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Gnrir of ^oiwuA^ -^ ^<1^^<^£- Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive in 2008 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation littp://www.archive.org/details/bullionsgrammarOObullricli LATIN READE « ADAPTED TO BULLIONS'S LATIN GEAMMAH, AND TO BULLIONS & MORRIS'S LATIN GRAMMAR. Wilt\i art Infrobwciion ON THE IDIOMS OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE; AN IMPROVED VOCABULARY; AND BXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION, ON A NEW PLAN. With New Marginal Notes and References to Bullions' aad Bullions & Morris's Latin GrammarSi By rev. peter BULLIONS, B. D., AVTIIOB OF THE SERIES OF GRAMMAK8, GREEK, LATIN AND ENGLISH, ON THE SASOI JJMH ETC., £TC., ETC. NEW YOEK: PUBLISHED BY SHELDON AND COIVIPANY 498 & 500 BROADWAY. 1870. Enterecl, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1863, by Peter Bullions, D.D., in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Northern Dis- trict of New York. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in. the year 1S68, by Sheldon Tria millia civium Romanorum (204). COMPABISON OF ADJECTIVES (214). Altus mons. Altior mons. Altissimus mons. Bre- vior vita. Brevissima vita. Digniores viri. Antiquis- simis temporibus. Canis vigilantior. Brevius tempus. Audacissimorum militum. In loco apriciori. Grave saxum. Gravius saxum. Gravissimum saxum. Acer- rimus vindex libertatis {218). Sex nobilissimi homines. Antiquissimis temporibus. Meliore babitu {219). Ad imam vallem {222). Ultima via {222). Change the following Adjectives to the comparative and superlative degrees, mahe them agree with the Nouns, and translate. Beata puella. Altus fluvius. Doctus regium. Donum gratus. Librorum utilis. CrudGlis pueros. Altus arboribus. Nobilis duces. Claras luci. Bonus vir {219y Urbem antiquus. Equus velox. 10 ■ INTEODtrCTOEY ESEKCISES. PEONOUNS (230). How many classes of pronouns in Latin, and what are they ? Scheme for the Etymological Parsing of a Pronoun. — 1, Kind ; 2. Decline it ; 3. Person (if any) ; 4. Found in — Case ; 5. Number. Mihi. Mei. Vobis. Nos. Sibi. ISTostrum. Inter se. Pro nobis. Ad me. Ante te. Mens pater. Tua filia. Cum domo sua (144). Meum onus. Noster rex. Cum suis amicis. Ad suos amicos. Unus (Idioms, 21) liorum regum {771)- Ad lios ludos. Ejus regis. Ab ipso Tarquinio {1035). Filius ejus. Ob earn causam. In illis regionibus. Populiilli. Pro ipso rege. In eodem prato. Ad aliquem. In qua urbe {1041) ? De ejus adventu. IJna via, qua {683). Per fines suos. Quidam yir. Pastor illius regionis. A suo nomine. Re ipsa. Ex tuis libris. Ille dies. Post ejus mortem. Faustiilus quidam. Heec fabiila. Idem vir. Quisnam ? Ille puer. Ipsi fontes. Flamma in ejus capite. Ob banc causam. Posteri ejus. Tua deformitas. Mea levitas. VEEBS {258). Name the Transitive, Intransiti'oe and Attributive Verbs : ISToTE, — In Latin, when the subject of the verb is a personal pronoun, it is generally omitted {630). Audio, / hear. Audio ventum, I hear the wind {716). Amo te, / love thee. Curro, / run. Vita brevis est, life is short. Equum liabet, he has a horse. Dlco, / sftealc. Dico templum, / dedicate a temple, Vendit servum, he sells the slave. Miles pugnat, the soldier fights. Fidem violabant, they were violating the faith. Pomum bonum videtur, the apple seems good {667). Deus mundum regit, God rules the world. JSTuncius velox venit, a stvift messenger comes. Troja fuit, Troy teas {1095). II^TKODUCTOET EXERCISES. 11 Point out the voice of tlie following verbs ; Clarus vir kudatur, a famous man is praised, Bellum dirum parant, they prepare direful ivar. Legati missi sunt, the ambassadors ivere sent. Caesar misit nuncios, Cmsar sent messengers. Amicitia confirmata est, friend- ship was established. Impetum fecit, he made an attach. Troja eversa est, Troy ivas destroyed. The subjunctive mood in Latin corresponds to what mood in English {Bullions's Practical Eng. Grammar, 380) ? Mention the voice, mood, tense, person, and number : Amabo, / shall love. Homo memoriam habet, man has memory. Librum laudas, yoio praise the booh. Ful- gebant, tliey luere shilling. Donuni dedit pater, the father has given a gift. Audiamus danum, toe may hear a sound. Amabimus amicos, toe will love our friends. Salutati fuistis, you have been saluted. CONJUGATION. Tell the conjugation of the following words. The present infi- nitive of each verb is given. In the vocabulary the present indica- tive is given, followed by the present infinitive and other prin- cipal parts. . Vitare. Docere. Munire. Animare. Legere. Cogi- tare. Vincere. Jurare. Placere. Venire. Epgare. Ducere. Jubere. Lustrare. Ponere. Deplorare. Salire. Ssevire. Fugare. Fulgere. Sclieme for the Etymological Parsing of a Verb. — 1. Kind {2ij9); 2. Conjugation (or irregular if it is so) ; 3. Conjugate it ; 4. De- rived from (if derived) ; 5. Compounded of (if compounded) ; 6. It is found in — tense ; 7. Mood ; 8. Voice ; 9. Person ; 10. Number. SUM {277). Translate each noun or pronoun according to its number and case, and the verb according to its voice, mood, tense, number and 12 IIsTTRODUCTORT EXERCISES. person. Parse each word as directed in 14:10, In parsing tlie^ verb, supply the subject if omitted. Thus fui may be parsed to agree with ego understood. Fui. Eram. Est. Snmus. Es. Sunt. Erunt. Euerint. Fueram. Fueramus. Puer sum (6*6Y>). Terra est {034:) rotunda (071). Hannibal audax fuit. Inermis sum. Vir bonus est. Arbor alta est. Mons altus est. Cicero orator est [GOG). Cinna consul fuerat. Vita brevis est. Plurimae stellse sunt soles. Tu eris rex. Dulcis est libertas. Esto. Sunto. Este audaces. Sapiens es. Brutus sit magnus dux. Caesar princeps esset. — For other Exercises on Sumy see B. & M, Gr. {280\ FIRST CONJUGATION {282). Amas. Amavit. Amat. Amant. Amabatis. Puer annitus est {671). Amo. Amor. Amabor. Kogave- ram. Eogatus erat. Rogati eratis. Rogaveris. Eogem. Boni viri amati erant. {671). Servus dominum vocat {712). Amer. Vocetur. Virtutem laudabimus. Ptls- tores convivium celebrabant. TuUia in forum pro- peravit {987). Agrippa fabiilam narravifc. Tu yocaris magister. Domus sedificata fuerit {671). Philomela cantaret. Canis latret. Urbes spoliataa erant. Amfito patrem. Pavo pennas suas explicat. Homo crefitus est a Deo. Ancus triumphans urbem intra vit. Ani- matne puer ? {ne is an enclitic. SOo^ Id. oG, 3d). Aquila volabat. — For other Exercises on First Conjugation see B. i& M. Gr. {284, 285). SECOND CONJUGATION {2SS). Doceor. Videbam. Moncbar. Jubemus. Places! Monebor. Videbit. Jubebamur. Docebamini. Monui. Monuimus. Vidisti. Vidit. Terrebat. Terrebantur. Territussum. Puella territa est. Dominus jubet. Servus INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 13 !paret. Stella videtur. Lima Incet. Arbores floreiit. Luna luceat. Sol liiceret. Kegina pulcliram formam habet. Equites gladios habebant. Maneto. Amulius regnum obtinuit. Habuistine librum (Id. 56, 3d) ? Paretne serous ? Canis arcebat boves. Porsena urbem obidebat. Lucetne sol ? Regina pulcliram formam habens laudfitur. Puella leonem yidens terret. Homo animum habet. Gladium babuisti ? Time. Eura mane- bant. Cameli ambulant. Viator fessus sedebat. Ha- besne scientiam ? Habeo scientiam. Monento. Doce. Juberenter. Jubetor. Docemini. — For other Exercises on Second Congugation, see B. & M. Gr. (^90, 291). ^ THIRD CONJUGATION {292). Regebam. Eex regit. Regimur. Regor. Eegentur. Eexi. Recti sunt. Duco. Ducebant. Duximus. Deus mundum regebat. Eomulus civitatem descripsit. LitersB scrip tae sunt. Centum senatores legit (712). Eegerem. Eegeres. Eegoret. Eectus sit. Cameli currebant. Duo . {203) legiones congerit. Mille equites capti sunt, -^ixeas urbem condidit. Silvius Procas duos filios reli- quit. Eomiilus foedus icit. Quid scripsisti ? Epistolam scripsi. Socrates magnam famam rellquit. Ad quos dicet? Ad te dicam. Laudant. Docent. Eesfunt. Liberabo. Habebo scientiam. Mittam. Legito. Sa- binos in urbem recepit. Eomulus patefecit asylum. Coesar vicit Galliam. Vulpes viderat leonem. Bacchus duxit exercitum in Indiam. Omnis Gallia dividitur in partes tres. Duo legati missi sunt. VERBS IN -10 {294). Capio. Capit. Capiunt. Capiebam. Capiet. Onpe. Capere. Ceperit. Capiebar. Capiebfimur. Capiar. Puer malum jaciebat. Pugiam. Tufugias. Fugerunt. 14 IKTRODUCTORT EXEECTSES. Is permutationem fecit. Cepissem. Timidi milites fu^ giunt. Captus sim. Oaptus esses. Populus seditioneni fecit. Galli fiigiunt. Accipiter rapiiit lusciiiiam. Miim- mius cepit Oorinthum. Ille in urbem confugit. Vir- gines raptse erant. Hie rex interfectus est. Hostes tela conjiciebant. — For other Exercises on Verbs in -io, see K (& M. Gr. (298, 299). FOURTH CONJUGATION {SOO). Audio. Audit. Yincit. Munit. Venit. Audis. Ne- quis. Sciunt. MoUiunt. Audiunt. Serviebas. Sciebas. Puniebas. Veniebas. Auditur. Audiebant. Audie- batur. Audiam. Audiar. Audient. Audientur. Audi- tus sum. Bellum finitum est. Dux muniverat viam. Pinlte bellum. Templa expoliebantur. Homines tem- pla expoliebant. Ego audio sonum. Macedoniam Bru- tus custodiebat. Cassar in urbem venit. Pueri punian- tur. Puer punitus est. ^neas in Italiam pervenit. — ■ For other Exercises on Fourth Conjugation, see B. & M. Gr. {302, 303), DEPONENT VERBS {304, 399, 408). Hoc facinus {712) rex miratur. Miratus ero. Milites urbem populabantur. Dux milites hortatur. Eegina regem- hortabatur. Viator templum mirabitur. Ego novum librum poUiceor. Amicus pollicebar epistolam. Discipiilus laudem meretur. Felicltas bonitatem sequi- tur. Milites gloriam sequuntur. Ascanium secutus est Silvius. Populus bonam reginam miratur. Dux cum militibus gloriam partltur. Proditor amicum mcntietur. Pyrrlius Campaniam depopulatus est. Pyrrlius Fabri- cium admiriitus est. — For other Exercises on Deponent Veris, see B, S 31. Gr. {311). IKTRODUCTORT EXERCISES. 15 •^ PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION {32S). Amaturus est. Urbem novam sedificaturus sum. Puella amatura sit. Omnia mala vitanda sunt. Hostis amandus est. Multos amicos habiturus erat. Discipuli sunt audituri prseceptores. Parens parendus erat. Mul- tse epistolse scribendse sunt. Multas epistolas scripturus est. Virtus amanda est. IMPERSONAL VERBS {431). Contingit. Tonat. Curritur ab equo {4o»3). Pug- nfitur a militibus fortiter {437)' Licit nemini menda- cium dicere {840). Delectabit me amicos videre. Placet nobis. Delectet me studere {458). Ventum est a Cice- rone. Moriendum est ab liominibus. Eegnatum est per septem reges. — For other Exercises 07i Impersonal Verbs, see B. & M. Gr. {4o9). ADYEEBS {460)^ PEEPOSITIO:srS (468) Ai^D CO]^JU]^CTIOj^S (488). Pugnat bene. Egredior mane. Semper esto paratus. Pugniltum est acriter. Venicbant celeriter. Pes pros- pere gestae sunt. Libenter bonas artes sequere. Gallina quotidie ovum paret. Nunquam dice mendacium. In urbem venit. In urbe habitat {471). E sylva rediit {472). Trans Tiberim natat. Agrum comparat {606). Prope Athenas yiyit. Imperium dedit {479). Munus negfibat {487^ Obs. 2). Obsides et arma poposcit. Eomulus, ut civium numerum augeret, as^'lum pate- fccit. In praglio cita mors aut victoria l^eta venit {643). Adverbs, Prepositions, Interjections and Conjunctions are parsed in Latin as in Euglisli. JSee Bullions' Prac. Eng. Ofram., 537, 553^ 660, 573. 16 IKTEODUCTORT EXEECISES. A sentence is such an assemblage of words as expresses a thought and makes complete sense {016^ 1). I. As to the form of the affirmation,* sentences are of four kinds : 1. Declaratory, or such as declare a thing, as, Terra est rotunda, The earth is round. 2. Interrogatory, or such as ask a question, as, Quis me vocat f Who calls me ? 3. Imperative, or such as express a command ; as, Reve- rere 'parentes. Reverence your parents. 4. Exclamatory, or such as contain an exclamation ; as, formose puer ! fair boy ! II. As to the nature of the affirmation depending chiefly on the meaning of the verb, sentences are of three kinds : 1. Transitive; as, Eripuit me morti. He rescued me from death. 2. Intransitive ; as, Eomam erat nuncidtum, The report was carried to Rome. 3. Attributive ; as, Ego vocor poeta, I am called a poet. III. As to the number of proj)Ositions {610^ 4) they contain, sentences are either 1. Single, containing one proposition; as, Fuer studet, The boy studies. 2. Compound, containing two or more propositions or single sentences connected ; as, Puer studet et suus pater Icetus est, The boy studies, and his father is glad (1411). * The verb is the principal word in a sentence, and the different kinds of sentences are classified prenerally by the form or meanins^ of their leadiusf verbs. The varions significations of a verb, as ex- pressed in its different moods, are included in the term affirmation. Compound in INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 17 There are three kinds of single sentences, yiz.: [0 16 ^ 7, 1413). Simple, containing one subject, one yerb, etc. ; as, " The girl reads (the book)." Suhject ; as, " The boy and the girl read." Verl) ; as, " The boy reads and writes." Object ; as, " The boy read the letter and the book." Attribute; as,- "The boy is studious and industrious." Complex^ containing a dependent clause which limits the principal clause or some part of it; as, " When he studies he is content." A» single sentence may be enlarged by an adjunct word or phrase in any or all of its parts, or by the sub- stitution of a clause for its subject, object or attribute {Om, 2, 3). Note. — For General Principles of Sjmtax, see Grammar, ()17 » For Exercises in Latin Composition, see page 325 of this book. RESOLUTION OR ANALYSIS. Every simple sentence consists of two parts, the sub- ject and the predicate, 243, (ylG, 8, 9, 10, 1399. In analyzing a sentence, it is necessary to distinguish between the Grammatical subject and predicate, and the Logical subject and predicate. The Grammatical Subject is the person or thing spoken of, without, or separated from, all modifying words or clauses, and which stands as the nominative to the verb, or the accusative before the infinitive, 754, lAOO. The LogicM Suhject is the same word, in connection with the qualifving or restricting expressions which go to make up the full and precise idea of the thing spoken of 18 INTKODUCTOET EXEECISES. Tlie Grammatical Predicate is the word or words con- taining the simple affirmation made respecting the sub- ject, 1404:. The Logical Predicate is the grammatical predicate, combined with all those words or expressions that modify or restrict it in any way ; thus : In the sentence, " An inordinate desire of admiration often produces a contemptible levity of deportment f the Grammatical subject is " desire f the Logical, " An inordinate desire of admiration" The Grammatical predicate is ^^ produces ;" the Logical, '^produces often a contemptiUe levity of deportment" AERANGEMENT, 1385. In Latin and English, the general arrangement df a sentence is the same; i.e., the sentence commonly be- gins with the subject and ends with the predicate. But the order of the words in each of these parts, is usually so different in Latin from what it is in English, that one of the first difficulties a beginner has to encounter with a Latin sentence is to know how to arrange it in the proper order of the English. This is technically called construing or giving the order. To assist in this, some advantage may be found by carefully attending to the following DIRECTIONS FOR BEGINNERS. Direction I. — As all the other parts of a sentence depend upon the two leading parts, namely, the subject or NOMINATIVE, and the predicate or. VERB ; the first thing to be done with every sen- tence, is to find out these. In order to this, 1. Look for the leading verb, which is always in the present, impel feet, perfect, pluperfect, or future of the indicative, or in the imperative mood,'"" and usually at or near the end of the sentence. • * All the other parts of the vorb are generally used ia subordinate clauses. So, also, is the pluperfect indicative. lu oblique discourse, the loading verb is iu the iufiuitive. 651, 1206, A. IITTRODUCTORT EXEKCISES. 19 2. Having found the verb, observe its number and person ; this will aid in finding its nominative, which is a noun or pronoun in the same numl^er and person with the verb, commonly before it, and near the beginning of the sentence, though not always so. 739, Exc. 1, 13 8G. Direction IL — Having thus found the nominative and verb, and ascertained their meaning, the sentence may be resolved from 'the Latin into the English order, as follows : 1. Take the Vocative, Exciting, Introductory, or Connecting words, if there are any. 2. The NOMINATIVE. 3. Words qualifying or explaining it, i. e., words agreeing with it, or governed by it, or by one another, where they are found, till you come to the verb. 4 The VERB. 5. Words qualifying or explaining it, i. e., words which modify it, are governed by it, or depend upon it. 6. Supply everywhere the words understood. 7. If the sentence be compound, take the parts of it severally as they depend one upon another, proceeding with each of them as above. Boni discipuli suum magistrum cito obedient. In looking over this sentence according to Direction I., we find the verb to be otedient (the third person plural, future tense, of obedio), which must have a subject in the plural ; discipuli being a plural noun in the nominative case, is the subject. The subject or nominative and the verb being thus found on which the other words depend, then by Direction II, we find, 1. The subject or nominative is discipuli (pupils) — 2. The adjec- tive agreeing with it in gender, number and case which qualifies it is honi (good) — 3. The verb is obedient (will obey) — 4. The ad- verb which qaalifies it is cito (quickly)— 5. The object or word in the accusative case governed by the verb is nfiagistrum (teacher) — 6. The pronoun which agrees with it in gender, number and case is svvm (their). The translation of the above sentence in the Latin order may be. Good i^upils their teacher quickly will obey. The words of the sentence may be transposed to the English order, as follows : Boni discipuli obedient cito suum magistrum. — Bee Bullions' s Princ. Eng. Gr., 936. 2 20 INTEODUCTORY EXERCISES. DiEECTlON III. — In arranging the words for translation, in the subordinate parts of a sentence, observe the following KULES FOR CONSTRUING. I. An oblique case, or the infinitive mood, is put after the word that governs it. Exc. The relative and interrogative are usually put before the governing -word, unless that be a preposition ; if it be, then after it. II. An adjective, if no other word depend upon it or be coupled with it, is put before its substantive ; but if another word depend upon it, or be governed by it, it is usually placed after it. III. The participle is usually construed after its substantive, or the word with which it agrees. IV. The relative and its clause should, if possible, come imme- diately after the antecedent. V. When a question is asked, the nominative comes after the verb ; (in English, between the auxiliary and the verb) Inter- rogative words, however, such as qids, quotis, quantus, uter, &c., come before the verb. VI. After a transitive active verb, look for an accusative, after a preposition for an accusative or ablative, and arrange the words accordingly. VII. Words in apposition must be construed as near together as possible. VIII. Adverbs, adverbial phrases, prepositions with their cases, circumstances of time, place, cause, manner, etc., should be placed, in general, after the words which they modify : — The case abso- lute commonly before them, and often first in the sentence. IX. The words of different clauses must not be mixed together, but each clause is to be translated by itself, in its order, accord- ing to its connection with, or dependence upon, that to which it is related. X. Conjunctions should be placed before the last of two words or sentences connected. IW For General Principles of Latin Arrangement, see Bullions's Latiu Gram- mar, 738, or Bullions & Morris's Latin Grammar, 13S4. For Analysis of So.ntences, see Bullions it Morris's Latin Grammar, 1399. For Suggestions, Questions, etc . see pages 378, 379 of this book. Nofe.—WJierever Mach-fftced WumhcrM, Hhe (4S), ov used in this hooU, they refer to Parcff/raphs of JiuUions & Morris's Latin Oraimnar, INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 21 SYNTAX (016). CONCORD {621). 022.—RVL-E I. Apposition (Pr. Eng. Gr., 667). The pupil should carefully read the Explanations given under the different rules of Bullions & Morris's Latin Grammar. Ascanius iEncse^ filius^ regnum accepit. Latinus rex^ regnavit Plato philosophus^ voluptfitem vitiibat. Hino iEneas, Anchlsse filius, cum mnltis Troj finis aufiigit. Hamilcar, Cartliaginiensium dux, superfitiir. Cadmus, cum Harmonia,^ uxore^ sua, in Illyriam fugit. Illi populi forte in Tarpeiam virginem^ mciderunt. Sil- vius, rex^ Albanorum,^ duos filios reiiquit, Xumitorem^ et Amuliuni. 634, — EuLE II. The Verb and its Koininative (Pr. Eng. Gr., 776). Ego impero. j^os amamus. Illi queruntur. Tu es. Hostis vicit. Bellum in Africam translatum est. Illi populi bellum susceperunt. Ille annuit. Estis. Optio manebat. Civis patriam diligit. Ego laudo te. Amicos amare^ est naturale. Eegem sapientem esse,^ est utile. Yinum bibere- malum est. Discere gratum est. ^45.— Rule III (Pr. Eng. Gr., 778 and 785). Brutus, libertatis^ Yindex,^ ct Collatinus maritus^ Lucreti^e futJrunt^' consiiles. Eomiilus et Eemus fratres= erant. Vulpes, asinus, et leo, TeniLtum^i iverant. Equus •7>/. ^022, <^629, A 645. *> 640, ^643, ^ 666. Idioms— J» 114, 1. Remahtn:. — The black-faced figures refer to Paragraphs in Bul- lions & Morris's Latin Grammar. Tlie other figiu'es refer to the Idioms in the back part of this book. 32 IKTRODUCTOEY EXEECISES. et asmiTS in eodem prato pascebantur. Csesar et Alexan- der bella multa gesserunt. Aut scientia aut bonitas ntilis est. Aurum aut argentum pretiosnm est. Tii et tiius filius ambulatis.* Ego,^^ tii, et prgeceptor, legi- mus." Sapientia turn dignitas in senibus est.« 6d8, — Rule IY. Collective Nouns (Pr. Eng. Gr., 790, 791). Eomanns exercitus pugnavit fortiter. Hostis cito interfecti sunt. Multitude magna in urbem ruunt. Ad bos ludos multitude ex finitimis pojDulis venissent. Vul- gus turpis est. Una legio m Gallia fuerat. Pars legionis ' captse sunt. Magna pars plebis urbem reliquit. Popu- lus commotus est, ut in urbem rediret. Nobilitas in urbem veniunt. Romanus populus bella magna gessit. Populum Eomee senatus exbausit. 050. — Rule V. Agreement of Adjectives, Breyis lex optima'^ est. Augusta via difficillima^ est. Vir animosus nihil timet. Pauci yiri sapientes sunt. Vita brevis est. Viator videt altum montem. Mors bonos homines non terret. Pater et filius fessi^ sunt. Pater et mater sunt sapientes.? Vinum et otiura dam- nosa sunt. Patrem et matrem amare^ est naturale. Pater et mater bona^ amantur. Pro patria mori dulce est. SapientesJ sunt pauci. Stulti pueri stulti yiri fient. OmnesJ sunt mortales. Media^^ nox clara fuit. 606, — ^RuLE VI. Tlie Predicate a Complement (Pr. Eng. Gr., 796). Homerus princcps poetarum Grcecorum fuit. Tu eris rex. Pauci viri poeta3 sunt. Pueri sunt discipuli. Mars »f>4f>. ^G4:7> ^044, ^219, ^220, ^652. « 0o3. ^000. 'Oo(>. J 6*J6^ and Id. la. ^002. INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 23 bc41i dcus fiiit. Juno ambulat deorum regma. Jupiter • est deorum rex. Urbs vocatur Roma. Cicero orator fuit. iEschylus parens tragoedige dicitur. Fabius et Nautius consules facti sunt. JSToYimus eum esse benig- num." 688, — PtULE YII. Tlie Relative and A7itecedent (Pr. Eng. Gr., 742). Eomulus pugnam conseruit cum hoste qui''' tenebat montem TarpGium. iEneas urbem condidit quam^ Lavinium<^ appellavit. Duo'^ qui^ una iter faciebant conspicati sunt asinum qui^ oberrabat in solitudine. Homo beatus est quem Dei amant. Historia, qu93 index vit88 est, monstrat bella magna. Hie vir qui Eomam condidit appellatus est Romulus. Justitia, quse mater virtu tis est, amanda est. Puer, qui animali? nocct, est crudC'lis. Vir qui ridet, non semper beatus est. Laudo te qui scribis. 71.'?.— Pule VIII. Direct Olject (Pr. Eng. Gr., 801). Eilia pennam tenet. Regina nautas videt. Servi gla- dios .habent. Servi Stellas vidcnt. Rex ciyitatem rege- bat. Labor omnia yincit. Ama patrem tuum et ma- trem tuam. Mens amicus amat libros. Prseceptor yos, non nos, laudavit. Eidam inter se dant. D^dalus, artifex peritissimus, labyrinthum exstruxit. Romani adversum Veientes- bellum gesserunt. Camillus boc donum non accGpit. Ego servum monui. Servus a me monitus est.^ 715. — Rule IX. Cognate Accusative (Pr. Eng. Gr., 804). Ceesar pugnas magnas pugnavit. Somnium patrias viator somniavit. Puer, quum librum legeret, gaudium o > 675. *> 6S3, « 7 J J. « OSl, f 712, note, s S33 Idioms— <^ 19, 1. 24 INTRODUCTOKT EXERCISES. gaudet. Agricola yitam utilem vivit. Ancus piignam pugnavit et triumplium triumphavit. Senex iter ibit. 72o» — Etjle X. Accusative in Exclamations, vim miram ambitionis ! tempora, mores ! Se- natus conjiirationem"' intelligit, consul videt. Asinus in quit, me stolidum ! me miserum ! Ecce homo !» Hei viro misGro I** 728» — Rule XL Accusative of nearer Definition, Maximam partem^ lacte atque pecude vivunt. Tuam vicem^ saepe maxime doleo. Brevi femina vultum^ demissa locuta est. Miles tergum*^ ictus est. Pastores magno clamore'^ ad regem juvenem yinctum manus° post terga trahebant. Tuam yicem'^ tuus pater multum laborat. t32, — EuLE XII. — Reflective Accusative. Juyenis audax militis gladiun/ cingitur. Consul regis vestem^ purpuream induitur. Puer scutum indui- tur. Ilia yestes induitur. Inutile ferrum cingitur. 754. — Rule XIII. Accusative of Person and Thing (Pr. Eng. Gr., 810-812). Eogo to pecuniam. Poscimus te pacem. Iter te non celabo. Magister docuit me geometriam. Pauper yir dominum panem orfiyit. Pater suum filium litteras docuit. Hi P^aTJium? contra Romanes auxilium? po- poscerunt. Senex ex patrid pulsus pueros litteras docuit. Petierunt a Csesareh auxilium. Cicero' rogatus est sen- *726. ^727. ^728. ^873, ^731. f 732. « 734. ^ 738. » 735. J Conspiracy UfTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 25 f entiam. Hie Italos primus^ agriculturam docuit. Quo- tidie Caesar illos^ frnmentiim^ poposcit. Raiiffi a Jove'' rcgem petivisse dicuntur. Illi suo more'^ pacem ab Eo- manis^ petiGrunt. 740, — EuLE XIV. Accusative witJi Impersonal Vcrhs, Delectat pueros studere librum. Non oi:)portet nos negligere amicos. Juvat populum condere urbem. De- lectat ducem committere pugnam. Juvat mulierem audire verba -^neae. Opportet^ (ut) omnes liomines mendacium nunquam dicerent. 751, — EuLE XV". Genitive of Limitation (Pr. Eng. Gr., 839). Honor prgemiiim virtutis est. Sapiens^ paret leges naturaB. Dens est mnndi, solis, InnEe, et stellarum, anc- tor. Sapientia est rernms divinarnm, et humanarnm scientia. Agricolae Isetos cantns puellarnm andinut. Dnx fortis parva manual militum oppidnm capit. Cor- nna ingentia cervix parvam pnellam terrent. Facies apri pneros terrct. Mitis filia fortis dncis pnlchraui colnmbam amat. Venns amoris dea est. Crescit amor nnmmi. Mnlti^ venernnt ad Veneris.* • 7e>7. — EuLE XVI. Genitive or Ablative, Qnidam Gallns eximia mngnitudineJ corporisn fortis- simnm Eomanornm'^ provocavit. Diana aprnm mira magnitndine misit, qui agrum Calydonium vastaret. Aqua facta est colore aureo. Socrates erat vir summse sapientia. Socrates erat vir summa sapientia. ^GC>3, ^734, '^738. ^ S73. ^742. ^751, ^873. •7o?J. J7Jr. ""771. Idioms— f 19. 26 I]!^TRODUCTOEY EXERCISES. 760* — EuLE XVII. Genitive after Adjectives, Multum pecuniae potestatem dafc. Satis^ eloquentias fuit; sapientias paruni fuit. Niiiil^ pretii timidus vir habuit. 765, — EuLE XYIII. Genitive governed hy Adjectives. Civis amans^ patriaB^ est bonus. HomGrus poeta non memor honoris erat. Tanaquil conjux*^ mulier augu- riorum perlta fuit. Varro moras impatiens in Apulia pugnavit. Caesar avidus glori^e Galliam vincit. Dux doctus^ belli a militibus amatur. Vulpes timida leonis multiim est perterrita. Eomanus populus peritus belli multos popiilos imperitos belli vincit. 7 7 1* — EuLE XIX. Partitives governing the Genitive. Aliquis pbilosopborum dicitur doctus esse^ a natura. Eomulus prudentior? fratrum fuit. Caesar fortissimus? Eomanorum ducum fuit. Quarum partium^ unam inco- lunt Belgae. Socratemi sapientissimum AtheniensiumJ populi interfecerunt. Tarquinius bello^ strenuus plures' finitimorum populorum yicit. Quern™ illorunio misit ad Caesarem ? liter nostrum id facit ? Captivi Eomano- rum qui tenebantur a Cartliaginiensibus redditi sunt. Unus ex antiquis populis" in draconem conversus est. Diogenes, inter omnes Cynicos" sapientissimus Mjndios irridebat. iEschylus maximus scriptorum tragoedic^ dici- tur habuisse glabrum caput, Quis inter . homines prius fuit ? Unus e fdiis" captus est. 776, — EuLE XX. Adjectives of Plenty or Want. Ager ferax arborum est. Agcr ferax arboribus est. j35gyi3tus, quanquam expers"^ est imbrium, mire tamen » 702. «= 767, 2d. e 7GS. e 77,3. ^ 110. » 712. i771- ^ SS9. 'i,97. °r7.>. '*777,c. Idioms— ^' IG. ^ 11. f 86. •" 57. INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 27 est fertilis. Eoma omnium yitiornm satiira erat. Italia plena^^erat 'Graecarum coloniariim. Portus est navibus plcnus.h Sum non timoris plenus.^ Ferae sunt ratione et sermune expertes. Homo solus est onustus ratiOnis. Gallia est frugum liommumque fertilis. Dei plena sunt omnid. Vita humana nunquam curis est vacua. Quum homo vino gravis est, inanis est. Fabulae poetarum plenaa sunt stultitia. 7^0. — EuLE XXI. Sum governing the Genitive, !N"on est sapientis clicere eum. victilrLTm esse^ male. Eegis est bene regere. Laudare se vani» est, vituperare se stulti est. Duels est habere consilium. Magni animi est injurias non notare. Arrogantis est negligere quid de se quisque sentiat. Stultitia senium est, sed non omnium senium. Hommis est errfire. Generosi et mag- nif ici animi est juvare et prodesse. TemeritasJ est flo- rentis aetatis, prudentia est senectae. Meum^ est non male facere. Tuum est dicere vera. . 7^5.— EuLE XXII, AIsTD 785.— EULE XXIII. Verbs governi7ig the Genitive. Miseremmi pauperium sociorum. Miserere civium tuorum. Pendeo animi.^ Ejus justitige^ miror. Absti- neto irarum. Eegnavit populorum.d Eecordor homi- nis.e Bonus vir facile obliviscitur injuriarum. Dulce est meminisse laborum actorum. Deus jubet te mortis memlnisse. Caesar vult^ veteris injurife oblivisci. Ee- cordatur cum dolore flagitiorum suorum. Memini non injuriam.? Omnes viri beneficia meminerunt. »> 7S2. - 7S^, d 7S6y note. « 7SS. f 417. ^ 7 SO. ^ full. » boasting. j rashness. Idioms — * 99. 28 IKTRODUCTOET EXERCISES. 793. — EuLE XXIV. Crime, Pimishment and Warning. Res adversse admonent homines religioiiis. ' Admoneo meipsum stultitise. lilum criminis absolvunt. AccQsat hominem inertiaB. Judex ducem seditionis damnat. Pater stremius filinm suum inertise admonet. Senecta nostra sa3pe nos admonet mortis. Judices Oaium tapitis damnaverunt. Popiiius senatum avaritise arguet. Me accusare de inertia^ non potest. Omne liumannni genus ad mortem^ damnatum est. Nihil habeo quod^ senectutem meam acciisem. Nemo sapientiam ad pau- pertatem damnavit. Bonus vir amicum suum de peri- CLilo^ monet. 799. — EuLE XXV. Genitive after Verhs of Valuing. Sapiens voluptatem minimi'^ facit. Aliquis philos- ophorum voluptatem plurimi gestimayit. Bonum nomen est magni. Ambitio est parvi. Honestas est plurimi. Ego ilium pili^ puto. Divitias a viro sapienti minimi putantur. Virtus sestimanda est plurimi. ^stimo scientiam magno.^ Prata magno asstimant. Hoc con- siilo boni.^ 80o. — EuLE XXVI. Genitives after hnpersonals of feeling. Poenitet? me culpae. Quem poenitet criminis psene est innoxius. Num'' facti eum poenitet? Tsedet me laboris. ISTon miseret judicem delinquentis. Po?nitet te stultiti93. Miseret me tui et amicorum. Me civitatis morum taedet. Nonne te miseret pueri segri ? Senem jam votorum suorum pcenitcbat. T^edeat^ te nunquam bene facere. Poenitet judicem non quod capitis dam- navit delinquentem.^ '7.95. ^t9G. ^79S. -^802. ^803. '804. « 806. » 807. Idioms— h 56, 3d. INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 29 SOO. — Rule XXVII. Impersonals of Interest. Refert reipublicse.^ Refert ci^^um semper leges parere. Vehementer interest reipublicog ut omnes consulant et^ pacem et concordiam. Multiim interest commodi com- munis ut juvenes instituantur. Refert liumanitfitis. Interest omnium recte facere. Non mea interest ele- pliantum yidere. Tua niliil refert. Quid mea interest ? Tua refert non temere credere. Illud mea magni inter- est. Tua magni interest hoc videre. 818, — Rule XXVIII. Dative governed Inj Verds. Laus virtuti debetur. Reverentia maxima puero debe- tur. Parentibus nostris debemus pietfitem magnam. Impiis apud inferos poena praBparfita est. Parentibus et patrioB natura nos conciliat. Deus omnium salilti tuetur. ISTonne cupidinibus statuit natura modum ? Etiam sceleribus sol lucet. JSTon nobis solum nati sumus. Senatus populi saluti diligenter consuluit. Judicium Yenit urbi. Tu nostrge saluti tueris. Decemviri crefiti sunt qui ci\atati leges scriberent. Annuum im- perium regibus tributum est. 820» — Rule XXIX. Sum and its Compounds, Dictum sapientibus satis est. Bene esse potest nemini improbo. Fortuna magna domino est. Adolescentioe inest^ maximum robur corporis. Hominibus prodesse natura jubet. Natura inest^^ menti nostra? ingeno cu- piditas justitia3 vincend^e.*^ Ut magistratus praesunt populo ita leges prassunt magistratibus. Debemus et amicis et liostibus prodesse. Avarus homo posteris dives est, at pauper sibi. Imperator prsefuit exercitui et navibus, ^ ^.-a "ire, 1. ^279, lDiOMS~tl24. "113. 30 INTRODUCTOET EXERCISES. 821. — EuLE XXX. Sum, Signifying To Idong to. Homini ratio et sermo sunt.^ Feris magnum robur est. Sunt milii quatuordecim ]S[3'mpb£e pulcliro cor- pore.^ Sunt regibus longjT3 manus. Est liommi imago quasdam cum Deo. Sunt mibi amici. Omnibus arbori- bus eadem folia non sunt. Mibi sunt multi libri. Leoni est pragcipua generositas. Cfesari sunt multi milites. ' Omnibus virtu tibus inter se amici tia est. Dum segro hommi anima est, spes est. Hoc mibi est. 824: EuLE XXXI, AKD 820 Eule XXXII. Verljs governing the Dative. Hoedus, stans in tecto domus, lupo maledixit. Lupus inquit, non tu sed tectum mibi« maledicit. Agricola senex, quum mors sibi^ appropinquaret, filios convo- cavit. Numa successit Tullo Hostilio. Saxum^ Tan- tali capiti impendere dicunt. Antepone virtutem divitiis, et antepone eas res quae sunt honestse eis rebus quae videntur utiles. Ne addice voluptati animum. Leges omnium salutem singulOrum saluti anteponunt. Bona existimatio divitiis pra^stat. Interest nobis Deus. Multff) res molestaB occurrunt viventi^ diu. Eomanis equitibus litters afFeruntur. Nihil semper floret ; setas succedit aetati. Animus cor- pori multum prsestat. Luctus Sfepc leetitise supervenit. Prrefer virtiitem divitiis, et amicitiam pecunise. Puer ssepe prasfert labori lusum. Confer nostram longam vitam cum aeternitate.^* Inferunt omnia in ignem.? 831. — Eule XXXIII. Verhs signifying Profit or Hurt, etc. Tuus amicus tibi favet. Multi sibi^^ insimibus flao^i- • Idioms., 118. ^'757. *S24:. ^ S2G, ^1136, ^ Id., 20. s 830» ^831. ^ Fvom xteinitas, immoi'talit?/. IKTEODUCTORY EXERCISES. 31 tonim RiTornm placent. Prsscepit Fabio, magistro equT- tum, ne pugiiam cum hoste committeret. IS' on tamen ubique fortima Cartliaginiensibus favit. ^[ult^e Italiae civitateSj quse Eomanis paruerant, se ad Haunibalem transtulerunt. Cimbri et Teutones Italias minabantur. Quisque suo studet commodo. Deo parcre, libertas est. Simulatio'repugnatJ amicitias ver^e. Semper lingua? im- pera. Novis rebus studebat. His omnibus rebus repug- nat.J Nemo liber est, qui corpori servit. Homines am- plius oculis quam auribus credunt. Cave, ne nimium tibi confideres.'^ ^ His sacerdotibus*' Vestae non licet viro° nubere. Deus mundum^ regnat. 838.— Ujjlb XXXIV. Mhical Dative. Quid milii Celsus agit ? Quid facit milii Eutilius ? Quid sibi verba ista volunt ? Amicum meum mibi eduxit. 840. — EuLE XXXY. Dative ivitli Tmpersonals. Licet tibi esse bono^ et beato. Hommi negligenti non esse licet. Non licet tibi causa^ commodi tui nocGre alteri.*^ Viro bono non licet non reddcre beneficium si modo is facere posset. Expedit tibi amare amicos et neminem odisse.? Non expedit viro male facere. 844.—RUISE XXXVI, axd 8-i7.— Eule XXXVII. Dative of the Ageyit, etc. Offisari^ uno tempore omnia erant agenda.* ^lilii otium xequisltum jamdiu est. Cui non sunt audita Ciceronis dieta? Cui non sunt audita? divitiag Croesi ? Viato- ribus multa miracula visa sunt. Adliibenda est nobis »1?0^. b. '^ 831. ^S,34. ^G75. ^873. s 434. ^847' ^pretense, i is opposed to. ^ trust. * Lit. " All the must- to-be-dque things were to Caesar at one time." 32 INTEODUCTORY EXEECISES. prudentia. Miilta videnda sunt oratori. Legendus est milii sscpe ille liber. Hie, milites, vobis yincendum aut moriendum est. ^^^.—ExjLE XXXYIII. Dative of End. Omnibus odio est crudelitas,*^ et omnibus amori sunt pietas et dementia. Equitatum auxilio C^esari miserant. Ea res sibi cur33 fuit. Camillo apud Romiinos crimini datum est, quod albis equis^ triumplia\dsset. Libri hominibus bonitati sunt. Caesar legiones duas castris pra3sidio relinquit. Literae gaudio viatori sunt. Mihi librum dono pater dedit. Cui bono fuit? Pop ulo bono fuit. Hunc sibi domicilio locum delegerunt. Propera- vit Csesari venire auxilio. Omnes homines odio liabent injuriam sibi. Sijij* — Rule XXXIX. Verhs governing tlm Accusative and Dative. Anguis agricoljB letale vulnus infiexit. Quum Pliil- lippus, rex ^Iacedonia3, cum Atheniensibus foedus initurus esset ea conditione, ut oratores suos ipsi'^^ traderent, Demosthenes popiilo^ narravit fabulam de lupis et pas- toribus. Aj)ollinem Jupiter, Admeto, regi Thessalia3 in servitutem dedit. Pars civitfitis Helvetiee insignem calamitatem populo Romano intulerat. Ancus urbcm ampliayit, et ei mcenia circumdedit. Vita sine magno labore hominibus nihil dedit. Puer rem omncm domino indicat. Ne te dcde voluptati, neque inertias. Tempus adimit aegritudinem homini. Confer longissimam a^ta- tem hominis cum vita^ eterna et brevissima reperietur. Mors a malis^ nos abducit. Philosophia ab animo<^ fidem fabulosam abstiilit. Vatum labor omnia ex fa to eripit, et donat popidis aevum. Eripuit me a morte. * 87S. ^ S55. « 857* ^ Cruelty. INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 33 S(iO* — EuLE XL. Dative governed dy Adjectives. Morti sirailis somnus est. Contrariiim natiiras testu- dinis est vulare. Tantalus, films Jo\iSj tarn cams fuit diis ut Jupiter ei consilia sua concrederet. Mox intel- lexit nihil ipsi'^ hoc munere^ perniciosius esse. Pindarus, poeta Thebanus, Apollini gratissimus fuisse dicitur. Hie vir ^quitate*^ et religione avo similis fuit. Marcius, Coriolanus dictus ab iirbe quam bello ceperat, plebi invisus fuit. Victoria Komanis semper grata fuit. An est quidquam similius insanias, quam ira ? In sepulchro par divitibus pauper est. Insania est inimica consilio. Voluptates sunt inimicfe ration! et virtuti. Nihil un- quam mihi fuit jucundius. Hannibal Saguntum, His- pani?e fcivitatem, Eomanis amicam oppugn are aggi'essus est. Ille Helvetiis amicus erat. Germani nnitimi Galliae pro^dnci^ sunt. Omni setati mors communis est. Patria nobis cara est. Jucunda mihi oratio fuit. lonibus Cares sunt finitimi populus armOrum'^ bellique amans. Vir bonus sui simileme quirrit. Omnes homines ad amicitiam^ idonei non sunt. Genus humrmum ad justi- tiam et honestatem natum est. Inter has gentes Geta3 omnium sunt ferocissimi et ad mortem paratissimi. S70.—R^iSE XLI. Tu mihi servus, aut ego tibi servus sum ? Insidias consuli non procedebant. Idem amor exitium pecorio est; pecorisque magistro.s Tertio leoni obviam facta, vulpes ansa est etiam i^ropiiis accedere eumque alioqui. 873* — Rule XLII. AUative, of Cause, Manner, etc. Cause. — Dux Tirtute laudatus est. Columbse milvii metu accipitrenLrogaverunt, ut eas defenderet.^^ Stolidi -sr>0. ^S05, <' SS9. <^705. ^S63. ^ SG5. ^S71> \ 34 INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. immeritis honor ibus superbiimt. Quidam vitiis suis gioriantur. Rex virtute regnum est adeptus. Mores liominiim adversis rebus mutantur. Tiniore mortis mori stultitia est. Hominum pars major yoluptatibus perit. Prsesidiiim fame laborabat. Mores admiratione divitias corrupt! sunt. Avaritid et luxuria Romanus popiilus laborabat. Utrique liis precibus commoti sunt. Tarquinius Superbus cognomen moribus meruit. Ad- ventu Cgesaris hostes terrenter. Campus fuit superbus bonitate soli. Ars utilitate laudatur. Fessus de yia^ fuit viator. Ob banc rem^ a dictatore^ capitis damnii- tus est. Manner. — Scipio patrem singulfiri virtute servavit. Imperator ingenti gloria triumjoliavit. Eunt anni more iluentis aquae. Deum semper pura et Integra et fideli mente amemus. Qui bona fide Deum colit, etiam amat Dei templa. Pecunia amissa lacrj^mis veris fletur. Puer magnis clamoribus opum rusticorum imploravit. Magna clamore popiilus Romanus voluntatem suam significiivit. Pyrrhus Romfmos mille octingentos cepit eosque summo honore tractavit. Pacem petit ea condi- tione. Rex fugit cum uxore*^ et liberis suis. Ad Sam- nites Papirius Cursor cum lionore'5 dictatoris profectus est. Caesar a militibus^ cum silentio auditus est. Ca- millus cum manu militum superveniens hostes magno proelio superfivit. Means. — ^Vir prudens fuga periculum vitavit. Urbs naturd munita erat. Europa ab Africa sejungitur freto Gaditano in cujus utraque parte montes sunt altissTmi, qui montes Herciilis columns appellantur. Cupiditate regni adductus novis rebus^ studebat. Milvius laqueis irretitus muscfilum exoravit, ut eum liberaret. Asmus, pelle Iconis indutus, territabat homines et bestias taa- » S75. ^ S7S. « 870, ^ S:)l, INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 35 qiiam leo esset. Pastores caesa ovc* conviyium ccle- brfibant. Aut morte aut exilio puniti sunt omnes. Eo- mfini a Gallis auro paccm emorent. Omnia ferro igne- que vastavit. Instrument. — Romulus Silvius, quum tonaret, militi- bus^ imperavit ut ch^eos hastis percuterent, dicebatque hunc sonum muito clariorem esse quam tonitru.^ Sor- vus occidit gladio dominum. Telis hostium intcrfectus est. Gladiis impetum milites fecGrunt. Regina gladio vitam suam finivit. Admiror quod ad me tua manu scripsisses. Miles montem liasta percussit. Corvus alis et unguibus Galli oculos verberayit. Jupiter iEscula- pium fulmine percussit. 878. — Rule XLIII. ANative of Agent. Mundus a Deo regnatur. TJrbs ampliata est ab Anco. Coriolanus a Volscis ut proditor occlsus esse dicitur. Seryius ab ipso Tarquinio dejectus intcrfectus est. Tem- plum Jo^ds*^ in Capitolio a^dificatum est a Tarquinio. Carthago a Scipione deleta est. Hie liber mibi a patre datus est. Roma a Romulo et Remo condita est. Pater puerum amat. Puer a patre amatur. Denique Viria- thus a suis miUtibus intcrfectus est. Paupertas ostendet a quibus tu ameris.^ ^80.— Rule XLIV. Multi parentes jorudcntia in suos liberos paullo utun- tur. Qui humanitate utuntur beneyolentiam sibi^ con- ciliant. Boni in coelum asyo sempiterno fruuntur. Lux, qua fruimur, a Deo nobis datur. Ciyitas libertate fruitur. Tota regione potitus est. Senectus, non gladio, sed con- silio et ratioue utitur. Sine contentione urbe potitur. «^CJ. ^S31. <^S97. ^7 HI. ^ 11S2, ^ SIS. 36 INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. ISrumidise pliirumque lacte et ferina carne vescebantiir. Lacte et melle vescuntiir. Nosne te semper alemus, dum ipse siimmo otio frueris ? Asinus autugit et neuter viatorum eo^ potitur. Mecum in urbem venias et felici- tate fruaris. 884. — EuLE XLY. AUative of Price. Spem pretio non emam. Magno pretio ubique virtus aestimatur. Eeges pacem ingenti pecunia emebant. Lis ejus Eestimata est centum talentis. Isocrates ora- tionem unam viginti talentis yendidit. Maxim us lionos auro yenit. Sapientia, non auro, sed magno labore emitur. Scientia tempore et labore constat. Civitas libertatem magno pretio emit. Proditor auro patriam vendit. Cur permutem honored otium ? Mutayit vitam auro. 888» — Rule XLVI. AUative of Description. For examples, see those under Rule XVI, page 25. 880. — Rule XLYII. AUative of Limitation. Incolas corporum proceritate excellunt. Humanitate ceteris pra^stant ii, qui Cantium incolunt. Inter reli- quas regiones Grseci^ nominis claritate eminet Attica, qupe etiam Atthis yocatur. Incolae Boeti^e magis cor- poribus yalent quam ingeniis. Silyius duos filios reli- quit, quorum minor natu Amulius erat. Plures Thra- ciam gentes incolunt nominibus et moribus diyers^e. Arcem habet yiginti stadiorum^ ambitu.^ Ducit agmen elepliantus maximus natu ; cogit is, qui setate ei^ est proximus. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, et legibus inter se difforunt. leaves plurimas liabet liic populus, quibus^ in Britanniam navigfire consuerunt, et scientia atque usu nayilmm rerum^ reliquos antecellunt. '^SSO. ^887. ^751. ^880. ^800. ^873. IJSrTRODUCTORT EXERCISES. 37 S9o» — Rule XLVIII. AUative of Comparison, 'Aurum argento pretiosius est. Qnid jncuudiiis est vita ? Nihil est melius sapientid. Animus nobilior est cori^ore. Nulla bellua prudentior est eleplianto. Niliil pretiosius est virtiite. Quid est prsestantius bonitate et benevolentia ? Mcnti nihil dulcius est veritate. Facta verbis diiliciliora sunt. Sonitus vento est velocior ; lux sonitu est velocior ; sed tempus luce est velocius. Nulla Tirbs Sicilige^ est illustrior S3Tacusis, Grascorum colonia.^ Turpis fuga morte est pejor. Turris fuit altior muro. Quis eloquentior fuit quam Demosthenes ?^ Pater tuus est sapientior quam tu.^ Grseci erant doctiores quam Eomani. Nihil est dulcius quam pro patria mori.<^ Adolescentia- nulla re^ magis quam exemplis^ instrui potest. <>0r.— Rule XLIX. AUative after Verls of Plenty and Scarceness, Natura panels rebus et parvis caret. Morte carent animae. Tota ilia regio viris, equis, ferro, plumbo, sre, argento, auroque abundat. Cameli dentium ordine supe- riore carent. Crocodllus est unum animal terrestre qui linguae usu caret. Nulla pars vitaB officio vacat. Urbs abundat militibus. Nudantur arbores foliis. Scrip- tores Gra?ci rerum copia abundant. Nihil honestum esse potest, qui justitia vacat. Oil, — Rule L. Accusative and AUative after Verds of Loading, Binding, etc. Scytline pellibus corpora vestiunt. Poeta pectus falso terrore implet. Deus bonis omnibus expievit mundum. Prumento naves implet. Natura Germaniam implevit «7«>i. "^022, ^S97. ^901. ^873. 38 IKTEODUCTOET EXEECISES. altissimorum homiimm exercitibiis. Homines Yina^im- plentur. Omnia opiiida luctu atque metu implentur. Oomites, accedite et mecum yestras manus floribiis implcte. 916 » — EuLE LI. Adiative of Separation. 3Ie libera hoc metu. Urbs omni frnmento caret. Custodes nrbem latronibns defendant. Abstinent piigna. Dionysiiis t3a'anniis urbe expulsus est. Eomulus asylum patefecit ad quod multi ex civitatibus^ suis pulsi accur- rerunt. 918, — EuLE LII. Adiative of Origin. Orte Saturno, tibi cura magni Caesaris data est. Lucius CPotilina, nobili genere natus, fuit ingenio^ malo pra- voque. Jove nate, Hercules, juva. Post hunc Servius Tiillius suscepit imperium genitus ex nobili femina.'^ Silvius post ^nea3 mortem a Lavinia^ genitus erat. Hie illustribus majoribus natus est. Jove genitum demittit ab alto. Trojfinus Otesar nascGter pulclira origine, qui termmet imperium oceano,^ famam astris.^ ■ 919* — EuLE LIIL Adjectives governing the Adiative, Viri qui bonore digni sunt, nobiles sunt. Qui suis rebus contentus est, is vere dives est. Pliilosopliia pan- els judicibus contenta est. In lioc Sulla nihil video odio dignum, multa misericordid digna. Virtus imitatiune digna est. Gere mentem laude dignam. Xcmo est dig- nus amicitia, qui non amat virtutem. ISTihil magno et proeclfiro yito dignius est dementia.^ Natiira parvo contenta est. Est oculis captus et auribus captus. " lOTiJy V. ^ 017. " SSS, Postea Pyrrhus Eomam perrexit. Pyrrhus Tarentum fugit. Hannibal in liiberna Capuam concessit. Vale- rius in Macedoniam penetrans regem Philippum vicit. Marcellus ingenteni praidam Eomam misit. 941» — EuLE LVIII. T7ie Place Whence or From ivhichi— Ca?sar cum omnibus militibus Alexandria discessit. Dux in provincia multas epistolas Eomd accepit. ^neas cum multis Trojanis aufugit Troja, et in Italiam^ per- venit. Discessit Corintho. Demaratus, Tarquinii pater, fugit Corintho, et venit in Etruriam. Ascanius sedem regni Lavinio transtiilit, et Albam Longam condidit. Ba])ylone profecti sumus, Dionysius tyrannus Syra- cusis expulsus est. Europam Jupiter in taurum mutfi- tus SidOne*^ Crctam^ transvexit. • '^1136. ^931,^.B. ^017. ^011. ^93S. li^TRODUCTORY EXEECISBS. 41 043* — EuLE LIX. Domus mid Rus. Hannibal eos quorum fides ipsi suspecta erat domnm remlsit. Qiium Gr^eci domnm redire vellent ex Achillis tumulo vox dicitnr fuisse audita. Helvetii domi nihil habuGrunt, quo famem tolerilrent. 94^.— EuLE LX. Time When. Eegulus dixit, se desiisse Eomfinum esse ex ilM die, qua in potestiltem Poenorum venisset. In bello Eomanorum cum Perseo accidit, ut serena nocte subito luna deficc- ret. Vultur aviculas inyitavit ad convivium, quod illis daturum esset^ die natfdi suo. Deus munera diebus et noctibus fundit. Mors nobis^ omnibus lioris impendet. Postero die Helvetii castra ex eo loco movent. Scripsit epistolam ad me natfili die suo. Hieme ursi in antris dormiunt. Hostis postero die castra oppugnavit. De tertid vigilia milites^ montem ascendcre jubet. 050, — EuLE LXI. Time, How long. Una liieme*^ et restate a Lucullo fere centum millia militum regis extincta sunt. Mithridfites regnavit annis sexaginta, vixit septuaginta duobus ; contra Eomanos bellum liabuit annis quadraginta. Dies circum quin- decim iter fecerunt. Cujus pater regnum multos annos obtinuerat. Dux his omnibus diebus exercitum castris continuit. Hie populus multos annos a finitimis agi- tatus est. 058* — EuLE LXII. Measure or Distance. Inter silvas Germanise maxima est Hercynia, cujus latitudinem Caesar noveni dierum iter patere narrat. '^1255, "> 826. ^1136. ^ 9JI, 42 INTRODUCTOEY EXERCISES. Propontis cum Ponto jimgitur per Bosporum, qnod fre- tum quinque stadia latum Europam ab Asia separat. Galli ad urbem accesserant et quarto milliario trans AniGnem fluvium consederant. Ilostes sub monte con- sedGrunt millia passuum ab Oa?saris castris. Ctesar hostes sequitur et millia passuum tria ab eorum castris castra ponit. 9Go. — EuLE LXIII. Ablative Absolute. I. Time. — Paucis annis interjectis, bellum in Africam translatum est. Devictis Samnitibus, Tarentmis bellum indictum est, quia legates Eomanorum injuriam fecis- sent. Pace inter se firmata, accipitres vim suam in columbas conyerterunt. Natura et virtiite ducis,^ errfire non possLimus. Tarquinio expulso, consules coepere pro uno rege duo creari. Hoc proelio facto, majOres natu^ legates ad Csesarem misGrunt, seque ei dedidGrunt. Ad- veniente domino prati, grues, qui pascebantur in prato, avolabant. Interfecto OaBsare, anno urbis septingente- simo nono bella civilia reparata sunt. Pugna commis§^ Pyrrlius auxilio elepliantorum vicit. II. Cause. — Amicitia et benevolentia sublatis, omnes res jucunda3 e yita sublfitse sunt. Mitior et melior fis, accedente senecta ? Lupus, stimulante fame, captat oyem. Payo, cauda amissa, pudibundus et moercns quaarit latebram. Oliilo, unus e septem sapientibus Graeciae, filio yictore Olympipe^ pne gaudio exspiravit. Mcomede rege interfecto, equus ejus yitam finiyit inedid. Mithridates, pace rupta, Asiam rursus yoluit invadere. Antonius, multis sceleribus commissis, a senatu hostis^ judiciltus est. III. Means, Manner. — Romani, ponte facto, transi- verunt Ticinum " flumen. Scaeyola, quum Porsena eum, ^972, " SS9, <" 032. ^ 066. '^ A river near Ticiuum. INTRODUCTOEY EXERCISES. 43 ignibus allfitis, terreret, dextram ara? accensaB imposuit donee flammis consumpta est. Milvius laqneis irretitus musculum exoravit ut eum, corrusis plagis, liberaret. Ponte facto Oa?sar cum omnibus copiis flumen transiit. Eatibus junctis, Helve tii fluyium transibant. Milites, e loco superiure telis missis, facile hostium aciem fregerunt. IV. Condition, Circumstance. — Hannibal, fratre Has- drubale in Hispania relicto, Pyrenseum et Alpes transiit. Omni Sicilia recepta, cum ingenti gloria Komam^ regres- sus est. Philippo mortuo, filius ejus Perseus rebellavit, ingentibus copiis parfitis. J^ihil amicitia^ melius est, excepta virtute. Amicitia nihil melius, sapientia excepta homini a Deo datum est. Tarquinius bellum intiilit Eomanis, Porsena, rege Etruscorum, auxilium ei ferente. Caesar, equitatu prasmisso, consequebatur cum omni- bus copiis. Considius, equo admisso<= ad eum accurrit. *> 74.— Rule LXIV, axd 97o.— Eule LXY. Vocative. Tum tu, Jupiter, liunc et hujus socios a tuis aris arcebis. Musa, memora mihi causas earum rerum. Eegina, jubes renovare dolorem, narrando ut Graeci diruerint Trojanas opes. Aliquis error latet, equo^ ne credite, Trojilni. boni Dii, quid est in hominis vita diu ? Yale, amice ! nihil moror felicitiltem servitiite emptam ! Mi^ pater tuis praeceptis^ obsequar, si te priiis idem facientem yidero. 081. — EuLE LXVI. Accusative after Prepositions. Inter urbes Thracia3 memorabile est Byzantium, urbs natura munita et arte, quae ob soli fertilitatem et ob vicinitatem maris, omnium rerum, quas vita requirit ''OSS, ^8i)5, '^ " Being spurred up:' ^S31. ^190. f 826. 3 44 IN'TEODUCTORY EXEKCISES. copid^- abiindat. Ultra ^gyptum j^Etliiopes habitant. Africse regiones ad mare positse eximie sunt fertiles. Per eorum fines triduum iter fecit. Bonus vir yirtutem per se amat. Legati de pace ad Cassarem yenerunt. Pompeius, qui a Oa?sare victus est, ad ^gyptum fugit. Ad flumen Bagradam serpens centum viginti pedum a Eegdlo ballistis et tormentis expugnata esse fertur. Post hoc proelium pax cum Carthaginiensibus facta est, Marcellus consul apud Nolam, civitatem Campanise, contra Hannibalem bene pugnavit. 982. — EuLE LXVII. Ablative after Prepositions. Eodem die ab exploratoribus certior factus est, hostes^ sub monte consedisse. De Scythis ]oauca dicenda*^ sunt. Africa ab oriente terminatur Nilo. Cassar legiones pro castris constituit. Caesar a lacu ad montem murum perduxit. Aristides cum Themistocle de principatu con^ tendit. Ca?sar e castris utrisque copias suas eduxit. Ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertlnet. Hasdrubal a fratre ex Hispania in Italiam evocatus est. Pavo coram grue pennas suas explicat. Phineas, Agenoris filius, ab Apolline futurilrum rerum scientiam acceperat. 987 » — EuLE LXVIII. Accusative after in, sub, super, and sutter. Omnis Gallia divisa est in partes tres. Sub solis occa- sum Caesar portas^ claudi et milites ex oppido exire jussit. Anno decimo quarto postquam in Italiam Han- nibal yenerat, Scipio consul creatus est, et in Africam: missus est. Ex Asid in Africam trajecit. Saxum pen- det super ejus caput, ^neas rogat super ejus patre.<^ Tua mater amorem in te habet. '^904. "^ 113G. ^3^0. ^'*J()0. INTRODUCTOEY EXERCISES. 45 088 » — EuLE LXIX. Ablative after m, sitb, super, and suhter. In castris Helvetiorum tabiilfB repertse sunt. In lit- tore Ponti, in Mariandynorum agro, urbs est Heraclea ab Herciile, ut fertur, condita. Praeceptor est in loco parentis. Sub hoc rege Troja in Asia eversa est. 093, — EuLE LXX. Prepositions in Composition. Pythagoras cunctis animalibus abstinuisse dicitur. Vir honestus, etiam impunitate6J. ^S73. ^1226, ^1227. ^ S55. 54 IKTKODUCTOKT EXEECISES. 1241, — Rule XCIII. Antequam, Priiisquam, Ctesar priiisquam quidqnam conaretiir, siium amicnm ad se vocari jubet. Caesar ad partem Helvetiorum per- venit, priusqiiani Helvetii sentirent; et eorum fere omnes occidit. Oratores maximi semper diligenter parant, antequam oratioiiem faciant in loco publico. In omnibus negotiis prudentes homines prseparant, prius- quam aggrediantur. Cameli sitim=* quatriduo tolerant ; aquam, antequam bibant, pedibus turbant. Ante^ rever- tam quam^ luna bis impleant orbem. Imperator venit cum equitatu antequam omnes copise adversarii con- venirent. 1211.^ — EuLE XCIV. Temporal Particle, Quum {dim). Quum Csesari id nunciatum est, eos^ per provinciam nostram iter facere conari,*' properat ab urbe proficisci. HsBC quum pluribus verbis flens a Csesare peteret, Caesar ejus dextram pressit. Quum tela defecissent, Jupiter filium imbre lapidum adjuvit. Hannibal quum elephantos compellere non posset ut praealtum flumen transirent, jussit ferocissimum elepliantorum^ sub aure vulnerari. Vulpes, quae nunquam leonem viderat, quum ei forte occurrisset, ita est perterrita ut paene moreretur^ formidine. 12ijl. — Rule XCV. Casal Suljundive after Quum or Qui. Helvetii, quum intelligerent uno illum^ die fecisse id, quod ipsi diebus viginti aegerrime^ confecerant, .legatos ad eum mittunt. His" (the SequaniansXcum su4 sponte persuadere non possent, legatos ad eum (Dumnorix) '^111. ^12:£3, Ohs.d. '^1136. ^771> "^1218, ^102. n 831. INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 55 mittunt. Eoma fuit urbs mirabilis, qua? mundnm regna- verit. Qiiibus rebus cognitis,^ quum ad has suspiciOnes certissimaB res accederent, quod obsides inter eos dandos curasset^t" quod a magistratu accusaretur ;^ C^sar satis esse caus83c arbitrabatur, quare in eum animadverteret. 1261.—'RjJLTi XCVI. Hypothetical Period— First Form. I i\M<.>^\ i-'^ ^^■■•' ' '' Si caput incolume ex lujDi faucibus extraxisti, merce- dem non parvam liabuisti. Si proditor deserit patriam suam, pestilentia detrahitur. Si sunt milites est etiam dux. Si non deduntur lisec, bellum ita indicit. Si homo inertiam amat, semper pauper erit. Si invenies hominem iujuriam ferre, eum vita.*^ Si hsec civitas est, ego sum civis. Amabimus Deum, si sapientes sumus. 1265, — Rule XCVII. Hypothetical Period — Second Form. f '■' ^ Si mors eonjuncta sit cum honestate et laude, boni homines non timeant mori. Si quidquam animum nimium inflammet, injuriam ferat. Si bellum in toto orbe desinat, omnes nationes ins^rediantur sciential et arte et religione. Si omnes cogitationes scribantur, multi libri sint. Si ego noceam patrem meum aut ma- trem, sim impense improbus. j?^6*7.-— EuLE XCVIII. Hypothetical Period— Third Form. Quum lupus convivium cerneret, inquit : si ego agnum rapuissem, quantus tumultus fieret. Ego insanirem, si partani prsedam amittere, et incerta pro certis sectari vellem. Si quid haberet, benignus esset. Si Catilina in urbe ad hanc diem reniansisset nos rempublicam tantis '^OOo^ ^1255, ^ lOOo. ^1263. ^ SS9. 56 IN"TEODUCTORY EXERCISES. periciilis non liberavissemus. Pol, te avium regem esse dicerem si cantus pulcliritudini^ tuse responderet. 1282, — Rule XCIX. Concessive Sentences after Licet, Quamvis, Ut, Ne, Qiium, " Altliougli." Stultus non est sapiens, licet in foro constiterit. Veri- tas^ licet nullum patronum aut vindicem obtineat, tamen per se ipsam defenditur. Licet ipsa vitium sit ambitio, frequenter^ tamen causa virtutum est. Vita bre- yis est, quamvis supra centum annos maneat. Quam- yis asstas perdite tepesceret, milites non fuerunt infirmi. Ilia quamvis stulta essent, milii tamen risum non move- runt. Ut ille est sapiens vir, populus eum non amat. Quum rex irasceretur, tamen ille irridebat excusationem juvenis. Quamvis multos agros et magnas divitias habeat, tamen felix non est. 1284:, — Rule C. Concessive Sentences after Quamquam, Quamquam jam periculum est depulsatum, tamen yestra^ tecta custodiis^ defendite. Quamquam intcllec- tum erat, Hannibiilem non aliter vinci quam mora,^ Varro tamen morse^ impatiens apud vicum qui Cannce^ appellatur in Apulia pugnavit. Quamquam properas, non est mora longa. Quamquam omnes homines te vitent, recte face. 1291. — Rule CI. Attracted Suhjunctive, Sunt, qui narrent, Aristotelem philosophum, quia hujus miraciili causas investigare non posset asgritudme confectum esse. Ille quum Romam" venisset induetus in Senatum dixit sc desiisse Romanum esse ex ilia die, qu^ in potestatem Pcenorum venisset. Lgevinus, quum * 833, »» 873. « 765, ^ 068, ^ 938. ' Often, e Your Iiq"TKODUCTORY EXERCISES. 57 exploratores Pyrrhi cepisset, jussit eos per castra duci, tumque dimitti, ut renuntiarent Pyrrho, qusecunque a Romfmis agerentur. Virgo petiit, ut sibi darent, quod in sinistris manlbus gererent, anniilos aureos et armil- las significans. Nisus, in capite crinem purpureum habuisse dicitur, eique prsedictum fuit tarn diu eum regnaturum quam diu eum crinem custodisset. For Reported Speech (Oratio Obliqua), see B. & M.'s Latin Grammar, 1295-1300. 1305,—R\JUE CII. See Exercises under Rule XXXVIII. Page 32. 131o» — Rule CIII. Gerimdive loith Verls of Taking, Giving, etc. Bonus discipiilus multa discenda curat. Urbem dux militibus diripiendum dedit. Faustulus quidam pastor illlus regionis pueros sustdlit et uxori Accaa Laurentiae* nutriendos^dedit. Quum ludi literarii magister princi- pum filios in castra duxisset, Camillus hoc donum non accC'pit sed scelestum homiuem pueris Falerios^ redu- cendum tradidit ; virgasque iis dedit quibus^ i^roditorem in urbem agerent. Testamentum tibi tradit legendum. 1322. — Rule CIV. Gerundive in place of the Gerund. Crebro bella gerunt cum finitibus non tarn finium prolatandorum causa aut imperii cupiditate sed ob belli amorem. Boves oneribus gestandis sunt idonei. Fruges ad sustentandam hominum yitam sunt necessari^. Ego Csesaris'^ studiosus^ legendi sum. Legati ad Pjrrlium de captivis redimendis missi honorif ice ab eo suscepti sunt ; captives sine pretio reddidit. Aqua utilis est bibendo." Multi homines cupidi sunt nova vivendi ^ audiendlque. -622. ^938. ^873. ^705. ^1332. ^1327. e Desirous. 58 IIs^TKODUCTORT EXERCISES. ISSO.—Hjjlb CV. The Participle. For Ablative Aisolute, see Rule LXIII. Is lianc urbem a civibus accerrime defensam cepit et diruit. Hoc facinus rex miriitus juvenum dimisit inco- lumem. Eomdlus, quum exercitum lustraret, inter tempestatem ortain repente oculis hominum subductus est. Cgesar enim yictor e Gallia rediens absens co^pit poscere alternm consulatum. Dionysius tyrannus, Syracusis expulsus, Corintlii^^ pueros docebat. Tem- pora mutata iion Deum mutant. 13G0» — EuLE CYI. Accusative Supine. Illi legatos ad CEesarem mittunt rogatum auxilium. Xerxes in Grseciam venit bellatum. Abiit ambulatum. Multi veniunt salutatum amicos, at pauci adjutum. 1365* — Rule CVII. Ablative Supine, Bbrystlienes, ex ignotis fontibus ortus, liquid issimas aquas traliit et potatu jucundas. Omnia Deo sunt effectn facilia. Virtus difficilis inventu est. Homerus dignus lectu e^. 13G0* — CYITI. — Coordinate Conjunctio7is. Hannibal Pyreuc^um et Alpes transiit. Laevmus in Macedonia cum Philippo et multis Grceci^ populis ami- citiam fecit. Atticus neque mendacium dicebat neque pati poterat. Thales interrogatus quid esset^ Deus inquit. Quod initio^ et fini'^ caret. His rebus adducti et auctoritilte ejus moti, constituerunt iter per fines eOrum facere. ».9.92. ^11S2. ^907, N. B.— See pages 378, 379 of tliis book. INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 59 SIMPLE SENTENCES. General Remarhs, 1. A simple sentence consists of two parts; the subject, or tliinf; spoken of, and the predicate, or that which is afiirmed of the subject, •753, 1399. In the natural order, the subject is translated first, and the predicate last. 2. Nouns and pronouns, either in the subject or predicate, may be limited or qualified by nouns in apposition — by nouns in the genitive case, and by adjectives and their regimen.* 3. Yerbs belong to the predicate, and are limited or qualified by the noun or pronoun governed by them as their object, by adverbs, and by adverbial phrases. 4. Both subject and predicate may be further qualified or limited by circumstances of time, place, manner, &c., by a preposition and its regi- men, or by a dependent clause or phrase connected by a relative or con- nective term ; — and all these should occupy that place in the sentence in which their effect will be best perceived, and the meaning of the whole sentence be most clearly exhibited. N. B. Before proceeding with the following sentences, the pupil should now be made perfectly familiar with § 152 of Bullions', or from 1399 to 14:12 of Bullions & Morris's Grammar, and commit to memory, so thoroughly as to have always ready at hand the "Directions for Begin- ners," p. 299, and tlie Rules for Construing, p. 300, in Bullions' Latin Grammar, or 1115, 1116, and 1117, pages 331, 332, of Bullions & Morris's Latin Grammar. This being done, these rules should be ap- plied in the analysis of every sentence fur some time, till the exorcise becomes perfectly familiar and easy. This requires some attention on the part both of teacher and pupil for a short time at first, and the quantity read will necessarily be small ; but both will be rewarded tenfold for this labor by the ease, rapidity, and certainty with which the pupil, "even with- out the aid of his teacher, will soon analyze and translate the most intri- cate sentences. Let the trial be properly made, and success is certain. * By " regimen," is meant the noun or pronoun governed by any word. Thus in the phrase. Amor patrm, avldus glorice, ama dtum, ad jmtrem, the words pairice, glorice^ deuin, patre7n, are the regimen of Amor, avldus^ ama, ad, respectively 60 INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 1. Subject and Predicate. The subject or thing spoken of, before a finite verb, is always in the nomi- native case, and has a verb agreeing with it by R. IV. (303, 034r, R. II.) The predicate, or the thing affirmed or denied of the subject, is usually placed after it, and is expressed two ways, as follows ; 1. The predicate consists of a 7ioun, an adjective, om participle, in the same case .with the subject, and connected with it by an intransitive verb, or a transitive verb of naming, appointing, &c., called the copula. In all such sentences the predicate word, if a noun, comes under E. V. (319, 060 f R. VI.) ; — if an adjective or participle, it agrees with the subject, and comes under R. II. (263, 050, R. V.) (See Gr. 322, 071*); or, 2. The predicate consists of a verb, either alone or with its limiting or modifying words. 1405. 1. The Predicate a Noun. Europa est Peninsula.