LIBRARY OF THE University of ^JJifornia GIFT OF The^Bangrqft : ..Library. r Class .% ; 0^ (^^e/eUnte CYCLOPAEDIA OF UNIVERSAL BIOGRAPHY. GRIFFIN'S PORTABLE CYCLOPEDIAS. Well printed and illustrated, most ably edited, and wonderfully cheap ."Examiner. ANALYTICAL CONCORDANCE TO THE HOLY SCRIPTURES. By Peofessor Eadie, D.D., LL.D. Second Edition, revised. Post 8vo, 8s. 6d., cloth. BIBLICAL CYCLOPAEDIA. By Professor Eadie, D.D., LL.D. Sixth Edition, revised. Post 8vo, 7s. 6d., cloth. CONCORDANCE TO THE HOLY SCRIPTURES. By Professor Eadie, D.D., LL.D. Eighteenth Edition, revised. Post 8vo, 5s., cloth. CYCLOPAEDIA OF UNIVERSAL BIOGRAPHY. Edited by E. Rich, Esq., assisted by numerous Contributors. Second Edition, post 8vo, 10s. 6d. cloth. GENERAL GAZETTEER OF THE WORLD. By James Bryce, M.A., F.G.S. Map and numerous Plates. Post 8vo, 12s. 6d. cloth. CYCLOPAEDIA OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. Edited by Isaiah M'Bcrney, B.A., and Samuel Neil. Second Edition. Post 8vo, 10s. 6e Moguls, dis- tii:oraish< ;'. a- ;v.i or.pcnen 4 : of the crusaders, d. 1282. ABAGaRUS. See Abgarus. ABAI, Hussein, author of a Harmony to the various Commentaries on the Koran. ABAILARD. See Abelard. ABAISI, Tommaso, a sculptor employed with his two sons in the cathedral of Ferrara, 1451. ABAKER-KHAN. See Abaga-Khan. ABAKUM, a Russian ecclesiastic, slain 1684. ABALANTIUS, Leo, a Greek, who aided in the murder of Nicephorus. ABALPHAT, a native of Ispahan, celebrated for having translated the work of Apollonius on Conic Sections into Arabic. ABANCOUR, C. X. J., Franqueville D', nephew of the celebrated Calonne, and one of the victims of the French revolution, 1792. ABANCOURT, C. Frerot D\ a French officer, born 1801, author of ' Memoirs on Turkey.' ABANCOURT, F. J. Willemain D', author of Fables,' &c., 1754-1803. ABANO. See Apono. ABANTIDAS, a tyrant of Sicyon, k. B.C. 251. ABARBANEL. See Abrabanel. ABARCA, or AB-ARCA, Sanctius, king of Arragon and Navarre, killed in an engagem., 926. ABARCA, D. Jeromiano, author of a history of Arragon, lived in the 16th century, ^ To another of the same family a history of Levant is attributed. ABARCA, Martin De, a nobleman of Arragon, eminent for his love of literature and knowledge of numismatics : about the end of the 16th century. ABARCA, Dona Maria De, a Spanish lady, distinguished as an amateur painter, time of Rubens. ABARCA, Pedro De, a Jesuit of Spain, emi- nent as an historian and theologian, 1619-1682. ABARIS, a reputed magician of Scvthia. ABAS, an ancient sophist, to whom certain liistorical commentaries are attributed. ABASCAL, D. Jose Fern., viceroy of Peru during the South American war of independence. He was a native of Madrid. 1743-1821. ABASCANTUS, a physician of Lyons, 2d cent. ABASSA, a Turkish officer, strangled 1634. ABASSA, ABBATSA, or A'BBAZAH, a sister of Haroun al Raschid, whose singular marriage and its results have furnished the romantic incidents of many an oriental story. ABASSARUS, the name of an officer who was charged bv Cyrus with the rebuilding of the Temple. ABASSON, an impostor who persuaded the French and the Grand Turk that he was the grand- son of Abbas, and was finally put to death. ABATE, Andrea, an artist of Naples, d. 1732. ABATI, Degli, a mediaaval Florentine family, one of whom is placed in the ninth circle of hell, by Dante, for his treacherous conduct to the Guelphs. ABATI, an Ital. ecclesiastic and poet, 16th cent. ABATI, Anthony, an Italian poet, d. 1667. ABATI, an Italian physician of the 16th century. ABATI, Nicolo, a painter in fresco, employed at Fontainebleau and many Italian palaces, born 1512, died 1571, called also Dell 'Abate. His relations Anthony and Peter of the same name were also distinguished as painters. ABATIA, F. Antoni, an alchymist, 17th cent. ABATINI, Guido Ubaldo, a fresco painter of Rome, 1600-1656. ABB ABATUCCI. See Abbatccct. ABAUNZA, Peter, a Spanish au., 1599-164J ABAUZIT, Firmin, an esteemed French author distinguished also by the friendship of Sir Isaa Newton, born at Uzes, 1679, died at Geneva, 1767 ABAZA, a Turkish pasha, remarkable for hi military talents and official career, died 1636. ABBA, author of a work explaining the difficul words of the Talmud, 1543. ABBA, Arica, a Jewish rabbi of the 3d cent. ABBA, Thulle, king of the Pelew Isles, 1783 ABBACO, Paul Del, a Florentine poet an< astronomer, cotemporary with Boccaccio. ABBADABU, Amon, sultan of Seville, 1042 noted for his magnificence and military talents. ABBADIE, James, a celebrated Protestan theologian, 1658-1727. ABBADIE, the author of a Dissertation on th Conversion of the Gauls, published in 1702. ABBADIE, Vincent, a French surgeon, trans lator of MacBride's Essays, 1766. ABBAS, an uncle and zealous partizan o Mahomet, died 653. ABBAS, Ebu Abbas Abdallah, surnamei Rabbhani, was a son of the foregoing, and chief o the Sahabuh or companions of the prophet, d. 687 ABBAS I., the seventh shah or king of Persia by whom the ancient seat of empire was transfer red to Ispahan. This prince is celebrated for hi victories over the Ottomans. Many acts of domes- tic cruelty tarnish the successes of a long reign o 41 years: died 1628, aged 70. ABBAS II., the son and successor of Sephy became shah of Persia, 1642, at the age of 13 died 1699 from the effects of his debaucheries The most remarkable event of his reign was th conquest of Candahar. ABBAS III. succeeded to the throne of Persi; when only eight months old, and died in 1736 after a merely nominal reign, under the usurpa tion of Nadir Shah. ABBAS, Ali, a Persian physician and astrono- mer of the 10th century. ABBAS, Ibu Abd-l-Mutalib, patens uncle of Mahomet. His great grandson foundec the dynasty of the Abassides. ABBAS, Haly, See Ali Ben-Abbas. ABBAS, Mirza, prince royal of Persia ; distin guished by his efforts to introduce the culture o Europe among his countrymen, 1785-1833. ABBASAH, 1558-1634, a pasha of the Turkisl empire. Distinguished as a military leader ji two successive revolts. ABBATUCCI, J a. P., a native of Corsica, dis tinguished in its wars with the Genoese anA th> French, afterwards opposed to Paoli, 1726-1812. ABBATUCCI, Charles, son of the foregoing became general of brigade in the French army, ant was killed at the early age of 26, 1796. ABBATISSA, a poet of Sicily, 1570. ABBE, H., a painter, lived at Antwerp, 1670. ABBE, Louise, called La Belle Conlonnim celebrated for her personal attractions and poetica talents, lived at Lvons in the 17th century. ABBEVILLE, Claude D\ a Capuchin fathei one of a mission to Marignon, the history of whici he wrote, 1614. ABBIATI, Filippo, an historical painter in oi and fresco, born at Milan 1640, -died 1715. 2 ABB ABBO, Floriacensis, a learned abbot and historian of the 10th century, who was employed in an important mission to the pope, killed in a tumult, 1004. ABBON, or ABBO, Cernuus, a Norman monk sj who was at the siege of Paris in 886, of which he left an account in Latin verse ; died about 923. ABBOT, Abiel, an American clergyman, au. of Sermons and Letters, 1770-1828. ABBOT, Charles. See Tenterden. ABBOT, Charles, created Baron Colchester 1817, on retiring from the speakership of the H. of Commons, was distinguished as a practical statesman, 1757-1829. ABBOT, Charles, author of a work on the flora of Bedfordshire, was vicar of Oakley and Goldington in that county ; died 1817. ABBOT, George, archbishop of Canterbury in the reigns of James I. and Charles I., was the son of a clothworker, and early remarkable for his po- lemical skill. He was an influential man at court until Laud came into favour : he lost ground from his attachment to Calvinism, 1562-1633. ABBOT, Robert, bp. of Salisbury, and eldest brother of the foregoing, is esteemed" for his pro- found and extensive learning, 1560-1617. ABBOT, Maurice, youngest brother of the foregoing, was an eminent merchant, and one of the first directors of the East India Company. Served in the office of sheriff and lord mayor, and was knighted by Charles I. ; died 1640. ABBOT, George, son of Sir Maurice, took up arms in favour of Parliament, was author of several religious works, 1600-1648. ABBOT, Samuel, an English painter, born 1762, became insane and died 1803. ABBT, Thomas, a German moralist, professor of philosophy and mathematics, 1738-1766. ABDALCADER, a Persian sheik of distin- guished piety and wisdom. ABDALLAH, the father of Mahomet, is re- nowned in the traditions of his country, both for his personal beauty and the purity of his manners. He was originally a camel driver. ABDALLAH, a pretender to the caliphate after the death of his nephew, the first of the Abassides ; slain by the troops of his rival, 755. ABDALLAH, a caliph of the Saracens, who con- quered Jerusalem in the eighth century. ABDALLAH, governor of Badajos, and chief of the Moors and Arabs in Portugal, 11th century. ABDALLAH, the Arabian ldng of Spain at the close of the 9th century, when the sovereignty was entire, but in a declining state ; died 901, after a troubled reign of four years. ABDALLAH, king of Grenada on the close of the 10th century. At this period the governors of the chief cities had assumed the regal title. ABDALLAH, Ben Yussim, founder of the powerful but short-lived dynasty of the Almor- avides, which flourished from 1094 till 1148, and included the Arabian empire of Spain with that of Africa. ABDALLAH, fourth and last sheik of the Wah- abees, defeated by Ibrahim Pasha, and beheaded at Constantinople, 1818. ABDALLATIF, a celebrated historian of Bag- dad, 1161-1231. ABDALMALEK, fifth caliph of the race of the ABE Ommiades, distinguished for his military conquers. Commenced a prosperous reign of 21 years in 684. ABDALONYMUS, a descendant of the kings of Sidon, restored by Alexander. ABDALRAHMAN an Arabian author, born at Cairo in the middle of the 18th century. ABDAL WAHAB, the founder of the Wah- abees, a political and religious sect, who began their opposition to the sultan about the middle of last century. ABDAS, a Persian bishop, the cause of the per- secution under Theodosius, in which he himself perished, 430. ABDEL-ASIS, chief of the Wahabees, murdered while at his devotions, 1803. ABDEL-MELEK, caliph of Damascus, 685. ABDEL-MUMEN, founder of the dynasty of the Almoades, (which succeeded that of the Almor- avides,) under the title of the Great Mehedi, or forerunner of the Messiah, died 1163. ABDIAS, the supposed author of an apocrypha] history of the apostles ; about the 5th or 6th cent. ABDOA, a Persian martyr, 250. ABDOLMAMEN, or ABDOLMUMEM. See Abdel-Mumen. ABDON, a judge of Israel, b.c. 1148. ABEILLE, Gaspard, a French wit and dra- matist, born at Riezin 1648, died at Paris 1718. ABEILLE, Scipio, brother of the above, au- thor of a work on surgery, died 1697. ABEILLE, Louis, pianist and composer, b. 1765. ABEILLE, L. P., polit. economist, 1719-1807. ABEL, according to Genesis, a son of Adam. ABEL, the second son of Vladimir II., became sole master of the Danish sovereignty after the murder of his brother Eric. Killed in battle, 1252. ABEL, Ch. F., a German violinist, 1725-1787. ABEL, Dr. Clarke, an English physician and naturalist, the historian of Lord Amherst's embassy to China, died 1826. ABEL, Hans, a painter of Frankfort, 15th cent. ABEL, E. A., a painter of miniatures, last cent. ABEL, Gaspar, a Germ, historian, 1676-1763. ABEL, J., a disting. Germ, painter, 1780-1818. ABEL, Nich. H., a distinguished geometrician of Norway, 1802-1829. _ ABEL, Thomas, a distinguished divine, teacher of grammar and music to queen Catherine ; exe- cuted by order of Henry VIII. 1540. ABELA, J. F., knight com. of Malta, author of Malta Illustrated,' 1647. ABELARD, Peter, (ABAILARD, Pierre,) one of the most illustrious of the mediaeval school- men, was born in 1079 of a noble family, at Palais, near Nantes in Brittany. The stirring incidents of his chequered life, and especially his renowned attachment to Heloise and its melancholy fruits, have thrown a peculiar and romantic charm round the name of Abelard. From his youth he devoted himself to study, and throughout his whole career he was at no pains to conceal his conscious pos- session of superior ability. His first teacher was Rosceline. Coming to Paris at the age of twenty, and having soon rivalled and eclipsed his tutor, Guillaume de Champeaux, he removed in two years from Paris to Melun, thence to Corbeil, and thence to Palais, his birthplace, teaching philosophy all the while with great success. The attractions of Paris soon drew him again to tlie ABE metropolis, whore he attacked the Realism of his old master with such dialectic dexterity and vigour, that Champeaux's school was speedily extinguished. By and bye his antagonist was made bishop of Chalon-sur-Marne, and Abelard commenced to studv theology under Anselm at Laon. Having by his transcendent talent made the seminary at Laon his envious enemy, he re- turned to Paris, and opened a School of Divinity with unrivalled popularity. In that school were trained many men, from various countries, who afterwards arrived at high ecclesiastical honours- one pope, nineteen cardinals, and above fifty bishops. In this zenith of his fame, when, accor- ding to his own confession, pride and luxury had seduced him, he fell in love with, and seduced his pupil, Heloise, a young and fatherless lady not over twenty years of age, and a niece of canon Fulbert, one of the Parisian ecclesiastics. Heloise was conveyed to Brittany, and bore a son in the house of Abelard's sister. The canon insisted upon a marriage, which accordingly took place, a union which Heloise openly denied, to her uncle's great vexation. Abelard next placed her in the convent of Argenteuil ; but her uncle took a ter- rible revenge for the abduction of his niece, by means of some hired ruffians who broke into Abe- lard's chamber, and inflicted on his person a dis- graceful mutilation. Heloise on this took the veil and became a nun, and Abelard retired as a monk into the Abbey of St. Denis. At length he re- sumed his prelections, but had the misfortune of being suspected of heresy, and was condemned in 1121, by a council which met at Soissonns. Dis- gusted with the persecuting and exasperated monks of St. Denis, for he had denied their St. Denis to be 'Dionysius the Areopagite,' he retired to Troyes, and selected a retreat which his subdued and chastened spirit named the Paraclete, or Comforter, and in this convent Heloise was at length established as superior. But the un- fortunate recluse next provoked the ire of his neighbour, Bernard of Clairvaux, and again for suspected heresy did the council of Sens put its brand upon him. He appealed to Rome, but did not follow out his appeal. Worn out with fatigue, persecution, and infirmity, he at length took refuge in the priory of St. Marcel, where he died 21st April, 1142, at the age of 63. His body, first interred at Cluni, was soon removed to the Paraclete ; and twenty years afterwards Heloise was buried beside him at her own request. Their ashes lay undisturbed for 300 years ; but in 1497 they were transferred to the church of the abbey ; then in 1800 removed to the garden of the Musee Francais, in Paris; and lastly, in 1817, they were deposited beneath a Gothic shrine in the cemetery of Pere la Chaise. The brilliant talents and oratory of Abelard are beyond dispute. As a subtle and accomplished dialectician he had no rival. His ' Conceptualism' forms an epoch in tne Uftory of mind, and gave a salutary impulse to in which he lived. In his ' Theologia' we t a vigorous and original mind, often ham- pered by its position and ecclesiastical subordina- tion, but often asserting its native freedom and untrammelled right, as, for example, in his illus- tration of tlie mutual provinces of reason and faith. In his book on Ethics, which be quaintly ABE called 'Scito te Ipsum,' he opposes the Romis doctors on many points of morality ; and in hi other Treatise, 'Sic et Non' 'Yes and No,' h exposed their boasted uniformity of doctrine, am produced in a scries of 157 rubrics, the contradic tory opinions of the older teachers of the church His works were published at Paris in 1614 ; an< at the same place in 1836, Cousin publisher ' Ouvrages inedits d'Abailard.' [J.E. 1 [Tomb of Abelard ami Heloise.] ABELIN, J. Ph., better known as Jean Louii Gottfried, a German historian, 17th century. ABELL, Jno., a musician, celebrated at thi court of Charles II. ABELLI, Louis, bishop of Rhodes, 1604-1691 ABELLY, Ant., a Fr. ecclesiastic, emin. as ; preacher, confessor to Catherine de Medicis : 1 *>th at ABELLY, Louis, a Fr. ecclesiastic, author o numerous theological works, 1603-1691. ABENCHAMOT, an Arabian chief, whose ex ploits against the Portuguese were the admiratioi of the 16th centurv. ABENDANA, Jac, a Spanish Jew, author o a Hebrew Commentary, died 1685. ABEN-EZRA, a celebrated rabbin, astronomer and mathematician of Spain, whose commentarie on the Sacred Scriptures are in high repute, bot] among Jews and Christians, fl. in the 12th cent. ABERCROMBIE, John, author of severa works on horticulture, published originally uncle his own name and that of Mawe, 1726-1806. ABERCROMBIE, John, M.D., the eminen author of ' Enquiries concerning the Intellectua Powers,' published 1830, and the 'Philosophy of th Moral Feelings,' published 1833, was born at Aber deen, Nov. 11, 1781, and attained the highest ran] as a practical and consulting physician at Edin burgh ; died Nov. 14, 1844. ABERCROMBY, Alex., Lord, youngest brothe of Sir Ralph, a judge of Scotland, and occasiona essavist in connection with Mackenzie, 1745-1795 A'BERCROMBY, Dav., a Scotch physician am author, 17th century. ABERCROMBY, Sin John Robt., lieut.-gen. second son of Sir Ralph, took the Isle of Franc while governor of Madras in 1810; died 1817. ABERCROMBY, Patrick, a Scotch historian physician to James II., died 1726. ABERCROMBY, Sir Ralph. This gallon and skilful soldier, and upright and humane man ABE was born at Menstrie, in the county of Clackman- nan in Scotland, in October, 1734. He entered the army at the age of eighteen, and saw some ser- vice during the last part of the seven years' war in Germany. He was not employed in the American war ; and it was not until the war against revolu- ..tionary France broke out, that the important part | of Abercromby 's career commenced. He acted as 1 lieutenant-general to the Duke of York in the campaigns in Holland, from 1793-5. Abercrom- by's promptitude and courage, and also his good sense and humanity, were greatly signalized during these unfortunate operations of our troops ; and both foreigners and fellow-countrymen noted the contrast which his skill presented to the incompetency of the other leaders of our army at that period. At the end of 1795 Sir Ralph was appointed com- mander-in-chief in the West Indies, and conquered several islands from the French. He was sent to Ireland as commander of the forces, during one part of the Irish rebellion, but his disgust at the system sanctioned there by the government, caused him to make indignant remonstrances, which were answered by his recall. He served again in Holland as second in command to the Duke of York, in the disastrous expedition to the Helder in 1799 ; and he again acquired the re- spect both of friends and foes, by his good conduct amid the imbecile blunders of those who were associated with him in command. But it is from the expedition to reconquer Egypt in 1801, when he was placed in unfettered authority at the head of a British army destined for a worthy object, that the lustre of his fame is dated. Sir Ralph reached the Egyptian coast in March, with a force of about 12,000 effective men. The French army that occupied Egypt, under General Menou, was much stronger ; but Menou, though aware of the approach of the English expedition, detached only 1>art of his force, under General Friant, to oppose the anding of Abercromby's army. Abercromby placed his men in boats on the 8th of March, and made good his landing, though he was met by Friant's troops with a heavy cannonade ; and the English, as they reached the beach, were fiercely and repeatedly charged both by the cavalry and the infantry of the French. Abercromby then moved upon Alex- andria, where the chief force of the French was posted. A slight action took place on the 13th, in which the English had the advantage ; but it was on the 21st that the decisive battle was fought which liberated Egypt. On that day General Menou attacked the British with the whole disposable force that he could concentrate upon their position. He had from 12 to 14,000 troops in the field, a large proportion of whom were cavalry; and his artillery was also numerous. Abercromby had about 10,000 foot, and only 300 horse. He was also far inferior in guns. The battle, (which the English call the battle of Alex- andria, and which is termed by French historians the battle of Canopus,) began about an hour be- fore daybrerk, and raged with unusual obstinacy till a little before 10 a.m. The French troops were all veterans of Napoleon's army of Italy ; they at- tacked with impetuosity ; and the English, who had the fullest confidence in their chief, re- sisted with their national stubbornness. Our right wing rested on the ruins of some old Roman ABE buildings ; and this point was the key of our posi- tion, and the especial object of the French assaults. Abercromby rode to this spot, and encouraged his men by voice, gesture, and example. On the other side, Lanusse, the best