FRICTION AND LUBRICATION. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON FRICTION, LUBRICATION, FATS AND OILS, INCLUDING THE MANUFACTURE OF LUBRICATING OILS, LEATHER OILS, PAINT OILS, SOLID LUBRICANTS AND GREASES, TOGETHER WITH NUMEROUS FORMULAS; MODES OF TESTING OILS, AND THE APPLICATION OF LUBRICANTS. BY EMIL F. DIETERICHS, MEMBER OF THE FRANKLIN INSTITUTE, PHILADELPHIA, MEMBER OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATIONARY ENGINEERS, AND INVENTOR OF THE DIETERICHS "VALVE-OLEUM" LUBRICATING OILS. SECOND EDITION, THOROUGHLY REVISED AND ENLARGED. PHILADELPHIA : HENEY CAREY BAIRD & CO., INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHERS, BOOKSELLERS AND IMPORTERS, 810 WAI NUT STREET. 1916. COPYRIGHT, BY EMIL F. D1ETERICHS, 1916 V V PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. THE exhaustion within a comparatively short time of the first edition of " A Practical Treatise on Friction, Lubrication, Fats and Oils" and the constant demand for it, are the best evidence that it has given satisfaction, and no apology is there- fore necessary for presenting the second edition. While but few alterations have been made in the text of the book and no essential portions have been omitted, it has been thoroughly re- revised and considerable new matter, particularly a number of useful formulas for lubricants from abroad, has been introduced, as well as a review of the efforts and progress made during the last decade in the petroleum industry. I wish to state that I cordially agree with the timely criticism the editor of "The Petroleum News ", published in Cleveland, Ohio, has made about the lamentable lack of proper facilities in the laboratories of colleges and schools of science for more practical instruction for young students of chemistry to make researches on a scientific basis of the petroleum industry so valuable to the prosperity of the country. Congressional action is (v) 340276 VI PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. too slow and too indifferent, but moneyed phil- anthropists could ingratiate and distinguish themselves by the foundation and endowment of a practical laboratory conducted by able chemists in conjunction with intelligent practical oil men, where investigations of progressive conceptions could be tested and developed on a practical scale. Many rich men have obtained their wealth not by improvements conceived by them, but by speculations on the commercial value of the petroleum industry. E. F. DIETERICHS. CLEVELAND, OHIO. December, 1915. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. FROM observation during a period of nearly fifty years as a practical Chemist and Manufac- turer of Chemical Products and all kinds of Oils, and my close connection with Engineers and Manufacturers, and experience with the endless varieties of Engines and Machinery in use, I have long felt the need of some work that would collec- tively treat in a condensed and comprehensive form the subjects of Friction, Lubrication, the origin and characteristics of Fats and Oils, their Uses, their Adulterations and their Practical Testing, all of such vital importance in the mechanical world. In the effort to produce a book to fill these wants and make it useful as well as easily under- stood by Mechanics and Manufacturers not very familiar with these subjects, I have throughout avoided as much as possible all scientific technol- ogy, as well as technical terms and theories familiar only to the experienced chemist, and have endeavored to write in such language and manner as can be readily comprehended by any- body with an ordinary school education, (vii) Vlll PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. I would here take occasion to acknowledge the endorsement given to my former writings and to my lectures on these subjects, and to the generous patronage extended to my " valve-oleum " lubri- cating oils. My theories on lubrication, which led to the production of the " valve-oleum " oils, at first met with much derision. But notwithstanding the fact that I have made many efforts to arouse, by my publications and lectures, more attention to, and to elicit information upon, the subject, thus far no sound argument has been advanced to refute these theories or to uphold those other ones, older and long persistently held. Should I have been successful in producing such a treatise as will meet the demands of the time and with this faith, I hereby dedicate this volume to manufacturers, and mechanics, and to my brother engineers of the National Association of Stationery Engineers of America I shall feel myself amply repaid for my labor. As is the practice of the publishers, the book has been supplied with a full table of contents and a thorough index, rendering reference to any subject in it prompt and accurate. E. F. DIETERICHS. CLEVELAND, OHIO, September 15, 1906. CONTENTS. i. FRICTION. PAGE Definition of friction ; Various kinds of friction ; Explana- tion of the law of friction ...... 1 Co-efficient of friction, and rule for finding it ; Friction of quiescence ; Friction of motion ; Rolling friction . . 2 Friction of a cart on a macadamized road ; Friction on a railway; Value and usefulness of friction ; Frictional heat 3 II. LUBRICATION. Necessity of lubricating; What is lubricating; Laws of lubrication as taught by nature 4 Lubrication of the joints of the bones in the body by the joint water ......... 5 Absorption of frictional heat by metal ; Effect of over- heating the bearings ; Creation of frictional heat as shown by Count Rumford's experiments . . . .6 Accumulation and disposal of frictional heat; Capacity of inert matter for absorbing and carrying away frictional heat . . ^^ . A 7 Necessity of renewing the lubricant ..... 8 Lubrication a chemical process ; The chemical process which takes place when oil is used for lubricating . . 9 Why oil and fatty matter are used for lubricating ; Absorp- tion of frictional heat by water and ice . . . . 10 Use of molasses for lubricating machinery; Conclusion . 11 (ix) X CONTENTS. PAGE III. OILS AND FATS. Definition of oils ; Classes of oils ; Fixed oils ; Volatile or essential oils . . . . . .. . .12 Drying oils ; Non-drying or fatty oils ; Fatty oils in general use for lubricating and in the manufacture of lubricants. 13 Mineral oils and petroleum oils, and their constitution . 14 Manner of obtaining mineral oils; Nature of petroleum oils. 15 IV. OILS AND FATS OF MINERAL AND VEGETABLE ORIGINS, THEIR PREPARATION, AND How THEY ARE OBTAINED. Lard and lard oil ; Preparation and properties of lard ; Separation of olein from lard . . . . . .16 Lard oil and its properties ; Commercial grades of lard oil ; Tallow and tallow oil ; Mode of obtaining tallow . . 17 Tallow oil and its properties ; Neatsfoot oil and horse tal- low oil ; Neatsfoot oil and its properties . . . .18 Bone fat, bone grease, and marrow tallow ; Horse tallow and its properties; Elain or red oil and its properties . 19 Spermaceti and fish oils ; Spermaceti, its constitution and properties ......... 20 Sperm oil and its properties 21 Seal oil; Whale and train oils ; Commercial fish oils . 22 Wool fat, degras ; Modes of obtaining wool fat . . . 23 Mode of obtaining degras ; Factitious degras ; Castor oil and its properties ........ 24 Olive oil and its properties ...... 25 Sunflower oil ......... 26 Sesame or gingelly oil ; Cottonseed oil and its properties. . 27 Rapeseed or colza oil ; Hempseed oil . . . . .28 Palm oil and cocoanut oil ; Copra ; Palm oil or palm butter ; Almond oil . . . . . . .29 Poppyseed oil ; Corn oil . . . . ,. . .30 Peanut oil and its properties . . .31 CONTENTS. xi PAGE Mustardseed oil ; Nigerseed oil : Linseed oil . . 32 Linolein; Driers; Uses of linseed oil . . . .33 Receipts for the manufacture of German soft soap; Green German soap; Preparation of liquor of potassa; Green soap from hempseed oil . . . . . . .34 Transparent linseed oil soap . . . . . .35 Transparent soft soap in the semi-cold way . . .36 Soft linseed oil soap with a yield of 450 per cent. . . 37 Rosin, rosin oil and turpentine; Mode of obtaining rosin, and its properties ........ 38 Distillation of rosin oil; Oil of turpentine; Rosin or pine oil, and its properties; Glycerin, and its properties . 39 V. CLARIFYING, REFINING AND BLEACHING OILS AND FATS. Various processes of bleaching vegetable oils; Clarifying oils. 41 Refining oils by treatment with sulphuric acid; Refining oils and fats with caustic soda . . . . .42 Bleaching with chlorine; Deodorizing oil . . . .43 Bleaching and deodorizing degras ..... 44 Cleaning and bleaching tallow and other fat; Cleaning and bleaching and deodorizing train oil . . . .45 Bleaching grease; Action of fats and oils on metals . . 46 VI. MINERAL OILS. Mode of obtaining mineral oils; Distillation of mineral oil. 48 Green oil, and its treatment; Paraffine oil; Treatment of shale oil; Grades of illuminating oils . . . .49 Tar oils; Distillation of wood and products obtained thereby 50 Products obtained by the distillation of tar from gas works; Difference between benzol and benzine; Conversion of nitro-benzol into aniline oil; Uses of coal tar . . .51 Xii CONTENTS. PAGE VI. PETROLEUM OILS. Deposits of petroleum; Petroleum oils of Pennsylvania . 52 Ohio crude oils and manner of desulphurizing them; Use of aluminium chloride as a desulphurizing agent . .58 Distillation of petroleum ....... 54 Classification of the proceeds of distillation . . .55 Neutral distillates and their division . . . . .56 Purifying and bleaching the neutral oils; Extraction of par- affine wax from crude paraffine oils. . . . * 57 Uses of paraffine wax: Golden machine oil; Steam refined cylinder oil; Production of a good cylinder oil from crude oil ......... 58 Black lubricating or West Virginia oil; Filtered cylinder stock; Vaseline, cosmoline, petrolatum; Petroleum oils for various lubricating purposes . . . . .59 Uses of petroleum 60 Deblooming petroleum oils ...... 61 Deodorizing petrol oil 62 VIII. MANUFACTURE or LUBRICATING OILS. Lubricants for heavy pressure and low-speed machinery. . 63 Compounding petroleum oils to give them a viscous con- sistency; Compounding cylinder oil; Use of degras in compounding cylinder oil . . . . . .64 Compounding engine and machinery oil; Various fats and oils used in the compounding of cylinder and other oils. 65 Use of rosin oils in compounding lubricating oils . . 66 Receipts of lubricants used in Germany; Cohesion oils . . 67 Lubricants for threshing machines; Automobile oil; Min- eral oil lubricants ........ 68 Sewing machine oil; Lubricants for ice machines; Lubri- cating oils with rosin oils ...... 69 Thickened oils . 70 CONTENTS. Xlll PAGE IX. " VALVE- OLEUM" OILS. Materials which form the foundation of "Valve-Oleum" oils . . 71 Preparation of oleate of alumina 72 Table of proportions of caustic soda to grease or oils for oleate of soda in the manufacture of the Valve-Oleum lubricating oils . . . . .73 Preparation of a heavy and stringy mineral castor . . 75 Preparation of ''Valve-Oleum" engine and cylinder oils . 76 Preparation of white ''Valve-Oleum" castor oil, "Valve- Oleum" castoroleum, or commercial castor oil, and " Valve-Oleum" linoleum . . . . . 7i Origin of ; 'Valve-Oleum" oils . . . . . .78 X. LEATHER OILS. Necessity of lubricating leather belts, harness, boot and shoe leather 80 Oil for tanners' use; Cheap harness oil; Black harness oil; Good belt oil 81 Belt grease; Fluid adhesion fat 82 Factitious paint oil; Cheap paint oil 83 XI. ADULTERATIONS OF FATTY OILS. Materials used in the adulteration of lard oil, olive oil, sperm oil, linseed oil . . .84 Adulteration of castor oil . -"-,- 85 XII. TESTING OILS. Alkali tests for detecting the presence of hydrocarbon oil in fatty oils . . . ... -86 XIV CONTENTS. PAGE To ascertain the amount of mineral oil in fatty oils; Color test 87 Test for cottonseed oil in lard oil; Preliminary test for neutral oil in lard oil; Detection of small quantities of fatty oils in mineral oil; Detection of soap dissolved in mineral oil . . . . . . . . .88 Detection of acidity or alkali in mineral oil; Simple and practical methods for testing oils and oil mixtures . . 89 Detection of the admixture of petroleum in large propor- tions to a fatty oil; Mode of ascertaining with what pro- portion of petroleum a fatty oil has been adulterated . 91 Mode of telling the presence of petroleum in fatty oils, even in very small proportions; Means employed to prevent the detection of adulterations of fatty oils by the hydro- meter test 92 Testing the comparative efficiency of oils for lubricating; Viscosity, and mode of ascertaining it . . . .93 Cold test; Fire test 94 Test frequently used for cylinder oil; Simple way of testing lubricating oils ........ 95 Practical tests of lubricating oils 96 Necessity of cleaning cylinders and bearings before testing and using a new oil . . . . . . .97 Advantage of the stringy character of "Valve-Oleum" oils; Detection of oleate of alumina in mineral oil . . . 98 XIII. SOLID LUBRICANTS. GREASES. Constitution of solid lubricants and their application; Con- stitution of grease 100 Character of machinery for which solid lubricating grease is used; Wear and abrasion of the metal with grease lub- ricants; Addition of inert matter to grease . . . 101 Manufacture of greases; Preparation of lime paste for rosin grease f f ........ 102 CONTENTS. XV PAGE Preparation of rosin grease in the cold way; Formulas after wliich nearly all grease lubricants are manufactured . 103 Piv pa ration of cup grease, dark axle grease, linseed oil grease . ;........ 104 Palm oil grease; Yellow axle grease; Axle grease prepared in the cold way ........ 106 XIV. SOME PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS. Cause of injuries to a cylinder; Lubrication not effected by inert matters ......... 108 Decomposition of all fatty oils and fats by the absorption of steam and frictional heat; Injurious action from the use of tallow in cylinders 109 Small marble-like balls formed by the motion of the piston; Consequences of the softening and dissolving of hardened deposits; Other causes of injury in cylinders . . .110 Injury to cylinders by poor packing; Causes of cutting and scarring the metal; Cutting of metal by acid in oil . .111 Necessity of keeping clean and carefully examining the parts of machinery where oil is used for lubricating . 112 XV. LUBRICATORS AND CUPS. Troubles to engineers caused by lubricators; Pumps for ap- plying cylinder oil . . . . . .113 Automatic pumps; The Moses pump; Feeding cylinder oil through the sight-feed cup; Principle on which sight- feed cups are devised; Cleaning sight-feed cups . .114 Consequence of cleaning the cup by blowing live steam through it ......... 