AT LOS ANGELES . n Gift of Redlands University 'i^w kaiwiiniftlL HISTORICAL LIGHTS: SIX THOUSAI^D QITOTATIOKS FROM STANDARD HISTORIES AND BIOGRAPHIES, WITH TWENTY THOUSAND CROSS-REFERENCES, AND A GENERAL INDEX, ALSO AN INDEX OF PERSONAL NAMES. THESE EXTRACTS CONSIST CHIEFLY OF FACTS AND INCIDENTS. THEY ARE DESIGNED FOR THOSE WHO DESIRE READY ACCESS TO THE EVENTS, THE LESSONS AND THE PREC- EDENTS OF HISTORY, IN THE PREPARATION OF ADDRESSES, ESSAYS AND SERMONS, ALSO IN PLEADING AT THE BAR, IN DISCUSSING POLITICAL ISSUES, AND IN WRITING FOR THE PRESS. COMPILED BY Eev. CHARLES E. LITTLE, Author of "Biblical Lights and SideLights." " JShMtmine History, for it is Philosophy teaching by Experience." — Carltlk. Sfconb 6Mtion. FUNK & WAGNALLS: . NEW YORK: 1888. LONDON: 18 and 20 Astor Place. 44 FLEET STREET All Bights ^^^erved. ^ 2. • Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1886, by FUNK & WAGNALLS, In the OfBce of the Librarian of Congress at Washington, D. C. PRE FAC E ^ \ Historical statements awaken in the average mind an interest which proves the existence of a hidden element in them, that does not pertain to a mere record of facts. The marvels of history, and its prosy facts as well, not only attest the oneness of human nature and the unity of human experience, but they also forecast a shadowy premonition of coming events. This thought has found its graceful expression in the words of a German writer, who says : "All history is an imprisoned epic — nay, an imprisoned psalm and prophecy." While historical statements address our curiosity for knowledge, they also stimulate the imagination to give realistic coloring to the picture presented to the mind. Hence it is that historical fields will ever prove chosen grounds for reference and illustration by those who address the public. • • n This volume is the outgrowth of certain lines of historical readings, ongmally -^ designed for the author's personal benefit, and to aid in the preparation of sermons ^ and addresses. After nearly twenty-five years of reading and brief mdexmg of z interesting facts and incidents, a mass of quotations has accumulated, and under ^ the natural law of selection this volume represents the " survival of the fittest." It is not presumed that the field of selection is exhausted, or that omissions have not been made of numerous interesting statements. Many lengthy selections have been excluded by the plan of the book, which permits only brief extracts. It is merely claimed that a large class of historical facts and fancies which have aided J, the compiler in his work are in this ready reference form offered by the publishers ■ - to others who mav value liistorical allusions and quotations in addressing the public >5 -either by the pen or the voice. This collection is both religious and secular in its ^^ character, and the quotations are especially fitting the needs of preachers, pleaders in court, political speakers, essayists in schools, and writers for the press. ) It is also claimed that the topical arrangement of these quotations, and the 5 extensive cross-reference index, and the index of personal names will greatly facilitate '\; their use by requiring onlv a brief search to find them, and making a previous rec- ^X ollection of the passages" unnecessary. In this way they may supply ma large ^ measure the lack of a ready memory to those who are unable to recall historical facts and incidents, or have forgotten the volume in which they may be found. They may be equally serviceable to those who have but little opportunity for ^ historical readings. These quotations are taken from standard histories and biogra- ^ phies, and chiefly relate to the earlv civilized races and the American and English peoples. Those taken from the Holy Scriptures have been published m a volume by themselves, entitled " Biblical Lights and Side Lights.*' ■ .. ^f It has been the aim of the compiler to present each quotation complete m itself, so that it may not be necessary to examine the authority quoted ; yet each mav be verified by the reader and the connections studied by following the reference which concludes each article. The articles quote the exact words of the various authors, except where otherwise expressed bv brackets. The title, catchword and compiler s addendum, in brackets, will usually so complete the meaning of the quotation that it will not be necessary to make further examination of the historical connec- tions. When more information is desired, it may frequently be found m the large cyclopgedias by those who have not at hand the authorities to which reference is made. A list of authorities quoted in this volume may be found on another page. Charles E. Little. East Orange, N. J., November 3, 1885. • < c e c cc INDEX OF AUTHORS. A0THOR8. Titles. ABBOTT, JOHN S. C History of Napoleon Bonaparte. ARNOLD, THOMAS Hannibal. BAKER, SAMUEL W In the Heart of Africa. BANCROFT, GEO History of the United States. 6vo1b. BLAINE, JAMES Q Twenty Years of Congress. Vol.1. BOSWELL, JAMES Life of Samuel Johnson, U.D. BUNSEN Ittartln Luther. CARLYLE, THOMAS Robert Burns. » " History of the French Revolution. 4 vole. •» ♦« Frederick the Great. 4 vols. »' " .Goethe. CREASY Fifteen Decisive Battles of the AVorld. CUSTIS, GEO. W. P • Recollections and Private ITIemolrs of i;('asIiin<;ton. 2 vols. DOWDEN, PROP Southey. FARRAR, CANON Early Days of Christianity. FORBES, ARCHIBALD Chinese Gordon. PROUDE, JAMES ANTHONY Caesar. ♦ " " " John Bunyan. GIBBON, EDWARD The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. 6 vols. GREEN, J. R Larger History of the English People. FOWLER, THOMAS Locke. HEADLEY, J. T Life and Travels of General Grant. HOOD, PAXTON Life of Cromwell. HUTTON, R. H Sir Walter Scott. IRVING, WASHINGTON liife of Christopher Columbus. 4 vols. " " Life of t.oldsmlth. KNIGHT, CHARLES The Popular History of England. 