Map Lib. G 200 R159n 1884 &< t 'i 'J fMi I I D Q IjL AR ATLAS v#-~> of: the V UCLA AWP LIBRARY REFERENCE ONLY THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES • i * RAND, McNALLY 4 CO.'S NldiyV DOLLAR ATLAS United States and Dominion of Canada, Containing New Colored Maps of each State and Territory in the United States, with Special Maps of Provinces in the Dominion, TOOBTHER WITH IWZZ BESCFdPTIVE MATTER, Relative to the Topography, Climate, History, Population by Sex, Race and Color, Etc., Etc. OBAPHICAXXT ILLUBTRATED BY COLOKED DIAGEAMS, BEPBESENTINO The Area en Square Miles and Acres of States and Territories ; Assessed Value of Property ; Railroad Mileage ; Cereal I*roduct8 ; Gold, Silver and Currency m the hands of the People ; Classes of U. 8. Bonds held by Banks ; Registered U. S. Bonds held by the People, Etc., Etc. UCLA MAP LIBRARY CHICAGO: ' j RfCEIVEQ ^ /^,jr:j RAND, McNALLY & COMPANY. "^ '^^ ' 18 8 4. I ni F I c-r rirV ^ CONTINENTAL PUBLISHING CO., CHICAGO, SOLE SUBSCRIPTION AGENTS. Entered According to Act op Congress, in the Year 1884, by RAND, McNALLY & CO., CHICAGO, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. O O ]Sr T E IS?" T s . Library Colored Diagrams. Area of States and Territories in Square Miles and Acres 4 Assessed Value of Property 5 Railroad Mileage in Five Divisions 5 Cereal Products in Five Divisions 6 Corn — Rank and Yield, showing Average Annual Product 7 Wheat — Rank and Yield, showing Average Annual Product 8 Cotton — Rank and Yield, showing Average Annual Product 9 Hay — Rank and Yield, showing Average Annual Product 10 Oats — Rank and Yield, showing Average Annual Product 11 Potatoes — Rank and Yield, showing Average Annual Product 12 Tobacco — Rank and Yield, showing Average Annual Product 13 Buckwheat — Rank and Yield, showing Average Annual Product 14 Gold, Silver and Currency in the Hands of the People 15 United States Bonds owned by Banks 16 Registered United States Bonds held by the People 17 States, Territories and Provinces. Alabama 78- 79 Arizona 111-112 Arkansas. 85- 86 British America 123 California 113-115 Colorado 106-108 Connecticut 28- 29 Dakota 68-69 Delaware 37- 38 Florida 51-52 Georgia 49- 50 Idaho 104-105 Illinois 58-60 Indiana 56- 57 Indian Territory 92- 93 Iowa "iO- 72 Kansas 94- 96 Kentucky 82- 84 Louisiana 87- 88 Maine '^0- 21 Manitoba 1 27 Maryland 39- 40 Massachusetts 25- 26 Michigan 61- 63 Minnesota (J6- 67 Mississippi 76- 77 Missouri "^3- 75 Capitals of States, Territories and Montana 100-101 Nebraska 97-99 Nevada 114-116 New Brunswick 126 New Hampshire 22-23 New Jersey 33- 34 New Mexico 109-110 New York 30-32 North Carolina 45- 46 Nova Scotia 126 Ohio 53-55 Ontario 125 Oregon 119-120 Pennsylvania 35- 36 Quebec 124 Rhode Island 27-28 South Carolina 47- 48 Tennessee 80- 81 Texas 89-91 United States 18-19 Utah 117-118 Vermont 23- 24 Virginia 41- 42 Washington 121-122 West Virginia 43- 44 Wisconsin 64— 65 Wyoming 102-103 Provinces, with Population .... 128 Area of States and Territories in square miles and acres. Rank. States. Square Miles. Acies. 47 District of Columbia GO 38,400 46 Rhode Island i,|oo 835,840 l"45" Delaware 2,120 1,356,800 44 Connecticut 4,7o0 3,040,000 43 Massachusetts 7ji:)o 4,992,000 42 New Jersey 8,320 5,324,800 41 New Hampshire 9,280 5,939,200 40 ia,ai2 6,535,680 39 Maryland 11,12 f 7,119,360 38 23,000 14,720,000 37 Indiana 33,80!> 21.637,760 3*3 South Carolina 34,0()O 21,760,000 35 Maine 35,00w 22,400,000 34 Kentucky 37,680 24,115,200 33 Virg'inia 38,34S 24,542,720 32 Ohio 39,964 25,576.960 31 Louisiana 41,346 26,461,440 30 Tennessee 45,600 29.184.000 29 Pennsylvania 46,000 29,440.000 )iS 47,000 30,080,000 27 Mississippi 47,15(3 30,179,840 26 North Carolina 50,704 32,450,560 25 xA^labama t.. 50,722 32,462,080 24 Arkansas 52,198 33,406.720 23 Wisconsin 53,924 34,511,360 22 Iowa 55,045 35,228,800 21 Illinois 55,410 35,462,400 20 Michigan 56,451 36,128,640 19 Georgia 58,000 37.120,000 18 Florida 59,268 37,931,520 17 Missouri 65,350 41,824,000 16 Washington 69,994 44,796.160 15 ]Viebraska 75,995 48,636,800 14 Kansas 81,318 52,043 520 13 Minnesota ^ 83,531 53,459.840 IS Utah 84,4:6 54,064,640 ' 11 Idaho 86,:J!)4 55,228,160 10 Oregon 95,274 60,975,360 9 Wyoming 97,883 62,645,120 8 Nevada 104,1 -^o 66,640.000 1 7 Colorado 104,500 66,880,000 j 6 Arizona 113,916 72,906,240 5 New Mexico 121.201 77.568,640 4 143,776 92,016,640 3 Dakota 150,9;)--' 96.596,488 2 California 188,981 l^M),l)4r,840 1 Texas 274,356 175.587,840 ' 1 m 4j ss 00 00 "ai 5 g 2 § 1 1 § fj § s s *= t3 GO UJ 1 K- J^ CO OO Q LU of -«: h^ g CO "5 Z o' -3> % Co ZD 4^ 02 « 1 > 9 a « UJ :5 CL Cm O ® o CO -*- Co g s of 5 o "> s a § 3 Uj Q Q. a o ^ ALUEof caTDivisii Q ^ graphical o a EDV o sf to CD a§ s C3 Co > II ^ UJ 0) CO rt Ll. 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"S ^ 1 ^« 1 r 1 •= 1 .=: , - 1 S I & I =1 a 1 S 1 .^ 1 =1-2 S 1 -^ 1 .2 1 .b 1 ■§ 1 o 1 g 1 o 1 S >|0|;:=i^l:5i^2ic^iW|^|^lSiSi:^|o|S|>l^l!z;lWlCIO C3 ; S 1 S i ^ 1^ 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I l-H 1 1 1 ' 1 ' ' 1 1 1 t ' ' ' 1 ' ' 1 1 1 1 o p m T-l i*-3<»j*igi;:i2:!i2l;^iSisi^i2'isi§i«'SiSiS;ic^isic5 i i i i 1 i M M i i i i M ; 1 i 14 Diagram showing the APPROXIIVIATE AMOUNTS OF GOLD, SILVER AND CURRENCY in the hands of THE PEOPLE at Five Periods. 1879 A 1879 & ^ ^^1 1880 ^ ,y^ ^% / % 253,632,511 / Gold I $ 84,472,626 \ Silver / / $147,563,225 Currency J % , X 1882 <5^ c^^^ --i^^^ $ 260,455,297 Gold $160,580,475 Currency 16 Diagraui showing Amount and Classes of Uxited States Bo'us owneH Idj Banks, indiiding those pledged as security for circulation, eacli. year since 1865. *■%, 953,600 United States Bonds held for other purposes at nearest date. ^ ".,j fS''i% S 2,1(11,200 Cont'd |_3% S7,7f^,lOO lb Dia^iaiiL sliowing .Amounts of Hegisteued UxiTED Stat?:f^ IBo:nt)s Tieia T^yHesiclents of tlie States and Territories, as ret'dl^v tlie 1880 Cen. STATES A3IOIINTS PerCent.ofPerCent.of Am'tsheldjPopuIation New York Massachusetts Pennsylvania Ohio Dist. of Columbia California Illinois Connecticut New Jersey Maryland Rhode Island New Hampshire Indiana Maine Missouri Vermont Louisiana Tennessee Michigan Colorado Kentucky Virginia Wisconsin Iowa Kansas Mississippi Delaware The Territories South Carolina West Virginia North Carolina Texas Alabama Minnesota Arkansas Florida Nebraska Nevada Georgia Oregon T $ 210,264,250 32.60 0.99 10.14 3..56 8.54 1 0.37 0.36 1.72 6.14 1.24 2.25 1.86 0.55 0.69 3.96 1,29 4,32 0.67 1.87 3.07 3.26 0.39 3.29 3.02 2.62 3.23 1.99 2.25 0.29 1.27 1.95 1.24 2.79 3.17 2.52 1.55 1.60 0.53 0.90 $45,138,750 40,223,050 6.23 16.445.050 2.55 1.93 1.80 1.41 1.38 i.26 1 12,419.050 1 ii,60i.ioo 9,119.950 J 8,894,400 1 8,104,150 6,989,600 1.08 _j 4.717,100 0.73 0.72 0.62 0.61 0.58^ 0.56 0.38 0.37 0.30 0.29 0.28 0.27 0.21 0.20 L 4,658,150 ; 3,980,800 1 3,968,500 3,783,600 1 3,595,150 1 2,458,000 f ' 2.341.200' ~| 1,911.200 J 1.897,550 J 1,770450 1,749,750 ^1^331.400 1,285,450 0J8 1.014.800 0.16 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 I 0.05 0.04 0.04 1 837,550 ^61,500 _ _ 523,450 420,250 . _ 253,850 ^211,000 0.03 0J4 0.03 3.06 0.02 0.34 i i 1 35.30 Banks, Insurancei Companies, Trusti 227,451,550 Companies, etc. Total 644,990,400 100.00 JOO.OO 1 17 XJISriTED ST^i-TES or ^MERIC^ ^ STATE or MAINE. Topogvcipliy* — Maine has an extreme length north and south of o>>9 miles, an extreme width of 210 miles, and an area of aboat 33,04:0 square miles, or 21,1-45,000 acres. The surface ol the State is hilly, with some considerable elevations in the centre, the highest being Katahdin, 5,385 feet above the sea. North and south of the highland belt, which is an extension of the White mountains of New Hamp- shire, the country is more level, and slopes gradually to the valley of the river St. John, and to the ocean. The sea .loast, although only 2T0 miles in length in a straight line, is so deeply indented that, including the numerous islands, the shore line is over 2,400 miles. Mount Desert is the largest of the islands, and has an area of 60,000 acres. Others of importance are Isle de Haut and Deer, Fox and Long islands. Maine contains a great number of lakes, mostly of moderate dimensions. The largest is Moose- head, thirty-five miles long and about seven miles wide ; next to this are Umbagog, Portage, Eagle, Long, Madawaska, Schoodic, Sebec and Millinoket. The inland waters — rivers and lakes — cover a total area of 3,200 square miles, and the lakes alone of 2,300 square miles, or about one-fifteenth part of the State. Clittlllte, — The winter is long and cold, and snow lies on the ground from three to five months. Frosts occur as early as the middle of September, and occasionally as late as June. The summers are pleasant but very short, and the temperature varies greatly during the year, the thermometer sinking sometimes as low as 25° below zero, and on a few days in July or August reaching 90" Fahrenheit. The mean temperature for the year at Portland is about 45", and in the extreme north at least 5° lower. At Belfast the mean for the year is 43"; highest recorded, 85° ; lowest, 32°. In the spring and early summer the sea breezes from the Atlantic are laden with cold fogs, and the inhabitants are subject to pulmonary complaints. With this exception the general health of the State is good, and the death-rate is low. SistOV}/. — The territory now composing the State of Maine was first visited by white men during the early years of the seventeenth century. The English made a settlement in 1607, but abandoned it the next year, and a BVench Catholic colony, which landed at Mount Desert in 1613, was dispersed by the authorities of Virginia. Capt. John Smith explored the coasts and traded with the Indian;, of the Kennebec in the following year, and in 1620 Sir Ferdinando Gorges obtained from King James I. a patent granting to the Plymouth Company all the country between latitude 40® and 48° north, or from New Jersey to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The country east of the St. Croix river was transferred by the company to William Alexander, afterwards Earl of Stirling, and the towns of Monhegan and Saco were founded between 1622 and 1625. New Hampshire was granted to John Mason in 1629, it then being a part of Maine, and in 1635 the Plymouth Company surrendered its charter to the crown. In the division of the territory among the members, Gorges acquired the whole region from the Piscataqua to the Kennebec, and obtained from Charles I. a charter, constituting him lord proprietary of the province of Maine, with power to transmit his authority to his heirs and assigns. The French claimed, and long controlled, all the region from the Penobscot to the St. Croix, and the remaining territory was divided up among different jurisdictions. But in 1651, after the death of Gorges, Massachusetts, partly in order to protect the weak outlying settlements, claimed the whole province of Maine under her charter, and the Puritans being then in the ascendant in England, the home government decided in her favor. On the restoration of the monarchy, Gorges' heirs made claims which were allowed, but were disposed of in 1677, by the purchase, by Masf^achusetts, for 86,250, of all their title, and although there were many disputes with :;ne French, she retained control of the province. The Indian wars, in 1675, extended to Maine and were marked by great cruelties. In 1812 the British invaded Maine and held part of the country until the conclusion of 20 peace. Maine was separated from Massachusetts and admitted as an independent State, by act of March 3, 1820, and under the treaty of Washington, signed in 184'^, a long-pending dispute, as to the boundaries, was settled by the cession to Great Britain of a large tract of land in the northern portion of the State, in return for which slight additions were made to New Hampshire and Vermont, and the free navi- STATE OF MAINE. gation of the St. John river was conceded. During the war of the Rebellion Maine contributed to the Federal armies 70,107 men, or thirty-one regiments of infantry, three of cavalry, and a number of companies of artillery and sharpshooters. Population,— Census of 1880 : Males, 324,058 ; Females, 324,878 ; Native, 590,053_; Foreign, 58,883 ; White, 646,852 ; Colored, 2,936, including 8 Chinese, and 625 Indians and Half-breeds.. ai STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. TopOffrdphy. — The length of New Hampshire from north to south is ]80 miles; greatest breadth, ninety-three miles in the south; average breadth, about forty-five miles; area, 9.305 square miles, or 5,955,200 acres. Portsmouth is the only har- bor for large vessels. The White mountains, vphich cover an ^1 area of 1,270 square miles, run througli the northern division of the State, in a direction a little east of north, the height of the peaks ranging from 2,000 to 6,000 feet. They are broken by a number of gaps or " notches " at an average height of 1,200 feet, and the scenery of these beautiful mountains is considered the finest in America. The general elevation of the State is about 1,200 feet above sea level, sloping from north to south. The largest river is the Connecticut, which forms the greater part of the western boundary. Next come the Merrimac, the Androscoggin and the Piscat- aqua, with their numerous tributaries. The harbor of Portsmouth is formed by an estuary known as Great Bay, and is never frozen, even in the severest winters. The principal lakes are Winnipiseogee, which has an area of seventy-two square miles; Lake Umbagog, the source of the Androscoggin river; and the four Connecticut lakes in the north, which form the source of the river of the same name. The Isles of Shoals lie ten miles southeast of Portsmouth, and form a part of New Hampshire. Clinidte. — Owing to the difference in elevation the temperature varies consider- ably. In the Merrimac valley and generally in the southern division the extremes are not so great, but the winters in the White mountains are excessively cold, and charac- terized by violent winds and snow storms. The summers are short and hot, the ther- mometer sometimes rising to 98°; cold weather begins with November and lasts to the end of April, and snow lies on the ground the winter through, and on the toj)s of the White mountains for eight months of the year. The precipitation of rain and snow ranges from forty-six inches in the lowlands to fifty-five inches on the mountains. The climate is healthy. Histovy, — The first settlements of white men within the limits of what is now New Hampshire were made in 1623 at Dover and Portsmouth. In 1622 a grant had been made to Sir Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason, and it was by them — though chiefly by Mason — that these early settlers were sent out. In 1629 the grant was di- vided, Mason taking the district between the Piscataqua and the Merrimac. In 1641 the straggling New Hampshire towns united with the Massachusetts colony, and the union was not sundered until 1741, when the latter became a separate province, remain- ing so until it declared its independence in 1776. During this latter period its bound- aries were believed to extend as far west as the eastern New York line, and grants were made by the governor, Benning Wentworth, covering a great part of the present State of Vermont. New York claimed that her territory extended to the Connecticut river, and for nearly a quarter of a century the conflicting claims of New Hampshire and New York to the territory known as the "New Hampshire grants" caused a vex- atious controversy between the provinces, or as they afterwards became, the States. With a rugged soil to subdue and savage Indians to contend against, the early settlers of the Granite State developed a sturdy independence and love of liberty, and when the difficulties culminated in 1776 New Hampshire was among the very first of the colonies to declare its independence. The first State constitution was adopted in 1784, and amended in 1792. In 1851 an amendment abolishing the property qualification was adopted, and in 1876 a convention held at Concord revised the constitution and submitted amendments to be voted upon by the people in March, 1877. The war record of New Hampshire is a noble one. The little province gave her best and brav- est men in defense of her liberties, and at Bunker Hill, Bennington, Stillwater and Monmouth her troops distinguished themselves. The constitution of the United States was ratified June 21, 1788. Concord was made the capital in 1807, and so remains. In 1860 the population was a little over 320,000, but out of this number New Hamp- shire contributed 33,937 men to the Federal army during 1861-65. Bojnilation.— Census of 1880: Males, 170.526; Females, 176,465; Native, 300.697; Foreign, 46,294; White, 346,229; Colored, 762, including 14 Chinese and 63 Indians and Half-breeds. 22 iSTE^v h:amf»sk[ire and vp:;rmont. 23 STATE OF VERMONT. Topofjvapliy* — Vermont has a length north and south of about 150 miles, a breadth of from thirty-five to fifty miles, and an area of 9,565 square miles, or 6,121,600 acres. The Green Mountains intersect the State from north to south, and contain a number of peaks from 3,000 to 4,500 feet high. A second range, of inferior height, branches ofi" at Killington Peak and trends northeast. There are also some detached peaks, of which Mount Ascutney, 3,320 feet high, is the most conspicuous. Lake Champlain extends for 105 miles along the western bor- der, and receives many small rivers and creeks. The entire territory east of the moun- tains is drained by the Connecticut river and its numerous tributaries; the Connecticut separating Vermont from New Hampshire. The Connecticut is the only navigable river. Lake Champlain, 126 miles in length, and from forty rods to fifteen miles in width, has a depth of from fifty to nearly 300 feet, and is navigable throughout by the largest vessels. It was the scene, in August, 1814, of an important naval engagement between American and British vessels. It contains a number of islands, which collectively form the county of Grand Isle, and its shores are deeply indented. The chief harbor is that of Burlington, the seat of the Vermont lumber trade. The outlet of Lake Champlain is the Sorel or Richelieu river, which empties into the St. Lawrence. dhnate. — Vermont is subject to great extremes of temperature, although not liable to sudden changes, and the winters are severe. The annual mean temperature in the northeast is about 40*^; in the south, 44^ to 46°; and the range of the thermom- eter is from 15'^ below to 90° Fahrenheit, the summers being short and hot. The rain- fall is greatest in the southern part and along the valley of the Connecticut, where it averages forty-four inches per annum, and decreases gradually until in the northwest not more than thirty-five inches per annum are recorded. Much snow falls, especially on the mountains. The State is extremely healthy; miasmatic diseases are entirely unknown, pulmonary complaints much less common than in the coast States in the same latitude, and the death rate is very low — only 1.07 per cent, per annum. Sistovy, — The country was first visited by Champlain, in the year 1609, but the earliest white settlements within the present limits of Vermont were made about 1724-25 near Brattleboro, where a fort was erected by some Massachusetts emigrants. The French built a fort in 1731, near the southern extremity of Lake Champlain, but soon abandoned it. About 1760 many settlements were made under grants from the the governor of New Hampshire, and all the land west of the Connecticut became known as the " New Hampshire grants." Title was, however, claimed by New York, and a conflict of jurisdiction occurring, the king in council decided in favor of New York. The attempt then made by that province to dispossess the settlers holding under the New Hampshire grants led to active hostilities. In 1771 the settlers held a convention at Westminster and declared themselves independent of both New York and New Hampshire, adopting for their country the name of " New Connecticut," or Vermont. As early as 1775 the Vermonters actively participated in the war against the British. In May of that year Ethan Allen, with only eighty-three men, captured Fort Ticonderoga. The Vermonters also took part in the battles on Lake Champlain, and the two fights at Bennington. In 1776 they asked admission to the confederation of the thirteen States, but were opposed by New York. In 1777 the State declared its independence and again applied for admission. After much opposition from New York, on March 4, 1791, Vermont w^as admitted into the Union, being the first State to join the original thirteen. In 1812 Vermont volunteers took an active part in the battle of Plattsburg, the naval action on Lake Champlain, and other conflicts with the British troops. The constitution of 1777 was amended in 1786, and again in 1793, and in 1870 considerable changes were eifected in the organic law. Vermont furnished 33,288 men to the Federal armies during the Civil war. The State voted for presi- dential electors for the first time in 1792. Population.— Census of 1880: Males, 166,887; Females, 165,399; Native, 291,327; Foreign, 40,959; White, 331,218; Colored, 1,068, including 11 Indians. 24 STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. Topoffvaph If. — Massachusetts has an extreme length from northeast to southwest of about IGO miles; a breadth varying from forty-seven miles in the western to about 100 miles in the eastern part; and an estimated area of 8,315 square miles, ' or 5,3;il,G00 acres. The Elizabeth Islands, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket and some smaller islands lying to the south belong to the State. The seacoastis extremely irregular and deeply in- dented, and there are numerous good harbors. Of the large rivers the Merrimac alone falls into the sea within the limits of the State, The Connecticut traverses the western part of Massachusetts from north to south, and is not now navigated within the State. The Housatonic, Blackstone and Taunton flow through Massachusetts, and the Charles and Mystic rivers empty into Bos- ton Bav. Nearly all the rivers afford valuable water power, but none are navigable except the Merrimac. Two chains of the Green mountains traverse the western di- vision from north to south, and are known as the Taconic and Hoosac ridges; Saddle mountain in the extreme northwest (3,G00 feet high) being the highest peak. The east and northeast divisions are hilly and broken, and the southeast is low and sandy. (JlittlClte. — The winters of Massachusetts are severe and protracted, the sum- mers short and warm, and the range of the thermometer from 10° below zero to 100*^ Fahrenheit. The mean annual temperature is from 45° to 50°; that of spring, 43"; summer, 71°; autumn, 51°; winter, 21°. Snow falls usually during seven months, October to April, and the annual precipitation of rain and melted snow is about forty- five inches. The prevailing winds are from the east, especially in spring, and heavy fogs are common on the coast. Historjj. — The earliest white settlement within the limits of Massachusetts was made in 1602, but was abandoned the same year. In 1614 Captain John Smith ex- plored the New England coast from the Penobscot to Cape Cod. The first perma- nent settlement was made in 1620. A number of English Separatists, who had sought liberty of conscience in Holland, having obtained a valueless grant of lands located near the mouth of the Hudson river, embarked for the New World, on September 6, and on November 9 anchored ofl" Cape Cod. An exploring party was sent out, and on December 22 the little band of pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock. They founded a town at Plymouth, and after enduring many privations, the little colony was blessed with a bountiful harvest in 1623, and from that time on flourished. The colony of Massachusetts Bay was founded in 1028. Additional immigrants arrived shortly after- wards, and in 1630 Boston was settled. Charlestown, Dorchester, Roxbury, Saugus, Watertown and other towns sprang up, and a royal patent was obtained for the company of the Massachusetts Bay. Under Charles I. an attempt was made to annul the char- ter, but the colonists refused to surrender it, and took prompt measures for the fortifi- cation of Boston harbor. In 1637 occurred the Pequot war, but it was chiefly fought in Connecticut. In 1675-76 Massachusetts, during the war with King Philip, sufi"ered terribly at the hands of the Indians. In 1684 the high court of chancery in England declared the charter forfeited, the general court was dissolved, and. Joseph Dudley was appointed president of Massachusetts. He was superseded in 1686 by Sir Edmund Andros, who ruled in a most arbitrary manner until his deposition by the people in 1689. The colonies of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay w^ere united in 1692, and received a new charter, under which the appointment of the governor and other im- portant officers was vested in the crown. The Anglo-French wars which occurred at frequent intervals between 1690 and 1763, involved Massachusetts and other colonies. There were renewed hostilities with the French and Indians in 1703-4, and the last general war with the natives occurred in 1722-25. In the events preceding the Revo- lution Massachusetts bore a most prominent part. On March 5, 1770, occurred the Boston massacre, and on Dec. 16, 1773, the destroying of the tea, which resulted in the passage of the " Boston port bill " by the British Parliament in March, 1774. The first contest of the war took place on Massachusetts soil, and throughout the struggle for independence the State; sustained an active part. Massachusetts adopted a State con- stitution in 1780, and has several times amended it, especially in 1820 and 1857. The United States constitution was ratified Feb. 6, 1788. Shay's rebellion, induced by the heavy taxation caused by the Revolutionary war, occurred 178G-87. The State of Maine was set oflF from Massachusetts in 1820, and in 1861 the village of Fall River was acquired from Rhode Island in exchange for the town of Pawtucket and some other territory. Massachusetts, although greatly opposed to the war with England 1812-14, STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. furnished large numbers of seamen to the American navy, and during the Civil war gave 146,730 soldiers and many sailors to the Union forces, and expended over ^$30,000,000 on account of the war. Pojyulation. — Census of 1880 : Males, 858,440; Females, 924,645; Native, 1,339,504; Foreign, 443,491; White, 1,763,782; Colored, 19,303, including 229 Chi- nese, 8 Japanese, and 369 Indians. 