115 Regulating the flow of oil in the cups; Cups which feed with a wick; Cups separated with a metallic stem . .116 Cups for feeding grease . . . . . . .117 Only reliable lubricating with grease , 118 XVI CONTENTS. PAGE XVI. SPECIFIC GRAVITY. Definition of specific gravity; Standard for solid and liquid bodies; Mode of ascertaining the specific gravity by the Baume" hydrometer ....... 120 Table of Baum^ degrees, the specific gravity they repre- sent, and the corresponding weight of the liquids per gallon 121 XVII. REVIEW or THE PETROLEUM OIL INDUSTRY TO 1915. The best information on the petroleum oil industry pub- lished thus far; Early impressions as to where petroleum oil could be found 124 Transformation of prehistoric vegetation and animal life; Separation of the component parts of petroleum by dis- tillation 125 Products for commercial purposes obtained by distillation; Application of petroleum oils and gasoline as motive power 126 Formation of new crude oil compounds by destructive dis- tillation of distillates of petroleum oils; The cracking process .......... 127 How the full amount of gasoline can be procured from a given amount of petroleum oil; Little improvement in the production of lubricating oils during the last decade. 128 Introduction of the ''Valve-Oleum Oils; Improvement in the production of paraffine; Lack of encouragement to inventors . . . . . . . . 129 Fallacy of the claim to be able to change the characteristics of petroleum oils so as to produce from them aniline oils. 130 Index . 131 I. FRICTION. THE force which is felt to resist the motion when one body rubs against another while in motion is called friction. Of all mechanical power used, a large amount is spent or lost to overcome the obstructive force of friction, and means are looked for to reduce this as much as possible. Friction is either sliding or rolling. The laws regarding friction are explained as follows : When placing a block of wood or iron on a smooth surface of wood or metal, it requires a force of some two-fifths of the weight of the block to make it move along the surface, thereby indi- cating the friction between the surface, as has been established by carefully conducted experi- ments. It has been established that two such blocks placed on the plate side by side, so as to form one of double size, require double the force to move them, and when the blocks are placed on top of each other, there is no difference in the amount of force necessary to move them. The friction between any two surfaces increases in "S"*' FRICTION, LUBRICATION, OILS AND FATS. proportion to the force with which they are pressed together, regardless of the extent of the surface in contact. A difference, however, exists when wood on iron, iron on iron or, iron on brass press on each other. For oakwood on iron, the moving force required is about two-fifths, or ex- actly thirty-eight per cent ; for iron on iron forty- four per cent, and for cast-iron upon brass about twenty-two per cent, in a dry state and without lubrication. The proportion expressed between the pressure of two surfaces and their friction is called their co-efficient, and is found by dividing the power by the weight moved. The friction of quiescence, or the resistance to the commence- ment of motion, is greater than the resistance to its continuance, and more so if the surfaces have for a considerable time rested in contact with each other. The friction of motion is entirely inde- pendent of the velocity of the motion. The re- sistance of friction to a shaft turning in its bear- ings, or of an axle in its box, has evidently a greater leverage the thicker the journal or the axle is, and axles of wheels are accordingly made as small as is consistent with their required strength. The resistance that takes place be- twe'en the circumference of the wheel on the road is called " rolling friction." In front of the wheel there is always an eminence or obstacle which it is at every instant surmounting and FRICTION. 3 crushing ; so also on iron rails, but to a much lesser extent than on other roads. On the princi- ple of the lever, it shows that a larger wheel has the advantage over a smaller one, and it has been fully established that on a horizontal road the traction varies directly as to the load, and in- versely as to the radius of the wheel. On a per- fectly good and level macadamized road, the traction of a cart is found to be one-thirtieth of the load, so that a horse to draw a ton must pull with a force equal to seventy-five pounds. On a railway the traction is reduced to one two-hun- dred-and-eightieth of the load, or to eight pounds per ton. Friction is akin to and as important as is gravitation in every motion in the universe. While friction on railways is diminished, further dimunition would stop motion entirely, as the driving wheels of the locomotive would slide around on the rails without advancing. Friction is most valuable when machinery with great momentum has to be checked or sud- denly arrested in its motion, as by a brake against the wheels on railways. It is useful in communi- cating motion by means of belts, ropes or chains ; it is the force that holds the knot in the rope, and it is the power that stops the momentum of cars in rapid motion. Friction is the constant oppo- nent of motion, which creates heat, which is known as " Frictional Heat." II. LUBRICATION To overcome friction and put its resisting power to as low a point as possible, we use lubri- cants that can absorb the frictional heat and, becoming vaporized by it, will carry the heat into space. Lubricating is a necessity, and is the most important factor in the mechanical world. With- out lubrication all the power we can obtain from Steam, Electricity, Gas, Water, Air and Horse Power, Spring and Wind Power could be of no use to us, and travel on railroads and steamboats, the running of factories, the riding in automo- biles, in carriages and wagons, the use of sewing machines, the riding on bicycles, the keeping record of time by our watches ; in short, the using of anything that is dependent on mechan- ical motion would be utterly impossible. We have then to investigate, " What is Lubri- cating?" Nature teaches us the laws of lubrication by its wonderful workings in the human body and in the bodies of all animals. All the joints of (4) LUBRICATION. 5 the bones in the body would be useless and stiff were it not for their being constantly lubricated by the so-called " Joint Water," an unctuous fluid which surrounds all the joints of the skele- ton part of the body. This u Joint Water" is constantly produced and supplied by nature, and is constantly consumed by the frictional heat created by our exertions and movements, and is likewise constantly disposed of and frees the body from the otherwise accumulating frictional heat by transferring it, with the perspiration and ex- halations from the body, into space. When the recuperating powers of the body fail to operate properly, from one cause or another, the inflam- matory condition of the joints gives evidence of the absence of proper lubrication, and the final failing and drying-up of this lubricating " Joint Water " under diminished generating power in advanced age cause the joints to move with diffi- culty and pain, and in the end make them lose their usefulness altogether. So it is with machinery. W 7 henever the surface of one part of machinery in motion is bearing on the surface of another, friction is created and friction creates heat. This heat is involved and increases with the velocity and continued motion, and if not taken up and carried away by lubrication, will finally increase and accumulate to such an extent that 6 FRICTION, LUBRICATION, OILS AND FATS. the machinery will have to be stopped to allow the metal to cool off. Metal is able to absorb a large amount of fric- tional heat, but it is unable to free itself of it as fast as it is generated by continued and rapid motion, and the heat finally accumulates to such an extent as to overheat the bearings, and if further continued will so increase and expand the metal as to cause the parts to weld them- selves tightly together. This has frequently been the case with the old style flour-mill spindles, which, after becoming overheated, were found to be so tightly welded in their steps, that they had to be chiseled out. To avoid this we have to keep the revolving parts well lubricated in their bearings, and we have to continue doing this as long as the machinery is kept in motion, and in exact proportion to the frictional heat evolved and the amount of work we expect to have done. That frictional heat is created by motion and that it vaporizes the lubricant, is shown by the following convincing experiments made many years ago by the celebrated scientist, Count Rum ford : He had a metal vessel constructed, with hollow bottom, had a perpendicular shaft fitted to it, and had it rapidly moved by mechanical power. He then filled the vessel with water, and in the LUBRICATION. 7 course of four hours ascertained that the water, by the absorption of the frictional heat gen- erated, had attained a temperature of 140 F., and in eight hours had reached the boiling- point. After this he found the water to evap- orate and gradually diminish in bulk as long as he kept the shaft in rapid motion. If we now substitute oil for the water, we will find the oil also gradually attain the temperature of its evaporating point, commonly known as " flash or fire test," and will find it also to vapor- ize and gradually reduce its bulk until the shaft be stopped moving. This shows conclusively that frictional heat accumulates, and that it is disposed of by evapor- ating into space ; this evaporation, though con- tinuous, is invisible. Lubricating, therefore, cannot be simply an interposition of some sub- stance, as a sort of cushion, between the metallic surfaces of machinery in motion. Soft metallic compounds, such as plumbago and some of the finer grades and inert matter, asbestos, mica, sul- phur, lime and soapstone, have been recom- mended and have been tried for that purpose ; but it has been found that while all such sub- stances serve well, in small quantities, to fill the interstices which exist in all metallic surfaces of bearings however highly polished, and thereby presenting a smoother bedding for the revolving 8 FRICTION, LUBRICATION, OILS AND FATS. shaft, they can only absorb so small a portion of the heat created by the friction as the metal itself of which the machinery is constructed. The capacity of plumbago and other inert matter for absorbing aud carrying away the fric- tional heat is very low, as they cannot vaporize, while the capacity of oil and fatty matter is very great, and we are, therefore, compelled to use oil and fatty matter for lubricating. If lubricating would be simply a mechanical action, and if a cushion of soft metal or other inert matter, or of oil or fat, would be sufficient to pre- vent the gradual increase and accumulation of frictional heat, then a very limited amount of oil, fat or other inert matter, once applied, should be sufficient. We find, however, that we are obliged to renew the lubricant with regularity and in exact proportion to the frictional heat created by the motion, and in exact proportion to the amount of work we expect to do with the machinery and we have to do this as long as the latter is kept in motion. We have then to ask : What has become of the large quantities of oil which we were compelled to constantly apply to the bearings of the ma- chinery ? As coal and water are constantly consumed to keep the supply of steam up to move the ma- chinery; so is oil constantly consumed to draw LUBRICATION. the frictional heat away from the bearings. We can see how the coal and water are consumed, but we are unable to see how the oil is con- sumed. We can, however, find silent proof that it is so, and that lubricating is a strictly chemical process and not a mechanical one. We know that metal cannot absorb oil, and if we allow most liberally for all possible wasting and for transformation of much of it into gummy accumulations around the bearings and in cylin- ders, we must admit that a very limited number of gallons from every barrel of oil used could thus be accounted for, and it remains to be seen what has become of the balance. We well know at what temperature water is evaporated and converted into steam, and after serving its purpose to move the machinery is lost into space. Precisely the same chemical process, the transformation from a fluid into a gaseous state, takes place when oil is used for lubricating. When the oil becomes heated by the frictional heat until its evaporating temperature is reached, it becomes, like steam, a gas, and is lost into space with the frictional heat it has absorbed in exactly the same manner as oil when distilled from a still is transformed from its fluid state into a gaseous one to be rendered to a liquid state by passing through a condenser. This transformation takes place on every bear- 10 FRICTION, LUBRICATION, OILS AND FATS. ing, although on so small a scale as to be almost entirely imperceptible to our senses. Where the revolving shaft rests heaviest in the hollow of the bearing, there is the line to be drawn where this invisible transformation of the oil from the liquid into the gaseous state takes place. This line is exceedingly small perhaps no more than the thickness of the finest sheet of paper but on this small line the frictional heat starts to be generated, and being taken up by a few atoms of the oil at a time, is carried with their vapors into space. When from neglect or insufficient lubrication bearings become overheated, and under the rapidly increasing temperature the few particles of oil vaporize too fast and become decomposed under the increased heat, the arising vapors, with a penetrating burning smell, prove to us the slow and mysterious process by which the oil disappears. Lubricating is, therefore, a chemical process, and requires the interposing of such substances between the moving parts of machinery as are capable to absorb the frictional heat, and vapor- ized by it, carry it into space. Such qualifications are best possessed by oil and fatty matter, and we, therefore, use them for lubricating our machinery. A continuous stream of water or the applica- tion of ice will likewise absorb and vaporize with the frictional heat, but not possessing sufficient LUBRICATION. 