8 volfl. LAMARTINE, ALPHONSE DE Oliver Cromwell. " •' " mary Queen of Scots. •• " " Turkey. LESTER, EDWARDS C Life of Peter Cooper. " " " Iiife of Sam Houston. MACAULAY, THOMAS BABINGTON History of England. 2 vols. " ^ " " Life of Frederick the Great* » ♦• " William Pitt. » " " Milton. MICHELET, JULES JoanofArc. MORLEY, JOHN Burke. MORRISON, J. C Gibbon. MULLER.MRS ..Life of George Miiller. MYERS, J "Wordsworih. NORTON, FRANK H Life of Alexander H. Stephems, PARTON, JAMES Brief Biographies. VI INDEX OF AUTHORS. Brief Biographies include the following names: Adams, John. Crockett, David. Hudson. Henry. Peel, Sir Robert. Adams Mrs John. D'Albiiquerque, Alphonse. Irving, Washington. Peter the Great. Adams! Samuel. Davy, Sir Humphry. Jackson, Andrew. His Pizarro, Francesco. Alfonso I. of Portugal. Decatur, Death of C )m. ilarriage. Pocahontas. Aristotle. De Champlain, Samuel. Jefferson, Thomas. Poe, Edgar Allan. Arkwright, Richard. Dias, Bartholomew. Jefferson at Home, Thos. Quincy, Josiah. Arnold, Benedict. Douglas, Stephen A. Jerome, Chauncey. Rothschild, Maier. Audubon. Drake, Sir Francis. Jones, Paul. Ramford, Count. Aurelius, Marcus. Faraday, Michael. Knox, Henry. Silliman, Prof. Bismarck, Prince. Fitch, Poor John. La Fayette. Shakespeare, What is Bolivar. Frobisher, Sir Martin. Law, John. Known of. Bryant, Wm. Cnllen. Franklin, Benjamin. Lawrbnce, James. Sidney, Algernon. Byron, Early Life of Lord. Franklin, Sir John. Louis Philippe in the U. S. Sparks. Jared. Burr Aaron Fulton, Robert. Madison's Married Life, Sutter, John A. Cabot, Sebastian. Galileo. Prest. Virgil. The Poet. Cartier, Jacques. Garibaldi. Magalhaens, Fernando. Voltaire and Catharine of Catos The Two. Goodyear, Charles. Mathew, Father. Russia. Charles Xn. Gustavus IIL Milton, The Poet. Washington at Home. Colburn, Zerah. Hahnemann, Doctor. Morse, Professor. Washington, Inauguration Copernicus, Nicholas, Hamilton, Alexander. Morton, Dr. W. T. G. of. Confucius. Hargreaves, James. Mott, Dr. Valentine. Ward, Artemus. Cook, Captain. Harvard, John. Newton, Sir Isaac. Watt, James. Cooper, Fenimore. Howard, John. Palmerston, Lord. Webster, Daniel. Cooper, Peter. Horace, The Poet. Parry, Sir William. Whitney, Eli. Cortez, Hernando. Howe, Elias. Pascal, Blaise. Yale, Elihu. PATTISON, MARK Hilton. PLUT\RCH Plutarch's Lives. Including the lives of the following persons: ^milius, Paulus. " Cato the Younger. Gracchus, Tiberius. Philopoemen. Agesilaus. Cicero. Gracchus, Caius. Pyrrhus. Agis. * Ciinon. Lycurgus. Phocion. Alcil)iade8. Clioraencs. Lyeander. Pompey. Alexander. Coriulanus, Caius Marcius. Lucullus. Romulus. Antony. Cra.. 1776. Finding him still persevering in his abstinence from wine, I ventured to speak to him of it. Johnson : " Sir, I have no objec- tion to a man's drinking wine, if he can do it in moderation. I found myself apt to go to excess in it, and therefore, after having been for some time without it, on account of itlness, I thought it better not to return to it. Every man is to judge for himself, according to the effects which he experiences. One of the Fathers tells us that he found fasting made him so peevish, that he did not practise it." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 275. 17. ABSTINENCE, Twofold. Greek Emp. Androniciis. [Being deposed by his grandson] his calamities were embittered by the gradual extinction of sight ; his conflnement was ren- dered each day more rigorous ; and during the absence and sickness of his grandson, his inhu- man keepers, by threats of instant death, com- pelled him to exchange the purple for the mo- nastic habit and profession. The monk 'Antony [as he was now called] had renounced the pomp of the world ; yet he had occasion for a coarse fur in the ^infer season, and as wine Avas for- bidden by his confessor, and water by his phy- sician, the sherbet of Egypt was his common drink. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 63. 18. ABSTINENCE, TJnconscious. The Poet Shelley. Mrs. Shelley used to send him some- thing to eat into the room where he habitually studied ; but the plate frequently remained un- touched for hours upon a bookshelf, and at the end of the day he might be heard asking, " Mary, have I dined ?" — Symonds's Shelley, ch. 4. 19. ABSTEACTION, Art of. "Waistcoat But- ton. " He had long desired to get above a school- fellow in his class, who detied all his efforts, till Scott noticed that whenever a question was asked of his rival, the lad's fingers grasped a particular button on his waistcoat, while his mind went in search of the answer. Scott accordingly anticipated that if he could re- move this button, the boy would be thrown out, and .so it proved. The button was cut olT, and the next time the lad Avas questioned, liis fingers being unable to find the button, and his eyes going in perplexed search after his fin- gers, he stood confounded, and Scott mastered by strategy the place he could not gain by mere industry. " Often in after-life," said Scott, in narrating the manoeuvre to Rogers, "has the sight of iiim smote me as I passed by him ; and often have I resoh'ed to make him some repa- ration, but it ended in good resolutions. — Hut- ton's Life of Sir W. Scott, ch. 1. 