THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES a ^/fc Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/eclecticshortOOcrosiala ECLECTIC SHOETHAND floa GENERAL USE AND VERBATIM REPORTING BT J. G. CROSS, M.A. REVISED EDITION CHICAGO NEW YORK SCOTT, FORESMAN AND COMPANY COPYRIGHT. 1878. 1882, 1885, 1800, By S. C. GRIGGS AND COMPANY COPYRIGHT, 1903, BY SCOTT, FORESMAN AND COMPANY ROBT. O. LAW Oa, PaiNTU* AND aiNDCRS, CHICAaO TTPOGRAPHY BY KABSH, ATTKSN Jt CUBTIS COMPAirr, CHICAdO I 703 PREFACE Since the last revision of the text-book of Eclectic Shorthand, methods of teaching have radically improved. To keep the book well abreast of the times, the present revision has been made. In general it may be said that the revision is one of arrange- ment and form only; the fundamental principles of the system remain unchanged. A constant effort has been made to secure brevity and condensation together with clearness. A method of treatment has been adopted that is practicable and that will mate- rially lessen the work of the teacher. The order of presentation has been rearranged ; the body of the book has been divided into chapters by subjects rather than into lessons for assignment, since te the daily work of different classes varies greatly; and a further division into sections numbered consecutively throughout the book c^ has been made. ^ The Introduction consists of fundamental definitions and •^ explanations concerning the theory of shorthand in general and particularly Eclectic Shorthand. This is for reference use mainly, 5 but it can well be given the definite consideration of advanced t,^ students. 1 The body of the book falls into three general divisions. The first division. Chapters I-XIII, establishes the alphabet, the vowel and consonant positions, and the coalescents. The modification y in the size of different classes of letters to imply following letters t is introduced in connection with each class, thus from the beorin- >" ning requiring exactness in form. The abbreviation of a few common words and the phrasing of some simple expressions find a natural place among the fundamentals of these first chapters. The second division, Chapters XIV-XXV, discusses in full the various means of implying letters or syllables by modification in size and direction of preceding letters, or by the various devices of hooks, loops, retracing, etc. This permits the work in phrasing to be extended to include words involving modified letters. A 8 4 PREFACE comprehensive treatment of the writing of words beginning with ex and a review exercise for implied letters end this part. The third division, Chapters XXVI-XXXVII, is concerned with abbreviation, in single words and in phrases. Lists of fifty and one hundred of the commonest words in English, and of others so frequent as to make shortened outlines desirable, are given first place. The long Avords of the language are provided for by a comprehensive study of prefixes and terminations, after which follow the final chapters, devoted to a full treatment of phrasing. Throughout the entire book illustration has been employed freely, and the words comprising these illustrations have been selected as actually exemplifying the principle under discussion and as typical of fair English. Writing exercises, to be prepared by pupils out of class and submitted to the teacher for critical inspection, are frequent and full, and consist of disconnected words and complete sentences. Here again the words have been selected with reference to their appropriateness at the places given, while the sentences, including words written by all preced- ing principles, furnish constant review. In all writing, whether for illustration or for practice, great care has been taken to avoid words involving a knowledge of principles not yet presented. Supplementary reading exercises have been prepared from material selected from business letters and court testimony. In these will be found illustrated the principles discussed in pre- ceding pages. Keys have been given for one or two pages of each class of material to assist the student in grasping peculiarities. For dictation work in class, the words of the illustrations and writing exercises are in the author's opinion better than outside material, although, perhaps, less interesting. More lasting gain will result from the writing of five words ten times each, than from the writing of fifty words once. Therefore, in dictation to a class it is best to pronounce one word at a time, allowing one or two minutes for the class to fill a line in a note-book with the repeated outline of that word before pronouncing a second. When an outline has once been learned correctly, it is impossible for the writing of it to become too automatic, or the recognition too certain. In this revision there will be found instances of two different PREFACE 5 writings of one word. Investigation will discover that both of these writings are in strict accord with principles, and the teacher may safely permit his pupils to adopt the one best suited to them individually. The same principle of recognition of individuality obtains in the matter of phrasing. The simple, common phrases written by the three different methods should be thoroughly learned by every pupil, but beyond this, insistence should not be carried. Eclectic Shorthand lends itself with peculiar ease to phrasing, and with most Avriters the combination of words into continuous outlines is a means of acquiring speed so valuable as to seem almost necessary. But on the other hand it has been demon- strated by the severe test of professional court reporting that rapid verbatim writing with full outlines is not only possible but preferable to some writers. To such as these, therefore, pro- longed drill in advanced phrasing can yield no gain. The teacher should use his own judgment, not Procrustean methods, in teaching phrasing. The changes and additions to the system which have been incorporated into this revision are in the treatment of the follow- ing points: 1. Means of representing diphthongs. 2. The circle when medial and final ; sh and ch when medial and final. 3. The implying of ivay, we, with, and loould. 4. The representing of ward, ivord. 5. The ns hook. 6. The compound prefixes of com and co7ij prefix signs written across. 7. The prefixes dis and re. 8. Compound suffixes in tion. 9. The terminals ment, entment. 10. Terminals previously written across. These modifications are for the purpose of saving time and do not, in any sensible degree, impair the legibility of the words in which they occur. The illustrative shorthand in the book has been written by the author, not engraved. It thus represents actual freehand work, and is to be used for comparison rather than for rigid specimen copy. 6 PREFACE Acknowledgment is made to all Eclectic writers who during the past years have used the system and by their correspondence and counsel have helped the author to bring about the present revision. But special thanks are due to the principals of a few of the leading commercial institutions of the country for their wise suggestions and to their teachers in this special department for their kindly criticism and painstaking assistance. In this latest revision of his book the author is gratified to combine with his own theory and experience the results of the experience of others. December, 1903 CONTENTS PAGE Preface . 3 Introduction 9 The Alphabet 16 Chapter I. Writing Words Which Begin with Consonants . . 17 II. Writing Words Which Begin with Consonants (Continued) 20 III. Writing Words Which Begin with Consonants (Continued) 26 IV. Review 28 V. Double Coalescent Consonants 29 VI. Double Coalescent Consonants (Continued) ... 34 VII. Plirase Writing 37 VIII. Vowels 39 IX. Writing Words Which Begin with Right Vowels . 43 X. Modes of Expressing h 45 XI. Phrasing 47 XII. Initial Vowels (Continued) 51 XIII. Recapitulation 55 XIV. Practice in Relative Sizes of Modified Letters . . 57 XV. Complete Statement of Means of Implying m and n . 59 XVI. Phrase Words and Phrases 61 XVII. Complete Statement of Means of Implying t, d, th . 63 XVIII. Complete Statement of Means of Implying y or I . . 66 XIX. Complete Statement of Means of Implying s and sh . 68 XX Means of Implying ns, ms 70 XXI. Means of Implying /, v, and Uncoalescent w . . 72 XXII. Means of Implying st, sd; ds, ts; pr and br . . .74 XXIII. Means of Writing Double p and g; Writing Words Beginning with ex 77 XXIV. Review of Hooks 80 7 CONTENTS CHAPTER XXV. Exercise for Review of Implied Letters XXVI. Words of Frequent Use . XXVII. Abbreviated Words . XXVIII. Terminations .... XXIX. Writing the Syllables tion, tious XXX. Exercise in Terminations XXXI. Implied Words XXXII. Disconnected Prefixes XXXIII. Connected Prefixes . XXXIV. Prefix Signs Written Across . XXXV. Phrase Writing: First Method XXXVI. Phrase Writing: Second Method XXXVII. Phrase Writing: Third Method SupplemejStary Reading Exercises . Keys to Reading Exercises Index ,....., PAGE 84 87 95 100 107 109 113 117 120 123 126 127 135 200 213 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND INTRODUCTION FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITIONS 1. Shorthand. — Shorthand writing is a brief and quick method of writing words. Phonography, Tachigraphy, Stenography, and Braehygraphy are all names for different methods of shorthand writing. 2. Words.— Whether spoken or written, words are signs of ideas. Spoken words are composed of elementary sounds. Writ- ten words are composed of signs of elementary sounds. 3. Letters. — The signs of elementary sounds are called letters, sound-signs, and phonograms. In this book they are called by their common name, letters. 4. Alphabet. — An alphabet consists of signs of the elementary sonnds. 5. Syllables. — A syllable is a short word or a distinct part of a word, comprising either a vowel, or a diphthong, or a vowel com- bined with one or more consonants. 6. Shorthand Alphabet. — A shorthand alpbabet represents the elementary sounds by brief signs. A shorthand letter is a letter of the simplest possible form. 7. Shorthand Syllable. — A shorthand syllable is a combination of shorthand letters, or some contracted character representing such combination, a sign of the sounds comprised in the syllable. 8. Shorthand Word.- — A shorthand word is a combination of its syllabic sound-signs, or even a briefer representation of them; a sign of the sounds which are comprised in the word. 9. Sound-signs. — There are, therefore, three classes of sound- signs in shorthand; viz., alphabetic, syllabic, and verbal. 10. Orthography. — In the common spelling and writing some sounds are represented by combinations of letters arbitrarily arranged; as in bright, the silent gh follows the long vowel, while 10 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND in tTiovght it follows a short vowel. In receive, i is placed after e, while in believe it is placed before it. Such arbitrary pro- visions encumber our orthography, making it difiicult. 11. Shorthand Spelling. — The shorthand writing of a word is the expression of its utterance by its spund-signs only, or by some a])breviated representation of their combination. 12. Classes of Letters. — A shorthand alphabet being a repre- sentation of the elementary sounds of a language, comprises the tliree classes of letters, — vowels, diphthongs, and consonants. 13. The Vowel. — A vowel is the sound produced by the vibra- tion of the vocal cords in the expulsion of full breath from the lungs, called tone. The several vowels are produced by modifica- tions of the tension of the vocal cords by the muscular action of the larynx upon them as breath is being emitted. The vowel is pure voice tone, and is the chief element in every syllable. 14. The Diphthong. — A combination of two vowel sounds, beginning with one vowel and ending with another, is called a diphthong. The diphthongs used in Eclectic Shorthand are an, ou, eUj oif and ooj the first four are also spelled cue, ow, eia, oy. 15. The Consonant. — Consonants are of two classes; viz., dis- tinct whispered sounds formed by the action of the external organs of speech, and those combining slight action of the vocal cords with the whispered sound. The letters of the first class are called surds, meaning "without tone," and are c or k, /, A, p, s, t, w, y, ch, sh, th. Those of the second class, called sonants because of their voice quality, are J, d, g, /, ?, m, w, r, v, zh, dh, ng. 16. Office of the Consonant. — No single or double consonant represents either a syllable or a word. The oflBce of consonants is to aid in the formation of vowels into distinct syllables and words, as iheyfordi consonant (con-sonant) meaning "together with sonants, voice, vowel. " A system of shorthand which is so constructed that it must rely chiefly upon consonants to represent words, is there- fore at variance with the structure and philosophy of speech. 17. Coalescent Consonants. — When two consonants combine in one sound, as pr in the word pray, cl in clime, they are called coalescents; but when they simply follow each other, as nd in and, rl \n furl, they are called concurrent consonants, as they together help to form with the vowels new syllables ; as an, and, teti, tend. INTBODUCTION H Ii, this system each pair of coalescent consonants is represented by a single letter or digraph ; that the writing may conform to their pronunciation, any two consonants or vowels forming a union of sound are represented by a single letter. Most pairs of concur- rent letters, whether two consonants or consonant and vowel, are written as a unit, making the system almost purely syllabic. 18. Double Consonants. — A double consonant is two consonants represented by one letter; as .r, which is i-s, and q^ which is kiu. In shorthand any two consonants which are represented by one character, whether they are coalescent or merely concurrent, are called a double consonant. 19. Sounds of the Vowels. — Each vowel has a short and a long sound. In shorthand it is generally sufficient to rely upon the context to indicate whether it is short or long. However, in those cases in which the precise sound is important, a dot is placed above the vowel to indicate its long sound, or is placed beneath it to make it a diphthong. 20. Alphabetic Letters. — The Eclectic Shorthand alphabet represents in full the English alphabet, and has also letters for sh, ch, wh, th, zh, and ny. 21. The c, q, and x. — The letters c, g, and .r, which are omitted from the alphabets of most systems, are herein represented. The use of letters for q and x is briefer than to write them by hw and ks^ as is done in other systems ; their use also gives greater simplicity and distinctness to words in which they occur. 22. The c and k. — In the use of c for k^ we follow the Spelling Reform Association alphabet. The same letter is used for both c and k, representing the c in can and the k in kick. The sound of c in fare is written by s. When c and k must be distinguished as alphabetic letters, a dot is placed underneath to indicate k; ^ — ^<-^ c, k. The letters ch^ as in chords and ck, as in hack^ are written by c. 23. The Soft g. — Soft g is represented by j and by a special writing of alphabetic g. 24. Purely Phonetic. — These alphabetic provisions make the system a pure, definite, reliable, phonetic medium for recording speech. 25. Force of Habit. — While shorthand represents words as pronounced rather than as spelled, it is still natural for the 1» ECLECTIC SHORTHAND learner, to some extent, to adhere to the common orthography until thought and practice have fully revealed the shorter way ; as tho for though, sa for say, tha for they, hi for high, ech for each, laf for laugh^ ethr for either, ad for aid, thru for through, fors for force. 26. Approximate Writing. — While the writing of Eclectic Shorthand is phonetic, still it is impracticable to write all the sounds of most words as rapidly as they are uttered, even with all the alphabetic contractions that may be devised, and therefore many words are further contracted; 'A% famn for fanmie, comn for coin- 711011, sumii for summon, womn for woman, wimn for tvomen, gamn for gammon, fremn ior freeman. ■ No system of shorthand is fully phonetic ; all systems abbreviate as much as possible. 27. Full Phonetic Writing. — The following are a few illustra- tions of full phonetic writing: rit for write, wright, rite, right; hrit for bright; nit for night; lit for light; sit for sight; tit for tight; thot for thought; hrot for brought; sot for sought; bo for how, beau; ad for aid, add; ech for each; erth for earth; et for eat; ethr for either, ether; sic for sich; thic for thieJc; qic for quick; nethr for neither, nether; rathr for rather; gathr for gather; bothr for bother; jus for juice; bruz for bruise, brews; yeld for yield, yelled; hu tor who; euuf (enf) ior enough; fuf tor tough; sluftor slough; cof for cough. The teacher may need to give some pupils multiplied similar illustrations until they fully realize the differ- ence between the spoken and the written word ; or more exactly, between the word as spelled or spoken, and as written in shorthand. 28. Three Principles. — Eclectic Shorthand has, in common with other systems, three general principles; viz., (1) a simplified alphabet, (2) simplified spelling, (3) contractions, by which several letters, a syllable, or a word, may be represented by a single letter. 29. Simplified Alphabet. — Each letter is represented by a single line instead of several lines ; as m, Z' a, / t. If the longhand alphabet is written in full, it requires at least one hundred and twelve lines, while the shorthand writes each letter by a single line. Thus the alphabet alone greatly lessens the number of writing movements. 30. Simplified Spelling. — Omitting silent letters and all others that may be dispensed with decreases greatly the number of letters INTRODUCTION 13 to be written. The use of these two principles only, simplified alphabet and simplified spelling, would greatly abbreviate writing. 31. Contractions. — Various means are provided by which two or more letters, or a syllable, or a word, may be written by one letter. 32. Illustration. — We will illustrate the application of these three princii^les in the writing of the words, a very hriglit thought. Iliese words, as written in longhand, require eighteen letters and sixty-three pen movements, or lines. Applying the second principle, simplified spelling, we reduce the letters to thirteen, — a very brit thot. Applying the first principle, that is, writing them by shorthand letters, /C--^\^ ^-v-^,,--^^^> we reduce the number of lines to eleven. Applying the third principle, writing them according to the principles of Eclectic Shorthand, ^.-^"^ — » , the words are reduced to four easily connected cursive lines, the same number as there are in the script a, and which are as legible to the Eclectic stenographer as longhand writing is to the English scholar. CHAKACTERS AND THEIR SOURCE 33. Chirographic Ellipse. — The alphabetic characters used in this system of shorthand are arcs and chords of the chirographic ellipse, from which source are also derived the lines from which the common longhand alphabet is built. 34. Arcs and Chords. — The following figures and lines show the arcs and chords which are used in the alphabet of this system of shorthand : 36. Directions. — These lines stand in three directions; viz.. HORIZONTAL FORWAHD-SLANT BACK-SLANT 14 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND 36. Lengths. — Each line is used both short and long, thus doubling the number of lines. SHORT LINKS • jjosq uxnsa 37. Differentiation. — Each line has three diiferentiating fea- tures; viz., form, direction, length. 38. Perpendiculars Not Used. — There are no perpendicular char- acters, such as are used in other systems, but some characters are more nearly erect than others. The natural action of the hand in forward-slant longhand writing draws upward lines at a lesser slant than downward lines; in back-slant longhand writing, also, the upward lines stand the more upright. 39. Degrees of Slant. — The degree of slant of the upward lines in the forward-slant and of the corresponding lines in the back-slant is thirty degrees from the horizontal, while the slant of the down- ward lines is about sixty degrees. The two general directions of the lines in shorthand should conform in their degrees of slant with the similar lines in longhand. The following diagrams illustrate the degrees of slant of both upward and downward lines in each direction : POBWABD-SI^NT BAOKWARD-SLANT /^so 'O^ . ^ 1 >^A L w^ 40. Law of Motion. — This law of movement, adopted from long- hand, is peculiar to this system, and is important. The motions on which it is based being so like those used in longhand, to which, from long practice, we have become accustomed, are much easier, and correct writing of the characters is much more certain, than in those systems which employ perpendicular characters in connection with backward, forward, and horizontal characters. The combining of the perpendiculars with the three other classes produces an irregular and unnatural action of the hand, very difficult either to acquire or to sustain in rapid writing. INTEODUCTION" 15 41. Lines Connnon to "Writing. — In longhand there are upward, downward, and liorizoutal lines of various lengths occurring in regular order. In this system of shorthand there are upward, downward, and horizontal lines similar in form, direction, and length to those of forward longhand ; and, in addition, downward lines similar in form, slant, and direction to those of the back- slant longhand. 42. Classification. — The characters are divided into two gen- eral classes; viz., linear characters, those having length only, and surface characters, those having both length and breadth. The surface characters comprise the two hooks, two circles, and three circles differentiated by the different ticks beginning them. LINEAR CHARACTERS SURFACE CHARACTERS O <:7 ^^ C^ ^ ^ eJ -^ 3 zy 43. Movement. — All the curves being derived from the ellipses, rapid practice in the formation of continuous ellipses is of much value to the shorthand student. The following exercises should be practiced at a rapid rate daily, until a power of two hundred or more continuous revolutions a minute can be sustained: MOVEMENT EXERCISES 16 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND THE ALPHABET VOWELS a i o e u LONG VOWELS a i o e u v.