of the French generals, led on the assailing columns. Lanusse was shot dead, and his columns driven back, but they soon rallied and returned to the charge; and a splendid division of French cavalry, under General Roize, galloped forward upon the English infantiy that was posted near the Roman walls. Sir Ralph was attacked in person by some of these daring cava- liers, and the brave old general, though ne dis- armed his first antagonist, received a sabre wound in the chest from another French trooper, who was instantly shot down by a Highlander of the 42d. Soon after this Sir Ralph received a musket shot in the thigh ; but he refused to quit the field until the enemy were thoroughly repulsed, and he saw them flying from the field, which was strewed with 1,700 of their killed and wounded, and also with nearly 1,400 of the victorious English. When the excitement of the battle was over, Sir Ralph fainted and was carried off the field in a hammock, amid the blessings and tears of the soldiery, who loved him as a father. He was immediately car- ried on board Lord Keith's flag ship, where he died of the gunshot wound in his thigh, on the evening of 28th March, 1801, in the 63d year of his pure and honourable life. [E.S.C.j ABERCROMBY, Sir Rout., General, a younger brother of Sir Ralph. For thirty years governor of the castle of Edinburgh, died 1827. ABERLI, J. L., a Swiss painter, 1723-1786. ABERNETHY, Rev. J., an Irish dis.,1680-1740. ABERNETHY, John, (1763-1831,) a cele- brated surgeon. A native of the north of Ireland, he was educated in London, where his parents are said to have resided. He became a pupil of John Hunter, by whom he was thoroughly em- bued with a determination to devote his remark- able energies to the reform of the mode of practis- ing the profession to which he was devoted. By his master he was admirably instructed in the organization of the human body, and his career is a brilliant example of the successful application of his early knowledge to the legitimate treatment of disease. It was in combating the empirical ten- dencies of his predecessors that he perhaps became rather dogmatical in his manner, which, although it rendered him a favourite with his pupils from its eccentricity, produced enmity by its brusque- ness. To a celebrated friend of the writer of this, who was familiar with him, he said, upon talcing a patient to him, and commencing to explain the symptoms of the complaint, ' Hold your tongue, sir, what have you to do with it T He became, at an early age, surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hospi- tal, and lecturer in its medical school. His most important works were on Physiology, on Surgery, and on the treatment of local diseases. His great merit was in pointing out the legitimate road on which to practise the profession, and in carrying out the principles of his great master, John Hunter, with amazing energy and determination. [R.D.T.] ABERNETHY ,' Thos., a Jesuit missionary in Scotland, 1636. ABERTINELLI, a Flor. painter, about 1512. ABESCH, Ajjxa B., a painter on glass, d. 1750. ABO ABGABUS, either the proper name or the title of several kings of Edessa, one of whom was cp- temporary with our Saviour, and is said to have written to him. ABGILLUS, a prince who accompanied Charle- magne to the holy land, and is known by his sur- name of Pi; ester John. ABIAH. the second son of Samuel. ABIATHAR. high priest in the time of David. ABICHT,J.G.,aGermanorientalUt.l672-1740. ABIGAIL, the wife of NabaJ and David. ABIHU, one of the sons of Aaron. ABIJAH, son of Jeroboam, king of Israel. ABIJAH, king of Judah after Jeroboam. ABU AH, the" wife of Ahaz, and mother of Hezekiah. king of Judah. ABILDGAARD, P. Cii., a Danish physician and naturalist, died 1808. ABILDGAARD, N. A., brother of the foregoing, an historical painter, 1744-1809. ABILDGAARD. Soren, a Danish nat., d. 1791. ABIMELECH, a k. of Israel, killed B.C. 1206. ABINGER, James Scarlett, Lord, an emi- nent English practising barrister and judge, was born in Jamaica about the year 1769. His family was eminent and influential in the West Indies, and his younger brother, Sir William Anglin Scar- lett, became chief justice of Jamaica. He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, entered at the Middle Temple, and was called to the bar on the 8th July, 1791, taking his degree of A.M. three rears later. His practical sagacity, aided by a full, handsome person, which gave him, even in youth, an appearance of sedate importance, procured for him a rapid and lucrative business. His temper, discretion, and industry, were alwavs to be relied on ; and few English barristers, wlule yet junior counsel, have been intrusted with the sole manage- ment of so many important cases. There was nothing striking or inspiring in his eloquence, nor was he remarkable for original or profound legal views ; but he had the most lucrative of all char- acters attached to his professional fame, that of getting many verdicts. A writer in the public gning himself ' Lorgnette,' who seems to nave intimately studied his career, summed up his characteristics' as a practical lawyer by saying : ' Watchfulness, prudence in the management of a at moral courage in the choice or rejection of the means to be used on behalf of a client, ex- perience of human nature, and great self-denial in the exhibition of that experience ; these were the chief agencies by which he acquired his ascendancy over juries; while it is not surprising that he should have also acquired great influence over the bench, when he added intimate knowledge of the intricacies of law to an unusual personal prefer- ence for judges, and the prestige which almost un- varying success gave him.' He received a silk gown in 1816. He had before that date made un- .1 attempts to get into parliament, where he first sat in 1818 for Peterborough, a nomination seat. He was one of the many eminent lawyers whose peculiar forensic powers have failed to please the House of Commons, and he was not much heard there except on professional matters. He had been an advocate of Romjlly'a law reforms, and was generally counted in the Whig ranks, but he took a distinct step in a gradual change, ABS by becoming attorney -general under Canning in 1827. When Sir Charles Wethcrall was dismissed in 1829, for opposition to Catholic emancipation, Scarlett took a farther step by becoming again attorney-general under the Wellington administra- tion, and he followed up his accession by severe pro- secutions of the opposition papers. In 1884 he was made chief baron of the Exchequer, and raised to the peerage by the title of Baron Abinger. He died on 7th April, 1814, of paralysis, which at- tacked him when on circuit at Bury St. Edmonds. His first wife, married in 1792, died in 1829, and he was married a second time, a few months before his death. [J.H.BJ ABIXGTON.Tiios., an English hist, 1560-1647. ABINGTON, Fr., B comic actress, 1731-1815. ABIOSI, an Italian phys. and astrol., 15th cent. ABIRAM, one of the seditious Jews, Numb. xvL ABISBAL, Enrique O'Donnell, Count of, a Spanish general who achieved many successes against the French, 1770-1834. ^ABISHAI, a nephew of David, king of Israel, and one of the commanders of his army. ABLAVIUS, a prefect, murdered by Constans. ABLESON, John, a naval commander, 17th ct. ABNER, first cousin and captain of the host to Said, murdered by Joab, B.C. 1068. ABNEY, Sir Th., distinguished for his friend- ship to Dr. Watts, and his public spirit while lord mavor of London in 1700 ; died 1722. ABOS, the name of two brothers who distin- guished themselves by the defence of Malta against the Turks, end of the 17th century. ABOS, author of the opera of ' Tito Manlio.' ABOU, a judge eel. under Haroun al Raschid. ABOU AM ROT. SeeARMBD-BBN Mohammed. ABOVILLE, F. M., Count D', a French general, 1730-1817. ABRABANELJsaac, a Portuguese Jew, author of numerous commentaries, 1437-1508. ABRADATAS, a king of Susa, of whom a beau- tiful fiction is related by Xenophon. ABRAHAM, the patriarch of the Jews, was probably the youngest son of Terah, a descendant of Shem. The chronology of his life is uncertain, but it dates bevond 2000 years B.C. ABRAHAM*, Nicil, a learned Jesuit, 1589-1656. ABRAHAM, a Sancta Clara, a Roman Cath. preacher, highly popular in Vienna, and re- markable for his eccentric writings, 1642-1709. ABRAHAM, St., an anchorite of the 4th cent ABRESCH, Fr. Louis, a celebrated critic and hellenist, 1699-1782. ABREU, Alexis, amed. wr. of Portugal, 1622. ABREU, Don J. Ant., a Sp. annalist, d. 1776. ABREU, J. M. De, a geometrician, 1754-1805. ABRIAL, A. J., a Fr. statesman, highly distin- guished by Napoleon, 1750-1828. ABRIL, a teacher of the classics, 1530-1590. ABRILOLA, an Arabian poet, 973-1057. ABROSI. an astrol. and phys. of Italy, 16th cent. ABRUZZI, a landscape painter, 18th centurv. ABRUZZO, Baltil, a Sicilian phil, 1601-1665. ABSALOM, the son of David, k. B.C. 1023. ABSALOM, archbishop of Lund, distinguished for his public spirit and exploits in arms no less than for his learning, 1128-1191. ABSCHATZ. Absmah Von, a German states- man and poet, 1646-1699. ABS ABSTEMIUS, Laurentius, fabulist, 15th cent. ABU, Moslem, governor of Khorassan, and one of the chief instruments in establishing the Abas- sides, put to death by Almanzor, 759* ABU-AMON. See Ahmed-ben Mohammed. ABU BE KIR, the first caliph, and successor of Mahomet, disting. by his warlike talents and personal moderation. The scattered chapters of the Koran are supposed to have been collected by him ; d. 634. ABUCARA, Theod., a controversial divine, bishop of Caria in the 8th century. Another of the same name who lived a century later, is noted for the insincerity of his public life. ABUDADAHER, the chief of an Arabian sect, disting. himself by the pillage of Mecca, d. 953. ABUL ABBAS, first caliph of the Abassides, reigned 749-753. ABULFARAGIUS, Gregory, an Arabian historian, born 1226. ABULFAZEL, a vizier and historian of the Mogul empire, assassinated 1604. ABULFEDA, Ismael, a Syrian prince and geo- grapher, 1296-1368. ABULGAZI, BehAder, khan of the Tartars, 1645, and author of a Tartar history. ABULOLA, an Arabian poet, 973-1057. ABUNDANCE, Jean D',aFr. poet and satirist, 16th cent., most of whose works still exist in MS. ABU-NOWAS, an Arabian poet, a favourite of Haroun al Raschid. ABU-OBEYDAH, a Mohammedan general, dis- tinguished as the conqueror of Palestine and Syria, and by the friendship of Mahomet, died 639. ABU-TALIB, a native of India, author of a Journal of Observations upon the English, trans- lated by Major Stewart, died 1806. ABU-TEMAN, an Arabian poet, esteemed the second in degree of superiority by his countrymen ; originally worked as a tailor, 805-6845-6. ABUZAID, Mirza, a great-grandson of Ti- mur, proclaimed sultan at Asterabad during the civil wars fomented by Uleg Beg and his son. Taken prisoner in the endeavour to extend his empire, and put to death, 1469. ABYDENUS, an historian, quoted by Eusebius. ACACIUS, founder of the Acaciani, 4th cent. ACACIUS, bishop of Berea in Syria, died 436. ACACIUS, bishop of Caesarea, 339. ACACIUS, patriarch of Constantinople, 471. ACACIUS, tip. of Amida at the beginning of the 5 th cent., disting. for a great act of benevolence, hav- ing ransomed 7000 Persians, who had been made pnsoners of war, by the sale of his church plate. ACADEMUS, a private citizen of Athens, from whom the Academic grove, the favourite resort of certain Athenian philosophers, took its name. ACAMAPIXTILLI, first king of the Aztecs, and founder of the city of Mexico, died 1420. ACARQ, D', a Fr. gram, and critic, died 1795. ACCA, bishop of Hexham in the 8th century, celebrated as a divine, also for his versatile literary talents, and his skill in psalmody. ACCA, the nurse of Romulus and Remus. ACCAMA, Bernard and Mathias, two Dutch painters of the 18th century. ACCARIGI, Fr., professor of civil law, d. 1622. ACCARIGI, Jac, professor of rhetoric, d. 1654. ACCIAJUOLI, Donatus, a dusting, scholar of the 15th century. ACH ACCIAJUOLI, J., an au. and lecturer, 16th c ACCIAJUOLI, M., a Florentine poetess, d. 1610. ACCIAJUOLI, Ph., a dramatic poet, 1637-1700. ACCIAJUOLI, Nich., a disting. Neapolitan statesman, 1310-1366. ACCIAJUOLI, Reinier, nephew of the pre- ceding, conqueror of Athens, Corinth, and Bceotia. ACCIAJUOLI, Zenobio, a Greek scholar and poet, librarian to Leo X. 1461-1520. ACCIEN, governor of Antioch when that city was besieged by the crusaders, 1097. ACCIO-ZUCCO, author of a versified transla- tion of ;Esop, with poetical additions, 1479. ACCIUS, L., a Roman tragedian, died b.c. 180. ACCIUS, Nevius, a Roman augur, who op- posed the expedition of Tarquin the elder against the Sabines. ACCIUS, T., a Roman orator, 1st century B.C. ACCIUS, Tullius, the prince of the Volsci, with whom Coriolanus formed an alliance when he revolted from Rome. ACCOLTI, Benedetto, a eel. jurist and hist., secretary of the Florentine republic, 1415-1466. ACCOLTI, Fr., brother of the preceding, a jurist and poet, surnamed Aretinus, died 1483. ACCOLTI, Bernard, son of Benedetto, an improvisatore of disting. powers, d. about 1535. ACCOLTI, Peter, a second son of Benedetto, and card, of Ancona; noted as the composer of the papal bull against Luther in 1519 ; 1455-1532. ACCOLTI, Benedetto, card, of Ravenna, and nephew of the two preceding, was called the Cicero of the age. He was highly distinguished by Leo X. and his successors, 1497-1549. ACCOLTI, Leonardo, son of Fabricio, a na- tural son of the preceding, author of a life of the first Benedetto, &c. ACCOLTI, Ben., a conspirator against Pius IV., ACCORAMBONI, the name of several noted Italians, one of whom was a niece of Sixtus V., and the author of some poetry, murdered 1585. ACCORSO, Fr., a fams. Ital. jurist, 1182-1229. ACCORSO, Fr., son of the preceding, also cele- brated as a jurist, died 1328. ACCORSO, Mariangelo, a critical au., 16th c. ACCUM, Fr., an eminent chemist, 1769-1838. ACCURSIUS. See Accorso, Fr. ACERBI, Enrico, a eel. Ital. surgeon, d. 1827. ACERBI, Giuseppe, au. of Travels, publ. 1798. ACERBO, Fr., a poet of Naples, 17th century. ACERNUS, S. B., a Polish poet, called the Sarmatian Ovid, 1551-1608. ACESEUS, a Gr. artist eel. for his embroidery. ACESIUS, bishop of Constantinople in the reign of Constantine. ACEVEDO, F. A., Sp. revolutionist, killed 1820. ACEVEDO, Alonso, a Spanish advocate, dis- tinguished for his humane opposition to the use of torture, died about 1780. ACH, Van, an historical painter, 1566-1621. ACH&US, an ancient Greek poet. ACHiEUS, gov. of Asia Minor, 3d cent. B.C. ACHAIUS, king of the Scots from 788 to 819. ACHAN, a Jew, stoned to death, B.C. 1451. ACHARD, Anth., a learned divine, 1696-1772. ACHARD, abbot of St. Victor in Paris, d. 1172. ACHARD, Cl. F., aphys. and antiq., 1753-1809. ACHARD, F. C, a Prussian chemist, d. 1821. ACH ACHARDS, Eleazar, bp. of Avignon, d. 1741. ACHAHIUS, EJWQ, a botanist, 1757-1819. ACHAKY, or ASHAKI, founder of a Mahom- medan sect, called alter bis name in the 8th cent. ACHENWALL, Godfrey, a celebrated Prus- sian jurist, the founder of statistics, 1719-1772. ACHER, N., a French judge, author of an abridgment of ' Plutarch's Lives,' died 1807. ACHERLEY, Roger, a polit.writer, 1727-1740. ACHERY, J. L. D', a learned monk, 1609-1085. ACHILLAS, minister and general of Ptolemy. ACHILLES, one of the great chiefs of the Ho- meric poems, is represented as the grandson of ^Eacus, and son of Peleus, king of the Myrmidones. His share in the siege of Troy, and particularly the death of Hector, is described, in the Iliad, ana his death in the 24th book of the Odyssey. ACHILLES, Alex., a Prussian nobleman, au. of works on physical science, d. in poverty 1675. ACHILLES, Tatius, a Christian bishop, and author of a Greek romance in the 3d century. ACHILLINI, the name of three Italians of the 16th century, disting. in professional literature. ACHISH, a king of Gath, with whom David took refuge, B.C. 1060. ACHMET I., suit, of the Ottomans, 1588-1617. ACHMET II. sucedd. as sultan 1691, d. 1695. ACHMET III. sucedd. 1703,depsd. 1730,d.l736. ACHMET, dey of Algiers, from 1805-1808. ACHMET, a gen. of Solyman, exec, for rebelln. ACHMET, an Arabian wr. on dreams, 4th cent. ACHMET-GIEDIC, grand vizier under Maho- met II., was one of the greatest warriors and states- men that ever conducted the affairs of a nation. He was the idol of the people and the army. After repeated displays of magnanimity, he was secretly strangled by order of Bajazet, 1482. ACHTER, Ulr., a Bavar. musician, 1777-1803. ACHTSCHELLING, Lucas, a painter, 16th c. ACIDALIUS, Valens, a classical wr., 16th ct. ACIEY, Michel V., a Fr. sculptor, 1736-1799. ACILIUS, Aviola, a Roman officer, burnt alive, e.c. 19. ACILIUS, Aviola, consul of Rome, 54. ACILIUS, Caius, a Roman soldier of distin- guished valour, in the time of Julius Caesar. ACILIUS, Glabrio, consul of Rome, 2dct. B.C. ACILIUS, Glabrio, consul of Rome, 91. ACINDYMUS, Septimus, Roman governor of Antioch, 4th century. ACINDYMUS, Gr., a controversial au., 14th ct. ACINELLI, a Genoese historian, 18th century. ACK, Johann, a painter on glass, 16th century. ACKER, Peter, a painter on glass, 15th cent. ACKERMANN, Conrad, a comedian of Ham- burgh, esteemed the Garrick of Germany, d. 1771. ACKERMANN, J. F., a physiologist, 1765-1813. ACKERMANN, J. Ch. Gottlieb, an eminent phys. and medical writer of Germany, 1756-1801. ACKERMANN, Rudolph, a German trades- man settled in London, noted for his improvements in lithography, &c, 1764-1834. ACKERSDYCK, Cor., a writer on Logic, 1666. AC KM AN, Wm., a Scotch artist, cotemporary with the poet Thomson, whose merits he was the first to appreciate. ACKWORTH, G. Dr., one of the reformation authors, a favourite of Archbishop Parker. ACOLUTH, Andr., an orientalist, 1654-1704. ADA ACONTIUS, Jas., an eminent philosopher and divine, converted to the protestant Faith, 16th cent. ACORIS, king of Egypt, 4th century, n.c. ACOSTA, Chr., a surg. and naturalist, 16th ct, ACOSTA, Gabriel, a divine of the 17th cent. ACOSTA, J., edt. of the Calcutta Times, d. 1820. ACOSTA, Josh., a Peruvian Jesuit, author of a history of the West Indies, died 1600. ACOSTA, Manuel, author of a history of the Jesuit missionaries to the East, 1541-1604. ACOSTA, Uriel, a Portuguese, distinguished for his inquiring spirit, who after many times changing his creed and enduring much persecution, committed suicide, 1640 or 1647. ACQUAVIVA, A. M., Duke of Atri, distin- guished as a patron of literature, and the first publisher of an encyclopedia, d. 1529. Many others of this family are remarkable as comman- ders, statesmen, and men of letters. ACREL, Olaf, a Swedish surgeon, 1717-1807. ACRON, Helenius, a Roman grammarian, ACRON a Sicilian physician, 5th century, b.c ACRON, or Acronius, John, a physician and mathematician of Friesland, 16th century. ACRONIUS, John, a Dutch writer in opposi- tion to the church of Rome, 17th century. ACROPOL1TA, G., a Byzantine histor., d. 1283. ACROPOLITA, Const., son of the preceding, a theologian and minister of state. ACROTATUS, son of Cleomenes, k. of Sparta, rendered himself odious by the murder of Sosis- tratus ; he died without having reigned. ACROTATUS, grandson of the foregoing, be- came king of Sparta, B.C. 268, killed in hattle. ACTON, John or Joseph, the son of an Irish physician, settled at Besancon, became prime minister at the court of Naples towards the close of the last century, and is noted as a bitter oppo- nent of the French, 1737-1808. ACTORIUS, Nason, hist., age of Augustus. ACTUARIUS, Jo., a Greek physician, 13th ct. ACUNA, Ant., bishop of Zamora, notorious for his part in the civil wars of the period, behd. 1521. ACUNA, Chr., a Jesuit missionary, author of a work descriptive of the river Amazon. ACUNA, Fernando De, a native of Madrid, a great favourite with the emperor Charles Y., and a writer of pastoral poetry, died 1680. ADA, queen of Caria, B.C. 344. ADEUS, or ADDED S, a Greek poet, 4th ct. B.C. ADAIR, James, an Indian trader, author of a work in which he deduces the descent of the North American Indians from the Hebrews, pub. 1775. ADAIR, James, serjeant at law, distinguished as a counsellor and recorder of London, died 1798. ADAIR, James Makittrick, a Scotch phy- sician, auth. of several professional works, d. 1H02. ADAIR, John, F.R.S., a Scotchman, distin- guished as an hydrographer, end of 17th century. ADALARD, abbot and founder of New Corbie, which was designed by him as a nursery of mis- sionaries to convert the northern nations. This distinguished monk was cousin-german of Charle- magne, and was bom about the year 753. ADALBERON, archbishop of Rhehns, distin- guished for his learning and statesmanship, con- secrated Hugh Capet, 987, and died 988. ADALBERON, Ascelin, bishop of Laon, also a politician, noted for Ids treachery, died lUoO. ADA ADALBERT, a French bishop of the 8th cent,, who claimed inspiration, was condemned by the council of Soissons, 744, and died in prison. ADALBERT, bishop of Prague, savagely mur- dered by the Bohemians, 997. ADALBERT, archbishop of Bremen, died 1072. ADALBERT, archbishop of Magdeburg, d. 1137. ADALBERT I., duke of Tuscany, 847-890. ADALBERT II., son of the preceding, 890-917. ADALBERT III., associated with his father Berenger as king of Italy, 950-961. ADALOAD, king of Lombardy, 604-625. ADAM, the first man, according to the received chronology, lived to be 930 years of age ; the date of his creation is fixed at 4004 years B.C. AD AM