20. ABSTRACTION, Blunders by. Sir I. New- ton. Several anecdotes are i)reserA'ed of his ab- sence of mind. On one occasion, Avhen he was giA'ing a dinner to some friends, he left the table to get them a bottle of wine ; but on his way to the cellar he fell into reflection, forgot his errand and his company, Avent to his chamber, put on his surplice, and proceeded to the chapel. Sometimes he would go into the street half dressed, and, on discovering liis condition, run l)ack in great haste, much abashed. Often Avhile strolling in his garden he Avould sudden- ly stop, and then run rapidly to his room, and begin to write, "standing, on the first piece of paper that ]Mcscnted itself. Intending to dine in the public hall, he would go out in a broAvn study, take the wrong turn, Avalk awhile, and then return to his room, having totally forgotten the dinner . . . Having dismounted from his hor.se to lead him up a hill, the horse slipped his head out of the bridle ; but NcAVton, obliAious, ncA'er discovered it, till, on reaching a toll-gate at the top of the hill, he turned to remount, he per- ceived that the bridle which he held in his hand, had no horse attached to it. His secretary re- cords that his f orgetf ulness of his dinner Avas an excellent thing for his old housekeeper, who "sometimes found both dinner and supper scarcely tasted of, which the old woman has very pleasantly and mumpingly gone away with." On gefting out of bed In the morning, he has beenobserved to sit on his bedside for hours, without dressing himself, utterly ab- sorbed in thought. — Cyclopedia op Biogiia- PHY, p. 257. 21. ABSTRACTION, Dangerous. ArcJiimedes. [When the Romans captured Syracuse] Archi- medes was in his study, engaged in some math- ematical researches ; and his mind, as Avell as his CA'e, was so intent upon his diagram, that he neither heard the tumultuous noise of the Ro- mans, nor perceived that the city was taken. A soldier suddenly entered his room, and ordered him to foUoAv liim to ]Marcellus ; and Archime des refusing to do it, until he had finished his ])roblein, and brought his demonstration to bear, the soldier, in a passion, drew his sword and killed him. — Plutakch. 22. ABTISE, Absence of. Satages. It is said of the Ainus saA'ages, Avho are inhabitants of the North Pacific, that they give striking proof of their amiability of disposition, in that they ABUSE— ACCIDENT. have no words of abuse in their language. — Am. Cyc, "Ainus." 23. ABUSE, Personal. Miltan, by Snlmasius. If any one thinks that classical studies of themselves cultivate the taste and the senti- ments, let him look into Salmasius's Responsw. There he will see the tirst scholar of his age not thinking it unbecoming to taunt Milton with his blindness, in such language as this : "A puppy, once my pretty little man, now blear-ej-ed, or rather a blindling ; having never had any mental vision, he has now lost his bodily sight ; a silly coxcomb, fancying himself a beauty ; an unclean beast, with nothing more human about him than his guttering eyelids ; the fittest doom for him Avould be to hang him on the highest gallows, and set his head on the Tower of London." These are some of the inci\ilitics, not by any- means the most revolting, but such as I dare re- produce, of this literary warfare. — Pattison's Milton, eh. 9. 24. ABUSE, Slanderous. Napoleon T. The English press teemed with . . . abuse. . . . He was a . . . demon in human form. He was a robber and a miser, plundering the treasuries of nations that he might hoard his countless mill- ions ; and he was also a profligate and a spend- thrift, s(iuaudering upon his lusts the wealth of empires. He was wallowing in licentiousness, his camp a harem of pollution, ridding himself, by poison, of his concubines ... at the same time he was fhymally aa imbecile — a monster whom God in His displeasure had deprived of the passions and powers of health}^ manhood. He was an idol whom the entranced people . . . worshipped. . . . He was also a sanguinary, heartless, merciless butcher. — Abbott's Xapo- LEON B., vol. 1, ch. 9. 25. ABUSE, Success by. Politics. Some pretty rough jjoliticians used to find the way to Wash- ington from the Western States, fifty or sixty years ago. Matthew Lyon was one of these, a man of great note in his day. Josiah Quincy once asked him how he obtained an election to the House of Representatives so soon after his emigration to Kentucky. He answered, "By establishipg myself at a cross-roads, which everj^body in the district passed from time to time, and abusing the sitting member." — Cyclo- paedia OP Biography, p. 756. 26. ACCESS, Humble. To Rom. Emp. Diocle- tian. The sumi^tuous robes of Diocletian and his successors were of silk and gold ; and it is remarked with indignation, that even their shoes were studded with the most precious gems. The access to their sacred person was every day rendered more difficult by the institution of new forms and ceremonies. . . . When a subject was at length admitted to the Imperial presence, he was obliged, whatever might be his rank, to fall prostrate on the ground, and to adore, ac- cording to the Eastern fashion, the divinity of his lord and master. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 13. 27. ACCIDENT, Destiny by. Breml. [Duchy of Bethlem Gabor.] An unexpected accident had given a singular turn to the dispute as to the succession of Juliers. This duchy was still ruled conjointly by the Electorate House of Brandenburg and the Palatine of Neuburg ; and a marriage between the Prince of Neuburg and a Princess of Brandenburg was to have in- separably united the interests of the two houses. But the whole scheme was upset by a box on the ear, which, in a drunken brawl, the Elector of Brandenburg unfortunately inflicted upon his intended son-in-law. From this moment the good understanding between the two houses was at an end. The Prince of Neuburg embraced popery. The hand of a princess of Bavaria re- warded his apostas}', and the strong support of Bavaria and Spain was the natural result of both. To secure to the Palatine the exclusive posse.ssion of Juliers, the Spanish troops from the Netherlands were marched into the Palati- nate. To rid himself of these guests, the Elector of Brandenburg called the Flemings to his assist- ance, whom he sought to propitiate by embracing the Calvinist religion. — Thirty Years' War, §92. 