of orchard products, $4,823, and of market-garden products, $32,142. The principal crops, compared with similar crops of 1840, exhibit the results appended : Crops. lg-40. 1850. Increase. Hay 80,938tons 275,662 tons 244,724tons or 802.6 per cent Hops 133pounds 15,930 pounds 15,797 pounds, or 11,125.5 " Hemp dew-rotted . . . \ t 300 tons j " water-rotted... V 2 tons < 2 " [-..744,392 " or 16,526.6 " Flax ) ( 68,393 pounds J Maple-sugar 135,288 pounds 610,976 " 475,688 " or 851.6 Wine gallons 113 gallons 113 gallons or 11,300.0 " 942 WISCONSIN. Home-made manufactures were produced, in the year ending 1st June, 1S50, to the value of $43,621. The same class of goods made in the census year of 1840, was valued at $12,567. Manufactures. Aggregate capital invested, $0,000,000 ; value of all raw material, fuel, etc., consumed, $000,000 ; average number of hands employed, 00,000 males 00,000, and females 0,000 ; monthly cost of labor, $00,000 to males $00,000, and to females $0,000 ; value of products of the year, $0,000,000. The whole number of manufacturing establishments in operation on the 1st June, 1850, and manufacturing to the value of $500 and upward annually, was 1,273, the great portion of them being mills of various descriptions, and other agricultural manufactories, and of the strictly national man ufactures the following : 9 woolen factories, 16 iron works one making pig iron, and 15 making castings ; and 8 tanneries. The total capital invested in manufactures, in 1S40, amounted to $635,926. In the woolen manufacture there is a capital of $31,225 invested ; wool consumed, 134,200 pounds ; value of all raw material, etc., $32,630 ; hands employed, 25 ; monthly wages paid, $562 ; products of the year cloth 36,000 yards, and yarn 94,350 pounds ; value of products $87,992. This interest has risen to its present condition since 1840. The capital invested in the manufacture of pig iron is $15,000 ; ore used, 3,000 tons ; coke and charcoal consumed, 150,000 bushels ; hands employed, 60 ; monthly wages $1,800 ; pig iron produced in the yean 1,000 tons ; value of entire products, $27,000. In the manufacture of iron castings, a capital of $116,350 is invested; pig iron used, 1,371 tons: old metal, 15 tons; coal 595 tons; and coke and charcoal, 2,700 bushels; value of all raw material, etc., used in the year, $S6.930 ; hands employed, 228 ; average monthly wages, $26 73; products of the year castings 1,342 tons, and, including $64,025, the value of other products, these were valued at $216,195. In 1840, there was but one furnace in the State, which produced only 3 tons cast iron, and employed 3 hands, and a capital of $300. In tanneries, the capital invested amounts to $78,950 ; value of hides and skins used, $93,380 ; hands employed, 75 ; monthly cost of labor, $1,710 ; tanned during the year, 14,900 skins, and 59,600 sides of leather, valued at $175,710. In 1840. but one tannery was reported, employing 3 hands and $2,000, and producing annually 150 sides of sole leather, and 150 sides of upper leather. The capital invested in the manufacture of malt and spirituous liquors amounts to $98,700 ; quantities and kinds of grain, etc., consumed barley, 91,020 bushels; com, 29,900 bushels; rye, 9,200 bushels; hops, 28 tons; hands employed, 98; quantities of liquors produced ale, etc., 31,320 barrels; whisky, 127,000 gallons. In 1840, there were 3 breweries, producing 14,200 gallons ale, etc., and 3 distilleries, producing 8,300 gallons spirits, etc., together employing 11 hands, and a capital of $14,400. Commerce and Internal Improvements. The commerce of Wisconsin, chiefly carried on at its lake ports, is very valuable and extensive. The statistics of its foreign trade with Canada are embraced in those of the districts of Mich- illimackinac and Chicago, and hence can not be stated separately. The trade in that direction, however, is not large. The coasting trade is relatively of immense importance, both on the lake and on the Mississippi. The exports and im ports at the lake ports are shown under the head of Lake Michigan. The chief ports of the Mississippi are Prairie du Chien, Cassville, etc., and the exports from those are chiefly mineral. The internal commerce of the State is carried ou with great activity, radiating from the principal commercial towns to every portion, and large supplies are needed in the northern pineries, which supply so valuable a material to general commerce. The internal improvements of "Wisconsin are more prospective than existing, but great progress has been made in building railroads, one of which will extend along the lake shore from Chicago to Fond du Lac, and other roads diverge from Chicago, Milwaukie, etc., toward the Mis sissippi, centering at Madison. A line will also extend from the latter point to Portage City on the north, and to Beloit and Janesville on the south, and these will be carried to a junction with the Galena and Chicago Union E. K. The only line yet complete is that from Milwaukie to Madison, which, under the name of Milwaukie and Mississippi K. K., will stretch across the State. The improvement of Fox and Wisconsin rivers is in progress, with the intention ultimately of connecting the rivers by a canal, and thus giving uninterrupted navigation from the lake to the Mississippi. Banks. The only banking institutions of the State, of which the names are known in the markets are, the Milwaukie Bank, Richmond s Exchange Bank, and the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company, all at Milwaukie. The State constitution does not recognize banks of any description. Government. The constitution now in force was adopted in convention on the 1st February, 1848. and approved by the people at the election held in April following. All males 21 years old, residents of the State for one year next before the election, who are white citizens of the United States, or white foreigners who have declared their intention to become such citizens, or persons of Indian blood once declared by the laws of the United States to be citizens, subsequent laws to the contrary notwithstanding, or " civilized persons of Indian descent" not members of a tribe, are entitled to vote at all elections ; and the right of suffrage may be extended by a law approved by a majority of votes at a general election. The exceptions refer to incompetent persona and those convicted of treason or crime. The general elections are held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November annually. The Legislature consists of an Assembly and Senate. Members of the Assembly (in number between 54 and 100) are chosen annually, and Senators (not more than one-third nor less than one-fourth the number of Assemblymen) are chosen for two years, one-half each year. Both must be qualified voters in their districts. An apportionment is made after each federal census and after each decennial State census, the first of which will be taken in 1855. The Legislature meets at Madison on the first Monday of January annually. The Governor shall be a qualified voter and citizen of the United States, and is chosen for two years by a plurality of votes, and if there be no choice the Legislature shall, by joint ballot, choose one of the persons having the highest equal number of votes. In default of the governor, his duties are discharged by the Lieutenant-governor, who is chosen with the same qualification and for the same term as the governor. He is ex-officio President of the Senate. If the lieutenant- governor defaults, then the Secretary of State fills the office. The governor s veto may be defeated by a vote of two- thirds of the members present in each house. The Judiciary is comprised in a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, County Courts, and Justices of the Peace. Justices of the Peace are elected in the several towns, hold office two years, and have jurisdiction throughout their counties in civil matters when the debt or damages claimed do not exceed $100. A county court is established in each county, and the judge is elected by the voters of the county for the term of four years ; his court has jurisdiction concurrent with the circuit courts in all civil actions arising within the county, and in civil actions originating out of the county, when the damages claimed are not more than $500, and exclusive appellate jurisdiction in all cases of appeal or certiorari from 943 WISCONSIN. justices of the peace, also probate powers and jurisdiction. The State is divided into six judicial circuits, the voters of each of which elect a judge for six years. The circuit courts have general original jurisdiction in actions civil and criminal at law and equity within their circuits. The supreme court is composed of the judges of the circuits, one of whom is elected by the other judges Chief Justice. Except the power to issue writs of mandamus, quo warranto, and the like, this court h:is appellate jurisdiction only, and is the court of last resort. There can be no trial by jury in this court Tribunals of conciliation may be eslablished, and in every organized county the Legislature may appoint one or more persons with powers not exceeding those of a circuit judge at chambers. Sheriffs, coroners, registrars of deeds, and disiriet attorneys are chosen by the people for two years. Among ihe miscellaneous provisions of the constitution are the following : no lottery or divorce can be granted by the Legislature ; taws shall be passed providing a way for suing the State ; the credit of the State, shall never be lent, nor shall any del.t be contracted nor money paid for internal improvements, unless ihe State hold trust property dedicated to such uses ; except in cases of war, invasion, or insurrection, no debt exceeding $1(10,000 shall be contracted ; a university without -sectarian instruction" shall be established; the Legislature shall prevent towns and cities from con raeting debts ; no general or special law to create a bank or banks shall be passed till a majority of the votes at a general elec tion shall have been in favor of a bank, and until such a majority have afterward approved the art as passed ; any person implicated in a duel loses the right of suffrage and of holding office; no public defaulter shall hold office; in criminal prosecutions for libel the jury are judges of law and fact; all lands are allodial, and leases <f agricultural lands, with rent or service reserved for more than fifteen years, are void; resident aliens have all the property rights of citizens; imprisonment for debt on contract is prohibited ; no religious opinions shall disqualify a witness, eic. Amendments to the constitution, agreed to by a majority of members of both houses, shall be published for three months before the next election, and referred to the Legislature then chosen; and if again approved by such majority, shall be submitted to the people. A convention may be called in like manner. federal Representation. Wisconsin, in accordance with the apportionment act of the 23rd May, 1350, has three rep resentatives in the United States Congress. Tlie militia force of the State as reported to the Adjutant-General of the United States army consists of 32,203 men of all arms, of which 1,804 are commissioned officers, and 30,399 non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and pri vates. Of ihe commissioned officers, 9 are general officers, 31 general staff officers, 212 field officers, etc., and 1,552 com pany officers. The principal benevolent institution of the State is the Asylum for the Education of the Blind a* Janesville, a tax of one-fifteenth of a mill on every dollar of taxable property in the State is levied for its aid. It was opened 1st August, 1S50, and on the ISth December. 1S51. had 8 pupils 6 boys and 2 girls. Annual cost of support, $1,830. finances, Debt, etc. The total receipts for the year ending 31st December, 1850, amounted to $93,889 58, and the expenditures to $62,746 20. The total receipts since the organization of the State government had been to date, $160.218 53, and the total expenditures, $152.969 61 excess of receipts, $7,248 92. The chief sources of revenue are taxes and the sales of lands. The principal expenditures are those for salaries of executive and judicial officers, 13,592 33; legislative expenses, $14,309 58; printing, $8,793 44; State convicts (there being no prison), $3,093 52; mis cellaneous (including revision of statutes in 1849), $16.356 59. There is a territorial debt of $12,892 75, which would be due in June, 1S51. Statistic* of Education. The superintendent of public instruction reported the capital of the school fund as amount ing on the 1st June, 1851, to $538,094 41, which at 7 per cent, interest yielded an annual revenue of $37,666 61. This had been derived from sales of school-lands in 1849 and 1850, from the 5 per cents., and from fines. It is expected that $5.301,943 44 will be eventually realized from the sales of the school-lands. The sum of $47,416 77 was, Jan. 1st., 1851, iu the treasury, to be apportioned among the several towns, which would give about 50 cents for each child attending school. For the year ending August 1st, 1850, out of 2,105 districts, 1,700, and out of 764 part districts, 650 had reported schools. In the districts reported, each school had been taught on an average 4.96 months, and all received $65 604 26 of public money. Out of 92,047 children between the ages of 4 and 20, 61,597 attended schools, and 1.020 under 4, and 68S over 20, also attended. A verage wages to teachers male $17 14, and female $9 02. There were at the date indicated 33 school-houses of brick, 51 of stone, 508 of logs, and 540 framed, and all valued at $173,246 67. The highest valuation of any school-house was $5.000, and the lowest, 5 cents. There were also in the State 87 private or select schools, with an average of 75 pupils. The State University is located at Madison ; it was founded in 1848, and is well endowed. The Beloit College was founded in 1846, and in 1850 had 6 professors, and 25 students ; and its library contained about 2,000 volumes. These institutions promise to be of essential utility when their organization is perfected. Public Libraries. One State library 4,000 volumes; 1 social 1,000 volumes; 33 public school 2,163 ; total, 35 libraries and 7,163 volumes. Report of Libr. of Smithsonian Institution, 1851. Periodical Presn. The whole number of periodicals published in Wisconsin in 1850 was 49, of which 11 were con ducted on whig principles, 29 on democratic principles, and 9 were neutral in politics, including literary, religious, and all issues, the character of which had not been ascertained. Of the whole number, 6 were daily newspapers, 5 tri-weeklies, 36 weeklies, and 1 monthly. The circulation of the dailies amounted to 3,365 copies at each issue, the tri-weeklies to 1.525 copies, the weeklies to 25,624 copies, and the monthly to 1.500 copies. There was published in Brown county, in Columbus and in Crawford county, each 1 w. ; in Dane, 3 w. ; in Fond du Lac, 2 w. ; in Greene and Grant, each 1 w. in Jefferson. 