^ Tu eris rex. ^ Plurimas^ stellaB sunt soles. ^ Boiii pucri egregii viri^ fient. Castor et Pollux ersiiit^fratres.^ .Ego sum discipidus.^ Cicero factus est consul.^ Ego salutorpoe'to.^ 2. Predicate an Adjective or Participle. Terra est rotunda.^ Yita hrevis^ est. Vera amicitia est sempiterna.^ Fames et sitis sunt^ molestoi.^ Nemo semper felix^ est. Non omnes milTtes sunt fortes.^ Mundi innumerabiles ^ sunt. Nemo nimium hedtus ^ est. Avarus^ nunquam est contentus.^ Pater reversurus^ est. Virtus laudanda,^ ebrietas vitanda ^ est. i 3. Tlie Predicate a Verb, ^c. — Active Voice. Eleplianti semper gregatim ambiilant.s Cornices «m- hulant^s passeres QiViiQYxA?^ saliunt ;z ^ardHQQ^ curruyit ;s plurTmse^ etiam riidif leant. Democritus ex2ylicat'^ cur ante luccm galli canunt.g Etiam infantes soinniant.s Parvse res crescunt.s , — . . . . ^ — . .^ — -# Grammars.—'' 319, r. v.: 000, r. vi.— i* 113, .ili},—'^ 312, r. I 04:8, r. iii.— d 322, 071.S 303, r. iv.: 034, r. ii. Idioms.—'' 24.— « 19, 1.— <" 108, 1.—'' 19, Sup. aves. * For explanation of reference figures, see page 54 INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 61 4. Passive Voice. Oves non iibTque tondenticr.^ In India'^ gignuntur maxima animalia. In Africa^ nee cervi, nee apri, nee iirsi i^iveniuntur .^ In Syria'' nigri leones reperiuntur. Apud Romanes mortiii'^ plcriimque cremahantur. Fortes <= laudahuntiir^ ignavi^ vitiqyerabuntur. LittersQ a Phoenicibus inventce ^ sunt. Carthago, Corinthus, Niimantia, et miilta3 alias urbes a Romanis eversce sunt. 5. Deponent Verbs. FormTcoe etiam noctii operantur.^ Ursi interdum bipedes^ ingrediu7itur, Aquilse semper soliQ^^ predantur. Apud ^thiopes s maximi elephanti in silvis^ vagantur. Sturni et psittaci humanas voces '» imitantur. 6. The Accusative after Transitive Verbs ^ Active Voice, and Transitive Deponents. Diem'"- perdidi. Terra parit flares.^ Croeodllus ova'^ parit. Elephantus odit 7nurem^ etJ suem.'- Cameli diu sitim}^ tolerant. Lanae nigrse nullum colorem i bibiint. Senes minime sentiunt morbos » contagiosos, Cervi cornua i sua quotannis amittunt. QiQYQ^ frumeyitimV- invenit; Bacchus^ vinum;'^ Mereu^ riiis^ litter as. "^ Grammars.— » 303, r. iv. : t»^'-^.— i^ 6U8, r. IL: i}S8.—^ 1GJ-, Note. 1097.—^ 207, 1: 304=.— i 274, OGS.—s 602, r. xlviii. : 981, r xlvi.— "» 437, Sp., r. i. : 712, v. viii.— * 436, r. xx. : 712, r. viiL— J 720, r. Ixv.: 1369, r. cviii.— ^ 90, 1: 109.—^ 308: 639. Idioms. — = 19, 1. 62 INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES, Canes soli^ dominos '' suos bene noverej soli nomina sua agnosciint. Hystrix aculeos^ long^ jaciilatur. Stiirni et^ psittaci humdnas voces^^ imitantiir. Militiad.es Athenas^ totamqwQ Crrceciam liber avit. The G-enitive. The genitive is used to limit the signification of the word which gov- erns it, by connecting with th it word the idea of origin, property, or pos- BessioQ (331, 7-^4:') It is commonly governed, 1st. Bv substantives, § 106, Rules YL, VII., and YIIL, 751, &, XV., 757, R. XVI., 7f>0, R. XVII. 2d. By adjectives, ^ 107, viz. : verbals, partitives, and adjectives of plenty or want; Rules IX., X., XI., 76*5, R. XVIII, 771, R. XIX., 776*, R. XX. 3d. By verbs, § 108, Rules XT!., XIII., XIV., 7c^0,R. XXI., 783, R. XXII., 788, R. XXIil. ; also, Rules XXVII., XXVIII., 793, R. XXIV., 799, R. XXV.; 520, 521, 107i>, 415, 419, 805, R. XXVI., 809, R. XXVII. See also 245, T, 4th, and 5th, 1005, R. LXXII. 7. The Crenitive governed hy Substantives. Crescit amor nummiA InliiiTta^ est mnltitudo morborumA Litter drum^ usus est antiquissTmus/ Asia et*-' Africa greges ^ jTerontm asifidrum alit.? Magna f est lingudrum inter homines' varietas. Imuimerabilia^sunt mortis^ signa, salutisi paiicissTma.f Cynis omnium in exercitiik siio milltum^ nomina'^ tenebat memoria. Canis vestigia'' /er«n^m ^^ diligentissime scriitatiir. Nemo non benignus est sui^ judex. ^ Leonum ^ animi ^ index ^ cauda est. 8. G-enitive governed by Adjectives. Semper fragilitdtis ^ luimanas sis memor.^ Grammars.—'' 436, r. xx. : 712, r. viii. — " 720, r. Ixv. : 1369 , r. cviii.— d 332, r. vi.: 75 1, r. xv.— « 319, r. v.; 6' 6* 6% r. vi.— ^ 322: C7J.— ^ 312; Sp., r. i. &313: 6*^^,0bs. 1.-M37, Sp. r. I: 712, r. viii.—' 602, r. xlviii : <} est. Neroprimo bonis '^^ amicus," et studio P musarnmq de- ditus •' fiiit ; sed postea monitorlbus P asper et iratus fuit, generic humdno iwiestvis^ omnibus^ inimicus, cZ/iS invi- sus, et multa ^7?^P adversa fuerunt. Grammars. » 349, r.ix. : 705. r. xviii.— *> 322, 07 1*—° 355, r. x. 77 If r. xix.— d 355, r. x. : 771, — f 3G4, r. xii. : 780, r. xxi. — * 369, r. xiii.: 783, r. xxii.— «» 495, r. xxviii. ; 790, t. xxv.— * 489, r. xxvii. : 793, r. xxiv.-— i 373, r. xiv. : 788, r. xxiii.— "^ 660, r. Ivi. : 1117, r. Ixxxii.— « 3TS, r. xv. : 870, r. xli.— " 319. r. v.: 000, r. vi.— 720, r. Ixv. : 1309, r. cviii.— p 382, r. xvi. : 800, r. Xl.— 1 332, r. vi. : 751, r. xv. Idioms. <= 21.— « 19, 4.— i 51, ].— «• 19, i. 64 INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. ^qiuis cunctis^ et benigiius esto,^:'aifm^ familiaris, hostihus ^ mitis, et nemini molestiis ; sic omnibus ^ cams eris, et invisus miUi.^^ Aslno "^ segni niiUiim onus gratum, et ^uero b igndvo omiiis labor molestus est. 11. The Dative governed hy Verbs. Natura animalibus ^ varia tegumenta ^ tribuit, testas/^ coria, spinas, villos, setas, pennas, squamas. Homlni ^ soli ^ avaritia E et ambitio data h est. Jjeoni'^ vis summa esti in pectore. Antiquissimis homimbus i specus erant ^ pro domibus. Nidli ajiimdli ' memoria major est, quam cani.s Gallinacei leonibus^ terrori^ sunt. Hormni ^ plurima ex liomine ^ fiunt " mala. Homo furiosus ne liber is ^ qiiidem sids P parcit. Via mali q omnibus •" semper vitanda^ est. The Accusative. The accusative is used for the most part to express the object of a transitive active verb, or of some relation, and is governed, 1. By transitive verbs in the active voice, or by transitive deponent verbs. No. 6. 2. By prepositions. 12. The Accusative governed by Prepositions. Camelus naturale odium adversiis equos^ gerit. Pictae vestes jam apud Home rum * commemorantur. Multa animaiia conCTCsrantur et contra alia"^ dimicant. Grammars. ^ 382, r. xvi. : 800, r. xl. — « 501, r. xxix. : 855, t. xxxix.— >! 436, r. xx. : 712, r. viii.— « 522, 1075,— « '<20, r. Ixv.: i:iG9, r. cviii.— >> 164, Note.—' 394, r. ii. : 821, r. xxx.— i 603, r. x'.ix.: 082, r. Ixvii.— "^ 427, r. xix.: 818, r. xxxviii.— » 221, 8, Obs. 3 120.—" 403, r. v.: 831, r. xxxiii.— i 332, r. vi.: 751, r. xv.— • 322, 071*—' 602, r. xlviii.: 081, r. Ixvi.— " 97, 4: 180, 4. Idioms. » 19, 1.— ' 16, 4.-3 118, 1.—'' 118, 2.— •> 7, 2.— p 30, 1.— »^ 5, 2; and 19, 1.— » 108, 1. INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 65 Hippopotamus segetes circa JSfiliLm ^ depascitur. Apud Romdnos ^ mortui plerumque cremabantur-. Liter omnes hestias ^ simia hominib simillima est. The Ablative. The ablative generally denotes that from which something is separated or taken, or by or with which something is done or exists. It is governed, 1. By nouns, § 118, 872 to 8S9, or adjectives, g§ 107, 776% R. XX., 119, 120, 895, 918, 919. 2. By verbs, § 121, R. XXT., and XXTI, 907 to 914, § 125. R. XXXVI, and § 126, R. V., 1075, V. 3. By prepositions. 4. It is used to express various circumstances. See No. 17, p. 67. 13. The Ablative governed by Nouns and Adjectives, Gratid^ opus est nobis ^ tud, tudqxiQ^ auctoritdte. Nunc virlbus ^ opus est vobis,^ nunc prudenti consilio. Reperiuntur interdum cervi candido color eS CatilTna nobili genere s natus erat, magnd vi ^ et ani- mi h et corporis, sed ingenio *' malo joravdqwQ, Animus per somnum est sensibus^ et curis vacuus. Est philosopbia paiicis contenta judicibus.s Nihil video in Sulla odio^ digmmi, misericordia ff digna multa. Natiira parvo s contenta est. 14. The Ablative governed by Vei^bs. Leaenge jiibdi carent. Leones facTl^ per triduum ciboi carent. Eliplianti maxime amnibus^ gaudent. Apes tinmtu^ seris gaudent. Numidas plerumque lacte^ Qiferind carne^^Ye.%Q,\ndMY. Grammars. * 602, r. xlviii. : 981, r. Ixvi.— '' 382, r. xvi.: 800, r. xl,— <= 456, r. xxii.: 923, r. liv.— "^ 394, r. ii. : 821, r. xxx.— • 720, r. Ixv., and 721: 505, 1309 : 1370.—^ 339, r. vii. :757, r. xvi. — e 462, r. xxiii. : 918 and 919, r. liii.— «» 332, r. vi.: 751, t. xv.— ' 361, r. xi.: 770, v. xx.— J 480, r. xxv. : 907, r. xlix.— ^ 485 — • 484, r. xxvi. : 880, r. xliv.— "> 78, Note: 90, 97, r. lii. Idioms. " 6, 5. — f 6, 1. 66 INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES, Plurimis bonis ^ fruimur atque utimur.^ Hispania vkis^'' equis, ferro, plumbo, cere, argento, aurd{\\x.Q abuiidat. 15. The ablative governed by Prepositions* Quidam liommes nati sunt cum dentibusA Xerxes cum paucisslmis militlbus ^ ex Grcecid ^ aufu- git. Lucius Metellus primus ^ elephantos ex pri7no Puni- CO bello^ duxit iu triumjjho. Cantabit vacuus coram latrone ^ viator. Sidera ab ortu ad occasum commeant. Britannia a Phoenieibus inventa ^ est. Apes sine rege esse non possunt. Infans nihil sine aliend ope potest. Dulceg est'i ^vo p)atrid mori.' Yenenum aliquando pro remedio fuit. Litteras a Phoenieibus inventae ^ sunt. 16. The Accusative and Ablative with In and Sub, § 136, E. L. and LI., 987^ 988^ B. LXVIII, LXIX, AquTlse nidificantJ in rupibus et arboribus. Coccyx semper parit in alienis nidis. In semctute liebescunt^^ sensus; visus, auditus debil- itatur.i Li India gignuntur maxima animalia. Hy^ense plurimse in Africa gignuntur. In Africa^ nee™ cervi, nee apri, nee ursi reperiuntur. In Syria nigri leones reperiuntur. Grammars. • 484, r. xxvi. : 880^ r. xliv.— »> ^20, r. : 1309 ^ r. cviii.; and 721, 1370.—^ 480, r. xxv.: 907 f r. xlix.— «* 60:i, r. xHa;. : 982^ r. Ixvii.— « 274, 603.—^ 164, Note.—i 270, 6^9.— 660, r. Ivi. : 1147, r. Ixxxii.— J 157, I. 1 : 1080,—^ 227, 2 : o85, 313, Oil.—"' 726, 1371. Idioms, ^ 51, 1. '« 124, 4. INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 67 Seriis in coelum redeas.^ Victi Fersas in naves confugerunt. NiimaPompilius annum in duodecim mewses distribuit. Pontius Tiielesinus Romanos sub jugum misit. Gallia sub septentrionihus posita est. 17. The Ablative used to express various circumstances without a Preposition, The circumstances commonly denoted by the ablative without a prep- osition, are Respect wherein, § 128, 889, R. XLVIT. ; Cause, manner^ means, ov instrument, % 129, 873, R. XLTI.; Place, § 130, 931 to 948; Time, § 131, 949 to 957 ; Measure, § 132, 958; Price, % 133, 884. Apri in morbis sibi^ medentur hederd.^ Pyrrlius rex,'^ tactu^ pollicis in dextro pede, lienosis^ medebatur. Oleo insecta exanimantur. Fer86 domantur fame atque verheribus. Anacreon poeta^ acmo^ uvse passae exstinctus est. Crocodilus ^e??e^ durissimd contra omnes ictus mu- nitur. In Africa eleplianti capiuntur foveis.^ Elephanti spirant, bibunt, odorantur prohoscide.^ Dentes usu atteruntur, sed igne non cremantur. Mures AlpTni hiiiis pedihus gradiuntur. Apes tinnltu aeris convocantur. Quibusdam in locis ^ anseres bis anno ff velluntur. Color lusciniaruni autumno & mutatur. Miemes ursi in antris dormiunt. Nemo mortalium omnibus horis ^ sapit. Primores dentes septimo mense gignuntur; septimo iidem decidunt anno.^ Grammars. » 171, I. 1: 1193, r. Ixxxviii.; and 144, 1193; and 145, 1161.—^ 403, 831,—^ 542, r. xxxv. : 873, v. xlii.— d 251, r. i. : 622, r. i.— « 403 : 831, r. xxxiii.— f 608, r. 11.: 988, t. Ixif . — s 565, r. xli. : 949, v. Ix.— '"' 565, r. xl. : 9o0, r. Ixi T- Idioms.—'' l, 2.— « 19, 1. 68 INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. AntipSter Sidonius, poeta,^ quotannis, die natdli suo b fehre corrijDiebatur. Estate dies sunt longiores quam Tiieme. Isocrates orator imam oratioiiem viginti talentis^ vendidit. Luscinia Candida, sex seste7'tns ^ Romoe venit. 18. Nouns in Aioposition. Plurimi Scythe, hellicosisslmi homines y^ lacte*^ ves- cuntiir. DelpliTnus, animal^ hominie amwum, cantii^ gaudet. Carthago atque Corintliiis, opulentisslmce urhes,s eo- dem anno a Romanis evers« ^ sunt. Quam brevi tempore ' populi Romani, omnium gen- tium victor is, ^ libertas fracta h est ! Mithridatem, Ponti regem, Tigranes, rex Armenius, excepit. Circa CjWenen, montem in Arcadia, nierulse nascuntur. 19. The Infinitive Wood without a Subject. The infinitive without a subject is usually regarded as the subject of a verb, § 144, R. LVI., 1147 ^ R. LXXXIL, or as the object of another verb, R. LVII., 1148, R. LXXXIII. ; and in this case always ex- presses an act or state of the subject of the verb that governs it. In the following, let the pupil state whether the infinitive is the subject or the object of the verb with which it is connected. Err (Ire J est humanum.^ Turpek est beneficium repeterej , Beneficiis ^ gratiam non referre etiam turpius est. Parentes suos non amdre est impium.'^ Grammars. » 251, r. i. : 622, r. \.—^ 565, r. xl. : i)4i), r. Ix.-^ • 581, r. xliv. : 884, r. xlv.— «• 484, r. xxvi. : 880, r. xliv.— « 3H2, r xvi.— f 485, 8f;.— i' IGI, 5, JVofe;.,5?7.— ' 505, r. xli. : U4i), r. Ix — i GGO, r. Ivi. : 114; , r. Ixxxii.— ^ 270, 660. — • 501, r. xxix. : 85of r, xxxix. INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 69" Te CTipio videre.^ Yoliii dormire.^ Aude contemnere ^ opes. Carmma possumns dondre, Poteram contingere ramos. Nihil amplius scribe re possum. Ego ciipio ad te ventre. Intelligere noii possum. Cessator ^ esse noli. Cur timet flavum Tiberim tan- geref Philippus Yolebat <^ ar)idri. Alexander metui volebat. Tecimi^i vivere amo. Natiiram mutdre pecunia nescit. Bene ferre disce magnam fortiinam. Angustam pauperiem ^a^j puer discat.® Bici beatus ^ ante obitum nemo debet. ^quam memento ^ rebus in arduis servdre mentem. Aurum vestibus s mtexere invenit rex Atttllus. Non omnes homines gequo amore ^ comjjlecti possumus. lilecebras voluptatis vitdre debemus. Romae ' elephantes per fiuies incedere docebantur. 20. G-ermids. Gerunds are construed like substantives, and, at the same time, govern the case of their oaahii verbs, § 147, 131i)» Etiam post malam messem serendum J est. Omnibus J aliquando 77ioriendumi est. Semper ])ugnandiim J est contra cupiditates et lubid- inem. Pliirimge ^ sunt illecebr^ peccandi.^ Artem scribendi^ PhcenTces, artem acu pingendi^ Phiyges invenerunt. Cupiditas Vivendi nunquam immensa^ esse debet. Grammars. ^ 663, r. Ivii. : lUrS^ r. Ixxxiii.— ^ 326, 074:.—" 160, 1: 10S8.—^ 235, 2: 470.—^ ITl, 1: 1193; and 145: 1101. — ' 222, 2 : 436,— s 501, r. xxix. : 8o5, r. xxxix.— >> 542, r. xxxv. S73, r. xlii.— i 548, r. xxxvi. : 932^ r. Ivi.— J 6S9, r. Ixi. and 701 l30iS, V. cii.— i^ 322, 071.—' 'J 02, 1327. Idiom, ' 4, 1. 70 INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. Honestissima est coiiteiitio beiieficiis ^ beneficia vin-. cendio Homo natural est cupTdus nova semper videndi et audlendi, Libri sunt inutiles ignaro ^ legendi. Olim calamus adhibebatur scrihendo.^ Aqua marina inutilis est hihendo. Culex habet telum et ^ fodiendo et sorhendo idoneum. Non omnes sequaliter ad diseendum^ proni sumus, Simise catulos saepe compleetendo ^ necant. Beneficia exprohrando ^ corrumpimus. Amicus amicum semper alTqua re ^ juvabit, aut re, aut consilio, aut consolando^ cert^. ^ 21. Gerundives. Gerundives are participles in dus, with the sense of the gerund, anci agreeing m gender, number, and case, with their nouns, § 49, 7, 1319m and § 147, R. LXII., 1322, R. CIV. Initum est consilium urbis delendce,s civium truci- dandorum^s nommis Romani exstinguendi.s Puer par est oneri ferendo.^ Omnes civitates Grecise pecuniam ad classem cedijjr candam et exercitum comparandum dederunt. Vir bonus, in malis aliorum amovendis^ seipsum sub- levat. Compound Sentences. A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences, con- nected together by conjunctions, relatives, or adverbs^ g§ 149, 1300 ^ 99, 683, and 140, 141, 1200 to 1250. Grammars. » 542, r. xxxv. : 873, r. xlii.— <= 703, 1332,—^ 72G, 1374,—^ 704, 1337.—' 105, 1310.— s 707, r. Ixii: 1322, r tiv.— » 382, r. xvi. ; 1332. Idioms. '' Sup. homlni. » 112. INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. fl 22. Conjunctions, Sol riiit, et^ moiites iimbraiitur. Vir ^ bonus et prudeiis dici delector ego. Immoiisa est, fiiiQm.que ^ potentia Dei non habet. Accipere'^ prsestat qucim^ facere injiiriam. Rapere atque abire semper assue\dt lupus. Semper hoiios, iiomen^we ^ tuum, laudes^we manebunt. Sapientem neque ^ paupertas, neque mors, neque vin- cula terreut. Juno erat Jovis et ^ soror et conjux. Nox erat, et fulgebat luna. In prselio cita mors venit, aut victoria laeta. Marius et Sylla civile bellum gesserunt.ff .^ Leti vis rapuit, v?i])\Qique gentes. Non formosus erat, 8ed erat facundus Ulysses. Si^ divitiae felicitatem praestant, avaritia prima vir- tus est. 23. Adverbs. Quoties literas tuas lego, omnem mihi » praeteritorunoi temporum memoriam in mentem revoco. Magna J debemus suscipere, dum "V'ires suppStunt. Cervi, quamdiu cornibus^^ carent, noctu ad pabula procedunt. Quidam crocodTlum,^ quamdiu vivat,*" crescSre" exis- timant, vivit autem multos annos.^ Gloria virtutem, tanquam umbra.P sequitur. Grammaes. » 720, r. Ixv. : liUHK—^ 326, G74:, « 242, Obs. 2: 5^J._d G60. r. Ivi., and 662: 114:7 ^ r. Ixxxii.— « 720, r. Ixv: 18(ifP, r. cviii.; and 722, ISl 1.—^ 312, r. i. : G4=S, i \\\.—^ 630, 1261.—' 380, 871.—^ 480, r. xxv. : <)07. r. xlix.— > 671, r. Iviii. 1130, r. Ixxix.— "• 656, 1291.—" 565, r. xli. : 930, r.lxi.— p 252 ad Jin. : 623. Idioms. ■ ^ 124, 1.—' 5, 3.— J 19, 4.— » 95, 1. 72 INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 24. Com'paruon ivitli a Co7ijunction. Comparison is made in two ways, 1st By a conjunction, qudm, ac, at- que, ai'ter the comparative, connecting tlie words denoting the tilings compared in the same case, 466, S04: ; — and 2d, By tlie ablative after t])e comparative without an injunction, § 120, Sf)5, R. XLYIII. Canes Iiidici grandiores sunt qudm ceteri.'^ Nullum malum est vehemeiitius ^ et imj^ortunius ^ qudm invidia.c Interdum ferarum ainmos niitiores iiiveiimius qudm hommum.'i Latro ferae ^ est similior qudm hommi.c Major est animi voluptas qudm corporis.*^ In montibus aer purior est, et tenuior qudm in valli- bus. Comparison without a Conjunction. Nihil est clementid ^ di^inius. Aurum gravius est argentoS Adamas durior est/erro/ ferruni durius ceteris me- tallis. Luna terrae propior est sole. Quid magis est durum saxo^ quid mollius aqud? 25. Relative Pronouns, (§ 99, 683,) Non omnis ager, quis seritur, fert fruges. Psittdcus, quemliidiiim.ittit, reddit verba quoe n,ccepit. Achilles, cujus res gestas Homeri carmina celebrant, ad Hellespontum sepultus est. Myrmecides quidam quadrigam fecit et ebore, quam musca alls h inteirebat. Qui' bonis non rect^ utitur, ei J bona mala fiunt.k mm • ■ .n. Grammars. » 720, r. Isv. : 1369, r. cviii.— ^ 322, 671.—'' 720, 1369.—^ 336, 7^>o.— « 382, r. svi! : 860, r. xl.— f 467, r. xxiv. : 89.'>, r, xlviii.— s 284, r. iii. : 683, r. vii.— •» 542, r. xxxv. : 873, r, xhi.— i 285, 684.— i 522, r. iii. : 1073, r. Ixsiv.— 1^221, Obs. 3 : 4'^6. Idioms. * 19.— f 6, 3.—* 43, 1. INTRODUCTORY EXERCISESa 73 Beneficiiim reddit, qui ^ ejus '^ bene memor est. Griies in itinenbus ducem, quern seqiuiutur,^ elTgunt. Copias siias Ca38ar in proxmiiuu collciu subduxit, equitatumqiie, qui sustineret ^ hostium impetum, misit. Subjunctive Mood. The subjunctive mood is used in dependent clauses, connected with the leading clause by conjunctive particles^ adverbs, oi- by the relative pro- noun. When it expresses a fact, real or supposed, but not directly as- serted or vouched for, it is translated by the English indicative. 'V\^ien it expresses a thing as not actual and certain, but only as conditional or contingent, as what tyuiy, can, might, or should take place, it is translated by the English potential, § 42, 11., 264, II., and § 140 and 141,\ 1205 to 1291, ' 26. The Subjunctive with CUM or QUTBI. Platea, cum devoratis se im2?levit conchis/ testas evomit. « Ceres frumenta invenit, cwn antea homines glandi bus s vescerentur.^ Nave 'i primus i in Gr^ciam Danaus advenit, cilm antea ratibus ^ navigareturJ Alexander, rex^ Macedonise, cum Thebas cepisset^^ Pindari vatis^ famili^"^ pepercit. 27. Tlie Subjunctive after Conjunctive Particles, (§ 140, 120.^ to 1218.) Tanta est in India ubertas soli, ut sub una ficu" tur- mas equTtum condantur.^ Ursi per hiemem tam gravi somno ^ premuntur, ut ne vulneribus h quidem exeitentur.° Grammars. ^ 349, r. ix. : 76 J, r. xviii.— <= 641, 122 d.—^ 64 J, 1226,—- 630, 1247,—' 514, r. xxxi. : 911, r. 1.— i: 484, r. xxvi.; 8S0, r. xliv.— t 542, r. xxxv. : S73, r. xlii.— * 274, 663.— i 223, 3: 45S; and 630, 1217,—^ 251, r. i. : 622, r. i.— i 631, 1241.^ « 403, r. v.: S31, r. xxxiii.— " 60S, r. li. : 9SS, r. Ixis.— " 627, 1, Xst : 1205 and 1220. Idioms. » 37, 1st, 3.— <= 40, 5.— ^ 40, 4.— i 74, 8. 74 INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. DelpliTni tanta interdum vi e mari exsiliunt, ut vela » navium transvolent.^ In India serpentes ad tantam magnitudmem adoles- cunt, ut integros hauriant ^ cervos taurosque. Fac,'^ ut homines ammum tuum ^Iwii^faciant^^ quam omnia, quos illis^ tribuere possis/ Alexander edixit, ne quis ipsumff prgeter Apellem fingerety^ Pythagoreisi interdictum fmt,J ne^ fabis^ vescerentur.^ Oculi palpebris sunt muniti, we" quid mcit^^t.h Nihil ferd tarn reconditum est, quin ^ quserendo ^ iii- veniri possit. Nunquam tam man^ egredior, neqiie tarn vesper! domum P reverter, quin ^ te in fundo conspicer fodere,■ 214:, OGS.—^ 548, r. xxxvi. : 932, r. Ivi.— <= 90, 13, 136.—^ 5G5, r. xli. : J>,5Y>, r. Ixi.— f GIL (m): {)02,—s 437, r. i.: 712, r. viii.— i 542, r. xxxv. : S73, r. xlii.— J 720, r. Ixv. : 1369, r. cviii.— 1 663, r. Ivii. : 11J,S, r. Ixxxiii.— ° 403, 831.—" 484, r. ^xvi. : S80, r. xliv.— q 399, r. iy. : S20, r. xxxii.— ' 322, 071-— ' 37a,r. siv. : 7SS,r. xxiii. Idioms. .96% r Ixx.— « 688, 1350.—^ 501, r.xxix. : 855, r. xxxix.— ' 485.—'' 319, r. V. : 6GG ; and 320, 667-—' 690, r. Ix. : 1349.— J 501, r. : 855, r. xxxix. ; and 505, 859,—^ 380, r. : 738.— i 621, 1, 1st. : 122^: T710MS.— ^ 116, T.— « l9.~-f 105, 1.— i 9. 1 i 111), 2. INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 79 Erinacei volutdti^ super poma, Immi ^ ya(?e?ifia, ilia sphiis c 6«^^a in cavas arbores portant. Indiciim mare testudines tan tag magnitudmis ^ alit, ut singulae tiigurio tegendo^ sufficiant/ Leones, senes facti^ appetunt homines, qiioniam ad persequendas s feras vdres non suppetunt^ Strutliiocamelis '^ ungulse sunt cervinis' similes, coi prehendendis J lapidibus utiles, quos ^ in fuga contra se^ quentes ^ jaculantur. 32. AUative Ahsolute. (§ 146, K. LX., 1349.) Senescente Lund^ ostrea tabescere dicuntur, cres- cente eddem, gliscunt. Cepe contra, Lnnd deficie^ite, revirescere, adolescente, inarescere dicitur. G-eryone " interemto Hercules in Italiam venito Sablnis^ dehelldtis, Tarquinius triumplians Romam rediit. Jasone^ Lyeio interfecto^ canis, quern habebat, cibum capere noluit, inediaque confectus est. Regis Lysimaclii canis, domino ™ accensae pyraD ^ inv- posito, in flammas se conjecit. Nicomede ™ rege interfecto, equus ejus vitam finivit media. Chilo, unus e septem sapientibus,^ filio victo7'e? Olym- piae,q prae gaudio exspiravit. Grammars. ^ 559, 044.—" 522, r. iii. : 1075, r. Ixxiv.— ^ 330, r. vu. : 757 , r. xvi.— « 703, 1332 ; aud 707, r. Ixii : 1322, r. civ. ; 399, r. iv. : 820, r. xxxii.— f 627, 1, 1st: 1220.—^ 394, r. ii. : 821, r. XXX.— i 337, 7o6.—^ 437, r. i. : 712, r. viii.— ■" 690, r. Ix.: J34.9.— ° 694, 1351.— ''3G0, 775. — V 625, 972.— i 54:8, r xxxvi. : 932, r. Ivi. Idioms.—* 116, 4.— « 112, 6.— « 112, 7.— '• 19.— j 112, 6.— > 19, l.-* • 104, 1.-— P 110, 4.— 1 4 1. FABLES FROM ^SOR 1. Accijnter et Columhce. CoLUMBiE milvii metii accipitrem »- rogavermit,* ut easb defenderet.c Illeb aimiiit. At iii'^ coliimbiire receptus, uno die ^ majorem stragem edidit, quam mil- viiis longo tempore « potuisset edere/ Fabula docet, malorum s patrocinium vitandum ^^ esse.^ 2o Mils et Milvius. Milvius laqueis irretitus musculiima exoravit, iit eum, corrosis plagisJ liberaret.^ Quo^ facto, milvius liberatus murem arripuit et devoravit. Hsec fabula ostendit, quam gratiam mali & .pro beiie- ficiis reddere soleant.^ 3. Jloedus et Lupus. Hoedus, stans in"^ tecto domus, lupo" prgetereunti ^ * The remote object of rogaverunt here is accipitrem ; the immediate, ut eas defenderet. (R. XXX. § 124.) So, generally, in these fables, after inquh, dixit, respondit, and the like, the immediate object of the verb is a clanse expressing the thing said or replied, and, if in direct discourse, (651), is printed in italics. Grammars.— <= 627, 1, 3d: 1208,—^ 39t, r. : S24, r. xxxi. Idioms.— '^ 63, 3.— »> 21, 6.— <= 78, 5.— ^ 123, 2.— « 6, 6.—' 88, 5.— e 20, \.—^ 108, 4.— i 95, 1.— J 109, 2, and 104, 1.— ^ 38, 5.— i 74, 9.— '" 123, 2 — " 7, 3.—° 101, 1. FABLES FROM ^SOP. 81 maledixit. Cui^^ lupus, Non tu^^' inquit, sed tectum mihl c maledlcit. Saepe locus et tcmpus homines timidos auclaccs reddit.*^ 4. Grus et Pavo. Pavo, coram grue pemias suas ^ explicaiis, Quanta ^ est, inquit,"/(9r??wsl^as mea et tua deformitas! At grus evo-" lans, Et quanta est, iuquit, levitas mea et tua tardltas! Monet u liaec fabula, ne s ob aliquod bonimi, quod no- bis natura tribuit,^^ alios contemn rimus,^^ quibus ^ natu- ra alia' et fortasse majorat dedit.^ 5. Pavo. Pavo graviter conquerebatur^ apud Junonem, domt- nam suam,^' quod vocis suavTtas sibi^ negata esset,^ dum luscinia, avis tarn parum decora,^ cantu excellat." Cui ^ Juno, Et inerito, inquit; non enim omniahona"^ inunum eonferri o])OTtuit. 6. Ansei^es et G-rues. In eodem quondam prato pascebantur^ anseres et grues. Adveniente domino p prati, gnies facTld avola- baiit; sed anseres, impediti corporis gravitate, a depre- liensii" et mactati sunt. Sic saepe pauperes,^ cum potentioribus in eodem crim- ine depreliensi, soli * dant poenam, dum illi salvi evadunt. Grammars.—" 504, S5S,—^ 315, 646,—'' 397, r.: S24, r. sxxi. — ^313. 644.—^ 627, 1, 3d, 1205.—^ 160. 1 : lOSS.—'^ 655, J'>J,>. —1 542, r. XXXV. : S73f r. xlii.— " 445, 721.—^ 423, Exc. iii. : 740. Idioms.—* 63, 1.— <= 7, 3.—* 30, 1.— f 48.— s 121, 3.— '» 77, 3.—' 19, A,-^ 72, I.—'" 64, 2.— » 16, 5.— P 9, and 109, 1.—^ 115, 1.— » 20.— » 16, 4. 82 FABLES FROM iESOP. 7. Cajpra et Lu^yus. Lupus capram in ^ alta rupe stantem conspicatus, Cur non^ inquit, relmquis ^ nuda ilia et sterilia loca^ et hue descendis in^ herhldos campos^ qui iibi Icetum pabu^ lum off e runt f Cui^^ respoiidit capra: Milii^ non est in anlmo^ dulcia^ tutis^ prcepoiiere. 8. Venter et Me7nhra. Membra quondam dicebant ventri:'^ Nbsnes te sem- per^ ministerio nostra alemus, dum ipse^ summo otioi frueris? Non facie mus* Dum igitur ventri^^ cibum subducunt, corpus debilitatur, et membra ^ sero invidise <■ su£e poenituit.™ 9. Canis et Boves. Canis jacebat "^ in ^ praesepi bovesque latrando o a pabulo arcebat. Cui^ unusP boum, Quanta ista,^ in- quit, invidia est, quod non p)ateris, uteo ciho'i vescdmur^^ quern tu ipse^ caper e nee velis^ nee possis!^ Heec fabula invidise indolem declarat. 10. Vulpes et Leo. Yulpes, qua3 nunquam leonem viderat, quum ei ^ forte occurrisset,^ ita est ^ perterrita, ut psene moreretur w for- Grammars. — f 501, r. : 855, r. xxxix. — J 484, r. xxvi. : 880, r. xliv.— > 419, 805 ; Exc. ii.— » 160, 1: 1088,— ^12Z, 2: 1030. — ' 656, 1291.— "^ 399, r. : 826, r. xxxii.— '' 627, 1, 1st: 1220. Idioms.—* 123, 2.— »• 56, 2d, 3d.— « 123, 1.— <> 63, 1.— « 118, 7 and 51 _f 10, 4._ff 58, 7 — •» 120.—* 32, 2.—'' 5, L— >" 66, 9.—° Ill, 5.— P 21, 2.—' 84, 4.— t 7, 2.—" 74, 8.—' 124, IS.—'' 74, 4. * Supply hoc. Id. 19, 4. FABLES FROM iESOP. 83 midine.* Eundem conspicata ^ iterum, timuit quidem, sed nequaquam,'^ iit antca.c Tertio illi^ obviam facta, ausa est etiain propius accedere, eumque^ alltiqui. 11. Cancri. Cancer dicebat^" filio ?: 3Ii^ fill,' nei sic ohliquis serrv' per gressihus^ incede, sed recta vid^ perge. Ctii ille, Mi pater ^ respondit, libenter tuis proeceptis^ ohsequar^ si te prills idem facientem videro.^ Docet hasc fabula, adolescentiam ™ nulla re 3- magis quam exemplis^ instrui.o 12. Boves. In eodem prato pascebantur ^ tres boves in maxim^ Concordia, et sic ab omni p ferarum incursione tuti erant. Sed dissidio q inter illos orto, singuli a feris petiti r et laniati sunt. Fabula docet, quantum boni ^ sit * in concordia. 13. Asinus, Asmus, pelle " leonis indiitus, territabat homines et bestias, tanquam leo esset.^ Sed forte, dum se celeriusw Grammars—' 542, r. xxxv. : 873, r. xlii.— <* 600, r. xlvii : 870, t\ xlL— e 613, r. lii.: 903, r. Ixx.— f 159, 858 ,' and 504, 1087.^ fc 98, 1, Notel : 190.—' 69. Ex. 5: 6'J.— J 657, 2 : 1113.—^ 168, vi. : 1098.—'^ 671, r. Iviii. : 1136, r. Ixxix.— " 469, 897.—^ 740, 2d: 1387.—* 343, r. viii.: 77i, r.xix.— * 627, 5: 1182,—" 627, 2 : 1207 >—^ 473, 902, Idioms. — '' 105, 1. — <= — . Sup. iimuit. — p 11. — ^ 7, 2. — • 95, 4. — 663, r. Ivii. : 1148, r. Ixxxiii.— e 671, r. Iviii. : 1136, r. Ixxix.— »> 399, r. iv. : S2(i, r. xxxii.— k -iU, 663.—^ 655, 125^').—"' 242, 1 : 490.-^ 615, 994. » 484, r. xxvi. : 880, r. xiiv.— p 565, r. xli. : .V^O, r. Ixi — ^ 123. 2, a (fecisti): 103:j,—^ 4.03, r. v.: 831,— ' 627, 1, 1st: 1220,-^ t 627, 2 : 1267 » ■■ ^__ Idioms.—" 123, L— ^ 19, 1.— f 96, 4.— f 37, 2.—' 19. Sup. divilioA. — j 105, 1.--° 7, 3.—^ 7, 1. FABLES FKOM ^SOP. 85 ]\rerito in actionibus non sijectfitiir, quid fiat,^ scd quo annno fiat.*^ 17. PasWres et Lupus. Pastores ca3sa ove •' coiivivium celebrabant. Quod ^ quum lupus cerneret,'^ -^^^5 inquit, si agnum rapuissem,^ quantus tmmdtus fieretl^ Atistis im)yune ovem come- dunt! Turn unum illdrumjh Nos enim,^ inquit, nostrdy non aliend ove'^ epuldmarl 18. Carhonarius et Fullo, Carbonarius, qui spatiosam liabebat domum, invita- vit fulldnem, ut ad se commigraret.J Ille respondit; Qucenam inter nos esse possit^^ societas? quum tu vestes, guas ego nitidas 7^eddldissem} faligine et macuUs inqivlna- turns esses. ^ Hgec fabula docet dissimilia " non debere « conjungi.p 19. Tuhicen. Tabtcen ab hostibus captus, iVeq me, inquit, inter fi- cite; nam inermis sum, 7ieque^ quidquam habeo prceter hanc tuham. At liostes, Propter lioc ipsum, inquiunt, te iyiterimemiis, quod, quum ip)se^ p>ugnandi^ sis^ imper- Uus, alios ad pugnam incitdre soles. Fabula docet, non soliim maleficosv esse puniendos,^ sed -^ etiam eos, qui alios ad male faciendum y irritent,^ Grammars.—* 627, 5: 11S2.~<= 295, 701,—^ 627, 2: 126 J, r. xcvii.— f 627, 5: 1182,— s 118, 3, 3d : 1028.—' 485.— J 627, 1, 3d : 1208.— H-jQ, 1^,91.— "'214, 8 : S28.—°Qn, v. Iviii. : 11.36, r. Ixxix.— P 665, 1138.— "^ 657. 2 : 1113.— "^ 242, 1 : 490.—' 702, 13217 ; and 349, r. ix. : 76»>, r. xviii.— " 630, 1247.—'^ 687, 1314.—^ 720, r. Ixv. : 13G9, r. cviii. — y 704, 1337*—^ Sup. verum est. Idioms.—' T4, 9.—'' 9, 1, and 109, 2.—'= 38, 4.— 522, r. iii. : 1075, r. Ixxiv.— ' 627, 1, 4th: 1222.— ^ Ql 9, Sup. existiamaveruni : 1159. — '» 501, r. xxix. : 855, r. xxxix.— ° 127, 1 : 1182. — « 322, 0/1.^ P 720.—' 319, r. v. : 6*6*6*, r. vi.— • 627, 2. Sup. id. sc. Uniinnabulum : 1277.—'' 451, 977. Idioms.—* 63, 2.— « 108, 4.— « 9, 1, aa-i 19, 4.— ? 65,— j 32, 8.— ' 65, aud 74, 3.—° 76, 2.— i 90, 1.—* 6, 3. Sup. ceteris.—-' 95, 4.— "^ 70, 3. 88 FABLES FROM ^SOP. PI93C fabula scripta est in ^ eos, qui sibi ^' insignil)us fiagitionim suorum placent. 26.- Canis et Lupus. Lupus canem videns bene saginatum, Quanta est, m- quit, feUeitas tual Tu, ut videris,^ laute vivis, at ego fame enecor. Turn canis, Licet, inquit meeum^ in urhem venias,'^ et eddem felicitate^ frudriso Lupus conditionem accepit. Dum una eunt, animadvertit lupus in colio canis attiitos g pilos. Quid hoc est? inquit.* Num^ jugmn sustlnes ? " cervix enim tua tota est glabra. Nihil est, canis respondit. Sed interdiu me alligant, ut noctu sim vigilantior; atque hcec sujit vestigia colldris, quod cervlci} circumddri solet. Turn lupus, Vale, inquit, armce I k nihil ^ moror felicitdtem^ servitute emptam I Hsec fabula docet, liberis * nullum commodum tanti ^ esse, quod" servitutis calamitatem compensare possit.® 27. Lupus et Crrus. In faucibus lupi os inhseserat. Mercede igitur con- diicit gruem, qui" illud extrahat.P Hoc q grus longi- tudme colli facile effecit. Quum autem mercedem postularet, subridens lupus et dentibus infrendens, Num^ tibi,i\\(\n\i, parva merces"^ videtur,^ quod caput incolume ex lupi faucibus extraxisti? ^ Grammars. — ^ 403, r. v. : 831, r. xxxiii.— d 118, 4 : 473.—^ 632, 1204.—^ 484, r. xxvi. : 8S0, r. xliv.— s 179, 6: 281.— i 522, r. iii.: 1075, r. Ixxiv.— ^ 448, 973.—^ 500, 790.—"' 582, 799 ; 496, 800.—° 643, 2: 1221.— p 643, 4tli : 1212.—' 319, r. v.: 67>Y>, r. vi.— 3 624, 1, 2: 1079 and 1261.—' 378, r. xv.: 870, r. xli. Idioms.—' 123, 1.—' 70, G.—s 97, 4.— ^^ 56, 3cl.~i 58, 1.—° 40, 1.^ q 19, 4.—" 51 and 70. * Supply lujjus. FABLES FROM iESOP, 89 28. Agrlcola et Anguis, Agricola anguem reperit frigore psene extinctum. Misericordia motiis eum fo\it sinu,^- et subter alas ^ re- condidit. Mox anguis recreatus vires recepit, et agri- colae ^ pro beneficio letale vubius iiiflixit. Haec fabula docet, qualem ^ mercedem mali pro bene- ficiis reddere soleaiit.'i 29. Asinus et Uquus, Asinus eqiuim beatiim prasdicabat, qui ^ tarn copiose pasceretiir,^ quiim sibi post molestissimos labores iie palese quidem satis praBberentur.^" Forte autem bello ff exorto equiis in ^ proelium agitiir, et circumventus ab hostibus, post incredibiles labores tandem, multis vul- neribns confossns, collabitur. Hsec omnia asinns con- spicatus,' Omei stolidum, hiqiiit, qui ^ heatitudinem ex prcesefitis temp oris fortund cestimavei'im ! ^ 30. Agriebla et Filii. Agriccla senex, quum mortem sibi^ appropinquare l sentiret, filios convocavit, quos, iit fieri solet/" inter- dum discordare " noverat, et fascem virgularum afferri ^ jubet. Quibiis « allatis, filios hortatur, ut hunc fascem frangerent.P Quodq quum facere non possent, distri- buit singulas virgas, iisque celeriter fractis, docuit Grammars.—* 611, 992.—^ 608, r. li. : 988, r. Ixix.— « 501, r xxix.: 855, r. xxxix.— ^ 627, 5: 1182.—^ 645, r. iii. : 1251, r xcv.— f 630, l;247.— J 449, r. xxi.: 975, r. Ixv.— "^ 399, r. iv. : 820, r. xxxii.— P 627, 1, 3d: 1208. Idioms.— f 74, 3— s 9, 1, acd 109, 5.— ^ 123, I.—'' 105, 1.—^ 96, L m 68^ 3__n 90, 2. -° 38, 3.— i 38, 4. \ 90 FABLES FROM ^SOP. illos,^ qiiam firma res^ esset^ concordia, quamque iin« becillis discordia. 31. Equus et Asinus. Asiniis onnstus sarcmis equuma rogavit, ut aliqua parte ^ oneris se^ levaret, si se^ vivum videre velletJ Sed ille asmi preces repudiavit. Paulo post igitur ast* nus labore consumptus in vi^ corruit, et efflavit animam. Turn agitator omnes sarcmas, quas asinus portaverat, atque insiiper etiam pellem asTno s detractam in ^^ equum imposuit. Ibi ille sero priorem superbiam deplorans, me miserum, inquit, qui parvulum onus in^ me recipere noluerim,^ quum nunc eogar^ tantas sarcinas ferre, una cum pelle comitis mei, cuj us preces tarn superbe oontemp- seram. 32. Mulier et Ancillce, Mulier vidua, quae texendo ^ vitam sustentabat, sole- bat ancillas suas^ de nocte excitare ad opus, quum pri- mum galli cantum audivisset. At illse diuturno labore fatigatae statuerunt gallum interficere."! Quo" facto, deteriore conditione ° quam prius* esse coeperunt. Nam domma, de liora noctis incertaP nunc famulas saepe jam prima nocte q excitabat. • ' — ■» * Smpplj fuerant. Grammars.—" 627, 5 : 1182.—* 514, r. xxxi. : 911, r. 1.— • 118, 3, 1st: 1024.— f 621, 2 : 1263.— ^^ 524, r. v.: 1073, r. Ixxiv-- » 645, r. iii. : 1251, r. xcv.— ^^ 705, 1310.— "^ 663 r. Ivii. : 114S, T. Ixxxiii.— » 611, 992.— 1 5C5, r. xl. : 949, r. Ix. Idioms.—" 63, 4, 3.—'- 57, 6, and JSfote.—^ 123, 1.— J 74, 1.— -> 30, 1 38, 5, and 109.— p 16. FABLES FROM iESOP. 91 33. Testudo et Aquila. Testudo aquTlam magnopere orabat, ut sese^ volare docerei. Aquila ei osteiidebat quidem, earn ^ rem pe- tere <^ naturae ^ snce contrariam ; sed ilia niliilo ^ minus instilbat, et obsecrabat aquTlam, ut se ^ volucrem facere-^ vellet. Itaque ungulis arreptam* aqiiTla sustulit in sublime, et demisit illam, nt per aerem ferretur. Turn in saxa incTdens comminuta interiit. Haec fabula dpcet, multos s cupiditatibus siiis occoe- catos consilia prudentiorum respuere s et in exitium ruere ? stultitia sua.h 34. Luscinia et Aceijnter. Accipiter esuriens rapuit lusciniam. Quae,* quum intelligeret sibi J mortem s impendere, ad preces con- versa orat accipitrem, ne ^ se perdat sine caiisd. Se s enim avidissimum ventrern illius non posse explere^ et suadere adeo, ut gy'andlores aliquas volucres venetur.^ Cui accipiter, Insamrem,"^ inquit, si partam prcedam amittere^'^ et incerta ^ pro certis ^ sectdri vellem,v 35. Senex et 3Io7^s. Senex in silva ligna ccciderat, iisque q sublatis,domum ' * Supply illam. GRAmiARS.— » 118, 3, IPt : 1024.—^ 673 and 674, 1136.—^ 382, r. xyi.: 8G0, r. xl— « 579, r, xliii.: 929, r. ly.— J 399, r. iv. : 826^ r.xxxii.— » 656, 1291.— v 627, 2: 1265,—* 558, r. xxxix,: 91:3, r. lix. iDio.vrs.— '' 27, 2, 6, and 91.— ^ 96, 1.—*" 87, 5.— e 91, 2.—^ 31, 3. - » 39. 6.—^ 121, 2.—'" 78, 8.—" 87, 5.— • 19, 4.-1 9, 1, and 109, 5 92 FABLES FROM ^SOP. redire coepit. Qiiiim aliqiiantiim ^ viae ^ progresses es- set,'^ et'^ onere et via defatigatus fascem deposuit, et secum setatis et inopise mala conteiiiplatus ^ Mortem clara voce invocavit, qiias ^ ipsum s ab omnibus his ma- lis'i liber aret/ Tum Mors senis precibiis auditis' sub- ito adstititj* et, quid vellet,J percunctatur.^ At Senex, quem ' jam votorum ^ suorum poeiiitebat,^ iW7w7,t inquit, sed requlro qui ^^ onus paululum allevet ^ dum ego rursus suheo.X 36. Inimici. In eadem navi vehebantur duo,*' qui inter se p capi- talia odia exercebant. Unus eorum q in prora, alter in puppi residebat. Orta tempestate ingenti, quum omnes de vita desperarent, interrogat is,'" qui in puppi sede- bat, gubernatorem, TJtram partem navis prius suhmer- sum iri^ existimdretj Cui gubernator, Proram,\\ re- spondit. Tum ille, Jam mors mihi non molesta est, quum inimici mei mortem adspecturus sim.^ 37. Hinnuleus et Cervus. Hinnuleus quondam patrem suum his verbis interro- gasse dicitur : Mi^ pater ^ qiium ?nulto^ sis^' major canihus,^ * Supply seni, Gr. 399, R. IV. f Supply volo. | Supply id, viz : onus, H Supply prius submersum iri, Grammars.—* 573, r. xlii. : 958, r. Ixii.— »> 343, r. viii. : 771. r. xix.— ^ 517.-"^ 621, 1167, — '" 419, Exc. ii. : 805. — '' 286, 4tb.— r 118, 5: 1019.—^ WO, 1: 1172 ; and 214, 8: 328.—^ 98, Note 1: 190.—^ 579, r. xliii. : 929, r. Iv. Idioms.— « 74, 8.— 95, 4—° 91, 2.— <> 95, 1. / 94 FABLES FROM ^SOP. primum formam ejus ^ pennarumqiie nitorem laiidas- set, Pol, inqiiit, te avium regem esse dicerem^ si cajitus pulchritudini ^ tuce responderet. Turn ille laudibus viil- pis inflatus etiam caiitu se ^ valere ^ demoiistrare voliiit. Ita verd e rostro aperto caseus delapsus est, quern vul- pes arreptum devoravit. Hsec fabula docet, vitandas^ esse adulatorum voces, qui blaiiditiis suis nobis ^ iiisidiantur. 40. Leo. Societatem junxerant leo, juvenca, capra, ovis. Prse- dag autem, quam ceperant, in quatuor partes gequales divisa, leo, Prima^ ^it, mea^ est; dehetur enim licee^ prmstantioe'- mece. Tollam et secujidam, quam meretur Tohurmeum. Tertiam i vindicat sibi egregius labor meus. Quartam qui sibi arrogdre value rit, is^ sciat,^ se habitu- rum"^ 7ne inimlcum sibi.^ Quid facerent^ imbecilles bestige, aut quae* sibi " leonem infestum habere vellet ? « 41. 3fus et Piisticus. Mus a rustico in caricarum acervo deprehensus tarn P acri morsu ejus ^ digitos vulneravit, ut p ille eum dimit- teret/i dicens : Nihil, mehercule, tarn ^^usillmn est, qvod^ de salute desperdre debeat, modo se defendere et vim de- pulsar e velit.^ * Supply bestia, Id. 19. Grammars.— « 405, 5th: 833.—^ 403, 831.—' 519, r.: 1075, r. Ixxiv.— J 501, r. : 855, r. xxxix.— ^^ 118, 3, 3d : 1038.—^ Ill, 1 : 1193.—'^ 179, 4. Note 1 : 278.—'' 382, r. xvi. : 800, r. xl.— "» 142, 2d: 1180.-1 627, 1, 1st: 1220.-* 627, 4: 1265. Idioms.—* 31, and Obs.— '' 78, 8.— «» 96, 2.— • 108, 4.— f 7, 7.— r 9, I, end 109.— >» 19.—* 64, 2.— J 62.— p 124, 15.—' 40, 3. FABLES FROM iESOP. 95 42. V'uUur et Aviciilce, Yultur aliqimndo avictilas invitavit^ ad convivrjm, quod illis daturus esset ^ die ^ natali siio. Quiie ^ quum ad teiTipiis adessent, eas carpere et occiderc^, epulasqiie sibi de iiiYitatis insiruere coepit. 43. Ranee, Eanae lastabantur, quiim iiuntiatum esset « Solem ux- orem duxisse/ Sed una ceteris g' prudentior, vos stolidGS, iiiquit ; nonne meministis,^ quantopere nos scepe unius jSoUs cestus exeruciet?^ Quid igitur fieiy quum liheros etiam procreaverit^ i 44. Ranee et Jupiter. Ran as aliquaiido regem sibi a Jove ^^ petivisse dicunt- MY. Quarum ille precibus exoratiis trabem ingentem ill lacum dejecit, Raiiae soiiTtu pertemtae primiim re- fugere,'* delude vero trabem in aqua natantem conspi- cata^ magno cum contemptu '" in ea consederunt, alium- que sibi novis clamoribus regem expetiverunt. Turn Jupiter earum stultitiam puniturus " by drum illis mi* sit. a quo ^ quum plurimas captse perirent, sero eas P stolidarum precum poenituit. 45. Lupi et Pastor es. Quum Pliilippus, rex Macedonia, cum Atheniensibus foedu^ initiirus esset ea conditione.q ut oratores suos GRAmiARS.— '^ 655, i2,'jo.— « 565, r. xl. : 949 , r. Ix.— »> 84, 2: #;;;.—' 157, l: 1081; 627. 5: 1182.— ^ 168, 1098.— ^ 511, 7S7.—^ 669, li:i7. — ^ 545, 870. — " 530, 1074. —f 419.— « 542, r. XXXV. : 87 S, r. xlii. Idioms.—" 73.— «> 39 6.— e 51, 2.— f 98, 3.—f B, 3.—^ 58, 1.— » 102, 1.— P 66 8. 96 FABLES FROM ^SOP. ipsi a traderent, Demosthenes populo narravit fabulam, qua iis ^ calliclum regis consilium ante oculos poneret.*' Dixit enim lupos quondam cum pastoribus pactos esse,<^ se nunquam in posterum ^ greges esse impugnatiiros/ si canes ipsis s dederentur. Placuisse stultis pastori- bus h conditionem ; sed quum lupi caulas excubiis i nu- datas vidissent, eos J impetu facto omiiem gregem dila- niasse. 46. JPuer Mendax. Puer oves pascens crebro per lusum magnis clamori- bus opem rusticorum imploraverat, lupos gregem suum. aggressos esse^ fingens. Ssepe autem frustratus eos, qui auxilium latiirii advenerant, tandem iupo reverb irruente, multis cum lacrymis vicTnos orare coepit, ut sibi"^ etgregi'^ subvenirent. At illi eum pariter ut an- tea ludere " existimantes preces ejus et lacrymas neg- lexerunt, ita ut lupus libere in oves gTassaretur,o plu- rimasque earum p dilaniaret. 47. Corvus. Corvus, qui caseum forte repererat, gaudium alt^ voce q significavit. Quo ^ sono q allecti plures corvi famelici advolaverunt,^ impetiique in ilium facto, opi- mam ei t dapem eripuerunt. Grammars. — » 501, r. xxix. : SoS^ r. xxxix. — ^ 380, S71» — " 641, 8p., r. ii.: 1205.—^ 232, Obs. 1: 391,— s 522, r. iii. : 1073, t. Ixxiv.— J 720, 11,36.— "" 403, 831.—^ 627, 1, 1st: 1220,-1' 355, »•. X. : 77 If r. xix. — i 542, r, xxxv. : 873, r, xlii. Idioms.—^ 5, 3.— <» 98, 2, and 94, 3.— « 19, 5.— f 100, 3.— >» 7, 2.— " 64, 8.— fe 94, 1, 2d, 2, and 98, 2.— » 102, l.—"* 7, 2.—" 94, 1, 2, and t>6, 2,— «■ 38.—* Sup. ad eum.—^ 5, 1. FABLES FROM ^SOP. 97 48, Comix et Columha. Oornix coliimbae ''^ gratiilabatur foecuiiditatem,ij quod singulis mensibus pullos excluderet.^ At ilia, Ne mei, \\\q\\\i,doldris causam cOmmemoresA Nam quos pullos^ edilco^ eos^ dominiis rajjtds^^aut ipse comedit, aut aliis comedendos s vendit. Ita mihi mea foecundUas novum semper luctum parit. 49. Leo^ Asinus, et Vulpes. ^ Vulpes, asinus, et leo, venatumh iverant.^ Ampla praeda fact^,leo asinumillam partirijubetJ Qui^ quum singulis singtdas ^ partes poneret £equales, leo eum cor- reptum dilaniavit, et vulpeculse partiendi'" negotium tribuit. Ilia astutior leoni partem maximam apposuit, sibi vix minmiam reservans p?trticidam. Turn leo sub- ridens ejus prudentiam laudare, et unde hoc didicerefi interrogare, coepit. Et vulpes, Hujus'' me, inquit, ca- lamitas docuit, quid minor es"? potentiorihus deheant.^ 50. Muscce. Effusa mellis copia est: Muscae advolant:q Pascuntur. At mox impedltis cruribus Eevolare nequeunt. Heu miser am, inquiunt, vicem ! ^ Grammars.— » 403, 831.—^ 539, and Note : S92.—'' 655, 12i>5r i 111, 1: 1193.—^ 312, r, i. : 643^ r. iii— J 157, 3: 10S'>.— » 702, 1327,—'' 627, 5: 1182.—' 451, 977. Idioms.—* 7, 2.--« 37, 2d, Note, and 6.— <" Supply pullos.— s 107, 2. —^ 114, l.—'^ 39, 1.— » 26, 4. — ° viz., osinL-Sf 19, 1.— i Sup. ad id (mel.) 98 FABLES FROM ^SOP. Cibus iste ^ hiandus, qui j^ellexit suainter, Nunc fraudvlentus qudm crudeliter necat! Perf ida voluptas fabula hac depingitur. 51. Cancer. Mare cancer olim deseruit, in litore Pascendi t> cupTdus. Yulpes hunc simul ^ adsj^Tcit Jejuna, simul accurritj^^ et praedam capit. Nce^ dixit ille, jure plector^ qui, salo* Quum fuerim natus, voluerim^ solo ingredi! Suus unicuTque ^ praefinltus est locus, Quern prgeterire sine periclo non licet. 52. Culex et Taurus. In cornu tauri parvulus quondam culex Consedit; sequel dixit, mole si sua^ Eum 8" gravaret, avolatiirum h illTco. At ille ; ^ Nee te considentem senseravi. * There is a play upon the words salo and solo, which cannot be pi'C* served in the translation ; — a loss of but little importance. Grammars.—^ 118, 3, 3d: 1028.—^ 702, 1327. -^ 645, r. iii. : 1251, r. xcv.— f 522, r. iii. : 1075, r. Ixxiv.— i" 302 2 : 033, 2 179, Note 1 : 1135,—' 308, 639, Idioms. — * 124, 11. — ^ Sun. adema.--* 31. MYTHOLOGY. 1. Cadmus, Agenoris filius,^ quod draconem, Martis filiuin, foiitis cujusdam in Boeotia ciistodem,''^ occiderat, omuem suam prolem interemptam vidit, et ipse cum Harmoiiia,'' uxore^ sua in Ill^^riam fugit, ubi ambo'^ in dracones conversi sunt. 2. Amycus, Neptiini filius,^ rex Bebiyciag, omnes, qui in ejus regna venissent,^ cogebat c^stibus secum contendere, et victos occidebat. Hie quum Argonautas ad certamen proYocasset,e Pollux cum eo contendit, et cum interf ecit. 3. Otos et Epliialtes, Aloei filii^ mira magnitudmes fuisse dicuntur. Nam singulis '• mensibus » novcni dig- itis J crescebant. Itaque quum essent annorum novem,? in coelum ascendere sunt conati. Hue sibi aditum sic faciebant,k ut montem Ossam super Pelion ponerent, aliosque praeterea montes exstruerent. Sed Apollinis sagittis interempti sunt. 5. Daedalus, Eupliemi filius, artYfex peritissTmus, ob Grammars.—'' 314, 64o.— «= 265, 266 : 6^2, 653.—^ 636, 1227> — ^ 254, (>26,—^ 339, r. vii. : 757, r. xvi.— * 565 r. xli. : 9^0, r. Ix.— ) 573, r. xlii.: 03S, r. Ixii. : ^ 160, 2 : lOSO. Idioms.—' 12, 1.— « 74 8.— s 6, 1.— >» 26, 5. 100 MYTHOLOGY. caedem Atlienis ^ commissam in Cretam ^ abiit ad regem Minoem. Ibi labyrinthum exstruxit. A Minoe ^ ali- qiiando in custodiam conjectus, sibi et Icaro filio alas cora*^ aptavit, et cum eoavolavit. Diiixi Icarus altius® evolabat, cera solis calore calefacta, in mare decTdit, quod ex eo Icarium pelagus ^ est appellatum. Dasdalus autem in Siciliam ^ pervenit. 5. ^sculapius, ApollTnis filius, medicus prsestantis- simus, Hippoljto, Thesei filio, vitam reddidisse dicitur. Ob id facmus Jupiter eum fulmme percussit. Turn Apollo quod filii mortem in Jove s ulcisci non poterat, Cyclopes, qui fulmma fecerant, interemit. Ob hoc fac- tum, Apollmem Jupiter Admeto, regi Thessaliae, in servitutem dedit. 6. Alcestim,i Peliss filiam, quum multi in matrimo- nium peterent,Pelias promTsit,se filiam ei esse datiirum,J qui feras currui junxisset.k Admetus, qui earn perditd amabat, ApollTiiem rogavit, ut se in hoc negotio adjuva- ret. Is quum ab Admeto, dum ei^ serviebat, liberaliter esset tractatus, aprum ei et leonem currui junxit,"^ qui- bus " ille Alcestim avexit. Idem gravi morbo implici- tus, munus ab Apollme accepit, ut prsesens periculum effugeret, si quis spoiite pro eo moreretur.o Jam quum neqiie pater, neque mater Admeti pro eo mori voluis- set p uxor se Alcestis morti obtulit, quam Hercules forte adveniens Orci mambus q eripuit, et Admeto reddidit. 7. Cassiope filiae suae Andromedee formam Nereidum Grammars.— b 562, 947*—^ 530, 107^.—^ 319, r.v.: 66*6% r. vi. — b' 6U9 and GIO: 9S9 and 991.—^ 501, r. xxix. : SS^j^ r. xxxix. • 90, 2: 1,3(>,—^ 403, r. v. : 83 1^ r. xxxiii.— "> 427, r. xix: A'^.T, r. xxxix.; 431, Sr>2,—^ 291, 697*—" 142, 2d: 1205 ; 627, 2: 1265.— P 313, 644. Idioms.—" 6, 2.— ^^ 123. 1.— ^ 6, 4.— ^ 22, 3.— s 123, 2.— J 100, 2.— Ji 80, 2.—' 7, 2.— 1 5, 1 MYTHOLOGY. 101 .orma) ^ anteposuit. Ob hoc crimen illss a Neptuno ^ postulaverunt, ut Andromeda ceto^ immani, qui oras populai)atur, objiceretur. Qu£e ^ quum ad saxiim alii* gilta esset, Perseus ex Libya, ubi Medusam. occiderat, advolavit, et, bellua devicta^ et interempta,e Androme- dam liberavit. 8. Quam quum abducere vellet victor, Agenor, cut antea desponsata fiicrat, Perseo insidias struxit, ut eum interficeret, sponsamque eriperet/ Ille, re cognita,^ caput Mediisae insidiantibus ostendit, quo s viso, omnes in saxa mutati sunt. Perseus autem cum AndromSd^ in patriam rediit. 9. Ceyx, Hesperi filius, quum in naufragio periisset, Alcyone, conjugis morte audTta,^ se in mare praecipitavit. Turn deorum misericordia ambo in aves sunt mutati, quae Alj^cones appellantur. Had aves pariunt liiberno tempore > Per illos dies mare tranquillium esse dici- tur; unde nautiB tranquillos et serenos dies Alcyoneos appellare solent. 10. Tantrdus, Jovis filius, tam earns fuit diis,i ut Jupiter ei consilia sua concrederet, eumque ad epulas deorum admitteret.f At ille, quae J apud Jovem audiv- erat, cum mortalibus communicabat. Ob id crimen dicTtur ^ apud inferos in aqua collocatus esse, semperque sitire. Nam, quoties haustum aquae sumpturusi est, aqua recedit. Tum etiam poma ei"' super caput pen- dent; sed, quoties eadecerpere conatur, rami vento moti Grammars.—'' 501, r. xxix. : » 365, r. xl : 949 , r. Ix.— i 382. r. xvL 860, r. x].— t 676, 1155.—^ 214, 8 : 32'S.—-^ 380, 87 1, r. Idioms.— '^ 39, 2.—* 104, 1.— f 85.— « 38, 5.— J 37, 2.— ■" 5, 3. 102 MYTHOLOGY. receduiit. Alii saxum ejus capTti ^ impenclere clicunt cujus ruTiiam timeiis perpetuo metii cruciatur. 11. In nnptiis ^ Pelei et Thetidis omnes dii invitati erant printer Discordiam. Hasc ira commota malum misitin medium, cui ^ inscripta erant verba : Pulcherrhna me liabeto. Tum Juno, Venus et Minerva illud simul appetebant ; ^ magnaque inter eas discordia exorta, Jupi- ter Mercurio imperat, ut deas ad Paridem, Priami fil- ium, duceret,e qui in monte Ida greges pascebat ;* hunc earum litem diremptiirum esse.^ Huic Juno, si se pul- cherrimam judicasset,^ omnium terrarum regnum est pollicita ; Minerva ei splendidam inter homines famam promlsit ; Venus autem Helenam, Ledge et Jovis filiam, se ei in conjugium dare ^ spopondit. Paris, hoc dono prioribus^ antepositoi Venerem pulcherrimam esseJ judicavit. Postea Veneris hortatu Lacedgemonem '^ pro- fectus, Helenam conjugi^ suo"^ Menelao eripuit. Hiiic bellum Trojanum originem cepit, ad quod tota fere Grge- cia, duce " Agamemnone, Menelai fratre, profecta est. 12. Thetis, Pelei conjux, quum sciret Achillem filium suum cito peritiirum esse,f si Grsecorum exercitum ad Trojam sequeretur,? eum misit in insulam Scyron," regi- que Lycomedi commendavit. Ille eum, muliebri habitu,P inter filias suas servabat. Grseci autem quum audivis- sent eum ibi occultari,q unus eorum "■ Ulysses, rex Itliu- CJB, in regio^ vestibulo muiiera femineas in calathiscis * Supply dicens, agreeing with Jupiter, Id. 94, 4. Grammars.— » .399, r. iv. : S26, r. xxxii.— '' 609. 989.—'' 522, r. lii. : 107''>, r. Ixxiv.— -^ 312, r. i.: 6*-/;>% r. iii— ^ G27, 1, 3d.— « 627, 2: J2(ir>.—^ 547, 2: 931.—^ 118, 3, Exc: 230,—" 74, 6'6*. iDiOMa— f 94, 1, 2d, and 100, l.~»> 94, 3, and 100, 2.—' 104, 1.— 90, 3.—^ 5, 1.—"' 30, 4.— » 110, 1.— q 96, 7.— ■• 21, 2. MYTHOLOGY. 103 posuit, simulqiie clypeum et liastam ; mulieresque advo* cfiri a jussit. Qujb ^ dum omnia contemplabaiitur, sub- ito tiibicen cecmit; quo sono audito, AekiUes anna arripuit. Unde eum virumc esse'^ intellectum est. 13. Qmim totus Grascorum exercitus Aulide ^ conve- nisset, adversa tempestas eos ob iram Dianas retinebat. Agamemnon enim, dux illius expeditionis, cervam deae ^ sacram s vulneraverat, superbiusque ^ in Dianam locii- tus erat. Is quum haruspices convocasset, responde- runt, iram deae expiari' non posse/' nisi filiam suam Iphigeniam ei immolassetJ Hanc ob causam Ulysses Arg'os k profectus mentitur ^ Agamemnonem filiam Achilli in matrimonium promisisse.™ Sic eam Auli- dem^ abduxit. Ubi quum pater eam immolare " vellet, Diana virgmem miserata^ cervam ei p supposuit. Iphigeniam ipsam per nubes in terram Tauricam de- tulit, ibique templi sui sacerdotem fecit. 14. Trojaeversa, quum Gr^ci domum q redire vellent, ex Achillis tumulo vox dicitur fuisse audita, quae Graecos monebat, ne fortissimum virum sine lionore relinque- rent.'' Quare Grseci Polyxenam, Priami filiam, qu^e vir- go fiiit formosissima, ad sepulcrum ejus immolaverunt. 15. Prometheus, lapeti filius, primus ^ homines ex Into finxit, iisque P ignem e coelo in ferula attulit, mon- stravitque quomodo cinere obrutum servarent.t Ob liaiic rem Vulcanus eum in monte Caucaso Jovis jussu clavis GRAMMAI15.— «= 319, r. v.: 660^ r. vi.— f 382, r. svi. : SSO, r. xL 656, 1201.—^ 553, r. xxxvii. : 9:i8, r. Ivii.— i 157, 3: 10S2.— P 501, r. xxix. : S^^j, r. xxxix. ; nnd 502, S5().—^ 55S, r. xxxix. : 94^.i, r. lix.— "• 627, L 3d; 120S.—-- 274, 6Y;/i.— t G27, 5 : 11S2, Idioms.— » 90, 4.— •> 38, 6.— J 96, 2.—"^ 6, 2.—s 16.— i^ 22 3.—* 87 1 — J 80.—"' 94, 1, 2d, and 98, 2,—° 88, 2.—" 106, 1. 104 MTTHOLOGT. ferreis alligavit ad saxiim, et aquTlam ei apposuit, quae a cor exederet. Quantum ^ vero interdiu exederat, tan- tum 1' nocte crescebat. Haiic aquilam insequenti tempore Hercules transfixit sagittis, Prometlieumque liberavit. 16. Pluto, iiiferorum deus, a Jove fratre petebat, ut sibi Proserpmam, Jovis et Cereris filiam, in matrimo- nium daret.c Jupiter negavit quidem Cererem passu- ram esse,*^ ut filia in tenebris Tartari moraretur ;« sed fratri permisit, ut earn, si posset, raperet.^ Quare Proserpmam, in nemore Ennae in Sicilia flores legen- tern, Pluto quadrigis ex terrae hiatu proveniens rapuit. 17. Ceres quum nescTret ubi filia esset,f eam per totum orbem terrarum quaesTvit. In quo itinere ad Celeum ve- nit, regem Eleusiniorum, cujus uxor Metanira puerum Triptolemum pepererat, rogavitque ut se tanquam nu- tricem in domum reciperent.^ Quo facto, quum Ceres alumnum suum s immortalem reddere vellet,*^ euminter' diu lacte divino alebat, noctu clam igne obruebat. Ita- que mirum in modum crescebat. Quod ' quum miraren- tur parentes, eam J observaverunt. Qui'^ quum viderent Cererem puerum in ignem mittere,^ pater exclamavit. Tum dea Celeum exanimavit ; Triptolemo autem cur- rum draconibus "" jimctum tribuit, frugesque mandavit, quas per orbem terrarum vectus disseminaret." 18. Althaea, Thestii filia, ex (Eneo peperit Meleagrum. Ei Parcae ardentem titionem dederunt, prasfantes « Mele- agrum tam diu victiirumd quam diu p is titio loret q m-. Grammars.—* 643, 4th.— ° 62Y, 1, 3d: 1208.—^ 677, 5tb, 1204, — f 656, 1291.—" 641, r. ii. 1218,—^ 627, 6 : 1201. Idioms.—'' 40, 1.—'' 44, 3, aud 47.— <> 100, 2.— e 30, 4.— »• 74, 3.^ i 38, 4.— J 27, 6.—'^ 3 9, 1.— » 96, 1.— "> 64, 6.—°. 40, 5.— » 94, 1, 2d.— » 124, 19. MYTHOLOGY. 105 columis. Himc ^ itaque Altligea diligenter in area clau- sum servavit. Interim Diana (E|ieo ^ irata quia ei sacra annua non fecerat, aprum mira magnitudme ^ misit, qui agrum Calydonium vastaret.^ Quern ^ Meleager cum juvenibus ex omni Grsecia delectis interf ecit, pellemque ejus Atalantae donavit. Cui ^ quum Altliasae fratres earn eripere vellent, ilia Meleagri auxilium imploravit, qui avunculos occidit. Turn Altligea, gravi ira s in filium commota,- titionem ilium fatalem in ignem conjecit. Sic Meleager periit. At sorores ejus, dum fratrem insola- bilTter lugent, in aves mutatae sunt. 19. Europam, Agenoris filiam, Sidoniam, Jupiter in taurum mutatus Sidone ^ Cretam ' transvexit, et ex e^ procreavit Minoem, Sarpedonem, et Rhadamanthum. Hanc ut reducerent Agenor suos filios misit, conditione addita, ut nee ipsi J redirent, nisi sororem invenissent.^^ Horum unus, Cadmus nomTne,^ quum erraret, Delphos* venit, ibique responsum accepit, bovem prascedentem sequeretur;™ ubi ille decubuissct, ibi urbem conde- ret.* Quod quum faceret,'^ in Boeotiam venit. Ibi aquam qujBrens ad fontem Castalium draconem in venit, Martis filium, qui aquam custodiobat.o Hunc Cadmus interf ecit, dentesque ejus sparsit et aravit. Unde Sparti enati sunt. Pugna inter illos exorta, quinque super- fuerunt, ex quibus quinque nobiles Tliebanorum stirpes origmem duxerunt. * Conderet is in the same construction with sequeretur. Grammars.—^ 382, r. xvi. : SdO, r. xl.— <= 339, r. vii. : 7^7, r. xvi. — e 542, r. xxxv. : 87'3f r. slii. — ^ 556, r. xxsviii. : 941^ r. Iviii. — 553, r. xxxvii. : i>SS, r. \y\\.—^ G56, 1291,—^ 535, r. xxxiv. : SSO.—^ 632, 120dt.—'' 160, 2 : lOSS, Idioms. — » Sup. titionem. — « 6, 1. — <* 40, 4. — ^ 39^ 7, — f 39^ ''from ner ;" and 5, 1.— J 32, 3.— ■ 38, 4. 106 MYTHOLOGY. 20. Quum Bacchus, Jovis ex Semelo filiiis, cxercitum in ludiam diiceret, Silenus ab agmiiie abeiTa\it. Quema Midas, rex Mygdoiiise, hospitio '■» liberaliter accepit, ei- que ducem dedit, qui ^ eum ad Bacchum reduceret. Ob hoc beneficium Bacchus Mid^e optionem dedit, ut quic- quid vellef^ a se peteret.^ Ille petiit, ut quidquid^ tetigisset^ aurum fieret.® Quod i? quum impetrasset,^ quidquid ^ tetigerat aurum fiebat. Primd gavTsus est hiic virtiite' sua; mox intellexit nihil ipsiJ hoc mu- nere^ perniciosius esse. Nam etiam cibus et potio in aurum mutabatur.^ Quum jam fame cruciaretur, petit a Baccho, ut donum suum revocaret.^ Quem ^ Bacchus jussit in flumme Pactolo se abhiere, quumque aquani tetigisset, facta est colore i" aureo. 21 . Schceneus Atalantam filiam formosissimam dicjtur habuisse, quoe cursu viros superiibat." Heec quum a pluribus" in conjugium peteretur, pater ejus conditionem proposuit, ut, qui earn ducere vellet,^ priiis cursu cum e^ contenderet;^ si vistusesset,'^ occideretur.^ Multos quum superasset et interfecisset, tandem ab Hippomene victa est. Hie enim a Y enere tria mala aurea acceperat. Bum currebant, horum unum post alterum projecit, iisque ^ Atalantae cursum tardavit. Nam dum mala collTgit, Hip- pomcnes ad metam pervenit. Huic itaque Schceneus filiam uxorem dedit. Quam P quum in patriam duceret, oblitus Veneris beneficio '^ se vicisse,q grates ei ^ nonegit. Grammars.—'' 542, r. xxxv. : S73, r. xlii.— «^ 641. r. ii. : 1212, — <* 656, 121)1.—^ G27, 1, 3d: 120S. —^ 6:U, 1211,—' 6il, 002,— ^BS2, r. xvi. : 78 5.— * 98, 1.— J 19, 1, and 4.— * 74, 3. 110 ANECDOTES OF EMINENT PERSONS. mesticrinim rerum ciira a pliilosopliias studio avocare- tur.a 6. Etiam Crates Thebanus bona sua inter Tliebanos divTsit, nihil sibi servans pr^eter peram et baculum. Ha3c eniiu Cynicorum instrumenta erant. A quo ^ con- silio quum amlci et propinqui eum avocare studerent,^ eos correpto baculo '^ fugavit, nihil pulchrius esse arbi- tratus, quani ab omnibus curis ^ vacuum ^ uni philoso- phise operam dare.? 7. Anaxagoras, quum a longinqu^ peregrinatione scientige augendas ^^ causa suscepta in patriam rediisset, agrosque suos negiectos et desertos videret, Non essem^^ inquit, salvus, nisi ista J periissent.^ 8. Carneadcs usque ad extrcmam senectam nunquam cessavit a philosophise studio. Saipe oi accidit,^ ut, quum cibi ■' capiendi causa accubuisset, cogitationibus ™ inhse- rens manum ad cibos appositos porrigere oblivisceretur.^ 9. Idem adversus Zenonem Stoicum scriptiirus caput hellcboro purgabat, ne corrupti humores sollertiam et acumen mentis impedirent.^ 20. Anaxagoras, philosophus,morte^ filii audita, vultu nihil o immutato dixit. P Sciehmn me mo7^tdlem genuisse.l 11. Archytas Tarcntinus, quum ab itinere reversus agros suos villTci socordia negiectos videret, Graviter te castii/drem,^ inquit, nisi irdtus essem.^ 12. Plato quoque, quum in servum vehcmentiiis ' cx- Grammars.— » G2T, 1, 2d: 1207.—'' 631, 1241:.— " 361, r. xi. 770, r. XX.— « 720 and 122,lS(i9 and 1371.— ^ US, 3, 3d : 102S. ^ 629, 1207. —"^ 399, r. iv. : H2G, r. xxxiL— " 627, 1, 4tb : 1222. — ° 539, 892,— V 445, r. : 721. Idioms.—'' 38, 8.— « 74, 3.— <5 9, 1, and 104, 2.— f Sup. se.—'^ 112, 1. and 5.—' 78, S.— ' 51, 3 ''happened:'— 'i 98, 1.— «■ 22. 1 ANECDOTES OF EMINENT PERSONS. Ill arsisset, veritus iie ^ viiidicise modiim excederet, Spcii- sippo ^ adstanti mandavit, iit de illiiis poena statiieret.<^ 13. Idem disceiidi'^ ciipiditate ductus, yEgyptum peragravit, et a sacerdotibus illius regionis geonietriam et astronomiam didicit. Idem in Italiam trajecit, ut ibi Pytliagorfie pliilosoijliiam et instituta disceret.^ 14. Atlienienses Socratem damnaverunt, quod novos deos introducere videbatur. Protagoram quoque pliil- osopluim, qui ausus^ fuerat scribere, se ignorfire an dii essentjg AtliBuienses ex urbe pepulerunt. 15. Xanthippe, Socratis uxor, morosa admodum fu^ isse fertur. Quam'i ejus indolem quum perspexisset Alcibiades, Socratem interrogavit, quid esset,ff quod mulierem tarn acerbam et jurgiosam non exigeret ^ do- mo J Tum ille, Quomavi, inquit, dum illam doml J per- petior, insuescOy ut ceterorum quoque foris petulantiam et injur ias facilius feram.^ •16. Xenocrates pliilosophus, quum maledicorum quo- rundam sermoni'^ interesset,neque quidquamipseloque- retur,* intcrrogatus, cur solus taceret,g rospondit: Quia dixisse'^^ me cdiqiiando jjoenituit, tacuisse"^ 7mnquam. 17. Hegesias philosophus in disputatiombus suis^ mala et cruciatus vitae tam vividis coloribus repriesen- tabat, ut multi, qui eum audiverant, sponte se occide- rent.e Quare a Ptoiemgeo rege ulterius liis de rebus disserere est prohibitus. Grammars.—* 633, 1216,—^ 501, r. xxix. : 831.—" 627, 1, 3d.: 12()So—'^1 356, r. x. : 771, r. xix.— j IGO, 1: 1088.—^ 522, r —^ 655, 1255.-^ 671, r. Iviii. : 113\— ^ 581, r. xliy. 881, r. xlv.-" 319, r. v. : iiHiy, r. vi. Idioms.— I' 74. 16.— f 6, 5.— e 72.— * 73.— ^ 97, 1.— » 32, 9.—* 74,2. ANECDOTES OP EMINENT PERSONS. 113 secleret, aquila testudmem glabro ejus capTti ^ immisit quod pro saxo habuit. Quo ^ ictu ille extinctus est. 24. Euripides, qui et ipse magnum inter poetas tragicos 11 omen habet, a coeiia domum rediens a caiii- bus laceratus est. 25. Athenienses quondam ab Euripide postulabant, ut ex tragoedia sententiam quandam tolleret.^ Ille au- tem in scenam progressus dixit, se fabulas componere sol ere, ^ ut populum doceret,^ non ut a populo disceret. 26. Philippides, comosdiarum scriptor, quum in poe- tarum certamme praeter spem vicisset ^ et ilia victoria impense gauderet, eo ipso gaudio repents exstinctus est. 27. Pindarus, poeta Thebanus, ApollTni s gratissimus fuisse dicitur. Quare saepe a sacerdotibus in templum DelphTcum ad coenam vocabatur, parsque ei ^ tribueba- tur donorum, quae sacrificantes i deo obtulerant. Fe^ runt etiam PanaJ Pindari hymnisk tantopere fuisse Isetatum, ut eos in montibus et silvis caneret.^ Quum Alexander, rex Macedoniae, Thebas diriperet, unTus Pindari domo"» et famili^ pepercit. 28. Diogenes CynTcus Myndum profectus, quum vi- deret magnificas portas et urbem exiguam, Myndios monuit, ut portas clauderent,^ ne urbs egrederetur.^ 29. Demosthenes Atheniensis incredibili studio et la- bore eo " pervenit, ut, quum^ multi eum ingenio p parum valere existimarent, omnes getatis sua3 oratores superaret eloquentia.P Nunquam tamen ex tempore dicebat, neque in concione volebat assurgere, nisi rem, de qua ageretur,q GRAjrMARS.— » 501, r. xxix. : So5, r. xxxix.— ° 627, 1, 3d: 1208, — « 627, 6, or 1, 2d: 1207.—^ ^^^, 2d: 862.-^^522, r. iii. . 107-5, r. Isxiv.— j 90, 4: 127-—^ 485.— i 627, 1, 1st: 1220.— «" 403, r.: 831.— '^ 631, 1211.— v 535, r. xxxiv.: 889, r. xlvii.— «656, 1291. Idioms.—*- 38, 9,— ^ 9G 2.— ^ 74, 8.— ' 19, I.—." 28, Oba. 114 ANECDOTES OF EMINENT PERSONS. accurate antea meditatus esset.^ Unde plerTqne eum tim- idum esse existimabant. Sed in hac re Periclis consue- tudinem imitabatiir, qui non facile de qudque re dicere, nee existimationem suam ^ fortune committere solebat. ■ 30. Pericles in concionem itiirus, quum ammo perpem deret, quantum periciili^ inconsiderate dicta^^ hominibus afFerrent,e solebat precari a diis/ ne quod ipsi s verbum imprudenti excideret, quod reipublicse officere posset. ^ 31. Minos, Cretensium rex, ssepe se in speluncam quandam confer ebat,ibique se cum Jove colloqui ' leges- que ab eo accipere i dicebat. Etiam Lycurgus Lacedae- moniis J persuasit, se leges suas ^ ab ApollTne didicisse.'^ 32. Quum Lycurgus, Lacedsemoniorum legislator, Delphis ^ in templum ApollTnis intrasset,ut a deo ^ orac- ulum peteret, Pytliia eum his verbis allociita est: JVes- cio utram deus an Jioiyio appellandus^^ sis; sed deus po- tius videris^ esse. 33. Leomdas, rex LacedaBmoniorum, quum Pers^e di- cerentur sagittarum multitudme solem obscuratiiri, re- spondisse fertur : Melius itdque in umhrd pugnalnmus. 34. Cyrus omnium suorum militum nomina memori^ tenebat. Mithridates autem, rex Ponti, duarum et vi- ginti gentium, quse vsub regno ejus erant, linguas ita didicerat, ut cum omnibus, qiiibus « imperabat, sine interprete loqui posset. 35. Tliemistocles interroganti p utrum Achilles esse mallet,e an Homerus,q respondit: Tu vero mallesne te in Olympico eertamine victor em renuntidri^ an proico esse, qui victdrvni nomina procldmatf TrRAMMARS.— » 629, 1207.—" 343, r. viii. : 800, r. xL— f 511, 7'5r.— s 401, S29.—^ 656, 1291.— i 501, r. : S58.~^ 549. OS.'l, — ° 403, r. : 8^31, r. xxxiii.— p 269, 6o8.—n 319, r. v. : 006, r. vl ' 673, li;jO ; 675, 1145. Ilioms.— '- oO, 3.— r^5e<2s volo. 40. Iphicrates, dux Atheniensium, quum praesidio ten- eret Corinthum, et sub adventum hostium ipse ™ vigilias circumiret, vigTlem, quem dormientem invenerat, liast^ transfixit. Quod"^ factum quibusdam ei^ ut sgevum exprobrantibus, Qualem P inveni, inquit, talem rellquL 41. Quum quidam Thrasybulo, qui civitatem Athe- niensium a tyrannorum dominatione liberavit, dixisset: Quantas q tihi gratias AtJience dehent! ille respondit : DU Grammars.— » 214, 9: 329.—^ 565, r. xl. : 949, r. \x.—^ 393, r. i. : 820, r. sxix.— e 627, 5.— ^^ 339, r. vii. : 757, r. xvi.— ' 613, r. lii.: 993, r. Ixx.— ^ 627, 1, 3d: 1208.—^ 269, 658.—'' 501, n xxix. : 83 If r, xxiiii. Idioms.—' 108, 4.— <= 96, 2.— « 74, 12.— <" 90, 4.— ^ 38. 5.— J 94, 1, 2d, and 98. 2.— ^ 121, 2.— > 19.—°' 32, 3.—° 38.-- P 44, 4, and 4t.— ^ 48, 3. 6 116 ANECDOTES OF EMINENT PERSONS. faciaiit.,^ nt quantas^ ipse^ patrice deheo gr alias ^ tanto.s et videar^ retulisse. 