^• DIPHTHONGS au oi oo eu ou /^ ^ X \^^ CONSONANTS be d fghjklmnpq cy r 8 t V w X y z sh ch wh th zh ng nj Small Letter ^ c e ^ f ^ ■ 1> O i ^ k Capital 6 COMPLETB Capital \0 ^ Small Letter m n vn .( t / Small Letter X ^ z sh^ ch'b wh o> th ^ zh ng — nj — Capita. b CHAPTER I WRITING WORDS WHICH BEGIN WITH CONSONANTS 1. Two Alphabets. — There are two alphabets in this system, a visible and an invisible or implied alphabet. The visible alphabet, seen on the preceding page, consists of simple and modified lines each of which represents a letter or sound. The invisible alphabet consists of positions assumed with reference to the ruled line of the paper, each position representing one or more letters or sounds. 2. The Vowel Positions. — The ruled line is taken as the central position and is used to represent i, the most frequent vowel in oral speech. Two positions are assumed above the line and two below. For convenience in referring to these five positions, they are numbered consecutively from the top downward. Each position represents a vowel with both its short and long sounds and its diphthong; position 1 represents a, a«, aic; 2 — e, eu, ew; 3 — i, y, oi, oy; 4 — o, oii^ oio; 5 — ii, oo; thus: 1 2-3 .^.a-i 3. Initial Consonants. — By far the greater number of words begin with a consonant or double consonant, followed by a vowel or a diphthong; as m-e, m-eio, b-y, b-oy^ fr-ee, pl-ay. 4. In writing this large class of words, the initial consonants are represented by visible letters and the vowels following them by invisible letters, according to the following rule: Rule I. — Write an initial consonant, or double consonant on position 1 for a, an, aw ; on position 2 for e, eu, ew; on posit io}i 3 for i, y, oi, oy; on position J^ for o, on, ow; on position 5 for u, oo. 5. M, n, and t as represented by visible letters are ^ , the n being one-half the length of m. This combination 7 is mt^ this ^ tm^ this ^ — tn. The m is lengthened about 17 18 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND one-half to imply a following m or n, as in the words maim, man. The n is made minute to imply a following m or n, as in the words name, nine. It is made half its regular length to express 7it, nd, and nth, as in 7iof, need, neatli. These letters and combinations of letters written according to Rule I form words as follows : ILLUSTRATIONS 1 may know tie meat team tone maim moon moimt 3 name known not need tend tint tempt (temt) tenant From these illustrations it will be seen that in shorthand writ- ing all silent letters are omitted; see Introduction §§25-27. 6. Placing Letters Positionally. — For position 3, horizontal letters are written directly on the line, and oblique letters midway across it; for positions 2 and 4, horizontal letters are placed just above and below the line respectively, and oblique letters touch the line above and below respectively ; on positions 1 and 5 all letters are perceptibly off the line above and below respectively. 7. The Use of the Dot as a Diacritical Sign. — To distinguish the different sounds of a position, a dot is placed over a letter to mark the long sound of the vowel position, and under it to indi- cate the diphthongal sound of the position. ILLUSTRATIONS mat mate knee new net neat toy no now tun tune ..-..-X- WRITING EXERCISE Write these words, dotting them for the long vowels and diph- thongs: 1 me my mow neigh (na) nigh know tea toe tame teem 2 tome tomb tan ten tin ton town met might moat 3 mute neighed (nad) gnat {nat) naught need niglat knit nod 4 node not note nude nut man main mean men mine 5 moan numb nine noun nun none tannin tenon tuned tent 6 taint taunt tamped (tamt) meant mint mountain maintain WRITING WORDS WHICH BEGIN WITH CONSONANTS 19 8. Sand d. ' -s, ' — ' d. Thesis half the length of s. The letter s may, like w, be made one-half longei: to imply a following m or n. The d^ being a short letter like n, may be made minute to add m or w, as in deem, din, and half-length for dt, dd, or dth, as in date, did, death. ^ ILLUSTRATIONS set seem sun say dough date did death dim done WRITING EXERCISE Write: 1 saw see sigh so sew sue daw die do due same sawn sin 2 sown some son sun sum soon damn dame dawn deem den 3 din dime dine don down dun dumb debt dot doubt dead 4 died dude doth sat seat sit sight sot suit soot Satan (Sa^n) 5 satin mad made maid meed mid mode mud mowed mood 6 mend mind maimed mound deeds dots daunt dent dint 7 don't dined sudden (sudn) maiden (madn) tented needed 9. F and th. • — ^ /, ■ — - th. The th is half the length of/. The / may, like m and s, be lengthened for a following m or n. The th is made half-length for thf, thd, and minute for thrn, thn. ILLUSTRATIONS faith fame fin fee though tight tlaat thud them than In such words as tight, taught, the second t is represented by th; in other cases also where t does not join well, th is used instead. WRITING EXERCISE Write : 1 fay few they {tha) thee thy thou fawn foam fume fan 2 fane fen fine fun thought then thin thine thumb faint 3 faith fad fade feed feud food foot feet fate fit fight 4 tough (fit/) tuft tiff fife feoff (/c/) thief theft tooth teeth 5 myth moth mouth sooth sayeth fathom method faded 10. The Dot for Words and Syllables. — A dot on position 2 represents the, he; on 3, /, eye, aye, and my; on 4, 0, oh, owe, and of; on 5, you, and made heavy, your. Written close after a letter a dot represents ng, ing, or thing. ILLUSTRATIONS Do you know I now owe you? No, I know of nothing you now owe me. 20 ECLECTIC SHORTHAXD WRITING EXERCISE 1. Do you know the man now mowing? 2. Did they mine tin then? 3. I meant to say that you might not need the suit. 4. You may find the name of the tenant, thougli lie knows nothing of the debt. 5. You did not know of the sudden death of the maiden? 6. Tlien nine men knew that mine? 7. Tlie date of the meeting he did not see. 8. I maintain that some day he may find the method not now known. 9. The same town needed meat, too. 10. I thought you meant to see tlie mountain. CHAPTER II writing words which begin with consonants (continued) 11. P and g. — These letters, /? ^^ , are p, g. The j9 and g are made long to add m or w, and wide to add /, d, or tli. They are made minute for pi and gl. This ^ is another form for s which is used in the middle and at the end of words whenever it can be, especially when followed by t. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 pass goes puff pen gun game pit pod path get good Goth - ^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ i>-< '2 please glue gap i)eg staple stone stag stopping thus taste '>'„„. _ ,|[i %. admit of it, they are not joined angularly, but as hooks; J ¥" gf turned on the under side of the preceding letter as in ng L, jbe alphabet, and the j» turned on the upper side. If g is soft l:. (} dodge, it is joined angularly. When soft g can not easily be joii'.j^'^ angularly, as in stage, use J (see p. 16). The g hook is also often used for c, k, because it is briefer, anc being the sonant of c, the true sound is easily recognizable; as iu quich, written qig; ask, written asg. Similarly, p is sometimes used for J, as in the phrases 7nay ie, not he. These hooks are modified like the letter? they represent to add m or n; t, d, or th; or L ILLUSTRATIONS 1 sap sag fops fogs dope dog dodge mock thick stage 2 page sicken mopped sagged simple single sickle may be ■ ___3 WRITING EXERCISE Write: 1 map mope knobs sips sops dips dope dupes deeps seep 2 soap soup nags mugs dog digs dodges fags fudges ducks 3 knocks nap sneaking mop suck fig thug snag pages gouges 4 sapped seeped supped sucked snapped nipped dogged fact 5 fagged depth dipped sapid supple sample tingle temple 6 mingle mangle smuggle sicken thicken mickle muckle not be 13. H, 1, and r. o h, ^ I, «^ o r. Of the two letters which represent r, the first is called the line r, the second the circle r. When r stands alone, as in rag, row, the line r is used. In other cases the circle r is the form generally used, except when r is coalescent (Intro. §17), as in ir, cr, dr. When the circle stands alone it is 1i; the circle r is never written disconnectedly. When the circle is joined to other letters, it is h if joined angu- larly but r if joined in a continuous line. This distinction is clear and important. These letters are to bo placed positionally according to §6. The circle r and the Ioojd I both turn on the letters to which they are joined. When they are followed by a straight letter, they 22 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND turn on the upper side of it ; when they follow a straight letter, they turn underneath it. When connected with curved letters, at beginning or end, they turn on the concave side of them. These joinings of r and I determine the regular side, both initial and final, of straight and curved letters. The h is enlarged for lit and hd^ and made minute for hi. Th following h is usually written with the alphabetic letter, to main- tain a clear distinction between such words as had and hath. The I is lengthened for It^ and, when medial or final, for Id and Ith; it is made minute when initial ioT ft as infty, and when medial or final for^, li/, fly. 1 hay lie row a - ^ ■.^■ lair ILLUSTRATIONS lull lame male loser solar reefing 3 fears rude dare nor roan rider tears terror writhe .Q;^...._.-.,<^. cS -. 3 there pail pour gall gear lip rope rag log gather had ' •^ <^ , t ffr^jt 1* ——^9- •*; «t«g»;mj|| fciimwiH ey CJ> o w 4 hath hate whole let load lathe filth sold melt dealt >^^ 5 namely manly fly flows float sinful mindfully ...gf... T WRITINa EXERCISE Write: 1 lay lea low loo . leer liar lore lure liars lures lame lime 2 lass loss loan loon leaf loaf lope leap lag lug mile meal 3 nail knoU sale sill sole fail fell filling foal fuller pall 4 peal pile pill poles pulling gale gill goal gulls deal dull 5 he high how hue who ijioo) ray rye wray roe row rue 6 roar rear ram ream rim roam room rumors (^rumrs) 7 raid red road raise wrestle rose ruse rouser riser rough 8 raft rapping rip rug rig mayor {niar) mere more near 9 nigher (nir) sear sore dare dear fire for their par pour 10 gore late later letters ligliting lot melt mild knelt nailed 11 dealt fault felt folding salt sealed soiled sold sullied hot 12 hats heating heater hut hod steer store rang wrong flee 18 flues flume flap flog fled deadly thoughtfully needful "WRITING WORDS WHICH BEGIN WITH CONSONANTS 23 14. Rt, d. — Make straight r half length for rt, rd, and minute for rn. Some writers prefer to write the circle r and n in such words as rain, instead of making ;• minute for rn; this is permis- sible. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 rate write root writer retire return rooter rates writes 2 rats rent renter ....-3..». WRITING EXERCISE 1 rat rut rooting writing rightful writers rotting rainfall raining 2 rains running runner runt runts runners wrought wrote 15. Rl. — The circle r is made minute for rl, but i» monosyl- labic and short words like raily railer, the I is shaded on its left side to express /•. In all other cases of rl the r is made minute to imply the I. The r when medial or final is made minute also to represent rt/, rly, rfl, and rjly. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 rail railer roll roller rule rulers railed ruled """"^ IP reels rolls 2 realm relent relief furl fiery nearly naturally neutrally 3 pearl-y girl moral-ly sorry merry dearly thoroughly y^ C^ WRITING EXERCISE 1 reel roil rill reeled rails rules ruling reeling rolling Ralph 2 Rolf realms religious {reljs) marl marry Mary merry 3 merrily merely parley purely narrowly fury moral fairy sorry 16. Circle Rt. — When initial rt is followed by a short or long letter, as written, ivrites, the circle r enlarged for 7^t is used. If the rt is followed by another r as in retrace, the second, r is 24 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND expressed by shading the enlarged circle. When r is medial or final, it is enlarged for rt, rd, rth. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 written rotten retain rates retreat retrace roads neared (S 2 feared retreateth resort WRITING EXERCISE 1 rotten rattans retained retainer retaining rats ruts writes 2 retraces retracing retracer retraced retreats retreating retreated 3 marred neared fired dared seared deterred lettered mannered 17. Circle r. — In all cases of initial r except those which have been explained, the circle is used; and when r is medial or final the circle is generally used, except as provided for under § 2G. 18. Sh, ch, and wh. J> sh, ^ ch, <^ wh. In writing these letters begin with the tick, never with the circle. These letters are written positionally like preceding surface letters. "When sh is followed by /, c, 7;, th^ a, turn the circle toward the right to make the joining more facile. When sh and ch are medial or final, the h is often used instead, as in dah for dash. These letters are enlarged for a following t or d, and made minute for shl, chl, and ivhl. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 she shine shows sheaf shop gnash leash rush hash gush „^_...,^Z .^^..rz^......^ ^ ^ __.^- 2 chew chaff chain chess cheap match riches hutch latch ' j^. zz ..'^.... ..«^.. a^ ^ 8 teach ditch fetch why when whip Whig whiff sheet .-^ -=-^--— -C* o* t^ C^ g^:r:r-:r^. 4 should chat chide what wliiten shall chills satchel whelm ■bo' '*' ^ ^ _. -^ " ?) -<5^^ - ^- -etrrr.... WRITING WORDS WHICH BEGIN" WITH CONSONANTS 25 WRITING EXERCISE Write: 1 shay sliy showing shoes shoo shunt shone sheen sham 2 shame shape sheep shopper sheaf sheath mash meshes 3 mush sash dislied dasli fishing gash gushes hush rash lush 4 lashes shade shied shedding shod shout shut showed shots 5 shooting shell shoal shelf shilling chin chime chase chief chap 6 chop chips cheap chaps chaff chafe cheats chit chewed child 7 chant hatch roach touch niche thatch gulch hitch leech 8 reaches whey whoa whim whether whither whist whines 9 whence wheat whet whiter wheels wheeling whale whelp 19. The Dot. — Instead of a dot written close after a letter, the straight s is used to express ings or things. Written just above the end of a letter the dot means less, and just beneath the end of a letter else. Following close after the dot for ing another dot is used for the; as in seeing the. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 sayings, meetings, these things, knowing the firm, 2 no less, nothing less, few less, nothing else, how else WRITING EXERCISE Write : 1 saying sayings seeing sowing suing meaning moaning 2 going soaring falling filling filing filings sailing marring 3 nearing paying passing posing fearing laying layering 4 lowering during daring, seeing the, seeing you, seeing me, 5 eying you, eying me, knowing me, knowing you, knowing how, 6 the meaning inay be, for less, for no less, do no less, something else 1. Show me the man who makes sails. 2. This map shows the mountain. 3. The stage runs to the mountain pass. 4. You should not need to shut that light down. 5. Let the guide put the gun down the gulch. G. What shall I gain by cheating? 7. These facts show the single plan. 8. Though rates do not seem high, the fare shall not be paid. 9. The heat of the pine fire may make the room too hot. 10. Tiie glow makes reading plain. 11. This sample of coal seems poor. 12. I mailed your letter now, when too late to stop tlie suit. 13. This store sold satchels cheap. 14. 1 play neither whist nor chess. 15. Knowing how shooting stars may be seen, he sent the child to the door. 16. The fault may be mine ; I did not notice the change. 17. Pull down the shade, please, then 26 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND ring for tea. 18. Those rumors reached me while the fire roared. 19. The chief reason for thinking that there may be some wheat deal, I dare not make known. 20. The storm seemed rising now, the lightning showed the ditches rain-fiUed ; I knew the roads might not be good for long, so I raced for the shelter of the town. CHAPTER III writing words which begin with consonants (continued) 20. V, c, k, w, qu, and j. ^,--^ v, /"^ 6', ^.-2;, > zh. These letters are all drawn from the left toward the right. The h is one-half the length of x. These letters are placed positionally according to §G. The long letters, a;, ?/, 2, are lengthened for a following m or n. B^ a short letter, is made half-length for J/, hd^ hth^ and minute for hn and hi. A distinction is necessary between such words as hone and hlow. hun and hlue^ hank and hlack; see line 2 of illustrations. To add a following 5, the letters of this group are written more nearly upright, at about an angle of sixty degrees from the horizontal; see Introduction §39. In words 28 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND beginning with ex., as excels e is omitted and x written on the posi- tion of the vowel following. Make final y for short i minute. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 be bow bag born bells batch beck badge but ^^ ^ _...^ __.^... . 2 bid both bun blue bone blow bank black base Boston _...... ^..._ _...^...._r:n? :! \ 3 exhales (xals) expose expense excuse exclaim exhort examine WRITING EXERCISE Write: 1 by being buyei bowl boiling barb beef bearer buff bosh 2 board beach box tub rib robber lobe cab web big 3 begging budge backing burden become became before 4 buckle begin bet bitter bad bidden bathing bin ban black 5 blank bless blot blow bone blacking banking bass bees 6 buss basis fumble sable dabble foible gable rabblo labeling 7 cobble possible exile exude exert exulting exalt exchequer 8 exclude expanse explode expunge extant external yacht (i/at) 9 yore yell yield yarn yonder yolk youth yard zone lO zealous {zels) zenith zephyr yawning yawned rebel robed CHAPTER IV REVIEW 22. Reviewing. — Let the student now review the letters which have been given and practice them carefully, writing them as perfectly as possible in form, size, and direction. Having filled half a dozen or more pages of a note-book with such drill, devote one page to each letter, writing it on the five positions in combinations with other letters, as follows: ba be hi bo bu baf bef bif bof buf bag beg baj (etc.) bak(efc. ) hsd (etc.) bori bap (efc.) ha,r {etc) bav(e^c. ) baw (efc.) bax (efc.) haey (etc.) ha.t {etc.) bine {etc.) DOUBLE COALESCENT CONSONANTS 29 The student should pmctice the consonants in tliis way until the combination of consonant with vowel as, ba., ce, (21, etc., can be produced without hesitation. ^lucli drill upon the modifications of letters in length and direction is necessary to preserve exact distinctions. Practice carefully the following: m mn, n nt nn, f fm, d dt dn, s sm, th tht thn, c cm OS, w wm ws, v vni vs, q qn, x xm, y j'ln ys, z zm, b bt bn (bl) bs, p pt pn, g gt gn, h ht hi, 1 It, sh sht shl, ch cht chl, w wht whl. AVUITING EXERCISE 1. The wick of the lamp burns well. 2. The expense for the wedge of the door should be small ; shall I pay the bill? 3. Your vigor makes me feel well. 4. Can you both come to the cottage? 5. Keep to the left while coming by the ford. 6. How queer tho vase looks now beneath that picture. 7. He had worked for wealth, but lived to see how vain were riches. 8. The cadet camp had the vantage place. 9. Near the base of the hill the current can not be stemmed. 10. The quarrel was bitter, but neither wished to yield. 11. The excuse for the blunder was weak. 12. The vamp of the shoe was made too long. 13. You should not give vent to hot feelings by sudden words. 14. He was certain to win the cause he backed, more by kind manners than by force. 15. The manager of the corner store was exulting because both rivals had been caught napping. 16. The main thing to be done now may make j'ou feel like weakening, but you can't fail to see good reason why this course should be taken. 17. The yacht carried more can^-as during the storm than I had thought possible. 18. The zephyr of the morning became the gale of the night. 19. Sudden storms may be thought dangerous by the landlubber but the sailor likes them. 20. Tlie board took the stand that the water of the town was better then than the year before. CHAPTER V DOUBLE COALESCENT CONSONANTS 23. Double Letters. — The double letters of our orthography, as ffy hh, U, etc., as in muff, el)h, all, are not both written in short- hand, but such double consonants as sn in snoio, sm in small, sp in s])in,fr in free, jjI in play, sw in swim, are both expressed. By Eule I all initial double consonants are written positionally to imply a following vowel. 30 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND 24. Coalescent r. — The r as a liquid sound coalesces, i.e. unites, with b, c, d, /, g, jt?, t, th^ sh, sc, sp (§29), and st^ making the compounds Jr, cr, dr, fr, gr, pr, tr, thr, shr, scr, spr^ str. The letter with which r unites is shaded to express the coalescing r. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 br or dr fr gr pr tr tlir shr str briar creep crag drop >v.^.....rs---«--*....fc-_..<7...„/ .--..„..J? .-f._.„..>,^ ^rrrr. — _._. ,,^^-^_ 2 frail grope price track thrill shrine strife strong strange 25. Initial Coalescent cr may he represented by a hook drawn on the under side of a letter, when it is more facile than the shaded c; as when followed by c, v, m, in such words as crack, crave, cram. 26. Shading for r. — When desirable, the shade may be used for r in connection with the letters with which r does not coalesce ; as, h is shaded for here, Iter, etc. ; y is shaded for i/ear, your; m may be shaded for more. It is desirable to use the shade in these and similar cases as it leaves the circle to represent the words are, or, our, and/«r. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 chair cheer churn chirk chirp church churl shares shore — -^ -•-- — -^y^ If? -•- — j> — d — ^ . > 2 sure (shur) surely whereby wherefore large larger largess ow f ^ The differentiatioii of initial cl and sj) (§ -9) or spl, is clearly main- tained by drawing cl upward and sjo, spl downward, an arrange- ment by which the latter stands on the upper side of the letter to wliich it is joined and the former on the under side: cln, spn, sjjln, < — '^^^— *= — . ILLUSTRATIONS 1 bray brow crow crape creep crop crag creek crook crock 2 grape grow grope pray pry tree true three shrine draps ty cy> 3 drag dredge blow blues glee glass play please plows slow 4 slower sled slice slap slag sleep slip sloop slug claim z :^ ^ ^ rzz.. ->o 5 class cla?k clock cloth clear clutch clash club clip clog 'y> iO e^ 6 clan span spleen clime spin splash cram cream creak ^r^ 7 cracker crave facile (sl) castle bustle tussle tell tool till ± - ^ ...:n::^ 'lZ.... \ .f.