2 w. ; in Kenosha, 2 w. ; in Milwaukie, 6 d., 5 1,- w., 6 w. ; in Kacine, 4 w. and 1 m. ; in Eock, 3 w. ; in Sauk, 1 w. ; in Sheboygan, 3 w. ; in St. Croix and Washington, each 1 w. ; in Winnebago, 2 w. ; and in Walworth and Wauke- sha, each 1 weekly. Religious Denominations. The statistics of the several religious denominations in the State in 1850 were as follows: Denmnitia- N tions. Ch Baptist Christian Congrcgat l.. Dutch Eef... Episcopal . . Free.... i relies 23.. 2 .. 33. 2 .. 19 . 9 Church accom. .. 9,505. .. 700. ..10,585. .. 550. .. 5,140. 275 Value of Property. ...$52,500 . . . 1,200 ... 61,260 750 ... 45,750 250 Denomina- No. of tions. Churches. German Eef. Jewish Lutheran ... 18 . . . Mennonite. Church accom. . 5,000. Value of Property. ...$ - ... 13,650 Denomina- N tions. Chu E. Catholic... Swedenbo n.. Tunker -.. of rrhes. 57 .. Church accom. ..23,717 Value of Property. ..$66,085 Union Unitarian Univcrsalist.. Minor Sects . . 1 .. 1 .. . 400. . 800. SOO . . 3,000 Methodist... 54... .15,008. ... 62,430 Friends 944 Presbyterian 21 .. . 6,000. ... 35,800 WIS WOL making a total of 244 churches, having accommodation for 78,450 persons, and valued at $350,600. Wisconsin forms a missionary diocese of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and comprises the Koman Catholic diocese of Milwaukie. Paupet-ism and Crime. The whole number of paupers who received support within the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 666, of which number 169 were native, and 497 foreign born ; and the whole number of paupers at the date specified was 33s , of which 72 were natives, and 166 foreigners. Cost of support within, the year, $14,743. A State prison has just been erected at Waupun, in Fond du Lac County. Historical Sketch* Wisconsin was first visited by French missionaries in 1660, in October of which year Mesnard reached Che-goi-me-gon, on Lake Superior. In 1672, Aloues and Dablon visited Green Bay, and the country between the Fox River and the south end of Lake Michigan. In the year following, on the 13th of May, Marquette, a Jesuit mis sionary, and Joliet, an agent of the government of France, with five other Frenchmen, embarked from their mission, near Mackinac, and arrived at Green Bay, where they found an Indian village and procured guides to accompany them up Fox Kiver to the Portage with the Wisconsin. They descended this river to its mouth, where they arrived on the 17th of June, 1673, and made the first discovery of the Upper Mississippi Kiver. The Territory remained under the govern ment of the French, who claimed it, until 1763, when, at the treaty of Paris, it was ceded to Great Britain, who retained it until the Independence of the United States was acknowledged by that country in 1783, when it was claimed by Vir ginia, as a part of the Illinois country conquered by Col. George Eogers Clark. It, however, remained in the possession of Great Britain until 1796, when it was surrendered in accordance with Jay s treaty, ratified the previous year. On the first day of March, 1784, it was ceded by Virginia to the United States. By the celebrated ordinance passed the 13th of July, 1787, a government was provided for the Territory north-west of the Ohio River, which territory was divided into two separate governments, the western called Indiana, by an act passed May 7th, 1800. An act dividing thi Indiana Territory and organizing Illinois, was passed and approved February 3d, 1809. By the act of Congress to enable the people of Illinois to form a State government, approved April 18th, 1818, all that portion of said territory north of the parallel of latitude 42 30 west of the middle of Lake Michigan, was attached to the Territory of Miligan, which had been set off from Indiana in 1805. In 1835, Michigan having assumed a State government, John S. Horncr, Secretary and Acting Governor, convened a session of the Legislature, at Green Bay, from the remainder of said Territory. No business vas transacted, except the passage of several memorials to Congress, among which was one asking for the organization of the Territory of Wiscon sin, with the seat of government at Cassville, on the Mississippi. An act establishing the Territorial government of Wisconsin, was passed and approved April 20th, 1836, and the Terri tory fully organized July 4th, 1836. On the 12th of June, 1838, an*ct was passed dividing the Territory of Wisconsin, and establishing that portion on the west side of the Mississippi (which had been attached to Michigan in 1834) into A separate government, under the name of Iowa. In 1836, Governor Dodge, by proclamation dated Sept. 9th, convened tlie Legislature at Bclmont, now in Lafayette County, on the 25th day of October in that year. The second session wss held 4t Burlington, now in the State of Iowa, November 6th, 1837, at which session the seat of government was located a> Madison, where the first session of the 2d Legislative Assembly of Wisconsin was held November 26th, 1838. A Convention was held at Madison, October 5th, 1S46, for the pur/ose of drafting a State constitution, which was adopted in convention, December 16th, 1846, but rejected by the peopfe at the election held on the first Tuesday in April, 1847. A second convention was held December 16th, 1847, fld a Constitution agreed to February 1st, 1848, which was approved of by the electors at the election held April, 1843, ai>i Wisconsin was admitted into the Union, on an equal footing with the other States, on the 29th day of May, 184S. MADISON, on the isthmus between Third and Fourth Lak j is the political capital. WISCONSIN river, Wise. : rises in Yieux Desert iak > on the N. E. boundary of the State, and flows S. in j^neral course for 250 m. until it reaches Portage, whepit turns, and flows S. W. and W. S. W. 114 m. to its con^nce with Mississippi r., near Prairie du Chien. Abo/ 6 Portage it has numerous rapids, which afford great w/er-power, used at many places by saw-mills. At Portal it is 1,200 feet wide, and gradually increases in widtb< its mouth, where it is 1,800 feet wide. Its current is usually quite rapid, but is shallow, and there are numer^ 8 islands and shifting sand-bars, rendering navigation pwnewhat difficult. Steam boats of light draft can usually Ascend to Portage. In Rich mond county, where it is 1,J0 feet wide, it is bordered by high sandstone bluffs, from^O to 200 feet high, presenting grand and beautiful see**} - Proposed improvements of this river will render if a very important channel of trade and travel between tb* lakes and Western rivers. WISCOY, p. o., Alle^hany co., N. Y. : 220 m.W. by S. Albany. WISEMAN S, p. >., Boone county, Mo. : 15 m. N. N. W. Jefferson City. WITAKANTA fiver, Minn. Ter. : a large tributary of Min nesota r., floving S. by E. from Washtey lake. WiTCHEp S CEOSS ROADS, p. o., Smith co., Tenn. : 46 m. E. Nash v.1 le. WITIIAMSVILLE, p. o., Clermont co., Ohio : 3 m. N. W. Ohio r., 87 m. S. W. Columbus. Pop. about 320. WITTENBERG S, p. o., Alexander co., & Car. : 156 m. W. Raleigh. WITTEN S, p. o., Monroe co., Ohio : on W. bank of Ohio r., 108 m. E. by S. Columbus. WITTSBURG, p. v., St. Francis co., ArTc. : on W. side of St. Francis r., 91 m. E. N. E. Little Rock. WOBURN, t., p. v., and sta., Middlesex co., Mass. : 10 m. N. N. W. Boston. Surface of t. pleasantly diversified, con taining several ponds; drained by Mystic r. The v. near the centre contains 3 churches and an excellent academy. The Woburn Branch R. R. extends hence 2 m. to junction at Winchester with the Boston and Lowell R. R. Pop. of t. 3,954. WOLCOTT, t. and p. v., New Haven co., Conn. : 19 m. S. W. Hartford. Drained by Mad r. Pop. 603. WOLCOTT, t. and p. v., Wayne co., Jf. T. : 162 m. W. by N. Albany. Drained by small streams flowing into Lake Ontario, which bounds it on the W. The v. contains 8 churches, several stores, etc. The " W. Banner" (neuL) Ls here published. Pop. of v. about 650 ; of t. 2,751. WOLCOTT, t. and p. v., Lamoille co., Verm. : 20 m. N. by E. Montpelier. Drained by Lamoille r. and its branches, which afford water-power to several mills. Pop. of t. 909. WOLCOTT S MILLS, p. o., La Grange county, Ind. : 125 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. WOLCOTTVILLE, p. v. and sta., Litchfleld co., Conn. : situ- * This sketch of the history of Wisconsin is taken from " Hunt s Gazetteer" of that State, advance sheets of which were kini Editor of the S. G. of U. S. It is a work of great value, and reflects high credit on the industry and ability of the learned author. 60 945 WOL WOO ated at the confluence of the head branches of Xaugatuck r., 28 ra. W. Hartford, 37 m. N. N. W. New Haven. The Naugatuck K. K. passes through, 52 m. from Bridgeport, 10 m. from Winsted. Good water-power is here furnished, and improved by various manufactories. In the vicinity is a good bed of copper ore. WOLF, p. o., Knox co., Ohio : 41 m. N. E. Columbus. WOLF BAYOU, p. o., Independence co., Ark. : on small stream of same name, 67 m. N. N. E. Little Rock. WOLFBOKO , t. and p. v., Carroll county, JV r . Hump, : 29 m. N. E. by N. Concord. This t. is noted for its fine scenery, and the beautiful views here presented of Lake "Winni- piseogee, which bounds it on the W. It contains numerous saw-mills, several tanneries, and other manufacturing establishments. Pop. of t. 2,038. WOLF CREEK, p. o., Lena wee co., Mich, : on cr. of same name, 54 m. S. S. E. Lansing. WOLF CREEK, L and p. o., Mercer co., Penn. : 184 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. Drained by Wolf cr., and contains mills of various kinds. Pop. about 2,000. WOLF CREXK, p. o., Pickens dist., S. Car. : 112 m. N. W. by W. ColumbVt. WOLF LAKE, p. o., Noble county, Ind, : 110 m. N. by E. Indianapolis. WOLF EIVEB, p. o., Payette co., Tenn. : 158 m. W. 8. W. Nashville. WOLF EUN, p. o., Lycomteg C o., Penn. : 72 m. N. by W. Harrisburg. WOLFSVILLE, p. v., Frederick county, Md, : 61 m. N. W. Annapolis. WOLFSVILLE, p. v., Union co., N. Car. : 99 m. W. S. W. Ealeigh. WOMELSDORF, p. b., Berks county Penn.: on S. side of Tulpehocken cr., 36 m. E. by N. Harrisburg. its inhabit ants are chiefly of German origin. It contains several mills, stores, etc., and is surrounded by a fertile, and vell-culti- vatcd district Pop. about 950. WONASQUATUCKET river, Providence co., R, I ; an im portant mill-stream, rising in Smithfleld, and floWng S. E. into Providence Cove. WOOD county, Ohio. Situate N. toward the W., and Con tains 612 sq. m. Drained by Portage r. and its branches., and branches of Maumee r. Surface varied, and descends gradually toward Lake Erie in the N., with which connec tion is had by means of Maumee r. and bay ; soil a deep loam, with sand intermixed, and very fertile. Staples, wheat and Indian corn. Live-stock and grain are ex ported. A large portion of the " Black Swamp" is within the limits of the co., which, if drained, might be rendered productive. Farms 704 ; manuf. 21 ; dwell. 1542, and pop. wh. 9,139, fr. col. 18 total 9,157. Capital: Perrysburg. Public Works : Toledo and Fort Wayne E. E. ; Wabash and Erie Canal. WOOD county, Teas. Situate toward the N. E., and con tains 1,046 sq. m. Drained by Sabine r. and its branches, Lake Fork, Big Sandy cr., and other small streams. Sur face undulating and diversified ; soil fertile, and is adapted to cotton, corn, and other agricultural productions. There is a considerable quantity of pine timber on the land, and some prairie. It contains some springs of excellent water, and has some few minerals. Capital : Quitman, WOOD county, Virg, Situate N. W.. and contains 476 sq. m. Drained by Little Kanawha river and its branches. Surface hilly and broken ; soil fertile, adapted to grain and grazing. Chief products, wheat and Indian corn, with to bacco, etc. Farms 640 ; manuf. 24 ; dwell. 1,554, and pop. wh, 9,008, fr. col. 69, si. 373 total 9,450. Capital : Park- ersburg. Public Works : North Western E. E. WOODBERRY, p. v., Butler co., Ky. : 110 m. S. W. by W. Frankfort WOODBERRY, p. v., Merriwether co., Ga. : on W. side of Flint r., 81 m. W. Milled geville. WOODBINE, p. v. and sta., Carroll co., Md. : on Baltimore 946 and Ohio E. E., 33 miles from Baltimore, 50 miles N. W. Annapolis. WOODBINE, p. o., Whitley county, KIJ. : 107 m. S. S. E. Frankfort, WOODBOURNE, p. v., Sullivan co., N. Y.: on E. bank of Neversink r., 74 m. S. W. by S. Albany. WOODBOURNE, p. v., Knox county, Tenn. : 168 m. E. Nashville. WOODBRIDGE, p. v., Cedar co., la. WOODBRIDGE, t. and p. v., Middlesex co., N. Jer. : 38 m. N. E. Trenton. The t. contains several flourishing villages, with part of Eahway v. The New Jersey E. E. passes through it. Wood bridge v., 3 m. S. Eahway, contains a church, several stores, etc. Pop. of t, in 1840, 4,821 ; in 1850, 5,141. WOODBURN, p. v., Burke county, Oct. : on Mill cr., 63 m. E. by N. Milledgeville. WOODBURN, p. v., Macoupin county, III. : 54 m. S. S. W, Springfield. WOODBURN, p. o., Warren county, Ky, : 120 m. S. W, Frankfort. WOODBURY, t. and p. v., Litchfleld county, Conn. : 31 m. W. S. W. Hartford. Drained by Pomperaug r. and branches, which unite near the v., and afford water-power to woolen factories, and other mills. The v. is neatly built, and con tains 3 churches, several stores, etc. Pop. of t. 2,150. WOODBURY, p. v., Cumberland county, 111. : a branch of Embarrass r., 82 m. E. S. E. Springfield. The National road passes through it. WOODBURY, p. v., Hamilton county, Ind. : 20 m. N. E. Indianapolis. g WOODBURY, sta., Baltimore co., Md. : on Baltimore and Susquehanna E. E., 3 m. N. Baltimore. WOODBURY, p. v., Wright county, Mo. : on Osage fork of Gasconade r., 84 m. S. S. W. Jefferson City. WOODBURY, p. v., and cap. Gloucester co., N. Jer. : 83 m. S. W. by S. Trenton. It contains a fine brick court-house, fire-proof county offices, stone jail, an academy, several stores, and 8 churches. The " Constitution " is issued weekly. Woodbury cr. flows on N. side of the v., and is boatable to this place. Pop. about 900. WOODBUKY, p. v., Wood county, Ohio : 94 m. N. N. W. Columbus. WOODBURY, t. and p. v., Bedford co., Penn. : 75 m. W. Hainsburg. Drained by Yellow cr. and branches, which afford \vater-power to numerous flouring and saw mills. Iron ore j 8 here found, and smelted by several furnaces. Pop. of t. ihout 4,000. WooDBUR-i p. y., and cap. Cannon county, Tenn. : 42 m. S. E. by E. Nas, V ille. It has a good site, and is drained by a branch of Stonog cr . o f Cumberland r. It contains the county buildings, st^ra! stores, etc. Pop. about 200. WOODBURY, t. and ,. v>i Washington co., Verm. ; 17 m. N. E. by N. Montpelier. Watered by numerous ponds, aud branches of Lamoille and Onion rivers. Pop. of 1. 