42. Philippus, rex Macedoniim, monentibus ^ eum quibusdam, iit Pythiam quendam caveret,^ fortem mili- tem, sed ipsi ^ alienatum, quod tres filias segre aleret,? nee a rege adjuvaretur, dixisse fertur : Quidf ^ si partem corporis haherem^ cegram, abscinderemi potiUs, an curd- rem? Deinde Pythiam ad se vocatum,^ accepta'^' diffi- cultate rei domesticse, pecuniae iiistruxit. Quo facto nullum rex militem Pythia '" fideliorem habuit. 43. Mulier quaedam ab eodem Philippe , quum a con^ vivio temulentus recederet, damnata, A Philippo^ in- quit, temulento ad Pliilippum sohrium provoco. 44. Philippus, rex Macedoniae, prsedicare solebat, se oratoribus Atheniensium maxTmam gratiam habere." Nam eonviciis suis, inquit, efficiu7it^ ut quotidie melior^ evddarti^ dum eos dictis P factisque mendacii arguere Conor. 45. Ejusdem regis epistola fertur scripta ad Aristote- lem philosophum, qua filium sibi q natum esse nuntia- vit. Erat ilia epistola verbis concepta fere his : Filium milii^ genitum esse scito. Quod^ equidem diis haheo gratiam: non tarn quod natus est, qudm quod ei^ contt- git nasci temporibus vitce tuce. Spero enim fore,^ ut a te educdtus et erudltus dignus evddat et nobis ^ et rebus, quas ipsi relicturi sumus. Grammars—* 144. 1193 ; Mf), IKil.—^ 627, 1, 3d: I'^iPS. — * 494, 79S.—e 655, 1255.—^ 130, 1 : 1377.—' 627, 2 ; 1207. — J 626, 1174.—^ 514, r. xsxi. ; Oil, r. ].— • 322, 671.-^ 542, r. XXXV. : 873, r. xlii.— i 522, 'r. iii. : 1075, r. Ixxiv.— ^ 409, r. xviii. : 810, r. xxxv.— ' 678, 1133.—" 462, r. xxiil : O'lf). r. liii. Idioms.—" 77, 9.-^44, 3, and 47.— <= 32, l.—^ 70.— ^64, 9.— J 78,4 124, IS.—"' 104, 3, and 2.—"' 6, 3 — * 94. 1, 2d, and 9G, 1.—' 38, 10. - ■ 6, 5. * ANECDOTES OF EMINpENT PERSONS. 117 46. Alexander Macedo, Philippi filiiis, qimm- puer a prseceptore siio audi\isset iiinumerabiles miindos esse.* Heu me ^ miserwn, iiiquit, qui ne^ uno ^ quidem adhuc potitus Slim! 47. Quum Alexander quondam Macedonum quorun- dam benevolentiam largitionibus sibi concilirire conatus esset, Philippus eum liis verbis increpuit: Speramie^ eos tibi e fideles esse fuffiros/ quos pecunid tihi conciliav- erisPs Sclto amor em non auro emi sed viy'tutlhns. 48. Alexandro^ Macedoni, Asia debellata, Corintliii per.legatos gratulati sunt, regemque civitate ^ sua dona- verunt. Quod J officii genus quum Alexander risisset, unus ex legatis, Nulli uyiquam^ inquit, civitdtem dedi- mus alii qudm tihi^ et Hercidi. Quo* audlto, Alexan- der honorem sibi delatum lubentissim^ accepit. 49. Quum Alexander Gr^eciae populis * imperasset, ut divinos ipsi honores decernSrent,f" Lacedasmonii his ver- bis utebantur : Quoniam Alexander deus esse voluit, esto deus; Laconica brevitate regis notantes vecordiam. 50. Lysimachus, rex Thraci^, Theodorum Cyrenae- um, vii'um libertatis " amantissimum et regime domina- tionie infeskmi, cruci afflgio jussit. Cui iWq^ Hu jus modi minis ^ inquit, pnrpw^dtos tuos terreas.v 3Iea'\ quidem 7iihil^ interest, humine^an sublime putrescam. 51. Mausolus, rex Cari^, Artemisiam habuit conju- gem. Haec, Mausolo defuncto, ossa cineremque mariti contusa et odoribus mixta cum aqua potabat. Extruxit Grammars.—^ 451, 977.—^ 484, r. xxvi. : 880, r. xliv.— • 382, r.xvi.: 800.— s 656, 129 1.—^ 514, ,S\>.> ; nnd516, 8o9.— i501, r. xxix. : 8i>i>, r. xxxix. — "^ 720, r. Ixv. : 1,169 ^ r. cviil. — ^ 403, r. — . ■ 627, I, 3d: 1208. — ^ 349, r. ix. : 7«.>, r. xviii. — p 171, 1: 119:i,—^ 415, 809.—^ 500, 812.—* 559, 94^. Idioms.—* 96, 9.— <^ 7, 5.— «> 58, 1, and 56, 3.— ^ 99, 1.— ^ 38, 7, and 38, 5. — 7, 2.—" 90, 4.. 118 ANECDOTES OF EMINENT PERSONS. qiioque, ad conservandam ^ ejus memoriam, sepulcrura illud nobilissimum, ab ejus nomine appellatum, quod inter septem orbis terrarum miracula numeratur. Quodb quum Mausoli mambusc dicaret, certameu instituit, prsemiis amplissimis ei propositis, qui defunc- tum regem optime laudasset.'^ 52. Dionysius, qui a patre Syracusarum et psene to tins Sicili^ tyranmdem acceperat, senex patriae pul- sus Corinthi^ pueros litteras docuit.ff 53. Mithri dates, rex Ponti, ssepe venenum hauserat, ut sibi a clandestmis caveret insidiis. Hinc factum est Lit, quum a Pompeio superatus mortem sibi consciscere v^ellet, ne velocissima quidem venena ei nocerent.^ 54. Quum Gyges, rex Lydi^ ditissimus, oraculum A^pollmis interrogaret, an quisquam raortalium » se J essetk felicior, deus, Agialim quendam Psophidium feliciorem, praedicavit. Is autem erat Aixadum i pau- perrimus, parvtili agelli possessor, cujus termmos quam- vis senex nunquam excesserat, fructibus ^ et voluptati- bus angusti ruris contentus. 55. Pyrrhus, rex EpTri, quum in Italia esset, audivit, Tarentmos quosdam juvenes in convivio parum lionori- fice de se lociitos esse. J" Eos igitur ad se arcessitos percunctatus est, an dixissent ^ ea, quae ad aures suas pervenissent." Tum unus ex his, iWsz, inquit, vinum mhis'^ defecisset,? mvlto^ etiam plvra^ et graviora in te locuturi erdmus.^ Haec crimmis excusatio iram regis in risum convertit. Grammars.— ° 501, r. xxis. : 855, r. xxxix.— -^ 643, 2(i; 12 IS. — e 524, r. v.: 1075, r. Ixxiv,— ^ 548, r.— ^ 508, r. xxx. : 7*i4^n r. xiii.—h G27, 1, 4th: 1222.—' 355, r. x. : 771, r._ xix.— i' 627, 5- 1182.—^ 462, r. xxiii.: i)19, r, liii.— " 656, 1291.— '^ 396, 007. 9 629, 1267.—'^ 579, r. xliii.: 929, r. Iv.— • 214, 8 : :i28. Ii.lOMS.— • 112, 7.—^ 38, 4.— <■ 4, 1.— J 6, 3.—" 98, 2.—^ 19, 4 ANECDOTES OF EMINENT PERSONS. 119 56. Marsyas, frater AntigSni, regis Macedoniae, quum causam haberet cum privato qiioclam, fratreni rogavit, ut de ea domi cognosceret.^ At ille, In foro potius,^ inqiiit. Ya?n si culpa ^ vacas, innocentia tua ihi melius apparehit; shi dtwmandiis es, nostra justitia* 57. Clara sunt apud Catanenses nomma fratrum Aiiapi^ et Amphinomi,'^ qui patrem etmatrem liumeris per medios ^ igues JEtiidd portarunt, eosque cum vitas suae ^ periciilo e flammis eripuerunt. 58. Spartanus quidam quum rideretur, quod clau- dus in pugnam iret/ At mihi,s inquit, pugndre^^ non fugere est proposituvi^ 59. Spartanus quidam in magistratus petitione ab aemulis victus, maxTma3 sibi Igetitiae esse,J dixit, quod patria sua se^^ mcliOres cives haberet.^ 60. Quum homo quidam, qui diu in uno pede stare didicerat, Lacedgemonio ' cuidam dixisset, se non arbi- trari Lacedgemoniorum q quemquam tamdiu idem facere posse, ille respondit: At auseres* te^^ diutius. 61. Diagoras Rliodius, quum tres ejus filii in ludis OlympTcis victores renuntiiiti essent, tanto affectus est gaudio,'" ut in ipso stadio, inspectante populo, in filio- rum manibus animam redderet." 62. Scipio Africanus nunquam ad negotia publica accedol3at, antequam in templo Jovis precatus esset.^ 63. Scipio diccre solebat, hosti non soliim dandam P * Supply the proper verb. Grammars.—' 62t, 1, 3d: 120S.—^ -iSO, r. xsv.: ,90^, r. xlix. — <= 251, r.: and 2b1,622.—^ 656, 1291.— s 522, r. iii. : lOT^, r, Ixxiv.— >^ 660, r. Ivi. : 1147, v. Ixxxii.— J 427, r. : 81S.—^ 467, r. : SU5.—^ 501, r. : 855.—'" 542, r. xxxv : ST^i, r. xlii.— " 627, 1, 1st. : 1220.—° 627, 4 : 1211.—" 355, r. x. : 771, r. xix. Idioms.— d 17, 1.— « 30, 2.—' 51 1.— j 8, 1.—^ 6, 3— i 63.— p 108,4. 120 ANECDOTES OF EMINENT PERSONS. esse viam fugiendi, sed etiam muiiiendam. Similiter Pyrrhus, rex EpTri, fiigienti hosti ^ pertinaciter instan- dum'^ esse negabat; non solum, ne fortius ex necessi- tate resisteret,^ sed ut postea quoque facilius acie^ cederet, ratus victores fugientibus non usque ad perni- ciem instatiiros esse. 64. Metellus Pius, in Hispania bellum gerens inter- rogatus, quid postero die factiirus esset?^ Tunlcam meam, inquit, si id eloqui posset/ comhKrere7Ji.s 65. L. Mummius, qui, Corintho capt^, totam Italiam tabulis h statuisque exornavit, ex tantis manubiis nihil in suum usum convertit, ita ut, eo defuncto, non esset * unde ejus filia dotem acciperet.J Quare senatus ei ex publico dotem decrevit. QQ. Scipio Africanus major Ennii poetse imagtnem in sepulcro gentis Cornelise collocari jussit, quod Scip- ionum res gestas carminibush suis illustraverat. 67. M. Cato, Catonis Censorii filius, in acie cadente equo prolapsus, quum se recollegisset,^ animadvertis- setque gladium excidisse^ vagina,™ rediit in hostem: acceptisque aliquot vulneribus," recuperator demum gladio ad suos reversus est. 68. Q. Metellus Macedonicus in Hispania quinque coliortes, quae liostibus^ cesserant, testamentum facere jussas ad locum P recuperandum misit ; minatus q cos nonnisi post victoriam receptum iri.'* ■■■ — , „ , Grammars. — ^ 399, r. iv, : ^20 ^ v. xxxii. — <^ G2~i, 6: 1205. — •» 611, 992.—^ 627, 5: 1182.—^ 627, 2: 12(},'j.—^ 142, 2d.— t 542, r. XXXV.: 873^ v. slii.— ' 627, 1, 1st: 1220.— i 656, 1201. — t 631, 1211:,—'^ 613, r. m. : 993, r. Ixx.— ° 405, 5th: 833, 5th. Idioms.—'' 113, 8.— e 78, ^.—^ 74, 8.-— ^ 98, 3.— » 104, 1.— p 112, 7. *-9 106, 1.—' 94, 1, 2d, and 100. 8 ANECDOTES OF EMINENT PERSONS. rl21 69. Piiblius Deciiis consul, qiuim in bello contra Latinos Romanorum aciem co'dentem videret, capTte pro reipublicae salute devoto,^ in medium hostium agmen irruit, et magna strage edTta^ plunmis tclis obi'utus cecidit. Ha3C ejus mors Romanorum aciem restituit, iisque victoriam paravit. 70. L. Junius Brutus, qui Romam a regibus libera- vit, filios suos, qui Tarquinium regem expulsum restit- uere conati erant, ipse ^ capitis ^ damnavit, eosque vir- gis caesos seciiri'^ percuti^ jussit. 71. Q. Marcius Rex consul, quum filium unTcum, juvenem summae pietatis ^ et magnae spei, morte s ami- sisset, dolorem suum ita coercuit, ut a rogo adolescentis protenus curiam peteret,h ibique muneris sui negotia strenue oblret. 72. In bello Romanorum cum Perseo, ultimo Mace- doniae rege, accidit,' ut serena nocteJ subTto luna defi- ceret. Hsec res ingentem apud milites terrorem exci- tavit, qui existimabant hoc ominc s futuram cladera portendi.k Turn vero Sulpicius Gallus, qui erat in eo exercitu, in concione milTtum causam hujus rei tarn diserte exposuit, ut postero die J omnes intrepido am- mo s pugnam committerent.'^ 73. L. Siccius Dentatus ob insignem fortitudinem appellatus est Achilles Romanus. Pugnasse ^ is dicTtur centum et viginti proeliis ;'" cicatrlcem aversam iiullam, adversas quinque et quadraginta tulisse ; coronis " esse Grammars. — •= 489, r. xxvii. : 7^fiif r. xxiv.— <* 90, 6, Xoit 6 : J09, f 339, r. vii. : 7^7, r. xvL— e 542, r. xxxv. : S73^ r. xlii.— •' 627, 1, Ibt : 1220.— i 565, r. xl. : 9^9, r. Ix.— i 676, 115,j.—"' 611, (id.): 992,-^ 505, 859 ; and 519, r. xxxii. : 1075, r. Ixxiv. Idioms.— ^^ 104, \—^ 32, 4.— ^ 90, 4, or 94, 3.—* 51, 3.— J 6, 7.— * 96, 5. 122 ANECDOTES OF EMINENT PERSONS. donatus aureis duodeviginti, obsidioiiali una, miiralTbiis tribus, civicis quatuordecim, torquibus tribus et octogiii- ta, armillis plus centum sexaginta, liastis duodeviginti. Phaleris idem donatus est quinquies viciesque. Trium- phavit cum imperatoribus suis triumphos ^ novem. 74. Hannibalem in Italian! proficiscentem tria mil- lia'' Carpetanorum reliquerunt. Quorum '^exemplum ne ceteri quoque barbriri sequerentur,^ cdixit eos a se esse dimissos,^ et insiiper in fidem ejus rei alios etiam, quorum fides ipsi ^' suspecta erat, domum s remisit. 75. Hannibal quum elephantos compellere non pos- set, h nt prgealtum flumen transirent,' neque rates liabe- ret,h quibus eos trajiceret,* jussit ferocissimum elephan- torum sub aure vulnerari, et eum, qui vulnerasset,J se in flumen conjicere illudque tranare. Tum elepliantus exasperatus ad persequendum doloris sui auctorem tra- navit amnem,k et relTqui quoque eum seciiti sunt. . *" ~ -- — ■ ~~' • ■ ^ Grammars.—* 4.38, r. ii.: 713, r. ix.— »> 104, 5: 204,—^ 627, 1, 2d: 1207*—^ 528, r. xxxiii. : 844, r. xxxvi.— s 558, r. xxxix.: 943, r. lix.— i* 631, 1244, r. xciv— ' 656, 1291, r. ci.— J 650, r. vi. : 1291, v. ci.— ^ 613, r. lii. : 993, Idioms.—' 38— « 98, 6.— f 5, 2. AN EPITOME OF ROMAN HISTORY, FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE EMPERORS. LIBER PRIMUS. 1. Antiquissiiniis temporibus Saturnus in Italiam ve- nisse dicTtur. Ibi hand procul a Janiculo arcem con- didit, eamque Saturniam ^ appellavit. Hie Itidos pri- mus ^ agricultiiram dociiit.c 2. Postea Latinus in illis regiombus imperavit. Sub hoc rege Troja in Asia eversa est. Hinc ^neas, An- chisae filius, cum mult is Trojanis,quibus'^ ferrum Grse- corum pepercerat, auf iigit, et in Italiam pervenit. Ibi Latinus rex ei benign^ recepto^ filiam Laviniam in matrimonium dedit. ^neas urbem condidit, quam in lionorem conjtigis Lavinium^ appellavit. 3. Post ^Enece mortem Ascanius, ^Eneae filius, reg- num accepit. Hie sedem regni in alium locum trans- tulit, urbemque condidit in monte Albano, eamque Albam ^ Longam nuncupavit. Eum seeiitus est Sil- vius, qui post ^Eneae mortem a Lavinia genitus erat. Grammahs.— =* 440, 715.—^ 274, 063,—'- 508 r. xxx.; 2ii^fi Xiii. — ^ 403, r. v. : 881., r. xxxiii. Idioms.— Q21, 1, 3d • 1208,— s 257, 629,—^ 358, 773.—' 535, r. xxxiv. : SSf), r. xlvii.— J 627, 5 : 1182, r. Ixxxvii.— '^ 656, 1291, r. ci.— » 627, 1, 2d: J^07.— "» 440, 7^5. — " 403, r. v.: 833, 5th. — » 031, 1211:, r. xciv.— P 285, 681. Idioms.—'' 4, 1.— « 6, 3.— f 115, 1.— » 74, %.—i 38.— « 107, 2 LIBER I. 125 »juis ipsurum aviis, quae mater fuisset,^ Amulium iiiter- fcceniiit, ct Numitori avo regninn restitue- , 4"'^ runt. Turn urbem coiiclicleruiit in monte 754. ' Aventino, quam Romulus a suo nomine Romam ^ voca- vit. Haec quum moenibus circumdaretur, Remus occi- sus est, clum fratrem irndens moeniac transiliebat. 9. Romulus, ut civium numerum augeret, asylum patef e«it, ad quod multi ex civitatibus suis pulsi accur' rerunt. Sed novae urbis civibus^ conjiiges deSrant. Festum itaque Neptuni et ludos instituit. Ad hos quum multi ex finitimis populis cum mulieribus et liberis yenissent,^- Romani inter ipsos ludos spectantes virgines rapuerunt. 10. Populi illi, quorum virgines raptae erant, bellum adversus raptores susceperunt. Quum Romae ^ appro- pinquarent,^ forte in Tarpeiam virgmem inciderunt, quae in arce sacra procurabat. Haiic rogabant, ut viam in arcem monstraret,g eique pormiserunt, ut munus sibi posceret.s Ilia petiit, ut sibi darent, quod in sinistris nmiiifetis gererent,'* annulos aureos et armillas signifi- cans. At liostes in arcem ab ea perducti scutis Tarpeiam obruerunt ; nam et ea in sinistris manibus. gerebant. 11. Turn Romulus cum hoste, qui moiitem Tarpeium tenebat, pugnam conseruit in eo loco, ubi nunc forum Romanum est. In media ' caede raptae J processerunt, et hinc patres liinc conjuges et soceros complecteban- tur, et rogabant, ut caBdis finem faccrent.? Utriquo his precii)us commoti sunt. Romulus fcedus icit, et Sabinos in urbem recepit. Grammars.—*' 440, 71»>.— = 613, r. lii. : 440, 715.—^- 563, r. xH. : i>50, r. Ixi. and 566, 951.—'' 535, r. xxxiv.: 889, r. xlvii.— p 382, 860, r. xl. Idioms.—' 124, 8.—'' 64, 6.— ^ 5^ x.— ' 97, 5.-8 38, 5.— »» 6, 2 — k 96, 1.— P 7, !?. LIBER I. 127 bem ampliavit, et nova ei ^ moenia circiimdedit. CarcS- rem primus aedificavit. Ad Tiberis ostia urbem coudT- dit, Ostiamque vocavit. Yicesimo quarto anno imperii morbo obiit. 16. Deinde regnum Lucius Tarquinius Pris- ^ -q, cus accepit, Demarati filius, qui tyrannos pa- i^^- trise Corinthi fugiens in Etruriam venerat. Ipse ^ Tar- quinius, qui nomen ab urbe Tarquiniis accepit, ali- quando Romania profectus erat. Advenienti'i aquila pileum abstulit, et, postquam alte evolaverat, reposuit. HincTanaquil conjux,mulier auguriorum^ perita, reg- num ei portendi intellexit. 17. Quum Romae commoraretur, Anci regis famil- iaritatem consecutus est, qui eum filiorum suorum tuto- remf" relTquit. Sed is pupillis^ regnum intercepit. Senatoribus, quos Romulus creaverat, centum alios addidit, qui minorum gentium ff sunt appellati. Plura bella felicTter gessit, nee paucos agros hostibus ^ ademp- tos urbis territorio adjunxit. Primus triumphans ur- bem intravit. Cloacas fecit; Capitolium inchoavit. TricesTmo octavo imperii anno per Anci filios, quibus '^ regnum eripuerat, occTsus est. 18. Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit impe- ^ -g. rium, gemtus ex nobili femina, captTva tamen ^"^• et famula. Quum in domo Tarquinii Prisci educare- tur,' flamma in ejus capTte visa est. Hoc prodigio Ta- naquil ei summam dignitatem portendi J intellexit, et conjugi ^ persuasit, ut eum sictiti liberos suos educaret.^ Quum adolevisset, rex ei filiam in matrimonium dedit. Grammars. — * 501, r. xxix. : SiSH^ r. xxxix. ; and 505, 6'J.*>. — • 553, r. : 938^ r.lvii,— J, r. xxxix.— «= 349, r. ix. : Td."), r. xviii. — *■ 440, 71^' — ^ 332, 7J/. Sup. Senatores. — ^ 522, r, iii. : lOr^y, r. Ixxiv.— i 631, 124:4, r. xciv.; and 159, 1087 ^—^ ^03, r V. : 83 J f r. xxxiii.— ' 627, 1, 3d : 1208. fjDiOM,^— *> 32^ ^ — «> 5, 1.- (Sup. ei)— J 96, 6. 128 ROMAN HISTORY. 19. Qmim Priscus Tarqiiiiiius occTsns esset, Tanaquil de superiore parte domus populum ^ allocuta est, dicens, re-gem grave qiddem sed non letdle vulnus accepisse;^ eum petere^^ ut p>opidus, dum convalmsset^^ Servio Tidlio obediret. Sic Servius regiiare coepit, sed ben^ imperium administravit. Montes tres urbi adjunxit. Primus om- nium censum ordinavit. Sub eo Roma liabuit capitum octoginta tria millia civium Romanorum, cum his qui in agris erant. ^^ XJ. 2^- Hie rex interfectus est scelere filiae Tul- ^-^' liae et Tarquinii Superbi, filii ejus regis, cui ^ Servius successerat. Nam ab ipso Tarquinio de gradi- bus curiae dejectus, quum domum ^ fugeret, interfectus est. Tullia in forum proper avit, et prima conjtigem re^ gem s salutavit. Quum domum rediret, aurlgam super patris corpus in via jacens carpentum agere jussit. 21. Tarquinius Superbus cognomen moribus meruit. Bello tamen strenuus plures finitimorum populorum ^ vicit. Templum Jovis in Capitolio ^dificavit. Postea, dum Ardeam^- oppugnabat, urbem Latii, imperium pcr- didit. Nam quum filius ejus Lucretiag , '■ nobilissTmse fem- inse, conjiigi Tarquinii Collatini, vim fecisset, ha3C se ipsam J occTdit in conspectu mariti, patris, et amicorum, postquam eos obtestata fuerat, lit banc injuriam ulcis- cerentur.k ^ XJ. 22. Hanc ob causam L. Brutus, Collatmus, 2*3. aliique nonniilli in exitium* regis conjurarunt populoque' persuaserunt, ut ei portas urbis claudcret.^' ExercTtus quoque, qui civitatem Ardeam cum rege oppugnabat, eum relTquit. Fugit itaque cum iixore Grammars.—* 613, r. lii.: ,9.9,5, r. Ixx.— • 399, r. iv. : 826, r xxxii.— f 558, r. xxxix. : 94,3, r. lix.— & 440, 71iy>—^ 355, r. x. 771, r. xix.— i 501, r. xxix. : 855, r. xxxix.—'' 627, 1, 3d: 1208, ^' 607, r.: 987, r. Ixviii. Idioms.—*' 94, 1, 2d, and 98, 2.— » 96, 2.-4 80, 3, and 627, 4.— i ?2 -.i 123. 1. LTBER I. I 129 et libSris suis. Ita Romse ^ rognatum ^ est per septem reges annos ^ ducentos quadraginta tres. 23. Hinc consules coepere pro imo rege duo creari, ut, si unus mains essetj'i alter eumcoerceret.^" Aniiiuim iis imperium tributum est, lie per diiitiiriiitatem potestatis insoleiitiores redderentiir.^ Fueruiit igitiir anno primo, expulsis regibiis/ consules L. Junius Brutus, acerrTmus libertatis viiidex, et Tarquinius Collatmus, maritus Lu- cretiae. Sed Collatmo s pauld post digiiTtas sublata est. Placuerat enim, ne quis ex Tarquiniorum familiaRomaea maneret.e Ergo cum omiii patrimonio suo ex urbe migra- vit,et in ejus locum Valerius Publicola consul factus est. 24. Commovit bellum urbi rex Tarquinius. In primS pugna Brutus consul, et Aruns, Tarquinii filius, sese in- vicem h occiderunt. Romani tamen ex e^ pugna victo- res recSsserunt. Brutum Romanje matronae quasi com- miinem patrem per annum luxerunt. Valerius Pub- licola Sp. Lucrctium, Lucretia3 patrem, collegam sibi fecit; qui quum morbo exstinctus esset,^ Horatium Pulvillum sibi collegam J sumpsit. Ita primus annus quinque consules liabuit. 25. Secundoquoque anno iterum Tarquinius ^ ^ bellum Romanis intulit, Porsena,^ rege Etrus- 245. corum, auxilium ei ferente. In illo bello Horatius Codes solus pontem ligneum defendit, et hostes coliib- uit, donee pons a tergo ruptus esset.k Tum se cum armis in Tiberim conjecit, et ad sues transnavit. 26. Dum Porseiia urbem obsidebat, Qu. Mucins ScaEV vola, juvenis fortis aiiimi,i in castra liostis se conttdit eo Grammars.—'' 22b, 3 : 453,—" 565, r. xli.: 950, v. Ixi.— "^ 627, 2: 12(i5, V. xcvii.— « 627, 1, 2d: 1207.— ^ 522, r. iii. : 1075, r. " Ixxiv.— 1^ 118, 5: 1019.—' 681, 1241, r. xciv.— J 440, 715,^ k 627, 4: 123Sf'v. xcii.— ' 339, r. vii. : 757, r. xvL Idioms. — " 4, 1. — ^ 9, 1. — s 5, 1. 130 ROMAN HISTORY. consilio, lit regem occidgret. At ibi scribam regis j3ro ipso rege inteiiecit. Turn a regiis ^ satellitibiis compre- hensus et ad regem deductus, qiium Porsena eiim igni- biis allatis terreret,^ dextram arae <^ accensse imposiiit, donee flammis consumpta esset.^ Hoc facTnus rex mi- ratus^ jiivenem dimisit incolumem. Turn hie quasi beneficium ref erens ait/ trecentos alios jiivenes in eum conjiirasse.ff Hac re territus Porsena pacem cum Ro- manis fecit, Tarquinius autem Tusciilum se conttilit, ibique privatus cum uxore consenuit. A. U.* 2'^- Sexto decimo anno post reges exactos,^ 2^^- populus Romae seditionem fecit, questus quod tribvitis et militia a senatu exhauriretur.' Magna pars plebis urbem reliquit, et in montem trans Anienem amnem secessit. Tum patres turbati Menenium Agrip- pam miserunt ad plebem, qui J eam senatui conciliaret. Hie iis inter alia fabulam narravit de ventre et membris liumani corporis ; qua populus commotus est, ut in urbem redlret. Tum primiim tribiini plebis creiiti sunt, qui J plebem adversimi nobilitatis superbiam defenderent. j^ U. 28. Octavo decimo anno post exactos reges, ^ ^^1 Qu. Marcius, Coriolanus'^ dictus ab urbe Vol- scorum Coriolis,^ quam'^ bello ceperat, plebi" invisiis fieri coepit. Quare urbe « expulsus ad Volscos, acerri- mos Romanoriim hostes, contendit, et ab iis dux ^ exer- citus factus Romfmos ssepe vicit. Jam usque ad quintum milliarium urbis accesserat, nullis civium siiorum le- Grammars.—* 337, 750.^^ 160, 2; 1083 ; and 141, 1273-- e 501, r. xxix.— d 627, 4: 1238, r. xcii.— « 688, 1350, r. cv.— 157, 3 : 1082.—^ 684, 1357.—' 655, 1235.— i 643,4th : 1212, k 319, r. v.: GGd, r. vi.; and 440, 715.—^ 251, r. i. : 022.— " 238, 691.—" 382, r. xvi. : 800, r. xl.— ° 613, r. Hi. : 903^ r. Ixx. Idioms.— e 10(; 1.— & 98, 2, and 94, 1, 2d.— J 40, 4. LIBER I. 131 gationibus flecti poterat, ut patriae parceret. a- DeiiTque Veturia mater et Volumnia uxor ex urbe ad eiim vene- nint; quarum fletu et precibus commotus est, iit exer- cTtiim removerct.a Qiio'J facto a Yolscis ut proditor^ occTsiis esse dicitur. 29. Romani quum adversum Yeientes bellum gorc- reiit familia Fabioriim sola hoc bellum suscepit. Pro- fecti sunt trecenti sex nobilissimi homines, duce-^ ^ U. Fabio consiile. Quum saepe hostes vicissent, apud -'''^^ Cremgram fluvium castra posuerunt. Ibi Veientes dolo® usi eos in insidias pellexerunt. In proelio ibi exorto^ omnes perierunt. Unus superfuit ex tanta familia, qui propter £etatem puerTlem duci non potuerat ad pugnam. Hie genus propagavit ad Qu. Fabium Maximum illumj^ qui Hannibiilem prudenti cunctatione debilitavit. 30. Anno trecentesimo et altero '' ab urbe j^ u. condita' decemviri creati sunt, quiJ civitati ^'^^• leges scriberent. Hi primo anno bene egerunt ; secundo nutem dominationem exercere coeperunt. Sed quum unus eorum ^ Appius Claudius virgmem ingenuam, Yir- giniam, Virginii centurionis filiam, corrumpere vellet, pater eam occTdit. Tum ad milites protugit, eosque ad seditionem commovit. Sublata est decemviris ^ potestas, ipsTque omnes aut'" morte aut exilio puniti sunt. 31. In bello contra Yeientanos Furius Ca- j^ jj^ millus urbem Falerios obsidebat. In qu^ ob- 358. sldione quum ludi literarii magister principum filios ex urbe in castra hostium duxisset,o Camillus hoc donum Grammars.—* G27, 1, 2d: 1207^—^ V22, 1371.—^ 484, r. xxvL: 8S0, r. xliv.— f 6S8, 1350, v. qy.—^ 106, 7 : 208.—^ 6S-i, lSo7. — i 643, 4th : 1212.—^ 355, r. x. ; 771, r. xix.— > 522, r. : 107i>, r. Ixxiv. — ° 631, 12J:4:, r. xciv. ImoMS.— " 38, 5.— d 110, 1.— e 7, 4.— s 27, 1st.— > 5, 1.— » 124^ 3.— • 38, 8. 132 ROMAN HISTORT. non accepit, sed scelestum hommem, manibus post ter- gum vinctis, pueris Falerios ^ reducendum ^ tradidit ; virgasque iis dedit, quibus proditorem in urbem age- rent. <^ 32. Hac tanta animi nobilitate commoti Falisci ur- bem Romanis tradiderunt. Camillo*^ autem apud Ro- manos criniTni datum ^ est, quod albis equis triumpbas- ^ jj set,e et prsedam inique divisisset; damnatus- 36'^- que ^ ob eam causam, et civitate expulsus est. Paulo post Galli Senones ad urbem veneruiit, Romanos apud flumen Alliam vicerunt, et urbem etiam occupa- runt.& Jam nihil prseter Capitolium defend! h potuit. Et jam prsBsidium fame laborabat, et in eo ' erant,J ut pacem a Gallis auro emerent,'^ quum Camillus cum manu mil- itum superveniens hostes magno prcelio superaret. LIBER SECUNDUS. ^ U 1. Anno trecentesimo nonagcsimo quarto 2^^' post urbem conditam Galli iterum ad urbem accesserant, et quarto milliario ^ trans Anienem fluvium consederant. Contra eos missus est T. Quinctius. Ibi Gallus quidam eximia corporis magnitudine '" fortissi- mum Romanorum ad certamen singulare provocavit. T. Manlius, nobilissTmus juvenis, provocationem acce- pit, Galium occTdit, eumque torque^ aureo spoliavit, quo o ornatus erat. Hinc et ipse et posteri ejus Tor- quati appellati sunt. Galli fugam capcssiverunt. Grammars, — » 553, r. xxxviL : 938, r. Ivii.— « 643, 1212; aud 644, 1212,— <^ 427, r. xix : S48, r. xxxviii.— « 655, 12ijij,— f 214,1, 1st: 3ir>,—^ 123, 2: 1033.— i 316, r. ii. : G1S\ r. iv.-^ k 627, 1, 1st: 1220.—^ 573, 9,58, r. Ixii. ; and 677, 902.— "^ 339, r. vii. : 757, r. xvi.— " 514, 911, r. 1.— <> 542, r. xxxv. : 873, r. xlii. Idioms.— »» 107, 1.— « 83, 3.—' 115, l—^ 87, 6.—' 19, 6.— » 6, 1 — • <«. 8. LIBELR n. 1S3 i 2. Novo bcllo cum Gallis exorto, anno iirbis ^ -g. qiiadringentcsimo sexto, iterum Gallus proces- 'ice. sit robore ^ atque arinis insignis, et provocrivit unum ex Romanis, iit secum armis clecerneret.b Turn sc M. Va- lerius, tribiinus milTtum, obtulit ; et, quum processisset armatus, corvus ei^ supra dextrum bracbiumsedit. Mox, conimissa pugna,bic corvus alis^^ et ungiiibus Galli ocu- los verberavit. Ita factum est, ut Gallus nullo negotio a Valeriointerficeretur,^ qui bine CorvTninomen accepit. 3. Postea Romani bellum gesserunt cum ^ jj Samnitibus, ad quod L. Papirius Cursor cum .^^o. honore dictatoris profectus est. Qui ^ quum negotii cu- jusdam causa Romam ivisset, 23rgecepit Q. Fabios Rul- liano, magistro equTtum, quern apud exercTtum reliquit, ne pugnam cum lioste committeret.** Sed ille occasio- ndVn nactus felicissime dimicavit, et Sammtes delcvit. Ob banc rem a dictatore capitis '» damnatus est. At ille in urbem confiigit, et ingenti favore milTtum et populi liberatus est ; in Papirium autem tanta exorta est sedi- tio, ut psene ipse^ interficeretur.^ 4. Duobus annis post J T. Yeturius et Spurius Postu- mius consules bellum adversiim Sammtes gerebant. Hi aPontio TbelesTno, duce liostium,in insidias inducti stmt. Nam ad Furculas Caudmas Romanes pellexit ^ -jj. in angustias, unde sese expedlre non poterant. -i^^- Ibi Pontius patrem suum Herenmum rogavit, quid ^ fa- ciendum putaret. Ille rcspondit,aut omnes occidendos"' Grammars.— ••' 535, r. xxxiv. : 8S9y r. xlvii.--'' 62*7, 1, 3d. : 120S, — «= 380, r.: S71,—^ 542, r. xxxv. : 87S. r. xlii.— « G37, 1, 4th: 1222,—^ 403, r. v.: 831, r. xxxiii.— »» 520, i : 10ti>, r. Ixxiv.— j 236, 4 : 47^/ tl2, 992,—^ 627, 5 : 1182, r. Ixxxvii.— •» 627, 1, 1st : 1220, Idioms.— f 39, 1.—' 32, Z.—"^ 91, 5.— •» 108, 4 1,34 SOMAN HISTORY. esse, lit Romanorum vires fragerentur,* aiit omnes di- mittendos, utbeneficio obligarentur.a Pontius utrnm- qiie consilium improbavit, omnesqiie sub jugum misit SamiiTtes deiiique post beilum undequinqnagiiita aiLL\o- rum superfiti sunt. ^ XJ. ^' I^evictis Samnitibus, Tarentmis ^ beilum 'i"-- indictum est, quia legatis Romanorum injuriam fecissent.^ Hi Pyrrlium,^ Epiri regem, contra Romanos auxiliumd poposcerunt. - Is mox in Italiam venit, tum- que primuni Romani cum transmarlno hoste pugnave- runt. Missus est contra eum consul P. Valerius Lae- vinus. Hie, quum exploratores Pj^rrlii cepisset, jussit ,eos per castra duci,^ tumque dimitti, ut renuntiarent * Pyrrho, quaecunque a Romanis agerentur.^ 6. Pugna commissa, Pyrrhus auxilio elephantorum vicit. Nox proelio finem dedit. Lsevinus tamen per noctem fugit. Pyrrhus Romanos milleJi" octingentos cepit, eosque summo honore tractavit. Quum eos, qui in proelio interfecti fuerant, omnes adversis vidneribus ct truci vultu etiam mortuos jacere videret, tulisse ad ccelum manus dicTtur cum liac voce : Ugo cum talibus vii'is hrevi orhem terrdrum subigerem.^ 7. Postea Pyrrhus Romam perrexit; omnia ferro ig- nSque vastavit. Campaniam depopulatus est, atque ad Pr^neste venit, milliario ab urbe octavo decTmo. Mox terrore exercTtus, qui cum consiile sequebatur, in Cam- paniam se reccpit. Lcgati ad Pyrrhum de captTvis rc- dimendis ' missi honorif Tee ab eo suscepti sunt ; captTvos sine pretio reddidit. Unum ex legatis, Fabricium, sic Grammars.—* 627, 1, 2d: 1207,—^ 522, r. iii. : 1075, r. Ixxiv -~« 629, 1237.—^ 508, r.: 734, r. xiii.— f 656, 1291, r. ci.^ 9 104, 5: 201.—^ 142, 2d: 1207, r. xcviii. — — 4 iDioirs.— "1 62, 5.— • 94, 3.— « 7.— * 112, 8. LIBER II. 1 135 admiratus est, ut ei quartam partem regni siii promit- teret, si ad se transTret,^ sed a Fabricio contemptus est. 8. Qiiiim jam Pyrrhus ingeiiti Romanorum admira- tioiie teneretiir, legatum misit Ciiieam, prsestantissTmum. viram, qui '^ pacem peteret ea conditione,^ ut Pyrrhus earn, partem Italige, quam armis occupaverat, obtineret. Romaui responderunt, eum cum Romaiiis pacem habere nou posse, nisi ex Italia recessisset.^ Ciiieas quuui rediisset, Pyrrho eum^ interroganti, qualis ipsi Roma visa esset,^ respondit, se regmn patriam vidisse.? 9. In altero^ proelio cum rege EpTri commisso Pyr- rlms vuhieratus est, elephanti interfecti, viginti millia hostium csesa sunt. Pyrrhus Tarentum ' fugit. Inter- iecto anno, Fabricius contra eum missus est. Ad hunc medicus Pyrrhi nocte venit promittens, se Pyrrhum veneno occisiirum,J si munus sibi daretur. Hunc Fa- bricius vinctum redrlci jussit ad dominnm. Tunc rex admiratus ilium dixisse fertur : llle ^ est Fabnciits, qui difficilliis ah honestdte^ qucim sol a ciirsu suo averti potest, Paulo post Pyrrhus tertio etiam proelio fusus a j^ xj. Tarento recessit, et, quum in Grgeciam rediis- '^^^^ BCt, apud Argos, Peloponnesi urbem, interfectus est. 10. Anno quadringentesTmo nonagesTmo post ^ jj^ uroeni conditam^ Romanorum exercTtus pri- 49^- mum in Sicilian! trajecerunt, regemque Syracusarum Hieronum, Poenosque, qui multas civitates in ^ u_ ea insula occupaverant, superaverunt. Quinto •*^^' anno hujus belli, quod contra Poenos gerebatur, pri- Grammars.— » 627, 2: 1265, r. xcvii. — "b 641, r. ii. : 1205, « 542, r. XXXV. : S73f r. xlii.— -^ 627, 5 : 1207, r. xc\ iii f 627, 1JS2, V. Ixxxvii. — h 106, 7 : 20S.—^ 553, r. xxxvii. : 93S, r. Ivii — fc 319, r. V. : G(W, r. vi.— » 684, 1337. IKIOMS.— ^ 40, 4.— « 63, 2.— e 98, 2.— J 100, 2, and 94, 1, 2d. 136 ROMAN HISTORY. mum Romani, C. Duillio et Cn. Cornelio Asm^ consiil- ibus,^ in mari dimicaverunt. Duillius Carthaginienses vicit, triginta naves occupavit, quatuordecim mersit, septem millia hostium ^ cepit, tria millia occidit. Nulla victoria Romanis'^ gratior fuit. Duillio concessum est, ut quum a coena rediret, pueri funalia gestantes, et tibicen eum comitarentur.*^ A. u. 11 • Paucis annis interjectis, bellum in Afri* '^^^- cam translatum est. Hamilcar, Carthaginien- sium dux, pugna navali superatur; nam perditis sexa- ginta quatuor navibus se recepit 5 Romani viginti duas amiserunt. Quum in AfrTcam venissent, Poenos in plurT- bus prooliis vicerunt, magnam vim hominum ceperunt, septuaginta quatuor civitates in fidem acceperunt. Tum victi Carthaginienses pacem a Romanis ^ . petierunt. Quamf quum M. Atilius Regulus, Romanorum dux, dare nolletnisi durissTmis conditionibus, Carthaginienses auxilium petierunt a Lacedjemoniis.e Hi Xanthippum miserunt, qui Romanum exercitum magno proelio vicit. Regulus ipse captus et in vincula conjectus est. 12. Non tamen ubique for tuna Carthaginiensibus ff favit. Quum aliquot proeliis victi essent, Regulum ro- gaverunt, ut Romam proficisceretur, et pacem captivo- rumque permutationem a Romanis obtineret. Ille quum Romam venisset, inductus in Senatum dixit, se desiisse Romanum esse ex ilia die, qua^ in potestatem Poenorum venisset.' Tum Romanis J suasit, ne pacem cum Car- thaginiensibus facerent:'^ illos' enim tot casibus fractos spem nullam nisi in pace habere:™ tanti" nonesse,ut Grammars. — '' 332, r. vi. : 751f r- xv. — "^ 382, r. xvi. : SiiOf r*. xl. ^<' G27, 1, 4th: 1222.—^ 511, 737.—^ 403, r. v. : ,S\31f r. xxxiii. — b 5(i5, r. xl. : fP4ff, r. Ix. — ' 650, r. vi. : 1291, v. ci. — J 501, r. xxix. : 855^ r. xxxix.— ^ 627, 1, 3d : 1208.—'' 496, 800, Idioms.—" 110, 2.— <" 39, 3.— > 94, 4.—'" 96, 2, and 94. I, 2. LIBER III. 1S7 lot millia^ captivorum propter se unum et paiicos, qui ex Romanis capti essent, redderentur. Haec sententia obtinuit. Regressiis igitur in Africam crudelissTmis £uppliciis exstinctus est. 13. Tandem, C. Lutatio Catulo, A. Postumio a. U. consulibus, anno belli PunTci vicesTmo tertio ^^■^• magnum proelium navale commissum est contra Lily- baeum, promontorium Sicili^e. In eo proelio septuaginta tres Carthaginiensium naves captse,^ centum viginti quinque demersge, triginta duo millia hostium capta, tredecim millia occTsa sunt. Statim Cartliaginienses pacem petierunt, cisque pax tributa est. CaptTvi Roma- norum,^ qui tenebantur a CarthaginiensTbus redditi sunt. Poeni Sicilia,^ Sardinia, et ceteris insulis,q!ige inter Tta- liam Africamque jacent, decesserunt, omnemque Ilis- paiiiam qu^ citra Iberum est, Romanis permiserunt. LIBER TERTIUS. 1. Anno quingentessTmo undetricesimo In- ^ jj gentes Gallorum copise Alpes transierunt. Sed ^^-^• pro Romanis tota Italia consensit: traditumque est,c octingenta millia » hommum^ ad id helium parata fu isse.f Res prosper^ gesta est apud Clusium: quadra- ginta millia liominum interfecta sunt. Aliquot annis s post '» pugnatum est » contra Gallos in agro Insubrum, finitumque est bellum M. Claudio Marcello, Cn. Cor- nelio Scipione consulibus. Tum Marcellus regem GaL Grai^mars. — * 104, 5 : 204. — = 355, r. x. : 771 f r. xix. — ^ 613, r. ii.: 993, r. Ixx.— « 158, 10S6 ; and 164, 5: 327,—^ 565, r. xl : 950, Y. Ixi. :—^ 612, 951r — * 233, 3 : 453. Idioms—'' 115, 2.— « 51 2.— ^ 94, 1, 2d, aud 98. 9 l38 KOMAN HISTORY. loium, Yiridomarum, manu sua occTdit, et triumpliaiis spolia Galli stipiti^'^ imposita humeris suis \?exit. 2. Paulo post Pumcum bellum reiiovatum est per Hsn- iiibiilem, Carthaginiensium ducem, quern pater Hamilcar novem annos ^ natum aris admoverat, ut odium perenne in Romanos juraret.*^ Hie amium agens "vicesimum seta- j^ XJ. tis Saguntum, Hispanias civitatem, Rcmanis ani^- ^^^- icam, oppugnare d aggressus est. HuicRomaiii per legatos denuntiaverunt, ut bello abstineret.^^. Qui*" quum legatos admittere nollet, Romani Cartliagmcm niiseruntjUt mandaretur s Hannibali,^ ne bellum contra socios populi Romani gereret.^ Dura responsa a Car- thaginiensibus reddita. Saguntinis interea fame victis, Rdmani Carthaginiensibus bellum indixerunt. 3. Hannibal, fratre Hasdrubale in Hispania relicto, Pyrengeum et Alpes transiit. Traditurf in Italiam ccto- ginta millia peditum, et viginti millia equitum, septem ct triginta elepliantos abduxisse. Interea multi Ligiires ct Galli Hannibali se conjunxerunt. Primus ei occurrit P. Cornelius Scipio, qui, proelio ad Ticinum commisso,'i su- peratus est, et, vulnere accepto,^^ in castra rediit. Ti;m Sempronius Gracchus conflixit ad Trebiam amnem. Is quoque vincTtur. Multi poptdi se Hannibrdi dediderunt. Inde in Tusciam progressus, Flaminium consulem ad Trasimenum lacum superat. Ipse Flaminius intercmp- tus,^ Romanorum viginti quinque millia cassa sunt. j^ jj 4. QuingentesTmo ct quadragesTmo anno post ^40- urbem conditam L. ^milius Paullus et P. Te^ rentius Varro contra Hannibalem mittuntur. Quani- \ Supply '«• vvUli tnukcur, or euvi with abduxisse. Gr. 676, llijii. Grammars.—* 522. r. iii. : 1075, r. l.vxiv.— i- 565, r. xli. : .9^.*>, r. Ix.— « 627, 1. 2d: 1207.—^ 665, 113S, r. Ixxx.— « 627, 1, Hd 1208. Idioms.—^ 39, l.—s bl.—^ 104, 2.—' 115, 2. LIBER III. \ 139 qnam intellectum erat,^ HannibSlem non alTter vinci posse quam mora, Yarro tamen morse ^ impatiens apiid vicum,qiu Canme^' appellatiir, in Apulia pugnavit ; ambo consules victi, PaiiUus interemptus est. In ea pugna, con- sulares aut pr^torii viginti, senatores triginta capti aut occTsi ; milTtum quadraginta niillia ; equitum tria millia et quingenti perierunt. In his tantis malis nemo tamen pacis mentionem facere dignatus est. Servi, quod ^ nun- quam ante factum, manumissi et milites facti sunt. 5. Post earn pugnam multae Italias civitates, qu£e Ro- manis*^ paruerant, se ad Hannibalem transtulerunt. Han- nibal Romanis obttdit/ ut captTvos redimerent; respon- sumque est ^ a senatu, eos cives non esse necessaries, qui armati capti potuissent.^ Hos omnes ille postea variis suppliciis interfecit, et tres modios aureorum annulorum Carthagmem misit,quos mambus^ equTtum Romanorum, senatorum, et militum detraxerat. Interea in Hispania frater Hannibalis, Hasdrtibal, qui ibi remans6rat cum magno exercTtu, a duobus Scipionibus vincTtur, perdit- que in pugna triginta quinque millia hommum. 6. Anno quarto postquam Hannibal in Italiam venerat, M. Claudius Marcellus consul apud Nolam, civitatem Campania, contra Hannibrdem bene pugnavit. Illo tem- pore Pliilippus,Demetrii iilius, rex Macedonise, ad Han- nibalem legates mittit, eique auxilia contra Romanes pallicetur. Qui legati ' quum a Romanis capti essent,J M. Valerius LaevTiius cum navibus missus est, qui regem impedlret,'^ quo miiiiis copias in Italiam trajiceret.' Idem in Macedonian! penetrans regem Philippum vicit. Grammars.—" 662.— ^ 349, r. ix. : 765, r. xviii.— « 321, 608.-^ •403, r. v.: 8,31, r. xxxiii.— ? 627, 6: 1291,—^ 501, ^. xxix. : 855, r. xxxix.— J 631, 1244, r. xciv.— ^ 643, 4i;h: 1212l Idioms.—'' 51, 2.—"^ 37, 9.— <" 60, 4.—' 38, 1.— * 83, 2.—' 78, 7 140 ROMAN HISTORY. 7. In Sicilia quoque res prospere gesta est. Mo red- lus magnam hiijiis insulae partem cepit, quam Poeiii occupaverant ; Syracusas, nobilissTmam urbem, expug- navit, et ingentem inde prsedam Romam ^ misit. L[e- viiiiis in Macedonia cum Philippo et miiltis Grsecias populis amicitiam fecit; et in Sicilian! profectus Han- nonem, Poeuorum ducem, apud Agrigentum cepit; quadraginta civitates in deditionem accepit, viginti sex expugnavit. Ita omni Sicilia recepta, cum ingenti gloria Romam ^ regressus est. 8. Interea in Hispaniam, ubi duo Scipiones ab HaS" drubiile interfecti erant, missus est P. Cornelius Scipio, vir E-omanorum^ omnium fere primus. Hic,^ puer,*^ duo- deviginti annorum,*' in pugna ad TicTnum,patrem singu- lar! \irtiite servavit. Deinde post cladem Cannensem*'' multos s nobilissimorum juvSnum Italiam deserere '' cu- pientium, auctoritate sua ab hoc consilio deterruit. Yi- ginti quatuor annorum^ juvenis in Hispaniam missus, die quavenit, Cartliaginem Novam cepit, in quaomne au- rum et argentum et belli apparatum Poeni habebant, no- bilissTmos quoque obsides, quos ab Hispanis acceperant. Hos obsTdes parentibus suis - reddidit. Quare omnes fer^ Hispanise civitates ad eum uno ammo transierunt. 9. Ab eo inde tempore res Romanorum in dies Iseti- ores factae sunt. Hasdrubal a fratre ex Hispania in Italiam evocatus, apud Senam, Piceni civitatem, Id. insidias incidit, et strenud pugnans occTsus est. Plii- rimae autem civitates, quae in Brutiis ab Hannibiile tenebantur, Romanis se tradiderunt. _^ - ■ . - - ' ■■ ■* Grammars.—" 553, r.: 9,38, r. Wi\.—^ 355, r. x.:,77J, i'- xix.— • 339, r. vii.: 7^7, r. xvi.— f 331, 750,—^ G59, 4 1120; and 665, 1138, V. IxKX.— ' 118, 3, 1st, Exc: 1018, Idioms.—'^ 21, 4.— "i 13, 2.— b 21, 3. LIBER IV. 141 10. Anno decTmo quarto postqiiam in Italiam j^ -q. Hannibal venerat, Scipio consul creatusj^ et in - ^^^' Africam missus est. Ibi contra Hannonem, ducem Car- tliaginiensium, prospere pugnat, totumque ejus exercT- tum delet. Secundo proelio undecim millia hominum occTdit, et castra cepit cum quatuor millibus et quingen- tis militibus. Syphacem, Nuniidi^ regem, qui se cum Poenisconjunxerat, cepit, eumque cum nobilissimis Nu- midis et infinitis spoliis Romam misit. Qua ^ re audita, omnis fere Italia Hannibiilem desSrit. Ipse ^ a a. U. Carthaginiensibus in Africam redlre jubetur. ^^^• Ita anno decTmo septimo Italia ab Hannibale liberata est. 11. Post plures pugnas et pacem plus*'' semel frustra tentatam, pugna ad Zamam committitur, in qua peritis- simi duces copias suas ad bellum educebant. Scipio victor recedit; Hannibal cum paucis equitibus evadit. Post hoc proelium pax cum Carthaginiensibus facta est. Scipio, quum Romam rediisset, ingenti gloria triumpha- vit, atque Africanus appellatus est. Sic finem accepit secundum PuiiTcum bellum post ^ annum undevicesi- mum qiiam coeperat. LIBER QUARTUS. 1. FiNiTO PunTco bello, seciitum est Macedo- ^^ -g^ iiTcum contra Pliilippum regem. Superatus est ^^s- rex a T. Quinctio Flaminio apud Cynocephalas, paxque ei data est his legibus : 7ie Grcecice civitatibus, quas Ro- mdni contra eum defendercmt^ helium inferret^ ut captivos 'Grammars.— d 471, 900.—^ 569, 95^.^^ 627, I, 2d: 1207- Idioms.—" 115, 1.—^ 38, 3.—^ 32, 'i 142 ROMAN HISTORY. et transfugas redderet; quinquaginta solu7n naves liaht ret; reliquas Romdnis daret; mille talenta prcestdret^ ev ohsldem^ daret jilium Demetrium. T. Quinctius etiani Lacedgemoniis iiitulit bellum, et ducem eorum Nabidem vicit. ^ U. 2. Finito bello Macedomco, secutum est bel- ^6^- lum Syriacum contra Antiochum regem, cum quo Hannibal se junxerat. Missus est contra eum L. Cornelius Scipio consul, cui^ frater ejus Scipio Africa- nus legatus est additus. Hannibal navali proelio victus,^ Antiochus autem ad Magnesiam, Asi^ civitatem, a Cor- nelio Scipione consule ingenti proelio fusus est. Turn rex Antiochus pacem petit. Data est ei t> hac lege, ut ex Muropd et Asid recederet, atque intra Taurum se con- tineret, decern millia talentorum et viginti ohsides prcebe- ret^ Hannibdlem^ concitorem belli, dede7'et. Scipio Ro- mam rediit, et ingenti gloria triumphavit. Nomen et ipse, ad imitationem fratris, Asiatici accepit. 3. Philippo, rege Macedoniae, mortuo, filius ejus Per- seus rebellavit, ingentibus copiis paratis.'^ Dux Romano- rum, P. Licinius consul, contra eum missus, gravi proelio a rege victus est. Rex tamen pacem petebat. Cui Ro- mani cam pr^stare noluerunt, nisi his conditiombus,^ ut se et suos Romanis dederet, Mox Emilias Paullus con- j^ U. ^^^1 regem ad Pydnam superavit, et viginti mil- ^^6. lia peditum ejus occidit. Equitatus cum rege fugit. Urbes Macedonise omnes, quas rex tenuerat, Ro- manis se dediderunt. Ipse Perseus ab amicis desertus in PauUi potestatem venit. Hie, multis etiam aliis rebus gestis,^ cum ingenti pompa,^Romam rediit in nave Persei, Grammars. — ^ 522, r. iu.: lOUyT. Jxxiv. — « 542, r. xxxv. , S7S, r. xlii.— f 545, 876, Idioms.—* 13, 1.— -^ 115, 2.— ^ 104, 1. • LIBKR IV. 143 iuusitiltsB magnitiidmis '^^ nam sedecim remorum ordTnes liabiiisse dicTtur. Triumphavit 'magnificentissTmd in ciirrii aiireo, duObiis filiis iitroque latere ^ adstantibus,. Ante currum inter captivos duo regis filii et ipse Per- seus ducti sunt. 4. Tertium deinde bellum contra Cartliagi- ^ jj iiem susceptum est sexcentesTmo et altero ^ anno ^^-• ab urbe condTta,^ anno quinquagesimo primo postquam secundum bellum Pumcum transactum erat. L. Man- lius Censormus et M. Manlius consules in AfrTcam tra- jecerunt,^ et oppugnaverunt Carthaginem. Multa ibi pr^clare gesta sunt per Scipi(3nem, Seipionis Africani nepotem, qui tribunus^" in Africa militabat. Hujus apud omnes ingens metus et reverentia erat, neque quidquam magis Carthaginiensium duces vitabant, quam contra eum proelium committere. 5. Quum jam magnum esset Seipionis nomen, tertio anno postquam Romani in AfrTcam trajecerant,e consul est creatus, et contra Carthaginem missus. Is ^ j^ banc urbem a civibus acerrime defensams ce- ^^^• pit ac diruit. Ingens ibi prasda facta, plurimaque in- veiita sunt, quae multarum civitatum excidiis Carthago collegerat. H^c omnia Scipio civitatibus^ Italise, Si- ciliiB, AfrTc83 reddidit, quas' suaJ recognoscebant. Ita Carthago septingentesTmo anno, postquam condita erat, Seleta est. Scipio nomen Africani junioris accepit. 6. Interim in Macedonia quidam Pseudophilippus arma movit, et P. Juvencium, Romanorum ducem, ad internecionem vicit. Post eum Q. Csecilius Metellus dux a Romanis contra Pseudopliilippum missus est, et, Grammars.—* 331), r. vii. : /»>?, r. xvi.— ^ 612, i)i)2, {in.)—'' 106, T: 208.—^ 684, 1357^—'' 444, 720.— ^ 688, 1350, r. cv. Idioms.— f 13, 1.—^ 63.—' 34.— J 31, 5, Note. 144 ROMAN HISTORY. • viginti quinqiie millibus ex militibus ^ ejus occTsis, Ma- cedoniam recepit; ipsum etiam Pseudophilippum in potestatem suam redegit. Coriiithiis quoque bellum indictum est, nobilissimae Grseciae civitati,'^ propter in- juriam Romanis legatis illatam. Hanc Miimmius con- ^ U sill cepit ac diruit. Tres igitiir Romae simiil 608. celeberrimi triumphi fueruiit; Scipionis^ ex Africa, ante ciijiis curriim ductus est Hasdrubal ; Me- telli ^ ex Macedonia, cujiis currum prsecessit Andriscus, qui et Pseudophilippus dicitur ; Mummii ^ ex Corintho, ante quern signa senea et pictse tabulas et alia urbis cla- rissimse ornamenta praslata sunt. ^ U. '^' Anno sexcentesimo decimo post urbem con- 610' ditam Viriathus in Lusitania bellum contra E,o- manos excitavit. Pastor primo fuit, mox latronum dux ; postremo tantos ad bellum popiilos concitavit,ut vindex^ libertatis Hispanise existimaretur.*" Denique a suiso in- terfectus est. Quiim interfectores ejus prasmium a Cae- pione consule peterent, responsum est, nunquam Roma- nis placuisse ^ imperatorem a militibus suis interf ici. 8. Delude bellum exortum est cum Numantlnis, civi- tate b Hispaniag. Victus ab his Qu. Pompeius, et post eum C. Hostilius MancTnus consul, qui pacem cum lis fecit infamem, quam popiilus et senatus jiissit infringi,» atque ipsum MancTnum hostibus tradi.> Tiim P. Scipio Africanus in Hispaniam missus est. Is primum militenf ignavum et corruptum correxit ; tum multas Hispaniae A. U. civitates partim bello cepit, partim in deditio- 621- nemaccepit. Postremo ipsam Numaiitiam famo ad deditionem coegit, urbemque evertit ; reliquam pro? vinciam in fidem accepit. Grammars.—'' 360, 775.— »» 253, 623.—^ 522, r. ili.: 107 ^y, r. Ixiv.— « 319, r. V. : 6f>6*, r. vi. ; and 320, 067.—^ 627, 1, 1st: 1220. Idioms. — ^ Sup. iriumphus. — e 19, 2. — *» 51, 5. — ' 90, 4. LIBER V. 145 9. P. Scipione NascTca^ et L. Calpurnio Bestia con- sulTbus, Jugurthae, Numidarum regi, bellum illatum est, quod Aclherbalem et Iliempsalem, Micipsge filios, pa- trueles sues, interemisset. ^^ Missus ad versus eum con- sul Calpurnius Bestia corniptus regis pecunia pacem cum eo flagitiosissTmam fecit, quag a senatu improl^ata est. DeuTque Qu. Caecilius Metellus consul Jugurtliani variis proeliis vicit, elepliantos ejus occTdit vel cepit, mul- tas civitates ipsius in deditionem accepit. Ei successit C Marius, qui bello terminum posuit, ipsumque Jugur- tham cepit. Ante currum triumphantis Marii ^ u. Jugurtha cum duobus filiis ductus est vinctus, ^'^s- et mox jussu consulis in carcere strangulatus. LIBER QUINTUS. 1. DuM bellum in Numidia contra Jugurtliam geritur, Cimbri et Teutones aliaeque Germanorum et Gallorum gentes Italiae '"' minabantur, aliaeque Romanorum exerci- tus fuderunt. Ingens fuit Romas ^ timor,nee iterum Galli iirbem occuparent. Ergo Marius consul ^ creatus, eique bellum contra Cimbros et Teutones decretum est ; bello- que protractOjtertius ei etquartus consulatusdelatusest. In duobus proeliis cum Cimbris ducenta millia hostium cecTdit, octoginta millia cepit, eorumque regem Tlieuto- buclium ; propter quod meritum absens quintd Consul creatus est. Interea Cimbri et Teutones, quo- ^ -g rum copia adliuc infinita erat, in Italiam trans- ^^^• ierunt. Iterum a C. Mario et Qu. Cattilo contra eos Geammars.— i- 6o5, J;^JJ.— = 403, r. v. : 831, r. xxxiii.— « 634i —f 319, r. V. : 606 , r. vi. Idioms.—* 110, 2.— -^ 4, 1.— « 121, 6. 146 ROMAN HISTORY. dimicatum est ^ ad Veronam. Centum et quadraginta millia aut in pugna aut in fuga cassa sunt ; sexaginta mil- lia capta. Tria et triginta Cimbris ^ signa sublata sunt. A. u. 2. Sexcentesimo quinquagesTmo nono anno ^^^' ab urbe condita in Italia gravissTmum bellum exarsit. Nam Picentes, Marsi, Felignlque, qui multos annos populo Romano obedierant, fequa cum illis jura sibi b dari postulabant. Perniciosum admodum hoc bel- lum fuit. P. Rutilius consul in eo occTsus est; plures exercitus fusi fugatique. Tandem L. Cornelius Sulla cum''- alia egregid gessit, tum Clucntium, hostium du- cem, cum magnis copiis, fudit. Per quadriennium cum gravi utriusque partis calamitate hoc belkim tractum est. Quinto demum anno L. Cornelius Sulla ei impos- uit finem. Romani tamen,id^ quod prius negaverant, jus civitatis, bello finito, sociis tribuerunt. ^ U. ^- Anno urbis conditae sexcentesimo sexages- ^^^- imo sexto primum Romse bellum civile exortum est; eodem anno etiam Mithridaticum. Causam bello civili C. Marius dedit. Nam quum Sullae bellum ad- versus Mithridatem regem Poiiti decretum esset, Marius ei^ hunc honorem eripere conatus est. Sed Sulla, qui adhuc cum legiombus suis in Italia morabatur, cum exercitu Romam venit, et adversarios ciim ^ interfecit, tum fugavit. Tum rebus Romas utcunque compositis, in Asiam profectus est, pluribusque proeliis Mithridatem coegit, ut pacem a Romanis peteret,^ et Asia, quam in- vaserat, relicta, regni sui finTbus contentus esset. 4. Sed dum Sulla in Grsecia et Asia Mithridatem vin- cit, Marius, qui fugatus fuerat, et Cornelius Cinna, unus Grammars. — » 223, 3: tj^J.V. — ^ 'o2-d, r. lii. : 1075, r. Ixxiv.— 601, r. : 8i>o, r. xxxix.— f G27, 1, 3d : 1'>0S, Idioms.—'^ 124, 8.— <^ 37, 9.— « 5, 1. LIBER VI. 147 ex consiilibus, bellum in Italia reparariint, et ingressi Romam nobilissimos ex senatu et consulares viros in- terfccerunt ; imiltos proscripseruiit ; ipsius Sullse domo eversa, filios et iixorem ad fiigam compulerunt. Uni- versus rclTquus senatiis ex iirbe fugiens ad Sullam in Graeciam venit, orans ut patriae subvenlret.a- Sulla in Italian! trajecit,'' hostiuin exercitus vicit, mox etiam urbem ingressus est, quam csede ^ et sanguine civiilm replevit. Quatuor millia inermium, qui se dediderant, interf ici ^ jussit ; duo millia equTtum et senatorum pro- scripsit. Turn de Mithridate triumphavit. Duo hsec bella funestissima, ItalTcum, quod et sociale dictum est, et civile, consumpserunt ultra centum et quinquaginta millia hominum, viros consulares viginti quatuor, pra3- torios septeni, adilitios sexaginta, senatores fere du- centos. LIBER SEXTUS. 1. Anno urbis conditse sexcentesTmo septua- ^ -g gesimo sexto, L. Licinio Lucullo s et M. Aurelio ^"6- Gotta consulibus, mortuus est Nicomedes, rex Bithynige, et testamento populum Romaimm fecit heredem.e Mi- thridates, pace rupta,^ Asiam rursus voluit invadere. Ad versus eum ambo consules missi variam liabuere for- tunam. Cotta apud Clialcedonem victus proelio, a rege etiam intra oppTdum obsessus est. Sed quum se inde Mitliridates Cyzicum h transtulisset, ut, hac urbe capta,i Grammars. -* 627, 1, 3d: 1208,—^ 444, 720.—" 515, r. xxxi.: 91 /.— « 440, 713.— s 695, 972.—^ 553, r. xxxvii. : 93S, r. Ivii. Idioms.—^ 90, 4.— f* 104, 1.— s 110, 2 148 KOMAN HISTORY. totam Asiam invaderet, Luciillus ei,^ alter consul, oc- currit, ac dum Mithridates in obsidione CyzTci commo- ratur, ipse ^ eum a tergo obsedit, fameque consumptum Biultis proeliis vicit. Postremo Bj'zantiunic fugavit; navali quoque proelio ejus duces oppressit. Ita un^ liieme ^ et estate a Lucullo centum fer^ millia ^ mili- tum regis exstincta sunt. A.'u. 2. Anno urbis sexcentesTmo ^ septuagesimo ^''^- octavo novum in Italia bellum commotum est. Septuaginta enim quatuor gladiatores, ducibus s Spar- taco, Crixo, et Q^nomao, e ludo gladiatorio, qui Capuse h erat, efFugerunt, et per Italiam vagantes psene non le- vins bellum, quam Hannibal, » moverunt. Nam con- traxerunt exercTtum fere sexaginta milliume armato- rum, multosque duces et duos Romanos consules vice- runt. Ipsi victi sunt in Apulia a M. Licinio Crasso proconsiile, et, post multas calamitates Itali£e,J tertio anno huic bello finis est imposTtus. 3. Interim L. Lucullus bellum MithridatTcum perse- ciitus regnum Mithridatis invasit, ipsumque regem apud Cablra civitatem, quo ingentes copias ex omni regno ad- duxerat Mithridates, ingenti proelio super atum fugavit, et castra ejus diripuit. Armenia quoque Minor, quam tenebat, eidem^ erepta est. Susceptus est Mithridates a Tigrane, Ai'meni^e rege, qui tum ingenti gloria impera- bat; sed hujus quoque regnum ' Lucullus est ingressus. Tigranocerta, nobilissimam Armenias civitatem, cepit, ipsum regem, cum magno exercTtu venientem, ita vicit, Grammars.— » 399, r. iv. : S.^G, r. xxxii.— "= 553, r. xxxvii. : 93 S, r. Ivii.— d 565, r. xli. : 9o0, r. Ixi— « 104, 5 : 204.— ^ 106, 7 : 208. " 548, r. xxxvi. : 932, r. Ivi.— ^ 470, 1st: S99.— 3 3S4:, 7o3.-^ k 522, r. ui. : 1075, r. Ixxiv.— > 613, r. lii. : 993, r. Ixx. Idioms.—'' 32, 3.— «r 110, 2.- -^ 6, 1. LIBER VI. 148 ut robur milTtum Armeniorum deleret.^ Sed quum Lucullus finem bello impoiiere pararet, successor ei ^^ missus est. 4. Per ilia tempora pirata3 omnia maria infestabant ita, ut Romanis, toto orbe^ terrarum victoribus, sola havigatio tuta non esset.^ Quare id bellum Cn. Pom- peio '^ decretum est, quod intra paucos menses ^ u. incredibili felicitate et celeritate confecit. Mox ^^'^'^ ei ^ delatum bellum contra feo^em Mithridatem et Tisira- iiem. Quo 6 suscepto, Mithridatem in Armenia Minore Bocturno proslio vicit, castra diripuit, et quadraginta mil- libus ejus occTsis/ viginti tantiim de exercTtu suo perdi- dit et duos centuriones. Mithridates fugit cum uxore et duobus comitibus, neque multo post, Pharnacis filii sui seditione coactus, venenum hausit. Hunc vitae finem liabuit Mithridates, vir ingentis industrise s atque con- silii. Regnavit annis ^ sexaginta, vixit septuaginta duo- bus : contra Romanes bellum habuit annis quadraginta. 5. Tigrani deinde Pompeins bellum intiilit. Illci seJ ei* dedidit, et in castra Pompeii venit, ac diadema suum J in ejus* manibus collocavit, quod eif Pompeius reposuit. Parte ^ regni eum multavit et grandi pecimia. Tum alios etiam reges et populos superavit, Armenian! Mi- norem Deiotaro, Galatiie regi, donavit, quia auxilium contra Mithridatem tulerat. Scleuciam, vicmam Antio« chiae civitatem, libertate ^ donavit, quod regem Tigranem non recepisset."* Inde in Juda3am transgressus, Hiero- solymam, caput gentis, tertio mense cepit, duodecim mil- * i. e. Potnpey. f i. e. Tigranes. Grammars.— * 627, 1, 1st: 1220.— ^ 318, t.:s.v.: SIS, t.xxvuI— • 611, {in.): i)i)2,—'^ 522, r. Hi.: J075, r.lxxiv.— « 339, r. vii. : 7^7, r. xvi.— '' 565^ r. xli. : 9/>0, r.Lsi.— * 118, 3, 3d: 102S.—i 118, 3, Ist: lOlS,—^ 514,r.xxxi.: 911,vA.—^ 505, S39,—'^ Q55, 1235. I-^iOMS — « 38 5.—' 104, 1. 150 ROMAN HISTORY. iTbus JudEeoriim occTsis, ceteris in fidem receptis. His gestis finem antiquissimo bello imposuit. Ante trium- pliantis a cuiTum ducti sunt filii Mithridatis, filius Ti- granis, et Aristobiilus, rex Judseorum. Prelata ingens pecimia, auri atque argenti infinitum.*' Hoc tempore nullum per orbem terrarum grave bellum erat. ^ U. ^' ^- Tullio Cicerone oratore et C. Antonio ^^^' consulibus, anno ab urbe condita sexcentesimo undenonagesimo L. Sergius CatilTna, nobilissimi gene- ris*^ vir, sed ingenii pravissimi, ad delendam^ patriam conjuravit cum quibusdam claris quidem sed audacTbus viris. A Cicerone urbe ^ expulsus est, socii ejus depre- hensi et in carcere strangulati sunt. Ab Antonio, altSro consiile, CatilTna ipse prcelio victus est et interfectus. A.v. '^' Anno urbis conditoe sexcentesimo nonagesi- 693. j^Q tertio C. Julius Caesar cum L. Bibiilo consul est factus. Quum ei Gallia decreta esset, semper vincen- do f usque ad Oceanum BritaniiTcum processit. Domuit autem annis s novem fere omnem Galliam, quae inter xU- pes, flumen Rliodaiium, Rlienum et Oceanum est. Bri- tannis mox bellum intulit, quibus h ante eum ne nomen quidem Romanorum cognitum erat ; Germaiios quoque trans Rlienum aggressus, ingentibus proeliis vicit. 8. Circa eadem tempora M. Licinius Crassus contra Partlios missus est. Et quum circa Carras contra omina j^ XJ. Gt auspicia proelium commississet, a Sureii^ 700. Orodis regis duce, victus et interfectus est cum lilio, clarissTmo et praestantissTmo juvene. Reliquiae ex- ercTtus per C. Cassium quaestorem servatae sunt. Grammars. — " o39, r. v. : 7*57, r. xvi. — « 613, r. lii. : J>i>,^^ r. )xx. — f 705, 1340,— s 565, r. xli. : 950, r.lxi.— i" 528, r. xxxiii. : 8J:4^ r. xxxvi. Idioms.- •' Sup. Pompeii. — *' Sup. pondus. — "^ 112, 7. LIBER VT. 151 9. Hinc jam belliim civile successit, quo Ko- ^ u. maiii nominis fortuiia mutata est. Caesar eiiim "05 victor e Gallia rediens, abseiis coepit poscere alteruin^. cojisulatum ; quern quum aliqui sine dubitatione defer- reiit,^ contradictum est*^ a Pompeio et aliis, jussiisque est, dimissis exercitibus, in urbem redire. Propter hanc injuriam ab Arimmo, iibi milites congregatos habebat, infesto exercitu Romam^i contendit. Consules cum Pompeio, senatusque omnis atque universa nobilitas ex urbe fugit, et in Graeciam transiit ; et, dum senatus bel- lum contra Csesarem parabat, hie vacuam urbem in- gressus dictatorem se fecit. 10. Inde Hispaniase petit, ibique Pompeii legiones su- peravit ; turn in Graecia adversvim Pompeium ipsum dim- icavit. Primo proelio victus est et fugatus ; evasit tamen, quia nocte interveniente Pompeius sequi noluit ; dixit- que Caesar, nee* Pompeium scire vincere, et illo tantiim die se potuisse superari. Deinde in Thessalia aoud Phar- salum ingentibus utrinque copiis commissis dimicave- runt. Nunquamf adhuc Romanae copiae majores neque melioribus ducTbus^ convenerant. Pugnatum est*^ ingen- ti contentione, victusque ad postremum Pompeius, et cas- tra ejus direpta sunt. Ipse fugatus AlexandrTam ^ petiit, ut a rege ^gypti, cui tutor a senatu datus fuerat, accip- eret s auxilia. At hie fortiinam magis quam amicitiam ^ seciitus, occTdit Pompeium, caput ejus et annulum CiB- sari misit. Quo ' conspectu, CiBsar lacrymas fudisse dicT- tur, tanti viri intuens caput, et generi quondam sui. \ ' * Nee, i. e. et non, Id. 124, 1. t JVunqiiam, i. e. neque nnquam. Id. 124, 5 GRAitMARS.— » 106, 7 : 208.—^ 63L 1244, r. xciv. ; and 159, IL : lOSr.—" 223, 3: 453,—'^ 553, r. xxxvii. : 9SS, r. Ivii.— " 5r,2, 947^—^ 611, 992, {cum.)—e 627, I, 2d: 1207.— ^ 470, 1st: S99, — i 684, 1357. Idiom « H8 5, 152 ROMAN HISTORY. 11. Quum ad Alexandnam venisset Csesar, Ptolemseiis ei iiisidias parare voluit, qua de causa regi bellum illa- tum est. Rex victus in Nilo periit, inveiitumque est corpus ejus cum lorlca aurea. Cassar, Alexandria ^ po- titus, regnum Cleopatrae dedit. Turn inde profectus Pompeianarum ^ partium reliquias est persecutus, bel- lisque civilibus toto terrarum orbe compositis, Romam rediit. Ubi quum insolentius agSre ccepisset,^ conjura- tum ^ est in eum a sexaginta vel amplius senatoribus, equitibusque Romaiiis. Prascipui fiierunt inter conju- ratos Bruti duo ex genere illius Bruti, qui, regibus ex- pulsis,*^ primus Rom® consul fuerat, C. Cassius et Ser- ^, XI. villus Casca. Ergo CaBsar, quum in Curiam ve- ^^^- nisset,c viginti tribus vulneribus confossus est. 12. Interfecto Csesare, anno urbis scptingentesTmo no- no bella civilia reparata sunt. Senatus favebat Cassaris percussoribus/ Antonius consul a Caesaris partibus sta* bat. Ergo airbata republica, Antonius, multis sceleribus commissis,e a senatu hostis judicatus est. Fusus fuga- tusque Antonius, amisso exercTtu,^ confugit ad Lepidum, qui Cgesari s magister equTtum fuerat, et tum grandes copias militum habebat : a quo susceptus est. Mox Oc' tavianus cum Antonio pacem fecit, et quasi vindicatii- rus h patris ' sui mortem, a quo per testamentum fuerat adoptatus, Romam cum exercitu profectus extorsit, ut sibiJ juveni viginti annorum'^' consulatus daretur.' Tum junctus cum Antonio et LepTdo rempublTcam armis ten- ere coepit, senatumque proscripsit. Per hos etiam Cic- ero orator ocpTsus est, multique alii nobiles. Grammars.—* 484, r. xxvl—^ 337, 756,—" 631,1244, r. xciv.— < 223, 3 : 453.— f 403, r. v. : 831, r. xxxiii.— s 380, r. i. : 871.-^ J 522, 1075.—^ 339, r. vii. : 757 , r. xvi.— > 627, 1, 3d: 1208. Idioms.—* 7, 5.— « 104, 1.— *» 102, 1.—' viz. Julii Gcesaris. LIBER VI. ' 153 13. Interea Brutus et Cassius, interfectures Caesaris, ino'eiips bcllum moverunt. Profecti contra eos Caesar Oc- tavianus, qui postea Augustus est appellatus, et M. An- tonius, apucl Pliilippos, MacedoniiB urbeiii, con- ^ jj tra eos pugnaverunt. Primo proeliovicti sunt "^2- Antonius et Caesar ; periit tamen dux nobilitatis Cas- sius; secundo Brutum et infimtam nobilitatem, quae cum illis bellum susceperat, victam^ interfecerunt. Turn victores rempublTcam ita inter se diviserunt, ut Octavi- anus Caesar Hispanias, Gallias, Italiam teneret; Anto- nius Orientem, Lepidus Africam acciperet. 14. Paulo post Antonius, repudiata ^ sorore Caesaris Octaviani, Cleopatram reginam ^gypti, uxorem duxit. Ab hac incitatus ingens bellum commovit, dum Cleopa- tra cupiditate ^ muliebri optat Romae regnare. Victus est ab Au gusto navali pugna clara et illustri ^ -g. apud Actium, qui '^ locus in EpTro est. Hinc ''^^• fugit in ^gyptum, et, desperatis rebus, quum omnes ad Augustum transirent, se ipse^ interemit. Cleopatra quoque aspidem sibi admisit, et veneno ejus exstincta est. Ita bellis toto orbe confectis, Octavianus Augus- tus Romam rediit anno duodecimo ^ quam consul fuS- rat. Ex eo inde tempore rempublicam per quadraginta et quatuor annos solus obtinuit. Ante enim* duode- cim annis cum Antonio et LepTdo tenuerat.f Ita ab initio principatus ejus usque ad finem quinquaginta sex anni fuere. * "Enim," &c., assigning: a reason for "Solus." t Sup. earn, i. e. rempub/icam. Grammars.—' 268, 066.—'' 542, r. xxxv. : 873, r. xlii.— f 569, 570 : i)5J:, 055, Idioms.—* 10-4. 3.— '^ 104, 1.— <» 37, 5.— « 33, 1. THE GEOGKAPHY AND THE NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 1. Universus terrarum orbis in tres partes dividitur, Europam,^ Asiam^ Africam. Eiiropa ab Africa sejungT- tur freto Gaditano, in cujus iitraque parte montes sunt altissTmi, Abyla^ in Africa, in Europa Calpe, qui ^ mon- tes Herculis columnge ^ appellantur. Per idem fretum mare internum, quod littoribus Europae, Asiae, et Africae includitur, jungitur cum Oceano. 2. Europa terminos"^ habet ab oriente Tanaim fluvium, pontum EuxTnum, et paludem Mffiotida;^ a meridie/ mare internum; ab occidente, mare AtlantTcum sive Oceanum; a septentrione/ mare Britannicum. Mare internum tres maximos sinus liabet. Quorum s is, qui Asif.m a Graecia sejungit, JEgseum mare vocatur ; secun- dus, qui est inter Grseciam et Italiam, Ionium ; tertius deiiTque, qui occidentales Italise oras alliiit, a Romaiiis Tuscum, a Gragcis Tyrrhenum mare appellatur. 3. In ea Europa3 parte, qu£e ad occasum vergit, prima terrarum? est Hispania, quse a tribus lateribus mari circumdata per Pyrenasos montes cum Gallia cohceret. Grammars.—* 257, (i29.—^ 319, r. v. : 006, r. vi.— <* 440, 715, — « 90, 4: 127 -—^ 236, 6: 47o,—s 355, r. x. : 771, r, xix. Tdioms.— '^ 37,' 6, Noie.—s 38. NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 155 Quiim universa Hispania dives sit^ et fcBcunda, ea tamen regio, quae a flumine Beeti ^ Baetica vocatiir, ceteras fer- tilitate*^ antecellit. Ibi Gades sitae, insula cum urbe a Tyriis condita, quae freto Gaditaiio nomen dedit. Tota ilia regio viris,'^ equis, ferro, plumbo, ^re, argeiito, au- roque abundat^ et ubi penuria aquarum minus est fer- tilis, linum tamen aut spartum alit. Marmoris quoque lapicidinas habet. In BietTca minium reperitur. 4. Gallia posTta est inter Pyrenaeos montes et Rlie- num, orientalem oram Tuscum mare alluit, occidenta- lem Oceanus. Ejus pars ilia, qu^e Italiae ^ est opposTta, et Narbonensis vocatur, omnium ^ est laetissima. In ea ora sita est Massilia, urbs a Phocaeis condita, qui, pa- tria a Persis devicta, quum servituteni ferre non pos- sent,? Asia relicta,^ novas in Europa sedes qusesiverant. Ibidem est campus lapideus, ubi Hercules dicTtur contra Neptiini liberos dimicasse. Quum tela defecissent,ff Jupiter filium imbre lapTdum adjuvit. Credas' plu- isse ;J adeo multi passim jacent. 5. Rhodanus, fluvius, baud long^ a Rheni fontibus ortus, lacu Lemano excipitur, servatque impetum, ita ut per medium lacum integer fluat,k tantusque, quan- tusi venit, egrediatur. Inde ad occasum versus. Gal- lias aliquandiu dirimit ; donee, cursu in meridiem flexo, aliorum amnium accessu auctus in mare effunditur. 6. Ea pars Galliae, quae ad Rlienum porrigitur, frumen- ti pabulTque ^ feracissima est, coelum salubre ; noxia ani- malium genera pauca alit. Incolae superbi et supersti- tiosi, ita ut deos humanis victTmis " gaudere existiment.^ Grammars.— » 630, 12477—^^0, 5: 110. — '^ 535, r. xxxiy. : 8S9f r. xlvii.— <^ 480, r. xxv. : 907, r. xlix.— ^ 522, 107^.—^ 355, r. X.: 77 If r. xix.— s G31, 1214,, r. xciv.— ' 171, 3, last Ex.: 1180, r. Ixxxvi.— 1^ 627, 1, 1st: 1220,— "" 361, r. xi. : 77(>,t.xx, — n 485. Idioms— f 19.— *» 104, 1.— J 94, 1, 2d, and 98, 2.— > 44, 3. 156 THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE Magistri religionum et sapientiae sunt Druidas, qui, qua)^ se scire profitentur, in antris abditisque silvis docent» Animas geternas esse ^ credunt, vitamque alteram post mortem incipere.^ Hanc ob causam cum defunctis<^ arma cremant aut defodiunt, eamque doctrinam homi- nes ad bellum'^ alacriores facere existimant. • 7. Uni versa Gallia divTsa est inter tres magnos pop- ulos, qui fluviis terminantur. A Pyrenaso monte usque ad Garumnam Aquitani habitant; iiide ad Sequanam Celtae ; Belgae denique usque ad Rhenum pertinent. 8. Garumna amnis, ex Pyrenseo monte delapsus, diu vadosus est et vix navigabilis. Quanto^ magis proce- dit, tanto fit latior ; ad postremum magni freti ^ similis, non solum majora navigia tolgrat, verum etiam more maris exsurgit, navigantesque ^ atrociter jactat. 