26 STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. Topoijvaph]!. — Rhode Island has an extreme length north and south of forty-seven miles; an extreme width of forty miles; and an area of 1,250 square miles, or 800,000 acres. Xarragansett Bay divides it into two unecjual parts, the west- ern section being much the larger, and extending north from the Atlantic ocean about twenty-eight miles. The width of the bay varies from three to twelve miles, and it contains several islands, of which Aquidneck or Rhode Island, Canonicut and Prudence islands are the most important. Block Island, ten miles to the south and at the western entrance of the bay, also belongs to this State. Rhode Island has a broken and hilly surface. Rivers are plentiful, though small, of no use for navigation, but, from their ra[)idity and their numerous waterfalls, of great service for manufacturing purj)oses. The chief rivers are the Pawtucket and Pawtuxet, emjitying into Narragansett Bay; and the Pawcatuck, which falls into Long Islatid Sound. There are numerous small lakes in this State, some of them of great l)eauty. ClhlKlte, — Owing to its nearness to the sea the climate of Rhode Island is mild and equable, resembling that of Southern Massachusetts and Eastern Connecti- cut. The mean annual temperature varies from 40° to SI'' Fahrenheit, and the an- nual rainfall averages about forty-two inches. Owing chiefly to its mild and equable temperature, Newport has become the great fashionable summer resort of the country. History, — Rhode Island, one of the thirteen original States, and the smallest of the existing thirty-eight, was first settled at Providence in 1G3G by Roger Williams. In 1638 William Coddington and others bought the island of Aquidneck (now Rhode Island) from the Indians, and founded the towns of Newport and Portsmouth. A patent was obtained from the crown in 1G43, which provided for a union of the settlements, but which was not accepted by them until 1G47. The charter granted by Charles II. in 16G3 served as the organic law of the State until 1843, when a new constitution, which is still in force, was ratified by the people. The colony suifered terribly during the Indian war with King Philip in lG7o-7G, Providence itself being burnt during the conflict. In 1G87 Rhode Island was deprived of its right of self- government by Sir Edmund Andros, the roval governor of New England, but that official fell from power on the success of the great English revolution of 1688, and in the succeeding year the colony recovered its liberties. In 1709 nearly all the lands of the Narragansett Indians were acquired bv purchase, and the population slowly increased to 18.000 in 1730, 40,000 in 1755, and 60,000 in 1770. The seamen of Rhode Island distinguished themselves greatly in the Anglo-French wars from 1750 to 1763, and still more so during the Revolutionary struggle, the first American squadron sailing from Providence uniler the command of Esek Hopkins, a Rhode Island man. Newport was occupied by the British in 1776, and besieged unsuccessfully by Gen. Sullivan and a French fleet under Count d'Estaing in 1778. In the following year the British forces evacuated Rhode Island to concentrate their armies in New York. On July 10, 1780, the Count de Rochambeau arrived at Newport with a fleet of transports conveying G,000 soldiers. Rhode Island was not represented in the convention of 1787, which framed the constitution of the United States, and was the last of the States to ratify that instrument. In 1842 occurred the "Dorr rebellion." The old charter still served as the constitution, and owing to its want of adaptation to the needs of the times dissatisfaction arose, which finally culminated in an irregularly framed constitution, under which T. W. Dorr was elected governor. The Dorr government twice assembled, but was dispersed by the State authorities. A disjiute about bound- aries which had existed before the Revolutionary war, was adjusted in 1861 by the cession to Massachusetts of the village of Fall River in exchange for the town of Pawtucket and a part of Seekonk (now East Providence). The State was among the very first to respond to President Lincoln's call for troops in April, 1861, sending her quota at once with the governor at its head, and during the Civil war she furnished in all 2:),23G men to the Federal armies. Population.— Cenf^us of 1880: Males, 133.030; Females, 143,501; Native, 202,538; Foreign, 73,993; White, 269,930; Colored, 6,592, including 27 Chinese, and 77 Indians. 27 RHODE ISLA^ISTD AND CONNECTICUT. !^l 28 STATE OF CONNECTICUT. Topogi'dpliy. — Connecticut is the third smallest of the States, followin'V YORK. STATE OF NEW YORK. Topo(fVaph\l. — The extreme lenj^th of New York east and west is ^\'l miles; greatest breadth IVoin the Canadian boundary to Staten Island, oil miles; area, 40,170 square miles, or 31,468,800 acres. The outline of the State is very irregular, and two-thirds of the boundaries are formed by navigable wa- ters, giving New York a total water frontage of 880 miles. Long Island, Manhattan and Staten Islands are by far the most important divisions, distinct from the main land. The narrow belt lying east of the Hudson river valley is intersected by spurs of the Hoosac and Green mountains, while the rolling table lands to the west are traversed by the Blue Ridge and the Highland chains, the Catskill, Helderberg and Adirondacks. The chief river is the Hudson, which rises in the Adirondacks and has a southerly course of 300 miles to New York Bay. The Allegheny and its tributaries drain the southwest, and the Susquehanna the southern central division. The Mohawk is the chief affluent of the Hudson. The State is noted for the beauty of its lakes. In the west are Chautauqua and Cattaraugus; in the central division Canandaigua, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida and others having the Oswego river for their outlet. Climcite. — No State has a greater diversity of climate than New York. The mean for tlie State for the year is 46.50° Fahrenheit, while in the Adirondacks the annual mean does not exceed 40", and in the extreme south it is about 50°. The av- arage annual precipitation is about forty-two inches, the greatest fall being in the lower Hudson valley, and the least (thirty-two inches) in the valley of the St. Law- rence. History. — New York was first made known to Europeans by the exploration of Henry Hudson, who, in September, 1609, discovered the Bay of New York and sailed up the river which now bears his name. Two months earlier Samuel de Cham- plain had discovered and named Lake Champlain. Hudson being in the employ of the Dutch, Holland claimed the territory, and by 1621 Dutch settlements were made on Manhattan Island, and at Albany and other points, while the name of the " New Neth- erlands" was applied to the country. Manhattan Island was purchased for twenty- four dollars from the Indians in 1626, Troubles with the Indians occurred 1640-45, and in 1655 the Swedish settlements on the Delaware were incorporated with the New Netherlands. The English claimed the country as a part of Virginia, and in August, 1664, captured Manhattan (New Amsterdam) and named it New York. The Dutch afterwards regained possession, but held it less than a year, after which it w^as perma- nently transferred to the English. In 1754 the Anglo-French war began, and New York became the battle-field of the contending forces. In 1763 hostilities were brought to an end by the treaty of Paris, under which Canada was ceded to the Brit- ish. New York took a prominent part in the great Revolution. In May, 1775, Ethan Allen and his " Green Mountain Boys " captured Crown Point and Ticonderoga, and in October following the last royal governor of New York was forced to flee. For many years prior to this New York had been engaged in disputes with the colonies of Con- necticut, Massachusetts and the Vermont settlers regarding their boundaries, and the troubles with the latter were not brought to an end until 1791, when Vermont was admitted as a State. In February, 1776, an American force took possession of the city of New York, but in August following the British resumed control and held Manhattan Island until Nov. 25, 1783. Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga in October, 1777, was the first great success of the colonists. West Point was fortified 1777-78, and in 1780 was nearly lost by the treason of Benedict Arnold. New York City was the seat of the colonial government until the Revolution, and the State capital from 1784 to 1797, when Albany was made the capital. It was also the seat of the United States govern- ment from 1785 to 1790. During the war of 1812-14 the border towns of New York were attacked by the British forces. The first State constitution was adopted in 1777, and was revised in 1801, 1821 and 1846, slavery being abolished in 1817. During the late Civil war New York furnished 448,850 troops to the Federal armies. ropulatiOil.— Census of 1880 : Males, 2,505,322; Females, 2,577,549; Native, 3,871,492; Foreign, 1,211,379; White, 5,016,022; Colored, 66,849, including 909 Chi- nese, 17 .lapanese, and 819 Indians. 32 STATE OF NEW JERSEY. TopO(/rapJitf. — New Jersey has an extreme length north and south of 157 miles; a breadth of from thirty-seven to sev- enty miles; and an area of 7,815 square miles, or 5,001,600 acres. The highest ground is found in the northwest, where the Blue mountains attain an elevation of from 1,000 to 1,750 feet. The Highland range consists of a series of hills rising 300 to 600 feet above their alternating valleys, and separated from the Blue mountains by the Kittatinny valley, which has a width of about ten miles. The elevation of this range is from 1,000 to 1,400 feet above the sea. The Palisades of the Hudson, on the northeast, consist of rough ridges of trap formation, never exceeding COO feet in height. The centre of the State is an undulating plain, and the southern division is low and level. The Hudson forms part of the eastern border, and the Delaware river and bay the western. The Atlantic coast line is 120 miles long, and the water frontage on Delaware Bay is almost as great, while the Hudson river and the Raritan, New York and Newark bays afford splendid harbor facilities. The coast from Cape May to Sandy Hook is bordered by long strips of sand beach enclosing considerable bodies of water connected by nar- row passages. Vessels of light draft can sail round much of the coast in these pro- tected lagoons, and thus avoid the rough sea of the Atlantic. The most noticeable natural features of the State are the peculiar gorge or cut through the Blue mountains known as the Delaware Water Gap and the falls of the Passaic at Paterson. In the northern highlands there are several small picturesque lakes, and the watering places on the Atlantic coast, including Long Branch, Squan Beach, Atlantic City and Cape May, are among the most popular summer resorts in the East. Climate. — The temperature varies considerably in ditferent parts of New Jer- sey, the annual mean in the northern highlands being from 48° to 50'^ Fahrenheit; while in the south, where the elevation is slight and the influence of the ocean is felt, it reaches 54^. The u])lands are healthy, but marsh fever and ague prevail in some parts of the south. The precipitation of rain and snow ranges from forty-one inches at Cape May to fifty inches in the northern highlands. JTisfoi'f/, — The first settlers in New .Jersey were the Dutch of New Amster- dam, who planted a colony at Bergen about 1620. A colony of Swedes settled on the east shore of the Delaware in 1038. In 1655 the Dutch dispossessed the Swedes, and in 1604 the country passed to the English with New York. The Duke of York trans- ferred the whole to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, and the territory was named New Jersey in compliment to the latter, who had been governor of the island of Jersey. Prior to this, however, the towns of Newark, Shrewsbury, Elizabeth and Middletown were founded by immigrants from ConTiecticut. The Dutch captured New York, and New Jersey submitted to them in 1673, but reverted to England in 1674 and for six years was governed by Sir Edmund Andros, the royal governor of New England. From 1682 to 1702 William Penn and a company of Friends governed New Jersey. Previous to that time there had been two distinct governments, known as East and West Jersey. The proprietary government lasted twenty years and sur- rendered its powers to the crown in 1702. While retaining its separate assembly New Jersey was subject to the governor of New York until 1708, when it acquired a dis- tinct administration. Immediately after the declaration of independence New Jersey became the theatre of war, and some of the most important contests of the Revolution occurred within its borders. It was here the battles of Fort Lee, Trenton, Princeton, Millstone, Red Bank and Monmouth were fought. New Jersey adopted a State con- stitution in 1776 and a new one in 1844, which has recently been amended. The Fed- eral constitution was adopted unanimously in December, 1787, and the State capital was established at Trenton in 17'J0. Slavery existed in the State for many years, but in 1840 tliere were only 674 persons held as slaves, and at the census of 1860 only eighteen were returned, and New .Jersey was counted as one of the free States. It con- tributed 75,814 men to the Federal armies during the Civil war. Poj^idftf ion. —Census of 1880 : Males, 559,922; Females, 571,194; Native, 909,416; Foreign, 221,700; WHiite, 1,092,017; Colored, 39,099, including 170 Chinese, 2 Japanese, 74 Indians and 2 East Indians. '^ 33 MAF» OF NE^V JERSEY. STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. TopOtft'tlpJtff. — The scenery of this State is of the most di- veisitied character, imluding level plains in the southeast, hills ^" and mountains in the centre, and rolling, broken country in the west and southwest. Its greatest length east and west is 303 miles; greatest width north and south, 17G miles; mean length, 280 miles; mean breadth, 158 miles; area, 45,215 square miles, or 28,937, GOO acres. That part of Pennsylvania between the Blue mountains and the Delaware river rises from a few feet above tidewater at Philadelphia, to nearly a thousand feet at the base of the hills, the ascent being gradual. The country is one of great beauty. The Cumberland valley forms a part of the great depression which extends through the entire length of the Appalachian system as far south as Alabama. The mountain belt of the State is bounded east and west by the Kittatinny and AUeghanv mountains. The third great division of the State is the extensive elevated table land which occu- pies about one-half its area, and extends from the western slope of the Alleghanies to the Ohio border. The Susquehanna drains nearly one-half the area of the State. Its chief tributary is the Juniata. The Delaware, which rises in the Catskill mountains in New York, is a tidal stream 132 miles from the sea, at Trenton. The Alleghany rises in the "oil country," in the northwest part of the State, and at Pittsburgh forms a junction with the Monongahela, which drains the southwest part. The Ohio, below their junction, is a great thoroughfare for steam navigation. Pennsylvania contains much beautiful and romantic scenery. The cuts made by the Delaware, Lehigh and Schuylkill rivers through the Blue Ridge are very picturesque. Climate. — The temperature of the southern and eastern divisions of the State differs coiiside-rably from that of the north, and of the jiortion west of the mountains. In the Alleghany, central and nortliern uplands, the winters are severe and protracted, with heavy falls of snow. Along the Delaware the summer temperature often ranges from UO" to 100"^ Fahrenheit, and the valleys of the Susquehanna and Juniata have a climate closely resembling that of the valley of the Rhine, the summer heat being pro- longed far into Oct(jber. West of the mountains the summers are shorter and liot; the winters cold. The average fall of rain and snow is from thirty-six to iorty-tive inches, varying in different parts of the State. The climate is healthy; and vegeta- tion is about a week earlier than in New York State. Ilistortf, — The first permanent settlements in Pennsylvania were made by Swedisli immigrants, who established a colony at what is njw the city of Chester in 1638. The Dutch in 1G55 sent out an armed force, which captured the Swedish forts and settlements, and they became part of the New Netlierlands. The English con- quered the territory in 1G64, and the Dutch retook it in 1G72, l)ut had to give it up a few months later. But Pennsylvania proper dates from 1G81, when William Penn received a grant from Charles II. of England, of all the territory west of the Delaware. Philadelphia was founded in 1682. During the jjrotracted wars between France and England, 174G-60, Pennsylvania became the battle ground of the opposing forces. The battles at Braddock's Field and Fort Duquesne (now Pittsljurgh) were among the most noticeable conflicts of this war, which terminated in 17G4 by the total defeat of the savages. The history of Pennsylvania during the Revolutionary war is the history of the country. The proprietary government was abolished and the State of Pennsyl- vania came into being in 1770. The signing of the declaration of independence and the meeting of the continental congress in Philadelphia; the defense of that city against the British forces; the battles of Germantown and Brandy wine, and the terri- ble winter at Valley Forge, can be only th\is briefly noticed here. In 1790 a constitu- tion was formed and State oflicers elected. This constitution was revised in 1838, and amended in 1850, 1857 and during the Civil war, and in 1873 a new one was adopted. The "whisky insurrection " of 1794 was a revolt of the people of Western Pennsyl- vania against the excise law. Philadelphia was originally the capital, but in 1799 the seat of government was transferred to Lancaster, and in 1812 to Harrisburgh, where it still remains. When the Civil war began Pennsylvania came promptly forward to the aid of the Union, and furnished in all 337,930 men to the Federal army. The State was thrice invaded by the Confederate forces — the first time in 18''»2, and the last in 35 July, 1864, when the town of Chambersburgh was almost totally destroyed. The great battle of the war fjught on Pennsylvania soil was the three-da^^s fight at Gettysburgh, July 1, 2, 3, 1863, which resulted in the defeat of General Robert E. Lee, and his with- STATE OF PENXSYLYANLl. drawal through Maryland into Virginia. Gettysburgh has been considered the decisive battle of the war, and its importance can scarcely be overestimated. Po2)ulation.— Census of 1880 : Males, 2,136,655; Females, 2,146,236; Native, 3,695,062; Foreign, 587,829; White, 4,197,016; Colored, 85,875, including 148 Chinese, 8 .Japanese, and 184 Indians and Half-breeds. 36 STATE OF DELAWARE. Topography, — The State has an extreme length north and south of ninety-six miles; a breadth of about thirty-six miles on the south line and ten miles on the north; and an area of 2,050 square miles, or 1,312,000 acres. There are no mountains in Delaware. The southern portion is almost level, and sandy, with large marshes abounding in cypress, cedar and other trees; but the northern half is undulating, and contains some beautiful though not striking scenery. The coast is low and swampy, with salt marshes and shallow lagoons separated from the sea by sandy beaches. The water-shed is formed by a low table land or sand ridge running north and south near the western border, and not more than sixty to seventy-five feet in height. Drainage is into the Chesapeake and Delaware bays, but the streams are unimportant, and, with the exception of Christiana creek, only available for small craft. The tide runs ujj to Wilmington, where there is a depth of eighteen feet of water; and Rehoboth Bay at the mouth of Indian river ad- mits vessels drawing six feet of water. Cliinate. — The climate is mild, and tempered by the sea breezes. The mean annual temperature is from 51*^ to 53^ Fahrenheit, and the rainfal' about fifty inches per annum. In the northern division the climate is salubrious and pleasant, but in the swampy parts of the south there is considerable malaria. History. — Delaware, one of the original thirteen States, and, with the excep- tion of Rhode Island, the smallest in the Union, was named after Lord De la Warr, British governor of Virginia, who entered Delaware Bay in ItilO. Hendrick Hudson had been there a year earlier, and was followed in 161G by Hendrickson, and in 1623 by Mey, after whom the promontory incorrectly spoken of as Cape "May" was named. The first permanent settlements were made by Swedish colonists in 1638-39. They erected a fort near where Wilmington now stands, purchased from the Indians all the lands between Cape Henlopen and Trenton Falls, and named the country New Sweden. They soon quarreled with the Dutch settlers on the Jersey shore. In 1654 the Swedes captured the Dutch fort at New Castle (then called Fort Casimir), and the next year Governor Stuyvesant, of Manhattan Island, not only retook the fort but captured that of the Swedes (Fort Christiana), and compelled them to swear allegiance to the Dutch government or leave the country. In 1664 Sir Robert Carr captured Manhattan Island and the Delaware settlements, and for nine years the English held the territory. For one year, 1673-74, the Dutch again had possession, but the colonies were secured to England by the Westminster treaty of 1674, and the Del- aware counties were governed by a representative of the Duke of York, who had obtained a grant from his brother. King Charles II. In 16S2 the duke transferred " the three lower counties on the Delaware " to William Penn, then proprietary gov- ernor of Pennsylvania, but considerable difficulty arose in consequence of a claim made by Lord Baltimore, which was finally compromised. The lower counties sent delegates to the Pennsylvania assembly until 1703, after which they were allowed an assembly of their own, which met at New Castle, the same governor presiding over Pennsylvania and Delaware until the outbreak of the Revolution. The State declared itself free and independent in 1776, and contributed nobly to the patriot cause. The battle of the Brandy wine, on Sept. 11, 1777, was fought upon the banks of the river of that name, but just outside of Delaware. The State was the first to ratify the Federal constitution of 1787. The first constitution was adopted in 1776; a second one was adopted in 1792, which was amended in 1831 and is still in force. Delaware was one of the slaveholding States, although the number of persons held in servitude had diminished in 1860 to less than 2,000, while the free colored population amounted to ten times that number. It remained loyal to the Union cause during the war, and furnished to the Federal armies seven regiments of infantry, one regiment of cavalry, and one battery, or 12,284 men — a greater number of soldiers in proportion to the population than was raised by any other State. Population, — Census of 1880: Males, 74,108; Females, 72,500; Native, 137,140; Foreign, 9,468; White, 120,160; Colored, 26,448, including 1 Chinese and 5 Indians. 37 MAP OF DELA^VAR^E. 38 STATE OF MARYLAND. TopOffVaphy, — Maryland has an extreme length east and west of 19(3 miles; its breadth varies from less than ten miles in the west to about 1)^0 miles in the eastern peninsula, while the area, not including Chesapeake Bay, which comprises 2,835 s(juare miles, is 12,210 square miles, or 7,814,4:00 acres. Ches- apeake Bay extends almost through the entire breadth of the State. Maryland has over 500 miles of frontage on tide-water and several navigable rivers, of which the chief are the Potomac, Patuxent, Patapsco and Susquehanna, all of which empty into Chesapeake Bav. The extreme western part of the State is drained by the Youghio- genv, a tributary of the Mtmongahela. Chesapeake Bay contains numerous small islands, and its shores are indented by many bays and inlets. The peninsular section is low and sandy, and the western division, lying between Chesapeake Bay and the estuary of the Potomac, is of the same general character; but in the northwest the Blue Ridge and Alleghany mountains attain a moderate elevation, and the country is rugged and broken. CI unate. — The climate is mild and salubrious, being modified by the vicinity of the ocean, and the State generally is healthy, although malarial diseases are not un- known in the lowlands along the bay. The mean annual tenq)erature in the northwest is about oO*"' Fahrenheit, in the central division about 50°, and at Baltimore about 54''. The rainfall averages from forty-five to fifty incln's per annum. JUsfori/, — Maryland, one of the thirteen original States of the American Union, was settled in 1631 by Capt. William Clayborne and a party of men from Virginia, who established themselves on Kent Island, in Chesapeake Bay. On June 20, 1032, King Charles I. granted to Cecil Calvert, second Lord l>altim<)re, a charter for a colony styled Terra Alaricc or " Mary's Land." Leonard Calvert, brother of the proprietor, led the first colony, which consisted of about 200 persons. They landed in March, 1634, near the entrance of the Potomac into Chesapeake Bay, and founded a town which they called St. Mary's. The occupants of Kent Island were driven out, but in 1642 a number of Nonconformists, expelled from Virginia, settled at Annapolis, then called Providence, and soon after, co-operating with Clayborne, took the government into their own hands. But in 1646 the pro])rietors regained possession. After the establishment of the commonwealth the Puritan element again gut the upper hand, de- feated the troops raised Ijy its opponents and remained in power three years, when the Calverts regained control. ' King William IIL assumed the government of the colony after the revolution of lt)88. ]3altimore was laid out in 1730, Frederick City in 1745, and Georgetown in 1751. In December, 1774, a popular convention superseded the" proprietary government, and in November, 1776, a bill of rights and a constitution for the State were adopted. Throughout the Revolution the Maryland troops fought gal- lantly in the Continental armies, and in 1783 Congress met at Annapolis, where also General Washington resigned his commission as commander-in-chief. The State con- vention ratified the Federal constitution on April 28, 1788. Prominent events of the war of 1812 were the burning of Havre de Grace, Frenchtown, Fredericktown and Georgetown, and the battles of Bladensburg and North Point and the bombardment of Fort McHenry. The first blood of the Civil war was shed in Baltimore April 19, 1861. The State legislature met at Frederick April 26 and passed resolutions favora- ble to the Confederacy and oj)posing the war, but refused to adopt an ordinance of secession. Maryland furnished 46,638 men to the Union armies. The principal battle fought in the State was that of Antietam, which took place Sept. 16, 17, 1862. .Tune, 1863, Lee again invaded the State in his advance into Pennsylvania, and it was again invaded by Early, July, 1864. The constitution of 1776 was amended in 1802 and 1810, and considerably altered in 1836. More amendments were adopted in 1845-46, and in 1851 a new organic law was ratified by the ])eople. This was supplanted in 1864 by a constitution which abolished slaver}', and disfranchised all who had partici- pated in the Rebellion, and in 1867 the present constitution was adopted. PoJ)hI a f ion.— Cimsus of 1880 : Males, 462,187; Females, 472,756; Native, 852,137; Foreign, 82,806; White, 724,693; Colored, 210,250, including 5 Chinese and 15 Indians. 39 MAP OF MARYLANl^. STATE OF VIRGINIA. TitpoijrapJiff.—'Yhii greatest leiigtli of Virginia east and west is alxiut 440 miles ; greatest breadth north and south, liJO miles ; area, 4-^,4:50 square miles, or 27,1ns of 1880 : Males, 745,589; Females, 700,976; Native, 1,497,809; Foreign, 14,090; White, 880,858; Colored, 631,707, including Chinese, and 85 Indians and Half-breeds. 