1,070. WOODCOCK, t. and p. v., Crawford co., Penn.: 187 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. L^ined by Woodcock creek. The t. contains a large number ^ m \\\ s an( i other manufac turing establishments. Pop. abou 2.000. WOODFORD county. III. Situate v. centrally, and con tains 532 m. Mackinaw r., a tributar : of Illinois r., drains the eastern portion, and other brancbei of same river the N. and W. Surface undulating; soil fertile. Staples, wheat and grain. The W. is bounded by the Illinois, which in this part opens into a broad basin Farms 506 ; manuf. 14 ; dwell. 747, and pop. wh. 4,416, fr. col. total 4,416. Capital : Metamora. Public Works : Central Illinois E. E. WOODFORD county, Ky. Situate N. E. centrally, and contains 141 sq. m. Drained by branches of Kentucky r., which bounds it on the W. Surface level ; soil a fine deep vegetable loam and very productive. Staples, tobacco, wheat, and Indian corn. Farms 5SO ; manuf. 9S ; dwell. 1,053, woo woo and pop. wh. 5,882, fr. col. 166, si. 6,376 total 12,423, Capital : Versailles. Public Work* : Lexington and Frankfort R. E. WOODFORD, t and p. v., Bennington co., Venn. : 103 m 8. 8. W. Montpelier. Surface elevated and broken; soi sterile. Drained by ponds and small streams. Pop. 423, WOODFORD S sta., Cumberland county, Me. : on York and Cumberland R. R., 2 m. W. Portland. WOOD GROVE, p. o., Morgan co., Ohio : 66 m. E. by S. Columbus. WOODHULL, t. and p. v., Steuben county, N. Y. : 194 m. W. by S. Albany. Drained by Tuscarora cr. Surface un even, and covered with heavy timber. Pop. iu 1840, 827 ; in 1850, 1,769. WOODHULL, t and p. o., Shiawassee co., Mich. : 10 m. E. N. E. Lansing. Drained by branches of Looking Glass river. Pop. in 1840, 147 ; in 1S50, 259. WOODINGTON, p. o., Darke county, Ohio: 84 m. "W. Columbus. WOODLAND, t and p. o., Barry county, Mich. : 28 m. W. Lansing. Drained by creeks of Grand r. Pop. 377. WOODLAND, p. o., Barren county, Ky. : 98 m. S. W. by S. Frankfort. WOODLAND, p. o., Clearfield co., Penn. : 95 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. WOODLAND, p. o., East Feliciana par., La. : 29 m. N. by E. Baton Rouge. WOODLANDS, p. o., Marshall county, Virg. : on E. side of Ohio r., 232 m. N. W. Richmond. WOODLAWN, p. v., Dallas county, Ala. : 40 m. W. N. W, Montgomery. WOODLAWN, p. o., Murray county, Ga. : 158 m. N. W. Milledgeville. WOODLAWN, p. a, Itawamba county, Miss. : 165 m. N. E. by N. Jackson. WOODLAWN, p. o., Washita co., Ark. : 92 m. S. S. W. Little Rock. WOODLAWN, p. v., Cecil co., Md. : 51 m. N. E. by N. Annapolis. The vicinity is highly cultivated, and furnishes cattle and wheat for market. Granite of the finest texture is extensively quarried. The Chesapeake fisheries are also prosecuted. Pop. 130. WOODLAWN, p. o., Monroe co., Mo. : on S. fork of Salt r., 66 m. N. Jefferson City. WOODLAWN, p. v., Appomattox co., Virg. : 81 m.W. by S. Richmond. WOODLAWN, p. v., Lincoln co., N. Car. : on W. side of Catawba r., 126 m. W. S. W. Raleigh. WOODLAWN, p. v., Edgefield dist, S. Car. : 62 m.W. S.W. Columbia. WOODRIDGE S STORK, p. o., Christian county, JTy. ; 170 m. S. W. by W. Frankfort. WOODRUFF S, p. o., Spartanburg dist, 8. Car.: 72 m. N. W. by W. Columbia. WOOD S, p. o., Perry county, Tenn. : 75 m. S. W. by W. Nashville. WOODSBORO , p. v., Shelby co., Ala. : 62 m. N. N. W. Montgomery. WOODSBORO , p. v., Montgomery co., III. : 45 m. S. by E. Springfield. WOODSBORO , p. o., Frederick county, Md. : 52 m. N. W. Annapolis. Pop. about 100. WOOD S CORNERS, p. o., Hillsdale county, Mich. : 59 m. S. Lansing. WOOD S CROSS ROADS, p. o., Gloucester co., Virg. : 44 m. E. Richmond. WOODSDALE, p. v., Person co., N. Car. : 50 m. N. N. W. Raleigh. WOODSFIELD, p. v., and cap. Monroe county, Ohio : on S. side of Sunflsh creek, 96 m. E. Columbus. It has an elevated and pleasant site, and contains good county build ings, with several stores. The "Spirit of Democracy" (dem.) is here published. Pop. 395. WOOD S HILL, p. v., Roane co., Tenn. : on N. side Ten nessee r., 162 m. E. by S. Nashville. WOOD S HOLE, p. v., Barnstable co., Mats. : 62 m. S. 8. E. Boston. It has a good harbor, admitting vessels of the largest class, and protected by islands on the S. and W. The v. is of considerable summer resort for sea air and bathing. Naushon House is a fine hotel. WOOD SHOP, p. o., Dale county, Ala. : 40 m. S. E. by S. Montgomery. WOOD S MILLS, sta., Vigo co., Ind. : on Terre Haute and Richmond R. R., 8 m. E. from Terre Haute, 65 m. from Indianapolis. WOODSONVILLE, p. v., Hart county, Ey, : on S. side of Green r., 80 m. S. W. Frankfort WOOD S STATION, p. o., Walker co., Ga. : 172 m. N. W. Milledgeville. WOODSTOCK, t. and p. v., Windham co., Conn. : 36 m. E. N. E. Hartford. The t has a hilly surface. Drained by several streams, of which Muddy brook affords water- power. It contains 3 villages, each pleasant and flourish ing, and having some manufactures. Woodstock v., in S. E. part of t, has an elevated site, and is neatly built Pop. oft in 1840, 3,053 ; in 1850, 4,636. WOODSTOCK, p. v., Cherokee county, Ga. : on branch of Etowah r., 108 m. N. W. Milledgeville. WOODSTOCK, p. v., and cap. M Henry co., III. : 137 m. N. N. E. Springfield. It is situated in a pleasant grove, near a small brook, and contains the county buildings. WOODSTOCK, t. and p. v., Oxford county, Me. : 37 m. W. Augusta. Drained by branch of Little Androscoggin r., and by several large ponds. Surface partly mountainous. The Atlantic and St. Lawrence R. R. passes through its S. W. part, having a station at Bryant s Pond, 62 m. from Portland. Pop. of 1. 1,012. WOODSTOCK, p. v. and sta., Howard county, Md. : on Baltimore and Ohio R. R., 25 m. from Baltimore, 29 m. N. W. by N. Annapolis. WOODSTOCK, t. and p. v., Lenawee county, Mich. : 4S m. S. by E. Lansing. Watered by head branches of Raisin river, several ponds, and a large lake on its S. border. In terests mainly agricultural. It contains flouring mills, the annual product of which, as valued in 1850, is $90,3(55. Pop. in 1840, 674; in 1850, 949. WOODSTOCK, t. and p. o., Grafton co., N. Hamp. : 54 m. N. by W. Concord. Surface mountainous ; drained by Pemigewassett r. Pop. 418. WOODSTOCK, t. and p. v., Ulster county, JV. Y : 45 miles S. S. W. Albany. Surface mountainous; drained by Sagh- kill cr. The v. contains 2 churches. Pop. of t. 1,650. WOODSTOCK, p. v., Champaign co., Ohio : 80 m. N. N.W. Columbus. Pop. 205. WOODSTOCK, sta., Windsor county, Verm. : on Vermont Central R. R., 17m. from Windsor, 60 m. from Montpelier. WOODSTOCK, t, p. v., and cap. Windsor county, Verm. : 45 m. S. by E. Montpelier. Drained by Otta Queechee r. and its branches, which afford water-power. The v. in N. part of the t. is very pleasant, and contains a beautiful pub lic green. The court-house is one of the best edifices of the kind in New England. It also contains 5 churches, 1 bank, cap. $60.000, and the Vermont Medical College, founded in 1S35, which in 1S50 had 7 professors, 90 students, and 832 graduates. The " Mercury" (whig), and " The Age" (dem.) are issued weekly. Pop. of t 3,041. WOODSTOCK, p. v., and cap. Shenandonh county, Virg. : 106 miles N. W. by N. Richmond. It contains the county mildings, 4 churches, an academy. The "Tenth Legion" dem.) is issued weekly. Pop. about 1,000. WOODSTOCK MILLS, p. o., Nassau co., F lor. : on 8. side of St. Mary s r., 142 m. E. by N. Tallahassee. WOODBTOWN, p. v., Salem co., N. Jet: : on N. side of Salem cr., 48 m. 8. W. by S. Trenton. It contains several stores, and 3 churches. Valuable beds of marl are in the icinity. Pop. about 750. 947 woo WOR WOODSVILLE, p. o., Mercer co., 2f. Jet: : 11 m. N. N. \V. Trenton. WOOD VALE, p. o., Fayette co., Penn. : 146 m. W. by S. Harrisburg. WOODVIEW, p. o., Morrow co., Ohio : 36 m. N. Columbus. WOODVILLE, p. v., and one of the caps. Jackson county, Ala. : 58 m. N. Montgomery. The Memphis and Charles ton E. E. will pass near it WOODVILLE, p. v., Litchfield county, Conn. : 32 m. W. Hartford. WOODVILLE, p. v., Adams county, III. : 85 m. W. by N. Springfield. WOODVILLE, p. v., Jackson co., Ind. : on branch of E. fork of White r., 62 m. S. Indianapolis. WOODVILLE, p. o., Haywood co., Tenn. : 146 m. W. by S. Nashville. WOODVILLE, p. v., Middlesex co., Mass. WOODVILLE, p. v., and cap. Wilkinson co., Miss. : 105 m. 8. W. by S. Jackson. It contains the county buildings, 3 churches, 2 academies, etc. The West Feliciana E. K. ex tends hence to Bayou Sara, on the Mississippi river, 26 m. The " W. Republican" (dem.). and " Wilkinson Whig- are issued weekly. Pop. about 900. WOODVILLE, p. v., Macon co., Mo. : on S. fork of Salt r., 73 m. N. Jefferson City. WOODVILLE, p. v., Jefferson county, N. Y. : on S. side of Sandy cr., 147 m. N. W. by W. Albany. It contains several mills and stores, with a church. Pop. about 200. WOODVILLE, sta., Queens county, Jf. Y. : on Long Island E. E., 9 m. from New York. WOODVILLE, p. v., and cap. Tyler co., Tea. : on W. side of Turkey cr., 200 m. E. by N. Austin City. It contains the county buildings. WooovtLLE, p. v., Perquimans co., N.Car. : on W. side of Little r., 126 m. E. N. E. Ealeigh. WOODVILLE, t. and p. v., Sandusky co., Ohio : 104 m. N. by W. Columbus. Drained by Portage r., on which the v. is situated. Pop. of t. in 1840, 486 ; in 1850, 1,069. WOODVILLB, p. v. and sta., Greene co., Ga. : on Athens Branch E. E., 43 m. N. by E. Milledgeville. WOODVILLE, sta., Albemarle county, Virg. ; on Virginia Central E. E., 7 m. from Charlottesville, 104 miles from Eichmond. WOODVILLE, p. v., Kappahannock county, Virg. : 84 m. N. N. W. Eichmond. WOODWARD, p. o., Centre county, Penn. : 66 m. N. W. Harrisburg. WOODWARDSVILLE, p. v., Essex county, N. Y. : 85 m. N. Albany. WOODWOETH S, p. o., Granville co., W. Car. : 45 m. N. Ealeigh. WOODTARDS, p. o., Athens co., Ohio : 67 m. S. E. by E. Columbus. WOOLWICH, t and p. v., Lincoln county, Me. : 26 m. S. Augusta. Drained by small streams flowing into Kennebec river which bounds it on the W. It is somewhat engaged in the fisheries. Pop. of t. 1,420. WOONSOCKET FALLS, p. v. and sta., Providence co., R. I. : on Blackstone r., 15 m. N. N. W. Providence. The r. here descends in a short distance 21 feet, falling over a precipice of rocks, and affording very great water-power. The factories are in number about 20, and chiefly engaged in making cotton goods. The v. also contains 6 churches, and 1 bank, cap. $100,000. The Providence and Worcester E. E. passes through, 16m. from Providence, 27 m. from Worcester. The New York and Boston Direct E. E. will also pass through this place. The "W. Patriot" (indep.) is issued weekly. Pop. about 3,000. WOOSTER, t., p. v., sta., and cap. Wayne co., Ohio : 73 m. N. E. Columbus. Surface of t. very fertile. Drained by Killbuck cr. and branches. The v. is pleasantly situated", and contains the county buildings, and 6 churches. The Ohio and Pennsylvania E. E. passes through it, 184 m. from 943 Pittsburg. The "Wayne Co. Democrat" (dem.), and " Wooster Democrat- (whig), are here published. Pop. of v. in 1S40, 1,913; in 1850, 2,797. Pop. of t. including v. in 1840, 3,120 ; in 1850, 4,030. *.-.^ . WORCESTER county, Md. Situate S. E., and contains 616 sq. m. Pocomoke r. flows through the co. from N. to S., by which and its branches it is drained. Surface level or rolling; soil is in general of a sandy nature, in parts it is fertile. Staples, wheat and grain. Large numbers of cattle and hogs are fattened in the co. Timber is abundant. Sinepuxent bay bounds it on the E., and is inclosed by a number of islands with inlets to the inner waters. Farms 1,318; manuf. 29; dwell. 2,884, and pop. wh. 12,401, fr. col. 3.014, si. 3,444 total 18,859. Capital : Snowhill. WORCESTER county, Mass. Situate in the central part of the State, and contains 1,450 sq. m. Drained by Black- stone, Quinnebaug, Ware, Miller s, Nashua, and Mill rivers. Surface undulating; soil fertile, being a rich black loam, and very productive. This co. has many important manu factures, and good water privileges. Chief products wheat, Indian corn, oats, potatoes, and tobacco. Farms 7,239; manuf. 1,161 ; dwell. 