9. Sequana ex Alpibus ortus in septentrionem pergit. Postquam se hand procul Lutetia? cum Matrona con- junxit, Oceaiio '^ infunditur. Hasc flumina opportunism sima sunt mercTbus ' permutandis J et ex mari interno in Oceanum transvehendis.J 10. Rhenus itidem ex Alpibus ortus hand procul ab origine lacumefficit Venetum,qui etiam Brigantmus ap- pellatur. Delude longo spatio ^ per fines Helvetiorum, Mediomatricorum, et Trevirorum continuo alveo fertur, aut modicas insiilas^ circumfluens; in agro Batavo autem, ubi Oceano appropinquavit, in plures amnes dividitur; nee jam amnis, sed ripis longe recedentibus,ingens lacus, Grammars.— d 353, 2d: 76*f>.— « 579, r. xliii. : *)2i}, r. Iv, ; and 578, *>6*5.— <■ 385, S(>3,—s 611, (a): 992.—^ 522, 1075,—' 382, r. xvi. : SOO^ r. xl— ^ 573, r. xlii. : 95S, r. Ixii.— > 613. r lii. : 993, t. Ixx. Idioms.--' 3*7, 2.— •» 95, 1.— <= 19, 1.— J 112, 6 Nations of antiquity. 157 Flevo appGlltitur,ejusdemqiie nommis insulam amplexus, fit iterum arctior et fluviiis ^ iterum in mare emittitur. 11. Trans Rhenum Germani habitant usque ad Yistu- 1am, quag fiji.ls est GermaniiB ad orientem. Ad meridiem terminatur Alpibiis, ad septentrionem mari BxitannTco et BaltTco. Incola3 corpurum proceritate^ exceDunt. ^jAimos bellando,*^ corpora laboribus exercent. Hano ob causam crebro bella gerunt cum finitimis, non tarn finium prolatandorum ^ causa, aut imperii cupiditate, sed ob belli amorem. Mites ^ tamen sunt erga suppli- ces,s et boni hospitibus. Urbes moenibus cinctas aut fossis aggeribusque munitas non habent. Ipsas domos ad breve tempus struunt non lapidibus aut lateribus coctis sed lignis, quae frondibus tegunt. Nam diu eo- dem in loco morari ^ periculosum s arbitrantui' libertati. 12. Agricjilturse h Germani non admodiim student, nee quisquam agri modum certum aut fines proprios liabet, Lacte vescuntur et caseo et carne. Ubi fons, cam- pus, nemusve iis '' placuerit,' ibi domos figunt, mox alid transituri cum conjugibus et liberis. Interdum etiam hiemem in subterraneis specubus dicuntur transigere. 13. Germania altis montibus, silvis, paludibusque in- via redditur. Inter silvas J maxima est Hercynia, cujus latitudinem^ Cassar novem dici'um iter^ patere narrat. Insequenti tempeire magna pars ejus excTsaest. Flumina lAiint in Germania multa et magna. Inter hasc clarissi- nium nomcn Rheni, dc quo supra diximus, et Danubii. Clari qiioque amnes, Magnus, Visurgis, Albis. Daiiubius, Grammars.—' 252, 623.—^ 535, r. xxxiv. : 889, r. xlvii.— « 705, 1340.— s 270, 659.—^ 403, r. v. : 831, r. sxxiii.— ' 627, 5 : 1182, r.lxsxvii.— J 360, 775,—^ 671, r. Iviii. : U5(>^ r. Ixxix.— * 573, r. xlii, : 938, r. Ixii. Idioms.— » 13, I.— 112, 5.— « 19, 1.—' 89, 5. 158 THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE omnium Europge fiummuma maximus,apud Rhsetos ori- tur, flex oque ad ortum solis cursu, receptisque sexaginta amnibus,m Pontum Euxinum sex vastis ostiis effunditur. 14. Britaniam insulam Phoenicibus innotuisse,eosque stannum inde et plumbum pellesque petivisse, probabTle est. Romanis earn Julius Ceesar primus aperuit ; neque tamen priiis cognita esse coepit quam Claudio'^ imperante. Hadrianuseam,muro ab oceano Germanico ad Hiberni- cum mare ducto, in duas partes divTsit, ut inferiorem in- suljB partem, quae Romanis parebat, a barbarorum popu- lorum,qui in Scotia habitabant, incursionibus tueretur.c 15. Maxima insulae pars campestris, collibus passim silvisque distincta. Incolae Gallos proceritate ^' corporum vincunt, ceterum ingenio ^ Gallis similes, simpliciores ta- men illis e magisque barbari. Nemora habitant pro urb- ibus. Ibi tuguria exstruunt et stabtila pecori, sed ple- rumque ad breve tempus. Humanitate^ ceteris pra?- stant ii, qui Cantium incolunt. Tota lisec regio est ma- ritima. Qui interiurem insulce partem habitant, fru- menta non serunt ; lacte ^ et carne vivunt. Pro vesti- bus induti sunt pcllTbus.s 16. Italia ab AlpTbus usque ad fretum Siculum porrigi- tur inter mare Tuscum et AdriatTcum. Multo '^ longior est quam latior.' In medio se attoUit Appennmus mons, qui, postquam continenti jugo progressus est usque ad Apuliam, in duos quasi ramos dividitur. Nobilissima re- gio ob fertilitatem soli coelique salubritatem. Quum lon- g^ in mare procurrat,J plurimos liabet portus populorum inter se'^ patentes cominercio.' Neque ulla facile'" est Grammars.— *H55, r. x. : 771, r. xix.— '^ 694, 1351.—^ 627, 1, 2d : i*^0/.— ''535, 889, r.i-lvii.— «467, o.— '"485.— ?524, r. v.: ^O^^T, r. Ixxiv.— h 579, r. xliii. 929, r. Iv.— ' 474, 90:j.—i 6:50, 1247.— ^ 118, 5: 1019.—^ 391, r. xvii. : 818, r. xxviii.— ™ 591, lid: 1003^ Idioms.—' 6, 3.— J 74, 1. NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 159 regio, quae tot tamque pulchras urbes liabeat,^ inter qiias Roma et magiiitudme ^ et nominis fama emYnet. 17. HiBC urbs, orbis terrarum caput, septem moiites complectitur. Initio quatuor portas habebat; Augusti aevo triginta septem. Urbis magnificentiam augebant fora, templa, porticus, aquseductus, theatra, arcus tri- umphales, horti denique, et id genus ^ alia, ad quae vel lecta^i animus stupet. Quare recte de ea prasdicare videntur, qui nullius urbis in toto orbe terrarum mag- nificentiam ei^ comparari posse dixerunt. 18. Felicissima in Italia regio est Campania. Multi ibi vitif eri coUes, ubi nobilissTma vina gignuntur, SetT- num, Caecubum, Falernum, Massicum. Calidi ibidem fontes f saluberrimi. Nusquam generosior olea. Con- chylio s quoque et pisce nobili maria vicTna scatent. 19. ClarissTmi amnes Italiae sunt Padus et Tiberis. Et Padus quidem in superiore parte, quae Gallia Cisal- pTna vocatur, ab imis radicibus Vesuli moiitis exoritur; primum exTlis, delude aliis amnibus ita alitur, ut se per septem ostia in mare effundat.^i Tiberis, qui antiquis- simis temporibus Albulee nomen liabebat, ex Appenniiio oritur ; delude duobus et quadraginta flumiiiibus auc- tus fit navigabilis. Plurimas in utraque ripa villas ad- spicit, praecipue autem urbis Romance magnificentiam. Placidissimus amiiium raro ripas ' egreditur. 20. In inferiore parte Italia3 clara quondam urbs Ta- rentum, quae maris sinui, cui adjacet, nomen dedit. Soli fertilitas coelTque jucuuda temperies in causa fuisse vide- tur, ut incillae luxuria ot deliciis enervarentur. Quiim- Gkammars.— ^' 630, 1-. 1.: Ik,^ ^ . —^ .uib, r. xxxiv. : 6'6'.9, r. Xlvii.— <^ 611, (ad) : 992.—^ 688, J5J0, r. ev.— « 522, r. iii. : lOTH.— f 308, 639.— s 480, r. xxv. : 907, r. xlix.— •> 627, 1, 1st : 12'^0,^ 611, (ultra): 992. Idioji. — ^ 101, 4. 160 THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE que aliquandiu potential fiorerent,^ copiasque hand contemiiendas alerent, peregrlnis tamen plerumque du- cibus in bellis utebantur, ut Pyrrho,^ rege EpTri, quo superato, urbs in Romanorum potestatem venit. 21. ProxTma Italias est Sicilia, insula omnium ^^ maris interni maxima. Antiquissimis temporibus eana cum Italia coli8esisse,« marisque impetu, ant terrae motu inde divulsam esse,^ verisimTle est. Forma triangularis, ita ut litterae, quam Grseci Delta vocant, imagmem ref erat A tribus promontoriis vocatur Trinacria. NobilissTmus ibi mons ^tnge ^ qui urbi Catanae immmet, tum s ob altitudmem, tum etiam ob ignes, quos efFundit; quare Cyclopum in illo monte officTnam esse poetse dicunt. Cineres e crater ibus egesti agrum circumjacentem foe- cundum et feracem reddere existimantur. Sunt ibi Piorum campi, qui nomen habent a duobus juvenibus CatanensTbus, qui, fiammis quondam repente ingruen- tibus, parentes senectiite confectos, humeris sublatos, flammge'^ eripuisse feruntur. Nomina fratrum Am- phinomus et Anapus fuerimt. 22. Inter urbes Siciliae nulla est illustrior Svi-acusis, Corinthiorum colonia, ex quinque urbibus conflata. Ab Atheniensibus bello petita, maximas liostium copias dele- vit : Carthaa:inienses etiam ma2:nis interdiim cladibus af- fecit. Secundo bello Piinico per triennium oppugnata, Archimedis potissTmiim ingenio et arte defensa, a M« Marcello capta est. Yicinus liuic urbi fons AretliusjB Nympliae' sacer,ad quam Alpheus amnis ex Peloponncso per mare Ionium lapsus* commissarif dicitur. Nam si quid ad Olympiam in ilium amnem jactum fuerit, id in * Sup. esse, Gr. 179, 6 : 2S1, \ Commissari, " in order to enjoy a banquet," Gr. 6G5, 1^55. Grammars.— '^ 535, r. xxxiv. : 8S9, r. xlvii.— »> G30, 1217.— « 720, r. {ut, as) : 136t}.—^ 355, r. x. : 77 1^ r. xix.— ^ 2G0, 6*^1.-— 2» 501, r. xxix. : 855, r. xxxix.— ' 382, r. xvi. : S(JO, r. xl. Idioms.— '^ J9.— « 97, 1, and 4.— e 124, 7. NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 16| Aretliusae fonte reddi.^ De ilia fabula quid statuen- dum sit,b sponte apparet. 23. In mari LigustTco insula est Corsica, quam Graeci Cyrnum vocant. Terra aspera multisque locis^ invia, coelum grave, mare circa ^ importiinum. Incolae, latro- ciniis dediti, feri sunt et horridi. Mella quoque illius instilae amara esse dicuntur corporibusque *^ nocere. ProxTma ei est Sardinia, quae a Graecis mercatoribus Ichniisa vocatur, quia formam humani vestigii liabet. Solum f quam coelum melius. Illud ^ fertile, hoc ^ grave ac noxium. Noxia quoque animalia herbasque venena- tas gignit. Multum inde frumenti s Romam mittitur ; unde haec insula et Sicilia nutrlces urbis vocantur. 24. Grsecia nominis celebritate omiies fere alias orbis terrarum regiones superavit. Nulla enim magiiorum ingeniorumh fuit feracior; neque ulla belli pacisque artes majore studio ' excoluit. Plurimas eadem colo- nias in omnes terras partes deduxit. Multum itaque terra marique valuit, et gravissima bella magna cum gloria gessit. 25. Graecia inter Ionium et ^Egaeum mare porrigttur. In plurimas regiones divTsa est, quarumJ amplissim^. sunt Macedonia et Epirus — quamquam has a nonnullis a Grie- cia sejunguntur — tum Thessalia. Macedoniam Philippi et Alexandri regnum illustravit ; quorum ille ^ Graeciam subegit,hic'^ Asiamlatissime domuit, ereptumque Persist imperium in Macedones transtulit. Centum ejus regionis et quinquaginta urbes numerantur; quarumJ septuaginta Grammars.— '' 627, 5 : 1182—^ 611, {in): iJi)2,—^ 236, 4: 469, — « 403, r. V. : .V5J, r.xxxiii.— ' 308, HSU,—^ 343, r. viii. : 700, r. xvii.— »> 351, 76*7.—' 542, r.xxxv. : St'i, r. xlii.— J 355, r. x. : 771, r. xix.— i^ 118, 3, 3d: 1028,—^ 522, r. iii. : 1075, r. Ixxiv. Idjoms. — » Sup, dicitw — ^ 108, 9. — ' 5, 1, 162 THE GEOGRAPHY AND TBK duas, Perseo, ultimo Macedonise rege, superato, Paul" lus jEmilius diripuit. 26. EpTrus, quae ab Acrocerauniis incipit montibus, desmit in Acheloo flumme. Plures earn populi inc5- lunt. Illustris ibi Dodona^ in Molossorum finibus, vetustissimo Jovis oraculo inclyta. Columb^e ibi ex arboribus oractila dedisse narrantur; quercusque ipsas et lebetes asneos inde suspensos deorum voluntatem tinnitu significasse ^ fama est. 27. Aclieloi fiuvii ostiis^ insulse aliquot objacent, qua* rum maxima est Cepliallenia. Multse prseterea insiilas littori<^ Epiri adjacent, interque eas Corcyra, quam Homerus Scheriam appellasse existimatur.^ In hac Phseacas posuit ille et hortos Alcinoi. Coloniam hue deduxerunt Corinthii, quo^ tempore Numa Pompilius Romse regnavit. VicTna ei Ithaca, Ulyssis patria, as- pera montibus, sed Homeri carminibus adeo nobilitata, ut ne fertilissTmis quidem regionibus cedat.^ 28. Thessalia late patet inter Macedoniam et EpTrum, foecunda regie, generosis prgecipue equis excellens, unde Thessalorum equitatus celeberrimus. Montes ibi mem- orabiles Olympus, in quo deorum sedes esse existima- tur,^ Pelion et Ossa, per quos gigantes coelum petivisse dicuntur;d (Eta denique, in cujus vertTce Hercules, rogo consceiisos se ipsum cremavit. Inter ^ Ossam et Olympum Peiieus, limpidissimus amnis, delabitur, val- lem amoenissimam, Tempe vocatam, irrTgans. 29. Iiiterh relTquas Graeci^ regiones nonimis claritate' emmet Attica, quae etiam Atthis vocatur. Ibi Athence, Grammars.—* 308, 639,— " 399, r. iv. : 826, r. xxxii.—d 67G, 1153,— f 627, 1, 1st.— i 535, r. xxxiv.: SSf), r. xlvii. Idioms.—'' 97 1.—* 37, 2d, and Note.—^ 104, 1.—^ 123, 3 NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 163 de qua urbe decs inter se certasse fama est. Certius est ^ iiul];im uiiquam iirbem totpoetas tulisse,tot oratores,tot philosophos, totqiie in omni virtiitis genere claros vires. Res autem bello oas^^ gessit,ut liuic soli^ glorise^ studere videretur ; pacisqiie artes ita excoliiit, ut hac laude magis 'etiam quam belli gloria splenderet. Arx ibi sive Acro- p51is ^ urbi imminens, unde latus in mare prospectus pa- tet. Per propylaea ad earn adscenditur/ splendidum Pe- riclis opus. Cum ipsa urbe per longos muros conjunctus est portus Piraeeus, post bellum PersTcum secundum a Tliemistocle munitus. Tutissima ibi statio « navium. 30. AttTcam attingit Boeotia, fertilissTma regio. Inco- Ise magis corporibus s valent quam ingeniis. Urbs cele- berrima Thebas,^ quas Amphion musices^ ope moenibus cinxisse dicitur . lllustravit eam Pindari poetse ingenium, Epaminond^e virtus. Mons^' ibi Helicon, Musarum sedes, et Cithaeron plurimis poetarum fabulis celebratus. 31. Boeotiae Phocis finitTma,e ubi Delphi urbs claris- sTma. In qua urbe oraculum Apollinis quantam '■ apud omnes gentes auctoritatem habuerit, quot' quamque prseclara munera ex omni fere terrarum orbe DelphosJ missa fuerint, nemo ignorat. Imminet urbi Parnassus mons, in cujus verticibus Mus^ habitare dicuntur,k unde aqua fontis Castalii poetarum ingenia inflammare existimatur.'^ 32. Cum ea parte Grseci^e, quam hactenus descripsT- mus, cohaeret ingens peninsula, quse Peloponnesus voca- tiir, platani folio ^ simillima. Augustus ille trames inter Grammaes.— "1 403. r. v. : 831, r. xxxiii.— • 308, 639. — » 535, r. xxxiv. : 889. r. xlvii.— »> 62, 52,—^ 627. 5 : 1182, r. Ixxxvii.— 553, r. xxxvii. : 938, r. Ivii.— "^ 676, 1155.—^ 382, r. xvi. : 86O9 r. xl. Idioms.—' 51, 2.—'' 28, 1.—° 16, 4.— ^ Sup. ahominihus; and 67, 2 8 164 THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE ^gaeum mare et Ionium, per quem cum Megaride cohas- ret, Isthmus appellatur. In eo templum Neptuni est, ad quod ludi celebrantur Isthmici. Ibidem in ipso Pelopon- nesi aditu, Corinthus sita est, urbs antiquissima, ex cujus summa'^ arce, (Acrocorinthon ^ appellant,) utrumque mare conspicitur. Quum opibus floreret,<= maritimisque valeret copiis, gravia bella gessit. In bello Achaico, quod Homani cum Grsecis gesserunt, pulcherrima urbs, quam Cicero Grasciae lumen appellat, a L. Mummio expug- nata'i funditusque deleta est. Restituit eam Julius Caesar, colonosque ^ eo milTtes veteranos misit. 33. NobTlis est in Peloponneso urbs Olympia templo Jovis Olympii ac statua illustris. Statua^" ex ebore facta, Phidise summi artificis opus praestantissTmum. Prope s illud templum ad Alpliei fluminis ripas ludi celebrantur Olympici, ad quosvidendos^^ ex totaGrgeciaconcurritur.» Ab his ludis GraBca gens res gestas suas numerat. 34. Nee Sparta prsetereundaJ est, urbs nobilissTma, quam Lycurgi leges, civiumque virtus et patientia illus- travit.k Nulla fer^ gens bellica laude^ magis floruit, pluresque viros fortes constantesque genuit. Urbi im- mmet mons Taygetus, qui "^ usque ad Arcadiam pro- currit. ProxTm^ urbem s Eurotas fluvius delabitur, ad cujus ripas Spartani se exercere solebant. In sinum Laconicum effunditur. Hand procul inde abest pro- montorium Taenarum, ubi altissimi specus, per quos Orpheum ad inferos descendisse " narrant. 35. Mare ^gaeum, inter » Graeciam Asiamque patens, Grammars.—'' 74, 68.— <= 631, 124:4, r. xciv.— « 440, 715.—^ 308, €39.-^ 611, (ad): 992,—^ 313, 644.—^ 535, r. xxxiv.: 8S9, r. Xlvii. Idioms.— =» 1*7, 2.— <> 115, l.— »> 112, 7.— * Sup. ah liominihm ; 67,2.— J 108, 1.— •» 35, 1.— » 97, 1.—° 123. 3. NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 165 plurimis insulis distinguitur. Illustres inter eas sunt Cyclades, sic appellatae, quia in orbem jacent. Media ea- rum a est Delus, quae repente e mari enata esse dicitur. In ea insula Latona ApollTnem et Dianam peperit, quae numma ibi una cum matre summa religione coluntur. Urbi immmet Cynthus, mons excelsus et arduus. Ino- pus amnis pariter cum Nile decrescere et augeri dicitur. Mercatus in Delo celeberrimus, quod ob portus commod- itatem templTque religionem mercatores ex toto orbe ter- rarum eo confluebant. Eandem ob causam civitates Grae- cise, post secundum PersTcum bellum, tribiita ad belli usum in eam insidam, tanquam in commiine totius Grse- ciae «rarium, conferebant; quam pecuniam insequenti tempore Athenienses in suam urbem transtulerunt. 36. Euboea insula littori^ Boeotiae et Atticae praetend- itur, angusto freto a continenti distans. Terrae motu a Boeotia avulsa esse creditur; sgepius eam concussam esse<^ constat. Fretum, quo a Graecia sejungitur, vo- catur EurTpus, ssevum et aestuosum mare, quod con- tinuo motu agitatur. Nonnulli dicunt septies quovis die statis temporibus fluctus alterno motu agitari; alii hoc negant, dicentes, mare temer^ in venti modum hue illuc moveri. Sunt, qui narrent,^ Aristotelem philos- ophum, quia hujus miraculi causas investigare non pos- set,*^ asgritudine confectum esse. 37. Jam ad Boreales regiones pergamus.^ Supra Ma- cedonian! Thracia porrigitur a Ponto EuxTno usque ad JUyriam. Regio frigida et in iis tantuin partibus foecuii- dior, quae propriores sunt mari. Pomif erae arbores rarae ; frequentiores vites ; sed wYSd non maturescunt,nisi frigus studiose arcetur. Sola Tliasus, insula littori Thraciae Grammars.—" 355, r. x. : 77 J f r. x\x.—^ 522, 1075.—^ 636, r. i. : 1227-—" 656, 1291, V. ci.— f 171, 1 : 1193, r. Ixxxviii. IiJiOMS.— « 97, 1.— f 77, 7. 166 THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE » adjacens, vino excellit. Amnes sunt celebernmi He- brus, ad quern Orpheus a Msenadibus discerptus esse dicTtur, Nestus et Strymon. Montos altissimi, Hasmus, ex cujus verttce Pontus et Adria conspicitur ; Rhodope et Orbelus. 38. Plures Thraciam gentes incolunt nomimbus di- versae et monbus. Inter has Getse omnium sunt fero- cissimi et ad mortem paratissimi.a Animas enim post mortem redituras existimant. Recens nati apud eos deflentur; funera autem cantu lusuque celebrantur. Pkires singuli ^ uxores habent. Has omnes, viro de- functo, mactari simulque cum eo sepelTri cupiunt, mag- noque id certamine a judicibus ^ contendunt. Virgines non a parentibus traduntur viris, sed aut publice du- cendas ^ locantur, aut veneunt. Formosas in pretio sunt ; ceterae maritos mercede data inveniunt. 39. Inter urbes Thraciae memorabile est Byzantium, ad Bosporum Thracium, urbs natiira munita et arte, quae, cum^ ob soli fertilitatem, tum ob vicinitatem ma^ ris, omnium rerum, quas vita requTrit, copia abundaL Nee Sestos praetereunda est silentio, urbs ad Hellespon- tum posita, quam amor Herus et Leandri memorabTlem reddidit; nee Cynossema, tumulus Plecub^, ubi ilia, post Trojam dirutam,^ in caiiem mutata et sepulta esse dicitur. Nomen etiam habet in iisdem regionibus urbs ^nos, ab ^nea e patria profugo condita; Zone, ubi nemora Orpheum canentem seciita esse narrantur ; Ab- dera denique, ubi Diomedes rex advenas equis suis devorandos^ objiciebat, donee ipse ab Hercule iisdem objectus est. Quae s urbs quum ranarum muriumque multitudme infestaretur, incolae, relicto'^ patriae solo. Grammars.—" 386, 865.—'' 511, 7S7»—^ 684, 1357. Idioms.—'' 26, 6.— 118,3, 3d: 102S.— i 480, r. XXV.: 9 07, v. xlix. Idioms,—* 19, l.—^ 67, 6. 172 ' THE GEOGRAPHY ANB THE quatriduo tolerant ; aquam, antequam bibant,^ pedibus tiirbant. Vivmit quinquagenis anms;^ qugedam etiam centenis. 54. Ex Arabia pervemtur in Babyloniam, ciii Babylon nomen dedit, Chaldaicarum gentium caput, urbs et mag- nitudme et divitiis clara. Semiramis eam condiderat, vel, ut multi crediderunt, Belus, cujus regia ostenditur. Murus exstructus laterculo^ coctTli, triginta et duos pedes ^ est latus, ita ut quadrigae inter se ^ occurentes sine periculo commeare dicantur ; altitiido ducentorum pedum ; turres autem denis ^ pedibus ^ quam murus al- tiores sunt. Totius operis ambitus sexaginta millia pas- suum complectitur. Mediam urbems permeat Euphra- tes. Arcem habet viginti stadiorum h ambitu ;' super e^ pensiles horti conspiciuntur, tantasque sunt moles tam- que firmas, ut onera nemorum sine detrimento ferant. 55. Amplissima Asi^e regioi India primumpatefacta est armis Alexandri Magni, regis Macedoniae, cujus exem- plum successores secuti in interiora^ Indiae penetrave- runt. In eo tractu, quem Alexander subegit, quinque millia oppidorum fuisse,* gentesque novem, Indiamque tertiam partem esse '" terrarum omnium, ejus comites scripserunt. Ingentes ibi sunt amnes, Indus et Indo»i major Ganges. Indus in ParopamTso ortus undeviginti amnes recipit, totidem Ganges interque eos plures nav- igabiles. 56. Maxima in India gignuntur animalia. Canes ibi grandiores ceteris. « Arbores tantae proceritatish esse tra- duntur, ut sagittis superjaci nequeant. Hoc efficit uber- Grammars.— * 627, 4: 1241, r. xciii.— '^ 565, r. xli. : .9^50, r. Ixi. _e 541.— d 5V3, r. xlii. : 958, r. IxiL— « 118, 5 : 1019.— ^ 5V9, r. xliii. : 929, r. Iv.— ^ 613, r. lii. : 993, r. Ixx.— »> 339, r. vii. : 757, r. xvi.— i 535, r. xxxiv. : 889, r. xlvii.— J 251, r. i : 622. Idioms.—'' 19, 6.— » 98, 2.—'" 96, 2.—° 6, 3. NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 175 las soli, temperies coeli, aqiiarum abiindantia. Immanes qiioque serpentes alit, qui elepliantos morsu et ambitu corporis coiificiunt. Solum tarn pingue et ferax, ut meiia frondibus ^ defluant,^ sylvae lauas ferant,^ arun- dinum internodia fissa cymbarum usum praebeant, bi- nosque, qu^dam etiam ternos<^ homines, vehant. 57. Incolarum habitus moresque diversi. Lino^ aUi vestiuiitur et lanis arborum, alii ferarum aviumque pel- libus, pars iiiidi « incedunt/ Quidam animalia occidere eorumque cariiibus vesci nefass putant; alii piscibus tantum aluntur. Quidam parentes et propinquos, priiis quam annis et macie conficiantur,^ velut hostias caedunt eorumque visceribus ' epulantur ; ubi senectus eos mor- busve iiivadit, mortem in solitudme aequo ammo ex- spectant. li, qui sapientiam profitentur, ab ortu solis ad occasiim stare solent, solem immobilibus ociilis intu- eiites; ferveiitibus arenisJ toto die^ alternis pedibus^ insistunt. Mortem non exspectant, sed sponte arces- sunt in rogos incensos se praecipitantes. 58. MaxTmos India elephantos gignit, adeoque feroces, ut Afri elephanti illos paveant, nee contueri audeant.^ Hoc animal cetera omnia docilitate superat. Discunt ar- ma jacere, gladiatorum more congredi,saltare et per funes incedere. Plinius narrat,Rom8e unum segnioris ingenii™ saepius castigatum esse verberibus, quia tardius" accipie» bat,quae tradebantur; eundem repertum esse noctu eadem meditantem. Elephanti gregatim semper ingrediuntur. Ducit agmen maxTmus natu,^ cogit is, qui aetate ei est Grammars.—* 613, r. lii.: *)93f r. Ixx.— »> 627, 1, 1st.: 1220.-- ^ 5'24, r. : 107^.—^ 279, 679.—' 316. r. ii : 64S, r. iv.—^ 627, 4: 1241,—^ 485.— j 611, 992, {in)—^ 565, r. xii. : 950, r. Ixi.— ' 542, r. XXXV. : 873, r. xlii.— "> 339, r. vii. : 757, r. xvi.— • 113, 6, Note . 224 ; and 535, 889, r. xlvii. Idioms.— <= 26, 1. — e 51, 5. Sup. esse.—» 22, 3. 174 THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE proximns. Amnem transituri minimos pragmittuni. Ca- piuntur foveis. In has iibi elephas deciderit,^ cet^ri ra- mos congerunt, aggeres construunt, omiiTqiie vi conan- tiir extrahere. Domaiitur fame et verberibus. Domiti militant et turres ^ armatorum in hostes ferunt, magna- que ex parte Orientis bella conficiunt. Totas acies pro- sternunt, armatos proterunt. Ingens dentibus^ pretium. In Grsecia ebur ad deorum simulacra tanquam pretio- sissima materia adhibetur ; in extremis^ Africse postium vicem in domiciliis pragbet, sepesque in pecSrum stabu- lis elephantorum dentibus^ fimit. Inter omnia anima- lia f maxime oderunt s murem. Infestus elephanto etiam rhinoceros, qui nomen habet a cornu, quod in naso gerit. In pugna niaxim^ adversarii alvum petit, quam scit esse molliorem. Longitudme elephantum fer^ exas^ quat ; crura multo breviora ; color buxeus. 59. Etiam Psittacos India mittit. H«c avis huma- nas voces optime reddit. Quum loqui discit, ferreo radio verberatur, aliter enim non sentit ictus. Capiti^ ejus etidem est duritia, quas rostro.'^ Quum devolat, rostro se excTpit, elque innititur. 60. Testudines tantse magnitudmis Indicum mare emit- tit,ut singularum testis^ casas integant.J Insiilask rubri praecipu^ maris his navigant cymbis. Capiuntur obdor- miscentes in summa aqua, id^ quod proditur stertentium sonitu. Tum terni adnatant, a duobus in dorsum verti- tur, a tertio laqueus injicitur, atque ita a pluribus in lit- tore stantibus trahitiir. In mari testudmes conch yliis vi- vunt; tanta enim oris est duritia, ut lapTdes comminuant;J Grammars.—* 627, 5: 1182, r. Ixxxvii.— »> 361, r. xi. : 776% r XX.— « 378, r. XV.: S70, r. xli.— « 541.— ^ 360, 775.— « 222, Obs. 2 436.—^ 394, r. ii. : 82 1, r. xxx.— ' 514, r. xxxi. : 911, r. 1.— J 627 1, 1st. : 1220.—^ 553, 938, r. Ivii. Idioms. — ^ Sup. plenas, full. — ^ 19, (pariibus.) — ' 31, 9, JVofe 3. NATIONS OF ANTIQUITT. 175 in terram egressae, herbis.* Pariunt ova ovis avium similia, ad centena ^ iiumero ; eaqiie extra aquam dc- fossa terra cooperiunt. 61. Margaritas IiidTci oceani omnium^ maxime laii- dantiir. Inveniuntiir in conchis scopulis adhasrentibus. Maxima laus est in candore,magnitiidTne,l8evore,ponde' re. Raro duas inveniuntiir, quae sibi ex omni parte sint similes. Has auribus^ suspendere,^ fentinarum est glo- ria. Duos maximos uniones Cleopatra, ^gypti regiiia, habuisse dicitur. Horum unum, ut Antonium magnifi- centia superaret,^' in coena aceto solvit, soliitum liausit. 62. ^gyptus, inter Catabathmum et Arabas posTta, a plurimis ad Asiam refertur ; alii Asiam ArabTco sinu terminari existimant. Haec regio, quanqiiam expers^ est imbrium, mire tamen est fertilis. Hoc Nilus efficit, omnium fluviorum, qui in mare internum effunduntur, maximus. Hie in desertis Africae oritur, tum ^Ethio- pi^ descendit in ^gyptum, ubi de altis rupTbus prse- cipitatus usque ad Elephantidem urbem fervens adhuc dccurrit. Tum demiim fit placidior. Juxta Cercaso- Tum oppTdum in plures amnes dividitur, et tandem per septem ora effunditur in mare. 63. Nilus, nivibus in ^thiopise moiitibus solutis,cres- cere incipit Luna nova post solstitium per quiiiquaginta fer^ dies; totidem diebus minuTtur . Justum incrementum estcubitorumh sedecim. Siminores sunt aqu8e,non omnia ligant. Maximum incrementum fuit cubitorumh duodevi- ginti ; minimum quinqiie. Quum stetere aquse, aggercs aperiuntur, et arte aqua in agros immittitur. Quum om- nis recesserit,' agri irrigati et limo obducti seruntur. GRAMii.vRS.— » 485, 0.30 f Obs. 4. (vmmt.) — ^ \01 , 11: 209,-^ •■ 600, ST Of r. xli.— d 501, r. xxix. : SHo, r. xxxix.— « 660, r. Ivi. : 1147f r. ixxxii— f 627, 1, 2d: 1207.—^ 361, r. xi. : 770, r. xx. — «» 339, r.vii. : 757, r. xvi. 176 THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 64. Nilus crocodTlum alit, belluam quadrupedem, in terra non minus qiiam in fiumine hominibus infestam. Unum hoc animal terrestre lingua usu^ caret; den- tium plures habet or dines ; maxilla inferior est immo^ bilis. Magnitudme excedit plerumque duodeviginti cubita. Parit ova anserinis ^ non majora. Ungiiibus etiam armatus est, et cute contra omnes ictus invicta. Dies in terra agit, noctes in aqua. Quum satur est, et in littore somnum capit ore hiante, trochilus, parva avis, dentes ei ^ faucesque purgat. Sed hiantem conspi- catus ichneumon, per easdem fauces ut telum aliquod immissus, erodit alvum. Hebetes oculos dicTtur habere in aqua, extra aquam acerrimos. Tentyritae in insult Nili habitantes, dirae huic belluae ^ obviam ire audent, eamque incredibili audacia expugnant. ^^. Aliam etiam belluam Nilus alit, hippopotSmum ; ungulis^ binis, dorso^ equi et juba et hinnitu; rostro resimo, cauda et dentibus aprorum. Cutis impenetra- bilis, prasterquam si humore madeat.^ Primus hippo- potamum et quinque crocodTlos M. Scaurus aedilitatis suae ludiss Romae ostendit. QQ. Multa in vEgypto mira sunt et artis et natiir£e ope- ra. Inter ea, quae manibus hommum facta sunt, eminent pyramTdes,quarummaxTm£e sunt etceleberrimaeinmon- te sterili inter Memphin oppTdum et cam partem ^gypti, quae Delta vocatur. Amplissimam earum trecenta sexa- ginta sex hommum h millia annis viginti extruxisse tra- duntur. Haec octo jugera soli occupat; unumquodque latus octingentos octoginta tres pedes ' longum est ; alti- Grammars.— » 480, r. xxv.: 907 f r. xlix.— ^ 337, 750.—'' 380, 871.—^ 600, r. xlvii. : 870, r. xli.— « 339, r. vii. : 757, r. xvi.— > 627, 1, 2d: 1205,— s 565, r. xl. : 91:9, r. Ix.— »» 355, r. x. : 771, r. xix. — ' 573, r. xlii. : 958, r. Ixii. Idiom. — ^ 19, {ovis, 6, 3.) NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 177 tudo a cacumine pedum * quindecim millium. Intus in ea est puteus octoginta sex cubitorum.a Ante has py- ramides Sphinx est posita niirae magnitudinis.a Capitis ambitus centum duos pedes habet ; longitudo est pedum centum quadraginta trium ; altitudo a ventre usque ad summum capitis apicem sexaginta duorum. 67. Inter miraciila ^gypti commemoratur etiam Moe- ris lacus, quingenta milha ^ passuum in circuitu patens ; Labyrinthus ter mille domes et regias duodecim uno pariete amplexus, totus marmore^ exstructus tectus- que ; turris denique in insula Pharo, a Ptolemseo, Lagi filio, condita. Usus^ ejus navibus^ noctu ignes osten- dere ad prsenuntianda ^ vada portusque introitum. 68. In palustribus ^gypti regionibus papyrum nasci- tur. Radicibus incolae pro ligno utuntur ; ex ipso autem papyro navigia texunt, e libro vela, tegetes, vestem ac fuiies. Succi causa etiam mandunt modo crudum modo decoctum. Prieparantur ex eo etiam chartas. Chartas ex papyro usus post Alexandri demum victorias repertus est. Prime enim scriptum^ in palmarum foliis, deinde in libris quarundam arborum; posteapublicamonimentaplumbe- is tabulis*^ confici,aut marmoribus' mandari coepta sunt. Tandem aemulatio regum Ptolemaei et Eumenis in biblio- thecis condendis occasionem dedit membranas Perg-ami inveniendi. Ab eo inde tempore libri modoJ in charta ex pipyro facta, modo in membranis scripti sunt. 69. Mores incolarum ^gypti ab aliorum populorum moribus vehementer discrepant. Mortuos nee cremant, nee sepeliunt ; veriim arte medicates intra penetralia col- Grammars. — * 839, r vii. : 75/^ r. xvi. — ^ 573, r. xlii. : />.>^', r ■|xii.^<= 541.— <» 308, 6.?.9.— « 501, r. xxix. : S55, r. xxxix.— ^ 611, {in.): 992.—^ 522, 107 n. Idioms.—' 112, 1.— e 67, e. Sup. tst.— i 124. 12. 178 THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE / I5cant. Negotia extra domos femmae, viri domos et res domesticas curant ; onera illge humeris, hi capitibus ge- ruiit. Colunt effigies multorum aiiimalium et ipsa ani- malia. Hsec interfecisse ^ capitale est ; morbo e^xstincta lugent et sepeliunt. 70. Apis omnium ^gypti populorum numen est; bos niger cum Candida in dextro latere macula; nodus sub lingua, quem cantliarum appellant. Non fas est eum certos vitse annos excedere. Ad hunc vitae terminum quum pervenerit, mersum in fonte enecant. Necatum lugent, aliumque quaerunt, quem ei substituant;^ nee tamen unquam diu quasritur. Deliibra ei sunt gemma, quee thalamos vocant, ubi populus auguria captat. Al- teram c intrasse ^ * la3tum est ; in altero dira portendit. Pro bono etiam habetur signo, si e manibus consulen- tium cibum capit. In publicum procedentem grex puerorum comitatur, carmenque in ejus lionorem ca- nunt,^ idque videtur intelligere. 71. Ultra ^gyptum ^Etliiopes habitant. Horumpop- uli quidam Macrobii vocantur, quia paulo quam nos diu- tius vivunt. Plus auri^ apud eos reperitur, quam seris ; banc ob causam ass illis videtur pretiosius. ^Ere se ex- ornant, vincula auro ^" fabricant. Lacus est apud eos, cujus aqua tam est liquida atque levis, ut nihil eorum, quae immittiintiir, sustinere queat ; quare arborum quo- que folia non innatant aqiue, sed pessum aguntur. 72. Africa ab oriente terminatur Nilo ; a ceteris parti- bus mari. Kegiones ad mare positag eximi^ sunt fertiles ; interiores incultae et arenis sterilibus tectae, et ob nimium * (Apim,) intrasse alter um, "for Apis to have^tered the one," Icetum esU Grammars.— » 660, r. Ivi. : 114:7, r. Ixxxii. — ^ 630, 1206,-^ 317 649,—'' 343, r. viii. : S60, r. xl— ' 541. Idiom. — « 19, {thalamum) NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 179 calorem deserta?. Prima pars ab occidente est ^Maiirita- Ilia. Ibi mons prasaltus Abyla, Calpae monti in Ilispania, oppositus. Hi moiites columnas Herculis appellantur. Fama est, ante Herciilem mare internum terris inclii- siim iuisse, nee exTtum habuisse in Oceanum ; Herciilem autem junctos montes diremisse et mare junxisse cum Oceano. Ceterum regio ilia est ignobilis et parvis tan- tum oppidis habitatur. Solum melius quam incolae. 73. Numidia magis culta et opulentior. Ibi satis longo a littore intervallo saxa cernuntur attrita flucti- bus, spinae piscium, ostreorumque fragmenta, ancorae etiam cautibus infixae, et alia ejusmSdi signa maris olim usque ad ea loca effiisi. Finitima regio, a promontorio Metagonio ad aras Philsenorum, proprie vocatur Africa. Urbes in ea celeberrimse UtTca et Carthago, amb^ a Phoenicibus conditae. Carthagmem divitiae, mercatiira imprimis comparatas, tum bella cum Romanis gesta, excidium denique illustravit.^ 74. De aris Pliilaenorum liaec narrantur. Pertinacis- sTma fuerat contentio inter Carthagmem et Cyrenas de finibus. Tandem placuit,'' utrinque eodem tempSre juv(> nes mitti, et locum, quo convenissent, pro finTbus haberi. Carthaginiensium legati, Philaeni fratres, pauld ante tem> pus constitiitum egressi esse dicuntur. Quod quum C}Te^ nensium legati intellexissent, magnaque exorta esset coi> tentio, tandem Cyrenenses dixerunt, se tum demum liiinc locum pro finibus habitiiros esse, si Philasni se ibi vivos obrui passi essent. lUi conditionem acceperunt. Car- thaginienses autem animosis juvenibus in illis ipsis lo> cis, ubi vivi sepulti sunt, aras consecraverunt, eorum-. que virt litem agternis honoribus proseciiti sunt, . ■ — , -^ Grammar. — * 313, 644:, Idiom. — ^ 51, 5. Sup. iUis^ 80, 2. 180 THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 75. Inde ad Catabatlimum Cyrenaica porrigitur, ubi Ammoiiis oraculum et fons quidam, qiiem Solis esse « dicunt. Hie fons medi^ nocte fervet,^ turn paulatim te- pescit ; sole oriente fit frigidus ; per meridiem maxTmd riget. Catabathmus vallis est devexa versiis ^gyptum. Ibi fiiiTtur Africa. Proximi his populi urbes non liabent, sed in tuguriis vivunt, quas mapalia vocantur. Vulgus pecudum vestitur pellibus.<^ Potus est lac succusque baccarum; cibus caro. Interiores etiam incultius vi- vmit. Sequuntur greges suos, utque hi pabulo ducun- tur, ita illi tuguria sua promo vent. Leges nullas habent, nee in commiine consultant. Inter hos Troglodjtae in specubus habitant, serpentibusque aluntur. 76. Ferarum Africa feracissima. Pardos, pantheras, ieones gignit, quod belluarum genus Europa ignorat. Leoni ^ praecipua generositas. Prostratis parcere dicT- tur; in infantes nonnisi summa fame saevit. AiiTmi ejus index ^ cauda, quam, dum placidus est, immotam servat ; dum irascitur, terrain et se ipsum ^ ea flagellat. Vis e summa in pectore. Si fugere cogitur, contemptim cedit, quam diu spectari potest; in silvis acerrimo ciirsu fertur.? Vulneratus percussorem novit,h et in quanta- libet multitudme appetit. Hoc tam saevum animal gal- linacei cantus terret. Domatur etiam ab hominibus. Hanno Pcenus primus leonem mansuefactum ostendisse dicitur. Marcus autem Antonius triumvir primus, post pugnain in campis Philippicis, Romas Ieones ad currum junxit. 77. Struthiocameli Africi altitudinem equitis equo' Grammars.—* 319, r.: 6*6*6*, r. vi. Sup. /bwiem.— *> 157, 1 : lOSl, — = 524, r. V. : 1075, r. Ixxiv.— «» 394, r. u. : 821, r. xxx.— e 308, 639,—' 399, r. iv. : 826, r. xxxii. It^IOMS.— ' 33, 1.— s 116, 3.— »» 84, 3. 4 NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 181 insidentis exoequant, celeritatem vincimt. Peniia) ad hoc demum videiitur datae, ut currentes adjiivent; nam a terra tolli non jjossunt. Ungulce cervinis ^ sunt sim- iles. His in fuga compreliendunt lapides, eosque con- tra sequentes jaculantiir. Omnia conc5quiint. Cete- rum magna iis ^ stoliditas, ita ut, quum caput et collum frutice occultavcrint, se latere existiment.c Peiin^ corum quaeruntur ad ornatum. 78. Africa serpentes generat vicenum^ cubitorum;^ nee minores India. Certd Megasthenes scribit, serpen- tes ibi in tantam magnitudmem adolescSre, ut solTdos hauriant cervos taurosque. In primo Punico bello ad flumen Bagradam serpens centum viginti pedum ^ a Kegulo, imperatore Romano, ballistis et tormentis ex- pugnata esse fertur. Pellis ejus et maxillae diu Romae in templo quodam asservatae sunt. In India serpentes perpetuum bellum cum elephantis gerunt. Ex arbori- bus se in prgetereuntes ^ priecipTtant gressusque ligant nodis. Hos nodos elephanti manu resolvunt. At dra- cones in ipsas s elephantorum nares caput condunt spi- ritumque praecliidunt ; pleriimque in ilia dimicatione utrlque commoriuntur, dum victus elepLas corruensh serpentem pondere suo elTdit. Grammars.—* 337, 756,—^ 394, r. ii. : 821, r. xxx.— « 627, 1 Ist : 1220.—^ S39, r. vii. : 7ij7, r. xvL— »» 688, 13i>0, r. cv. Idioms.—" 18, {ungulis).—^ 26, 1 f 101, 1, {ilbs)—e 32, 6. DICTIONARY. EXPLANATION OF ABBREVIATIONS. art J. adjective. fr- from obsol. obsolete. adv ailverb. fieq. frequentative. ord. ordinal. app. appeadix. inc. inceptive. part. participle. e. common gender. ind. indeclinable. pass. passive. conj. coujunctioa. imp. impersonal. pi. plural. compar comparative. int. interjection. prep. preposition. d. doubtful geuder. intr. intransitive. pret. preteritive. def. defective irr. irregular. pro. pronoun. dep deponent. 771. masculine. rel. relative. dim. diminutive. n. neuter. subs. . substantive dis. distributive. neiit. pass. neuter passive. sup. superlative. / feminine num. numeral. tr. transitive. comp. compared regularly as directed, § 25, 21G. id. derived from the same word as the preceding. Numbers in Roman figures alone refer to paragraphs in BtiUions's Latin Grammar §, with a number in Roman figures, refers to the section of that number in Bui lions' s Latin Grammar. Numbers in heavy-faced figures refer to paragraphs in Bullions & Moiris's Latiti Grammar. Id. (Idioms) refers to the Introduction, in tliis work, concerning Latin idioms. ,'^ Words marked m. f. n. c. d., denoting gender, are nouns, and their declension is known by the ending of the genitive, placed next after the word, according to § 3, 41, Words conjugated are verbs, and their conjugation is known by the vowel before re in the infinitive, according to 184, 3, 27 1» A. an ahhreviafion of Aiilus. A, ab, ab=;, prep. />-o?>?, &y,(abl.) ab oriente, on the east: a meridie, on the south. Abdera, a?, f. a maritime toicn of Thrace. Abditus, a, um, part. & adj. removed; hidden; conceal- ed, secret; from Abdo, abdere, abdidi, abdi- tum, tr. (ab & do,) to re- move from view ; to hide; to conceal. Abduco, abducere, abduxi, abdurtiim, tr. (ab & duco,) to lead aicay. Abductii.=:, a, um, part, (abdu- co ) Abeo, abire, abii, abitum, intr. irr. (ab & eo,) to go away ; to depart. Aberro, are, avi, atum, intr. (ab & erro,) to stray; to wander ; to lose the way. Abjectus, a, um, part, from Abjicio, abjicere, abjeci, abjec- tum, tr. (ab & jacio.) to cast from; to cast away ; to throw aside. Abluo, ere, i, tum, tr. (ab & luo,) to icash from, or away; to ivash; to purify. Abrunipo, abrumpere, abrupi, abruptuin, tr. (ab & rum- po.) to break off; to break. Abscindo, ab.scindere, ab?cidi, abscissum, tr. (ab & ^cln- do,) to cut off. 184 ABSENS ACCIPIO. Absens, tis, part, (absum § 54, Ohs. 3,) absent. 280. Absolvo, absolvere, absolvi, absolutiim, tr. (ab & solvo,) to loose from ; to loose; to release. Absorbeo, absorbere, absorbui & absorpsi, tr. (ab & sor- beo,) to suck in from, (viz : an object;) to absorb, or such in; to swallow.. Absterreo, ere, ui, itiim, tr. (abs & terreo,) to frighten away; to deter. Abstiner/tia, je, f. abstinence; disinterestedness ; freedom from avarice; from Abstineo, abstinere, abstinui, tr. (abs & teneo, § 81,) to keep from; to a bs tain. Absum, abesse, abfiii, intr. irr. (ab & sum,) {to be from, Viz : a place, i. e.) to be cd)- sent, ov distant; to begone; parum abesse, to want but little; to be near. Absumo, absumere, absumpsi, absumptum, tr. (ab & su- mo,) to tahe aivay ; to co?i- sume; to destroy; to waste. Absumptus, a, um, part, (ab- sumo.) * Absurdus, a, um, adj. (ab & surdus, deaf; senseless ;) harsh; grating; hence senseless ; absurd. Abundantia, ^e, i.jylenty; ahun- dance; from Abundo, are, avi, atum, intr. (ab & undo, to rise in waves, to boil, and hence) to over- flow ; to abound. Abyla, se, f. Abyla; a moun- tain in Africa, at the en- trance of the Mediterranean sea, opposite to mount Calpe in Spain. These moun- tains were anciently called the Pillars of Hercides. Ac, atque, conj. arid; as ; than., Acca, 3d, f. Acca Laureyitiaj the ivife of Faustidus, and 7iurse of Romulus and Re- mus. Accedo, accedere, accessi, ac- cessum, intr. (ad & cedo,) to move near to; to draw near ; to approach; to ad- vance; to engage in; to undertake. Accendo, accendere, accendi, accensum, tr. (ad & can- deo,) to set on fire. Accensus, a, um, part, (accen- do,) set on fre; kindled; lighted ; inflamed; burning. Acceptus, a, um, part, (accip- io.) Accessus, us, m. (accedo,) ap- proach : access ; accession. Accido, accidere, accidi, intr. (ad & cado,) to fcdl down at, or before: accidit, imp. it happens^ or it hap- pened. Accipio, accipere, accepi, ac- ceptum, tr. (ad & capio, Gr. 215, 5, 2d.) to tale; to receive; to learn; to hear; to understand; to accept: ACCIPITER ADAMO. 185 accTpere fin em, to come to [ an end; to terminate, OOS* Ac'cipiter, tris, m. a Jiawk. Acciimbo, ac'cumbere, accii- bui, intr. (ad.& cubo, 375) to sit or recline at table. Accurate, adv. (iiis, issime) (accural us, ad & euro,) ac- curately ; carefully. Accurro, accurrere, accurri or accucurri, intr. (ad & curro,) to run to. Accilso, are, iivi, atum, tr. (ad & causor, to allege., from causa,) to accuse; to blame; to find fault with. Acer, cris, ere, adj. (acrior; acerrimus,)^ sharp; sour; eager; vehement; rapid; courageous ; fierce ; violent ; acute; keen; piercing.' Acerbus, a, urn, adj. comp. sour; unripe; vexatious; harsh; morose; disagree- hle; from acer. Acerrime, adv. sup. See Acri- ter. Acervus, i, m. a heap. Acetum, i, n. vinegar. Achaicus, a, um, adj. Achcean, Grecian. Achelous, i, ra. a river of Epi- rus. Acheru-ia, ne, f. a lal'e in Campania ; also, a cave in Bithynia. Achilles, is & eos, m. (§ 15, 130,) the son of Peleus and Thetis, and the bravest of the Grecian chiefs^ at the siege of Troy. Acidus, a, um, adj. comp, sour; sharp; acid. Acies, ei, f. an edge; aline of soldiers; an army in battle array; a squadron; a, rank; an army ; a battle. Acinus, i, m. a berry ; agrape^ stone. Acriter, acriiis, accerrime, adv. (from acer) sharply ; ard.ent". ly ; fiercely; courageously. Acroceraunia, orum,n.pl.(§18, 17 Sf) lofty moiDi tains be- tween Albania and Epirus. Acrocorinthos, i, f. (Gr. 74,) the citadel of Corinth. (SS* Acropolis, is, f. the citadel of Athens. Actio, onis, f. (from ago,) an action ; operation ; aprocess. Actium, i, n. a promontory of Epirus, famous for a naval victory of Augustus over Anthony and Cleopatra. Actus, a, um, part, (ago,) driven; led. Aculeus, i, m. (acuo) a sting ; a thorn; a prickle; a por^ cupine's quill. Acumen, inis, n, (from acuo,) acutejiess ; perspicacity. Acus, li*?, f. (acuo) a needle. Ad, prep, to; near; at; to- wards: with a numeral, about. Li composition, see Gr.23l,239',d70,-i-SiS. Adamas, antis, m. adamant; a diamond. Adamo, are, a\'i, atum, tr. (ad & amo,) to love greatly, or desperately. 186 ADDICO ADMONITUS. Addico, dicere, dixi, dictum, ti-o ( ad & dico,) to adjudge ; assign; make over. Additus, a, um, part, from Addo, addere, addidi, additum, tr. (ad & do,) to put a thing close to another ; i. e. to add; to annex; to ap- point ; to give. Adduco, adducere, adduxi, ad- ductum, tr. (ad & dnco,) to lead; to bring: in dubita- tionem, to bring into ques- tion. Ademptus, a, um, part, (adi- mo.) Adeo, adv. so; therefore; so much ; to such a degree ; so very. Adeo, adire, adii, aditum, intr. irr. (ad & eo,) to go to. § 83, 3. 413. AdhEerens, tis, part, from Adha^reo, haerere, hsesi, hte- sum, (ad & hsereo,) to stick to; to adhere; to adjoin; to lie contiguous. Adherbal, Tdis, m. a king of Numidia, put to death by his cousin Jugurtha. Adhibeo, adliibere, adliibui, adhibitum, tr. (ad & ha- beo,) to hold forth ; to ad- mit; to apply; to use; to employ. Adhuc, adv. (ad & hue) hither- to ; yet ; as yet ; still. Adimo, adimcre, adrmi, ad- emptum, tr. (ud & emo,) to take away. Adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus sum, dep. (ad&apiscor) to reach; to attain; to over- take ; to get. Aditus, us, m. (adeo,) a going to; entrance; access; ap- proach. Adjaceo, ere, ui, itum, intr. (ad & jaceo,) to lie near; to adjoin; to border upon. Adjungo, adjungere, adjunxi, adjunctum, tr.(ad & jungo,) to join to ; to unite with. Adjtitus, a, um, part, from Adjiivo, adjuvare, adjuvi, ad- jutum, tr. (ad & juvo,) to assist; to help; to aid. Admetus, i, m. a king of Tliessaly. Administer, tri, m. a servant; an assistant. Administro, are, avi, atum, tr. (ad & ministro,) to admin- ister ; to manage. Admiratio, onis, f. (admiror,) admiration. Admiratus, a, um, part, from Admiror, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. to admire. Admissus, a, um, part, from Admitto, admittere, admisi, admissum, tr. (ad & mit- to,) to admit; to allow ; to receive. Admodum, adv. (ad & modus,) vei^y ; much; greatly. Admoneo, ere, ui, itum, tr. (ad &, moneo,) to put in mind; to admonish; to warn. Admonitus, a, um, part, fad- moneo.) ADMOVEO AD VERSUS. 187 to grow, groio up. Admoveo, admovere, admovi, admotum, tr. (ad & moveo) to move to; to bring to. Adnato, are, avi, atum, intr. freq. (ad & nato, from no,) to swim to. Adolescens, tis, adj. (adoles- co,) (compar. ior, § 26, 6,) young: subs, a young man or woman; a youth. Adolescentia, a3, f. [the state or time of youth ;^ youth; a youth; from Adolesco, adolescere, adolevi, adultum, intr. inc. (227, 2) to increase ; to 588. Adopto, are, avi, atum, tr. (ad & opto,) to choose to ov for one^s self; i. e. to adopt; to take for a son ; to assume. Adorior, orlri, ortus sum, tr. dep. (ad & orior,) to rise or go to; (hence,) to attach; to accost ; to address, to un- dertake. Adria, a^, m. the Adriatic sea. Adriaticus, a, um, adj. Adri- atic: mare Adriaticum, the Adriatic sea; now, the gulf of Venice. Ad>cendo, see Ascendo. Ad?equor, see Assequor. Ad servo, see Asservo. Adsigno, see Assigno. Adsisto, or assisto, sistere, stiti, intr. (ad & sisto,) to stand, by ; to assist; to help. Adspecturus, a, um, part, (as- picio.) Adspergo, or aspergo, gere, 9 si, sum, tr. (ad & spargo,) to sprinkle. Adspicio, or aspicio, spicere, spexi, spectum, tr. (ad & specio,) to look at ; see ; re- gard; behold. Adstans, tis, part.; from Adsto, or asto, stare, stiti, intr. (ad & sto,) to stand by; to be near. Adsum, adesse, adfui, intr. irr. (ad & sum,) to be present ; to aid; to assist. Adulator, oris, m. (adulor,) a flatterer. Aduncus, a, um, adj. (ad & uncus,) bent; crooked. Advectus, a, um, part, from Adveho, advehere, advexi, ad- vectum, tr (ad & veho,) to carry; to convey. Advena, ae, c. (advenio,) a stranger. Adveniens, tis, part, from Advenio, advenire, adveni, ad- ventum, intr. (ad & venio,) to arrive; to come. Adventus, us, m. (from adve- nio,) aji arrival; a coming. Adversarius, i, m. (adversor, to oppose,) an adversary; an enemy. Adversus, a, um, adj. (adver- to, to turn to,) tufned to- wards; adverse; opposite; unfavorable; bad; front- ing; adversa cicatrix, a scar in front: adverso cor- pore, on the breast. Adversus & adversiim, prep, (id.) against; towards 188 ADVOCO ^STUOSUS. Advoco, are, avi, atum, tr. (ad & voco,) to call for, or to ; to call ; to summon. Advolo, are, avi, atum, intr. (ad & volo,) to jly to. -^difico, are, avi, atum, tr. (ffides, a house ; & facio,) to huild. .^dilis, is, m. (gedes) an cedile ; a magistrate who had charge of the public huildings. -^dilitas, atis, f. (aedilis,) the office of an cedile ; cedileship. _^dilitius, (vir,) i, m. one who has been an cedile. -^gseus, a, um, adj. ^gcean ; JEgaeum mare, the ^gcean sea, lying between Greece and Asia Minor ; now called the Archipelago. -/Eger, ra, rum, adj. (aegrior,) segerrimus,) sich, weak, in- firm ; diseased. ^gre, adv. (agger,) grievous- ly ; with difficulty. ^gritudo, inis, f. (seger,) sor~ row; grief. ^gyptLis, i. f. (45, 2,) 33 ; ^gypt, ^lius, i, m. the name of a Roman family. ^milius, i, m. the name of sev- eral noble Romans of the gens Emilia, or ^milian tribe. JEmulatio, onis, f. (aemulor,) emulation ; rivalry ; com- petition. uJEmCdus, a, um, adj. emidous. ^mulus, i, m. a rival ; a com- petitor. -^neas, ae, m. a Trojan prince, the son of Venus and An- chises. ^neus, a, um, adj. (ass,) bra- zen. ^nos, i, f. (74,) a town m Tlirace, at the mouth of the Hebrus, named cfter its founder, ^neas. OS* ^olis, idis, f. a country on the western coast of Asia Minor, between Troas and Ionia. ^qualis, e, adj. (gequus,) equal. ^qualiter, adv. (sequalis,) equally. uS^quitas, atis, f. equity ; jus- tice; moderation; from JEquus, a,, um, adj. (comp.) equal: aequus animus, or aequa mens, equanimity. Aer, is, m. the air ; the atmos- phere. ^rarium, i, n. the treasury; from ^s, aeris, n. brass; money. ^schylus, i, m.. a celebrated Greek tragic poet. JEsculapius, i, m. the son of Apollo, and god of medicine. ^stas, atis, f. (a3stus,) summer. ^stimandus, a, um, part, to be esteemed, prized; or re- garded; from ^stimo, are, avi, atum, tr. to esteem; to value; to regard ; to judge of, to estimate. ^stuo, are, avi, atum, intr. (aestus,) to be very hot; to boil. -^stuosus, a, um, adj. (comp.) ^STUS AGGER. 189 mdulating ; rising in surges; boiling; stormy; turbulent. JEi^ixi?^, us, m. heat. ^Etas, atis, f. (scil. asvitas, from a3vum,) age. ^ternus, a, um, adj. (scil. £evi- ternus, id.) eternal; immor- tal. Ethiopia, je. f. Ethiopia, a country in Africa, ^y^^^9 ^^^ both sides of the equator. ^thiops, opis, m. an Ethio- pian. -^tna, 96, f. a volcanic moun- tain in Sicily. -^vum, i, n. time ; an age. Afsr, ra, rum, adj. of Africa. AiFibre, adv. (ad & faber, an artist,) artfully; ingenious- ly ; curiously ; in *a work- manlike manner. AfFectii-;, a, um, part, affected; afficted. AfF ro, aiFerre, attuli, allatum, tr. irr. (ad & fero,) to bring; to carry. AfRcio, icore, eci, ectiim, tr. (ad & facio,) to affect: ine- dia, to affect with hunger ; i. e. to deprive of food: claiibus, to overthrow: pa^s. to be affected: gaudio, to be affected with joy; to rejoice ; febri, to be attacked loith a fever. Affigo, affigere, affixi, affix- um, tr. (ad & figo,) to af- fix; to fasten; affigere cru- ci, to crucify. AiFinis, e, adj. (ad *& finis,) neighboring; contiguous: lience, AfFlnis, is, c. a relation. Afiirmo, are, avi, atum, tr. (ad & fii'mo,) to affrm; to confirm. Affixus, a, um, part. (afFigo.) Afflatus, us, m. (affio, to blow against ;) a blast ; a breeze ; a gale; inspiration. Africa, ae, f. Africa; also a part of the African conti- nent, lying east of Numid- ia, and west of Gyrene. Africanus, i, m. the agnomen of two of the Scipios, de- r Ivedfrom their conquest of Africa. (887, 15SH, 4.) Africus, a, um, adj. belonging to Africa; African. Africus ventus, the southwest wind. Agamemnon, onis, m. a king of Mycence, the commander- er-in-chief of the Grecian forces at the siege of Troy. Agathyrsi, orum, m. pi. a bar- barous tribe living near the palus MiBotis. Agellus, i, m. dim. (ager,) a small farm. Ageiior, oris, m. a king of Phoenicia. Agens, tis, part, (ago.) Ager,' gri, m. afield; land; a farm; an estate; ground; a territory ; the country. Agger, eris, m. (aggero, ad & gero, to carry to :) a heap ; a pile ; a mound; a bul- wark; a bank; a rampart; a dam. 190 AGGREDIOR ALCINOUS. Aggredlor, ecTi, essus sum, tr. & intr. dep. (ad & gradi- or,) to go to ; to attack. Agressus, a, um, part, having attacked. Agitator, oris, ra. a driver ; from Agito, are, avi, atum, tr. freq. (ago,) 227, Obs. 2, to drive; to agitate; to revolve. S 8 4* Aglaus, i, m. a poor Arcadian. Agmen, inis, n. (ago,) a train ; a troop upon the march; a hand; an army. Agnitvis, a, um, part, from Agnosco, agnoscere, agnovi, agnitum, tr. (ad & nosco,) to recognize; to know. Agnus, i, m. a lamb. Ago, agere, egi, actum, tr. to set in motion ; to drive ; to lead; to act; to do; to reside; to live: funus, to perform funeral rites : an- num vigesimum, to he spending, or to he in his twentieth year: bene, to he- have well: agere gratias, to thank. Agor, agi, actus sum, pass, to he led: agitur, it is debat- ed: res de qua agitur, the point in debate: pessum agi, to sink. Agricola, ae, m. (ager & colo,) a husbandniayi; a farmer. Agricultura, se, (id.) f. agri- culture. Agrigentum, i, n. a town upon the southern coast of Sicily, now Gir genii. Agrippa, je, m. the name of several distinguished Romans. Alienum, i, n. (scil. vas aene- um,) a brazen vessel; a ket- tle; a caldron. Aio, ais, ait, def. verb, (§84, 5,) I say. 4:42, Ajax, acis, m. the name of two distinguished Grecian warriors at the siege of Troy. Ala, 86, f. a wing ; an armpit ; an arm. AlScer, or acris, acre, adj. (comp.) lively ; courageous ; ready ; fierce ; spirited. Alba, £6, f. Alba Longa ; a city of Latium, built by Asca- nius. Albanus, • i, m. an inhabitant of Alba; an Alban. Albanus, a, um, adj. Alhani. mons Albanus, mount AU bonus, at the foot of which Alba Longa was built, 16 miles from Rome. Albis, is, m. a large river of Germany, now the Elbe. Albida, ae, m. an ancient name of the Tiber. Albus, a, um, adj. white; (a pale white; see candidus.) Alcestis, idis, f.^ the daughter of Pelias, and wife of Ad- 7netus. Alcibiades, is, m. an eminent Athenian, the pupil of So- crates. Alciiioitri, i, m. a king of Phoea- ALCYONE ALPESo 191 cia^ or Corcyra, whose gar- dens were very celebrated. Alcyone, es, f. the daughter of ^olus, and wife of Ceyx : she and her kushand were changed into sea-birds- call- ed Aicyones, kingfishers. Alcyoii, is, m. kingjisher. Alcyoneus, a, iim, adj. halcyon. Alexander, dri, m. Alexander surnamed the Great, the son of Philip, king of 3Ia- cedon. Alexandria, ae, f. the capitcdof Egypt; founded by Alex- ander the Great. Algeo, algere, alsi, intr. to be cold. Alicunde, adv. (aliqnis & mi- de,) from some place. Allenatus, a, um, part, aliena- ted; estranged; from Alieno, are, avi, atum, tr. to cdienate ; to estrange ; from Alienu^, a, um, adj. of or be- longing to another; for- eign; another mail's; an- other's ; m. a stranger. Alio, adv. to another place; elseivhere. Allquandiu, adv. (aliquis & din,) for some time. ^ Aliqnando, adv. (alius & quan- do,) once ; formerly; at some time ; at length ; sometimes. Aliquantum, n. adj. something; someichat; a little. AL'quis, allqna, aliquod & ali- quid, indef. pron. (§ .37, 3,) some ; some one ; a certain one, 251. Aliquot, ind. adj. some. Aliter, adv. (alius,) otherwise; aliter — aliter, in one way — in another. Alius, a, ud, adj. § 20, Note 2; another; other: alii — alii, some — others. 102, Allatus, a, um, part. (afFero,) brought. Allectus, a, um, part, (allicio.) Allevo, are, avi, atum, tr. (ad & levo,) to raise up ; to al- leviate ; to lighten. Allia, 33, f. a small river of Italy, flowing into the Ti- ber. Allicio, licere, lexi, lectum, (ad & lacio, to draw,) tr. to al- lure; to entice. Alligatns, a, um, pai*t. hound; confined; from Alligo, are, avi, atum, tr. (ad & ligo,) to bind to ; to fast- en; to bind or tie. Allocutus, a, um, part, specdc- ing, or having spoken to; from Alloquor, -loqui, -loctitus sum, tr. dep. (ad & loquor,) to specdc to; to address; to accost. Alluo, -lucre, -lui, tr. (ad & luo,) to flow near; to wash; to lave. Alo, alere, alui, alitum or al- tum, tr. to nourish ; to feed; to support; to increase; to maintain; to strengthen. Aloeus, i, m. a giant, son oj Titan and Terra. Alpes, ium, f. pi. the Alps, 192 ALPHEUS AMPHION. Alj^lieus, i, ra. a river of Pe- loponiiesus. Alpinus, a, um, adj. of or he- longing to the Alps; Al- pine: Alpmi mures, mar- mots. Alte, (iiis, issime,) adv. on high; highly; loudly; deeply; low. 'Alter, era, eriim, adj. § 20, 4, the one {!, i, m. a Roman prjieno- men belonging to the Clau- dian gens or tribe. Appano, -ponere, -posui, -ppsi- tum, tr. (ad & pono,) to set or place before ; to put to; to join. Appo^itus, a, um, part, (aj)- pono.) Appropinquo, are, avi, atum, iutr. (ad & propinquo,) to approach; to draw near. Aprleu?. a, um, adj. (comp.) sunny; serene; warm: (as if apericus /Vom aperio.) Apto, are, avi, atum, tr. toft; to adjust. Apud, prep, at; in; among; before ; to ; in the house of; in the writings of Apulia, se, f. a country in the eastern part of Italy, near the Adriatic. Aqua, £6, f. water. Aqujeductus, us, m. (aqua & duco, to lead:) an aque- duct; a conduit. Aquila, 3d, f. an eagle. Aquilo, onis, m. the north wind. Aquitania, ae, f. a country of Gaul. Aquitani, orum, m. pi. the in- habitants of Aquitania. Ara, ge, f. an altar. Arabia, se, f. Arabia; hence, Ai'abicus, a, um, adj. Arabian; of or belonging to Ara- bia. Arabicus sinus, the Red Sea. Arabius, a, um, adj. Arcdnan. Arabs, abis, m. an Arabian. Arbitratu^, a, um, part, having thought; from Arbitror, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. (arbiter,) to believe: to think. Arbor, & Ai-bos, oris, f. a tree. Area, «, f. a chest. Arcadia, ge, f. Arcadia, a coun- try in the interior of Pelo- ponnesus. Areas, adis, m. an Ai'cadian ; also, a son of Jupiter and Calisto. Arceo, ere, ui, tr. to ivard off; to keep from; to restrain. 196 ARCES SITUS ARMENTUM. Arcessitus, a, um, part, from Arcesso, ere, ivi, itum, tr. (ar- cio, i. e. adcio, ad and cio,) to call; to send for ; to in- vite; to summon. Archimedes, is, m. a famous mathematician and mecha- nician of Syracuse. Arcliitectus, i, m. an architect ; a builder. Archytas, as, m. a Pythagore- an philosopher of Taren- tum. Arete, adv. (ius, issime,) strait- ly ; closely; from Arctus, a, um, adj. (ior, issi- mus,) narrow ; close; from arceo. Arcus, us, m. a how ; an arch. Ardea, ae, f. a city of Latium, the capital of the Rutuli. Ardens, lis, part. & adj. hur7i- ing ; hot; from Ardeo, ardCre, arsi, arsum, intr. to gloiu ; to he on fire; to hum; to sparkle; to shine; to dazzle. Arduus, a, um, adj. high; lofty; steep ; arduous; dif ficidt. Arena, se, f. (areo, to he dryi) sand; hence Arenosus, a, um, adj. sandy. Arethusa, a3, f. the name of a nymph of Elis, who was changed into a fountain in Sicily. Argentum, i, n. silver. Argias, 86, m. a chief of the Megare7isians. Arglvus, a, um, adj. (Argos,) of Argos ; Argive. Argivi, orum, m. pi. (id.) Ar- gives ; inhabitants of Argos. Argonauts, arum, m. pi. (Argo & nauta?,) the Argonauts ; the crew of the ship Argo. Argos, i, n. sing., & Argi, orum, m. pi. a city in Greece, the capital of Ar- golis. Arguo, uere, ui, utum, to speak in loud or shrill tones : hence, to argue; to accuse; to prove; to show ; to con- vict. Ariminum, i, n. a city of Italy, on the coast of the Adriatic. Aristobulus, i, m. a name of several of the high priests and kings of Judea. Aristoteles, is, n^ Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, horn at Stagtra, a city of Macedo^ nia. Arma, orum. n. pi. arms. Armatus, a, um, part, of armo, armed: pi. armati, orum, armed men ; soldiers. Armenia, ee, f. (Major,) a country of Asia, lying be- tiveen Taurus and the Cau- casus. Armenia, {:e, f. (Minor,) a small country lying heticeen Caj)- adocia and the Euphrates. Armenius, a, um, adj. Arme- nian. Armentum, i, n. {for aramen* turn, from aro,) a herd. ARMILLA ASTUTUS. 197 Armilla, a^, f. (dim. fr. armus, the arm,) a Jjracelet or ring worn on the left arm by soldiers who had been dis- tinguished in battle. Anno, fire, avi, atum, tr. (ar- ma, to arm. Aro, -are, -avi, atum, tr. to ' plough; to cover with the plough. Arrei)tus, a, um, part, from Arripio, -ripere, -ripui, -rep- tum, tr. (ad & rapio,) § 80, 5,) to seize upon. 003, Arrogo, are, avi, atum, tr. (ad & rogo) to demand for one's self; to arrogate ; to claim. Ars, tis, f. art; contrivance; skill; employment ; occupa- tion; pursuit. Ar.^i. See Ardeo. Artemisia, as, f. the wife of Ma u sol us, king of Carta. Artifex, icis, c. (ars & facio,) an artist. Arundo, inis, f. a reed; a cane. AruRs, tis, m. the eldest son of Tarquin the Proud. Arx, cis, f. (arceo,) a citadel; a fortress. Ascanius, i, m. the son of ^- neas and Creusa. Ascendo, (or adscendo,) dere, di, sum, tr. & intr. (ad & scando, to climb to,) to as- cend; to rise: ascenditur, imp it is ascended.or they as- cend; 223, 6. & Id, 67, note. Asia, a?, f. Asia ; Asia Minor ; also, procons^dar Asia, or the Roman province. Asiatic'us, i, m. ati agnomen of L. Cornelius Scipio, on account of his victories in Asia. 887, 4, 1538, 4. Asina, ai, n^ a cognomen or surname of a part of the Cornelian family. Asinus, i, m. an ass. Aspect urns, a, um, part (as- picio.) Asper, era, erum, adj. (erior, errimus,) rough; rugged. Aspergo. See Ad.-pergo. As- or ad- spemor, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. to spurn; to despise ; to reject. Aspicio. See Adspicio. Aspis, idis, f. a7i asp. Assecutus, a, um, part, from Assequor, -sequi, -secutus sum, tr. dep. (ad & sequor,) to come up to; to overtahe; to obtain. Asservo, are, avi, atum, tr. (ad & servo,) to take care of; to preserve ; to keep. Assigno, are, avi, atum, tr. (ad & signo,) to mark with a seal: hence, to appoint; to allot; to distribute. Assisto. See Adsisto. Assuesco, -suescere, -suevi, -suetum, intr. inc. (ad & suesco.) to be accustomed; to be wont. Assurgo, -surgere, -surrexi, -surrectum, intr. (ad & sur- go,) to rise up ; to arise. Astronomia, as, f. astronomy. Asiutus, a, um, adj. (ior, issi- mus,) {from astu, the city. 198 ASYLUM AUGUSTUS^, viz.; of Athens^ hiowing ; shreivd; cunning; crafty. Asylum, i, n. an asylum. •At, conj. but. Atalanta, iB, f. the daughter of Schoeneus, king of Arca- dia^ celebrated for her swiftness in running. Atliena3, arum, f. pi. Athens^ the capital of Attica; hence, Atheniensis, is, m. an Athe- nian. Atilius, i, m. a Roman proper name. Atlanticus, a, um, adj. Atlan- tic ; relating to Atlas : mare Atlanticum, the Atlantic ocean. Atque, conj. and; as; than. Atrociter, adv. (ius, issime,) (atrox,) fiercely ; violently ; severely. Attains, i, m. a king of Per- gamus. Attero, -terere, -trivi, -tritum, (ad & tero,) tr. to rub close ; to rub off; to wear. Atthis, idis, f. the same as At- tica. Attica, 3d, f. Attica, a country in the southern part of Gi-eece proper. Attingo, -tingere, -tigi, -tac- tum, tr. (ad & tango,) to touch; to border upon; to attain; to reach. AttoUo, ere, tr. (ad & tollo,) to raise up. Attritus, a, um, part, (attero,) rubbed away; worn off. Auctor, oris, c. (augeo,) one who inci^eases or enlarges; hence, an author. Auctoritas, atis, f. authority; influence; reputation; tr. auctor. Auctus, a, um, part, (augeo,) increased; enlarged; aug- mented. Audacia, ae, f. audacity; bold- ness; from Audax, acis, adj. (comp.) bold; daring ; audacious ; despe- rate; from Audeo, audere, ausus sum, neut. pass, to dare; to at- tempt. § 78, 312. Audio, ire, ivi, itum, tr. to hear. Audltus, a, um, part. Auditus, us, m. the hearing. Aufero, auferre, abstuli, abla- tum, tr. irr. (ab & fero,) to take aivay ; to remove. Aufugio, -fugere, -fugi, -fugi- tum, intr. (ab & fugio.) to ffy away; to run off; to escape; to fee. Augendus, a, um, part, from Augeo, augere, auxi, auctum, tr. to cause to grow ; to in- crease ; to augment; to en- large ; intr. to grow ; to in- crease; to rise. Augurium, i, n. (avis, a bii^d, & garrio, to chirp,) a fore- telling of future events from the singing of birds ; hence, augury ; divination. Auguste, adv. (ius, issime,) nobly; from Augustus, a, um, adj. (comp.) AUGUSTUS AXENUS. 190 august; grand; venerable; (from aiigeo.) Augustus, i, m. an honorary apjyellation hestoiued hy the senate upon Ccesar Octavi- anus ; succeeding emperors took the same name. Aulis, idis, f. a seaport town in Bceotia. Aulus, i, m. a common praeno- men among the Romans. 887, 1 ; 1538, 1. Aurelius, i, m. the name of several Romans. Aureus, a, um, adj. (aurum,) golden. Auriga, ae, m. (aurea, Obsol. a rein^ and ago, to hold, or drive,) a charioteer. Auris, is, f. the ear. Aurum, i, n. gold. Auspicicum, i, n. (avis a bird, and specio, to look:) a spe- cies of divination, from the flight, Sfc, of birds; an auspice; the guidance, or protection of another. Ausus, a, um, part, (audeo,) daring ; having dared. Aut, conj. or ; aut — aut, either — or. Autem, conj. but; yet. Autumnus, i, m. (augeo,) au- tumn. ,Auxi. See Augeo. Auxilium, i, n. (augeo,) help; aid; assistance. Avaritia, a?, f. avarice; from Avarus, a, um, adj. (comp.) avaricious ; covetous: (fr. aveo, to long for.) Avelio, -vehere, -vexi, -veetum, tr. (a & veho,) to carry off, or away. Avelio, -vellere, -velli or -vul:>i, -vulsum, tr. (a & vello.) to pull off, or away ; to pluck; to take away (forcibly). Aventlnus, i, m. mount Aven- tine, one of the seven hills on which Rome was built. Aversus, a, um, part, turned away: cicatrix aver.so, a scar in the back: from Averto, -vertere, -verti, -ver- sum, tr. (a & verto,) to turn away; to avert; to turn. Avicula, ae, f. dim. (avis,) a small bird. Avidus, a, um, adj. (aveo,) (ior, issimus,)<^eszrow5 ; rav' enous,; greedy; eager. Avis, is, f. a bird. Avoco, are, avi, atum, tr. (a & voco,) to call away; to di- vert; to withdraw. Avolaturus, a, um, part, from Avolo, are, avi, atum, intr. (a & volo.) to fly away, or off Avulsus, part, (avelio.) Avuncfdus, i, m. (dim. of avus,) a mother's brother; an luicle. Avus. i, m. a grandfather. Axenus, i, m. (from a Greek word signifying inhospita- ble:) tJie Euxine sea; an- ciently so called, on account of the cruelty of the neigh" boring tribes. 