41 MAP OF VIRGINIA STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA. Topofft'ftphy* — Tlie greatest length of the State north and south is about 240 miles; greatest breadth 100 miles; area, 24,780 stjuare miles or 15,859,200 acres. West Virginia is extremely hilly. The Alleghany rangt; on its eastern boundary contains several large peaks, and west of this range and running parallel with it, at an average distance of thirty miles, are a series of mountains scarcely inferior in height, which enclose many fertile valleys. There are a number of other ranges of hills in the southeast, their general trend being IVotn northeast to southwest. The scenery of the mountain regions is very fine and forms a special attraction for tourists. A few of the smaller streams in the east are tributary to the Potomac, but the rivers generally drain into the Ohio. The western division is a rolling table land with a gradual slope from the mountains, where its elevation is nearly 2,500 feet to the banks of the Ohio, DOO feet above the sea-level. The Potomac forms part of the eastern boundary. The Big Sandy, Great and Little Kanawha, Guayan- dotte and Monongahela are all navigable, and large congressional appropriations have been made for the improvement of several of them. The slackwater navigation of the Kanawha and Monongahela is of much service to the commerce of the State, and by means of the Ohio the southern and southwestern cities can be reached. A large ))ortion of the State is still densely covered with valuable forests of oak, walnut, poplar, ash, hemlock, locust, chestnut and other timber trees. The lumber interest is now an important one, but with the increase of railroads it will be greatly extended. Cliniflte, — The climate is generally equable, and is not marked by any great extremes. The mean annual temperature is about 52"; that of winter, 31°; spring, 50°; summer, 72°; autumn, 54° Farenheit. The average rainfall is from forty-three to forty-five inches, and except in the more elevated sections little inconvenience is experienced in the winters. The climate much resembles that of Virginia, and is well adapted for all agricultural purposes. The State is very healthy, the death rate being less than one per cent. The State contains a great number of useful mineral springs, among which are the well-known Black Sulphur Si)rings and Blue Sulphur Springs of Greenbrier county, and the Red, the Salt and Sweet Sulphur Springs in Monroe county. Histovy. — West Virginia was formed into a State during the earlier years of the Civil war, and was composed of the northern and western counties of Virginia. The people of this district, separated by a range of mountains from the fertile plains of the Old Dominion, and holding but few slaves, had little in common with the wealthy planters and large slave owners of the east and south. Many of them, too, were of Northern descent, especially those residing along the Ohio river, and when the struggle began they took sides with the Union. On April 22, 18G1, a meeting was held at Clarksburg at which the passage of the ordinance of secession by the Rich- mond convention was denounced, and a call issued for a convention to be held in Wheeling, May 13. This body, representing twenty-five counties, met and rejected the ordinance, and an election of delegates having been held, representatives of forty counties met June 11, repudiated the action of the State authorities, and on June 20 elected Francis H. Peirpoint governor, and also chose an executive council ami other officials. This government had its headquarters at Wheeling until 1803, when it was transferred to Alexandria, and exercised authority over so much of Virginia as was under the control of the Federal government — a constantly varying territory. At first it was proposed to create the " State of Kanawha," but the name was changed in Decem- ber, 18G1, and in May, 1SG2, a State constitution was ratified by the people and the leg- islature. Congress gave consent on Dec. 31, 1862, to the admission of the new State at the end of the year, conditioned upon the ratification of the then pending amendment to the constitution permitting persons of African descent to reside within the State. The amendment was ratified March 20, 1803, and on Juno 20 the new government was inaugurated. Wheeling being made the capital. From 18T0 to 1875 the seat of govern- 43 ment was at Charleston, but in the last named year it was again transferred to Wheeling, where it is to remain until 1884. During 1861 there were a number of minor engagements between the Federal and Confederate troops in West Virginia, mostly on the Maryland and Virginia frontiers. The State raised in all 32,068 troops' for the Federal army, and after 1861 the theatre of military operations was changed to Virginia proper. There is little to notice in the subsequent history of West Viro-inia, STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA. except its continued advance in material prosperity and population. An amended constitution Avas adopted in 1872, and six new counties have been added to the original forty-eight, making fifty-four at this time. 1*02)1(7 ation.— Census of 1880: Males, 314,495; Females, 303,962; Native, 600,192; Foreign, 18,265; White, 592,537; Colored, 25,920, including 5 Chinese, and 29 Indians and Half-breeds. 44 STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. TopOffi'dplli/' — North Carolina is about 450 miles in length east and west, and has an extreme breadth of 185 miles, and an area of 52,250 square miles, or 33,440,000 acres. The west is mountainous, the centre hilly, and the coast lands low and swampy. That part of the Allegheny range which separates this State from Tennessee has a number of local names. The several ridges enclose an extensive plateau, having a general elevation of about 3,500 feet. The Black mountains in the northwest contain Clingman's Peak, G,iJ40 feet, and Mount Mitchell, (3,T32 feet. In the Blue Ridge are Sugar mountain, 5,312 feet, and Grand- father mountain, 5,900 feet. The coast line extends over 400 miles. The coast proper is deeply indented, and contains spacious harbors at Wilmington, Beaufort, Edenton and New Berne. Much of the land is sandy, but more of it is fertile and abounds in valuable timber. The Great Dismal Swamp extends north from Albemarle Sound into Virginia, and covers an area of about 150,000 acres. The chief river is the Cape Fear. The Roanoke and Chowan rise in Virginia, and empty into Albemarle Sound. The Tar and Neuse have their sources in the north, and flow into Pamlico Sound. The Yadkin and Catawba become, in South Carolina, the Great Pee Dee and the Santee. CiUiiate. — The climate of the State is varied. In the low country it is warm and moist; on the mountains, cool and dry. The mean annual temperature at Asheville is 55°; thatof spring, 53°; summer, 72"^; autumn, 54°; winter, 38° Fahrenheit. Frosts are light, and seldom occur before November, while wheat is harvested in June, and corn in the early part of September. The annual rainfall averages about forty-six inches. SistOi'ff. — In the year 1584 Sir Walter Raleigh discovered what is known as North Carolina, and explored the coast for some distance. In honor of Queen Eliza- beth he named the country Virginia. The first permanent settlements were made by Vir- ginians in the north. The two Carolinas were separated in 1729, prior to which time what is now North Carolina was known as Albemarle. In 1712 North and South Carolina united to put down the Tuscaroras, and in 1713 this dangerous and powerful tribe emigrated to the northwest. North Carolina claims to have taken the initiative in renouncing allegiance to the English crown, and it is said that the declaration of independence made at Mecklenburgh, May, 1775, was the first attempt to renounce the authority of Great Britain. In May, 1875, the North Carolinians celebrated the centen- ary of this event. In December, 1776, a State constitution was adopted and a governor elected. It was not until 1780 that active military operations began witliin the State. On October 7 a detachment of Cornwallis' army was defeated with great loss at King's Mountain. On March 15, 1781, the important battle of Guilford Court House was fought. North Carolina ratified the constitution of the United Slates in November, 1789. An ordinance of secession was adopted in convention on May 21, 18(31, and the Confederate constitution ratified. The forts which com- manded Wilmington and Beaufort, the United States arsenal at Fayetteville, and the mint at Charlotte, were seized by State troops during the last days of April. In August following, Forts Hatteras and Clark, which commanded the entrance to Pamlico Sound, were captured by the Federal forces, who also in February, 1862, occupied Roanoke Island, capturing forty guns and over 2,000 prisoners. Within the next few months nearly all the coast towns, excepting Wilmington, fell into the hands of the Union troops. In April, 18G4, the Confederates recaptured Plymouth, but in October it was again taken by the United States soldiers. In December, 1864, Fort Fisher was bombarded by Admiral Porter, but the attack failed. Another attempt in January, 1805, proved successful, and Wilmington, Kings- ton, Goldsboro, Raleigh and other important points were occupied in rapid succession. With the surrender of Gen. Johnston's army, April 26, hostilities ceased. The work of reconstruction was completed in 1868, l)y the admission of the congressional dele- gation. All the amendments to the Federal constitution were adopted bv March, 1869. ropnl at i on, —Cex^sus of 1880: Males, 687,908; Females, 711,842; Native, 1,396,008; Foreign, 3,742; White, 867,242; Colored, 532,508, including 1 Japanese, and 1,230 Indians and Hall-breeds. 45 MAP OF NORTH CAROLINA. STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. Topofjt'Cipliy, — South Carolina forms an irregular triano-le, having the coast line for its base, and North Carolina and Geor- gia fur its other sides. Its extreme length east and west is about 275 miles; its greatest breadth 210 miles, and its area is about 30,570 scjuare miles, or 19,504,800 acres. The only mountains are those of the extreme northwest — the Blue Ridge. The highest peak is called Table Mountain, and has an eleva- tion of about 4,000 feet. The coast is low; the country stretchino- inward for 100 miles is flat, and beyond the sand hills which traverse what is known as the " middle country " the land rises abruptly, continuing to ascend until Table Mountain is reached. There are about 200 miles of coast line and several good harbors, the most notable being those of Charleston and Port Royal. Along the coast are many small islands on which the "sea island " or long staple cotton is grown. The Savannah river forms the southwestern boundary. Other important streams are the Great Pee Dee, the Santee and Edisto; the first named being navigable for a distance of about 150 miles from the sea. There an; also many smaller rivers, and the State is well supplied with water. The falls of the Saluda and Table Moun- tain are among the most noticeable natural features of the State, which contains much grand and picturesque scenery in the mountain region. Climate. — The temperature ranges from 15"- to 95" Fahrenheit, and the mean of the different seasons is: spring, 65*^; summer, 80°; autumn, 08''; whiter, 51*'; the whole year, 07°. The average rainfall is from forty-six to fifty inches, but on the Georgian border it is somewhat less. The climate is generally healthful and equable, and aside from epidemics of yellow fever (usually confined to the seaports) the health of the State is good. Frosts seldom occur, and Aiken and some other towns have become favorite winter resorts for consumptives and other invalids who find relief in the dry and mild climate of that region. IflStorf/. — The earliest settlers within the limits of what is now South Carolina were French Huguenots, a number of whom landed at Port Royal in 1502 and at- tempted a settlement, which was soon abandoned. The first permanent settlement was made in 1070 by English colonists at Port Royal, whence they soon removed to the banks of the Ashley river. Charleston was laid out ten years later, and immio-rants flocked in from Germany, Holland, Switzerland and other countries. Carolina was subject to the proprietary government until 1729, and was nominally governed under the celebrated and utterly impracticable constitution prepared by the philosopher John Locke. The two Carolinas were separated in 1729, and the territory divided into two royal provinces. During the Revolution several of the most hotly contested bat- tles of the war occurred within the limits of South Cart)lina. The British held the country during 1780-81, but Gen. Morgan defeated Col. Tarleton at the Cowpens, and on Se[)t. 8, 1781, the battle of Eutaw Springs was fought, which resulted in the with- drawal of the invaders to Charleston, which they held until the close of the war. Among those Carolinians whose names are closely connected with the strui^gles of the Revolution, are Marion and Sumter. A State constitution was adopted on March 26, 1770, nearly four months before the declaration of independence was signed, and South Carolina ratified the constitution of the United States on May 23, 1788. The next important event in the history of the State occurred in 1832. For many years preceding this date, the South had uniformly opposed the imj)osition of hio-h tariff duties. A convention was held at Columbia, Nov. 19, 1832, by which what was known as the "nullification ordinance" was unanimously adopted. This ordinance pronounced the tariff " null, voitl, and no law, nor binding on this State, its ollicers and citizens." The declaration of the convention was indorsed by the governor, and by the legislature. But President .Jackson ordered Gen. Scott to Charleston " to su- perintend the safety of the United Statt^s ports in that vicinity," and in a proclamation denounced nullification as treason. The trouble was finally settled by the passa"-e of the compromise tariff law, introduced by Henry Clay. South Carolina took the initia- tory steps in the withdrawal of the Southern States from the Union in 18(il. The ordinance of secession was adopted Dec. 20, and commissioners were appointed to treat with the president for the surrender of the Federal property within the State, and 47 others to confer witli representatives of the Southern States as to the formation of a confederacy. On the S^th Forts JMouhrie and Pinckney were seized, Major Robt. An- derson, with a handful of United States troops, having' withdrawn to Fort Sumter, in the harbor of Charleston. On April 12, 13, 18G1, occurred the bombardment of Sum- ter. Towards the end of the year Hilton Head and Bay Point were captured by the Federal forces, but an attempt to reduce Charleston in 18G3 proved unsuccessful, and it was not until Feb. 17, 1865, that this city was evacuated by the Confederates. No STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. great battles were fought in South Carolina, but Sherman marched tlirough from Georo-ia and thoroughly subdued the State. In September, 1865, a convention held at Columbia repealed the ordinance of secession, and decreed the abolition of slavery. In 1868, a new constitution having been adopted and the fourteenth amendment rati- fied, South Carolina was readmitted to the Union. I'ojnilation.— Census of 1880: Males, 490,408; Females, 505,169; Native, 987,891; Foreign, 7,686; White, 391,105; Colored, 604,472, including 9 Chinese and 131 Indians and Half-breeds. 48 STATE OF GEORGIA. TopOflVUJth ]f . — The extreme length of the State nortli and iith is '610 miles; extreme width, 254 miles; area, 59,475 |uare miles, or 38,064,000 acres. The surface is quite diver- sified. In the north are the Blue Ridge and Etowah mountains, with other spurs of the Appalachian range. The centre consists (if an elevated table land, which gradually diminishes in height until the low and swanii)y country near the coast and along the Florida border is reached. In the southeast corner is the Oke- finokee swamp, a series of marshes having a circuit of over 150 miles. The coast extends from Tybee Sound southwest to Cumberland Sound, a dis- tance of about 100 miles, but owing to the irregularities and indentations the shore line is nearly five times that length. The most important rivers falling into the Atlantic are the Savannah and Altamaha. The other principal rivers are the Ogeechee, Ocmulgee, Oconee, Satilla, Allajiaha, Chattahoochee and Flint. Many of the rivers of the mount- ain country are rapid and contain picturescjue cataracts. Of these the chief are the Falls of Tallulah, in Habersham county, and Toccoa Falls, in the Tugaloo, 180 feet high; Towaliga Falls, in Monroe countj'; and the Amicolah Falls, which have a descent, including the rapids and the cataracts, of 400 feet in less than a quarter of a mile. Clunflte. — In the north the summers are comparatively cool and the climate is healthy, but in the southern lowlands the heat is often oppressive, the thermometer sometimes reaching 110° Fahrenheit. The winters are very mild, the temperature seldom falling below 30° Fahrenheit. The annual mean temjierature at Augusta is about 03°, and at Savannah 00", and the rainfall is over sixty inches per annum. The swamp lands of the southeast are uniiealthy, and malarious fevers prevail at certain seasons. Histovy, — Georgia, the southernmost of the original thirteen States, was the latest of them settled by white men. It was named after George II., who June 9, 1T32, granted the territory to a corporation entitled the "Trustees for settling the colony of Georgia." Prior to this time it was nominalh^ included in the Carolina charter, but was also claimed by Spain. In January, 1733, Gen. James Edward Oglethorjie, with a colony of 120 ])ersons, arrived safely at Charleston, and early in the spring Savannah was founded. The Spanish war occurred in 1739^2. In 1752 the colonial charter was surrendered and Georgia became a royal province. In 1755 a general assembly was established. On the breaking out of the Revolution the Georgians were loyal to the patriot cause, and suffered greatly during the war, the British troops capturing Sa- vannah and other cities, and devastating the entire country. Augusta and Sun])ury fell into the hands of the enemy in 1779, and an attempt to recapture Savannah in October of the same year faih^d, and it remained in the hands of the invaders until 1782. Wars with the Creeks and Cherokees followed, but in 1790 and 1791 treaties of peace were concluded, and in 1802 the Creeks ceded their lands in the southwest to the United States. Georgia also ceded to the United States all its claims to lands west of the existing State limits, which had been granted under the English charter. The Cherokee Indians were removed to the Indian Territory in 1838, and thus the lands which they had held came into the hands of the government. A convention met at Milledgeville, Jan. 16, 1801, and on the 19th passed an ordinance of secession. In the following March the constitution of the Confederate States was ratified. In January the State authorities seized Fort Pulaski and Fort Jackson, on the Savannah river, and the United States arsenal at Augusta, obtaining about seventy cannon, 20,000 small arms, and a large quantity of ammunition and ordnance stores. Active operations were begun by the Federals in November, but were confined to the coast, Conmiodore Dupont occupied Big Tybee island, at the mouth of the Savannah, and bombarded Fort Pulaski, which surrendered in April, 1802. He also took possession of Brunswick, Darien and other points. In May, 1864, Georgia became the field of active land oper- ations. Atlanta had been strongly fortified, and it was not evacuated until September 1,. after a desperate resistance on the part of the Confederates, and several hard-fought struggles. Sherman, having removed the inhabitants and destroyed everything of value to tiie enemy, left Atlanta November 15, with 05,000 men, and began his famous march 49 to the sea, Milledgeville was reached on the 23d, and the coast on December 10. Fort McAllister was taken by storm on the 13tli, and on the nio;ht of the 20th Savannah was evacuated. Thus the Confederacy was cut in half; and the operations of Gen. Wilson, who entered Georgia from Alabama, in April, 18G5, took Columbus, West Point and Macon, and on May 10 captured Jeifer-on Davis, president of the Confederacy, at Irwin- ville, ended the war in this section. The first State constitution was framed in 1777, a second in 1789, and a third in 179S. This was several times amended and was superseded STATE OF GEORGIA. in 1SG8 Ijy a new one. In 1877 another new constitution was adopted. The process of reconstruction was not completed until 1870. In that year the Georgia senators and representatives were admitted to Congress, all the amendments having been previously ratified, and colored men declared eligible to office by the State supreme court. I^OjndaH on— Census of 1880: Males, 762,981; Females, 779,199; Native, 1,531,016; Foreign, 10,564; White, 816,906; Colored, 725,274, including 17 Chinese, and 124 Indians and Half-breeds. 50 STATE OF FLORIDA. TojPOffvnjtli ff. — Flf)rida consists df a peninsula stretching soutli lor o-)(J miles, between tlie Atlantic and the Gulf of Mex- ico, and of a long, narrow strip of land running along the Gulf, to a distance of 340 miles from the Atlantic coast line. The ])eninsula is about 100 miles in width, and contains nearly four- fifths of the total area, which is 58,fJ80 square miles, or oT, 555, 200 acres. On all sides but the north, the sea forms the boundary, and the State has 1,140 miles of coast line, but few good harbors. The Keys and Tortugas are a chain of small coral islands south and southwest of the point of the peninsula. The most important of these is Key West, where a naval station has been established, and where there is a good harbor. The northern division of the State is generally flat and uninteresting; in the centre are many patches of higher ground, which are extremely fertile; and south of latitude 28° the everglades begin. Florida is well watered and has a number of navigable rivers, the principal ones being the St. John's, Appalachicola, Perdido, Charlotte and Suwanee. Owing to the slight elevation of the surface, which is in no place more than 250 feet above the sea, the rivers are sluggish, and in several instances expand into wide lagoons and lakes. The northern division is of limestone formation, and what is known as the "Back-bone Ridge," an elevation of 150 to 175 feet, runs down the centre of the peninsula, as far south as Charlotte Harbor. This elevation is about fifty miles in width, and from its base the land slopes gradually east and west, until near the sea it is but a few feet above tide-water. The southern part is of a recent coral formation, similar to that of the Keys, and the process of growth is still going on. Clinillte. — The climate of this State is excellent. Frosts are rare in the north, and unknown in the south, and snow never falls. The average temperature is about 72° Fahrenheit; the thermometer rarely falling below 30° or rising above 90°, while at Key West the difference between summer and winter temperature does not exceed 15°. The atmosphere is generally dry anil clear, and most of the rainfall, which is about fifty-four inches per annum, is in the summer months. Invalids, and especially those afflicted with pulmonary complaints, resort to Florida in large numbers, and with beneficial results. mstory. — Although Florida has belonged to the Union little more than fifty years, its settlement by white men dates back beyond that of New England, and the quaint old buildings and forts of St. Augustine are among the oldest structures on the continent. Ponce de Leon visited Florida in search of the fabled fountain of eternal youth in 1513, and in 1526 Charles V. of Spain granted to Pamfilo de Narvaez all the territory from Cape Florida to the Rio Panuco. The armed expeditions of the Spaniards met with much opposition from the Indians, who were fierce and warlike, but in 15H5 the invaders built a fort at St. Augustine, which they held until 158G, when it was cap- tured l)y Sir Francis Drake. Many French Protestants, driven from their homes by religious persecution, settled in Florida in 1560-70, and conflicts between them and the Spaniards were frequent. England took nominal possession of the northern coast in 1584, and for a hundred years following the records of Florida are bare of interest. In 1763 Spain ceded the whole territory to Great Britain, in exchange for Cuba, which the British had captured, but, twenty years later, it was retroceded to Spain. Frontier wars and battles l)etween the Carolinians and Georgians and the Spanish troops, were frequent during the eighteenth century. The United States government occupied the principal posts in Florida west of the Perdido river in 1811, and Gen. Jackson captured Pensacola during the second war with England. In 1819 the whole province was ceded to the United States, and a considerable increase in population followed. The war with the Seminoles, one of the hardest tribes to master that the American army ever fought with, was protracted for many years, 1835-42 being the period of greatest troul)le, although the difficulties were not finally overcome until 1858, when the last of the hostile Indians were removed west of the Mississippi. Florida was admitted as a State March 3, 1845, having been organized as a Territory March 30, 1822. On Jan. 10, 18(;i, it formally seceded from the Union, and the State authorities seized many of the forts and arsenals. These were captured by the Union forces in the following .51 year, and held until the close of the war, A provisional governor was appointed in 18G5, and the ordinance of secession was repealed in the same year by a State conven- tion held at Tallahassee. The State was made a part of the third military district in 18()7, and on July 4, 1SG8 — a new constitution having- in the mean time been adopted, STATE OF FLORIDA. officers elected, and the constitutional amendments ratified— Florida was aoain admitted to membership m the Union. Considerable attention has been directecT to the State ot late years, and the immigration of Northern people has been large. o-A _-f.^/^^^^«^*On.— Census of 1880 : Males, 136,444; Females, 133,049; Native, 2o9,o84; Foreign, 9,909; White, 143,605; Colored, 126,888, including 18 C)iinese,and ISO Indians and Half-breeds. 