21,709, and pop. wh. 130,152, fr. col. 637 total 130,789. Capital: Worcester. PuUia Works : Boston and Worcester E. E. ; Providence and Worcester E. E. ; Worcester and Fitchburg E. E. ; Western E. It.; Nashua and Worcester E. E. ; Fitchburg E. E. ; Vermont and Massachusetts E. E ; Norwich and Worcester K. E. ; Cheshire E. E., etc. WORCESTER, p. city, and cap. Worcester co., Mass. : 45 m. by railroad, W. by S. Boston. Lat (Ant Hall) 42 16 17" N. ; long. 71 48 13" W. It is pleasantly situated in a valley, surrounded by hills of gentle acclivity, its soil is generally fertile, and is drained by branches of Blackstone r. Its surface is somewhat diversified, affording a picturesque variety in its general appearance. Many of its streets are very handsome, of which the most important is Main Street, which is about 2 m. long, straight, broad, ornamented with beautiful shade trees, and contains the principal hotels, stores, banks, churches, public buildings, with several splendid private residences. In the S. part of the city is a spacious public green. Many of the principal buildings are fine structures. The hall of the American Antiquarian Society is a large and handsome edifice, erected in 1S20, at cost of $10,000, and contains 7,000 volumes. The State Lunatic Asylum is finely situated on an eminence E. of the city, and surrounded by extensive and beautiful grounds. It consists of a large central edifice, 4 stories high, with wings 3 stories high, and 134 feet long. This noble institu tion was founded in 1833, and usually contains from 450 to 500 inmates. The College of the Holy Cross (Eoman Catholic) has a fine location on a rounded hill, 1 m. S. W. of the city, but its buildings were lately destroyed by fire. In 1850, it had 4 professors, 120 students, and 4,220 volumes in its library. Great attention is generally given to educa tion in the public schools and private academies, which are of the best order. The newspaper press, in 1850, consisted of the -Massachusetts Spy" (f. soil), daily and weekly; Daily Tribune" (neut.) ; 4 weeklies, " National ^Egis" (whig), " Palladium" (dem.), " Mass. Cataract" (temp.), Christian Citizen" (reform.) ; and 1 monthly, " N. E. Temperance Journal." Worcester is one of the most important thoroughfares in New England. The railroads here centering are five in number: viz., Boston and Worcester E. E., 45 m. long; Western E. E., 57 m. to Springfield, 156 m. to Albany; Providence and Worcester E. E., 43 m. ; Norwich and Worcester E. E., 66 m.; Worcester and Nashua E. E., 45 m. ; and Fitchburg and Worcester E. E., 26 m., which uses between Worcester and Sterling Junction, 8 miles, ;he road of the Worcester and Nashua E. E. These very mportant avenues of intercommunication have effectually secured to Worcester the greatest facilities for inland trade, and have greatly developed and increased its manufactures WOR WRI and general prosperity. Its manufactures embrace nearly all branches, and form an aggrt-gate annual product ol about $2,500,000. There are five banks, with aggregate cap. of $1.000,000, and 2 institutions for savings. The aggregate wealth of Worcester is very great, show ing an unusually large average amount per head. Th( general increase of the city in wealth during the las 20 years has also been very rapid, hardly surpassed in New England. The following table exhibits the valuation of property in various years, from 1800 to 1852, inclusive : Years. 1800.. 1810. . 1820. . 1S30.. Val. of prop . . . $296,542 Years. Val. of prop. 1840.... $4,288,950 Years. Val. of prop, 1848.... $8.721,1 00 1849.... 10,750,282 1851.... 11,925,055 1852.... 12,575,566 ...1,476,3-3 1845 6,004,050 ...2,015,750 1846.... 7,116,700 ,..2,747,800 1847.... 7,690,850 In 1849, the number of persons whose property amounted to $20,000 and upward, was 91 ; and 99 persons were ^ assessed for $10,000 and upward, but below $20,000. The settlement of Worcester was commenced in 1675, but owing to the Indian border warfare, was not made perman ent until 1713. In 171S, It contained " 58 humble dwelling houses." In 1765, its citizens instructed their representatives to join in no measure countenancing the " Stamp Act ;" and soon again manifested their patriotic spirit by prompt action upon many matters of national concern. During the revo lutionary struggle it sustained a most honorable part. Its career of prosperity during the last thirty years is the natural result of the intelligent enterprise of its citizens. They have ever been among the foremost in the State, in contributing to the construction of works of internal im provement, in building up home manufactures, and in the promotion of agriculture ; and they are now receiving their just reward. The city was incorporated in 1848. Its government is vested in a mayor, 8 aldermen, and common council of 24 members (being composed of 3 members from each of the 8 wards). The appropriation of city expenses in 1851, was $75,500 ; in 1852, $85,700. The population at different periods has been as follows: Year. Pop. 1765.... 1,478 1776.... 1,925 1790.... 2,095 Year. Pop. 1800.... 2,411 1810.... 2,577 1820.... 2,962 Year. Pop. 1830... 4,173 1840... 7,497 1845... 11,556 Year. Pop. 1847... 15,643 1850... 17,049 1853... 20,271 "WORCESTER, L and p. v., Otsego county, W. Y. : 50 m. W. Albany. Surface of t, hilly. Drained by Charlotte r. and branches. The v. contains 2 churches, several stores and mills. Pop. of v. about 200 ; of t. 2,047. WORCESTER, t. and p. o., Montgomery co., Penn. : SO m. E. ITarrisburg. Interests agricultural. Pop. about 1,400. WORCESTER, t. and p. v., Washington co., Verm. : 7 m. N. Montpelier. Surface in part mountainous. Drained by N. branch of Onion r., which affords water-power, and on which the v. in its S. part is situate. Pop. of L 702. WORTH county, la. Situate N., and contains 432 sq. m. Drained by English r. and Lime creek. Surface level or slightly undulating; soil fertile and adapted to the culture of wheat and grain. The N. is diversified with large lakes. Set off since 1850. WORTH, p. o., Mercer county, Penn. : 187 m. W. N. W. Harrisburg. WORTH, p. o., De Kalb county, Ala. : 140 m. N. by E. Mon tgomery . WORTH, p. o., Perry co., Ohio : 45 m. E. S. E. Columbus. WORTH, t. and p. o., Tuscola county, Mich. : 77 m. N. E. Lansing. Pop. of t. 600. WORTH, p. o., Cook co., III. : 163 m. N. E. Springfield. WORTH, p. o., Marion co., Ark. : on S. side of White r., 93 m. N. by W. Little Rock. WORTH, p. o., Dubois co., Ind. : on S. side of Patoka cr., 100 m. S. S. W. Indianapolis. WORTIIINGTON, p. v., Mecklenburg county, Ky. : 132 m. W. S. W. Frankfort. WOBTIIIXGTON, t. and p. v., Hampshire co., Mass. : 95 m. W. Boston. Surface elevated and pleasantly diversified. Drained by Westfield r. and its branches. Interests, chiefly agricultural. Pop. of t. 1,134. WORTHINGTON, p. v. and sta., Franklin co., Ohio : on E. side of Olontangy r., 9 m. N. by W. Columbus. It is regu larly laid out, with streets crossing at right angles, and ia very neatly built. It contains 3 churches and 2 flourishing seminaries. The Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati R. R. passes through it, 126 m. from Cleveland, 129 in. from Cin cinnati. Settled in 1801 by the Scioto Company from Gran- by, Connecticut. Pop. 501. WORTHINGTON, p. o., Greene co., Ind. : on W. fork of White r., 60 m. S. W. Indianapolis. WORTHINGTON, p. v., Armstrong county, Penn. : 145 m. W. N. W. Ilarrisburg. In the vicinity is a charcoal hot- blast furnace, with annual capacity of 1SOO tons, employing SO men ; also 1 charcoal cold-blast furnace, with annual capacity of 1,100 tons, employing 40 men. WORTHINGTON, p. o., Marion co., Virg. : 200 m. N. W. by W. Richmond. WORTHVILLE, p. v., Carroll co., Ky. : 31 m. N. by W. Frankfort. WORTHVILLE, p. v., Butts county, Ga. : 50 m. W. N. W. Milled geville. WORTHVILLE, p. v., Jefferson co., 2f. Y. : 132 m. N. W. by W. Albany. WORTHVILLE, p. v., Johnson co., Ind. : 12 m. S. by E. Indianapolis. WRENTHAM, t and p. v., Norfolk county, Mass. : 23 m. S. W. by S. Boston. Surface pleasantly diversified. Drain ed by branches of Taunton, Charles, and Neponset rivers, which afford considerable water-power. The L contains several pleasant villages. The Norfolk County R. R. crosses its N. W. part. Wrentham v., near the centre, is neatly built. Pop. of t. 3,037. WRIGHT county, Ia. Situate toward the N., and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by Boone r. and head branch of Iowa r. Surface undulating ; soil fertile, and adapted to grain. Set off since 1850. WRIGHT county, Mo. Situate toward the S. W., and con tains 913 sq. m. Gasconade r., and Osage fork of same, with their branches, drain the county. Surface uneven and varied ; soil in general fertile, and adapted to the cultiva tion of wheat and grain, and is also favorable to the growth of tobacco. Timber is abundant. Farms 371 ; manuf. ; dwell. 541, and pop. wh. 8,305, fr. col. 0, si. 82 total 3,337. Capital: Hartsville. WRIGHT, p. o., Ottawa county, Mich. : 65 m. W. N. W. Lansing. WRIGHT, p. o., La Salle co., III.: on Yermillion r., 104m. N. N. E. Springfield. WRIGHT, p. o., Greene county, Ind. : 66 m. S. W. by S. Indianapolis. WRIGHT S BLUFF, p. o., Sumter district, S. Oar.: 50 m. . by S. Columbia. WRIGHTSBORO, p. v., Columbia co., Ga. : on a branch of Little r., 54 m. N. E. Milledgeville. It contains an academy and church. Pop. about 150. WRIGHT S CORNERS, p. o., Niagara co., 2f. Y.: 262 m. W. by N. Albany. WRIGHTSTOWN, p. v., Burlington county, N. Jer. : on N. )ranch of Crosswick s cr., 15 m. S. S. E. Trenton. WRIGHTSVILLE, p. b., York co., Penn. : on W. bank of Susquehanna r., 24 m. S. E. Ilarrisburg. It is connected with Columbia, on the opposite side of the river, by a bridge >,690 feet long. The York and Wrightsville R. R. extends ence to York. Pop. about 750. WRIGHTSVILLE, p. v., Roane co., Tenn. : on S. side of ennessee r., 132 m. E. by S. Nashville. WRIGHTSVILLE, p. v., Pontotoc county, Miss. : 146 m. r. E. by N. Jackson. WRIGHTSVILLE, p. v., Clinton county, & Y. : 140 m. N. Albany. 949 WUR WUKTEMBERG, p. v., Lawrence county, Penn. : 174 m W. by N. Harrisburg. WURTSBORO, p. v., Sullivan co., N. Y. : 86 m. 8. 8. W Albany. It contains 2 churches and several stores. In the vicinity is a valuable lead mine. The Delaware and Hud eon Canal passes near this place. WYACONDA, p. o., Scotland co., Mo. : 127 m. N. Jefferson City. WYAKOMING lake and river. La Pointe co., Wise. : the lake in S. central portion of the county is S m. long, of varying width. The river is its outlet, flows W., and is the pricipal head branch of St. Croix river. WYALUSING, t. and p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : 103 m, N. N. E. Harrisburg. Drained by Wyalusing creek and branches. WYALUSING, p. v., Grant county, Wise. : 76 m. W. by S. Madison. WYANDOTT county, Mich. Situate N. middle in the S. part of the State, and contains 576 sq. m. Drained by the Sheboygan and Skooawargurmish rivers, which are received by large lakes in the N., and other considerable streams, the waters of all being discharged into the Mackinaw straits. Surface generally even ; soil fertile. Set off since 1S50. WYANDOTT county, Ohio. Situate toward the N. W., and contains 351 sq. m. Sandusky r. passes centrally through it, by which and by Tychmochte r. and other branches it is drained. Surface somewhat elevated; soil a fine deep mold, and is in general fertile. Wheat, grain, and potatoes are the staples. Live-stock and grain are exported. Farms 923; manuf. 37; dwell. 1,964, and pop. wh. 11,243, fr. col. 49 total 11,292. Capital: Upper Sandusky. Public Works : Mad Kiver and Lake Erie R. R. ; Finlay Branch E. R. ; Ohio and Indiana R. R., etc. WYANDOTT, p. v., Wyaudott co., Ohio: 51 m. N. by W. Columbus. WYANDOTTE, p. o., Tippecanoe co., Ind. : 55 m. N. W. Indianapolis. WYANOKE, sta., Amelia co., Yirg. : on Richmond and Danville R. R., 43 m. from Richmond. WYATT, p. v., La Fayette co., Mixs. : on N. side of Talla- hatchie r., 156 m. N. by E. Jackson. Pop. about 250. WYE river, Md. : flows between Talbot and Queen Ann counties, and enters Eastern bay of the Chesapeake by a broad estuary. WYE MILLS, p. o., Talbot co., Md. : on S. bank of Wye r., 25 m. E. by S. Annapolis. WYKKRTOWN, p. v., Sussex co., N. Jer. : 65 m. N. Trenton. WYLLIESBCRG, p. o., Charlotte co., Virg. : 75 m. W. S. W. Richmond. WYNANT, p. o., Shelby county, Ohio : 69 m. W. N. W. of Columbus. WYNANTSKILL, p. v., Rensselaer co., N. Y. : on creek of same name, 7 m. E. N. E. Albany. WYNCOOP S CREEK, p. o., Chemung co., N. Y. : 160 m. W. by S. Albany. WYNN, p. o., Franklin county, Ind. ; 60 miles E. S. E. Indianapolis. WYOCENA, t and p. o., Columbia co., Wise. : 30 m. N. by E. Madison. Soil fertile prairie land, with some growth of timber. Drained by Duck cr. and small streams. Popu lation 506. WYOMING county, N. Y. Situate W., and contains 530 sq. m. Drained by Allen, Cayuga, Tonawanda, Seneca, and other creeks. Surface undulating, and forming for the most part a series of elevated plains or terraces ; soil fertile, and particularly so along the valley of the Genesee, being a gravelly loam, moist, and adapted to grain, etc. ; the S. portion is best suited for grazing. Chief prod uctions, wheat, oats, and potatoes. It contains some minerals, and some fossil shells and vegetable substances. Agriculture is the leading pursuit. Good water-power is supplied by the falls of the Genesee. Farms 3,360; manuf. 299; dwell. 5,913. and pop. wh. 31,935, fr. col. 46 total 31,931. Car>- 950 XEN ital: Warsaw. Pullie Works: Buffalo and New York City R. R. ; Genesee Valley R. R. ; Genesee Valley Canal. WYOMING county, Penn. Situate N. E.. and contains 455 sq. m. Susquehanna river passes centrally through it, by which and its branches it is drained. Surface varied, being pleasantly diversified with low hills and fertile valleys ; soil in parts very fertile. Staples, wheat, corn, and potatoes. It has good pasturage, on which numbers of cattle and hogs are fed. Anthracite coal is found. Farms S95 ; manuf. 59 ; dwell. 1,8:34, and pop. wh. 10,650, fr. col. 5 total 10,655. Capital ; Tunkhannock. PuUin Works : Lackawanua and Western R. R. ; North Branch Canal, etc. WYOMING county, Virg. Erected from Logan co. in 1850. Situate W., and contains 1,342 sq. m. Dr lined by head branches of Guyandotte r., branches of Tug fork of Sandy r. and Camp cr. Surface much broken and hilly, in parts mountainous; soil various, generally adapted to graz ing. Chief products, wheat and Indian corn. Farms 183 ; manuf. ; dwell. 243, and pop. wh. 1,583, fr. col. 1, si. 61 total 1,645. Capital: Wyoming. WYOMING, p. v., Stark co., 111. : on E. side Spoon r., 85 m. N. by W r . Springfield. WYOMING, sta., Middlesex county, Mass: on Boston and Maine R. R., 6 m. from Boston. WYOMING, p. v., Wyoming co., N. Y. : on W. bank of Allen s cr., 229 m. W. Albany. It contains three churches, an academy, several stores, etc. Pop. about 700. WYOMING, p. v., Luzerne co., Penn. : on W. side of Sus- quohanna r., 85 m. N. E. by N. Harrisburg. WYOMING, p. v., Dinwiddie county, Virg. : on N. side of Nottoway r., 43 m. S. S. W. Richmond. WYOMING, I and p. o., Iowa co., Wise. : 32 m. W. Mad- son. Drained by Pipe cr. and other small streams which flow into Wisconsin r. Pop. 206. WYSOX, t. and p. o., Bradford co., Penn. : 105 m. N. by E. Harrisburg. Surface hilly. Drained by Wysox and Rum- field creeks. The t contains several grist and saw mills. Pop. about 2,000. WYTHE county, Virg. Situate toward the S.W., and con- ains 573 sq. m. Drained by New r. and its branches, and branches of Holston r. Surface level, somewhat elevated, forming a table land ; soil fertile, making good pasture. Chief products, wheat, oats, and Indian corn. Farms 663; manuf. 