200 E-ABYLON BENEFICIUM. B. Babylon, onis, f, the metropo- lis of Chaldea, ^y^^W '^I^on the Euphrates. Babylonia, 03, f. the country about Babylon. Bacca, £e, f. a berry. Bacchus, i, m. the son of Jupi- ter and Semele, and the god of wine. Bactra, orum, n. the capital of Bactria7ia, situated upon the sources of the Oxus. Bactriani, orum, m. pi. the in- habitants of Bactriana. Bactrianus, a, um, adj. Bac- trian, pertaining to Bactra or Bactriana. Baculus, i, m. and Baculum, i, n. a staff. Bsetica, as, f. a country in the southern part of Spain, watered by the river Bcetis. Baetis, is, m. a river in the southern part of Spain, now the Gaudalquiver. Bagrada, ae, m. a river of Af- rica, between Utica and Carthage. Ballista, se, f. an engine for throwing stones. Balticus, a, um, adj. Baltic: mare Balticum, the Baltic sea. Barbarus, a, um, adj. speaking a strange language; {7iot Greek or Roman ;) foreign ; hence, barbarous ; rude ; uncivilized; savage: subs. barbari, barbarians. Batavus, a, um, adj. Batavio.n: belonging to Batavia, now Holland. Beatitudo, mis, f. blessedness ; happiness ; from Beiitus, a, um, adj. (ior, issi- mus,) happy ; blessed; (fr. beo, to make happy.) Bebrycia, se, f. a country of Asia. Belga3, arum, m. pi. the inhab- itants of the north-east pari of Gaul; the Belgians. Belgicus, a, um, adj. of or pertairiing to the Belgce. Bellerophon, tis, m. the son of Glaucus, king of Ephyra. Bellicosus, a, um, adj. (ior, is- simus, (bellum,) of a war- like spirit; given to war. Bellicus, a, um, adj. (bellum,) relating to war ; warlike. Belligero, are, avi, atum, intr. (bellum & gero,) to wage war ; to carry on war. Bello, are, avi, atum, tr. to war; to wage war; to con- tend; to fight. Bellua, ie, f. a large heast; a monster. Bellum, i, n. (duellum,) war. Belus, i, m. the founder of the Bahylonish empire. Bene, adv. (melius, optime,) well; finely; very: bene pugniire, to fght succesS' fully ; (fr. benus obsoL for bonus.) Beneficium, i, n. (bene & fa- cio,) a beneft; a kindness*. BENEVOLEXTIA BRIGANTINUS. 201 Benevolentia, ae, f. Cbeno & vo- ] lo,) benevoleiice ; goodwill. Benigae, adv. (ius, issime,) kindly ; . from Benigiius, a, um, adj. (comp.) kind; benign: (benigenusfr. benus for bonus, & genus.) Bestia, ae, f. a beast; a wild beast. Bestia, ae, m. the surname of a Mo man consul. Bias, antis, m. a philosopher born at Priene, and one of the seven wise men of Greece. Bibliotheca, ae, f. a library. Bibo, biberc, bibi, bibitum, tr. to drink^ (in order to quench thirst:) to imbibe: See poto. Bibilhis, i, m. a colleague of Julius Ccesar in the con- sulship. Bini, se, a, num. adj. l06, 207 ^ two by two ; tivo, two each. Bipes, edis, adj. (bis & pes,) two footed; with two feet. Bis, num. adv. twice. Bitliynia, ae, f. a country of Asia Minor, east of the Propontis. Blamlitia, ae, f. compliment- ing ; blanditins, pi. bland- ishments ; caresses ; flattery : from Blaiidus, a, um, adj. Hor, issi- mus,) courteous; agreeable; flattering ; enticing ; invit- ing ; tempting. Boeotia, ae, f. a cou7ifri/ of Greece, north of Attica. Bonitas, atis, f. goodness; ex- cellence, from Bonus, a, um, adj. (mehor, op- timus,) good; happy ; kind. Bonum, i, n. a good thing ; an endowment ; an advantage ; profit: bona, n. pi. an es- tate; goods: (fr. bonus.) Boreahs, e, ad}.7iorthern ; irom Boreas, ie, m. the north wind. Borysthenes, £e, m. a large ri- ver of Scythia, flowing into the Euxine ; it is now called the Dneiper. Borysthenis, idis, f. the name of a town at the mouth of the Borysthenes. Bos, bovis, c. an ox; a cow § 15. 12, 12S. Bosphorus, or Bosporus, i, m. the name of two straits be- tween Europe and Asia; one the Thracian Bospho- rus, now the straits of Con- stantinople; the other the Cimmerian Bosphorus, now the straits of Caffa. Braehium, i, n. the arm ; (viz. from the hand to the el- bow.) Brevi, adv. shortly ; briefly; in short time ; from Brevis, e, adj. (comp.) short; brief; hence, Bre vitas, atis, f. shortness; brevity. Brigantlnus, a, um, adj. be- longing to Brigantium, a town of the Vindelici; Brigantinus lacus, the lake of Constance, 202 BRITANNIA CALEFIO. Britannia, ae, f. Great Britain. Britannicus, a, nm, adj. belong- ing to Britain; British. Britannus, a, um, adj. British: Britanni, the Britons. Briima, a^, f. the winter sol- stice; the shortest day. Bruttium, i, n. a promontory of Italy. Bruttii, orum, m. pi. a people in the southern fart of Italy. Brutus, i, m. the nq/me of an illustrious noble family. Bucephrdus, i, f. the name of Alexander's war-horse. Bucephalos, i, f. a city of In- dia, near the Ilydaspes, built by Alexander, in me- mory of his horse. Buxeus, a, um, adj. (buxus, thie box-tree:) of box; of a pale yellow color, like box- wood. Byzantium,* i, n» now Constan- tinople, a city of Tlirace, situated upon the Bospho- rus. C. C, an abbreviation of Caius. Cabira, ind. a town of Pontus. Caciimen, inis, n. the top; the peak; the summit. Cadens, tis, part, (cado.) Cadmus, i, m. the son of Age- nor, king of Phoenicia. Cado, cadere, cecidi, casum, intr. to fall. Caecilius, i, m. a Roma^i name. Csecilbum. i, n. a toum of Cam' pania, famous for its wine. CaecLibus, a, um, adj. Cmcu- ban; of Ccecid)um. Ctedes, is, f. slaughter; car- n age ; homicide ; murder ; from Ceedo, credere, cecidi, caesum, tr. to cut; to kill; to slay; to beat. Ceelatus, a, um, part, from Ca3lo, are, avi, atum, tr. to carve ; to engrave ;■ to sculp- ture; to emboss. Caepe, or Cepe, n. indec. an onion. C^epio, onis, m. a Roman consul who commanded in Spain. Caesar, aris, m. a cognomen or surname given to the Julian family. Csestus, ui?, m. (csedo,) a gauntlet ; a boxing-glove. Caesus, a, um, part. (c£edo,) cut; slain; beaten. Caius, i, m. a Roman prasno- men. Calais, is, m. a son of Boreas. Calamitas, atis, f. {a storm which breaks the reeds or stalks of corn, hence,) a calamity ; a misfortune ; fr. Calamus, i, m. a reed. Calathiscus, i, m. (dim. cala- thus,) a small basket. Calefacio, calefacere, calefeci, calefactum, tr. (caleo & fa- cio,) to warrn; to heat. Caleflo, fieri, factus sum, intr. irr. § 83, Obs. 3; to be war^med. CALEFACTUS CAPTIVU3. 203 Calefactns, a, um, part, (cale- fio,) warmed. Calidus, a, um, adj. (comp. fr. caleo,) warm. Caliidus, a, uin. adj. (calleo, from callu^^, hardness^ viz: of skin occasioned hy hard labor ; hence,) practiced; experienced ; shrewd; cun- ning. Calor, oris, m warmth; heat. Calpe, es, f. a hill or mountain in Spain, opposite to Abyla in Africa. Calpurniu^, i, m. the name of a Roman family. Calydoiiius, a, lim, adj. of or belonging to Calydon, a city of ^tolia; Calydonian. Camelus, i, c. a camel. Camillus, i, m. (M. Furius,) a Roman general. Campania, ae, f. a pleasant country of Italy., between Latium and Lucania. Campester, tris, tre, adj. even; plain; level; champaign; flat; from Campus, i, m. a plain ; a field ; the Campus Martins. Cancer, en; m. a crab. Candidus, a, um, adj. (comp.) white; (a bright or shini7ig ivhite; see albus.) Candor, oris, m. (id.) bright- ness ; ichiteness ; clearness. Canens, tis, part, of cano, singing. Canis, is, c. a dog. CannjE, arum, f. pi. a village in Apulia, famous for the defeat of the Romans hy Hannibal. Cannensis, e, adj. belonging to Cannce. Cano, canc^re, cecmi, cantum, tr. to sing; to sound or play upon an instrument, Cantans, tis, part, (canto.) Cantluirus, i, m. a b'eile; a knot under the tongue of the god Apis. Cantium, i, n. now the county of Kent, England. Canto, are, a\'i, atum, tr. freq. (cano,) to sing; to repeat often. Cantus, us, m. (id.) singing ; a song : cantus galli, the crow- ing of the cock. Caper, pri, m. a he-goat. Capesso, ere, ivi, itum, tr. (ca- pio,) § 88, o, to take; to take the management of: fugam capessere, to flee. o87» Capiens, tis, part, from Capio, capere, cepi, captum, tr. (properly, to hold; to con- tain; commonly,) to take; to capture , to take captive ; to enjoy ; to derive. Capitrdis, e, adj. (caput,) re- lating to the head or life; capital; mortcd; deadly; pernicious: capitfde, {sc, crimen,) a capital crime. Capitolium, i, n. (id.) the cap- itol ; the Roman citadel on the Capitoline hill. Capra, ae, f. a she-goat. Captivus, a, um, adj. (capio,) captive. 204 CAPTO — CASUS. Capto, are, avi, atum, tr. freq. SS'Jiy (capio,) to catch at ; to seek for ; to hunt for. Captus, a, um, part, (eapio,) taken; taken captive; Capua, k, f. the principal city of Campania. Caput, itis, n. a head; life; the skull; a capital city; capitis damnare, to con- demn to death. Carbonarius, i, m. (carbo, a coal;) a collier; a maker of charcoal. Career, eris, m/ a prison. Careo, ere, ui, itum, intr. to he without; to he free from; to he destitute ; not to have ; to want. Cares, ium, m. pi. Carians ; the inhahitants of Caria. Caria, ae, f. a country in the southeastern part of Asia Minor. Carica, se, f. a fig; (properly, carica ficus.) Carmen, mis, n. a song; a poem. Carneades, is, m. a philosopher of Cyrene. Caro, carnis, f. flesh. Carpentum, i, n. a chariot; a ivagon. Carpetani, orum, m. pi. a peo- ple of Spain, on the borders of the Tagus. Carpo, carpere, carpsi, carp- tiim, tr. to pluck ; to gather ; to tear. Carrae, arum, f. pi. a city of Mesopotamia^ near the Eu^ phrates. • Carthaginiensis, e, adj. of or helonging to Carthage. ; Car- thaginian : subs, a Cartha- ginian. Carthrigo, mis, f. Carthage, a maritime city in Africa: Carthago Nova, Carihagc- na, a town of Spain. Carus, a, um, adj. (ior, itsimus,) dear ; precious ; costly. Casa, ae, f. a cottage ; a hut. Casca, ae, m. the surname of P, Servilius, one of the con- spirators against CcBsar. Caseus, i, m. cheese. Cassander, dri, m. the name of a Macedonian. Cassiope, es, f. the wife of Ce- pheus, king of Jithiopia, and mother of Ayidromeda. Cassius, i, m. the name of sev- eral Romans, Castalius, a, um, adj. Casta- lian; of Castalia, a foun- tain of Phocis, at the foot of mount Parnassus. Castigatus, a, um, part, from Castlgo, are, avi, atum, tr. to chastise ; to punish; to cor- rect. Castor, oris, m. the brother of Pollux and Helen. Castrum, i, n. (ca?a,) a castle: castra, orum, pi. a camp: castra ponere, to pitch a camp; to encamp. Casus, us, m. (cado,) a fall; accident; chance; anevenU CATABATHMUS — CELT^E. 205 a misfortune: a disaster; a calujimttj. Catabatliiiius, i, m. a declivity ; a (jradiiid descent ; a valley hetioeen Egypt and Africa proper. Cat Ilia, 03, f. now Catania^ a cihj of Sicily, near mount Cataiiensis, e, adj. belonging to Ocitana; Gatanean. Catitiiius, i, m. Catienus Ploti- nus, « Roman distinguished for his attachment to his patron. Catilliia, JB, m. a conspirator against the Roman govern- mjut, lohose plot was detect- ed and defeated by Cicero. Cato, oais, m. the name of a R) man family. Catulus, i, m. the name of a Rom%n family. Catrdu-i, i, m. (dim. canis,) a little dog ; a whelp ; the young of beasts. Caucasus, i, m. « mountain of Asia, between the Black and Caspian seas. Cauda, ce, f. a tail. Caudlniis, a, um, adj. Caudine ; of or belonging to Caudium, a town of Italy. Caula, ae, f. a fold; a sheep- cote. Causa, ne, f. a cause ; a reason ; a lawsuit: in causa est, or cau-a est, is the reason: causa, for the sal-e of. Cautes, is. f. a sharp rock; a crag; a cliff: from 18 Caveo, cavere, cavi, cautum, iiitr. & tr. to beware; to avoid; to shun: cavere sibi ab, to secure themselves from; to guard against. Caverna, 03, f. (cavus,) a cate; a cavern. Cavus, a, um, adj. hollow. Cecldi. See Cosdo. Cecidi. See Cado. Cecini. See Cano. Cecropia, ae, f. an ancient name of Athens ; from Cecrops, opis, m. the first king of Athens. Cedo cedere, cessi, cessum, intr. to yield; to give place ; to retire; to retreat; to suhnit. Celeber, bris, bre, adj. (celebri'^ or, celeberrimus,) crowded; much visited; renoivned; famous ; distinguished. Celebratus, a, um, part, (cele- bro.) Celebritas, atis, f. (celeber.) a great crowd; fame; glory ; celebrity ; renown. Celebro, are, avi, atum, tr. to visit; to celebrate; to make famous; to perform. Celeritas, atis, f. (celer, sivift,) speed; swiftness; quick- ness. Celeriter, adv., (ius, rime,) sioiftly. Celeus. i, m. a king of EJeusi'i. Celo, are, avi, atum, tr. to hide; to conceal. Celtre, arum, m. pi. the Celts J a people of GauL 206 CENSEO CETUS. Censeo, ere, ui, um, tr. to esti- mate; to judge ; to believe; to count ; to reckon. Censor, is, m. (censeo,) a cen- sor ; a censurer ; a critic. Censorinus, i, m. (L. Manlins,) a Roman consul in the third Punic war. Censorius, i, m. (censor,) one who has been a censor; a surname of Cato the elder. Census, us, m. (censeo,) a cen- sus ; an enumeration of the people ; a registering of the people, their ages, &)C. Centeni, ae, a, num, adj. pi. dis- trib. (centum.) every hund- red; a hundred. Centesimus, a, um, num, adj. ord. (id.) the hundredth. Centies, num, adv. a hundred times; from Centum, num, adj. pi. ind. a hundred. Centurio, onis, m. (centuria,) a centurion; a captain of a hundred men. Cephallenia, a?, f. an island in the Ionian sea, now Cepha- lonia. Cepe. See C?epe. Cepi. See Capio. Cera, ae, f. wax. Cerberus, i, m. the name of the three-headed dog which guarded the entrance of the infernal regions. Cercasorum, i, n. a town of Egypt. Ceres, eris, f. Ceres, the goddess of corn^ Cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum, tr. properly, to sift; to dis- tinguish: hence, to see; to perceive. Certamen, mis, n. (certo,) a contest ; a battle ; zecd; ea- gerness ; strife; contention; debate ; a game or exercise : Olympicum certamen, the Olympic games. Certe, adv. ius, issime, (certus,) certainly, at least. Certo, are, avi, atum, tr. & intr. (certus,) to determine, or male sure ; to contend; to strive ; to fight. Certus, a, um, adj. (cerno,) (ior, issimus,) certain ; fx- ed: certiorem facere, to in- fo'rm. Cerva, ge, f. a female deer ; a hind; hence, Cervinus, a, um, adj. belonging to a stag or deer. Cervix, icis, f. {the hinder part of) the neck; an isthmus-^ Cervus, i, m. a male deer ; a stag. Cessator, is, m. a loiterer; a lingerer ; an idler ; from Cesso, are, avi, atum, intr. freq. (cedo,) to cease; to loiter. Ceterus, {and ceter, seldom used,) cetera, ceterum, adj. other; the other; the rest; hence, Ceterum, adv. but; however, - as for the rest. Cetus, i, m. (& cete, is, n.) a whale; any large sea fish. CEYX CITH^RON. 207 Ceyx, yds, m. the son of Hes- | perus, and husband of Al- \ cyone. \ Chalcc'don, oiiis, f. a city of Bithynia, opposite Byzan- tium. Chaklaicus, a, um, adj. (Clial- daea,) Chaldean. Cliarta, je, f. paper. Chersipliron, onis, m. a distin- guished architect., under whose direction the temple of Ephesus loas built. Chersonesus, i, f. a peninsula. Chilo, onis, m. a Lacedcemo- nian philosopher, and one of the seven wise men of Greece. Christus, i, m. CJirist. Cibus, i, Td.food; nourishment. Cicatrix, icis, f. a wound; a scar ; a cicatrice. Cicero, onis, m. a celebrated Roman orator. Cicoaia, as, f. a storlc. Cilicia, £6, f. a country in the southeast part of Asia Mi- nor. Cimbri, orum, m. pi. a nation formerly inhabiting the northern part of Germany. Cinctus, a, um, part, (cingo.) Cineas, se, m. a Thessalian, the favorite minister of Pyrrlms. Cingo, cingere, cinxi, cinc- tiun, tr. to surround; to encompass ; to encircle; to gird. Cinis, eris, d. ashes; cinders. Cinna, 38, m. (L. Cornelius,) a consid at Home, in the time of the civil icar. Cinnamum, i, n. cinnamon. Circa & Circum, prep. & adv. about; around; in the neighborhood of. Circuitus, us, m. (circumeo,) a circuit ; a circumference. Circumdatus, a, um, part, from Circumdo, dare, dedi, datum, tr. (circum & do,) to put , around; to surrou7id; to - environ; to invest. Circumeo, ire, ii, itum, intr. irr. (cii'cum & eo, § 83, 3.) to go round; to visit. 413* Circumfluo, -fluere, -fluxi,-flux- um, intr. (circum & fluo,) to flow round. Circumiens, euntis, part, (cir- cumeo.) Circumjaceo, ere, ui, intr. (cir- cum & jaceo,) tolie around; to border upon. Circumsto, stare, steti, intr. (circum & sto,) to stand round. Circumvenio, -venire, -veni -ventum, tr. (circum & ve- nio,) to go round; to sur- round; to circumvent. Circumventus, a, um, part. Ciris, is, f. the name of the fish into which Scylla was changed. Cisalplnus, a, um, adj. (cis & Alpes,) Ciscdpine; on this side of the Alps; that is, on the side nearest to Borne. Cithaeron. onis, m. a moun* 208 CITO — CCELUM. tain of B(jeotia, near Tliebes, sacred to Bacchus. Cito, adv. (ius, issime,) quick- ly; from Citus, a, urn, adj. (citus, part, cieo,) (ior, issimus,) quick. Citra, prep. & adv. on this side. Civicus, a, um, adj, (civis,) civic : corona civica, a civ- ic crown given to him who had saved the life of a citi- zen by killing an enemy. Civilis, e, adj. (comp,) of or belonging to a citizen ; civil; courteous; from Civis, is, c. (cio, or cieo,) a citizen. Civitas, fitis, f. (civis,) a city ; a state; the inhabitants of a city ; the body of citizens ; a constitution ; citizenship ; freedom of the city. Clades, is, f. loss; damage; defeat; disaster ; slaughter. Clam, prep, without the knowl- edge of: — adv. privately; secretly. Clamo, are, avi, atum, intr. & tr. to cry out; to ccdl on; hence, Clamor, oris, m. a clamor ; a cry. Clandestlnus, a, um, adj. (clam,) secret; clandestine. Claritas, atis, f. celehnty ; fame; from Clarus, a, um, adj. (ior, issi- mus,) clear; famous; re- nowned; celebrated; loud. Classis, isj f. a class; ajleet. Claudius, i, m. the name of several Romans^ belo7igi7ig to the tribe hence called Claudian. Claudo, claudere, clausi, clau- sum, tr. to close ; to shut. Claudus, a, um, adj. lame. Clausus, a, um, j)art. (claudo,) shut up. Clavus, i, m. a nail; a spike. Clemens, tis, adj. (ior, issimus,) merciful; hence, Clementer, adv. (ius, issime,) gently; kindly. Clementia, se, f. (id.) clemency ; mildness. Cleopatra, se, f. an Egyptian queen celebrated for beauty. Cloaca, as, f. a drain; a com- mon sewer. Clodius, i, m. a Roman of il- lustrious family, remarka- ble for his licentiousness. Cluentius, i, m. the name of several Romans. Clusium, i, n. a city of Etruria. Clypeus, i, m. a shield. Cneius, i, m. a Roman pra^no- men; abbreviated Cn. Coactus, a, um, part, (cogo,) collected; assembled; com- pelled. Coccyx, ygis, m. a cuckoo. Codes, itis, m. a Roman dis- tinguished for his bravery. Coctilis, e, adj. (coquo,) baked; dried; burnt. Coctus, a, um, part, (coquo,) baked; burnt; boiled. Coelum, i, n. sing. m. pi. 96, CCENA— COLO. 209 4, heaven; the climate; the sky: the air; the atmos- phere. Coena, ae, f. a supper. Coepi, isse, def. § 84, Obs. 2, I begin, or / began. 45t>. Coeptus, a, urn, part, begun. Coerceo, ere, ui, itum, tr. (con & arceo,) to surround, to restrain; to check; to con- trol. Cogitatio, onis, f. (cogito,) a thought; a reflection. Cogitatum, i, n. a thought; from Cogito, are, avi, atum, tr. (for coagito, con & agito,) to revolve in the mind; to think; to consider ; to med- itate. Cogiiitus, a, um, part, (cog- nosco.) Cognomen, inis, n. (con & no- men,) a surname. lS38fS. Cognosco, -noscere, -ndvi, -ni- tum, tr. (con & nosco,) to investigate ; hence, to know ; to learn : de causji, to try or decide a suit at law. Cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum, tr. (coigo, con & ago,) to drive together ; to drive; to compel; to force; to urge; to collect; agmen, to bring up the rear. CohcTereo, -hgerere, -liassi, hae- sum, intr. (con & haereo,) to stick together ; to adhere ; to be united; to be joined to. Cohibeo, -hibere, -hibui, -hibi- tum, tr. (con & habeo,) to hold together; to holdback; to restrain. Cohors, tis, f. a cohort; the tenth part of a legion. Colclii, orum, m. the people of Colchis. Colchis, idis, f. a country of Asia, east of the Euxine. Collabor, -labi, -lapsus sum, intr. dep, (con & labor,) to fall down ; to fall together ; to fall. CoUare, is, n. (collum,) a col- lar; a necklace. CollatTnus, i, m. a surname of Tarquinius, the husband of Lucretia. Collectus, a,um,part. (coUigo.) CoUega, ae, m. (con & lego, -are,) one who has charge along with another, i. e. a colleague. Collegium, i, n. (collega,) a college ; a company. Colligo, -ligere, -legi, -lectum, tr. (con & lego,) to collect. Collis, is, m. a hill. CoUocatus, a, um, part, from CoUoco, are, avi, atum, tr. (con & loco,) to place : statuam, to erect: to set up. Colloquium, i, n. conversation; an interview ; from Colloquor, -loquit, -locQtus sum, intr. dep. (con & loquor.) to speak together ; to converse, Collum, i, n. the neck. Colo, colere, colui, cultum, tr. to care for ; to cidtivate ; to exercise; to pursue: to practise; to respect; to re- 210 COLONIA COMMOROR. gard; to venerate; to wor- ship; to inhabit. Colonia, a3, f. a colony: from Colonus, i, m. (colo,) a colo- nist. Color, & Colos, oris, m. a color. Columba, a3, f. a dove; a pig- eon. Columbare, is, n. a dovecote. Columna, se, f. (colfimen, a prop^) a pillar ; a column. Comburo, -urere, -ussi, -ustum, tr. (con. & uro, § 80, 5,) io burn up; to consume. 00(>» Comedendus, a, um^ part, from Comedo, edere, edi, esum & estum, tr. (con & edo,) to eat up; to devour. Comes, itis, c. (con & eo,) one who gives with another ; a companion. Cometes, ae, m. a comet; S2» Comissor, or Commissor, ari, atus sum, intr. dep. to revel as Bacchanalians; to riot; to banquet; to carouse. Comitans, tis, part, (comitor.) Comitatus, a, um, part, from Comitor, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. (comes,) to accompany ; to attend; to follow. Commemoro, are, avi, atum, tr. (con & memoro,) to commemorate ; to mention. (^^ommendo, are, avi, atum, tr. (con & mando,) to commit to one's care ; to commend; to recommend. Commeo, are, avi, atum, intr. (con & meo,) to go to and fro; to go and come; to pass. Commercium, i, n. (con & merx,) commerce ; ex- change ; traffic; intercourse. Commigro, are, avi, atum, intr. (con & migro,) to emigrate ; to remove. Comminuo, -minuere, -minui, -minutum, tr. (con & mi- nuo,) to dash or break in pieces; to crush; bruise. Comminutus, a, um, part, bro- ken in pieces; diminished. Committo, -mittere, -misi, -mis- sum, tr. (con & mitto,) to bring or put together; to commit; to entrust; to be- gin: pugnam, to join bat- tle; to commence or to fight a battle. Commissus, a, um, part, in- trusted; perpetrated ; com- mitted; commenced: proe- lium commissum, a battle begun or fought: copiis commissis, forces being en- gaged. Commoditas, atis, f. (commo- dus,) aptness; ftness; a convenience; commodious- ness. Commodum, i, n. (id.) an ad- vantage; gain. Commorior, -mori & -moriri, -mortuus sum, intr. dep. (con & morior,) to die to- gether. Commoror, ari, atus sum, intr. dep. (con & moror,) COMMOTUS CONCIPIO. 211 to reside with; to stay at; to remain; to continue. Commotus, a, um, part, from Commoveo, -movere, -movi, -motum, tr. (con & moveo,) to move together or wholly ; to move; to excite; to stir up ; to injiuence ; to induce. Commiinico, are, avi, atum, tr. to communicate ; to im- part; to tell; from Communis, e, adj. (comp.) common: in commune con- sulere, to consult for the common good. Commuto, are, avi, atiim, tr. (con & muto,) to change; to alter; to excJiange. Comoedia, ae, f. a comedy. Comparo, are, avi, atum, tr. (con & paro.) to prepare; to get together ; to gain; to procure; to compare. Compello, -pellere, -puli, -pul- sum, tr. (con & pello,) to drive; to compel ; to force; in fugam, to put to flight. Compenso, are, Tni, atum, tr. (con & penso,) to weigh to- gether ; to compensate; to make amends for. Comperio, -perire, -peri, -per- tum, tr. (con & pario,) to find out; to learn; to dis- cover. Complector, -plecti, -plexus sum, tr. dep. (con & plec- tor,) to embrace; to com- prise; to comprehend; to reach; to extend: com'- plecti amore, to hve. 10 Compono, -ponerc, -posui, -po- situm, tr. (con & pono,) to put together; to compose; to arrange ; to construct ; to finish; to compare; hence, Compositus, a, um, part, fin- ished; composed; quieted, Compreliendendus, a, um, fr. Comprehendo, -prehendere, -prehendi, -prehensum, tr. (con & prehendo,) to grasp or hold together ; to comjjre- hend ; to seize ; to apprehend. Comprehensus, a, um, part. Compulsus, a, um, part, (com- pello.) Conatus, a, um, part, (conor,) having endeavored. Concedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- sum, intr. & tr. (con & ce- do,) to step aside ; to yield; to permit; to grant. Conceptus, a, um, part, (con- cipio,) conceived; couched; expressed. Concessus, a, um, part, (con- cedo.) Concha, £e, f. a shell fish. Conchylium, i, n. a shell-fish. Concilio, are, avi, atum, tr. to join together ; to conciliate ; to reconcile; to acquire for one's self; to gain; to ob^ tain; from Concilium, i, n. a council. Concio, onis, f. (concieo.) an assembly; an assembly of the people. Concipio,-cipere,-cepi,-ceptum, tr. (con & capio,) to take together; to conceive; to 212 CONCITO CONGERO. imagine; to form; to draw up; to comprehend. Concito,, are, avi, atum, tr. freq. (con & cito,) to set in motion; to excite; to raise. Concitor, oris, m. 07ie who ex- cites ; an exciter ; a mover; a distwrher. Concoquo,-coquere, -coxi, -coc- tum, tr. (con & coquo,) to boil; to digest. Concordia, ?e, f. (concors,) con- cord; agreement ; harmony. Concredo, -credere,- -credidi, -creditum, tr. (con & credo,) to consign; to trust; to in- trust. Concremo, are, avi, atum, tr. (con & cremo,) to hum with ; to hum ; to consume. Concurro, -currere, -curri, -cur- sum, intr. (con & curro,) to rwn together: concurritur, pass. imp. a crowd assem- ble. Id. 67, Note. Concussus, a, um, part, shaken; moved; from Concutio, cutere, cussi, cussum, tr. (con & quatio,) to shake ; to agitate; to tremble. Conditio, -onis, f. (condo,) condition; situatio7i; a proposal; terms. Conditus, a, um, part, from Condo, -dere, -didi, -ditum, tr. (con & do,) to put together ; to lay up; to found; to build; to make; to form; to hide; to bury ; to conceal. Conduco, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- tum, tr. (con &, duco,) to » lead together; to conduct; to hire. Confectus, a, um, part, (con- ficio.) Conf ero, conferre, contfdi, col" latum, tr. irr. (con & fero,J) to bring together ; to heap up ; to bestow ; to give : ^^e conferre, to betake one^s self; to go. Conficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, (con & facio, to do tho- roughly ;^ to make; to fin- ish ; to waste ; to wear out ; to terminate; to consume; to ruin ; to destroy ; to kill, Confilgo, -fligere, -iiixi,-flictum, (con & fligo,) to strike or dash together; to contend; to engage; to Jight; (viz.: in close combat.) See dim- ico. Conflo, are, avi, atum, tr. (con & flo,) to blow together; to melt; to unite; to com- pose. Confiuo, -fluere, -fluxi, -fluxum, intr. (con & tiuo,) to flow to- gether ; to flock ; to assemble. Confodio,-fodere, -iodi, -fossum, tr. (con & fodio,) to dig through and through; to pierce; to stab. Confossus, a, um, part, (confo- dio.) Confugio, -fugere, -fugi, -fugi- tum, intr. (con & fugio,) to flee to; to flee for refuge; to flee. Congero, -gerere, -gessi, -ges- tum, tr. (con & gero,) t(^ CONGREDIOR CONSILIUM 213 firing together ; to collect; to heap up. Congredior, -gredi, ^gressus sum, intr. dep. (con & gra- dior,) to meet ; to encounter ; to engage; to fight. Coiigrego, are, avi, atum, tr. (con & grex,) to assemble in filochs; to assemble. Conjectus, a, um, part, from Conjicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, tr. (con & jacio,) to cast; to throw forcibly; to con- jecture. Conjugium, i, n. (con & jugo,) marriage. Conj lingo, -jungere, -junxi, -junctum, tr. (con & jungo,) to unite; to bind; to join. Conjuratus, a, um, part con- spired: conjurati, subs, con- spirators ; from Conjuro, are, avi, atum, tr. (con & juro,) to sivear to- gether ; to combine ; to con- spire: conjiiratum est, a conspiracy ibccs formed. Conjiix, Ligis, c. (con & jugo,) a spouse; a husband or luife. Conor, ari, atus sum, intr. dep. to attempt; to venture; to endeavor; to strive. Con(pieror, queri, questus sum, intr. dep. (con & queror,) to complain; to lament. Conscendo, -scendere, -scendi, -scensum, tr. (con & scan- do,) to climb up ; to ascend. Conscensus, a, um, part, (con- scendo.) Conscisco, -sciscere, -scivi, -scitum, tr. (con & scisco,) to investigate ; to vote to- gether; to agree; to decree; to execute ; sibi mortem con- sciscere, to lay violent hands on one's self; to commit sui' cide. Consecro, are, avi, atum, tr. (con& sacro,) to consecrate; to dedicate; to devote. Consedi. See Consldo. Consenesco, senescere, senui, intr. inc. (con & senesco,) to groiv old. Consentio, -sentire, -sensi, -sen- sum, intr. (con & sentio,) to think together ; to agree; to consent; to unite. Consequor, - sequi, - secutus sum, tr. dep. (con & se- quor,) to folloiv closely ; to gam; to obtain. Consecutus, a, um, part, having obtained. Consero, -serere, -semi, -ser- tum, tr. (con & sero,) to join; to put together : pug«- nam, to join battle ; to fight. Conservandus, a, um, part, from Conservo, are, avi, atum, tr. (con & servo,) to preserve ; to maintain; to perpetuate, Considens, tis, part, from Consido, -sidere, -sedi, -ses- sum, intr. (con & sido,) to sit doivn; to encamp; to take one's seat; to perch ; to light. Consilium, i, ri. (consulo,) counsel; design; intention; a council; deliberation ; ad' 214 CONSISTO CONTEMPLOR. vice; a plan; judgment; discretion ; prudence ; wis- dom. Consisto, -sistere, -stiti, iiitr. (con & sisto,) to stand to- gether ; to stand ; to consist. Consolor, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. (con & solor,) to console ; to comfort. Conspectus, a, um, part, (con- spicio.) Conspectus, us, m. (id.) a see- ing ; a sight; a view. Conspicatus, a, um, part, (con- si^icor.) Conspicio, - spicere, - spexi, -spectum, tr. (con & spe- cio,) to hehold; to see. Conspicor, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. (id.) to hehold; to see. Conspicuus, a, um, adj. (id.) consjncuous; distinguished. Constans, tis, part. & adj. (comp.) jirm; constant; steady. Constituo, -stituere, -stitui, -sti- tutum, tr. (con & statuo,) to cause to stand, i. e., to place; to establish; to ap- point ; to resolve. Consto, -stare, -stiti, intr. (con & sto,) to stand dog ether ; to co7isist of: constat, imp. it is certain; it is evident. Construo, - struere, - struxi, structum, tr. (con & struo,) to pile together; to con- struct; to build; to com- pose; to form. Consuesco, -suescere, -suevi, -suetum, intr. (con & su- esco,) to be accustomed : hence, Consuetudo, mis, f. habit; cus- tom. Consul, ulis, m. a consul; hence, Consularis, e, adj. of or per- taining to the consul; con- sular: vir consularis, one who has been a consid; a man of consular dignity. Consulatus, us, m. (consul,) th» consulship. Consulo, -sulere, -sului, -sul- -tum, tr. to advise; to con- sult. Consulto, are, avi, atum, tr. &• intr. freq. (consulo,) to ad-^ vise together ; to considt. Consumo, -sumere, -sumsi, -sumptum, tr. (con & su- mo,) to take together, or at once; hence, to consume; to wear out; to exhaust; to waste; to destroy; hence, Consumptus, a, um, part. Contagiosus, a, um, adj- comp. (contingo,) conta' gious. Contemnendus, a, um, part, from Contemno, -temnere, -tenrpsi, -temptum, tr. (con & tem- no,) to desjnse; to reject with scorn. Contemplatus, a, um, part, ob- serving ; regarding ; con- sidering ; from Contemplor, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. (con & templum, a quarter in the heavens,) to CONTEMPTIM CONTUSUS. 215 hole attentively at the heavem; (said originally of the augurs; hence,) to contemplate ; to regard; to consider, to look at; to gaze upon. Contemptim, adv. with con- tempi , contemptuously ; scornfully ; from Contemptus, a, um, part, (con- temno.) Contemptus, us, m. (id.) con- tempt. Contendo, dere, di, turn, tr. & intr. (con & tendo, to stretchy or draw, or strive together, hence,) to dispute; tojight; to contend; to go to; to direct one's course; to request; hence, Contentio, onis, f. contention ; a debate ; a controversy ; ex- ertion ; an effort ; a strife. Contentus, a, um, adj, (comp.) content; satisfied: fr. con- tineo. Contero, -terere, -trivi, -tritum, tr. (con & tero,) to break; to pound; to ivaste. Continens, tis, part. & adj. (comp.) holding togefher ; hence, joining; continued: un interrupted ; temperate ; subs. f. the continent, or main land: from Contineo, -tinere, -tinui, -ten- turn, tr. (con & teneo,) to hold together, or in ; to con- tain. Contingo, -tingere, -tigi, -fac- tum, tr. (con & tango,) to touch ; conttgit, imp. it happens: mihi, it happeiis to me; I have the fortune. Continuo, a:dv, immediately; forthwith; in succession; fi'ora Continuus, a, um, adj. (con- tineo,) continued; adjoin- ing ; incessant; un inter - TU'pted; continual; without intermission; in close suc- cession: continuo alveo, in one entire or undivided channel. Contra, prep, against; oppo- site to: adv. on tlte other hand. Contractus, a, um, part, (con- traho. Contradico, -dicere, -dixi, -dic- tum, tr. (contra & dico,) to spteak against; to contra- dict; to oppose. Contradictus, a, um, part, con- tradicted; opposed. Contraho,-trahere, -traxi, -trac- tum, tr. (con & tralio,) to draw together ; to contract ; to assemble; to collect. Contrarius, a, um, adj, (con- tra,) contrary; opposite. Contueor, -tueri, -tuitus sum, tr. dep. (con & tueor,) to re- gard; to behold; to view; to gaze upon ; to survey. Contundo, -tundere, -tudi, -tu- sum, tr. (con & lundo,) to beat together; to beat; to bruise; to crush; to puU verize. Contusus, a, um, part. 216 CONVALESCO CORROSUS. Convalesce, -valescere, -valui, intr. inc. (con & valesco, from valeo,) to grow well; to recover. Convenio, -venire, -veni, -ven- tum, intr. (con & venio,) to come together ; to meet; to cissemhle. Converto, -vertere, -verti, -ver- sum, tr. (con & verto,) to turn ; to resort to ; to appro- priate; to convert into; to change; se in preces, to turn one^s self to entreating. Convicium, i, n. (con & vox,) loud noise; scolding; re- proach ; abuse. Convivium, i, n. (con & vivo,) a feast; ahanguet; an en- tertainment. Convoco, are, avi, atum, tr. (con & voco,) to call to- gether ; to asse77ihle. Convolve, -vcflvere, -volvi, -vo- lutum, tr. (con & volvo,) to roll together; pass, to be rolled together: se, to roll one''s self up. Cooperio, -perlre, -perui, -per- tum, tr. (con & operio,) to cover. Copia, se, f. an abundance; a multitude; a swarm: co- pias, pi. forces, troops. Copiose, adv. (ius, issime,) co- piously ; abundantly: from copiosus, from copia. Coquo, coqnere, coxi, coctum, tr. to cook; to bake; to boil; to roast; hence. Coquus, i, m. a cook. Cor, cordis, n. the heart. Coram, prep, in the presence of; before: adv. openly. Corcjra, se, f. an island on the coast of Epirus, now Corfu. Corinthius, a, um, adj. Corin- thian; belonging to Cor- inth. Corinthius, i, m. a Corinthian. Corinthus, i, f. Corinth, a city of Achaia, in Ch-eece. Corioli, orum, m. pi. a town of Latium. Coriolanus, i, m. a distinguish- ed Roman general. Corium, i, n. the skin; the skin or hide of a beast; leather. Cornelia, se, f. a noble Roman lady. Cornelius, i, m. the name of an illustrious tribe, or clan^ at Rome, adj. Cornelian. Cornix, icis, f. a crow. Cornu, us, n. a horn ; a tusk (91). 137. Corona, se, f. a crown. Corpus, oris, n. a body ; a corpse. Correptus,a,um,part. (corripio.) Corrigo, -rigere, -rexi, -rectum, tF.(con & rego,) to set right; to straighten; to make bet- ter ; to correct. Corripio, -ripere, -ripui, -rep- tum, tr. (con & rapio,) to seize. Corrodo, rodere, rosi, rosura, tr. (con & rodo,) to gnaw; to corrode. Corrosus, a, um, part, (corrodo,) CORRUMPO CRUDELIS. 217 CoiTumpo, -rumpere, -rupi, -ruptum, tr (con & ruin- po,) to break up, (or thoi^- oughly ;) to corrupt; to bribe; to hurt; to violate; to seduce; to impair; to destroy. Corruo, -iTiere, -rui, intr. (con & ruo,) to fall down; to de- cay. Corrnptiis, a, um, part. & adj. (corrumpo,) bribed; vitia- ted; foul; corrupt. Corsica, a3, f. an island in tJie Mediterranean sea, north of Sardinia. Corvinus, i, m. a surname giv- en to M. Valerius, from an incident in his life; from Corvus, i, m. a raven. Corycius, a, um, adj. Cory dan; of Corycus. Corycus, i, m. the name of a city and mountain of Cilicia. Cos., an abbreviation of con>ul ; Coss., q/consides; Gr.891. Cotta, ae, m. a Roman cogno- men, belonging to the Au- relian tribe. Crater, eris, m. a goblet; a cra- ter; the mouth of a volcano. Crates, etis, m. a Tlieban phi- losopher. Crassus, i, m. the name of a Roman family of the Lu- cinian tribe. Creatus, a, um, part, (creo.) Creber, crebra, crebrum, adj. (crebrior,creberrimus,)y)'e- quent, 19 Crebr5, adv. (crebrius, creber- rime,) (creber,) frequently. Credo, -dere, -didi, -ditum, tr. to believe; to trust. Credalus, a, um. adj. (credo,) easy of belief; credulous. Cremera, 96, f. a river of Etru- ria, near which the Fabian family tvere defeated and destroyed. Cremo, are, avi, atum, tr. to burn; to consume. Creo, are, avi, atum, tr. to make; to choose; to elect. Cresco, crescere, crevi, cre- tum, intr. (creo.) to spring up ; to increase; to grow. Creta, se, f. Crete, now Can- dia, an island in the Med- iterranean sea, south of the Cyclades. Cretensis, e, adj. belonging to Crete; Cretan. Crevi. See Cresco. Crimen, mis, n. a crime; a fault; an accusation: ali- cui crimini dare, to charge as a crime against one. Crinis, is, m. the hair. Crixus, i, m. the name of a cel- ebrated gladiator. Crocodllus, i, m. a crocodile. Crueiatus, a. um, part, (crueio.) Cruciatus, us, m. (id.) torture; distress ; trouble; affliction. Crueio, are, avi, atum, tr. (crux,) to crucify ; to tor- ment; to torture. CrudCdis, e, adj. (ior, issimus,) cruel; (fr. crudus,) hence> 218 CRUDELITER CYCLADES. Crudeliter, adv. (lus, issime,) cruelly. Crudus, a, um, adj. (cruor,) properly, full of bloodj crude; raiv ; unripe. Cruor, oris, m. blood; gore. Crus, cruris, n. the leg ; {from the knee to the ankle.^ Crux, crucis, f. a cross. Cubitus, i, m., & Cubitum, i, n. (cubo, to recline,) the arm, from the elbow to the wrist; a cubit. Cucurri. See Curro. Cui, & Cujus. See Qui, & Quis. Culex, icis, m. a gnat. Culpa, 86. f. a fault; guilt; blame; hence, Culpo, are, avi, atum, tr. to blame. Cultellus, i, m. (dim. from cul- ter,) a little knife ; a knife. Cultus, a, um, part, (colo,) cul- tivated; improved; dressed. Cum, prep, with: adv. the same as quum, when: cum — tum, not only — but also; as well — as also. Cunctatio, onis, f. (cunctor,) delaying; a delaying; hesi- tation. Cunctus, a, um, adj. all; the whole. Cunicidus, i,m. a rabbit; a cony. Cupiditas, atis, f. (cupio,) a wish; a desire; cupidity; (with moderation.) Cupldo, inis, f. desire; (with ' eagerness.) Cupidus,a, um, adj. comp. (id.) desirous. Cupiens, tis, part, from Cupio, ere, ivi, itum, tr. to de^ sire ; to wish ; to long for. Cur., adv. (abbreviated for quare,) why; wherefore. Cura, as, f. care ; anxi'dy. Cures, ium, f. pi. a city of the Sabines. Curia, a3, f. a curia or ward; one of thirty parts into which the Roman people were divided; the senate house. Curiatii, orum, m. pi. the name of an Alban tribe. TJiree brothers belonging to this tribe fought with the Ho- ratii. Curo, are, avi, atum, tr. (cura,) to take care of; to care; to be concerned; to cure or heal. Curro, currere, cucurri, cur- sum, intr. to run; hence, Currus, us, m. a chariot: and Cur&or, oris, m. (curro,) a run- ner ; also a surname given to L. Papirius. Cursus, us, (id.) a running ; a course. • Curvus, a, um, adj. crooked. Custodia, re, f. (custos,) a watch; a guard ; a prison, Custodio, ire, ivi, itum, tr. (id.) to guard; to watch; to pre- serve ; to keep safely. Custos, odis, c. a guardi a keeper. Cutis, is, f. the skin. Cyaneus, a. um, adj. dark blue, Cyclades, um, f. pi. a chisfer of islands in the Archipela" CYCLOPES DEBELLO 219 ing a town of ilie same name. go, wJiich derive their name ' Cyrnus, i. f. a Greek name of from lying in a circle. \ the island of Corsica. Cyclopes, um, in. pi. the Cy- Cyrus, i, m. Gyrus, the name clops, giants of Sicily, liv- \ of a Persian king. ing near ^tna. j Cyzicus, i, f. the name of an Cydnus, i, m. a river of Cilicia. \ island near Mysia. contain- Cyllene, es, f. a mountain in Arcadia. Cymba, ae, f. a boat; a shff; a canoe. D. Cymljakim, i, n. a cymhcd. CynTcus, i. m. a Cynic. 'TJie Dsedalns, i, m. an ingenious Cynics loere a sect of phi- Athenian artist, the son of losophers founded by Antis- JEuphemus. thenes. \ Damno, are, avi, atum, tr> Cynocephiil?e, arum, f. pi. (damnum, loss,) to adjudge small hills near Scotussa in Thessaly. to loss of any hind; to con' demn. Cynocepliali, orum, m. pi. a j Damnosus, a, um, adj. injuri- people of India with heads | ous; hurtful, like dogs. ■ Danaus, i, m. an ancient kifig of Argos, and brother of u^gyptus. Cynocephrdus, i, m. a7i Egyp tian deity. Cyno.ssema, atis, n. a promon- j Dandus, a, um, part, (do.) tory of Thrace, near Sestos, Dans, tis, part, (do.) where queen Hecuba was Danubius, i, m. the Danube^ buried. Cynthus, i, m. a hill near the town of Delos. Cyren-fe, arum, f. pi. Cyrene, a city of Africa, the capital of Cyrenaica. Cyrenaica, ae, f. a country in the northern part of Africa, a large river of Germany, called also the Ister, after its entrance into Ulyri- cum. Daps, dapis, f. a feast; a meal. Dardania, as, f. a country and city of Asia Minor, near the Hellespont. so called from its capital, Daturus, a, um, part, (do.) Cyrence. . j Datus, a, um, part, (do.) CyrensBus, a, um, adj. Cyrene- De, prep, from; of; concern- an; belonging to Cyrence. I ing; on account of Cyi-eiiensis, e, adj. Cyrenean;^/YyQ2i,^,i.^\,^,a goddess. 5'^ , of CyrencB. \ Debello, are, avi, atum, tr. (de 220 DEBEO DEDUCO. & bello,) to put down hy loar ; hence, to conquer ; to subdue. Debeo, ere, ui, itum, tr. (de & Imbeo,) to owe; to he ohliged; with an infinitive, ought, or shoidd. Debcor, eri, itus sum, pass, to he due. Debihto, are, avi, atum, tr. (debiUs,) to weaken; to en- feeble. Debitus, a, um, part, (debeo,) due; deserved; owing. Decedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- sum, intr. (de & cedo,) to depart ; to retire ; to with- draw ; to yield; to die. Decern, num. adj. teri. Decemviri, orum, m. pi. de- cemvirsy ten men appointed to prepare a code of laws for the Romans, and hy ivhom the laws of the twelve tables were formed. Decerno, -cernere, -crevi, cre- tum, tr. (de & cerno,) to separate one thing from another; to judge; to de- cide; to fight; to coritend ; to discern; to decree: hel- ium decretumest, the man- agement of the war was de- ■ creed. Decerpo,-cerpere,-cerpsi,-cerp- tum, tr. (de & carpo,) to pluck off; to pick ; to gather. Decide, -cidere, -cTdi, intr. (de & cado,) to fall, (viz : from or down:) dentes decidunt, the teeth fail, or come out. Decimus, a, um, num. adj. ord. (decem,) the tenth. Decius, i, m. the name of sev- eixd Romans distinguished for their j^atriotism. Declaro, are, avi, atum, tr. (de & claro, to make clear ;) to declare ; to show. Decoctus, a, um, part, from Decdquo, -coquere, -coxi, -coc- tum, tr. (de & coquo,) to hail down ; to boil. Decorus, a, um, adj. (decor,) ie- coming ; handsome ; adorn- ed; decorous; beautiful. Decretus, a, um, part, (de- cerno.) Decresco, -crescere, -crevi, intr. (de & cresco,) to sink down, or subside ; to decrease ; to diminish; to fall to decay. Decumbo, -cumbere, -cubui, intr. (de & cubo) to lie down. I Decurro, -currere, -curri, -cur- I sum, intr. (de & curro,) to \ run down ; to flow down. Decus, oris, n. (deceo,) an or- ' nament. I Dedi. See Do. j Dedidi. See Dedo. Deditio, onis, f. (dedo,) a giv- 1 ing up; a surreiider. \ Deditus, a, um, part, (dedo.) I Dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditum, j tr. (de & do,) to give up ; to ; surrender ; to deliver up ; to I addict or devote one's self. Deduco, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- I turn, tr. (de & duco.) to lead or draw downwards ,• to lead forth; to bring; to lead* DEFATIGO DELINQUO. 221 Defatigo, are, avi, atum, tr. (de & fatlgo,) to weary out; to fatigue. Defeiido, -fend'jre, -fendi, -fen- sum,tr.(de&feiido,obsol, to hit ;) to defend ; to j^rotect. Defensus, a, um, part, (defen- do.) Def ero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, tr. irr. (de & fero,) to bring, (viz: doiun, or along;) to convey; to proffer ; to con- fer ; to give. Deficiens, tis, part, from Deficio, -iicere, -feci, -tectum, tr. & intr. (de & facio,) to fail; to abandon; to be wanting.; to decrease; to be eclipsed; to revolt. Defleo, ere, evi, etum, (de & fleo,) to deplore; to bewail; to lament; to weep for. Detluo, -iiuere, -fluxi, -fluxum, intr. (de & tiuo,) to flow down. Defodio, -fodere, -f odi, -fossum, tr. (de & fodio, to dig down;) to bury ; to inter. Deformitas, atis, f. (deformis,) deformity ; ugliness. Defossus, a, um, part, (defodio.) Defunctus, a, um, part, fin- ished: defunctus or defunc- tus vita, dead; from Defungor, -fungi, -functus sum, intr. de}). (de & fungor,) to ' execute ; to perform ; to be free from; to finish. Degens, tis, part, from Dego, degere, degi, tr. & intr. (de & ago,) to lead; to live; to dwell: degere aitatem, to live. Degusto, Tire, avi, atum, tr. (de & gusto,) to taste. Deinde, adv. (de & inde,) thmi; further ; after that; next. Deiotarus, i, m. a man who was made king of Galatia, hy the Roman senate , by the favor of Pompey. Dejectus, a, um, part, from Dejicio,-jicere,-jeci, -jectum, tr. (de & jacio,) to throw, or cast doivn. Delabor,-labi, lapsus sum, intr. dep. (de & labor,) to fall; to glide down; to flow. Delatus, a, um, part, (defero,) carried down; conferred. Delecto, are, avi, atum, tr. (de & lacto,) to allure; to de- light; to please. Delectus, a, um, part, (deligo.) Delendus, a, um, part, to be de- stroyed; from Deleo, ere, evi, etum,. tr. (de & leo, to daub;) to extin- guish; to destroy. Delicife, arum, f. pi. (delicio,) delights; diversions ; plea- ■ sures. Delictum, i, n. (delinquo.) a neglect of duty ; a fault; crime. Deligo, -ligere, -legi, -lectum, tr. (de &; lego,) to select; to choose. Delinquo, -linquere, -liqui, -lic- tum, tr. (de & linquo,) to 222 DELPHICUS DEPULSO. fail in duty ; to offend; to do wrong. Delphicus, a, um, adj. Delphic, belonging to Delphi. Delphi, orum, m. pi. a town of Phocis, famous for the tem- ple and oracle of Apollo. Delphinus, i, m. a dolphin. Delta, 93, f. a part of Egypt, so called from its resem- blance to the Greek letter delta, ^. Delubrum, i, n. (deluo, to pu- rify;) a temple; a shrine. Delus or OS, i, f. an island in the ^gean sea; the birth place of Apollo and Diana. Demaratus, i, m. a Corinthian, father of the elder Tarquin. Demergo, -mergere, -mersi, -mersum, tr. (de & mergo,) to plunge ; to sink. Demersus, a, um, part. Demetrius, i, m. a Greek prop- er name. Demissus, a, um, part, cast down; descending; from Demitto,- mittere, -misi, -mis- sum, tr. (de & mitto,) to send down; to let down; to drop. Democritus, i, m. a Grecian philosopher, born at Abdera. Demonstro, are, avi, atum, tr. (de & monstro,) to point out; to show; to demon- strate ; to prove. Demosthenes, is, m. the most celebrated of the Athenian orators. Demum, adv. at length; not till then ; at last ; only ; in fine. Deni, a3, a, dis. num. adj. pi. every ten; ten; by tens. Denique, adv. finally ; at last. Dens, tis, m. a tooth. Densus, a, um, adj. (comp.) thick. Dentatus, i, m. (Siccius,) a brave Roman soldier. Denuntio or -cio, are, avi, atum, tr. (de & nuntio,) prop, to mcdce known; to foreshow; to proclaim; to declare ; to denounce. Depascor, -pasci, -pastus sum, tr. dep. (de & pascor,) to feed upon; to eat up; to feed. Depingo, -pingere, -pinxi, -pic- tum, tr. (de & pingo,) to paint; to depict; to de- scribe; to exhibit. Deploro, are, avi, atum, tr. (de & ploro,) to deplorej to weep for ; to mourn. Depono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- tum, tr. (de & pono,) to lay down or aside. Depopulatus, a, um, part, from Depopulor, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. (de & popCdus,) to lay waste. Deporto, are, Tivi, atum, tr. (de & porto,) to carry down. Deprehendo, -prehendere,-pre- hendi, -prehensum, tr. (de" & prehendo,) to seize; ,io catch; to detect. Deprehensus, a, um, part. Depulso, are, avi, atum, tr. DESCENDO — DEVOLO. 223 freq. (de & pulso,) to push away: to keep off; to repel. Descendo, -sceiidere, -sceiidi, -scensum, iiitr. (de & scan- do,) to descend: in certa- men descendere, to engage in a contest : descenditur i "imp. one descends ; we de- scend; Id. 76, Note. Describo, -scribere, -scripsi, scriptum, tr. (de & scribo,) prop, to write down; to de- scribe; to divide; to order. Desero, -serere, -semi, -sertum, tr. (de & sero,) to desert ; to forsake; to abandon: (op- posite of sero, 238,3,479.) Desertum, i, n. a desert; from Desert us, a, um, part. & adj. (comp.) deserted; waste; desolate; desert. Desiderium, i, n. (desidero, to desire:) a longing for; a desire; love; affection; re- gret; grief. Desiiio, siiiere, sivi, and sii 8itum, intr. (de & sino,) to leave off'; to terminate; to cease; to end; to renounce. Note — An ace. after this verb is governed by an in- finitive understood. Desperatus, a, um, part. & adj. comp. despaired of; past hope; desperate; hopeless: from DespPro, are, avi, atum, tr. (de & spero,) to despair: Gr. 2;J8, 3, 479. Desponsatus, a, um, part, from p.esponso, are, avi, atum, tr. freq. (despondeo.) to pro- mise in marriage; to be- troth; to ctffance. Destino, Tire, avi, atum, tr. prop.^oj^x ; to destine ; to ap- point; to resolve; to aim at. Desum, -esse, -fui, -intr. irr. (de & sum,) to be wanting; 238, 3, 479. Deterior, adj. compar. (sup. deterrimus, § 2G, 4,) worse. Deterreo, ere, ui, itum, tr. (de & terreo,) to frighten from; to deter. Detestor, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. (de & testor,) to call to witness; to wish {as a curse) : to deprecate; to de- test. Dctractus, a, um, part, from Detrfiho, -trahere, -traxi, -trac- tum, tr. (de & tralio,) to draw down or away; to draw off; to take from. Detrimentum, i, n. (detero,) detriment; damage; harm; loss. Deus, i, m. Ood; a god. Develio,-veliei€.-vexi,-vectum, tr. (de & veho,) to carry down, or a*vay. Devexus, a, um, adj. sloping,; inclining. Devictus, a, um, part, from Devinc'0,-vincere,-vioi-.-victum, tr. (de & vinco,> to con* qiier ; to subdue; to over- come. Devolo, Tire, avi, atiiu^i mXv. (de & volo,) to fly d^y^i: to fly away. 224 DEVORO DILIGO. Devoro. are, avi, atum. tr. (de & voro,) to devour; to eat up. Devotus, a, um. part, from Devoveo, -vovere, -vovi, -vo- tum, tr. (de & voveo,) to vow; to devote; to conse- crate. Dexter, era, erum, or ra, rum, § 20, 3, adj. right; on the right hand. 100^8. Dextra, 3d. f. the right hand. Diadema, atis, n. a diadem; a white Jillet worn upon the heads of kings. Diagoras, ae, m. a Rhodian who died of excessive joy, hecause his three sons were victorious at the Olympic games. Diana, se, f. the daughter of Jupiter and Latona, and sister of Apollo. Dico, are, avi, atum, tr. to con- secrate ; to dedicate ; from Dico, dicere, dixi, dictum, tr. to say ; to name', to call. Dictator, oris, m. a dictator ; a chief magistrate, elected on special occasions, and vested with absolute author- ity ; from Difcto, are, avi, atum, freq. to say often; to dictate. Dictum, i, n, (dico,) a word; an expression. Diet us, a, um, part, (dico.) Dies, ei, m. or f. in sing., m. in pi., a day ; in dies, daily ; ecery day. Differens, tis, adj. different; differing; from Differo, differre, distuli, dila- tum, tr. & intr. irr. (dis & fero,) to carry apart, or in different directions ; to car- ry up and down; to scat- ter; to disperse; to spread abroad; to publish; to de- fer; to be different. Diliicile, adv. (ius, lime,) diff,- cidtly ; with diffculty ; from Difficilis, e, adj. comp. (dis & facilis,) difficult; 239, Obs. 1, hence, 487 9 2. Difficultas, atis, f. difficidty; trouble; poverty. Digitus, i, m. a finger; a fin- ger's breadth. Dignatus, a, um, part, (dig- nor,) vouchsafing ; thought worthy. Dignitas, atis, f. (dignus,) dig- nity ; office; honor. Dignor, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. to think worthy; to vouch- safe; to deign; from Dignus, a, um, adj. (ior, issi- mus,) worthy. Dilanio, are, avi, atum, tr. (dis & lanio,) to tear or rend in pieces. Diligenter, ady. (ius issime,) diligently; car ef idly; fr. diligens. Diligo,-ligere, -lexi.-lectum, tr. (dis & lego,) to select ca/re- fully; to esteem a thing for its value; hence, to love. See amo. DIMICATIO DISSERO. 225 Dimicatio, onis, f. a figld; a contact; a battle; from Diinico, are, avi, {or ui,) atiim, intr, (dis & mico, to glit- ter^ to fight: viz., with swords gleaBiing: dimica- tum est, a battle was fought. Dimissus, a, um, part, from Dimitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- sum, tr. (dis & mitto,) to send away ; to dismiss; to let go. Diogenes, is, m. an eminent Cynic philosopher, born at Sinope, a city of Asia Mi- nor. Diomedes, is, m. a Grecian warrior ; also, a cruel king of Thrace. Dionysius, i, m. the name of two tyrants of Syracuse. Dirempturus, a, um, part, (di- rimo,) about to decide. Direptus, a, um, part, (diripio.) Dirimo, -imere, -emi, -emptum, tr. (dis & emo,) properly, to take one thing from an- other ; to divide; to part; to separate; to decide. Diripio, -ripere, -ripui, -reptum, tr. (dis & rapio,) to tear asunder ; to rob ; to plunder; to pillage ; to destroy. Diruo, -ruere, -rui, -riitum, tr. (dis & ruo,) to pull down ; to overthrow; to raze; to destroy. Dirus, a, um, adj. frightful; terrible; direful; ominous. Dirutus, a, um, part, (diruo.) 1 Discedo,-cedere,-cessi, -cessum, intr. (dis & cedo,) to go away ; to depart. Discerpo, -cerpere, -cerpsi, cerptum, tr. (dis & carpo,) to tear asunder^ or in piece^. Discerptus, a, um, part, (dis- cerpo.) Discipulus, i, m. (disco^) a pu- pil; a scholar. Disco, discere, didici, tr. to learn. Discordia, re, f. (discors, dis & cor,) discord; disagreement; the Goddess Discord. Discordo, are, avi, atum, intr. (id,) to differ in feeling ; to be at variance; to differ. Discrepo, are, avi, or ui, itum, intr. (dis & crepo,) to dif- fer in sound; to differ ; to disagree. Diserte, adv. (iiis, issime,) clearly; eloquently. Disputatio, onis, f. a dispute; a discourse; a discussion; from Disputo, are, avi, atum, tr. (dis & puto,) to be of oppo- site sentiments; hence, to disjnite; to discuss; to dis- course. Dissemino, are, avi, atum, tr. (dis & semmo,) to spread abroad; to scatter ; to pro- mulgate. Dissero, -serere, -serui, -ser- tum, tr. (dis & sero, to plait;) to unplait; 239, to disentangle; hence, to 226 DISSIDIUM DOMICILIUM. explain; to discourse; to reason; to debate; to say. Dissidiuni, i, n. (dissideo,) a disagreement ; a dissension. Dissimilis, e, adj. (comp. ^'2^, 1,) unlike; dissimilar; fr. dis & similis. 220, Distans, tis, part, (disto, ) stand- ing asunder; diff eyeing ; distant; being divided. Distinguo, -stinguere, -stiiixi, stinctum, tr. (di & stinguo,) to distinguish, (viz: by marks ;) to mark ; to adorn ; to variegate; to spot; to sprinkle. Disto, strire, intr. (di & sto,) intr. to stand apart; to be distant; to be divided; to differ. DistribuOj-tribuere, -tribni, -tri- bOtum, (dis & tribiio,) to distribute; to divide. Ditis, e, adj. (ior, issimus,) rich. Diu, adv. (utius, utissiiiic-,) {dies,)long ; for a long time. Diurnus, a, um, adj. (id.) daily. Diutmus, a, um, adj. (diii,) continual; long continued. Diutiirnltas, atis, f. long con- tinuance; duration; from Diiiturnus; a, um, adj. (diu,) long ; lasting ; ior, 224:, Divello, -vellere, -velli, or vul- si,-vulsum5 tr. (di & vello,) to pidl asunder; to sepa- rate ; to disjoin ; to tear off. Diversus, a, um, adj. part. (fr. diverto,) turned different ways; diffevent. Dives, itis, adj. nc/i; wealthly; fertile ; fruitful. Divido, dividere, divisi, di-vi- sum, tr. (di & iduo, obsol. to divide ;) to divide ; to sepa- rate; to distribute. Di villus, a, um. adj. (comp.) divine; heavenly; fr. divus. Divisus, a, um, part, (divido.) Divitiae, arum, f. pi. (dives,) riches; wecdth. Divulsus, a, um, part, (divello.) Do, dare, dedi, datum, tr. to give; to grant; to surren- der: poenas, to suffer pun- ishment: crimini, to impute as a crime; to accuse -• tiiiem, to terminate: nomeii, to give name. Doceo, ere, ui, tum, tr. to teach. Docilitas, atis, f. (doceo,) do- cility ; teachableness. Doctriiia, as, f. (doceo,) instruc- tion; education; doctrine. Doctus, a, um, part. & adj. comp. (doceo,) taught; learned. Dodoiia, £6, f. a town and for- est of £p7rus, where were a temple and oracle of Jupiter. Doleo, ere, ui, intr. to grieve; to sorrow ; to be in pain. Dolor, oris, m. (doleo,) pain; sorrow ; grief Dolus, i, m. a device; a trick; a stratagem ; guile ; artifice. Domesticus, a, um, adj. (do- mus,) domestic. Domicilium, i, u. (id.) a habi- tation; a house; an abode. DOMINA ECCE. 227 Domina, se, f. (dominus,) a mistress. Dominatio, onis, f- govern- ment, absolute power; do- minion; usurpation; des- potism: from Dominus, i, m. (domus,) mas- ter ; owner; lord. Doiiiitus, a, um, part, from Domo, are, ui, itum, tr. to sidh due ; to tame ; to overpower; to conquer ; to vanquish. Domus, us, & i, f. 93, 5, a house : domi, at home : do- mo, from home: domum, home. 14:4:, Donee, adv. until; as long as. Dono, are, avi, atum, tr. (do- num,) to give freely; to present. Donum, i, n. (do,) a free gift; an offering ; a present. Dormio, ire, ivi, itum, intr. to sleep. Dorsum, i, n. the hack. Dos, dotis, f. a portion ; a dowry. Draco, onis, m. a dragon; a species of serpent. Druidas, arum, m, pi.- Druids., priests of the ancient Bri- tons and Gauls Dubitatio, onis, f. a doubt; hes- itation; question: from Dubito, are, avi, atum, intr, (dubius,) to hesitate; to doubt Ducenti, «, a, num. adj. pi two hundred. Duco, cere, xi, ctum, tr. to lead; to conduct: uxorem, to take a wife ; to marry : exequias, to perform fune- ral rites : murum, to build a wall. Ductus, a, um, part. led. Duillius, i, m. (Caius,) a Io- nian commander.^ who frst conquered the Carthagini- ans in a naval engagement. Dulcis, e, adj. (ior, issimus,) sweet; pleasant. Dum, adv. &; pGro, are, avi, atum, tr. (ex and aspero, to make rough; fr. asper,) to exas- perate; to incense. Exca3C0, are, avi, atum, tr. (ex & caucus,) to make blind; to blind. Excedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- sum, intr. (ex & cedo,) to go forth or out; to depart; tr. to exceed; to surpass ; to go beyond. Excello, -c'ellere, -cellui, -eel- sum, intr. (ex & cello, ob- sol. to move ;) to be high; — to excel; to be eminent. Excelsus, a, um, adj. (comp. excelsior,) high; lofty. Excidium, i, n. destruction; ruin; from Excido, -cidere, -cidi, intr. (ex & cado,) to fallout ovfrom; tofcdl; to drop; to perish. Excido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum, tr. (ex & ca^do,) to cut out; to cut down; to hew out. Exclsus, a, um, part. Excipio, -cipere, -cepi, -cep- tum, tr. (ex & capio,) to take out; to except; to re- ceive ; to support ; to follow ; to succeed; to sustain. Excitandus, a, um, part, from Excito, are, avi, atum, tr. freq. (excieo,) to excite; to awaken; to arouse; to stir up. Exclamo, are, avi, atum, tr. (ex & clamo,) to cry out; to exclaim. ExclQdo, -cludere, -clusi, -clu- pum, tr. (ex & claudo ) to shut out; to exclude; to hatch. Excolo, -colere, -colui, -cultum. 232 EXCRUCIO EXPEDIO. tr. (ex & colo,) to cultivate : to exercise. Excrucio, are, iivi, atum, tr. (ex & crucio,) to torture; to torment; to trouble; § 91, 4. 480. Excubias, Tirum, f. pi. (excubo,) a guard; a watch; a senti- nel; {generally by night.) See vigilia & static. Excusatio, onis, f. (excuso,) an excusing; an excuse; an apology. Exedo, -edere & esse, -edi, -esum, tr. irr. (ex & edo, § 83, 9,) to eat; to eat up ; to dccour. 4:31» 480, Exempliim, i, n. an example ; an instance. Exequise. See Exsequiae. Exerceo, ere, ui, itum, tr. (ex & arceo,) to exercise; to train; to discipline; to practice: agrum, to culti- vate the earth. Exercitus, us, m. ayi army ; (a body of disciplined troops.) Exhaurio, -baurire, -bausi, -baustum, tr. (ex & bau- rio,) to draw out; to ex- haust; to drain; to wear out; to impoverish. Exigo, -igere, -egi, -actum, tr. (ex & ago,) to drive away ; to banish. Exiguus, a, um, adj. (comp.) little; small; scanty; see parvus. Exibs, e, adj. (exibor, § 26, 1,) slender; small; thin. Exibum, and Exsilium, i, n. (ex & sobim,) exile; hau" ishment. Eximie, adv. remarkably ; very-, from Eximius, a, um, adj. (eximo,) extraordinary ; remarkable. Existimatio, onis, f. opinion; reputation; respect; from Existimo, are, avi, atum, tr. (ex & gestimo,) to judge, ov think; to imagine; to sup" pose. Exitium, i, n. (exeo,) properly issue; end: usually destruc~ tion; ruin. Exitus, us, m. (id.) an exit; the event; the issue; an outlet. Exoratus, a, um, part, (exoro,) entreated; influenced; in" duced. Exorior, -oriri, -ortus sum, intr. dep. (ex & orior,) to rise up, or out of; to arise; to appear. Exorno, are, avi, atum, tr. (ex & orno,) to adorn; to deck. Exoro, are, avi, atum, tr. (ex lso^ Iturus, a, um, part. (eOo), Ivi. See Eo. J. Jacens, tis, part» from; Jaceo, ere, ui, itum, to lie: intr, to be situated, Jacio, jacere, jeci, jactiim, tr* to throw;; to cast; toj^ing; to hurl, Jacta, are, avi, atnm, freq,. (jacio,) to throw often; to toss ; to agitate. Jactus, a, um, part^ (jacio,) cast; thrown. Jaculor, ari, atus sum, tr. dep^ JAM ^JUS. 255 (jaculum, ffcm jacio,) to hurl; to dart; to shoot. Jam, adv. (a stronger term than nunc,) noiv ; already; presently; even: jam nunc, even now: jam tum, eveii then: jam inde, ever since: jam primum, in the first -place. Jamdudum, adv. (jam & du- dum, lately;^ long ago. Janici'dum, i, n. one of the seven hills of Rome. Jason, onis, m. the son of ^son, king of Thessaly, and leader of the Argo- nauts ; also, an inhabitant of Lycia. Jejunus, a, um, adj. comp. fasting; hungry. Jovis. See Jupiter. Juba, ae, f the mane. Jubeo, jubere, jussi, jussum, tr. to command; to hid; to order ; to direct. Jucundus, a, um, adj. comp. (jocus,) agreeable ; delight- ful; pleasant; sweet. Judfca, 03, f. Judea. Judaius, a, um, adj. belonging to Judea: — subs, a Jew. Judex, icis, c. (judico,) a judge. Judicium, i, n. (judex,) a judgment ; decis ion . Judico, are, avi, atum, tr. (jus & dico,) to judge ; to deem; to determine ; to decide. Jugerum, i, n. 96, 7, {the quan- tity ploughed by a yoke of oxen in one day ;^ an acre of land. 183* Jugum, i, n. (jungo,) a yoke; a ridge or chain of moun' tains: in war, an instru- ment consisting of two spears placed erect^ and a third laid transversely up- on them. Jugurtha, ae, m. a king of Nu- midia. Julius, i, m. a name of Coesar^ who belonged to the gens Julia. Junctus, a, um, part, (jungo.) Junior, adj. (comp. from juve- nis,) younger; §26,6, 224:m Junius, i, m. the name of a Roman tribe which includ- ed the family of Brutus. Jungo, jungere,junxi, junctum, tr. to unite; to connect; to join: currui, to put in; to harness to. Juno, onis, f. the daughter of Saturn and wife of Jupi- ter. Jupiter, Jovis, m. § 15, 12, the son of Saturn and king of the gods. 123 • Jurgiosus, a, um, adj. (jurgi- um,) quarrelsome; braid- ing. Juro, ai'e, avi, atum, tr. to swear; from Jus, juris, n. right; justice; natural law: jus civitatis, the freedom of the city; cit- izenship : jure, ivifh reason; rightly; deservedly. 256 JUSSI LANATUS. Jussl. See Jubeo. Jussus, a, um, part, (jubeo.) Jussu, abl. m. (jubeo,) a com- mand. Justitia, se, f. justice ; from Justus, a, um, adj. comp. (jus,) just; rig Jit ; full; regular ; ordinary; exact. Juvenca, se, f. (f. of juvencus, i. e. juvenicus, fr. juveiiis,) a coiu ; a heifer. Juvencius, i, m. a Roman gen- ■ eral, conquered by Andris- cus. Juvenis, adj. (junior, § 26, 6,) (fr. juvo,) young; youth- ful. 224. Juvenis, is, c. a young man or woman ; a youth ; hence, Juventus, utis, f. youth. Juvo, juvfire, juvi, jutum, tr. to help ; to assist. Juxta, prep, (jungo,) near; hard by : — adv. alike; even; equally. L. L., an ahhreviation of Lucius. Labor, & Labos, oris, m. labor ; toil. Labor, labi, lapsus, intr. dep. to fall; to glide; to glide away; to floiu on. Laboriosus, a, um, adj. comp. (labor,) laborious. Laboro, are, avi, atum, intr. to loorh or lahor ; to suffer with ; to he distressed. Labyrintlius, i, m. a labyrinth. Lac, lactis, n. milk. Lacednsmon, Snis, f. Lacedcp^ moiu or Sparta^ the capital of Laconia. LacediPmonius, a, um, adj. belonging to LacedcEmon ; Lacedcemonian ; Spartan. Laceratus, a, um, part, from Lacero, are, tivi, atum, tr. (la- cer, mangled;^ to tear in pieces. Lacessitus, a, um, part, from Lacesso, ere, ivi, itum, tr. (la- cio,) to provoke ; to stir up ; to disturb; to trouble. Lacryma, se, f. a tear. Lacus, us, m. a lake. Laconicus, a, um, adj. Laconic^ Spartan ; Lacedamonian, Lgedo, IsedOre, Isesi, laesum, tr. to injure; to hurt. Laetatus, a, um, part, (laetor.) Leetitia, je, f. {lading,) joy. Lsetor, ari, atus sum, intr. dep. to rejoice ; to he glad; to be delighted with. L^tus, a, um, adj. (ior, issi- mus,) glad; joyful; fidl of joy ; fortunate; prosperous; fruitful ; abundant. Lsevinus, i, m. the name of a Roman family ; (P.Vale- rius,) a Roman consul. Lcevor, oris, m. (lee vis or levis,) smoothness. Lagus, i, m. a Macedonian^ who adopted as his son that Ptolemy ivho afterwards became king of Mgypt. Lana, ae, f. wool. Lanatus, a, um, adj. hearing wool; woolly. LANIATUS — LEGATIO. 257 Laniatus, a, um, part, from Lanio, are, avi, atum, tr. to tear in pieces. Lapicidlna, ae, f. (lapis & cae- do,) a quarry. Lapideus, a, um, adj. stony; from Lapis, idis, m. a stone. Lapsus, a, um, part, (labor.) Laqueus, i, m. a noose; a snare. Largitio, onis, f. (largior, from largus,) a present. Late, adv. (iiis, issime,) wide- ly ; extensively ; from latus. Latebra, ae, f. (lateo,) a lurk- ing-place; a hiding-place; a retreat. Latens, tis, part, from Lateo, ere, ui, intr. to he hid- den; to be concealed; to he unknown ; to he unknown to. Later, eris, m. a brick. Latercllus, i, m. dim. (later,) a little brick; a brick. Latinus, i, m. an ancient king of the Laurentes, a people of Italy. Latinus, a, um, adj. Latin; of Latium: Latini, subs, the Latins. Latitudo, inis, f. (latus,) breadth. Latium, i, n. Latium. Latmus, i, m. a mountain in Caria, near the borders of Ionia. Latona, ae, f. the daughter of the giant Cceus, and moth- er of Apollo and Diana. Latro, are, avi, atum, intr. & tx. to bark; to bark at. Latro, onis, m. properly, a mercenary soldier; com- monly, a robber. Latrocinium, i, n. (latrocinor,) robbery ; piracy. Laturus, a, um, part, (fero.) Latus, a, um, adj. (ior, issN mus,) broad; ivide. Latus, eris, n. a side. Laudatus, a, um, part, from Laudo, are, avi, atum, tr. to praise; to extol; to coneniend. Laurentia, ae, f. See Acca. Laus, dis, i. praise; glory ; hon-- or ; fame; repute; estima- tion; value. Laute, adv. ius, issime, (lau- tus, fr. lavo,) sumptuously ; magnificently. Lavinia, ie, f. the daughter of Latinus^ and the second wife of ^neas. Lavinium, i, n. a city in Itahjy built by j^neas. Lavo, lavilre & lavere, lavi, lotum, lautum, & lavatum, tr. to wash; to bathe. Leaena, ce, f. a lioness. Leander, & Leandrus, dri, m. a youth of Abydos, distin- guished for his attachment to Hero. Lebes, etis, m. a kettle; a cal' dron. Lectus, a, um, part, (lego,) read; chosen. Leda, se, f. the wife of Tynda- rus, king of Sparta, and the mother of Helena. Legatio, onis, f. (lego, are,) an embassy. 