52 STATE OF OHIO. TopOffVnplu/, — The greatest length of Ohio east and west is 'Z'Zb miles; greatest breadth, *200 miles; area, 41,0G0 square miles, or 20,278,400 acres. Kelley's Island and the Bass islands in Lake Erie, north of Sandusky, belong to Ohio. The great divide which forms the wator-shed passes diagonally across the State from Trumbull county in the northeast to Mercer and Darke counties in the west, and has a general elevation of about 1,200 feet above the sea level, rising to 1,500 feet in Logan county. The surface slopes gradually from the divide north and west to Lake Erie, which is 5(i5 feet above the sea, and southwest to the Ohio river, which at Cincinnati is about 430 feet above sea level. The Ohio is the princi- pal river, and has a course of 4o0 miles on the southern and eastern border. It flows through a lovely valley, with wooded hills rising from it to a height of 500 to 600 feet, and is one of the most beautiful of American streams. The Muskingum, Scioto, Hockhocking, Mahoning, and Great and Little Miami are the next in impor- tance, and all flow south into the Ohio. There are no especially striking natural fea- tures in the State, but the river valleys present some beautiful scenery. On the north there are smaller streams, such as the Cuyahoga, Vermillion, Huron, Chagrin, Rocky, Black, Portage, Sandusky and Maumee, which drain into Lake Erie. Clunale. — The mean annual temperature is from 50° to 54'^ Fahrenheit, the warmest section being the southwest along the Ohio river. The climate is, as a rule, mild, but the changes of temperature are often sudden. Considerable snow some- times falls in the north, but not in quantities to interfere with communication, or to do any damage to the crops. The mean annual precipitation of rain and melted snow varies from thirty-six inches on the Lake Erie shore to forty-seven inches in the ex- treme south. History. — The territory now included in the State of Ohio was first explored by La Salle in 1079. The French claimed the country, and repelled by force of arms the counter-claim of the English-speaking settlers, who held under grants from King George. It was not until 1703 that the dispute was settled, when by the provisions of the treatv of Paris the title vested in Great Britain, which retained at least a nom- inal possession until 1784, when it passed to the United States. Prior to this time the State of Virginia had claimed title, not only to Ohio but to the entire northwest, while New York, Connecticut and Massachusetts demanded a share, claiming possession under old charters granted by the British crown. The difliculties were adjusted in 1784-80. A few settlements were made on the Muskingum by Moravian missionaries between 1702 and 1780, and in 1700-61 Major Rogers crossed overland from Sandusky to Fort Pitt (now Pittsburgh), with about 200 troops. In 1781 the Moravians were forcil)ly removed to Sandusky by the British. The expedition of Colonel Bouquet in 1704 was the most important" military movement made on Ohio soil prior to the Revolution. In 1774 occurred the " Dunmore war," and the battle on the Scioto be- tween Gen. Lewis and "Cornstalk's" warriors, in which the latter were defeated with great loss. The successful expedition of Col. George Rogers Clarke, of Kentucky, against the Indians along the Miami river took place in 1782. Marietta was founded in 1788. In 171)4 occurred Gen. Wayne's great victory over the Miamis. Ohio was included in the "Northwest Territory" until May 7, 1800, when it was erected into a separate Territory, and April 30, 1802, it became a State. The seat of government was at Chillicotho from 1800 to 1810, then for two years at Zanesville, and again from 1812 to 1810 at Chillicothe; Columbus becoming the capital in 1810. ^The original State constitution was revised in 1851. Cincinnati was founded in 1789, and soon became an important shipping point. By the year 1820 Ohio had reached the fifth place in the sisterhood of States, and at the census of 1880 was found to rank third in population. In the Civil war the State enthusiastically supported the government, and contri])uted in all 313,180 troops to the Federal armies. I'opillat ion. —Census of 1880 : Males, 1,013,930; Females, 1,584,120; Native, 2,803,119; Foreign, 394,943; White, 3,117,920; Colored, 80,142, including 109 Chi- nese, 3 Japanese, and 130 Indians. 53 M A^ P OK .^ STATE OF INDIANA. TojtOgi^aph }/ . — The surface of Indiana is extremely level, and it lias no mountains or even hills of any size. At least two-thirds of the State consists of level or undulating land, and it is only along the river valleys that the landscape is diversified and relieved by bluffs and hills. Along the Ohio, which forms the southern boundary of the State, these hills at- tain a height of 200 to 300 feet. The land slopes grad- ually from north and northeast to the southwest, and the lowest point is found at the mouth of tlie Wabash. The rivers mostly run southwest and empty into the Ohio. The Wabash, Kankakee, White, Maumee and other less important streams furnish an ample supply of water power. The State has a shore line of forty miles on Lake Michigan, extending from near the mouth of the Calumet to a point a few miles north of Michigan City, which is the only lake port in Indiana. The country near the lake is sandy and low, except at Michigan City, where there are extensive hills of sand. ClilllClte, — The climate is somewhat variable, especially in the winter, when the winds are from the north and northwest. The mean temperature of the year is 52°; that of winter, 31°; spring, 51°; summer, 7(5°; and autumn, 55'-'; and the average rain- fall is about thirty-eight inches. Indiana is well suited for agriculture, and the fruit trees blossom in March and the beginning of April. HistOVy. — The State of Indiana was admitted into the Union on Dec. 11, 1816, and was the sixth State to come in under the Federal constitution. The earliest settlements were made in 1702, by French Canadians at Fort St. Vincents, now Vin- cennes, and other river points. The country was nominally under French rule until 1763, when it passed under the control of the British. In 1776 Col. George Rogers Clarke, at the head of a body of Virginia volunteers, captured the fort of Vincennes, and for several years following Virginia claimed jurisdiction. That State ceded her western and northwestern possessions, including Indiana, to the United States in 1783, and four years later they were organized as the " Northwest Territory." The settlements wer^ greatly disturbed by Indian wars during 1788-91, and in the latter year Gen. Wilkinson and Gen. Anthony Wayne defeated the confederated tribes and compelled them to submit. A treaty was made at Greenville in 1795, by virtue of which the United States came into possession of a large quantity of valuable land, and from this time the settlements were pushed vigorously. Ohio was cut off from the Territory in May, 1800, when all the country west and north was included in the new " Territory of Indiana." Michigan was set off as a separate Territory in 1805, and Illinois in 1809, leaving Indiana with its present boundaries. A destructive and general war broke out in 1811, when Tecumseh, chief of the Shawnees, ravaged the country. Gen. William Henry Harrison, then governor, took command of a few regulars and some militia, and defeated Tecumseh with great slaughter on the historic battle-ground of Tippecanoe. This virtually ended the In- dian hostilities until the war of 1812-15, after which date the settlers were no longer molested by the Indians. The Territorial legislature petitioned Congress in 1815 for admission to the Union; a State constitution was adopted June 29, 1816; and the State was admitted on December 11 of that year. From this date immigration increased rapidly, and in 1830 the population was 343,031. Railroads and canal improvements were projected, and bonds were issued with great liberality in aid of them. The finan- cial revulsion of 1837 pricked the bubble of inflation, and from that year until 1846 the State groaned under a heavy burden of debt, on which she could not even pay the interest. Better times followed when the State debt had been consolidated and a free banking law adopted, and the country became once more prosperous. The popula- tion doubled between 1830 and 1840, and doubled again in the next twenty years. A new constitution was adopted in 1851; an attempt to revise it in 1859 failed. In March, 1881, amendments were adopted. Indiana contributed five regiments to the Federal forces during the Mexican war. When the Civil war began, in April, 1861, the volunteering was general, and 30,000 men offered for the three-months service. Only six regiments could be accepted, and these were numbered from the sixth to the 66 eleventh infantry inclusive. An arsenal was established at Indianapolis, from which large quantities of munitions of war were issued. The full (juota of men for the State under the call for 300,000 in 1863 was filled, and during the excitement consequent upon the Morgan raids into Kentucky, thousands of Indiana troops poured into that State, and a large body of militia was raised for home defense. The total number STATE OF 1XDIA]SA. of regiments raised was ninety-eight of infantry and cavalry and twenty-seven bat- teries of artillery, numbering in all 190,363 officers and men. I^OJ}ilfatiotl.—Ciusus of 1880: Males, 1,010,361; Females, 967,940; Native, 1,834,1:>3; Foreign, 144,178; White, 1,938,798; Colored, 39,503, including 29 Chinese, and 246 Indians and Half-breeds. 57 ss? il A Ir" OF ILLTTSrOI'^ ^. STATE OF ILLINOIS. TopOffVdJjIiy. — Illinois has been very appropriately called the " Prairie State." Next after I^ouisiana and Delaware it is the most level State in the Union, and fully one-third of its whole area is composed of high, level, grassy plains. The av- erage elevation of these above tide-water is not over 500 feet. At Cairo, the extreme southern angle of the State, the elevation of the land is only 340 or 350 feet above the Gulf of Mexico; and at Chicago, in the northeastern section, the elevation of the business portion of the city is only 592 feet above the sea-level. The hio-hest land in the State is in the northwestern corner, where, between Freeport and Galena, the extreme elevation is 1,150 feet above the sea. Its extreme length north and south is 385 miles; extreme width east and west, 218 miles. The Wabash, Ohio and Mississippi rivers form part of the eastern and southern and all of the west- ern boundary lines, thus giving the State immense frontage on navigable waters. Climate. — The climate is generally salubrious. The upland prairies are almost entirely free from endemic diseases, and the death rate in the cities is low. The mean annual temperature on the 40th parallel is about 54°, that of summer 77°, and of winter o3^° Fahrenheit. Vegetation begins with April, and the first killing frosts occur about the end of September. The summer heat is greatly modified by the ever- present breezes, and the climate is generally favorable for outdoor occupations. JliSfori/. — Illinois, with its present State boundaries, was admitted into the Union Dec. 3, 1818, by the act of Congress of April 18 of that year, at which time it contained a population of 40,000. The territory now included in Illinois had, prior to this time, undergone many vicissitudes of government. It was first discovered on •lune 20, 1673, by Marquette and Joliet. Its first permanent occupation by white men was in 1682, when a Jesuit mission was established near what is now Kaskaskia. Illi- nois formed a part of the Territory of Louisiana and was first governed by the French; but in 1765, by virtue of the treaty of Paris, ratified in 1763, it came under British authority. A stirring incident of the Revolutionary war was the capture of the British posts of Vincennes and Kaskaskia on July 4, 1778, by Col. George Rogers Clarke, of Virginia, and for six years following Illinois and Indiana were under the nominal con- trol of the State of Virginia. In 1784 Virginia ceded all her rights over the territory northwest of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi, which in 1778 had been denominated the " County of Illinois," to the United States; and in 1787, by act of Congress adopted July 13, this was entitled "The Northwest Territory." In 1800 this was subdivided, and what is now Illinois formed a part of the " Indiana Territory," which included also Wisconsin, Michigan, part of Minnesota, and Indiana; and, after the purchase of Louisiana from the French in 1803, the vast unknown regions west of the Mississippi. Illinois Territory was formed in 1809. The first State constitution was adopted in 1818, a second in 1848, and the present one Aug. 8, 1870. Like all frontier States Illinois had much trouble with the Indians. Her early history is full of thrilling accounts of conflicts between the settlers and the red men, and notable among these are the terrible massacre at Fort Dearborn (Chicago) in 1812, by the Pottawatomies, and the Black Hawk war in 1831-32. The troubles with the Mormons occurred in 1839-44, and in the latter year they were driven from the State. During the Mexican war Illinois raised six regiments for service in the field, and when hostilities broke out between the North and the South her sons again went to the front. Under President Lincoln's first call for 75,000 volunteers, the quota of Illinois was 6,000, and within ten days after the proclamation of Gov. Yates, on April 15, 1861, 10,000 men had volun- teered. From this time on the State furnished in all 259,092 men to the Union army. When the president called for volunteers after the battle of Bull Run, Illinois tendered thirteen regiments of infantry and three of cavalry as a part of her anticipated quota. Of the Illinois soldiers there were killed in action, 5,888; died of wounds, 3,032; died of disease, 19,496; died in prison, 967; lost at sea, 205; aggregate, 29,588. Popwiafion.— Census of 1880: Males, 1,586,523; Females, 1,491,348; Native, 2,494,295; Foreign, 5S3.576; White, 3,031,151; Colored, 47,620, including 209 Chinese, 3 .Japanese, and 140 Indians. 60 STATE OF MICHIGAN. Toi}Of/rfl2)7iy.—}>i.u:\ngiu\ consists (jf two poi)insulas, known as the Upper and the Lower, and of a number of islands in Lake Michigan and Lake Superior. The total area is 58,915 square miles, or 37,705,600 acres. The two divisions of the State are dissimilar in character and configuration. The Lower Penin- sula consists of plains and table land with occasional prairie and much timber, while the Upper is rugged and rocky, broken up by hills, which in the western portion rise to the height of 2,000 feet. The length of the Lower Peninsula from north to south is 277 miles; its greatest breadth east and west, 259 miles. Saginaw and Thun- der Bays on Lake Huron, and Grand and Little Traverse Bays on Lake Michigan, form natural harbors of great size. The surface is generally level, but there are some irregular hills in the south, and the bluffs and sand hills bordering on Lake Michigan are from 100 to 300 feet high. The Upper Peninsula is 318 miles in length from east to west, and from thirty to 104 miles in width. The western portion of the peninsula is largely given up to mining, but in the east farming is attended with the most fa- vorable results. The total length of the lake shore is 1,020 miles, exclusive of the frequent bays and inlets, and the State contains numerous rivers and small lakes. The principal islands are Isle Royale and Grand Island, in Lake Superior; Marquette, Mackinaw and Bois Blanc, in Lake Huron, and the Beaver, Fox and Manitou groups in the northern part of Lake Michigan. Climate. — Michigan is a State of great climatic differences. The climate of the southern portion is comparatively mild, but that of the northern is cold and rigor- ous in winter. The mean annual temperature at Detroit for nineteen years was 47.25° Fahrenheit, and at the Sault Ste. Marie 40.37°; a difference of 7"". The peach or- chards and vinovards along the entire fruit belt from St. Joseph to Grand Traverse Bay, prove that the climate is not so severe as to interfere with fruit raising. The average annual rainfall at Detroit is 30.07 inches, and at Sault Ste. Marie 31.35 inches. The mean summer temperature at the two points named was 67.60° and 62° respect- ively. At Marquette, in the Upper Peninsula, the annual mean was 38.3°, and the average rainfall 23.46 inches. The climate is healthy, and the death-rate low. History. — Michigan was the thirteenth State admitted into the Union under the Federal constitution, and came in by virtue of the act of Congress of Jan. 26, 1837. The first white settlement within the limits of Michigan was made by Father Marquette, who in 1668 founded a mission at Sault Ste. Marie. Three years later Fort Michilimackinac (now Mackinaw) was established by the French. Detroit was founded in 1701, and the whole territory was nominally under the jurisdiction of France until 1763, when Great Britain assumed control of all the French possessions. This was followed by the conspiracy of Pontiac. Detroit was besieged and the garrison at Fort Mackinaw were slaughtered. At the close of the war of Independence the terri- tory passed under the jurisdiction of Virginia, and on July 13, 1787, it became apart of the "Northwest Territory," then created by ordinance. In 1805 the Territory of Michigan was created, with Detroit as the seat of government. The boundaries were not those of the present State; it at one time extended westward to the Missouri river, and did not include the Upper Peninsula, which was incorporated with the State in 1837, in place of disputed ground. Michigan bore the brunt of the war of 1812-14. The British troops captured Mackinaw and Frenchtown, and devastated the country generally, with the help of their Indian allies. They were finally driven out by Gen- eral (afterwards President) Harrison, and in 1814 a treaty was made with the Indians. What is now Wisconsin was annexed to the Territory in 1818 and 1834, and was formed into Wisconsin Territory in 1836. The first State constitution was adopted in 1836, and by a legislative act of March 16, 1847, the capital was transferred to Lansing, in Ingham county. A new constitution was adopted in 1850, which, with subsequent amendments, is now in force. Michigan contributed 87,364 men to the Union armies during the Civil war. roj)lilat i07l.— Censiyf^ of 1880 : Males, 862,355; Females, 774,582; Native, 1,248,429; Foreign, 388,508; White, 1,614,560; Colored, 22,377, including 27 Chinese, 1 Japanese, 7,249 Indians and Half-breeds. ^ 61 ^i AI VF Ot MICHIGAN c » JL r r i: H STATE OF WISCONSIN. Tojyogvuphy . — The scenery of Wisconsin is more diversi- fied than that of the States contiguous to it, althouo;h its gei • eral character is that of a large plain. The plain is from 600 to 1,500 feet above the level of the sea, the highest lands being ' those at the sources of the rivers tributary to Lake Superior, which, near the Montreal river, are 1,700 feet above the ocean. The Mississippi, Fox and Wisconsin rivers have a considerable descent while passing through or along the boundary of the State, thus furnishing valuable water power for mechanical purposes. In the southwest part of the State there are a number of elevations known as " mounds," ranging from 1,200 to 1,700 feet above the sea-level, and the cliffs on the east shores of Green Bay and Lake Winnebago form a bold and com- manding ridge, from which there is a gradual slope to Lake Michigan, 589 feet above the sea. Besides the great lakes — Superior on the north, and Michigan on the east — there are numerous bodies of water in the central and northern parts of the State. These lakes are from five to thirty miles in extent, with high, picturesque banks, and as a rule, deep water. From these many rivers take their rise, a number having beautiful cascades or rapids, and flowing through narrow, rocky gorges, or "dells," the scenery of which has become famous. Wisconsin has an endless variety of beautiful scenery. The four lakes which surround Madison; the Dells, near Kilbourn City; the wierd beauty of Devil's Lake, which in the mystery of its origin rivals Lake Tahoe; and the calm peace which reigns at Geneva Lake, all possess attractions for summer tourists. The greatest length of Wisconsin north and south is 300 miles; greatest breadth east and west, 2G0 miles; area, 50,040 square miles, or 35,865,600 acres. Clintllte, — Although W^isconsin is far north, the cold of winter is tempered by the vicinity of Lake Michigan, and the excessive heat of the short summers is modi- fied by the breezes from that body of water and from Lake Superior. The mean annual temperature of the southern section is 46'' Fahrenheit; that of winter, 20°; of spring and autumn, 47"; and of summer, 72". The winters are uniform, with heavy snows in the north preceding the hard frosts, and in the south snow often falls to a depth of eighteen inches. Spring is backward, summer short and hot, and the autumn mild and pleasant. The northern part of Lake Michigan is frozen over most wnnters, but the ice never extends so far south as Milwaukee. The Milwaukee river is frozen up from the end of November to about the middle of March, or an average of 100 days. The prevailing winds in autumn and winter are from the west, in summer from the southwest, and in spring from the northeast, and the climate is healthful and invig- orating. The annual quantity of rain and melted snow averages about thirty-two inches. HiHtovy. — Wisconsin came into the Union under an act of Congress of May 29, 1848, and was the seventeenth State admitted under the Federal constitution. The first settlement was made by the French at Green Bay in 1669. In the year 1836 the Territory of Wisconsin was formed out of lands then embraced within the Terri- tory of Michigan. All the existing States of Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and a great part of the Territory of Dakota, were included in Wisconsin Territory until 1838. The first Territorial government was organized at Mineral Point, in July, 1836, and the first Territorial legislature met at Belmont, in September of that year, when the population was less than 12,000. In November, 1838, the legislature met at Madison, which had been selected as the seat of government, which it still is. The first attempt to procure admission to the Union was made in 1846, when Congress passed an enabling act. In 1848 a State constitution was adopted and it was admitted into the Union. Amendments to the constitution have been adopted from time to time, but the original organic law is still in force. The number of troops furnished to the Federal army during the Civil war was 91,327; there being fifty-three regiments of infantry, five of cavalry, thirteen batteries of light artillery and one regiment of heavy artillery. I*opnlation.— Census of 1880 : Males, 680,069; Females, 635,428; Native, 910,072; Foreign, 405,425; White, 1,309,618; Colored, 5,879, including 16 Chinese, and 3,161 Indians and Half-breec 3. 64 MAP OF WISCONSIN. STATE OF MINNESOTA. TopOff Vd ph y . — Minnesota occupies nearly the centre of tke continent of North America. The surface of the State is an undulating plain with an average elevation of 1,000 feet above I the sea, but in the northeast there is a group of low sand hills known as the " Hauteurs des Terres," or " Heights of Land," which rise about 600 feet higher. Its extreme length north and south is 380 miles, and its breadth varies from 183 miles in the middle to 2G2 miles on the southern and 337 near the north- ern line; the total area being 83,305 square miles, or 53,353,600 acres. There are over 7,000 small lakes in the State, varying from one to thirty miles in diameter, while several of them have an area of from 100 to 400 square miles. The Mississippi rises in Lake Itasca, and flows for nearly 800 miles through the State, receiving the Minnesota at Fort Snelling, five miles above St. Paul. The Red River of the North rises in Elbow Lake, turns southwest and north, and empties into Lake Winnipeg. The St. Louis river, which rises in the northeast, falls into Lake Superior, and forms the first link in the chain of rivers and lakes of the St. Lawrence system. There is much really beautiful scenery in Minnesota, and although it is destitute of mountains, the limestone cliffs of the Upper Mississippi, and the perpendicular walls of rock between which the St. Croix forces its way, are very picturesque. The celebrated Falls of St. An- thony, at Minneapolis, are the best known of the many cataracts to be found in this State. ClinMlte, — The salubrity of the climate of Minnesota is well known, and the purity of the air and dryness of the winters render the State a chosen place of recu- peration for those suffering from pulmonary complaints. The summers are warm, with breezy nights, and two-thirds of the total rainfall of 35 50 inches occurs during tlie months of June, July, August and September. The winters are cold, clear and dry, and the snowfall generally light. The range of temperature is considerable; the summer mean being 70. oO*"^; winter mean, 25° ; and the annual mean at St. Paul, 47° Fahrenheit. HistOVy. — The first recorded explorations of the territory were made in 1680, when Father Hennepin, La Salle and some traders and guides ascended the Mississippi and reached the Falls of St. Anthony. La Hontan, Le Sueur, Carver and others vis- ited and explored the Northwestern Territory, which included that part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi, and which was nominally transferred to the United States in 1783. Minnesota, west of the Mississippi, formed originally a part of the French Possessions, which were transferred to the United States in 1803. It was at first a portion of the Territory of Missouri, and later of that of Iowa. Fort Snelling was built near St. Anthony's Falls in 1819, and in 1837 a small tract lying between the St. Croix and Mississippi was ceded by the Indians. Minnesota Territory was established March 3, 1S49. In 1851 the Sioux Indians ceded to the United States all their lands between the Mississippi and the Big Sioux. The State, with its existing boundaries, was admitted into the Union May 11, 1858. At the breaking out of the war in 1861 Minnesota was but in the third year of its existence as a State, and its population was only 172,023. Of this number the State contributed over one-seventh to the Federal armies, the total number contributed being 25,052 men. In addition to all this, the State was called upon to meet a formidable Indian war, for in August, 1862, several bands of Dakotas and Sioux attacked the frontier settlements in Brown county and the neighborhood of New Ulm, depopulating whole counties, murdering the men, women and children by hundreds, and carrying off nearly 250 white captives. Gen. H. H. Sibley, former governor of the State, raised several hundred volunteers and marched to the front. The Indians gave battle, and were defeated at New Ulm, Fort Ridgely and Birch Coolie, and on September 23 they were completely subdued. Of the Indian warriors 303 were condemned to death, but the sentences of many were commuted, and on Dec. 21, 1862, thirty-eight of the most criminal were hanged at Mankato. Foreign immigrants continue to pour in by thousands. The invigorating climate, the splendid agricultural capabilities of the State, and its accessibility to markets, unite to render it most attractive to the best class of settlers. ^Population.