- 8 tolls metal settle still stole stool steel slat slits slattern Y yf 9 slight slots sleet cleat flame fled flock flies flax fleece -^ ^ ^ , q, t, w, making the compounds sc (sk), sf {sph), si, sm, s?i, sp, sq, st, sw, which are represented as follows: sc(sk) sf si sm sn sp sq st sw ILLUSTRATIONS 1 sky spy skip speak skin spin spray spar spry sprig spire -^ ■c >7 *^ -2^^ c^ - - c e^ o> s> -:^ :? 4 stain stag swear stop staple stipple stifle i^iiii^ »^ "^ — 30. Coalescent w. — The w unites with d^ t, th, .s, ^, and z, mak- ing the compounds dio, tw, thiv, svj, gzo, z7i, written by deepening the curve of the first letter except the g, of which the right half is lengthened and curved sliglitly toward the left. Tio is written like thw, since there is no confusion in the words in which they occur. illustrations 1 dwell dweller swell swarm twill twice thwack thwarts "■■■■" TT?^w«r*T. •■ . . . .y^^ yr-,^,,^.. y^rr-^y4---->i.' 6- z^ V ^= ^ /■— 11 as for me, as for you, as are there, as are through, as are due 6.. tts^ .4.^. WRITING EXERCISE 1 as ask (asgf) asking, asker is, is not, is to, is for, is so, is true 2 eyes ices ism isthmus {isms) Islam {isim) apes aping apples 3 applicable {aplcbl) appeal {appl) appealing appealable {applbl) 4 appeals apricot (aprct) up upper upheave (hv) upheaval 5 upheaving upheaves uplift upbear upon {itpn) uppish (upsh) 6 upraise uproar (rr) open opium oppose {ops) oppress esquire 7 epicure {eper) epoch {epc) escape {escp) essay {esa) use uses 8 using useful usurp usher {ushr) aims animate {anmt) 9 America Amazon {Amzn) ample amble answer {ans) annuaT 10 annul {ul) anvil (r?) Andrew {Andim) in inner ink inky 11 inking inked inks immune immerse impress imps impel {pi) 12 implore {plr) impost {pst) impact impulse implicate {plct) 13 imply impure incapable {cjM) inch inches incorrect {crct) 14 incog. increase increasing inculcate {clct) incurable {crbl) 15 incur incurs infer infers infernal infirm {fnn) inform 16 inhuman {limn) infest infuse {fs) inject injure inlay inmate 17 inner invade (yd) if, if not, if possible, if you, if he, if I, if they, 18 if we, if there, if there are, if there be, accrue (r?<) across ignore 19 ignorant ignorance {nms) ignoble {nbl) aggravate aggrieve 20 agreeable {agrbl) accuse {its) egg eggs egress equal {ekl) 2w equaling equally {minute I) eke ekes eking WRITING WORDS WHICH BEGIX WITH RIGHT VOWELS 43 In writing the following sentences, connect the words which are joined by hyphens. 1. Ask if-you raay-not open-the oflBce-door. 2. As often {ofn) as I am able I-will aim-to appear in an easy open-carriage (carj). 3. Am I to go- wit h-you to- the opera to-day? 4. Is-tlie drawing in ink one of yours? 5. Is-the ink she is using as black as-the ink on-the tablet? 6. He asks us not- to use-the impure ice for-fear of incurring an incurable malady. 7. Is- the usher in-the upper room? 8. This is an easy means of escape (escp). 9. A fire of wood is-not as warm as one of -coal. 10. Is one to infer the ink is impure as often as he is able to open the bottle {botl)'! MOVEMENT EXERCISE CHAPTER IX WRITING WORDS WHICH BEGIN WITH RIGHT VOWELS 41. Initial Right Vowels are written positionally to imply a consonant following, according to Rule III. — Initial right vowels are written on position 1 to imply w, wh ; on position 2 to imply 1 ; on position 3 to imply r; on position Jf. to imiJly t, d, th ; on position 5 to imply ch, j, h. ,^.^ Teh To illustrate: for aU., use right a 2; for are, right a 3; for a/, add, right a 4; for age (aj), right a 5. These consonants are implied by right vowels only. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 all Alps ill oil ills oils awls ell eel ail ailin? oiling allay 2 awe away (off) aware awhile awake are air or ore at ate X<^ x^ /^ /^ x^^^ 44 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND 3 aught odd oat oath other others err ear error urge urn 4 earl it its eddy eats ether argue ah aha ahoy awful '-^z^-::x v::::, ^^3; ^s^::^^ ..^z^--^ ^ 42. Rules II and III. — The consonants placed positioually in this rule complete the consonant position alphabet begun in Iiiile II. By these tAvo rales, any word beginning with a vowel or diphthong, except double vowels as aerial, Iowa, may be begun definitely, and the first two letters, vowel and consonant, expressed clearly by writing the vowel. 43. Initial Double Vowels. — The few worJs with initial double vowels, in which both vowels are sounded, are written by Rule I. The first vowel is expressed by a heavy dot on its vowel position, the second vowel is attached to the dot, and the rest of the word added. "U^ords beginning with two vowels, only one of wliich is sounded, however, as either, aim, are written regularly, according to Rules II and III. ILLUSTRATIONS either aerial aerie Aeolian Iowa lo Ion lona lola iota iodine "■'Ni^ " 44. The Diphthongs an, aw; and aw Uncoalescent. — The differ- ence in the use of aw in such words as airaij, aivare, awal-e, and aivl, awful, awkward, should be carefully noted ; in the first three IV is a consonant, in the last three it forms a diphthong with a. In the first three, a is written on 7V position; in the last three, the aw is written positlonally for the consonant following the diph- thong. WRITING EXERCISE 1 awe away (aw) aware (awr) awake (aicc) awaking awakes 2 awhile all ail ails ailing ailment allure {air} also (als) 3 almost Alpine almond aloe (alo) aloft Alps altliough (alth) 4 alum alway (aliv) array (ara) arc argue arch Arab arable 5 arbor archer archway (chrv) are air area airs airing 6 arrays arrears arrow (aro) at add aid aids adds adder aider 7 aught ado address (adrs) adequate (qt) admire (mr) adore (r) 8 attack (ate) atlas {alls) attempt (at mi) attest (atnt) attire (atr) 9 age ages aging ajar agile (ajl) adjust (ajst) adjudge (ajg) MODES OF EXPRESSING H 45 10 itch (ieh) ah oh eh uh edge (ej) edges edging edgewise (ejws) 11 ell ells eel eels else elbow {bo) eligible (elgbl) element 12 elect {elct) elk elm elojie elf err ear e'er ears errors (eiTs) 13 erect {erct) era eat eats eating eatable edible etiquette (etct) 14 each (ec/i) udder old or oar o'er ore oral orb orchid (cd) 15 orchard orchis (cs) organ orange odd ode oath (oth) oaths 16 other others ought (ot) it its idle idol idyl idiom (idm) 17 outlay outlaw outlook outline outfit outlast outrun outset IS outweigh (w) outgo outwit outshine (shn) outwent 19 outriglit (rt) awl awning ounces awful awfully (minute I) 20 auricle author authors 1. It is of no use at all to try to add to it now, as it will not aid you if you can do it. 2. Will-you-pay-for all the oil at once, or would you rather- wait till it is all out of the oil can? 3. It is quite odd; such an old man as he is ought-to be over all such airs. 4. All the old men in line to-day are as fine appearing as one can often see. 5. It is so odd he owed it at the time, while no one at the place knew of it. 6. They are all away at the fair. 7. Do-you say the egg is edible or eatable? 8. Ought all the others at any time to be able to aid it? 9. If either door is ajar, touch it at its outer edge to close it. 10. The poor old man is all out at the elbow. CHAPTER X MODES OF EXPRESSING H 45. The H Shade. — "When h begins a word, it is always fol- lowed by a vowel or diphthong, since no consonant coalesces with an initial k. In writing such words the vowel following h, if it is a left vowel, is shaded at the top to represent h and is placed on position for the consonant that follows. Thus has is written by placing a shaded left a on position 2 ; him, by placing a shaded left I on position 3. B and u, even when used as right vowels, may also be shaded for h, but the right forms of a, i, and o are never shaded for h, since they are upward strokes. The Ji shade must be carefully distinguished from the r shade by being made on the upper p.irt of the vowel only. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 has him hope heave hoop house whose happen hovel 46 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND hammer human hence help >s:>„ liawser hyperbola hasp husk ^ ^._ A :^. 3 hive have hog hug hawk hedge hulk here hum -r- A — ' ^ ' / ^ / 46. The H Circle. — la words in which the shorthand spelling requires only two letters, as lie^ hoe^ Jtigli-, etc., the h circle is used. It can not be mistaken for r, as the r circle never stands detached. When the vowel following h, if written positional! j, would be right «, i, or o, the h circle is employed instead of the shade, and is distinguished from r by being joined angularly to a following letter. The circle is also usually employed even when the vowel is e or u, if the following consonant is I, r, t, or f?, since a following ?, as in heal^ is implied by making the circle minute, a following t or d by enlarging, and a following r by shading. 1 hay o he hew high 2 hatch hitch ILLUSTRATIONS hoe how who hath hither hawthorn O — *r— C^ hash hush hair 3 horse harangue had hit hot o here ,..o._... hail higher hoar hurricane O o ^^ „ : 47. H Medial or Final. — When li occurs elsewhere tluai at the beginning of a word, it is represented either by the shade or by the angularly joined circle, whichever forms the more facile outline. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 cohere unliitch Bohemia Mahometan boyhood ashes unhoop •'-"•O-" X- 2 unhook hedgehog henhawk Ivanhoe vmharmed unhappily PHRASING 47 48. The H Circle Used for Sh and Ch. — At any part of a word except the beginning the li circle may be used for sh or ch. This should be used, however, only in those cases in which the alpha- betic forms for sh and ch do not join well with the other characters, as dah = dash. ILLUSTRATIONS batch thatch fetch dish sash watch cash quash dash .<:rz:z^ « — ^ k WRITING EXERCISE 1 has hasp his hissing husks happy {hap) happen happening 2 haply helped hope hopes hoping hopeful hopeless him hymn 3 home homes homing homely homespun (spn) hem hems 4 hemming hemmer hum hums humming hummer (humr) hemp 5 hump humps ham hams hampers (prs) hens hence (s) 6 Homer halves {havs) hives heaves hovers hovering heaver 7 heavers hack hacking hacker higgling hug hugs hugging 8 awkAvard hawk hawking auk hews hewer's help helps 9 helping helper helpmeet {mt) hawsers hewer house houses 1. If he shall happen to come home at half-past eight (at) have him fetch the dish from the liive. 2. I hope his home is not half as unhappy as he is. 3. Do-you-hear the humming in the air; is it not the humming bird? 4. Is it not a sweet hummer? 5. His homely house is half a block from his shop, half hidden (enlarged h) among (dot = ong) hovering trees. 6. If his help in heaving coal has been half as helpful (minute I) as his other help, his time has been well spent. 7. Why higgle with the hackman over his price? 8. If it happen to hit him on his homely nose, his anger will have reason to rise. 9. Hams are not half as high priced now as they were, nor as they will be a week hence. 49. Vocabulary. — With the alphabet, the coalescents, and the three rules which have been given, there is now no word in the language which can not bo begun correctly. Our vocabulary of complete words is, however, still greatly limited, and we must be content to write such words as we can, until new means of abbre- viation are presented. CHAPTER XI PHRASING 50. Phrase Words from Rule II. — The phrase words arising from \lule II (§39) are up, as, is, ease, us, use, owes, an, a, on, own, one, any {en), ash {asg), equal, ever, over, offer, has, his, house, whose^ him, home. 48 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND 51. Phrases. — The phrases arising are very simple and scarcely need illustrating, except the implied phrases, you may^ represented by M 3; you have^ represented by ?* 4; I have ^ by i 4; he may^ by he 3; he is^ by he 2; hotv is, by how 2; ho7v may, by hmu 3; who is, by hoo 2 ; and loho may, by hoo 3. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 you may, you have, I have, he may, he is, how is, how may, .:) ^ ^ ^V: ^ -^ -V- 2 who is, who may, do as, know as, don't know as, so is, anyone, -^- - /— - y 3 no one, give us, give his, go home, my house, who have, ■"•V "n " y "~"" 7 - — ^ — / — 4 as far, as far as, not any, not equal, in every, got over "^ =\ t WRITING EXERCISE 1 do as, so as, know as, not as, see as, be as, when as, 2 do not know as, in as, is as, if as, for as, give as, go as, 3 gay as, up as, he is, how is, who is, when is, where is, 4 there is, she is, as is, he is here, there is not, he is not, 5 who is not, she is not, this is not, there is no, there is now, 6 will ask, would ask, to ask, I do not ask, I can not ask, 7 this is all (Z) the (f/i), where is all the, do as all the, gave us, 8 give us, do us, tell us, for us, with us, no use, for any, 9 before any, by any, do any, take any, not any, any one, any 10 time, any more, any less (dot), how any one can, see any one, 11 know any one else, see any one else, for any one else, before any 12 one else, give any one else, ask me, ask too much, ask his, 13 ask us, ask no one, ask any one else, ask for, go over, give over, 14 be over, see over, is over, any over, for ever, nor ever, 15 whenever, wherever, in every (minute r circle) case, in every 16 cause (dot), in every place, every one, everywhere, every time, 17 in case, in no case, in one case, in one place, in his way, 18 on his way, buy one for no less, you may not be, you may not 19 have, you have no time, you have none, you have thought, 20 I have been, I have seen, I have found, I have thought, I have 21 not, I have known, gave equal parts, their equal, his equal, 82 no equal, not equal, has no equal, were not equal, will equal. PHRASING 49 23 will not equal, is not equal, do not equal, who is there, you 24 may be, he is to be, he is through, he is there, he may be, he may 25 not be, he may have been, who is there, who is not, who is he, 26 who may seem, who have not been, you may know, you may have, 27 you may come, you may find, you may think, you may use, you 28 may pay, you may put, you may call, you may fill, you have no, 29 you have been, I have come to think, he is not, he is said, he is 30 engaged, he is seen to be, how is this, how is it, how is he, how 31 is that, how may we know, who is that, who is there, who is he, 32 who may find, who may come, who is well known, who may want. 52. Phrase Words from Rule III. — The important phrase words derived from Rule III (§-11), are all^ are, away, aivare, age, it, its, or, of, other, others, each, which, our, out, ought. Of these the words are^ or, our, and far, when not initial in the phrase, are represented by r, and the word all by I. After t and all minute letters the I does not join well; therefore, when all follows these letters use right a. As right a is used for all only when following t, h, r, I, sh, wh, and ch, it may generally be used for a, an. Many writers prefer to use minute a for a and ati, and it may properly be so used. The word of in phrasing is written by right 0, and of the or of it by right o half-length. The words I am and / may are represented by right i 3, since ire is a word of infreouent occurrence. Right i 5, when written alone or at the beginning of a phrase, represents the word which; right i attached to a preceding word represents either which or /. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 are aware, are away, all are aware, all our might, are all away, 2 it may be, all others, all of, all of the, each of, each one. S each time, which is, which I, which one, which I will, "^ ' 3^7 Z^--~--Zy~ -ZP^ 4 which we, which you, which are,* I may be, I may not. * When circle r is attached to t, it is turned on the right side to prevent confusion wlthj. 50 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND 5 I may do so, I am sure, I am not sure, in our way, in our age, 6 at our age, see how I, of our age, it is, it is not, it is true, -■■■■■■ ?'''^^- j^ z::^; i::^ z^ " "T it is not true, all of one, are of the, not of the, look at, 8 ought to be, to all, for all, how all, hear all, why all, show all WRITING EXERCISE 1 I am, I am not, I am so, I am sure, I am glad, I am not aware, 2 I am not so sure of it, I am going, I may not be there, I may not 3 be through, I may not see you, I maj' not wait, we are all well 4 to all, take all, not all, how all, hear all, where all, why all, 5 show all, for all are, there all are, nearly all are, as all are, 6 as all men are, are you aware, we are aware of it, they are aware 7 of it, they are not aware of it, very well aware, very well aware [ 8 of it, very well known, very well seen, not ours, it is not ours, 9 why are you not aware of it, why are you not sure, why now, 10 no others, give others, for others, why others, when others, 11 by others, all others, on all other, one or tlie other, one or the 12 other of you, one or the other of us, by all means, by some means, 13 by such means, all our, at our, at our time of, in our time, 14 in our way, on our way, in our work, over our time, over our 15 way, over our work, out of our work, out of our course, my age, 16 our age, your age, of age, its age, not of age, her age, age of, 17 age after age, now at, buy at, for at, as at, all at, when at, 18 take at, take it, time it, for it, before it, lay it, as far as, 19 at our time, at our own, at our day, at our time of. 53. Positional Phrases. — There are a few phrases of two words each, the last word being a, tTie^ /, or you and therefore expressed by one of the positions ; as, to n, to the, to you, do a, do the, do /, do you. In all such phrases the first word, or the sign for it, is written on the position of the second word, thus expressing both words in one sign. In the following phrases, the signs used are INITIAL VOWELS 51 z for ffs, as in a« a; f for (/", as in if the; I for will^ as in will you; I written inverted for all^ as in all the day. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 to a, to the, to you, do a, do the, do you, do I, for a, for the, 2 for you, for I, as a, as the, as I, as you, have a, have the. 3 have I, have you, if a, if the, if I, if you, alia, all the. 4 all I, all you, will a. will the, will I, will you, all I have. -^ ..jjj^-^rrr.. 5 all you have, all the time, all the day, will I lia\ time, i^. -^ ..rrrr:L_______.. 6 will you have, will you go, will you not. will you be there. 7 will you be through, through a, through the, through you, of a. 8 of the two, of you, if I have, as you have, as I may CHAPTER XII INITIAL VOWELS (CONTINUED) 54. Vowels Modified for t, d, or th, and in or n. — The vowels being short characters are, like the short consonant characters, made half-length for a following t^ c?, or tli^ and minute for a following m or n. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 and hand hint apt assert aster afraid after another -/ — < / - ^ ^••-- r-- -•r--- "^ — 52 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND 2 about anther act agreed accord actor art allowed added ' r~ } " (f "7—"^ "' ^ ' 3 audit aged ahead oiled await enter under upright amen 4 again upon appoint assent amount avaunt account even / / 7 "v;"" 5 heavenly alone army atom autumn item iron illness 6 Ivanhoe happens human against adjoining eventually arms The student will need much careful practice to place the fore- going words correctly and to preserve their relative sizes in rapid writing. WRITING EXERCISE 1 and ant aunt ants another Andrew {Andni) apt aptly about 2 abroad apartment asserts asters affords afterthought accords 3 according arts awaits allowed aided agent {agt) agents 4 arrayed {arad) allayed (alad) obeyed (obad) amid annoyed avoid 5 avowed east ends enters eft egged oiled allied (alid) ailed 6 uprights undress appoints assents amounts accounts against 7 atoms autumns alone alum arms armistice (arnists) items 8 irons ironing event events evenly evening hoped liast« 9 heaved hint hands handle handily haft halved haunting 10 heaped heaven hedged hugged hummed hunt hound housed 55. The r Following an Initial Vowel. — An initial vowel fol- lowed by r is always written on the r position. ILLUSTRATIONS are oral Ira ear urn urchin order ardor ■■;y<0, „...^ _ If another r follows, which must be written, it is represented by the circle, which may be shaded for a third ;•: as, in arrears. INITIAL VOWELS 58 ILLUSTRATIONS arrears arraign errand irritable errors urari orris orrery ^....^^. „ /^rrr: V;jj^ ^^^ Vsjj^ ->s^ ^ _^,y^. 56. If a left vowel is followed by a consonant with a coalescing r, as in agree, accrue^ afresh^ afraid,, approach, upright, shade the vowel for the r. If the position consonant is followed by an unaccented vowel and r, as in ever, over, upper, inner, also shade the initial vowel to imply the r. The words ever and every are best used as phrase words, written with the circle r. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 abridge agree afresh Africa affray approach apron undress _L ^_^ ^^^^^. _- ^.... 2 average acre accrue offer over upper inner ever averse ~X"7~^7 ^ :^.-v ^ c 3 every everywhere evermore everyday everything "^ v^ <_ - v_ V, - 57. If the position consonant is followed by an accented vowel and r, the circle is used to imply an accented vowel. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 aboard assort accord inroad afar affair assure inure ^ —J- c/ J J ^.