11 adhesive body, cannot prevent gradual abrasion of the metal. It has lately been claimed that molasses could be used, like oil, to lubricate machinery, but while molasses possesses adhesive quality (viscos- ity) its lubricating power consists in the water contained in its body which is not efficient enough to prevent abrasion of the metal. CONCLUSION. For over forty years I have contended in my writings and lectures that lubrication of ma- chinery is not a mechanical process, a mere in- terposition of some substance as a cushion between the surfaces, but is a strictly chemical process, the transformation of a substance by heat from a liquid into gaseous state. I have .theretofore elaborately explained my observations on the subject of the theory of lubrication and have asked for refutation or endorsement of my con- tention by scientists and those acquainted with the oil industry, but I have met in publications and printed compilations only with endless chat- terings about viscosity in connection with the old cushion theories, but not a word about of " what is lubrication," while it is so distinctly explained by the immense amounts of fats and oils constantly consumed and lost in the process and the constant necessity for replacement with new supplies. III. OILS AND FATS. THE next question arises : What are oils and what is fatty matter? What are the character- istics, and from what sources of nature do they come, and how are they obtained? Oils are liquid and semi-solid substances, de- rived from the animal and the vegetable king- doms. They are unctuous to the touch, are insoluble in water, and possess the power of supporting combustion with flame. They are obtained from the roots, seeds, fruits and flowers of plants and trees, and from the fat of animals, by extraction, by pressure, by rendering, by boil- ing with water, or by distillation. They are also obtained from the mineral kingdom, from shale, and out of receptacles in the bowels of the earth. Oils are divided into two classes : They are either oxyhydro-carbons, that is, compounds of oxygen, hydrogen and carbon, and are known as " fixed oils," or they are hydro-carbons, composed of hydrogen and carbon only, and are known as volatile or essential oils. The "fixed oils" do (12) OILS AND FATS. 13 not sensibly evaporate at ordinary temperature. They stain paper permanently and render it translucent. They do not distil or evaporate at the temperature of boiling water, and they have only a faint odor, like that of the substance from which they have been extracted. The volatile or essential oils evaporate freely. They have a caustic, acrid taste and an aromatic odor, and when distilled with water they pass over 'at 212 F. All of the u fixed oils " have an attraction more or less powerful for oxygen. Exposed to the atmosphere, some of them become hard and resinous, and they are called " drying oils ;" others thicken only slightly and become sour and rancid, and they are known as non-drying or " fatty oils." The fatty oils in general use for lubricating and in the manufacture of Lubricating Oils are : Vegetable Oils : Olive Oil, Rapeseed Oil or Colza Oil, Cocoanut Oil, Palm Oil and Almond Oil, and many others seldom used for lubricating. Animal Oils : Lard Oil, Tallow Oil, Neatsfoot Oil, Wool Fat, Sperm Oil and the many varieties of Fish Oils. For lubricating purposes these oils, vegetable as well as animal, are largely compounded with mineral oils of all grades and colors and in end- less proportions. 14 FRICTION, LUBRICATION, OILS AND FATS. Drying Oils, more or less, are : Linseed Oil, Nut Oil, Poppy Oil, Hempseed Oil, Castor Oil, Cottonseed Oil and Rosin Oil. Some of them are used in the manufacture of greases for lubri- cating purposes, but all of them are unfit for lubricating machinery on account of their resinous nature. The volatile or essential oils are : The Oils of Amber, Bergamot, Cloves, Lemon, Rose, Orange Flower and many others, all derived from the vegetable kingdom. They are usually more lim- pid and less unctuous than the fatty oils, with which they mix in all proportions. They are more or less soluble in alcohol and ether, and are sparingly soluble in water, to which, however, they impart their peculiar flavor. Nearly all the volatile oils resist saponification, and do not com- bine with the alkaline bases to form soapy com- pounds. They are not used for lubricating pur- poses. The mineral Oils and the Petroleum Oils are Hydro-carbons, and belong to the class of volatile and essential oils. They have little affinity for oxygen or moisture. They will not saponify, and they do not ferment or become rancid. The Mineral Oils are derived from bituminous coal and shale by distillation, and have been almost entirely superseded by the Petroleum Oils since the utilization of the latter. OILS AND FATS. 15 The Mineral Oils obtained by distillation of coal tar, which is the product of the dry destruc- tive distillation of coal at gas works, are chiefly used for dissolving rubber, in the manufacture of the beautiful aniline colors, and in making print- ing inks, varnishes and paints. The Petroleum Oils have been placed by nature within easy reach of mankind, and have been of great use for lighting, heating and lubricating purposes. In their natural state they are found in all forms of consistency, from a solid to a thin oily liquid, and from the darkest to the lightest shades of color. This peculiar product of nature is composed of an endless series of Hydro-carbon compounds, from a light, incondensible gas, to a solid body. They are similar in characteristics to the Mineral Oils obtained from coal tar and from shale, but differ materially in their chemical composition. IV. OILS AND FATS OF ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE ORIGIN, THEIR CHARACTERISTICS AND HOW THEY ARE OBTAINED. Lard and Lard Oil. Lard is the prepared fat of the hog. The fat freed from membranous matter is cut up into small pieces and boiled with water. It is then carefully separated from the water and melted over a slow fire. Lard is a soft, white, unctuous fat, with a faint odor, is free from rancidity and has a bland taste and a neu- tral reaction. Its specific gravity is about 0.938, or about 20 to 21 by Baume's hydrometer. Lard is entirely soluble in ether, in benzine, and in disulphide of carbon. It melts at or near 95 F., and when melted it readily unites with oils, wax or resins. Like most animal fats, it consists of stearin, palmitin and olein. Olein, the liquid principle of lard, can be readily separated from the stearin it contains by subjecting it, at a cold temperature, to strong pressure, when the liquid olein is pressed out, leaving the solid stearin, which is principally used in the manufacture of stearin candles. Exposed long to the air, lard (16) ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE OILS AND FATS. 17 and lard oil will absorb oxygen and become ran- cid. Lard oil as obtained from lard is a colorless or pale yellowish oily liquid ; it becomes opaque at or below the temperature of 32 F. It has a slightly fatty odor and a bland taste. Its specific gravity is from 0.900 to 0.920, or from 22 to 24 by Baume's hydrometer. It contains varying proportions of stearin, and is much adulterated with cottonseed oil and refined petroleum neutral oils. Lard oil is sold in the market as " Extra Winter Strained " lard oil when obtained by pressure at a cold temperature ; as " No. 1 " when pressed at a warmer temperature ; and as " No.2 " when obtained from impurer lard, and by the rendering process. The better qualities are often used to adulterate olive oil. Tallow and Tallow Oil. Tallow is obtained from the fat of sheep and oxen. It is prepared by cutting the fat into pieces, melting it at mod- erate heat and straining through coarse cloth. It is sometimes previously purified by boiling with a little water. Mutton fat is of a firmer consistency, and fuses at a higher temperature than fat from other animals. Tallow is very white, sometimes brittle ; it is inodorous, has a bland taste, and is insoluble in water. It con- sists of about seventy per cent of stearin and pal- mitin and thirty per cent of olein. It gradually dissolves in two parts of benzine, from which it 2 18 FRICTION, LUBRICATION, OILS AND FATS. slowly separates in a crystalline form on standing. It melts between 113 and 122 F. and congeals between 98 and 104 F. Its specific gravity lies between 0.937 and 0.952 or 18 to 20 by Baume's hydrometer. Tallow oil, i. e. the percentage of liquid olein in tallow, is obtained by melting the tallow and keeping it in a warm room at a temperature of about 80 to 90 F. for some hours; the stearin which the tallow contains crystallizes in a granu- lar form, and in this state it is placed in canvas or hair-cloth bags and subjected to hydraulic pressure. The olein is thus separated from the stearin. It still contains stearin in various pro- portions, and the oil is of more or less fluidity, and for that reason its specific gravity varies from 0.911 to 0.915, or from 23 to 24 by Baume's hydrometer. Tallow oil is of an almost white color when cold, or, at the most, of a faint yellow tint. It has a slight odor of animal fat. Varying with its quality, it has a flash point of from 475 to 500 F. Neatsfoot Oil and Horse Tallow Oil Neatsfoot oil is obtained from the feet of cows, sheep and horses. The hoofs are trimmed and boiled in water, when the oil collects on the surface and is skimmed off, and is further purified by repeated boiling with water. Neatsfoot oil appears either ANIMAL AND VEGETABLE OILS AND FATS. 19 as a turbid or a limpid liquid of a yellow-brownish color, has a pleasant odor and a sweet taste, and has little tendency to become rancid ; it becomes solid in cold weather from deposition of stearin, has a specific gravity of about 0.912 or 23 Baume at 60 F., and solidifies at. about 32 to 33 F. Bone fat, bone grease or marrow tallow comes from the shank bones of cows, bullocks and horses. They are either boiled in water, and the rising oil is skimmed off, or they are subjected to steam heat of from 50 to 60 pounds pressure in digesters for from half an hour to an hour. At the end of the operation the fat is drawn off. Horse tallow, or fat obtained from the render- ing of dead horses, is much like the tallow ob- tained from cows and sheep, and under pressure furnishes an oil which is known in the market as horse tallow oil, and is often sold under the name of " Neatsfoot Oil." It has at 60 F. a specific gravity of 0.915 to 0.980, or 22 Baume. Elain or Red Oil. The oil known as elain or red oil gets its name from the dark reddish color it derives from its contact with the hot iron press plates and the high temperature to which it is subjected in its production by the saponification process with lime or sulphuric acid, or by high steam pressure or by distillation, whereby the fat is decomposed into oleic axjid, stearip acid an gravity they represent and the corresponding weight of the liquids per gallon, table of, 121-123 hydrometer, 121, 122 Belt grease, 82 oil, 81, 82 Belts, fluid adhesion oil for, 82, 83 Benzine, crude, redistillation of, 55 deodorizing and bleaching, 62 Benzol, 51 Black lubricating oil, 59 Bleaching powder, bleaching oils with, 43 train oil, 45, 46 Blotter test, 95, 96 Bone grease, 19 Bones, lubrication of the joints of, 4, 5 CASTOR oil, 24, 25 adulteration of, 85 mineral, 75, 76 white valve-oleum, 77 Castoroleum, valve oleum, 77 Caustic soda, proportions of, to grease and oils for oleate of - 73 Chloride of lime, bleaching oils with, 43 Clarifying, refining and bleach- ing oils and fats, 41-47 Cleaning train oil, 45, 46 Coal-tar oil, 51 uses of, 51 Cocoanut oil, 29 Coefficient of friction, 2 Cohesion oils, 67, 68 Coke, utilization of, 61 Cold test, 94 Color test, 87, 88 (131) 132 INDEX. Colza oil, 28 Compressors, lubricants for, 69 Copper, action of fats and oils on, 47 Copra, 29 Corn oil, 30, 31 Cosmoline, 59 Cotton mills, lubricant for spin- dles in, 60 seed oil, 27, 28 action of, on metal, 46 adulteration of, 90, 91 blown, 70 in lard oil, test for, 88 refining of, 42 Cracking process, 127, 128 Creosote, 50, 51 Cup grease, 100, 104 Cups and lubricators, 113-119 feeding with a wick, 116, 117 for grease, 117, 118 Cutting compound, 38 Cylinder oil from crude oil, 58, 59 steam refined, 58 valve oleum, 76, 77 oils, compounding of, 64, 65 pumps for applying, 113, 114 stock, filtered, 59 wear of, 108 Cylinders, injurious action of tallow in, 109 sources of injury to, 110, 111 DEBLOCKING petroleum oils, 61, 62 Degras, 23, 24 bleaching of, 44, 45 factitious, 24 use of, in compounding cylinder oils, 64, 65 Deodorizing oil, 43, 44 petrol oil, 62 train oil, 45, 46 Desulphurizing Ohio crude oils, 53, 54 Dieterich's Kafir-oil liniment, 61 Distillates, 55-57 Distillation of petroleum, 54-59 Drying oils, 13, 14 ELAIN, 19, 20 Engine oil, valve-oleum, 76 Essential oils, 12 Export oil, 56 FATS, action of metals on, 46,47 and oils, 12-15 of animal and veg- etable origin, 16-40 clarifying, refining and bleaching of, 41-47 composition of, 71 decomposition of, 109 Fatty acids, free, treatment of oils containing, 43 oil, compounding petro- leum with, 65 oils, 13 adulteration of, 84, 85, 90-92 composition of, 71 decomposition of, 109 determination of min- eral oils in, 87 in mineral oil, test for, 88 Filtered cylinder stock, 59 Fire test, 94, 95 Fish oils and spermaceti, 20-23 Fixed oils, 12, 13 Fluid adhesion oil for belts, 82, 83 INDEX. 133 Free fatty acids, treatment of oils containing, 43 Friction. 