— Census of 1880 : Males, 419,149; Females, 361,624; Native, 513,097; Foreign, 267,676; White, 776,884; Colored, 3,889, including 24 Chinese, 1 Japanese, and 2,300 Indians and Half-breeds. fi6 MAP OF MINNESOTA. TEREITORY OF DAKOTA. Topofjvaphy. — Dakota has an average extent nortii ana south of 450 miles; a breadth of 350 miles, with an area of 149,100 square miles, or 95,424,000 acres. There are still 27,550 Indians in the Territory, seven-eighths of the whole number being Sioux. These are divided into numerous bands, and are mostly on reservations west of the Missouri and north of the Nebraska frontier. The amount of land held by them is 41,999,456 acres, of which over 5,000,000 acres is good farming land. Ordy 10,500 acres is cultivated. The Territory forms a vast elevated plateau, crossed by several minor ranges of hills, which in the southwest almost deserve the name of mount- ains. The general elevation of the country is from 1,000 to 2,500 feet above the sea, and the highest peaks of the Black Hills aie nearly 7,000 feet above sea level. The Missouri river crosses Dakota from the northwest to the southeast corner, and is navi- gable throughout the Territory. It receives the Yellowstone on the Montana border, in latitude 48^ north, and has also as tributaries the Little Missouri, White, Big Chey- enne and Niobrara rivers, the latter having most of its course in Nebraska. The Da- kota rises in Devil's Lake, in the northeast, and has a length of 400 miles to its junc- tion with the Missouri near Yankton. The Red River of the North, flowing north into British America, forms the eastern boundary for about 250 miles, and receives no less than eight considerable streams from Dakota. The Vermillion and Big Sioux in the southeast are each more than 150 miles long. There are a large number of lakes and ponds, mostly in the east and north. Devil's Lake, the water of which is brackish, is forty miles long and from four to twelve miles wide. Other important lakes are Al- bert, Poinsett, Tchanchicaha, Traverse, AYhitewood and Big Stone. Ctutmte* — The temperature varies during the year from 20*^ below zero to 100" Fahrenheit; July and August being the warmest months, and December, January and February the coldest. In the north the winters are severe and much snow falls, but the climate of the south is mild and pleasant. The atmosphere is clear and dry, and owing to the elevation, malarial diseases are unknown, while pulmonary complaints are rare. Spring opens earlier than in Eastern States in the same latitude. The annual rainfall averages twenty inches and occurs at the best time for agriculture. HistOVIJ. — The Territory of Dakota was organized March 2, 1861, and included the present Territories of Wyoming and Montana. Several important changes were made in the boundaries when Idaho, Wyoming and Montana were organized. The earliest settlements were made at Pembina in 1812, by Lord Selkirk, who supposed it to be British territory. The first permanent settlements were made in 1859, between Sioux City and Yankton, on the banks of the Missouri, but Indian troubles and the Civil war checked immigration until 1866. The first legislature met in March, 1862, at YanKton, then the seat of government. In 1883 the capital was changed to Bismarck, where a State house is in process of erection. The most important settlements are in the valleys of the Missouri and the Red River of the North, and along the line of the Northern Pacific railroad. Within the past five years a great impetus has been given to settlements by the extension of the railroad system in Central Dakota, and the dis- coveries of great mineral wealth in the Black Hills country in the extreme southwest, In view of the enormous area of the Territory and the rapidity of its growth, several propositions have been made for its division, but as yet nothing definite for the accomplishment of such a purpose has been undertaken. The fertile lands of this Territory are being rapidly settled by emigrants from other parts of the United States and Europe. Large colonies of Mennonites, from Russia, and of Scandinavians, have settled there, while the more liberal homestead laws of the United States have attracted from Manitoba thousands who had gone therefrom Canada with the intention of making it their home. During the twelve months ending June 30, 1880, there were 8,819 entries at the land offices at Fargo, Bismarck and Grand Fork, amounting to 1,321,682 acres. During the same time the Northern Pacific sold 224,842 acres. At the present time no portion of the West offers greater inducements to immigrants than Dakota. I* OJJ It lati on.— Census of 1880: Males, 82,296; P'emales, 52,881; Native, 83,382; Foreign, 51,795; White, 133,147; Colored, 20,030, including 238 Chinese and 1,301 Indians. 68 MAP OF DAKOTA. ist vj!Jcoi^^ -jk -r ^ Camp Sheridan ■^ Fort Robinson R I n [J 69 MAP OF STATE OF IOWA. Topofjraplky. — Nearly the wnole State consists of gently undulating prairie, and is destitute of mountains or even hills of any size. There are some bluffs on the river margins, and in the northeastern part the surface is more elevated and the scenery more diversified. The country is well watered, and extremely beautiful, abounding with natural meadows and verdant plains. The streams, without exception, flow into one or the other of the great boundary rivers, and give unrivaled natural drainage for the whole State. In the northern portion there are numerous small, beautiful lakes, which are a part of the system extending northward into Minnesota. Its general extent north and south is 208 miles, and east and west about 300 miles; and its area is 56,025 square miles, or 35,856,000 acres, being almost exactly the same as that of Illinois. The highest point in the State is at Spirit Lake, in the northwest part, which is 1,650 feet above the sea level, and there is a gradual slope thence to the southeast, until at the mouth of the Des Moines river the elevation is only 444 feet. ClitfKite. — It is a healthy region, malarial, epidemic and endemic diseases being rare. The winters are severe, owing to the prevalence of north and northwest winds, which sweep at will over the prairies, but they are not unhealthy. In summer the constant breezes relieve the heat of the season. The mean annual temperature is about 48° Fahrenheit; that of summer, 70^°; and of winter, 23^'^; and the tempera- ture is seldom lower than 10® or higher than 90°. The mean annual rainfall for thirty years was 44.27 inches; the least 23.35 inches, and the greatest 74.49 inches. Taking the whole year, the climate is moderate, and favorable for agriculture; fruit trees blos- som early in May, and wheat ripens in August. Sistovy. — Iowa, the sixteenth State admitted into the Union under the Federal constitution, dates its existence as a State from December 28, 1846 — only one genera- tion ago. Its name, which is also that of a river within its confines, is said to mean, in the language of the aborigines, " The Beautiful Land." The territory now em- braced by Iowa originally formed a part of the vast Louisiana possessions of the French, which were ceded to the United States in 1803, during the administration of President .lefferson. The first white settlement was made in 1788, by a French Cana- dian named Julian Dubuque, who, attracted by the extensive lead deposits, obtained a large grant of land, including the tract upon which the city named after him now stands. This pioneer built a small fort, and engaged in lead mining in a primitive fashion, and in traffic with the Indians, until his death in 1810. Up to 1883 the increase of population was but slow, and it was not until that year that a number of companies or colonies from Illinois and other States settled near Burlington and at various points along the Mississippi. From 1834 to 1836 the territory was under the jurisdiction of Michigan; in the latter year it was transferred to Wisconsin, and on July 4, 1838, the new government of the Territory of Iowa was formally installed at Burlington. Under its territorial organization Iowa included all the country north of Missouri to the British Possessions, lying between the Missouri and Mississippi rivers, thus taking in the greater part of what is now Minnesota and the whole of Dakota Territory. The total area of the Territory was 194,536 square miles, and its population 22,859 souls. In 1839 the seat of government was removed to Iowa City, and in 1844 petition was made for admission to the Union. By an act of March 3, 1845, Congress defined the boundaries which would be acceptable, and which were agreed to by a convention held the following year. The original State constitution was modified in 1857 by a constitutional convention, held in Iowa City, and the exist- ing constitution was ratified in that year by a popular vote of 40,311 to 38,681. From the date of admission to the Union, the increase in population, wealth and prosperity has been wonderful. Iowa furnished 76,242 men for the Union armies during the Civil war. The State raised for general service thirty-nine regiments of infantry (three years), one regiment of three-months men, and four of hundred-day men. I*02yulati07l.— Census of 1880: Males, 848,136; Females, 776,479; Native, 1,362,965; Foreign, 261,650; White, 1,614,600; Colored, 10,015, including 33 Chinese, and 466 Indians and Half-breeds. 72 STATE OF MISSOURI. Topofjvaphy, — Missouri has a length north and south of 275 miles; an averaire breadth of about 245 miles; and an area of G9,415 square miles, or 44,425, GUO acres. That part of the State which lies north of the Missouri river consists of rolling or level prairies with deep river valleys, and a general slope from northwest to southeast. The southern division, which is much the larger of the two, is more broken and rugged, with a num- ber of hills ranging from 500 to 1,000 feet in height, and moun- tain ranges (the Iron mountains and Ozark mountains) in the extreme south. The uj^lands cover more than half this section, and west of the Ozark region the prairies are undulating, and the valleys of the rivers both wide and deep. The principal rivers are the Mississippi, which washes the entire eastern boundary nearly 500 miles), and the Missouri. The Missouri has numerous tributaries within the State, chief of which are the Osage and Gasconade. Clitncite. — The range of temperature is great, and the climate is subject to fre- quent changes. The summers are hot and the winters severe, even the largest rivers being sometimes frozen entirely over. The annual mean temperature of the central part is 55°; that of spring, 56°; summer, 76°; autumn, bb°; and winter, 39*^ Fahren- heit. Southerly winds predominate, and the annual rainfall is about thirty-two inches, the greatest precipitation being in May. History . — Originally belonging to the French as a part of the Louisiana ter- ritory, Missouri passed under Spanish domination in 1763, and so remained until pur- chased by the United States in 1803. Settlements by both Frenchmen and Spaniards were made at St. Louis, Ste. Genevieve, and several other river points, between 1755 and 1780. It remained a part of the Louisiana territory until 1812, when it took the name of Missouri. March 2, 1821, Missouri entered the Union, being the eleventh State admitted under the Federal constitution. There was much discussion over the admission of the new State, which was finally settled by the adoption of the famous " Missouri compromise," by which the State was permitted to retain slavery. Mis- souri increased in population, wealth and commerce very rapidly; doubling its popu- lation each decade until 1860. A large majority of the people were opposed to seces- sion, and the State convention which met at Jefferson City on February 28, and reas- sembled at St. Louis on March 4, adjourned without making any provision for sub- mitting the question to the people, and without taking any definite action whatever. The majority in the convention, as also in the State legislature, were Union men. In June Governor Jackson issuea a proclamation calling for 50,000 militia to repel inva- sion, and removpd with other State officers from Jefferson City to Booneville, while the Federal troops under Gen. Lyon advanced to Jefferson City. On July 30 the State convention declared the offices of governor, lieutenant governor and secretary of state vacant, and elected Mr. Gamble governor, at the same time declaring the legislature dissolved. The Federal forces held the greater part of the State, but large bodies of Confederates were mustered in the southwest, and on August 10 the battle of Wilson's Creek was fought, near Springfield. Gen. Lyon was killed, and the Union troops under Sigel fell back to Rolla. Martial law was declared by Gen. Fremont on August 31, and on September 20 Gen. Price at the head of large Confederate force cap- tured Lexington. Gen. Fremont then took the field, and Price evacuated Springfield and retreated into the southern counties after a series of skirmishes. Fremont was superseded by Gen, Hunter in November and the Federal forces again receded, but. Major Gen. Halleck having assumed command of the department, a more active cam- paign ensued, and before the close of the war Price was driven into Arkansas. The officers appointed by the State convention retained their powers until November, 1864, when a State election was held. A new constitution was adopted in June, 1865, and the last of the amendments to the Federal constitution was ratified in 1869. On October 30, 1875, another new constitution was adopted, which went into effect November 30. Missouri furnished 109,111 men to the Federal armies during the war. l*0/?l/?af/o?l..— Census of 1880: Males, 1,127,187; Females, 1.041,193; Native, 1,956,802; Foreign, 211,578; White, 2,022,826; Colored, 145,554, inclading 91 Chi- nese, and 113 Indians and Half-breeds. 73 r M VP OF MIc^^OI. RI K O STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. Topoyvaphll, — The extreme length of Mississippi north and south is o'6'l miles; extreme breadth, t89 miles; average breadth, 142 miles; area, 46,810 square miles, or 29,958,400 acres. The surface is undulating, with an elevation in the north and north- east of from 400 to 700 feet, some of the hills rising 200 to 300 feet above the adjoining country, and has a general slope south and southwest. In the north, from Vicksburg to the Tennes- see border, is the Mississippi bottom, a low, flat, swampy country, though extremely fertile. The central and southern divisions are generally hilly, with an average elevation of from 100 to 200 feet above sea level. There are extensive marshes in the extreme south. The actual coast line on the Gulf of Mexico is about ninety miles, but owing to irregularities the measure- ment is almost doubled. There are harbors at Biloxi, Mississippi City, and in the Bay of St. Louis, but the depth of water is not great. Cat and Ship Islands, and some half a dozen other small, sandy islands lie about ten miles off the coast. The drainage of the State is by the Mississippi and its tributaries, the Big Black, Yazoo and Bayou Pierre; and by the Pearl and Pascagoula rivers, directly into the Gulf. The Tennessee forms a part of the boundary in the northeast, and the Tombigbee rises in the same section and flows into Alabama. Clitmite. — The climate is very mild, and snow and ice are unknown. The summers are long and hot, July and August being the warmest months, and having a mean temperature of 82° to 85^ Fahrenheit. The mean temperature of the year is from 65° to 66° Fahrenheit; and the rainfall varies from forty-five to forty-eight inches in the north, and from fifty-five to sixty inches yearly on the Gulf coast. The higher lands are healthy enough, but along the rivers malarial diseases are frequent and occa- sionally assume an epidemic character, resulting in great loss of life. Histovy. — Mississippi was first traversed by De Soto in 1542, and was seen by La Salle 140 years later, when he descended the river. The first settlement was made in 1699, when M. de Iberville erected a fort at Biloxi. This entire region was known as Louisiana, the name being given in honor of Louis XIV. In 1703 settlements were made on the Yazoo, and the population gradually increased until the Indian war of 1728, when all the whites were murdered by the confederate tribes. In 1733 there was another war with the Chickasaws, which ended in their defeat. In 1763 nearly all the territory east of the Mississippi was transferred to England, while Spain, a few years later, became the owner of the French possessions west of that stream, as well as of the Gulf coast to the Florida line. After the revolution the Territory of Missis- sippi was organized out of lands claimed by Georgia. In 1802 Georgia ceded to the United States her lands south of the Tennessee line, which were annexed to Missis- sippi Territory. In 1811 the United States wrested from Spain its possessions on the Gulf coast and added them to Mississippi, which then included the present State and Alabama. A State constitution was adopted in 1817, and the boundaries were fixed as they now exist, Alabama being formed into a separate Territory, Mississippi was admitted into the Union Dec. 10, 1817, being the seventh State to come in under the Federal constitution. The capital was located at Jackson in 1822, previous meet- ings of the legislature having been held at Washington, Columbia and Natchez. The infant Territory responded promptly to Gen. Jackson's call for troops in 1814, and the State filled its quota when volunteers were called for during the Mexican war. In 1860 the population had reached nearly 800,000, the slaves largely outnumbering the whites. The State was among the first to adopt an ordinance of secession and to ratify the Confederate constitution. On Dec. 31, 1861, the Federal troops captured Biloxi, on the Gulf of Mexico, and in the following spring Corinth was taken. Oct. 3 and 4 the Confederates attempted to recapture Corinth, but were repulsed with heavy loss. The operations which resulted in the surrender of Vicksburg on July 4, 1863, were among the most important of the war, and practically ended all operations in that State, subsequent events being only of minor importance. The city, which* stands upon a high blufi^, was strongly fortified during the first year of the war, and commanded the navigation of the Mississippi, which Farragut's victory at New Orleans had cleared to Port Hudson. An attempt was made in May, 1862, to procure its sur- 76 render. The State was not readmitted to representation in congress until 18T0. In August, 1865, the constitution was amended by abolishing slavery, and the ordinance of secession was repealed. A new constitution was adopted in 1809, which was amended in 1877. The fourteenth and fifteenth amendments to the Federal consti- tution were ratified in 1870. STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. S^' ASCENSION 7 J^ . - -/a <^X.^^^- "T''-''-V s ,G, of M £ X I^Oj}ulation.— Census of 1880: Males, 567,177; Females, 564,420; Native, 1,122,388; Foreign, 9,209; White, 479,398; Colored, 682,199, including 51 Chinese, and 1,857 Indians and Half-breeds. 77 STATE OF ALABAMA. TopOffVflphjl, — AlaDama is 330 miles in length, and, on the average, lo-l niiies in breadth; and has an area of 52,250 square miles, or 33,440,000 acres. In the northeast the country is rug- ged and uneven, and the southern extremity of the Alleghany mountains extends thence west, forming the dividing line be- tween the head waters of the Tennessee and the rivers which flow south to the Gulf of Mexico. The slope from this to the south is gradual, with rolling prairies in the centre of the State, and the extreme southern portion is flat, and but slightly elevated above the sea-level. There is about sixty miles of sea coast, including Mobile Bay, the finest harbor on the gulf. The Mobile river is formed by the junc- tion of the Alabama and Tombigbee; and the Chattahoochee, Coosa and Tennessee all have a part of their course in Alabama. ClililClte. — Although Alabama lies within seven degrees of the tropics, its cli- mate is not unpleasant, the mean annual temperature being about 63*^ Fahrenheit. In the northern and more elevated sections the temperature is moderated by the sea breezes, and seldom exceeds 95°, except in July, when the thermometer has been known to record 104^. In the winter months the range is from 20'^ to SO"', and in spring from 25* to 90° Fahrenheit, Snow very seldom falls, and ice is almost un- known. The rainfall varies from forty-six to forty-nine inches per annum. Histovy. — Alabama was visited by De Soto in 1541, and in the beginning of the eighteenth century Mobile was founded by the French, In 1763 the entire French possessions east of the Mississippi, which included a portion of Alabama, were ceded to England by the treaty of Paris, but in 1783 that portion south of latitude 31° was retroceded to Spain. Alabama formed a part of Georgia until 1798, when that State became a member of the Union, and the country now included in the States of Mississippi and Alabama became the Territory of Mississippi. That portion of the gulf coast extending from Pearl river to Perdido Bay, then occupied by the Spaniards and forming part of Florida, was seized during the war of 1812. The British had taken possession of Mobile and Pensacola to facilitate their military operations in the South, but were driven out without much difficulty by Gen. Jackson and his Tennesseeans. In 1813 the Creeks, instigated by the British, massacred a number of Americans at Fort Minis. The Tennessee militia, under the command of Gen. Jackson, marched to the aid of their countrymen, defeated the Indians at the hard-fought battles of Talladega and Emuckfaw, and finally destroyed the power of the Creeks in the desperate fight at tlie Horseshoe Bend, The State of Mississippi was formed from the western portion of the Territory in 1817, and the eastern half constituted the Territory of Alabama until Dec, 14, 1819, when it was admitted into the Union, having then a population of 120,000. Being a cotton-growing State and entering the Union with a large slave population, which increased with much greater rapidity than the white race, Alabama naturally held very strong views in favor of the "peculiar institution," and when the long-pending struggle reached a crisis it was one of the very first to propose extreme measures. Its representatives withdrew from the Charleston convention in April, 1860, because that body refused to adopt a strong pro-slavery platform. In November following, Alabama sent commissioners to the other Southern States urging their withdrawal from the Union, and the formation of a Confederacy. The ordinance of secession was adopted in convention Jan. 11, 1861, and on Feb. 4 the Confederacy was organized at Montgomery. The State next seized the forts at Mobile, and other United States property, and prepared for war. State troops were raised and sent North in 1861, but no conflict occurred within the State until the following year. In February, 1802, the Union gunboats entered the Tennessee river and reached the Muscle Shoals, and in April following Gen. Mitchell, with a division of Gen. Buell's army, took Huntsville and Russellville, and for several months held the northern part of the State. Admiral Farragut bombarded the forts at Mobile in August, 1864, and early in 1865 an expedition under Major-Gen. Wilson captured Chickasaw. Selma and Montgomery. On April 12 Mobile fell into the hands of Gen. Canby and Rear- Admiral Thatcher, who had led a combined military and na- 78 val force from New Orleans, and the final surrender of all the forces, munitions of war and ships was made in May fuUuwinij;. Reconstruction measures were commenced in April, 18G5, and in 1867 Alabama became a part of the third military district. In Feb- ruary, 1868, a new constitution was adopted; the fourteenth amendment was ratified STATE OF ALABAMA. in June, and on July 1-4 the State was readmitted. The iifteenth amendment was rat- ified in 18T0, and the constitution now in force was adopted in 1875. I'o/nil at ton.— Census of 1880: Males, 623,629; Females, 639,876; Native, 1,252,:71; Foreign, 9,734; White, 662,185; Colored, 600,32U, including -4 Chinese, and 213 Indians and Half-breeds. 79 STATE OF TENNESSEE. Topograjyliy, — The greatest length of Tennessee east and west is 432 miles; greatest breadth, 109 miles; and area, 42,U50 square miles, or 26,912,000 acres. The Appalachian mountains separate Tennessee from North Carolina. The State is popu- larly divided into three sections: East Tennessee, extending from the North Carolina border to about the middle of the Cum- berland table land; Middle Tennessee, thence to the Tennessee river; and West Tennessee, occupying the territory between the Tennessee and Mississippi rivers. The Mississippi forms the western boundary, and, with the Tennessee and Cumberland, drains about three- fourths of the State. Other rivers are the Clinch, the Holston, the Forked Deer and its branches, the Big Hatchie and Wolf river. The Tennessee and Cumberland are navigable for a considerable distance, and the other rivers afford valuable water power. Climate. — The climate of the State is mild and remarkably salubrious. Owing to the great elevation of the eastern division and the level plains of the west, Tennes- see has a climate embracing the characteristics of every State from Canada to Missis- sippi. The yearly rainfall is about forty-six inches, and the range of the thermometer about 45® Fahrenheit. The mean temperature of winter is 37.87°; spring, 56.71°; summer, 74.40°; and autumn, 57.54°. As a rule the snowfall is light, and there is but little ice. Tennessee is regarded as one the healthiest States of the Union. Histovy. — The earliest settlement in Tennessee was made in 1754, but the first permanent settlement was made two years later at Fort Loudon, near the present site of Knoxville. The district was known from 1769 to 1777 as the "Watauga Associa- tion," and for seven years following it formed a part of North Carolina. In 1785 the "State of Franklin" was organized and existed for three years, when its inhabitants resumed their allegiance to North Carolina. That State ceded the territory to the general government in 1789, and in 1790 Tennessee and Kentucky formed the " Ter- ritory of the United States South of the Ohio." Tennessee Territory was organized in 1794, and June 1, 1796, it was admitted into the Union. The State constitution of 1796 was amended in 1834, in 1853, 1865, and on March 26, 1870. Knoxville was the capital from 1794 to 1811, and again in 1817. From 1812 to 1815 Nashville was the seat of government, and from 1819 to 1825 Murfreesboro had that distinction. In 1826 it was ao-ain transferred to Nashville, where it still remains. In 1813-14 occurred the war with the Creeks. After the battle on the Tallapoosa on March 27, 1814, their power was forever broken. On the breaking out of the Civil war there Avas a division of opinion regarding secession, but on June 8, 1861, a majority voted in favor of it. During the war the State w-as the scene of several active campaigns. On February 6, 16, the Federals captured Forts Henry and Donelson, and in the same month took possession of Nashville. In March Island No. 10, Fort Pillow, Fort Randolph and other strongholds fell into the hands of the Federals. Memphis was taken June 6, 1862, and on Jan. 4, 1863, the Confederates abandoned Murfreesboro, and Rosecrans took possession. Chattanooga was abandoned by the Confederates September 9, and ten days later occurred the battle of Chickamauga, iri which the Federals were defeated. Lookout Mountain was captured November 24, and on the following day the battle of Missionary Ridge was fought, resulting in the total defeat of the Confederate forces. In November and December engagements were fought at Franklin and Nashville, the Confederates were defeated, and Tennessee passed under the control of the Federals. On Jan. 9, 1865, a State convention was held in Nashville, at which amendments to the constitution were agreed upon. The amendments were ratified by a popular vote Feb. 22, 1865. An election was then had for governor and members of tlie legisla- ture. The legislature met at Nashville in April, ratified the thirteenth amendment to the Federal constitution, and reorganized the State government. The fourteenth amendment was ratified in 1866, and shortly thereafter the State was readmitted to representation in Congress. I*opulation.