—..V 2 assured inured occur occurred enormity abortive overt -'-^ -7-7--^ "^ r 58. If double r follows a left vowel, as in overreach, override^ shade the vowel and add the circle. ILLUSTRATIONS overreach override overrule overrun uproarious offerer 54 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND WRITING EXERCISE 1 bra arb abr bar abar bre erb ebr ber eber bri irb 2 ibri bir ibir bro orb obro bor obor bru urb ubru bur 3 ubur era arc acra car acor ere ere ecre cer ecer eri 4 ire ier eiro icor cro ore oero coro ocor cru urc ucru 5 cur ueur dra ard adra dar adar dre erd edre der eder 6 dri ird idri dir idir dro ord odro dor odor dru urd 7 udru dur udur fra arf afra far afar fre erf efre far 8 efer fri irfi ifri fir ifir fro orf ofro for ofor fru urf 9 ufru fur ufur gra arg agra gar agar gre erg egre ger 10 eger gri irg igri gir igir gro org ogro gor ogor gru 11 urg ugru gur ugur pra arp apra par apar pre erp epre 12 per eper pri irp ipri pir ipir pro orp opro poro por 13 pru urp upru pur uper tra art atra tar atar tre ert 14 etre ter eter tri irt itri tir itir tro ort otro tor otor 15 tru urt utru tur utur thra arth athra thar ather tlire 16 erth etlire ther ether thri irth ithri ithir thir thro orth 17 othro , thor othor thru urth uthru thur uthur shra arsh 18 ashra shar ashar apra apar abra abar apre aper apri apir 19 apro apor apru apur asra asar asre aser asri asir asro 20 asor asru asur azra azar azre azer azri azir azro azor 21 azru azur amra amar amre amer amri amir amro amor 22 amru amur anra anar anre aner anri anir anro anor 23 anru anur afra afar afre afer afri afir afro afor afru 24 afur avra avar avre aver avri avir avro avor avru avur 25 acra acar acre acer acri acir acru acur agra agar agre 26 ager agri agir agro agor agru agur alra alar aire aler 27 alri alir alru alur alro alor adra adar adre ader adri 28 adir adro ador adru adur atra atar atre ater atri atir 29 atro ator atru atur athra athar athre ather athri athir 30 athro athor athru athur ajra ajar ajre ajer ajri ajir 31 ajro ajor ajru ajur appreciable (aprshbl) approach (aprch) 32 approve (aprv) apprehend {aprhnd) applicate {applet) attire {atr) 33 aggravate {agrvt) aggrieve {agrv) attract (atrct) attest {atst) 34 attack {ate) WRITING EXERCISE Let the student write the following syllables and words through once, and then write each ten times. This will greatly help him to fix the writing of vowels by Rules II and III. Al ab ap hab hap aub abr apr eb ep heb hep ebr epr 2 ib ip hib hip ibr ipr ob op hob hop obr opr ub up 3 hub hup ubr upr as az has haz aus haus asr azr es 4 ez hes hez eus ews ezr esr is iz his hiz isr izr ois 5 hois OS oz hos hoz ooz hooz osr ozr us uz hus hxn RECAPITULATION 55 6 usr uzr ous hous am an ham han amr anr hamr hanr 7 awm em en hem hen emr enr hemr henr in im hin 8 him inr imr himr hinr on om oin hoyn hon horn onr 9 omr honr homr of ov liof hov ofr ovr hofr hovr uf 10 uv huf huv ufr uvr huvr ag ac ak hag hac awk 11 hawk ecr egr hegr eg eo ek heg hec ic ig ik hig 12 hie hik igr icr hicr og oc ok hog hoc hok ogr ocr hogr B 1 aw awr awhl al air ar arr ad at ath addr atr adi 2 aj ah il ilr ir irr irl or orr orl ot odd oth otr odr 3 othr odly oh och oj el eir er err e^l erly et ed eth 4 ethr etl ech ej eh ejr ul ulr ur url urly ut ud uth 5 utr udr onr only awfly esly erly homly ably idly odly 6 egl ekl ekly hagl hagly higl highly C 1 obey (oba) abbey (aby) abbess able apple open (opn) opera {opra) 2 opulence (oplns) up upper (upr) upheave (uphv) upheaval 3 opal (opZ) us use uses using user (usr) usual (usl) usually (usly) 4 using useful (nsfl) usurp {usr})) usage (usg) ease easy 5 easier {esr) easel (esT) easiest (esst) ask (asg) asks asking 6 aspen (aspn) aspire assay (asa) assaying assayer (asar) 7 assume (asm) isthmus (isms) Islam {Mm) Anna {Ana) annal {anl) 8 aniline {anln) amj^le ampere {ampr) only one {on) once {ons) 9 inner {inr) ink inks inky inked {inkd) inkstand {stnd) 10 enrage {enrg) Emma {Ema) empire empress Una unlike {unlk) 11 unless {imls) humble hung hunger {gr) of offer {ofr) over 12 offal {ofl) often {ofn) office {ofs) avail {avl) aver average {avrg) 13 averse {avrs) ever {evr) evil evict {evct) Eva uvula ache {ac) 14 acre {acr) acres oak {ok) ogre oaks ox (ocs) oxen egg eggs 15 eagle {egt) eager {egr) equal {ekV) ugly uglier {uglr) CHAPTER XIII RECAPITULATION 59. Two Alphabets. — We have now fully presented, and the student should have thoroughly mastered, the two alphabets, visible and invisible, one of letters, the other of positions repre- senting letters. 60. Two Initial Letters. — The object of both alphabets is abbre- viation, and by combining letters from each in accordance with the three rules, any two initial letters of a word are legibly expressed by one letter. 56 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND 61. Three Initial Letters. — By the methods of writing coa- lescents. both vowels and consonants, which have been presented, any two coalescing letters are expressed in one letter ; and by com- bining the coalescents with the positioned alphabet, three letters beginning a word are legibly represented by one letter. 62. Four Initial Letters. — By means of the principles of length- ening, shortening, and making minute, four initial letters, — two coalescents, a vowel, and a following consonant, — may be repre- sented clearly by one shorthand letter. By a few principles of abbreviation yet to be presented, many frequent initial combinations and syllables of four and five letters are written by one letter. 63. Order in Writing. — The writing of these beginnings of words, by these rules, precisely conforms to the order of the utterance of the sounds in the spoken word, so that the elements of the written word are presented to the eye of the reader in the same sequence as the spoken word is to the ear of the hearer. A definite idea of each of the preceding features is of the utmost importance to the pupil, who should not pass this lesson until able to apply all of them in writing such words as have been given. Carefully study the following re-statement of the three rules, and write the illustrations many times, until clear ideas are formed of the beginnings of words. POSITIONED ALPHABET Positions Vowels 1 a au aw i e eu ew 3 i y oi oy 4 o ou ow 5 n oo ILLUSTRATIONS 1 sa as has aus haus se es hes ews hews si is his ois „.rr::.^.......i^..„...^....-.^--::=rr:^ ^s....,^ ..j.....j.. a... 2 hois so OS owes ooz hooz su us hus ous hous houses ^...,^;^^..z.„..j^_..z.™..Z ::i......_.1.3 :;i :^..-. WRITING EXERCISE 1 sa as has aus liaus se es hes ews hews si is his ois 2 hois so OS hos oos hoos su us hus ous hous be eb Consonants Left Right pb w wh s z sh zh 1 m n r f V t d th c k g (qu X) ch j h PRACTICE IN RELATIVE SIZES OF MODIFIED LETTERS 57 3 heb eub lieub bi ib hib oib hoib bo ob hob oob hoob 4 bu ub hub oub lioub ca ac hac auc liauc ce ec hec 5 euo heuc ci ic hie oic hoic co oc hoc ooc hooc cu G ue hue oue houc do ad had aud haud de ed hed eud 7 heud di id hid oid hoid do od hod oud houd du ud 8 hud fa of haf auf hauf fe ef hef euf heuf fi if hif 9 oif hoif foo of hof oof hoof fu huff ouf houf ga ag 10 hag aug haug ge eg heg eug heug gi ig hig oig 11 hoig go og hog oog hoog gu ug hug oug houg ha ah 13 auh he eh heh euh heuh hi ich oieh ho oh ooli hu 13 huh ouh houh ja aj auj je ej hej heuj ji ij oij 14 jo oj ooj ju uj ouj huj houj la al aul le el hel eul 15 heul li il oil lo ol ool lu ul hul oul houl ma am 16 ham aum haum an han aun haun me em hem eum 17 heum mi im him. oim hoim mo om horn oom hoora 18 mu um hum oum houm na an han hun haun been 19 hen eun heun ni in hin oin hoin no on hon oon boon 20 nu un hun oun houn pa ap hap aup haup pe ep hep 21 eup heup pi ip hip oip hoip po op hop oop hoop pu 22 up hup oup houp qua akw que ekw qui ikw quo okw 23 ra ar aur re er ewr her hewr ri ir oir hoir ro or 24 oor boor ru ur hur our hour ta at aut ha te et bet 25 eut heut ti it oit to ot oot tu ut out va av hav 26 auv hauv ve ev hev euv heuv vi iv hiv oiv hoiv vo 27 ov hov oov hoov vu uv huv ouv houv wa aw haw 28 we he hew wi hi wo ow how xa aks haks auks hauks 29 xe eks heks euks heuks xi iks hiks oiks hoiks xo oks 30 hoks ooks hooks xu uks huks ouks houks ya ye yi yo 31 yu cha ach auch che ech euch hech euch heuch chi 32 ich hich oich hoich chu uch huch ouch houch sha ash 33 aush she esh eush lieush shi ish oish sho osh oosh shu 34 ush hush oush housh wha awh whe CHAPTER XIV PRACTICE IN RELATIVE SIZES OF MODIFIED LETTERS 64. Modifications in Size, — It is evident that long letters may bo lengthened and short letters shortened without conflicting with each other, and that surface letters may be both enlarged and made minute without confusion. 58 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND 65. Classes of Letters. — To refresh the pupil's mind on the three classes of letters and their modifications, and to perfect him in writing them, let him now write each class, in alphabetic size, six times. The long letters are m, /, s, v, c, q, k, w, x, p, z. The short letters are a, i, o, e, w, b, n, th^ d, r. The surface letters are h, r, I, jo, g, sh^ ch, wh, ng, /, sc, sp, st. 66. Long Letters. — Now make six copies of the long letters about one-half longer than their alphabetic size, and six copies twice their usual size; also six of lengthened j3 and ^. This lengthening is to imply a following m or w, and the double lengthening is to imply an additional m or n^ as in minim, summon. 67. Short Letters. — Make six copies of the short letters except 0, in miniature size, — as minute as possible while yet preserving their form and proper direction. These minute forms of «, i, e, ?/, w, fZ, th, r, and h are distinct characters implying a following m or n and often a following y, I, hj, fl, Jig. Xow make six copies of the short letters half their alphabetic size, which is done to imply a following t, d, or th. 68. Surface Letters. — Make six copies of the surface letters half larger than their alphabetic size, which is done to imply a follow- ing t, d, or th. Remember that h, sh, ch, and wh are not enlarged for a following tJi. Make six copies double their alphabetic size, which is done to imply a following tt, id, dd, making the added syllables tat, tef, tit, tot, tut, tad, ted, tid, tod, dad, ded, did, dod, dud, as in patted, sodded. Make six copies of the surface letters in miniature size, as small as possible and maintain their proper form. This is done to imply a following g, I, Ig, fi, fig, or II, according to the context, as in deadlg, dreadful, dreadfullg , moral, morallg. MOVEMENT EXERCISE Resting the arm and hand very lightly, draw these continuous ovals by a very rapid movement, with the purpose of acquiring the power of rapid movement of the arm and hand. MEANS OF IMPLYING M AKD N 59 CHAPTER XV COMPLETE STATEMENT OF MEANS OF IMPLYING M AND N 69. Lengthening. — (1) The long letters are all extended to the length of mn to add a following m or n. (•2) The letters p and g are lengthened, without widening, to imply m, n. (.3) "VMien / and r turn on a preceding letter, they are length- ened to imply 171, w, by carrying the line which forms the curve of either across the preceding letter in a continued curve. After I this extension may also imply s. Examples are corn, morn, melon, meals, column, coals. The I is never lengthened for m, n, or s, however, when it is initial or when it stands alone. (4) The long letters are di-awn a greater length to imply a fol- lowing syllable beginning with m and ending with n, as mon in common, summon, and 7nui7i in maximum, or ine as in examine. (5) When s and n or m coalesce, always lengthen the s to imply the following letter. In general, if a long letter is followed by final nt, as in sent, want, exeunt, vent, lengthen the long letter to imply n following, and add the t; but when it is followed by nd, as iu words like wand, send, examined, vend, do not lengthen the first letter but write the shortened n to imply the final d. In words iu which c, m, or y is followed by m or n, however, it is always better to lengthen the c, m, or y, and add the letter that may follow; as in count, hind, meant, mind, yawiied. 70. Making Minute. — The short letters are made miiiute to imply a following m or n, and sometimes a following y, I, or ly. Initially, the miniature letters, with few exceptions, imply m or n, but when medial or final generally imply y, ly; as, penny, sadly, haby, lady, worthy, weedy, muddy, kindly, soundly, windy, ladle. This modification can not apply to o because of t and s, nor toy because of sli, which the modified / would too closely resemble. The h is made minute for hi coalescent also, and for final by, and hie, bly; but this does not interfere with the minute form for m or n except in a few words; as, hloiv and bone, blue and hiin, blacJc and banJc. In such cases the preference is given to hi because of the coalescence of the two letters, and the bn is writ- ten out (see §21). 60 ECLECTIC SHORTHAXD 71. Letters Not Modified. — By these given modifications, m and n are added to all letters except o, j\ sh, ch, and ivh. These do not need to come under the rule, since initial o, like the other vowels, is written on position 3 for a following m or ii; and j, sh, ch, and wh are continued into a following vi or n without an angle, as in shine, chum, join, whom. 72. Importance of Principle. — This is one of the most impor- tant provisions for abbreviation that can possibly be made, as n is the most frequent consonant, while m is also of common occur- rence. The implication of either m or w by the modified letter may seem to be indefinite ; but the student will soon find that, with the other letters in the word and with the context, the intended letter is clearly revealed. 73. The Syllable ment, when final, may be represented by nn, thus shortening the outline without materially impairing the legi- bility of the terminal. REVIEW WRITING EXERCISE 1 man men mean mine moan moon manner meaner minor 2 mourn mourner mourning meaning mining moaning 3 mooning mumming meant mint mantle mentor mints 4 mounts mounting mined mind mend mound minors manners 5 mourners mariners {marnrs) manly mannerly mingle mangle 6 mumble mummery same sane saint sound sand signed seen 7 seem sent scent send small smell smile sneer snore sinner 8 snap snag snug snipe snip snob snare fan fame faint fanned 9 fender fennel {fenl) final fount found fund finer from frame 10 fringe frank front frond forest fume funnel vain vaunt 11 vent vinegar {vingr) vintage (vintj) wan want wand wen 12 went wend win winner (winr) won wont wound wing can 13 can't ken kin king camp crimp come count cant corner 14 cunning crown crumb cram cream crime crimes crams 15 creamer crimson (sn) women woman cannon common commons 16 famine foeman freeman salmon seaman summon summoner 17 uncommon envenom inhuman (inhvin) persimmon footman 18 juryman (jurmn) German sermon foreman carman bookman 19 groceryman (grosrmn) dairyman (darmv) Norman Roman 20 treason (tresn) reason risen prison game gain gone gun 21 grain grin grim grown groom greener pain pin pen pine 22 pun prank punk general {gen 4- minute r) Salem solemn silent 23 column calm melon Milan film invulnerable {invlnrht) 24 Columbia (Colmba) Finland (Finlnd) fallen corn burns ferns 25 dormer sunburn alarm adjourn affirm adorn scorn spurn PHRASE WORDS AND PHRASES 61 1. The man in the moon came down too soon. 3. Many men of many minds; many birds of many kinds. 3. Three fine-looking young vxen came from the mine and went singing down the canyon. 4. Is it common for women to serve as examiners (xainnra) in a case of this kind? 5. She is a keen, cahn, queenly woman of uncommonly fine presence. 6. None wlio drink wine can win the game. 7. Tliere are many small pines on the grounds. 8. This pen is too fine for a full-gi'own man. 9. The wintry winds sang a solemn requiem over the frozen remains of the drunken old man. 10. Some women from Maine with winning smiles came winding their way through the mown grain. 1 name Nan nine known none nun nunnery numb names 2 naming ninny that then them thin thine thumb damn 3 Dane dawn dame den deem din dim dime dinner don 4 done down dun dunned dumb drain drawn dream drum 5 don't dent dint daunt dreamed dreaming drained drains 6 drowned drone drummed drummer dreamer drink drunken 7 drank damage damaging damages damaged theme thumb 8 thrum thump thimble thimbles blame blaming blessing 9 blessed blest blow bone bank black banking blacking 10 banquet belief believe blithe blows blue bun blues block 11 bleak blaze amen even item atom event events evening 13 heaven heavenly arm army alone again upon eventually 13 essentially arraign amain within appoint assent amount 14 avaunt account rain wren raining run running runs rains 15 reindeer runner rink ring rings ringing bring brink brine 16 brown brain brawn nimble noble sable dabble cable cobble 17 gable gobble valuable voluble soluble salable gamble grumble 18 crumble scramble scribble liable label wabble trembling 19 gambling grumbling tumbling fumbling mumbling amenable 20 assemble nimbly shabby chubby nobby lobby ruby baby 21 booby nobly feebly assembly journey bonny brainy caddy 22 candy comedy toady tardy windy ready Johnny ebony rainy 23 tawny downy pony thorny ferny honey shiny whinny Timothy 24 apathy sympathy withy Dorothy healthy wordy worthy 25 Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday CHAPTER XVI PHRASE WORDS AXD PHRASES 74. The preceding contractions develop a number of common words occurring in phrases, among which are the following: man, men, mine, manner, minor, meant, mint, mount, same, seem, seen, sign, some, sum, summer, can, come, crime, wifi, wine, fame, line. 62 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND frame^ from^ want, wanted, went, lointer, within (win), vam., gain, gone, grain, groion, pain, principle (prin), name, none, hnoivn, been, them, then, think (thin), deem, done, dream, drawn, droicn, drain, thrown, alone, again, even, heaven. The minute a is an, am, aim, and it is also used in phrase writing for a. The right o is used for of and off in phrases, and the left o for on, otvn, and ojie. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 some time, some men are, is mine, his manner, J. a minor, ^ .^ 2 some sign, principal men, take from them, grown men, v£: 3 want none, want them, want done, vain man. grown some, 4 seen some has oome, to come, come down, then came, he can. 5 how can, I can, you can, there can, no more, no more than. 6 no more from, now and then, none of, no one of, not one, 7 " 7 some one of you, thrown down, think not, I think not, you know WEITINQ EXERCISE 1 I mean, some men, these men are, those men will, some men are, 2 how men can, no one man, how one man, all men are, all men 3 can, some men are, some men seem, few men are, few men 4 can, few men have the, men of, he is a minor, he is from, 5 it is from, not from, will not come, could not come, can not 6 come, come on now, may not come, you may come, not very 7 fine, not very far from, just (ju) from, it is from them, want some, 8 I want some one, if some one can, you may come, you may have 9 some, where from, it is too fine, he came from home, he can 10 not come, I will give some one, how soon can you come, how 11 fine they are, how soon they have grown, in the meantime, no MEANS OF IMPLYIXG T, D, TH 63 12 one can, one of you can. one of you came, all one can do, it all 13 came from, it is not common, it is uncommon, it is uncommonly 14 fine, I will be there very soon, I want some fine ones, full of 15 pain, pink color, green corn, no grain grown, do not chew 16 gum, I want to go, I want to come too, you may go, you may 17 stay here, you may not go, not then, not done, no more than, 18 your name, in his name, for his name, this name, for them, 19 with them (dem), by them, give them, pay them, want them, 20 see them, will drain, well drawn, I have known, I have not 21 known, very well known, saw none, well known, not known, 22 I liave done, I have drawn, they have drawn, they have done, 23 make a drain, dig a drain, my dream, do you dream, 1 think, 24 to think of, all alone, come again, not alone, not again, 25 is alone, then again, is not known, was not known, was not 26 well known, is soon known, when done, -when drawn, all done, 27 not done, quite done, quite well known, not very well known, 28 very well done, not very well done, very well drawn, not very 29 well drawn, withdrawn. CHAPTER XVII COMPLETE STATEMENT OF MEANS OF IMPLYING T, D, TH 75. Short Letters. — When a short letter is followed by either f, d, or th, it may be made half its usual length to imply the letter following it. Medial or final t and straight s are often lengthened to imply a following t or d. 76. Surface Letters. — "When a surface letter is followed by i, d, til, it may be enlarged to imply the following letter, with the exception that h and sh are not enlarged for a following th. The sk hook also may not be enlarged, because of the possible con- fusion with sq, so d, t, th following it are always written; scr however is enlarged for a following j)f, making scrjyf, as in script. Initial I is enlarged only for It, as Id and Ifh are written alpha- betically as easily as by enlarging and are the more legible. 77. Expressing r. — When r precedes the t ov d implied by shortening an initial vowel, as in afraid, agreed, abroad, the vowel is shaded for the r. If the r follows the implied t, d, as in after, actor, the circle r is used; inter, enter, and under are, by exception, written with the shade, that they may not resemble ivh and ch. When coalescont r is involved in an enlarged surface letter, as in the word's pride, great, shred, the shade is used. When 64 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND uncoaleecent r occurs as in heard, shared, part, the shade is also used; but if r occurs at the end of the syllable or after it, as in heater, hotter, patter, greater, the circle is used. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 afraid afford agreed assert abroad effort appeared aster ___ r „ 1..... ^ _ ^........._ ^...„.. 2 after actor intermit underweigh underpin entertain entered - ^ "7 "^ ^^ ^ fc...-^-..^.