22 ; dwell. 1,631, and pop. wh. 9,618, fr. col. 221, si. 2,135 total 12,024. Capital: Wytheville. Public Works: Virginia and Tennessee R. R. WYTHE, p. o., Hancock county, III. : 90 m. W. N. W. of Springfield. WYTHEVILLE, p. v., and cap. Wythe co., Virg. : 195 m. W. by S. Richmond. It contains the county buildings, one ank, several stores, etc. The " Republican and Constitu- ionalist" (dem.) is issued weekly. The Virginia and Teu- essee R. R. passes through this place. Pop. about 600. X. XENIA, t., p. v., sta., and cap. Greene co., Ohio : 47 m. W. S. W. Columbus. The township is large, and contains ome of the most fertile land in the State. Drained by Jttle Miami r. and branches, one of which, Shawnee creek, ows through the v., situate near the centre of the t. The . is regularly laid out, with streets crossing each other at ight angles, and is generally well built. It contains hand- ome county buildings of brick and stone, a bank, and 5 hurches. The " Xenia Torch Light 1 (whig) is here pub- ished. The railroads here centering are Little Miami I. R., from Cincinnati 65 m. ; Columbus and Xenia R. R., m. ; Dayton and Xenia R. R., 15 m. : each of which is >ut a portion of extended and very important routes. Pop. f v. in 1840, about 1,200: in 1S50, about 2,200; pop. of t. ncluding v., in 1340, 4,913; in 1350, 7,056. XENIA, p. o., Clay county, III. : 93 miles S. E. by S. springfield. XPR YAZ X. PKAIRIE, p. o., Noxubee co., Miss. : 122 m. N. E. by E. Jackson. y. YADKIX river, N. Car. : rises in the Blue Ridge, flows E. and S. E. through the State, into South Carolina, when it takes the name of Great Pedee r., until it empties into "Winyard bay, near Georgetown. In Montgomery county it passes through the " Narrows," where it is contracted in width from 600 to 100 feet. It is navigable for boats and small vessels throughout the greater part of its course. YAKIMA river, Oreg. Ter. : rises in the Cascade Range, flows S. S. E. and E., and empties into Columbia river, near the confluence of Lewis river. YALE, p. o., Jasper co., III. : 85 m. S. E. Springfield. YALLABUSIIA county, Miss. Situate toward the N., and contains S97 sq, m. Yallabusha r. passes through the S. por tion from E. to W., by which and its branches it is drained. Surface undulating and somewhat elevated ; soil a deep rich mold, very fertile, and produces fine crops of grain and potatoes, it is also favorable to the growth of cotton, which is produced abundantly, and is one of the staples. Farms 872; manuf. 32; dwell. 1,491, and pop. wh. 8,652, fr. col. 9, si. 8,597 total 17,258. Capital: Coffeeville. Public Works: Mississippi Central R. R. YAM HILL county, Oreg. Ter. Divided from Clatsop and "Washington counties by a line on the parallel of Cape Look out to the "Willamette river, and from Polk and Marion counties by a line on the parallel of the mouth of Yaquina river, a small stream of the Pacific Ocean which lies on the "W. The E. line is the "Willamette and Drift cr., one of its affluents from the S. Drained chiefly by Yam Hill and Chehalem rivers, tributaries of the Willamette from the W. The county has immense water-power and fine agricultural resources. Farms 142 ; manuf. 4 : dwell. 243, and pop. wh. 1,511, fr. col. 1 total 1,512. Capital : Lafayette. YAMPA river, Utah Ter. : rises on W. side of the Rocky mts., and flows W. to its confluences with Green river. YANABY, p. o., Oktibbeha county, Mi$s. : 112 m. N. E. Jackson. YANCEY county, N. Car. Situate "W., and contains 6S7 sq. m. Drained by Nolichucky r. and its branches. Sur face elevated and mountainous ; soil in parts fertile, and adapted to the cultivation of grain and other agricultural productions. It contains a copperas mine. Black int., ele vated 6,476 feet above the ocean level, is within the limits of this county. Farms 970 ; manuf. 10 ; dwell. 1,322, and pop. wh. 7,809, fr. col. 50, si. 346 total 8,205. Capital : Burns v Hie. YANCEY S MILLS, p. o., Albemarle county, Vlrg. : 75 m. W. N. "W. Richmond. YANCEYVILLB, p. v., and cap. Caswell co., N. Car. : 60 m. N. W. Raleigh. It contains the county buildings. Pop. about 300. YANIIANNA, p. o., Georgetown district, S. Car. : 100 m. E. S. E. Columbia. YANKEE HILL, p. o.,Menard co, HI.: 16 m. N."W. Springfield. YANKEE SETTLEMENT, p. o., Delaware co., la. : 60 m. N. Iowa City. YANKEE SPRINGS, t. and p. o., Barry co., Mich. : 44 m. "W. by S. Lansing. Drained by branches of Thornapple r. Pop. in 1S40, 130 ; in 1850, 292. YANKEETOWN, p. o., Darke co., Ohio : 84 m."W. Columbus. YANTIC, p. v. and sta., New London co., Conn. : on Yan- tic river, and New London, Willimantic, and Palmer R. R., 16 m. from New London, 50 m. from Palmer, 31 m. E. S. E. Hartford. It has several factories. YANTIC river. New London co., Conn. : is formed in Le banon t. by 3 branches, flows E. and S. E., and below Nor wich empties into Thames r. One mile above its mouth it has a beautiful fall of 11 feet over a rocky precipice, affording great water power, improved by numerous manufactories. YAPHANK, p. o. and sta., Suffolk co., N. Y. : on Long Island R. R., 60 m. from New York, 158 m. 8. 8. E. Albany YARDLEYVILLE, p. v., Bucks co., Penn. : on W. bank of Delaware river, 102 m. E. Harrisburg. It contains several stores and mills. A ferry here crosses the Delaware. Pop. about 150. YARDVILLE, p. o., Mercer co., N. Jer. : 6 m. E. Trenton. YARMOUTH, t., p. v., and sta., Cumberland co., Me. : 41 m. S. S. "W. Augusta. Drained by a small stream which affords water-power. The Kennebec and Portland R. R.. and Atlantic and St. Lawrence R. R., pass through the t., and connect 1 m. from the v., 12 m. from Portland, 47 m. from Augusta. Pop. of t. 2,144. YARMOUTH, t. and p. v., Barnstable county, Mass. : 63 m. S. E. Boston. The t. extends across Cape Cod, and has a sandy and sterile soil. It contains 4 thriving villages, each engaged in the fisheries and coasting trade. The manufac ture of salt is carried on extensively. Pop. of t. 2.595. YARMOUTH PORT, p. v., Barnstable co., Mass. : on inlet of Cape Cod bay, 61 miles S. E. Boston. It contains 2 churches, several stores, and 1 bank, cap. $300,000. The " Yarmouth Register" (whig) is issued weekly. YATES county, N. Y. Situate "W. centrally, and contains 320 sq. m. Drained by Flint creek, "West r.. Crooked lake outlet, and Big and Rock streams, the two latter flowing into Seneca lake; much good water-power is supplied in their courses. Surface diversified by hills and valleys, much of it being greatly elevated ; soil very fertile ; in S. portions a warm, clayey mold prevailing, and productive in grain and fruits. It contains some good meadow land. Chief productions, wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. Here are some minerals, and a valuable sulphur spring. A brine spring, lately found near Dundee, has proved productive, and yields a considerable revenue. Farms 1,673; manuf. 165; dwell. 3,784, and pop. wh. 20,442, fr. col. 148 total 20,590. a?/>i^;PennYan. Public Works: Canandaigua and Elmira R. R. YATES, L and p. v., Orleans co., N. Y. : 182 ra. W. by N. Albany. Drained by Johnson s creek, flowing into Lake Ontario, which bounds it on the N. The v. on Johnson s cr. contains several mills and stores. Pop. of t. 2,242. YATESVILLE, p. o., Yates co., N. Y. : 232 m. W. Albany. YATESVILLE, p. o., Lunenburg co., Virg. : 61 m. S. "W. Richmond. YATTON, p. v., "Washington co., la. : 14 m. S. Iowa City. YAZOO county, Miss. Situate "W. centrally, and contains 731 sq. m. Drained by tributaries of Big Black and Yazoo rivers. Surface undulating ; soil fertile, and well adapted to grain. Chief productions, cotton and Indian corn. Farms 464 ; manuf. 17 ; dwell. 935, and pop. wh. 4,069, fr. col., si. 10,349 total 14,418. Capital: Benton. Public Works : Mississippi Central R. R. YAZOO river, Misa. : is formed at "W. boundary of Carroll co., by the confluence of Tallahatchee and Yallabusha rivers, and flows S. S. W. in very meandering course, about 160 m. to its entrance into the Mississippi river, near Vicksburg. This is an excellent stream, affording easy nav igation for steamboats, of which a considerable number are constantly employed in the transportation of cotton. YAZOO CITY, p. city, and cap. Yazoo co., Miss. : on E. side of Yazoo r., 40 m. N. by W. Jackson. It is situated on a low bluff, which, back of the city, rises to a very consider able elevation. The main street follows the river in bend ing course, but the rest of the city is laid out with general regularity. The county seat was removed to this place from Benton in 1S52. The court-house is an elegant struc ture of brick. There are 5 churches, of which the Episcopal Society has a handsome edifice. The houses are chiefly built of wood, and are not characterized for their elegance The trade of the city is almost exclusively in cotton, of which from 75,000 to 100.000 bales are shipped annually to New Orleans. There are 3 steam saw-mills, with no other manufacturing establishments. A plank-road extends hence 951 YEL YON to Beaton, 10 miles. Two newspapers, the " Yazoo Dem- uerat" and " Yazoo City Whig," are issued weekly. Pop. about 2,000. YELL county, Ark. Situate W. centrally, and contains 1,027 sq. ra. Drained by Petite Jean, and other tributaries of Arkansas, which forms its N. E. boundary. Surface varied, in the 8. E. being hilly, but in general it is level; soil fertile, and adapted to grain. Cotton and tobacco are produced in small quantities. Timber is found of a good quality, and there are some excellent coal beds. Farms 830; manuf. 20; dwell. 473, and pop. wh. 2,902, fr. col. 15, si. 424 total 3,341. Capital : Danville. YELL county, la. Situate centrally, and contains 615 sq. m. Drained by Des Moines river and its branches. Surface diversified by gentle swelling lands; soil fertile, and favorable to the cultivation of grain. It lias good tim ber and prairie land. Set off since 1S50. YELLOW lake, Jefferson county, N. Y. : 160 miles N. W. Albany. It is 4 m. long, m. wide, and abounds with ex cellent fish. YELLOW river, Ind. : rises in N. W. part of Koscuisko co., flows W. S. "W. and W., and empties into English lake. It is about 60 m. long, and in high water is navigable 30 or 40 m^es. Its average width below Plymouth is 100 feet. Its course is not generally rapid, but it affords considerable water-power. YELLOW BRANCH, p. o.. Campbell co., Virg. : on branch of Taunton r., 91 m. W. by S. liichmond. YELLOW BUD, p. o., Boss co., Ohio: 42 m. S. Columbus. YELLOW BUSII, p. o., Chickasaw county, Miss. : 128 m. N. N. E. Jackson. YELLOW CEEEK, p. o., Knox co., Ky. : on stream of same name, 126 m. S. E. by S. Frankfort. YELLOW CREEK, t. and p. v., Chariton co., Mo. : 89 m. N. W. by N. Jefferson City. Drained by Yellow creek. YELLOW CREEK, p. o., Lumpkin co.. Ga. : 120 m. N.N.W. Milledgeville. YELLOW CREEK, p. v., Tishemingo co., Miss. : 206 m. N. E. by N. Jackson. YELLOW CREEK, p. o., Stephenson co., III.: 169 m. N. Springfield. YELLOW CREEK FURNACE, p. o., Montgomery co., Tenn. : 85m. W. N.W.Nashville. YELLOW HEAD GROVE, p. o., Will county, III. : 144 miles N. E. by E. Springfield. YELLOW MOUNTAIN, p. o., Yancey co., N. Car. : 203 m. W. Ealeigh. YELLOW EIVER, p. v., Gwinnett eo., Ga. : on Yellow r., 78 m. N. W. Milledgeville. YELLOW EIVEE, p. o., Marshall county, Ind. : 102 m. N. Indianapolis. YELLOW SPRING, p. o., Johnson county, Ind.: 12 m. S. Indianapolis. YELLOW SPRING, p. v., Des Moines co., la. : 48 m. S.S.E. Iowa City. YELLOW SPRING, p. v., Hampshire county, Virg. : 145 m. N. W. by N. Eichmond. YELLOW SPRING, p. v., Blair co., Penn. : 72 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. In the vicinity is a hot-blast charcoal furnace, with annual capacity of 1,400 tons, employing 100 men ; also 1 charcoal forge, which in 1849 made 400 tons of blooms, employing 30 men. YELLOW SPRINGS, p. v. and sta., Greene co., Ohio : on the Little Miami E. E., 72 miles from Cincinnati, 47 miles W. by S. Columbus. It is pleasantly situated, and contains a sulphur spring, which is much resorted to in the summer. YELLOW SPRINGS, p. o., Claiborne county, Tenn. : 190 m. E. by N. Nashville. YELLOW STONE, p. o., Paulding co., Ga : 132 m. N. W. by W. Milledgeville. YELLOW STORE, p. o., Hawkins co., Tenn. : 212 m. E. of Nashville. YELLOW WATEB river, Ala. and Flor. ; rises in Covington co., Ala., flows S. S. W. and S. W., and empties into Yellow Water bay of Pensacola bay. YELLVILLE, p. v., and cap. Marion co., Ark. : on N. side of Crooked cr., a tributary of White r., 102 m. N. by W. Little Eoek. It contains a court-house and jail. Pop. about 100. YELVINGTON, p. v., Daviess co., Ky. : 132 m. W. by S. of Frankfort. YEOCOMIOO river, Virg. : a branch of Potomac r., separ ating Northumberland and Westmoreland counties. YEOCOMICO, U. S. collection dist., Virg. : total tonnage on June 30, 1850, amounted to 3,284 tons, all of whit-h was em ployed in the coasting-trade. During the year one vessel, a schooner of 57 tons, was built. YNOUSKI, p. o., Kalamazoo co., Mich. : 64 m. S. W. by W. Lansing. YOCONY, p. o., Itawamba co., Miss. : 186 m. N. E. by N. Jackson. YOCUM STATION, p. o., Lee co., Virg. : 319 m. W. by S. Eichmond. YOCCMTOWN, p. v., York co., Penn. : 17 m. S. Harrisburg. YOHOGANY, p. o., Westmoreland co., Penn. : 136 m. W. Harrisburg. YOLO county, Calif. Occupies the tract between the Sacramento r. and Putah cr., and the Coast Eange. The N. boundary is a line on the parallel of 39 20. N. latitude, meeting the Sacramento about 3 m. below Colusi. Drained by Cachfi and other creeks of Clear lake, and several streams falling into the Sacramento and Putah. There are several lakes in the co. Washington, 3 m. by J m. ; Clear, 6 m. by 2 m. ; and Tule, m. by i m. The principal settle ments are Washington, Fremont, Cache Creek, Cottonwood, Merrit, and Putah. Pop. in 1852, 1,307; whites 1,274 males 1,OS5, and females 189 negroes 11, mulattoes 3, In dians 152 males 109, and females 43 ; foreign residents 86 males 83, and females 3. Over 21 years of age citizens 1,016, negroes 10, mulattoes 3, Indians 90, and foreigners 51. It is one of the best agricultural counties in the .State, and produces large