— Census of 1880: Males, 769,277; Females, 773,082; Native, 1,525,657; Foreign, 16,702; White, 1,138,831; Colored, 403,528, including 25 Chinese, and 352 Indians and Half-breeds. 80 MA"P OF TENNESSEE. AI^F Ot KENT! ClvY n STATE OF KENTUCKY. Topo{j}'(ip1nf' — Kentucky has an area of 40,400 square miles, or 25,850,000 acres; its greatest lengtli east and west being 350 miles, and its greatest breadth 178 miles. The whole of Kentucky lies within the Mississippi basin, and it is essential- Iv a table land, sloping gradually from the southeast to the north- west. There is a mountainous area of about 4,000 square miles in the southeast, and the eastern half of the table land has an average height of about 1,000 feet above sea level, with ridges five hundred feet higher. Kentucky is amply provided with laro-e rivers the Ohio and Mississippi being navigable all along its borders, and the Bio- Sandy, Cumberland, Licking, Kentucky, Green, Salt, Big Barren, Tennessee and other important streams flowing through the State. Kentucky possesses one of the greatest natural curiosities in the world in the Mammoth Cave, which is situated in Edmonson county near Green river, and is the largest cavern known. Climote. — The climate is very pleasant though somewhat variable, and is favor- able to agriculture. The average temperature is about 55° Fahrenheit, and in winter the thermometer seldom falls below zero. The winters are of medium length, and snow does not remain long on the ground. The average annual rainfall is 50.30 inches, the greatest fall being in spring and winter; the summers and autumns being usually dry. The mean summer temperature is about 75"^, and the weather, though warm, is not oppressive. The healthfulness of Kentucky is not exceeded by that of any other State or country in the same latitude; the death rate is only 10.9 to the thousand. Ilistovy, — The first explorations of any importance were made by John Finley, of North Carolina, and some companions, in 1767. In 1769 Daniel Boone, with Finley and lour others, reached Red river from North Carolina, and in 1771 Boone looked for the first time on the Ohio river. All the early visitors met with great opposition from the Indians until on March 17, 1775, a treaty was concluded with the Cherokees. The settlers organized a local government called the " Colony of Transylvania;" the State of Virginia refused to recognize it, and in 1776 it became "Kentucky county, Virginia." Louisville was first settled in 1780. In 1790 the Territory of Kentucky was formed, and June 1, 1792, the State was admitted into the Union. A new State constitution was adopted in 1800 and remained unaltered until 1850, when the present organic law was framed. During the war of 1812 Kentucky contributed nearly 7,000 volunteers to the Federal army, and in 1846 the State offered 13,700 volunteers to fight against Mexico. At the beginning of the Civil war the State assumed a position of neutral- ity, and decided to organize a militia force for the defense of its territory against inva- sion. The legislature in February, 1861, lefused to call a State convention to consider the subject of secession. After the firing on Sumter, of which Major Robert Ander- son, a Kentuckian by birth, was commandant, it became speedily apparent that neu- trality was an impossibility, and that Kentucky had no power to repel invasion either from one side or the other. In September, 1861, the Confederates occupied Columbus and Hickman, on the Mississippi, and about the same time Bowling Green was taken. In January, 1862, General Buell concentrated the Federal forces at Louisville. In the battle of Mill Spring, January 19, the Confederate forces were defeated, and General ZoUicoffer was killed. The Confederate troops abandoned Bowling Green and Columbus after the capture of Fort Donelson by General Grant in February. In September, 1862, General Bragg, accompanied by Morgan's cavalry, entered the State from East Tennessee, and struck for Frankfort, the State capital. The State govern- ment, archives and records were transferred to Louisville. On October 8 Buell suc- ceeded, by a series of forced marches, in intercepting Bragg's march on Louisville, and a terrible battle was fought near Perryville. From this time on till the close of the war the State was constantly disturbed by cavalrj^ raids, and martial law was de- clared by President Lincoln, July 5, 1864. In 1865 the civil government was restored, but the legislature in 1867, 1869 and 1870 refused to ratify the constitutional amend- ments. The State contributed to the Union armies 75,760 men. Population.— Census of 1880 : Males, 832,590; Females, 816,100; Native, l,589_,17o; Foreign, 59,517; White, 1,377,179; Colored, 271,511, including 10 Chinese, and 50 Indians and Half-breeds. 84 STATE OF ARKANSAS. TojtOifrnphy, — Arkansas has an extent north and south of 2-iO miles; a breadth from east to west of from 170 to 250 miles; and an area of 53,850 square miles, or 34,464,000 acres. The eastern portion of Arkansas is low and flat, but towards the west the land gradually rises and becomes somewhat hilly. The Ozark mountains in the northwest are little more than hills, seldom attaining an elevation of over 2,000 feet, and the extreme west consists of an elevated j)lain, with a gradual ascent towards the Indian Territory. The most important river is the Arkansas, which rises in the Rocky mountains, flows through Colorado and Kansas, and thence southeast through the Indian Territory and Arkansas, to its junction with the Mississippi at Napoleon. It has a course within the State of 500 miles. The Red, St. Francis, White and Ouachita rivers are all large streams and of much service in commerce. The Mississippi, here of great width, washes the eastern boundary of Arkansas, and gives it an additional water frontage of nearly 400 miles. All parts of the State are finely timbered. There are extensive pine forests; also an abundance of oak, hickory, walnut, linn, locust, cypress, cedar, and many other useful trees. The Hot Springs form one of the most remarkable natural phenomena to be found in this country. They are of great medical value, and around these famous springs a town has grown up. Climate. — The temperature is moderate, ranging from 15^ to 100° Fahrenheit, and frosts are seldom known. The mean annual temperature is about 63°; that of winter, 45.82"; summer,80°; and the thermometer only rises above 00° during July and August. The rainfall varies from forty to fift^'-five inches per annum, the heaviest fall being in the southeastern part of the State, and the least in the northwest. In general the climate is very pleasant and healthful. The northwestern portion of the State bears a high reputation as a sanitary resort. History. — Originally colonized by the French in the early part of the eighteenth century, Arkansas formed a part of the famous grant made by the Duke of Orleans, regent during the minority of Louis XV., to .lohn Law. De Soto had reached its eastern boundary two hundred j^ears before, and in 1G73, Marquette and Joliet descended the Mississippi to the mouth of the Arkansas river. From 1763 to 1800 tlie Spaniards possessed the land; for three years following, it was under French domination, and in 1803 it was ceded to the United States. It remained a part of Louisiana Territory until 1812, when the State of Louisiana was admitted into the Union, and Arkansas formed part of the Territory of Missouri. Seven years later, Missouri adopted a State constitution, and what is now Arkansas became a Territory, remaining so until June 15, 1836, when it was also admitted into the sisterhood of States. From this time until the outbreak of the Civil war, the internal history of the State forms a record of gradual development in wealth and population. In the twenty years from 1840 to 1860, the number of inhabitants swelled from 97,000 to nearly half a million. Negro slavery prevailed, more than one-fourth of the popula- tion in 1860 being held as slaves. The sympathies of the voters were with the South, and in January, 1861, it was decided by a popular vote of 27,412, against 15,826, to call a convention to consider the question of secession. This body met in March, but postponed action until August, when the ([uestion was to have been submitted to the people. But events moved rapidly; the shot ftred at Sumter called out the president's proclamation, and on May 6 the convention reassembled, withdrew the order for the submission of the question to the people, and passed the ordinance of secession by a vote of 69 to 1. The State authorities had already seized the arsenals at Little Rock and Napoleon, and had acquired possession of Fort Smith. On March 6, 1862, the batth; of Elk Horn was fought between the Confederate forces under Gen. Van Dom and the Union troops commanded by Gen, Curtis. The victory remained with Curtis, who marched to the Mississippi and occupied Helena. In December following, the Federals, under Gen. Blunt, defeated Gen. Hindman at Prairie Grove with considera- ble loss, and on Jan. 11, 1863, Admiral Porter and Gen. McClernand captured Arkan- 85 sas Post. In the summer of 18G3 success rested with the Federal troops, Little Rock being captured by Gen. Steele, while the Confederate general, Holmes, who had at- tempted to recapture Helena, was driven into Texas, and all the south and west of the State was occupied by the Union armies. After Banks' reverse in Louisiana, in the spring of 1864, the Confederates recovered possession of the southern counties, but not without a series of conflicts with Gen. Steele, who had moved south for the purpose of co-operating with Banks, and who fell back to Little Rock on learning of the lat- ter's failure on the Red river. The State formed part of the fourth military district in MAP OF ARKANSAS. 1867-68, but in the latter year a new constitution was adopted; the ordinance of se- cession repealed; the Confederate State debt declared null and void; and the four- teenth amendment ratified. On June 22 Arkansas was readmitted to representation in Congress, the resolution being passed over the veto of President Johnson, and in March, 1869, the fifteenth amendment Avas ratified. The existing constitution was adopted in 1874. Popnlatioit.— Census of 1880: Males, 416,279; Females, 386,246; Native, 792,175; Foreign, 10,350; White, 591,531; Colored, 210,994, including 133 Chinese, and 195 Indians and Half-breeds. 86 STATE OF LOT TSIAXA. TopOtJi'djph y, — Louisiana has an cxtromo length east and west ol' 300 miles; the greatest breadth is 240 miles; area -iS.T'-iO -qiiare miles, or 31,180,800 acres. It is low-lying, and much of the southern part is only a few feet above the sea level. Hills there are none, except in the northwest, where there are oome low ranges, never exceeding '-200 feet in height; and on the east bank of the Mississippi, where the bluffs rise gradu- ally between Baton Rouge and Natchez to the height of 200 feet. The coast line extends over 1,200 miles, and is exceed- ingly irregular. Few States, if any, are so well watered, and many of the streams are navigable. The Mississippi flows for 800 miles through, or on the borders of Louisiana, and reaches the sea by means of numerous branches, forming an extensive delta. The Red, Atchafalaya, Amite, Pearl and Washita rivers are all navigable for considerable distances. Li many cases the rivers expand into large bayous or lakes. Of these, the principal are Lakes Pontehartrain, Borgne, Verret, Grand, Sabine, White, Black, Bistineau, Catahoula, Maurepas antl Washa. There are many bays and inlets on the coast, and numerous small islands in the Gulf of Mexico. Climate. — The mean annual temperature at New Orleans is 08°, and at Shreve- port, in the northwest, 04'=' Fahrenheit, and the rainfall ranges from fifty to sixty-five inches, most of it l^eing in spring and summer. The summers are protracted and occasionally very hot, and the winters are colder than those of the Atlantic States in the same latitude, owing to tlie free sweep which the northern winds have over the State. The climate is favorable to the growth of all agricultural productions, but can not be considered healthy, at least for persons who have not become acclimated. In 1853, IStlT, and again in 1878 j'ellow fever prevailed as an epidemic in New Orleans and other cities, causing great loss of life and an almost entire suspension of business. IlistOftf, — Louisiana was first visited by La Salle in 1G91, and the first perma- nent settlement within the State limits" was mad(^ by the French at New Orleans in 1718. Four years later the seat of the colonial government was transferred to that city from Mobile. But prior to this date French settlements had been made at various points on the lower Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico, all of which places were then included in the Province of Louisiana. Nominally, at least, this was an empire in itself, for it included all the territory west of the Mississijipi to the Rocky mountains and north to the British Possessions, out of whicli nine States and five Territories have since been created. A proprietary government was formed in 1717 under the charter given to the Mississippi ccjmpany and John Law, wdiich existed for fifteen years, during which period fruitless attempts at settlement on a large scale were made. In 17*>2 the Province was ceded to Spain; in 1800 it was retroceded to France; and in 1803 was bought by the United States. Shortly after the acquisition of the Territory, the greater part of what is now Louisiana was formed into the Territory of Orleans, while all the unsettled and almost unknown country north and west of it retained the old title. In 1811 the United States took possession of the division east of the Missis- sippi, which had been claimed by Spain, and, the northern section having had its name changed to Missouri, the Territory of Orleans was admitted into the Union as the State of Louisiana, April 8, 1812." In the second war with England the new State bore herself nobly, and the last battle of the war was fought at New Orleans Jan. 8, 1815. The increase in wealth and population was not checked until 1800. The ordinance of secession was adopted Jan. 20, 1801, and on March 21 the constitution of the Confederate States was ratified. The forts commanding the city of New Orleans and the United States arsenal at Baton Rouge had previously been taken possession oi' by State troops and large quantities of arms and ammunition captured, and on Jan. 31 the custom house and mint at New Orleans were seized. In the spring of 18f-2 active offensive operations by land and sea were begun by the Federal forces. The forts commanding the city of New Orleans were captured April 28; the Confederates having evacuated the city, it was taken possession of on May 1 by Gen. B. F. Butler, and on May 7 occurred the fall of Baton Rouge. Port Hudson was taken in July, and in the meantime the Atchafalaya had been opened, and Gen. N. P. Banks held all the 87 State except Shreveport and the Red river country in the northwest. In June, how- ever, Gen. Richard Taylor recaptured Alexandria and Brashear City, but evacuated the latter after the fall of Port Hudson. On April 8, 18G4, occurred the battle at Sabine Cross Roads, where the Federals were defeated and compelled to retreat to Alexandria, which was afterwards evacuated and burnt. In 18C8 a new constitution was ratified by a popular vote, and in June of the same year the State was admitted to STATE OF LOUISIANA. representation, and the government turned over to the civil authorities July 13. The fourteenth and fifteenth amendments were ratified shortly afterwards. A number of constitutional amendments were adopted in 1874, and in 1879 the existing constitution was adopted. JPojnilat ion.— Census, of 1880 : Males, 468,754; Females, 471,192; Native, 885,800; Foreign, 54,140; White, 454,954; Colored, 484,992, including 489 Chinese, and 848 Indians and Half-breeds. 88 STATE OF TEXAS. Toj}0(ft'apJnj. — Greatest length of the State, 825 miles; greatest l)readth, 7-tO miles; area, 265,780 square miles, or 170,099,200 acres. Its sea coast of about 400 miles is irregular and bordered by many small islands. The mountains of the district lying between the Pecos and the Rio Grande attain an elevation of from 4,000 to 0,000 ft^et; the west and northwest sections are an elevated table land, and from thence the slope is gradual to the sea, the south and southeast divisions being flat and low. The largest and most accessible bay is that of Galveston, which extenils inland thirty-five miles from the Gulf of Mexico, and has thirteen feet of water in the channel. The Rio Grande is navigable for over 400 miles; the Red river, Nueces, Angelina, Trinity, and some other streams are navigable during the season for considerable distances. The Canadian river, in the north, and the Bra- zos, Colorado, Guadalupe and San Antonio are among the best-known streams. CliiUflte, — The climate of Texas shows considerable variation, ranging from the temperate to the semi-tropical, but in general it is remarkably salubrious. The mean annual temperature in the highlands of the extreme northwest is about 56°; in the central division, 65^ to 66°, and in the southwest, 72*^; and the range of the thermom- eter is from 35° to 95^ Fahrenheit. The rainfall is the greatest along the coast and in the south. The average precipitation at Austin for a series of years was found to be 34.54 inches; at Fort Belknap, in Young county, about twenty-two inches, and in the northwest, from twelve to sixteen inches. IlistOl'lf, — Texas, the largest State in the Union, was admitted Dec. 29, 1845, having been lor nine years an independent republic. The first settlement was by the French under La Salle in 1685. When Louisiana was acquired by the United States in 1803, border troubles immediately sprung up, and it was not until 1819 that the Sa- bine river was agreed upon as the boundary line. In 1820 Moses Austin received from the Mexican government a grant of lands in Texas, and this was confirmed to his son, Stephen F. Austin, who settled several colonies there. Discriminative laws against citizens of the United States having been passed, and the provinces of Texas and Coahuila having been consolidated and put under the control of a Mexican gover- nor in order to opj)ress the Texan settlers, the latter revolted in 1835. In October, 1835, occurred the battles of Gonzales, Goliad and Concepcion, in which the Mexicans were defeated. A provisional government was constituted; an army formed with Gen. oam Houston as commander-in-chief; and, after the capture of San Antonio de liexa:', Dec. 10, 1835, the Mexican troops were driven from the State, which declared its inde- p mdence ten days later. Gen. Houston was inaugurated as first president of the Re- public of Texas in October, 1836, and the independence of the Republic was recog- nized by the United States in the following March, and by the leading European pow- ers in 1839—40. A desultory war was carried on with Mexico, and the new State became involved in great financial difficulties. The leaders, Americans by birth and education, advocated the annexation of Texas to the United States, and early in 1845 resolutions were passed for the annexation, which were ratified by Texas, and the State was ad- mitted into the Union Dec. 29, 1845. In 1850 congress voted to pay the State $10,000,000 for her claims to lands without the present limits of the State. The ordinance of secession was adopted in February, 1861. Gen. Houston, who had op- posed all attempts at secession, refused to take the oath of allegiance to the Confederacy, and was deprived of his office. On Oct. 8, 1862, the Federals occupied Galveston, but on Jt'.n. 1, 1863, the city was retaken by the Confederates. The military operations within tho State were unimportant, although Western Texas was occupied by the Union army in November, 1863, and the last battle of the war was fought near the Rio Grande, on Tesan soil, on May 13, 1865. The process of reconstruction was extended over severil yeais, and it was not until April 16, 1870, that the government was finally turned over to the civil authorities. A new constitution was adopted in 1875, and is now in force. Population.— Cew^^ns, of 1880: Males, 837,840; Females, 753,909; Native, 1,477,133; Foreiijn, 114,616; White, 1,197,237; Colored, 394,512, including 136 Chi- nese and 992 Indians and Ilalf-breeds. 89 M^F OF c TEX A.S. f INDIAN TERRITORY. Topogvnpliy > — The Indian Territory has an extreme length east and west of 470 miles, and south of latitude 36^ 30' about 310 miles; extreme breadth, 210 miles; area, 64,690 square miles, or 41,301,600 acres. A strip of land between the 100th and 103d meridians, about thirty-five miles in width, was ceded to the United States by Texas, and is regarded as a portion of the Territory, although not properly belonging to it. It consists of a vast plain with a gradual slope towards the east, and the only considerable elevations are the Wichita mountains in the southwest, and some spurs of the Ozark and Wasliita ranges in the east. The river valleys of the east are bordered by abrupt bluffs separating them from the rolling prairies of the uplands. Except in the west, which is an arid plain, rivers are plentiful. The Arkansas enters the Ter- ritory from the north, intersects it in a southeasterly direction, and passes into Arkan- sas, being navigable at certain seasons to Fort Gibson. It receives the Verdigris, Neosho, Illinois and other streams from the north, and the Canadian , Cimarron, Black Bear, Little Arkansas, Poteau and North Fork from the west. The Canadian rises in New Mexico, and the Cimarron in Kansas. The Red river washes the southern border and receives the Washita, a Texan stream, and numerous smaller tributaries. It is navigable for small steamers during the greater part of the year. South of the Can- adian river, there is much fertile prairie land, interspersed with timber, and the valleys of the Wichita range abound with wood, water and grass. The northeast is well wooded, but much of it is rocky, although there is some good arable and pasture land. The soil of the river valleys is rich, and corn, cotton, upland rice, wheat, rye and po- tatoes grow luxuriantly. The principal trees are the ash, oak, elm, sycamore, walnut and Cottonwood, and all kinds of fruit trees flourish. Deposits of semi-bituminous coal have been found, but their extent is not known, the geology of the country not having been thoroughly examined. Many fur bearing animals exist, and are trapped by the Indians. Of the 41,000,000 acres in the Territory, nearly 26,000,000 have been sur- veyed and set apart as reservations for the Indians. These have been gathered from all parts of the country — from Oregon to Florida — in pursuance of the general plan of congregating all the Indians in one territory, to be theirs forever. Of the more impor- tant tribes, the Creeks and Cherokees were originally from Georgia, their removal being completed in 1838. The Choctaws and Chickasaws occupied the territory on the Gulf of Mexico from the Mississippi to the Atlantic. The Natchez, Arkansas and others were from the same neighborhood. The Pottawatomies, Sacs, Foxes and Illinois at one time held possession of vast territories in Illinois, Wisconsin and the Northwest; the Miamis were removed from Ohio, the lowas from the State which now bears their name, and the Seminoles from Florida. The Arrapahoes and Cheyennes belonged in Montana and Wyoming, and the Modocs in Oregon, whence they were removed after the " Lava-bed war." Many of the tribes which originally inhabited the eastern country were driven gradually back before the whites, and thus some of the Indians actually traversed half the continent before their final removal to their present location. ditllClte* — The mean annual temperature is about 54° Fahrenheit in the north- west, and 60*^ in the southeast; the summers are long and hot, and the winters usually mild. In the desert country of the extreme northwest not more than twenty inches of rain fall during the year, in the central portion thirty-five inches, and in the southeast fifty to fifty-two inches. Histovy. — The unorganized territory of the United States which extends from latitude 33° 35' to 37° north, and longitude 94° 20' to 103° west, forms the Indian Territory. It was a part of the great Louisiana purchase, and has been from time to time cut down to form States and Territories until reduced to its present dimensions. Efforts have been made at various times to secure the formation of a Territorial gov- ernment and the establishment of local courts, and it has also been proposed to give each of the five civilized nations a Delegate in Congress. Another plan is, that the lands now held in common by the Indians shall be divided among them to hold in fee, the Indians to be unable to alienate them, however, for a certain number of years. Attempts were made in 1880 by bands of whites to enter the Indian Territory for the purpose of taking possession of the rich lands there, and a large force of United States troops had to be called out to prevent the execution of these designs. Q2 MAP OF INDIAN TERRITORY. AI ^F OF KAISrS^K r STATE OF KANSAS. Tox>ogvapHy . — Kansas has an extreme length east and west of 410 miles; a breadth of about 210 miles; and an area of 82,080 square miles, or 52,531,200 acres. The general surface is an undulating plateau with a gentle slope from the western border to the Missouri. The extreme elevation reached is 3,800 feet, while at the mouth of the Kansas river the land lies 750 feet above the level of the sea. The average altitude is about 2,375 feet. There are no mountains in Kansas, but the scenery- is redeemed from monotony by the rich grass-covered hills and the fertile river valleys, while the Arkansas and Republican rivers are bordered by bold bluffs from 200 to 300 feet in height. The Missouri furnishes a water frontage of 150 miles on the east, and near the Missouri State line receives the Kansas, which is formed by the confluence of the Republican and Smoky Hill rivers near Junction City, and intersects the State throughout its entire length. The Smoky Hill river rises near the Rocky mountains, in Colorado, and receives in Kansas the Saline and Solomon rivers, each over 200 miles long. The Republican river rises in Southern Colorado, flows through Northwestern Kansas into Nebraska, and turning southeast joins the Kansas. The Arkansas river has its sources in the Rocky mountains in Colorado, and passes through Kansas in an east and southeasterly direction, having nearly 500 miles of its windings within this State. The Osage river rises in the east, and after a south- east course of 130 miles, enters Missouri, while the Neosho has its source in the central part of the State, and after a southeast course of 200 miles, during which it receives the Cottonwood and other important streams, passes into the Indian Territory. Few of the rivers are navigable, but nearly all furnish abundant water power. Clhncite. — The winters of Kansas are comparatively mild, the summers warm but not oppressive, and the atmosphere extraordinarily pure and clear at all seasons. The mean annual temperature is about 53*^ Fahrenheit; spring, 52°; summer, 7C; autumn, 54°; winter, 29°. The highest temperature recorded is 100° Fahrenheit, and the lowest — 6°, these extremes having been only reached on a very few occasions since the settlement of the country. The rainfall averages from thirty-one to forty- five inches per annum, the greatest precipitation being in the eastern division. Kansas is a very healthy State, entirely free from miasmatic diseases, and highly favorable to consumptives and those suffering from bronchial or pulmonary complaints, to whom the pure, free atmosphere seldom fails to afford relief. HistOVy. — The territory which now composes the State of Kansas formed a part of the Louisiana purchase, and afterwards of the Indian Territory. In May, 1854, it was organized as a Territory with the name of Kansas. It had been provided in 1820, by what was known as the " Missouri Compromise," that slavery should not be allowed in any of the Territories or States thereafter to be formed out of the Louisiana pur- chase north of latitude 30° 30', but by the law creating the Territory of Kansas this act was repealed, and the question of slavery was left to the inhabitants of the new Territory to settle. Missourians poured into Kansas armed to the teeth, and carried the elections by force and fraud. A large immigration took place fmm the Northwest- ern States, but while the northern settlers were largely in the majority, the pro-slavery people, aided by the Missourians, held the authority until 18G1. In July, 1859, a con- vention called by the Territorial legislature met at "Wyandotte and adopted a consti- tution prohibiting slavery, which was ratified by the people on October 4 of the same year, by a vote of 10,420 to 5,530. On Jan. 29, 1801, after th*^ Southern members had withdrawn from Congress, Kansas was admitted into the Union under the Wyandotte constitution, which, with certain amendments, is still in foice. The border counties suffered severely during the Civil war from incursions of the Confederates, and were exposed to a partisan warfare until 1863. In August of that year Lawrence was cap- tured by a Confederate guerilla leader named Quantrell, who butchered 150 of the in- haVjitants and burned half the city. Kansas furnished 20,149 men to the Federal armies during the war. Population.