- 3 prayed parts peered reporter greater gored growth herder se 4 gloomily glossily pleasantry chilliness eagerly utterly usefully 5 unseemly unmannerly unwomanly inhumanly uncomely 6 every accurately only seriously furiously curiously easterly 7 badly brutally broadly deadly dryly deeply dreadfully calmly 8 glibly grimly generally sincerely ample amply nimble nimbly 9 dimly meanly dumbly dreamily drearily drowsily easily 10 oddly hourly handily utterly beautifully bitterly neatly 11 nightly daily dally thoroughly {thurly) entirely {entrly) 12 fully warily thoughtfully namely mainly solely greatly 13 hardly haughtily hastily hardly godly greedily serenely 14 insanely purely parallel gladly placidly (plandly) 15 simply i)Iainly tearful tearfully merely barely fearfully 16 trimly surly surely {shurly) clearly armful splints splendidly 17 spicily speedily shapely cheaply simple double doubly 18 noble nobly single singly angle gaily gleeful gleefully MEANS OF IMPLYIlS'G Y OR L 67 19 gloriously nearly dearly sorely curl curly warily wearily 20 barely burly churl cheerily cheerfully rely reliable relies 21 relay relied relate really rollicking relying rolled rolls rules 22 rollers rulers relief realm ruled railed shall shells shelling 23 shoals shouldered shoulders shouldering parley parallel parleys 24 parallels paralleled parleyed parleying paralleling pearly 25 girl girlie girls garrulous girlish globule moi*al morally furl 26 usuall}"^ Billy Nelly Sally daily duly Molly calla collie coolly 27 seemly mannerly humanly jolly jelly July goodly horridly 28 maidenly motherly brotherly fatherly penny sunny lady baby 29 booby wily woolly moolley sully silly sorely yearly awfully 30 hatefully comely queenly womanly Dolly inly airily punj' 31 funny muddy company stony Benny Jenny Johnnie witty 32 city duty Netty natty fussy dressy drowsy juicy lazy breezy 33 frenzy Kitty pussy pansy grassy able awful assail avail evil 34 equal annals annul sharply simplicity singled mingled angles 35 angels churls Charles reliability reliant related realms 36 shall be, shall have, shall not, shall see, furled furling 37 pennies ladies babies baby's haply (ly) happily (ply) ably ally 38 alley early MOVEMENT EXERCISE 80. Phrase Words and Phrases. — The chief phrase words aris- ing from the foregoing are: hall, haul, hill, hole, whole, rule, real, shall, while. WRITING EXERCISE 1 at the hall, in the hall, from the hall, up hill, down hill, over 2 the hill, great haul, will haul, can haul, can not haul, will not 3 haul, would not haul, good rule, as a rule, will rule, very 4 real, not real, so real, little while, meanwliile, good while, 5 great while, for a while, not while, just while, for while, I 6 shall, we shall, they shall, how shall, who shall, you shall, 7 I shall not, I shall be, I shall not be, we shall not be, how 8 shall it be, we shall see, we shall have, there shall be, there 9 shall not be, wliere shall, where shall we, where shall it, whei'e 10 shall they, where shall I, single man, single woman, simple 11 minded, single eye, simple reason, single item, single atom, 13 single thing, simple thing, very simple thing, simple pase, 13 simple cause, single case, single cause, mingle with, mingle 14 them, fickle minded, daily bread, daily work, daily news. 15 daily items, deadly work, nearly through, nearly there, nearly 16 done, nearly over, thoroughly done, thoroughly good, 17 thoroughly bad, thoroughly finished, thoroughly known 68 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND CHAPTER XIX COMPLETE STATEMENT OF MEANS OF IMPLYING S AND SH 81. Obliqnes. — The forward oblique consonants which are gen- erally drawn upAvard when beginning a word may be drawn down- ward, giving them the angle of sixty degrees, to imply a following s or s7i. The backward oblique consonants, which Avhen beginning a word are generally drawn at thirty degrees slant, are drawn more upright, at sixty degrees, to imply a following s or s7i. 82. The Vowels. — The left vowels, when initial, are written at sixty degrees on position 2 for s or s7i; when medial or final, they are written downward to imply a following s or sJi. 83. The Minute z. — The upright z for zs, ss, sz^ is not a facile character; therefore it is made minute for ss, sz, zs^ instead of being written at sixty degrees. It may curve to the right or left, whichever curve will make the better joining with the preceding letter. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 washes wish wishes creases years yours wars wares varies 3 various excise joys Jews Jewish abase obeys arrays -^ — \ j-^ ^ A / ^- 3 arose arise annoys allies alloys cherish, do as, such has, 4 much as, as soon {ami) as, abuse abyss reddish its, it is, ~-t~-{ /- T 6 nourish release relies relays previous advance rererse --^ — ^ ^ f / ^ r MEANS OF IMPLYING S AND SH 69 6 rivers grievously casualty causality saws sizes recess - /- 7 ^ T nurses dresses freezes masses system sustains insists scissors 6- •V'- ^ ex. 8 suspend suspense laces houses hisses gases passes WRITING EXERCISE was wash washes washed washing washer washerwoman wise wisely wisdom wars wires ways worse case crease cries cross creasing crossing crosses crossways cruise crust crosser Christ Jesus juices base bees boys bows buss brace braize breeze brows bruise bruises bruiser bruising best baste boast bust braced breast bruised breezy brassy yes years yours excise abase abased abyss abysses abuse abused Amos avast accuse accused accuses aggress ei'says obeys obese allays alloys allows array arises arouses jest just jests joists joust juicy juicily juiciness juicier Jew's-harp garish cherish nourish flourish flourishes flourished flourishing nourished nourishes nourishment nourisheth boorish reddish radish grayish greenish bluish whitish vanish finish polish abolish astonish (astn) relish relishes polishes polished polisher {shade for r), see as, so as, do as, as soon as {asn as), as well (I) as, as good as, as great as, as fine as, as much (m) as, as dear as, as bad as, as bright as, as near as, as far as, as long as, so long as, he's, he is not, he is there, he is here, he is not here, it is, it was so, so was, how is, how was, here is, here was, there is, there was, where is, where was, what is, what was, all is, all was, so is, so was, she is, she was, she's, why is, why was, when is, when was, advise revise invoice serves moves graves groves laves leaves lives loves drives naves waves wives, it has, so has, he has, how has, how's, there has, why has when has, all has, this has, she has, do his, see his, how his, not his, for his, all his, no case. at his, in his, do his, good cause, this cause, sighs sizes sows sews pleases praises presses greases glazes masses where has, is his, give his, gave his no cause, good case, will cause, great cause, seas size freezes pauses passes pieces places prizes posies pussies gases guesses messes Moses misses musses nieces 70 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND 33 noses nurses races rises roses ruses teases tresses tosses 34 traces dazes doses dresses dizzies laces leases losses hazes 35 liorses hisses season Susan schism bases busies bosses 36 busses breezes brasses increases decreases surprises abuses MOVEMENT EXERCISE CHAPTER XX MEANS OF IMPLYING NS, MS 84. Ns, ms, Medial or Final. — The letters tis, 7ns, or tic (soft) either medial or final, are represented by a horizontal semi-ellipse joined angularly to the under side of the preceding letter, open- ing generally to the right, but to the left after o, i, t, p, h hook, 5^•, and circle r, to give a better angular joining, as in offends, im- mense, tunes, pencil, sickness, briskness, mourns. When this character is not readily used, the alphabetic letters are used, as in sMnes, Jones. After g or p, as in grains, pains, it is better to lengthen the g or p for n, and add s. This character is enlarged like other surface characters to include t or d, making nts, nds, or nst, need, and 7npts, as in sends, scetits, winds, winced, fends, fenced, attempts {atmts), preempts. It is also made minute to imply y, I, ly, as in fancy, fancies, tensile, pencil. 85. Written Upward. — The )is hook is written on the upper side of a preceding letter for a following or final s, as in busi- nesses, fences, minces, winces. When it can not be written upward, as after o, t, and p, in such words as offences, trounces, pretences, the hook may be opened toward the right to imply the final s, as the possibility of confusion with sp is very slight. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 mince wince bounce trance minced minces drowsiness 6 ■^ " MEANS OF IMPLYING NS, MS 71 2 bounced laziness offences bounds winced winces fancy .^.„ 7 ^" 3 fancies quinsy pencil tensile evince evidence evidences '~" a ^. V Vc" 4 evinces intense intenseness intends independence independencies — Vr^ i i - i ^' -^ — 5 France Francis tempts attempts preempts pretends pretences -r3.__:=:l_.4 — ^ e --9— -^ 6 tense tenses sentence sentences damsel damsels tonsil S 4 7 tonsils sense sends senses senseless utensil utensils "-"^^ ..^... 1 man's 3 teems 3 foams 5 wounds wince 6 dunces dooms 7 dines thrones deems thrums WRITING EXERCISE means mines moans moons mends minds trains times terms bands bends binds bounces fence fines fumes sands seems senses signs sums canes kens 4 comes coons cants kinds counts wants wands wends winds winces dance dances dense domes dunce dins drains dreams drones drums thumbs names nines noons evince 8 events evinces amends opens offends immense immenseness 9 intense intenseness attends intends ascends paints pends 10 points pounds immensely drowsiness business laziness uneasiness 11 booziness greasiness furiousness fussiness thorouglmess sandiness 13 juiciness breeziness brassiness timorousness closeness commence 13 commenced commends commences offence offences looseness 14 dressiness pains pens puns primes gains grains greens guns 15 grooms games storms streams sternness storminess sickness 16 darkness bigness blackness frankness thickness meekness 17 sacreJness fickleness exactness brusqueness huskiness burns 18 mourns occurrence assurance chance shines soreness variance 11) weariness yearns thorns 1. It is not very immense. 3. It is vai-y intense. 3. It gave no offence. 4. I do not like its appearance. 5. What is the inference? 6. What were 72 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND the terms? 7. The signs of the times. 8. His briskness is well known. 9. If he had better sense. 10. Can you jump that fence? 11. I can jump all fences. 12. Can you give me the times of the trains? 13. Have you seen the mines? 14. How many kinds were there? 15. There is much sickness. MOVEMENT EXERCISE CHAPTER XXI MEANS OF IMPLYING F, V, AND UNCOALESCENT W 86. Eetracing. — The sf (sph) provided for under coalescent s (§29) suggests retracing other letters besides s. Any letter may be retraced to imply a following f or v when it is convenient to do so, as in move, save, also to represent live, as in active. It is hardly practicable to retrace the circle. The retracing gives the idea of surface, and it is therefore treated like surf ace letters ; i.e., it is lengthened to imply a follow- ing t, d, or th, as in moved, saved, and it is made minute to imply a following y, I, vl, vly, as in envy, anvil. This minute retracing is also used for ively and tively, and for the word evil. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 move moved mover save saved safely grave gravely cave 2 caved cavils craved above approval swiftly deft deftly 3 brave braved bravely soft softly {flij) novel devil 4 manufacture hovel grooved shovel travel trifle prevailed W ^.::^ ^- MEANS OF IMPLYING F, V, AND UNCOALESCENT W 73 5 privilege caves bevel weevil dreadful dreadfully derisively _..^^......^ ^...^^ ^,^- ^ _...„..^......._ 6 incisively receptive receptively respective respectively „ / ......5L_:3> _ 9lj:> „....<>::11 c^:::^.. ._ 7 respectfully, from evil, not evil, confer conferred comforted 9 invalid unveiled 10 drive dove dive 11 brief thrive thief WRITING EXERCISE 1 miff miffed moved movement mover cave caved caving 2 cavils crave craves save saved safe safely savor 3 sieve sovereign (vrii) muffs favor fever five fifty 4 grave graves {downward v) grieve grieves grove groves 5 groove grooved grooves travel trifle trifles traveler travels 6 traveling vivid manufacture manufactured manufacturing 7 manufactures wave waved weave weaved weaving weevil 8 wife wove woof woofs above anvil aggrieve invade {vd) unveiling unavailing draft drift drove nave knave never knife brave breve thrift drivel several civil civilized 1. It is quite safe. 2. How much will it save? 3. Will it be safe? 4. It will be safe. 5. It will be saved. 6. It will be quite safe. 7. A mere trifle. 8. The lines of travel. 9. Very trifling. 10. It will be a great favor. 11. Please favor us. 12. Your favor of. 13. In gi-eat favor 14. Not in favor. 15. I do not favor it. 16. The report is not favorable. 17. Did you note the marvellous swiftness of the deft old weaver who wove this novel cover? 87. Implying w Uncoalescent. — The letters d, t, th, s, deep- ened for coalescent w occur in so few words that they are used to imply w uncoalescent and the words for which iv stands, i.e., we, way, with, would, and icere; and to imply these words any other curved letter may be deepened. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 they would, the way, though we, do we, so w^e or would, iC>^ _ __ they were, same way, some way or would, if he would, if I were. 74 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND 3 if you would as he would, as I would, as you would have, 4 as you were we would, we were, you would, you were, 5 would we, could we, can we, come with, so you were __^^.. 88. Implying ward, word. — In the words upward^ outward^ southtoard, northward, eastward, homeivard, doivnward, onward, windward, etc., the enlarged circle r is used for ward. In the phrases our word, yoiir word, feio words, receive word, which word, Ms word, has word, any word, no word, my word, one word, send word, sent word, got word, etc., the enlarged r circle repre- sents word. Practice on these suggestions according to the following illus- trations until familiar with them : ILLUSTRATIONS outward, onward, no word, some word, good word, receive word -^ -o : n -^ (S> MOVEMENT EXERCISE CHAPTER XXII MEANS OF IMPLYING ST, SD; DS, TS ; PR AND BR 89. The st, sd Loop. — When st or sd follow a long or short letter they may be expressed by turning a loop similar to I on the irregular side of it. When st, sd occur initially, they are also expressed by a loop on the irregular side of the letter which follows if it is one which permits of it, as m, n, c, etc. Like I, MEANS OF IMPLYING ST, SD; DS, TS ; PR AND BR 75 this loop is enlarged to imply a following t or f/, and drawn across the letter to which it is attached to imply a following s, wi, or n. It is also used for xt; as in next, fixed, coaxed, boxed. 90. The ds Loop. — When the letters ds either precede or follow a long or short letter they may be expressed by a minute loop drawn on the irregular side of the letter. The letters ts, either medial or final, are expressed in the same way, as in notes. 91. The Loops sd and ds Drawn Horizontal. — Both of these loops may be Avritteu disconnectedly, and they are then distin- guished from I and jl by drawing them horizontally as in sad, solved, days, dies. When beginning a longer word they come under Rule I, and make a syllable with a medial vowel, as steam, stock, dismal, disjwse, does not. For disl see § 126. 92. When final the st loop may represent the consonants st, sd, as in cast, west, most; or it may represent a syllable, as in fused, mused, advised. The ds loop when final may be ds or ts, as in the words nods, notes. 93. The t for st. — The t may be used for st after short and surface letters, because t following short letters is implied by shortening them, and following surface letters is implied by enlarging them This provides two ways of expressing final st after the short letters in general, and three ways after J, which may be written at sixty degrees to imply s and shortened for t, making hst, or may be followed by the loop, or by t, making t)st by either form. The minute st is sty, as in dusty, nasty. 94. The Circle for pr, br. — The circle is turned on the irregu- lar side of a letter for jJr or hr, as in neighbor, expressed. It is of course modified to imply a following I or d, t, as in neighborly, expert, expired. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 daj's dies sad sued phrased caused visit visits ...^^... 2 visited wasted wastes mastered steam stream strive ^ 3 cost costs custom Boston destined guest haste post last ^ ^.-.c,. 2 ,^ _..Z.., 76 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND 4 least list lost besides aforesaid outside inside decide - ^ f r -^ V ^ ^ ^■- 5 opposite oflFset disputes despotic descant descend, does not, 6 describe disclose disclaim dislike dislink indisposed 7 indiscreet undismayed undisputed undisciplined disinclined \ — - V9-- --V-- — — 8 disannul dismally disengage disseminate disembark invested 9 accustom vastly mostly mastery customs next arrest 10 inst. addressed abreast dearest merest purest rest rust ^, ,^.._.._, ( -^ -^ „,. ^ 9 11 decreased expressed expert depressed neighbor neighborly 12 numbers neighborhood {nabrS) bibber soberly embers embrace 13 at present dismantle dismember fixed annexed boxed twist ^ <^-~^- " ^ -/- .^:^ ^-^.._ 14 irreparable irrepressible irreproachable mister mystery WRITINa EXERCISE 1 said sad seed side sowed sued fast faster fasten fasted 2 feast feasted feasting feasts festival fist fisted fisting 3 fister fists foist foists phrased frost fused mast masted 4 messed missed most must muster mustard master mastery 5 masterly mastered mastering masterful cast caused creased 6 crossed cruised crust waste waist west wist western 7 wasted westerly vast vastly vest vested vesting visit DOUBLE P AN"D G: WORDS BEGINNIXG WITH EX 77 fi visited visitor vista worst stem steam stream ^tamp 9 stump stake stick streak strike stroke stoker stave strive 10 strove increased decreased dusts dressed dost destined 11 dusty baste best bristle boast boost breast braced brovrsed 12 Boston last least lost list lasts lists lastly lasting thrust 13 thrusts nest arrest inst. instant inmost invest divest 14 digest digressed adjust (ajst) advised revised gravest voiced lo incrust increased debased accused aroused neighbor 16 neighbors neighborhood neighborly neighboring member 17 members remember remembered December September number 18 numbered numbers numberless numbering outnumbered 19 renumbering encumber encumbered encumbers dismember 20 express export expert 'expressed expressly expressing dismiss 21 dismal days dies does dose deuce dice beside besides visits 23 visiting haste hoist guest guessed ghosts gust graced greased 23 grist depressed suppressed abreast assessed aforesaid oppressed 24 offset accused aggressed outside upset appraised MOVEMENT EXERCISE ^^^^Vo CHAPTER XXIII HEARTS OF WRITING DOUBLE P AXD G: WRITING WORDS BE- GINNING WITH EX 95. Double p and g. — AV^lieii p beginning a syllable is followed by another j} or 5, as in pipe, perhaps^ pebble, the first p is written in the backward-slant to imply the following p. When g is fol- lowed by another g, as in gage, gig, the first g is slanted back- war >1 to imply the second g. These backward-slant letters are enlarged for a following t or d, and made minute for a following y, ?, or ly. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 pap paper perhaps {praps) papal peeped peeper peppery _ ...CN Cb jQ _.. 2 pebble pabulum public republic people piped cv. ......,,;^ l^'iQ^. 80 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND Followed by m, r, 1, st, or ds exempt exert exercise exhale exiled exist exhausts exudes The Prefix ex ex-clerk ex-mayor ex-minister ex-member ex officio ex parte ex president ex-sheriff extramundane WRITING EXERCISE 1 exact exaggerate exalt examine example exarch excarnate 2 excavate exceed excel except excess exchange excheat 3 exchequer excise excite exclaim exclude excogitate excrement 4 exculpate excuse execrate execute exemplar exempt exequatur 5 exequies exercise exert exfoliate exhale exhaust exhibit 6 exhilarate exhort exhume exile exist exit exorbitant exorcist 7 exoteric expand expatiate expect expedient expert expire 8 explain explore exquisite exscind exsiccate exude extant 9 exterior external extol extort extra extract extraneous 10 extraordinary (xtrornry) extricate exuberant exult exhales 11 exhumes exhaled exhorted exhumed MOVEMENT EXERCISE CHAPTER XXIV KEVIEW OF HOOKS 97. Initial Hooks. — Initial p and g, being always written in their alphabetic form, can not clash with any other initial hook. The sj) hook joined without an angle, and always turned on the upper side of the following letter, can not clash with d or cr, which are always turned on the under side of the following letter. Nor can the sc and sp clash, because they turn in opposite direc- tions, and join with the following letters in a different manner. The d and cr, although alike in form, direction, and join- ing, differ in size. REVIEW OF HOOKS 81 The spl and d can not clash if correctly written, cl being on ihe under, and -s^j on tlie upper side of the following letter. ILLUSTRATIONS L pack Greek span clan crane splint cleaned crimp class r^.._„..,p=:=?. •I clip clog crag cliff click spike crick create splash clash 6 crash sponge clang crank cling skim spin script scrape ••>^ ■■■■ ■I spavin clever clutch speech speeches speechmaking spry ^^::r::^........<^... 9.. c_- 6 spire scream scarcely scaled schools scraps ' — 6 "■ ■"" ~- WRITING EXERCISE i. claim clam cram span scan pan gain clean spend cream -2 scheme pen green spin pin grin clime crime skin space 3 class crease cries spies splice cliff clad cried spied crude 4 spud pooled good click crick spike clock spoke crock 5 poke spook cluck spake speaker spikes spoken spooks 6 spoke squawk squeak close cluck croak clap clues clover 7 cramp cramped crumpled crinkle crinkled clank clinker 98. Final Hooks. — Of the final hooks, p turns on the upper and (J on the under side of all lines except the forward obliques ff, {, 0, c, ^', and iv. In joining p and g with these letters, it should be remembered that at the top, when these letters are written upward, there is but one hook, — p; if g follows them it is alwa3^s joined angularly. At the bottom, when these letters are drawn downward, there is but one hook,— ^, while p is joined angularly. The sic is clearly differentiated from angularly joined g because it is written horizontally, a direction which angularly joined g never takes. 82 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND The ns is always a medial or final hook, while sp is seldom final and therefore unlikely to be mistaken for ns or ms. ILLUSTRATIONS 1 map Mag wipe wig vapor vigor yoke yawp explain 2 exclaim expense excuse explode exclude means mask fins ^rrrc V. ,.- 8 Fisk brines brisk tans task terras trespass desks frisk ....4^.. j;^.... 4 frisky frisked friends keep keg cans cask Kansas 5 senses Francis wins winces bask bans whisk whines ^:N 1 abandon able abreast abstract accept acknowledge acquaint 3 adapt adopt advantage advertise advice affidavit aforesaid 3 alone already also amendment among answer any anybody 4 anyhow anywhere arrive association awe away balance 5 because before behalf behind believe belong below G between beyond bring bushel business, can not, certify change 7 charge character Chicago church circumstance, C. O. D.. 8 condition consequence concerning constitution contrary 9 company could, could not, correspond, deliver, dear sir, 10 defendant degree delinquent deposition desire destroy 11 develop differ difficult disadvantage dispat(!h distinction 13 district dollar easy employ enable enclose encourage 13 enjoy equal equity esquire establish, no evil {evil=i;/), exact ABBREVIATED WORDS 89 18 19 4 — -/-— ^- ,._^.. ^ 25 26 27 / — o z ^ ^ / fix fixed forgive give gives given <9. 