1-3 coefficient of, 2 laws of, 1-3 motion of, 2 quiescence, 2 rolling, 1, 2 sliding, 1 value of, 3 Frictional heat, 3 absorption of, by metal, 6 accumulation and disposal of, 7 creation of, 6, 7 Fuel oil, 50 /GASOLINE engines, lubri- U cant for, 60 from natural gas, 127 full amount of, obtainable by distillation, 128 increase in the production of, 126-128 Germany, receipts for lubri- cants used in, t>7-70 Gingelly oil, 27 Glycerin, 39, 40 Golden machine oil, 58 Gravity, specific, 120-123 Grease lubricants, formulas for, 103-107 inert matter in, 101, 102 manufacture of, 102-107 Greases, 100-107 Green German soap, 34 Green oil, 49 HARNESS oil, 81 Headlight oil, 56 Heat, experiments on, by Rum- ford, 6, 7 frictional, 3 Hempseed oil, 28 Honey-drop engine oils, 71, 72, 75, 76 Horse tallow oil, 18, 19 ICE machines, lubricants for, 69 Illuminating oils, grades of, 49, 50 Iron, action of fats and oils on, 47 OINT water, 5 KAFER ointment, carbol- ated, 61 Kerosene oil, deodorizing and bleaching, 62 LARD, 16, 17 oil, 17 adulteration of, 84, 90 test for cottonseed oil in. ^8 for neutral oil in, 88 Laws of friction, 1-3 Lead, action of fats and oils on, 47 Leather oils, 80-83 preserving and water-proof- ing oils for, 81 Lighthouse oil, 50 Lime paste for rosin grease, 102, 103 Linolein, 33 Linoleum, valve-oleum, 77, 78 Linseed oil, 32, 33 adulteration of, 84 grease, 104-106 soap, soft, transpar- ent, 35, 36 with a yield of 450 per cent., 37, 38 Lubricant, aluminium lanolate, 79 134 INDEX. Lubricant, mineral, action of, on metal, 46 Lubricants for ice machine, 69 compressors, 69 threshing ma chines, 68 mineral oil, 68, 69 used in Germany, receipts for, 67-70 Lubricating as a chemical pro- cess, 5 grease, 100 oil, black, 59 oils, improvement in the production of, 128, 129 manufacture of, 63-70 practical tests of, 9C, 97 simple way of testing, 95,96 with rosin oils, 69, 70 petroleum oils for, 59-61 Lubrication, 3-11 inert matter for, 7, 8 Lubricators and cups, 113-119 MACHINERY, lubrication of, 5, 6 ordinary, lubricant for, 60 Manufacture of lubricating oils, 63-70 Marine sperm oil, 50 Marrow tallow, 19 Metal, absorption of frictional heat by, 6 Metals, action of fats and oils on, 46, 47 Mineral castor oils, 61, 75, 76 gelatines, 61 oil, detection of oleate of alumina in, 98, 99 determination of fatty oils in, 87 in fatty oils, test for, 88 lubricants, 68, 69 Mineral oil, test for acidity in, 89 alkali in, 89 soap in, 88, 89 oils, 14, 15, 48-50 Molasses for lubricating, 1 1 Moses pump, 114 Motion of friction, 2 Mustard seed oil, 32 Mutton fat, 18 Myrbane oil, 51 of. NATURAL gas, from, 127 Neat's foot oil, 18, 19 adulteration 90,91 Neutral distillates, 56, 57 oil in lard oil, test for, 88 oils, purification and bleaching of, 57 Nigerseed oil, 32 Nitro-benzol, 51 -glycerin, 40 OHIO crude oils, 53, 54 Oil, acid in, 111, 112 mixtures, methods of testing, 89-99 Oils, action of metals on, 46, 47 and fats, 12-15 of animal and vegetable ori- gin, 16-40 characteristics of, 12 clarifying, refining and bleaching of, 41-47 classes of, 12, 13 cohesion, 67, 68 cold test for, 94 color test for, 87, 88 deodorizing of, 43, 44 fire test for, 94, 95 illuminating, grades of, 49, 50 mineral, 48-50 INDEX. 135 Oils, simple and practical meth- ods of testing, 89-99 test for viscosity of, 93, 94 testing of, 86-99 thickened, 70 Oleate of alumina in mineral oil, detection of, 98, 99 preparation of, 72-75 soda, 73, 74 proportions of caus- tic soda to grease or oils for, 73 Olive oil, 25, 26 action of. on metal, 46 adulteration of, 84 PAINT oil, cheap, 83 factitious, 83 Palm butter, 29 oil, 29 grease, 106 Paraffiue oil, 49 treatment of, 57, 58 wax, 58 improvement in the production of, 129 uses of, 61 Peanut oil, 31, 32 Pennsylvania petroleum oils, 52. 53 Petrol oil, deodorizing of, 62 Petrolatum, 59 Petroleum, compounding of, with fatty oils, 65 distillation of, 54-59, 125, 126 occurrence of, 52 oil, origin of, 125 industry, review of, to 1915. 124-130 oils, 14, 15, 52-62 adulteration of fatty oils with, 90-92 deblooming of, 61 , 62 for lubricating, 59-61 Petroleum oils, formation of new crude oil com- pounds from, 127, 128 motive power. of, 126 production of aniline oils from, 130 to give a vis- cous consis- tency to, 64 proceeds of distillation of, 55, 56, 126 uses of, 60, 61 Picric acid, 50 Pine tar, 39 Plumbago, use of, for lubrica- tion, 7, 8 Poppyseed oil, 30 Practical suggestions, 108-112 Prime white oil, 56 Pumps for applying cvlinder oils, 113, 114 QUIESCENCE of friction, 2 RAILWAY, traction on, 3 Kapeseed oil, 28 action of, on metal, 46 blown, 70 Keceipts for lubricants used in Germany. 67-70 Red oil, 19, 20, 57 Eesiduum oils, uses of, 61 Review of the petroleum oil industry to 1915, 124-130 Rolling friction, 1. 2 Rosin, 38, 39 grease, 102, 103 lime paste for. 102, 103 oil, 38, 39 oils, lubricating oils with, 69, 70 136 INDEX. Rosin oils, use of, in compound- ing lubricating oils, 66 Rumford, experiments by, 6, 7 SEAL oil, 22 Sesame oil, 27 Sewing machine oil, 69 Shale oil, 49 Sight-feed cup, 114, 115 Signal oil for lanterns, 60 Sliding friction, 1 Soap, green German, 34 in mineral oil, test for, 88, 89 soft linseed oil, with a yield of 450 per cent, 37. 38 receipts for, 34-38 transparent linseed oil, 35,36 transparent soft, in the semi- warm way, 36, 37 Soda, oleate of, 73, 74 proportions of caustic soda to grease or oils for, 73 Soft linseed oil soap with a yield of 450 per cent. , 37,38 soap, receipts for, 34-38 transparent, in the semi-warm way. 36, 37 linseed oil, 35, 36 Solid lubricants, 100-107 Specific gravity, 120-123 Sperm oil, 21, 22 adulteration of, 84, 85 Spermaceti, 20 21 and fish oils, 20-23 Spindle oil, 57 Spindles in cotton mills, lubri- cant for, 60 Standard white oil, 56 Steam-refined cylinder oil, 58 Straight run distillate, 56 Suggestions, practical, 108-112 Sunflower oil, 26, 27 TABLE of Baume' degrees, the specific gravity they represent and the corresponding weight of the liquids per gallon, 121-123 of proportions of caustic soda to grease or oils for oleate of soda in the man- ufacture of valve-oleum lubricating oils, 73 Tallow, 17, 18 cleaning and bleaching of, 45 injurious action of, in cyl- inders, 109 oil, 18 action of, on metal, 46 Tanners, oil for use by, 81 Tar oils. 50, 51 Test, cold, 94 fire, 94, 95 Testing lubricating oils, 95-97 oils, 86-99 Tests, practical, of lubricating oils, 96, 97 Thickened oils, 70 Threshing machines, lubricants for, 68 Tin, action of fats and oils on, 47 Traction, 3 Train and whale oils, 22, 23 oil, cleaning, bleaching and deodorizing of, 45, 46 Transparent linseed oil soft soap, 35, 36 soft soap in the semi-cold way, 36, 37 Turpentine, 38, 39 V^LVE-OLEUM castor oil, white, 77 castoroleum, 77 INDEX. 137 Valve-oleum cylinder oil, 76, 77 engine oil, 76 gelatine, 71, 72 leather preserving and water- proofing oils, linoleum, 77, 78 oils, 71-78 origin of, 78, 79 Zola axle grease, 103 Vaseline, 59 Vegetable oils, 13 Viscosity, 93, 94 Volatile oils, 12, 14 WATER-WHITE oil, 56 West Virginia oil, 59 Whale and train oils, 22, 23 oil, action of, on metal, 46 Wood, distillation of, 50, 51 tar oil, 50 Wool fat, 23, 24 use of, in compounding cylinder oils, 64, 65 ZINC, action of fats and oils on, 47 CATALOGUE OF Practical and Scientific Books PUBLISHED BY Henry Carey Baird & Co. INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHERS, BOOKSELLERS AND IMPORTERS 810 Walnut Street, Philadelphia. =- Any ot the Books comprised in this Catalogue will be sent by mail, free of postage, to any address in the world, at the publication prices. = A Descriptive Catalogue, 94 pages, 8vo, will be sent free and free of postage, to any one in any part of the world, who will furnish his address. =" Where not otherwise stated, all of the Books in this Catalogue are bound in muslin. AMATEUR MECHANICS' WORKSHOP: A treatise containing plain and concise direction for the manipulation of Wood and Metals, including Casting, Forg- ing, Brazing, Soldering and Carpentry. By the author of the "Lathe and Its Uses." Ninth edition. Illustrated. 8vo $1.50 ARLOT. A Complete Guide for Coach Painters: Translated from the French of M. ARLOT, Coach Painter, for eleven years Foreman of Painting to M. Eherler, Coach Maker, Paris By A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and Engineer. To which is added an Appendix, containing Information re- specting the Materials and the Practice of Coach and Car Painting and Varnishing in the United States and Great Britain. 12mo $1.25 1 2 HENRY CAREY BAIRD & GO'S. CATALOGUE ARMENGAUD, AMOROUX, AND JOHNSON. The Prac- tical Draughtsman's Book of Industrial Design, and Machinist's and Engineer's Drawing Companion: Forming a Complete Course of Mechanical Engineering and Architectural Drawing. From the French of M. Armengaud the elder, Prof, of Design in the Conservatoire of Arts and Industry, Paris, and M. Armengaud the younger, and Amo- roux, Civil Engineers. Rewritten and arranged with addi- tional matter and plates, selections from and examples of the most useful and generally employed mechanism of the day. By WILLIAM JOHNSON, Assoc. Inst. C. E. Illustrated by fifty folio steel plates, and fifty wood-cuts. A new edi- tion, 4to., cloth $5.00 ARROWSMITH. The Paper-Hanger's Companion Comprising Tools, Pastes, Preparatory Work; Selection and Hanging of Wall-Papers; Distemper Painting and Cornice- Tinting; Stencil Work; Replacing Sash-Cord and Broken Window Panes; and Useful Wrinkles and Receipts. By JAMES ARROWSMITH. A New, Thoroughly Revised, and Much Enlarged Edition. Illustrated by 25 engravings, 162 pages. (1905) $1.00 ASHTON. The Theory and Practice of the Art of Design- ing Fancy Cotton and Woolen Cloths from Sample: Giving full instructions for reducing drafts, as well as the methods of spooling and making put harness for cross drafts and finding any required reed; with calculations and tables of yarn. By FREDERIC T. ASHTON, Designer, West Pittsfield, Mass. With fifty-two illustrations. One vol. folio $4.00 ASKINSON. Perfumes and Cosmetics: A Comprehensive Treatise on Perfumery, containing Com- plete Directions for Making Handkerchief Perfumes, Smelling- Salts, Sachets, Fumigating Pastils; Preparations for the Care of the Skin, the Mouth, the Hair; Cosmetics, Hair Dyes, and other Toilet Articles. By G. W. ASKINSON. Translated from the German. Revised by W, L. DUDLEY. 32 illustra- tions. 8vo $5.00 BAIRD. The American Cotton Spinner, and Manager's and Carder's Guide: A Practical Treatise on Cotton Spinning; giving the Dimen- sions and Speed of Machinery, Draught and Twist Calcula- tions, etc; with notices of recent Improvements; together with Rules and Examples for making changes in the size and numbers of Roving and Yarn. Compiled from the papers of the late ROBERT H. BAIRD. 256 pp., 12mo $1.50 HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE 3 BEANS. A Treatise on Railway Curves and Location of Railroads: By E. W. BEANS, C. E. Illustrated. 12mo. Morocco $1.00 BELL. Carpentry Made Easy: Or, The Science and Art of Framing on a New and Improved System. With Specific Instructions for Building Balloon Frames, Barn Frames, Mill Frames, Warehouses, Church Spires, etc. Comprising also a System of Bridge Building, with Bills, Estimates of Cost, and valuable Tables. Illus- trated by forty-four plates, comprising nearly 200 figures. By WILLIAM E. BELL, Architect and Practical Builder. 8vo $5.00 BERSCH. Cellulose, Cellulose Products, and Rubber Substitutes: Comprising the Preparation of Cellulose, Parchment-Cellu- lose, Methods of Obtaining Sugar, Alcohol, and Oxalic Acid from Wood-Cellulose; Production of Nitro-Cellulose and Cellu- lose Esters; Manufacture of Artificial Silk, Viscose, Celluloid, Rubber Substitutes, Oil-Rubber, and Faktis. By Dr. JOSEPH BERSCH. Translated by WILLIAM T. BRANNT. 41 Illustra- tions. (1904) $3.00 BILLINGS. Tobacco : Its History, Variety, Culture, Manufacture, Commerce, and Various Modes of Use. By E. R. BILLINGS. Illustrated by nearly 200 engravings. 8vo $3.00 BIRD. The American Practical Dyers' Companion: Comprising a Description of the Principal Dye-Stuffs and Chemicals used in Dyeing, their Nature and Uses; Mordants and How Made; with the best American, English, French and German processes for Bleaching and Dyeing Silk, Wool, Cotton, Linen. Flannel, Felt, Dress Goods, Mixed and Hosiery Yarns, Feathers, Grass, Felt, Fur, Wool, and Straw Hats, Jute Yarn, Vegetable Ivory, Mats, Skins, Furs, Leather, etc., etc., by Wood, Aniline, and other Processes, together with Remarks on Finishing Agents, and Instructions in the Finishing of Fabrics, Substitutes for Indigo, Water- Proofing of Materials, Tests and Purification of Water. Manufacture of Aniline and other New Dye Wares, Harmoniz- ing Colors, etc., etc.,; embracing in all over 800 Receipts for Colors and Shades, accompanied by 170 Dyed Samples of Raw Materials and Fabrics. By F. J. BIRD, Practical Dyer, Author of "The Dyers' Hand-Book. " 8vo $4.00 BLINN. A Practical Workshop Companion for Tin, Sheet-Iron, and Copper-plate Workers: Containing Rules for describing various kinds of Patterns 4 HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE used by Tin, Sheet-Iron and Copper-plate Workers; Practical Geometry; Mensuration of Surface and Solids; Tables of the Weights of Metals, Lead-pipe, etc.; Tables of Areas and Circumferences of Circles; Japan, Varnishes, Lacquers, Ce- ments, Compositions, etc., etc. By LEROY J. BLINN, Master Mechanic. With One Hundred and Seventy Illustrations. 12mo $2.50 BOOTH. Marble Worker's Manual: Containing Practical Information respecting Marbles in general, their Cutting, Working and Polishing; Veneering of Marble; Mosaics; Composition and Use of Artificial Marble, Stuccos, Cements, Receipts, Secrets, etc., etc. Translated from the French by M. L. BOOTH. With an Appendix con- cerning American Marbles. 12mo., cloth $1.50 BRANNT. A Practical Treatise on Animal and Vegetable Fats and Oils: Comprising both Fixed and Volatile Oils, their Physical and Chemical Properties and Uses, the Manner of Extracting and Refining them, and Practical Rules for Testing them; as well as the Manufacture of Artificial Butter and Lubricants, etc., with lists of American Patents relating to the Extraction, Rendering, Refining, Decomposing and Bleaching of Fats and Oils. By WILLIAM T. BRANNT, Editor of the "Techno- Chemical Receipt Book." Second Edition, Revised and in great part Rewritten. Illustrated by 302 Engravings. In Two Volumes. 1304pp. 8vo $10.00 BRANNT. A Practical Treatise on Distillation and Rec- tification of Alcohol: Comprising Raw Materials; Production of Malt, Preparation of Mashes and of Yeast; Fermentation; Distillation and Rectification and Purification of Alcohol; Preparation of Alcoholic Liquors, Liqueurs, Cordials, Bitters, Fruit Essences, Vinegar, etc.; Examination of Materials for the Preparation of Malt as well as of the Malt itself; Examination of Mashes before and after Fermentation; Alcoholometry, with Numer- ous Comprehensive Tables; and an Appendix on the Manu- facture of Compressed Yeast and the Examination of Alcohol and Alcoholic Liquors for Fusel Oil and other Impurities. By WILLIAM T. BRANNT, Editor of "The Techno-Chemical Receipt Book." Second Edition. Entirely Rewritten. Il- lustrated by 105 engravings. 460 pages. 8vo. (Dec., 1903) $10.00 BRANNT. India Rubber, Gutta-Percha and Balata: Occurrence, Geographical Distribution, and Cultivation, Ob- taining and Preparing the Raw Materials, Modes of Working HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE 5 and Utilizing them, including Washing, Maceration, Mixing, Vulcanizing, Rubber and Gutta-Percha Compounds, Utiliza- tion of Waste, etc. By WILLIAM T. BRANNT. Illustrated. 