— Census of 1880: Males, 530,007; Females, 459,429; Native, 880,010; Foreign, 110,080; White, 952,155; Colored, 43,941, including 19 Chinese, and 815 Indians and Half-breeds. 06 STATE OF NEBRASKA. Topograjthy. — The surface of Nebraska constitutes a vast plain, with undulating prairies of great extent, diversified by a few low hills or ridges, and without mountains of any size, except in the extreme west and northwest, where the lower slopes of the Rocky mountains and the broken country of the Black Hills beg'in. From the west and northwest the land slopes gradually to the Missouri river, which washes the eastern and northeastern borders of the State. The drainage is toward the Missouri by the Platte river and its tributaries, the Niobrara, and the Republican and Blue rivers which extend into Kansas. The valley of the Platte, which stretches across the centre of the State from west to east, and the whole southern portion of Nebraska are extremely fertile and well watered. The western half is best adapted for grazing purposes, being a constant succession of natural pastures. About oO,000 square mih'S of the eastern division consist of bottom and prairie lands of exuberant fertility. Nebraska has a width from north to south of al)Out 210 miles; its greatest length in the central part is about 420 miles ; area, 76,855 square miles, or 49,187,200 acres. Clhildtc — Nebraska might with propriety be termed a highland State, forming as it does a part of the great interior slope, which extends from the base of the Rocky mountains to the Missouri river. Over the wide prairies the mountain breezes sweep at will, and owing to the splendid drainage facilities the dry, exhilarating atmosphere is untainted by any malaria. The annual mean temperature at Omaha is about 48" Fahrenheit; winter mean, 22°; and summer, 70°. The total snow and rainfall east of the 100th meridian is twenty-six inches, the greatest amount of rainfall being in May and June. In the west and southwest it is much less, and in some places not more than seventeen to nineteen inches annually. HistOVy. — Nebraska Territory, which extended from the Missouri river west to the crest of the Rocky mountains, and from the fortieth parallel north to the British Possessions, and included over 350,000 square miles of territory, was formed May 30, 1854. Settlements were made but slowly during the next ten years, the Indian troubles and the Civil war interfering considerably with the develop- ment of the country. Many changes were also made in the bomularies. In 1861, 16,000 square miles were set off to the Territory of Colorado, and nearly a quarter of a million to Dakota, while in the same year a triangular slice of Utah and Washington Territories was added. This, however, and about 30,000 square miles in addition, was afterwards formed into the Territory of Idaho, and on >Iarch 3, 1863, Nebraska was reduced to its present limits. The admission of Nebraska into the Union was delayed until 1867, and the proceedings attendant upon it were somewhat peculiar. In March, 1860, the people rejected a proposition to form a State govern- ment, by a vote of 1,987 nays to 1,877 ayes. Four years later Congress passed an en- abling act, but the settlers were too busy repelling the Indian raids on the frontier to take the necessary steps to avail themselves of it. But early in 1866 a constitution was prepared by the Territorial legislature, and on June 21 it was ratified by the peo- ple. On July 28 Congress passed a bill for the admission of Nebraska as a State, but this failed to receive the signature of President Johnson. In January, 1867, an- other bill for the same purpose was passed, and was promptly vetoed by the President. The veto, however, failed to stand in the way very long, and on February 8 and 9 the bill was passed over it. It was required that the legislature should ratify the action of Congress, and this provision was complied with before the end of the month. Lincoln was chosen as the seat of government, and still remains such. A constitutional convention was held in 1871, but the people rejected the proposed con- stitution. In 1875 another convention was called, and the work of this body was rat- ified by a popular vote of 30,202 to 5,474. There enlisted in the Federal armies dur- ing the war 3,157 men. Po2}ul at ion.— Censvis of 1880: Males, 249,241: Females, 203,161; Native, 354,998; Foreign, 97,414; White, 449,764; Colored, 2,638, including IS Chmese, and 235 Indians and Half-breeds. 97 T I M ^ P OF NEHI? AS K^. ^^ TERRITORY OF MONTANA. Topography » — The length of the Territory from east to west varies from 460 to 540 miles; its average breadth is 275 miles; and its area is 146,080 square miles, or 93,491,200 acres, of which 80,651,676 are still unsurveyed. The eastern division em- braces the great plains or rolling table lands, which cover three-fifths of the area of the Territory; the Rocky mountains, with other ranges, occupying the west. The Rocky mountains form the southwest boundary, from the west line of Wyoming to the inter- section of the parallel 45*^40' north latitude with the 114th meridian of longitude; thence run east for some distance, and from the 112th meridian continue in a north- western direction to the British Possessions. The Bitter Root mountains branch off at the eastern exT'^nsion of the Rockies, and form the western boundary of the Territory lor a considerable distance. Other important ranges are the Snow mountains in the south, and the Belt, Highwood, Judith and Little Rocky mountains. The peaks are from 6,000 to 12,000 feet above the sea level, and the valleys average about 4,000 feet, the mountain belt having an average breadth of 180 miles. The plains slope gradually toward the east, having an elevation of about 4,000 feet at the base of the mountains, and of 2,000 feet at the Dakota line. The Rocky mountains form the water-shed, and give rise to the Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin rivers, which unite near Gallatin City and form the Missouri. The latter runs north, northeast, and finally east; and the Yel- lowstone, which has its source in the National Park, in Wyoming, runs north and northeast through Montana, and joins the Missouri near its eastern boundary^ Other important streams are the Flathead, Missoula, Big Blackfoot, Bitter Root and Milk rivers. The largest body of water is Flathead Lake, which is about thirty miles long by ten miles wide, and there are several smaller lakes in the northwest. Timber is abundant on the mountain slopes, and consists of pine, cedar, fir and hemlock, estimated to cover in all over 25,000,000 acres. Cottonwood, willow and alder are found along the streams, and in this respect Montana is much better off than many of her immediate neighbors. Climate. — The climate of Montana is warmer than that of the Eastern States in the same latitude, and is very dry, the rainfall seldom exceeding twelve inches per annum. In the east the mean annual temperature varies from 41° to 49° Fahrenheit, but in the mountainous region it is lower. The snowfall is heavy in the mountains, but light in the valleys, and the climate is favorable for outdoor and agricultural occu- pations, and the raising of stock. Sistory. — Montana was formerly included in Idaho, and was constituted a Ter- ritory May 26, 1864. In 1873 it received an accession of about 2,000 square miles from Dakota. Virginia City, in Madison county, was originally the capital, but the seat of government was removed to Helena in 1875. The growth of the Territory dates from the opening of the gold mines in 1861. Montana has been the scene of several con- flicts with the Indians, the most notable being the sanguinary battle on the banks of the Little Big Horn, on June 25, 1876, in which the seventh IJnited States cavalry was nearly annihilated. On that occasion the United States forces, numbering about 330 men, were surrounded by nearly 5,000 Sioux, under a chief named Sitting Bull, who had gathered around him warriors from several small tribes. Gen. Custer, a noted Indian fighter, and 261 officers and men, were slain in the engagement, and the enemy succeeded in escaping into British territory, but finding it difficult to get food there, they gave themselves up to the United States military authorities, during the early part of 1881. There are in the Territory 19,791 Indians. The amount of land held in reservations for them, is 24,156,800 acres, of which more than 10,000,000 is good land. Of this, only 3,769 acres are tilled. Population.— Census, of 1880: Males, 28,177; Females, 10,982; Native, 27,638; Foreign, 11,521; White, 35,385; Colored, 3,774, including 1,765 Chinese, and 1,663 Indians who have no tribal relations. lOO MAP OF MONTANA. 1^ )- ,.<:>*'^"«°^°'*-\ ^ 101 TERRITORY OF WYOMING. TopOffVCipliy » — The surface is elevated and mountainous, the main chain of the Rocky mountains extending across the Territory' from southeast to northwest and forming what is known as " the divide." The principal ranges are the Wind River, Big Horn, Laramie, Bishop and Medicine Bow mountains. The Black Hills lie partly in this Territory and partly in Dakota. The Big Horn, Tongue and Powder rivers flow north and join the Yellowstone in Montana; the Green river drains the southwest, and the Little Missouri the northeast; while the North Platte, rising in Colorado, receives the Medicine Bow, Laramie and Sweetwater rivers in Wyoming and enters Nebraska from the southeast, where there are some smaller streams of little importance. The most interesting of the natural features of Wyoming, and those which have most at- tracted the attention of travelers, are found in the extreme northwest corner of the Territory, in the section known as the Yellowstone National Park. This wonderful park has a length of sixty-five miles north and south by fifty-five miles in width, and an area of 3,575 square miles. No part of it is less than 6,000 feet above the sea, and the snow-covered mountains that hem in the valleys on every side rise to a height of 12,000 feet. It is a land of wonders, with its grand canons and geysers, its beautiful lakes and rivers, with cataracts, cascades and rapids of unexampled beauty, and moun- tains towering far above the deep and rugged valleys through which the rapid streams flow. The geysers or boiling springs are situated near the Firehole river, the middle fork of the Madison, which forms one of the three principal sources of the Missouri. There are several hundred springs, of which the Beehive, Giantess, Old Faithful, the Turban, the Giant and the Grand Geyser are the largest. Wyoming is situated between latitude 41*' and 45^^ north and longitude 104*^ and 111'' west; it has a length east and west of about 350 miles, and a breadth of about 275 miles, and forms an almost perfect quadrangle, with an area of 97,890 square miles, or 02,649,600 acres, of which 9,070,186 are surveyed into sections and 42,638 are improved. (JlifUnte, — The climate is severe in the mountainous regions, but mild and salu- brious in the sheltered valleys; the air is pure and bracing, and the rainfall light, not exceeding fifteen inches per annum, and in some parts even less. The mean tem- perature at Cheyenne (6,058 feet above the sea) in July, the warmest month, is about 71°; in January, the coldest, 12°; and the mean for the year not lower than 43.6° Fahrenheit. A maximum of 98° is recorded in one year, and a minimum of — 38° Fahrenheit. The soil of the valleys is a fertile loam, but irrigation is needed for the successful prosecution of agriculture. 3£hies ClUCl JltTinercilS, — The great mineral resources of Wyoming have as yet scarcely been developed. At Evanston, Carbon, Rock Springs, and several other points on the line of the Union Pacific, lignite has been mined. The coal is of good quality and is shipped to many of the Territories, besides furnishing an ample supply for locomotives. Iron ore is abundant, and consists principally of pure red hematites of great value. Copper, lead, plumbago and petroleum also occur. Much gold has been taken from the mountain gulches of the Sweetw^ater country, and auriferous quartz veins of great value are worked in the neighborhood of Laramie City. Valua- ble deposits of soda exist in the valley of the Sweetwater. The deposits of sulphate of soda are from ten to fifteen feet in thickness, and are almost chemically pure. HlStOVy. — The Territory of Wyoming was organized, under the act approved July 25, 1868, from the southwest portion of Dakota, together with small sections of Utah and Colorado. The first settlements within its limits were made in 1867, during the construction of the Union Pacific railroad, and the Territorial organization was completed on May 10, 1S69. Its historical record is naturally a short one, and is un- marked by any serious conflicts with the Indians. Population, — Census of 1880 : Males, 14,152; Females, 6,637; Native, 14,939; Foreign, 5,850; White, 19,437; Colored, 1,352, including 914 Chinese, and 140 Indians who have no tribal relations. About 1,250 Shoshone and 900 Bannock In- dians occupy a reservation of 1,520,000 acres in the western part of the Territory. 102 MAP OF \VYOMING. 103 TERRITORY OF IDAHO. TopOffraphy. — Idaho has an irrofrular shape. It is 485 miles in length north and south, on the western boundary, and 140 miles on the Wyoming border; forty-five miles wide in the north, and nearly 300 miles in the south; and contains, as now con- stituted, 84,800 square miles, or 54,272,000 acres, of which 47,739,368 are still unsur- veyed. The surface is an elevated table land, from 2,000 to 5,000 feet above the sea level, with many deep river valleys, and crossed by numerous mountain ranges or spurs of the Rocky and Bitter Root mountain chains. Many of the peaks are of con- siderable height, and rise above the snow line. The most important are the Kootenay mountains, in tlie extreme north; the Ca^ur d'Alene range, south of these; the Salmon and Clearwater mountains along the rivers of the same names, and the successive rano-es on the headwaters of the Snake river. In the southeast are the Bear River mountains, and in the south the Three Buttes. Of the total area, about 4,480,000 acres are suitable for agriculture, and 5,000,000 for grazing. One-third of the entire area is sterile, and yields nothing but sage brush and a little buffalo grass, but it is believed that part of this section can be reclaimed by irrigation. There are 8,000,000 acres of timber and as much of mineral land, while numerous lakes occupy an area of 200,000 acres. The lower slopes of the mountains are covered with extensive pine and cedar forests, and there is much timber in the north. Wheat, oats, barley and TjQ flourish in the valleys, and wherever irrigation is possible, but the climate is not suited to corn. The Boise valley, which is fifty-five miles in length by three in width, and sheltered by the Boise mountains, is the chief agricultural region. The Territoiy is drained by the Snake river and its tributaries; the Bruneau, Boise, Weiser, Salmon, Clearwater, Payette and other smaller streams. The Snake, or Shoshone river, rises in the Yellowstone Park, in Western Wyoming, describes an immense curve through Southern Idaho, and forms the western boundary of the Territory for about 200 miles, after which it turns west into Washington Territory, where it joins the Columbia. It is navigable for a considerable distance within and upon the borders of Idaho for light-draft vessels. The American and Shoshone Falls, and the rapids above the latter, are considered scarcely inferior to the falls of the Yellowstone, the Shoshone having a perpendicular descent of over 200 feet. Climnte. — The winters on the mountains are severe, and much snow falls. On the plains the winter temperature is about the same as that of Wisconsin or Northern Iowa. In the valleys the climate is milder, with much less snow, and the springs and summers are pleasant, and never oppressively hot. There is considerable rainfall on the Bitter Root and Rocky mountains, but in the north and west and in the lower valleys the precipitation is much less, and irrigation is a pre-requisite to successful agriculture. 3£i ilinff, — The first discovery of gold was made in Oro Fino creek, a tributary of the Clearwater river, in 1860, and the Boise and Owyhee mines have been worked since 1803. The total production of the precious metals, up to the last report, is esti- mated at $90,000,000. Most of the gold is found in the quartz mines of Idaho, Boise and Alturas counties, and there are placer diggings along the headwaters of the Sal- mon and Clearwater. Silver is found near Ruby City and Silver City, in the Owyhee district, and some of the mines are very rich. Coal has been discovered within twenty- five miles of Boise City. History. — Idaho, one of the Northwestern Territories, comprises a part of the Louisiana purchase of 1803. It was organized as a Territory March 3, 1863, out of portions of Nebraska, Dakota and Washington Territories. At that time it included all Montana and nearly all of Wyoming, and had an area of 375,000 square miles. It received its present limits in 1868. Boise City is the Territorial capital. Pojyulation.—Genaus of 1880: Males, 21,818; Females, 10,792; Native, 22,636; Foreign, 0,974; White, 29,013; Colored, 3,597, including 3,379 Chinese, and 165 Indians and Half-breeds. 104 MAP OF IDAHO. 105 ^ COLORADO. ^ STATE OF COLORADO. /Xr^-'^ ^q\ Topogt'dphy, — Colorado has an average length east and / ^ M . ^ *_\ ■"'tist of 380 miles; a breadth of 280 miles; and an area of /^^ -QO aa^^^ ^\ 103,925 square miles, or 66,512,000 acres, divided into / j^-- IMIMlliPIII^^^ I thirty-nine counties. There are still unsurveyed 40,657,679 1 Y^^^ K-^ ^ i^ig^ ^ 1 acres. It consists of three natural divisions; the mountain ^^M„v;.|^::;::K2/ I'ange, the foot-hills and the plains. The Rocky mountains ^^^^^^^^fep' run north and south through the centre of the State, ^^^^^^0^^ and consist of three parallel ranges, with many peaks over ^^^i^^S^^ 13,000 feet high. Within the space inclosed by these im- mense mountains are the " Parks," which constitute the most remarkable natural feature of Colorado. These consist of extensive plateaus at an elevation of 9,000 to 10,000 feet above the sea level, hemmed in on all sides by the mountains, and containing some valuable agricultural land. The plains occupy the eastern part of the State, and comprise about one-third of its area. The great " divide " traverses Colorado northwest and southeast, separates the waters of the South Platte and Arkansas, and forms the water-shed of many of their tributaries. Colorado has numerous streams, the principal ones being the North and South Platte, and the Arkansas, Snake, White and Green rivers, most of which flow through rocky canons and are not navigable. The South Platte has a fall of 6,000 feet between Montgom- ery and Denver, and one of the canons of the Arkansas is 1,500 feet in depth. The Rio Grande del Norte rises in the Saguache range of mountains, and flows south through the San Luis park, but the Colorado river can scarcely be considered as be- longing to the State from which it derives several of its principal tributaries, and to which it gave a name. ClifliClte. — The air is drier and the range of temperature less than in the East- ern States in the same latitude. The winters are mild, the summers cool and bracing, and the mean annual temperature is about 49° Fahrenheit, The rainfall ranges from fifteen to twenty inches annually, and most of it falls between May and July. On the mountains the winters are as a rule severe, with heavy falls of snow in November and December, but on the jDlains and in the valleys the mildness and purity of the atmos- phere are such as to render Colorado the paradise of invalids, thousands of whom re- sort there. Heavy wind storms are common, but cloudy and foggy weather is un- known, and snow seldom remains more than twenty-four hours on the ground, except upon the mountains, many of which reach above the snow line. mstovy, — Colorado, the youngest of the thirty-eight States, was admitted into the Union Aug. 1, 1876, xander an act passed March 3, 1875. Its organization as a Territory was effected in February, 1861, when parts of Kansas, Nebraska, Utah and New Mexico were set off to form the new district. Part of this Territory had been acquired by conquest from Mexico, and the remainder formed a part of the Louisiana purchase. It was known to the early Spanish settlers, and an expedition was sent out from Sinaloa, Mexico, over three centuries ago, for the purpose of exploration. The first American expedition was that under the command of Major Z. M. Pike, in 1806, when the mountain region was partially explored, and the mountain named Pike's Peak discovered. Col. S. H. Long visited the Territory fourteen years later, and, in 1842-44, the " Pathfinder," Gen. John C. Fremont, made his celebrated journey across the Rocky mountains. The first settlements were made in 1858-59, by miners, gold having been discovered in what is now Gilpin county, and within a few miles of Denver. From 1860 to 1862 the stream of immigration con- tinued, and towns and cities grew up around the mines. In 1863-64 the Indians caused a good deal of trouble to the settlers, and the Civil war drew off many of the adventurous spirits to be found among pioneer gold miners — 4,903 men enlisting in the Union army — but after 1865 immigration again increased, and the growth of the Territory was rapid. The energetic measures adopted by the better class of citizens suppressed lawlessness, much in the same way as in San Francisco in its early days, and at the present time Colorado is as well governed and as peaceful as Illinois. Pojnilation.— Census of 1880: Males, 129,131; Females, 65,196; Native, 154,537; Foreign, 39,790; White, 191,126; Colored, 3,201, including 612 Chinese, and 154 Indians and Half-breeds. 108 TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. TopO(jraphy, — New Mexico lias a loiigth on the (.'astern boundary of 345 miles, and on the western of 390, with an average breadth, north of tlie thirty-second parallel, of 335 miles. Its area is 1:3'2,580 square miles, or 78,451,200 acres, of which G7,024,!j'jO are unsurveyed. The region now known as Arizona, obtained from Mexico by the Gadsden treaty of 1853, was annexed to New Mexico the following year, and formed a part of the Territory until 18(33. In 18G1 a traet of 14,000 square miles, lying east of the Rocky mountains, between the thirty-seventh and thirty-eighth parallels, was ar)- nexed to Colorado. It is to these curtailments that the apparent decrease of popula- tion between 18(i0 and 1870 is due. New Mexico as now constituted consists of a number of high, level plateaus, intersected by mountain ranges, often rising ijito high peaks, between which lie fertile valleys. The Rocky mountains, before entering the Territory, divide into two ranges, the one on the east, the loftier of the two, ending near Santa Fe, and the other, known as the Sierra Madre, of lower elevation, and with numerous passes, extending to the southward until it reaches the Sierra Madre of M(.'x- ico. Almost two-thirds of the Territory is east of this range. The region to the west, which has not been thoroughly explored, consists of high table lands and isolated peaks. East of the eastern range the land slopes gradually to the Mississippi. The Staked Plain, an elevated region, unwatered, and without wood, extends into the southeastern part of the Territory. The principal river is the Rio Grande Del Norte, which, rising in Colorado, flows south through New Mexico, and, continuing on its course toward the Gulf, forms the boundary between Texas and Mexico. Its principal affluent is the Pecos, which rising in the eastern part of the Territory, empties into the Rio Grande in Texas. In the northeast rises the Canadian, which empties into the Arkansas; and in the southwest the Gila, which flows into the Gulf of California. The valley of the Rio Grande has an elevation of 3,000 feet above the sea near the southern boundarv, and of nearly 0,000 feet at the point where it crosses the Colorado line. On each side of this river, which is not navigable, the mountain ranges rise to an altitude of from (3,000 to 13,000 feet above the sea, the summits of the loftier peaks being above the snow line. Timber is not abundant. The mountaiiis are covered with pine, spruce and fir; nut-pine and cedar grow on the foot-hills, and sycamore and cottonwood in the river valleys. Clitnate, — Owing to the differences in elevation, the climate varies greatly. The mean temperature at Santa Fe, with an elevation of 6,803 feet is: Spring, 40.70*' Fahrenheit; summer, 70.4°; autumn, 50.0°; winter, 31.0°; year, 50.6°. The thermom- eter rarely rises above 88°, or sinks below — 5°. Pulmonary complaints are infrequent, but owing to the rarity of the atmosphere, pneumonia and similar complaints are fre- quent. The rainfall is very slight, sometimes not exceeding ten inches ])er year. Histot'lJ. — Though one of the most backward and unim|)ortant among the Ter- ritories, yet it was visited and settled by white men at an earlier date than any other part of the United States. It was first traversed by Alvar Nunez, a Spaniard, jirior to 1537, and was explored in 1539 and 1581 by parties sent by the riceroy of Mexico, who had heard rumors of its vast mineral wealth. Between 1595 and 1599 a perma- nent settlement was made and soldiers were stationed there to protect the missionaries who had for some years been toiling among the Indians. Santa Fe, an Indian town, was selected by the Spaniards as the chief place of their new possessions. The natives, who had made some progress in the arts of civilization, who tilled the soil and lived in communities, were enslaved l)y their new masters, and forced to work in the mines. So great was the cruelty with which they were treated that they revolted in 1080 and drove out the whites, burning the churches and destroying every vestige of the oppress- ors. In 1094, after various fruitless attempts, Santa Fe was reoccupied by the Span- iards, who held undisputed rule in the Territory until 1837, when another insurrection broke out, which was, however, quelled witlumt much trouble. When the war broke out l)etvveen the United States and Mexico, Gen. Kearnev, in command of the army of the West, marched from the Missouri river to New ^lexico, routed the opposing forces, and took possession of Santa Fe Aug. 18, 1840. By the treaty of Guadalupe Hiilaigo, signed in 1848, the country was ceded to the United States, and was given a Territorial organization by the act of Congress of Sept. 9, 1850. The inhabitants revolted in 1849 109 and killed a numljer of Americans, including: some of the Territorial officers, but were soon reduced to obedience. Early in 18G2 Santa Fe and the southern portion of the Territory were occupied by Confederate troops, who, however, soon met with a defeat which compelled them to fall back into Texas. TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. 