quantities of truck for the city markets. Acres in cultivation, 3,846. Mining is but a subordinate occupation. Capital: Frmont. YONCALA, p. v., Benton co., Oreg. Ter. : on S. bank of Elk r., 92 m. S. by W. Salem. YONGUESVILLE, p. v. and sta., Fairfleld dist., S. Car. ; on Charlotte and South Carolina Eailroad, 32 miles N. by W. Columbia. Pop. about 100. YONKERS, t and p. v., Westchester co., N. Y. : 132 m. S. Albany. Drained by Bronx r. on the E., and by Saw-Mill or Nepperhan r., an affluent of the Hudson, which latter forms its.W. border. Surface somewhat uneven and broken ; soil clay and sandy loam, generally well cuUivated. It is one of the pleasantest and most healthy towns on the Hud son, and of late years has been selected by great numbers of the merchants of New York city as a suitable residence for their families. The v., on Nepperhan r., has been rapidly built up with substantial and splendid dwellings, and has also several extensive manufacturing establishments and mechanic shops. A steam bedstead factory, one of the largest in the Union, and two very extensive hat factories, are found here; while on the river are two grist-mills and many shops which are operated by water-power. Yonkers has six churches 1 Eoman Catholic, 1 Episcopal, 2 Baptist, and 2 Presbyterian. There are also in the v. two academies for females, and one for boys, and two public schools. The business of the place is extensive, it being a point of supply and deposit for a rich back country. It has an ample river front and several landings, which afford every facility to steamboats and river craft; and the Hudson Eiver E. E., which passes through the t. on the immediate bank of the river, secures frequent communication with New York city, 14 or 15 passenger cars passing up and down during the day. Three steamboats ply daily on the Hudson between the two places. For the accommodation of visitors, there is a splendid hotel at the corner of Broadway and Mechanic YOU YOR Street, fronting on both, and containing between 500 and 300 rooms. Attached to the hotel is a fine hall, used for ex hibitions, theatricals, lectures, etc, There are other hotels and taverns in various parts. Broadway is the principal seat of retail trade, and not a few of the stores rival in as sortment and elegance those of New York city. On the same avenue stands the market-house, which is well pro vided with substantial and luxuries in their seasons. The Croton Aqueduct passes through the v., and some of the streets are arched over fur that purpose. Yonkers, indeed, has all the charms of a fine and varied country, and at the eame time all the accommodations of a city ; and society at this place has many ornaments, and is endowed with all the advantages of wealth, learning, and refinement. Pop. of t. in 1840, 2,963, and in 1850, 4,160. The village at the present time (165o) is supposed to have a population equal to that of the whole town in 1S50. YORK county, Me. Situate S. W.. and contains 822 sq. in. Drained by Saco and Monsam rivers and their branches, and affluents of Piscataqua r., which runs on ite S. W. bor der. Surface uneven and diversified, with numerous lakes, which add beauty to the scenery of the surrounding coun try ; soil in the interior is fertile and productive, but border ing on the shore is rough and rocky, and unfit for cultiva tion. Staples, wheat, Indian corn, and potatoes. On the S. E., along the Atlantic shore, are excellent harbors, which afford good advantages for navigation and the fisheries; there are also several light-houses. Farms 5,004 ; manuf. 352 ; dwell. 10,564, and pop. wh. 60,065, fr. col. 36 total 60,101. Capital: Alfred. PuUic Works: Portland, Saco, and Portsmouth R. K. ; York and Cumberland E. E., etc. YORK county, Penn. Situate S. toward the W., and con tains 831 sq. m. Drained by Conewago, Codorus, and Yel low Breeches creeks, tributaries of Susquehanna r., which flows on its N. E. border. Surface uneven ; soil in most parts is very fertile, and produces in abundance wheat, grain, and potatoes ; fine crops of tobacco are also raised. It has good timber and excellent pasturage for cattle. Live-stock and grain are exported annually. Farms 3,734 ; manuf. 533 ; dwell. 9,927, and pop. wh. 56,324, fr. col. 1,126 total 57,450. Capital: York. Public Works: York and Cum berland E. 11. ; Baltimore and Susquehanna E. E. ; Hanover Branch E. E. ; York and Gettysburg E. E. ; Susquehanna and Tide- Water Canal. YORK district, S. Car. Situate N., and contains 731 sq. m. Drained by King s, Bullock s, Turkey, and Buffalo creeks, principal branches of Broad and Catawba rivers. Surface an extended plain, inclining on both aides a little to the Catawba and Broad rivers; soil fertile. -Chief productions, cotton and Indian corn. Farms 1.252 ; manut". 30 ; dwell. 2,190, and pop. wh. 11,300, fr. col. 126, si. 8,007 total 19,433. Capital : Yorkville. Public Works : Charlotte and South Carolina E. E. ; King s Mountain E. E., etc. YORK county, Virg. Situate toward the S. E., occupying the middle portion of the peninsula between James and York rivers. It contains 132 sq. m. Drained by small streams which flow into York r. and James r. Surface even and diversified ; soil fertile. Chief productions, wheat and Indian corn. Farms 161 ; manuf. ; dwell. 442, and pop. wh. 1,825, fr. col. 454, si. 2,181 total 4,460. Capital : Yorktown. YORK, p. v., Fayette county, Ga. : SO miles "W. N. W. of Milledgeville. YORK, t. and p. o., Union co., Ohio : 42 m. N. W. by N. Columbus. Drained by Eush and Boqnes creeks of Sciota river. Pop. of t. in 1840, 439 ; in 1850, 831. YORK, p. v., Walker co., Ala. : on E. side of Lost creek, 110 m. N. W. by N. Montgomery. YORK. t. and p. v., Dane co., Wise. : 20 m. N. E. Madison. A projected railroad from Madison to Fond du Lac will pass through the v. Pop. of t. 615. YORK, t.. p. v., and port of entry, York co., Me. : 94 m. S. S. W. Augusta. The t. has a diversified surface and soil. The v. on N. bank of York r. is regularly laid out, with streets crossing at right angles. Lat. 43 10 N., long. 70 40 W. It was formerly the capital of the county. Its harbor admits vessels of 250 tons. The tonnage of this district on June 80th, 1850, was 1,361 tons, all of the class "enrolled and licensed," which was employed chiefly in the coasting- trade, but partly in the cod and mackerel fisheries. During the year previous, 2 vessels, 1 brig and 1 schooner, were built 253 tons. Pop. of t. 2,980. YORK, p. v., Gibson co., Ind. : 120 m. S. W. by S. Indian apolis. The Evansville and Illinois E. E. passes a little W. of this place. YORK, p. v., Crawford co., III. : on W. side of Wabash river, 115 m. E. S. E. Springfield. It contains several stores and mills. Pop. about 500. YORK, t and p. o., Washtenaw co., Mich. : 61 m. S. E. Lansing. Drained by small creeks of Eaisin river. Popu lation 1,360. YORK, t. and p. v., Livingston co., N. Y. : 220 m. W. Al bany. Drained by branches of Genesee river, which forms its E. boundary, and along which the Genesee Valley Canal passes. Pop. of t. 2,7S5. YORK, p. b., and cap. York co., Penn. : 21 m. S. S. E. Harrisbiirg. Lat. 39 53 N., long. 76 40 W. It is regu larly laid out, with streets crossing each other at right angles. It contains several handsome county buildings, built of brick and stone, and 13 churches. There are two banks, with aggregate capital of $320,000. It carries on extensive man ufactures, and has considerable trade. The York and Cum berland E. E., from Harrisburg 25 m., here connects with the Baltimore and Susquehanna E. E. hence to Baltimore, 57 m. ; and the York and Wrightsville E. E. extends to Wrightsville, on Susquehanna r., connecting with Philadel phia and Columbia E. E. Its newspaper press in 1850 con sisted of "Penn. Eepublican" (whig), " People s Advocate" " Democratic Press," and the " York Gazette" (whig), print ed both in the English and German languages; all issued weekly. Pop. about 6,000. YORK river, York co., Me. : in S. part of York t., flowing E. into the Atlantic, which it enters by a broad mouth, af fording for eight miles good harbornge for vessels of 200 ions. YORK river, Virg. : is formed at S. E. extremity of King William co., by the confluence of Pamunkey and Mattapony rivers. It is about 30 m. long, and is navigable for large ves sels. At Georgetown it is 1 m. wide, affording the best har bor inVirginia. Below Georgetown its width increases grad ually until it enters Chesapeake bay, where it is 3 m. wide. YORK CENTRE, p. o., Du Page co., 111. : 160 m. N. E. by N. Springfield. YORK HAVEN, p. v., York co., Penn. : on S. W. bank of Susquehanna r., 12 m. S. E. Harrisburg. Conewago cr. here enters the Susquehanna, and by its falls above affords good water-power. The York and Cumberland Eailroad passes through the place. YORK NORTH EIDGE, p. o., Sandusky co., Ohio : 94 m. N. Columbus. YORKSHIRE, t. and p. v., Cattaraugus co., N. Y. : 250 m. W. Albany. Drained by Cattaraugus creek and bram-hes. Surface of t. level ; soil fertile. The v., situate on S. side of Cattaraugus cr., contains a church and several stores. Pop. of t. 2,010. YORK SOUTH EIDGE, p. o., Sandusky co., Ohio : 92 m. N. Columbus. YORK SULPHUR SPRINGS, p. v., Adams co., Penn. : 20 m. S. S. W. Harrisburg. These springs possess valuable medi cinal properties, and are of much resort in summer from Philadelphia and Baltimore. YORKTOWN, p. v. and sta., Delaware co., Ind. : on the Indianapolis and BelU-fontaine E. E., 48 m. N. E. from Indianapolis. The West fork of White r. flows near the v. and receives Buck cr., each of which afford water-power, improved by large mills. Pop. about 300. YORKTOWN, t. and p. o., West Chester co., N. Y. : 94 m. 953 YOR TUB 8. Albany. Drained by Croton r. and branches, from which, by means of a dam, 250 feet long, and 40 feet high, is formed Croton Pond, which supplies New York city with water. Pop. of t. 2,273. YORKTOWN, p. o., Bureau co., III. : 120 m. N. Springfield. YORKTOWN, p. v., De Witt county, Tex. : 84 m. 8. by E. Austin City. YOUKTOTVN, p. v., port of entry, and cap. York co., Virg. : on S. side of York river, 55 miles E. S. E. Kichmond. Lat. 37 13 N. ; long. 76 34 W. It contains the county buildings and several stores. The tonnage of Yorktown district on June 30th, 1S50, was 4,807 tons, all of which was employed in the coasting trade. Vessels built during the year preceding, 2, schooners 61 tons. Yorktown was in corporated in 1705. Among its buildings are some of the oldest in Virginia. It is ever memorable in American history, as the place where Lord Cornwallis surrendered to the American forces, October 19th, 1781, which glorious event was the means of terminating the Eevolutionary War. YORKVILLE, p. v., Pickens co., Ala. : 134 m. N. W. by W. Montgomery. YORKVILLE,. p. v., Dearborn county, 2nd.: 70 m. S. E. Indianapolis. YOKKVILLE, p. v., Kalamazoo county, Mich.: 50 m. S. W. by W. Lansing. YORKVILLE, p. v., and cap. York dist., S. Car. : on branch of Broad r., 63 m. N. by W. Columbia, It contains the county buildings, an academy, and 3 churches. The King s Mountain R. E. extends hence to Chester, 22 miles. The " Y. Miscellany" (democrat) is issued weekly. Population about 850. YORKVILLE, p. v., Gibson county, Tenn. : on a branch of Obion r., 123 m. W. Nashville. YORKVILLE, t. and p. v., Racine co., Wise. : 78 m. E. S. E. Madison. Drained by Des Plaines r. Surface undulating ; soil fertile. The v. is pleasantly situated and neatly built. Pop. of L 998. YORKVILLE, p. v., New York co., N. T. : on the Harlem R. R., 5 m. N. N. E. City Hall, New York. This flourish ing suburb, properly a part of the city, is on the 3d and 4th avenues, between 80th and 100th streets. In common with all other parts of New York island, the increase of the pop ulation, and the erection of new buildings are rapidly advancing. It contains several churches, and numerous manufactures. It is in the 12th ward of the city. YOUGII GLADES, p. o., Alleghany co., Md. : on N. side of Deep cr., near its junction with Youghiogheny r., 151 m. W. by N. Annapolis. YOUGHIOGHENY river, Md. and Penn. : is formed in the W. part of Alleghany co., Md., by the confluence of several creeks, flows N. and N. W., and empties into Monongahela river, 18 m. S. E. Pittsburg. It is navigable to the^Ohio- pyle Falls, 30 m. from its mouth, where it has a perpendicular descent of 20 feet, which in high water presents a very in teresting appearance. YOUNG, p. o., M Donough county, III. : 86 miles N. W. Springfield. YOUNG CANE, p. o., Union county, Ga. : 142 m. N. N. W. Milledgeville. YOUNGER S, p. o., Boone county, Mo. : 33 m. N. Jefferson City. YOUNG HICKORY, p. o., Will county, III. : 143 m. N. E. Springfield. YOUNG HICKORY, p. o., Muskingum co., Ohio : 54 m. E. Columbus. YOUNG HICKORY, p. o., Washington county, Wise. : 63 m. E. N. E. Madison. YorNG s CROSS ROADS, p. o., Granville co., N. Car. : 58 m. N. Raleigh. YOUNG S POINT, p. o., Madison parish, La. : 125 m. N. Baton Rouge. YOUNG S SETTLEMENT, p. o., Bastrop county, Tex. : 29 m. E. S. E. Austin City. 954 YOUNG S STORE, p. o., Laurens district, S. Car. - 72 m. N. W. by W. Columbia. YOUNGSTOWN, p. v. and port of delivery, Niagara county, N. Y. : on E. side of Niagara r., near its entrance into Lake Ontario, 276 m. W. by N. Albany. It is a landing-place for passengers to and from the lakes, and communication is had with Newark v., Canada, by means of a ferry for some time established here. It is a place of much" historical interest as connected with the late war with the British. In the vicinity is Fort Niagara, celebrated in the French war; and opposite, in Canada, is Fort George. Population about 550. YOUNGSTOWN, t. and p. v., Mahoning co., Ohio: 133 m. N. E. by E. Columbus. Drained by Mahoning river and branches. Surface of t. nearly level ; soil fertile. The v. is situate on the N. side of the r., on the Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal, and has considerable trade. Pop. of t. 3,002. YOUNGSTOWN, p. b., Westmoreland co., Penn. : between head branches of Loyalhanna r., 127 m. W. Harrisburg. It is pleasantly situated, and contains several stores, mills, etc. Pop. about 600. YOUNGSVILLE, p. v., Tallapoosa co., Ala. : 43 m. N. N. E. Montgomery. YOUNGSVILLE, p. o., Sullivan co., N. Y.: 84 m. S. W. Albany. YOUNGSVILLE, p. v., Warren county, Penn. : on Broken Straw cr., about 3 