14 except exchange exhibit father first 15 form forward furnisli gave gentlemen 16 glad govern happy hereabout hereinafter hereof hereon 17 hereto hereunto hereupon hereunder herewith he himself 18 hundred I, I am, I may, immediately immense imperfect 19 improvement inform inevitable inquire insignificance 20 insist insure intelligent into invoice involve involved 21 invalid judge judgment kind kingdom knowledge language 22 legal legislature little made make magnanimous magnanimity 23 magnificent majority manufacture memorandum merchandise 24 money, no money, much myself necessary neglect 25 nevertheless next, no means, no more, no sir, notwithstanding 26 O oh owe of Ohio object oblige o'clock opinion, O. K., 27 parallel particular party perfect perform perhaps ECLECTIC SHORTHAXD ^J>... ..„...^.^..,<*=^. 37 T ..^... .../fS>.-., ■-■t— 40 -"^ 28 perpendicular policy politics possible practice president 2y principle (-pal) purchase probable progress quality question 30 reflect regular reform reply represent request respectively 31 respective response respondent i-esponds responsible ship 33 self settlement signature silver speech subject substitute 33 such suggest siiperintendent supply suppose take testify 34 testimony telegram think thousand time together transact 35 understand uniform unto upward value very whereunto 36 whereupon wherewith wherewithal will with within would 87 which without work yet, yes sir, yesterday, you may, 38 you have, your favor, all other, another, any other, are other, 39 at other, by other, each other, in other, no other, on other, 40 one other, the other, it would, it would be 104. In Phrases. — Most of the foregoing words are to be written positionally. They are therefore to be used in phrasing ABBBEVIATED WORDS 91 only when they begin a phrase, as in the following illustrations. Great caution must be taken in employing abbreviated forms, and absolute familiarity is necessary. 4 Cfcrr: .>s^_-- ■■■■/^.^ KBY 1 any one, any time, represent them, represent you, accept this, 2 character of, correspond with, can not be, differ with, 3 differ from, difficulty in, difficult to, invoice inclosed, 4 together with your, principle of, perhaps I may 105. Suggestive Outlines. — Study of the foregoing list of abbreviated words and phrases will doubtless suggest to the thoughtful student the possibility of similarly abbreviating other words which may occur in technical writing. Such efforts are quite legitimate if the outlines conform to the principles of the system. But any abbreviated form to be practicable must be so thoroughly learned that it is legible at sight. 106. Root "Words. — Abbreviated forms generally represent root words, but in most cases they may also represent the derivatives therefrom ; as, slii represents not only sMp^ but sliipped^ shipping^ shipper, shipiment; sel is self, selfish, selfishness, selfishly; ac is accept, accepts, accepted, acceptahle-hly, acceptance, acceptor; ad is advertise-d-ing-ment. Most students will want to add to these root forms the various terminal letters that make the derivative words, but it will generally be safe to allow the root form to repre- sent all the derivatives. 107. Selection of Outlines. — In the study of unfamiliar words there may occur to the student different ways of writing the same word, each in accordance with the principles of the system. In such a case the shortest should be selected if it is clear and facile, but it is better to write a longer, clear, and facile outline, than a shorter one that is not easy to write or to read. Always express in a word its most important sounds. 92 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND 108. Shortest Outlines. — Most students will want to write the word marJc by the use of the circle and c, rather than by shading the m and using the hook for c. By writing each form as rapidly as possible during a minute, it will be found that quite a number more of the latter form can be made, and, as it is equally as legible as the first form, it should, of course, be used. The same may be said of the word market. The student will incline to write it ^^"^ instead of ■■^ , while it will be found on writing the two each a definite time, as half a ciinute, that the second form is the quicker. The hook is better than the c in sake, seek, sick, suck, sank, sink, sunk, fact, back, book, thick, thank, week, wake. The word number is likely to present itself to the mind with the alphabetic b and r, while the r written on the upper side of the n is equally legible and distinct and at the same time is much more quickly made. In the words may be and can be, and similar phrases, the student is likely to use alphabetic b rather than the hook, although the hook is much the more facile because it is a con- tinued motion with the preceding letter. In such words as find and sigjied, the student will generally choose to lengthen the/ and s to imply n and add the d, instead of writing alphabetic /and s and finishing the words with short n, for nd, although the second form is much quicker made and is equally legible. In the words tvant, loent, loanted, wont, won^f, iconted, will not, would not, faint, font, feint, fount, saint, saintly, sent, scent, saunter, scintillate, seriate, lengthen the first letter to imply the n, and add t; and in wand, ivind, feigned, find, sand, sound, etc., shorten the n for nd. Do not write "way" for away, "ware" for aware, "wake" for awake, "wait" for await, "rise" for arise, "round" for around, "side" for aside or beside, "sept" for except, "low" for allow, "cur" for occur, "casion" for occasion, "elusion" for seclusion or conclusion, "traction" for attraction, "lat-ion" for re?a^io;i, "cuss" for discuss, "licious" for delicious, "gain" for again, "go" for ago, "gree" for agree, "sides" for besides, "specially" for espe- cially, "ceived" for received, "genst" for against, "pear" for appear, "count" for account, "point" for appoint, "mount" for amount, "sent" for ascent, "send" for ascend, "sind" for assigned, "can't" for can not, "don't" for do not, "sistant" for assistant, "ficient" for deficient, "ficious" for officious f "spouse" for response, "tention" for attention or intention, "pression" for ABBREVIATED WORDS 93 impression or oppression, "gression" for aggression, "mission" for omission. Avoid using circle r after shortened i and it. The circle causes thein to resemble loh and cli. Always shade inter, tindery and enfcr, as in interest, iinderstand, entertain. 109. Write to Bead. — The foregoing are samples of common errors, which the student should not allow himself to commit. The omission of initial syllables always seriously impairs legibil- ity; and while in very rapid writing one may be driven to various time-saving devices, he should always seek to avoid them. Write every word with reference to reading it, at any time in the future. 110. Study of the Principles. — If well-grounded in the princi- ples embodied in the three rules and the expedients to imply frequent letters, together with the prefixes and terminals, the resolving of most words into their representative elements would seem to offer little difficulty to any thoughtful student, while to many it becomes a keen mental pleasure. Xew words that cause hesitancy should subsequently be recalled and studied until they become clear and facile. In writing unfamiliar long words do not stop to determine the entire outline of a word, but begin at once by writing the first letter positionally, to imply the second, in doing which the writing of the remainder of the word will gener- ally be seen. WRITING EXERCISE The following sentences illustrate the use of abbreviated words in phrasing. Those words whose outlines are quite sug- gestive irrespective of position, may be used in any relation in a phrase, but those which rely on their position to interpret them may be used in phrase writing only when they begin phrases. 1 bought a (an), it is a (an), there is a (an), will you accept them, 2 is this your acceptance, those who would keep abreast of truth, 3 can you adapt it, will they adopt it, this is his aflBdavit, 4 in the aforesaid claim, by the aforesaid cause, do you acknowledge 5 this to be your signature, yes, it is my signature, I shall derive 6 no advantage therefrom, are you alone in the business, is there 7 any good reason, in any event, at all events, did he give you an 8 answer, no answer, will j-ou also go away, what is the balance, 9 what is the bill, can you find the balance, have you a bill, it was there before, he is behind time, it is my belief, do you IJ believe, what is his belief, do you belong, go below, John, 94 ECLECTIC SIIOKTHAXD 12 a song on her lips, I can not drift beyond his love and care, 13 he is doing a good business, no business, I can not, I could not, 14 you can not, you could not, I do hereby certify, is this your 15 certificate, it is my certificate, a great change, a greater change, 16 wliat do they charge, he came to Chicago, it is a good company, 17 what are the circumstances, under no circumstances, it is a 18 circumstance of the, you could by correspondence, by care, 19 I will correspond with him, did you hear the amendment, in their 20 advantage, there was no amendment at the session, at the 21 session, there was much disadvantage, did he deliver it, yes, he 22 delivered it, dear sir, my dear sir, are you the defendant in this 23 cause, he is very delinquent, is this your deposition, when did 24 it develop, the theory of development, do not destroy it, it was 25 destroyed, it is very difficult, with great difficulty, very 26 different, what is the difference, with dispatch, at great 27 disadvantage, what is the distinction, it will enable them, they 28 were enabled, to enlarge one's view, to employ an agent, it will 29 encourage him, they were encouraged by it, a bill of exchange, 30 it is most extraordinary, it will exhibit, we do not accept, 31 do you expect, do not forget it, did you forget, yes, I forgot, 32 yes, I have forgotten, it was very uniform, he is uninformed, 33 give it to them, it gives satisfaction. it has given satisfaction, 34 it is giving satisfaction, he governs wisely, they are very happy, 35 two hundred words, he will, I will, he must, I must, I am not, 36 did you inform the defendant, did you at that time insure your 37 stock of goods, how much did you pay for insurance, was your 38 interest insurable, it was insignificant, it sinks into insignificance, 39 she is very intelligent, when did you receive intelligence of his 40 death, what did the judge say, on what date did you secure 41 judgment, thy kingdom come, state what you know of your own 42 knowledge, state his exact language, it is not legal in form, 43 by an act of the legislature, too long, not long, did you make 44 them, who made this, he was very magnanimous, with 45 magnanimity, look at your memorandum, bought a bill of 46 merchandise, do you need the money, it is not necessary, it is 47 unnecessary, do not neglect it, no, sir, notwithstanding that, 48 how much did you owe him, it was of no account, I object, 49 you will oblige me, I am greatly obliged to you, what in your 50 opinion, it is all O. K., the lines are parallel, very perfect 51 instructions, it is perfectly done, perhaps I may be there, 52 to perform music, it stands perpendicular to this plane, did you 53 write this policy, it is not possible, Mr. President, wisdom is the 54 principal thing, practice makes perfect, there is no question, 55 they stand in regular order, the action is irregular, it may work 56 a reform, in reply, what does it represent, in response to his 57 request, are you respondent in this suit, it quickly responds, 58 he is perfectly responsible, it is not right, self-love, self-will. TERMINATIONS 95 59 selfish action, we ship you to-day, the goods were shipped yester- 60 day, they were shipi>ed to your care, when did you receive the 61 shipment, is this your signature, it was shipped subject to your 62 order, such -were the orders of the president, it can not be 63 a success, what do you suggest, the supply is ample, it will 64 take too long, did you testify in the case, is this your testimony, 65 at what time were you there, did you receive this telegram, 66 the telegraph office is closed, thej' grew together side by side, 67 did you get word, I do not understand you, the texture is very 68 uniform, wheat suddenly started upward, what is its market 69 value, it is very well done, will you go with me, it would be 70 fine, look within, when will you be there, it will not do, he 71 will not, it would not be correct, I do not want to, whenever 72 you want more, without any reason, it will not work, did you 73 get work, in which case, you may be sure, yes, sir, I was there 74 yesterday, yet be seen, yet be known, not yet due CHAPTER XXVIII TERMINATIONS 111. The following list of terminal signs, with some of which the student is already familiar, will be easily learned and applied. These signs are presented in three classes : I, signs consisting of minute characters; II, signs consisting of single characters, some of which are written upward to imply a following I, and down- ward to imply a following s or sh, and some of which are modified to imply tj d or m, n; III, signs composed of two or three characters, the final one of which may be modified. CLASS I Terminations ty, tiness, tive, tiveness trig trology, icaly,-y-gize-st try, trary tns taneous-ly-ness tally, tily, tually cl acle, icle, cal tral, trally tcl tacle sy, zy, sily, siness, sive, sively, siveness cile, cilely, cileness trcl tricle ble, bly, Joility, bleness asm ism ment, ntment, nament, ny, my tal, tile, tual, telligent-ly-ence tral, trual ted, tied, tute, tuted, tude, tiety, tuity, tivity cied, cede, sated, side, sode, sued ciled, seled, celed, cility, sality trate, trade, tred, trite, trode, trade, tered tied, tality, tility, tuality, trailed, trolled, tralitj', tralized tology, tological Signs Minute t tr tl trl s si b a i a n Unmodified tl '' trl Lengthened t s si tr tl trl <( tig 96 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND SIGNS Right a o it ui CLASS n Tebminations alogy, alogical, alogically, alogist ology, ological, ologically, ologian iety, ity, idity uity, uitiv osopliy, osophical, osophically, osopher, osophize ise, ice, ize, ies, ish, islily, ishness ous, uous acity, ast, astic, astical, astically icity, ic, ist, istic, istical, istically, ished osity, ocity istry age, ageous, ageously, edge, idge, oge, uge, udge guish, guished, guishes, guishing, guist gram logue hood thusiastu, thusiast, thusiastic, thusiastically ship CLASS in Tbbminations arity, ariety erity ority, oriety urity ality ility ulity, uality opathy, opathic, opathically, opathist ocracy, ocrat, ocratic, ocratically ography, ographic, ©graphical, ographically algia graph matics, matical, tnatically, matician ticity, tiest tricity, triest trie 112. For the terminal ag^ j is sometimes preferable to g^ as in heritage. For arity, erity, ority, urity, as in familiarity, sin- cerity, majority, maturity, if thought better, the vowels may often be omitted and the enlarged r or the minute t used instead. For ality, ility, ulity, the enlarged I is an easy representative when preceded by a long character, as in personality. For arily, erely, orial, urely, write the vowel with minute r when necessary, but generally the minute r alone will represent the terminal clearly, as in primarily, severely, censorial, securely. The straight .' ert *^o (t ort ^^ <( urt "^ ii alt ^ t( ilt ^ t< ult ^ (( op I Left oc og Right agy ^ Angular grf u Alphabetic mt n tst l/l (( trst ^ <( trc C TERMINATIONS 97 turned. The lengthened t is not used initially, as in tig'td^ taught; th is used for the second t. Class I -yx^- 5 r x;- /^ ^9^ r.............L ^ » -i- ■-ir KEY 1 mighty mightily city county scantily thriftiness motive 2 positively sensitiveness nativity country contrary fatal-ity 3 fertile-ity textile mutuality neutrally neutrality fussy 4 cozy-ily busy-ily juicy-iness massive massiveness evasively 5 abusiveness passivity facilely docility payable capably 6 mobility miasm Buddhism aphorism polytheism dainty 7 daintiness sportive-ness castle muzzle central control subtly 8 subtile mental-ly sensitive-ly paleontology tautology 9 abatement element implement interment instrument payment Class II 1 /^■-' -4f^- C\^„ 3 -.. »»«i l^U" "7" ••"^'■ ■*T" KEY 1 analogy analogical-ly mineralogist phrenology geological-ly 2 theologian variety perpetuity philosophy-pher theosophical-ly 3 anise suffice realize parties foolish-ly feverish-ly childish-ness 98 ECLECTIC SHOKTHAXD ---^ >=T" 4 laborious impetuous veracity felicity theorist atheistic syllogistically curiosity ferocity casuistry courage 6 outrageous-ly porridge gamboge refuge budge monologue 7 manhood monogram enthusiasm enthusiast-ic-ally penmanship aass III .:-::.^.. :^...„.. U" r Y '7 ispury... c^... KEY 1 popularity hilarity contrariety celerity temerity minority 2 notoriety security impurity plurality virility credulity 3 homeopathy hydropathist allopathic-ally geography 4 orthographic biographical stenography-pher stenographically 5 lithograph neuralgia nephralgia languish distinguislied 6 extinguishes linguist mathematics-cian dogmatical-ly elasticity In most of the preceding illustrations only a single form from each root word is given, but the student will note that all the variations of a terminal are written alike; thus, hitelligent^ intelli- gence^ intelligently, and intelligible are written with the same outline, the context being relied upon to indicate the exact word. TERMINATIONS _ r\ "^ ^ Vw£^ 99 WRITING EXERCISE L*^ '" ^ ^a Write: ,.,,j\ v^ T^^^ 1 might mighty mightily meant mental mentally mentality face 2 facile facilely facility neuter neutral neutrally neutralitj' 3 beauty duty weighty scanty-ily security sentry wintry 4 country gentry vital vitality brutal brutality dental ventral 5 central centrally lunacy exigency intricacy obduracy piracy 6 muscle tonsil admirable gable gamble agreeable reliable 7 ignoble sensible seated granted mated scented fainted halted 8 posed greased graced glazed controlled patrolled tautological 9 paleontology astrology abatement abutment (ut) government 10 movement attachment enrichment investment enlightenment 11 apiwrtionment aggrandizement advancement announcement 12 condiment consignment confinement compliment contentment 13 complement discernment attainment {tainment) entertainment 14 atonement (tonment) adornment ornament pr&sentment 15 resentment imprisonment monument {li) tournament appointment 16 comment cement foment acliievement abridgment agreement 17 sacrament interment banishment judgment enrollment allotment 18 liabiiiment elopement department ferment preferment 19 allurement casement displacement embarrassment treatment 20 excitement sentiment inducement amusement lament raiment 21 remnant enticement pigment fragment orpiment genealogy 22 chronology algology satiety verity annuity intuitive 23 philosophy-ically theosophy-ist arise surmise sunrise modisli 24 brutish fetish grayish greenish reddisli bullish bulbous 25 furious curious glorious tenacity pertinacity artist artistic 2G realist realistic patriotic antagonistic curiosity generosity 27 velocity dentistry courage beverage leverage begrudge 28 catalogue decalogue eclogue womanhood boyhood manhood diagram 29 cablegram monogram chronograms decalogue chronologic 30 reship worship horsemanship popularity polarity temerity 31 sincerity entirety majority minority futurity reality 32 carnality formality morality servility puerility homeopathy 33 allopathy hydropathy theocracy democracy lithography 34 geography chronography chirography chorography calligraphy 35 lithograph anguish languish problematic mathematics 36 chromatic enigmatic optic piety notoriety felicity electricity 37 foolish girlLsh entirely biographical homogeneous reliability 38 nobility extinguished distinguislied familiarity churlishness 39 propriety dialogue monologue adage visage chiropody maturity 40 friendship laborious courageous outrageoiis religious 41 perpetuity finality fidelity generality liability dangerous 42 virility frivolitj' immorality immortality immutability 43 city data incentive motive inventive sedative palliative 44 daintiness humanity nonentity fussy mussy lazy crazy dressy 45 dozy juicy newsy frenzy noisy county inventory promontory 100 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND 46 commentary humanitarian sanitary mutuality intelligent 47 intelligence intelligently unintelligent analogy analogic 48 analogically mineralogy mineralogist mineraiogical theology 49 biology theologian tliaological biological phrenology 50 philological philology geology physiology psychology 51 tautology biography physiography geometry trigonometry 53 hydrography hydrology hydrometer homeopathic homeopathically 53 hydropathic hydropathically allopathic ability affability CHAPTER XXIX WRITING THE SYLLABLES TION, TIOUS* 113. Lengthened or Diminished Consonants.— By far the great- est number of words in tion, fious, etc., consist of three or more syllables, of which the penult contains a single or a double con- sonant followed by a single vowel; as edu-ca-tion^ pro-ha-tion^ fumi-ga-tion^ mi-gra-tion, itivo-lu-tion, se-cre-tion, se-du-sion, persuasion. In all these cases tion is implied by means of n, which is indicated whenever possible by lengthening or diminish- ing the first consonant of the penult. This implying of n for tion is possible with all long letters, all short letters, and with the sur- face letters jo, g, and I. Thus in education, lengthened c is used for cation; in probation, minute h is used for hation; in fumiga- tion, lengthened g is used for gation; in migration, lengthened g shaded is used for gratio7i; and in involution, lengthened I is used for lution. P and g, when used in this way, should be joined angularly. Under this class are also included words in uation, since this termination is nearly equivalent in sound to wation, and is expressed by the lengthened iv. ILLUSTRATIONS Long Letters KEY 1 education infusion intimation obligation diversion physician 2 position starvation situation vexatious naturalization secretion * The principles discussed In the following chapter apply to all syllables equivalent In sound to tion and tioua, such as slon, cion, cean, cious. WRITING THE SYLLABLES TION, TI0U8 Short Letters 101 ...r:^3rC .....- rv, 1 probation rendition donation operation peroration repetitious 3 destitution perpetration celebration variation election 1 2~ 3 ...- / Surface Letters Z " 7-" :\4'.. 2^ ....