12mo. A new edition in preparation. BRANNT. A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Vinegar and Acetates, Cider, and Fruit- Wines: Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables by Canning and Evap- oration; Preparation of Fruit-Butters, Jellies, Marmalades, Catchups, Pickles, Mustards, etc. Edited from various sources. By WILLIAM T. BRANNT. Illustrated by 101 En- gravings. 575pp. 8vo; 3d edition Net, $6.00 BRANNT. The Metallic Alloys: A Practical Guide: For the Manufacture of all kinds of Alloys, Amalgams, and Solders, used by Metal Workers: together with their Chem- ical and Physical Properties and their Application in the Arts and the Industries; with an Appendix on the Coloring of Alloys and the Recovery of Waste Metals. By WILLIAM T. BRANNT. 45 Engravings. Third, Revised, and Enlarged Edition. 570 pages. 8vo Net, $5.00 BRANNT. The Metal Worker's Handy-Book of Receipts and Processes: Being a Collection of Chemical Formulas and Practical Manipulations for the working of all Metals; including the decoration and Beautifying of Articles Manufactured there- from, as well as their Preservation. Edited from various sources. By WILLIAM T. BRANNT. Illustrated. 12mo.$2.50 BRANNT. Petroleum : Its History, Origin, Occurrence, Production, Physical and Chemical Constitution, Technology, Examination and Uses; Together with the Occurrence and Uses of Natural Gas. Edited chiefly from the German of Prof. Hans Hoefer and Dr. Alexander Veith by Wm. T. BRANNT. Illustrated by 3 Plates and 284 Engravings. 743pp. 8vo $12.50 BRANNT. The Practical Dry Cleaner, Scourer and Garment Dyer: Comprising Dry, Chemical, or French Cleaning; Purifica- tion of Benzine; Removal of Stains, or Spotting; Wet Clean- ing; Finishing Cleaned Fabrics; Cleaning and Dyeing Furs, Skin Rugs and Mats; Cleaning and Dyeing Feathers; Clean- ing and Renovating Felt, Straw and Panama Hats; Bleach- ing and Dyeing Straw and Straw Hats; Cleaning and Dyeing Gloves; Garment Dyeing; Stripping; Analysis of Textile Fabrics. Edited by WILLIAM T- BRANNT, Editor of "The Techno-Chemical Receipt Book." Fourth Edition, Revised 6 HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE and Enlarged. Illustrated by Forty-One Engravings. 12 mo. 371 pp $2.50 CONTENTS : I. Dry Chemical or French Cleaning. II. Removal of Stains or Spotting. III. Wet Washing. IV. Finishing Cleaned Fabrics. V. Cleaning and Dyeing Furs, Skin Rugs and Mats. VI. Cleaning and Dyeing Feathers. VII. Cleaning and Renovating Felt, Straw and Panama Hats ; Bleaching and Dyeing Straw and Straw Hats. VIII. Cleaning and Dyeing Gloves. IX. Garment Dyeing. X. Stripping Colors from Garments and Fabrics. XI. Analysis of Textile Fabrics. Index. BRANNT. The Soap Maker's Hand-Book of Materials, Processes and Receipts for every description of Soap; includ- ing Fats, Fat Oils and Fatty Acids; Examination of Fats and Oils; Alkalies; Testing Soda and Potash; Machines and Utensils; Hard Soaps; Soft Soaps; Textile Soaps; Washing Powders and Allied Products; Toilet Soaps, Medicated Soaps, and Soap Specialties; Essential Oils and other Perfum- ing Materials; Testing Soaps. Edited chiefly from the Ger- man of DR. C. DEITE, A. ENGELHARDT, F. WILTNER, and numerous other Experts. With Additions by WILLIAM T. BRANNT, Editor of "The Techno-Chemical Receipt Book." Illustrated by Fifty-four Engravings. Second edition, Re- vised and in great part Re- Written. 535 pp. 8vo $6.00 BRANNT. Varnishes, Lacquers, Printing Inks and Seal- ing Waxes: Their Raw Materials and their Manufacture, to which is added the Art of Varnishing and Lacquering, including the Preparation of Putties and of Stains for Wood, Ivory, Bone, Horn, and Leather. By WILLIAM T. BRANNT. Illustrated by 39 Engravings, 338 pages. 12mo $3.00 BRANNT- WAHL. The Techno-Chemical Receipt Book: Containing several thousand Receipts covering the latest, most important, and most useful discoveries in Chemical Technology, and their Practical Application in the Arts and the Industries. Edited chiefly from the German of Drs. Winckler, Eisner, Heintze, Mierzinski, Jacobsen, Roller and Heinzerling, with additions by WM. T. BRANNT and WM. H. WAHL, Ph. D. Illustrated by 78 engravings. 12mo. 495 pages $2.00 BROWN. Five Hundred and Seven Mechanical Move- ments : Embracing all those which are most important in Dynamics, Hydraulics, Hydrostatics, Pneumatics, Steam Engines, Mill and other Gearing, Presses, Horology, and Miscellaneous Machinery; and including many movements never before published, and several of which have only recently come into use. By HENRY T. BROWN $1.00 HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE 7 BULLOCK. The Rudiments of Architecture and Build- ing: For the use of Architects, Builders, Draughtsmen, Machin- ists, Engineers and Mechanics. Edited by JOHN BULLOCK, author of "The American Cottage Builder." Illustrated by 250 Engravings. 8vo $2.50 BYRNE. Hand-Book for the Artisan, Mechanic, and Engineer: Comprising the Grinding and Sharpening of Cutting Tools, Abrasive Processes, Lapidary Work, Gem and Glass En- graving, Varnishing and Lacquering, Apparatus, Materials and Processes for Grinding and Polishing, etc. By OLIVER BYRNE. Illustrated by 185 wood engravings. 8vo $4.00 BYRNE. Pocket-Book for Railroad and Civil Engineers: Containing New, Exact and Concise Methods for Laying out Railroad Curves, Switches, Frog Angles and Crossings; the Staking out of work; Levelling; the Calculation of Cuttings; Embankments; Earthwork, etc. By OLIVER BYRNE. 18mo., full bound, pocketbook form $1.50 BYRNE. The Practical Metal- Worker's Assistant: Comprising Metallurgic Chemistry; the Arts of Working all Metals and Alloys; Forging of Iron and Steel; Hardening and Tempering; Melting and Mixing; Casting and Founding; Works in Sheet Metals; the Process Dependent on the Duc- tility of the Metals; Soldering; etc. By JOHN PERCY. The Manufacture of Malleable Iron Castings, and Improvements in Bessemer Steel. By A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and En- gineer. With over Six Hundred Engravings, Illustrating every Branch of the Subject. 8vo $3.50 CABINET MAKER'S ALBUM OF FURNITURE: Comprising a Collection of Designs for various Styles of Furniture. Illustrated by Forty-eight Large and Beauti- fully Engraved Plates. Oblong, 8vo CALLINGHAM. Sign Writing and Glass Embossing: A complete Practical Illustrated Manual of the Art. By JAMES CALLINGHAM. To which are added Numerous Alpha- bets and the Art of Letter Painting Made Easy. By JAMES C. BADENOCH. 258 pages. 12mo $1.50 CAREY. A Memoir of Henry C. Carey: By DR. WM. ELDER. With a portrait. 8vo., cloth 75 CAREY. The Works of Henry C. Carey: Manual of Social Science. Condensed from Carey's "Principles of Social Science." By KATE McKEAN 1 vol. 12mo $2.00 8 HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE Miscellaneous Works. With a Portrait. 2 vols. 8vo. $10.00 Past, Present and Future. 8vo $2.50 Principles of Social Science. 3 volumes, 8vo $10.00 The Slave-Trade, Domestic and Foreign ; Why it Exists, and How it may be Extinguished (1853). 8vo $2.00 The Unity of Law: As Exhibited in the Relations of Phys- ical, Social, Mental and Moral Science (1872). 8vo $2.50 COOLEY. A Complete Practical Treatise on Perfumery: Being a Hand-book of Perfumes, Cosmetics and other Toilet Articles, with a Comprehensive Collection of Formulae. By ARNOLD COOLEY. 12mo $1.00 COURTNEY. The Boiler Maker's Assistant in Drawing, Templating, and Calculating Boiler Work and Tank Work, etc. Revised by D. K. CLARK. 102 ills. Fifth edition 80 COURTNEY. The Boiler Maker's Ready Reckoner: With Examples of Practical Geometry and Templating. Re- vised by D. K. CLARK, C. E. 37 illustrations. Fifth edi- tion $1.60 CRISTIANI. A Technical Treatise on Soap and Candles: With a Glance at the Industry of Fats and Oils. By R. S Cristiani, Chemist. Author of "Perfumery and Kindred Arts." Illustrated by 176 Engravings. 581 pages, 8vo $15.00 CROSS. The Cotton Yarn Spinner: Showing how the Preparation should be arranged for Differ- ent Counts of Yarns by a System more uniform than has hith- erto been practiced; by having a Standard Schedule from which we make all our Changes. By RICHARD CROSS. 122 pp. 12mo 75 DAVIDSON. A Practical Manual of House Painting, Graining, Marbling, and Sign-Writing: Containing full information on the processes of House Paint- ing in Oil and Distemper, the Formation of Letters and Practice of Sign- Writing, the Principles of Decorative Art, a Course of Elementary Drawing for House Painters, Writers, etc., and a Collection of Useful Receipts. With nine colored illustrations of Woods and Marbles, and numerous wood en- gravings. By ELLIS A. DAVIDSON. 12mo $2.00 DA VIES. A Treatise on Earthy and Other Minerals and Mining: By D. C. DA VIES. F. G. S., Mining Engineer, etc. Illustrated by 76 Engravings. 12mo : . ; ... .$5.00 HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE 9 DAVIES. A Treatise on Metalliferous Minerals and Mining: By D. C. DAVIES, F. G. S., Mining Engineer, Examiner of Mines, Quarries and Collieries. Illustrated by 148 engrav- ings of Geological Formations, Mining Operations and Ma- chinery, drawn from the practice of all parts of the world. Fifth Edition, thoroughly Revised and much Enlarged by his son, E. Henry Davies. 12mo. 524 pages $5.00 DAVIS. A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Brick, Tiles and Terra-Gotta: Including Stiff Clay, Dry Clay, Hand Made, Pressed or Front, and Roadway Paving Brick, Enamelled Brick, with Glazes and Colors, Fire Brick and Blocks, Silica Brick, Carbon Brick, Glass Pots, Retorts, Architectural Terra-Cotta, Sewer Pipe, Drain Tile, Glazed and Unglazed Roofing Tile, Art Tile, Mosaics, and Imitation of Intrarsia or Inlaid Surfaces. Com- prising every product of Clay employed in Architecture, En- gineering, and the Blast Furnace. With a Detailed Descrip- tion of the Different Clays employed, the Most Modern Ma- chinery, Tools, and Kilns used, and the Processes for Handling Disintegrating, Tempering, and Moulding the Clay into Shape, Drying, Setting, and Burning. By CHARLES THOMAS DAVIS. Third Edition. Revised and in great part rewritten. Il- lustrated by 261 engravings. 662 pages (Scarce.) DAVIS. The Manufacture of Paper: Being a Description of the various Processes for the Fabrica- tion, Coloring and Finishing of every kind of Paper, Includ- ing the Different Raw Materials and the Methods for De- termining their Values, the Tools, Machines and Practical Details connected with an intelligent and a profitable prose- cution of the art, with special reference to the best American Practice. To which are added a History of Paper, complete Lists of Paper-Making Materials, List of American Machines, Tools and Processes used in treating the Raw Materials, and in Making, Coloring and Finishing Paper. By CHARLES T. DAVIS. Illustrated by 156 Engravings. 608 pages. 8vo.$6.00 DAWIDOWSKY-BRANNT. A Practical Treatise on the Raw Materials and Fabrication of Glue, Gelatine, Gelatine Veneers and Foils, Isinglass, Cements, Pastes, Mucilages, etc.: Based upon Actual Experience. By F. DAWIDOWSKY, Tech- nical Chemist. Translated from the German, with extensive additions, including a description of the most Recent Ameri- can Processes, by WILLIAM T. BRANNT. 2d revised edition, 350 pages. (1905) Price ..$3.00 10 HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE DEITE. A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Perfumery: Comprising directions for making all kinds of Perfumes, Sachet Powders, Fumigating Materials, Dentrifices, Cos- metics, etc., with a full account of the Volatile Oils, Balsams, Resins, and other Natural and Artificial Perfume-substances, including the Manufacture of Fruit Ethers, and tests of their purity. By DR. C. DEITE, assisted by L. BORCHERT, F. EICHBAUM, E. KUGLER, H. TOEFFNER, and other experts. From the German, by WM. T. BRANNT. 28 Engravings. 358 pages. 8vo $3.00 DE KONINCK-DIETZ. A Practical Manual of Chemical Analysis and Assaying: As applied to the Manufacture of Iron from its Ores, and to Cast Iron, Wrought Iron, and Steel, as found in Commerce. By L. L. DEKONINCK, Dr. Sc., and E. DIETZ, Engineer. Ed- ited with Notes, by ROBERT MALLET, F. R. S., F. S. G., M. I. C. E., etc. American Edition, Edited with Notes and an Appendix on Iron Ores, by A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and Engineer. 12mo $1.00 DIETERICHS. A Treatise on Friction, Lubrication, Oils and Fats: The Manufacture of Lubricating Oils, Paint Oils, and of Grease, and the Testing of Oils. By E. F. DIETERICHS, Member of the Franklin Institute; Member National Associa- tion of Stationary Engineers; Inventor of Dietrichs' Valve- Oleum Lubricating Oils. 12mo. (1906.) A practical book by a practical man $1.25 DUNCAN. Practical Surveyor's Guide: Containing the necessary information to make any person o common capacity, a finished land surveyor, without the aid of a teacher. By ANDREW DUNCAN. Revised. 72 Engrav- ings. 214 pp. 12mo $1.50 DUPLAIS. A Treatise on the Manufacture and Dis- tillation of Alcoholic Liquors: Comprising Accurate and Complete Details in Regard to Alcohol from Wine, Molasses, Beets, Grain, Rice, Potatoes, Sorghum, Asphodel, Fruits, etc.; with the Distillation and Rectification of Brandy, Whiskey, Rum, Gin, Swiss Absinthe, etc., the Preparation of Aromatic Waters, Volatile Oils or Essences, Sugars, Syrups, Aromatic Tinctures, Liqueurs, Cordial Wines, Effervescing Wines, etc., the Ageing of Brandy and the Improvement of Spirits, with Copious Directions and Tables for Testing and Reducing Spirituous Liquors, etc., HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE 11 etc. Translated and Edited from the French of MM. Du- PLAIS. By M. McKENNiE, M. D. Illustrated. 743 pp. 8vo $15.00 EDWARDS. A Catechism of the Marine Steam-Engine: For the use of Engineers, Firemen, and Mechanics. A Prac- tical Work f9r Practical Men. By EMORY EDWARDS, Me- chanical Engineer. Illustrated by sixty-three Engravings, including examples of the most modern Engines. Third edition, thoroughly revised, with much additional matter. 12mo. 414 pages $1.50 EDWARDS. American Marine Engineer, Theoretical and Practical: With Examples of the latest and most approved American Practice. By EMORY EDWARDS. 85 Illustrations. 12mo. $1.50 EDWARDS. Modern American Locomotive Engines: Their Design, Construction and Management. By EMORY EDWARDS. Illustrated. 12mo $1.50 EDWARDS. Modern American Marine Engines, Boilers, and Screw Propellers: Their Design and Construction. 146 pp. 4to $2.00 EDWARDS. 