of Bremen, an eminent historian of the lurch, lived in the 12th century. ADAM de la Halle, a French poet, 13th cent. ADAM, Scotus, a doc. of the Sorbonne, 12th ct, ADAM, Adolph. Ch., a musician, born 1804. ADAM, Alex., Dr., a learned schoolmaster of Edinb., au. of ' Roman Antiquities,' &c, 1741-1809. ADAM, Al., a painter of battles, 1786-1812. ADAM, G., a German landscape painter, d. 1823. ADAM, Jacq., a learned Fr. writer, 1663-1735. ADAM, Jean, a Jesuit preacher, 17th century. ADAM, L. S., an em. Fr. sculptor, 1700-1759*. ADAM, Nich. S., brother of the preceding, rendered famous by his admired statue of Pro- metheus chained, 1705-1778. ADAM, Melchior, rector of a college at Heidel- berg, noted as a voluminous biographer, d. 1622. ADAM, Nich., a Fr. grammarian, 1716-1792. ADAM, Robert, a celebrated architect, much employed in London in conjunction with his brother James, most distinguished for the Adelphi Build- ings, 1728-1792. ADAM, Robert, author of the 'Religious World Displayed,' 1770-1826. ADAM, Th., a clergyman who continued rector of Wintringham for 58 years, though preferment was continually offered him, 1701-1784. ADAM, Rt. Hon. Wm., a distinguished lawyer and politician, finally chief commissioner of the Scottish Jury Court, 1751-1839. ADAMjEUS, Theod., an author of the 16th ct., especially of a work designed to promote a union of all Christian churches, died 1560. ADAMANTEO, a learned Talmudist, d. 1581. ADAMANTIUS, a physiognomist, 4th century. ADAMANUS, the biographer of St. Columba, 8th century. ADAM I, Ernest, a Polish writer, 1750. ADAMI, Leonard, an Ital. scholar, 1690-1719. ADAMS, Abig., eel. by her ' Letters,' 1744-1818. ADAMS, Geo., eel. as a mathematical inst. maker, and scientific writer, died 1786. ADAMS,Geo., son of the preceding, author of an 4 Essay on Vision,' &c. 1750-1795. ADAMS, John, the assumed name of Alex. Smith, one of the principal mutineers of the Bounty, and since known as the patriarch of Pit- cairn's Island,where the mutineers settled; d. 1829. ADAMS, John, an astrol., reign of Charles II. ADAMS, John, Rev., minister of the Scotch church in Hatton Garden, and author of many works of elementary instruction, died 1814. ADA MS, J., an Amer. poet and preacher, d. 1740. ADAMS, John, a celebrated American states- ADA man, the second President of the United States, was born at Braintree, Massachusets, on 19th Oct., 1735. His fame is not associated with brilliant oratorical displays, or with critical triumphs in party conflict. His qualities were those of the accomplished man of business, but they came forth at a time, and under conditions that made business capacities of the most momentous im- portance to his own countrymen and to mankind at large. The United States are the sole great exception to the saying of Burke, that ' constitu- tions are not made, they grow.' That a consti- tution was framed for the States, on principles which have attested their soundness for the place and occasion bv their durability, is mainly to be attributed to the sagacity of Adams, and espe- cially to his thoroughly English capacity to turn existing institutions and habits to the new condi- tions of the people, instead of inventing untried novelties. Hence his friend and rival Jefferson, called him 'The column of Congress, the pillar of support to the Declaration of Independence, and its ablest advocate and defender.' Having studied at Cambridge, Massachusets, he joined the Suffolk bar in 1759, and practised in Quin- cey. He married, in 1764, Abigail Smith, a woman of great ability and high patriotic aspira- tions, who brought to him the influential local connection of the Quincey family, to which she was related. Adams dated his expectation of the coming revolution, and his preparation to partici- pate in the reorganization of government in Bri- tish America, to what he observed in 1761, when the question of the legality of writs of assistance, under the English exchequer system against the Boston merchants, was tried. His first open advo- cacy of colonial independence was in the support of the application of the Boston citizens to have the courts of law reopened, when they had been closed on the ground that their proceedings were informal without the use of that cargo of stamps which had been forcibly detained by the citizens. He showed his thorough independence, and brought on him- self considerable odium by becoming counsel for the soldiers charged with murder for shooting citizens of Boston. In 1774, when Gage dissolved the as- sembly of Massachusets, he was one of the five who, before separation, were appointed to meet with other committees of Washington, and he was thus instru- mental in the construction of congress. On the 6th of May, 1776, he took the first step in the declaration of independence, by a prominent motion ' to adopt such a government as would, in the opin- ion of the representatives of the people, best con- duce to the happiness and safety of their constituents and of America.' He was one of the committee for preparing the celebrated Declaration. He had, in the meantime, organized the system which gave its war-service to the United States, and had been chiefly instrumental in putting the army into the hands of Washington. By his management of the committee of correspondence, he organized another great branch of service, that of the foreign depart- ment. He was one of the commissioners appointed to treat with France and Holland, and afterwards was sent to negotiate the treaty with Britain. In 1789, he became vice-president, and on the retire- ment of Washington, in 1797, he was chosen president of the United States, remaining in office ADA for one period of four years. He was all Ins life, more or less, concerned in public business, and lived to a good old age. The juncture of his death was remarkable : it occurred in 1826, on the 4th of July, the anniversary of the declaration of inde- pendence. Before breathing his last, he made the remark, ' Jefferson survives;' but it was not so Jefferson had died at an earlier hour on the same day. [J.H.B.] ADAMS, John Quincey, an American states- man, the son of John Adams, was born at Brain- tree, Mussachusets, on the 11th July, 1767. He received his name of Quincey from his maternal grandfather, an influential citizen of the colony, who died just as his celebrated grandchild was born. Adams was cradled in the revolution, and when but nine years old heard the first reading of the declaration of independence from the old state house in Boston. He accompanied his father in his missions to France and Holland, and there ac- quired the knowledge of foreign languages and countries, and the wide systematic views which made him invaluable to a country in which such qualifications were necessarily rare. He took a degree at Harvard with high distinction in 1787. In 1791, under the signature of ' Publicola,' he sug- gested some grave doubts about the soundness of the principles actuating the French revolutionists, very remarkable as the production of a republican pen. In 1803, he was sent from the state of Massachusets as representative to the senate in congress, and sat until 1808. He had been for a short time professor of rhetoric in Harvard, when, in 1809, he was appointed representative of the States at the court of Russia, and began his brilliant and multifarious diplomatic career. In London he completed the negotiations for the conclusion of the second British American war. He was called home in 1817, to serve in the cabinet of President Monroe. On the election of a president in 1825, the name of Adams was returned with those of Jackson, Crawford, and Clay; but as there was not for any one candidate the majority of electoral votes required by the constitution, the selection fell into the hands of the representatives who chose Adams. He retired in 1829, declining the party advocacy, which it was said might ensure his re- election, and he has been looked back on with regret as the last of those who occupied the chair without being borne into it by a victorious faction. In 1831 he began a career of valuable services as a member of the House of Representatives. He made many enemies by his sympathy with the cause of negro emancipation. He was an active pamphleteer, and contributed to periodical litera- ture. He died, full of years and honours, on the 23d of February, 1848, and it has been customary to speak of him as the last of the old and higher class of American statesmen. [J.H.B.] ADAMS, Jos., an em. medical au., 1758-1818. ADAMS, Sam., one of the most ardent defen- ders of American independence, member for Mas- sachusets in the first general congress, noted for his inflexible integrity, 1722-1803. ADAMS, Sir Th., lord mayor of London, 1645, distinguished as a royalist, 1586-1667. ADAMS, Wm., an'English divine, a friend of Dr. Johnson, and author of an answer to Hume on Miracles, 1707-1789. ADD ADAMSON, Pat., abp. of St. Andrews, equally noted for his talents and misfortunes, 1536-1599. ADAMSON, Hy., nephew of the preceding, anl author of a curious poem, died 1639. ADAMUS SCOTUS, a eel. author of the 12th century, best known for his curious 4 Dialogue be- tween the Reason and the Soul.' ADAMUS DORENSUS, awr. on music, 13th c. ADANSON, Michel, a celebrated botanist, was bom at Aix, in Provence, in 1727, died in 1806. He was educated at Plessis, studied in Paris under Reaumur and Bernard de Jussieu at the Garden of Plants, and afterwards made a voyage to Senegal. He remained in Africa five years, and during nis sojourn there collected an immense number of plants and animals. Upon his return to France, he found that Linnaeus had already promulgated his artificial System of Nature to the scientific world. To Adanson this arrangement, and the arbitrary nomenclature of Linnseus, were particularly distasteful. His grand aim was to produce a classification of the objects of nature, based upon the natural relations which these have one with another. The first work in which he proposed this method was his ' Voyage to Sene- gal,' in which he made an attempt to classify the mollusca according to the structure of the animal, and not the shell which they inhabit. The next was his ' Families of Plants,' in which he strove to carry out the same principles in botany as he had commenced in conchology. He has not been very successful in this attempt, as a compari- son between his system and that of Linnaeus will show; but still, along with his teacher, Bernard de Jussieu, he has the merit of indicating a method of arrangement of plants by their natural affinities, in opposition to the artificial system then in vogue. He possessed a great knowledge of botany, and was an accurate observer. He is the author of a very interesting account of the immense tree called by the natives of Africa the Baobab ; since named after him Adansonia. He wrote also an account of the trees which produce the gums of commerce. At the revolution, Adanson was reduced to great poverty, but afterwards received a small pension from government. His will directed that a garland of flowers, selected from the 58 families of plants which he had established, should be the only de- coration of his coffin. [W.B.] ADAOUST, a Provencal poet, died 1819. ADASHEV, Alexis,' eel. in Russian history as the minister of Ivan the terrible, and disting. by his virtues and talents, died in prison, 1561. ADASHEV, Dan., younger brother of the pre- ceding, disting. himself against the Tartars, and was executed, together with his little son, and all the near relations of Alexis, soon after the death of that minister. ADDA, one of the kings of Northumbria. ADDA, a disting. artist and soldier of Italy. ADDINGTON, Anth., a phvsician and politi- cian, father of Lord Sidmouth, 1713-1790. ADDINGTON, S., Dr., adis.minis. 1729-1796. ADDISON, G. Hy., author of ' Indian Reminis- cences,' born 1793. ADDISON, Launcelot, father of the cele- brated writer, and dean of Lichfield, was early distinguished by his attachment to the Stuarts. He is the author of several works ; 1632-17U3. 10 ADD ADDISON, Joseph, was the eldest son of a clergyman, able and learned, but not wealthy. He was "born in 1672, at the rectory of Milston in Wiltshire. He was educated chiefly at the Charter House and at Oxford, and distinguished himself as a writer of Latin verses, a good many of which were afterwards published. He first appeared in print by contributing English verses, some of which were original, and others translations from the classics, to Dryden's collections of miscellaneous poems. Another of his poetical efforts was a poem complimenting king William on the campaign in which he took Namur. It was written after he [Eirth-place of Addison.] had been introduced to the notice of leading states- men of the Whig party ; whose patronage of him, prompted bv their expectation of his usefulness m political life, appears to have been the cause of his abandoning the intention he once had of enter- ing the church. A pension, procured for him by the interest of Lord Somers, enabled him, in 1699, to visit the continent, where he resided for three years. The best of his poems, a ' Letter from Italy,' addressed to Lord Halifax, his earliest patron, was written in 1701, while he was still abroad; and his ' Travels in Italy,' the first large work which he attempted in prose, exhibited very promisingly both his classical and miscellaneous knowledge, and his skill and liveliness in composition. Not very long after his return to England, he wrote, on the sug- gestion of the prime minister Godolphin, 'The Cam- paign,' a poem celebrating Marlborough's victory at Blenheim. He immediately received an appoint- ment as one of the commissioners of excise, the place having become vacant by the death of the celebrated Locke ; he was speedily promoted to be an under-secretary of state ; and he was secretary to the lord lieutenant of Ireland in 1710, when the ministry which he served was dismissed from office. The time of his steadiest and most successful activity in literature embraced the four years ex- tending from this loss of place to the end of Queen Anne's reign. The Tories being in power, he was excluded from public employment. But, a short while before this, he had begun to produce those periodical essays by which his fame has been longest and most securely preserved. In 1709, he began to furnish papers to the Tatler, which was con- ducted by his schoolfellow and friend, Richard Steele. Early iu 1711, these two writers com- ADD rhenced the Spectator, which was continued every week-day till the close of the following year. It was then dropped, after having made up the 555 numbers commonly printed in its first seven vo- lumes; Addison and Steele contributing almost equally, and together writing all the essays except sixty or seventy. In the course of 1713, the Guardian received a large number of essays from Addison: and then also appeared his celebrated tragedy of ' Cato.' The immense popularity which, partly through political considerations, this stately drama gained, both among readers and among play- goers, raised the reputation of the author to its highest point. During the latter half of the year 1714, he contributed a good many papers to the new series of the Spectator, making up its eighth vo- lume. The accession of George I., occurring a little before the publication of the Spectator was closed, restored the Whigs to power, and thus again diverted Addison from literature to politics. After having acted as secretary to the regency, he was appointed one of the lords of trade. Down to this point in his history, there seems to have been really no good ground for the allegations commonly made of his inefficiency as a man of business. He had, indeed, failed in parliament, having either not spoken at all, or broken down in the only attempt he made. His literary celebrity, however, and his modesty and urbanity of manners, though they might have pro- cured him a reception into the society of persona of rank, could not have obtained and preserved the confidence of successive statesmen if he had not been quite competent to the practical details of office. But it cannot well be doubted that he was unfit, though it had been only through his in- efficiency as a debater, for the last step which he ventured to take on the ladder of ambition. In 1717, a dissension having occurred in the minis- try, T ownsend and Walpole, the ablest members of the cabinet, passed over to the opposition : and in the administration which was formed by the other Whigs, Addison became a principal secretary of state, having Lord Sunderland, Marlborough's son-in-law, as his colleague. His acceptance of this office is commonly attributed to the influence of his wife, the Countess-Dowager of Warwick ; whom he had married a few months before, and who is said to have, by her haughtiness and vio- lence, made her husband unhappy, and to have driven him to dissipation as a means of escape from domestic discomfort. That Addison did be- come sottish in the last years of his life has not been clearly proved ; and one is glad to catch at any reasons for disbelieving it. At all events, his health was now giving way ; and the state of it was made the excuse for his resignation of office, which he tendered in April, 1718, after having held it for less than a year. His only subsequent efforts in literature that are worth noticing were, an angry controversy with his old friend Steele, who had joined the opposition section of the Whigs, and his uncompleted treatise on the ' Evidences of Christianity.' He died at Holland House, in Ken- sington, in June, 1719, a few weeks after having completed his forty-seventh year. Addison's poetry is of very small account. His minor compositions in verse hold but a low rank even in that did- actic and half-prosaic school to which they be- long. ' Cato' itself owed its fame, in a great mea- 11 ADD sure, to extrinsic circumstances : and it could not liave been successful at all had not dramatic art been then in a state of decay. It is a series of dialogues rather than a drama: its speeches, often eloquent, and almost alwavs morally noble, are seldom truly poetical, and never passionate or pathetic: and there is an equal feebleness in the incidents and in the characters. It must lie al- lowed, likewise, that no very great value belongs to any of his prose writings, except his contribu- tions to the Spectator and other periodical papers. These, however, make up a large mass of literary compositions, and possess distinguished merit and importance. In the history of English style, a marked epoch is constituted by the appearance of the writers who are oftenest described as the Wits of Queen Anne's time : and among these there were none who exerted, on the manner of later authors, so strong an influence as Addison. His grace and refinement, accompanied by an admirable command of familiar idioms, gave him a charm that was wanting in the bare and stern writings of Swift: and he was superior to Steele, not only in these points, but also in his comparative freedom from looseness and inaccuracy, and in his power of ris- ing to dignity without losing ease or freedom. In respect to matters higher than style, the merit of the Periodical Essays is chiefly shared between Steele the projector, and Addison, the only other steady and active contributor. In those sketches of charac- ter and manners, and those fragments of invented stories, which were the most popular things in the Toiler and its successors, Steele showed more de- cisive originality, and greater breadth and force of humour: but his coadjutor excelled him by far both in delicacy of sentiment, and in the skill, in- genuity, and consistency with which he worked up his materials into finished pictures. To Addi- son the Spectator owed, with hardly any exception, its papers of a more elevated and solid cast, those which made it an instrument of enlightenment to its contemporaries, and entitle it to the grateful attention of posterity. Such were its critical dis- sertations, always abounding in good taste and eloquent expression, the best of these being the criticisms which did so much for recalling notice to Milton : such were the papers on the ' Pleasures of the Imagination,' (efforts highly meritorious in the circumstances,) towards ascertaining the principles on which philosophical criticism must be founded : and such, also, were many meditative and religious papers, some of them purely didactic in form, and others allegorical, and all of them excellent alike for their high ethical tone, and for their natural and fine reflectiveness. If Addison's prose writ- ings were once overvalued, the neglect and depre- ciation with which it has lately been fashionable to treat them, involve an error which goes at least as far the opposite way. [W.S.] ADDISON, Thos., an Engl. Jesuit, 1634-1685. ADDY, Wm., a writer on stenography, 17th cent. ADEL, or ADIL, k. of Sweden, 5th or 6th cent. ADELAIDE, the amiable queen of William IV., whom she married 1818; she was daughter of the Duke Saxe-Meiningen; born 1792, died 1849. ADELAIDE, the good and beautiful empress of Germany, was the daughter of Kodolph II., king of Burgundy; she was taken from a prison to marry the emperor Otho I. 951 ; died 999. ADn ADELAIDE, mistress of Albert, duke of Ba- varia ; assassinated by his son, 1392. ADELAIDE of Savoy, the widow of Louis the Fat, and wife of Montmorency, assumed the veil in