^rrZi:. -z^- r 1 abnegation fumigation migration allegation litigation 3 occupation suspicious usurpation depression involution 3 delusion manipulation solution evolution abolition 114. Lengthened Hooks. — In words ending in action^ ecfion, iction, uction, preceded by d, /, //•, or s, and in those ending in tion preceded by nc or p, the lengtliened c and p hooks are used to imply the termination. For the prefix re see § 127. - — - ^ KEY 1 induction reduction deduction seduction abduction diction 3 introduction benediction faction fiction infection defection 3 affection benefaction fraction friction infraction refraction 4 section suction bisection intersection vivisection function 102 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND 5 distinction extinction adoption deception proscription 6 caption reception resumption preemption assumption 115. Diminished Vowels. — There are a few words, mainly of three syllables, which end in atio7i, ition, ution, asion, ision, nsion, hesioii, etc., preceded by a vowel or by a positional con- sonant, or in action, ection, ictioti, uction, aptation, eption, iptioii, option, tiption, preceded by letters other than d, /, /;-, or s. To write these words, the minute vowels are used to imply the termination: minute a standing for ation, action, or aption; minute ?(for ution, nction, or uption; minute i for if ion, iction, or iptio7i; minute e for ection, eption; and minute shaded e iovhesion. Without c or p ^9^ ^ ly KEY "V- 1 variation deviation radiation retaliation humiliation 2 palliation elation adaptation tuition allusion effusion cohesion KEY Vin^^7 "^""Tl '"""*^'" "^^"*'^" ^'•^^t''^" ^je^tion 2 nflection reflection correction collection recollection 3 selection direction protection detection connection affliction 4 mfliction abstraction distraction instruction destruction WRITING THE SYLLABLES TION", TIOUS 103 _^.. .._i35l^... .^^.. 5 attraction detraction retraction restriction 6 constriction contraction eviction addiction construction 116. The Letter n or Special Signs. — In those words in which the consonant or consonants preceding the penultimate vowel are such as can not be modified to imply n^ the alphabetic n is used for tion. A few more complex terminations are also grouped with this class, aud are represented by special signs. The fol- lowing are the most important of these terminations : tn s7in hln Jn hi ssn cin jjln fln pin scrn spn tin via ti'n cm ccn ^— ,^ used for tat ion when the minute curved t does not join well. " " tiation, ciation, etc. " " hiiation. " " jection. " " lation, lusion. " " session, cision, etc. " " elusion. " " pulsion. " " flation. " " plation, pletion, plosion, etc. " " scription. " " spection. " " tellation, tillation, tallation, etc. " " vulsion, valation, etc. " " version. " " cretion, cration. " " coction. /^ ■ez:- . 108 ECLECTIC shoetha:n"d infor-mation, in-struction, and edifi cation of the rising gene-ration. After the for-mation of a determi- -•^• nation in favor of its publi-cation, it became a matter of necessi-tation,;;^;v/^ f;^ / in confor - mation to pre - vailing custom in every new literary compo- sition, to preface my publi-cation, as <^ an intro-duction, with a dedi-cation to some distin-guished friend or.^^ re lation. It then became a grave ques tion to what distant or near re-lation I could make this do-nation, before consul-tation, and avoid the cau- *" ' " ^ sation of disaf-fection, disappro ^"*^/0 bation, and perhaps repro-bation. ^"^ f After long cogi-tation, much consul- tation, and serious re-fiection,I could bring to my recollection and recog- nition but one distant re-lation in all cre-ation, who, in my estimation, would entertain a full appre-ciation of this demon-stration of my af- fection. Therefore, without further cir- cumlo-cution, in consideration and commemo-ration of the fre-quent ,,;r::r!..^...a..^ jf elicit her admi-ration, produce ^ \ ^ exhila-ration, and oc-casionally a /^""^^ /" burst of cachin-nation, I am as ever, >.^ / 's^ ''^ "^ without affec-tation, her sincere friend and af-fectionate re-lation. .-..„,,:.,,..,^».,.^^-rr-r>rrr..Y--^ d~. . CHAPTER XXXI IMPLIED WORDS 120. Some words, which by their relation to the context are rendered very obvious, are implied by writing their initial letter, or their initial terminal letter, beneath the preceding word or syl- lable. For example, in the sentences, "Did you hear the conver- sation?" "Were you present at this conversation?" the word conversation is implied by writing its terminal sign s under the previous word. This is a very important, definite, and facile means of brevity, and sliould be thoroughly mastered not only by writing the fol- ' lowing sentences, but by discovering and practicing others in which the implied words occur. Signs Words f association-s. •^ able. V. responsible-bility. y"""^ educate-cated-cating-cation, etc. ; ocoasion-al, etc. ; communi- cate-cated-cative-cation. *& discharge-charged-charging. c conclude-d, etc. /"^ calculate-lation, etc. /"^ democrat- ic-cracy. v_^ condition-ed, etc. — f' differ-ent-ence-ing. — -, conduct-ed, etc. y deposition. V. correct-ed, etc. ^ * confess- fession-fessional; satisfy-fied-f action, etc. , — e=> follow, fellow, fulfil. ty delegate-gated-gation. Q hesitate-tated-tating-tation. ^ improve-proved-proving-provement. ^ object-ed-ing-iou. ^ relate-d, etc. ; resolution. 110 .. ECLECTIC SHORTHAND " " commence-ment, etc. ; admit-mission, etc. ; commission ' amendment. — necessary-sarily-sity-sitate. ■ "^ connect-nection, etc. / observe- vation, etc. ^ occupy-pation, etc. " complete-pletion, etc o people. populous-lation. n' presidential, etc. ; prove, proved, proving, proof. O' propose-sition, etc. r» prepare-ration, etc. ( consequent-ly, etc. ; acquaint-ed-ance, etc, '— operate-ation, etc. -^ position-al, etc. • conversation-al, etc. ; consider-ation, etc. -^ appreciation-ative, etc. -—7^ sufficient. 3 describe-scription, etc. ■ o subscribe- script! on. c — respond-sponse, etc. c speak ; speech-es. Co speakers > consist-ent, etc. ; assist-ance, etc. ; concession -^ constitute-tution, etc. -* — circumstance-stantial, etc yt construet-struction, etc. * — ^ consider-ed-ing, etc. ^* — ^ persuade-suasion, etc. — ^ console-lation, etc. ^ competition. ^ contracted, etc. 1 intelligent-ligence-lectual, etc. 5 transact-ion, etc. ^— attend-tention-tentive, etc. - — » enthiLsiasm-ast-astic-astically. '^'^^^^ advantage-ous, etc. ; observation. convenient-ly, etc. investigate-gated-gation. controversy-versial, etc. situate-uation, etc execute-cuted-cuting-cutiom beyond. composition. ^ IMPLIED WORDS 111 KEY Did you hear the conversation? Were you present when this con- versation took place? Were you a witness of this transaction? When was the business transacted? Are you responsible for this? Is this statement correct? When did you make this observation? She is very intelligent. I am not able. Defendant's counsel objects. WRITING EXERCISE 1. When did this transaction take plaoe? 3. The business was trans- acted on June 1. 3. Who transacted the business? 4. Are you certain of the precise nature of the transaction? 5. Who are the responsible parties? 6. I do not know who is responsible. 7. Do you share in the responsibility? 8. Did you not agree to become responsible for the payment of these, goods? 9. Is he well educated? 10. Where did he pursue his education? 11. The course of lectures was highly educational. 12. What is yom' conclusion? 13. I have reached no concliision. 14. Is the course con- cluded? 15. The reasoning is very conclusive. 16. Hear the conclusion of the whole matter. 17. Did you make this calculation? 18. Did you calcu- late this accurately? 19. Yes, I made a very careful calculation of the amount of coal necessary to be used. 20. How much did you calculate would be sufficient to construct the shaft? 21. Did you observe the con- dition of the horse at the time of the transaction? 22. The transaction was in no way conditioned upon the condition of the roads or weather. 23. What was his conduct at the time? 24. I had no opportunity for obser- vation. 25. Is this map drawn to a correct scale? 26. Who is responsible for the correctness of this proof? 27. Will you correct it? 28. It is suffi- ciently correct for all practical purposes- 29. What do you mean by sufficiently correct? 30. It is very satisfactory. 31. It is not very satis- factorily done. 32. He is well satisfied. 33. It is giving good satisfaction. 34. We are all well satisfied with its construction. 35. Are you a delegate to the convention? 36. What are you delegated to do? 37. I am not a member of the delegation. 38. Has the delegation been instructed? 39. Have the delegates been instructed? 40. There is no necessary relation between them. 41. To what does this relate? 42. They are in no way related. 43. That is only relatively true. 44. There was a very great commotion. 45. He is quite well informed. 46. Did you not inform the authorities? 47. Are you informed on the subject? 48. Such information is of great importance just now. 49. Is it necessary to conduct the mat- ter in this way? 50. It is not necessarily true. 51. There is no necessity for it. 52. An amendment was offered. 53. The constitution was amended as follows. 54 A resolution was offered to amend the motion as 112 ,, ECLECTIC SHORTHAND follows. 55. TTiere is no connection between the two. 56. Are you con- nected with this firm? 57. Have you any connection therewith'? 58. Did you yourself make the observations? 59. Have you observed and noted the difference? 60. How much space will your display occupy? 61. How long have you occupied these premises? 62. What is your occupation? 63. How long were you occupied in this work? 64. What is the population of your town? 65. Is the county a populous one? 66. Long before this section was populated. 67. James Wells has been elected president of the company. 68. Mr. President, I arise to a point of order. 69. Who presided at the meeting of the stockholders? 70. Who is the president of this company? 71. I arise, Mr. President, to propose a new measure. 72. I now propose a reconsideration of the former question. 73. What is the nature of your proposition? 74. Are you prepared to lay the question before the court? 75. I have nearly completed my preparation. 76. Mr. President, I am prepared to show. 77. All preparation has been made to receive the delegation. 78. The result is consequent upon the decision to be made by this body. 79. It is of small consequence. 80. Grave consequences hang upon this decision. 81. I am prepared to show that the conse- quences will be overwhelming. 82. We have consequently no redress. 83. Were you present at the operation? 84. Yes, I saw the operation per- formed. 85. At its conclusion I proposed a toast in appreciation of the skill of the operator. 86. What was the position held by the plaintiff at that time? 87. He held the position of chief engineer to the company. 88. Its true position can not be definitely determined at this time. 89. Did you hear the conversation testified to by the last witness? 90. How many persons were involved in the conversation? 91. Did you hold frequent conversations with the plaintiff? 92. Did you not testify that this con- versation occurred in your office and in your presence on the first day of May, 1902? 93. No, sir, I did not testify that I heard the conversation. 94. You may describe the appearance of the defendant at that interview. 95. I can not give an accurate description of her, as the conversation was very brief, and I was in a great hurry. 96. How much have j'ou sub- scribed? 97. I have not subscribed, and can not make a subscription for this cause. 98. Did you respond to the demand made upon you for a sub- scription? 99. No, I made no response, as I did not consider the company had any claim on me to demand a subscription. 100. Are you the respondent in this cause? 101. Did you assist in deciding the ingredients of which the mixture consisted? 102. Can you afford to make the con- cession they require? 103. No, I shall never concede it. 104. What assist- ance did you give in the laying of the foundation? 105. I rendered them no assistance. 106. Why did you not assist? 107. Do you understand the construction of this machine? 108. If you understand its construction, why did you not respond to their request to explain it? 109. I am full}' persuaded that it is not correct. 110. The logic of the facts is persuasive. 111. How did you receive this intelligence? 112. I received the intelligence directly from the secretary of the association. 113. Her intellectual faculties are very remarkable. 114. It was a most intellectual feast DISCONNECTED PREFIXES 113 115. It was very intelligently presented. 116. Did you closely attend to the conversation bet%veen them? 117. Yes, I gave the closest attention. 118. Why were you such an attentive listener? 119. Was the attendance large? 120. Did you sign this contract? 121. Do you understand the nature of the contract? 122. Are you fully persuaded of his contractual abilit}'? 123. I regarded the contract as being illegal. 124. What advan- tage would you derive from the contract? 125. The contract would be of no advantage to me. 126. Then why did you regard the contract favor- ably? 127. It would be very advantageous to my friend. 128. How much, according to the contract, were you to invest? 129. The contract does not specify that I am to make any investment. 130. Was there not a verbal contract specifying the amount of your investment? 131. No advantage would accrue to me in a contract of this nature. 132. Where is the plant situated? 133. I do not know its situation. 134. Where did he graduate? 135. I was not present at his graduation, and do not indeed know that he ever graduated. 136. The town is most advantageously situated. 137. What caused the division? 138. Where does the dividing line begin? 139. How shall we divide it? 140. You mxist not hesitate. 141. What is the cause of this hesitation? 142. He is very much improved. 143. There have been great improvements made there. 144. Counsel objects. 145. Why do you object? 146. There are no objections. 147. What were his objections to it? 148. When was the work commenced? 149. At what point shall we commence? 150. It is not sufficient. 151. Was the mate- rial sufficient? 152. Did you hear him speak? 153. Did you hear his speech? 154. Who is to speak? 155. Mr. Speaker. 156. Do not interrupt the speaker. 157. Let us consider the matter. 158. What is the considera- tion? 159. He is an enthusiast. 160. He is a very enthusiastic speaker. 161. On the contrary. 162. When was the execution issued? CHAPTER XXXII DISCONNECTED PREFIXES 121. Com or con Initial. — Either of the prefixes com or cow, is always followed by a consonant ; thus in contain the consonant t follows the con. To express the prefix com or con^ the con- sonant is written on position for the vowel that follows it, and the remainder of the word, disconnected, is added close at the right of this consonant. Thus in writing contain, t on the a position is understood to stand for conta, since the w is written disconnectedly close at the ri^ht, and may be called the indicating consonant. 114 '• ECLECTIC SHORTHAND 122. The Consonant, Simple and Modified. — In many words the indicating consonant, unmodified in any way, is used to indi- cate the prefix, as explained in the preceding paragraph. 1. ..„.':: o ^' y^' KEY 1 contain combine connive commit convene comrade compact 2 compare congeal confer conceit concave continent When the indicating consonant coalesces with the following consonant, the symbol which regularly represents such coalescent combination is used to indicate the prefix, just as the simple consonant is. KEY 1 contract constrain comprehend congress conscript constant 2 complain conglomerate confluent, conclude concrement conspire If the consonant can be modified by lengthening, short- ening, enlarging, shading, etc., so as to express one or more fol- lowing consonants, though they are uncoalescent, this is done; and the consonant thus modified and placed on position for the vowel of the second syllable of the word, is used as the prefix sign. 3 <:::^_z^ ^z. „...r=l>^ .::r=-?/ .-:r:*'' KEY 1 commensurable concentrate combative condense contemplate 2 congratulate compartment commercial concert convert 3 confirm consist concession DISCONNECTED PREFIXES 115 123. Words in tion. — Words of four or more syllables, begin- ning with com or con and ending with tion or tious, should have tlie prefix expressed in accordance with §121, and the ending by the fioii tick, or implied by n. 1 ^-^- • -■■ ^ -~ ■^■> 2 — X.^.. KEY 1 combination commendation condemnation 2 conscientious complication congregation 3 consolidation conciliation composition conformation Most words of three syllables, however, beginning with com or con and ending with tion or sion, as completion, concession, coji- tention, should have the prefix expressed as in §121, and the suffix, whether tion or sion, by n or the lengthened s. Plurals of these words should have an added s. KEY 1 completion concussion contortion conversion confusion 2 convention contraction conjunction complexion contention 124. Lengthened c for com and con. — In some few words it is preferable to use the lengthened c instead of the prefix sign, as in the following and their derivatives : KEY 1 common commonwealtli conscious conscience 2 condition committee commission community comply WRITING EXERCISE 1 commissary commode commodious commodity commute 2 companion compass compassed compel compend compete 116 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND 3 compile component compose composed composer compound 4 compute comrade conceal concede conceive concept concise 5 concur condemn condescend condign condiment condole conduce 6 conducive conduct conductor conduit confederate confess 7 confute confuse congeal congenial congest conjecture conjoin 8 conjugal conjugate conjure connive connivance connoisseur 9 connubial conquer conquest consecrate consign consent consider 10 considerable considerate console consonant consul consult consume 11 contagion contagious contend content contest contestant 12 context contiguous continent continental contingent contingency 13 continue continual continuance contour convent convex 14 convey conveyance convict convivial convoke convolute 1 complacent complainant complained complement complete 2 completely complex complexity compliance complicate 3 compliment comprehensibility compress compressed comprise 4 conclave concrete congregate congressman conspicuous 5 conspicuously conspire constable constantly constancy contraband 6 contract contracted contradict contradictory contralto contrast 7 contravene contribute contrite contrive contrivance control 8 controller controversy controversial controvert constraint 1 comfort comfortable command commander commandant 2 commemorate commemorative commence commencement 3 commend commendable commensurate comment commerce 4 commingle compared comparable comparative comparison 5 compartment compatible competitive competitor competent 6 comport compromise compulsory concentric conciliate concord 7 concourse concurred condolence conferred conference conform 8 congeries congratulate consanguineous consecutive conserve 9 conservator consignee consignor consignment consist consistent 10 consistently consistency consolidate consort conspirator 11 conspiracy constituent constituency constitute consummate 12 contaminate contemporaneous contemporary contempt contemptible 13 contemptuous conterminable contort convalesce convalescence 14 convalescent convenient conveniently convenience converge 15 converse convert convince convulse 1 commemoration commutation compensation competition compo- 2 sition comprehension computation concatenation concentration 3 condemnation condescension condonation confederation confor- 4 mation confutation congelation conglomeration congratulation 5 conjugation consecration conservation conservative eonserv- 6 atism conservatoiy consideration consolation consolidation con- 7 stellation consternation consultation consummation contami- 8 nation contemplation contradiction contradistinction contra- 9 vention contribution convocation convolution CONNECTED PREFIXES 117 1 {Use lengthened s for the suffix.) compassion combustion commission 2 compression compulsion conception conclusion concretion 3 concussion conduction confection confectionery confession 4 congestion contrition contusion convulsion congressional (Write also the plurals of such of the foregoing words as have plurals.) 1 {Use the tion tick.) compunction concoction connection conscription 2 consumption conviction construction constriction constructionist 1 {Use lengthened c for the prefix.) common commons commoner 2 commonalty commonly commonness commonplace commonweal 3 commonwealth conscience conscientious conscious consciously 4 consciousness condition committee community CHAPTER XXXIII CONNECTED PREFIXES 125. Compound com and con Prefixes. — When com ov con fol- lows another prefix, making a compound prefix, as in accommodate., uncoiijinedy the com or con is represented by the modification of the preceding initial letter to imply the m or 7i in the com or con. This use of the first letter of the first syllable of the prefix and the last letter of the final syllable of the prefix com- bined as the sign of the two syllables, is analogous to the method of representing the final syllables cation, dation by final n. Following are the compound prefixes formed with com and co)i: accom, accoun, concom, circum, decom, discon, discoun, econ, encom, eticoun, excom, hypocon, incom., incon, intercom, irrecon, miscon, noncon, precon, recom, recon, recoun, rencon, rencoun, suhcom, subcon, tra7iscon, uncom, uncon, unaccom, unaccouiiy unrecom, unrecon. 1 _____ __....-::^._ ^ ^ 3 *^^ ..^ ...^^.... _ ^ ^ KEY 1 accommodate accountable concomitant decompose discomposed 2 disconsolate discountenance economical encompass encounter 3 encumbers excommunicate hypochondriacal incommoded 118 ' ECLECTIC SHORTHAND 4 _A. 5- 4 incsonclusive intercommunication irreconcilable misconstrue 5 nonconformable preconform subcompressed reconciled 6 unaccommodated unaccountable uncompromising unreconciled 7 unrecompensed circxunstance circumference transcontinental 126. The Prefix dis. — The prefix dis is represented by the ds loop on the i position. When the loop is followed by a con- sonant, it implies an accented vowel following the consonant, as a in dismay^ o in dispose^ e in dismember. When the prefix is fol- lowed by t, making dist, however, it is expressed, not by the loop, but by the letter d followed by ^, which after d becomes 5^ (§^3). The combination disl is written by the ds loop angularly joined to imply the I. This use of the ds loop on the i position for the prefix enables us to employ it on other positions to imply other vowels, as in dush^ does not, despot. -«?