2§. ACCIDENT, Distress by. Henry II. of France. [Henry's daughter Elizabeth was to be married to Philip, and his sister Margaret to the Duke of Savoy.] Magnificent rejoicings took place at Paris during the summer of 1.559 in celebration of these royal nuptials. Lists were erected in front of the palace of the Tournelles, and a splendid tournament was held, at which, on the 27th of June, the king himself, supported, by the Duke of Guise and two other princes, maintained the field against all antagonists. Henry, who was an admirable cavalier, tri- umphantly carried off the honors of the day ; but toward the close of it, having unfortunately chosen to run a course with ^lontgomerj', cap- tain of his Scottish guards, the lance of the stout knight shivered in the encounter, and the broken truncheon, entering the king's eye, penetrated to the brain. Henry languished eleven days in great suffering, and expired ... in the forty-first year of his age. — Students' Hist, of France, ch. 15, § 7. 29. ACCIDENT, Revolution by. " t>icilian Ves- pers." As the citizens of Palermo flocked to ve.spcrs on one of the festivals of Easter week, March 30, 1282, a French soldier grossly insulted a young and beautiful Sicilian maiden in tlie presence of her betrothed husband ; the latter in- stantly drew his dagger and stabbed the offender to the heart. This was the signal for a violent explosion of popular fuiy ; cries of " Death to the French !" resounded on all sides ; upward of two hundred were cut down on the spot, and the massacre was continued in the streets of Pa- lermo through the whole night. From the cap- ital the insurrection spread to Messina, froni Messina to the other towns of the island ; every- where the French were ruthlessly butchered, without distinction of age, sex, or condition ; the total number of the slain is said to have ex- ceeded eight thousand. Such was the terrible catastrophe of the " Sicilian Vespers." — Stu- dents' Hist, op Fi!Ance, ch. 9, § 10. 30. ACCIDENT, Saved by. Thomm Paine. During the Reign of Terror Thomas Paine was imprisoned, but was saved from the guillotine, apparently by an accident. The door of his room was marked for the executioner, but the sign was made on it while it was open ; and at night, when the terrible messenger usually ar- rived, the mark was on the inside, and, as he himself saj^s, " the destroying angel passed by."' Stevens's ^Ietiiodism, Book 7, ch. 1. I ACCIDENT— ACTIONS. 31. ACCIDENT, Significant. Norman Duke William. [Battle of Hastinffs.] When he pre- pared to arm himself, he called first for his good hauberk, and a man brouirht it on his arm, and placed it before him ; but in putting his head in, to get it on, he unawares turned it the wrong ■way, with the back part in front. He soon changed it ; but when he saw those who stood by were sorely alarmed, he said, " I have seen niany a man who, if such a thing had happened to hfm, would not have borne arms, or entered the field the same day ; but I never believed in omens, and I never will. I trust in God, for He does in all things His pleasure, and ordains what is to come to pass according to His will. I have never liked fortune-tellers, nor believed in di- viners ; but I commend myself to Our Lady. Let not this mischance give you trouble. The hauberk which was turned wrong, and then set right by me, signifies that a change will arise out of the matter which we are now stining. You shall see the name of the duke changed into king. Yea, a king shall I be, who hitherto have been but duke." [He was unharmed in battle.] — Decisive Battles, § 309. 32. ACCIDENT utilized. Son of AU. A fa- miliar story is related of the benevolence of one of the sons of Ali. In serving at table, a slave had inadvertently dropped a dish of scalding broth on his master ; the heedless wretch fell prostrate, to deprecate his punishment, and re- peated a verse of the Koran : " Paradise is for those who command their anger : " — " I am not angry:" — "and for those who pardon of- fences:" — "I pardon your offence:" — "and for those who return good for e\il : " — " I give you your liberty, and four hundred pieces of silver." — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 50. 33. . Norman Invasion. When Duke William himself landed, as he stepped on the shore he slipped, and fell forward upon his two hands. Forthwith all raised a loud ciy of distress. " An evil sign," .said they, " is here." But he cried out lustily, "See, my lords, by the splendor of God, I have taken possession of England with both my hands. It is now mine, and what is mine is yours." — Decish^e Bat- tles, g 297. 34. ACCOMPLISHMENTS, Worthy. Themis- tocles. [The prudent Athenian general] was laughed at, in company where free scope was given to raillerj% by persons w^ho passed as more accomplished in what was called gentle breeding ; he was obliged to answer them with some asperity : " ' Tis true I never learned how to tune a harp or play upon a lute, but I know how to raise a small and inconsiderable city to glory and greatness." — Plutarch. 35. ACENOWLEDGMENT, Slender. Postage. The only acknowledgment of his twenty-five 3'ears' services which John Adams carried with iiini in his unwelcome and mortifying retire- ment, was the privilege which had been granted to Washington on his withdrawal from the pres- idency, and after his death to his widow, and bestowed likewise upon all subsequent ex-pres- idents and their widows, of recei%'ing his letters free of postage for the remainder of his life. — Am. Cyc, " Jonx Adams." 36. ACQUAINTANCE, Brief. Am. Indians. The English [colonists] received a friendly wel- come ... on the island of Roanoke. . . " The people were most gentle and loving and faithful, void of all guile and treason, and such as live after the manner of the Golden Age." [They afterward learned] the practice of invitin;^ men to a feast, that they might be murdered in the hour of confidence. — ^Bancroft's Hist, of U. S.,ch. 3. 