258 LEGATUS LIGO. Legatus, i, m. (lego, are,) a deputy; a lieutenant; an ambassador. Legio, onis, f. (lego, ere,) a le- gion; ten cohorts of soldiers. Legislator, oris, m. (lex&fero,) a legislator ; a lawgiver. Lego, legere, legi, lectum, tr. to gather; to collect; to choose; to read. Lemanus, i, m. the name of a lake in Gaid, bordering up- on the country of the Helve- tii, now the lake of Geneva. Leo, onis, m. a lion. Leonidas, ^e, m. a brave king of Sparta, who fell in the battle of Thermopylce. Leontinus, a, um, adj. belong- ing to Leontini, a city and a people of the same name, on the eastern coast of Sicily. Lepidus, i, m. the name of an illustrious family of the u^milian clan. Lepus, oris, m. a hare. Letalis, e, adj. fatal; deadly ; from. Letum, & Lethum, i, n. death. Levis, e, adj. (ior, issimiis,) light; trivial; inconsidera- ble; smooth; hence, Levitas, atis, f. lightness. Levo, are, avi, atum, tr. (le- vis,) to make light ; to ease; to relieve; to lighten; to al- leviate. Lex, gis, f. (lego,) statute or written law; a law; a condi- tion. Legem ferre, or roga- re,to propose a law. /See jus. Libens, tis, part, (libet,) wiU ling. Libenter, adv. (ius, issime, fr. libens,) willingly. Libet, or Lubet, libuit, imp. it pleases. Liber, libera, liberum, sAyfree; (liberior, liberrimus.) Liber, libri, m. the inner bark of a tree; a writing on bark ; ,a leaf; a book. Liberaliter, adv. (liberalis,) liberally; kindly. Liberatus, a, um, part, (libero,) liberated; set at liberty. Libere, adv. iiis, rime, (liber,) freely ; without restraint. Liberi, orum, m. pi. (liber,) persons free born ; children. Libero, are, avi, atum, tr. to free; to liberate; to deliver. Libertas, atis, f. (liber,) lib- erty. Libya, ae, f. properly Libya, a kingdom of Africa, lying west of Egypt; sometimes it comprehends the whole of Africa. Licinius, i, m. a name common among the Romans. Licet, uit, itimi est, imp. § 85, 4, it is lawful; it is permitted s tibi, you may ; one may. Licet, conj. although. [t^o^» Lienosus, a, um, adj. (lien, the spleen ;) splenetic. Ligneus, a, um, adj. wooden; fr. Lignum, i, n. wood; a log of wood; timber: ligna, pieces of wood; sticks. Ligo, are, avi, atum, tr. to hind. LIGURIA LUCULLUS. 259 Liguria, se, f. Liguria, a coun- try in the west of Italy. Ligus, uris, m. a Ligurian. Ligiisticus, a, urn, adj. Ligu- rian: mare, the gulf of Genoa. Lilyba3uiTi, i, n. a promontory on the western coast of Sic- ily. Limpidus, a, urn, adj. (ior, is- simus,) (lymplia or limpa,) transparent ; limpid; clear. Limus, i, m. mud; clay. Lingaa, £e, f. (lingo,) the tongue; a language. Linum, i, n.Jiax; linen. Liquidus, a, um, adj. (liqueo, to melt;) (ior, issimus,) li- quid; clear; pure; limpid. Lis, litis, f. a strife; a conten- tion; a controversy. LittSra, or Lltera, £e, f. (lino,) a letter of the alphabet: (pi.) letters ; literature ; learning; a letter ; an epis- tle; hence, LitterariUs, a, um, adj. belong- ing to letters; literary. LIttus, or Litus, oris, n. the shore. Loco, are, avi, atum, tr. to 'place^ set, dispose, or ar- range; to give or dispose of in marriage ; from Locus, i, m. in sing.; loci & loca, m. & n. in pi. a place. Locusta, a^, f. a locust. Longe, adv. (ius, issime,) (lon- gus,) /t«?';/?rojf. Longinquus, a um,adj. (comp. 12 ior,) far; distant; long; foreign. Longitudo, inis, f. length; fr. Longus, a, um, adj. (ior, issi- mus,) long: applied both to time and space; last- ing. LocLitus, a, um, part, (loquor,) having spoken. Locuturus, a, um, part, about to speak \ from Loquor, loqui, locutus sum, intr. dep. to speak; to con- verse: tr. to say. Lorica, se. f. a coat of mail; corselet; breast-plate; cui- rass; (anciently made of thongs;) from Lorum, i, n. a thong. Lubens, tis, part, (lubet.) Lubenter, adv. (ius, issime.) See Libenter. Lubet. See Libet. Lubido, or Libido, inis, f. lust; desire. Lubricus, a, um, adj. (labor,) to slip; slippery. Luceo, lucere, luxi, intr. to shine. Lucius, i, m. a Roman prasno- men. Lucretia, se, f. a Roman mat- ron, the wife of Collatlnus. Lucretius, i, m. the father of Lucretia. Luetus, us, m. (lugeo,) mourn- ing ; sorrow. Luculkis, i, m. a Roman cele- brated for his luxury, his patronage of learned merty and his military talents* 260 LUCUS MACROBII. Lucus, i, m. a wood^ consecra- ted to some deity ; a grove. Ludo, ludere, lusi, lusum, tr. to play ; to be in sport; to deceive; from Ludns, i, m. a game ; a play ; a place of exercise ; a school: gladiatorius, a school for gladiators. Lugeo, lugere, luxi, intr. to mourn; to lament. Lumen, inis, n. (luceo,) light; an eye. Luna, £6, f. the moon. Lupa, 86, f. a she-wolf. Lupus, i, m. a wolf. Luscinia, as, f. a nightingale. Lusitania, se, f. apart of His- pania, now Portugal. Liistro, are, avi, atum, tr. to purify ; to appease ; to ex- piate: exercitum, to re- view; to muster ; from Lustrum, i, n. (luo or lavo,) purification ; a sacrifice of purification offered at the conclusion of the census ev- ery five years ; a period of five years ; a place for bath- ing ; hence, the place where swine wallow ; a den or lair of wild beasts. Lusus, us, m. (ludo,) a game: a play: per lusum, m spor^; sportively. Lutatius, i, m. the name of a Romcin tribe: C. Lutatius Catulus, a Roman consul in the Punic war. Lutetia, ae, f. a city of Gcml, now Paris. Lutum, i, n. (luo,) clay. Lux, lucis, f. light. Luxuria, 3d, f. (luxus, fr. luo,) that which dissolves or loos- ens the energies of body and mind; hence, luxury; ex- cess ; voluptuousness. Lycius, a, um, adj. Lycian; of Lyciay a country of Asia Minor* Lycomedes, is, m. a king of Scyros. Lycurgus, i, m. the Spartan law-giver. Lydia, ae, t. a country of Asia Minor. Lysander, dri, m. a celebrated Lacedcemonian general. Lysimachus, i, m. one of Alex- ander's generals, who was afterwards king of a part of Tlirace. M. M., an abbreviation of Marcus. Macedo, onis, m. a Macedonian. Macedonia, ae. f. a country of Europe, lyinq west oj TJirace, and north of Tlies- saly and Epirus. Macedonicus, a, um, adj. of Macedonia; Macedonian', also, an agnomen, or sur- name of Q. Metellus. Macies, ei, f. (maceo.) lean- ness; decay. Macrobii, orum, m. pi. (« (^^eek word signifying long- lived;) a name giv^r> if* ^^r- taiti tribes of Ethi^'p^'^^o^s^ MACTATUS MALUM. 261 who were distinguished for th^r longevity. Mactatus, a, um, part, from Macto, are, avi, atiim, tr. (ma- gis aucto, from aiigeo,) to increase with honors; to enrich: to honor with sa- crifices: hence, to sacrijice; to slay. Macula, oe^f. a spot; a stain. Madeo, ere, ui, intr. to he moist; to be wet. Moenades, um, f. ]A. priestesses of Bacchus; bacchants; bac- chancds. Maeotis, idis, adj. Mceotian: palus Masotis, a lake or gulf lying north of the Euxin,e^ now called the sea of Azoph. Magis, adv. (sup. maxime, Gr. 234,) more; rather; better. 4:6 4* Magister, tri, m. (magis,) a teacher; a master: magis- ter equitum, the command- er of the cavalry, and the dictator's lieutenant; hence, Magistratus, us, m. a magis- tracy ; a civil office ; a ma- gistrate. Magnesia, te, f. a town of Ionia. Magnifice, adv. (entius, entis- shue,) (magnificus,) mag- nificently ; splendidly. Magnificentia, se, f (id.) mag- nifcence ; splendor ; grand- eur ; from Magnificus, a, um, adj. (en- tior, entissimus,) (magnus and facio,) magnificent ; splendid. Magiiitudo, inis, f. (magnus,) greatness; magnitude; size; (aj)piied chiefly to material objects.) ' Magnopere, adv. sometimes magno opere, (magnus & opus,) greatly; very; ear' nestly. Magnus, a, um, adj. (major, maximus, 113,) the gene- ral term applied to great" ness of every kind;) great; large. 210, Major, comp. (magnus,) great- er; the elder ; hence, Majores, um, m. pi. forefath- ers; ancestors. Male, adv. (pejus, pessTme,) (mains,) badly; ill; hurt- fidly. Maledico, -dicere, -dixi, -dic- tum, intr. (male & dico,) to revile ; to rail at ; to abuse ; to reproach. Maledicus, a, um, adj. (entior« entissimus, 113, 3,) revil- ing ; railing; scurrilous; abusive. 22 !• Maleficus, a, um, adj. (entior, entissimus, 113, 3,) (male & facio,) wiclzed; hurtful; mischievous ; injurious : — • subs, an evil doer. 221. Malo, malle, malui, tr. irr. (magis & volo,) § 83, 6, to prefer; to be more ivilling; to ivish. 410, Malum, i, n. an apple. Malum, i, n. (mains,) evil; 262 MALUS MAKS. misfortune ; calamity; suf- ferings; evil deeds. Malus, a, um, adj. (pejor, pes- simus, § 26,) bad; wicked: mali, had men. 2JL0t Manciuus, i, m. a Roman con- sid who made a disgraceful peace with the Numantians. Mando, mandere, mandi, man- sum, tr. to chew ; to eat. Mando, are, avi, atum, tr. (man- ui & do,) to give into one's hand; hence, to command; to intrust; to commit; to hid; to enjoin: mandare marmoribus, to engrave up- on marble. Mane, ind. n. the morning; adv. early in the morning. Maneo, ere, si, sum, intr. to remain; to continue. Manes, ium, m. pi. the manes; ghosts or shades of the dead. Manlius, i, m. a Roman proper name. Mano, are, avi, atum, intr. to flow. Mansuefacio, -facere, -feci, -fac- tum, tr. (mansues & facio,) to tame; to make tame. Mansuefio, -fieri, -factus sum, irr. § 83, Obs. 3, p. 188, to be made tame. 4:20* Mansuefactus, a, um, part. Mantinea, ae, f. a city of Arca- dia. Manubiae, arum, f. pi. (ma- nus,) booty; spoils; plun- der. Manumissus, a, um, part. fr. Manumitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum, tr. (manus & mit-» to,) to set free; at liberty; to free; to manumif. Manus, us, f. a hand; the trimk of an elephant; a band or body of soldiers. Mapale, is, n. a hut or cottage of the Numidians. Marcellus, i, m. the name of a Roman family which pro- duced many illustrious men. Marcius, i, m. a Roman name and eognomen or surname. Marcus, i, m. a Roman prae- nomen. Mare, is, n. the sea; (a gene- ral term: aequor, a level surface: pontus, the sea, so called from Pontus^ an ancient god of the sea: pe- lagus, the deep sea.) Margarita, ae, f. a pearl. Mariandyni, orum, m. pi. a people of Bithynia. Marinus, a, um, adj. (mare,) marine; pertaining to the sea: aqua marina, sea- water. Maritimus, a, um, adj. (id.) maritime ; on the sea-coast: copiae, naval forces. Maritus, i, m. (mas,) a hus- band. Marius, i, m. (C.) a distin- guished Roman general, who was seven times elected consid. Mai'mor, oris, n. marble. Mars, tis, m. the son of Jupiter and Juno, and god of war. MAKSI MFGASTHENES. 263 Marsi, brum, m.'pl. a people of Latium, upon the borders of Lake TicJnus. Marsyas, je, m. a celebrated Phrygian musician; also, a brother of Antir/onus, the king of Macedonia. Massa, ae, f. a mass ; a lump. Massicus, a, um, a(^. Classic, of 3fassicus, a monntain. in Campania, famous for its wine' vinum, Classic wine. Massilia, », f. a maritime town of Gallia Narbonensis, now Marseilles. Mater, tris, f. a mother: a ma- tron ; hence, Materia, as, f. a material; mat- ter ; stuff; tiinber. Matrimonium, i, n. (id.) ma- trimony ; marriage. Matrona, a", f. a river of Gaul. Matrona, te, f. a matron. Maturesco, maturescere, ma- turui, intr. inc. to ripen; to grow ripe; from Maturus, a, um, adj. (ior, ri- mus, or issimus,) ripe ; ma- ture; perfect. Mauritania, ae, f. a country in the western part of Africa, extending from Numidia to the Atlantic ocean. Mausolus, i, m. a king of Ca- ria. Maxilla, ae, f. a jaw ; bone. Maxime, adv. (sup. of magi>,) most of all; especially; greatly. a jaw- MaxTmus, i, m. a Roman sur- name: Qu. Fabius Maxi- mus, a distinguished Ro- man general. Maximus, a, um, adj. (sup. of magnus,) greatest; eldest: maximus natu, oldest. See Natu. IMecum, (me & cum.) ivith me^ Medeor, eri, intr. dep. to cure; to heal. Mediclna, ae, f. (medicus,) med- icine. Medico, are, avi, atum, tr. (id.) to heal; to administer medicine; to medicate; to prepare medically; to em" balm. Medicus, i, m. a physician. Meditfitus, a, um, part, de" signed; practiced; from Meditor, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. to meditate; to reflect; to practice. Mediomatrici, orum, m. pi. a people of Belgic Gaid. Medius, a, um, adj. middle; the midst: medium, the middle. Medusa, as, f. one of the three Gorgons. Megara, ae, f. the capital of Jfegaris. Megarenses, ium, m. pi. Mega- rensians ; the inhabitants of Megnra. Megfiris, idis, f. a smcdl coun-^ try of Greece. Megasthenes, is, m. a Greek historian, whose works have been lost. 264 MEHERCULE MERITUM. Meherculey adv. hy Hercules; truly; certainly. Mel, lis, n. lioney. Meleagrus, & -iiger, gri, m. a king of Calydonia. Melior, us, adj. (comp of bo- nus, 113,) better. Melius, adv. (comp. of bene, 234,) better. 219. Membrana, ae, f. <2 thm skin; a membrane ; 'parchment. Membrum, i, n. a limb; a mem- ber. Memini, def. pret. 222, 2, 1 remember; I relate. 43T» Memor, oris, adj. mindful. Memorabilis, e, adj. comp. (memor,) memorable; re- markable; worthy of being jnentioned. Memoria, ce, f. (id.) memory. Memoro, are, avi, atum, tr. to remember ; to call to one\ ■memory; to say; to men- tion. ]Mempliis, is, f. a large city of Egypt. Mendacium, i, n. a falsehood; from Mendax, acis, adj. (mentior,) false; lying. Menelaus, i, m. a king of Sparta, the son of Atreus, and husband of Helen. Menenius, i, m. (Agrippa,) a Roman, diMinguished for his success in reconciling the plebeians to the patri- cians. Mens, tis, f. the mind; the un- derstanding ; {the reason- ing faculty as distinguished from animus, the seat of feelings and passions.) An- imo et mente, with the whole soul. Mensis, is, m. a month. Mentio, onis, f. (memmi,) a mention or a speaking of. Mentior, ii'^, itus sum, tr. dep. to lie; to assert falsely ; to feign; to deceive. Mercator, oris, m. (mercor,) a merchant; a trader. Mercatura, ae, f. (id.) merchan- dise; trade. Mercatus, us, m. (id.) a mar- ket; a mart; a fair; an emporium; a sale. Merces, edis, f. (mereo,) wa- ges ; a reward ; a price. Mercurius, i, m. Mercury, the son of Jupiter and Maia. He was the messenger of the gods. Mereo, ere, ui, itum, intr. & tr. to deserve; to gain; to acquire. Mereor, eri, itus sum, intr. & tr. dep. to deserve; to earn. Mergo, mergere, mersi, mer- sum, tr. to sink; to dip in, or under. Meridianus, a, um, adj. south- ern; south; at noon-day; from Meridie^', iei, m. (medius, & di- es,) noon; mid-day; south. Meritc), adv. with reason ; with good reason ; deservedly. Meritum, i, n. (mereo,) merit; desert. MERSI MINIMUS. 265 Mersi. See Mergo. Mersus, a, um, part, (mergo.) Merula, ae, f. a blackbird. Merx, cis, f. merchandise. Messis, is, f. (meto,) the har- vest; a reaping. Meta, re, f. (meto, are,) a pil- lar in the form of a cone; a goal, a limit. Metagoiiium, i, n. a promon- tory in the northern part of Africa. Metallum, i, n. metal; a mine. Metanira, ae, f. the wife of Ce- leits, king of Eleusis. Metellus, i, m. the name of an illustrious family at Rome. Metior, metiri, mensus sum, tr. dep. to measure. Metius, i, m. (Suffetius,) an Alban general, put to death by Tullus Hostilius. Meto, metere, messui, messum, tr. to reap; to mow. Metuo, metuere, metui, tr. & intr. to fear ; from Metus, us, m.fear. Meus, a, um, pro. 121, (ego,) my; mine. 230* Micipsa, 2d, m. a king of Nu- midia. JVfico, are, ui, intr. to move quickly^ or with a quiver- ing, tremulous motion, as the tongue of a serpent; to glance: to slime; to glitter. See dimico. Midas, se, m. a king of Phry- gia, distinguished for his wealth Migro, are, avi, atum, intr. to remove ; to migrate ; to wau' der. Mihi. See Esro. Miles, itis, c. (niille, properly, one of a thousand ;) a sol' dier ; the soldiery. Miletus, i, f. the capital of Tom a, near the borders of Caria. Militia, ae, f. (miles,) war; military service. Milito, are, avi, atum, intr. (id.) to serve in war. Mille, n. ind. (in sing.) a thou- sand : millia, um, pi. — mil- le, adj. ind. 104, 5. Miliiarium, i, n. (mille, sc, pas- suum, 909,) a milestone; a mile, or ^000 feet: ad quin- tum miliiarium urbis, to the fifth milestone of the city, i. e. within five miles of the city. Miltiades, is, m. a celebrated Athenian general, who con- quered the Persians. Milvius, i, m. a kite. IVIinae, arum, f. pi. (mineo, to hang over;) projecting points; battlements; com- monly, threats. Minatus, a, um, part, (minor.) Minerva, ae, f. the daughter of Jupiter, and goddess of war and wisdom. MInlme, adv. (sup. of parum,) least; at least ; not at all. Minimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of parvus, 113,) the least; the smallest. 21Q» 266 MINISTERIUM M O D US. Ministerium, i, n. (minister,) service; labor. Minium, i, n. red lead; ver- milion. Minor, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. & intr. to project ; to reach upwards; to threaten; to menace. Minor, oris, adj. (comp. of par- vus, 113,) less; smaller; weaker. 2J.0* Minos, ois, a son of Europa, and king of Crete. Minuo, minuere, minui, minu- tum, tr. (minus,) to dimin- ish. Minus, adv. (minor,) (comp. of parum,) less: quo minus, or quominus, that — not. Miraculum, i, n. (miror,) a miracle; a wonder. Mirabilis, e, adj. (id.) wonder- ful; astonishing. Miratus, a, um, part, (miror,) wondering at. Mire, adv. (mirus,) wonder- fully ; remarkably. Miror, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. to wonder at; to admire; from Mirus, a, um, adj. wonderful; surprising. Misceo, miscere, miscui, mis- tum or mixtum, tr. to min- gle; to mix. Miser, era, erum, adj. (erior, errimuf^,) miserable ; un- happy ; wretched; sad. Misei'atus, a, um, part, (mise- ror.) Misereor, misereri, miseritus, or misertus sum, tr. dep. (miser,) to have compas- sion; to pity. Miseret, miseruit, miseritum est, imp. (misereo, fr. mi- ser,) it pitieth: me mise- ret, I pity. Misericordia, as, f. (misericors, from mii^ereo &, cor,) pity; compassion. Miseror, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. (miser,) to pity. Misi. See Mitto. Mistus & mixtus, a, um, part, (misceo.) Mithridates, is, m. a celebrated king of Pontus. Mitliridaticus, a, um, adj. be- longing to Mithridates ; Mithridatic. Mitis, e, adj. § 21, II., (ior, is- simus,) mild; meek; kind; humane. JOG* Mitto, mittere, misi, missum, tr. to send; to throw; to bring forth; to produce; to afford: mittere se in aquam, to plunge into the ivater. Mixtus. See Mistus. Modicus, a, um, adj. (modus,) 7noderate; of moderate size; small. Modius, i, m. a measure; a half bushel. 908, A.1SS9. Modo, adv. now; only; but: modo — modo, sometimes — sometimes: conj. {for si modo or dummddo,) pro- vided that; if only. Modus, i, m. a measure ; same MCENIA MUCIUS. 267 as modius, (908, 4,) a man- ner; a luay; degree; limit; moderation. 1550 ^ 4. JMcenia, um, n. pi. (munio,) the walls of a city, furnished rvith towers and battlements for defence. Moenus, i, m. the Maine, a river of Germany, and a branch of the Rhine. Moerens, tis, part, from Moereo, moerere, intr. to be sad; to mourn, Moeris, is, m. a lahe in Egypt. ]Moles, is, f. a mass ; a bulk ; a burden; a weight ; a pile. Molestus, a, um, adj. (moles,) (ior, issimus,) irksome; se- vere; troublesome; oppres- sive ; unwelcome. Mollio, ire, ivi, Hum, tr. to soften; to moderate; from Mollis, e, adj. (ior, issimus,) soft; tender. Molo^!isi, orum, m. pi. the Molos- sians, a people of Eptrus. Momordi. See Mordeo. JMonens, tis, part, from Moiieo, ere, ui, itum, tr. to ad- vise; to remind; to loarn; to admonish; hence, Monimentum, or -umentum, i, n. (moneo,) a monument; a rnemorial; a record; and IMonitor, oris, m. a monitor. Mons, tis, m. a ynountain; a mount. Monstro, are, avi,atura,tr. (mo- neo,) to sliow ; point out. Mora, oe, f. delay. Moj'bus, i, m. a disease. Mordax, acis, adj. (comp.) bit- ing ; sharp; snappish; fr. Mordeo, mordere, momordi^ morsum, tr. to bite. Mores. See Mos. Moriens, tis, part, from Morior, mori & moriri, mor- tuus sum, intr. dep. 220, to die. 399 Moror, ari, atus sum, intr. dep. to delay; to tarry; to stay ; to remain; tr. nihil moror, 1 care not for ; I value not. Morosus, a, um, adj. comp. (mos,) morose; peevish; fretful. Mors, tis, f. death. Morsus, us, m. (mordeo,) bite; biting. Mortrdis, e, adj. (mors,) morfcd. MortuLis, a, um, part, (morior,) dead. Mos, moris, m. a manner; a way; a custom: more, af- ter the manner of; like: mores, conduct; deportment; manners ; customs. Mossyni, orum, m. p . a people of Asia 3Iinor, near the Euxine. Motus, us, m. (moveo,) motion: terrjje motus, an earthquake. Motus, a, um, part, from Moveo, movere, movi, motum, tr. to move; to stir; to ex- cite. Mox, adv. soon; soon after; by and by. Mucins, i, m. (Scasvola,) a Ro- man, celebrated for his for- titude. 268 MULIEBRIS NARBONENSIS. Muliebris, e, adj. womanly,; female; from • , Miilier, eris, f. a woman. Multitudo, inis, f. (multus,) a multitude. Multo, or -cto, are, avi, atum, tr. (multa, or mulcta, from mulgeo,) to punish hy de- privation; to fine; to im- pose a fine ; to sentence to pay a fine. Multo, & Multum, adv. much: multo, hy far. Multus, a, um, adj. much; many. Mummius, i, m. a Roman gen- eral. Mundus, i, m. (mundus, neat^ orderly,) the world; the universe. Muniendus, a, um, part, from Munio, ire, ivi, itum, tr. to huild a wall or fortress; to fortify: viam, to open or prepare a road. Munus, eris, n. an office; ser- vice; duty ; a gift; a pre- sent; a favor; a reward for service; (distinguished from donum, a free gift.) Muralis, e, adj. pertaining to a wall: corona, the mural crown, given to him who first mounted the wall of a besieged, town ; from Murus, i, m. a ivall;. a wall of a town, garden^ or other enclosed place. Mus, muris, m. a mouse. Musa, 86, f. a muse; a song. Musca, 36, f. afiy. Musculus, i, m. dim, (mus,) a little mouse. Musice, es, & *Musica, se, f. (musa,) music; the art of music; hence, Musicus, a, um, adj. musical. Muto, are, avi, atum, tr. (mo- veo,) to change; to trans- form. Mygdonia, je, f. a small coun- try of Phrygia. Myrmecides, is, m. an ingen- ious artist of Miletus. Myndius, i, m. a Myndian ; an inhabitant of Myndus. Myndus, i, f. a city in Caria, near Halicarnassus. Mysia, ae, f. a country of Asia Minor, having the Propon- tis on the north, and the ^gean sea on the west. N. « Nabis, idis, m. a tyrant of La- cedcemon. Nee, adv. verily ; truly. Nactus, a, um, part, (nancis- cor,) having found. Nam, conj. ybr; but. Nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum, tr. dep. (nancio, not used,) to get; to find) to meet with. ^Narbonensis, e, adj. Narbo- nensis Gallia, one of the four divisions of Gaul, in the south-eastern part, de- riving its name from the city of Narboy now Nar- botme. NARIS NEMO. 269 Naris, is, f. the nostril. Narro, are, avi, atum, tr. to re- late; to tell; to say. Nascor, nasci, natus sum, intr. dep. to be born ; to grow ; to be produced. Nascica, ae, m. a surname of Publius Cornelius Scipio. Nasus, i, m. the nose. Natalis, e, adj. (nascor,) na- tal: dies natalis, a birth- day. Nat ail?, tis, part, from Nato, are, avi, atum, intr. freq. (no,) to sivim; to float. Natu, abl. sing. m. by birth: natu minor, the younger: minimus, the youngest: ma- jor, the elder: maximum, the oldest; § 26, 6. 224. n. Natura, ae, f. (nascor,) na- ture; creation; power; hence, Naturalis, e, adj. natural. Natus, a urn, part, (nascor,) born: octoginta aniios na- tus, born eighty years ; i. e. eighty years old; hence, Natus, i, m. a son. Naufragium, i, n. (navis & frango,) a shipivreck. Nauta, se, and navita, ae, (na- vis,) m. a sailor. Navfdis, e, adj. (navis,) naval; belonging to ships. Navigabdis, e, adj. (navigo,) navigable. Navigatio, onis, f. (id.) naviga- tion; and Navigium, i, n. a ship; a ves- sel ; from Navigo, are, avi, atum, tr. (na- vis & ago,) to steer, navi- gate, or direct a ship ; to navigate; to sail: naviga- tur, imp. navigation is car- ried on ; they sail. Navis, is, f. a ship. Ne, conj. not; lest; lest that; that — not: ne quidem, not even. Ne, *conj. enclitic: whether; or: (In direct questions the translation is commonly omitted, Id. oQ, 3d.) Nee, conj. (ne & que,) and not; but not; neither ; nor. Necessarius, a, um, adj. (ne- cesse,) necessary : — subs, a friend. Necessitas, atis, f. (id.) neces- sity; duty. Neco, are, avi or ui, atum, tr. to kill; to destroy ; to slay. Nefas, n. ind. (ne & fas,) zm- piety ; wrong; wickedness. Neglectus, a, um, part, from Negligo, -ligere, -lexi, -lectum, tr. (nee & lego,) to neglect; not to care for ; to disre- gard. Nego, are, avi, atum, tr. (^ro- bably, ne & aio,) to deny; to refuse : equcd to dico ut non, to declare that not. Negotium, i, n. (nee & otium,) business ; labor ; pains ; dif- ficulty: faclli or nuUo nego- ko, ivith little OYno trouble; easily. Nemo, inis, c. (ne & homo,) no one; no man. 270 NEMUS NO CEO. Nemus, 5ris, n. a foreat; a grove ; {but not consecrated as lucus.) Nepos, Otis, m. a grandson. NeptOnus, i, m. the god of the sea, son of Satiuii and Ops. Nequaqiiam, adv. (ne & qua- quam,) by no means. Neque, conj. (ne & que,) and —^not; neither; nor. Nequeo, ire, ivi, itum, intr. irr. (ne & queo, § 83, 3,) I ca7i 7iot; I am not able. 41S, Nequis, -qua, -quod, or -quid, pro. (ne & quis,) § 35, lest any one; that no one or no thing. Nereis, Idis, f. a Nereid; a sea- nymph. TJie Nereids were the daughters of Nereus and Doris. Nescio, Ire, Tvi, itum, tr. (ne & scio,) to be ignorant of; not to know ; can not. Kestus, i, m. a river in the western fart of Tftrace. Neuter, tra, trum, adj. (ne & uter,) neither of the two; neither. Nicomedes, is, m. a king of JBithynia. Nidifico, are, avi, atum, intr. (nidus & facio,) to build a nest. Nidus, i, m. a nest. Niger, gra, grum, adj. (nigrior, nigerrimus,) black. Nihil, n, ind. or Nihilum, i, n. (ne & liilum,) nothing: ni- hil hi^beo quod, / have no- thing on account of which f i. e. I have no reason why. Nihilominus, adv. (nihilo mi- nus, less by nutldng ;) nev" ertheless. Nilus, i, m. the Nile; the larg- est river of Africa. Nimius, a, um, adj. (nimis, too jnuch;) too great; excess* ive ; immoderate. Nimium, & Nimio, adv. (id.) too much. Ninus, i, m. a king of Assyria, Niobe, es, f. the wife of Am- phlon, king of Thebes. Nisi, conj. (ne & si,) unless; except; if not. Nisus, i, m. a king of MegariSf and the father of Sylla. Nitidus, a, um, adj. comp. (ni- ieo,) shining ; bright; clear. Nitor, oris, m. (niteo,) splen- dor ; gloss; brilliancy. Nitor, niti, nisus & nixus sum, dep. to strive. Nix, nivis, f. snow. No, nare, navi, natum, intr. to swim. Nobilis, e, adj. (ior, issimus,) (nosco,) known; noted; no- ble ; celehrated ; famous ; of high rank; hence, Nobilitas, atis, f. nobility; the nobility; the nobles; a no- ble spirit; nobleness. Nobilito, are, avi, atum, tr. (id.) to ennoble; to make famous. Noceo, ere, ui, itum, intr. to injure; to harm. NOCTU NUMANTIA. 271 Noctu, abl. sing, monoptot, by night; in the night time. Koctunius, a, um, adj. (noctu,) niyhtly ; nocturnal. Kodu-!, i, 111. a knot ; a tumor. Kola, 03, f. a city of Campa- nia. Kolo, nolle, nolui, intr. irr. (non & volo, § 83, 5,) to be unwilling : noli facere, do not: noli esse, be not; Id. 87. 418. Nomades, um, m. pi. a name given to those tribes who wander from place to place, with their flocks and herds, having no fixed residence. Nomen, inis, n. a name ; fame. Kon, adv. not. Konagesimus, a, um, adj. ord. the ninetieth. Konne, adv. (non & ne, a neg- ative interrogative^) noti as, nonne fecit? lias he not done it ? Nonniliil, n. ind. (non nihil, not nothing; i. e., some- thing. Nonnisi, adv. (non & nisi.) only; not; except. Konnullus, a, um, adj. (non & nullus,) some. Nonus, a, um, num. adj. the ninth. ISos. See Ego. Kosco, noscere, novi, notum, tr. to know ; to understand ; 'o learn. JsToster, tra, trum, pro. our; 121. 236. Xott*. vd, i\ (nosco,) a mark.. Notans, tis, part, from Noto, are, avi, atum, tr. (no- ta,) to mark; to stigmatize ; to observe. Notus, a, um, part. (fr. nosco,) known. Kovem, ind. num. adj. pi. nine. Kovus, a, um, adj. (sup. issi- mus, § 2Q>, 0,) 7iew ; recent; fresh. 223. Nox, noctis, f. night: de nocte, by night. Noxius, a, um, adj. (noceo,) hurtful; injurious. Nubes, is, f. a cloud. Nubo, nubere, nupsi & nupta sum, nuptum, intr. to cover witJi a veil; to marry ; to be married; (used only of the wife.) Nudatus, a, um, part, laid open; stripped; deprived; from Xudo, are, avi, atum, tr. to make naked; to lay open; fi-om Nudus, a, um, adj. naked; bare, Xullus, a, um, gen. ius, adj. (non ullus,) no; no one. Nuni, interros::. adv. in indi- Q^ect questions, ivhether ? in direct questions, commonly omitted. See Ne, and Id. 56, 3d. Xuma, le, m. (Porapiliu-,) the second king of Home, and tlie successor of Rom^dus. Xumantia, a;, f. a city of Spain, besieged by the Itomans for twenty years. 272 NUMANTINI OliHGO. Numantini, orum, m. pi. Nu- mantines; the people of Nu- mantia. Numen, inis, n. (nuo,) a deity; a god. Numero, are, avi, atum, tr. to count; to number ; to reck- on; from Numerus, i, m. a number, Numidioe, arum, m. pi. the Nu- midians. JSFumidia, a3, f. a country of Africa. Kumitor, oris, m. the father of JR,hea Sylvia, and grandfa- ther of Romulus and Re- runs. NummMS, i, m. money. iNunc, adv. now: nunc etiam, even now ; still. NuncLipo, are, avi, atum, tr. (nomen & capio,) to name ; to call. Nunquam, (ne & unquam,) adv. never. Nuntiatus, a, um, part, from Nuntio, or -cio, are, avi, atum, tr. (nuntius,) to announce; to tell. Nuptiie, arum, f. pi. (nubo,) nuptials ; marriage ; a wed- ding. Nusquam, adv. (ne & usquam,) no where ; in no place. Nutriendus, a, um, part, to he nourished. Nutrio, Ire, ivi, itum, tr. to nourish. Nutritus, a, um, part. Nutrix, icis, f. (nutrio,) a mirse. Nymplia, ae, f. a nymph ; a god- dess presiding over foun- tains, groves, or rivers, &c. O. O! int. 0! ah! Ob, prep, ybr; on account of; before. Obdormisco, -dormiscere, -dor- mlvi, intr. inc. (ob & dor- misco,) to fall asleep; to sleep. Obduco, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- tum, tr. (ob & duco,) to draw over ; to cover over. Obductus, a, um, part, spread over ; covered over. Obedio, ire, ivi, itum, intr. (ob & audio,) to give ear to; to obey; to comply with; to he subject to. Obeo, ire, ivi & ii, itum, tr. & intr. (ob & eo,) to go to; to discharge ; to execute ; to die; (i. e. mortem or supremum, diem obire.) Oberro' are, avi, atum, (ob & erro,) to wander ; to wan- der about. Obitus, us, m. (obeo,) death. Objaceo, ere, ui, itum, intr. (ob & jaceo,) to lie against or before; to he opposite. Objectus, a, um, part, thrown to or in the way ; exposed. Objicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, tr. (ob & jacio,) to throio before ; to tliroiv to; to give; to object; to expose. OblTgo, are, avi, atum, tr. (ob OBLIQUE OCCIDO. 273 & ligo,) to hind to; to oblige; to obligate. Oblique, adv. indirectly; ob- liquely, from Obliquus, a, um, adj. (ob & liquis,) oblique; indirect; side wise. Oblitus, a, um, -^siri. forgetting ; having forgotten ; from Obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus sum, tr. dep. (ob & liiio,) to forget. Obnoxius, a, um, adj. (ob & noxius,) obnoxious; subject; exposed to; liable. Obruo, -ruere, -rui, -rutum, tr. (ob & ruo,) to rush down headlong against ; to over- whelm; to cover ; to bury. Obrutus, a, um, part, buried; covered; overwhelmed. Obscuro, are, avi, atum, tr. (obscLirus,) to obscure; to darken. Obsecro, are, avi, atum, tr. (ob & sacro,) to beseech; to con- jure. Obsequor, sequi, secutus sum, intr. dep. (ob & sequor,) to follow ; to serve ; to obey ; to humor. Observo, lire, avi, atum, tr. (ob & servo,) to keep before the mind; to observe ; to watch. Obses, idis, c. (obsideo,) a hostage. Obsessus, a, um, part, besieged; from Obsideo, -sidere, -sedi, -sessum, tr. (ob & sedeo,) to sit be- fore or opposite; hence, ta besiege; to invest; tobloch ade; hence, Obsidio, onis, f. a siege. Obsidionalis, e, adj. belonging to a siege; obsidional: co~ rona, a crown given to him who had raised a siege. Obstetrix, icis, f. a midwife. Obtestatus, a, um, part, from Obtestor, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. (ob & testor,) to call sol- emnly to ivitness; to conjure; to beseech; to entreat. Obtineo, -tinere, -tinui, -ten- tum, tr. (ob & teneo,) to hold; to retain; to obtain: obtinet sententia, the opin- ion i^revails. Obtrdit. See Offero. Obviam, adv. (ob & viam,) in the way ; meeting ; to meet: fio or eo obviam, I meet ; 1 go to meet. Occasio, onis, f. (ob & cado,) an occasion; a good oppor- tunity. Occasus, us, m. (id.) the de- scent', the setting of the heavenly bodies; evening; the west. Occidens, tis, m. (id.) the setting sun; evening ; the ivest. Occidentalis, e, adj. (id.) icesi- ern; occidental. Occido, occidere, occldi, occi- sum, tr. (ob & casdo,) to beat ; to hill; to slay ; to put to death. Occido, occidere, occidi, occH- 274 OCCISUEUS OLYMPICUS. sum, intr. (ob & cado,) to fall; to fall down; to set. Occisrirus, a, um, part, (occi- do.) Occisus, a, um, part, (occido.) Occoecatus, a, um, part, from Occoeco, Tire, avi, atum, tr. (ob & C08CO,) to blind; to daz- Occuito, are, avi, atum, tr. freq. (occulo,) to conceal; to hide. Occultor, ari, atus sum, pass. to be concealed; to hide one^s self. Occupo, are, avi, atum, tr. (ob & capio,) to occupy; to seize upon; to take p)Osses- sion of before anotlier. Occurro, -currcre, -curri & -cu- curri, -eursum, intr. (ob & curro,) to meet; to go to meet; to run to meet; to en- counter. Oceanus, i, m. the ocean; the sea. Octavianus, i, m. (Caesar,) the nephew and adopted son of Julius CcBsar, called, after the battle of Actimn, Au- gust us. Octavus, a, um, num. adj. (octo,) eighth. Octingenti, as, a, num. adj. pi. (octo & centum,) eight hundred. Octo, ind. num. adj. pi. eight. Octoginta, ind. imm adj. pi. (octo,) eighty. OculuSj i, m. an eye. Odi, odisse, def. pret. § 84, 1, Obs. 2, to hate ; to detest. Odium, i, n. hatred. [436, Odor, oris, m. a smell: pi. odo- res, odors; perfumes. Odoror, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. (odor,) to smell. CEneus, ei & eos, m. a king of Calydon, and father of Meleager and Dej antra. Qj^nomaus, i. m. the name of a celebrated gladiator. CEta, 03, m. a mountain in Thessaly, on the borders of Doris. Offero, offerre, obtuli, obla- tum, tr. irr. (ob & fero,) to bring before; to offer; to present. Officiiia, vd, (opificina, from opiiex,) a work-shop; an office. Officio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, tr. (ob & facio,) to act in opposition ; to stand in the way of; to injure; to hurt, Officium, i, n. (i. e. oj)ificium, fr. ops & facio,) a kind- ness ; duty; an obligation; politeness; civility; atteu' ' tion. Olea, aj, f. an olive-tree. Oleum, i, n. oil. Olim, ndv. formerly ; sometime. Olor, oris, m. a swan. Olu*, eris, n. herbs; pot-herbs. Olympia, ob, f. a town and dis- trict of the Peloponnesus^ upon the Alpheus. Olympicus, a, um, adj. Olym* OLTMPIUS ORANS. 275 pic; pertaining to Olym- pia. Olympius, a, um, adj. ' Olym- pian; pertaining to Olym- pus or to Olympia. Olympus, i, m. a high moun- tain between Thessaly and Macedon. Omen, inis, n. an omen; a sign. Omni^, e, adj. all; every; ev-^ ery one: omnes, all: om- nia, all things: sine omni discordia, without any dis- cord. Onus, eris, n. a burden; a load. Onustus, a, um, adj. comp. (onus,) laden; full of. Opera, ae, f. (opus,) labor; pains: dare operara, to do one's endeavor; to devote one's self to. Operor, ari, atus sum, intr. dep. (opera,) to labor; to icork. Opimus, a, um, adj. (ops, is,) (ior, sup. IV anting ; w^j^4^) fat; rich ; fruitful ; dainty. Oportet, ere, uit, imp. it be- hoves ; it is meet^ ft, or proper; it is a duty; we ought. Oppidum, i, n. a walled town; a town. Oppono, -ponere, -posui, -posi- tum, tr. (ob & pono,) to place opposite; to oppose; to set against. Opportilnus, a, um, adj. (lor, issimus,) (ob & jjortus, with a harbor near, or op- posite, hence,) seasonable; comm.odious ; convenient; favorable. Oppositus, a, um, part, oppo- site; opposed. Opprimo, -primere, -pressi, -pressum, tr. (ob & pre- mo,) to press down, or against; to oppress; to overpower; to subdue. Oppugnatus, a, um, part, from Oj)pugno, are, avi, atum, tr. (ob & pugno,) to fight against; to assault; to be- siege ; to attempt to take by force; to storm. (Ops, nom., not in use, § 18, 12,) opis, gen. f. aid; help; means; assistance: opes, pi. wealth; riches; resources; power. 182, Optime, adv. (sup. of bene,) very well ; excellently ; best. Optimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of bonus,) (opto,) most desir- . able ; best ; most worthy. Optio, onis, f. a choice ; an op- tion; from Opto, are, avi, atum, tr. to de- sire. Opulens, & opulentus, a, um, adj. (ior, issimus,) rich; opulent; wealthy; fr. ops. Opus, eris, n. a work; a labor. Opus, subs. & adj. ind. need. Ora, te, f. a coast; a shore. Ora, pi. See Os. OracQlum, i, n. (oro,) an ora- cle ; a response. Orans, tis, part, (oro.) 276 ORATIO — PABULUM. Oratio, onis, f. (oro,) a dis- course; an oration. Orator, oris, m. (oro,) an ora- tor ; an ambassador. Orbatus, a, um, part, (orbo,) bereaved or deprived of. Orbelus, i, m. a mountain of Hirace or Macedonia. Orbis, is, m. an orb; a circle: in orbem jacere, to lie round in a circle : orbis, or orbis terrarum, the world. Orbo, are, avi, atum, tr. (or- bus,) to deprive; to be- reave of Orcus, i, m. Pluto, the god of the lower world; the infer- nal regions. Ordino, are, avi, atiim, tr. to set in order; to arrange; to ordain. Ordo, iiiis, m. order ; arrange- ment; a row: ordines re- morumj banks of oars. Oriens, tis, m. (orior,) sc. sol, the place of sun-rising ; the east; the morning. Oriens, part, (orior.) Orientalis, e, adj. (id.) eastern. Orlgo, inis, f. source ; origin : originem ducere, to derive one's origin; from Orior, oriri, ortus sum, intr. dep. 220, Note, 8; to arise; to begin ; to appear. 4:00 • Ornamentum, i, n. (orno,) an ornament. Ornatus, us, m. an ornament; fr. Orno, are, avi, atum, tr. to adorn; to deck; to furnish; to equip. Oro, are, avi, atum, tr. (os,) to beg; to entreat. Orodes, is, m. a king of Par- thia, ivho took and destroyed Crassus. Orpheus, ei & eos, m. a cele- brated poet and musician of Thrace; §15,13,156*. Ortus, a, uni, part, (orior,) having arisen; risen; born; begun. Ortus, us, m. (id.) a rising; east. Os, oris, n. the mouth ; the face, Os, ossis, n. a bone. Ossa, 86, m. a high mountain in Thessaly. Ostendo, -tendere, -tendi, -ten- sum, & -tentum, tr. (ob & tendo,) to stretch or hold before; to show; to point out; to exhibit. Ostia, £6, f. a town, built by An- cus Marcius, at the mouth of the Tiber; from Ostium, i, n. a mouth of a river. • Ostrea, ae, f. ostrea, orum, pi. n. a7i oyster. Otium, i, n. leisure; quiet; ease; idleness. Otos, i, m. a son of Neptune, or of Aloeus. 0%ns, is, f. a sheep. Ovum, i, n. a7i egg. P. P. aji abbreviation of Publius. Pabulum, i, n. (paseo,) food for cattle ; fodder. PACISCOR PAROPAMISUS. 2i i Paci.^cor, pacisci, pactus sum, tr. & intr. (pango, to jix or settle; hence,) to make a compact ; to form, a treaty ; to bargain; to agree. Pactdlus, i, m. a river of Ly- dia, famous for its golden sands. Pactum, i, n. (paciscor,) an agreement; a contract: quo pacto, in what manner; how. Pactus, a, um, part, (paciscor.) Padus, i, m. the largest river of Italy, now the Po. PjBne, {see Pene,) adv. almost. Palea, as, f. chaff. Palma, ae, f. the palm of the hand; a palm-tree. Palpebra, ae, f. (palpo,) the eye- lid: pL the eye-lashes. Palus, udis, f. a marsh; a swamp; a lahe; hence, Paluster, pahistris, pakistre, adj. marshy. Pan, Panis, m. (Acc.^Pana,) the god of shepherds. Pando, pandere, pandi, pan- sum & passum, tr. to open ; to expand; to spread out. Panionium, i, n. a sacred place near mount Mycale in Io- nia. ■ Panis, is, m. bread. Panthera, ae, f. a panther. Papirius, i, m. the name of sev- eral Ho mans. Papyrus, d. and Papyrum, i, n. a?i Egyptian plant or reed, of which paper ivas made; the papyrus. 24 Par, paris, adj. equals even; suitable. Paratus, a, um, part, and adj. (ior, issmius,) (paro,; pre- pared; ready. Parcae, arum, f. pi. the Fates. Parco, parcere, peperci or par- si, parsum or parciLum, intr. to spare. Pardus, i, m. a male panther. Parens, tis, c. (pario,) aparent; father; mother; creator; author; inventor. Pareo, ere, ui, intr. to come near; to be at hand; hence, to obey ; to be subject to. Paries, etis, m. a wall (of a house.) Pario, parere, peperi, partum, tr. to bear ; to bring forth ; to cause ; to produce; to obtain ; to gain • ovum, to lay an egg. Paris, idis, or idos, m.,' 130, a son of Priam, king of Troy, and brother of Hector. Pariter, adv. (par,) in like manner; equally; at the same time. Pai'nassus, i, m. a mountain of Phocis, whose two sunimits ivere sacred to Apollo and Bacchus, and upon which the Muses were fabled to reside. Paro, ai'e, avi, atum, tr. to prepare; to provide; to fro- cure; to obtain ; to equip: parare insidias, to lay plots against. Paropamisus, i, m. a ridge of 278 PARS PATRIMONIUM. mountains in the north of India. Pars, tis, f. a part; a share; a portion ; a region ; a party : in utraque parte, on each side : magna ex parte, in a great measure ; for tlte most part. Parsimonia, a^, f. (parco,) fru- gality. Partlms, i, m. an inhabitant of Parthia; a Parthian. Particiila, as, f. dim. (pars,) a particle; a small part. Partiendus, a, um, part, (par- tior.) Partim, adv. (pars,) partly ; in part. Partior, iri, itus sum, tr. dep. (pars,) to divide; to share. Partus, a, nm, part, (pario.) Partus, us, m. (id.) a birth; off- spring. Parum, adv. (minus, minime, 234,) little ; too little. ParvCdus, a,, um, dim. adj. small; very small; from Parvus, a, um, adj. (minor, minimus, 113,) small or little; less; the least. 210.» Pasco, pascere, pavi, pastum, tr. & intr. to give food to ; ta feed; to graze. Pascor, pasci, pastus sum, tr. & intr. dep. to feed; to graze ; to feed vupon. Passer, eris, m. a sparrow. Passim, adv. (passus, fr. pan- do,) here and there; every where; in every direction. Passurus, a, um. part, (patior.) Passus, a, um, part, (patior,) having suffered. Passus, a, um, part, (pando,) stretched out; hung up f dried: uva passa, a raisin, Passus, us, m. (id.) a pace; a measure of 5 feet: mille passuum, a mile, or 5000 feet. 909. Pastor, oris, m. (pasco,) a shepherd. Patefacio, facere, feci, factum, tr. (pateo & facio,) to open; to disclose; to discover; to detect. Patefio, fieri, factus siim, pass. irr. §221,Obs. S,429, to be laid ojjen or discovered. Patefactus, a, um, part, opened; discovered. Patens, tis, part. & adj. lying open; open; clear; from Pateo, ere, ui, intr. to be open; to stand open; to extend. Pater, tris, m. a father: pa- tre,^, fathers ; senators: pa- terfamilias, patrisfamilias, § 18, 9, the master of a family; a housekeeper; hence, {176.) Paternus, a, um, adj. paternal. Patientia, 8e, f. patience ; hard' iness; from Patior, pati, passus sum, tr. dep. to suffer ; to endure; to let; to allow. Patria, se, f. (patrius, fr. pater,) one's native comdry ; one's birth-ploxe. Patrimonium, i, n. (pater,) pa' trimony ; inheritance. PATROCINIUM PENINSULA, 279 Patroclnium, i, n, patronage; from Patroiui.-i, i, m. (pater,) a pa- tron; protector. Patruelis, is, c. (pat yus,) a cousin {bythefathei . side.) Pauci, 03, a, adj. pi. (paucus sing, seldom used,)yez(;; a few. Paulcitim, adv. (paiiln>!,) gra- dually ; little by little. Paulo, or Paullo, adv. (id.) a little. Paululiim, adv. a little. Paullus, or Paulas, i. m, a cognomen or surname in the JEinilian tribe. Pauper, eris, adj. (ior, rimus,) poor; hence, Pauperies, ei, f. poverty ; and Paupertas, atis, i. poverty ; in- digence, Paveo, pavere, pavi, intr. to fear; to be afraid. Pavo, onis, c. a peacock. PaM, pads, f. peace. Pecco, are, avi, atum, intr. to do ivrong ; to commit a fault; to sin. Pecto, pectere, pexi & pexui, pexum, tr. to comb; to dress. Pectus, oris, n. the breast. Pecunia, ib, f. (pecus, the frst coin in Rome being stamped with a sheep;) money; a sum of money. Pecus, fidis, f. a sheep; a beast. Pecus, oris, ii. cattle {of a large size ;) a herd ; a flock. Pedes, itis, c. (pes & eo,) one who goes on foot i a foot- s^'ldier. Pelagus, i, n. tJie sea. Peleus, i, m. a king of TJies- saly^ the son of jEucus, and father of Achilles. Pelias, ae, m. a king of TheS' saly and son of Neptune. Peligni, orum, m. pi. a people of Italy, whose country lay between the Aternus and tJte Sagrus. Pelion, i, n. a lofty mountain in Thesscdy. Pellicio, -licere, -lexi, -lectum, tr. (per & lacio,) to allure ; to entice; to invite. Pellis, is, f. the skin. Pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum, tr. to drive away ; to banish; to expel; to dispossess; to beat. Peloponnesus, i, f. a peninsula of Greece, now called the Morea. Pelusium,i, n. a town of Egypt. Pendens, tis, part, hanging; impending. Pendeo,pendere, pependi, pen- sum, intr. to hang. Pene, adv. almost; nearly. Penetrale, is, n. the inner part of a house, fr. penetralis, f "r. Penetro, are, avi, atum, (peni- tus,) tr. to go tvithiu; to pen- etrate; to enter. Peneus, i, m. the principal riv- er of 77iessaly, fioiving be- tween Ossa and Olympus. Peninsula, a;, f. (})ene & insu- la,) a peninsula. 280 PENNA PERICULUM. Penna, 9g, f. a feather ; a quill; a wing. Pensilis, e, adj. (pendeo,) hang- ing ; pendent. Penuria, se, f. want; scarcity. Peperci. See Parco. Pepidi. See Pello. Peperi. See Pario. Per, prep, hy; through; for; during; along. Pera, jb, f. a wallet ; a hag. Peragro, fire, avi, atum, intr. (per & ager,) to travel through; to^go through or over., (sc. the jield or coun- try.) Percontor & -cunctor, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. (per & con- tor,) to ask; to inquire. Percunctatus, a, um, part, (per- cunctor.) Percussor, oris, m. one who wounds; a murderer; an assassin; from Percutio, -cutere, -cussi, -cus- sum, tr. (per & quatio,) to strike; to ivound: securi, to behead. Perdite, adv. very; vehement- ly; exceedingly; desperate- ly; from Perditus, a, um, joart. & adj. (perdo,) ruined; lost; un- done; desperate. Perdix, icis, f. a partridge. Perdo, -dere, -didi, -ditum, tr. (per & do,) to ruin; to lose; to destroy. Perduco, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- ^um, tr. (per & duco.) to lead to, or through to. Perductus, a, um, part, brought, led; conducted. Peregrinatio, onis, f. foreign travel; a residence in a for^^jn country; from PerejiTmus, a, um, adj. (pere- gre, and that from per & ager,) foreign. Perennis, e, adj. (per Sc an- nus,) lasting through the year; continual; lasting; unceasing; everlasting ; pe- rennial. Pereo, -ire, -ii, -itum, intr. irr. (per & eo,) to perish; to be slain; to be lost. Perfidia, ae, f. perfidy; from Perfidus, a, um, adj. (per & fides,) breaking faith ; per- fidious. Pergamum, i, n., & -us, i, f., -a, orum, pi. n. the citadel of Troy; also, a city of Mysia, situated upon the river Catcus, where parch- ment was first made., hence called Pergamena. Pergo, pergere, perrexi, per- rectum, intr. (per & rego,) to go straight on; to ad- vance; to continue. Pericles, is,m. an eyninent orator and statesman of Athens. Periculosus, a, um,adj. (comp.) full of danger ; dangerous ; perilous ; hazardous ; from PericCdum, & Periclum, i, n. (perior, obsol. whence ex- perior, to try; lience,) an experiment; a trial; dan- ger ; peril. PERITURUS PERTINEO. 281 Periturus, a, um, part, (pereo.) Perltus, a, um, adj. (ior, issi- mus,) (perior,) experienced; skillful. Permeo, are, avi atum, intr. (per & meo,) to go through ; to flow through; to pene- trate; to permeate. Permisceo, -miscere, -miscui, -mistum & -mixtum, tr. (per & misceo,) to mix thor- oughly; to mingle. Permistus, a, um, part, mixed; mingled; confused. Permitto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- sum, tr. (per & mitto,) to grant; to allow ; to permit; to commit; to intrust; to give leave to; to grant. Permutatio, onis, f. exchange; change; from Permuto, are, avi, atum, tr. (per & muto,) to change; to exchange. Pernicies, ei, f. (perneco,) de- struction ; exterm hiation ; hence, Perniciosus, a, um, adj. (ior, issimus,) pernicious ; hurt- ful. Perpendo, -pendere, -pendi, -pensum, tr. (per & pen- do,) to iveigh ; to ponder; to consider. Perperam, h^y. wrong ; amiss; rashly ; imjustly ; absurdly ; falsely. Perpetior, -peti, -pessus sum, tr. dep. (per & patior,) to endure; to bear; to suffer. ^ Perpetuus, a, um, adj. (per- pes,) perpetual; constanto Perrexi. See Pergo. Persa, ae, m. a Persian; an inhabitant of Persia. Persecutus, a, um, part, from Persequor, - sequi, - secutus sum, tr. dep. (per & se- quor,) to follow closely; to pursue; to follow ; to con- tinue; to persevere in; to persecute. Perseus, ei & eos, m. the son of Jupiter and Danue ; al- so, the last king of Mace- don. Persicus, a, um, adj. of Persia; Persian. Perspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spectum, tr. (per & spe- cio,) to see through ; to dis- cern; to become acquainted with; to discover. Persuadeo, -suadere, -suasi, -suasum, tr. (per & sua- deo,) to persuade. Perterreo, -terrere, -terrui, -ter- ritum, tr. (per & terreo,) to frighten greatly. Perterritus, a, um, part, af- frighted; discouraged. Pertinaciter, adv. (iiis, issime,) obstinately; constantly; per- se veringly ; from Pertinax, acis, adj. (ior, issi- mus,) (per & tenax,) obsti- nate; willful. Pertineo, -tinere, -tinui, intr. (per & teneo,) to extend ^ to reach to. 282 PERVENIO PHOC^I. Pervenio. -venire, -veni, -ven- ; Pharos, i, f. a small island at turn, intr. (per & venio,) to come to; to arrive at; to] reach. Pervenitur, pass. imp. one comes; they come; we come, &c. Id. 67, Note. Pervius, a, um,adj. (per & via,) pervious; which may be passed through ; passable. Pes, pedis, m. afoot. Pessum, adv. down; under foot; to the bottom: ire pessum, to sink. Pestilentia, ae, f. (pestilens, fr. pestis,) a pestilence; a plague. Petens, tis, part, (peto.) Petitio, onis, f. a petition; a canvassing or soliciting for an office; from Peto, ere, ivi, itum, tr. to ask; to request; to attack; to as- sail; to go to; to seek; to go for ; to bring. Petra, se, f. the metropolis of Arabia Petrcea. Petrgea, £e, f. (Arabia,) Arabia Petrcea, the northern part of Arabia, south of Palestine. Petulantia, 93, f. (petulans, for- ward^ fr. peto,) petidance ; insolence ; mischievousness; wantonness. Plineax, acis, m. a Phceacian, or inhabitant of Phceacia, now Corfu. T7ie Phceacians were famous for luxury o Phalera^ arum, t". pi. the trap- pings of a horse; habili- ments. the western mouth of the Nile, on which was a tower or light-house, esteemed one of the seven wonders of the world. Pharsalus, i, m. a city of TheS' saly. Pharnaces, is, m. a son of MithridateSf kiiig of Pon- tus. Phasis, idis & is, f. a town and river of Colchis, on the east side of the Euxine. Phidias, ge, m. a celebrated Athenian statuary. Philfeni, orum, m. pi. two Car- thaginian brothers, who suf- fered themselves to be buried alive, for the purpose of establishing the controvert- ed boundary of their coun- try. Phihppi, orum, m. pi. a city of Macedon, on the confines of TJtrace. Phihppicus, a, um, adj. belong- ing to Philippi. Philippides, ee, m. a comic poet, Philippus, i, m. Pliilip ; the father of Alexander ; also, the son of Demetrius. Philomela, ue, f. a nightingale, Philosophia, a^, f. philosophy. Philosophus, i, m. a philoso- pher ; a lover of learning and wisdom. Phmeus, i, m. a king of Arca- dia^ and priest of Apollo. Phocsei, orum, m. pi. the Phos cceans; inhabitants of Pho< PHOCIS PLECTO. 283 c<2a^ a maritime city of Io- nia. Phocir^, idis, f. a country of Greece. Plicenlce, es, f. Phoenicia, a maritime country of Syria, north of Palestine. Phcenix, Icis, m. a Phoenician. Phryx, ygis, m. a Phrygian; an inhabitant of Phrygia. Picentes, ium, m. pi. the inhab- itants of Picenum. Picenum, i, n. a country of Italy. Pictus, a, um, part, (pingo,) painted; embroidered: picta tabula, a picture; a paint- ing. Pietas, atis, f. (plus,) piety; filial duty. Pignus, oris, n. a pledge; a paiun; security ; assurance. Pila, ae, f. a ball. P Luis, i, m. a hat; a cap. Pilus, i, m. the hair. Pindc'irus, i, m. Pindar, a TJie- ban, the most eminent of the Greek lyric poets. Pingo, pingere, pinxi, pictum, tr. to represent by lines and colors; to paint; to depict; to delineate; to draw: acu, to embroider. Pinguis, e, adj. (ior, issimus,) fat; fertile; rich. Pinna, SB, f. a wing ; a fn. Pii'ieeus, ei, m. the principal port and arsenal of Athens. Pi rata, ae, m. a pirate. Piscator, oris, m. (piscor, from piscis,) a fisherman. 13 Piscis, is, m. a fish. Pisistratus, i, m. an Athenian tyrant, distinguished for his eloquence. Pistrinum, i, n. (pinso, to bruise;^ a mill. Pius, i, m. an agnomen, or sut" name of Metellus. Pius, a, um, adj. dutifid, or affectionate to parents ; pi- ous. Placeo, ere, ui, itum, intr. to please: sibi, to be vain or proud of; to plume one^s self. Placet, placuit, or placitum est, imp. it pleases; it is determined; it seems good to. Placidus, a, um, adj. (ior, is- simus,) (placeo,) placid ; quiet; still; tranquil; mild; gentle. Plaga, 86, f. a blow ; a wound: plagae, pi. nets ; toils. Plane, adv. (planus,) entirely; totally; plainly; clearly. Planta, ae, f. a plant. Platrmus, i, f. the plane-tree. Platea, le, f. a species of bird, the spoonbill, the heron. Plato, onis, m. an Athenian, one of the most celebrated of the Grecian philosophers. Plaustrum, i, n. a cart; a wagon, Plebs, and Plebes, is, f. the people; the common people ; the plebeians. Plecto, plectere, tr. to strike; to punish. Plecto, plectere, plexui and 284 PLERUSQUE^ — POPULOR. plexi, plexum, tr. to plait; to twist; to weave. Plerusque, pleraque, plerum- que, adj. (mostly used in the pi.) most; the most; many. Pleriimque, adv. commonly; generally; for the most part; sometimes. Plinius, i, m. Pliny ; the name of two distinguished Ro- man authors. Plotinius, i, m. See Catienus. Plumbeus, a, um, adj. of lead; leaden; from Plumbum, i, n. lead. Pluo, pluere, plui or pluvi, intr. to rain: pluit, it rains. Plurimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of multus,) very much; most; very many. Plus, uris, adj. (n. in sing., com- parative of multus,) § 21, 4, 107 f) more : pi. many. Plus, adv. (comparative of multum,) more; longer. Pluto, onis, m. a son of Sa- turn^ and king of the in- fernal regions. Poculum, i, n. a cup. Poema, atis, n. a poem. Poena, £e, f. satisfaction given or taken for a crime; pun- ishment ; a punishment. Pcenitet, ere, uit, imp. (poeni- teo, and that from poena,) it repents: poenitet me, / repent. Poenus, a, um, adj. belonging to Carthage ; Carth aginian : subs, a Carthaginian. Poeta, se, m. a poet. Pol, adv. by Pollux; truly. PoUex, icis, m. (polleo,) the thumb; the great toe. Polliceor, eri, itus sum, tr. dep. (liceor,) to promise; hence, Pollicitus, a, um, part. Pollux, ucis, m. a son of Leda, and twin brother of Castor. Polyxena, ae, f. a daughter of Priam and Hecuba. Pomifer, era, erum, adj. (po- mum & fero,) bearing fruit: pomiferaB arbores, fruit-trees. Pompa, se, f. a procession; pomp; parade. Pompeianus, a, um, adj. ie- longing to Pompey. Pompeius, i, m. Pompey; the name of a Roman gens, or clan. Pompilius, i, m. See Numa. Pomum, i, n. an apple; any fruit fit for eating^ growing upon a tree. Pondus, eris, n. (pendo,) a weight. Pono, ponere, posui, positum, tr. to place; to put; to set. Pons, tis, m. a bridge. Pontius, i, m. (Theleslnus,) a general of the Samnites. Pontus, i, m. a sea ; the deep sea: by Synecdoche, the Euxine or Black sea; also, the kingdom of Ponfus, on the south side of the P^uxine. Poposci. See Posco. Populor, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. POPULUS POTIOR. 285 (popiilo for depopulo, from populus,) to lay waste ; to depopulate; from Popiilus, i, ra. the people; a nation; a tribe: ^X.nations; tribes. Porrectus, a, um, part, from Porrfgo, igere, exi, ectura, tr. (porro, or pro & I'ego,) to reach or spread out ; to ex- tend; to offer. Porsena, ae, m. a king of Etru- ria. Porta, BB, f. (porto,) a gate. Portans, tis, part, (porto.) Portendo, -tendere, -teiidi, -ten- turn, tr. (porro, or pro & tendo,) to shoiv ivhat icill he hereafter; to presage ; to forbode ; to portend; to be- token. Porticus, us, f. (porta,) a por- tico; a gallery ; a porch. Porto, are, avi, atum, tr. to carry ; to hear ; hence, Portus, us, m. a port; a har- bor. Posco, poscere, poposci, tr. to demand; to request earnest- ly ; to ask as wages. Positus, a, um, part, (pono,) situated. Possessio, onis, f. possession ; & Possessor, oris, m. a possessor; an occupant; from Possideo, -sidere, -sedi,-sessum, tr. (potis & sedeo,) to pos- sess. Possum, posse, potui, intr. irr. (potis k sum, § 221, 2,) to be able ; lean. 4:12, Post, prep, after: — adv. after; after that ; afterwards. Postea, adv. (post & ea, after these things;) afterwards. Posterus, (m. not used,) era, erum, adj. § 26, 2. (erior, remus,) (post,) succeeding ; subsequent; next: in post- erum, (supply tempus,) for the future: posteri, orum, posterity. 222* Postis, is, m. (positus, fr. pono,) a thing set up ; a post. Postquam, adv. (post & quam,) after; after that; since. Postremo, & -um, adv. at last; finally; from Postremus, a, um, adj. (sup. of posterus,) the last: ad postremum, at last. Postulo, are, avi, atum, tr. (posco,) to ask; to ask for ; to demand^ (as a right.) Postumius, i, m. the name of a Roman gens or clan. Posui. See. Pono. Potens, tis, adj. (ior, issimus,) being able ; poioerful; (pos- sum.) Potentia, ae, f. (potens,) power; authority; government. Potestas, atis, f. (potis,) pow- er ; {civil power., as distin- guished from imperium, military command.) Potio, onis, f. (poto,) a drink; a draught. Potior, iri, Itus sum, intr. dep. (potis,) to get; to possess; to obtain; to enjoy ; to gain possession of. 286 POTISSIMUM PR^LATUS. Potissimum, adv. (sup. of po- tius,) principally; chiefly; especially. Potitus, a, um, part, (potior,) havitig obtained. Potius, adv. comp. (sup. potis- simum,) rather. Poto, potare, potavi, potatum, or potum, tr. to drink; to drink hard; (see bibo.) Potuisse. See Possum. Potus, us, m. (poto,) drink. Prae, prep, before; for; in cojn- parison of, or with. Praealtus, a, um, adj. comp. (pras & altus,) very high; very deep, (comparatively.) Prsebeo, ere, ui, itum, tr. (prse & liabeo,) to offer; to sup- ply; to give; to afford: spe- ciem, to exhibit the appear- ance of: usum, to serve for. Prgecedens, tis, part, from Praecedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- sum, intr. (prae & cedo,) to go before; to precede. Prasceptor, oris, m. (prtecipio,) a preceptor, master, or teacher. Prasceptum, i, n. (praecipio,) a precept ; a doctrine ; advice. Praecido, -cidere, -cidi, -cisum, tr. (prae & caedo,) to cut off. Praecipio, -cipere, -cepi, -cep- tum, tr. (prae & capio,) to seize or taJce before ; hence, to prescribe ; to command. Praecipito, are, avi, atum, tr. (prasceps,) to throw down headlong; to precipitate; to throw. Prascipue, adv. especially ; par* ticularly ; from Praecipuus, a, um, adj. (praeci-. pio,) especial; distinguish- ed; the chief; the princi- pal. Pr^eclare, adv. excellently ; fa- mously ; gloriously; from Praeclarus, a, um, adj. (prae & clarus,) very clear or bright; famous. Praecludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clu- sum, tr. (prfE & claudo,) to close beforehand; to stop; to shut up. Prgeco, onis, m. a herald. Pr^eda, ae, f. booty; the prey. Prsedico, are, avi, atum, tr< (pr£e & dico,) to tell openly ; to publish; to declare; to as-- sert; to affrm: to praise. Prsedico, cere, xi, ctum, tr- (prae & dico,) to predict; tr foretell. Prsedictus, a, um, part, fore-^ told. Prsedor, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. (praeda,) to plunder. Praetans, tis, part, from Prsefari, fatus, def. 222, 4, to tell before, ov foretell; to an- nounce ; to predict. 4S0» Prsefero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, tr. irr. (prae & fero.) to bear before; to show ; to prefer. Preefiiiio, ire, ivi, itum, tr. (pra3 & finio,) to appoint before- hand: to determine. Prtefinitus, a, um, part. Pr^elatus, a, um, part, (prse- fero). PR^LIANS PRA VITAS. 287 Prrelians, tis, part, (prrelior.) Prreliatus, a, um, part, from Praelior, ari, atus sum, intr. dep. to give battle; to en- gage; to JigJit. Prrelimn, i, n. a battle. Pragmium, i, n. a reward; a price; a recompense. PriBinltto, -mittere, -misi, -mis- sum, tr. (prce & mitto,) to send before. Praeneste, is, n. a city of La- tium. PPcenuntio, are, avi, atum, tr. (pros & nuntio,) to tell be- forehand; to announce; to signify ; to give notice. Pra^paro, are, avi, atum, tr. (pra3 & paro,) to get before- hand; to make ready; to prepare; to mahe. Pr^pono, -ponere, -po-^ui, -posi- tiun, tr. (pr£6 & pouo,) to set bfore ; to value more ; to place over ; to prefer. Prreseiis, tis, adj. present; im- minent; part, of pra^sum. Pra?.sepe, is, n. pra^sepes & p'r^esepis, is, f. (pr-assepio,) a manger ; a crib. Priesidium,' i, ii. (pr^esideo,) a garrison ; defence. Prajstaiis, tis, part. & adj. (ior, iss mus,) (prassto,) standing before; hence, excellent; distinguished; henee, Proestantia, te, f. superiority ; an advantage ; a preemi- nence. Proesto, stare, stiti, stitum and statum, intr. & tr. (pr^e & sto,) to stand before; to ex- cel; to be superior; to sur- pass; to perform; to pay; to grant ; to give ; to ren- der ; to execute ; to cause : se, to show or prove one's self: praistat, imp. it is better. Prassura, -esse, -fui, intr. irr. (pr^e & sum,) to be over ; to preside over; to have the charge or command of; to rule over. Prsetendo, -tendere, -tendi. -tensum or turn, tr. (prae & tendo,) to hold before; to stretch or extend before ; to be opposite to ; to pretend. Proeter, prep, besides; except; contrary to. Pra?terea, adv. (prceter & ea,) besides; moreover. Prnetereo, ire, ii, itum, tr. irr. § 221, 3, (praetor & eo,) to p)oss over or by ; to go he- yond; to omit; not to men- tion. 4:14:» Praetereundus, a, um, part. (pra3tereo.) Prosteriens, euntis, part, (prae- tereo.) Praeteritus, a, um, part, (prse- tereo,) past. Pra^terquam, adv. except; be- sides: prceterquam si, ex- cept in case. Pra;toriu^, i. m. (vir,) ^ man who has been a prcetor ; one of proetorian dignity. Pratum, i, n. a meadow ; a pas- ture. Pra vitas, atis, f. depravity ; fr. 288 PRAVUS — PROCmOo Pravus, a, um, adj. (ior, issi- mus,) dejwaved; had. Precatiis, a, um, part, (precor.) Preci, -em, -e, f. (prex not used, § 18, 12,) a prayer: pi. preces (entire). 18 2 • Preeor, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. (preci,) to pray ; to entreat. Premo, prcm("re, pressi, pres- sum, tr. to press; to urge; to grieve. Pretiosus, a, um, adj. (ior, is- simus,) 'precious; valuable ^ costly; from Pretium, i, n. a price : a ran- "^som; a reward: in pretio esse, to he valued; to be in estimation: pretium operse, worth wliile. Priam us, i, m. Priam, the last king of Troy. Pridie, adv. (pri, for priori, & die,) the day before. Priene, es, f. a maritime town of Ionia. Primo & -iim, adv. (sup. of priiis, 233,) first; at first: quam primum, as soon as possible. 4S2» Primoris, e, adj. (primus,) the first; the foremost: dentes, the fro7it teeth. Primus, a, um, num. adj. (sup. of prior,) the first. Princeps, ipis, adj. (primus & capio,) the chief; the first: principes, tlte princes; the chief-; chief men; hence, Principatus, us, m. a govern- ment ; principality. Prior, us, adj. (sup. primus, 113, 4,) the former ; prior / first. 222. Priscus, i, m. a cognomen or surname of the elder Tar' qiiin. / Priiis, adv. (prior,) before; first. Priusquam, adv. (priiis and quam,) sooyier than; before that; before. Privatus, a, um, adj. (privo.) private; secret: — subs, a private man. Pro, prep.jTor; instead. Probabilis, e, adj. comp. (pro- bo,) that may he proved; probable ; commendable. Proboscis, idii^^i. proboscis ; tht trunk of an elephant. Procas, a?, m. See Silvius. Procedens, tis, part, from Procedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- sum, intr. (pro & cedo,) t& go forth; to proceed; to go forward; to advance ; to go out. Proceritas, atis, f. stature; height ; tallness ; length „ from Procerus, a, um, adj. (comp.) tall; long. Proclamo, are, avi, atum, tr. (pro & clamo,) to cry out] to proclaim. Proconsul, Cdis, m. (pro & con- sid,) a proconsul. Procreo, are, avi, atum, tn (pro & creo,) to beget. Procul, adv. /ar. Procuro, are, Tivi, atum, tr. (pro & euro,) to take care PROCURRO — PROPAGO. 289 of; to manage; (viz. for another^) Procurro, currere, curri & cu- curri, cursum, iiitr. (pro & cuiTO,) to run forward; to extend. Prodigiuni, i, n. (prodico,) a prodigy. Proditor, oris, m. (prodo,) a traitor. Proditus, a, um, part, from Prodo, -dere, -didi, -ditum, tr. (pro & do,) to give out; to betray ; to relate ; to discov- er ; to disclose ; to manifest. Proelior. See Prcelior. Proelium, i, n. See Preelium. Profectus, a, um, part, also, Proficiscens, tis, part, from Proliciscor, icisci, ectus sum, intr. dep. (pro & laciscor, from facio,) to go forward; to march; to travel; to de- part ; to go. Proriteor, -fitcri, -fessus sum, tr. dep. (pro & fatcor,) to de- clare ; to avow publicly ; to profess: sapientiam, ^o ^ro- fess wisdom; to profess to be a philosopher. Profugio, -fugere, -fiigi, -fugi- tum, intr. (])ro & fugio,) to fiee^ (scil. before or from;) to escape; hence, ProffigLis, a, um, adj. fleei?ig ; escaping: — subd. a fugi- tive; an exile. Progredior, -grodi, -gressus sura, intr. dep. (pro & gra- dior,) to go forward; to proceed; to advance. Progressus, a, am, part, having advanced. Proliibeo, ere, ui, itum, tr. (pro & habeo,) to keep offy or away; to prohibit; to hinder; to forbid; hence, Prohibitus, a, um, part. Projicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, tr. (pro & jacio,) to throw away; to throw down; to throw. Prolabor, -labi, -lapsus sum, intr. dep. (pro & labor,) to fcdldown; to fall forward; hence, Prolapsus, a, um, part, having fallen. Prolato, are, avi, atum, tr. freq. (prof ero,) to carry forward; to enlarge; to extend; to am- pKfy- Proles, is, f. a race; offspring. Prometheus, i, m. the son of lapetus and Clymhie„ Promittens, tis, part, from Prommitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum, tr. (pro & mitto,) to let go., or send forward; to promise ; to offer. Promontorium, i, n. (pro & mons,) a promontory ; a headland; a cape. Promoveo, -movere, -movi, -mtjtum, intr. & tr. (pro & moveo,) to move forward; to enlarge. Pronus, a, um, adj. inclined; bending forward. Propago, are, avi, atum, tr. (pro & pago,) to propagate; to prolong ; to continue. 