900 Examination Questions and Answers: For Engineers and Firemen (Land and Marine) who desire to obtain a United States Government or State License. Pocket-book form, gilt edge $1.50 EDWARDS. The American Steam Engineer: Theoretical and Practical, with examples of the latest and most approved American practice in the design and con- struction of Steam Engines and Boilers. For the use of Engineers, machinists, boiler-makers, and engineering stu- dents. By EMORY EDWARDS. Fully illustrated. 419 pages. 12mo $1.50 EDWARDS. The Practical Steam Engineer's Guide: In the Design, Construction, and Management of American Stationary, Portable, and Steam Fire-Engines, Steam Pumps, Boilers, Injectors, Governors, Indicators, Pistons and Rings, Safety Valves and Steam Gauges. For the use of Engineers, Firemen, and Steam Users. By EMORY EDWARDS. Illus- trated by 119 engravings. 420 pages. 12mo $2.00 ELDER. Conversations on the Principal Subjects of Political Economy: By DR. WILLIAM ELDER. 8vo $1.50 12 HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE ELDER. Questions of the Day: Economic and Social. By DR. WILLIAM ELDER. 8vo. . $3.00 ERNI AND BROWN. Mineralogy Simplified: Easy Methods of Identifying Minerals, including Ores, by Means of the Blow-pipe, by Flame Reactions, by Humid Chemical Analysis, and by Physical Tests. By HENRI ERNI, A. M., M. D. Fourth Edition, revised, re-arranged and with the additon of entirely new matter, including Tables for the Determination of Minerals by Chemicals and Pyrog- nostic Characters, and by Physical Characters. By AMOS P. BROWN, A. M., Ph. D. 464 pp. Illustrated by 123 En- gravings, pocket-book form, full flexible morocco, gilt edges. $2.50 FAIRBAIRN. The Principles of Mechanism and Machi- nery of Transmission : Comprising the Principles of Mechanism, Wheels, and Pul- leys, Strength and Proportion of Shafts, Coupling of Shafts, and Engaging and Disengaging Gear. By SIR WILLIAM FAIRBAIRN, Bart., C E. Beautifully illustrated by over 150 wood-cuts. In one volume. 12mo $2.00 FLEMING. Narrow Gauge Railways in America: A Sketch of their Rise, Progress, and Success. Valuable Statistics as to Grades, Curves, Weight of Rail, Locomotives, Cars, etc. By HOWARD FLEMING. Illustrated. 8vo..$1.00 FLEMMING. Practical Tanning: A Handbook of Modern Processes, Receipts, and Sugges- tions for the Treatment of Hides, Skins, and Pelts of Every Description. By LEWIS A. FLEMMING, American Tanner. 630 pp. 8vo 1910 $6.00 FORSYTH. Book of Designs for Headstones, Mural, and other Monuments: Containing 78 Designs. By JAMES FORSYTH, With an In- troduction by CHARLES BOUTELL, M. A. 4to. Cloth. .$3.00 GARDNER. Everybody's Paint Book: A Complete Guide to the Art of Outdoor and Indoor Paint- ing 38 Illustrations. 12mo. 183 pp $1.00 GARDNER. The Painter's Encyclopedia: Containing Definitions of all Important Words in the Art of Plain and Artistic Painting, with Details of Practice in Coach, Carriage, Railway Car, House, Sign, and Ornamental Paint- ing, including Graining, Marbling, Staining, Varnishing, Polishing, Lettering, Stenciling, Gilding, Bronzing, etc. By FRANKLIN B. GARDNER. 158 illustrations. 12mo. 427 pp $1.50 HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE 13 GEE. The Goldsmith's Handbook: Containing full instructions for the Alloying and Working of Gold, including the Art of Alloying, Melting, Reducing, Color- ing, Collecting, and Refining; the Processes of Manipulation, Recovery of Waste; Chemical and Physical Properties of Gold; with a New System of Mixing its Alloys; Solders, En- amels; and other Useful Rules and Recipes. By GEORGE E. GEE. 12mo $1.25 GEE. The Jeweler's Assistant in the Art of Working in Gold: A Practical Treatise for Masters and Workmen. 12mo $3.00 GEE. The Silversmith's Handbook: Containing full instructions for the Alloying and Working of Silver, including the different modes of Refining and Melting the Metal; its Solders; the Preparation of Imitation Alloys; Methods of Manipulation; Prevention of Waste; Instructions for Improving and Finishing the Surface of the Work; together with other Useful Information and Memoranda. By GEORGE E. GEE. Illustrated. 12mo $1.25 GOTHIC ALBUM FOR CABINET-MAKERS: Designs for Gothic Furniture Twenty-three plates. Ob- long $1.00 GRANT. A Handbook on the Teeth of Gears: Their Curves, Properties, and Practical Construction By GEORGE B. GRANT Illustrated. Third Edition, enlarged. 8vo $1.00 GREGORY. Mathematics for Practical Men: Adapted to the Pursuits of Surveyors, Architects, Mechan- ics, and Civil Engineers. By OLINTHUS GREGORY. 8vo., plates .$3.00 GRISWOLD. Railroad Engineer's Pocket Companion for the Field: Comprising Rules for Calculating Deflection Distances and Angles, Tangential Distances and Angles and all Necessary Tables for Engineers; also the Art of Levelling from Prelim- inary Survey to the Construction of Railroads, intended Expressly for the Young Engineer, together with Numerous Valuable Rules and Examples. By W. GRISWOLD 12mo Pocketbook form $1.50 GRUNER. Studies of Blast Furnace Phenomena: By M. L. GRUNER, President of the General Council of Mines of France, and lately Professor of Metallurgy at the Ecole des Mines. Translated, with the author's sanction, with an Appendix, by L. D. B. GORDON, F R. S. E., F. G. S. 8vo. $2.50 14 HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE Hand-Book of Useful Tables for the Lumberman, Farmer and Mechanic: Containing Accurate Tables of Logs Reduced to Inch Board Measure, Plank, Scantling and Timber Measure; Wages and Rent, by Week or Month; Capacity of Granaries, Bins and Cisterns; Land Measure, Interest Tables with Directions for finding the Interest on any sum at 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 per cent., and many other Useful Tables. 32mo., boards. 186 pages 25 HASERIGK. The Secrets of the Art of Dyeing Wool, Gotton and Linen: Including Bleaching and Coloring Wool and Cotton Hosiery and Random Yarns. A Treatise based on Economy and Practice By E. C. HASERICK. Illustrated by 323 Dyed Patterns of the Yarns or Fabrics 8vo $4.50 HATS AND FELTING: A Practical Treatise on their Manufacture. By a Practical Hatter. Illustrated by Drawings of Machinery, etc. 8vo. $1.00 HAUPT. A Manual of Engineering Specifications and Contracts : By LEWIS M. HAUPT, C. E. Illustrated with numerous maps. 328 pp. 8vo $2.00 HAUPT. The Topographer, His Instruments and Meth- ods: By LEWIS M. HAUPT, A. M., C. E. Illustrated with numer- ous plates, maps and engravings. 247 pp. 8vo $2.00 HAUPT. Street Railway Motors: With Descriptions and Cost of Plants and Operation of the various systems now in use. 12mo $1.50 HULME. Worked Examination Questions in Plane Geometrical Drawing: For the Use of Candidates for the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich; the Royal Military College, Sandhurst; the In- dian Civil Engineering College, Cooper's Hill; Indian Public Works and Telegraph Department; Royal Marine Light In- fantry; the Oxford and Cambridge Local Examinations, etc. By F. EDWARD HULME, F. L. S., F. S. A., Art-Master Marl- borough College. Illustrated by 300 examples. Small quarto $1.00 KELLEY. Speeches, Addresses, and Letters on Industria and Financial Questions: By HON. WILLIAM D. KELLEY, M. C. 544 pages. 8vo $2.0 HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE 15 KEMLO. Watch Repairer's Hand-Book: Being a Complete Guide to the Young Beginner, in Taking Apart, Putting Together, and Thoroughly Cleaning the English Lever and other Foreign Watches, and all American Watches. By F. KEMLO, Practical Watchmaker. With Illustrations. 12mo $1.25 KICK. Flour Manufacturer: A Treatise on Milling Science and Practice By FREDERICK KICK, Imperial Regierungsrath, Professor of Mechanical Technology in the Imperial German Polytechnic Institute, Prague. Translated from the second enlarged and revised edition with supplement by H. H. P. POWLES, Assoc. Memb. Institution of Civil Engineers. Illustrated with 28 Plates, and 167 Wood-cuts. 367 pages. 8vo $7.50 KINGZETT. The History, Products, and Processes of the Alkali Trade: Including the most Recent Improvements. By CHARLES THOMAS KINGZETT, Consulting Chemist. With 23 illustra- tions. 8vo $2.00 KIRK. A Practical Treatise on Foundry Irons: Comprising Pig Iron, and Fracture Grading of Pig and Scrap Irons; Scrap Irons; Mixing Irons; Elements and Metalloids; Grading Iron by Analysis; Chemical Standards for Iron; Castings; Testing Cast Iron; Semi-Steel; Malleable Iron; Etc., Etc. By EDWARD KIRK, Practical Moulder and Melter, Consulting Expert in Melting. Illustrated. 294 pages. 8vo. 1911 $3.00 KIRK. The Cupola Furnace: A Practical Treatise on the Construction and Management of Foundry Cupolas. By EDWARD KIRK, Practical Moulder and Melter, Consulting Expert in Melting. Illustrated by 106 Engravings. Third Edition, revised and enlarged. 482 pages. 8vo. 1910 $3.50 KOENIG. Chemistry Simplified: A Course of Lectures on the Non-Metals, Based upon the Natural Evolution of Chemistry. Designed Primarily .for Engineers. By GEORGE AUGUSTUS KOENIG, Ph. D., A. M , E. M., Professor of Chemistry, Michigan College of Mines, Houghton. Illustrated by 103 Original Drawings. 449 pp. 12mo. (1906) $2.25 LANGBEIN. A Complete Treatise on the Electro-Deposi- tion of Metals: Comprising Electro-Plating and Galvanoplastic Operations, The Deposition of Metals by the Contract and Immersion 16 HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE Processes, the Coloring of Metals, the Methods of Grinding and Polishing, as well as the Description of the Voltaic Cells, Dynamo-Electric Machines, Thermopiles, 'and of the Materi- als and Processes Used in Every Department of the Art. Translated from the latest German Edition of DR. GEORGE LANGBEIN, Proprietor of a Manufactory for Chemical Pro- ducts, Machines, Apparatus and Utensils for Electro-Platers, and of an Electro-Plating Establishment in Leipzig. With Additions by WILLIAM T. BRANNT, Editor of "The Techno- Chemical Receipt Book." Seventh Edition, Revised and Enlarged. Illustrated by 163 Engravings. 8vo. 725 pages. 1913 $5.00 LARKIN. The Practical Brass and Iron Founder's Guide: A Concise Treatise on Brass Founding, Moulding, the Metals and their Alloys, etc.; to which are added Recent Improve- ments in the Manufacture of Iron, Steel by the Bessemer Process, etc., etc. By JAMES LARKIN, late Conductor of the Brass Foundry Department in Reany, Neafie & Co.'s Penn Works, Philadelphia. New edition, revised, with extensive additions. 414 pages. 12mo $2.50 LEHNER. The Manufacture of Ink: Comprising the Raw Materials, and the Preparation of Writing, Copying and Hektograph Inks, Safety Inks, Ink Extracts and Powders, etc. Translated from the German of SIGMUND LEHNER, with additions by WILLIAM T. BRANNT. Illustrated. 12mo $2.00 LEROUX. A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Worsteds and Carded Yarns: Comprising Practical Mechanics, with Rules and Calcula- tions applied to Spinning; Sorting, Cleaning, and Scouring Wools; the English and French Methods of Combing, Draw- ing, and Spinning Worsteds, and Manufacturing Carded Yarns. Translated from the French of CHARLES LEROUX, Mechanical Engineer and Superintendent of a Spinning-Mill, by HORATIO PAINE, M. D., and A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and Engineer. Illustrated by twelve large Plates. 8vo $3.00 LESLIE. Complete Cookery: Directions for Cookery in its Various Branches. By Miss LESLIE. Sixtieth thousand. Thoroughly revised, with the additions of New Receipts. 12mo $1.00 LE VAN. The Steam Engine and the Indicator: Their Origin and Progressive Development; including the Most Recent Examples of Steam and Gas Motors, together HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE 17 with the Indicator, its Principles, its Utility, and its Applica- tion. By WILLIAM BARNET LE VAN. Illustrated by 205 Engravings, chiefly of Indicator-Cards. 469 pp. 8vo. $2.00 LIEBER. Assayer's Guide: Or, Practical Directions to Assayers, Miners, and Smelters, for the Tests and Assays, by Heat and by Wet Processes, for the Ores of all the principal Metals, of Gold and Silver Coins and alloys, and of Coal, etc. By OSCAR M. LIEBER. Re- vised. 283 pp. 12mo $1.50 Lockwood's Dictionary of Terms : Used in the Practice of Mechanical Engineering, embracing those Current in the Drawing Office, Pattern Shop, Foundry, Fitting, Turning, Smith's and Boiler Shops, etc., etc., com- prising upwards of Six Thousand Definitions. Edited by a Foreman Pattern Maker, author of "Pattern Making." 417 pp. 12mo $3.75 LUKIN. The Lathe and Its Uses: Or Instruction in the Art of Turning Wood and Metal. In- cluding a Description of the Most Modern Appliances for the Ornamentation of Plane and Curved Surfaces, an Entirely Novel Form of Lathe for Eccentric and Rose-Engine Turn- ing. A Lathe and Planing Machine Combined; and Other Valuable Matter Relating to the Art. Illustrated by 462 engravings. Seventh Edition. 315 pages 8vo $4.25 MAUCHLINE. The Mine Foreman's Hand-Book: Of Practical and. Theoretical Inf9rmation on the Opening, Ventilating, and Working of Collieries. Questions and An- swers on Practical and Theoretical Coal Mining. Designed to Assist Students and Others in Passing Examinations for Mine Foremanships. By ROBERT MAUCHLINE. 3d Edition. Thoroughly Revised and Enlarged by F. ERNEST BRACKETT. 134 Engravings. 8vo. 378 pages. (1905.) $3.75 MOLESWORTH. Pocket-Book of Useful Formulae and Memoranda for Civil and Mechanical Engineers: By GUILFORD L. MOLESWORTH, Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Chief Resident Engineer of the Ceylon Railway. Full-bound in Pocketbook form $1.00 MOORE. The Universal Assistant and the Complete Mechanic: Containing over one million Industrial Facts, Calculations, Receipts, Processes, Trades Secrets, Rules, Business Forms, Legal Items, etc., in every occupation, from the Household to the Manufactory. By R. MOORE. Illustrated by 500 Engravings. 12mo $2.50 18 HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE NAPIER. A System of Chemistry Applied to Dyeing: By JAMES NAPIER, F. C. S. A New and Thoroughly Revised Edition. Completely brought up to the present state of the Science, including the Chemistry of Coal Tar Colors, by A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and Engineer. With an Appendix on Dyeing and Calico Printing, as shown at the Universal Ex- position, Paris, 1867. Illustrated. 8vo. 422 pages ... $2.00 NICHOLLS. The Theoretical and Practical Boiler-Maker and Engineer's Reference Book: Containing a variety of Useful Information for Employers of Labor, Foremen and Working Boiler-Makers, Iron, Copper, and Tinsmiths, Draughtsmen, Engineers, the General Steam- using Public, and for the Use of Science Schools and classes By SAMUEL NICHOLLS. Illustrated by sixteen plates. 