1°"A'^^1'RJ.' pnnger \ nCldco: nklm ) .Shurp.^ Chum '. \^CUurc£ Claim I S\: Ut£L"<.: .EspauoTaiJ All AntopiiJ fj ;01J Ft:Wnijrate^"V-4v'^' (^St"^^V>^'v" Tf^ \,S A M 'Xn "' c '' / o,tv^ ^ll~<^-0.f- r.Jtiuctlon dllerrcndo Scr. Mlin.is Spr." Ro«a ->-^ o OJu CapiSa ! fii^ i N.-'E W • Soda Spring La Toya j Thompson's Spr ^olvoBeraoff^j?,;,", " ' ° OaTi Spring '^-'"■'"^ 3;i»u7aro(°\>.v„„3.So 4 7, lo° . .^OA-r'lt-. SouorroTMmfio hfSocoiro ff^:^no77a "5!|a7pai.v Spr/'a(/-i<7«2ii_^,-,, foi/ v\r -i ^s rree 7?ios «?jm o^™li&"^^"^ Spring luncli^ ^priiu?. o r«?a T.osa oPrubidio o Water \Cr% j t'.sldou ^4^^r^° J?e.a. 2?a«cVT3ec-kN#j /Gnatlclupo o Oyo (? :;f>° aS' I*opillation,— Census of 1880: Males, 64,496; Females, 55,069; Native, 111,514; Foreign, 8,051; White, 108,7;il; Colored, 10,854, including 57 Chinese and 9,772 Indians. 110 TERRITORY OF ARIZONA. Topograph \j , — The area of the Territory of Arizona is 113,020 square miles, or 72, 33"^, 800 acres, of which G7,098,3G6 are unsurveyed. The middle and northeastern portions of the Territory consist of plateaus which have an elevation of from 3,000 to 8,000 feet above the sea, and are here and there dotted by volcanic cones rising 2,500 feet above the plateaus. The southern portion is a plain with a slight elevation above the sea, amounting to only 200 feet at the mouth of the Gila, The mountain ranges, of which there are many, have generally a northwest and southeast course, with the exception of the Mogollon range, in the east, which runs nearly east and west, joining the Sierra Blanca. The Sierra Prieta and the Aztec range, in central Arizona, an* flanked by foot-hills, which sink gradually to the level of the table land on the north- east, and of the mesas sloping toward the Colorado river in the southwest. The highest mountain is the San Francisco, a volcanic cone, whose summit is 11,000 feet above the sea. The Colorado, which is the largest and the only navigable river, is formed by the junction, in Southern Utah, of the Green and Grand rivers, and flows southerly along the western boundary of Arizona, emptying into the Gulf of California just south of the southern line of the Territory. This river has during the course of centuries cut for itself a deep channel through the rocks, so that for long distances it flows between perpendicular walls 7,000 feet in height. It is navigable for a distance of 612 miles from its mouth; above that point it becomes shallow, except in the rainy season, has a very swift current and is filled with rapids. Its principal tributaries are the Gila, which has its source in Xew Mexico and flows in a southwesterly course, until it joins the Colorado about 180 miles above the Gulf of California; the Colorado Chiquito, which rises in the northwest ; and Bill Williams fork. Here, as in New Mexico, agri- culture can be carried on oidy where irrigation is practicable, which applies to about five per cent, of the total area. There are desert tracts covered with shifting sands, which are utterly unfit for cultivation, and much of the Territory south of the Gila is an arid waste. But the soil in the river bottoms and in the mountain valleys of middle and eastern Arizona is of ^reat richness. Pine and cedar grow on the mountains in the central and northern part of the Temtory, and walnut, cherry and Cottonwood are found along the streams. On the plains south of the Gila only the cactus, artemisia and mesquite can live. ClhlKlte. — The climate is mild and generally healthful, lung and malarious diseases being almost unknown. The summer temperature of the treeless plains in the south is intensely hot, the thermometer often indicating 118'^ Fahrenheit, and rarely falling in winter below 34°. In the central and more elevated portion of the Territory the temperature is moderate, seldom exceeding 90"^ in summer. Snow falls on the nKJuntains, but remains only a short time. The rainfall along the Gila averages from four to five inches, while at the base of the range it rises to twenty-five or thirty. Showers are most frequent in July and August. SlstOVi/. — Arizona was first visited by Spanish exploring parties as early as 1526. They found there indications of mineral wealth, but also warlike and hostile Indians, so that they made but few settlements, and the country was but little better known when it passed into the hands of the Americans than it was 300 years before. That portion of the Territory lying north of the Gila river was acquired by the treaty with Mexico, signed at Guadalupe Hidalgo, Feb. 2, 184S, and that south of it was bought from Mexico under the Gadsden treaty of Dec. 30. 1853, it being desired to straighten the southern frontier, and to acquire what were believed to be mineral lands of much value. Arizona was made a Territory by the act of Feb. 24, 1863, prior to which time it had formed a part of New Mexico. Population.— Census of 1880: Males, 28,202; Females, 12,238; Native, 24,3'.il; Foreign, 16,049; White, 35,160; Colored, 5,280, including 1,630 Chmese, 2 Japanese and 3,493 Indians. Ill MAP OF ARIZOTSTA. ■ J 3 U '^^^^^w,i4 %m«^ \ WASHINGTON V''«-'^<'";% ( \ -^igct5<;rrj||..__._(L , i^._£..^^'Sl -Jg-n- innwaJiock „/s^««^' '^^^'i'^o V°7'«e *-^'''''}':C(I( Um/O •^'"""':'»':;. ^>-g%p.ioJ?uertaoC ^t ^];!M ^j^ ^nscrijjlioi Paiffler F-O. Cullens~n'tllc q ^ ShtnTnz o flints ^n ^OlireCij. Desert Slation Gillette ICity mJTaiil: .Y U viUe'tid ParA-er'sTf.c, vBirer -McJuiren ApadiK Si>/ Tt.ApacTie X ^icachoTTiVi^erTSa- aie32{ock SlMion' »o* r «... " o^ -iioacUf^^r^,^.,'re ;A « = '" -^-XA j i-/-^v 7;.. QULFof „„:,. c„.,-AX.'^>^n^^ ) C,Ai^H 1 S E f /\\ / °S.CrTiz ^ y^ I ' IFronteias ' mroniezas 112 STATE OF CALIFORNIA, TopograpJiy. — California, the largest State in the Union with the exception of Texas, has an extreme length of 770 miles; an extreme breadth of 3^0 miles; and an estimated area of 158,3*30 square miles, or 101,350,400 acres. The Sierra Ne- vadas and the Coast Range of mountains run northwest and southeast, generally parallel, and are connected in the north and south by transverse ranges. Between the two ranges lie the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys. The Yosemite valley, situated in the midst of the Sierras, forms one of the chief at- tractions of the State. The Sierra Nevadas have a general elevation of from 8,000 to 15,000 feet. In the southern part of the main range is Mount Whitney, 15,000 feet high. In the north Mount Shasta, a bare volcanic peak of 1-4,400 feet in height, is the best known. The Coast Range is inferior in grandeur to the Sierras, having an average elevation of 2,500 to 4,000 feet. The Sacramento river rises near Mount Shasta, and flows south until in latitude 38° it unites with the San .Joaquin. The latter has its origin in Tulare Lake, and its course is northerly until it joins the Sacramento. After receiv- ing the San Joacjuin the Sacramento flows west to the sea. The Klamath has its origin in Oregon, and flows through the northwest part of California; and the Colorado forms, in part, the southeast boundary, and empties into the Gulf of California. The principal lakes are Tulare and Mono. Lake Tahoe forms part of the boundary between California and Nevada. The principal bay is that of San Francisco, which is forty miles long and nine miles wide, and forms the best harbor on the western coast of North America. Climate, — The variation in climate, owing to the difi"erence in elevation and latitude, is great. On the coast the winters are mild and the summers extremelv pleasant. At San Francisco the summer mean is GO" Fahrenheit; that of winter, 51°; and of the year, 56°. In the interior the summers are much warmer, and in the Sac- ramento valley the mercury often reaches 100°. In the tvventy-three years, 1850 - 1872 inclusive, the rainfall, at the same city, varied from seven to fifty inches per annum, and extreme variability from year to year is shown in other parts of the State. In the south the average is not over ten inches, and at Fort Yuma even less. The heavy snows which rest on the Sierras partially correct the irregularity of the rainfall. IlistOVy. — The first discovery of the territory now known as California was made about the middle of the sixteenth century by the Spaniards, under Cortez; but no settlements were made by white men until about a century ago. In 17G8 the Fran- ciscan monks, who had succeeded to the Jesuits in the lower peninsula, withdrew from that country to Upper California, and established a number of missions near San Fran- cisco. In 1822 Mexico became independent of Spain, and from that time until 1840, ill which year the missions were broken up, the Franciscans continually lost ground. A trade in furs and hides began soon after 1820. But actual settlers were very few; and when in March, 1844, Lieut, (afterwards Major-General) John C. Fremont suc- ceeded, after incredible hardships, in reaching Sutter's Fort, on the Sacramento, having crossed the mountains without a guide, he found only a few trappers and hunters in the country. Fremont's reports of the geography and resources of the territory largely increased the interest in it, and settlements rapidly foll(»wed. California was taken possession of by the United States during the war with Mexico, possession afterward being confirmed by the treaty of 1848. Between 1844 and 1840 there was a large influx of Americans, and the discovery of gold in El Dorado county in Februarv, 1848, induced such an immigration as had never before been seen in any country. In less than three years San Francisco and the neighboring mining camps contained a popu- lation of 150,000. No Territorial government had been organized, but a convention was called in September, 1849, to frame a State constitution. This was ratified by the people without delay, and California was admitted into the Union Sept. 9, 1850. The Indian population has almost disappeared, and the Mexicans are few in number. A convention to revise the constitution met on Sept. 28, 1878, and agreed upon a number o* amendments, which were ratified by the popular vote. Population. — Census of 1880: Males, 518,170; Females, 340,518; Native, 571,820; Foreign, 292,874; White, 767,181; Colored, 97,513, including 75,133 Chi- nese, 86 Japanese, and 10,277 Indians and Half-breeds. 113 M \F OF C^LIFORNI 4. A.N D NKV^DA n STATE OF NEVADA. TopoffVaphy. — Nevada has an extreme length north and south of 485 miles; its greatest breadth through the centre is about 3:20 miles; area, 110,700 square miles, or 70,8-18,000 acres, with 58,43(3,498 still unsurveyed. The surface is an elevated table land, with an average altitude of 4,500 feet above the ocean, and broken by parallel ranges of mountains, running from north to south, which attain a height of from 1,000 to 8,000 feet. The Sierra Nevadas, which reach an elevation varying from 7,000 to 13,000 feet, form a part of the western boundary. It would be difficult to say what part of the State is the water-shed, for the rivers, which are not navigable, run in all directions, and with few exceptions fail to reach the sea. Some empty into lakes or sloughs, and others sink into the earth. The Col- orado river forms a part of the eastern and southeastern border, and the longest stream is the Humboldt, which rises in the northeastern part of the State, and has a course of 300 miles within it, terminating in Humboldt Lake. Lake Tahoe, among the moun- tains on the California border, is twenty-one miles long and ten miles wide, and has a depth of 1,500 feet. It is more than 6,000 feet above the ocean, but keeps a tempe- rature of about 57° Fahrenheit, the year round. Pyramid and Walker Lakes are also extensive bodies of water, and of great depth. The other lakes are little else than marshes formed by the overflow of the streams, and in many cases their waters are al- kaline or brackish. Among the most noticeable natural features are the " mud lakes " and warm springs. Some of the former cover 100 square miles and are composed of thick alkaline deposits in the dry season, or of a foot or two of very muddy water during the rains. Most of the springs contain sulphur or other mineral ingredients, and possess medicinal qualities. CliTnate, — The winters are mild, with little snow except upon the mountains, but in the north the thermometer sometimes falls as low as fifteen degrees below zero. In the south and east the weather is much moi'e moderate and frosts are rare, but the summer temperature ranges up to 95° and even 105°, May and June being the hottest months. The rainfall is light, and occurs principally in the spring, or from January to the end of April. The air is invigorating and bracing, and the climate is considered very healthy. Mines cmd liLinevals. — Nevada contains enormous mineral wealth, and produces immense quantities of the precious metals. First in importance is silver, which exists in nearly every section. Gold is found in many of the silver mines, but in such small quantities that its value is only half that of the other metal. Very rich lead and copper ores have been found, and among other valuable minerals are cinna- bar, platinum, zinc, tin, plumbago, manganese, nickel and cobalt, mostly associated with the precious metals. Coal and iron exist, and all kinds of valuable clays, includ- ing kaolin and fire clay, have been discovered. The building stones include limestone, marbles of all varieties, granite, slate and sandstone. Very extensive deposits of bcrax are found in Churchill and Esmeralda counties, and sulphate of soda has also been dug. The salt springs are valuable and abundant, and salt is also obtained in the form of crystals and rock salt. HistOVy. — Nevada was organized as a Territory March 2, 1861, out of a large portion of Utah, which was set off for that purpose. In 1862 an extension of territory was granted at the expense of Utah, and on Oct. 31, 1864, the State was admitted into the Union, a State constitution having previously been framed by a convention and ratified by the people. The limits were further extended in May, 1866, Arizona and Utah surrendering a part of their territory, and the boundaries remain as thus consti- tuted. Settlements by white men were first made in 1848, when some small colonies of Mormons found homes in Washoe and Carson valleys. In the following year gold was discovered, but even this did not attract many settlers, and it was not until 1859, when the existence of enormous argentiferous deposits became known, that miners began to flock in. JPoptilation.— Census of 1880 : Males, 42,019; Females, 20,247; Native, 36,613; Foreign, 25,653; White, 53,556; Colored, 8,710, including 5,416 Chinese, 3 Japanese, and 2,803 Indians and Half-breeds. 118 TERRITORY OF UTAH. TopOfjraphy. — The average length of Utah north and soutli is about 350 miles; average breadth, about 2G0 miles; area, 84,970 square miles, or 54,380,800 acres. The country is rugged and broken, and is separated into two unequal sections by the Wahsatch mountains, which cross it from northeast to southwest. Extending east from the Wahsatch, along the southern border of Wyoming, are the Uintah mountains. Other prominent ranges are the Roan, Little, Sierra Lasal, Sierra Abajo, San Juan and Sierra Panoches. In the southeast are extensive elevated plateaus, and in the west a series of disconnected ridges and mountain ranges, generally extending from north to south. East of the Wahsatch the drainage is mostly by the streams which form the Colorado. Of these, the chief are Grand and Green rivers. White, Uintah and San Rafael are tributary to Green river. The Rio Virgin, in the southwest, joins the Colo- rado in Nevada. Among the lakes, the largest is the Great Salt Lake in the northwest, which is seventy-five miles long and about thirty broad. Utah Lake is a beautiful sheet of fresh water, having an area of about 130 scjuare miles, and closely hemmed in by mountains. It is connected with the Great Salt Lake by the Jordan river. Bear Lake is on the Idaho border, and partly in that Territory. The Sevier river, rising in the southern part of Utah, flows north for 150 miles, receiving the San Pete and other smaller streams, then bends southwest and forms Sevier Lake, about 100 miles south- west of the Great Salt Lake. Climate, — The climate for the most part is mild and healthful. The mean an- nual temperature east of the Wahsatch mountains is from 38° to 44°, and west of that range from 45° to 52*^ Fahrenheit, while in the valley of the Rio Virgin and in the soixthwest generally tne summers are dry and hot. The rainfall averages fifteen to sixteen inclies per annum, and sometimes reaches twenty inches in the north. Most of the rain falls between October and April; spring opens in the latter month, and cold weather seldom sets in before the end of November. In the mountainous dis- tricts the winters are severe, and the snowfall is heavy. HistOt'lf. — The country now included in the Territory of Utah was acquired from Mexico by treaty in 1848. The manner of its settlement ditl'ered widely from that of other divisions of the Union. The Mormons, who had settled at Nauv(jo and Carthage, 111., after being driven from Missouri, became convinced in 1845 that with their jieculiar form of belief, and the hostility which it engendered against them, they could find safety and room for growth only in a new country, and they therefore decided to emigrate so far west that, as was then believed, the United States would not be able reach to them, at least for many years. In 1846 large numbers gathered at Council Bluffs, Iowa, and in the following spring pioneers crossed the plains to Salt Lake valley. The grand exodus did not, however, take place until May, 1848, and the main body did not reach Salt Lake until the autumn. Before the Mormons had been a year in Utah, they held a convention (March, 184U,) and organized a State to be known as " Deseret." The constitution thus prepared was rejected by Congress, and Sept. 9, 1850, the Territory of Utah, then including over 220,000 square miles, and embrac- ing portions of the present States of Colorado and Nevada, and the Territory of Wy- oming, was formed, with Brigham Young as its governor. From this time until 1858 the Mormons were in continued difficulties with the United States government. In 1854 Brigham Young was removed, and Col. Steptoe, U. S. A., was appointed gover- nor. He arrived in Salt Lake City in August of that year; but, although supported by a battalion of Federal troops, did not deem it advisable to assume the duties of his position, and, in the spring of 1855, formally resigned, and removed his troops to Cali- fornia. Young still retained the office of governor. In February, 1856, the judge of the United States district court was compelled to adjourn court by an excited mob of armed Mormons, and shortly afterwards all the Federal officials, with the exception of the Indian agent, were driven from the Territory. In 1857 President Buchanan ap- pointed Alfred Cummings, as governor, and Judge Eckels, of Indiana, as chief justice. In order to protect these officials from violence, a force of 2,500 United States troops was ordered to Salt Lake. The army reached Utah in September, but severe weather came on before it entered Salt Lake valley, and Col. Albert Sidnc-y Johnston, who had assumed command, decided to winter on Black's Fork, near Fort Bridger. In the 117 spring of 1858 they prepared to move on Salt Lake City, but, meantime, an vmder- standing had been arrived at between the government and the heads of the church, and the threatened conflict was avoided. Several attempts have been made to secure the admission of Utah as a State, but uniformly without success. In August, 18T7, Brig- TERRITORY OF UTAH. ^1" ' Tamil Oil IlatmonT I:atic!i vi Ranch I BUTerEeefc.) " [Gl/vdal.-- f,, c W | ^QKancn b^,,,^ ^^^n _:;iir-+«'nt<''-villilWt.C.irm«l \° , , y^ltbcrr^.-~L.—.^ 2j ° .!lif .»££ -r-^^-'p ?^ • .^^'•'''^^^T^ ,C(fVok up the consideration of the subject in 1864. The result was a plan for a federal unioTi to embrace all British America, and delegates were appointed by the governments ol Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to agree upon the details. The result of their labors was ratified by all of these colonies with the exception of Nova Scotia, and in 1867 the British parliament passed an act creating the Dominion of Canada. Since then. Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, British Columl)ia and Manitoba have been admitted, and the North West Territories have been annexed. Newfoundland is the only portion of British North America not included in the Dominion of Canada. !Popl(Iation. — Census of 1881 : Prince Edward Island, 108,891; Nova Scotia, 440,572; New Brunswick, 321,233; Quebec, L359,027; Ontario, 1,923,228; Manitoba, 65,954; British Columliia, 49,459; North West Territories, 56,446. The last census of Newfoundland, taken at the end of 1874, placed the population at 161,374; ni 1881 it ■was given as 181,753, MAP OF QUKBEC. 124 MAP OF C)]SrTARlC). 125 NOVA SCOTIA, NEW BRUNSWICK, ETC. 126 MAP OF MANITOBA. 127 states, Territories and Provinces, WITH CAPITALS AND THEIR POPULATION. Capital. Population. UNITED STATES Washington 147,293 Alabama Montgomery 16,713 Arizona Prescott 1,836 Arkansas Little Rock 13,138 California Sacramento 21,420 Colorado Denver 35,629 Connecticut Hartford 42,015 Dakota Bismarck 1,758 Delaware Dover 2,811 Florida Tallahassee 2,494 Georgia Atlanta 37,409 Idaho Boise City 1,899 Illinois Springfield 19,743 Indiana Indianapolis 75,056 Indian Territory Tahlequah Iowa Des Moines 22,408 Kansas Topeka 15,453 Kentucky Frankfort 6,958 Louisiana Baton Rouge 7,197 Maine Augusta 8,665 Maryland Annapolis 6,642 Massachusetts Boston • 362,839 Michigan Lansing 8,319 Minnesota St. Paul 41,473 Mississippi Jackson 5,204 Missouri Jefferson City 5,271 Montana Helena 3,624 Nebraska Lincoln 13,003 Nevada Carson City 4,229 New Hampshire Concord 13,843 New Jersey Trenton 29,910 New Mexico i Santa Fc 6,635 New York Albany 90,758 North Carolina Raleigh 9,265 Ohio Columbus. 51,647 Oregon Salem 2,538 Peimsylvania Harrisburg 30,762 Riode Island ] feT^cc! i •..: i :::::.::: i ::; y.;; r. iiJ^iS South CaroMna Columbia 10,036 Tennessee Nashville 43,350 Texas Austin 11,013 Utah Salt Lake City 20,768 "Vermont Montpelier 1,847 Virginia Richmond '63,600 Washington Olympia ... 1,232 West Virginia Wheeling 30,737 Wisconsin Madison 10,324 Wyoming Cheyenne 3,456 DOMINION OF CANADA Ottawa 27,412 British Columbia Victoria 5,925 Manitoba Winnipeg ~. 7,985 New Brunswick Fredericton " 6,218 North-West Territories Battleford ' 4,830 Nova Scotia Halifax 36,100 Ontario Toronto 86,415 Prince Edward Island Charlottetown 11,485 Quebec Quebec 62,446 128 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. ^' O /^ A? , f^ETD 1 5 ji;l.70 REI'D 21JUL70 2: FEB 1975 RET'D MiR^fc 15 Form L9-Series 4939 UCLA AAAP LIBRARY REFERENCE ONLY D 000 676 391 6 ' Rand, McNally & Co.'s I^TDEXED*JlTLASiOFiiPiE.tIJORLD Mistoricdl, Statistirnh Descriptive. Illustrated u'ith Colored IHufframs. The work is a Royal C^uailo, supcrl)ly biimid in Morocco, i;ill cdLri's, Half Morocco or Aintr icau Uussia. It contains !i;{ laruc scale Maps, with every known City, Town, Villair<' or Monntain, Hiver, Lake or Island in the world. Ini)Kxi:i> : also, 2~>\ colored I)iai,Manis, showing' increase or decrease of Population, Wealth. Debt and Taxation, Chief Product ictus. Articles oi Manufacture and ("omnierce. Heligious Divisions of the World, Etlinolojiical Chart of Europe-, the Area and I'roduet of the Great Stales of the Earth, Density of Population, Toiuiatic, etc., etc.; to which is added a descriptive and historical account of every civil division in the World, and in the United States each Slate or Territory, treated separately, fornnng a niai,nuticent volume of 9;}(J pages. RAND, McNALLY l CD., PubliBherB, ChiCBgn. 111. THIRTEENTH EDITION OF iusiMESS ,Htlas nm Shippers' (Euide- Piice, $12.50 in Cloth; $15.00 in Half Morocco. Containing largo scale maps of the Dominion of Canada, Old Mexico, Central America. Cuha, and the .several States and Territories of the United States, together with a complete Keference Map of tlie World, printed in colors, accompanied by a new and original comjiilation and ready- reference Index, and accurately locating all cities, towns, post ofiices, railroad stations, vjjjhgcs. counties, parislies, islands, lakes, rivers, mountains, etc., showing in detail the entire RaiTi>Micl System. THE NEW AND SPECIAL FEATURES of this edition are, locating tlie branches or particular divisions of railroads ujton which each station is located, the nearest mailing point of all local places, designating money-order otlices, telegraph stations, and naming the Exjtress Comjiany doing business at the points where the several companies have offices, and the full census returns to date. 500 pages. New Indexed Atlas of the Mississippi Valley, Northwest and Pacific Coast. Jloiiiiii ill (loth, I'lirv, $S.OO. Containingr the special features of the complete Business Atlas and larere scale maps of the following: States and Territories : AUI/.ONA TKNNFSSKK. AKKANSAS. INIMASTEKKITOKV. ' Can.., In NKjtK.VSKA. l^^^-}^ I MIFoKMV low \ MU'llKiAN. NbXADA. ITAM. lolloUVDo KANSAS. SllXSKSoTA. SKW MKXICO. jyi\2f)|^ijP-'''- UAKOTA. KKNTICKY. SllS.SIHRIl'11. ^'H-'..v^. S- v,^i.^?-'■'"• It>AHO. LUllSIANA. SlI.SSol UI. UKMION. W^UMl.NU. ILLINOIS. Tlie new and special features, with new maps specially designed and engraved for this work, make the thirteenth edition of the business Atlas and Shippers' Guide the most complete and best we have ever issued. It will be found of Special Value to all classes of Shippers. RAND, McNALLY &. CO., Publishers, tllKAlJO, ILLINOIS. r D □ LL AR ATIAS ^y^ OF THE V