>-.. 1— KEY 1 dismal dismiss dismay disprove disposes displace discipline 2 discover disfavor disease disseminate disaster disarm 3 disannul disadvantage disesteem disallow disunite distant 4 distrust distinct dishearten disavow dishonest, does not, 6 descant despise despot dusk dislike dislodge dislirob CONNECTED PREFIXES 119 6 disloyal disengage dislocate disclose disclaim disregard 7 disrespect disrupt distinction 127. The Prefix re.— When this prefix must be distinguished as such, it is represented by r written on the e position, and attached to the irregular side of the following letter in a manner similar to ds^ from which it must be clearly distinguished by its circular form. It may be diminished to imply a following ?, and enlarged for a following t^ d. The prefix re always implies an accented vowel in a following syllable, as in re-made, re-miss, re- 7101071, re-mark, re-ceipt, which are written remd, rems, renn, remrk, rest. 19- 3 . -cr:^ ^. Z^. 2r. e:^:::..™ f .. 4 <\ annex, i~ — r. — enact, _ J inac, , — X unac, • annun, anom, announ, ^. enam, t inan, inim, innum, innun, _ „.:!^ unam, unan, unini, unin, unem, unen, \.^-rr*^. .=,.»!€. -rrz??.. >y-?. -_v^__-^._ 2__^ X^ ^ i,_» -,._/:_ 3 J^ ^ y ,W», ^ .3,™^ .*,l_v KEY 1 selfishly self-love self-conscious unaware enabled inapt 2 annexation enactment inaccurate unacceptable annunciation 8 enamored inanimate unanswerable uninformed inundation 122 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND WRITING EXERCISE 1 self-defense self-denial self-esteem self-evident self-existent 2 self-interest self-knowledge self-love self-made self-possessed 3 self-same self-seeking self-willed selfish selfishness self-conscious 4 self-control anabaptist analogy anathema anatomy enables 5 enabling enabled inadmissible inadequate inadvertent inapplicable 6 inappreciable unavoidable unadvisable unawares unable unabridged 7 annexation annexed annexes annexing enacted enactment 8 enacting enacts inaccessible inaccurate inaction unacceptable 9 unaccountable annunciate annunciation annunciated annunciates 10 anomaly announcement enameled enamored inanimate inanition 11 inimical inundate unanimous unanswerable uninformed 12 uninhabitable unintelligible uninteresting unimportant unimproved 13 unimpeachable unemployed unendorsed unincumbered uninfluenced The student should take a dictionary and write all the words to which the foregoing prefixes apply. 129. The Prefixes satis, dis-satis, and tm-satis. — These prefixes are represented as follows: The word satisfy, with its various terminals, is represented by omitting satis, and writing /with the terminal across, or under, a preceding word to imply the prefix satis. For dis-satis attach ds loop to/, and for iin-satis attach minute u to /, and write across, or under, the preceding word, thus implying satis not only in satisfy, but in dissatisfy and un-satisfy. KEY 1 well satisfied, not satisfactory, very satisfactory, very well satisfied , 3 very satisfactorily done, not satisfied, very much dissatisfied, 3 greatly dissatisfied, he is satisfied, he is dissatisfied, he is unsatisfied, 4 very unsatisfactory, very unsatisfactorily done WRITIXG EXERCISE 1 I am well satisfied, not very satisfactory, give satisfaction, gave 2 satisfaction, gave good satisfaction, gave great satisfaction, were 3 all satisfied, is satisfied, is not satisfied, is not satisfactory, is very PHRASE "WRITING: FIRST METHOD l23 4 satisfactory, is very satisfactorily done, a very satisfactory plan, 5 perfect satisfaction {per-fshn), perfectly satisfactory {per-fry), 6 not satisfied, was satisfied, was dissatisfied, was unsatisfied, 7 was greatly dissatisfied, were satisfied, were dissatisfied, were 8 unsatisfied, were unsatisfactory, were very unsatisfactory, 9 were well satisfied, with satisfaction, with great satisfaction, 10 with unsatisfaction, with dissatisfaction, finished satisfactorily, 11 quite satisfactory, quite unsatisfactory, quite well satisfied, not 12 at all satisfactory, no satisfaction, no dissatisfaction, will be satisfied, 13 will be dissatisfied, will be unsatisfactory, will not be satisfactory, 14 will not be unsatisfactory, how satisfactory, how unsatisfactory, 15 made satisfactorily, caused dissatisfaction, caused much dissat- 16 isfaction, caused great dissatisfaction, an unsatisfactory result, full 17 of satisfaction, fully satisfied, fully satisfactory, could satisfy, 18 will satisfy, want satisfaction, will be satisfied, will be satisfactory CHAPTER XXXV PHRASE WRITING: FIRST METHOD . 130. As the idea of phrase writing has been grasped and con- siderable practice therein already attained, there remains but to present the subject more fnlly. The number of movements made in lifting the pen from word to word which are saved in phrase writing, is a practical argument in favor thereof; and well con- structed phrases are perfectly legible. 131. Position Words. — There is a rather large class of very simple phrases, consisting of two words each, the second being a or an, they, or day; the, he, or me; I or my; to, do, or of; you or your; for example, the phrases to a or to an, to-day, to the, to my, to do, to you. In all phrases of this class write the first word of the phrase on the position which implies the second word. The position phrase words are as follows: 1 a, an, day, they, their, theirs 2 the, he, be, me, there ^ 3 1, my, mine 4 do, to, though, these 5 you, your, yours The phrases to a or to an, to-day, are represented by t on position 1 ; / 2, represents to the, to me, or to be; t 3, represents to my; t 4, represents to do; and t o, is to ycu or you?'. 124 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND 132. Phrase "Words and Signs. — The words whicli are written positionally to imply the position words given above are presented in the following columns. Most of these words are written in regular form, that is, by the letter or letters which represent them positionally. The word hut is represented by shortened shaded by to differentiate it from the word but when unphrased. The only words which are arbitrarily represented are all, as, before, have, if, of, iuill. . These are arbitrarily written because their natural signs are used for other words ; as, v is used for have because ha is used for has; f is used for if because i is used for is; right is used for of because left o is used for on. The words all and wUl are differentiated by the slant and direction of the I, which represents them both ; the left I is used for ivill, and the right 1 for all. PHBASE WORDS AND SIGNS OF THE FIRST CLASS Signs Phrase Words Signs Phrase Words Signs Phrase Wobds c a after against all and are as ask at before but by can did do done don't drop for from gave / / get, got give gone great had has have how if in is just know mail never nor not of on or over 9 paid shall ship should some tell that though through to upon Avere what when whenever where while why will with This method constitutes the shortest phrase writing known to shorthand, and the phrases represented are" in such common use as to be of great value to the student. A phrase of this class often makes the beginning of another phrase, as, in a few daysy PHRASE WRITING: FIRST METHOD 125 a!t the time, all you know, of the day, and when so related the fol- lowing word is written attached. This cUiss of phrases has been given to some extent already; therefore in the following illustrations only the arbitrary signs are sln)wn. 1 are you, all the, will you, as a, as I may, before the, but I, 2 have a, have you, if the, in a, of the, on the, or a, and the, 3 to be thought, to be known, to be found, to be had, to be paid, to be said The student should practice the phrase words and the phrases arising from placing them on the different positions, until he is entirely familiar with them all. ■WRITING EXERCISE 1 a day ; against a, — the, — me, — you ; all a, — day, — the, — he, — I, — my, 2 — you, — true; and a, — an, — the, — he, — I, — my, — you; area, — the, 3 — to, — of, — true ; as a, — an, — the, — he, — I, — my, — to, — you ; at a, 4 — an, — the, — my, — you ; before a, — an, — day, — the, — me, — he, — I, 5 — my, — you; but a, — an, — the, — he, — I, — my, — you; by a, — an, 6 — day, — the, — you; can a, — the, — he, —I, — you; did a, — an, — the, 7 — he, — I, — to, — you ; do a, — an, — the, — me, — I, — my, — to, — you ; 8 done a, — an, — the, — me, — to, — you; don't the, — be, — do, — you; 9 drop a, —an, — the, — me, — you ; for a, — an, — the, — he, — I, — my, 10 — you; get a, — an, — the, — me, — my, — you; great day; give a, 11 — an, — the, — me, — my, — to, — of, — you; liad a, — an, — the, — he, 12 — I, — my, — to; has a, — an, — the, — he, — my, — to; have a, — an, - 13 — the, — I, — my, — to, — you; how a, — an, — the, — he, — I, — my, 14 — to, — do, — you, — true; if a, — an, — they, — the, — he, — I, — my, 15 — you, — true; in a, — an, — the, — my, — you; is a, — an, — the, — he, 16 — I, — my, — to, — of, — you, — true; just a, — an, — the, — my, 17 — I, — to; know a, — he , — the, — me, — I, — my, — too, — of, — you, — your; 18 not a, — ^an, — they, — ^the, — I, — my, — do, — to ; nor a, — an, —the, 19 — you; of a, — an, — the, — me, — my, — your; or a, — an, — the, 20 — you ; over a, — an, — the, — me, — my, — to, — you ; on a, — the, — me, 21 — you; paid a, — an, — the, — me, — my, — to, — you; that a, — an, 22 — day, — the, — he, — I, — my, — to, — you, — your; some day; 126 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND 23 though a, — an, — he, — I, — you, — true; through a, — an, — the, 24 — me, — my, — to, — you; tell a, —an, — the, — me, -my, — to, — you; 25 to a, — an, — day, — the, — me, — my, — do, — you; were a, — an, 26 — the, — he, — I, — my, — to, — of, — :jtrue, — you; what a, —an, — day, 27 — the, — he, — I, — my, — to, — of, — you ; when a, — an, — the, — he, 28 — I, — my, — you; whenever a, — an, — the, — he, — I, — my, — you; 29 where a, — an, — the, — he, — I, — my, —to, — do, — you; wliy a, — an, 30 — the, — he, — I, — my, — do, — you; will a, — an, — the, — he, — my, 31 — do, — you; with a, — an, — the, — me, — you, CHAPTER XXXVI PHRASE writing: SECOND METHOD 133. There are many phrases of three word? each, in which the first and last -words are the same, joined, generally, by a con- junction or a preposition. In writing these phrases the first word is written positionally, the connecting word is omitted, and the last word either joined to the first, or written in close proximity to it. The connecting words to and and are generally indicated by joining the first and last word, while Ijj and after are implied by writing the last word close after or under the first. Signs ../:-='.. PHRASES AND SIGNS OF THE SECOND CLASS Phrases .again and again . age after age all in all Signs ....N<>^.. ,..-:>?>., Phrases . broader and broader by and by by the by ^- arm m arm day after day ■...■■^■. atom by atom '!!^. day by day ■.^^>*jj- better and better day to day ■•"^'^- brighter and brighter S^^ easier and easier PHRASE writing: THIRD METHOD 127 Signs Phkases Signs Phrases ever and ever ..„._^ .^^^^^ — louder and louder ,.^._.. ... farther and farther — y9 /O lower and loveer faster and faster ^^____^^ more and more ^/^ lighter and lighter - duly received .„-rr:tP„.2, .3 . 1.5 Gentlemen : You may ship us the y- — N^-«i=> count freight ^. — -<<'^^^. 17 Dear Sirs: Please quote us your ^-''~~> lowest prices for ... — ^ <>^ ^ 18 Dear Sir: Please express to .>rTrrf?..,..r^*r-^N,..^__^^__^ 19 Dear Sir: We have received your ^ order for :;r—-P...:rrr:r^.Z.'. .r:^*^ following .■~-^.. 16 Gentlemen: We charge your ac 4 Yours of the 28th ult •^— 130 ECLECTIC SHORTHAND 20 Grentlemen : We have the follow- ing cars on tfack 21 Herewith enclosed find 22 Thanking you for 23 From you soon 24 We remain 25 Please acknowledge the receipt of this 26 And advise me 27 Payment will be made. 28 Very truly yours 29 Very respectfully. . 80 Yours very truly 31 Yours truly 32 Yours sincerely 33 Yours fraternally 34 If this will be satisfactory . 35 Upon receipt of invoice 36 We send you a sample of . . 37 We will sell you 88 As you did not answer our. ^2. ...^., :~*s PHRASE WRITING: THIRD METHOD 131 39 If cash is remitted 40 We sliall be pleased to ship you 41 Witli this full understanding . . 42 Awaiting your valued favors. . . 43 I am yours respectfully , y /■ <>t-^^__^^. 44 Please oblige us by honoring the draft 45 We have taken the liberty to draw on you at sight 46 For which we enclose our receipt. 47 Your very esteemed favor of the 2d inst 48 Which you will place to my credit and oblige 49 Enclosed please find draft 50 Which I find to be correct 51 Awaiting your further orders we remain 52 Will greatly oblige us 53 If you find the statement correct. 54 Inclosed find statement of your account with us to date ) 55 And invoice them, on your usual terms ^ / .^ xl 71 Please quote us your lowest price ..<-^___^ 73 Please wire us at our expense. . . . 74 Would state that all of our cars. 75 On our cars 76 In response to your order 77 We have given you our usual credit of PHRASE WRITING: THIRD METHOD 133 78 Hoping that our selection of • goods __«-nr>....rr-^.....'-,-,^... 79 Will give you satisfaction 80 In regard to your order of SUPPLEMENTARY READING EXERCISES iw Business Correspondence— Advertisinq (Key on page 200) ,^....tfr-?c 137 138 Business Correspondence— Coal (Key on page 200) /......>rrrJ?..J!.. ..^rrrrrrr^^^.... ^i^:::.^ /^ *s-r.._ CV*- " Z"-^-^ /-^/^ •-•r- Business Correspondence — Coal (Key on page 201) 139 140 ■^ ^ X^-^7 / 2. s. ^.....^ ...^.^^....inp...;?^ .e«r-..-...^. c Business Correspondence — "Wire Nails (Key on page 201) :;?...e:^^...r^ ' '.■ ^^rrf...£ll...: .^y/.e^%. ■r-1^ <6 ^^ ^ C^ va tJi- ^-— « .^r:b^<::«„^:^^^ ^,,,,^^^^.^^ ^1>X:^ ^. (^ jjf^r^ v^ ^- ' ^...^ <:^.:....Z'.rrr:rrrjy/>^^^.^ 142 Business Correspondekce — Telegraphic (Key on page 303) .j-/:^3(jM. :^ ..^,._C. jA ^^./^:>^^M. •V- /. Business Correspondence— Boots and Shoes (Key on page 203) 143 ^ ^ r^r^^---^- C^ ■■■■/■■■■■— -Z/'" ■;^;;::^-^^^^^--^- ^ ^ 7 J. -^ J y if^ ^ r^ .......^^,„,^ ^ ./ fSa^. '...A.../^...<-^. :... ( cr { ..Cbrrr^.... ^-/>^"'— ^^^_^...^ ^ > vr- '** ■ --'<-^=.^---^^ , V ,.2^'^^. y--" .,;^. : ^ ^ : ^-^ y: r^\y ..v...:=^.... ^^ ^ — ^ -^ ^^ r-i-=-V" 144 Business Correspondence— Boots and Shoes (Key on page 204) <^Z-. Business Correspondence — Sheet Steel (Key on page 205) 145 / ^/...:^^ ....^^-^.^ --^ ■/■ ■■■/■■■■■ Zr / JL- ^ r C L....^....o ..„ „ .-^Cz:^^ ..^ ^^/sdrCsi/cs-<^r^.C f .C^ir-r.\.....t:3»l^ ..IZJX^^ 146 Business Correspondence — Iron and Steel (Key on page 205) j:>o. 6. ^.^ Za^ Business Coerespondence— Ikon and Steel (Key on page 206) 147 ^y -■^-■^ ^■•^■ ^ 'rr? :\. Z-^ C"^ r C I ^ -48 /.<.. Business Correspondence— Oil. (Key on page 206) /y=^r,s-^, / ' s >_;;>:.,/.../^,*.-™™....,^....^rr ./.Zcy'...^ z. ...::«<^.......„ .^...^.. / -*,=. ..^jjT-r... / -7 7 c Business Correspondence— Oil (Key on page 207) 149 / ^ ^^' J c) r.... ..:^. ■r- _.Z....^....^.. ,.^ ^ ^....^...i:rz_^..^..?.:r.^__^.. _^. Vl ' ^ ^-^ ^■ (3rJS/,..?r.f... rrrr::^:!^...'^.... '^ r --^ ..^... / r? ■-^rlZ ^^Z3 ^ A3,6:j^ (;.2.zJ—:... A^. S 7, yjf "^^5-300 ,..^, 1 7^ I' ^(; ^ >-^W^ .^.. -^ •^7 f" ^rr^ ■^....., 6a »-^...~:r:r!L.._..,,,^ / ^ ^^ 9 : . ": ^....S>, ^ ,^^.. .1.,. ....^^^........^ ;£•* '—-^ / f CT - ^/^/i^ ■— 7" ■■>7r>'- / / ....^..„^ ..^^^.^ / /f. A. 'rrr=..,../'««,.,,.,r2-,e ..::^„. ^Z '--i-z;-^ r~ -.a^.. ^ y -^^ ,./^-..,.2...<7.^ S^ .....C^.Z'^? - - ^ ,...^.. V. 2/r-?? .^....,, ^ -a^- ^^, i ^-^ ,/ Cs.. ,.-*^^., Business Correspondence— Commission (Key on page 208) 161 s:c/.?.. ,J.„««r4/^.^.....^f^;r...£Jf?;-:f.....<^ 152 Business Correspoxdence — Commission (Key on page 209) ./.....>-?._..,.'.<^.. Business Correspondence— Railroad (Key on page 209) 153 /-c / "^^..^ it-r-.-^r-';,^ .,,^x:-»..^...a_^.^...^,.^ ^ ^^^ C^C L,.. ;^ ^f^ : It~;s-/s- ^^.....^ ^ <»^^._;_^..-^. v...S^...' .o €*-».• ^^_...._ ^ II ■J>.-;-: l.r^^^,...^:-^, .^^. 7^^' rti-"--^ ^-.<0-V^.. ••■"V-'" ^ o...„--«55^...vr...>rr,— rr-:.yr \ <7/ «... 154 Business Correspondence — Railroad (Key on page 210) '^v-QuO ^.„..rr^'>^" -9^ ^/..^^rrr:../^^....^ ,^^.^y/ .//^-^^^^-^jg^^ /. ^Jcr^L^^- Y- ■y^;—'- /.,,^4. Business Correspondence— Miscellaneous 155 ^y .orr:r:!^,.s,...^-.«r,«.j__ f -■^ /- c / /2 .^.., ^f^ ^y ......:::>... <>c 7 ^-X" ■■•••■>*•■■ 15Q Business Correspondence— Miscellaneous —T^-y VI ■■^•■-'" 7 ^ 7^ ^ -r . ^ rarrrrr.„,:. >^ r"- '/^ ^ rv-' -^ ^ -^ : /'/^ .j..j^.^. r- A z. T / '■■■' T / 7 A. -;^--« / •"^•"•;j 7 -;?->>■•• .y..,.^..v..^,.^^ ^..;. P " " >^..?.... - ^ /l^ ^::Z..^...J.. 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'J- ../-... / ^...=:......^....4,^_...._ >^..,._4-c_.. ,.^_^._>f.... i... — .../,...^.,^..£. /^^ Z .r..„^.-..-^....^....^. ^ ...^<-.. ^•c^ 164 Court Reporting L ... „^. ^ ...^ r...J:. -c^ » ^- T J^^.. cy -^.-.^.... -i. -•■Nf — _A/_ i*rrL^.rr. ••/■••^ •c^^-t^-V™; V* /^ .A...:rz.^.:....^. "7>» >.>^^_....«....?rr-:r:.^^.....v^....^. ^r—^i^^^. M^^ .. .■■■ r! !?. ":. ...7" ■k.^....^ -^1 ..2 :rr"^. f__ _ .1^,^^ .N?...^,.., L (7> ' ^>* m ^ - 166 Court REPOBTLifu A.^..A... _}sa....'...n-r:::l..../rt^.y/ ..ny../ ff ^_ •.:.o<:r!^.: T -^•••^^^^^^^i^^^^^i^--'^" "^ ■....Z.-T.....> /o .V... .... — ^.. ..<^.A.. ^ .2^.. J^'^^/.^? 22 ...^. r *s r/ A/..ff. »*•■■ /^2 ^'^ i. ,.^^....-:r=-„.,t^- J ...C^.., y. C. Court Reporting 167 -t^ .A.^^y Z.:....;^^jF:t?^..- :r-::„!<-.... L y -V iFi i...„ 7 / :.^..^....^.^.rr:.«^ ^..:^.._..^...k..Z?r:_ .■■^■«! S O. <-^^ ::h.....^...... a...... — ..^..^,„.^ J^ r-r--^-—/---::^ — ,.^...,^^....y, ,....^... ..^.. ^.. ^. ^^ f"^^-- ■>^ c>" "^ i: 4 ^y .._.....,:^..^...^.^..,....X,. /f^. ...^.. 168 Court REPORTiNa - •«w; :^ .L. ,.-^, Court Reportino 169 ■O" .z... ^ C ..1 L ....^^^^ cf .y -?2. ^^.. ..^.. ••«^ .x^.-v. ^ .,,,^ ^....^ .-.y.......^ .y...^^....\ / ^^ ^r V ^ ....c. y^ o> ■/■^ ^ ....^ •/^■^/■^ ; ^ ^•^^•• ,^^^. .^.. ^>: v ^ 172 Court Repoetinq r- '~^y ^7 ..c. f- ■■■r~ ..^,. ..^...^.. ..^^....... ^ ^ tf/v ^^^ ..'.. :3:7" o>' ,<=^. , r:::::^.. ..y..^...^... /r.....^ / -....^ .....4 ..:*fc.. - «*«.,.f^H!:s...».h4 1 y .^/... ..^...r .........j..,,^:..,^.. . A -^...^^ -:-:^-:^ -r-^sf^-^^-'^- / Court REPORTiNa 173 .^ rv / yr- ^.p. ••o ^•■ -•^>Si L ...^. (^ 7^ •'^•• .2^_. r C. ......^.. C ^ ■■■■/■■ c^-^ ..^^...,^A^^. ......_^. --c^- yjfr^L. ^^ /~~^ ^ •^- 174 Court Repoktinq ..^.. „^,„ •>>V- ^. Y- — ...iC / ^ J r • ■r- / y J A of W ' ^•■ y r ■^ w...^..^ .jp^... , :r /-. "V r / -p- c .---% Court Reportixo 175 ::r:;^...J..A.../:.it!.e... -„.^ ^ -- t ^.. r 1... ,.— N-^^ ■-/^- ^<--J>< '»^--- (\ y '•=^' -t:==CC==^--..^. -..__ -v.— . .'■■f . ' ...lUl.l..^ /. . -7> ) t....^.^ (\. •2. ;? o .^.. ...... v^ ^ ^-z-" ^^ f ,jf. _...(« 176 Court Reportino ■r- •■/• y£.Am^. c^. .>^...^...,rr:rr^..^ ..^^..^ .-i....S-^:^_Z.^_ L uo.^ ._z.....z:.-x -^•-•"••••'■•r^ 10- r- / •t ^ / ^ ..._y. 7 ^ ..5?^...^_..-.....-/./:3r=r...:v...rrr:...=.. — ^^^-^ ^...=.....^ ,...^.....:=^^...^^ ...r:f=...:^^..-..rarr^....^ i!?^...-:^ 7" ..™^ ^ .„-..'2.... i "^■■"^737"" Court REPORTiNa 177 V .jirSk. J ■■■/-(%■■ ....y....<^:JL o^. ,...„.., ^n, *^ .L ^a^ ~mr "" — >=r-- ^.-™ /, , :* — f* iy ,?<> .^ , ..^.. ■•■«»•"■ •?»■•■ / ^....^ ^_...., ..._.^,.. r-"Vi" .^...^... y o ^ ^^-^ — ™ '^^ -^—^<^. 7 ->^- .^^ >■ .^...^^^,^^„K.^ TTC ^ r ■ ■ ■. I .. / /-^ ,..^.. *"" '""'^ .....^^....y. /^ ■ "V-T : \ -r- Court Reporting 179 r^^ifw ^ ji- ...2. ^ -. •=>•• ....d. , / / / ^->^ ..„™ L ^...x r& .,...^.. ,..^, L ..,^, V <---2^' ,_J^„_„^^^,^^,,^. / ^ _ o ■= /^ ^ -.-'^-^ - ,..:.. s Z- 'P _.^ /:?' ,.^. 180 Court Reporting jn. ..v^... - I "^ iir r rO t; ■'"-■'<■■■ 7"^- r> c "7^" '-^y- ..-. — C?!I....f__../ri^ .«r. — ifC. -J- "•■/"■ r J / . .cr_2^.a rv^ .-^ -"^-v--^^- ~-^'~/:'- --H ■-/— •---■^^- ''±:^ '^ y 7 Court Reporting ..^-Cr „.... 181 ^ ■•> *•■ .v^...rz.J "T"^ '^■v-^^^- ..tf^ra... ■•>j>^'" ^ cv ..cr. -'■-'-■■~;;).rz>- O^ .._..^..., •■./-^ •^^^^j;^^- ■yr-^^-^-'f- ^.;.y^-^ k ../::?:::r-. / r ;^.-7™ ••^/-- ^ ^■-•' -r^-'e v« — ^^ / r : ;r' v-?^ ;^ c;--^ 182 Court Reporting :...^_.....C1^ 6- ^r-""- _, ...^...^....^^_-JZ..„...^.„^ ..<^>.. ^ . ^ y.yrj /^ '->'- •^:3:^- J. .... ^-^ — _C^. 'r r s^......^.. r e- r ^' Court Reporting ..f> :^. ^ ^ ':2:..^.....^..^. \<.....ir:rr%...f......irrrrrr>rr^.....r... 183 ../n.. :^" S......c^..... 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Affidavit for Attachment >-*/ Affidavit for Garnishee Process ./:...\ .\ / . /^^ Lbgal Forms <„.......*-....rr:::l..^s (f:^...^. y... 191 ..t^.. ..., ../f%z^....:::-,>.-±..Z<^ ?.. ^- _^ •7"^ •■ r ..^. ,V...^..^^....^....^....... - .^.. /..^...™„. 7" ■^ ^^ ^ A ^ ^■• n/ -Z^.■•/-" rv ^ ,/.....^.. ' -^^^^^-'-.-f :.^....^:.,..-^......^..., Declaration of a Promissory Note .^..,^... -<^^ .zza..z,... — ../.....^ ^_2 ......lr>::r.....^h::::^..../ .^>— IMQA.L FORMS 193 _^.__^. _^_„^. -=^-^-^-- _._.^.,...^=^_ 7 ■^■•^■^••z- ,....^....^..... 7 *>~.^ ■•■^ >- <...^_..r:-?^.. jr^^:srzi..r3-... -r .•.__. .^. "zr ^ ^^ '^Z-x ..- -z:. ..^.,4.. "7" ^™-rarr:3>_...c>. :-^. 194 Legal Forms— Short Form of Lease /^r-:- , ^ /9'a'>^ .<->.. / ^ n -TO ' ^" Z.r 5E=^ ^.. r? -<^- /-7 .y::r ^_^ / ^ , r^^ ^X^ ^- ^_^..^....^ : ,. '>^-i?' ^.■.■:::::^-^^- /::^.../••<= ...ir_„ ...6^....... r —•r- ^ /^ ■r-- "■^^^ "■- ^"T^*^^ -^ .-^^a— ;. ^ j^ — ■■-y <-J\t,^-yr-„<;g:g. ^J!l^.....??'!?so... ...T^.....sS>,..../:..- ■.■-■|g ■«■■ ^„ -r- <::-^ ..^...^ JW^. ^J^ _>L-5=*._..V^_^^_-Z. ..^,. ■■<-'■■ -r- ; f.- r:... 'ly.. z. •/■••■y- -r- -r- •<^ -t-r'ii'''^ ,^/9»^ Form op Stipulation ^-.. 'y)0''X>" / . s J Legal Forms 199 ,..:^... ..f<....j... / J- ^v±^ ^•• ..^... -^ ^^■■<^- ^ •^ —: -^.... y ^ ^ /■ ..?a..^..: /" -r-^-^. ,^.^, ,.^^. /r^Cj ^ ■^ ^^^^■^.., r-^ - proximate, Intro. 26 X, alphabetic, 21; lengthened and written upright, 21 representation of, in alphabet, Intro. 21 used for initial ex, 21 xt loop, 89 II, alphabetic, 21 ; lengthened and written upright, 21 implied af t+r surface letters, 78 used as a vowel, 78 z, alphabetic, 21 ; lengthened and written upright, 21 minute, for ««, «2, zs, 83 used in phrasing, for as, f 3 zh, alphabetic, 21; lengthened and written upright. 21 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. }^AR 1 5 1956 WAY 2 mo Form L9-25m-9,'47(A5618)444 AT LOS ANGBUSS LIBRARY C88e Cross- hand for verbatin reporting. JUIR TsjiS UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FAOUTY A 000 564 813 4 Z56 C88e 1S03 J*?'