the abbev of Montmartrc, and died 1153. ADELAIDE, marchioness of Susa, and founder of the dominion enjoyed by the house of Savoy in Piedmont, was the contemporary and rival of the celebrated Matilda, duchess of Tuscany, 11th cent. ADELAIDE, Madame Marie, eldest daught. of Louis XV. and aunt of Louis XVI. k. of France, born 1730, fled before the revolutionary stonn, 1791, died at Trieste, 1800. ADELAIDE, Eugenie Louisa, sister of Louis Philippe, and his best counsellor, was born 1777 ; she was privately married to Gen. Athelin ; died 31st December, 1847. ADELAIS, second queen of Henry I. of Engl, eel. by the troubadours as ' the fair maid of Bra- bant, and ancestress of the Howards, died 1151. ADELARD, a learned monk of the 12th cent. ADELASIA, queen of Sardinia, 13th century. ADELBOLD, bishop of Utrecht, died 1027. ADELBURNER, M., an astronomer, died 1779. ADELER, Curtius, a naval com. in the service of the Venetians and Danes, 1622-1675. ADELFRID, a Saxon king, whose succession united the prov. of Bernicia and Deira, 559. ADELGISUS, king of the Lombards, 8th cent. ADELGISUS, prince of Beneventum, 9th cent. ADELGREIF, J. A., a German scholar of high attainments, who believed that he was the representative of God upon earth, that he was accompanied by seven angels, and that he had a mission to banish all evil from the world ; executed on a charge of sorcery, 1636. ADELHER, a schoolman and divine, 12th cent. ADELUNG, Jac, a musician, 1699-1762. ADELUNG, John, Ch., known throughout Europe as a philologist. His great works are a grammatical and critical Dictionary of the German tongue, and a work of vast research called ' Mith- ridates,' in which the remarkable affinities be- tween the words of all languages are discovered. His general knowledge of literature and the arts is also displayed in various historical treatises, more especially in a cyclopaedia of what he terms 'Human Folly.' He resided at Leipzig and Dresden, usually devoting fourteen hours a-day to hard study, and yet noted for his good cheer. His works in all make about seventy volumes. He was never married ; 1734-1806. [E.R.] ADELUNG, Fr., nephew of the preceding, also distinguished as an historian and linguist, b. 1768, ADELWALCH, a king of Sussex, slain 686. ADEMAR, or AYMAR, an historian, 11th cent ADEODATO, an Italian artist, 12th century. ADEODATUS, pope after Boniface IV, 614-617. Another of the same name elected 673. ADER, Wm., a phys. of Toulouse, au. of a work on the diseases cured by our Saviour, pub. 1621. ADET, P. A., a writer on chemistry, envoy from France to the United States, 1796. ADGILLUS, first Chr. king of Frisia, 8th cent. ADHAD-EDDAULAH, sultan of Persia, died 983, after a glorious reign of 34 years. ADHED, last caliph of the Fathnite dynasty, dethroned by Saladin, and died 1171. ADIIELM, bp. of Sherborne, the first ecclesi- 12 ADH astic distinguished in the Anglo-Saxon church; he is considered the father of Anglo-Saxon literature, and the first English poet, died 769. ADHEMAR, a troubadour of the 12th century. ADHEMAR DE MONSEUIL, created duke of Genoa by Charlemagne, on account of his success against the Saracens, was chief of the illustrious house of Orange. ADHEMAR DE MONSEUIL, of the same family, was a distinguished general of the crusades, and bp. of Pays ; died of a contagion at Antioch. ADHEMAR DE MONSEUIL, another of the family, also a great soldier, made bishop of Metz in 1327, died 1361. ADIMARI, a Florentine family of the middle ages, which has produced several disting. men of letters ; one member of this family is known as a parti z an of the Guelphs. ADJUTI, Jas., convert to protestantism, prof, of theology at Wittemberg, 1602-1663. ADLER, Gaspar. See Aquila. ADLER, G. Ch., a disting. teacher, 1674-1741. ADLER, G. Ch., son of the preceding, a classi- cal scholar and divine, 1734-1804. ADLER, J. G., a Danish orientalist, born 1756. ADLER, Ph., a German engraver, 16th cent. ADLERBETH, G., a Swedish poet, 1751-1818. ADLERFELDT, Gust., a Swedish noble who accompanied Charles XII. in his campaigns, of which he wrote a history ; killed at Pultowa, 1709. ADLZREITER, chancellor and historian of Bavaria, died 1662. ADMIRAL, H., a poor Frenchman, executed 1794, for an attempt on the life of Robespierre. ADMO, a German engraver, time of Augustus. ADO, a distinguished abp. of Vienna, died 875. ADOLFATI, an Italian composer. ADOLFI, Giacomo, an It. painter, 1682-1741. ADOLPH, a Germ, painter in England, 1750. ADOLPH, a German sculptor, 16th century. ADOLPHI, C. M., a medical writer, 1676-1753. ADOLPHUS, count of Nassau, elected emperor, 1292 ; fell in battle against his rival Albert duke of Austria, 1298. ADOLPHUS, count of Cleves, andbp. of Muns- ter, distinguished for his turbulence, died 1394. ADOLPHUS, count of Cleves, son of the pre- ceding, and founder of the order of Fools, d. 1448. ADOLPHUS, duke of Gueldres, noted for his repeated and cruel rebellions against his father Arnold, and his desperate courage, 1438-1477. ADOLPHUS, duke of Saxony, born 1685, noted for his active and glorious share in the wars of the empire during the first half of the 18th century, and especially for the check given to Frederick the Great after the surrender of Prague. Entered into military service 1701, succeeded unexpectedly to the duchv 1736, died 1746. ADOLPHUS I., count of Holstein, 1106-1131. ADOLPHUS II., his son, succd. 1131, k. 1164. ADOLPHUS III., son of the preceding, de- spoiled of his duchy in a war with Denmark, and soon after died at the beginning of the 13th cent. ADOLPHUS IV., son and successor of the pre- ceding, recovered his duchy, 1227, but retired from the world 1238, and spent the remaining fourteen years of his life in a monastery. ADOLPHUS VI1L, son of Gerard, count of Holstein, sustained a long war with Denmark on ADR accotint of Schleswig ; he is disting. as a wise ruler, also for his moderation in refusing the crown of Denmark afterwards offered to him ; died 1459. ADOLPHUS L, duke of Holstein and Schleswig, celebrated as a warlike prince, 1544-1586. ADOLPHUS, Frederick II., son of Frede- rick I., king of Sweden, ascended the throne, 1751, being then 41 years of age. In 1757 he was com- pelled to take a part against Prussia in the 7 years' war, though he was some years previously mar- ried to a sister of Frederick the Great. Intrigue and dissension marked the whole period of his reign, and though a party in the state made strenuous endeavours to extend the royal preroga- tive, the king exercised little real power. The state of the country at his death in 1771, is repre- sented by a native historian as a picture of the extremest anarchy that a state can reach under a representative government. [E.R.] ADOLPHUS, John, a eel. barrister and his- torian of London, 1766-1845. ADOMMAN, abbot of Iona, and author of the curious life of St. Columba, died 703. ADON, abp., and au. of Chronicles, 9th cent. ADONIJAH, a son of David, put to death by Solomon, B.C. 1010. ADRETS, Fr. De Beaumont, a leader of the Huguenots, noted for his daring and cruelty, died 1587. His son, of like character, took a share in the massacre of St. Bartholomew. ADREVALD, a theologian of the 9th century. ADRIA, a Sicil. author and phys., died 1560. ADRIAENS, L., a Fl. paint, on glass, 15th cent. ADRIAENSEN, Alex., a Flm. paint., 17th cent ADRIAENSEN, Cornelis, a learned ecclesi- astic, 16th century. ADRIAM, Marie, a young girl who fought in the defence of Lyons when besieged by the troop3 of the Convention, and was executed, 1793. ADRIAN, a Greek writer of the 5th century. ADRIAN, Eman., Flemish musician, 16th cent. ADRIAN, or HADRIAN, Publius jElius, the Roman emperor was born 76, and brought up under the eye of the empr. Trajan, his father's kinsman, who adopted him as his son, and to whom he succeeded, 117. He was a success- ful soldier, and a great lover of literature and the arts, but disgraced by the indulgence of sensuality. In the course of his reign he visited nearly every part of his dominions, and when in Britain, 120, built a wall eighty miles in length, from the mouth of the Tyne to Solway Frith, to prevent the incursions of the Caledonians. He was the restorer of Jerusalem, which he named iElia Capitolina, and where, on Mount Calvary, he erected a temple to Jupiter; died 138. [E.R.] ADRIAN I., pope of Rome, 772-775. ADRIAN II., succeeded as pope, 867, died 872. ADRIAN III., elected pope, and d. 885. ADRIAN IV., an Englishman, at first a servant in a monastery, elected pope 1154, died 1159. ADRIAN V., elected pope, and died 1276. ADRIAN VI., succeeded Leo X. 1522, d. 1523. ADRIAN DE CASTELLO, a native of Italy, distinguished for his learning and ability ; became bishop of Hereford in the reign of Henry VII., and afterwards residing in Italy was accused of conspiracy against Leo X. His subsequent fate is unknown. ADR ADRIANI, M. V., a Greek scholar, chancellor of Florence, died 1621. ADRIANI, J. B., his son, an hist., died 1574. ADRIAN!, M., son of the last named, d. 1604. ADRIANO, a Spanish painter, d. 1650. ADRICHONIUS, ClL, a Dutch hist. 1533-1585. ADRY, J. F., rhetorician and hist., 1749-1818. A DSO, Hekmericus, a monastic \vr., 10th cent. ADUARTE, Diego, a Spanish hist., d. 1637. DECIDES, or jECIDAS, a kin" of Epirus, said to be a descendant of Achilles, killed B.C. 313. DECIDES, k. of the Molossi, after Alex, the Gt. jEDESLA, a female Platonist, the mother of Ammonius. /EGIDIUS, k. of the Franks from the deposition to the recall of Childeric ; assassinated 464. .EGIDIUS, de Columna, a monastic philoso- pher and theologian, disting. in the 13th century. ^EGIDIUS, Peter, a Flemish lawyer, d. 1533. iEGIMUS, an ancient Greek physician. jEGINHARD, the secretary of Charlemagne, author of annals of his reign, and equally celebrated for his love adventure with the emperor's daughter. ./ELF, a Swedish theologian, 18th century. .ELFRIC, St., surnamed the Grammarian, was archbishop of Canterbury in the middle of the 10th century. He is distinguished as one of the bright- est luminaries of the age in which he lived, d. 1005. ./ELIAN, the celebrated author of a ' History of Animals,' a ' Treatise on Providence,' &c, distin- guished for the purity with which he wrote the Greek tongue, supposed to have lived in the 2d cent. .ELIAN, Claudius, a Roman military writer. ./ELIAN, a general in the time of Valens. JE LI ANUS, Meccius, a Greek physician. jELIUS MELISSUS, a Roman jurist, 2d cent. jELIUS SEXTUS, one of the most eel. Roman jurists, successively aadile, consul, and censor ; au. of the earliest known work on jurisprudence. jELST. See Aalsh. jEMILIANI, St. Jer., a noble Venetian, the founder of an hospital and religious order, 16th cent. jEMILII, The, one of the most ancient and noble of the patrician families of Rome. .EMILIUS, Anth., a Dutch hist., 1589-1660. jEMILIUS, G., a Latin poet, related to Luther. jEMILIUS, Paulus, consul of Rome, B.C. 216 and 219, slain at the battle of Cannae. _ jEMILIUS, Paulus, son of the preceding, dis- tinguished in the Macedonian war, 3d cent. B.C. .EMILIUS, Pau., an em. hist, of Verona, d.1529. ./ENEAS, one of the heroes of Troy. ./ENEAS, a Greek military author, 360 B.C. ./ENEAS, or jENGAS, a monastic writer, 9th c. .ENEAS GAZiEIUS, a Platonist, 5th cent. .ENESIDEMUS, a sceptical pb.il., 1st century. jEPINUS, the assumed name of Hoeck, one of the most zealous of Luther's followers, 1499-1533. jEPINUS, Franz, a German philosopher, 1724. jERIUS, founder of a sect of the 4th century. .ERSEUS. SeevERTSEN. .ERTGEN. See Aaktoexs. jERTSEN, or .ERSEXS, Peter, an em. hist, painter, called Pietro Longo, on account of his tall- ness. There are several Flemish painters of the same name, three known to be sons of the preceding. /KSOH1XES, an orator of Athens, 4th ct. b.c. . K SC I II X E S, a poor Athenian philosopher, the personal friend and pupil of Socrates. JESO jESCHRION, an ancient physic, of Pergamos. J2SCHYLUS, a celebrated Greek dramatic wri- ter, was born of a noble family at Eleusis in Attica, B.C. 525, and died at Gela in Sicily, b.c. 456. \ From an anecdote which is related of him by Paus- anias, it appears that his youthful fancy was early captivated by the exhibitions of the drama ; and I he accordingly devoted his life to the service of the J tragic muse. At the age of twenty-five, B.C. 499, ll he first presented himself at the festival of Bacchus It as a competitor for the public prize; and ftfteepli years afterwards, b.c. 484, gained his first victory. I The pre-eminence which he thus acquired was j successfully maintained till b.c. 468, when he was 1; defeated in a similar contest by his younger rival, 1 Sophocles ; an event which exercised a strong in- I fluence over the rest of his life. Mortified at the I indignity which, as he thought, had thus been put J upon him, he quitted Athens and went to the court of Hiero, king of Syracuse. Of the remaining por- tion of his life but little is known, except that he continued to prosecute his favourite pursuit ; and that his residence in Sicily was of some duration, may be inferred from the fact that it was sufficient to affect the purity of his language. His thirteenth and last victory was gained b.c. 458. On the manner of his death, which was singular, the an- cient writers are unanimous. While sitting mo- tionless in the fields, his bald head was mistaken for a stone by an eagle which happened to be fly- ing over him with a tortoise in her bill. The bird dropped the tortoise to break the shell, and the poet was killed by the blow. iEschylus is said to nave been the author of 70 tragedies, of wdiieh only seven are now extant. The improvements which he introduced in the economy of the drama, were so important as to gain for him the distinction of the Father of Greek Tragedy. To the single actor of Thespis he added a second, and thus presented the regular dialogue. He abridged the length of the choral odes and made them subservient to the main interest of the plot ; substituted a regular stage for the moveable wain of his predecessor; provided appropriate scenic decorations, and dresses for the actors ; and removed all deeds of murder and bloodshed from public view. His style is bold, lofty, and sublime, full of gorgeous imagery and magnificent expressions, suitable to the elevated characters of his dramas. His plays have little or no plot; and have therefore been blamed as defi- cient in dramatic interest. But jEschylus was illustrious not merely as a poet. Along with his brother Cynaegirus he distinguished himself so highly m the battle of Marathon, B.C. 490, that his exploits were eommemorated by a descriptive painting in the theatre of Athens ; and it is pro- bable that he took part in the subsequent battles of Artemisium, Salamis, and Plataeae. His warlike spirit is vividly pourtrayed in his tragedies, the ' Persians ' and the l Seven against Thebes.' [G.F.J .ESOP, generally known for the Fables attri- buted to him, lived in the 6th century B.C. His history is not well authenticated, but it is under- stood that he was born in Phrygia, and acquired his Greek education as a slave in Athens. He is regarded as the inventor of the apologue, of which his own compositions are also the purest models. They have been trans, into all modern languages. .ESOP, Joseph, a Hebrew poet, 16th century. 11 MSO I JvSOPIUS, Cl., a Roman actor, 1st cent. B.C. I vETION, an ancient Greek sculptor. JTION, a Greek painter, time of Apelles. I JSTIUS, a celebrated heretic of the 4th century. I jETIUS, a Roman general, eel. for his repulse of Iftttila, assass. by the emperor Valentinian 454. I JETIUS, an ancient physician of Sicily. I iETIUS of Amida, a physician of the 5th cent., luthor of a vast collection of medical treatises; nderstood to be the first Christian physician hose writings have come down to us. AF ACKER, G., a German theologian, 17th ct. AFER, Domitius, a eel. Roman orator, one of the vilest partizans of Caligula, Claudius, and Nero. AFFLECK, Sir Ed., a naval officer, died 1787. AFFLITTO, Eust. D', a Neapolitan au., 1782. AFFLITTO, J. M., a Neapolitan au., d. 1673. AFFLITTO, Matt., a Neapolitan writer, chief- ly on legislation, 1430-1510. AFFO, Iren.eus, an hist, of Italy, 18th cent. AFFRY, Count Louis D', a Swiss commander and statesman during the revolution ; died 1810. AFRANIA, a Roman lady, eel. as an advocate. AFRANIO, inventor of the bassoon, 16th cent. AFRANIUS, L., a Roman orator and dramatist, 1st century B.C. AFRANIUS, L. N., consul of Rome, B.C. 61. AFRANIUS, T., adist. Rom. gen., 1st cent. B.C. AFRASIAB, an ancient king of Persia. AFRE, St., a German martyr, 4th century. AFRICANER, Chr., one of the most dreaded chiefs of South Africa, remarkable for the fruits of his conversion to Christianity, died 1823. AFRICANUS, Julius, a Christian hist., 3d ct. AFRICANUS, Sextus, a Roman jurist, 3d century B.C. AFZELIUS, Adam, a Swed. bot,, 1750-1836. AGABUS, a Christian prophet, 1st century. AGAMEMNON, one of the heroes of Homer, represented as the king of Argos, the Grecian Peloponnesus, and disting. at the siege of Troy. AGANDURU, R. M., a Spanish missionary and historian, 17th century. AGAPETUS L, elected pope, 535, d. 536. AGAPETUS II., elected pope 946, died 955. AGAR, P. Anth., a Provencal poet, died 1551. AGAR, Jacques, a French painter, died 1716. AGARD, Arthur, an antiquary of disting. learning, one of the founders of the Royal Anti- quarian Society, 1540-1615. AGAS, Ralph, a disting. surveyor, 16th cent. AGASIAS, an ancient Greek sculptor. AGATHA, St., a martyr of Sicily, 3d century. AGATHANGELUS, an Armenian historian,. 4th century. AGATHARCHIDES, an historical and geogra- phical writer, guardian or tutor of Ptolemy Phila- delphus, 2d century B.C. AGATHARCUS, a Greek painter, 4th ct. B.C. AGATHAMERUS, a geographer, 3d century. AGATHIAS, a Greek historian, 6th century. AGATHINUS, a Greek physician, 1st century. AGATHO, elected pope 678 or 679, died 682. AGATHOCLEA, a mistress of Ptolemy Philo- pator, noted for her share in the usurpation of the supreme power by her brother Agathocles. Killed, together with her accomplices, in a massacre by the populace, about 204 B.C. AGATHOCLES, an ancient Greek historian. AGR AGATHOCLES, the tyrant of Syracuse, was the son of a potter, born about 359 B.C., and elevated by his talents and intrigues from the rank of a simple soldier until he became general, and made himself master of all Sicily. He is said to have died by poison, B.C. 287. AGAZAVI, an Italian musician, 17th century. AGELADAS, a Greek sculptor, 5th cent. B.C. AGELET, Joseph, an astronomer, born 1757, perished with La Perouse, 1785. AGELIUS, Anth., a prelate of Naples, d. 160. AGELNOTH, archbishop of Canterbury, 1020. AGER, Nich., a phys. and botanist, 17th cent. AGESANDER, a sculptor of Rhodes, 5th cent. AGESIAS, a Platonic philosopher of Alexandria. AGESILAUS I., kg. of Sparta 957 to 913 B.C. AGESILAUS II., king of Sparta from b.c. 399 to 361, is one of the most prominent characters in Grecian history. He is renowned for his con- quests in Asia Minor, B.C. 395, and for his vic- tories over the Boeotians and Athenians. In this war, however, he was at length defeated by Epa- minondas, B.C. 363, died 361. AGGAS, Ralph, a surveyor and engineer, 16th century. AGGAS, Robt., a landscape painter, died 1679. AGILA, king of Spain, from 549 to 554. AGILAN, king of the Sp. Visigoths, 549-554. AGILULFUS, king of the Lombards, 591-619. AGIS, a Greek poet, time of Alexander. AGIS I., king of Sparta, B.C. 1060 ; a second king of this name reigned in Sparta, B.C. 427-399 ; a third, B.C. 358-331 ; a fourth, B.C. 240. AGLAOPHON, a Greek painter, 5th cent. B.C. AGLIONBY, Edw., a poet, age of Elizabeth. AGLIONBY, J. Dr., distinguished as a scholar and critic, chaplain to Queen Elizabeth, d. 1610. AGLIONBY, William, a diplomatist and cul- tivator of the Belles Lettres, 18th century. AGNELLO, doge of Pisa, 1364 to 1369. AGNELLUS, And., a canon of Ravenna in the 9th century, author of Chronicles of that see. AGNES, St., a Christian martyr, 303. AGNES, queen of France, 1196-1201. AGNES, empress of Constantinople, 12th cent. AGNESI, Maria Gaetana, an Italian lady of distinguished learning, 1718-1799. AGNESI, Maria Teresa, sister of the preced- ing, distinguished as a musician, born 1750. AGNOLO, B., a Florentine sculpt., 1460-1543. AGNOLO, G., an architect of Naples, 16th ct. AGOBARD, a distinguished prelate, 9th cent. AGOP, J., au. of critical and gram, works, 1675. AGORACRITES, a celebrated Greek sculptor, a pupil of Phidias, 5th century B.C. AGOSTIN, M., a Sp. wr. on agriculture, 17th c. AGOSTINI, L., an eminent antiquary, 17th cent. AGOSTINO, Paul, a eel. musician, 1593-1629. AGOUB, Joseph, a lyric poet, reviewer, and Arabian scholar, 1795-1832. AGOULT, W. D', a Provencal poet, 12th cent. AGREDA, Maria D', a Spanish abbess, author of a life of the Virgin Mary, alleged to be written from Divine vision, 1602-16G5. AGRESTI, Livio, an Italian painter, 16th cent. AGRICOLA, C. L., a Ger. painter, 1667-1719. AGRICOLA, Cneius Julius, an eminent Roman general, the father-in-law of Tacitus. Born in the reign of Caligula, 40. He cUstin- 15 AGR guished himself by the subjugation of a great part of Britain, of which he was made governor by the emperor Vespasian. His successes and his high character excited the jealous fears of Domitian, by whom he was covertly withdrawn from public emplovment, and soon after died, 93. AGRICOLA, Fr., an eccles. au., 1575-1616. AGRICOLA, Geo., a metallurgist, 1494-1555. AGRICOLA, G. A., a