290 PROPE PROVENiO. Prope, adv. & prep, (propius, proxime,) near; near to; nigh. Propero, are, avi, atiim, intr. (properus,) to hasten. Propinquus, a, um, adj. comp. (prope,) near ; related: pro- pinqui, subs, relations; kins- men, Propior, us, adj. comp. § 26, 4, 222f (proximus,) nearer. Propius, adv. nearer; comp. of prope. Propono, -ponere, -posui, -pos- itum, tr. (pro & pono,) to set before; to propose; to offer. Proponor, -poni, -positus sum, pass, to he set before: pro- positum est milii. It is pro- posed by me ; i. e. / intend or purpose. Propontis, idis, f. the sea of Marmora. Propositus, a, um, part, pro- posed; put. Proprie, adv. particularly ; properly; strictly; from Proprius, a, um, ^6.]. peculiar ; proper ; one's own; special. Propter,prepj/or; on account of. Propulso, are, avi, atum, tr. freq. (propello,) to drive a- way ; to ward off; to repel. Propyloeum, i, n. the porch of a temple ; ari entrance; the rows of columns leading to the Acropolis at Athens. Prora, se, f. the prow of a ship. Proscribo, -scribere, -scripsi, -scrip tum, tr. (pro & scri- boj) to publish by writing; to proscr'ihe ; to outlaw; to doom to death and confisca- tion of goods. Prosecutus, a, um, part, having accompanied. Prose quor, -sequi, -secutus sum, tr. dep. (pro & se- quor,) to follow after; to accompany ; to attend; to follow ; to celebrate: houo- ribus, to heap or load with honors; to honor. Proserpina, se, f. the daughter of CWes and Jupiter, and wife of Pluto. Prospectus, us, m. (prospicio,) a prospect ; a distant view. Prospere, adv. (prosper,) pros- perously ; successfully. Prosteruo, -sternere, -stravi, -stratum, tr. (pro & sterno,) to prostrate ; to throw down. Prostratus, a, um, part, (pros- teruo.) Prosum, prodesse, profui, intr. irr. (pro & sum, § 83, 1,) to do good; to profit. 411, Protagoras, £8, m. a Greek phi- losopher. Protenus, adv. (pro & tenus,) imyne diately ; directly. Protero, -terrere, -trivi, -tritum, • tr. (pro & tero,) to trample upon; to tread down; to crush. Protractus, a, um, part, from Protrabo, -trahere, -traxi, -trac^ tum, tr. (pro & traho,) to protract ; to prolong. Proveniens, tis, part, from Provenio, -venire, -veni, -ven- PROVINCIA PUNIO. 291 turn, iiitr (pro & veiiiu,) to 'jnae forth. Provincia, a^. C. (pro & vinco,) a province. Provocatio, onis, f. a calling forth ; a challenge ; a pro- vocation ; trom Provoco, are, avi. atum, tr. ■ (pro & voco,) to call forth ; to call oat ; to defy or chal- lenge; to ajypeal. Proxiine, adv. (sup. of 2:)rope,) nearest; very near; next to. Pioximus, a, um, adj. (sup. of propior.) nearest; next. Prude lis, tis, adj. (lor, issimus,) ( providen?, fr. provideo,) foreseeing; prudent; wise; expert; hence, Prudentiji, ai, f. prudence; knowledge. Pseudo^.^hilippus, i, m. a false or pretended Philip^ a name given to Andrisciis. Psittacus, i, m. a parrot. Psopliidius, a, um, adj. of or beh/tginy to Psophis; Pso- ' phidian. Psophis, idis. f. a city of Ar- cadia. PtoleuiLeus, i, m. Ptolemy; the name of several Egyptian kings. Publico, adv. (publicus,) pid)- licly; at the public expense; hy public authority. Publicola, {B, m. (poprdus & colo.) a surname given to P. Valerius, on account of his love of popularity. Publicus, a, um, adj. (popu- lu^,) public.'' in publicum procedens, going cdjroad or appearing in public: subs. publicum, the public treas- ury. Publius, i, m. the praenomen of severed Romans. Pudibundus, a, um, adj. (pu- deo,) ashamed.; bashful, modest. Puer, eri, m. a boy ; a servant. Puerilis, e, adj. {])\xqy,) puerile; childish: aetas, boyhood; child] Lood, Pueritia, se, f. (id.) boyhood; childhood. Pugna, se, f. (pugnus, the fist;') a battle with fists; a close fght; a battle. Pugnans, tis, part, (pugno.) Pugnatus, a, um, part, from Pugno, are, avi, atum, intr. (pugna,) to fight: pugua- tur, pass. imp. a battle is fought; they fight. Pulclier, ra, rum, adj. (chrior, cherrimus,) fair; beautiful; glorious ; hence, Pulchritudo, mis, f. fairyiess; beauty. Pullus, i, m. the young of any animal. Pulsus, a, um, part, (pello.) Pulvillus, i, m. (Horatius,) a Roman consid in the first year of the republic. Punicus, a, um, adj. Punic; belonging to Carthage; Carthaginian. Punio, ire, ivi, Itum, tr. {Y}^"^ nsi^)' to punish. 292 PUNITUS QU^ STOR. Punitus, a, um, part, (punio.) Pupillus, i, m. (dim. fr. pupu- liis, and that fr. pupus,) a young hoy; a pupil; a ward; an orphan. Puppis, is, f. the stern of a ship. Purgo, are, avi, atum, tr. to purge ; to purify ; to clear ; to clean; to excuse. Purpura, a3, f. the purple mus- cle; purple; hence, J*urpurritus, a, um, adj. clad in purple: purpurati, pi. courtiers; nobles. Purpureus, a, um, adj. (id.) purple. Purus, a, um, adj. (ior, issi- mus,) pure ; clear. Pusillus, a, um, adj. (dim. fr. pusus,) small; weak; lit- tle; very small. Puteus, i, m. a well; a pit. Puto, are, avi, atum, tr. to think. Putresco, putrescere, putrui, intr. inc. (putreo,) to rot; to decay. Pydna, je, f. a town of Macedon. Pygmaai, orum, m. the Pyg- mies^ a race of dwarfs in- habiting a remote part of India or Ethiopia- Pyra, ae, f. a funercd pile. Pyramis, idis, f. a "pyramid. Pyrenoeus, i, m., & Pyrenaei, orum, m. pi. Pyrenees, mountains dividing France and Spain. Pyrrhus, i, m. a king of Epi- rus. Pythagoras, as, m. a Grecian philosopher, horn at Samos. Pythagoreus, i, m. a Pythago- rean ; a follower or disciple of Pythagoras. Pythia, ce, f. the priestess of Apollo at Delphi. Pythias, oe, m. a soldier of Philip, king of Macedon. Q. Q., or Qu., an ahhreviation of Quintus. Quadragesimus, a, um, num. adj. ord. the fortieth; from Quadraginta, num. adj. pi. ind. forty. Quadriennium, i, n. (quatuor & annus,) the space of four years. Quadriga, ae, & pi. oe, arum, f. (quadrijfigaB, quatuor & jugum,) a four-horse char- iot; a team of four horses. Quadringentesimus, a, um, num. adj. ord. the four hun" dredth; from Quadringenti, ib, a, num. adj. pi. four hundred. Quadriipes, pedis, adj. (qua- tuor & pes,) having four feet ; four-footed. Quasrens, tis, part, from Qucero, quasrere, qua?sivi, qufe- sTtum, tr. to ask; to seek for; to inquire; to search: qua'ritur, it is asked; the impiiry is made; hence, Quasstio, onis, f. a question. Qusestor, oris, m. (quoesitor, QU.ESTUS QUINGENTESIMUS. 203 id.) a qucestor ; a treasurer: an inferior military officer who aitended the consuls. Qusestus, us, m. (id.) gain; a trade. Qualis, e, adj. of what kind; as; such as; what. Qua,m, conj. & adv. as; how; after comparatives, than. Quamdiu, or Quandiu, adv. (quani & diu,) as long as. Quamquara, or Quaiiquam, conj. though; although. Quamvis, conj. (quam & vis, fr. volo.) although. Quando, adv. when; since. Quanto, adv. hy how much ; as. Quantopere, adv. (quanto & opere,) how greatly; how much. Quantum, adv. how much; as much as. Quantus, a, um, adj. how great; as great; how admircd}le; how striking. Quantuslibet,quantalibet,quan- tumlibet,adj. (quantus & li- bet,) hoiv great soever; ever so great. Quapropter, adv. (qua & prop- ter,) ivherefore; why. Quare, adv. (qua & re,) ivhere- fore; for which reason; whence; therefore, Quartus, a, um, num. adj. ord. the fourth, Qu^-i, ad\-. (^for quamsi,) as if; as. Quatriduum, i, n. (quatuor & dies,) a space of four days. Quatuor, num. adj. pi. ind. four. ' Quatuordecim, num. adj. pL ind. (quatuor & decem,j fourteen. Que, enclitic conj. (always joined to another Avord, and draws th^ accent to the syllable preceding it,) and; also. Queo, ire, T\n, itum, intr. irr. § 83, 3; , Respuo, -spuere, -spiii, tr. (re & spuo,) to spit out ; to reject. Restituo, -stituere, -stitui, -sti- tutiim, tr. (re & statuo,) to put or set up again ; to re- store; to replace; to re- build: aciem, to cause the army to rally. Retiiieo, -tinere, -tinui, -ten- turn, tr. (re & teneo,) to hold hack ; to retain ; to de- tain; to hinder. Revera, adv. (res & verus,) truly; in very deed; in re- ality ; in good earnest. Reverentia, as, f. (revereor,) reverence. Reversus, a, um, part, having returned; from' Reverto, -vertere, -verti, -ver- sum, intr. (re & verto,) to turn hack; to return. Revertor, -verti, -versus sum, intr. dep. to return. Reviresco, -virescere, -virui, intr. inc. (revireo,) to grow green again. Revoco, are, avi, atum, tr. (re & voco,) to call hack; to recall. Revolo, are, avi, atum, intr. (re & volo.) to jly hack; to fill ^iff <^y<^i^' Rex, regis, m. (rego,) a king^ Rhadamanthus, i, m. a law* giver of Crete^ and subse" quently one of the three judges of the infernal re- gions. Rliceti, orum, m. pi. the inhab' itants of Rhcetia, now the Orisons. Rliasa, ag, f. (Silvia,) the mother of Romulus and Remus. Rlienus, i, m. the river Rhine. Rhinoceros, otis, m. a rhinoce- ros. Rhipaeus, a, um, adj. Rhipce- an or Rhiphcean: montes, mountains^ which, accord- ing to the ancients, were found in the north of Scy- thia. Rhodanus, i, m. the river Rhone. Rhodius, i, m. an inhabitant of Rhodes ; a Rhodian, Rhodope, es, f. a high moun- tain in the western part of Thrace. Rliodus, i, f. Rhodes; a cele- brated town, and island in the Mediterranean sea. Rhoeteum, i, n. a city aiid pro- montory of Troas. Rliyndficus, i, m. a river of Mysia. Ridens, tis, part, smiling; laughing at; from Rideo, dere, si, sum. intr. & tr. to laugh; to laugh at; to mock, to deride. Rigeo, ere, ui, intr. to be cold* RIGID CS — SACRA. 299 Rigidus, a, urn, adj. (comp.) (rigeo,) stiff with cold; ri- gid; severe. Rigo, are, avi, atum, tr. to wa- ter; to irrigate; to hedew: to wet. Ripa, £6, f. a bank, (of a river.) Risi. See Rideo. Risus, us, m. (rideo,) laughing ; laughter. Rixor, ari, atus sum, intr. dep. (rixa,) to quarrel. Robur, oris, n. oak of the hard- est kind, hence, strength: robur militum, the Jlower of the soldiers. Rogatus, a, um, part, heing asked; from Rogo, are, avi, atum, tr. to ask; to request; to beg; to entreat. Rogus, i, m. a funeral pile. Roma, £6, f. Home, the chief city of Italy, situated upon the Tiber; hence, Romanus, a, um, adj. Roman. Romfuius, i, m. a Roman. Romulus, I, m.. the founder and first king of Rome : Rom- ukis Silvius, a king of Alba. Rostriim, i, n. (rodo,) a beak; a bill; a snout; also, the beak of a ship; a stage, or pulpit. Rota, a^, f. a wheel. Rotundas, a, um, adj. (rota,) round. j Ruber, rubra, mbrum, adj. j (rior, errimus,) red. \ Rudis, e, adj. (ior, issimus,) ' rude; univrought ; uncrdti- vated; neio ; uncivilized. Ruina, se, f. (ruo.) a ruin; a downfall; a fall. Rullianus, i, m. a Roman gen- eral, who commanded the cavalry in a war with the Samnites. Rumpo, ruunDere, rupi, rup- tum, tr. to break or burst asunder; to break off; to break down; to violate. Ruo, uere, ui, utum, intr. & tr. to run headlong; to fall; ' to be ruined; to hasten down; to rush; to throw down; to tear up. Rupes, is, f. a rock; a cliff. Ruptus, a, um, part, (rumpo,) broken ; violated. Rursus, adv. again. Rus, ruris, n. the country; a farm; hence, Rusticus, a, um, adj. rustic; belonging to the country. Rusticus, i, m. a countryman, Rutilius, i, m. a Roman con- sul. S. Sabini, orum, m. the Sabines, d people of Italy. Sacer, sacra, sacrum, adj. (sup. errimus, § 26, 5,) sa-^ cred; holy; divine; conse- crated. 223, Sacerdos, otis, c. (sacer,) a priest ; a priestess. Sacra, orum, m. pi. (id.) reli- gious service ; sacrifice; sa- 300 SACRIFICANS — SATIS. cred rites; religious observ- ances. Sacril'icans, tis, part, (sacrifi- co,) sacrificing; offering sacrifices. Sacrilicium. i, n. a sacrifice; from Sacrifico, are, avi, atum, tr. (sacer & facio,) to sacrifice. S^epe, adv. (iiis, issime,^ often; frequently. Sasvio, ire, ii, itum, intr. (sae- vus,) to rage; to he cruel. Saevitas, atis, f. cruelty; sever- ity; savageness ; barbarity ; from Saevus, a, um, adj. (ior, issi- mus,) cruel; severe ; fierce ; inhuman; violent. Saginatus, a, um, part, from Sagino, are, avi, atum, tr. to fatten. Sagitta, oe, f. an arrow. Sagmitini, orum, m. pi. the Sa- guntines ; the inhabitants of Saguntum. Saguntum, i, n. a town of Spain. Salio, salire, salui & salii, intr. to sjiriiig ; to leap. Salsus, a, um, adj. (sallo, to salt ; obsol. from sal,) salt ; sliarp. Salto, ai-e, avi, atum, intr. freq. (salio,) to dance. fcJaluLer, -bris, -bre, adj. (brior, berrimus,) (salus,) whole- some; salubrious ; healthy ; hence, Salubritas, atis, f. salubrity; healthfidness. Salum, i, n. properly, the agi- tated motion of the sea: hence, the sea. Salus, utis, f. safety; salvation; health; hence, Saluto, are, avi, atum, tr. to wish health to; hence, ti^ salute, to call. Salvus, a, um, adj. (salus,) sctfe\ preserved, unpunished. Samnites, ium, m. pi. the Sam- nites, a people of Itcdy. Sanctus, a, um, adj. comp. (san- cio,) holy ; blameless. Sanguis, inis, m. blood. Sapiens, tis, (part, sapio, prop- erly, tasting; knowing by the taste; hence,) adj. (ior, issimus,) ivisei — subs, a, sage; a wise man', hence, Sapientia, ae, f. wisdom; phi- losophy. Sapio, ere, ui, intr. {to taste ; to discern ,• hence,) to be wise. Sarcina, se, f. (sarcio,) a pack ; a bundle. Sardinia, a3, f. a large island in the Mediterranean sea, west of Italy. Sarmata3, arum, m. the Sar- 7natians, a people inhabit- ing the north of JSurojje and Asia. Sarpedon, onis, m. a son of Jupiter and Muropa. Satelles, itis, m. a satellite ; a guard, a body-guard. Satifitus, a, um, part, from Satio, Tire, avi, atum, tr. to sa- tiate; to satisfy; from Satis, adj. & adv. (comp. sa- SATUR — SECTOR. 301 tius, better;) enough; svf- Jicient ; sufficiently; very; quite. Satur, ura, urum, adj. (ior, issi- mus,) (satio,) satiated ; full. Saturnia, je, f. a name given to Italy; also, a citadel and town near Janiculum. Saturn us, i. m. the father of Jupiter. Saucio, are, avi, atum, tr. (sau- cius,) to wound. Saxum, i, n. a rock; a stone. bca3v6la, £e, m. (Mucius,) a brave Roman soldier. Scateo, ere, iiitr. to gush forth like water from a spring ; hence, to be full; to cd>ound. Scamander, dri, m. a river of Troas, which flows from Mount Ida into the Helles- pont. Scaurus, i, m. the surname of several Romans. Scelestus, a, ura, adj. (ior, issi- mus,) wicked; I'rom Scelus, eris, n. an impious ac- tion; a crime; loickedness: by metonymy, a wicked person. See Facinus. Scena, ae, f. a scene; a stage. SclioeneuS; i, m. a king of Ar- cadia or Scyros, and father of Atalanta. Sclieria, le, f. an ancient name of the island Corcyra^ or Corfu. Selentia, a?, f. knowledge ; from bcio, ire, i vi, itum, tr. to know ; to understand. Scipio, onis, ra. a distinguished Roman family: Scipiones, tJte Scipios. Scopulus, i, m. a high rock; a Scorpio, onis, m. a scorpion. Scotia, £6, f. Scotland. Scriba, a3, m. a writer ; a secrc tary ; a scribe; from Scribo, scribere, scripsi, scrip- tum, tr. to write: scribere leges, to prepare laws. Scriptor, oris, m. a writer; an author. Scripturus, a, um, part, (scribo.) Scriptus, a, um, part, (scribo.) Scrutor, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. (scruta,) to search into; to trace out. Scutum, i, n. a shield. Scylla, ae, f. the daughter of Nisus. Scyros, i, f. an island in the ^gean sea. Scythes, a?, m. an inhabitaiit of Scythia; a Scythian. Scythia, ce, f. a vast country in the north of Europe and Asia. Scythicus, a, um, adj. Scythian. Seco, secare, secui, sectum, tr- to cut. Secedo, -cedere,-cessi, -cessum, intr. (se & cedo,) to go aside, to secede; to icithdraw. Sectatus, a, um, part, having followed or attended; from Sector, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. freq. (sequor, 227, Obs. 1.) to follow ; to pursue; toac' company; to attend; to Unve after* o80. 802 SECULUM SEPES. Seculum, and Saeculum, i, n. an age ; a period of time. Seciiiii, (se & cum, 4:7S>t) xuith himself; with herself; with itself; with themselves. Secundus, a, um, adj. comp. (sequor,) the second; pros- perous: res secundae, pros- perity. Securis, is, f. (seco,) an axe. Secutus, a, urn, part, (sequor.) 8ed, conj. hut. Seducim, num, adj. ind. pi. (sex & decern,) sixteen. Sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum, intT. to sit; to light upon. Sedes, is, f. (sedes,) a seat; a residence ; a settlement : reg- ni, the seat of government. Seditio, onis, f. (se, aside., and eo,) sedition ; a rebellion ; an insurrection. SedCilus, a, um, adj. (sedeo,) diligent. Seges, etis, f. a crop ; a harvest. Segois, e, adj. (ior, issimus,) i dull; slotu ; slothful, slug- gish. Sejungo, -jungere, -junxi, -junc- tum, tr. (se & jungo,) to di- vide; to separate. Selucia, ae, f. a town of Syria, near the Orontes. Semel, adv. oncei pliis semel, ! more than once. { Semele, es, f. a daughter of\ Cadmus and Hermione,and \ mother of Bacchus. j Semen, inis, n, seed. \ Semiramis, idis, £ a queen of Assyria, andiuifeofNinus, Semper, adv. always; hence, Sempiternus, a, um, adj. ever" lasting. Sempronius, i, m. the name of a Roman gens or clam Sempronius Gracchus, a Roman general. Sena, a3. f. a town of Picenum. Senator, oris, m. (senex,) a Senator. Senatus, us, & i, m. (senex,) a senate. Senecta, ie, or wSenectus, ulis, f. (senex,) old age. Senescens, tis, part, from Senesco, senescere, senui, intr. inc. to grow old; to wane; from seneo, and that from Senex, is, c. an old man or woman: — adj. old: (comp. senior, sometimes major natu,) § 26, 6. 224. Senones, ^jm, m. pi. a people of GauL Sensi. See Sentio. Sensus, us, m. (sentio,) sense; feeling. Sententia, a?, f. an opinion; a proposition ; a sentiment; from Sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum, tr. to feel; to perceive; to he sensible of: to observe; to suppose. Separo, are, avi, atum, tr. (se & parOj) to separate, to di- vide. Sepelio, sepelTre, sepellvi, se- pultum, tr. to bury ; to in* ter. Sepes, is, f a hedge, a fence. SEPTEM — SEXAGESIMUS. 303 Septem, num. ailj. ind. pi. seven. Septentrio, onis, m. the North- ern Bear ; the North. Septies, num. adv. seven times. Septimus, a, um, num. adj. ord. (septem,) the seventh. Septingentesimus, a, um, num. adj. the seven hundredth. Septuagesimus, a, um, num. adj. the seventieth ; from Septuaginta, num. adj. ind. pi. seventy. Sepulcrum, i, n. (sepelio,) a sepulchre; a tomb. Sepultura, se, f. (id.) burial; interment. Sepultus, a, um, part, (sepelio,) buried. Sequana, ?e, m. the Seine, a river in France. Sequens, tis, part, from Sequor, sequi, secutus sum, tr. dep. to follow ; to pursue. Secutus, a, um, part, (sequor.) Serenus, a, um, adj. (eouij).) serene; tranquil; clear; fair; bright. Sergius, i, m. the name of sev- eral Romans. Sermo, onis, m. (-ero,) speech; a discourse; conversation. Sero, (serius,) adv./a^e; too late. Sero, serere, sevi, satum, tr. to sow; to plant. Serpens, tis, c. (serpo, to creep^) a serpent; a sjiake. Sertoriu.s, i, m. a Roman gcn- ercd. Serus, a, um, adj. (comp.) late. Servilius, i, m. the name of a Roman family: Servilius Casca, one of the murder^ ers of Ccesar. Servio, ire, ivi, Itum, intr. (ser- vus,) to be a slave; to serve, {as a slave). Servitium, i, n. or Servitus, litis, f. (id.) slavery; bond- age. Servius, i, m. (Tullius,) the sixth king of Rome. Servo, are, avi, atum, tr. to preserve; to guard; to watch; to heep ; hence, Servus, i, m. a slave; a serv- ant. Sese, pro. ace. and abl. § 28, Obs. 4, himself; herself; themselves. ^34* Sestertium, i, n. a sestertium, or a thousand sesterces. 907. loS8. Sestertius, i, m. a sesterce, or two and a hcdf asses. 906 & 907. 1357, looS. Sestos, i, or -us, i, f. a toivn of Thrace, on the shores of the Hellespont, opposite to Abydos. Seta, sd, f. a bristle. Setlnus, a, um, adj. Setine; be- longin'g to Setia, a city of Campania, near the Pon- tine Marshes, famous for its wine. Setosus, a, um, adj. (seta,) full of bristles; bristly. Sex, num. adj. ind. })1. six. Sexagesimus, a, um, num. adj. ord. (sex^ the sixtieth. 304 SEXAGINTA SINGULARISo Sexaghita, num. adj. ind. pi. (sex,) sixty, Sexcentesimus, a, um, num. adj. ord. (sex & centum,) tJie six hundredth. Sextus, a, um, num. adj. ord. (sex,) the sixth. Si, conj. if; whether: si quan- do, if at any time. Sic, adv. so; thus; in such a manner. Siccius, i, m. (Dentatus,) the name of a brave Roman soldier. Siccus, a, um, adj. dry: sic- cum, dry land: in sicco (loco), in a dry place: (arid Lis, thoroughly dry; parcJied.) Sicilia, ge, f. Sicily^ the largest island i7i the Mediterra- nean. Sicidus, a, um, adj. Sicilian: fretum, the straits of Mes- sina. Sicut, & Sicuti, adv. (sic ut,) as: as if. Sidon, onis, f. a maritime city of Phoenicia. Sidonius, a, um, adj. helonging to Sidon; Sidonian. Sidus, eris, n. a star. Significo, are, avi, atum, tr. (signum & facio,) to make or give a sign; to desig- nate; to mark; to express; to signify: to give notice; to imply or mean. Signum, i, m, a sign; a token; a statue; a standard; col- ors. Silens, tis, part, (sileo,) silent; keeping silence. Silentium, i, n. (sileo,) silence, Silenus, i, m. the foster-father ana instructor of Bacchus. Sileo, ere, ui, intr. to he silent; to conceal. Silva, or Sylva, 8e, f. a forest; a wood. Silvia, 86, f. (Rhea,) the mother of Romulus. Silvius, i, m. a son of ^neaSy the second king of Alba: Silvius Procas, a king of Alba, the father of Numi- tor and Amulius. Simia, se, f. (simus,) an ape. Similis, e, adj. (ior, limus, § 20, 1,) similar; like; 220, Similiter, adv. (similius, simil- ime,) in like manner. Simplex, icis, adj. comp. (sine plica, without a fold ; open; plain i) hence, simple; artless; open; plain; sin- gle. Simois, entis, m. a river of Troas, fioiving into the Scamarider. Simonides, is, m. a Greek po- et, born in the island of Cea. Simul, adv. at the same time; at once; together; as soon as : simul — simul — as soon as, or 710 sooner than. Simulacrum, i, n. (simiilo,) an image ; a statue. Sin, conj. but if. Sine, prep, without. Singularis, e, adj. single; sin* SINGULI SOLVO. 305 gular ; distinguished; ex- traordinary: certamen sin- gulare, a single combat; from Singuli, £6, a, num. aclj. pi. each; one hy one; every: singulis mensibus, every month. Sinister, tra, trum, adj. (comp. irr. § 26, 2,) left. 190^ 3. Sino, sinere, sivi, situm, tr. (for sio, obsol.) to 'permit. Sinus, us, m. a bosom; a bay; a gulf. Siquis, siqua, siquod or siquid, pro. if any one; if any thing. Siquando, adv. (si & quando,) if at any time; if ever. Sitio, ire, ii, intr. & tr. to thirst; to be thirsty ; to desire ear- nestly. Sitis, is, f. thirst. Situs, a, um, part. & adj. (si- no,) placed; set; situated; permitted. Sive, conj. or ; or if; whether. Soboles, is, f. (suboles, sub & oleo,) a sprig OY shoot ; off- spring. Sobrius, a, um, adj. sober; tem- perate. Socer, eri, m. afather-in-laio. Socirdis, e, adj. (socius,) per- taining to allies; social; confederate. Societas, atis, f. society; alli- ance ; intercourse ; partner- ship ; from Socius, i, m. an ally; a com- panion. Socordia, se, f. (socors, fr. se & cor,) negligence ; sloth. Socrates, is, m. the most emi' nent of the Athenian phi- losophers. Sol, solis, m. the sim. Soleo, ere, itus sum, n. pass. 312 f to be wont ; to be ac- customed: solebat, used. Solidus, a, um, adj. (ior, issi- mus,) whole; solid; entire. Solitudo, inis, f. (solus,) a des- ert; a wilderness ; a soli- tary place. Solitus, a, um, part, (soleo,) accustomed; usual. Sollers, tis, adj. (sollus, whole, not used, & ars,) ingenious; inventive; cunning; skill- ful; shrewd. Sollertia, ae, f. (sollers,) saga- city; skill; shrewdness. Solon, onis, m. the lawgiver of the Athenians, and one of the seven wise men of Greece. Solstitium, i, n. (sol & sisto,) the solstice, particularly the summer solstice, in dis- tinction from bruma, the winter solstice ; the longest day. Solum, i, n. the earth; the soil; land. Solum, adv. alone; only; fr. Solus, a, um, adj. § 20, 4; alone. li)l, Solutus, a, um, part, from Solvo, solvere, solvi, solutum, tr. to loose; to dissolve; t»i melt; to answer. 306 SOMNIO SPONSA. Somnio, are, avi, atum, intr. to dream; from Somnium, i, n. a dream; from Somnus, i, m. sleep. Sonitus, us, m. a sound; a noise; from Sono, are, ui, itum, intr. to sound; to resound; from Sonus, i, m. a sound. Soi'beo, -ere, -ui, tr. to suck in; to absorb. Soror, oris, f. a sister. Sp., an abbreviation of Spu- rius. Spargo, spargere, sparsi, spar- sum, tr. to sprinkle; to strew ; to scatter ; to sow. Sparsi. See Spargo. Sparsus, a, um, part. Sparta, se, f. Sparta or Lace- dcemon, the capital of La~ conia. Spartacus, i, m. the name of a celebrated gladiator. Spartanus, i, m. a Spartan. Sparti, orum, m. pi. a race of men said to have sprung from the dragqiUs teeth sowed by Cadmus. Spartum, i, n. Spanish broom^ a plant of which ropes were made. Spatiosus, a, um, adj. large; spacious; from Spatium, i, n. a race ground; (stadium,) a space; room; distance. Species, ei, f. (specio,) an ap- .fpearance. Spectaculum, i, n. a spectacle; a show ; from Specto, are, avi, atum, tr. freq. (specio,) to behold; to see; to consider ; to regard; to relate; to refer. Specus, us, m. f. &, n. a cave. Spelunca, £e, f. a cave. Spero, are, avi, atum, tr. to hope; to expect. Spes, ei, f. hope; expectation; promise. Speusippus, i, m. the nephew and successor of Plato. Sphinx, gis, f. a Sphinx. Tlie Egyptian Sphinx is repre- sented as a monster having a womarbS head on the body of a lion. Spina, ae, f. a thorn; a sting ; a quill; a spine; a back- bone. Spiritus, us, m. a breath; fr. Spiro, are, avi, atum, intr. to breathe. Splendeo, ere, ui, intr. to shine; to be conspicuous; hence, Splendidus, a, um, adj. (comp.) splendid; illustrious; and Splendor, oris, m. brightness ; splendor. Spolio, are, avi, atum, tr. to despoil; to strip; to de- prive; from Spoil um, i, n. the skin of an aiiiniM; spoils; booty. Spondeo, spondere, spopondi, sponsum, tr, to pledge one's word; to promise; to en- gage. Sponsa, se, f. (spondeo,) a bride. SPONTIS STUDEO. 307 Spoiitis, gen., sponte, abl. sing., f. § 18, 11; of one's own accord; voluntarily; spontaneously ; of himself; ■ of itself J 82* Spurius, i, m. a praenomen among the Romans. Squama, a3, f. the scale of a fish. Stabulum, i, n. (sto,) a stall; a stable. Stadium, i, n. a stadium; a furlong ; a measure of 125 paces; the race-ground. Stannum, i, n. ti?i. Stans, stantis, part, (sto.) Statim, adv. (sto,) immediately. Statio, onis, f. (sto,) a station; a picket or watch; (by day,) navium, roadstead ; an an- choring place. Statua, 86, f. (statuo,) a statue. Statuarius, i, m. a statuary ; a sculptor. Statuo, uere, ui, fitum, tr. (statum, fr. sisto,) to cause to stand; to set up; to de- termine ; to resolve ; to fix ; to judge ; to decide; to be- lieve. Status, a, um, adj. (sto,) fix- ed; stated; appointed; cer- tain. Statutus, a, um, part, (statuo,) placed; resolved; fixed; settle^. Stella, 03, f. (sto,) a star; a fixed star. Sterilis, e, adj. (comp.) un- fruitful; sterile; barren. Sterto, ere, ui, intr. to snore. 14 Stipes, itis, m. a stalce; the trunk of a tree. Stirps, is, f. root; a stock; a race; a family. Sto, stare, steti, statum, intr. to stand; to be stationary: stare a partibus, to favor the party. Stoicus, i, m. a Stoic ^ one of a sect of Grecian philoso- phers, whose founder was Zeno. Stoliditas, atis, f. stupidity; fr. Stolidus, a, um, adj. (ior, issi- mus,) foolish; silly; stu- pid. Strages, is, f. (sterno,) an over- throw; slaughter. Strangulo, are, avi, atum, tr. to strangle. Strenue, adv. (iiis, issime,) bravely; actively; vigor- ously; strenuously; from Strenuus, a, um, adj. (comp.) bold; strenuous; brave; valiant. Strophades, um, f. pi. two small islands in the Ionian sea. Struo, struere, stnixi, struc- tum, tr. to put together; to construct; to build: insid- ias, to prepare an ambus- cade; to lay snares. Struthiocamelus, i, m. an os- trich. Strymon, onis, m. a river which was anciently the boundary between 3facedonia and Thrace. Studeo, ere, ui, intr. to favor; 308 STUDIOSE SUCCEDO. to study; to endeavor; to attend to ; to pursue, Studiosc, adv. (studiosus, fr. siudium,) studiously ; dili- gently. Studium, i, n. zeal; study ; dil- igence; eagerness. Stultitia, ge, f. folly ; from Stultus, a, um, adj. (ior, issi- mus,) foolish: stulti, yboZs. Stupeo, ere, ui, intr. to he tor- pid or benumbed; to be as- tonished at; to be amazed. Sturnus, i, m. a starling. Suadendus, a, um, part, (sua- deo.) Suadens, tis, part, from Suadeo, suadere, suasi, sua- sum, tr. & intr. to advise; to persuade ; to urge. Suavitas, atis, f. (suavis,) sweetness; grace; melody. Suaviter, adv. (vius, vissime,) (id.) sweetly ; agreeably. Sub, prep, under; near to; near the time of; just be- fore ; at ; in the time of. Subduco, -ducere, -duxi, -duc- ^ turn, tr. (sub & duco,) to withdraw; to take away; to withhold; hence, Subductns, a, um, part. Subeo, ire, ivi & ii, itum, intr. irr. (sub & eo, § 83, 4,) to go under; to submit to: onus, to take up or sustain a burden. 4:14:. Subigo, -igere, -egi, -actum, tr. (sub & ago,) to subject; to subdue; to conquer. ^xxbiiOy Vi'^Y: suddenly ; from Subitus, a, um, adj. (subeo,) sudden; unexpected. Sublatus, a, um, part, (suffe- ro,) taken away; lifted up. Sublevo, are, avi, atum, tr. (sub & levo,) to lighten; to relieve; to raise up; to assist. Sublimis, e, adj. comp. (sub. for supra, & limus,) sub- lime; high in the air: in sublime, aloft; hence. Sublime, adv. aloft; in the air» Submergo, -mergere, -mersi, -mersum, tr. (sub & mer- go,) to sink; to overwhelm. Submergor, -mergi, -mersus sum, pass, to be overwhelm^ ed; to sink; hence, Submersus, a, um, part. Subridens, tis, part, smiling at, Subrideo, -ridere, -risi, -ri- sum, intr. (sub & rideo,) to smile. Subsilio, -silire, -silui & silii, intr. (sub & salio,) to leap up; to jump. Substituo, -stituere, -stitui, -sti- tutum, tr. (sub & statuo,) to put in the place of another; to substitute. Subter, prep, under. Subterraneus, a, um, adj. (sub & terra,) subterranean. Subvenio, -venire,* veni, -ven- tum, intr. (sub & venio,) to come to one^s assistance; to succor; to help. Subvolo, are, iivu iitum. intr« (sub & volo,) to fy up. Succedo, -cedere, -cessi, -ces- SUCCESSOR — SUPERVACUUS. 309 sum, intr. (sub & cedo,) to succeed; to follow ; hence, Successor, oris, m. a successor. Suceus, i, m. (sucus, fr. sugo,) juice; sap; liquid. Suffero, sufferre, sustuli, sub- latum, tr. irr. (sub & fero,) to take away; to undertake; to hear. SufFetius, i, m. (Melius,) an Alban general, put to death hy Tullus Hostilius. Sufficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum, intr. (sub & facio,) to suf- fice; to he sujfficie?it. Suffodio, -fodere, -fodi, -fos- sum, tr. (sub & fodio,) to dig under; to undermine. SuiFossus, a, um, part. Suffragium, i, n. (sub & fran- go,) a broken piece; a shred; a ballet; suffrage; vote; choice. Sui, pro. gen. 117, & 118, 3, 1st, of himself; of herself ; • of itself: duse sibi similes, two like each other. 232, Sulla, or Sylla, », m. a distin- guished Roman genercd. Sulpicius, i, m. (Gallus,) a ^Homan, celebrated for his learning and eloquence, and ' for his skill in astrology. Sum, esse, fui, intr. irr. § 54, to he ; to exist : terrori esse, to excite terror. 277 » Summus, a, um, adj. (see Su- perus,) the highest; great- est; perfect: in summa aqua, on the surface of the water. Sumo, sumere, sumpsi, sump- tum, tr. to take. Sumptus, a, um, part, (sumo.) Sumptus, us, m. (id.) expense. Supellex, supellectilis, f. fur- niture; household goods. Super, prep, above; upon. Superbe, adv. ius,issime, (fr.su- perbus,) proudly; haugh- tily. Superbia, se, f. (superbus,) pride ; haughtiness. Superbio, ire, ivi, itum, intr. to he proud; to he proud of; from Superbus, a, um, adj. comp. proud; the Proud, a sur- name of Tarquin, the last king of Rome. Supei-fluus, a, um, adj. (super- fluo,) superfluous. Superjacio, -jacere, -jeci, -j ac- tum, tr. (super & jacio,) to throw upon; to shoot over. Superjactus, a, um, part, from superjacio ; Sail. Supero, are, avi, atum, tr. (super,) to surpass; to con- quer ; to excel; to vanquish. Superstitiosus, a, um, adj. (su- perstitio, fr. supersto,) su- perstitious. Supersum, -esse, fui, intr. irr. (super & sum,) to be over; to remain; to survive. Superus, a, um, adj. (super- rior; supremus, or sum- mus, § 26, 2,) above; high; upper. 222m Super vacuus, a, um, adj. (su- per & vacuus,) superfluous. 310 SUPERVENIO TABESCO. Supervenio, - venire, - veiii, -ventum, intr. (super & venio,) to come upon; to come ; to surprise suddenly. Supervolo, are, avi, atum, intr. (super & volo,) to fly over. Suppeto, ere, ivi, itum, intr. (sub & peto,) to come to ; to he at hand; hence, to suf- fice; to remain; to serve; to he sufficient. Supplex, icis, adj. (sub & pli- co,) suppliant. Supplicium, i, n. (id.) a pun- ishment. Suppono, -ponere, -posui, -po- situm, tr. (sub & pono,) to put under ; to substitute. Supra, prep. & adv. above ; be- fore. Surena, £e, m. the title of a Parthian officer^ and next in authority to the king. Surgo, surgere, surrexi, sur- rectum, intr. (surrego, fr. sub & rego,) to rise. Sus, uis, c. a swine; a hog. Suscipio, -cipere, -cepi, -cep- tum, tr. (sub & capio,) to take or lift up; to under- take; to take upon; to en- gage in; to receive. Suspectus, a, um, part. & adj. (suspicio,) suspected; mis- trusted. Suspendo, -pendere, -pendi, -pensum, tr. (sub & pen- do,) to suspend; to hang; to hang up, Suspensus, a, um, part. Suspicio, -spicere, -spexi, -spec- tum, tr. (sub & specie,) to look at secretly ; to look up; to suspect. Suspicor, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. to suspect ; to surmise. Sustento, are, avi, atum, tr. freq. to sustain; to support: sustentare vitam, to support one's self; from Sustineo, -tinere, -tinui, -ten- tum, tr. (sub & teneo,) to hear up; to carry; to sus- tain; to support. SustoUo, sustollere, sustuli, sublatum, tr. to lift up; to take away ; to raise. Suus, a, um, pro. his; hers; its; theirs; 118, Obs. 3, Exc.,&121, Obs. 3,236. Sylla. See Sulla. Syllaba, ae, f. a syllable. Sylva. See Silva. Sjphax, acis, m. a king of Numidia^ Syracusse, arum, f. pi. Syra- cuse^ a celebrated city of Sicily. Syria, se, f. a large country of Asia, at the eastern extre- mity of the Mediterranean sea. Syriacus, a, um, adj. Syrian; belonging to Syria. T. T., an abbreviation of Titus. Tabesco, tabescere, tabui, inc. (tabeo,) to consume; to pine away. TABULA — TAURICA. 311 Tabilla, ae, f. a table; a tablet; a picture; a painting: plumbea tabula, a plate or sheet of lead. . Taceo, ere, ui, itum, intr. to be silent. Tact us, us, m. (tango,) the touch. Ta3det, tjsduit, tassum est or pertaisum est, imp. to be weanj of: vitie eos teedet, they are weary of life. Taenarus, i, m. & um, i, n. a promontory in Laconia, now cape Matapan. Talentum, i, n. a talent ; a sum variously estimated from $860 to $1020. Talis, e, adj. such. Talpa, OB, c. a mole. Tarn, adv. so ; so much. Tameii, i^on]. yet; notwithstand- ing ; still; 7ievertheless. Tanah, is, m. a river between Europe and Asia, now the Don. Tanaquil, ilis, f. the wife of Tarquinius Priscus. Tandem, adv. (tarn & demum,) at length; at last; finally. Tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum, tr. to touch. Tancjuam, or Tamquam, adv. (lam & quam,) as well as; as if; like. Tantrdus, i, m. a son of Jupi- * ter; the father of Pelops, and king of Phrygia. Tanto, adv. (tantus,) so much. Tantopere, adv. (tantus & opus,) so much ; so greatly. Tantum, adv. only; so much; from Tantus, a, um, adj. so great; such : tanti, of so much val- ue : tanti est, it is worth the pains; it makes amends. Xarde, adv. (ius, issime,) (tar- dus,) sloivly. Tarditas, atis, f. (tardus,) sloiv- ness; dulness; heaviness. Tardo, are, avi, atum, tr. to make slow; to retard; to check; to stop; from Tardus, a, um, adj. (ior, issi- mus,) slow; dull. Tarentlnus, a, um, adj. Tar en- tine; of or belonging to Tarentum: Tarentini, Ta- rentines; the inhabita^its of Tarentum. Tarentum, i, n. a celebrated city in the south of Italy. Tarpeia, a^, f. the daughter of Sp. Tarpeius : she betrayed the Roman citadel to the Sabiues. Tarpeius, a, um, adj. Tarpeian: mons, the Tarpeian or Cap- itoline mount. Tarquinii, orum, m. pi. a city of Etruria, ivhence the fam- ily of Tarquin derived their name. Tarquinius, i, m. Tarquin; the name of an illustrious Po- man family: Tarquinii, orum, pi. the Tarquiiis. Tartfirus, i, m., & -a, orum, pi. n. Tartarus; the infernal regions. Taurica, ce, f. a large peninsu^ S12 TAURUS TERRA. la of the Black Sea, now called the Crimea, or Tau- rida. Taurus, i, m. a high range of nyiouniains in Asia. Taurus, i, m. a bidl. Taygetus, i, m. & -a, orum, pi. a mountain of Laconia, near Sparta. Tectum, i, n. (tego,) a cover- ing ; a roof; a house. Tectus, a, um, part, (tego,) covered; defended. Teges, etis, f. a mat; a rug ; a coverlet ; from Tego, gere, xi, ctum, tr. to co- ver; to defend ; hence, Tegumentum, i, n. a covering. Telum, i, n. a missile; a wea- po7i; a dart; an arrow. Temere, adv. at random; ac- cidentally ; rashly. Tempe, n. pL indec. a beauti- ful vale in Thessaly, through which the river Peneus flows. Temperies, iei, f. a season or space of time; temper ate- ness; 7nildnes^; tempera- ture. Tempestas, atis, f. (tempus,) a storm; a tempest. Templum, i, n. a consecrated place; a temple. Tempus, oris, n. time; a sea- son: ad tempus, at the time appointed: ex tempo- re, without premeditation. Temulentus, a, um, adj. (tem- etum,) drunken; intoxica- ted. Tendo, tendere, tetendi, ten- vSum, tr. to stretch; to stretch out; to extend; miv. to ad- vance; to go. Tenebrse, arum, f. pi. dark- ness. Teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum, tr. to hold; to have; to keep ; to possess ; to know ; to hold by a garrison : por- tum, to reach the harbor, Tentatus, a, um, part, from Tento, are, avi, atum, tr. freq. (teneo,) to attempt; to try. Tentyritae, arum, c. pi. the in- habitants of Tentyra, a town and island in Upper Egypt. Tenuis, e, adj. (comp.) thin; slender; light; rare. Tenus, prep, up to; as far as. Tepeseo, escere, ui, intr. inc. (tepeo,) to grow warm or cool; to become tepid. Ter, num. adv. thrice. Terentius, i, m. a Roman pro- per name. Tergum, i, n. the back; the far- ther side : a tergo, froin be- hind: ad terga, behind. Termino, are, fivi, atum, tr, to bound; to limit; to ter- minate; from Terminus, i, m. a boundary; limit; an end; bounds. Terni, je, a, num. adj. pi. (tres,; three by three ; three. Terra, ee, f. the earth; a coun- try ; the land: omnes ter^ rse, the wJiok world. TERREO — THRASYBULUS. 313 Terreo, ere, ui, itum, tr. to ter- rify; to scare; to frighten. Terrester, terrestris, terrestre, adj. (terra,) terrestrial: animal terrestre, a land animal. Terribilis, e, adj. comp. (ter- reo,) terrible. Territo, are, avi, atum, tr. freq. (id.) to terrify; to affright. Territorium, i, n. (terra,) ter- ritory. Territus, a, um, part, (terreo.) Terror, oris, m. (id.) terror; consternation ; fear. Teftius, a, um, num. adj. ord. ^ (tres,) the third; hence, Tertio, num. adv. the third time. Testa, £E, f. (tosta, fr. torreo,) ail earthen vessel; a shell. Testamentum, i, n. (testor,) a will; a testament. Testudo, inis, f. (testa,) a tor- toise. Tetigi. See Tango. Teutones, um, & Teutoni, orum, m. pi. a nation in the northern 'part of Ger- many^ near the Cimhri. Texo, texere, texui, textum, tr. to weave; to plait ; to form; to construct. Tliallmus, i, m. a bed-chamber; a dwelling. Thales, is & etis, m. a Mile- sian^ one of the seven wise men of Greece. Thasus, i, f. an island on the coast of Tlirace. 27 Thefiti-um, i, n. a theatre. Tiieba^, amm, f. pi. TJtebes, the capital of Boeotia; hence, Thebanus, a, um, adj. TJteban; belonging to Tliebes. Thelesinus, i, m. a Roman proper 7iame. Themistocles, is, m. a celebra- ted Athenian general in the Persian war. Theodoras, i, m. a philosopher of Cyrence. Thermodon, ontis, m. a river of Pontus. Theseus, i, m. a Izing of Ath- ens^ and son of JEgeus^ and one of the most celebrated heroes of antiquity. Thessalia, ae, f. Thesscdy ; a country of Greece, south of Macedonia; hence, Thessahis, a, um, adj. belong- ing to Tliessaly ; Thessa- lian. Thestius, i, m. the father of Al- thcea. Thetis, idis & idos, f. one of the sea nymphs; the wife of Peleus, and mother of Achilles. Theutoboclius, i, m. a king of the Cimbri. Tliracia, a3, f. Thrace; a large country east of Macedonia. Thracius, a, um. adj. belonging to Thrace; Thracian. Thrasybrdus, i, m. an Afheiiian general, celebrated for free- ing his country from the thirty tyrants. su THUS TRAHO. Thus, thuris, rv. frankincense, Tiberis, is, m. 90, 2, the Ti- ber, a famous river of It- aly. 110, Tibi. See Tu. Tibicen, mis, m. (tibia & cano,) one who plays upon the flute; a piper. Ticlnum, i, n. a town of Cis- alpine Gaul, where the Ro- mans were defeated hy Han- nibal. Tigranes, is, m. a king of Ar- menia Major. Tigranocerta, orum, n. a city of Armenia Major, found- ed by Tigranes. Tigris, idis, {seldom is,) c. a tiger. Tigris, idis & is, m. a river in Asia. Timens, tis, part, from Timeo, ere, ui, intr. & tr. to fear; to dread; to be afraid. Timidus, a, um, adj. comp. (timeo,) timid; cowardly. Timor, oris, m. (id.) fear. Tinnitus, us, m. (tinnio,) a tinkling. Tintinnabidum, i, n. (tintinno, same as tinnio,) a bell. Titio, onis, m. a brand; a fire- brand. Titus, i, m. a Roman praeno- men. Tolero, are, avi, atum, tr. to bear; to endure; to admit of. Tollo, tollere, sustuli, subla- tum, tr. to raise; to pick up; to remove; to do away with. Tondeo, tondere, totondi ton^ sum, tr. to clip; to shave; to shear. Tonitru, u, n. thunder ; from Tono, are, ui, itum, intr. to thunder: tonat, imp. it thunders. Tormentum, i, n. (torqueo,) an engine for throwing stones and darts. Torquatus, i, m. a surname given to T. Manlius and his descendants. Torquis, is, d. (torqueo,) a col- lar; a chain. Tot, ind. adj. so many. Totidem, ind. adj. (tot itidem,) the same number ; as many.' Totus, a, um, adj. § 20, 4, whole; entire; all. 101* Trabs, is, f. a beam. Tractatus, a, um, part, from Tracto, fire, avi, atum, tr. freq. (traho,) to treat ; to handle. Tractus, us, m. (traho,) a tract; a country ; a region. Tractus, a, um, part, (traho.) Traditus, a, um, part, fiom Trado, -dere, -didi, -ditum, tr. (trans & do,) to give over, or up ; to deliver ; to give ; to relate.; to teach : tradunt, they report: traditur, it is related: it is reported: tra- duntur, they are reported, Tragicus, a, um, adj. tragic. Tragoedia, as, f. a tragedy. Traho, trahere, traxi, tractum, tr. to drag ; to draw: he\- him, to protract or pro- long the ivar: liquidas, TRAJICIO TRIBUTOr. 315 aquas trahere, to draw along clear waters ; to flow with a clear stream. Trajicio, -jicere, -jeci, -jectum, tr. (trans & jacio,) to con- vey over ; to pass or cross over. Trames, itis, m. (trameo, i. e. trans meo, to go over or along ;) a path ; a way. Trano, are, avi, atum, intr. (trans & no,) to swim over. Tranquillus, a, um, adj. (comp.) tranquil; calm; serene. Trans, prep, over; heyond; on the other side. Transactus, a, um, part, (trans- igo.) Transeo, ire, ii, itum, intr. irr. (trans & eo,) to pass or go over. Transfero, -ferre, -tCili, -latum, tr. irr. (trans & fero,) to transfer ; to carry over : se ad alicjuem, to go over to. Transfigo, -figere, -lixi, -fixum, (trans & figo,) to run through; to pierce; to slab. Transf Liga, ce, c. (transfugio,) a deserter. Tran.-igredior, -gredi, -gressus sum, intr. dep. (trans & gra- dior,) to go or pass over. Transigo, -igere, -egi, ractum, tr. (trans & ago,) to trans- act; to finish ; to spend. Transilio, -silire, -silui & -sili- vi, intr. (trans ♦& salio,) to leap over. Transiturus, a, um, part, (trans- eo,) about to pass over; to pass on. Translatus, a, um, part, (trans- fero.) Transmarinus, a, um, adj. (trans & mare,) beyond tJuy sea ; foreign ; transmarine, Transno. See Trano. Transveho, -vehere, -vexi, -vec- tum, tr. (trans & veho,) to carry over; to convey; to transport. Transvolo, are, Svi, atum, intr. (trans & volo,) to fly over. Trasimenus, i, m. a lake in Etruria, near which the consul Flaminius was de- feated by Hannibal. Trebia, se, f. a river of Cisal- pine Gaul, emptying into the Po, Trecenti, ae, a, num. adj. pi. three hundred; hence, Trecentesimus, a, um, num. adj. the three hundredth. Tredecim, num. adj. pi. ind. (tres & decem,) thirteen. Tres, tria, num. adj. pi. 104, 3, three. 203, Treviri, orum, m. pi. a people of Belgium. Triangularis, e, adj. (triangu- lum,) triangular ; three- cornered. Tribunus, i, m, (tribus,) a tri- bune. Tribuo, uere, ui, utum, tr. to attribute; to give; to grant; to bestow ; to commit. Tributum, i, n. (tribuo,) a tri- 316 TRICESIMUS TURBATUS. hute; a tax; a contrihu- ^ tion; an assessment. Tricesimus, a^ urn, num. adj. (trigiota,) the thirtieth. Triduum, i, n. (tres & dies,) the space of three days: per triduum, ybr three days. Trieiinium, i, n. (tres & an- nus,) the space of three years. Trigemini, orum, m. pi. (tres & gemini,) three brothers horn at one birth. Triginta, num. adj. pi. ind. thirty. Trinacria, se, f. one of the names of Sicily. Triptolemus, i, m. the son of Celeus, king of Eleusis. Tristitia, £e, i. (tristis, sadi) sorrow; grief Triumphalis, e, adj. (triumph- us,) triumphal. Triumphans, tis, part, from Triumpho, are, a\ i, atum, intr. to triumph; from Triumphus, i, m. a triumph; a triumphal procession. Triumvir, viri, m. (tres & vir,) one of three joint public ofp,cers ; a triumvir. Troas, adis, f. a country of Asia Minor ^ bordering up- on the Hellespont. Troclulus, i, m. a wren. Troglodytie, arum, c. pi. Trog- lodytes^ a people of Ethio- pia, who divelt in caves. Troja, ee, f. Troy, the capital of Troas; hence, Trojanus, a, um, adj. Trojan. Trucido, are, avi, atum, tr, (trux & CEedo,) to kill in a cruel manner; to butcher; to murder; to slay; to mas- sacre. Trux, ucis, adj. savage; cruel; fierce; stern; grim. Tu, subs. pro. thou;^ 28.231 Tuba, se, f. (tubus, a tube,) a trumpet. Tuber, eris, n. (tumeo,) a bunch; a tumor; a protu- berance. Tubicen, inis, m. (tuba & ca- no,) a trumpeter. Tueor, tueri, tuitus sum, tr. to see; to look to; to care for; to defend; to protect. Tugurium, i, n. (tego,) a hut; a shed. Tuli. See Fero. Tullia, se, f. the daughter of Servius Tullius. Tullius, i, m. a Roman. Tullus, i, m. (Hostilius,) the third Roman king. Turn, adv. then; and; so; also: tum — turn, as well — as; both — and: tum demum, then at length. Tumultus, us, m. (tumeo,) a noise; a tumidt. Tumidus, i, m. (id.) a mound f a toynh. Tunc, adv. then. Tunica, se, f a tunic; a close woolen garment, worn un- der the toga. Turbatus, a, um, part, dis- turbed; confused; troubled; from TURBO UNDEVICESI-MUS. 317 Turbo, are, avi, atum, tr. (tur- ba,) to disturb; to trouble; to put into confusion. Turma, ce, f. a division of Ro- man cavalry, consisting of thirty men ; a troop. Turpis, e, adj. (ior, issimus,) base; disgraceful. Turpitudo, inis, f. (turpis,) baseness; ugliness, Turris, is, f. a tower. Tuscia, £6, f. a country of Ita- ly, the same as Etruria. Tuscidum, i, n. a city of La- tium. Tuscus, a, um, adj« Tuscan; belonging to Tuscany; Etrurian. Tutor, oris, m. (tueor,) a guar- dian; a tutor. Tutus, a, um, adj. (ior issi- mus,) (tueor,) safe. Tuus, a, um, adj. pro. 121, (tu,) thy; thine. 23S, Tyraunis, idis & idos, f. tyran- ny; arbitrary poioer ; fr. Tyraunus, i, m. a king; a ty- rant; a usurper. Tyrius, a, um, adj. Tyrian; Tyrii, Tynans; inhabit- ants of Tyre. Tyrrhenus, a, um, adj. Tyr- rhenian or Tuscan; be- longing to Tuscany. Tyrus, i, f. a celebrated mari- time city of Phoenicia. u. Tiber, eris, n. an udder; a teat. UbertawS, at is, t (uber, rich, fertile^ fertility ; fruitful- ness. Ubi, adv. where; when; as soon as. Ubique, adv. every where. Uiciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum, tr. dep. to take revenge; to avenge. UIlus, a, um, adj. § 20, 4, any; any one. 101, Ulterior, us, (ultimus,) § 26, 4; further; hence, 222* Ulterius, slClv. farther ; beyond; longer. Ultimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of ul- terior,) the last. Ultra, prep, beyond; more than: — adv. besides; more- over ; further. Ultus, a, um, part, (uiciscor,) having avenged. Ulysses, is, m. a distinguished king of Ithaca. Umbra, a3, f. a shade; a sliadow, Umbro, ai'e, avi, atum, tr. (um- bra,) to shade; to darken. Una, adv. (unus,) together. Unde, adv. whence; from which. Undecim, num. adj. pi. ind. (unus & decem,) eleven. Undenonagesimus, a, um, uum. adj. (unus, de, and nonagessimus,) the eighty- ninth. Undequinquaginta, num. adj. pi. ind. forty-nine. Undetricesimus, a, um, num- adj. twenty-ninth. Undevicesimus, a, um, nuii>^« adj. nineteenth. 318 UNDEVIGINTI VALERIUS. Undeviginti, num. adj. nine- teen. Undique, adv. on all sides. Unguis, is, m. a claw; a talon; a nail. Ungula, JB, f. a claw ; a talon ; a hoof: binis ungulis, clo- ven footed. Unicus, a, um, adj. (unus,) one alone; sole; only. Unio, onis, m. a pearl. Universus, a, um, adj. (unus & versus,) whole; universal; all. Unquam, adv. ever: nee im- quam, and never. Unus, a, um, num. adj. § 20, 4; one; only; alone. 101, Unusquisque, unaquceque, un- umquodque, adj. each one; each; § 37, Obs. 2. Urbs, is, f. a city; the chief ^ city; Home. Uro, urere, ussi, ustum, tr. to hum. Ursus, i, m. a hear. Usque, adv. eve7i; as far as; till; until. Usus, a, um, part, (utor.) Usus, us, m. (id.) use ; custom ; profit; advantage. Ut, conj. that; in order that; so that: adv. as; as soon as; ivhen. Utcunque, adv. (ut & cunque,) howsoever; somewhat; in some degree. Uter, tra, trum, adj. 101, which f which of the two ? TTterque, traque, trumque, adj. § 20, 4; (uter & que,) both; (taken separately, see am- bo,) each; each of the two. Utilis, e, adj. comp. (utor,) useful. Utica, 03, f. a maritime city of Africa, near Carthage. Utor, uti, usus sum, intr. dep. to use; to make use of Utrinque, adv. on hoth sides. Utriim, adv. whether. Uva, se, f. a grape; a hunch of grapes : passa, a raisin. Uxor, oris, f. (ungo,) a wife. V. Vaco, are, avi, atum, intr. to he free from; hence. Vacuus, a, um, adj. empty; unoccupied; vacant; free; exempt: vacuus viator, the destitute traveler. Vadosus, a, um, adj. (comp.) fordahle; shallow ; from Vadum, i, n. (probably from vado, to go;) a ford; a shalloiv. Vagans, tis, part, (vagor.) Vagina, ee, f. a scabbard; a sheath. Vagitus, us, m. weeping; crying. Vagor, ari, atus sum, intr. dep. to wander about; to stray. Valeo, ere, ui, intr. to he welly "or in health ; to he strong ; to avail; to he distinguished; to he eminent: multum va- lere, to he very powerful: vale, farewell. Valerius, i, m. a Roman pro- per narne. VALLIS VENOR. 319 Vallls, is, f. a valley; a vale, Varietas, atis, f. (varius,) va- riety; change. Vario, are, avi, atum, tr. to change; to vary; from Varius, a, um, adj. various; diverse. Varro, onis, m. (Marcus,) a very learned Roman: P. Te- rentius, a consul, who was defeated by Hannibal. Vasto, are, avi, atum, tr. to lay waste; to ravage; from Vastus, a, um, adj. waste; desert; hence, wide; vast; great. Vates, is, m. a poet; a bard. Ve, conj. (enclitic, 242, Obs. 2,) or; also, intensive or negative inseparable par- ticle, 230, Obs. 2. 491. Vecordia, aj, i. (vecors, mad;) madness; folly. Vectus, a, um, part, (veho.) Veliemens, tis, adj. (ior, issi- mus,) (ve intens. & mens,) veh ement ; immoderate ; hence, Vehementer, adv. (ius, issime,) vehemently; greatly; very; much; violently. Veho, vehSre, vexi, vectum, tr. ^0 bear; to carry; to convey. Veiens^ tis, & Veientanus, i, m. an inhabitant of Veii. Vfiii, orum, m. pi. a city of Tuscany, memorable for the defeat of the Fabian family. Vel, conj. or; also; even: veil lecta, even when read: vel — vel, either — or. Velio, vellere, velli, or vulsi, vulsum, tr. to pluck. Vellus, eris, n. (vello,) a fleece. Velox, ocis, adj. (ior, isshnus,) (volo, are,) swift; rapid; active. Velum, i, n. (vexillum,) a sail, Velut, & VelQti, adv. (vel & ut,) as; as if. Venalis, e, adj. (venus, sale;) venal; mercenary, Venans, tis, part, (venor.) Venaticus, a, um, adj. (id.) be- longing to tJie chase : canis, a hound. Venator, oris, m. (venor,) a huntsman, Vendito, are, avi, atum, freq. to sell; from Vendo, vendere, vendidi, ven- ditum, tr. (venum & do,) to sell. Venenatus, a, um, adj. poi- soned; poisonous ; from ve- neno, and that from Venenum, i, n. poison. Veneo, ire, ii, intr. irr. (for venum eo,) to be exposed for sale; to be sold. Venetus, i, m. or Brigantinus, a lake between Germany and Switzerland^ called the Boden sea, or lake of Con- stance. Venio, venire, veni, ventum, intr. to come; to advance. Venor, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. to hunt. 320 VENTER VETUS. Venter, tris, m. the helly; the stomach, Ventus, i, m. a wind. Venus, us, or i, m. (used only in the dat. ace. & abl.) sale. Venus, eris, f. the goddess of love and heauty. Ver, veris, n. the spring, Verber, eris, n. a whip ; a rod; a blow ; a stripe ; hence, Verbero, are, avi, atum, tr. to strike, Verbum, i, n. a word, Vere, adv. (ius, issime,) (ve- rus,) truly. Vereor, eri, itus sum, intr. dep. to fear ; to be concerned for. Vergo, vergere, versi, intr. (also tr.) to tend to ; to in- cline; to verge towards; to bend; to look, Verisimilis, e, adj. comp. (ve- rum & similis,) like the truth; probable, Veritus, a, um, part, (vereor.) Vero, Qon^.but: — adv. (verus,) indeed; truly. Verona, a3, f. Verona, a city in the north of Italy. Versatus, a, um, part, from Versor, ari, atus sum, tr. dep. freq. (verto,) to turn; to revolve; to dwell; to live; to reside; to be employed. Versus, a, um, part, (vertor.) Versus, prep, towards. Vertex, icis, m. (verto,) the top; the summit; the crown of the head. Verto, tere, ti, sum, tr. to turn; to change. Vem, u, n. 91, N., a spit. 371. Verum, conj. but; but yet; ir. Verus, a, um, adj. (comp.) true. Vescor, i, intr. dep. (esca,) to live upon ; to feed upon ; to eat; to subsist upon. Vesperi, or -e, adv. at evening: tam vesperi, so late at eve- ning. Vesta, as, f. a goddess; the mother of Saturn; hence, Vestalis, is, f. (virgo.) a Ves- tal virgin; a priestess con- secrated to the service of Vesta. Vestibulum, i, n. the parch; the vestibule. Vestigium, i, n. a footstep; a vestige; a trace; a mark; a track. Vestio, ire, ivi, itum, tr. to clothe; from Vestis, is, f. a garment; clothes. Vesulus, i, m. a high mountain of Liguria, and a part of the Cottian Alps. Veteranus, a, um, adj. (vetus,) old: — subs, a veteran. Veto, are, ui, itum, tr. to for- bid; to prohibit. Veturia, fe, f. the mother of Co- riolanus. Veturius, i, m. (Titus,) a JRo- man consid^ who was de- feated by the Samnites at the Caudine Forks. Vetus, eris, adj. (veterior, ve- teriiraus, § 113, 2,) an- cient; old: veteres, the an- cients ; hence, 222, VETUSTAS VINUM. 321 Vetustas, atis, f. antiquity; age. Vetustus, a, um, adj. comp. (id.) old; aiicient, Vexi. See Veho. Via, 86, f. a way; a course; a path; a journey; hence, Viator, oris, m. a traveler. Victim, ae, a, distrib. num. adj. pi. (viginti,) every twenty; twenty. Vicesimus, a, urn, num. adj. (id.) the twentieth, Vici. See Vinco. Vicies, num. adv. twenty times. Vicinitas, atis, f. the neighbor- hood; vicinity; from Vicinus, a, um, (vicus,) adj. near; neighhoring. Vielnus, i, m. (vicus,) a neigh- bor. Vicis, gen., f. § 18, 13, change; reverse; a place; a turn; in vicem, in turn ; in place of; instead. 1S2» Victima, 03, f. (vinco,) a vic- tim; a sacrijice. Victor, oris, m. (vinco,) a vic- tor; a conqueror: 2A]. vic- torious; hence, Victoria, se, f. a victory. Victurus, a, um, part, (from vivo.) Victus, a, urn, part, (vinco.) Vicus, i, m. a village. Video, videre, vidi, visum, tr. to see; to behold. Videor, videri, visus sum, pass. to be seen; to seem; to ap pear ; to seem proper. Viduus, a, um, adj. (viduo, to bereave;) bereaved; widow- ed: muher vidua, a widow. Vigil, ilis, m. (vigeo,) a watch' man. Vigilans, tis, adj. (ior, issimus,) (vigilo,) watchful; vigil- ant. Vigilia, £6, f. (vigil,) a watch- ing: — pi. the watch, (by night.) Viginti, num. adj. pi. ind. twenty. Vilis, e, adj. cheap; vile; bad; mean. Villa, ae, f. (vicus,) a country- house; a country-seat; a villa; hence, Villicus, i, m. an overseer of an estate; a steward. Villus, i, m. long hair ; coarse hair. Vincio, vincTre, vinxi, vinctum, tr. to bind. Vinco, vincere, vici, victum, tr. to conquer; to vanquish; to surpass. Vinctus, a, um, part, (vincio.) Vmculum, i, n. (id.) a chain: in vincfda conjicere, to throw into prison. Vindex, icis, c. an avenger; a protector; a defender; an asserter; from Vindico, are, avi, atum, tr. to claim; to avenge: in libcr- tatem, to rescue from slave- Vindicta, se, f. (vindico,) ven- geance ; pun ishment. Vinum, i, n. wine. 322 VIOLA VOLUCER. Viola, as, f. a violet. Violo, are, avi, atum, tr. (vis,) to violate; to pollute; to corrupt. Vir, viri, m. (vis,) a man. Vireo, ere, ui, intr. to be green ; to be verdant; to Jlourish. Vires. See Vis. Vii'ga, se. f. (vireo,) a rod; a small staff; a switch. Virgilius, i, m. Virgil, a very celebrated Latin poet. Virginia, ae, f. the daughter of Virginius. Virginias, i, m. the name of a distinguished Roman cen- turion. Virgo, inis, f. (vireo,) a vir- gin ; a girl; a maid. Virgula, ae, f. (dim. from virga,) a small rod. Viriathus, i, m. a Lusitanian general ivho was originally a shepherd, and afterwards a leader of robbers. Viridomarus, i, m. a king of the Gauls, slain by Marcel- lus. Virtus, utis, f. (vir,) virtue; merit; excellence; power; valor ; faculty. Vis, vis, f. § 15, 12, power; strength; force: vis liomi- num, a 7nidtitude of men: vim facere, to do violence: ' — pi. vires, ium, power; strength. 123, Viscus, eris, n. an entrail: viscera, pi. the bowels; the flesh. Vistula, 26 f. a river of Prus- sia, which still bears the same name, and which was anciently the eastern bound- ary of Germany. Visurgis, is, m. the Weser, a large river of Germany. Visus, a, um, part, (video.) Visus, us, m. (video,) the sight. Vita, 3d, f. life. Vitandus, a, um, part, (vito.) Vitifer, era, erum, adj. (vitis & fero,) vine-bearing. Vitis, is, f. (vieo,) a vine, Vitium, i, n. a crime. Vito, are, avi, atum, tr. to shun ; to avoid. Vitupero, are, avi, atum, tr, (vitium paro,) to ftid fault with; to blame. Vividus, a, um, adj. (comp.) lively; vivid; from Vivo, vivere, vixi, victum, intr. to live; to fare; to live upon; hence, Vivus, a, um, adj. living; alive. Vix, adv. scarcely, Vixi. See Vivo. Voco, are, avi, atum, tr. (vox,) to call; to invite ; to name, Volo, lire, avi, atum, intr. to fly- Volo, velle, volui, tr. irr. § 83, 4; to tvish ; to desire; to be willing. 4:17 • Volsci, orum, m. pi. a people of Latium. Volucer, -cris, -ere, adj. (volo, are,) winged: — subs, a bird. VOLUMNIA — ZONE. 323 Volumnia, se, f. the wife of Corioldnus. Voluntas, atis, f. (volo,) the will, Voluptas, atis, f. (volupe, fr. volo,) pleasure; sensual pleasure. Volutatus, a, um, part, from VolCito, are, avi, atum, tr. freq. (volvo,) to roll. Volvo, vere, vi, utum, tr. to roll; to turn. Votum, i, n. (voveo,) a wish; a vow. Vox, vocis, f. a voice; a word; an expression ; an exclam- ation. Vulcanus, i, m. Vulcan, the god of fire, the son of Ju- piter and Juno. Vulgus, i, m. or n. the common people; the populace; the vulgar. Vulneratus, a, um, part, from Vulnero, are, avi, atum, tr. to ivound; from Vulnus, eris, n. a wound. Vulpeeula, ae, f. dim. (vulpes,) a little fox. Vulpes, is, f. a fox. Vultur, uris, m. a vulture. Vultus, us, m. (volo,) the coun- tenance; the eocpression: the look. X. Xanthippe, es, f. the wife of Socrates. Xanthippus, i, m. a Lacedae- monian general, who was sent to assist the Carthagi- nians in the first Punic war. Xenocrates, is, , m. a philoso- pher of Chalcedon; the suc- cessor of Speusippus in the Academia.' Xerxes, is, m. a celebrated king of Persia. Z. Zama, ae, f. a city of Africa. Zeno, onis, m. a philosopher of Citium, a toivn of Cyprus, and founder of the sect of the Stoics. Zetes, is, m. a son of Boreas. Zona, £6, f. a girdle ; a zone. Zone, es, f. a city and promon- tory in the western part of TJirace, opposite to the island of Tliasus. COMPOSITIOK In combining words to form a sentence, observe care- fully the following GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SYNTAX. 1. In every sentence there must be a verh in the indi- cative, subjunctive, imperative, or infinitive mood, and a subject expressed or understood, 617. 2. Every adjective, adjective pronoun, or participle, must have a substantive expressed or understood, with which it agrees, 264 and 681, 650, 631.^ 3. Every relative must have an antecedent or word to which it refers, and with which it agrees, 284, 685, 4. Every nominative has its own verb expressed or understood, of which it is the subject, 302, 308, 635 , 643, Or it is placed after the substantive verb in the predicate, 320, 666. 6. Every finite verb, i. e., every verb in the indicative, subjunctive, or imperative mood, has its own nominative, expressed or understood, 305, 306, 635, 643; and when the infinitive has a subject, it is in the accusative, 671, 1136, The infinitive without a subject does not form a sentence or proposition, 658, 1118. 6. Every oblique case is governed by some word, ex- pressed or understood, in the sentence of which it forms a part, or is used without government, to express certain circumstances, 691, 966, * For explanation of these figures, used for reference, see page vi. of this book. EXERCISES IN LATIN COMPOSITION. Exercises in Latin composition for beginners can not be too simple, Eor can they be too soon commenced. They are capable, also, under proper management, of being made one of tlie most exciting and pleas- ing, as well as profitable parts of study, even to young pupils. Exercises in considerable variety, and in the simplest form, are fui-nished in the Grammar under each part of speech. As soon as the pupil begins to read and ti-anslate, suitable exercises in Syntax may be dra^vn from every lesson, and even from every sentence, in wliich he may be drilled orally with great advantage, by simply changing the subject from the singular to the plural, or from the plm-al to the singular, and again by changing the mood or tense of the verb, or the active form for the passive, and vice vo'sa. These may be still further varied by expressing the same idea in the interrogative or negative fonn, through all the varieties of mood, tense, number, or person, as before. When the learner has become expert in this exercise, he may advance a step farther, and select from several sentences of his lesson, or from the stock now laid up in his memory, such words as are capable of forming a new sentence ; and this again may be varied ad libitum, as before- To illustrate this — Suppose that the lesson of the day contains tlie foUowdng simple sentence, "Terra parit Jlores," "The earth produces flowers," and the class has become familiar with the inflection of the words in evei-y part, then let them change the words to coiTCspond to such English sen- tences as the folloAving : The earth produced flowers ; the earth lias produced — ^liad produced — will produce — may produce — might produce, &c., flowers, — a flower. Elowers are produced — were produced — have been produced, &.c. The esrth does not — did not — will not — can not, &c., produce flowei-s. Elow- ers are not — were not, &c., produced by the earth. Are flowers pro- duced — were flowers produced — have flowers "been produced, &c., by the sarth? Are not flowers produced — were not flowers produced by the earth'? &c., (as before.) Then again it may be noticed to tlie pupil tliat 28 326 EXERCISES IN terrce, in the plural, means "lands" or "countries " and so may have a plural adjective and a plm-al verb; thus, Omnes, multce, qucedam ten ce pariunt Jiores, "All," "many," "some lands produce flowers/' &c., through a similar variety as before. In this manner, and in many other ways wliich will occm- to the mind of an active teacher, a class may be kept actively and even intensely, as well as prolitably occupied for ten or fifteen minutes, with a few words which, in their various forms and uses, will be indelibly impressed on the mind, while the memory and judgment are trained to prompt and accm-ate exercise, and more real progress made in the study of the language than by a careless reading of many pages extended through a drawling recitation of several days. As a weekly, semi-weekly, or even daily exercise, pupils might be encouraged at a very early period to furnish an exercise in wntmg, framed by themselves from the lesson of the preceding day ; or they may be sup- plied with English sentences framed from the lesson by the teacher or some of the more advanced scholars, to be rendered into Latin. In doing tliis they require no dictionary, and are not perplexed to know what words to choose, as the words are all before them in the lesson fi'om which the exercise is drawn, and tliey have only to make the necessary changes in number, mood, tense, voice, &c., requisite to express the ideas contained in the exercise to be tiu'ned into Latin, in which also they are assisted by the model before them in the lesson, and the knowledge ob« taiued in its previous study and recitation. The following are framed from the reading lessons at the places indi- cated, as specimens of the kind of exercises here intended. They rise in gradation from simple unconnectea sentences to those of the nature of a continued nan'ative, and are sufficient to furnish a short semi-weekly exercise of this kind during the time necessary to go tlirough the Reader. They will also form a good preparation for a systematic work en Latin composition, such as Bullions' Latin Exebcisks. lAIIN CCMPOSITION. 