37. ACQUAINTANCE, Unwelcome. Samml Johruion. He gave us an entertaining account of Bet Flint, a woman of the town, who, with some eccentric talents and much effrontery, forced herself upon his acquaintance. "Bet (said he) wrote her own life in verse, which she brought to me, wishing that I would furnish her with a preface to it. (Laughing.) I used to say of her, that she was generally slut and drunkard — occasionally, whore and thief. She had, however, genteel lodgings, a spinnet on which she played, and a boy that walked before her chair." — Boswell's Jokxsox, p. 46L 3§. ACEOSTIC, Political. Reign of Charles II. It happened by a whimsical coincidence that, in 1671, the cabinet consisted of five persons, the initial letters of whose names made up the word Cabal : Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ash- ley, and Lauderdale. — ]Macaulay's Hist, op Eng., ch. 2. 39. ACTIVITY, Roman. Roman Navy. In the first Punic war the republic had exerted such incredible diligence, that within sixty days after the first .stroke of the axe had been given in the forest a fleet of one hundred and sixty galleys proudly rode at anchor in the sea. — Gibbon's Roim, ch. 3. 40. ACTION, Decisive. Colonel Gordon. [Lord George Gordon was a contemptible demagogue, who brought a clamorous mob of sixty thousand persons to the House of Parliament ; he reported for their vengeance the names of the members who spoke against the petition in their behalf which he had presented, while they waited in palace yard with many threatening demonstra- tions. His crowd twice attempted to force the doors. Expostulation with the fanatic was in vain.] At last. Colonel Gordon, a near relative, went up to him and said : " My Lord George, do you intend to bring your rascally adherents into "the House of Commons ? If you do, the first man of them that enters— I will plunge my sword, not into him, but into your body." A party of horse-guards at length arrived, and the rabble went home. — Knight's Eng. , vol. 6, ch. 26. 41. ACTIONS speak. Declaring War. [An- cus, one of the early kings of Rome.] created a college of sacred Heralds, called Fetiales, whose l)usiness it was to demand reparation for injm-ies in a regular and formal manner, and in case of refusal" to declare war by hurling a spear into the enemv's land. — Liddell"s Rome. 42. " Cutting off . . . tallest Pop- pies." The only Latin town that defied Tar- quin's power was Gabii ; and Sextus, the king's younsjest son, promised to win this place also for his father. So he fled from Rome and presented himself at Gabii ; and there he made complaints of his father's tjTanny and prayed for protection. The Gabians believed hiui, and took him into their city, and they 6 ACTORS— ADMINISTRATION. trusted liim, so that in time he was made com- mander of their army. Now, his father suffered him to conquer in many small battles, and the Gabians trusted him more and more. Then he sent privately to his father, and asked what he should do to make the Gabians submit. Then King Tarquin gave no answer to the mes- senger, but, as he walked up and down his gar- den, he kept cutting off the heads of the tallest poppies with his staff. At last the messenger was tired, and went back to Sextus and told him what had passed. But Sextus understood what his father meant, and he began to accuse falsely all the chief men, and some of them he put to death and some he banished. So at la.st the city of Gabii was left defenceless, and Sextus deliv- ered it up to his father. — Liddell's Rome. 43. ACTORS and Actresses. Origin of. This craft dates its existence back to some centuries before Christ. The earliest mention we find of it in history is in the time of Solon in Greece. It was then attached to the religious rites, and its appliances and influences used to clothe with greater solemnity and effect the sacred celebra- tions of the Greeks. So high a place had the pro- fession at this period, that actors were all trained and paid at the expense of the State. . . . From the time of the Caesars the stage degenerated rap- idly, from being disconnected from tho.se relig- ious rites from which it drew its chief distinction, and was finally lost altogether during the dark ages. — A.M. Cyc, "Actors." 44. ACTORS dishonored. Roman Laic. The laws of Rome expressly prohibited the marriage of a senator with any female who had been dis- honored by a servile origin or theatrical profes- sion. — Gibbon's Rome, ch. 4. 45. ACTORS, Respect for. Dr. Samuel John- son. Sir Joshua Reynolds : " I do not perceive why the profession of a player should be despis- ed ; for the great and ultimate end of all the em- ploj'ments of mankind is to produce amusement. Garrick produces more amusement than any- body." BoswELL : "You say. Dr. Johnson, that Garrick exhibits himself for a shilling. In this respect he is only on a footing with a lawyer, who exhibits himself for his fee, and even 'will maintain anj' nonsense or absurdity, if the case re- quire it. Garrick refuses a play or a part which he does not like ; a lawyer never refuses." John- son : "Why, sir, what docs this prove? only that a lawyer is worse. Boswell is now like Jack in ' The Tale of a Tub,' who, when he is puzzled by an argument, hangs himself. He thinks I shall cut him down, but I'll let him hang" Gaughing vociferously). Sir Joshxta Reynolds : " Mr. Bo.swell thinks, that the pro- fession of a lawyer being unquestionably honor- able, if he can show the profession of a player to be more honorable, he proves his argument." — Boswell's Johnson, p. 211. 46. ADDRESS, Spectacular. Anton >/. [At the funeral of C*sar, when] the body was brought into the /«/•«;», and Antony spoke the usual fu- neral eulogium, as he perceived the people affect- ed by his speech, he endeavored still more to work upon their passions, by unfolding the bloody garment of Cfesar, show'ing them in how many places it was pierced, and pointing out the number of his wounds. This threw everything into confusion. Some called aloud to kill the murderers ; others, as was formerly done in the case of that seditious demagogue Clodius, snatch- ed the benches and tables from the neighboring shops, and erected a pile for the body of Caesar, in the midst of consecrated places and surround- ing temples. As soon as the pile was in flames, the people, crowding from all parts, snatched the half-burned brands, and ran round the city to fire the houses of the conspirators ; but they were on their guard against such an assault, and pre- vented the effects. — Pi.rTARCn. 47. ADDRESS, Successful. Edward IV. While Warwick was winning triumphs on liattleticld after battlefield the young king seemed to aban- don himself to a voluptuous indolence, to revels with the city wives of London, and to the caresses of mistresses like Jane Shore. Tall in stature and of singular beauty, his winning manners and gay carelessness of bearing secured Edward a popularity which had been denied to nobler kings. W'hen he asked a rich old lady for ten pounds toward a war with France, she answered, " For thy comely face thou shall have twenty." The king thanked and kissed her, and the old woman made her twenty forty. — Hist, of Eng. People, t; 497. 48. ADDRESS, Theatrical. Samuel Johrimn. His unqualilied ridicule of rhetorical gesture or action is not, surely, a test of truth ; yet we cannot help admiring how well it is adapteii to produce the effect which he wished. " Neither the judges of our laws, nor the representatives of our people, would be much affected by labored ges- ticulations, or believe any man the more because he rolled his eyes, or pulled his cheeks, or sjiread abroad his arms, or stamped the ground, or thumped his l)reast ; or turned his eyes sometimes to the ceiling, and sometimes to the floor." — Boswell's JoirNsoN, p. 89. 49. ADDRESS, Trickster's. Eep French principles from their heads and French daggers from their hearts ; to preserve all their blandishments in life, and all their consolations in death ; all the bless- ings of time, and all the hopes of eternity. — Mou- ley's Burke, ch. 9. 50. ADMINISTRATION, Responsibility of. Iteifjn of Charles. II. To the royal office and royal person they [the commons] l()udly and sin- cerely profes.sed the strongest attachment. But to [Lord Chancellor] Clarendon they owed noal legiance, and they fell on him as furiously as tlicir predecessors had" fallen on Strafford. Tl>e min- ister's virtues and vices alike contributed to his ruin. He was the ostensible head of the admin ADMINISTRATION— ADORATION. istration, and Avas therefore held responsible even for those acts which he had strongly, but vainl)', opposed in council. — Macaulay's Hist. OF Eng., eh. 2. 51. ADMINISTRATION, An unfortunate. J^res. Martin Van Ban it's. The administration of Van Buren has generally been reckoned as un- successful and inglorious. But he and his times were unfortunate rather than bad. He was the victim of all the evils which followed hard upon the relaxation of the Jacksonian methods of gov- ernment. He had neither the will nor the dis- position to rule as his predecessor [Andi-ew Jack- son] had done ; nor were the people and their representatives any longer in the humor to suffer that sort of government. The period was un- heroic ; it was the ebb-tide between the belliger- ent excitements of 1832 and the war with Mex- ico. The financial panic added opprobrium to the popular estimate of imbecility in the govern- ment. ' ' The administration of Van Buren," said a satirist, " is like a parenthesis ; it may be read in a low tone of voice, or altogether omitted, 'idtlwut injuring the sense !" But the satire lacked one essential quality — truth. — Hist. U. S., Rid- PATH, ch. 55. 52. ADMINISTRATION united. A. Lincoln. Judge Baldwin, of C'ahfornia . . . solicited a pass outside of our lines to see a brother in Virginia. [Being refused by the commanding general and Secretary of War] . . . finally he obtained an in- terview "with ]\Ir. Lincoln, and stated his case. " Have you applied to General Hallock ?" . . . "Yes, and met with a fiat refusal." . . . "Then you must see Stanton." . . . " I have, and with the same result." . . . "Well, then," said Mr. Lincoln, with a smile, " I can do nothing ; for you must know I have very little influence with this Administration." — Raymond's Lincoln, p. 748. 53. ADMIRATION changed. Martin Luther. As a reverent pilgrim he arrived at Rome, after a .six weeks' journey. Seeing the city from afar, he fell upon the earth and cried out, ' ' Hail ! thou .sacred Rome !" And yet he found many things different from what he had expected. His experience there made a la.sting impression upon him. ' ' I would not have taken one hundred thousand florins not to have seen Rome. Among other coarse talk, I heard one reading mass, and when he came to the words of consecration, he said, ' Thou art bread and shalt remain bread, thou art wine and shalt remain wine.' What was I to think of this ? And, moreover, I was disgusted at the manner in which they could ' rattle off ' a mass as if it had been a piece of jugglery, for long before I reached the Gospel lesson my neighbor had finished his mass and cried out to me, ' Enough ! enough ! hurry up and come away,' etc. !"— Rein's Luther, ch. 4. 54. ADMIRATION, Objectionable. Oliver Oold- smith. In the summer of 1762 he was one of the thousands who went to see the Cherokee chiefs, whom he mentions in one of his wTitings. The Indians made their appearance in grand costume, hideously painted and besmeared. In the course of the visit Goldsmith made one of the chiefs a present, who, in the ecstasy of his gratitude, gave him an embrace that left his face well bedaubed with oil and red ochre. — Irving's Goldsmith, ch. 13. 55. ADMIRATION, Supreme. Colonel Cropper. This worthy veteran, like his general [Wash- ington], had but one toast, which he gave every day and to all companies; it was, "God bless General Washington." — Custis' Washington, vol. 1, ch. 2. 56. ADMONITION disregarded. General St. Clair. A.D. 1791. General St. Clair, with an army of two thousand men, set out from Fort Washington to break the power of the Miami con- federacy. ... In what is now Mercer County, Ohio, . . . his camp was suddenly assailed by more than two thousand warriors, led by Little Turtle and several American renegades who had joined the Indians. After a terrible battle of three hours' duration, St. Clair was complete- ly defeated, with a loss of fully one half of his men. . . . The news of the disaster spread gloom throughout the land . . . the government was for awhile in consternation. For once the be- nignant spirit of Washington gave way to wrath. "Here," said he, " in a tempest of indignation, " here in this very room ... I said to him, ' Yoii have careful instructions from the Secretary of AVar, and I myself will add one word — beware OF A SURPRISE ! ' He went off with that my last warning ringing in his ears. Yet he has .suffered that army to'be cut to pieces, hacked, butchered, tomahawked by a surprise — the very thing I guarded him against ! ' How can he answer to his country ? The blood of the slain is upon him — the curse of widows and orphans !" [After a period of silence he solemnly added :] " I looked at the despatches hastily, and did not note all the particulars. General St. Clair shall have justice. I will receive him without dis- pleasure— A^ sAa^Z havefull justice."— RiDVAiu's, Hist. opU. S., ch. 46. 57. ADOPTION of Captives. American Lndians. Sometimes a captive was saved, to be adopted in place of a warrior who had fallen . . . the allegiance and, as it were, the identity of the captive . . . became changed. [His] . . . children and the wife . . . left at home are to be blotted from his memory ; he is to be the departed chieftain resuscitated ... to cherish those whom he cherished ; to hate those whom he hated . . . the foreigner thus adopted is esteemed to stand in the same relations of con.sanguinity. — Bancroft's U. S., vol. 3, ch. 22. 58. ADOPTION by the State. Napoleon L [After the battle of Austerlitz.] He immediately adopted all the children of those [soldiers] who had fallen. They w^ere supported and educated at the expense of the State. They all, as the children of the emperor, were permitted to at- tach the name of Napoleon to their own. — Ab- bott's Napoleon B., vol. 1, ch. 31. 59. ADORATION, Human. Greek Emperors. The most lofty titles, and the most humble post- ures, wiiich devotion has applied to the Supreme Being, have been prostituted by flattery and fear to creatures of the same nature with ourselves. The mode of adoration, of falling pro.strate on the ground, and kissing the feet of the emperor, was borrowed by Diocletian from Persian servi- tude ; but it was continued and aggravated till the last age of the Greek monarchy. Excepting only on Sundays, when it was waived, from a motive of religious pride, this humiliating rev- erence was exacted from all who entered the 8 ADULATIOX— ADULTERY. royal presence, from the princes invested with the diadem and purple, and from the ambassa- dors who represented their independent sover- eigns, the caliphs of Asia, Egypt, or Spain, the kings of France and Italy, and the Latin emper- ors of ancient Rome. — Gibbon's Roie. ch. 63. 60. ADUXATIOK, Official. Of Charles I. The pleasant words with which the Lord Keeper Finch opened the Parliament [of 1640] : " His MajestTS kingly resolutions are seated in the ark of his sacred breast, and it were a presump- tion of too high a nature for any Vzzah imcalled to touch it ; yet his Majesty is now pleased to lay by the shining beams of majesty, as Phoebus did to Phaeton, that the distance between sover- eignty and subjection should not bar you of that fQial freedom of access to his person and coun- sels." But the time had come when this style of language was no longer to be endured by the commonsr^HooD's Cromwell, ch. 16, p. 203. 61. ADULATION rebuked. Of James I. [James I. , dining with Bishops N^eUe and An- drews, asked their opinion] whether he might not take his subjects' money without the f\iss of Parliament? Xeile replied, '"God forbid you should not, for you are the breath of our nos- trils." Andrews hesitated ; but the king insisted upon an answer ; he said : '" ^Tiy, then, I think your Majesty may lawfully take my brother Neile's money, for he offers it." — Kxights Eng., vol. 3, ch. 23, p. 364. 62. ADULATION, EidicidoTis. Red Beard. When Henry VIII. met Francis I. on the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1.520, a Venetian observ- er described the beard of Henry as "being somewhat red, has at present the appearance of being gold. " — Knight's Hist, of Eng., ch. 17. 63. ADTJLTEEY excused. Mahomefs. In his adventures with Zeinib, the wife of Zeid, and with Mary, an Egyptian captive, the amorous prophet forgot the interest of his reputation. At the house of Zeid, his freedman and adopted son, he beheld, in a loose undress, the beauty of Zeinib, and burst forth into an ejaculation of devotion and desire. The servile, or grateful, freedman understood the hint, and yielded with- out hesitation to the love of his' benefactor. But as the filial relation had excited some doubt and scandal, the angel Gabriel descended from heaven to ratify the deed, to annul the adoption, and gently to reprove the prophet for di.strusting the indulgence of his God. One of his wives, Hafna, surprised him on her own bed, in the embraces of his Egyptian captive ; she promised secrecy and forgiveness ; he swore that he would renounce the possession of Mary. Both parties forgot their engagements ; and Gabriel again descended with a chapter of the Koran, to ab- solve him from his oath, and to exhort him freely to enjoy his captives and concubines, without listening to the clamors of his wives. In a solitary retreat of thirty days, he labored, alone with "Mary, to fulfil tlie commands of the angel. . . . Perhaps the incontinence of Ma- homet may be palliated by the tradition of his natural or preternatural gift : he imited the man- ly virtue of thirty of the children of Adam ; and the apostle might rival the thirteenth labor of the Grecian Hercules. — Gibbon's MAnoiiEX, p. 56. 