horticulturist, 1672-1738. AGRICOLA, John, a controversial divine, the opponent of Luther and Melancthon, and leader of the Antinomians, 1492-1566. AGRICOLA, Nich., a Swedish reformer, d.1557. AGRICOLA, Rodolphus, one of the restorers of science and letters in Europe, 1442-1485. AGRICOLA, St., bishop of Chalons, 6th cent. AGRIPPA, an ancient sceptical philosopher. AGRIPPA, an astronomer of the 1st century. AGRIPPA, Camillus, an Italian arch., 16th c. AGRIPPA DE NETTESHEIM, Henry Cor- nelius, a talented mystic philosopher, secretary to the emperor Maximilian, 1486-1535. AGRIPPA I., Herod, grandson of Herod the Great, and under Claudius, king of all Palestine, died 44. See Acts xii. 23. AGRIPPA IL, Herod, son and successor of the preceding, died about the close of the 1st century. AGRIPPA, Marcus Vipsanius, general of the Roman armies, and friend of Augustus Caesar, born 64 or 63 B.C. His virtues and military talents contributed greatly to the felicitous course and the glory of the reign of Augustus, whose daughter lie married, and whom he would have succeeded in the empire, but d. before him, B.C. 12. AGRIPPA, Menenius, consul of Rome, b.c. 503. AGRIPPINA, the daughter of Vipsanius Agrippa, and wife of Caesar Germanicus, was born some time before B.C. 12 ; d. in banishment, a.d. 35. AGRIPPINA, daughter of the preceding, and mother of the infamous Nero, was born some thne before a.d. 17 ; assassinated a.d. 60. AGUADO, Fr., a Spanish Jesuit, 1572-1654. AGUESSEAU, Henry D', a French states- man, 1634-1715. AGUESSEAU, Henry Francis D', son of the preceding, a eel. magistrate and advocate, finally chancellor of France, 1668-1751. AGUILA, C. J. E. D', a French hist., d. 1815. AGUILLON, Francis, a mathema., died 1617. AGUIRRA, J. S. D', a eel. Sp. prelate, d. 1699. AGUJARI LUCRE ZIA, an It. singer, d. 1783. AGYL.EUS, H., a jurist, disting. in the war of the United Provinces against Spain, 1533-1595. AHAB, king of Israel, 915 to 893 B.C. AHAZ, king of Judah, died B.C. 722. AHAZIAH, king of Judah, b.c. 885. AHAZIAH, king of Israel, died B.C. 897. AHLE, J. R., a Ger. musician, 1625-1673. AHLE, J. G., son of the preceding, died 1707. AHLWARDT, C. G., aGer.philolog., 1760-1830. AHLWART, Peter, a learned German, cele- brated as the founder of the Ahelites, 1710-1791. AHMED, an Arabian poet, 10th century. A1LMED-BEN-FARES, surnamed El Razi, author of an Arabic Dictionary, 10th century. AHMED-BEN-MOHAMMED, or ABOU AM- ROU, a Moor of Spain, celebrated as an oriental poet and annalist, died 970. AHMED- BEN -THOULOUN, an Egyptian AIT chief, founder of the dynasty of the Thoulounidc 9 th century. AHMED Ghiedik. See Achmet Giedic. AHMED-KHAN, emp. of the Moguls after h brother, Abaker-Khan, 1282, killed 1284. AHMED RESMY HADJY, chancellor of tl Turkish empire, author of an account of his ow AHMED-SHAH EL ABDALY, an Affghs chief, founder of the kingdom of Candahar an Cabul, eel. for his victories over the Sikhs, d. 1775 AHRENDT, or ARENTS, M. F., a great travelk and investigat. of Scandinavian antiquities, d. 1824 AHRUN. See Aaron of Alexandria. AHUITZOL, king of the Aztecs before Monte zuma IL, when they were conq. by the Spaniards. AIBEK, First Mameluke sultan of Egypt, 1254 assassinated 1257. AIDAN, one of the earliest preachers of Chris- tianity in Britain, afterwards op. of Lindisfarne died 651. AIGNAN, Stephen, a political writer tragic poet of France, 1773-1824. AIGNEAUX, R. and A., le Chevalier. Sieurs D', two brothers, noted as classical scholars, 16th century. AIKIN, E., a writer on architecture, died 1820. AIKIN, John, M.D., celebrated as a miscel- laneous writer, chiefly on moral and biographical subjects, was born at Kibworth-Harcourt, in Lie- cestershire 1747, and in 1764 became a student the university of Edinburgh, but pursued his pro fessional and literary career in London. His medi- cal memoir appeared in 1780 ; and his principal work, the General Biographical Dictionary, the labour of which he shared with Dr. Enfield, at various intervals from 1799 to 1815. From 1796 to 1806 he was also editor of the ' Monthly Maga- zine,' and for nearly half a century continued to enrich our literature with numerous elegantly written and useful dissertations. Died at the age < of 75, 1822. [E.R.] AIRMAN, Wm., a Scotch painter, 1682-1731. AILLAND, P. T., a Fr. ecclesiastic, 1759-1826. AILLY, P. D', a cardinal and theological dis- putant, president of the council of Constance by which John Huss was condemned, 1350-1419. AILMER. See Aylmer. AILRED, ETHELRED, or EALRED, a well- known ancient historian, 1109-1166. AIMAR, Rivault, jurist and adv., 16th cent. AIMAR VERNAI, Jacques, a French peasant celebrated as a diviner, 17th century. AIMOIN De Varennes, a French poet, 13th c. AIMON, or AIMOIN of Fleury, a French his- torian, died 1008. AIMON, or HAYMOND, an historian, and dis- ciple of Alcuyn, died 853. AIMON, bishop of Valence, 943-977. AIMON, an ascetic writer, died 1174. AINSWORTH, Henry, a nonconformist divine, celebrated as a Hebrew scholar end Biblical com- mentator, died 1622. AINSWORTH, Robert, author of the well- known Latin Dictionary, 1660-1743. AIRAULT. See Ayrault. AITKEN, Robert, a printer, noted as a jour- nalist, &c, during the American revolution, d. 1802. AITON, William, an Engl, botanist, d. 1793. 1G AIT I AITZEMA, F. Van, a diplomatist of Friedland, I commissioned from Holland and Bohemia to the | imperial court, 1636. I AITZEMA, Leon, nephew of the preceding, historian of the United Provinces, 1600-1669. I AIZO, a chief of the Goths, 9th century. AJAX, one of the Homeric heroes, called the I Locrian, or the Lesser, to distinguish him from his tj more illustrious namesake. AJAX, called the Great, is represented by I Homer as the son of Telamon ; he is said to have I died at Troy in consequence of a dispute concern- 1 ing the armour of Achilles. AKAKIA, Martin, a medical author, 1479- I 1588. His son, of the same name, and other mem- j bers of the family, also distinguished themselves I in the same profession. AKBAH, or AKBEY-BEN-NAFY, a Saracen governor of Africa, who overran the country as far as the Atlantic Ocean, and prepared the conquest of Spain, killed 682. AKBAR MOHAMMED, emperor of the Moguls, one of the greatest princes of modern Asia, died 1605, after a reign of 50 years. AKENSIDE, Mark, was born in 1721, at I Newcastle-upon-Tyne, where his father was a butcher. Designing in his youth to become a presbyterian preacher, he received from a fund of the English dissenters the means of studying in the university of Edinburgh, which afterwards he honourably paid back. He speedily turned to [Birth-place of Afcenside.] medicil studies, which he completed at Leyden, graduating there in 1744. In the same year appeared his well-known poem, ' The Pleasures of the Imagination.' This work not only has the unavoidable faults of all didactic poetry, but hovers in a middle sphere between fancy and philosophy, in a manner which makes it obscure and unsatisfactory, even to readers who are both poetical and metaphysical. But it contains some noble pictures, many trains of finely reflective sentiment, and not a'few nice felicities of diction. His subsequent effusions in verse comprehended only a few very poor odes, some classically-con- ceived inscriptions, and a ' Hymn to the Naiads.' After having unsuccessfully attempted medical practice in the country, he removed to London, being aided by a pension from a wealthy and generous friend. He now busied himself chiefly ALA in professional pursuits, attaining some scientific eminence, but no large share of employment. He was a man of high respectability and integrity, but dogmatic and irascible ; and his brother- physician, Smollett, ridiculed his pedantry in his description of the 'feast in the manner of the ancients.' He died in 1770. [W.S.] AKERBLAD, J. D., a Swed. orient., 1760-1819. AKERMANN, A., a Swed. engrav., 1718-1778. AKIBA-BEN-JOSEPH, one of the greatest of the Jewish rabbis, eel. for his confederacy with Bar-Cokeba, the false Messiah, died of torture in the reign of Hadrian. AKOUI, a famous Tartar general, 18th cent. ALABASTER, Wm, a learned divine, d. 1640. ALADIN, or ALA EDDYN, a prince of Arabia, who assumed the title of K. of the World, d. 1236. ALA EDDYN I., emp. of Hindostan, 1294-1316. ALAIN, R., a Fr. dramatic writer, born 1680. ALAIN, Chartier, a Fr. writer, 14th century. ALAIN DE LILLE, called the Great, also the elder, to distinguish him from the following, was bishop of Auxerre, 12th century. ALAIN DE LILLE, or DE LTSLE, a divine of such renown as to be called the Universal Doc- tor, lived in the 12th or 13th century. ALAMANNI, Louis, a statesman and poet of Florence, 1496-1556. ALAMIN, caliph of Bagdad, 809-813. ALAN, chancellor of Scotland, 1291. ALAN DE LYNN, a famous theolog., loth cent. ALAN, ALLEN, ALLYN, or ALLEYN, Wm., an English cardinal, who, in the interest of the Romish church, prompted the intended invasion of England by Philip II., 1532-1594. ALAN, of Tewkesbury, the friend and historian of Thomas a Beckett, died 1201. ALAND, Sir J. Fortescue, otherwise Lord Fortescue, an able judge and man of letters, born 1670, died between 1733 and 1748. ALANO, H. De, a jurist of Padua, 14th cent. ALANSON, Edw., a eel. surgeon, 1747-1823. ALARD, Fr., a prot. theologian, converted from the Roman church, died 1578. ALARD, Wm., son of the preceding, d. 1644. ALARD, Lambert, son of the last named, celebrated as a Greek and Latin scholar, d. 1672. ALARIC, a Saxon king, middle of the 6th cent. ALARIG I., king of the West Goths, and con- queror of the Roman empire at the commencement of the 5th century, is one of the most remarkable characters in the history of those times. Before the appearance of this distinguished military leader, some three centuries of despotism and corrupt admi- nistration had reduced the one time mistress of the world to a deplorable state of baseness and effemi- nacy ; while the warlike Goths, engaged in a bor- der warfare with the Roman troops, and sometimes ravaging the provinces of the empire in return for the insults heaped upon them, and the suspicion with which they were regarded, were daily growing more formidable. The defeat of the emperor Va- lens had long since discovered to the 'barbarians' their superiority over the masters of the fertile pro- vinces which spread so temptingly before them; yet their chiefs were kept in a willing obedience to Theodosius the Great, and their ambition was a long time satisfied by serving in the Roman armies. At length, a.d. 395, the death of Thco- 17 C ALA dosius, and the division of the empire between his sons Honorius and Arcadius, renewed the disgrace- ful intrigues which had been kept in suspense by his able administration. The public immorality and political baseness of the period were only equalled by the private vices of the degenerate Ro- mans; and the conviction became general that nothing could avert the disorganization by which society was threatened. At this juncture the Go- thic hordes were set in motion by a party inimical to the government of Arcadius in the east, and Alaric, whose wild ambition had been flattered by these overtures, commenced his famous march from the Danube. It is possible that his fortunes had been rising since the death of the Gothic king Athanaric, a.d. 381, but nothing certain is known of his early history save that he belonged to the princely family of the Balti, descended from the Asae or demigods of Scandinavia. The course of Alaric at the head of his victorious troops was through Thrace, Dacia, Macedonia, and Thessaly, into Achaia, and everywhere the officers of Arcadius betrayed their trust, or refused to fight ; while the most glorious monuments of Grecian art fell a sacrifice to these martial iconoclasts, whose name is still synonymous with that of destroyer. The em- peror of the west, taking alarm at his unexampled successes, sent an army to the aid of his brother, under the command of Stilicho, by whom Alaric was kept in check, and prepared tor terms of ac- commodation with a foe for whom he had no other feeling than that of contempt, 398. By the terms of the armistice for it was really only an armed truce which ensued the Gothic chief was acknow- ledged master of the Eastern Illyricum by the em- peror of the east, who also declined the further assistance of Stilicho; and by his own followers proclaimed king of the West Goths, and of all the tribes who acknowledged their kindred or allegiance. Situated between the two empires, and subject to the continued hostility of the Romans, Alaric em- ployed himself in perfecting the equipment and discipline of his troops, and after two years of pre- paration suddenly forced the passage of the Alps. His usual success attending hun in a succession of battles and sieges, he was on the point of captur- ing Honorius, when, at the critical moment, Stilicho arrived with a levy of troops collected from Ger- many and the other barbarian provinces of the em- pire. The result was the final retreat of Alaric to nis own government; but he had now measured his strength against the legions of Rome in the sunny plains of Italy, and had also come to a good understanding with Stilicho, a man of splendid abilities, and of a kindred origin with himself, though he was now the sword and buckler of the western empire. After the retirement of Alaric, Italy was invaded by a host of the Gothic tribes, commanded by Radagaisus, who were defeated by Stilicho, and distributed over the face of the coun- try. Alaric was rewarded for the strict neutrality which he observed on this occasion by a rich pre- sent from the Roman senate ; but he demanded a more fertile province for the settlement of his own people. While this demand was in agitation, Stilicho was basely murdered at the instigation of Honorius, whose tottering throne his arms and diplomacy had so long upheld, and who had grown jealous of his popularity perhaps, also, of his ALA affinity with the powerful king of the Goths, and t of the friendly understanding between the tw leaders. The threatening attitude now assumed by Alaric, as the avenger of his friend, attracted the discontented of all Italy to his standard, and invitations from the court of Hono- rius were not wanting to excite him to the enter- prise. He commenced his second march towards Rome in the year 405, and after a victorious pro- gress entered the eternal city, its first conqueror in six centuries. On this occasion his extreme moderation, and perfect command of his troops, have won for him the applause of the most cautious historians his exactions only amounting to a few thousand pounds' weight of gold and silver, and certain costly robes ot silk and pieces of scarlet cloth. Retiring from the city to negotiate, he S itched his camp in the plains of Tuscany, but wj rawn into Rome a second time by the perfidy i Honorius. He now deposed a sovereign with whom it was manifest no faith could be kept, and made Attalus, a much esteemed Roman prefect, emperor. The friends of Honorius, however, on the departure of Alaric, endeavoured to rally again ; the new emperor was deposed ; and the negotiations which Alaric set on foot at a distance from the seat of empire, proved fruitless. These events, in fine, brought the now angry conqueror of Rome for the third time into the midst of its doomed palaces and temples, and the city was given up to pillage. In all probability the nameless horrors of such a j scene, mfamous as the sack of Rome is represented, were not greater in degree than similar disasters which have occurred within the memory of man, and under the eye of more enlightened commanders. The fall of Rome was followed by the desolating march of Alaric and his troops towards the coast, where he was preparing to embark for Sicily ; but was surprised by a short illness, which terminated in his death, a.d. 410. His faithful followers pre- pared his grave in the bed of the river Busentinus, which they diverted from its channel for the pur- pose; and when the waters once more rolled in their accustomed course, the workmen were put to death, that no tongue might tell where the hero lay buried, with the choicest spoils of Rome to do him honour. [E. R.] ALARIC II., was the ninth king in descent from Alaric the Great, and succeeded his father Euric, who had really added the Gothic monarchy of Spain to that of Gaul, a.d. 484. Alaric had the misfortune to ascend the throne at the critical period when the Franks, under the celebrated Clovis, were extending their dominions at the expense of the neighbouring potentates, and was weak enough to surrender Syagrius, the prince of Soissons, who had been defeated, and had taken refuge at his court, to the Frank king. The affronts to which he submitted seem to have chafed the proud spirits of his high-minded and chivalrous subjects, and the general discontent which it occasioned was aggra- vated by religious differences arising from the con- stantly increasing opposition of his bishops to the tenets of Ariamsm, always held by the Gothic kings. Under these circumstances his kingdom was inv..ded by Clovis, with the avowed design of extirpating the Arian heresy, and a battle being fought at Vouelle, in which the two princes met in personal conflict, Alaric fell worthily by the 16 ALA hand of his rival, a.d. 507. The hody of laws which is known as the code of Alaric, was digested by order of this prince from those of Theodosius, and applied to the exigencies of his own people. After his fall, the arrival of his brother-in-law I Theodoric, king of the East Goths, redeemed the i honour of his kindred in the battle-field, and Clo- i vis was compelled to accept terms of peace. See Theodoric the Great. [E. R.] ALASCO, J., the reformer of Pol., 1499-1560. ALBA-LITTA, Count, a learned It., 1759-1832. ALBAN, St., first Christian martyr of Great Britain, killed at Rome, 303. ALBANEZE, an Italian singer, died 1800. ALBANI, J. J., cardinal, distinguished as a theologian, 1504-1591. ALBANI, Alex., a member of the same family, distinguished as a virtuoso, 1692-1779. ALBANI, J. F., card., nephew of the preceding, disting. as a man of letters ; reduced to poverty by the French, 1720-1803. ALBANI, or ALBANY, Louisa Maria Caro- line, countess of, the unfortunate wife of the last pretender, Charles Stuart, married 1772, d. 1824. ALBANO, Fr., an Italian painter, 1578-1660. ALBANO, G. B., younger brother of the preced- ing, also a painter, died 1668. ALBANY, a ducal name, assumed by many princes of the royal house of Scotland. The first line began with the son of Robert II., and was ex- tinguished in H. Stuart, 1460. The second line commenced with Alexander Stuart, second son of James II., and failed in his son John, who d. 1536. ALBATEGNI, an Arabian astron., 9th cent. ALBEMARLE, duke of. See Monk. ALBEMARLE, A. J., Keppel, count of, a Dutch gen., favourite of William III. 1669-1718. ALBERGATI, C, an Italian actor, died 1802. ALBERIC, a monastic historian, 13th century. ALBERIC I. and his son ALBERIC II. tem- poral lords of Rome in the 10th century, before the ivil power was consolidated with the papacy. ALBERONI, Giulio, card., a celebrated states- man of Spain. The son of a gardener, he rose to be prime minister: born 1666, died in exile 1752. ALBERT of Aix, an hist, of the crusades, 12th c. ALBERT of Stade, a chronicler, 13th century. ALBERT of Strasburg, a chronicler, 14th cent. ALBERT, Erasmus, a Germ, divine, 16th cent. ALBERT, or ALBRECHT I., the son and succes- sor of Rudolph of Hapsburg, both as duke of Aus- tria and emperor of Germany, assassinated 1308. ALBERT, archduke of Austria, and from his alliance with Isabella, daughter of Philip II., joint sovereign of the Netherlands, 1559-1621. ALBERT I., founder of the house of Branden- burg, from which the royal house of Prussia derives its origin, 1106-1170. ALBERT, marquis of Culmbach, surnamed the German Alcibiades, a principal actor in the wars of Charles V., 1522-1558. ALBERT I., duke of Brunswick, died 1279. ALBERT the Fat, son and successor in com- mon with his elder brother Heinrich, to Albert I., died 1318. He is the common ancestor of the reigning house of Brunswick, and its junior branch the house of Hanover. ALBERT, Charles, duke of Luynes, constable of France, under Louis XIII., 1578-1621. ALB ALBERT, Louis Ch., duke of Luynes, a brave commander and man of letters, 1620-1690. ALBERT, Louis Joseph, duke of Luynes, commonly called Count Albert, distinguished him- self as a general, 1672-1758. ALBERT L, dk. of Mecklenburg, 1335 to 1379. ALBERT II., son of the preceding and of the daughter of Magnus, king of Sweden, elected king of Sweden 1363, dethroned by Margaret of Den- mark 1389, died 1412. ALBERT, Jane. See Albret, Jeanne D'. ALBERT, Hy. Chr., a Germ, linguist, d. 1800. ALBERT. See Albertus Magnus. ALBERTET, a Provencal poet, 13th century. ALBERTI, Aristotle, a celebrated mechanic and architect of the 15th centurv. ALBERTI, Ben., a patriot of Flor., 14th cent. ALBERTI, Cherubino, a celebrated Italian painter, 1552-1615. His brother Giovanni was also a painter of eminence. ALBERTI, Dominico, a Venetian composer, celebrated for his skill on the harpsichord, last cent. ALBERTI, G. W., a Germ, divine, 1725-1758. ALBERTI, Jas., an Italian jurist, 15th cent. ALBERTI, John, a Germ, orientalist, d. 1559. ALBERTI, Leander, a monastic hist., d. 1552. ALBERTI, Leoni Baptista, a universal artist and man of letters, surnamed the Florentine Vitru- vius, born 1404, died about 1480. ALBERTI, S., a German anatomist, d. 1600. ALBERTI DI VILLANOVA, Francis, an Italian lexicographer, 1737-1800. ALBERTINELLI, M., an It. painter, 1475- 1520. ALBERTINI, Fr., an It. antiquary, 16th cent, ALBERTINI, Paul, a Venetian ecclesiastic and man of letters, often employed by the state, 1430-1475. ALBERTRANDY, J. Chr., a Polish antiquarian and historian, 1731-1808. ALBERTUS MAGNUS, or Albertus Gro- tus, was born at Lauingen, in Suabia, according to some in 1193, and according to others in 1205. It is said that in early youth he was singularly obtuse. But he soon displayed prodigious capacity, so that his immense and varied acquirements rapidly raised him to eminence. He studied at Paris, Padua, and Bologna; in 1222 he became a Do- minican friar, in 1224 was installed provincial of the order, and was raised to the bishopric of Ratisbon in 1260. Cologne was the chief scene of his popularity and usefulness, though other cities had been at an earlier period privileged with his learned visits. But he had little relish for church preferment, and resigned his episcopal honours, m 1263, into the hands of Pope Urban IV. Thomas Aquinas was a favourite pupil of his, and the Albertists were a noted sect after their mas- ter's death, in 1280. The fame of Albert rests not on his genius, but on his multifarious erudi- tion. He seems to have embraced the entire circle of knowledge. Not only did he lecture on Aristotle and his Arab commentators, Avicenna, and Averhoes, with mediaeval acuteness and pro- fusion, but his works comprise dissertations on Theology, Alchymy, Physical Science, Natural History, and Astronomy. His voracious mind had stored itself so vastly with the encyclopaedic knowledge of his age, that his books are rendered comparatively useless by an incredible farrago of 19 ALB references, quotations, and digressions. Still, his ardent pursuit of knowledge, and bis patient attempt to present it in a connected and syste- matic form, must ever cause him to be regarded with peculiar veneration. His works, collected and published at Cologne, in 1621, fill 41 folio volumes, three of which are taken up with an explication of the ' Sentences' of Peter Lombard. [J. E.] ALBI, Bernard D', friend of Petrarch, d. 1350. ALBICANTE, J. A., an Ital. poet, 16th century. ALBICUS, or ALBICIUS, a phys. and arbp. of Prague, noted for his lenient treatment of the Hussites, died 1427. ALBINI, Al., an Italian painter, died 1630. ALBINO VANUS, a Kom. poet, age of August. ALBINUS, a Rom. gen. proclaimed emp. same time as Septimus Severus, deftd. by him a.d. 197. ALBINUS, a Roman procurator under Nero. ALBINUS, consul of Rome B.C. 157. ALBINUS, Bernard, a Germ, phys., d. 1711. ALBINUS, Bernard Siegfred, eldest son of the preceding, a great anatomist, 1696-1770. ALBINUS, Chr. B., brother of the preceding, also distinguished as an anatomist, died 1778. ALBO, Jos., a Spanish rabbi, 15th century. ALBOIN, king of the Lombards, 6th century. ALBON, a civilian and man of letters, d. 1789. ALBON, Jacques D', marquis de Fronsac, better known as the marechal de St. Andre, an eminent French general, killed at the battle of Dreux, 1562. ALBONI, Paolo, a landscape painter, d. 1730. ALBRECHT, J. Seb., a naturalist, 1695-1774. ALBRECHT I., prince of Anhalt, died 1316. ALBRECHT II., his son and successor, d. 1362. ALBRECHT L, elector of Saxony, -Dowlah, was born of a poor servant 1781. Having broken faith with the English he was deposed, and subsequently im ALI prisoned for the murder of the English resident Died in his confinement 1817. ALI, Beg, a native of Poland, first dragoman ot Mahomet IV., celeb, for his skill in lang., d. 1675. ALI, Bey or Beg, chief of the Mamelukes, dis- tinguished for his surprising valour and genius, born 1728, killed 1773. ALI, Ibn Buwayh, founder of a Persian dynasty in the 10th century. "ALI, Ibn Hammud, founder of a dynasty in Cordova and all Moham. Spain, 10th century. ALI, Pacha, of Jannina, was born about the year 1750, at the little fortified village of Tepelene, m Albania, in European Turkey. Ali's family belonged to one of the Albanian tribes that had long embraced Mahometanism ; and his ancestors for some generations had been chieftains of Tepelene. Ali's fr.ther had been stripped of the greater part of his possessions by a confederacy of the neighbouring chiefs; and when the old man "died of a broken heart, AH was but a boy of fourteen years. But Ali's mother, Khamko, survived, and was a woman of remarkable energy. She- successfully defended Tepelene, the last remnant of her son's heritage, against his father's foes : and to her example and influence, much both of the vigour and of the ferocity which characterized Ali in after years, may be attributed. As the lad grew up, the mother trained him to make glory and revenge the sole objects of his existence. He collected a small band of armed followers, and made repeated forays into the lands of his hostile neighbours. Sometimes he sought adventures and booty alone, common freebooter, or Klephtis, according to the this adventurous manner ; and many of the vicissi- modern Greek title. Ali'searly youth was passed in tudes that he encountered are far more romantic than any novelist ever invented. By the time that he was twenty-four, he had recovered the greater part of the hereditary territories of his family ; his wealth and his retainers were increasing rapidly, and his fame as a military chief was spread throughout Albania, and the neighbouring provinces. He now began to intrigue for promotion and influence at the sultan's court ; and lavished his treasures for that purpose in ' bribes among the leading members of the divan at Constantinople. Partly by these arts, and partly on the strength of the more creditable claims which he acquired by doing good service at the head of a body of Albanians in the war of 1787, against Austria and Russia, Ali obtained official rank and favour from the sultan. He was made pacha of Tricala, in Thessaly, and soon held other appointments ; but his great object was to obtain the pachalic of Jannina, m southern Albania, and by audacious craft and briber}', he succeeded in this in 1788. Jannina thenceforth was the capital of his dominions. Ali proved almost invariably an overmatch for the other pachas who entered into rivalry with him. He sometimes put them down by open force, but he more frequently ridded himself of such adversaries by secret assas- sination, or by sowing calumnies against them at the sultan's divan. The suppression of the little local chiefs, and the subjugation of the indepen- dent towns and tribes in Albania, was a task of more difficulty. In particular, the tribe of the Suliotes resisted him with the noblest courage; and called into activity against them that fiendish U ALI rindietiveness which was a leading feature in his character. Many years passed away before it was gratified ; and Ah sustained from the Suliotes more than one humiliating defeat. By degrees this heroic race was overpowered, and in 1802, the garrison of their last stronghold was massacred, after a war in which Ali sullied himself by the meanest perfidy, as well as by the most blood- thirsty barbarity. Ali extirpated the robber-chiefs who (as he himself had done in his youth) infested the mountain passes of Albania. He crushed the local independence of the chiefs, and made his authority practically as well as nominally supreme over their hereditary jurisdiction. His dominions were made as orderly, and as secure for the merchant and the traveller, as those of any European poten- tate. He enriched Jannina and his other cities with stately buildings, and secured them with fortifications. He encouraged and protected fo- reign merchants. He sternly enforced a complete equality of the members of all religious creeds. Swift to discover, and merciless to punish all crimes, save his own, he gave Albania a degree of tranquillity and prosperity, such as the country had never enjoyed since the days of its ancient Epirote princes. Ali Pacha watched with eager interest the wars that raged throughEuropean Chris- tendom, after the breaking out of the French revolu- tion. His great object was to make himself master of an ample and compact dominion, which was to in- clude Albania, the Ionian isles, Macedonia, Thessaly, and the whole of Greece. He obtained posses- sion of the city of Prevesa, and other towns on the mainland, but he could not gain the Ionian islands, though he entered into a long series of intrigues, alliances, and hostilities with the French and their enemies, in succession. But though unable to realize the magnificent scheme which he had formed, Ali was for many years a prince of high power and renown, whose favour was courted by the statesmen of European as well as of Asiatic courts. Had the late sultan Mahmud been as im- becile as were his immediate predecessors, Ali Pacha would, in all human probability, have closed his career in prosperity and peace. But sultan Mahmud was resolute to reform the anarchy of his kingdom ; and his proud spirit chafed at the idea of permitting his authority to be bearded by a vassal like Ali, whose insubordination was so imperious, and so notorious throughout the world. A pretext was soon found for assailing him, and the sultan proclaimed Ali a rebel, and all faithful Ma- hometans were ordered to destroy him. The war between the pachas who marched at the sultan's bid- ding, and the old pacha of Jannina, commenced in 1820. At first Ali had the advantage ; but sultan Mahmud inspired his lieutenants with some of his own spirit. Many of Ali's strongholds were wrested from him the greater part of his troops deserted him his sons made terms with the ene- my, or were slain; and before the end of 1820, Ali was closely besieged in Jannina. It was in vain that he bribed the sultan's ministers : Mahmud declared that any person who spoke in behalf of Ali should be put to death. Other sums of money were sent from Jannina to Greece, with the view of rr.ising an insurrection, and drawing away the besieging army to suppress it. The Greek war of independence was thus fomented, and some of the ALL Greek chiefs endeavoured to assist Ali in Albania, but the Turkish troops steadily pressed the siege of Jannina. At last Ali treated for a surrender : and, by a piece of retributive justice, he who had destroyed so many by first granting, and then violating treaties of capitulation, now became the victim of a similar fraud. Khurshid Pacha, who commanded the besiegers, by giving a solemn pledge that the sultan's pardon for Ali had been granted, induced Ali to surrender, and then had him put to death, though not till after the old man liad defended himself desperately, and shot three of the soldiers who were sent to slay him. The gray head was cut off, and sent to Constan- tinople, where sultan Mahmud received it with his own hands, and exhibited it in grim triumph to the members of his divan. Ali Pacha was killed on 22d February, 1822. [E.S.C.] l **tffe$p* [Tomb of AH Pacha ] ALIAMET, J., a French engraver, died 1788. ALIBAUD, Louis, a republican, b. 1810, at- tempted the life of Louis Philippe, and executed at Paris 1836. ALIMPIUS, a Russian painter, 12th century. ALISON, R., an Eng. composer, 16th century. ALISON, Rev. Archibald, a minister of the Scottish Episcopal Church, celebrated for his philo- sophical essay on Taste, 1757-1828. ALIX, of Champagne, queen of Louis VII. of France, married 1160, died 1206. ALIX, Peter, a French divine, 17th century. ALKMAAR, H., a German poet, 15th century. ALKMADE, C, an antiquary, 1654-1737. ALLAINVAL, L. C. D'., a dramatist, d. 1753. ALLAN, D., a Scotch painter, 1744-1796. ALLAN, Geo., son of the preceding, d. 1828. ALLAN, Geo., an English antiquary, d. 1800. ALLAN, Sir William, a disting. hist, painter, b. in Edinburgh, 1782 ; sue. Sir David Wilkie as President of the Royal Scot. Acad. 1841 ; d. 1850. ALLARD, Guv, author of works connected with the history of Dauphiny, died 1716. ALLARD, J. F., a French bibliopole, a great collector of literary curiosities, 1795-1831. ALLARD, Jean Francoise, a French officer, adviser of Runjeet-Singh, king of Lahore, b. 1785, quitted France 1815, died 1839. ALLARD, M. A. L., a deputy to the French assembly, born 1750, executed 1794. 27 ALL ALLARTE, MARIE Gay, a French novelist and translator, 1750-1821. ALLARUS, Leo, a Greek physician, d. 1669. ALLEGRAIN, Et., a French painter, d. 1738. ALLEGRAIN, C. G., a French sculpt., d. 1795. ALLEGRI. See Correggio. ALLEGRI, Alex., an Italian poet, 16th cent. ALLEGRI, Greg., an Italian composer, author of the ' Miserere,' 1590-1640. ALLEGRINI, Fr., an Italian painter, d. 1785. ALLEIN, Joseph, author of the ' Alarm to Unconverted Sinners,' 1623-1688. ALLAN, Ethan, a distinguished general of the American revolution, d. 1789. ALLEN, Ira, brother of the preceding, and secretary of Vermont, d. 1814. ALLEN, John, chancellor of Ireland, murdered by the Earl of Kildare, 1534. ALLEN, John, M.D., a distinguished historian and political writer, 1771-1843. ALLEN, Paul, an American poet, d. 1826. ALLEN, Th., a mathematician, 1542-1632. ALLEN, T., antiquarian, 1803-1833. ALLEN, W. H., an American naval officer, b. 1784; killed in action, 1813. ALLESTREE, R., a celebrated divine, 17th c. ALET, J. C, a French engraver, 17th century. ALLEY, W., an English reformer, died 1570. ALLEY, Rev. Jerome, LL.D., a theological and political writer, 1778-1826. ALLEYN, Edward, a celebrated actor of the 16th century, the companion of Shakspeare, and a benefactor to learning and his country, as the founder of Dulwich College, was born in London, 1st September, 1566. It is probable that he was introduced to the stage through his mother's second marriage with a haberdasher and player, named Brown, and it is certain that he had a joint share with him and one Richard Jones in certain 'playing apparels, play books, instruments, &c.' In 1592 Alleyn married Joan Woodward, step- daughter of the theatrical manager, Philip Hen- slowe, and in conjunction with his new relative undertook the management of the Rose Theatre, Bankside, for a short season. After their separa- tion Alleyn appears to have visited the provinces by himself, but in 1600 they united again to build [The Foituno Theatro.J a new theatre, called ' The Fortune,' situated in Cripplegate; and were also joint patentees in ' the mastership of his majesty's games of bears, ALL bulls, and dogs,' exhibited at Paris Garden, which they rebuilt in 1606. In the same year Alleyn purchased the manor of Dulwich from Sir Francis Calton, and ten years afterwards, the death of Henslowc left him sole proprietor of their various speculations, to which he had already added a snare in the Blackfriars Theatre, supposed to have been Shakspeare's interest in it, purchased in 1612. A career like this betokens a prosperous and clever man, and accordingly he was known by his contemporaries as ' famous Ned Alleyn.' In Ben Jonson's estimate, he was equal to the great actors of Rome, and seems most to have excelled in ma- jestic parts. Greene's ' Orlando Furioso,' and Marlowe's ' Jew of Malta,' are mentioned as char- acters of his. The burning down of the Globe and Fortune Theatres turned the current of his fortunes; but before this reverse he had delighted in acts of benevolence, and sequestered all his lands to the college, designed for the support of one master, one warden, and four fellows, three of whom were to be ecclesiastics, and one a skilful organist, and also of six poor men, six women, and twelve boys to be educated in good literature. After some legal difficulties the patent passed the Great Seal on the 21st June, 1619, and on the 13th September fol- lowing, Alleyn having formally and publicly dis- possessed himself of all property in the foundation, entered it with his wife as inmates of the estab- lishment and equals of those for whose comfort and elevation it was intended. He still, however, continued master of the king's games; and his diary represents him as occasionally baiting before the king at Greenwich. It was during his resi- dence in the college, indeed, that the Fortune Theatre was burned down, which he forthwith re- built. Hiving lost his wife in 1624, Alleyn mar- ried again, and expired himself on the 25th November, 1626; by his will endowing twenty almshouses, ten in the parish of St. Botolph, and ten in St. Saviour's, Southwark, besides leaving considerable legacies to his widow and relatives. The motive to these various acts of munificence has been superstitiousiy ascribed to the circum- stances of Alleyn having been surprised by the apparition of the devil in one of his performances ; but no intelligent reader will pay the slightest re- gard to so absurd a story. There may have been some vanity the player's peculiar fault in the transaction; since Alleyn manifested a partiality for people bearing his own appellation, and directed that the master of the college should always be of the name of Allen or Alleyn. This situation is now of great value ; the revenues of the foundation be- ing large. The college is also rich in works of art, Alleyn himself having left a considerable number of pictures, and Sir Francis Bourgeois in 1810 having bequeathed to it his valuable collection. Papers in the handwriting of Alleyn and Henslowe are also among its treasures. Alleyn's diary, which has been published by the Shakspeare Society, is particularly instructive touching the con- dition of the dramatists of the time. For the most part, they were exceedingly poor, and the remu- neration paid for their works was very small. Those who, like Shakspeare and Alleyn, had the theatres in their possession, profited largely by the prevailing taste ; but the workers in the mines of the drama laboured hr.rd in obscurity for the pre- 28 ALL carious means of subsistence ; and some of the de- tails of their difficulties may be gathered from this most interesting document. From these difficul- "es Shakspeare was exempt ; a fact which sheds light on his character and condition to which sufficient attention has not been paid. The great ness of the poet was in fact doubtless due to hi favourable position as an actor and manager ; how this was attained is a point on which some ex- planation is yet desirable. [J.A.H.] ALLIEN, L. De H., a French antiq., d. 1827. ALLIONI, Ch., an Ital. botanist, 1725-1804. ALLISON. See Alison. ALLIX. See Alix. ALLOISI, Balth., an Italian nainter, d. 1638. ALLOW, Alex., an Italian painter, d. 1607. ALLORI, Christophano, son of the preced- ing, also an eminent artist, d. 1619. ALLSTON, Washington, a distinguished his- torical painter of America, d. 1843. ALLUT, Jean, the pseudonyme of Elie Ma- rion, a wr. of the 18th c. who claimed inspiration. ALLY. See An of Oude. ALMAGEO, Diego De, one of the Spanish conquerors of America, confederate with Pizarro. Made governor of Chili by Charles V. Defeated and put to death in a quarrel with the Pizarros, 1538. His son of the same name was executed by order of Herrada, after a bloody engagement, 1542. AL-MAHDI, caliph of the Saracens, 776-785. AL-MAMUN, or ABDALLAH, son of Haroun- al-Raschid, and his sue. in the caliph., 814-833. AL-MAMUN, sultan of Toledo, 1040-1077. AL-MAMUN, sultan of Africa, 1185-1232. ALMANASOR, a caliph of the Saracens, who became a baker, died 1205. ALMANSUR, or ALMANZOR, the Victorious, caliph from 754 to 775. ALMARUS, abbot of St. Austin convt., 11th c. ALMEIDA, Em., a Portuguese missry., 16th ct. ALMEIDA, Fr. De, Portuguese viceroy of India 1505, killed at the Cape, 1509. ALMEIDA, Lorenzo De, son of Francis, a ccl. naval commander, k. in action with the Turks. ALMELA, Diego De, a Sd. writer, 15th cent. ALMELOVEEN, Theodore Jansen Van, a Dutch physician and scholar, 1647-1742. ALMERAS, Louis, a Fr. general, 1768-1828. ALMINARA, Marquis, a Spanish diplomatist. ALMOADES. See Abdel-Mumen. ALMON, John, a political writer, 1738-1805. ALMORAVIDES. See Abdallah-Ben-Yus. ALOADDIN, a sheik of Syria, commonly called the Old Man of the Mountains. In the history of the crusades his followers are called Assassins, corrupted from Arsacides, of whom he was prince. ALOMPRA, a man of obscure birth, who founded the Burmese empire, 18th century. ALONZO DE VIADO, a Sp. reformer, b. 1775. ALP-ARSLAN, a Turkish suit., 1064-1072. ALPHERY, Mikepher, a Russian prince, who became an English rector, and refused the offer of the throne of Russia, 17th century. ALPHONSO. See Alfonso. ALPHONSUS, a Sp. historian, 14th centurv. ALPHONSUS, Tostatus, one of the most eminent theologians of Spain, 15th century. ALPINI, Pkospero, a physiological "botanist and physician, 1553-1617. 29 ALV ALQUIER, a m. of the Fr. assem., 1742-1820. ALSOUFI, an Arabian astronomer, 10th cent. ALSTEDIUS, J. H., a Ger. divine, 1588-1688. ALSTON, Ch., a Scotch botanist, 1683-1760. ALSTROEMER, Joseph, a Swedish economist of great practical ability, 1685-1761. ALTDORFER, or ALTORF, Albert, a pain- ter and architect of Bavaria, 1488-1578. ALTEN, General Charles, a German officer, disting. under Wellington, and created count Alton after the battle of Waterloo, 1764-1840. ALTER, Fr. Ch., a German critic, d. 1804. ALTFRIDE, bishop of Munster, 9th century. ALTHAMERAS, a Swiss reformer, died 1450. ALTILIO, Gabriel, a poet of Naples, d. 1501. ALTING, H., an em. Germ, divine, 1583-1641. ALTING, James, son of the preceding, pro- fessor of Hebrew at Groningen, 1618-1679. ALTING, Menso, a Calvinist minister, d. 1612. ALTING, Menso, a topographical wr., d. 1713. ALTISSIMO, an Italian improvisatore. ALTISSIMO, a Florentine painter, 16th cent. ALTMAN, J. G., a Swiss historian, professor of philosophy and Greek at Berne, 1697-1758. ALTOMARI, a naturalist of the 16th century. ALTON, Count, an Austrian general, died 1787. ALTON, Count, brother of the preceding, killed near Dunkirk, 1793. ALTORF. See Altdorfer. ALURED, an English annalist of the Britons, Saxons, and Normans, 12th century ALVA Y ASTORGA, Peter De, a Spanish monk and mystical writer, 17th century. ALVA, Ferdinand, duke of Alva, (or Alba, as it is sometimes called,) stands unenviably pro- minent in the history of the 16th century as the sternest instrument of the sternest crowned bigot of that age. Alva was born 'in 1508, of one of the most noble families in Castile ; he entered the army in early youth, and served with dis- tinction in the greater part of the wars of the emperor Charles V., both in Europe and Africa. He was looked on as the first in ability and in honour among the emperor's generals; and when Philip II. succeeded to the throne of Spain on Charles's abdication, Alva continued to be the great military duke of the council and the armies of Spain. He acted as Philip's plenipoten- tiary in concluding the treaty of Chateau Cam- bres in 1558, which was not a mere pacification between France and Spain, but a league of the Roman Catholic powers for the extermination of Protestantism. Alva was henceforth the frequent and confidential adviser of the most violent Ro- manists in France ; and there is little doubt but that it was in pursuance of his exhortations at the interview between him and Catherine of Medici in 1565, that the hideous massacre of St. Bartho- lomew was planned and perpetrated. The Nether- lands, (including both modem Holland and modem Belgium,) formed a valuable part, of the vast do- minions which Philip had inherited. The Re- formed doctrine had made great progress there, and Alva urged on his sovereign the duty of extir- pating heresy in every part of his kingdom, by the same system of merciless persecution which had been employed with seeming success in Spain itself. In 1567 Philip determined on this fatal policy, and ordered Alva to lead a veteran army ALV into the Netherlands, giving him powers which superseded all the ordinary governors and magis- trates of the provinces. At the head of 20,000 chosen troops, Alva now commenced his reign of terror at Brussels. He formed a council of 12 of his most unscrupulous and merciless officers, which he called the Council of Troubles, but which soon acquired, and deserved, the name of the Council of Blood. The council had unlimited power over the properties and the lives of the Netherlanders. Every one who was charged with heresy or dis- loyalty, was dragged before this tribunal, which dealt out confiscation, torture, and death, through- out the unhappy country. Tumults soon followed, winch gave a pretext for letting loose the ferocious soldiery on the wretched inhabitants; and the Spanish troops were permitted, and even encour- aged by their commanders, to practise an amount of licentious brutality and fiendish cruelty, such as cannot be read of without shuddering, and which excited general horror even in that age of reli- fious wars. Alva's avowed maxim was that the ing would rather see the whole country a desert, than permit a single heretic to live in it. By treacherously pretending great favour and respect towards the counts of Egmont and Horn, two of the principal chiefs of the Netherlanders, he suc- ceeded in getting these noblemen into his power, and then arrested them and put them to death after a mock trial. The other national leader of the provinces, Prince William of Orange, more wisely distrustful of Alva, kept away from his court ; and when the maddened population of the northern provinces took up arms against the in- tolerable tyranny of Spain, the Prince of Orange became their chief, and levied an army in Ger- many, with which he sought to rescue his country from Alva. This was the commencement of the glorious Dutch war of independence, which was maintained for 68 years, and ended in the separa- tion of the seven united provinces from the domin- ion of Spain. In the first five years of that war, which passed before Alva's recall from his command, he fully displayed the high nature of his military talents in battle and in siege, and still more in the cautious skill of his manoeuvres. But the spirit of resistance which he had aroused was unconquer- able. He was ill seconded by the Spanish court ; and his troops, ill paid and ill supplied, grew in- subordinate and mutinous. Alva was recalled in December, 1573, after a command of six years, during which he boasted that he had brought 18,000 persons to the scaffold, besides the almost countless numbers that had been massacred at Haarlaem, and other revolted cities which his troops took by storm, and those also who perished under the unrecorded acts of wanton cruelty which the soldiery were allowed to practise throughout the unhappy country. In 1582 Alva was once more employed by his sovereign, and led the expedition against Portugal. The aged general completely conquered that country in ten weeks, and placed its crown on Philip's head ; an acquisition which might seem to counterbalance the calamitous war in the Netherlands. This was the last act of Alva's long and active life, for he died in the same year, at the age of 74. [E.S.C.] ALVARADO, Don Pedbo, one of the compan- ions of Cortez, lulled 1541. AMA ALVARADO, Alph. De, one of the compan- ions of Pizarro, died 1553. ALVARES, Affonso, a popular dramath writer of Portugal, 17th ce ntu ry . ALVAREZ, Eman., a Portuguese grammarian rector at Evora, 1526-1582. ALVAREZ, Ferd., a Port, poet, 16th century ALVAREZ, Fr., a Port, divine, died 1640. ALVAREZ, Gomez, a Sp. poet, 1488-1538. ALVAREZ, Jose, a Sp. sculptor, died 1827. ALVAREZ, Juan, a Sp. lawyer, died 1546. ALVAROTTO, Jas., an Ital. lawyer, d. 1542. ALVENSLEBEN, P. C, count of, a diplo- matist and historian of Hanover, 1745-1802. ALVIANO, Bart., a Venetian general, distinj. in the wars of the republic, 1455-1515. ALVINTZY, Peter, a classical scholar and minister of Hungary, 17th century. ALVINZY, an Austrian officer, 1726-1810. ALXINGAR, J. B., a Germ, poet, died 1797. ALYATTE I., king of Lydia, 761-747 b.c. ALYATTE II., king of Lydia, 610-559 n.c. ALYPIUS, the architect employed by Julius to rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem, 363. ALYPIUS, an African bishop, died 430. ALZATE-Y-RAMIREZ, J. A., an astronomer and geographer, 18th century. AMAD-EDDOULAT, sultan of Persia, 933 to 949, founder of the Bouian dynasty. AMADEUS. The counts of Maurienne of this name are the ancestors of the house of Savoy. Amad. I. and II. are of uncertain date. Amad. III. fl. 1103-1148 ; Amad. IV, count of Savoy, 1233-1253; Amad. V. 1285-1323; Amad. VI. 1343-1383; Amad. VII. 1383-1391; Amad. VIII. 1391-1451 ; Amad. IX. 1465-1472. AMADIO, And., an illuminator, 15th century. AMADUZZI, J. C, a Rom. scholar, 18th cent. AMAIA, Fr., a Spanish lawyer, died 1640. AMAGE, a queen of ancient Sarmatia. AMAK, a Persian poet, 6th centurv. AMALARIUS, the founder of Christianity in Saxony ; archbp. of Treves 810 ; ambassador from Charlemagne to Constantinople 813, died 814. AMALARIUS, an eccles. writer, 9th century. AMALTHEUS, archbp. of Athens, died 1600. AMALTHEUS, the name of several Latin poets ; Jerome, 1460-1517; Mark Antony, his bro- ther, 1475-1558; Francis, a younger brother, married 1505; Jerome, son of Francis, 1506- 1574; John Baptist, another son, 1525-1573; Cornelius, younger br. of thepreced., 1530-1603. AMAND, Mark Antony Gerard, lord of St., a French poet, 1594-1661. AMAR, J. P., a eel. member of the French con- vention, b. 1750, tried for conspiring with Babeuf and acquitted, 1795, died 1816. AMAR, Du Rivier, a miscellaneous author and translator, born 1765. AMARA-SINHA, a Hindoo poet and gram- marian, author of a Sanscrit dictionary, 1st c. b.c. AMARETTI, Abbe C, a mineralogist, b. 1743. AMARITON, Jean, a philosopher, 16th cent. AMARAL, Ant., a learned Port., 1753-1820. AMASEO, Romulus, a Latin scholar and teacher of the Belles Leitres at Padua, 1489-1552. AMASIS, king of Egypt, 6th century B.C. AMATI, a violin maker, lived about 1600. AMATUS, a Jewish physician, lb'th century. 30 AMA AMATUS LUSITANUS, a Portuguese physi- ian of Jewish origin, 1511-1561. AMAURI DE CHARTRES, a mystic philo- opher, condemned by Innocent III., 1204, d. 1209. AMAURY I., king of Jerusalem, 1165-1173. AMAURY II., assumed the title 1197, d. 1203. AMAZIAH, king of Judah, B.C. 849-820. AMBERGER, Chris., a Dutch paint., d. 1550. AMBIORIX, k. of the Eburones, 1st cent. B.C. AMBOISE, Fr., a miscell. writer, died 1612. AMBOISE, G. D', a French cardinal and min- ster of state, legate of Alex. VI., 1460-1510. AMBOISE, Aimery, brother of the preceding, disting. naval commander, and grand master of he order of St. John of Jerusalem, 1434-1512. AMBOISE, Chaumont, lord of, a French ;eneral, nephew of the cardinal, died 1611. AMBOISE, M. D', a French poet, died 1547. AMBROGI, Ant., a Latin scholar, 1712-1788. AMBROGI, Tesco, an Orientalist, 1469-1540. AMBROSE, St., son of the praetorian praffect >f Gaul, was probably born at Treves about 340. :Iis father died when Ambrose was but a boy, but le was well educated, and being possessed of great hetorical powers, he soon rose to high eminence is a forensic pleader at Milan. At the death of jishop Auxentius, in 374, there was intense struggle and conflict between the Catholics and Brians about a successor, and Ambrose, as Con- tular, happened to deliver a peaceful oration to ;he people, when an admiring and forward child aiedfrom a corner of the crowd, Ambrosius Epis- zopus 'Ambrose Bishop.' The people hailed this as an omen from heaven, and in spite of every attempt on the part of Ambrose to elude the honour, he was baptized, and eight days after his baptism installed as bishop. The first literary work of bishop Ambrose was to patronise and advocate celibacy. But his principal efforts were directed against Arianism, which enjoyed imperial patronage, especially that of Justina, mother of Valentinian II. The city of Milan was embroiled in the conflict, but the bishop, backed by the population, was more than a match for the em- press-mother and her Gothic troops. He put his episcopal power and prerogative to the test when he kept the emperor Theodosius for eight months under excommunication on account of a massacre in Thcssalonica in which he had been concerned, and made him do public penance ere he was admitted into the great church at Milan. He also, in 384, successfully resisted the re-introduction of pagan worship. The affairs of his diocese occu- pied the remainder of his life, and he died in 397. Ihe theology of Ambrose was chiefly borrowed from the fathers of the Greek church, and his eloquence, though great, is often tainted with an affected imitation of Ciceronian periods. His life was so occupied with the political relations of his high position, that he could not bestow upon theology a calm, prolonged, and successful study. He introduced into his cathedral the antiphonal chants of the Eastern church, but the magni- ficent 'Te Deum Laudamus,' which bears his name, was a composition somewhat later than his busy period. His works were published by the Benedictines of France in two folios, in 1686-90, and Cardinal Angelo Mai has also discovered and edited two others of his literary productions. [J.E.] AME AMBROSINI, Ambrozio, a composer, d. 1700. AMBROSINI, Bart., a botanist, 17th century. AMBROSINI, G., a writer on demonology, 16th centurv. AMBROSIUS, a religious poet, died 1541. AMBROSIUS AURELIANUS, a Br. k., d. 508. AMEIL, Aug., a Fr. officer, d. in prison, 1822. AMEILHON, H. P., a Fr. hist., 1730-1811. AMELIA, Anne, a princess of Prussia, sister of Frederick the Great, 1723-1787. AMELIA, duchess dowager of Saxe Weimar, a friend of Goethe, Schiller, and others, 1739-1807. AMELIA, princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, b. 1776, married 1793, died 1810. AMELIA, daughter of Geo. III., 1783-1810. AMELIUS, a Neo-Platonist, 3d century. AMELOT, N., a French statesman, 1788. AMELOT DE LA HOUSSAYE, Nich., a Fr. historian and translator, died 1706. AMENOPHIS, the name of several kings of Egypt, of uncertain date, but many ages B.C. AMELUNGHI, Jerome, an It. poet, 16th cent. AMENTA, a poet of Naples, 1659-1719. AMERBACH, John, a printer, died 1552. AMERBACH, Boniface, son of John, d. 1502. AMERIGO VESPUCCI, well known as the navigator after whom the New World has been named, was born at Florence in the year 1451. Little is known of his history till Ferdinand of Spain gave him employment as a pilot about the year 1495 ; at which time he was clerk or partner in the house of Berardi, also a Florentine, a merchant in Seville, and a contractor for the navy. On the 20th May, 1497, by his own account, and in 1499 by that of all others, he sailed from a port of Gallicia, (Oporto?) with four ships, in the capacity of pilot to Alonzo de Ojeda. In 27 days from the Canaries the coast of S. America was reached, which he traced westwards as far as Cape de la Vela, holding occasional intercourse with the natives. Turning northwards, he touched at Hispaniola or Haiti, and reached Spain on 15th October, 1499. Sub- sequently the king of Portugal engaged his ser- vices ; and, by his own account, he performed threo other voyages ; but these are considered apocryphal. Returning to Spain in 1505, he was favourably re- ceived; and on the death of Columbus, in the following year, he was appointed chief pilot. In 1507, he published, in Latin, an account of his voyages, which was eagerly read, and translated into several languages. The first suggestion of naming the continent after him was given in an Italian account of his voyages-, and the claim was not disputed. Although an able geographer and skilful pilot, Vespucci cannot be vindicated from the charge of having falsified facts, by repre- senting his first voyage of earlier date, and m omit- ting all mention of the traces which he found, on the coast of Paria, of Columbus's visit made in the previous year. He died in 1512. A certain Alber- icus, or Albert Vesputius, is related in the Novus Orbis' of Grynaeus to have performed a voyage to the S. Atlantic in 1501, during which he fell in with the coast of Brazil. [J.B.J AMES, Fisher, an eloquent statesman anil political writer of America, 1758-1804. AMES, Joseph, a naval commander, d. 1695. AMES, Joseph, author of an historical account of English printing, 1689-1759. ^1 AME AMES, WILLIAM, a controversial div., d. 1633. AMFREYILLE, the Mrquis. D', a French u.ival commander, time of Louis XIV. AMHERST, Jeffrey, Lord, an officer disting. in Flanders and America, 1717-1797. AM HURST, N., a miscell. writer, 1701-1742. AMICO, Ant., an antiquarian, died 1641. AMICO, Faustin, an Ital. poet, 16th century. AMICO, Vito, a theol. and antiq., 18th cent. AMICONI, Giacomo, a Ven. painter, d. 1753. AMILCAR, the father of Hannibal, k. 228 B.C. AMIOT, Father, a Fr. Jesuit and missionary to China, disting. by his long residence and re- searches in that country, 1718-1794. AMINTA, a burlesque poet, 16th century. AMLETH, a prince of Jutland, 2d cent. B.C. AMMAN, Jose, a Swiss painter, died 1591. AMMAN, John Conrad, a distinguished teacher of the deaf and dumb, 1669-1724. AMMAN, John, a lecturer on botany, d. 1740. AMMAN, Paul, a professor of physiology, natural history, and botanv, died 1691. AMMANATI, B., an Ital. sculptor, 16th cent, AMMIANAS, a Latin historian, 4th century. AMMIRATO, a Neapolitan poet, 1531-1601. AMMON, Andrew, a Latin poet, died 1517. AMMONIUS, a Syrian general, put to death by Ptolemy Philometor, b.c. 145. AMMONIUS, a surgeon of Alexandria. AMMONIUS, an Athenian philosopher, 1st c. AMMONIUS, a philosopher of the eclectic school, flourished in the 6th century. AMMONIUS, called Saccas, or Sack- Carrier, from his first occupation at the port of Alexandria, is the reputed iounder of the New Platonic school. He was born in the second cen- tury, and some affirm that he was born of Chris- tian parents, but that in riper years he apostatized. Porphyry affirms it, while Eusebius and Jerome as stoutly deny it. Possessed of a creative genius, and conversant with the prevalent philosophies, he strove hard to form a species of eclecticism, in which Christianity and all systems of philosophy should be harmonized. In his attempt to accom- plish this, he, as might be anticipated, robbed Christianity of its prime peculiarities, and did great violence to the current philosophies in accommo- dating them to the new religion. The works ascribed to him are numerous. Died 243, about eighty years of age. Longinus, Origen, and Plotinus are usually reckoned among his disciples. [J.E.I AMMONIUS, Levinus, a Flemish monk of distinguished learning, died 1556. AMO, a negro from the gold coast, distinguished for his profound learning, 18th century. AMON, J. A., a German composer,' died 1825. AMONTOUS, W., a Fr. mathemat., 1663-1705. - AMORE, S. D., a Sicilian poet, 17th century. AMORETTI, Ch., an It. mineralo., 1740-1816. AMORETTI, M. P., a learned Italian, d. 1787. AMORY, Tn., a dissenting divine, 1701-1774. AMORY, Th., a literary recluse, author of several eccentric works, died 1789. AMOS, a Jewish prophet, 8th century, B.C. AMPERE, Andre Marie, one of the greatest discoverers in electro-magnetism, 1775-1836. AMRU, Ben-El-As, a eel. warrior of the Islam faith, conqueror of Egypt, Nubia, and part of Lybia; ruler of Egypt 659, died 662. ANA AMRU, BKN-LETTH, suit, of Khorns., 878-902 AMULIUS, king of Alba, 8th centurv B.C. AMURATH L, third Ottoman sul., i'n.ir. of thd corps of Janissaries, b. 1319, sue. 1360, d. 1389. AMURATH II., b. 1404, sultan 1422-1451. AMURATH III., b. 1544, sultan 1575, diec after the conquest of Raab, 1594. AMURATH IV., bom 1609, sultan 1622, took Bagdad 1637, died 1640. AMYN AHMED, a learned Persian, 17th cent, AMYOT, Jas., a learned Fr. prelate, d. 1593. AMYRAUT, Moses, a Fr. theologian, d. 1664. AMYNTAS I., king of Macedon, B.C. 510. AMYNTAS II., king 394, died 370. AMYRUTZES, a philosopher of Trebisond, who became a Mahomedan, 15th century. ANACHARSIS, a Scythian philos., 600 b.c. ANACLETUS, bishop of Rome, 73-91. ANACLETUS, an anti-pope, elected 1130. ANACREON, the eel. lyric of ancient Greece, lived in the 6th cent. B.C., chiefly at the court of Polycrates, the tyrant of Samos. He is said to have been choked by a grape stone, in the act of drinking wine, at the age of 85. ANAFESTUS, first doge of Venice, 697-717 ANANIAS, high priest of the Jews, 47. ANARIA, G. L., a wr. on demonology, 16th c. ANASTASIUS I., emperor of the East, bora 430, succeeded 491, died 518. ANASTASIUS II., succeeded 713, deposed by Leo III. 715, put to death 719. ANASTASIUS I., pope of Rome, 398-402. ANASTASIUS II., elected 496, died 498. ANASTASIUS III., elected 911, died 913. ANASTASIUS IV., elected 1153, died 1154. | ANASTASIUS, an anti-pope, elected 855-6. ANASTASIUS, patriarch of Antioch, died 599. ANASTASIUS, the Younger, patrh. 599-608. ANASTASIUS, a Roman abbot, 9tti century. ANATOLIUS, St., bishop of Laodicea, 2&S. ANATOLIUS, a jurist of the 6th centurv. ANATOLIUS, patriarch of C'nple, 449-458. ANAXAGORAS, the most illustrious philoso- pher of the Ionian school ; celebrated in history as the friend of Pericles, and because of his trial and condemnation at Athens for alleged impiety. Ho was born at Clazomene, in Ionia, in the seventieth Olympiad: when twenty-four years of age he re- moved to Athens, then the centre of civilization and of Grecian nationality. Saved from death by the intercession and influence of Pericles, he was ban- ished from the adopted home where he had resided for thirty years ; he passed the remainder of his life at Lampsacus, and died there at the age of seventy-two, surrounded by respect and honour. Anaxagoras belongs in philosophy to the Ionic school, that school whose researches were confined to the nature and laws of physical phenomena. Nevertheless, he differs in important respects from his predecessors; and certainly he was the last In- quirer in Athens who ought to have been subjected to the accusation of impiety. The earlier Ionians, in their imperfect efforts to comprehend the changes of the external universe, generally imagined it pos- sible to reduce all things to varieties of one single element; for instance, it was a favourite specula- tion that water is the principle or substance of whatever exists; a dogma founded, perhaps, on a rude observation of the changes of form or ANA TinrJe, through which water may pass. Anaxagoras lad the merit of discerning the necessary futility jf all such generalizations, declaring that the ele- ments, first principles, or atoms of things, must be very numerous, or even infinite ; elements so far resembling each other as to be capable of com- bining together, and forming, by their various unions, those varied properties or qualities which we recognize in things. But, beyond this step in itself highlv important Anaxagoras adventured on another, of still greater consequence. Accepting, like all the Ionians, the dogma that matter is eter- nal that nothing can really be either created or an- nihilated he saw, nevertheless, that the simple pro- perties of an eternal and inert matter could not explain the activity and harmony characterizing the material universe. Hence, said he, the neces- sity of another power the power of Intelligence. I All things were in chaos ; then came Intelligence, which introduced Order.' The functions of Intel- ligence, as he conceived them, were indeed limited merely supplementary, as Aristotle alleged, to those of the physical forces : but the formal recognition of the necessity of such an energy, was surely a movement in philosophy as momentous as new. It must be recorded, m fairness, and in palliation of the condemnation of Anaxagoras, that to the charge of impiety, that of a political crime was added the greatest, certainly, of which a Greek citizen could be suspected the crime of Medism, or of favouring the interests of Persia. [J.P.N.] ANAXAGORAS, a Gr. sculptor, 5th cent. b.c. ANAXANDRIDES, a Greek satirist, starved to death for libelling the government, 400 B.C. ANAXARCHUS, a Greek philosopher, the sup- posed master of Pyrrho, 4th century b.c. ANAXIMANDER, an Ionian philosopher, the disciple and successor of Thales, 610-547 B.C. ANAXIMENES, the disciple and successor of Anaximander, died 500 B.C. ANAXIMENES, a Greek historian, one of the preceptors of Alexander. ANAXIPPUS, a Gr. comedian, 4th cent. B.C. ANCHIETA, Jos., a Portuguese missionary, called the Apostle of the New World, died 1597. ANCHWITZ, N., a member of the Polish diet, the betrayer of his country in 1782, killed 1783. ANCILLON, C, a Fr. historian, 17th century. ANCILLON, David, a Fr. divine, 1617-1715. ANCILLON, J. P. F., an historical and philo- sophical writer of Prussia, 1766-1837. ANCILLON, L. F., a religious writer, d. 1814. ANCKARSTROEM, John James, the assassin of Gustavus III., born 1758, executed 1792. ANCONA, C. D', an Italian antiquary, 15th ct. ANCOURT, Florent C. D', a French drama- tist and actor, 1661-1726. ANCUS MARTIUS, k. of Rome, 634-614 b.c. ANCWITZ, Count. See Anchwitz. ANDERSEN, Geo., a Ger. traveller, 17th cent. ANDERSON, Ad., a Scotch historian, d. 1765. ANDERSON, Alex., a scholar, 17th century. ANDERSON, Sir E., lord chief justice at the trial of Mary Stuart, died 1605. ANDERSON, Geo., at first a labourer, but subsequently accountant-general, author of a work on the affairs of the East India Co., 1760-1796. ANDERSON, G., an Eastern travel., 17th cent. ANDERSON, J., a Scotch advoc, 17th cent. AND ANDERSON, James, a misccl. wr., 1739-1 08. ANDERSON, John, F.R.S., professor of natural philosophy at Glasgow, 1726-1796. ANDERSON, John, a magistrate and author of Hamburgh, died 1743. ANDERSON, L., chancellor of Sweden under Gustavus Vasa, 1480-1552. ANDERSON, R., M.D., a critical and biogra- phical author, died 1830. ANDOCIDES, a Greek orator, 468 B.C. ANDOQUE, P., an historian, died 1664. ANDRE, B., a learned Jesuit, born 1745. ANDRE, C. C, a learned German, 18th cent. ANDRE, J., a German composer, 1741-1800. ANDRE, J., a Lutheran divine, 1528-1590. ANDRE, J. V., a German mystic, one of the first Rosicrucians, 1586-1654. ANDRE, John, a major in the British army during the American war of independence, hung as a spy, Oct. 2, 1780. ANDRE, St. See Albon, Jacques D'. ANDRE, Y'ves Mari, a French Jesuit profes- sor of mathematics, 1675-1764. ANDREA, a chronicler, 9th century. ANDREA, Caval Canti, a novelist and mis- cellaneous writer of Italy, died 1672. ANDREA, C, an Ital. tragedian, 17th century. ANDREA, S., an Italian poet, 17th century. ANDREADA, Ferdinand, a Portuguese ad- miral, the first adventurer to China, 1518. ANDREW, John Geo. Rein hard, a natural- ist of Hanover, 1724-1793. ANDREAS, James, a German reformer, sec- retary of the conference at Worms, died 1590. ANDREAS, John, a Corsican prelate, distin- guished as a promoter of printing, 1417-1475. ANDREAS, a learned prelate of Sweden, arch- bishop of Lund, died 1228. ANDREINI, Fr., a Sp. comic wr., died 1616. ANDREINI, Isabella, wife of the preceding, distinguished for her beauty and for her talents as an improvisatore, 1562-1604. ANDREINI, J. B., son of the preceding, u dramatist and poet, born 1578. ANDRELINI, Publio Festo, professor of poetry and philosophy, died 1518. ANDREOLI, G., an Italian sculptor, 16th cent. ANDREOSSI, Anth. Fr., Count, a French diplomatist and military officer, 1761-1828. ANDREOSSI, Fr., an engineer, 1633-1688. ANDREOZZI, Anna, an Ital. singer, d. 1801. ANDREOZZI, G., an Ital. composer, 18th cent. ANDRES, Juan, a Spanish author, 1740-1817. ANDRES DES VOSGES, J. F., a misceUaneous author and translator, bom 1744. ANDREW, St., the apostle, crucified 95. ANDREW of Cyrene, leader of a Jewish revolt in the reign of Trajan. ANDREW of Pisa, distinguished as an archi- tect and universal artist, 1270-1345. ANDREW of Ratisbon, an historian, 15th cent. ANDREW, John, bishop of Aleria, d. 1493. ANDREW, Tobias, a Greek scholar, d. 1676. ANDREW I., king of Hungary, 1047-1061 ; Andw. II., 1204-1235 ; Andw. ILL, 1290-1801. ANDREWES, Gerr., a preacher, 1750-1825. ANDREWES, H., a mathematician, computer of the ephemeris, 1744-1820. ANDREWES, J. P., a miscel. an., 1737-1779. I D AND ANDREWES, Pet. Miuss, a dramatist, d. 1814. ANDREWS, Launcelot, bishop of Winches- ter, dieting, as a scholar and divine, 1565-1626. ANDRIEU, B., a medallion engrav., 1761-1822. ANDREEUX Fr - W. J., Stanislaus, a Fr. dramatist, poet, and miseellan. \vr., 1759-1833. ANDRIOLL M. A., an Ital. writer, 17th cent. ANDRISCUS, a pretender to the crown of Ma- cedan, put to death 148 b.c. ANDROCLES, an Athenian demagogue. ANDROMACHUS, the physician of Nero. ANDRONICUS, Livius, the oldest Latin dra- matist, and Latin translator of Homer, 240 B.C. ANDRONICUS, a Gr. architect, 4th cent. B.C. ANDRONICUS of Rhodes, the restorer of the works of Aristotle, b.c. 63. ANDRONICUS of Thessalonica, one of the Greek refugees from Constantinople, to whom we owe the revival of learning, died 1478. ANDRONICUS I., emperor of Constantinople, born 1110 ; shared the crown with Alexis, 1163 ; caused him to be murd., 1183 ; dethr. and k., 1185. ANDRONICUS II., born 1258; emperor, 1282; dethroned, 1828; died, 1332. ANDRONICUS III., born 1295; rebelled, 1321-5 ; emperor, 1328 ; died, 1341. ANDRONICUS IV., joint sovereign with his father, 1355 ; disinherited, 1373. ANDROUET DU CERCEAU, James, an architect, distinguished in Paris, 16th century. ANDRY, Nich., a medical author, died 1742. ANEAN, Barth., a French poet, killed 1565. ANELIER, a troubadour of the 13th century. ANEURIN, a chief of the ancient Britons, distinguished also as a poet, 6th century. ANFOSSI, P., an Ital. musician, 1736-1795. ANGE, Fr., of Pennsylvania, d. 1767, aged 134. ANGELI, Bonaventura, an hist., d. 1576. ANGELI, Peter, a Latin poet, 1517-1596. ANGELICO, John, an Italian painter, d. 1448. ANGELIO, a Latin poet, 1517-1596. ANGELIS, Stephen De, a mathemat., 17th c. ANGELO, Fioriozzola, an Ital. poet, d. 1548. ANGELO, Policiano, a learned wr., 15th c. ANGELO, Michel. See Michelangelo. ANGELONI, Fr., an Italian historian, d. 1652. ANGELUCCI, Theodore, an Italian poet, translator, and physician, d. 1600. ANGELUS, Chr., a refugee from Greece, pro- fessor of the Greek tongue at Cambridge, d. 1638. ANGERSTEIN, J. J., a virtuoso, distinguished for his collection of paintings, 1735-1822. ANGILBERT, St., abbot of Requier, d. 814. ANGIOLELLO, J.M., a Venetian hist., 15th c. ANGOT, a celebrated French privateer, d. 1551. ANGOULEME, Charles De Valois, duke of, a natural son of Charles IX. and Marie Tou- chct; distinguished for his bravery in the civil wars of France, and in the campaigns of Flanders and Germanv, 1575-1650. ANGUIER, Fr. and Mich., sculptors of Nor- mandy ; the former of whom was most celebrated, ;.nd died 1669 ; the latter, 1686. ANGUILLARA, L., a botanist of the 16th c. ANGUILLARA, an Italian poet, b. 1517. ANGUISCIOLA, a female painter, 16th cent. ANHALT-DESSAU, Leopold, prince of, the creator of the Prussian army, 1676-1747. AN LAN US, an artist and poet, 15th century. ANS ANICH, Peter, an astronomer, 1723-17C6. AN 1(1 1 IX I, Lewis, a medaller, 16th century. ANJOU, the dukes or counts of, descendant* of the Carlovingian kings, ruled the province from! about 870 to 1204, when the line ended in John, king of England. The dukes of the house of Capet reigned 1246 to 1290. The house of Valois, 1290; to 1480. Since this period the dukedom has been reserved as an appanage for the younger princes oi the royal family of France. ANKASTROM. See Anckarstroem. ANNA COMNENA, daughter of Alexis L* emperor of the East, celebrated for her beauty and acquirements, born 1083 being defeated in a con- spiracy for placing the crown on the head of her husband, she devoted her life to letters, and wrote the history of her father's reign ; died 1148. ANNA de Candalles, queen of Ladislaus VI., of Hungary, married 1502. ANNA of Hungary, b. 1503 ; married Fred, of Austria, 1521; died 1547 ANNA IVANOWNA, empress of Russia, born 1693 ; succeeded, 1730 ; died, 1740 ANNA PETROWNA, in whose honour the order of St. Anne was instituted, born 1708 : married, 1725 ; died, 1728. ANNE, queen of England before George I., was the second daughter of James II. and Anne Hyde ; b. 1664 ; mar. to George, brother of the k. of Denmark, 1683 ; sue. her father, 1702 ; d. 1714 k ANNE of Austria, queen of Louis XIIL, and mother of Louis XIV. of France, b. 1602 ; m. 1615 ; regent of the kingdom, 1643-1661 ; d. 1666. ANNE of Bretagne, queen-consort of France, b. 1477 ; married to Charles VIII. 1491, and to Louis XII. 1499 ; died 1514. ANNE of Cleves, b. 1515 ; married to Henrv VIII. and divorced, 1540 ; d. 1557. ANNE of France, daughter of Louis XL, b. 1462 ; married to the lord of Beaujeu, 1474 ; gdi vernante of Charles VIII., 1483-14*8 afterwards duchess of Bourbon till her death, 1522. ANNESE, Gennaro, a leader in the Massa- niello insurrection, 1647. ANNESLEY, Arthur, by turns a royalist ?>n& republican, created earl of Anglesey for his share in the Restoration, 1614-1686. ANNESLEY, S., a eel. Eng. divine, 1620-1696. ANNETT, Peter, a sceptical writer, d. 1778. ANNICERIS, a Greek philosopher, 3d c. B.C. ANNIUS of Viterbo, a Dominican monk, author of a literary imposture, d. 1502. ANNO, archbishop of Cologne, 11th century. ANOT, P. N., a miscellaneous author, d. 1823. ANQUETIL, L. P., a French savant, author of a Universal History, 1728-1808. ANQUETIL Dt PERRON, A. H., broth, of the preceding, disting. as an Oriental scho., 1731-1805. ANSALDI, C. J., an antiquarian, 18th century. ANSALDI, an Italian painter, d. 1816. ANSART, A. J., a Fr. historian, 1723-1790. ANSCARIUS, bishop of Hamburgh, 801-864. ANSEAUME, N., a Fr. dramatist, d. 1784. ANSELM, born in Piedmont in 1033, died in April, 1109 ; the celebrated churchman and meta- physician one of the greatest of those famous men who have held the see of Canterbury. On the death of Lanfranc in 1089, Anselm, then on a visit to England, and whose wisdom, gentleness, oi ANS and solidity of character had gained for him Euro- |)ean repute, was nominated to the primacy by Wil- iam Rufus. It is not necessary to refer here to the political history of this celebrated prelate ; nor can we glance otherwise than cursorily at those products of his genius the Monologium and the I'roslogium, by which he is known in philosophy. These two remarkable writings are dedicated to an exposition of two demonstrations of the Existence of God. The Monologium contains the usual in- ductive argument inferring from the qualities of Nature, absolute qualities or divine attributes ; and resolving these into a divine and absolute Being. Anselm's original work is the Prosoloqium ; and certainly he has stated there, in every fulness, the peculiar argument afterwards expounded by Des Cartes. Briefly, the argument is this, expressed nearly in his own words : ' The madman who denies the reality of God, conceives, nevertheless, of a Being more elevated than all others that exist, or rather so perfect, that nothing no form of being can be called superior to him. But he affirms that there is no real existence corresponding to this men- tal conception or idea. In making such an affirma- tion, however, he contradicts himself. Denying the attribute of existence to this very Being, to whom, nevertheless, he attributes all perfection, he virtu- ally says, that the most perfect is inferior to many other things which are not perfect, but which en- joy the supreme attribute of existence.' We shall speak more fully of this peculiar form of argument, by which the being of God is attempted to be in- ferred from the idea of God, in our notice of Des Cartes. Anselm's metaphysical writings have re- cently been republished by Bouchittd, under the title, Rationalisme Cretien : and Remusat has just ! completed a valuable volume on the prelate's life and character. [J.P.N.] ANSELME of Paris, 1625-1094. ANSELME, Anth., a French preacher, also a distinguished savant : 1652-1737. ANSELME, Geo., the Elder, a mathematician, d. 1440. His grandson, of the same name, distin- guished as a physician, d. 1528. ANSON, George, Lord, was born at Colwich, near Rugeley in Staffordshire, on the 23d April, 1697. His father was William Anson, Esq. of Shugborough, a property in the same county, pur- chased in the reign of James I. by William Anson of Lincoln's Inn,an eminent barrister, the founder of the family, and great-grandfather of the subject of the present notice. Little is known of Anson's early history ; he entered the navy as a volunteer with- out patronage, and at the age of 19 or 20 was serving in the Baltic fleet under Sir John Norris. In 1717 he obtained a lieutenant's commission; 19th June, 1722, was made commander ; and as captain of the Scarborough was sent in March, 1723-24, to S. Carolina, to protect British trade. On the breaking out of the Spanish war in the end of the year 1739, he was appointed to the com- mand of a squadron, destined for the west coast of S. America, to attack the colonies of Spain, and cut off supplies by intercepting the treasure ships. This was the origin of the voyage round the world, for which Anson's name is best known. It proved one of the most disastrous on record ; not by any fault of the commander, but owing to the igno- rance and imbecility which prevailed at head-quar- ANS ters. Several of the ships were ill-conditioned; he was obliged to receive on board 260 infirm old men, out-pensioners of Chelsea College, most of whom were above 70, and none under 60 years of age ; and the sailing of the squadron was de- layed till the worst season. It did not leave St. Helen's till 18th Sept., 1740, and soon after passing Madeira, scurvy, fever, and dysentery broke out among the crews. Tremendous gales, encountered in rounding Cape Horn, dispersed the squadron ; two ships were driven back along the coast of Brazil, and never rejoined ; one was wrecked on the coast south of Chiloe ; the commodore's ship the Centu- rion, 60 guns, and the Tryal sloop, 8 guns, reached Juan Fernandez on the 9th June ; the Gloucester, 50 guns, not till 23d July, having been under sail for five months in a stormy ocean, ' a circumstance unparalleled in the history of navigation.' The health of the crew was completely restored in this delightful island ; but out of the original comple- ment for the three ships of 800 men, there now re- mained only 335. A cruise of eight months on the coasts of Peru and Mexico secured some rich prizes, but added very little in the way of geographical discovery, if we except some coast and port sur- veys. The two other ships being disabled were de- stroyed, and -with the Centurion only, containing all the useful stores and the surviving men, whose ranks had been again fearfully reduced by disease, An- son crossed the Pacific to China, having remained some time at Tinian, one of the Ladrones, ' an earthly paradise,' to recruit. Leaving the Canton river after a stay of five months, refitting and provisioning, he lay in wait, on the coast of Luzon, for the Acapulco galleon, which annually brought an immense treasure from Mexico in re- turn for goods from Manilla. This rich prize he captured after a smart engagement with a force more than three times his own, and thus possessed himself of nearly a million and a-half of dollars and 35,682 oz. of pure silver. Returning to Canton he sold the galleon, and soon after sailed for Eng- land. Touching at the Cape, passing in sight of St. Helena, and running in a fog through the middle of a French fleet cruising in the channel, he reached Portsmouth in safety, on 15th June, 1744, after an absence of three years and nine months. Not one of the 260 veterans returned. The trea- sure was welcome ; the only other advantage was the familiarizing British seamen with the dreaded 'southern ocean.' In 1748 an account of the voyage in a thick 4to vol. was published by sub- scription, ostensibly drawn up by Rev. Richard Walter, A.M., chaplain in the Centurion, but really, as Sir J. Barrow has shown in his life of Anson, by Col. Robins, an engineer officer who went with him. Several editions were called for. A second volume, to contain the nautical observations, was promised, but never appeared, owing to Robins being hurried off to India. Even from the account we have, however, we can see that m.ny errors in seamanship were committed ; but the chronometer was not then invented, and the lunar method, though known to astronomers, was not yet prac- tised at sea. Not long after his return we find Anson at the head of the Admiralty Board as first lord. In this capacity he rendered, great service to the nation; he improved the ships, promoted the most deserving officers in defiance of etiquette, AKS and did much in laying the foundation of that pre- eminence which the navy of Britain has long main- tained. In 1747, on occasion of a victory which he gained over the French, he was created baron Anson of Soberton in the county of Hants. In 1718 he married the lady Elizabeth, daughter of the lord chancellor, earl Hardwicke. His or- dinary residence was Moore Park, Hertfordshire. He died without issue, 6th June, 1762, having out- lived his wife two years. His elder and only brother, Thomas, died also without issue in 1771. The bulk of the property of both was inherited by George Adams, Esq. of Sambrooke, Staffordshire, son of their only sister, who assumed the name and arms of Anson ; but the title became extinct. A new creation took place, however, in 1806, and in 1831, the third viscount Anson was created earl of Lichfield. [J. B.] ANSON, P. H., a French author, 1744-1810. ANSPACH, Elizabeth, margravine of, for- merly ladv Craven, 1750-1828. ANSTEY, Chr.. an English poet, 1724-1805. ANSTIS, John, an Eng. antiquary, die : 1744. ANSTRUTHER, Sir A., a lawyer, died 181/. ANTAR, the hero of an Arabian romance, a chief and poet of the 6th century. ANTHEMIUS, consul of the East, 405. ANTHEMIUS, emperor of the East, 467-472. ANTHEMIUS, an architect of the 6th century. ANTHING, Frederic, an officer in the Russian service, companion of Suwarrow, died 1805. ANTHONY of Burgundy, distinguished in the military service of France, 1421-1504. ANTHONY, P. G., a theologian, 17th century. ANTHONY. See Antonius, Antony. ANTIGNAC, A., a French song-writer, b. 1770. ANTIGONUS CARYSTIUS, a Greek writer, 3d cent. B.C. ANTIGONUS, the Cyclops,' one of Alexan- der's companions in arms; afterwards king of Asia; killed 301 B.C. ANTIGONUS, Gonatas, grandson of the pre- ceding, king of Macedon, 277-241 b.c. ANTIGONUS, Doson, regent and king of Ma- cedon, 230 b.c, till his death, 221. ANTIGONUS, Sochosus, the reputed founder of the sect of Sadducees, 3d century b.c. ANTIGONUS, associated with Aristobulus I. as king of Judaea, 107-106 B.C. ANTIGONUS, son of Aristobulus II., king of Judaea, B.C. 40 ; killed, B.C. 37. ANTIMACO, Mark Antony, an Italian scholar and poet, 1472-1552. ANTIMACUS, a Greek poet, 5th century b.c. ANTINE, M. F., a chronologist, 1688-1748. ANTINOUS, a beautiful youth, eel. as the com- panion and favourite of Adrian, drowned 132. ANTIOCHUS, a Platonic phil., 1st cent. B.C. ANTIOCHUS, a monastic writer, 7th century. ANTIOCHUS I., k. of Syria, d. b.c. 261. Ant. II., k., b.c. 261 ; d. 246. Ant. III., called the Great, k., b.c. 223; assassinated 187. Ant. IV. succeeded his father, but was kept a prisoner by the Romans till 174 B.C. ; d. 164. Ant. VI., king, B.C. 164; dethroned 162. Ant. VII., king, b.c 140; dethroned 128. Ant. VIII. reigned B.C. 126-97. Ant. IX. shared the kingdom with the preceding, B.C. 112-95. Ant. X. and XI. reigned 93-92 B.C. Ant. XII. reigned for a short 36 ANT time before 83 B.C. Ant. XIII., king, b.c. C9 dethroned by Pompey, who reduced Syria to Roman province, b.c. 65. ANTIOCHUS I., king of Commagena, froi about 69-32 B.C. The second of the same liami king till 29 B.C. The third is supposed to hav reigned about the commencement of the Christia era. The fourth, from 38-72. ANTIPATER, a Macedonian general, regen for Alexander, and after his death master of th European provinces : died 318 b.c. ANTIPATER, k. of Macedon, 298-295 b.c. third of the same name reigned a few days, 278 b.c ANTIPATER, father of Herod the" Great, am minister of Hyrcanus, 63-43 B.C. ANTIPATER, son of Herod the Great, put t< death for conspiracy, 2. ANTIPATER, L. C, a Rom. historian, 2 b.c. ANTIPATER of Sidon, a philos., 2d c. b.c. ANTIPATER, a Stoic philosopher, 1st c. B.C. ANTIPHANES, a Gr. poet, time of Alexander. ANTIPHILUS, a Greek poet, time of Nero. ANTIPHILUS, a Greek painter, 4th century. ANTIPHON, a Greek orator, killed 411 b.c. ANTIQUARIUS, J., an Italian scho.,