327 EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES. datige the Latin words in the following sentences so as to correspond to the English following 1. Fortes laudahuntur, igncivi vituperahmtiir. *' Brave men will be praised, cowardly men will be blamed.' Brave men are praised, the cow^ardly are blamed. Brave men have always (semper) been praised, cowardly men blamed. Men praise the brave and blame the cowardly. Do not {non- •we*) men praise the brave and blame the cowardly ? A cow- ardly man will not be praised. A brave man will not be blamed. We will praise the good. You should blame the cowardly Let us praise" the brave and blame the cowardly. Let the brave be praised. Blame the cow^ardly. 2. Honos est prcemium virtutis. "Honor is the reward of virtue." Honor will be the reward of virtue. Honor was, (has been, had been,) the reward of virtue. Is not honor'* the reward cf virtue? Honors will be the rewards of virtue.^ Will not honor always be* the reward of vii-tue ? Let honor always be* the reward of virtue. 3 Victi PerscB in naves confiigerunt. " The Persians being conquered fled to their ships." The Persians were conquered and fled' to their ships. When the Persians were conquered"^ they fled to their ships. We have conquered the Persians and they have fled to their ships. If we conquer^ the Persians they will flee to their ships. If the Persians should be conquered' they will flee to their ships. They say that the Persians were conquered and fled to their ships. 4. DeJectaverunt me epistolce tuce. "Your letters have delisrhted me." Your letters delight me. I am delighted with your letters. Have I not"" always been delighted \A\\\ your letters ? Do my {mece) letters delight you (Je) ? His {ejf(s) letters vnW always give us pleasure. Our {nostrce) letters do not delight liim. He will be delighted with our letters. Grammars.—'^ 171, 1 : 1193, r. Ixxxviii.— -i 631, 1211 , r. xci7 ^« 627, 2 : 1265 J r. xevii. Idioms.— « 56, 3.—= L15, l.—f 77, 3. 328 EXEECiSEs m The words pf the. followina; senteDces selected from the Intrcductx^rv Exercises, pp. >-:0-79, will be found m the paragraphs indicated by the numbers prefixed As a fuither exercise these may be varied as in tho preceding. Nos. 1, 2, 3. 4. 5. (1.) There are many kings in Europe. E\;rcpe tas many kings. There have been many good kings. There are many suns and more stars. Cicero was a gcod man ard a distinguished consul. (2.) A brave soldier is to be praised (3.) An elephant walks. Many sparrows build nests. Tbe partridge runs. (4.) Black sheep are not found every where. Africa produces lions. The Romans often burned their dead. A brave man is not always praised. The Romans overthrew Carthage and Corinth. 6. (5.) The bear wanders in the forest. A parrot imitates the human voice. (6.) A day has been lost. Flowers are produced by the earth. Athens was liberated by Miltiades (7.) Herds of wild asses roam (erro) in the forests {sylva) of Asia and Africa. The tracks of wild beasts are diligently traced out by dogs. The variety of languages in the army of Cyrus was very great. (8) Animals covered with wool are stupid, but (sed) they are capable of bearing cold. Foolish people are not happy. The Gauls were very brave.* The lion is the bravest of animals."* 7. (9.) Piato and Socrates w^ere highly esteemed. It is our custom" to value the good.*^ Good men*^ forget injuries and remember kindnesses. It is the custom of foolish men to forget kindnesses. (10.) Good men" are an honor to their country; they are just and benevolent to aU.*" Nero was ai) enemy to the human race. A good man {vir) will be dear tc all, a wicked man (Jiomo) to no one. 8. (11.) Various coverings have been given to animals. Na- ture has given avarice and ambition to man alone. (12 ) The Romans for the most part burned their dead. Homer men- tions embroidered garments. (13.) We sometimes find stags of a white color. We have need of philosophy. Men of noble birth are not always of a noble disposition. Men of depraved disposition are never happy {minquam felix). Be content with few thino-s and thou wilt be iree from cares. C5 Grammars. — ^ 364, r. xii. : 7 SO, r. xxi. — ^ 355, r. x. : 77 1, r. xix- Idioms. — * 24. — « 19. LATIN COMPOSITION. 321 3. (14.) Lions eat flesh. Silver and gold are found in Sp'iin, 3Ien easily want gold and silver, but (sed) not food, Africa abounds in lions. (16.) The Ramans were sent under the yoke. The year was divided into twelve months by Numa Pompilius. (17.) Hunger and blows tame wild beasts. Nightingales change their color in autumn. One oral ion of Socrates was sold for twenty talents. (18.) Mi« thridates, king of Pontus, was received by Tigranesj king of Armenia^ 10. (19.) I desire to live mth you. They wished to sle?p. Why do men desire to change their fortune? We ought to leam to despise wealth. We can not (we are not able) to suffer poverty. All men'' desire to be loved. (20.) Men must die." They had to fight.'' The art of writing" was invented by the Phoenicians. Paper is useful for writing. (21.) Catiline entered into a scheme for raising an army and destroying the city. 11. (22.) The sun will set and the wolves will come forth (evenw) to plunder.'* The civil wars were carried on by Marius and Sulla. All the nations of men have been and they will be carried off by the power of death. (23.) Your letters have often been read by me»® The crocodile lives many years. Glory is thought to follow virtue. Great things have been undertaken. Our strength Avill not always remain. 12. (24.) The disposition of wild beasts is sometimes more gentle than that of men. (25.) This is the four-horse chariot which was made of ivory and covered with the wings of a fly. Fruits are not produced by every field that is sown. Woi'ds are repeated by the parrots ® which are sent from India. Men wh3 are mindful of favors will receive {recipio) favors. (27.) The fig-tree is so large that it conceals troops of horsemen under it. Do you know ° {Num scis) who painted ' Alexan- dei ? Is it true^ ( Verumne est) that bulls are swallowed whole m India by serpents?^ Do you know" how many (quot) men there are in the world? Tell us (Doce) when the world was made,' and how many worlds there are.' Grammars.— e 530, 1074, r. Ixxiii.— ' 62Y, 5 : 1182, r. IxxxviL Idioms.— a 19.— i- 113.—'= 111.— ^ 102.— k 56, 3. 330 EXERCISES IN 13. (29.) There are some who live* happy; there ar3 others who are never happy. Is there any one who has not read* Demosthenes? Who is there that has not heard* cor;- ceming Ceesar? (30 ) It is related that in Latmos scorpions do not hurt strangers, but that they kill the natives. They say {narrant) that Virgil in his will ordered his poems to bs burned, and that Augustus forbade it to be done. (31 ) Th3 approachmg day is announced by the crowing of the cock. The city buUt by Cecrops was called Cecropia. It is now called Athens. Many when dying are troubled with the car3 of burial. EXERCISES IN COMPOUND AND CONNECTED SENTENCES. As an example of the way in wliich compound and connectel senten- ces may be varied, the first fable, page 80, may be changed into the fol loAving forms and translated into Latin corresponding to tlie English in each. 14. Through fear of a kite a hawk was asked by the doves to defend" them. When he assented*^ and was received*^ into the dove-cote, greater havoc was made by him in one day than could have been done'' by the kite in many {multis). 15. The doves were led (ductce smit) by fear of a kite to ask^ a hawk that he would defend "^ them. It is said that ha assented'' and that, being received into the dove-cote, he caused a much greater slaughter of the doves in one day than the kite could have caused** in a long time. 1 6. The doves are said to have asked a hawk whether, if received into the dove-cote, he would defend ° them from the kite. He assented and was received ; but the slaughter made in one day by the hawk was greater than could have been committed '^ by the kite in a long time. 17. It is related {narratur) that when the doves through fear of a kite requested the hawk to defend*^ them, he as- sented ; and that being received into the dove-cote a great havoc was made of the do^ves ia one day. Grammars.—" 630^^7.—'' 627, 1, 3d: 1208,—'' 631, 1244, r. X3iv.— e 627, 5: 1182, r. Ixxxvii.— ^ 690, r. Ix. : 1319, rmoMS.— '' 84.— > 627, 5 : 1182, r Ixxxvii. — ' 671. r. Iviii. : 1136, r. Jxxix.— ^ 167, r. xxiv. • 8D5,v xlviii.— I 553, 938, r. Ivii. Idioms.— ^^ 84.—™ 104. LATIN COMPOSITION. 333 26. (p. 126, &c.) 12. Rome was built by Romulus, and divided into tliirty curio3 called by the names of the Sabine women carried off by the Romans. 13. Numa Fompilius, the second king of Rome, was born at Cures. By him^' laws were given to the state,'' many sacred rites were instituted, and the manners of the people were softened. He reigned forty-tliree years." 14. In the reign of Tullus Hostihus, who succeeded Numa, war was declared against the Sabines, which was terminated by the battle'* of the Horatii and the Curiatii. 27. (p. 129, &c.) 23. Rome was governed by kings two hundred and forty-three years.'' 23. After that the people created two consuls, who should hold {teneo^) the government for a year." Brutus, by whom the kings had been expelled, and Tarquinius CoUatinus, were the first consuls. 24. War^ having been raised against the city by Tarquin, Brutus was killed in the first battle. 28. (p. 132, &c.) 1. The bravest of the Romans^ was chal- lenged to single combat by a certain Gaul of extraordinary size ^ of body. ' The challenge was accepted by T. Manlius, a young man of noble family, {genus^ ) who killed the Gaul and stripped' him of his golden chain. It is believed {cred- itiir) that both he*" and his posterity, from this circumstance, were called' Torquati."* 2. In a new war with the Gauls it is related (narrdtur) that another GauP of remarkable strength'' challenged the bravest of the Romans^ to fight with" liim; that M. Valerius, a tribune of the soldiers, offered liimself, and advanced armed; that a crow, which had perched on his right shoulder, struck at the eyes of the Gaul with his wmgs and talons, and that Valerius, the Gaul ^ being killed, received the name of Corvinus. 29. (p. 138, &c.) 2. Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, when nine years old was brought by his father to the altars'* to swear "* eternal hatred towards the Romans. 3. It is said that having left his brother 4n Spain, he crossed the Alps Grammars.—* 530, 1074=, r. Ixxiii.— *> 522, r. iii. : 1075, r. Ixxiv. — <= 565, r. xli. : 950, t. Ixi.— «> 542, r. xxxv. : 873, r, xlii.— « 641. r. ii. : 1220.—^ 690, r. Ix. : 1349.— ^ 355, r. x. : 771, r. xix.— "^ 33i>, r. vii. : 757, r. xvi.— ' 514, r. xxxi. : 911, r. 1.—'' 671, r. Iviii. : 1136, r. Ixxix.— "> 319, r. v.: 666, v. vi.— ° 619, r. liil • 1161, r. Ixxxiv. IDTOMS.— ^ 97, 4.—" 84. S34 EXERCISES IN with {cum) a large army and tliirty elephants, and that the Ligurians joined themselves with him; that he conquei\?d Scipio, and afterwards Sempronius Gracchus. Soon after h(^ advanced to Tuscia, where havhig engaged in battle" near the lake Trasimenus, he conquered Flaminius the consul, and slew twenty-five thousand of the Eomans.'^ 30. (142, &c.) 3. After Philip, kmg of Macedonia, died, his son Perseus prepared great forces, renewed tlie war against the Romans, and conquered P. Licinius, the Roman general who had been sent against hun. He was afterwards con- quered by ^mihus Paulus, the consul, near Pydna. and twenty thousand of his infantry were slain. 5. Cai'thage, though bravely defended" by its citizens, was taken and de- stroyed by Scipio, in the seven hundredth year after it was built, and in the six hundred and eighth year from the build- ing of Rome. 31. (p. 145, &c.) 1. In the war carried on against Jugurth a, the Romans were in great fear thaf the Gauls would again get possession of the city. For this reason Marius M'aK made consul a third and a fourth time. In two battles, two hundred thousand of the enemy were slain, and eighty thousand taken prisoners. For this meritorious conduct, a tilth consulship was conferred on Marius, in his absence.*^ C. Marius and Qu. Cat- ulus fought against the Cimbri and the Teutones, \\ ho had passed over into Italy, slew forty thousand, and took fcixty thousand of his army near Verona. 32. (150, &c.) 6. Lucius Sergius Catiline is said tc have been a man of a very noble family,® but of a most deprayed disposition.^ It is related {trnditur) that he and certain illus- trious, but daring men, entered ' into a conspiracy for destroy- ing their country;" that he was driven from the city by Cicero, who was then consul, and his companions seized and strangled in prison. 7. Nearly all Gaul Mas conquered by Csesar in the space of nine years. The war was afterwards carried into Britain, and the Germans were conquered m great battles. Grammars. — » 690, r. Is..: 1S49» — * 355, r. x. : 77 1^ A :rix. — • 688, 1S50, r. cv.— <» 633, 1215,—^ 339, r. vi. : 757 t xvi.— 312, r. i. : 6*45, r. iii. Idiom— s 112, 3. LATIN COMPOSITION. 035 33. (p. 154, &c.) 1. The three parts inta which the whole worli was divided, are Europe, Asia, and Africa. The straits of Gibraher separate Europe from Africa. 2. The boundary of Europe on the east is the river Tanais and the Euxine sea ; on the south the Mediterranean sea ; on the west the Atlantic ocean. 3. Spain lies toward the west. It is rich and fertile. Ii2 the region of Btetica, men, horses, iron, lead, brass, silver, aad gold abound. 4. The Phocsei, havuig left Asia/ sought new settlements in Europe. 34 (p. 157, &c,) 11. The country beyond the Ehine, as far as the Vistula, is inhabited by the Germans, who are said to carry on war with their neighbors, not that they may extend'' their limits, but from the love" of war. 12., It is said that the Germans'^ do not pay much attention to agi'iculture. Their food (cibus) is milk, cheese, and flesh. They erect their houses near (ad) some spring, or plain, or forest ; and after a wliils thsy pass on to another place. Sometimes also they pass th3 winter in caves. 35, (p. 161, &c.) 24. Greece is more celebrated than any other nation irJ the world, both for the genius of its people, and for their study f of the arts of peace and of war. Many colonies were led from it unto all ])arts of the world. 25. Ma- cedonia was rendered illustiious by the reign of Philip and Alexander, by whom both Greece and Asia were subdued to a very great extent ; and the government, taken from the Persians,^ was transferrel to the Macedonians. 36. (p. 1G2, &G.) 29„ No region in Greece is more re- nowned for the splendor f of its fame than Attica.® There Athens is built; a city*" concerning which the gods are said to have contendel. So many poets, orators, philosophers; so many men, illustrious in every species of excellence, were produced by no other city in the world. There the arts of peace were cultivated to such a degree, that her renown from these was even more conspicuousi than {quam) her glory in war. The harbor of Pirceus, connected with the city by long walh, was fortified by Tliemistocles, and affords {prcehet) a safe anchorage for ships. Grammars.— » 690, r. Ix. : 1349.—^ 627, 1 : 1205 ^ r. xc— e 542, r. XXXV.: 873, r. xlii.— ^ 671, r. Iviii.: 1136, r. IxxLx.— « 467, r. xxiv. : 895, r. xh-iii.— ^ 535, r. xxxiv. : 889, r xlvil— 9 522, r. iiL : 1075, r. Ixxiv.— »> 251, r. i. : 622,—^ 627, 1, 1st: 1221. Idiom. — * 104- 536 EXERCISES. 37. (163, &o.) 30. It is said that Thebes, a most celebrated city, was surrounded wath walls by Amphion, by the* aid* of music. It was rendered illustrious bv the "•enius'' of Pindar and the valor of Epaminondas. 31. The city of Delphi was renowned for the oracle of Apollo, which had great authority among all nations, and was enriched (made rich) with numer- ous and splendid presents from all parts of the world. It is said that the tops of Mount Parnassus, which hangs over the city," are inhabited by the Muses. 38. (170, &c.) 48. It is believed that Troy, a city^ res nowned for the war** which it carried on with the whole of Greece for ten years,® was situated at the foot of Mount Ida. From this mountain, rendered illustrious by the judgment of Paris in the contest of the goddesses, flowed *^ the rivers Sea- mander and vSimois. 49. The Carians are said to have been so fond of war, that they carried ° on the wars of other people for hire. 50. The water of the river Cydnus is very clear'' and very cold.'^ 39. (172, &c.) 54. Babylon, the capital of the Chaldean nation, was built by Semiramis or Belus. It is said that its walls,"" built of burnt brick,' are thirty-two feet'' broad, and that chai'iots"" meeting each other pass without danger; that the towers are ten feet' higher than the walls. The tower of Babylon is said to have been twenty stadia in circumference. 56. India produces very large animals. No dogs are so large as those which are produced there. The serpents are said to be so monstrous that elephants are killed^ by theii* bite'' and the coiling round of their bodies. LATIN IDIOMS.* PARTICULAR DIRECTIONS AND MODELS FOR TRANS- LATION. The following explanations and directions are intended chiefly for reference But it will be of great adrautage for the pupil to become familiar with them by going through them two or three times, iii course, simultaneously with his reading lessons. 1. Before translating, every sentence should be read over till it can be read correctly and with ease, paying special attention to the quantity and pronunciation. The words should then be arranged according to the j^receding general direc- tions, and translated as they are arranged, separately or in clusters, as may be found convenient; always remembering to place adjectives and adjective pronouns with their substan- tives before translating. The sense and grammatical con- struction being thus ascertained, the translation may then be read over without the Latin, and due attention paid to the English idiom. The whole sentence, whether simple or com- pound, may then be analyzed as directed, § 152, 1309, 1413 f and last of all, every word parsed separately, as di- rected, § 153, 1419. 2. In order to arrange and translate with ease, it is neces- sary to be familiar with, and readily to distinguish the differ- ent cases, genders, and numbers of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and participles, and to translate them correctly and j^romptly, in these cases and numbers, &c. ; and also to distinguish and correctly translate the verb in its various moods, tenses, num- bers, persons, &c. This can be acquired only by continual practice and drilling, which should be kept up till the utmost readiness is attained. 3. The English prepositions used in translating the differ- ent cases in Latin, for the sake of convenience, may be called SIGNS of those cases; and in translating these, the Emrlish definite or indefinite article is to be used as the sense requires. The signs of the cases are as follows: Nom. (No sign.) Ace. (No sign.) Gen. Of. Voc. 0, or no sign. Dat. To or for. Abl. With, from, in, hy, &c. * A Latin idiom, strictly speaking, is a mode of speech peculiar to the Latin language. It is here used in a more extended sense, to denote a mode of speech different from the English, or ^\•hich, if rendered woi-d for word, and witli the ordinary signs of cases, moods, tenses, &c., would not make a coiTCct English sentence. 338 LATIN IDIOMS. In certain constructions the idiom of the English language requires the oblique cases in Latin to be translated in a man- ner different from the above. The chief of these construc- tions are the following : 4. The Genitive. 1. The genitive denoting the place where, 548, R. XXXVI., 032f R. LVL, is translated by at; as, Romce^ ^^ At Rome." 2. Denoting price, sometimes by for ; as, Vendidit pluris, "He sold it /or more;'''' or without a sign; as, Constitit pluris, "It cost more. 5. The Dative. 1. After a verb of taking away, 501, R. XXIX., 8SSf R. XXXIX, the dative is translated by from ; as, Eripuit me morti^ "He rescued me from death;'''' Eripitur morti, ''Re \s rescued from death. 522-III. See 502, 107o, III. See 856. 2. Denoting the doer after a passive verb, 528, R. XXXIII., S4:4:f R. XXXVI., it is translated by by ; as, Vix audior ulli, "I am scarcely heard by any one.^* 3. Denoting the possessor, 380, 871^ it is translated as the genitive; as, Ei in mentem venit, "It came into the mind to him, i. e., of him, or into his mind. 4. After verbs signifying "to be present," by at ; as. Ad- fuit preclbus, He was present at prayers. 393, 820* 6. The Ablative. 1. The ablative denoting a property or quality of anothei substantive, R. YH., is translated by of ; as, Vir m ir d magnitudine, "A man of wonderful size" 2. The place where, 549, 033^ is commonly translated by at, sometimes by in. 3. After the comparative degree, 467, R. XXIY., 89Sj R. XLVIII., by than; as, Dulcior me lie, "Sweeter than honey." 4. Denoting the material of which a thing is made, 541, by of ; as, Factus ebore, "Made of ivory.'''' 5. After digniis and words denoting origin ; also after opus and usus, signifying need, by of; as, Dignus honor e^ " Worthy of honor." LATIN IDIOMS. 339 6. Denoting time how long, — sometimes by in ; as. Un o die fecit, "He did it in one day f^ sometimes without a sign; as, Uno die abfuif, '' He v^'ns ahient one dai/.''' 7. Time when — by at, on ; as, Solis occdsu, '■'At the setting of the smi;" Idibus Apr'dis, ^^On the ides of April." 8. After verbs of depriving, 514, 911 — by of ; as, ^Eum veste spoUdvit, " He stripped him of his garment.''^ Cases without Signs. 7. When the genitive, dative, or ablative, is governed by an intransitive verb which is translated by a transitive verb in English (132, Obs. 4.), or by an adjective denoting likeness, the sign of the case is omitted; as, 1 . Gren. Miserere m e i , Pity me. 2. Dat Pr(efuit exercitui, He commanded /Ae ar/??^. .3, " Placuit regi, It \)\QSLsed the king. 4. Abl. Utitur fraade, lie uses (/ece?V. 5. " Potltus estimperio, He obtained the groyernmewL 6. Dat. Siintlispatri, Jjike his father. Obs. But when rendered by an intransitive verb in Eng- lish, the sign of the case must be used ; as, 7. Insidiantur nobis , They lie in wait for us. 8. When a verb governs two datives, by R. XIX., 427, 848, R. XXXVIL, the dative of the end or design is some- times rendered without the sign ; as, 1. Est mihi voluptdti, It is to me [for] a pleasure ; I e., It is [or it brings] a pleasure to me. 9. The ablative absolute, 690, R. LX., 1349, and fre- quently time how long, 565, R. XLL, 9o0f R. LXL, are without the sign ; as, 1. Bella Jinito, T he ivar heinrr ended. 2. Sex mensihus ahfuit, 'Re was Sih^ewt six months. 1 0. When the ablative is governed by a preposition, the English of that prepositijon takes the place of the sign of the ablative, an«l no other will be used; thus, \. Ah exercitu, i^row the army. 4. Cum dignitdte, TF/M dij^nity. 2. Ex urhe, Out of the city. 5. Pro easfris, Br fore the camp. 3. In agro, /n the fiekl. 6. T enus pube, f/j to tlie middle. 11. In order to specify more particularly, the English idiom sometimes requires the possessive pronouns, my, thy, his, her, its, our, your, their, (not expressed in Latin unless contrasted with others), to be supplied before a noun, and especially if 340 LATIN IDIOMS they refer to the subject of the vsentence. The sense will show when this is to be done, and what pronoun is to be used; as, 1. Filius similis patri, A son like Ms father. 2. Reverere parentes, Reverence _5/oHr parents, 12. Nouns in apposition, (251, R. I., 622^ R. I.,) must be brought as near together as possible, and the sign of the oase, when used, prefixed to the first only ; as, 1 . Nom, Cicero orator, Cicero the orator. 2. Gen. Ciceroms oratoris, Of Cicero the orator. 3. Dat. Ciceroni oratori, To Cicero the orator. 4. AbL Cicerone oratore, With Cicero the orator. 13. The noun in apposition is sometimes comiected with the noun before it by the words as, being, &c. ; as, 1 • Misit me comitemy He sent me as a companion, 2. Hie puer venit, He came, when [or being] a hoy. Adjectives and Substantives. 14. In translating an adjective or adjective pronoun arid a substantive together, the adjective is commonly placed first, and the sign of the case is prefixed to it, and not to the noun, 263, R. IL; as, 1 . Nom. Ahus mons, A high mountain. 2. Gen. Alti montis, Of a high mountain. 3. Dat. Alto monti, To [for] a high mountain. 4. Abl. Alto monte. With a high mountain. 15. When two or more adjectives, coupled by a conjunction, belong to one substantive, they may be placed either before or after it; as, 1. Jupiter optimus et maximus, Jupiter the best and greatest; or Optimus et maxvmus Jupiter, The best and greatest Jupiter. 2. Viri sapient is et docti, Of a man wise and learned ; or Sapientis et clocti viri. Of a "wise and learned man. 16. The adjective must be placed after its substantive when the former has a negative joined with it, or another word in the sentence governed by it, or dependent upon it. So also solus ; as, 1 . Dux perifus belli, A general skilled in war. 2. Filius sinulis patrd, A son like his father. 3. Poet.a dif/nns lion ore, A poet worthy of honor. 4. Homines soli mpinnt. Men alone are wise. h. Avis tam pariim decora, A bird so little beautiful. 6. Littbre non molli neque arenoso, With a shore not soft nor sandy. LATIN IDXOMS. 341 17. The adjectives pri77ii(s, medius, ultunus, extremus, infi- mus, Wilis, summus, supremus, reltquus, ceter, or ceterus, and some others describing a part of an object, are translated as substantives, with the sign of the case prefixed, and of before the substantive following, 273, 062 / as, 1. Medici node, In the middle of the night. 2, Ad s a III m u m montem, To the top of tlie mountain. 18. When these adjectives (No. 17) describe the whole, and not a part only, they are translated as in No. 14 j as, Snmmum honum. The chief good. Supremus dies, The last day. 19. An adjective without a substantive usually has a sub- stantive understood, but obvious from the connection, 269. Masculine adjectives (if plural) commonly agree with homi- nes, or, if possessives, with amlci, cives, or milites, understood ; and neuters, with factum, iiegotium, verbum, tempus, &c. ; as, 1. Boni (homines) sunt rari, Good men -are rare. 2. Ccesar misit suos (milites), Caesar sent his soldiers. 3. Codes transndvit ad suos (cives), Codes swam over to his fellow-ci't- 'izens. 4. Txihor vincit omnia (negotia), Labor overcomes all things. 5 In postcrum (tempus), In time to come, — for the futm*e. 6. In eo (loco) ut, In such a situation tliat. 20. Adjectives commonly used without a substantiA'e, (but still belonging to a substantive understood,) may be regarded as substantives. They are such as mortrdes, honi, mali, suptrij inferi, Grcecus, Romanus, &c. (See 269, 6oS) ; as, 1 . M all oderunt hones , The wicked hate the good. 2 Grcecos Romdni vice runt, The Romans conquered the Greeks. 21. Adjective words, when partitives, or used partitively, take the gender of the noun expressing the whole, and govern it in the genitive plural, (if a collective noun, in the genitive singular), 355, Rule X., 771^ R. XIX. In this case, verbs and adjectives agree with the partitive as if it were a noun • as, 1. All q Ills philosophdrum Some one of the philosophers has said. dixit, 2. Un a musdr u m veniet, One of the muses will come. 3. M ulti nohil i u m juvenum, Many noble young men. 22. The comparative degree not followed by an ablative, or the conjunction quam (than), is usually translated by the positive with too or rather prefixed. For explanation see 473, 902 ; as. 342 LATIN IDIOMS. 1. Iracundior est , (sell, cequo,) He is too (or rather) passionate. 2. yE f/rius ferehat, He took it rather ill. 3. A/ tilts voldvit, He Hew too high. Obs. In a comparison, eo or towto with a comparative in one clause, and quo or quanto in the other, may be rendered "the" (See No. 44. 7. 8.) ; as, 4. Quo plures, e 6 feliciores, The more, the happier. 23. The superlative degree expressing comparison, is usu- ally preceded by the article the in English (110, 21S) ; as, 1. Doctisslmus Romanorum, The most learned of the Eomans. 2, F ortis simus miles in exercitu, The bravest soldier in the army. 24. "When the superlative does not express comparison, but only eminence or distinction, it is translated with the arti- cle a or an prefixed in the singular, and without an article in .the plural ; or by the positive, with very, eminently, &c., pre- fixed (110, 215)\ as, 1. Homo doctisslmus, A most learned (or a very learned^ man. 2. Homines doctissimi, Most learned (or verij learned) men. 25. Alius repeated with a different word in the same clause, renders that clause double, and requires it to be translated as in the following examples : 1. Alius alia vid, One by one way, anotlier by another. 2. Aliud aliis videtur, One thing seems good to some, an- other to others ; i. e.. Some think one thing, and some anotlier. ( See other varieties, 275, 664, The same usage occurs with words derived from alius. See Gr. 276, 665. 26. The distributive numeral adjectives are usually trans- lated by the cardinal number indicated, with " each," or " to each," annexed ; sometimes by repeating the cardinal thus, "one by one," "two by two," &c., 107, 11, 209; as, 1. Consules bin as naves habebant, The consuls had each ^m;o ships, or, had two ships each. 2. Qud singuli carri ducerentur, Where wagons could be led one by one. 3. Tigna bina, Beams tivo by two, or in pairs. 4. Singulis s in gul as partes He distributed equal parts, one to distribuit cequdles, each. 5. Singulis mensibus hoc fecit, This he did erciij (or each) month. 6. Plures singuli uxOres habent, Tliey have each many wives. LATIN IDIOMS. 343 Pronouns. 27. 1st. The adjective pronoun, hie, hcec, hoc, with a noun following, is used as an adjective, and means, in the singular, "-this," — in the plural, ^' these." — Jlle, ilia, illud, — is, ea, id, — iste, ista, istud, with a noun, in the smgular, mean " that,'' — in the plural, ^' those.'' 2d. Without a noun following, they are all used substan- tively, and mean, in the singular, he, she, it ; in the plural, thei/ ; thus, 1. Hicvir, This man. 4. H i c fecit, He did it. 2. Ilia femina. That woman. 5. Jlla venit, She camQ. 3. Eaurbs, That city. 6. E a (Dido) condldit earn, She built/?, (Carthaj^e.) Obs. In sentences containing an enumeration of particulars, the same pronoun is sometimes used in successive clauses, but they require to be translated diflferently, (276, GGo) ; thus, 7. Uic, '\ hie, ^ I' \]l >- "one," "the one." ZII///e [- "another,'"'the other- '» 10. Alter, ) alter,) When antithesis or contrast is stated, hie is translated " this," and refers to the nearer antecedent ; ille, " that," and refers to the more distant ; as, 11, Hie minor natu est, ille major, This is the younger, that the older. 28. Is, ea, id, followed by ut, or the relative, qui, quce, quod, in the next clause, means '•^such," and implies compjir- ison. The relative after it may be translated, that I, t/mt thou, that he, that they, &c., according as the antecedent re- quires, or it may be translated as, and its verb by the infini- tive, (123,2,1058); thus, \. Is homo erat ut, <|-c., He was such a man that, &c. 2. Neque is sum qui terrear, I am not such that I may be fright' ened. Or better thus, I am not such a one as to be frightened. Obs. The adverb eh with ut following it, means "so far,'* " to such a degree," to such a point," '-in such a state ; " as, 3. Edpervenit ut, "He came so far, (j. q., made such progress,) tliat," 844 LATIN IDIOMS. Possesswe Pronouns, 29. The possessive pronoun is eqiuA^alent in meaning to the genitive of the substantive pronoun, and may often be so translated; as, 1. Benejicio suo popuUque Romdni, By the kindness o/'A/mseZ/andof the Koman people. 2. Cum'mea nemo scripta legat, vul- Since no one reads the writings of vie, go recitdre timentis, fearing to recite them publicly. 30. The possessive, suits, sua, suum, in Latin, agrees in gender, number, and case, Avitli the noun denoting the object possessed, but in English must be translated by a pronoun denoting the possessor ; thus, 1. Pater dihfj it suos liberos, A father loves A is children. 2. Parentes dihgunt suam sobolem, Parents love their offspring. 3. Prater diligit suam sororem, A brother loves his sister. 4. Soror diligit suit m fratrem, A sister loves her brother. Ohs. In the first sentence, "suos" agrees with "liberos," \mi must be translated " his," denoting "pater," the possessor. In the second, suam, though singular, to agree with sobolem, must be translated "their" so as to denote the possessors, "parentes," &c. » Usage of Sui, Suus, — Ille, Iste, Hie, Is. 81. The reflexive, sui, and its possessive, suus, generally refer to the subject of the leading verb* in the sentence: ille, iste, hie, is, never refer to that subject, but to some other person or thmg spoken of; thus, 1. Cato occldit se, Cato killed himself . 2. Pater diligit suos liberos, A father loves his (own) children. 3. Parentes dihgant suam sob- Parents love their (own) oftspriug. olem, 4. Dicit s e valere, He says that he is well. Obs. In the second and third sentence, "his," made hy suos, and "their," made by suam, referring to some other person than pater or parentes, would be made by the genitive of ille, iste^ hie, is. In the first and fourth, se would be made eum. For the difference between these words usually translated "he," see Gr. 118,^,10.74. * See Gr. 118, 3, 1st, with note. 1018, LATIN IDIOMS. 345 Note. If a second subject and verb be introduced, the re- flexive governed by that verb Avill belong to the new subject, unless the whole clause refer to the words, wishes, or actions, of the first subject; as, 6. Scipio civitatibus Italice reddidit Scipio restored to the States of Italy, omnia quce s u a recognoscebant, all the things 'which they recog- nised as their own. Usage of Ipse. 32. Ipse renders the word with which it is joined emphatic, whether expressed or understood, and is equal to the English, myself, thyself himself themselves, r ing. 4. Ita perterntus est ut morirS- He was so frightened that he died. tur , 5. Gratulor tibi quod rediSris, I am glad that you have returned. LATIN IDIOMS. 359 6. Si imperitavSrint, If i\\Qy have commanded, 7. Si reliquissem, inujui dice- Jf I had left him, &c. rent, 8. Quum Ccesar profectus es- Vi'hen Cxsixr had departed. set, Ohs. In the first of the above examples, the direct assertion is discedam, "I will depart." The dependent clause, ea cum ita sirit, "since these things are so," expresses the existence of certain things referred to without du-ectly asserting it, but taking it for granted as a tiling admitted or supposed, but still affecting in some way the event dh-ectly asserted. Tliis holds good of all the other examples above. The dependent clause connected by ut, or ubi, "when;" diun, "whilst;" priusquam, "before;" postquam, "after;" and other conjunctions,- (629 and 630, 1237 and 124:7) ; and also by quum or c?m, " when," (631, 1244)) sometimes take the indicative mood. 2d. The subjunctive mood is used subjunctively, as above, after an interrogative word used indefinitely, in a dependent clause, or m what is called the indirect question, i. e., an ex- pression containing the substance of a question without the form. All interrogative Avords may be used in this way, (See 627, 5, 11S2) ; thus, 9. Nescio quis sit — quid fiat, I know not rr^o he /s — what is dolnff. 10. Doce me uhi sint dii, TeU me u-Z^fre the grods a/T. 11. Nescio liter scriberet, I know not ichich of the two wrote. 12. Nescio quid script urn es- 1 know not what was written, set, 13. Scio cni, (a quo) scriptum I know to ichom (by ichom) it was esset, u-ritten. 14. An scis quis hoc fee er it? Do you know who has done this? 15. An scis a quo hoc factum Do yon know by whom tills has been fuerit? done? 16. Nemo sciebat quis hcec fecis- Xone knew w/io /<« habere; habuisse; habiturus esse. 3. Put. Dicltur, ) 1. Prcs. He is said, ^ 2. Past, He was said, > to have ; to have had ; to be about to liave. 3. Put. He will be said, ) 93. But when the Latin infinitive, with its subject, is trans- lated by the English indicative or potential, the tense used in these moods must be that which will correctly express the time of the act expressed by the Latin infinitive as estimated, not from the time of the governing verb, as in Latin, but as estimated from the present. That is, events present at the same time, or past at the same time, will be expressed in English by the same tense ; an event represented in Latin as prior to the present time, (perfect infinitive after the present tense,) will be expressed by the English imperfect or perfect indefinite ; and an event represented in Latin as prior to a past event, (perfect infinitive after a past tense,) will be ex- pressed by the English pluperfect ; thus, 1. Prcs. Dicnnt eum venire, They saj that he is coming, ov comes. 2. Past, Direrunt eum venire, They said that he came. 3. Pres. Dicnnt eum venisse, They say that he came. 4. Past, Dixerimt eum venisse, They %?i\(\. that he had come. 5. Past, Coeperunt suspicdri illam They began to suspect f/ia< she came. venire , Note. The infinitive after the future does not follow this analogy, but is always translated in its own tense ; as, Prcs. Perf. Future. 6. Dicent eum venire, venisse, vcnturum esse. Tliey Avill say that he comes, has come, will come. 94. 1. Present, past, and future time, are variously ex- pressed as follows: 1st. Present time is expressed by the present tense., and generally by the perfect definite. 2d. Past time is expressed by the imperfect., perfect indefi- nite, 2i\Apiluperfect, — by the perf ectp)articiple, — thQ present infinitive after a past tense, — iha present tense used to express a past events 157, 3, 1082 f — and \>y i\iQ present partici" 366 LATIN IDIOMS. pie, agreeing with the subject of the governing verb in any of* these tenses, 182, 5, 13-4:3, Sd. Future time is expressed by the future and future per- fect. 2. The infinitive of deponent verbs, is translated in the same manner as the infinitive active in the following examples m Nos. 95 to 100. 3. After verbs denoting to promise, reqiiest, advise, com- mand, and the like, implying a reference to something future, the present infinitive, with its subject, is usually translated as the future, by shoidd, or would, (See No. 100, 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9,) ; as, Jussit, eosper castra duci^ He ordered that they shoidd he led through the camp. 4. The Latin words for "/^e said," '■'•saying^'' or the like, introducing an oblique narration, are often omitted, and the infinitive takes the form of translation corresponding to the time expressed by the word to be supplied. From these principles are deduced the following directions- for translating the infinitive with a subject. Present Infinitive after Present or Future Time. 95. Direction I. When the preceding verb is in the pres- ent, the perfect used indefinitely, or future tense, the present infinitive is translated as the present ; as, Active Voice. 1. Dico eum laud are, I say that he praise*. 2. Dixi eum laud are, I have said that he p'azses, 3. Dicam eum laud are, I will say that h& praises. Passive Voice. 1. Dico eum laud an, • I say that lie /s pm/seteire, Reordered > that you sAomZc? ^o. 12. Jusserat ) He had ordered ) Perfect Infinitive after Present or Future Time. 97. Direction III. When the preceding verb is in the present, perfect definite, ov future te^ise, the perfect infinitive is translated as the imperfect or perfect indefinite ; as, Active Voice. 1. Dico eum laudavisse, I say that he pro ?V^. 2. Dixi eum laudavisse, I have said that he praised. 3. Dicam eum laudavisse, I will say that he /^rat'sec/- Passive Voice. 4. Dico eum lauddtum esse, I say that he was pra/s^c?. 5. Dixi eum lauddtum esse, I liave said that he was pra?'sec?. 6. Dicam eum lauddtum esse, 1 wWl say thsit he was praised. 7. Dico eum lauddtum fuisse, I say that he has been praised. 8. Dixi eum lauddtum fu isse, I liave said that he has been praised. 9. Dicam eum lauddtum fuisse, I will say that he has been praised. S68 LATIN IDIOMS. Perfect Infinitive after Past Tenses. 98. Direction IV. When the preceding verb is in the imperfect, perfect indefinite, or pluperfect, or in the present infinitive after a past tense, the perfect infinitive is translated as the pluperfect ; *as, Active Voice. 1. Dicebam eum laudavisse, I said that he had praised. 2. Dixi eum laudavisse, I said that he had praised. 3. Dixeram eum laudavisse, I had said that he had praised. 4. Ccepi dicere eum laudavisse, I began to say that he had praised. Passive Voice. 5. Dicebam eum lauddtum esse,l said that he had been praised. 6. Dixi eum lauddtum esse, I said that he had been praised. 7. Dixeram eum lauddtum esse, I had said that he had been praised. 8. C'a^pi dicere eum lauddtum I began to say that he had been esse, praised. 9. Dicebam eum lauddtum fu- I said that he had been praised. isse, 10. Dixi eum lauddtum fuisse, I said that he had been praised. 11. Dixeram eum lauddtum fu- I had said that he Acw/ 6ee« joratseof. isse, 12. Ccepi dicere eum lauddtum I began to say that he had been fuisse, praised. Future Infinitive after the Present Tense. 99. Direction V. When the preceding verb is in the pres- ent, or perfect definite, oy future tense, the future infinitive with esse is translated as the future indicative ; and with fuisse, by woidd have, or should have, in the pluperfect potential in a fu- ture sense ; and ^bre, iov futurum esse, is translated by will be. Active Voice. 1. Dico eum laudaturum esse, I say that he iv ill praise. 2. Dixi eum laudaturum esse, I have said that he itvV/ prai'sg. 5. Dicam eum laudaturum esse, I will say that he ivill praise. 4. Dico eum laudaturum fu- 1 saj thsit he would have praised. isse, 5. Dixi eum laudaturum fu- I have said that he ivould have isse, praised. €. Dicam eum laudaturum fu- 1 w^\\. saj ihaXho, would have praised, isse, LATIN IDIOMSo 369 Passive Voice. 7. Dico eiim fauddium iri, 1 say that he will he praised. 8 Dixi eum laud at run iri, I have said that he ifi// /)e ;:)raisec?. 9. Dicam eum laudu,tum ii'i, I will say that he will be praised. future Injinitivc after Past Tenses. 100 Direction VI. TVTien the preceding verb is of the imperfect, perfect indefinite, or 'pluperfect, the future of the infinitive with esse is rendered by would or should ; and with fuisse, by woidd have, and should have ; andybre, for futHrum esse, after any past tense, by would be; as, Active Voice. I Dicebam eum laudaturum esse, I said that he ivould praise. 2. Dixi eum laudaturum , ^^c, I said \\\2it ae, would praise. 3. Dixeram eum lauaaturum , ^c. 1 had said that he would praise. 4. Dicebam eum laudaturum fu- I said that he loould have praised. isse, 5. Dixi eum laudaturum, Sfc, 1 said that he would have praised. 6. Dixeram eum laudaturum fu-1 had said that he would have isse, praised. Passive Voice. 7. Dicebam eum laudatum iri, I said that he ivoidd be praised- 8. Dixi eum laudatum iri, 1 i-'Hid that ho would be praised, 9. Dixeram eum I audatuvi iri, lh?i(\. sn\(\. that ho. icoukl be praised-. 10. Dicebam (dixi) eum fore tutum, I said tliat ho would be safe. Usage of Fore. Ohs. Fore is used for futurum esse, and, with a subject after present tenses, means ''will be ;" after past tenses, '■'- would be^ JBoth of them when followed by a subjunctive with ut, (678, USSf) after a present tense, may be translated by the future indicative of that verb ; and after a past tense, by the imper- fect "potential ; as, II Credo mm. fore tutum, I believe that he will he safe. 12. Credebam or credidi, {credide- I believed, (liad believed) that he ram) eum fore tutum, icould be safe. 13. Credo fore (or futurum esse) I believe that you icill learn, ut d iscas , U. Credebam or credidi (credide- I believed, (had believed) that you ram) fore Cor futurum esse) icould learn. (Ht. it icould be tluii ut disceres , ifou would learn.) 370 LATIN IDIOMS. Participles. 101. Participles are usually translated after their nouns, as in the paradigms of the verb; thus, 1. Present active, Homo car ens fraude, A man ivantivg guile. 2. Future active, Homo scripturus, A man about to write. 3. Perfect passive, Vita bene acta, A life well spen^ 4. , Ccesar co actus, Caesar being (or having been) compelled. 5. (Deponent,) Ccpsar regressus, Csesar having returned. 6. Future passive, Mala vitanda, Evils to be avoided, i. e., which ought to be avoided. ^xc. But when a participle is used as an adjective, (182, 8, 134:3 f) it is translated, like the adjective, before its sub- stantive ; as, 7 . Tigrin ostendit mansu efa ctam, He exhibited a tamed tiger. 8. In fer vent lb us arenis insistens, Standing on the burning sands. Future Participle Active. 102. When the future participle active is used to express a purpose, end, or design of another action, (685, 1333^) it is rendered by " to," or the phrase " in order to," instead of " about to ;" as, . 1. Pergit consulturus oracula, He goes to consult (or, in order to consult) the oracle. Obs. The j^resent participle is also sometimes used in this sense ; as, 2. Venerunt postulantes cibum, They came to (or, in order to) ask food. Perfect Participle Passive, 103. As the Latin verb has no perfect participle in the active sense (except in deponent verbs), its place is usually supplied by the perfect participle passive in the case absolute, (()92,) ; thus, "Ciesar having consulted his friends," rendered into Latin, will be, Ccesar, amtcis consul tis, literally, " Cicsar, ^iis friends being consulted^' Hence, 104. When the action expressed passively by the perfect participle in the case absolute, or agreeing with the object of a verb, is something done by the subject of the leading verb in LATIN IDIOMS. 3Tl the sentence, the participle is rendered more in accordance with English idiom, by the perfect participle in the active voice in English, agreeing with the subject of the verb, and followed by its noun in the objective case, (182, 8, 13J:J:^ and 692,9^7); thus, 1. Cfesar his dictia , profectus est, translated in the Latin idiom, Caesar, these things being said, departed. English idiom, Caesar, having said tfiese things, departed. 2. Opere peracto, hidemns, Latin idiom, Our work being finished, we will play. English idiom, Having finished our icork, we ^ill play. 3. Pijthiam ad se vocatum pecunid instrnrit, Latin idiom. He supplied ^vith money Pythias being called to him. English idiom. Having called Pythias to him, he supplied him -with money. 105. The perfect participle of deponent verbs having an active signification, accords with the Enghsh idiom, and is best translated literally; as, 1. Nactus naviculum, Having found a. hoat. 2. Cohort dtus exercitum, Having exhorted the array. 106. TThen the perfect participle of deponent or common verbs, expresses an act nearly or entirely contemporaneous with the leading verb, it may be translated by the English present participle in ing, (182, 5, Note, 1343) ; as, 1. Rex hoc f acinus mirdtus juve- The king, admiring this act, dis- nem dimisit, missed the youth. 1. Columba delapsa re/ert sagit- The dove fiilUng brings back the ar« tarn, row. The Future Participle Passive. 107. After verbs signifying to give, to deliver, to agree or bargain for; to have, to receive, to undertake, and the like, the participle in dus generally denotes design or purpose, and is rendered simply as in the paradigm, or with the plirase " in order to," prefixed (686, 131 o) ; as, 1. Testamentum tibi tradit leg en- He delivers his will to you to (or in dutn , order to) be read. 2. Attribuit nos trucidandos He has given ns over to Cethegus Cetherfo, (in order) to be slain. 108. The participle in dus, especially when agreeing with the subject of a sentence or clause, generally denotes propria tty, necessity, or obligation, and is rendered vaiiously, as the 372 LATIN IDIOMS, tense of the accompanying verb and the connection require (687,) ; the following are examples : {1304:*) 1 Legdtus mittendus est, An ambassador must (or should) ba sent. 2. Legdtus mittendus erat or An ambassador had to be sent. fuit, 3. Legdtus mittendus erit, An ambassador v:dl have to be sent. 4. Legdtum mittendum esse, That an ambassador ^/iOi/Zo? 6e s<•r;^^ 5. ' mittendum fuisse, ought to or should have been sent, 6. Dissimulanda loquitur, He speaks things thsit ought to be con- cealed. 7. Dissimulanda loqiiebdtur, He spake things which ought to have been concealed. 8. Quae dissimulanda erunt, "Which ivi II have to be concealed. 9. Die, quid statuendum sit, Say, what is to be {or must be) thought. Ablative Absolute. 109. When a participle stands with a substantive in the ablative absolute, R. LX., the substantive is translated without a sign, Noo 9, and after it the participle, as in the paradigm of the verb ; as, (1349.) 1. Romulo regnante, Romulus reigning. 2. Hac oratione habit A, This oration being delivered. 3. CcEsdre venturo, Caesar (being) about to come. 4. PrcBceptis tradendis, Rules being to be delivered. 5. Bello orto, "War having arisen. Note. The future participles, Ex. 3, 4, are seldom used in the case absolute. 110. When two nouns, — a pronoun and a noun, — a noun or a pronoun and an adjective, are used in the ablative without a participle, (695, 972)', they are translated in the nominative without a sign, and the English participle '•'•being^^ inserted between them ; as, 1. Adolescentido duce, A young man being leader. , 2. Mario consule, Marius being consul. 3. Me suasore, I being the adviser. 4. Annibali vivo, Hannibal being alive. 6. Se invito. He being unwilling. Gerunds and Gerundives. 111. The gerund, being a verbal noun, is translated in the LATIN IDIOMS. 373 same manner as other nouns of the same case, and at the same tune may govern the case of its own verb 698 ; as, 1. N. Petendum pacem, Seeking- peace. 2. G. Pdcndi pacem 0/ seeking peace. 3. D. Utendo libris, To (or for) using books. 4. Ac. Ohliviscendum wjiiriamm, Forgetting injuries. 5. Abl. Parendo mcn/istratui, Bij olwjiug the magisti-ate. C. Abl. Petendo pacem. With, from, in, by seeking peace. 112. Of verbs that govern the accusative, instead of the gerund in the oblique cases, the Latins commonly used the participle in dus, in the sense of the gerund, and agreeing with its object in gender, number, and case ; the case being governed by the same word that would have governed the gerund. \Vlien thus used, it is called a gerundive. (707, K. LXIL, 1322, K. CIV Gerunds, 1. Arslihrum legendif 2. Utile vulnera curando, 3. Ad I it eras scrihendum, 4. De captlvos commutandoy Gerundives. 5. Ars lihri legendi, Tlie art of reading a booh. 6. Utile vulnerihus curandis, Useful for healing wounds. 7. Ad literas scribendas. For icriting a letter. 8. De captlvis comniutandis, Eespecting exchanging captives. 113. When the gerund is the subject of the verb est, gov- erning^ the dative, it impUes necessity, and is variously trans- lated into the English idiom, as the tense of the verb requires (699, 1305)', as, Latin Idiom. 1. Legendum est mihi, Reading is to me ; i. e,, ^ 2. Legendum erat (fuit) mihi, ileading was to me ; 3. Le(/endHm fuerat mihi, Keading had been to mc ; 4. Legendum erit mihi, Keading will be to me ; 5. Dicit legendum esse mihi, He says that rcafling is to me ; 6. Dicit legendim fuisse mihi. He says that reading was to me ; English Idiom. I must read; I ought to read; I should read. I had to read ; I ought to have read ; I sliould have read. I had been obliged to read. I Anil liave to read ; it will be neces- sary for me to read. He says that I must read — ought to read — should read. He says that I had to read— ought to — or shotild — have read. Oosl The dative is frequently omitted, and generally when It denotes persons or things, in a general or indefinite sense. 3*74 LATIN IDIOMS. In such cases, Jwmtni, homimbus, nobis, or tlie like, must be supplied ; as, 7. Vivendum est recte, (scil. homini- Living lionestly is, viz. : to men; i. a bus,) Ji^eu ouglit to live honestly. 8. Dicit vivendum esse recte. (scil. He says that living honestly is, viz. : hommi,) to a man ; i. e., a man ought to live honestly. Supines. 114. The supines are rendered without variation, as in the paradigm, and under the rules, (§ 148, 1860) ; as, 1. Abiit deambulatum, He has gone to walk. 2. Facile dictu, Easy to tell, or to be told. Passive Voice. 115. The passive voice, in the indicative mood, is trans- lated as in the paradigms. The subjunctive mood is subject to all the variety of construction and translation used in the active voice, Nos. 74-84, acting on the verb to be, which, as an auxiliary with the perfect participle, makes up the passive form of the verb in English. In the compound tenses, (186, 3, 34:0 f) when two or more verbs in a sentence are in the same tense, and have the same nominative, or are in the same construction, the verb sum is commonly expressed with the last, and understood to the rest, as in the foUowino- Ex. 1. But when the nominative is changed, the verb " to be" should be repeated, as in Ex. 2. 1. Nisusa Minoe victus et occlsus Nisus icas conquered and killed by est, Minos. 2. Tres naves captce, decern demersce, Three ships were taken, ten sunk ; duo miUia hostium rapta, trede- two th.ousand of the enemy tvere cim millia occlsa sunt. taken, thirteen thousand killed. Passive Voice in a Middle Sense. 1 ] 6. The Latin passive voice is often used to represent its subject, not as acted upon by another, but as acting on itself, or for itself, or intransitively, by its own impulse ; and so cor- responds in sense to the middle voice in Greek. Thus used, it is best translated by the active voice followed by the reflex- ive the pronoun as an object, or by an intransitive verb expressmg idea intended, (136, 3, 306,) The following are examples : LATIN IDIOMS. 375 I Faludihus ahditi sunt, They concealed themselves in the marshes. 2. Cum omnes in omni genere scele- Since ail (jim themselves up to every rum volutentur, liiud of vviclicdness. 3. Fertur in hostes, Rushes against the enemy. 4. Volutati super poma, Rolling themselves over the apples. 5. Cingitur armis, Girds himself witli his armor. 6. Sternuntur tumulo, Throw themselves on tlie grave. 7. Gallusvictus occult atur, The cock, when conquered, hides himself. llY. The verb sum governing the genitive by 364, R. XII., 780, R. XXL, may generally be translated by the phrase " belongs to," " is the part," " is the property," &c. See ex- planation under Rule ; as, 1 Est regis, It belongs to the king. 2, Pecus est Melihcei, The flock belongs to Meliboeus. 3. Prudentia est senectutis, Prudence is the characteristic of old age. 118. The verb sum, (also desum) in the third person, gov- erning the dative by 394, S. R. II., 821, R. XXX., may gen- erally be translated by the corresponding tenses of the verb "to have," with the Latin dative for its subject, and the Latin subject for its object ; as, Latin Idiom. English Idiom. \ . Liber est mihi, A book is to me, I have a book. 2. Liber e.rat mihi, A book was to me, I had a book. 3. Liber fuit mihi, A book was (or has I had, or have had a been) to me, book. 4. Liber fuerat mihi, A book liad been to I had had a book. me, .5. LJber erit mihi, A book ^vill be to me, I Avill have a book. 6 Libri sunt mihi. Books arc to me, I have books. T. Est mihi, It is to me, I liave it. 8. Liber deest mihi, A book is not to me, I have not a book. 119. When a compound verb, rendered by the simple verb and a preposition, is followed by two cases, the simple verb wdtli the immediate object (always in the accusative,) is usu- ally translated first, and then the preposition wdth the remote object. 1 Flnmen copias transduxit, He led his forces across the river. 2 Circumdare moenia oppido, To build walls around the city. 8. Caput dejecit saxo, He threiv the head down from the rock. 31 Q LATIN IDIOMS. 120. An adverb, adverbial phrase, or clause expressinir some circumstance, in translating may often be arranged in different situations in a sentence, due regard being paid to the sense and harmony of the whole ; thus, Magna dehemus susciptre dum vires suppetunt, may be arranged variously for translating, as follows : 1. Debemus suscipere magna, dum vires suppetunt, or, 2. Dum vires suppetunt, debemus suscipere magna, or, . 3. Debemus, dum vires suppetunt, suscipere magna. 121. The negative conjunction ne, is variously rendered /eit, lest that^ that-not, not ; and after verbs signifying to fear, for- bid, and the like, it is translated that, while ut in the same situation, means that not. L Ne qvis eat, Lest (or that not) any one may go. 2. Orat n e se perdat, She entreats that he would not des- troy her. 3. Egi n e iiiteressem, I managed that I should not be pres- ent. 4. Dtim n e veniat, Provided he do not come, 5. Respondit ne cogitdta qindem He replied that not even the thoughts latent, are concealed. 6. Vereor ne cadas, I am afraid that you may fall. 7. Timui ut venlret, ' I feared that he would not come. Note 1. But when the fear expressed, refers to such things as ive wish, ne means that— not; as, Paves ne ducas illam. You are afraid that you do not get her to wife. Ne, after a. command implying a negative, or prohibition, is often omitted ; as, cave titubes, take care that you do not stumble. Note 2. Ne quidem, (always separate,) is an emphatic neg- ative, and has the emphatic word between ; as, ne hoc quidem, not even this; ne turn quidem, not even then. 122. When a verb is translated into English by the aid of an auxiliary, an adverb, or clause modifying it, will often have to be placed between the auxiliary and the verb, (Eng. Gr. 413, An. & Pr. Gr. 93G,) ; as, 1 . Dixit ne oh hoc alios contemna- He said that we should not on this mus, I account despise others. 123. Some jirepositions are variously translated according to the meaning of the words, or thd case with which they are connected; thus, LATIN IDIOMS. 377 1. In, followed by an accusative, means to, into, towards, for, against, &c. (607, R. L., 0S7, R. LXVIII.) 2. Jn, followed by tbe ablative, means in, upon, among, in, in the case of. (608, R. LL, 988, R. LXXIX.) 3. Inter, referring' to two, means between ; to more than tvvo, among. 4. Sub means under, at the foot of close up to. 5. ProE. means before, in comparison of, — sometimes, more than. 124. Whfii the following conjunctions, adjectives, and ad- verbial particles, are placed, one before each of two successive words or clauses, the first is commonly translated differently from the second, and usually in the following manner, ('726, 1374.) 1. Et 2. Que 3. Aut, vel. sive. 4. 5. 6. Nee Neque Sive, seu Turn et, • que, aut, vd, sive, ■ nee, • neque, -sive, seu, t, vel, ) dve, ) jue, S 8. Ciim or quum 9. Jam 10. Nunc 11. Simvl 12. Modo, alias, ■turn, • turn. Both Both Either Neither Whether Not only I Both j Not only (Both { Now ( At one time Not only No sooner As soon as modo, alias, \ r^ ' ' ( ooraetunes -jam -nunc simul, ■and. and. or. nor. -or. ■ but also. • and. • but also. ■ and. ■ then. • at another, but also. ■ than. • instantly. • at another. • sometimes. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Gorres'ponding Conjunctive Terms. Ne — Utrum -— Ita, sic, tarn, adeo, Talis, tantus — Is, ejusmodi — Simid — Tamdiu — Ut — ■an, ■an, ut, ■ut. ut. Whether Whether So ■ac, or a ^^Mc, As soon ■ quamdiu. As long • sic. As Such, so great Such, of such a kind ■or. •or. that ; so- as. as. so. ■as. that, that. Ne is frequently omitted -svith the first word or clause, and must ba supplied when an stands with the second ; as, 21 . Recte an perperaniy ( Whether) right or wrong. 878 LATIN IDIOMS. Preliminary Suggestions and Explanations, 1 . There can be no pleasure either to the teacher or pupil in reciting, unless the lesson is thoroughly prepared. Pupils who are anxious to go over a great space in a short time should remember that a short lesson well prepared is vastly more profitable than a long one ill prepared. Nothing is more injurious than superficial learning. Festina lente. Hence, 2. No lesson should be assigned longer than can be thoroughly got by all the class. And no lesson should be allowed to pass, unless it is thoroughly prepared. 3. Every word, at first, should be looked out in the vocabulary or dic- tionary, and its piimaiy meaning, at least, fixed in the memory. And if more meanings than one are given, the pupil should tiy which will answer best in the sentence he is reading. Nor should he pass to another till he know all about tliis one — its class, gender, declension, &c., as directed, Gr. 774, 14:19, And if he forgot, he should look it out again, and if necessary, again, till he know it thoroughly. 4. Frequent and accurate reviews of the portion previously studied, are of great importance. This is the best way to fix permanently in the mem- ory, the acquisitions made. , 5. Every instance of false quantity, either in reading or parsing, should be instantly corrected. Bad habits in this particular are easily formed, and, if ever, are corrected with great difficulty. If proper attention has been paid to this in going through the grammar, there will be less diffi- culty now. In order to assist in this, the pupil should commit to mem- ory and apply the few following — General Rules for the Quantity of Syllables. 1. A vowel before another vowel is short; as, via, deus. 2. A vowel before two consonants, or a double consonant, is long by position ; as, arma, fallo, axis. 3. A vowel before a mute and a hquid, (I and r,) is com- mon ; i. e., either long or short ; as, volucris, or voliicris. 4. A diphthong is always long; as, Ccesar, auriim. Note. In tliis work, when the quantity of the penult is detcnnined by any of these rules, it is not marked ; otherwise it is marked. 6. The pupil should never satisfy himself with being able to read and translate his lesson, or even to pai-se it toJcrahly, but should try to under- stand the construction of every word, and the connection aiid dependence of every part ; and moreover," should hold himself ready, if called upon, to answer such questions as the following, viz. : 1. Questions that may he ashed concerning every sentence. Has this sentence any connection Avith the preceding 1 If so — What Js tlic connecting word 1 In an-anging or construing this sentence, which LATIN IDIOMS. 379 word do you take first ? — which next? — which next ■? &c, Wh)'? (See introduction — directions, &c. ) In this sentence, what is the grammatical subject "? What is the grammatical predicate ? What is the logical sub- ject ? What is the logical predicate? Which should be taken first? (§ 152, 1399.) In what voice, mood, and tense, is the verb ? Why? 2. Questions that may he ashed when the words or the sentence render them proper. Is this sentence single or compound? If compound — What are the single sentences composing it ? By what words are they connected ? Analyze the whole, and each part, {§ 152, 1399.) Is this word simple or compound? If compound — Of what is it compounded? What is the meaning of each part ? What is the meam'ng of the compound ? Form other compounds and tell their meaning. Is this word primitive or de- rivative ? If derivative — From what is it derived ? What is its primary meaning? What is its meaning here? (If different) — How came it to have this meaning ? What English words are derived fi"om it ? Change the verb, if active, into passive, and express the same idea — If passive, change it into the active, and express the same idea. Change the verb into different tenses, &c. Nouns. How do you know this word to be a noun ? Proper ? or com- mon ? Wliy ? In what case ? Why ? For what pm'pose is the nom- inative used ? Is it the subject or predicate here ? For what pm-pose is the genitive commonly used ? — the dative ? — the accusative ? — the voca- tive ? — the ablative ? For what purpose is it used, and by what is it gov- erned here ? Adjectives. How do you know this word to be an adjective ? What noun or pronoun does it qualify or limit here ? Is it compared ? Why ? Why not? (K a numeral) — To what class does it belong? Pronouns. How do you know tliis to be a pronoun ? To what class of pronouns does it belong? (If used substantively) — Instead of what noun does it here stand ? (If adjectively ) With what noun does it agree ? (K a relative) — What is its antecedent? Verbs. How do you know this word to be a verb ? Of what class ? In what mood, tense, number, person ? For what purpose is the indica- tive mood used ? — the subjunctive ? — the imperative ? — the infinitive ? For what purpose is it used here ? For what piu'pose is the present tense used ? — the imperfect ? — the perfect definite ? — indefinite ? — the pluper- fect ? — the future ? — the futiu-e perfect ? From what point is the time of the infinitive mood reckoned ? (176, 1120*) How is the present infinitive translated after a verb denoting present time ? — past time ? — future time ? How is the perfect trans- lated — (the future — the future-perfect) after a verb denoting present time? — past time? — future time? (§ 47.) In what mood is the lead- ing verb in oblique narration? (651, 129G.) In what mood are verbs in dependent clauses in obhque narration? {634:, 1293.) For what purpose is the participle used ? How does it become an adjective? How are gerunds used ? — supines ? 380 LATIN IDIOMS. Adverbs, Prepositions, Interjections, Conjunctions. — What is tlie use of the adverb 1 What word does it modify here 1 What is the use of the preposition ? Between what words does it show the relation here ? What is the use of the inteqection "? What emotion does it express here ? What is the use of the conjunction'? What words or sentences does it ioin here 1 7. If the lesson contain names of persons or places, or allusions to events or fables, in history or mythology, or to the manners or customs of any people, let the pupil inquire into them and be ready to tell some- thing respecting them. This however should be only a secondary matter with the beginner, as it properly belongs to a more advanced stage ; but still a httle attention to it may serve to interest and stimulate him to far- ther research. SHELDON & COMPANY'S Bc\ml uH CLoUtgiate Ce:rt-^oob. ■» ♦♦^ 9f» would call tJie Especial attention of Teachers, und of all w/io are interested in t?ie subject o/ £^diicatio9i, to t?ie following valuable list of School Sooks : BULLIONS' SEEIES OF GEAMMAES, Etc. 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