12mo. $2.50 NYSTROM. On Technological Education and the Con- struction of Ships and Screw Propellers For Naval and Marine Engineers. By JOHN W. NYSTROM, late Acting Chief Engineer, U. S. N. Second Edition, Re- vised, with additional matter. Illustrated by seven En- gravings. 12mo $1.00 O'NEILL. A Dictionary of Dyeing and Calico Printing: Containing a brief account of all the Substances and Pro- cesses in use in the Art of Dyeing and Printing Textile Fabrics; with Practical Receipts and Scientific Information. By CHARLES O'NEILL, Analytical Chemist. To which is added an Essay on Coal Tar Colors and their application to Dyeing and Calico Printing. By A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and En- gineer. With an appendix on Dyeing and Calico Printing, as shown at the Universal Exposition, Paris, 1867. 8vo. 491 pages $2.00 ORTON. Underground Treasures : How and Where to Find Them. A Key for the Ready De- termination of all the Useful Minerals within the United States. By JAMES ORTON, A. M., Late Professor of Natural History in Vassar College, N. Y.; author of the "Andes and the Amazon," etc. A New Edition, with An Appendix on Ore Deposits and Testing Minerals. (1901.) Illustrated. $1.50 OSBORN. A Practical Manual of Minerals, Mines and Mining: Comprising the Physical Properties, Geologic Position; Local Occurrence and Associations of the Useful Minerals, their Methods of Chemical Analysis and Assay; together with Various Systems of Excavating and Timbering, ^Brick and HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE 19 Masonry Work, during Driving, Lining, Bracing and other Operations, etc. By PROF. H. S. OSBORN, LL. D., Author of "The Prospector's Field-Book and Guide." 171 Engravings. Second Edition, Revised. 8vo $4.50 OSBORN. The Prospector's Field Book and Guide: In the Search For and the Easy Determination of Ores and Other Useful Minerals. By PROF. H. S. OSBORN, LL. D. Illustrated by 66 Engravings. Eighth Edition. Revised and Enlarged. 401 pages. 12mo (1910.) $1.50 OVERMAN. The Moulder's and Founder's Pocket Guide: A Treatise on Moulding and Founding in Green-sand, Dry- sand, Loam, and Cement; the Moulding of Machine Frames, Mill-gear, Hollow Ware, Ornaments, Trinkets, Bells, and Statues; Description of Moulds for Iron, Bronze, Brass, and other Metals; Plaster of Paris, Sulphur, Wax, etc.; the Con- struction of Melting Furnaces, the Melting and Founding of Metals; the Composition of Alloys and their Nature, etc., etc. By FREDERICK OVERMAN, M. E. A new Edition, to which is added a Supplement on Statuary and Ornamental Moulding, Ordnance, Malleable Iron Castings, etc. By A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and Engineer. Illustrated by 44 engravings. 12mo $2.00 PAINTER, GILDER, AND VARNISHER'S COMPANION: Comprising the Manufacture and Test of Pigments, the Arts of Painting, Graining, Marbling, Staining, Sign-writing, Varnishing, Glass-staining, and Gilding on Glass; together with Coach Painting and Varnishing, and the Principles of the Harmony and Contrast of Colors. Twenty-seventh Edition. Revised, Enlarged, and in great part Rewritten. By WILLIAM T. BRANNT, Editor of "Varnishes, Lacquers, Printing Inks and Sealing Waxes." Illustrated. 395 pp. 12mo $1.50 PERCY. The Manufacturing of Russian Sheet-Iron: By JOHN PERCY, M. D., F. R. S. Paper 25 POSSELT. Cotton Manufacturing: Part I. Dealing with the Fibre, Ginning, Mixing, Picking, Scutching and Carding. By E. A. POSSELT. 104 Illustra- tions, 190 pp $3.00 Part II. Combing, Drawing, Roller Covering and Fly Frame, $3.00 POSSELT. The Jacquard Machine Analysed and Ex- plained: With an Appendix on the Preparation of Jacquard Cards, and Practical Hints to Learners of Jacquard Designing. By E. A. POSSELT. With 230 Illustrations and numerous diagrams. 127 pp. 4to $3.00 20 HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE POSSELT. Recent Improvements in Textile Machinery Relating to Weaving: Giving the Most Modern Points on the Construction of all Kinds of Looms, Warpers, Beamers, Slashers, Winders, Spoolers, Reeds, Temples, Shuttles, Bobbins, Heddles, Heddle Frames, Pickers, Jacquards, Card Stampers, Etc., Etc. By E. A. POSSELT. 4to. Part I, 600 ills.; Part II,. 600 ills. Each part $1.50 POSSELT. Recent Improvements in Textile Machinery, Part III: Processes Required for Converting Wool, Cotton, Silk, from Fibre to Finished Fabric, Covering both Woven and Knit Goods; Construction of the most Modern Improvements in Preparatory Machinery, Carding, Combing, Drawing, and Spinning Machinery, Winding, Warping, Slashing Machinery, Looms, Machinery for Knit Goods, Dye Stuffs, Chemicals, Soaps, Latest Improved Accessories Relating to Construc- tion and Equipment of Modern Textile Manufacturing Plants By E. A. POSSELT. Completely Illustrated. 4to $5.00 POSSELT. Technology of Textile Design : The Most Complete Treatise on the Construction and Appli- cation of Weaves for all Textile Fabrics and the Analysis of Cloth. By E. A. POSSELT. 1,500 Illustrations. 4to..$5.00 POSSELT. Textile Calculations: A Guide to Calculations Relating to the Manufacture of all Kinds of Yarns and Fabrics, the Analysis of Cloth, Speed, Power and Belt Calculations. By E. A. POSSELT. Illus- trated. 4to $2.00 REGNAULT. Elements of Chemistry: By M. V. REGNAULT. Translated from the French by T. FORREST BETTON, M. D., and edited, with Notes, by JAMES C. BOOTH, Melter and Refiner U. S. Mint, and WILLIAM L. FABER, Metallurgist and Mining Engineer. Illustrated by nearly 700 wood-engravings Comprising nearly 1,500 pages. In two volumes, 8vo., cloth $5.00 RICH. Artistic Horse- Shoeing: A Practical and Scientific Treatise, giving Improved Methods of Shoeing, with Special Directions for Shaping Shoes to Cure Different Diseases of the Foot, and the Correction of Faulty Action in Trotters. By GEORGE E. RICH. 362 Illustrations. 217 pages. 12mo $2.00 RICHARDSON. Practical Blacksmi thing : A Collection of Articles Contributed at Different Times by Skilled Workmen to the columns of "The Blacksmith and Wheelwright," and Covering nearly the Whole Range of Blacksmithing, from the Simplest Job of Work to some of th e HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE 21 most Complex Forgings Compiled and Edited by M. T. RICHARDSON. Vol. I. 210 Illustrations. 224 pages. 12mo $1.00 Vol. II. 230 Illustrations. 262 pages. 12mo $1.00 Vol. III. 390 Illustrations. 307 pages. 12mo $1.00 Vol. IV. 226 Illustrations. 276 pages. 12mo $1.00 RICHARDSON. Practical Carriage Building: Comprising Numerous Short Practical Articles upon Carriage and Wagon Woodwork; Plans for Factories; Shop and Bench Tools; Convenient Appliances for Repair Work; Methods of Working; Peculiarities of Bent Timber; Construction of Carriage Parts; Repairing Wheels; Forms of Tenons and Mor- tises; Together with a Variety of Useful Hints and Sugges- tions to Woodworkers. Compiled by M. T. RICHARDSON. Vol. I. 228 Illustrations. 222 pages $1.00 Vol. II. 283 Illustrations. 280 pages $1.00 RICHARDSON. The Practical Horseshoer: Being a Collection of Articles on Horseshoeing in all its Branches which have appeared from time to time in the col- umns of "The Blacksmith and Wheelwright," etc. Compiled and edited by M. T. RICHARDSON. 174 Illustrations, $1.00 RIFFAULT, VERGNAUD, and TOUSSAJNT. A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Colors for Painting: Comprising the Origin, Definition, and Classification of Colors, the Treatment of the Raw Materials; the best Formulae and the Newest Processes for the Preparation of every description of Pigment, and the Necessary Apparatus and Directions for its use; Dryers; the Testing, Application, and Qualities of Paints, etc., etc. By MM. RIFFAULT, VERGNAUD, and TOUSSAINT, Revised and Edited by M. F. MALPEYRE, Trans- lated from the French by A. A. FESQUET. Illustrated by Eighty Engravings. 659 pp. 8vo $5.00 ROPER. Catechism for Steam Engineers and Elec- tricians : Including the Construction and Management of Steam En- gines, Steam Boilers and Electric Plants. By STEPHEN ROPER Twenty-first edition, rewritten and greatly enlarged by E. R. KELLER and C. W. PIKE. 365 pages. Illustrations. 18mo., tucks, gilt $2.00 ROPER. Engineer's Handy Book: Containing Facts, Formulae, Tables and Questions on Power, its Generation, Transmission and Measurement; Heat, Fuel, and Steam; The Steam Boiler and Accessories; Steam Engines and their Parts; Steam Engine Indicator; Gas and Gasoline Engines; Materials; their Properties and Strength; Together with a Discussion of the Fundamental Experiments in Elec- tricity, and an Explanation of Dynamos, Motors, Batteries, etc.. and Rules for Calculating Sizes of Wires. By STEPHEN 22 HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE ROPER. 15th edition. Revised and Enlarged by E. R. KELLER, M. E., and C. W. PIKE, B. S. With numerous Illustrations. Pocket-book form. Leather $3.50 ROPER. Hand-Book of Land and Marine Engines: Including the Modeling, Construction, Running, and Man- agement of Land and Marine Engines and Boilers. With Illustrations. By STEPHEN ROPER, Engineer. Sixth Edition. 12mo., tucks, gilt edge $3.50 ROPER. Hand-Book of the Locomotive: Including the Construction of Engines and Boilers, and the Construction, Management, and Running of Locomotives. By STEPHEN ROPER. Eleventh Edition. 18mo., tucks, gilt edge $2.50 ROPER. Hand-Book of Modern Steam Fire-Engines; With Illustrations. By STEPHEN ROPER, Engineer. Fourth Edition, 12mo., tucks, gilt edge $3.50 ROPER. Instructions and Suggestions for Engineers and Firemen: By STEPHEN ROPER, Engineer. 18mo., Morocco $2.00 ROPER. Questions and Answers for Stationary and Marine Engineers and Electricians: With a Chapter of What to Do in Case of Accidents. By STEPHEN ROPER, Engineer. Sixth Edition, Rewritten and Greatly Enlarged by EDWIN R. KELLER, M. E., and CLAYTON W. PIKE, B. A. 306 pp. Morocco, pocketbook form, gilt edges .$2.00 ROPER. The Steam Boiler: Its Care and Management: By STEPHEN ROPER, Engineer. 12mo., tuck, gilt edges. $2.00 ROPER. Use and Abuse of the Steam Boiler: By STEPHEN ROPER, Engineer. Ninth Edition, with Illus- trations. 18mo., tucks, gilt edge $2.00 ROPER. The Young Engineer's Own Book: Containing an Explanation of the Principle and Theories on which the Steam Engine as a Prime Mover is based. By STEPHEN ROPER, Engineer. 160 Illustrations, 363 pages. 18mo., tuck $2.50 ROSE. The Complete Practical Machinist: Embracing Lathe Work, Vise Work, Drills and Drilling, Taps and Dies, Hardening and Tempering, the Making and Use of Tools, Tool Grinding, Marking out work, Machine Tools, etc. By JOSHUA ROSE. 395 Engravings. Nineteenth Edition, greatly Enlarged with New and Valuable Matter. 12mo., 504 pages $2.50 ROSE. Mechanical Drawing Self -Taught: Comprising Instructions in the Selection and Preparation of Drawing Instruments, Elementary Instruction in practical HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE 23 Mechanical Drawing, together with Examples in Simple Geometry and Elementary Mechanism, including Screw Threads, Gear Wheels, Mechanical Motions, Engines and Boilers. By JOSHUA ROSE, M. E. Illustrated by 330 En- gravings. 8vo. 313 pages $3.50 ROSE. The Slide- Valve Practically Explained: Embracing simple and complete Practical Demonstrations of the operation of each element in a Slide-valve Movement, and illustrating the effects of Variations in their Proportions by examples carefully selected from the most recent and successful practice. By JOSHUA ROSE, M. E. Illustrated by 35 Engravings $1.00 ROSE. Steam Boilers: A Practical Treatise on Boiler Construction and Examination, for the Use of Practical Boiler Makers, Boiler Users, and In- spectors; and embracing in plain figures all the calculations necessary in Designing or Classifying Steam Boilers. By JOSHUA ROSE, M. E. Illustrated by 73 Engravings. 250 pages. 8vo $2.00 ROSS. The Blowpipe in Chemistry, Mineralogy and Geology: Containing all Known Methods of Anhydrous Analysis, many Working Examples, and Instructions for Making Apparatus. By LIEUT COLONEL W A. Ross, R. A., F. G. S. With 120 Illustrations. 12mo $2.00 SCHRIBER. The Complete Carriage and Wagon Painter: A Concise Compendium of the Art of Painting Carriages, Wagons, and Sleighs, embracing Full Directions in all the Various Branches, including Lettering, Scrolling, Ornament- ing, Striping, Varnishing, and Coloring, with numerous Re- cipes for Mixing Colors. 73 Illustrations. 177 pp. 12mo. $1.00 SHAW. Civil Architecture: Being a Complete Theoretical and Practical System of Build- ing, containing the Fundamental Principles of the Art. By EDWARD SHAW, Architect. To which is added a Treatise on Gothic Architecture, etc. By THOMAS W. SILLOWAY and GEORGE M. HARDING, Architects. The whole illustrated by 102 quarto plates finely engraved on copper. Eleventh Edi- tion 4to $5.00 SHERRATT. The Elements of Hand-Railing: Simplified and Explained in Concise Problems that are Easily Understood. The whole illustrated with Thirty-eight Ac- curate and Original Plates, Founded on Geometrical Principles, and showing how to Make Rail Without Centre Joints, Mak- ing Better Rail of the Same Material, with Half the Labor, 24 HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE and Showing How to Lay Out Stairs of all Kinds. By R. J. SHERRATT. Folio $2.50 SHUNK. A Practical Treatise on Railway Curves and Location for Young Engineers: By W. F. SHUNK, C. E. 12mo. Full bound pocket-book form $2.00 SLOANE. Home Experiments in Science: By T. O'CoN9R SLOANE, E. M.. A M., Ph. D. Illustrated by 91 Engravings. 12mo $1.00 SLOAN. Homestead Architecture: Containing Forty Designs for Villas, Cottages, and Farm- houses, with Essays on Style, Construction, Landscape Gar- dening, Furniture, etc., etc. Illustrated by upwards of 200 Engravings. By SAMUEL SLOAN, Architect. 8vo $2.00 SMITH. The Dyer's Instructor: Comprising Practical Instructions in the Art of Dyeing Silk, Cotton, Wool, and Worsted, and Woolen Goods; containing nearly 800 Receipts. To which is added a Treatise on the Art of Padding; and the Printing of Silk Warps, Skeins, and Handkerchiefs, and the various Mordants and Colors for the different styles of such work. By DAVID SMITH, Pattern Dyer. 12mo $1.00 SMITH. A Manual of Political Economy: By E. PESHINE SMITH. A New Edition, to which is added a full Index. 