64. ADULTEBY, Punishment for. Roman Law. The edge of the Julian law was sharpened by the incessant diligence of the emperors. The licentious commerce of the sexes may be toler- ated as an impulse of nature, or forbidden as a source of disorder and corruption : but the fame, the fortunes, the family of the husband, are seriouslv injured by the adulter}" of the wife. The wisdom of Augustus, after curbing the freedom of revenge, applied to this domestic of- fence the animadversion of the laws : and the guiltv parties, after the pavment of heavy for- feitures and tines, were condemned to long or perpetual exile in two separate islands. — Gib- ! bon's Rome. ch. 44. 65. ADULTEBY, Shameless. FifUfnth Centu- ry. Princes set the example. Charles VII. re- ceived Agnes Sorel as a present from his wife's mother, the old Queen of Sicily : and mother, wife, and mistress, he takes them all with him as he marches along the Loire, the happiest un- derstanding subsisting between the three. The English, rnore serious, seek love in marriage onlv. Gloucester marries Jacqueline : among Jacqueline's ladie- " - lually lovely and witty. But in this respect, as in all others. France and Eng- land are far out.stripped by Flanders, by the Count of Flanders, by the great Duke of' Bur- gundy. Th> ' ' ■' . Low Countries is ■ - who brought into the •' 'y- five children. TL. ,.... „ ut going quite so far, seem at th' endeavor to approach her. A Count ot « n w^ has sixty- three bastani". .Tnhn of Bursrimdy. Hi.shop of Cambrai. "*y- six btistar - 'iff with him at the altar. Phiiippe-le-Bon baa only sixteen bastards, but ho had no fewer than twenty-seven wives, three lawful ones and twen- tv-fou'r mistresses. — Michelet's Jo.%^ of Arc p". 26. 66. ADULTEEY. Vengeance for. John XII. John . . . XII. h;iil tli..:i«ldrf>- • ' ' ■•'^ an insur- Tx-oplf who d i his rival him lu the j>ontifical live to I n'-^'v his tri- davs alter his rei: rit he , i . -..ed by who detected rection of the Leo VIII., ar. chair. But .J umph ; three met the reward of Lis crin the hand of an indignant 1 him in the arms of his wiic. — Iytleb's Hist., Book 6. ch. 4. p. 101. 67. ADULTERY. Victim of. Pertdem a Lorn- hard (.'JuiiKpu'H. " • :.ond, the Queen of Italy, desin-<1 hi* e in a plot to assassi- nate her r but no more than a promise < - ; l>e drawn from the gallant Peredeus, and the mode of w-duction employed by Rosamond betravs her shameless insensibility both to honor ancJ love. She sup- plied the place of one of hor feni ' 'its who was Ijeloved by P<»redeus, ; d some excu.se for - and siltucr, liU hhe could inform her c .., n that he had enjoyed the Queen of the Lombanls, and that his own death, or the death of Alboin [her royal hus- band] must l)e the con.se^pif nre of such treason- able adulter}-. In this ivc he chose rather to be the accompi ■ the victim of Rosamond, whose undaunted .spirit was incapa- AI>VA]SrCE— ADTEXTTTREL 9 6*. ADViJCCI ~ — - . AltilMBnowig-. " " , '- tbM ami .-:. 3)6 canied. le. On tlie mi -Tmj "was air;-. - foifflierial- —3D. B mSiemsm. aitt T_ Bit. tm ' TSi'y deed too foil of patiE ereiy positkm of theHexk&: - foDjT stcMrmed and thansdtr cipitatenxiL jNTeaity three unexe takipn^, witli f (Htjr-tture*^ tiDatT, fire tboosand iniiK>v menl^ enoo^ to siqqpIlT an &' lo^ amoonted to four hon . that of the enemy faS^ Anna escaped with his Ittie. prirate papexs and Ms smu^ ' Hist, of U. S-. ch. 57. €9. ASTAXCE, Here:: A-D. 17-15. Wilham of cohunn of fooiteen th thirtT or fmtj al»east; tread, regardle^ of -^---^ bj the cannonade 1 down their nnks. t: ~ throogh the enem} ~ . than. But irhate- wa;^ tii- iiiwn of infiintry, "without .. _ . — -. gun. now ledoced probablv tio* ten thoussuiM: could not win a battle agalnsa sixity thoveand, meretr throng the sopremacy off friiyacal stzength and moial endurance. Slowly the com- pact Inass moTed back. stiU facing the enemy. It5 ranks were not t«oken. not a man fled. [L.^iss about six thousand.] — ^Kxight's Hist, of Eng. . ch. T. TO. JLDTA:5CT ::: rraaityfaram. Gem. SUbieF- r,w, ; f J/,; ■-■."; ^■■•.». [Beaan XoTcmber 14. IS'54.] His army of rrtieiams miumhered sisTf thousand men. BeMevioiig: that Hood's anuT would be destroyed in 't'emmesaee, and knowing that no Owf edeiate force could with- stand hun in front, he cut his commonicatMws with the XnHlLh, abandoned his base of supplies, and struck out boldly fm: the siea-coa^^ more than two hundred and Ififty miles aw»y. As had been foreseen, the Oonfedexates could offiar no sucoKsful reststance. . . . On the 10th of De- cember he arriTed in the Tkinil^ of >SaTann&: ... be had lost only five hundred and axiiy men. — Ridpath's Hist, of U. S., ch. fiS. Tl. ADYJLKCI :- -JSa. BaMe «f G^i^i^virf. I re... :.: r > .. _ _ aewd (Pettigrew, I think it wsk*^ ii.>>me up to Mm [Oo»nffede«ate Genear;-/. Lonsistrvtel] and report that '* he was unable io bring Ms men up again'' [to chaige the Feder- als]. Longstreet turned upon Mm and replie' with swne^ sarcasm : '" l>rjf wviJS ,• maver mm. tkem^ Oifmeral : JmM let tkem nemtaim wktve <£ f mn ; tke emmtjf* pwu^ *» a^nasioe, ':- , . " "imsdff and - — . s Hisr. OF u. a, ch. e^ TJ, ADYKHTisSLE, itoriBg. Xiip