m. from its mouth, 167 m. N. W. by W. Harrisburg. It lies in the midst of a fertile and highly cul tivated country, and is on the line of the projected Sunbury and Erie R. R. The " Youngsville Express" (independent) is issued weekly. Pop. about 400. YOUNGSVILLE, p. o., Adams county, Ohio : 85 m. S. by W. Columbus. YOUNG WOMANSTOWN, p. v., Clinton co., Penn. : on N. side of W. branch of Susquehanna r., 85 m. N. W. by N. Harrisburg. YOUNTSVILLE, p. v., Montgomery county, Ind. : 45 m. W. N. W. Indianapolis. YPSILANTI, t, p. v., and sta., Washtenaw co., Mich. : 60 m. S. E. Lansing. The v. is pleasantly situated on both sides of Huron r., which here affords excellent water-power, im proved by numerous mills and manufactories. In 1850, it contained 4 flouring-mills, the value of the annual product of which was $165,000 ; and 2 saw-mills, with annual product of $11,878. The v. also contains a State normal school, a branch of the State university, and. 5 churches. The Michigan Central E. R. passes through, 30 m. from Detroit, 248 m. from Chicago. The " Y. Chronicle" (whig) and " Y. Sentinel" are issued weekly. Pop. of v. about 2,000 ; of t. 3,052. YUAB or Juab county, Utah. Lies between Tooele and Millard counties, and extends from San Pete co. to the California line. It is chiefly a barren wilderness, crossed by mountain ranges, with some fertile spots near the water courses. There are several small lakes in the co. which receive the streams, but have no outlets. Nicollet r. and lake are the largest. Yuab was formerly a part of San Pete co. Capital: Nephi City. YUBA, p. o., Hancock county, III.: 90 m. W. N. W. Springfield. YUBA river, Calif. : is formed in Yuba co. by the con fluence of three head forks, and flows W. S. W. to its entrance into Feather r. The gold diggings on Yuba r. and its branches have been among the most profitable in the State. YUBA CITY, p. v.. Sutler county, Calif. : on W. bank of Feather r., opposite mouth of Yuba r., 96 m. N. N. E. Vallejo. YUBA county, Calif. In the country on Yuba river. Drained by Bear river, Dry creek, Yuba river, on which are the principal mining operations, Indiana creek. Clark s run, Deer creek, Middle Yuba, Canon creek, Slate creek, etc., on all of which gold is found in abundance. Many of these ZAB ZOL streams have been turned by canalling. The highes peak of the mountains Oregon Hill, rises 2,800 fee high. Farm lands under cultivation in 1852, 7,008 acres The county contains 18 saw-mills, producing annually 9,050,000 feet timber, and one flour-mill. Capital em ployed in quartz mining $121.400, in placer mining $710,900, in river mining $1,687,150, and in merchandise and trade $1,939,600. Whole capital, exclusive of real estate, $4,570,500. Pop. in 1852, 22,005 : viz., whites 17,299 males 16.666, and females 635 ; negroes 194 males 182, and females 12; mulattoes, 45 males; domesticated Indians 120; foreign residents 3,055 males 2,809, and females 246; Chinamen 2,100. Over 21 years of age citizens 15,245, negroes 170, mulattoes 45, Indians 102, foreign residents 2,846. The principal towns and settlements are Marysville, pop. 4.500; Ousley s Bar, pop. 890; Kennebec, pop. 120; Long s Bar, pop. 450 ; Park s Bar, etc. Nevada county has been taken from Yuba. Capital: Marysville. Public Works: Benecia and Marysville E. E. (projected). Z. ZABUISKI, p. v., De "Witt co., III. : 47 m. N. E. Spring field. The Illinois Central E. E. will pass through it. ZACHARY, p. o., Marshall county, Ala. : on N. W. side of Tennessee r., 146 m. N. Montgomery. ZACKVILLE, p. v., Wirt co., Virg. : 232 m. "W. N. TV. of Richmond. ZANESFIELD, p. v., Logan co., Ohio : 43 m. N. W. by "W. Columbus. Laid out on October llth, 1819. Population about 250. ZANESVILLE, p. v., Montgomery county, HI. : 32 m. S. of Springfield. ZANESVILLE, p. v., and cap. Muskingum co., Ohio : on E. bank of Muskingum r, opposite the mouth of Licking r, 51 m. E. Columbus. This flourishing v. has experienced a rapid growth, and is one of the most thriving places in the State. The Muskingum r. in passing the t. has a natural descent of 9 feet in 1J miles, which, by means of a dam, is increased to 16 feet, thus affording efficient water-power. The manufactories improving this great privilege are of all kinds, and many of them are extensive. The number of factories using steam-power is also large, arising mainly from the -abundance of bituminous coal supplied from the surrounding hills. The Muskingum has been made navi gable fur steamboats to Dresden, 15 miles above, where a navigable side-cut, 2-J- m. long, connects with the Ohio Canal, thus affording to Zanesville the advantages of direct con nection with the great canals of the State. Steamboats ply regularly from this place to Pittsburg and Cincinnati. The lines of railroad passing through Zanesville are, Central Ohio E. E., now completed from Columbus to this village, 59 m., and in construction to Wheeling ; Cincinnati, Wil mington, and Zanesville E. E.,125 m., in construction: and the Cleveland, Zanesville, and Cincinnati E. E., formerly Akron Branch E. E., which will be completed in 1S54. The village contains very handsome county buildings, 8 banks, and 14 churches. The general interests of education are well provided for in excellent public schools and numerous private academies. Among the former are 2 high schools, one for males and one for females, which are of high repute, j and among the latter is an academy liberally established and endowed by the late John M Intire, the founder of Zanesville. The citizens have an enviable reputation for general intelligence, as well as for business enterprise. A popular Athenaeum, having a library of 10,000 volumes, with reading-room, etc., and annual lectures, is well sustained. The newspapers here published in 1S50 were, " Zanesville Courier" (whig), issuing daily, tri-weekly, and weekly edi tions, "Z. Gazette" (neut.), and "Z. Aurora" (dem.), each issued weekly ; Clarion of Freedom" (free soil), " Western Eecorder- (Meth.), "Family Quarto" (Presby.); besides which, the "Annual Ec-gister" is a regular publication. The v. is abundantly supplied with water, which is raised from the Muskingum by a powerful forcing-pump, into a reservoir on a hill 160 feet high, and containing 750,000 gallons, and is thence distributed through the village in iron pipes. Bridges connect the v. with Putnam, South Zaues- ville, and West Zanesville, which are intimately connected with the business interests of Zauesville. Pop. of v. in 1840,4,766; in 1S50, 7,791. ZAVALLA, p. v., Jasper co., Tex. : on E. side of Angelina river, 220 m. E. by N. Austin City. ZEBULON, p. v., and cap. Pike co., Ark. : 90 m. W. S. W. Little Eock. It contains the county buildings and several stores. Pop. about 150. ZEBULON, p. v., and cap. Pike co., Ga.: 68 m. W. Mil- ledgevillc. It contains the county buildings, 3 churches, an academy, several stores, etc. Pop. about 300. ZELIEXOPLE, p. v., Butler co., Penn. : on S. side of Cone- quennessing cr., 164 m. W. by N. Harrisburg. It is a pleas ant v., containing several mills and stores. Pop. about 300. ZENAS, p. v., Jennings county, Ind. : on Veruon fork of Drusilla r., 55 m. S. S. E. Indianapolis. ZENO, p. o., York dist., S. Car. : 66 m. N. Columbia. ZIMMERMAN, p. o., Greene co., Ohio: 52 m. S. W. by W. Columbus. ZION, p. v., Centre co., Penn. : 65 m. N. W. Harrisburg. In the vicinity is a hot-blast charcoal furnace, with annual capacity of 1,400 tons ; also a rolling-mill making plate and sheet iron, employing 16 men. ZION, p. o., Iredell county, N. Car. : 120 miles W. by N. Ealeigh. ZION, p. o., Cecil co., Md. : 52 m. N. E. Annapolis. ZION, p. o., Grant co., Ind. : 55 m. N. N. E. Indianapolis. ZION HILL, p. o., Hamilton county, Tenn. : 108 m. S. E. Nashville. ZION SEMINARY, p. o., Covington co., Miss. : on E. aide of Bowie cr., 65 m. S. E. Jackson. ZIOXSVILLE, p. o., Lehigh co., Penn. : 70 m. E. N. E. of larrisburg. ZOAR, p. o., Erie co., N. Y. : 267 m. W. Albany. ZOAK. p. v., Tuscarawas co., Ohio : on E. bank of Tusca- rawas r., 90 m. E. N. E. Columbus. Settled by a German communist colony, called Separatists, under the government of a patriarch. Their farms and gardens are well cultivated, and the general appearance of the village betokens Indus- ry and virtue. Pop. 249. ZOAR BRIDGE, p. v., New Haven co., Conn. : 46 m. S. S.W, lartford. ZOLLEKSVILLE, p. o., Washington co., Penn. : 166 m. W. larrisburg. 955 APPENDIX TO FISHER S STATISTICAL GAZETTEER. RAILROADS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1853. ALABAMA : Alabama and Florida Alabama and Mississippi Alabama and Tennessee River C<>Uimbns and Opelika , id Pei Fort Gaines and Pensacola. ....... Girar.l and Mobile ................ Memphis and Charleston .......... Mobile and Ohio .................. Montgomery and West Point ...... Nashville and Florence ........... Home and Jacksonville ........... Winchester and Alabama ......... ARKANSAS: Helena and Little Rock ........... Little Rock and Texas ............. Little Rock and Fort Smith. White River Valley ............... CALIFORNIA : Benicia and Marysville ............ Oro City and Bear River .......... Pacific and Atlantic ............... CONNECTICUT: Collinsville Branch ............... Danbury and Norwalk ............ Hartford. Providence, and Fishkill . Housatonic ....................... Middletnwn Branch ............ Naugatuck ....................... New Haven, Hartford, and Springfieli New Haven and Northampton ..... New Haven and New London ..... N. London. Willimantic, and Palme; New York and Boston (air line) ____ New York and New Haven ....... , Norwich and Worcester . . . " .. New London and Stonington DELAWARE: Delaware Central Newcastle and Frenchtown Newcastle and Wilmington ......... Philad., Wilmington, and Baltimore. FLORIDA: Atlantic and Gulf Central .......... Brunswick and Florida ......... St. Joseph s ............. St. Mark s and Pensacola ........... GEORGIA : A thens Branch .................... Brunswick and Florida ............. Burke County ..................... Butler Branch of South-western. Central ............................ Eatonton ......................... East Tennessee and Georgia . Georgia ................ 7 ...... , , . . La Grange ................. !.!!!!. Mucon and Western ........... Milledgeville and Gordon .. Muscogee .................... " ............ ...... Rome and Jacksonville. ....!!" Savannah and Albany ..... . Booth-western ............. Warrenton Branch. . . . Western and Atlantic ... Wilkes County ..... ILLINOIS : Alton, Mount Carmel, and N. Albany Aurora Branch . . . pleted, 40 66 18 143 20 2s 18 Tot Lengtl 164 118 L26 28 M to 164 B1 91 191 80 Names, ILLINOIS Continued : Aurora Extension Belleville and IHinoistown Beloit Branch Central Illinois . . Central Military Tract Chicago and Milwaukie Chicago and Mississippi Chicago and Rock Island Chicago and Savannah Junction. . . Fox River Valley Galena and Chicago Union Great Western Central Illinois and Wisconsin Mississippi and Atlantic Mississippi Junction Northern Cross O Fallon s Coal Bluff Ohio and Mississippi Peoria and Oquawka Peoria and Warsaw Rockford and Rock island Saneamon and Massac Savannah Branch St. Charles Branch Terre Haute and Alton Western Branch, G. and Ch. Unic NDTANA : Auburn and Eel River Central Indiana Cincinnati and St. Louis . Evansville and Illinois Evansville. Indianapolis, & Clevelan Fort Wayne and Chicago Fort Wayne and Lafayette Fort Wayne and Mississippi (air lint Fort Wayne and Southern Fort Wayne. Union, and Cincinnati Goshen Branch Indianapolis and Bellefontaine Indianapolis and Sprinsfleld. . . Jeffersonville Junction Lafayette and Indianapolis Lawrenceburg and Upper Mississipp Logansport and Chicago Madison and Indianapolis Martinsville Michigan City Branch New Albany and Salem, etc Newcastle and Richmond Northern Indiana Ohio and Indiana Ohio and Mississippi Peru and Indianapolis Shelbyville and Knightstown . . Shelbyville Lateral Shelbyville and Rushville Terre llaute and Richmond . . , Wabash Valley >WA: Dubuque and Iveokuk Lyons, Iowa City, and Council Bluff St. Louis and Northern ENTUCKY : Cov ington and Lexington Covington and Louisville Knoxville and Cincinnali Lexington and Big Sandy Lexington and Danville Lexington and Frankfort Com plet 29 n:.! :.-> APPENDIX. RAILROADS. Names. ileted. Pro- ess g. Total Length. Names. leted. Pro- ess g Total engtli. KENTUCKY Continued : Louisville, Clarkesville. and Memphis Louisville and Nashville m. 65 24 2T 6 6 26 20 55 149 12 9 3 13 12 9 60 51 18 21 880 57 3 91 C7 89 130 51 32 13 17 56 ~8 35 m. 102 ISO 65 91 67 89 130 24 27 6 6 51 213 207 2G 52 55 149 13 88 12 75 9 3 80 12 7 96 18 9 16 60 20 56 51 8 53 38 60 20 21 880 57 3 MASSACHUSETTS Continued : Grand Junction and Dep&t Company m. 6 6 3 7 12 4 15 20 1 16 66 26 59 37 8 14 19 44 17 9 8 22 11 59 m. 43 ISO 273 100 240 33 26 m. 6 6 3 7 12 4 15 2i) 1 16 66 2G 59 37 8 14 19 44 17 9 8 22 11 22 18 4 11 1 43 69 8 155 3 46 4 25 35 22S 131 10 148 ISO 273 100 23!) 7 28 60 210 70 250 2SO 300 51 24 84 109 18 43 23 35 51 14 16 8 13 20 26 69 47 26 2*> Harvard Branch . Mavsville and Bio 1 Sandy Lexington and West Cambridge Lowell and Lawrence Mobile and Ohio LOUISIANA: New Bedford and Taunton Branch Milncburgand Lake Pontchartrain.. Nashville and New Orleans New Orleans and Carrolton N. Orleans, Jackson, & Gt. Northern N. Orleans, Opelousas, & Gt. Western New London, Wiliimantic, &, Palmer Norfolk Countv Old Colony Branches . Peterboro and Shirley . ... MAINE: Pittsfleld and North Adams Providence and Bristol Androscoggin and Kennebec Atlantic and St. Lawrence Bangor and Milford (Penobscot) .... Belfast and Waterville Providence and Worcester Sau"us Branch Southbridge and Blackstone South Beading Branch Bangor and Piscataqnis Bel last and Moosehead Lake South Shore Stockbridge and PittsftVld Stony Brook 13 4 11 1 69 18 155 3 46 4 25 35 228 181 10 T 28 60 40 51 24 34 71 13 43 23 35 25 14 16 3 13 26 26 69 47 26 Slouch ton Branch Taunton Branch European and North American Great Falls and South Berwick Franklin . Branch . Troy and Greenfield Vermont and Massachusetts Branches Kennebec and Portland Western Penobscot and Kennebec West Stockbridge Portland. Saco, and Portsmouth Sebago Branch MICHIGAN : Constantino Branch e , m * !l if 1 j ^ Saco Vallev Detroit, Monroe, and Toledo Frie and Kalarnazoo MARYLAND : Annapolis and Elkridge Baltimore and Ohio Michigan Southern Oakland and Ottowa Cumberland Coal Company s MISSISSIPPI: Alabama and Mississippi Mississippi Central Franklin Mobile and Ohio New Orleans, Jackson, and Northerr New Orleans and Nashville Frederick Branch Metropolitan . . . 56 31 17 20 25 - 56 31 17 43 25 St Francis and Woodville . . :. Philadel.,Wilmington, and Baltimore Washington Branch Vicksburg, Jackson, and Brandon . MISSOURI : Canton and Bloomfleld Hannibal and St. Joseph s Westminster Branch . MASSACHUSETTS: Am h erst and Belchertown Berkshire Lexington and Daviess County North Missouri Pacific 26 2 74 9 41 12 45 24 27 2 12 54 50 3 38 20 20 1 42 51 17 14 - 26 2 74 9 41 12 45 24 27 2 12 54 50 3 33 20 20 1 42 51 17 14 Platte Countv South-western Bolon and Maine NEW HAMPSHIRE: Atlantic and St. Lawrence Ashuelot . Branches . Boston and Maine Boston and Worcester Boston, Concord, and Montreal Bristol Branch Cheshire Branches . Cocheco Concord . Charles River Concord and Claremont . Cheshire . Contoocook Valley Connecticut River Eastern Dorchester and Milton Branch Danvers and Georgetown Eastern Great Falls Branch Gre.it Falls arid Conwav Manchester and Lawrence New Hampshire Central Northern Fssex Branch Portsmouth and Concord Sullivan .. .. Fall River Fitchbnre White Mountain . Branches Wilton 15 7 95T 15 7 Fitchburg and Worcester Worcester and Nashua APPENDIX. RAILROADS Names. Com pleted Pro gress g Tola Lengt Names, Com pleteii gress Total LengtU. NEW JERSEY : 34 6 64 26 44 31 78 6 38 9 32 17 38 11 57 91 22 20 69 68 S 67 50 33 14 2 144 84 3 19 17 445 130 118 35 32 76 8 80 104 60 22 63 20 5 53 6 39 11 36 76 85 78 75 63 6 64 26 60 11 80 81 78 6 83 9 32 158 17 88 74 11 80 183 91 22 20 69 68 3 67 92 33 14 42 85 50 2 144 34 80 50 78 19 17 445 130 318 118 35 75 76 8 80 104 60 18 18 22 63 20 5 35 6 39 XORTH CAROLINA Continued: Wilmington and Weldon m. 162 118 59 60 135 37 71 28 100 60 55 36 24 16 87 44 13 13 84 184 56 61 187 20 20 87 36 38 3 24 15 10 IS 56 44 16 19 26 22 6 88 10 ~6 50 20 26 m, 20 82 52 137 126 102 141 15 106 14 132 10 105 112 149 39 20 108 13 27 41 S2 20 162 9 141 52 60 185 174 75 126 1(12 180 71 114 100 60 55 102 141 36 24 15 16 106 37 44 13 27 110 84 134 56 237 Cl 132 187 10 125 112 149 19 20 87 20 38 36 108 38 3 24 90 30 15 23 18 27 56 44 20 16 19 26 22 6 41 33 10 82 6 50 56 40 26 Wilmington and Manchester Camden and Ambov OHIO : Bainbridge Branch Camden and Amboy Branch Bellelbntaine and Indiana Carrol ton Branch Central Ohio . ... Cincinnati and Dayton . New tlersey Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton.. Cincinnati, Cleveland, and Columbu Cincinnati, Hillsboro , & Parkersbur New Jersev Central . Union Wood bury Branch Cincinnati, Wilmington, & Zanesvill Cleveland and Mahoning Cleveland, Medina, and Tuscarawa Cleveland, Paincsville, & Ashtabul Cleveland, Zanesville, and Cincinna Cleveland and Pittsburg. NEW YORK : Albany Northern Albany and Plattsburg Albany and Susquehaima Albam and Schenectady Albany and West Stockbridge Attica and Alleghany Valley Batavia Branch Clinton Line. Columbus and Lake Erie ....... Columbus and Parkersburg. Buffalo and Alleghany Valley Buffalo, Corning, and New York . . . Buffalo and New York City . . Columbus and Xenia Columbus, Piqua, and Indiana Davton and Michigan . . Buffalo and Niagara Falls Buffalo and Lockport . Davton and Western Davton and Springfield Buffalo and State Line Buffalo and Rochester Dayton and Xenia Erie and Kalamazoo . ... Buffalo and Black Rock Findlay Branch . Canandaigua and Elmira Canandaigua and Niagara Falls Cayuga and Susquehanna Coming and Blossburg Franklin and Warren Greenville and Miami Hamilton and Eaton . Hanover Branch. . Erie and New York City Iron Genesee Valley Junction Hamburg and Erie.. Little Miami Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill .. Hempstead Branch Mad River and Lake Erie Ma-nsfield and Sandusky Marietta and Cincinnati Hudson River Hudson and Berkshire Newark and Mansfield . Lake Ontario, Auburn, and Ithaca.. Obio and Indiana. Ohio and Pennsylvania Lewiston Ohio and Mississippi Long Island Pomeroy Branch Mohawk Valley Pittsburg. Maysville, and Cincinnati. Scioto and Hocking Valley Springfield, ML Vernon, & Pittsburg Steubenville and Indiana . Montreal and Plattsburg Newburg Branch New York and New Haven New York and Erie Springfield and London . New York smd Harlem Springfield and Xenia New York and Western Toledo. Norwalk, and Cleveland.... Toledo and St. Louis Northern (O^densburg) , Oswego and "Syracuse Twin Creek Plattsbur" 1 and Whitehall Wellsville and Wheeling Potsdam and Watertown . . ENNSYLVANIA: Alleghanv Portage Rensselaer and Saratoga Rochester, Lockport, & Niagara Falls Rochester and Lake Ontario Rochester and Honeoye Falls Rochester and Syracuse (direct) Alleghany Valley. Baltimore and Susquehanna Beaver Meadow and Branches Blairsville Branch Carbondale and Honesdale. ... Richland and Washington Sackett s Harbor and EHisburg Saratoga and Sackett s Harbor 18 18 35 76 Catawissa. Williamsport, and Erie . . Chartiers Valley Chestnut Hill and Doylestown Chester Valley Columbia Branch. . . . Saratoga and Washington Cornwall and Pine Grove Cumberland Vallev Danville and Pottsville Sod us Point and Southern Syracuse and Binghampton Svracuse and Utica Danville and Shamokin . Dauphin and Susquehanna Delaware. Lebigh. & Wyom. Valley Erie and North-east Franklin Canal Trov and Groenbush Trov and Boston Franklin 78 97 87 21 223 60 89 32 78 60 97 89 87 21 223 32 Watertown and Rome Harrisburg and Lancaster Hazelton and Lehigh Wllliamsport and Elmira NORTH CAROLINA : Atlantic and North Carolina Hempfield Hollidavsburg Branch Charlotte and South Carolina Gaston and Raleigh Hunlington and Broad Top Mountain Lackawanna and Western Lebanon Valley Greenville and Roanoke North Carolina . Lehigh and Susquehanna ... RoanoTce Valley Lewisburg, Contre, and Spruce Creek Little Schiuvlkill Seaboard and Roanoke 958 APPENDIX. RAILROADS. PENNSYLVANIA Continued : Little Schuylkill and Susquehanna . . LykensYaltey Mahonoy and Wisconisco Mauch Chunk and Summit Hill Mill Creek Mine Hill Mount Carbon Ne^quehoning Norristown, Doyleston, & New Hope Norristown and Freemansburg .... Octarara Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Coal Company s Pluenixville and Cornwall Philadelphia City Philadelphia, Eastnn. and Water Gap Philadelphia and Columbia Philadelphia and Reading Philad., Germantown, & Norristown Philadelphia and Trenton Philadelphia and "VVestchester Philadel., Wilmington, & Baltimore Pine Grove Pittsburg and Connellsville Piltsburg and Erie Pittsburg and Steubenville Room Kim Schuylkill Schuylkill Valley and Branch Strasburg Sunbury and Erie Sunbury and Pottsville Sunbury and Shamokin Susquehanna Tioga Trevorton and Mahonoy Valley Westchester and Philadelphia White Haven and Wilkesbarre . . , sport York and Cumberland .. . York and Wrightsville.. . RHODE ISLAND: New York and Boston (air line) Providence and Plainfield Providence and Stonington Providence and Worcester SOUTH CAROLINA: Abbeville Branch Anderson Branch Camden Branch Charlotte and South Carolina Cheraw and Darlington . Columbia Branch Greenville and Columbia King s Mountain Laurens North-eastern Rabun Gap or Blue Ridge South Carolina Union and Spartanburg. Wilmington and Manchester TENNESSEE : Bowling Green and Tennessee Chattanooga, Harrison, & Charlestoi Cleveland and Chattanooga East Tennessee and Georgia , East Tennessee and Virginia EdgonVld and Kentucky Knoxville and Danville M Minnville and Manchester Memphis and Charleston Com- ileted. 109 114 82 IS 187 118 Length 47 it; 108 80 29 122 SO 4 141 42 8 18 to 7 MO 40 20 58 86 15 2<i 26 2ii 77 25 18 50 18 11 12 37 109 40 67 140 32 31 103 33 187 60 1G2 110 122 140 30 91 FENNESSEE Continued : Mobile and Ohio Nashville and Chattanooga Nashville and Cincinnati Nashville and Henderson Nashville and Memphis Nashville and Mississippi Nashville and New Orleans South-western Western and Atlantic Winchester and Alabama FEXAS : Brownsville and Rio Grande Galveston and Houston Galveston and Red River Harrisburg and Brazos Houston and Austin Houston and Red River San A ntonio and Gulf VERMONT : Bennington Branch Brattleboro Branch Burlington Branch Connecticut and Passumpsic Rivers Rutland and Burlington Rutland and Washington Troy and Rutland Vermont and Canada Vermont Central Vermont Valley Western Vermont VIRGINIA : Alexandria, Loudon, and Hampshire Appomattox Baltimore and Ohio Blue Ridge Chesterfield Clover Hill Covington and Ohio , Greenville and Roanoke Deep Run Hempfield Manassas Gap Morganlown and Independence . . . North-western Orange and Alexandria Port Walthall Branch Petersburg Pittsburg and Steubenville Richmond and Danville Richmond, Frederick, and Potomac Richmond and Petersburg Seaboard and Roanoke South Side Tuckahoe and James River Branch Virginia Central ... Virginia and Tennessee Warrenton Branch Winchester and Potomac Watert ord and Point of Rocks Williamsport and North-western WISCONSIN : Beloit and Madison Central Wisconsin Chicago, Milwaulde. & Fond du La< Fond du Lac and Rock River Vallev Fox River Valley " La Crosse Madison and Portage City Milvvaukie and Mississippi.. Mineral Point ...." . .... Racine, Janesville, and Mississippi! . Com- leted, T 81 119 1-2 88 111 21 58 TO Pro- 638 g. 119 IS 2-2-* 74 60 88 142 130 n 91 959 APPENDIX. TELEGRAPHS AND CANALS. TELEGRAPHS OF THE UNITED STATES. Names of Companies. * 1 ;* Miles. Total nilesof wire. Names of Companies. t Miles. Total miles of wire. New York and Boston Telegraph Co. .. Merchants Tel. Co.. N. Y. alid Boston. . Houae s Printing Telegraph 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 7 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 250 250 250 100 100 350 350 34 97 74 513 550 150 86 40 55 ) 440 460 260 100 260 800 250 400 410 150 150 400 218 800 400 200 25i 750 500 250 100 100 350 350 34 97 74 1.539 1,100 150 36 40 1.100 440 460 1.820 100 260 1,600 500 400 410 800 150 400 218 300 400 200 gftfl Chicago to Galena, Whitewater, & Dixon Chicago and Jamesville 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i 310 loo 200 1,906 32 72 22 12 120 309 98 51 72 75 310 90 638 90 60 880 25 330 40 40 80 26 100 66 200 100 25 SO 1,200 310 100 200 1,966 32 324 72 22 12 720 309 98 51 72 75 620 90 638 90 60 8SO 25 830 40 40 80 26 100 66 200 100 25 80 1,200 Buffalo and Canada Junction Tel. Co. . . N. York and New Orleans, by Charleston Harper s Ferry to Winchester, Virg Boston and Portland Merchants Tel. Co., Boston and Portland Boston to Burlington, Vt., and thence to Ogdensburg, N. Y Baltimore to Harrisburg Boston to Newburyport Worcester to New Bed ford i Philadelphia ind New York Worcester to New London Philadelphia and Pittsbur<* New York, Albany, and Buffalo Philadelphia and Pottsville N. Y. State Tel. Co., New York to Buffalo Syracuse to Ogdensburg Heading and Harrisburg Trov and Whitehall Syracuse to Oswego House Tel. Co., New York to Buffalo. . . N.Y. and Erie Tel., New York to Dunkirk N. Y. and Erie Railroad Telegraph, New York to Dunkirk Columbus and Portsmouth, Ohio Columbia and New Orleans New Orleans to Balize Cincinnati and Maysville, Ky Alton and Galena Magnetic Tel. Co., N. Y. to Washington. House Line, New York to Philadelphia. Troy and Canada Junction Telegraph Co., Trov and Montreal St. Louis and Independence St. Louis and Chicago \ewark and Zanesville Erie and Michigan Telegraph Co., Buf falo to Milwaukie Mansfield and Sandusky Cleveland to Cincinnati Cincinnati to St. Louis, via Indianapolis. Cincinnati to St. Louis. ia Vincennes . . Cleveland and Pittsburg Zanesville and Marietta Dunkirk, New York, anil Pittsburg ... Camden and Cape May, N. Jer Camden and Mount Holly, N. Jer New York and Sandy Hook Cleveland and N. Orleans, by Cincinnat Cleveland and Zanesville Lake Erie Tel. Co., Buffalo to Detroit . . Cincinnati and San lusky City Toledo and Terre Haute Chicago and St. Louis Milwaukie and Green Bay 89 16.735 23,2S1 Milwaukie and Galena CANALS OF THE UNITED STATES. Names of Canals. Length in Miles. MAINE : Cumberland and Oxford 20.5 Songo Uiver Improvement 30.5 NEW HAMPSHIRE: Bow Falls 75 Hookset Falls 13 Amnskeag Falls 1. Sewell s Falls 25. Union Falls 9. Middlesex VERMONT : White Kiver Falls 5 Bellow s Falls 16 Waterquechy 4 MASSACHUSETTS : Middlesex 27. Pawtucket 1.6 Blackstone 45. Hampshire and Hampden 22. Montague Falls 3. South Hartley Falls 2. RHODE ISLAND: Blackstone CONNECTICUT: Farm in "ton (filled in) 56. Enfleld Falls 5.5 NEW YORK : Erie 364. Champlain Junction > . . . 64. Waterford Junction 2. Oswego 88. Cayuga and Seneca 21. Crooked Lake 8. Chemung 89. Chemung Feeder 16. Chenango 97 Gem-see Valley 108.5 Danville Branch 11. Black Kiver 77.5 Feeder 10. Delaware and Hudson 83. Harlem (not used) 3. Croton Aqueduct 40.5 Names of Ciin.us. Length in Miles. Oneida 8. NEW JERSEY : Delaware and Ear i tan 42. Morris 101.7 Salem 4. PENNSYLVANIA : Delaware Division 59.7 Eastern do 44.5 Susquehanna do 39. Juniata 127.5 West Branch 75. North Branch 73. Western Division 105. Franklin 22. Erie and Beaver 136. French Creek Feeder 27. Lackawaxen 22. Bald Eagle 25. Susquehanna, or Tide Water . 45. Conestoga 18. Codorus 11. Union 82. Schuylkill 108. Lehigh Navigation 47 DELAWARE: Chesapeake and Delaware ... 14. MARYLAND : Chesapeake and Ohio 184. Chesapeake and Delaware DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA : Chesapeake and Ohio VIRGINIA : Alexandria 7.2 James Eiver and Kanawha . .14S. Dismal Swamp 23. Branches 11. NORTH CAROLINA: Weldon 12. Club Fort and Harlow 1.5 Dismal Swamp SOUTH CAROLINA: . Saritee 22. Winyaw 7.5 Names of Canals. Saluda Drehr s Lorick .. Length in Miles 1.3 1. 2.7 4. 7.8 Lockhart s Wateree Catawaba GEORGIA : Savannah and Ogeechee Brunswick ALABAMA : Muscle Shoal Huntsville LOUISIANA : Orleans Bank Canal Carondelet Barataria Lake Veret KENTUCKY : Kentucky Kiver Navigation . . Licking do. Green do. Barren do. Louisville and Portland ILLINOIS : Illinois and Michigan INDIANA ; Wabash and Erie Whitewater OHIO: Ohio and Erie Zanesville Branch Columbus do Lancaster do Hocking Valley Walhonding Branch Eastport, do Dresden do Miami and Branches Miami Extension and do Wabash and Erie Muskingum Improvement Sandy and Beaver, Mahoning, 16. 12. 35.7 16. 4.2 2. sH! 8. 100. 94. 190. 100. 2.5 113. 458.7 307. 14. 10. 9. 56. 25. 4. 2. 87.7 91. f ^/N --, i ti r-