12mo. $1.25 SMITH. Parks and Pleasure- Grounds: Or Practical Notes on Country Residences, Villas, Public Parks, and Gardens. By CHARLES H. J. SMITH, Landscape Gardener and Garden Architect, etc., etc. 12mo $2.00 SNIVELY. The Elements of Systematic Qualitative Chemical Analysis: A Hand-book for Beginners. By JOHN H. SNIVELY, Phr. D. 16mo $2.00 STOKES. The Cabinet Maker and Upholsterer's Com- panion : Comprising the Art of Drawing, as applicable to Cabinet Work; Veneering, Inlaying, and Buhl- Work; the Art of Dye- ing and Staining Wood, Ivory, Bone, Tortoise-Shell, etc. Directions for Lacquering, Japanning, and Varnishing; to make French Polish, Glues, Cements, -and Compositions; with numerous Receipts, useful to workmen generally. By J. STOKES. Illustrated. A New Edition, with an Appendix upon French Polishing, Staining, Imitating, Varnishing, etc., etc. 12mo $1.25 STRENGTH AND OTHER PROPERTIES OF METALS: Reports of Experiments on the Strength and other Properties HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE 25 of Metals for Cannon With a Description of the Machines for Testing Metals, and of the Classification of Cannon in service. By Officers of the Ordnance Department, U. S. Army. By authority of the Secretary of War. Illustrated by 25 large steel plates. Quarto $3.00 SULZ. A Treatise on Beverages: Or the Complete Practical Bottler. Full Instructions for Laboratory Work with Original Practical Recipes for all kinds of Carbonated Drinks. Mineral Waters, Flavoring Extracts, Syrups, etc. By CHARLES HERMAN SULZ, Tech- nical Chemist and Practical Bottler. Illustrated by 428 Engravings. 818 pp. 8vo $7.50 SYME. Outlines of an Industrial Science: By DAVID SYME. 12mo $2.00 TABLES SHOWING THE WEIGHT OF ROUND, SQUARE AND FLAT BAR IRON, STEEL, ETC. By Measurement. Cloth 63 TEMPLETON. The Practical Examinator on Steam and the Steam-Engine: With Instructive References relative thereto, arranged for the Use of Engineers, Students, and others. By WILLIAM TEMPLETON, Engineer 12mo $1.00 THALLNER. Tool-Steel : A Concise Hand-book on Tool-Steel in General. Its Treat- ment in the Operations of Forging, Annealing, Hardening, Tempering, etc., and the Appliances Therefor. By OTTO THALLNER, Manager in Chief of the Tool-Steel Works, Bis- marckhutte, Germany. From the German by WILLIAM T. BRANNT. Illustrated by 69 Engravings. 194 pages 8vo. 1902 . . .$2.00 THAUSING. The Theory and Practice of the Preparation of Malt and the Fabrication of Beer: With especial reference to the Vienna Process of Brewing. Elaborated from personal experience by JULIUS E. THAUSING, Professor at the School for Brewers, and at the Agricultural Institute, Modling, near Vienna. Translated from the Ger- man by WILLIAM T. BRANNT. Thoroughly and elaborately edited, with much American matter, and according to the latest and most Scientific Practice, by A. SCHWARZ and DR. A. H. BAUER. Illustrated by 140 Engravings. 8vo. 815 pages $10.00 TOMPKINS. Cotton and Cotton Oil: Cotton: Planting, Cultivating, Harvesting and Preparation for Market. Cotton Seed Oil Mills: Organization, Construc- tion and Operation. Cattle Feeding: Production of Beef and Dairy Products, Cotton Seed Meal and Hulls as Stock 26 HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE Feed. Fertilizers: Manufacture, Manipulation and Uses. By D. A. TOMPKINS. 8vo. 494 pp Illustrated $7.50 TOMPKINS. Cotton Mill, Commercial Features: A Text-Book for the Use of Textile Schools and Investors. With Tables showing Cost of Machinery and Equipments for Mills making Cotton Yarns and Plain Cotton Cloths. By D. A. TOMPKINS. 8vo. 240 pp. Illustrated $5.00 TOMPKINS. Cotton Mill Processes and Calculations: An Elementary Text-Book for the Use of Textile Schools and for Home Study. By D. A TOMPKINS. 312 pp. 8vo. Illustrated $5.00 TURNER'S (THE) COMPANION: Containing Instructions in Concentric, Elliptic, and Eccen- tric Turning; also various Plates 9f Chucks, Tools, and In- struments; and Directions for using the Eccentric Cutter, Drill, Vertical Cutter, and Circular Rest; with Patterns and Instructions for working them. 12mo $1.00 VAN CLEVE. The English and American Mechanic: Comprising a Collection of Over Three Thousand Receipts, Rules, and Tables, designed for the Use of every Mechanic and Manufacturer. By B. FRANK VAN CLEVE. Illustrated. 500 pp. 12mo $2.00 VAN DER BURG. School of Painting for the Imitation of Woods and Marbles: A Complete, Practical Treatise on the Art and Craft of Grain- ing and Marbling with the Tools and Appliances. 36 Plates. Folio, 12x20 inches : $6.00 VILLE. The School of Chemical Manures: Or, Elementary Principles in the Use of Fertilizing Agents From the French of M. GEO. VILLE, by A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and Engineer. With Illustrations. 12mo $1.25 VOGDES. The Architect's and Builder's: Pocket-Com- panion and Price- Book: Consisting of a Short but Comprehensive Epitome of Deci- mals, Duodecimals, Geometry and Mensuration; with Tables of United States Measures, Sizes, Weights, Strength, etc., of Iron, Wood, Stone, Brick, Cement and Concretes, Quanti- ties of Materials in given Sizes and Dimensions of Wood, Brick and Stone; and full and complete Bills of Prices for Carpenter's Work and Painting; also, Rules for Computing and Valuing Brick and Brick Work, Stone Work, Painting, Plastering, with a Vocabulary of Technical Terms, etc. By FRANK W. VOGDES, Architect, Indianapolis, Ind. Enlarged, Revised and Corrected. In one volume 368 pages, full- bound, pocketbook form, gilt edges $2.00 Cloth.. $1.5Q HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE 27 WAHNSGHAFFE. A Guide to the Scientific Examina- tion of Soils: Comprising Select Methods of Mechanical and Chemical Analysis and Physical Investigation. Translated from the German of DR F. WAHNSCHAFFE. With additions by WIL- LIAM T. BRANNT. Illustrated by 25 Engravings. 12mo. 177 pages $1.50 WARE. The Sugar Beet: Including a History of the Beet Sugar Industry in Europe, Varieties of the Sugar Beet, Examinatioi, Soils, Tillage Seeds and Sowing, Yield and Cost of Cultivation, Harvest- ing, Transportation, Conservation, Feeding Qualities of the Beet and of the Pulp, etc. By LEWIS S. WARE, C. E., M. E. Illustrated by ninety Engravings. 8vo $2.00 WARN. The Sheet-Metal Worker's Instructor: For Zinc, Sheet-Iron, Copper, and Tin-Plate Workers, etc. Containing a selection of Geometrical Problems; also Prac- tical and Simple Rules for Describing the various Patterns required in the different branches of the above Trades. By REUBEN H. WARN, Practical Tin-Plate Worker. To which is added an Appendix, containing Instructions for Boiler-Mak- ing, Mensuration of Surfaces and Solids, Rules for Calculat- ing the Weights of different Figures of Iron and Steel, Tables of the Weights of Iroi, Steel, etc. Illustrated by thirty- two Plates and thirty-seven Wood Engravings. 8vo. . . $2.00 WARNER. New Theorems, Tables, and Diagrams, for the Computation of Earth- work: Designed for the use of Engineers in Preliminary and Final Estimates, of Students in Engineering and of Contractors and other non-professional Computers. In two parts, with an Appendix. Part I. A Practical Treatise; Part II. A Theoretical Treatise, and the Appendix Contaiiing Notes to the Rules and Examples of Part I.; Explanations of the Con- struction of Scales, Tables, and Diagrams, and a Treatise upon Equivalent Square Bases and Equivalent Level Heights. By JOHN WARNER, A. M., Mining and Mechanical Engineer. Illustrated by 14 Plates. 8vo $3.00 WATSON A Manual of the Hand-Lathe: Comprising Concise Directions for Working Metals of all kinds, Ivory, Bone and Precious Woods; Dyeing, Coloring, and French Polishing; Inlaying by Veneers, and various methods practised to produce Elaborate work with dispatch, and at Small Expense. By EGBERT P. WATSON, Author of "The Modern Practice of American Machinists and En- gineers. " Illustrated by 78 Engravings $1.00 WATSON. The Modern Practice of American Machinists and Engineers: Including the Construction, Application, and Use of Drills, 28 HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.'S CATALOGUE Lathe Tools, Cutters for Boring Cylinders, and Hollow-work generally, with the most economical Speed for the same; the Results verified by Actual Practice at the Lathe, the Vise, and on the floor. Together with Workshop Management, Economy of Manufacture, the Steam Engine, Boilers, Gears, Belting, etc., etc. By EGBERT P. WATSON Illustrated by eighty-six Engravings. 12mo $2.00 WEATHERLY. Treatise on the Art of Boiling Sugar, Crystallizing, Lozenge-making, Comfits, Gum Goods: And other processes for Confectionery, including Methods for Manufacturing every Description of Raw and Refined Sugar Goods. A New and Enlarged Edition, with an Appen- dix on Cocoa, Chocolate, Chocolate Confections, etc. 196 pages. 12mo $1.50 WILL. Tables of Qualitative Chemical Analysis: With an Introductory Chapter on the Course of Analysis By PROFESSOR HEINRICH WILL, of Giessen, Germany. Third American, from the eleventh German Edition. Edited by CHARLES F. HIMES, Ph. D , Professor of Natural Science, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa. 8vo $1.00 WILLIAMS. On Heat and Steam: Embracing New Views of Vaporization, Condensation and Explosion. By CHARLES WYE WILLIAMS, A. I. C. E. Illus- trated. 8vo $2.00 WILSON. The Practical Tool-Maker and Designer: A Treatise upon the Designing of Tools and Fixtures for Machine Tools and Metal Working Machinery, Comprising Modern Examples of Machines with Fundamental Designs for Tools for the Actual Production of the work; Together with Special Reference to a Set of Tools for Machining the Various Parts of a Bicycle. Illustrated by 189 Engravings (1898) $2.50 CONTENTS : Introductory. Chapter I. Modern Tool Room and Equipment. II. Files, Their Use and Abuse. III. Steel and Tem- pering. IV. Making Jigs. V. Milling Machine Fixtures. VI. Tools and Fixtures for Screw Machines. VII. Broaching. VIII. Punches and Dies for Cutting and Drop Press. IX. Tools for Hollow-ware. X. Embossing : Metal, Coin and Stamped Sheet-Metal Ornaments. XI. Drop Forging. XII. Solid Drawn Shells or Ferrules ; Cupping or Cutting and Drawing; Breaking Down Shells. XIII. Annealing, Pickling and Cleaning. XIV. Tools for Draw Bench. XV. Cutting and Assembling Pieces by Means of Ratchet Dial Plates at One Operation. XVI. The Header. XVII. Tools for Fox Lathe. XVIII. Suggestions for a set of Tools for Machining the Various Parts of a Bicycle. XIX. The Plater's Dynamo. XX. Conclusion With a few Random Ideas. Appendix. Index. WORSSAM. On Mechanical Saws: From the Transaction of the Society of Engineers, 1869. By S. W. WORSSAM, JR. Illustrated by Eighteen large Plates. 8vo... ...$1.50 BRANNTS "SOAP MAKER'S HAND BOOK.' The most helpful and up-to-date book on the Art of Soap Making in the English language. In one volume, 8vo 9 535 pages 9 illustrated by 54: engravings* Price $6.OO net 9 Free of Postage to any Address in the World, or by Express C. O. J>. freight paid to any Address in the United States or Canada. PUBLISHED APRIL, 1912. THE SOAP MAKER'S HAND BOOK OF MATERIALS, PROCESSES AND RECEIPTS FOR EVERY DESCRIPTION OF SOAP INCLUDING FATS, FAT OILS, AND FATTY ACIDS ; EXAMINATION OF FATS AND OILS J ALKALIES ; TESTING SODA AND POTASH ; MACHINES AND UTENSILS J HARD SOAPS ; SOFT SOAPS ; TEXTILE SOAPS ; WASHING POWDERS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS ; TOILET SOAPS, MEDICATED SOAPS, AND SOAP SPECIALTIES ; ESSENTIAL OILS AND OTHER PERFUMING MATERIALS ; TESTING SOAPS. EDITED CHIEFLY FROM THE GERMAN OF DR. C. DEITE, A. ENGELHARDT, F. WILTNER, AND NUMEROUS OTHER EXPERTS. WITH ADDITIONS BY WILLIAM T. BRANNT, EDITOR OF "THE TECHNO CHEMICAL RECEIPT BOOK.'* ILLUSTRATED BY FIFTY-FOUR ENGRAVINGS. SECOND EDITION. REVISED AND IN GREAT PART RE-WRITTEN. KIRK'S CUPOLA FURNACE. An Eminently 9 Practical) Up-to-Date Book, by an Expert. Third Thoroughly Revised and Partly Re-written Edition. In one volume, 8vo. 9 482 pages, illustrated by one hundred and six engravings. Price $3.5O. Free of Postage to any Address in the World, or by Express C. O. D. f freight paid to any Address in the United States or Canada. PUBLISHED AUGUST, 1910. THE CUPOLA FURNACE A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF FOUNDRY CUPOLAS: COMPRISING IMPROVEMENTS IN CUPOLAS AND METHODS OF THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGE* MENT; TUYERES; MODERN CUPOLAS; CUPOLA FUELS; FLUXING OF IRON; GETTING UP CUPOLA STOCK; RUNNING A CONTINUOUS STREAM; SCIENTIFICALLY DESIGNED CUPOLAS; SPARK-CATCHING DEVICES; BLAST-PIPES AND BLAST; BLOWERS; FOUNDRY TRAM RAIL, ETC., ETC. BY EDWARD KIRK, PRACTICAL MOULDER AND MELTER, CONSULTING EXPERT IN MELTING. Author of " The Founding of Metals" and of Numerous Papers on Cupola Practice, ILLUSTRATED BY ONE HUNDRED AND SIX ENGRAVINGS. THIRD THOROUGHLY REVISED AND PARTLY RE-WR.TTEN EDITION. KIRK'S FOUNDRY IRONS. A Practical, Up~to-Date Book, by the well known Expert. In one volume, 8vo, 294 pages, illustrated. Price $3.OO net. free of Postage to any Address in the World, or by Express C. O. JO., freight paid to any Address in the United States or Canada. PUBLISHED JUNE, 1911. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON FOUNDRY IRONS COMPRISING PIG IRON, AND FRACTURE GRADING OF PIG AND SCRAP IRONS ; SCRAP IRONS ; MIXING IRONS ; ELEMENTS AND METALLOIDS ; GRADING IRON BY ANALYSIS J CHEMICAL STANDARDS FOR IRON CASTINGS ; TESTING CAST IRON ; SEMI- STEEL ; MALLEABLE IRON ; ETC., ETC. BY EDWARD KIRK, PRACTICAL MOULDER AND MELTER; CONSULTING EXPERT IN MELTING. AUTHOR OF "THK CUPOLA FURNACE," AND OF NUMEROUS PAPERS ON CUPOLA PRACTICE. ILLUSTRATED BRANNT'S DRY CLEANER. The only book including Hat Cleaning and Reno- vating in any language, in one volume, 12mo, 371 pages, illustrated. Price $2. 5O net. JFree of postage to any address in the world, or by express freight paid to any address in the United States or Canada. PUBLISHED OCTOBER, 1911. THE PRACTICAL DRY CLEANER, SCOURER, AND GARMENT DYER: COMPRISING DRY, CHEMICAL, OR FRENCH CLEANING; PURIFICATION OF BENZINE; REMOVAL OF STAINS, OR SPOTTING; WET CLEANING; FINISHING CLEANED FABRICS; CLEANING AND DYEING FURS, SKIN RUGS AND MATS; CLEANING AND DYEING FEATHERS; CLEANING AND RENOVATING FELT, STRAW AND PANAMA HATS; BLEACHING AND DYEING STRAW AND STRAW HATS; CLEANING AND DYEING GLOVES; GARMENT DYEING; STRIPPING; ANALYSIS OF TEXTILE FABRICS. EDITED BY WILLIAM T. BRANNT, EDITOR OF "THE TECHNO-CHEMICAL RECEIPT BOOK." FOURTH EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED. ILLUSTRATED BY FORTY-ONE ENGRAVINGS. PHILADELPHIA: HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO, INDUSTRIAL PUBLISHERS, BOOKSELLERS AND IMPORTERS, 810 WALNUT STREET. 1911. THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $I.OO ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. >K\ i^- ..i(U *"j* l>eS\ _> utf UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY