DA 5* 670 w SCANDINAVIAN NAMES "^ IN NORFOLK Hundred Courts, Mote Hills, Toothills, AND Roman Camps and Remains in Norfolk SECOND EDITION (with over 200 additions to the three pamphlets published by me in 1916) BY WALTER RYE ISSUED TO SUBSCRIBERS ONLY AT 2/6 Siovixiich : Primed by ROBERTS & Co., TEN BELL LANE Is8u«d to Subscribers by H. W. HUNT, ORFORD PLACE 1920 SCANDINAVIAN NAMES IN NORFOLK Hundred Courts, Mote Hills, Toothills, AND Roman Camps and Remains in Norfolk SECOND EDITION (with over 200 additions to the three pamphlets published by me in 1916) BY WALTER RYE ISSUED TO SUBSCRIBERS ONLY AT 2/6 Printed by ROBERTS & Co., TEN BELL LANE Issued to Subscribers by H. W. HUNT, ORFORD PLACE 1920 FIRST EDITION, 1916. As I am not likely to live to use myself the notes I have made on the subjects mentioned in my prospectus (see p. 4 of cover) I have thought it best to print them in a short and cheap form for the use of others. I shall be greatly obliged if my readers will send rne ahy corrections or additions, or give them lo the City Librarian at the Public Library, Norwich, for insertion in an interleaved copy 1 am lodging there. (I received none in answer to this appeal). SECOND EDITION, 1920. I must acknowledge my obligations to Mr. W. G. Clarke, F.G.S., the Hon. Sec. of the Prehistoric Society of East Anglia, for having kindly added to this part. I received many valuable additions from the Rev. J. F. Williams of Beachamwell Rectory, Swaffham, all of which are incorporated in this edition. W.R. 9 SCANDINAVIAN NAMES IN NORFOLK. My views as to the probability of an ante-Roman Scan- dinavian settlement in Norfolk and elsewhere, were, 30 years ago, set out on pp. 4 et seq. of my ''Popular History of Norfolk," and I see no leason to modify them. No one has attempted to eixplain away the points I made that many places in England with Scandinavian pre- fixes, e.g., Brancaster and Doncaster, have had Roman affixes put on to them which shows that the Romans found the prefixes and added the affixes. Or that London had its prototype in a still existing Danish village, and that all along the river-bank places like Tilbury, Kew, etc., whose derivations have baffled the old style? of derivation-mongers, may still be found in Denmark. Round Norwich this is very marked, and the whole subject wants closer attention given to it than it has hitherto had. 989864 2 SCANDINAVIAN NAMES IN NORFOLK. The following Scandinavian personal names are still to be found in Norfolk : — Abel Grumbold Raven Agard, Aggard Hacon Rudrum or Haggard Hagon Seago ? Algar Hammond Skyles Bacon Harrod ? Skoyles Bagge Harroid Snare *Balders Holm Snelling ''Balding3 Hubbard ? Swan "^Baklry Hubberst}^ Thorgrim Balls Jermin occurs in Thorold Barretr Denmark as Thurgar Bugg Jermiin Thurlow Craimer Kabell Thurston Fiske Kemp Thirkettle Fisker Ketill Thirtle Frey Knowt Trorey Frost Lock Tuck? Garneys lyovnes Ulfketel Gierling Nekar Ulph ? Grimmer Nelson Watling The terminations of names of existing villages bearing Scandinavian names are in the outer margin. Those in- dented are place-names I have noted from various books and records, and I have added about 120 new names to those hitherto known. Some notes as to the actual identities (78) either in whole or in part of the names of certain of our Norfolk villages with the existing Danish villages will be found on pp. 45-6 of my ^Topular History,'* on p. 7 of which, tables are given specifying 53 other of our villages which bear Scandinavian prefixes or affixes, as by, etc. By. Alby Aldeby Ashby (Flegg) Ashby (lyoddon) Ashby (Shropham) * The village of Baldeswell is doubtless named after one of the name of Balder. SCANDINAVIAN NAMES IN NORFOLK 3 Barnoldby (Pat. Cal., ii., p. 269) Bawburgh, called Bawby (Pat., 1358, p. 31) Billingsby (see Feet of Fines, Ric. & John, p. 113) Billockby Colby Filby Gunby Gate by Gunton (Bl. viii., p. 71) Hemsby Herringby lybey near Wood Bailing Kirby Bedon Kirby Cane Kirby Hill near Overstrand Maltby or Maiitby Oby or Ouby Ormesbiy Rollesby Scalby in Heigham (Bl. iv., p. 505) Scratby Sqnenceby manor in East Flegg (Rot. Hun. p. 509) Stdkesby Threskelby near Wiggenhall St. Germans (6 Edward II., p. 54) Thrigby Tyby Hamlet in Wood Balling Tytheby in Eynsford (B.B.B., p. 270) Wilby Flegg Hundreds. Fonth on Frith. Barford als' Barforth (Fines, 12 Eliz.) Belyngforth (Bl. v., p. 39) Cringleford was originally Kryngyl/ori/z. See account annexed 'to Roll 5, Henry V., re- lating to the Lathes Manor there belonging to St. Giles' Hospital (City of Norwich Muniment Room.) — Banish work has been recently found in Cringleford Church. Horsford used to be called Horsforth (T.B.L.) Conesford in Norwich Thursford used to be called Thursforth SCANDINAVIAN NAMES IN NORFOLK. Cony ford Plantation, near Stiff key, is in a situ- ation where no ford in the usual sense of the word is possible Frith, several of the surname in 1348 (Terring- ton near Tilney) Frothbridge was the name by which Freebridge Hundred was known in 1348 (Mis. Inq., ii.^ No. 2072). Gay. Lyngey Close in Kempton Swangey near Hargham Wormegay or Wrongay Crave. Aiegrave (Fines) Bargraves, Over and Nether, in Felthorpe Bertigrave (Fines) Burgrave in North Elmham (Pat. Cal. 1382) Chedgrave Dudgrave (Fines) Flaxgrave in Felthorpe Hargrave near Felthorpe Hengrave, or Hingrave, in Alderford Illegrave (Feet of Fines, John p. 373) Lambsgrave (Fines) Saltgrave (Lete, p. 303) Saltgrave in Runton (North Erpingham, p. 222)- Wingrave (Fines) Haugh OP Ha>v. Ashmanhaugh Banham Haugh (In particulars of Sale, 1906) Belhawe near Arminghall (Bl. v., p. 420. N. Tour^ p. 742) Belaugh Bishopshaugh near Old Buckenham (Bl. i., p. 369) Bylaugh Cowhawe in Lakenham (Bl. N. iv., p. 322) Easthaugh or Eastoe Grasshawe, hamlet in Ashmanhaugh Greenhaw le at Magdalen Chapel (Temp. Ed. I.) Greshaugh in Wymondham (Bl. ii., p. 499) SCANDINAVIAN NAMES IN NORFOLK. 5 Greshaugh in Bacton Grishaugh near Pulham (Rye's Index to Norf. Topography, p. 252) Gunshaw in Needham Haw hill near East Dereham Haw wood near Themelthorpe Herringshawe Manor in Dillington (Bl. x,, p. 47) Hawe, the, at Banham (Bl. i., p. 350) Levishaugh in Buxton Micklehaugh, south-west of Banham Senhaugh? (BL, p. 309) Strumpshaw Westhaugh near Plumstead Hoe on Howe. Aerkhowe (Burnham Court Rolls) Barrow (Munford, p. 55) Barrow I/Owes near Ormesby (Eliz., Norf. Re< cords, p. 276) Bassinghoe, Burnham Blakehoe near Kypon (Bl. ix., p. 526) Blundhowe (Burnham Court Rolls) Below for Belaugh Blethow at Walsingham (Bl. ix., p. 282) Boyshowe ^Nlarsh (Pat. Cal. iv., p. 613) Cowhawe in; Lakenham (Bl. N. iv., p. 522) Carrow Clerkhow in Burnham Cuneho Bridges near Bacton Darrow near Alburgh Darrow Wood at Denton Darrow Wood at Shelfanger Easthaugh, Easthoe Easthoe in Lyng Esco, a lost village, once in Hemesby (Bl. xi., p. 164) Farrow Shaw by Ditchingham Fifhowe in Wereham (Bryant's Clackclose) Forehoe Hundred Fromow Farm near Drayton (Bl. i., p. 117) Gallow Hundred Gannowe Gap in Fieethorpe SCANDINAVIAN NAMES IN NORFOI.K. Greenhaw ]\Iill Hill near Norwich (Bl. iv., p. 78)' Grenehow (Norwich Deeds, p. 87) Greenhoe Hundred Gorthowe in Freethorpe Greenhow Hill in Gowthorpe (at Cringleford in 1529) Grimeshoe Hundred Gronenhowe-on-the-Hill (washed away off Bacton) Guneho near Bromholm (Bl. xi., p. 22) Haddiscoe Howe (Bl. viii., p. 26) Hymmyngshow Field in Thetford, 1720 Howe Hill in Upper vSheringham How or Hoe Hill near Ludham How Hill near Trowse Bridge (Hudson i., p. 323) How Hill in Beachamwell How Hill in Holkham Park Howhill Field at Great Field at Mileham (Carth, ii., p. 402) How Hill, Northwold Hoe's Manor in Shelfhanger Howe near Norwich Howe, or Hoe near Dereham Hoe Hill near Calthorpe Howe Pasture near Wymondham How Pits near Blakeney Howland Plantation near Rainham Humbriggesho in 12 Ed. III. (Dashwood's Seals Pl. 9) Kyppehow in Wereham (Bryant's Clackclose) Lampjythowe in Thetford in 1338 Langho in Bacton Linghowe (Burnham Court Rolls) lyimpenhoe Manneshowe in Paston (No. 858 in Dugdale's Charters of St. Benet's) Marrow Hill at Baimer Mill Hoe near Thurgarton Muckle Howe (Burnham Court Rolls) Pillow Green near East Bilney Pirnhow Hall, Hindringham Pirsehow near Ditchingham SCANDINAVIAN NAMES IN NORFOLK. 7 Popenhoe in Walsoken (Bl. ix., p. 125) Pristow Green near Tibenham Row How Hill in Roughton Sallows Scales How in South Lynn (Bl. viii., p. 542, and Pat. Roll, Richard III.) Scarrow Bridge near Calthorpe Scottow Sennowe Sparrow (Sparhoe) Hill near Morston Sparrow Hills in Merton Stanhoe near Colney (Bl. v., p. 4) Stanhoe Sunderwood Howe Thohowe in Paston Wylderhowe (See St. Benet's Charters, No. 85o> Thurningho (Close Roll, 1286) Holm. Asardesholm near Potter Heigham (Dug. Mon. v., p. 70) Asketel Holm (see inq. p.m. of Aylmer de Valence) Barilholm in Ludham (Charter Rolls, 1235) Beaumondes Holm in Great Ringstead, 22 Rich. II. — (Ministers Accounts, pp. 360-1) Bisshoppis Holm in Great Cressingham Blaventysholm near Reedham in 22 Edw. IV. (Harl. Ch. 417. F. of F. 31 Henry VI., Fine^ Cal., p. 426) Brakeholm in Bromholm, Chanters (Dug. Mon. v., p. 59) Brereholm near Bacton (18 Ed. II., Cal., p. 313) Bromholm Abbey Brotherholme Marsh in 1767 Burnham probably Burnholm. There is a Bjorneholm in Denmark and also a Dypdale,. and there are Scaldshead Hills in Burnham. Catsholm in Methwold Coldholm is a marsh near the junction of the Thurne and Ant Coldham Hall is probably a corruption of the same name SCANDINAVIAN NAMES IN NORFOLK. Cowholm, sites of both Norwich Cathedral and St. Benet's Abbey Crosholm in prato de Len (Fines, Rich. I.) Destholm Marsh in Strumpshaw (Bl. vii., p. 225) Dodholm in Flegg (Bl. iii., p. 477), probably in Winterton (see Norris's Happing, p. 47) Dritholm (Fines, No. 1313) Earlham originally Earlholm Earsham Church said to be within a Danish camp, if so, possibly was once Earsholme Flatholm in Hellesdon (Bl. x., p. 427) Foldholm — salt marsh on Breydon Water Foulholm, or Fugilholm (St. Benet's Chart, No. 860) Foulholm (Fines Mich, 36 Eliz., p. 525) Frysseholm near Burnham Deegdale (Ancient Charters, A 553) Frotholm in Halvergate Fulholm Manor in Burgh in Flegg (Norris Char- ters, D 81 f) Geilholm (Bromholm Charters, Dugdale) Girteholm in Freethorpe Gortesholme near North Walsham Greneholm in Great Cressingham Holme- by- the-Sea Holme Hale Holm, St. Benet's Abbey at Holme, or Welholme Chapel in Tharston (Bl. v., p. 392) Holmes on Brunstead Marshes Holm Common near Honing Holm Hill in Tharston (Bl. v., p. 306) Holme, Little near Methwold (Vict. Hist., Ro- man, p. 297) Holme Marsh in Rushall (Bl. iv., p. 512) Hogholm, Gresholm, Perholm, said to be low- lying tracts by Candler (Norf. Arch, ii., p. 61) but no localities given Holme next Runcton Kevesholm Meadow Marsh (Index to Norf. Top. p. 171) Kineholm (Feet of Fines, 10 Rich. I., No, 272) Lambholme in Freethorpe SCANDINAVIAN NAMES IN NORFOI.K. 9 lyokholme in Bawburgh (Bl. ii., p. 392) Mao^ors Holmes in Thetford, 1554 Rough Holme in Gressenhall (Bl. ix., p. 515) Runcton Holme Riinham originally Runholm (asserted by the late Rev E. Gillett) Ravensholm in Hardingham (Bl, x., p. 225 and F. of F., p. 105) Rowholme Marsh in Wheatacre (Inq. p.m. 5 Hy. v., vol. iv., p. 30) Saylholm, old name for Sileham (Bl. v., p. 333) Skeetholni Marsh on Brqydon Water Slevesholm Priory otherwise Sleesham (Index N.Top., p. 27) Strodeholm Marsh in Wheatacre Burgh (Bl. iv., P- 512) Thtrholm (Rnrnham Court Rolls) Thornholm in Eccles (Bl. ix., p. 296) Totesholm in Feltwell (Bl. ii., p. 189) Welholme in Tharston (Bl. v., p. 306) Hope or Hoop. Walhop, a lost village in West Norfolk. See Close Roll 1214, m. tq Weybourne Hope Howet See ante under Howe Nab at Burgh Margaret In Wayland Wood (Norf. Arch, ix., pp. 311, 327-8) Wunestunes Nab (Fines 133) Ness. Foulness by Cromer Maltby Ness, a lost village near Cromer. See Close Rolls, 1310, p. 191 Ness, >*a lost village near Winterton (Bl. xi., p. T99) Ness, a lost village near Cromer? Rackness Hospital in South Acre. (Dug. Mon. vi., p. 169) St. Edmund's Ness (Close Roll, 1326, Cal. p. 613) Skateness near Blakeney 10 SCANDINAVIAN NAMES IN NORFOI^K. Winterton Ness Blakeney is said to be a corruption of Black- ness Repps. North Repps Hundred South Repps Hundred Repps St. Peter Repps by Bastwick Scald. Scaldshead Hills in Bum ham Scald Hill in Bawburgh Sco. (See Munford, p. loi). Esco, a hamlet to Martham Haddiscoe Lascoe Plantation in Colney Sco Ruston Sco, lost village near Hemsby (Norris, p. ii8) Sett. Forncett Heryngsett Manor g Ply. VII. \lnq. p.m. 916) Hethersett Letheringsett Stradsett Tattcrsett Watersett Manor in Bexwell (Bl.) Watlingsett — the old name for North part of Diss Whissonsett (Scandinavian cross found at) Stead is sometimes taken as a Danish affix. Strand. Overstrand Ovstrond Bridge at North Walsham (Court Rolb 30 H,y., VIII.) Sidestrand Sty (See Munford p. 87) Berchenstie (Early Fines) Corpusty SCANDINAVIAN NAMES IN NORFOLK. il Didlestie (Early Fines) Grenestie (Early Fines) Hiimstie (Early Fines) Medelesties (Early Fines) Pcddersty, a path in Saxthorpc (Lothian MS.) Peddersty and Saltersby in Beachamwpll Sidesternstie (Early Fines) Thevestye way in Thetford Weymersty in Thetford Thorpe. Aileswithorpe now Gayton Thorpe Algarsthorpe Algarsthorpe Chapel in Melton All Saints (Bl. v., pp. 17-23) Alethorpe Appethorpe, Mitford, D.D.B. Applethorpe, Forehoe, D.D.B. Ashwellthorpe Baconsthoipe Baconsthorpe — old name for Besthorpe (Bl. i., p. 496) Bagthorpe Bansthorpe, a hamlet of Attleboro (Bl. i., p. 526) Banthorpe Hall near Flordon Battlesthorpe by Stiffkey (Bodl. Charters, p. 184) Old name for Battledore Besthorpe Bowthorpe Broomsthorpe or Brunsthorp (Early Fines) Burhthorpe belonged to Carrow Abbey, 1291 Burnham Thorpe formerly Brunthorpe Bythesthorp in Mileham (Rot. Hun. i., p. 435) Calthorpe Cleythorpe, old name for Cley Cockthorpe Crownthorpe Custhorpe or Scnlthorpe p. 382 Dikethorpe in Windham (Bl. ii., p. 499) Easthorpe Manor in West Harling Edingthorpe 12 SCANDINAVIAN NAMES IN NORFOLK. Eidesthorpe near Mundesley (Inq. p.m. of John de Warrenne, 21 Ed. III., No. 50) Elvesthorpe said to be D.D.B. for Ingoldisthorpe Felthorpe Flockthorpe in Wymondham (Bl. ii., p. 499) • Folthorpe Manor in Hardingham Fosthorpe near Foston (Mundford p. 107) Fortesthorp now in Shouldham Thorpe Fotesthorp D.D.B. for Foston Freethorpe Fnndalethorp (see Norwich Deeds ii., p. 57) Galthorpe, or Glocesthorpe, Manor in Swardeston Bl. v., p. 50) Garboisthorpe (F. of F., Rich. I., No. 175) Gatesthorpe or Gasthorpe Geysthorpe — hamlet of Guist (Bl. viii., p. 216) Gayton Thorpe Gloresthorp or Gowthorp (Bl. v., p. 39) Glosthorpe Gowthorpe or Glocesthorp in Intwood (Bl. v., P- 39) Gunthorpe Haddiscoe Thorpe Halthorpe by Ingham Hecham Thorpe (Early Fines) HerUngthorpe, Hackford Hall (Bl. i., p. 300) or Harlingthorpe or West Thorpe f Hidichesthorpe (Bl. i., p. 724) Honingham Thorpe Ingoldisthorpe Kinesthorpe, a hamlet of Buxton (Bl. vi., p. 445) Kinesthorpe Kynburle (F. of F., Ed. I., No. 212) Markesthorp, a lost coast village in North Erpingham (N.E. p. 11 1, and in 7 Ed. I., see Appx. to Rye's Index) Morningthorpe Pensthorpe near Cley Pockthorpe by Norwich Pockthorpe by Lyng (Ordnance Map) Pockthorpe by Wramplingham Pokethorpe in Filby (Early Fines) Pockthorpe in Foulsham (Ordnance Map) Pockthorpe in Thompson SCANDINAVIAN NAMES IN NORFOI.K. 13. Pockthorpe in Barnhani Broom Pothorpe by Horningtoft Rainthorpe Hall Saxthorpe Sculthorpe Shoiildham Thorpe or Garbridge Thorp Swainsthorpe Stivekey Thorp (Fines 18 Hy. III., No. 540) Themelthorpe Thorpe Abbotts ,, Fakenham ,, by Haddiscoe * Market ,, by Norwich ., Parva ,, in Cossey (Rumburgh Priory (Suff. Deeds) ,, near Shipdham ,, Heath, Wretham Thorpland by Wallington ,, by South Runcton ,, by Fakenham ,, by Runcton Tokethorp Manor, Norwich (Bl. iv., p. 45) ? same as Tokethorp in Wramplingham (D.D.B., p. 202) Tolthorpe Manor, Norwich (Bio. iv., p. 45) Tunethorp (Early Fines) Twyvelthorp (Close Roll, 8 Ed. II.) Westhorp — old name for Hackford Hall Bl. i., p. 169) Westhorpe. See Harlingthorpe Wretham Thorpe, now Wretham Wyresthorp in Mileham (Carthew i., p. 169) Thwaite. Thwaite in South Erpingham Thwaite near Loddon Thwaite in Paston Thwayt Green near Brissingham Toft. Bircham Tofts Buckenham Tofts M SCANDINAVIAN NAMES IN NORFOLK. Caltofts in Redenhall Horningtoft Humbletoft, Thomas, of Gressenhall Rockland Tofts Toft Monks Toftrees Tofts, West, in Grimshoe Toft Close, Thetford Toftwood, East Dereham Toft Common near Westfield Wyptoft an alias for Wallington (Bryant's Clackclose, p. 362) Wick or Wich. Ashwick Barwick Bastwick, Repps-cum- Berwick Manor in Barmer (Bl. vii., p. 3) Bolwick Hall, Marsham Browick in Wymondham By wick Park in Swanton Morley (Bl. x., p. 55) Cakewick in Wyndham (N. Tour, p. 362) Case wick Chiswick Farm near Wallington Cranwich Crostwick or Crostwight (2) Dudwick in Buxton Frowick Court (Bl. i., p. 520) Guestwick Godwick Gunneswyk in Paston (St. Benet's Chart., p. 858) Hallwick in Thetford Hardwick (Bl. v., p. 218) Hard wick by Lynn (Bl. viii., p. 479) Hardwick Street in Banham Kenwick Hall near Clenchwarton Keswick by Bacton Keswick by Norwich Keswick m near Tilney (Pat. 1374) North wick, Thetford Norwich Oxwick Postwick SCANDINAVIAN NAMES IN NORFOLK. 15 Postwick, by Yarmouth Sidersterne Wyk in Tattersett (N.A.M. i., p. 61) Wattonwick in Watton Westwick Westwick, in Norwich Westwick, Thetford Wick Corner on the Little Ouse, below Thetford Wicken Green near Castle Acre Wicken Green near Tittleshall (With the above read : Wickhampton, Wick- lewood, Wickmere.) Woodbastwick Othen Scandinavian Names. Baldeswell, for Balderswell Grime's Graves, Weeting Grime's Manor House in Snitterton Tommy and Mary Grims Hole in Mulbarton Grimmer Hole, Close, and Breck, all in Wretham Grimmer Plumstead Grimston Guthlac Stows Cell Hammer Hill, Hamfer Hois, compare with Ham- merfest and the London Hammersmith Kettleston Kettle Brigg in Wretham Kettleshall in Gunton Kettle Hill Plantation near Blakeney Kettles Hill near Roughton Ketteringham Heathenman Street, Thetford. Heathen Men or Danes ? Thurketeliard (unidentified, an early place in Rye's Deeds) Breydon Water may be a corruption from the Danish Bredeholm. It cannot come from ''don," a hill, as there are no hills near Wensum ma^ be the Danish Wensholm Bure may come from the river which gives a name to the Danish Burfjord. The water- man's name for the Bure is the "North River," and the North River is a term used in the Sagas i6 SCANDINAVIAN NAMES IN NORFOLK. Eelsfoot. There is an Eelsfoot on the south side of Nordfjord in Norway. Barwick Lammas Filby Ludham Gissing Lopham Gresham Vng Elsing Ryburgh Horsey Sail Horstead Saxthorpe Kelling Thnrsford, this has been said to be Thorsford or Thorsfjord and a list of others (set out on pp. 4-5 of my* 'Popular History.") Ramsgate Ravensgate, an old road across Household (See N. and N.A.S., xv., p. 91) Ringstead. See Barrett Ringstead Ringland Hills Skelding (Scalding?) Hills, Sheringham Skottesmuth Skotteswent in Burnham St. Olave's Parish in Norwich. — A Scandinavian or Runic stone found there Thurspitt in Burnham Thurstan, Beeston Armstrong viii., p. 325 gives a ridiculous engraving of a ''Danish figure" drawing a sword, supposed to be the boss of a shield. What is this? For identities of, the names of places still in Denmark with other Norfolk villages see my ''Popular History of Norfolk," p. 13. They are Norfolk. Denmark. Acre (Aaker) Aldborough (Aldbjergh) Barmer Bracondale (Bregnedale) Brandon (Branden) Brunstead Carrow (Karhow) Colby (Kolby) Corpusty (Kurrup) SCANDINAVIAN NAMES IN NORFOI.K. 17 Norfolk. Denmark. Cromer (Kroemmer) Bailing (Delling) Dereham (Darum) Elsing (Helsing) Felbrigg (Felborg) Forehoe (Fcerhoi) Filby (Fielby) Gallow (Galthoe) Gissing (Gesing) Greenhoe (Groenhoei) Honing (Hanning) Haddiscoe (Hedeskov) Hilgay (Hilgehave) Holme (Several in Denmark) Holt (Holt) Horning (Horning) Horsqy (Horse) Horstead (Horsted) Humbleyard (Humblegaarde) Irstead (Eirested) Kelling (Kyelling) Kimberley (Kimmerlve) Kirby (Kirby) Knapton (Knappa) Lammas (Lammes) Langham (Langholm) Loddon (Lodne) Lopham (Lopholm) Ivudham (Luddeholm) Lyng (Lyng) Lynn originally Len j (Laen) Marshland (Marslund) Meels by (Miels) Burnham Pulham (Polleholm) Rising (Risinge) Ryburgh (Ryborg) Salhouse (Sahlhuus) Sail (vSal) Saxthorpe (Saxthorp) Scarning (Skjerring) i8 SCANDINAVIAN NAMES IN NORFOI^K. Norfolk. Snoring Sustead Saham Stratton Straw- less Thorpe Tivetshall pro- nounced Titsel Toft Westwick Windham Worsted Denmark. (Snorren) (Southsted) (Soholm) (Strsedn Strelev) (Thorp) many (Tidsel) (Toft) many (Vestervik) (Vindeholm) (Crested) Besides which I consider as still existing, many which occur up the rivers, e.g., up the North river and its tribu- taries, Filby, Ludham, Brunstead, Salhouse, Horning, Ir- stead, Lammas, Corpusty,* and up the Yare, Carrow. I also gavd on page 7 the names of 53 villages of whicii the first parts occur in present Danish villages, e.g., Ran- worth, Hoveton, Horstead. Two maps, one showing the distribution of what I think are Scandinavian names and another of the place names ending in ingham and ington will be found on the same work opposite pp. 8 and 12. On p. 20 is a list of Norfolk sur- names which seem to me clearly Danish, which I repeat here on p. 2. Yet Dutt in his "Highways and Byways in East Anglia" (1901), p. 98, actually says : "There are few traces in Nor- folk and Suffolk of the permanent settlement of the old Viking raiders." (!) 19 HUNDRED COURTS, MOTEHILLS AND TOOTHILLS in NORFOLK. It is noteworthy that the names of not less than nine and probably twelve of our thirty- two Norfolk Hundreds are distinctly Danish, viz : — Flegg, East and West Holt Forehoe Humbleyard Callow Loddon Greenhoe Lopham Grimshoe and possibly Blofield, once Blofeld and Freebridge, which reads to me Frithbrigg, and this seems to suggest a Danish Territorial Division of the County as they all either bear Danish affixes or their whole names are from Denmark. Under the title of "Open-air Hundred Courts in Nor- folk" Sir G. ly. Gomme contributed a paper to the Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Archaeological Society, vol ix., p. 62, but it was entirely founded on Blomefield's * 'Norfolk," and did not even give all the infor- mation to be found in that work, and indeed there is no trace that he made any independent investigation as to Norfolk. Even this compilation was not careful for he omitted Blomefield's notes on the Hundreds of Guiltcross, Henstead and Shropham. It was, however, useful in drawing attention to the subject and bringing Blomefield's notes to- gether, but altogether omits any reference to the earliest instance in our records of the County Hundred Court or Shire Mote which is given in Blomefield iv., p. 28, under the date of T 150, and which was held in the garden of the Bishop of Noi^wich before William Martel, the King's Steward 3ishop Turb, and most of the Barons of Norfolk and Suffolk 20 HUNDRED COURTS AND MOTE H1L1.S The detached tower near the Erpingham Gate may have been used for the bell of the Folk Mote just as a similar tower outside St. Paul's, London, was used. The "bell house," I have little doubt, was the origin of the surname *'de Belhouse," sometime Atte Bellhouse — a bearer whereof passed his surname on to the manor of Belhouse in Essex. I point oat later that St. Martin-at-Palace Gates on the South side of the river, was sometimes called St. Martin-at- Montem, and may have been the site of a Mote hill and that on the North side of the river, St. Miles-at-Plea was also called "at-Motstow," and will venture a suggestion that they were the assembly places of two communities and that the name "at-Plea" may show that the Hundred Courts were held here, which is more likely than that it referred to the Bishop's Pleas> being held here, just as Hungate used to be said to be derived from the Bishop's hounds ! I have an idea too that Mark Knights showed some- where that "Tome" was a synonym for mote which would give yet another possible derivation for Tombland. The old derivation of Tombland from Churchyard has recently had a fillip given to it by the discovery of several skeletons found when digging the foundations for the elegant pottery urinal outside the Ethelbert Gate, of which it can only be said that it is less offensive than that which used to stand outside the Erpingham Gate. I am rapidly coming to the conclusion that the Tombland is not as I once suggested the toom or empty land, but timberlond, the place where tim- ber was stacked. He also (p. 60) would like us to believe that Rede (council) has been corrupted into Red, and has given the name to the Red well, and that the Red Mount at Lynn was also the site of a Mote Hill. This was, however, just about the time he began to suffer from the Shakespeare- Bacon sickness, and I do not think need be taken seriously. I have here set out notes of all I can find in print and elsewhere on Norfolk Hundred Courts, and have made some suggestions as to the sites of those which have not yet been fixed. ""Blofiald Hundred. (Bl. viii., p. 208) No suggestion has hitherto been made as to the site, but possibly the earthworks known 'as Gargytt * It is noteworthy that there is no other place of the name in England, and I shall be grateful if anyone can say if th^re is one iu Scandinavia, IN NORFOI.K. 21 Hills, once on Household Heath, described by me in the Transactions of the N. and N. A. S., xv"i., p. 91, may be the place. It is noteworthy they are just South of *'Ravcnsgate," which may be Danish, or the site of the Bishop's Manor House at Thorpe may have been the place. "^Brothercross Hundred. (61. vii., p. 2.) Blomefield suggests that the site was at the ford over the river, at Burnham, but gives no reason for his views. Either Burrow Dykes by South Creake or Cobb Hill at Burnham Westgate would seem to be equally likely. Cawston Hundred. This occurs in 1322. (Pat. Cal., p. 347). fClaokclose Hundred. (Bl. viii., p. 168. Norf. Tour, p. 66). The Court is said to have been held at the Hill at Stradsett. Clavering Hundred. (Bl. viii., p. i.) No suggestion is made. The name of the Hundred is sometimes spelt J'Knavering." Either Howe or Stockton would seem a probable site, or Totenhill in Wormegay (vii., p. 494). iDepwade Hundred. (Bl. v., p. 123). No suggestion has been made except that Dr. Jes- sopp thought the place known as ''Old Groggrams" which stood in the open field, Forncett, might be the site. *Oiice held with Gallow — for " Brother " wliich I apprehend has no reference to fraternity see Brotherick (in Cumberland), and Brothertou (in Yorks). Also Brotherholme Marsh, 1769. tFor " Clack " see Clackheaton (Yorks), Clacton (Essex), Claxton (Durham, Yorks, and Norfolk), and Claxby (Lincoln). XVox " Dep " see Deptford (2) Essex, 22 HUNDRED COURTS AND MOTE HILI.S Either Long Stratton where there is a Moated House or Tasburgh would suit, and in 1465, "hill diggers" opened Nonmete Hill in Forncett which would also be a possible site. ''^Diss Hundred. (61. i., p. 2). No suggestion is made. The Hundred was once called Winfarthing Hun- dred. Poss bly Winfarthing itself (i., p. 185) or Bres- singham which had a moated "Swan Hill" (p. 50) was the site of the Mote Hill. fEansham Hundred. (61. vi., p. 347). The Court is said to have been held at "the Camp" near the Church wh^re there is a small mound and a large court. Erpingham Hundred (North). (61. vi i., p. 71). Court said to have been held at Gunby Gate, pos- sibly near Gunton. In Norf. and Norwich N. and Q., ii., p. 213, says the Gallows were held at Starts Hegg. Erpingham Hundred (South). (61. vi., p. 240. Norf. Tour, p. I73). It is suggested that the Hundred Court was held at the Park Gate, at Cawston, and "Warepound money" is mentioned. It will be remembered that the "Hundred of Caw- ston" is mentioned in 1322, see Patent Calendar, p. 347. 6ut for the positive statement in 61omefield I should have thought that 6urgh, by Aylsham, with its moated site, would have been more probable. 60th of these sites are on the line of Purdy's "Roman" road (see Proc. Pre-Historic Society of East Anglia, vol. i., p. 472). *For Diss see Dissington (Northumberland). tFor " Ears " see Karswick (Yorks). IN NORFOLlt. 2% Eynsford Hundred. (Bl. viii., p. 182). The Court is said to have been held at Reepham. This is also on the site of Purdy's "Roman" road mentioned under Erpingham (South). Misc. Inq., ii., No. 927, refers to Eynesford Hun- dred in Kent. There is a place of that name in Kent but not a Hundred. Flegg Hundred (East and West). MBl. xi., p. 144). No suggestion is made by Blomefield. Possibly Burgh St. Mary, which has a circular foundation, described in Norf. Arch., v., p. 296, may be the site. *Fonehoe Hundreds (Bl. ii., p. 532. Norf. Tour, p. 362). The Moat Hill is said to be the large circular mound close to Browick or Bra wick Hall, near Wymond- ham. It is close to the railway on the other side. IFreebridge Hundred. (Bl. viii., p. 327 and ix., p. I). Blomefield says (viii., p. 419) the Court was held at Flitcham Burgh, wh^ere there is a tumulus on the road to Shernbourne. This was called Frothbrigg Hun- dred in 1348 (Misc. Inq., ii., No. 2072). Beloe (Norf. Arch., xii., p. 311) calls it Frida Bridge and says there is a Friday Bridge at Elm. I think it comes from Frithbridge, but that later (3 Eliz.) the Queen's bailiff held a Court under an oak at Gay wood, near Lynn, and was called Gay wood Oak Fee, and that after this it was held at an oak at Wig- genhall St. Germans, called Fitton Oak (p. 328). Freebridge itself used to be called Frithbregg, which sounds Danish. •For " Fore " see Forsbrigg (Staff.), and Foremark (Derby.). +For " Free '* see Fresby (Leicester), Freeford (Staff.), Freethorpe (Norfolk). 24 HUNDRED COURTS AND MOTE HILLS Gal low Hundl*adi {Once held with Brothercross). (Bl. vii., p. I. Norf. Tour, p. 503, and see Close Roll 1373). Blomefield says that in 5 Henry IV. the Court was held at Fakenham Dam, which place might probably have been called Gallestow (p. 2). And that later (3-10 Eliz.) at Longfield Stones a place I cannot now identify. The place name Galehoges occurred at Dunton Field (Norf. Arch., ix., p. 66). ^Gneenhoe Hundred (North). (Bl. ix., p. 264. Norf. Tour, p. 561). Blomefield says the Court was held at Wareham. There is said to be a "square" Danish fort (?) called Rayfield, but excavations in 19 14 showed Roman re- mains and nothing to suggest that it was Danish. The N. Tour says that it was held on the farm of "Honeld Crondale" as Parkin suggests, but I can neither trace the reference nor the place. Warboro' Hill is in this Hundred and so is, Burrow Farm at Binham, and either Wighton Heath or Crabbe Castle would be likely sites. For "Warepound Money" see ante South Erpingham. Greenhoe Hundred (South). (Bl. vi., p. i). Blomefield seems to suggest the site by stating that "even to the last century the Hundred Court was held on the Greenhills or Tumuli, lying by the London road to Swaffham. There is a place called "Barrows" in this Hundred. A Greenhoe Hill is in Gowthorpe where the Hun- dred Court of Humbleyard was said to have been held. *For ■' Greeu " see Grecnstead (Essex) and Greenwich (Kent). As to the latter it should be noted that it is next to Deptford the root word of which also occurs here in Depwade. IN NORFOLK. 25 Gnimshoe Hundred. (Bl. ii., p. 148). Blomefield suggests the camp 2 miles east of Weeting, which is "Grime's Graves." The large mound in the eastern part of the plantation was opened by the "Pre-Historic Society of East Anglia,'* in 1914, and proved to be a barrow. Guiltcposs Hundred. (Bl. i., p. 213). Blomefield says thei Hundred Court Was always held at Kenninghall (p. 214) and this seems very prob- able, but the 'sitd may be where the Peddar's Way crosses the Attleborough-Thetford turnpike. ^Happing Hundred. (Bl. ix., p. 287). The Court was probably at Happisburgh where it is sa d there was a Roman fort. (Arch, xxiii., p. 362)- Or at the Devil's Ditch or Mound at Way ford Bridge. IHenstead Hundred. (Bl. v., p. 417). Blomefield thinks the Court was at Caistor. Holt Hundred. (Bl. ix., p. 536). Blomefield has no suggestion, but Ingmote H 11 near Holt seems very suggestive, and so does Kettle Hill near Blakeney and Burgh. tHumbleyard Hundred. (Bl. v., p. i., N. Tour,, p. 394)- It is said that the Court used to be held at Swar- deston which used to be called Hombleyard or the Low Yard. It has been suggested that the Court was at Greenhow Hill at Gunthorpe. Humble is a Danish place name. *For " H«p " see Happisburgh (Norfolk), Hapten. fFor " Hen " see Henstead (Suffolk). tFor " Hum " see Huuibleton (Yorks), and Hunibletoft in Gresseuhall (Norfolk), though the last may only mean a hop yard. It is, however, unlikely that hops should give their name to a whole Hundred. 26 HUNDRED COURTS AND MOTE HILLS Launditch Hundred. (BL ix., p. 456, N. Tour, p. 818). Blomefield says the Hundred Court was held where the "Launditch" crossed the Norwich road. Mileham would seem more likely, or Tuttle Hill near Stanfield — or even Swanton Morley where there is a moated site — again there is a Pilates Hill in Swar- deston (Bl. v., p. 50). Loddon Hundred. (Bl. x., p. 152). No suggestion, but why not Loddon itself which is an old place. I find no other Loddon in England, but there is a Lodne in Denmark. ""Mitford Hundred. (Bl. x., p. 194, N. Tour, p. 852). The Court was held at Streteman's Dike in the North Street of East Dereham (Bl. x., p. 195). For plan, see Tom Martin's Notes, vi., p. 57. Afterwards at Brock or Brook Pit (p. 195). tShropham Hundred. (Bl. i., p. 360 and 521, and Norf. Tour, ii., p. 917). Blomejfield (p. 521) says that at the time of Eliza- beth, the general Hundred Court was held at Ketel- brigge. East Wretham, but on the previous page he says the Warepound or Frowick Court was the superior Court and was held by a tree which was on a hill in the street, and was commonly called the Scolding Court as it had to be over by sunrise or the whole rents were forfeited for the year. It may be that it was originally held at Tutt's Hill in Kilverstone (i., p. 54), but Mr. Clarke tdls me this is in Rushford in the Guiltcross Hundred. *For " Mil " see Mitford (Northumberland). fFor " Shrop " see Shropshire. IN NORFOI.K. 27 ""Smithdon Hundred. (Bl. x., p. 285). The Court is said to be held at the "Barrow" (which is diked round), in Bircham Magna (p. 286). Afterwards at Frenge (Fring), 36 Henry VIII. There are also Barrow Common, Howe Hill by Brancaster. Totts or Tofts Hill and th^e barrow at Bircham Magna may be the same as suggested by Blomefield. tTavenham Hundred. (Bl. x., p. 398 and 416). Blomefield says the Court was at Frettenham Hill (Bl. X., p. 398). The tumulus on the Common, which was called * 'Court Hill," was examined by the Norfolk and Norwich Archaeological Society in 1855, but no ancient remains were found (see Trans, vi., p. 357), and the high ground on the left of the Norwich main road at the corner of the way to Horsford would be more likely. This, however, is not on the Common. The great mound of Horsford Castle would to my mind fit Blomefield's description better (see plans in N. and N. A. S. Proc. xv., p. 290), the more especially as no trace of stone work has even been found at the site of the so-called "Castle." tTunstead Hundred. (BL xi., p. 79). No suggestion has been made, but I think that Swan Hill at Smallburgh is very likely to have been the place. Miss Hoare points out that the Hundred Court was at Bradfield Common near the church. See appx. and map on p. 34.. Tunstead itself is probably Danish, as the prefix Tuns occurs in Denmark. *For "Smith " see Smeethcote (Shropshire), Suiethwick (Staflf.). tFor *' Tav " see Tavistock (Devon). JFor " Tun " see Tunstall (Norfolk, Suffolk, and Yorkshire), -8 in all. 28 HUNDRED COURTS AND MOTE HlLEvS "^Walsham Hundred. (Bl. xi., p. 90). Blomefield is silent. The site may have been at Reedham, Upton or Acle. fWayland Hundred. (Bl. ii., p. 271). No suggestion hitherto. Probably at Saham Toney. Mr. Clarke thinks it may have been in Way land Wood. Other places which may have been Motes or Hundred Hills : Bail Hill, Wymondham. Bonnetts Moat ( ?) near Tivetshall. Hare Hill — Causes held at, by the Abbot of Holm^ 1284 (Bodleian Chart, p. 245). Ingmote, near Holt. Ueete Hill or Thirboro' Hill in Stockton. Moothill in Hunstanton (Beloe). Mote Hill in Wymondham (Norf. Arch, ix., p. 63). Motstow. St. Miles at Plea was called at Motstow (Bl. iv.^ p. 84), see Kirkpatrick (p. 45), who places it on the Redwell Plain. St. Martin Coslany or at Oak is said by Kirkpat- rick (p. 113) to have had a Tote Hill, and he cites at p. 72 a way called Tothille but thinks it came from the recent personal name of Tut or Toyt. Mr. Hudson, however, in his note to p. 69 points out that St. Martin del Hille was St. Martin at Palace and queries whether there was not once another Tothill here. I thing he is right for I find it called St. Martin ad Montem in 1451 (Regr. Wilby, fo. 109). He also (ii., P- 246) refers to St. Martin's, Tut- hill, 1397- *For ** Wal " see Walcote (Norfolk), Walslam, North and South (Norfolk), Walsoken, Wallingtou. Walpole and Walthorpe (Norfolk)^ and Walsham (Snffolk). tFor " Way " see Wayford (Somerset). IN NORFOLK. 29 Ravenshill, 8 miles from Langley (Blickling MSS.) Swanhill (moated) at Smallburgh. Swan Hill at Sail. Swan's lyodge near Kelling. Swan Hill at Hautbois. Swan Bill at Cressingham (i., p. 49). Swan Hill in Coltishall ) , ,, .^1 Swanton Morley I ^^^^ ^^^h moats. Swannington Scolding Court (see under Shropham ante). Toot and Tut Hills. Tottenhill in Wormegay (vii., p. 494)- Tutt's Hill in Kilverstone (Shropham (Hundred, i., p. 54). Another in Snarehill in Rushford (Guiltcross Hundred). Tuttle Hill in Stanfield (Launditch Hundred, x., p. 5). Tuthill Plantation, Walsingham. Totty's Hill, south of Antingham. Tutt Hill, said to be the top of Thetford Moor. Toothill near Beachamwell. Warepound or Frowick Court in Shropham (see also p. 21). Warepound money at Cawston (see under South Erpingham) and see Warborough Hill. 30 HUNDRED COURTS AND MOTE HILLS TUMULI AND EARTHWORKS, ETC. Aldeby — earthwork between the church (and the bottom. Several large irregular hollow places with large banks. Martin calls them the Mardells. Aldeburgh — Tumulus at East Aldeburgh (i., p. 89). Binham Broome (Norf. Arch., x., p. 206 and 388). Coltishall Eaton Eccles Frettenham Gorgate Hill — Mousehold Grime's Graves. Kempston. Rainham (South) — Norman (?) barrow. Swaffham Heath. STRANGE SOUNDING PLACE NAMES. 31 I will here add a list of some strange sounding place names in Norfolk. ntioch in the new field of :Tiln^. ylmerton, Streeky aron Duel Stone by Topcroft anow Common near Brancaster arrow Hills near Lexham arrow by Swaffham Heath arrowford old name for Barford artholomew Hills by Southacre attledore Hill near Stiffkey edlam Barn near North Elmham eggars Bush near Breccles lood Hills near W. Somerton lood's Dale Lane near Barton loody Furlong, Caistor ruggs Grave near Horsford umstone Hill, Upwell unn's Bank unn's Hill near N. Walsham utter Hills near Nortwich amp Corner near Bawburgh andlestick Hill near Letheringsett ats Pits by Kelling atts Corner by Smallburgh atwood near Aylsham hristian Hill bv Babingley link Hill by Caister link Hill by Yarham rabbe's Castle, Wighton radle Hill near Stanhoe reaking Hill near Bittering utthurst Plantation near ^lerton ►arrow Wood Earthworks in Denton •eadman's Grove near Edingthorpe Devil's Bottom, East Winch Devil's Ditch, Launditch, Weeting, East Harling, Beechamwell, Loddon Devil's Dyke, Launditch, Weeting, East Harling, Beechamwell, Loddon Devil's Punchbowl, Croxton Devil's Back near Edingthorpe- Drunken Grove, Massingham Duffins Dale, Norwich Fiddler's Dyke, Shelf anger Foulmere, near Wretham Frankfort, near Sloley Frosts Hall in N. Walsham, Mattishall, Northrepps, Mundesley Gallow Galley Gannoch Hill, Lynn Gannoch Hill, Norwich Hell Lane, near Bunwell Hellsmere Hole at Carleton Forehoe Hcllhoughton Hezicus Lane, near Salthouse Hobs Hole near Pensthorpe Holland Hills near Barnham Broom Honey Beck near Thornage Honeypot Hill, Ashwicken Honeypot Wood, Wendling Honeypot Hill near Shropham Hungry Hill near N. Repps Hungry, Swanton Ingmote Hill near Holt Jedlowes Mills Farm near Aldburgh Justice Green by Wheatacre Kettlebridge, compare Ketteringham 32 STRANGE SOUNDING PI.ACH NxVMES. Klint, said to be Dissmere Leech Pit near Stiffkey Lizard Common, Wymondham Mousehold Heath Household Closes in Hockering Mousehold Farm near Ryston Musewell Mere near Ryburgh Marrow Hill by Barmer Marrowbone Hill near Heigham Paradise, Carrow Paradise, Lynn Paradise, Stradsett Peddars Way, Winch, called Peddars Wynch | Pigs Grave, Swanton Novers | Pigs Pond, Tatterford i Pilates Hill in Swardeston ' Pockthorpe, besides the Norwich | there are places in Foulsham, | Lyng and Wramplingham. Poppy lot Farm, Feltwell i Rodbrig Lane, Shipdham Rutica Barn near W. Bailing | Saddlebow in Wiggenhall | Scotesmuth ship of (in Pat. Roll, j 1414) Shepmansgate (?) near Dersingham Shuck's Lane Shucksforth, Saham Toney Skinniford near Horning Snare Hill near Rushford Summer Green near Pulham Summerfield, otherwise Southmere Sunderland near Southmere Sammerhill near Heacham Summerwood near Heacham Sumerberge (?) in Mitford Hundred Tollernape in Gateley V/alsey Hill, Cley Washingford Mill near Burgh Apton ? Wasingford in Loddon Hundred (D.D.B., p. 203) Waterwell town in Marshland (Pat. Cal., 1346) perhaps Well by Gayton Wardeford Bridge, perhaps War- ford or Weyford Bridge Wenkell Ditch, Palling Wiffle Green, Melton Woeful Green, Skeyton Wolsey Hamlet near Diss Wreck Hills Camp, so-called (Norf. Arch., xxiii., p. 361). Woodhouse at Thursford Woodhouse at Silfield HUNDRED COURTS AND MOTE HILLS 33 APPENDIX TO THE HUNDRED COURTS. The most fruitful result of the publication of my first part was tho discovery of the site of the Hundred Hill of Tunstead Hundred by Miss Christabel Hoare, which appeared in my last part. I had conjectured (p. 22) that the Swan Hill at Small- burgh was very likely to have been the site, but Miss Hoare wrote to me '*In searching the Gimingham Manor Records at Giinton, I recently came across two presentments which seem to fix its site in the parish of Bradfield, on the very extreme boundary of Tunstead and ^orth Erping- ham Hundreds. This seems curious, but no doubt you know of similar cases. I will give you the extract verbatim, so that you can judge of its value. [There are two exactly similar entries, the one dated April, the other August, 16 14]. The Gimingham Inquest amerce " Edmund Barret Thomas Capuurn Wylltn Prymrose [and many others] that [they] doe wrong- luUy fetch within their Parish of Antingham the Comou of Thorpe Called Oldfid heath Contrary to the decree mad in the Duchie Camb [chamber] in H 8, lAg coinon in Bradfild on the South syd of Tunsied Hundred hill and also other seurall grounds in the same towne eastward of the said hill, we payne them no more so to do upon payue of Xs of evey of them." *'I have not had an opportunity to go to Bradfield since coming across the above extract, but I have no doubt that you will be able to identify the site of the Hundred Hill, which I conjecture must have been somewhere in the vicinity of Bradfield Church, which you will remember stands on what may well be called a hill in Norfolk ! The small patch of Common on the North of the road from Bradfield Church to Swafield may well be the remnant of Bradfield Common which as stated above lay East and South of the Hill, and the rest of it probably stretched South of the Church and away down towards the Barge Inn." I at once inspected the site and found a very respect- able little hill commanding a good view of the valley of the Ant, as shown in the map on the next page. 34 35 HAND LIST OF REFERENCES TO ALIv PRINTED ACCOUNTS OF ROMAN CAMPS AND REMAINS IN NORFOLK In Mr. Haverfield's excellent treatise in the Victoria County History, he discards and disproves many alleged Roman remains, but includes 136 instances referred to in the following index which is chiefly to his work. The plain references in brackets () are to his treatise. To these. I think I may say I have added about 72 more. They are those to which I have prefixed an *. The new places are Bayfield, Cranwich, Grimston, Walton, War- borough Hill, Warham Camp, Wereham. I am glad to see that he shows that most of the alleged maps of the Roman roads are purely conjectural, and are more likely to mislead than to help the student. Recent inves- tigators like Mr. Tingeiy, Mr. Purdy, and the Rev. Dr. Astleyl have not only been more cautious in their state- ments, but have paid their readers the compliment of giving their reasons for their conclusions. Mr. W. G. Clarke doubts if the tumuli at Coltishall, Ditchingham, Earsham, and Wighton, and the torques found at Ashill, Foulsham, Foxley, and Heigham arc Roman, and thinks them earlier. I must take this opportunity of again thanking Mr W- G. Clarke, who is rapidly becoming the main-spring of Nor- folk antiquarian research, for many helpful suggestions and additions to this list. I have also to thank Mr.F. Leney, of the Castle Museum, for many corrections and additions. X Dr. Astley himself is not infallible, as when he speaks of the Peddars way beginning at Brancaster and ending at Brandon. ("Memorials of old Norfolk," p. 85). 36 ROMAN CAMPS & REMAINS IN NORFOJvK. Not being a specialist, but an indexer only of the sub- ject, I will only point out what seems to me a very curious fact, viz., that starting up the Bure valley we find a very large proportion of Roman finds or alleged finds, viz., at Horning Rippon Hall North Walsham Haynford Marsham Colby Coltishall Oxnead Baconsthorpe Hautbois Burgh-by-AylshamBessingham iVIayton Bridges Felmingham Wood Bailing Buxton Scottow The map given here shows on a reduced scale all the sites of Roman or alleged Roman finds in the County, and adds several not mentioned in Mr. Haverfield's map in the Victoria Counl^y History of Norfolk. It has been compiled by Mr. D. Payler. The most important are the sites at Burgh-by-Aylsham, the importance of which he does not seem to realise, and the Roman villa at Grimston found since his work was pub- lished. His map also omits, perhaps intentionally, to mark West Dereham, Saham Toney, Ovington, Carbrooke, and Mileham. With his remarks as to alleged and conjectural Roman roads I cannot agree too strongly; the early gueswork maps are most misleading. Personally I doubt all, except the main road through Scole and Long Stratton, Tasburgh, and Caistor to Norwich, and should rather think the main road north of Norwich ran out the lines of the Holt road to Burgh, though there were probably bye- ways to the cluster of places on the upper Bure, which form the thickest and closest group of Roman finds (ii) in the County. I cannot think that either the straight Peddars Way or the equally straight west and east trackway which cuts the Roman cemetery at Brampton and would seem to cross the Peddars Way near Massingham were ever Roman roads in the generally recognised sense, and expect they were only straigt military tracks or guide ways. It will be noticed that the few Roman finds near the Peddars Way are nearly all some distance off it to the west, which makes it prob- able that Mr. Haverfield's conjecture that the military road ran to Hunstanton and not along the Peddars Way is correct. ROMAN CAMPS & REMAINS IN NORFOLK. ^^ Again after leaving Oxnead, the Roman finds on the west and east road are not on the direct road to Wayford Bridge which is supposed to be its objective, but parallel with it and to its south. This may be accounted for by the fact that the direct line would at that time be covered by the wide waters of the Broad country. Both of these trackways may in fact only have served as guide ways and not for heavy traffic. Before leaving the subject of the Roman occupation I would remind my readers that, some years ago, it was pointed out in the local press that Norwich, Lynn and Bury St. Edmund's were so placed that they formed an equilateral triangle of 42 miles, thereby suggesting the county had been at one time surveyed by triangulation. Measuring as carefully as I could I was unable to find that this was the case as far as the mileage was concerned^ but it is none the less the fact that the three towns do prac- tically form an equilateral triangle, and what is more strange is that Thetford, Old Lynn, Norwich and Warburgh Hill form a perfect square, and that if we bisect the angle at Warburgh Hill and continue it south it goes through Thetford Xo Bury St. Edmund's. Then if we construct a triangle from Lynn to Bury St. Edmund's, having Thetf()rd at its base and then construct a similar triangle on the east end of the square from War- burgh, its hypothenuse goes straight to the great Roman Castle at Burgh, and passes through Burgh by Aylsham,, Brampton, Buxton, and other villages where Roman re- mains have been found. These, however, are merely rough guesses, and it ma\^ be as well if someone with more skill and patience than T possess will test these and see if there is anything in them. Meanwhile, I must point out that Mr. P. A. Nash, late of the City Surveyor's Office, who had much experience of Roman work at Bath, has recently, to my mind, proved tc demonstration that Norwich, with its old boundary and crosses, was laid out by Roman surveyors, and Mr. W. G. 38 ROMAN CAMPS & REMAINS IN NORFOI.K. Clarke, who has also gone into his proofs, is also thoroughly satisfied with them. In all, therefore, his contention that Norwich is the Venta Icenorum is correct. The difficulty made that so few Roman remains have as yet been found at Norwich is of no great value for we do not know that the Venta Incenorum was ever a very important city, and the boundaries and crosses may only have .been laid out for future use if the city had ever developed. What is more important is that he is able to show that a prolongation of one of his triangles takes us to the great camp at Caister, and that a similar prolongation from the camp at Tasburgh cuts a line of churches which are in a perfectly straight line. This work is so minute and has been so carefully done that it must satisfy any impartial person. At present, I understand, he has not tested his methods and work, be- yond the neighbourhood of Norwich, but it is much to be desired that he should do so and say if the Bury, Norwich and Lynn triangle theory has anything in it. Personally, I am not equal to do so, even if it would be fair to him as he is really the discoverer of the idea, for the older sugges- tion is very vague and may not hold w^ater after all. The possible results of a triangulation in the way he has begun are very great and may put an end to all the wild guessing as to the Iter Antoninus, which has amused bygone antiquaries. If , as I understand, our local Society (the N. and N.A.S., or F.T.B.) does not care to take the matter up, surely the Royal Society of Antiquaries might help him to do so, or enough money might be subscribed locally to pay for pub- lication. APPIvETON. Coin of Antoninus Pius {Blomefield viii., p. 331) and Norfolk Tour. [It is a very curious coincidence that Mr. Haverfield, who rightly pointed out that I had erred in the first entry of my former list of Roman antiquities, should now omit this which should have been the first entr>y^ in his own list! ROMAN CAMPS & REMAINS IN NORFOLK. 39 ASHILL. Villa and pottery in a well (pp. 294-5), illus- trated with plan. Mr. Haverfield considers that the remains at Saham Tomy may he connected with these. *Torque found here {Norf. Arch, v., p. ig;^) and re- mains at Highwood and Ashill {id. viii., p. 2g^). ATTLEBOROUGH. Disc of burnt clay with inscription. Probably not Roman (p. 313). BACONSTHORPE. Possibly villa (p. 297). Hoard of coins (p. 307). Brck at (p. 297). See Miss Hogg's account in N. & N.A.S., ix., p. 2$. *B ACTON. Gold Roman coin found at {Norf. Archy. i., P' 193)- BAWDESWElvIv HEATH. See Sparham. ^BAYFIELD. Urn found at (Norwich Museum, No. 335). BEACHAMWELIv. Hoard (1846), 8zc., Samian saucer (p. 313), et loc. cit. BEESTON REGIS. Supposed traces of ironworkings (p. 313), et loc cit. BERGH APTON. Both Venta Icenorum and Gariano- num have been located here, and Roman occupation asserted. Now doubted (p. 313). BESSINGHAM. Pottery and bones found 1870 (p. 313), et loc cit. BICKERSTONE. Alleged Roman bricks; ''very doubt- ful" (p. 314), et loc cit. BHvIvINGFORD. Alleged road and urns; ''very doubtful'* (p. 314). BRADESTON (now Brundall). Q.v., urns containing ashes were found when "Chapel Field" was removed in 1820 (White's Norf., p. 185, and see Daveney in East Anglian i., p. 134). • BRAMPTON. Samian ware and urns (Sir Thos. Browne*s find in 1667, p. 314, et loc cit). Dawson Turner's alleged finds here disproved . BRANCASTER. Fourth century fort (p. 304), et seq. Plans, coins, etc. Gold ring inscribed "Viva in Deo" (Norwich Museum, No. 403). '"^Fragments of pottery {Norwich Museum, No. 33). 40 ROMAN CAMPS & REMAINS IN NORFOLK. BRANDON. Bronze vase (p. 314). Mr. Clarke thinks this is the Suffolk Brandon. *BRESSINGHAM. Roman remains in {see Martin's Church Notes). BRETTENHAM. Blomefield {i., p. 441) puts Comhret- onium here. Mr. Haverfield makes no comment on it, and it seems only one of Blomefield' s wild guesses. Roman remains at (p. 314). Blomefield says Roman coin including a Vespasian and some urns. *A fish shaped bronze lamp figured in Proceedings of Pre-historic Society of East Anglia, v. i., p. 381. BRUNDALL. Dwellings, etc> (p. 297)- Pottery, etc. (see ante Bradeston). Mr. Haverfield does not men,tion the alleged Roman dock, set out in Br Beverley's pamphlet. BUCKENHAM [Feri^]. Roman pottery found in making railway, and see N. Archy. iv., p. 313. *Mr Haverfield's reference to Harrod's alleged earth- works {Norf. Arch, xi., p. isg) should he to New Buckenham. BURGH. As it may well he thought some of the Norfolk place names ending with ''hurgh" may point to a Roman occupation I append a list of them, and also of the ''boroughs." Some of the Vst, Tashurgh and Small- hurgh certainly have traces of Roman ivork [see also Caistor). Alburgh Ickhurgh Aldhorough Mamshuries in Felthorpe Attlehorough Micklehurgh Hill Bawhurgh N arbor ough Burgh by Aylsham Oxhorgh ,, Apton Oxhurgh Hill in ,, in Flegg Letheringsett ,, by. Hingham Ry burgh Burgh a\ lost village in Wol- Smallburgh ferton {Bio. ix., p. igs) Burgh Common, Burgh Parva Swanton Morley ,, South Tashurgh DJcklehurgh Wheatacre Burgh Happisburgh Whiyiburgh Hilhorous^h ROMAN CAMPS & REMAINS IN NORFOI.K. 41 BURGH OR BORO'. Blackhoro' Hill near Ruberry Hill near Blakeney Middleton Thirnboro' Hill near Stockton Greenboro' Hill Warboro' Hill Ingleboro' Hill Warboro' or Welbury Hill, Muckleburgh Hill Stiffkey, g miles off the other, near Weybourne BURGH-BY-AYLSHAM. Pottery; ''pelrhaps waifs from the adjoining parish of Buxton" (p. 314). Dawson Turner's urn found at, 1845. '^Recen,t finds (Norf. Antiq. Mis. N.S. i., p. 103). *BURGH ST. MARGARET. Alleged Roman site (Archa. xxxii., p. 364). BUXTON. Pottery on the edge of Brampton parish (p. 314). [This is one of Sir Thomas Browne's finds]. [Confusion has arisen by the great find at Stow Heath, said to have been at Buxton, also see Rippon Hall.^ CAISTER-BY-NORWICH. Probable town at (p. 314)- [Plan, photograph, and full description, pp. 288-Q, 290-3]. [Roman bath] (?) ill., p. 2gi. *y4 gold torque was recently dug up at. Tom Martin gives a very rough sketch of the walls and plans ini ihis MSS. See also Markshall, which is only a mile off. CAISTER-BY- YARMOUTH. 'Terhaps village," (p. 293; Roman find of coins, etc. (p. 294). '^Kiln and urns {Norf. Archy. iv., p. 352). CALDECOT. * 'Romano-British burials alleged" (Norf. Archy. xii,, p. 20). CARBROOKE. The ''Roman" spearheads are pre-Roman bronze (p. 314). CARLETON ST. PETER. Hoard of coins (p. 314)- CASTLEACRE. Haverfield doubts for the reasons he gives {pp. 314-5) that the earthworks thought by Blome- field. Bloom an,d Fox to be Roman are so, and that the Roman coins he mentions were found there. CASTLE RISING. Haverfield also doubts {p. 314) if ^he edrthworks called Roman by Woodward and Harrod are so, and points out that the coin of Constantine referred to by Spelman was only found in the neighbourhood. 42 ROMAN CAMPS & REMAINS IN NORFOLK. C ASTON. Two hoards of coins found here in 1816 and 1820 (p. 315), and see Archceologia, xx, p. 577. CATTON. Cinerary urn and bronze tweezers. CAWSTON. Bronze coin found here, 1728 (p. 315) quoting Blomefield, vi., p. 268. "^Bronze ornament found at (Norwich Museum, No. 439) COCKLE Y CLEY. Third brass of Constantine. *COLBY. Goddard Johnson (2 pt., No. i^), says that on Colby Common, about 1814, a labourer found a Roman urn embedded in the marl, and used as a pitcher till broken. {MS. in Norwich Public Library). COLNEY. The ''Roman" pMtery iyi the Museum is thought hy, Mr. Haverfield not to be Roman. But see Norf. Archy., vi., p. 216. ''Roman urne'' at Dawson Turner's (see Blomefield) COLTISHALL. Fibulae and coins found here (p. 316), et loc cit. ^Earthwork mound on the hill between Coltishall and Hautbois. *CRANWICH. Roman mortarium found by W. G. Clarke. CREAKE, NORTH. Two urns with 2000 brasses of Con- stantine (p. 316), et loc cit. CREAKE, SOUTH. Roman remains {Arch, xiv., p. 444). CROWNTHORPE. Silver and thumb ring (p. 316); quot- ing British Archaeological Journal, vii., p. 159 and xi.,. p. 79. DENVER. Alleged fen walls and bronze statuette of Mars (p. 316). '^Causeway mentioned by Dugdale opened (see Norf.. Archy. i'i., p. 425). DEREHAM, WEST. Roman pottery and hand bricks (p. 316). DISS. Coins near rectory (p. 316). DITCHINGHAM. Coins, hoards and urns (p. 316). ^Tumuli at {Norf. Arch, v., p. 361). DOWNHAM HEATH. Second brass coin in Norwich Museum (p. 316). Mr. W. G. Clarke thinks this was found in Suffolk. ROMAN CAMPS & REMAINS IN NORFOLK. 43 DRAYTON. ''Doubtful traces" (p. 316). "^Roman urns, etc. {Norf. Arch., ii., p. ^64, Hi., p. 416 and vi., p. 379). ^DUNBURY HII.LS in Gillingham. Mr. R. Dashwood, the present owner, tells me this should be Dunburgh^ that is a Roman locality. DUNHAM. Pottery and coins, Roman tiles ( ?) and enam- elled brooch (p. 316). *DUNSTON HALL. Two urns found at. Norf. Tour {P- 752). EARSHAM. ''Alleged pottery" (p. 316). "^Earthworks at {Norf. Arch., vi., p. 154 and ix., p. 67). Roman urns at {Norf. Arch., iv., No. 44'j , p. 313). EASTON. Large hoard (?) found in urn (p. 316). "^Pottery, e\tc. {Norf. Arch., iv., p. 352), and see Nor- wich Museum, No. 447. EATON by Norwich. Samian pottery before 1850 (p. 316). "^{Norf. Arch., iv., p. 352). ^Urn, found at {Norwich Museum, No 336). "^Pottery with maker's stamp — Marcelus, 2nd century A.D. {Norwich Museum, No. 36J). ECCLES. "Roman coins alleged" (p. 316). EDINGTHORPE. Urns found on heath {Norf. Arch., Hi.,, p. 427). ELMHAM, NORTH. Mound (p. 396). T. Martin says: Hoard of Silver coins at, many Roman silver {p. 316), with buried urns, etc., a quantity. Haverfield {p. 316) doubts Roman coins, and thinks the cemetet^y wholly post Roman,. A fine urn illustrated {p. 312). He {Haverfield) thinks British urn,, though ii bears a Roman inscription, which he thinks may have been added. *See many more impressions of Roman coins, sketches of Roman ashes in lachrymatories, urns and piles of hypocaust, Tom Martin. EMNETH. Hoard of coins near a supposed Roman road (p. 317). 44 ROMAN CAMPS & REMAINS IN NORFOI.K. PElvMINGHAM. Hoard of bronzes and pottery (p. 307 and 317, illustrated p. 309). [Th's is the celebrated find at Stow Heath, often mis- called Buxton Heath.] Much that was found here has been removed to Small- burgh Hall by the Jickling family. FElvTWELIv. Hoard of coins of early middle period (p. 317)- "^Silver denarius of Sabina, found in 1874; now in the possession of Mr. A. D. Euren. FINCHAM. Coins found at (p. 317). *FOUI,SHAM. Torque found at {Norf. Arch., v., p. igs), *FOXIvEY. Gold torques found at {Arch. Ass. Journfll ii, P- 349)- FRAMINGHAM. "Roman tiles in Chuch.'' Requires confirmation (p. 317), FRENZE or FRINGE. ''Perhaps Villa" (p. 297-3); (a pavement broken up, p. 297). [See Archy. xxiii., p. 370]. *GAYTON THORPE. Tom Martin mentions what he calls a Roman road with vallum {Norf. Arch., xvi., p. 2ig). GELDESTON. Internment near the Waveney (see figs. 29-30, p. 318). Urn found in rebuilding chancel, now in British Museum. "Mr. C. H. Read tells me il is not Roman." "^Glass urn found at {Norf. Arch, iv., p. 314), Norwich Museum, No. 347. Bracelet found at {Exc, i., p. 19)- GILLINGHAM. Roman coin (p. 318). GLANDFORD. See Bayfield. *GREENBOROUGH HII.L [near Weybourne]. Roman pottery at {Norf. Arch., iv., p. 35s) ■ *GRIMSTON. Roman villa discovered at, in 1905, by Br. Philip Laver, Colchester, and described by Henry haver, Esq., F.S.A. {Norf. Arch, xvi., p. 2ig, with views and plates). ROMAN CAMPS & REMAINS IN NORFOLK. 45 HAPPISBURGH. Mr. Haverfield doubts the "Roman fort" said to have been here (Archy. xxiii., p. 90, the conjectural maps), and I agree with him, except they are possible as coming from Smallburgh. HARLING, EAST. Urns found in Church are mediaeval (p. 318). *yi quSrn of Niedermendig lava, found here by W. G, Clarke {Prehist. Soc. Trans., i., p. 4go). *HAUTBOIS. Roman tile in Church. HAYNFORD. Bronze statuette (fig. 31, p. 318). HEDENHAM. Kiln and wasters, burial urn (p. 318). (Set- Norwich Museum, No. .348). *Roman Iziln at {Norf. Arch, vi., p. I4g). HEIGHAM. Interments and urns (p. 318). Coins, etc. (Norf. Arch., vi., p. 386). "^Ringed torque at (Norf. Arch, vi., p. 213), urn at {v.^ P-386). *Roman lead (?) coffin at {Norf Arch, vi., p. 213). HEMPNALL. Burials east of Church; "very doubtful if Roman." (p. 318). Remains of a Roman road {Arch, xxiii., p. 211) Ancient cemetery {Norf. Arch, v., p. 4g). HETHERSETT. Bronze statuette of Hercules; alleged Roman road; "very doubtful." (p. 318). *HOCKWOLD. Roman urns with coins found at Black- dyke {Prehist. Soc. Trans:, i., p. 433); "Edward Elliot had this and gave it to the Boileaus." HOIvKHAM. Alleged Roman remains at the Rabbit farm; "probably not Roman" (p. 318). *HORNING. Church Broom Hill, near was supposed to be a Roman camp {Norf. Arch, xi., p. 35). HORNINGTOFT. Alleged Roman earthworks and road; "no reason to think either Roman" (p. 318). HORSEY. Coin of Vespasian. An "urn probably not Roman" (p. 318). IJOWE. Gold coin of Nero. Brick and flanged tile in Church wall (p. 318). HUNSTANTON. Three Roman urns found 1879 (p. 318) 46 ROMAN CAMPS & REMAINS IN NORFOLK. ICKBURGH. 'Talbot and Gale put Iciani here, others Sitomagus." '*No Roman remains have ever been found" (p. 313, also seej). 44). *Tom Martin (vol. iii.) says a large close, called Hall Close, on the high ground has some aspect of a Roman fortification. INGOLDISTHORPE. Coins found (p. 318). (See Bio. X., p. 339)- *KEMPST0N, Martin, vol Hi., thinks the name is derived from camp, and says that on the summit of a hill are several large intrenchments and hollow places much too wide to have been used as a ditch. KESWICK. Roman coin dug up at the Hall — illus. by M.A.T. in Dawson Turner's copy of Blomeiield. *KETTERINGHAM. Tumulus with Roman pottery on road from Carleton to Hethersett {Norf. Tour, p. 85). KIMBERIvEY. I^argish fibula (p. 318). See Norwich Museum, No. 421. KIRBY CANE. Jewelled buckle, spearhead and swords (Harrod's Directory, 1868). Kiln potterv, etc. (p. 318) at "Pewter Hill.' Lakenheath mentioned on p. 318 is in Suffolk not Norfolk, I,YNFORD. Urns found, 1720, 1735, and 1859 (p. 319). (Bio. ii., p. 263). ivYNG. Pottery and coin (p. 319). IvYNN. Mr. Haverfie/ld says that Richard's story that Catus Decianus founded Lvnn is an "old wild fancy" (p. 318). *A coin of Hadrian found in cutting n.ew channel of Ouse (P- 31S). ^MARKSHAI^L, near CAISTOR. Supposed Roman land- ing-place (illus.) hy H.J.D. Astley (Norf. Anti. Mis. (N.S.), i., p. 39). Burial urns (Arch, cxviii., p. 436). The burial urns were found 181 6 and illus. by M.A.T. in Dawson Turner's illustrated copy of Blomefield. MARSHAM. Black urn, etc. (p. 319), (Norf. Arch, iii., p. 418) and other urns by the Roman road. This is Purdy's Roman road. *MAYTON BRIDGE. Urns found at {Norf. Arch, ii., p. 426). ROMAN CAMPS & REMAINS IN NORFOLK. 47 MELTON MAGNA. Hoard found 1887. Alleged Roman tiles in Church window splays * 'requires confirmation" (p. 319). METHWOLD. Roman dwelling (p. 297). MILEHAM. Silver dish (illustrated, p. 310). Haverfield doubts if the earthworks are Roman (p. 319). MORLEY ST. BOTOLPH. Hoard of bronze coins (p. 319) MOUSEHOLD. {Norf, Arch.viU., p. 324). *NARBOROUGH. Bones and armour found by Sir C. Spelman, see Blomefield (vi., p. 148). NARFORD. Haverfield (p. 319) would like more evidence "as to alleged Roman bricks, and Sir Andrew Foun- taine's Roman vase of brass dug up in the Hall yard.'* *Tom Martin saw it, and gives a sketch in vol Hi, when he calls it a brazen cantharus holding about a Winchester quart. *Roman remains found at Narford {Blomefield vi.,'p. 236). NEWTON BY CASTLEACRE. Roman coins (p. 319). NORTHWOLD. Republican coin found at (p. 319). NORWICH (i) St. Augustine's Gates— Bronze lamp found before 1760 (p. 319). (2) Market Place and Dove Lane — ^Urns and coins under Chamberlin's warehouse, in 1852. (See Norwich Museum, No. 37c). (3) London Street, at Caley's — Urns^ etc., and said to be Roman, in 1862. (Norf. Arch, vi., p. 384). (4) Near Cathedral— Pottery. (Also see Norf. Archy. xi., pp. 319, 365). (5) Ber Street— Alleged Roman pottery (p. 319)- Urn, ist century, A.D. {Norwich Museum, No. 3^9)-^ (6) Thorpe Hamlet — Roman coins, etc., in grounds of the Rev. W. Frost. He lived up Telegraph Lane, the first house on the right. (Norf. Arch, vi., (7) Thorpe Hamlet— Pottery m the grounds ot Mr. Farrar Ranson ^p. 321). Ranson's house abutted on Colman Rd., about a quarter of a mile from the last. (8) Mousehold— "near the back of Cookers house." 48 ROMAN CAMPS & REMAINS IN NORFOLK. To these instances of Roman occupation, given by Mr. Haverfield, may he added [see also Eaton) — *(/) The alleged Roman, bridge at Fyebridge {see Norf. Arch, xiii., p.-22g). *(2) The coin of Julia, wife of Septimus Severus, found at St. Leonard's Priory in 1828.- The alleged nariow red bricks in some of the ruins there and the ''Black Well," which has been thought of Roman work. *(3) Copper minim of Carinus, A.D. 283, recently found at the ''Nest/' {see Norf. Anti. Mis, {N.S.) p. 95). *(4) The recent pottery found in and near the Castle Mound. See Mr. Tench's paper on Norwich Castle Mound {Norf. Archy. xvii., p. 44). *(5) The coin of Antonius Pius, A.D. 140-143, found in St. Faith's Lane {Norwich Museum, Nos.. 58-12). *(6) Two Roman coins found in excavating Water- works {Norf. An.ti. Mis., 2nd ser., p. g8). *(7) Urn found at Stone Hills, Dereham Road {Norwich Museum, No. 371). {8) Fibula found at St. Giles {Norwich Museum,. No. 424). (9) On the ordn,ance map above the Unthank Road nearly opposite "Eaton Villa," bronze mould and spearhead found 1S46 {see ante). {10) (d) Gold coins found in 1854 opposite St. John, Sepulchre, but these en the large scale ordnance map are said to be of the reign of Edward IV. ORMESBY. Hoard of alleged Roman small bronze orna- ments in the Fitch Room. (Norwich Museum, No. 447) *'The date of the objects is open to question" (p. 320). OVINGTON. The alleged Roman camp and pottery doubted by Mr. Haverfield (p. 320). Martin gives plan of it, vol. Hi. *Roman. urns at {Norf. Archy. vH., p. 352). OXBURGH. Roman coins, etc. (p. 320). *T. Martin, vol. Hi., gives several sketches of spear heads and celts, but these are clearly not Roman. ""'Danes' graves, Roman remains {Norf. Tour, p. 650). ROMAN CAMPS & REMAINS IN NORFOI^K., 49 OXNEAD. Roman hoard of coins in an urn here (p. 320), [Probably part of the find of Sir Thomas Browne.] *A large brass of Antoninus found by me near the keeper's bridge near the Hall. PASTON. Bronze disc found at. N.A.M. (N.S.), p. 102. PENSTHORPE. Romano-British finds at, 1837, 1849 and 1880. N.A.M. (N.S.), pp. 79-81 (urn illustrated). PORINGIvAND. Gold ring, etc. (pp. 311-320, illustrated P- 3ii)- POTTER HEIGH AM. ''Many potsherds and mounds of wood ashes" (p. 320). [But I expect it was a mediceval pottery which gave the. village its first name.] QUIDENHAM. Bronze coin found, 1723 (p. 320). ^Remains (Blom. Norf. i., p. 337). REDENHALL. Roman pottery at Gawdy Hall (p. 320). [Norf. Archy. iv., p. 311]. REEDHAM. ''A permanent occupation here" (p. 298). *Coins found {Norf. Arch, iv., p. 135). Alleged Roman pharos {iv., p. 313). In Dawson Turner's copy of Blomefield. Coins of Claudius, Vespasian, Antoni' nus and Faustina. RIPPON HALL [Buxton]. (Norf. Arch, iii., p. 418). Roman urn at (p. 320). *''A plain Romano-British cup" found here, also Roman urns found on Roman road crossing Aylsham turn- pike {see Norf. Arch. Hi., p. 4^S), RUDHAM, EAST. ''Alleged hoard of coins" (p. 320). */n 1799, Norf. Tour, {p. 553). RUSH WORTH. Roman urns found at {see Dawson Tur- ner's copy of Blomefield.) SAHAM TONY. Samian pottery and 3 pigs of lead, "as- sumed to be Roman " "These remains may be con- nected with the villa at Ashill" (p. 320). "^Roman flue at {Norf. Archy. vii., p. 340). SALTHOUSE "BROAD." Pottery found at: tumuli and earthworks {p. 304). This is on the North Coast and is not to be confused with Salhouse Broad. I know of no authority to call the coast locality a "broad." 50 ROMAN CAMPS & REMAINS IN NORFOI.K. SANTON. Fragments of Castor and Up church ware found by Mr. W . G. Clarke at eastern foot of Bromehill, not far from Caldecote {Norf. Anti. Mis., 2nd ser., pt, 3, p. 98). *^ "Scandinavian'' brooch found at, by Rev. W. Green- well {Suff. Arch. Trans., 1870). "^Denarius of Vespasian found at, by W. G. Clarke. SCOLE. Coins, etc. Paved ford at (?) (p. 320). ^Roman intermenfs at, plate showing weapons and tools (Prehistoric Soc. Trans., i., pp. 321-3). *SCOTTOW. Roman urn found at, in 1777, four hundred yards from Scott jw Hall. (Tom. Martin's note). SCULTHORPE. Samian pottery at (p. 320). *SEDGEFORD. Part of large glass bowl, human remains, sickle, fragments of mortaria and Samian ware at (Pre- historic Soc. Trans, ii., p. 56). Roman, and other re- mains found by H. Ingleby (N. Archy. xix., p. 117). SHADWELL. Urns, coins, etc. (p. 320). SMALLBURGH. ''The pottery, beads, etc., found here are post Roman" (p. 320). The Roman pottery at present in the Hall was moved here from Stow Heath. *SNETTISHAM. (Norf. Excursions, ii., p. 24). "Roman Chisels" [Hearne). A large quantity of Roman pottery found (Clarke). SOUTHER Y. Roman vessels and coins (p. 321). *SPARHAM. Tom Martin, vol. Hi., gives a plan of a place abutting the Lynn Road on Bawdeswell Heath, where certain bones were found, and refers to some old brazen armour, which might have caused than to turn green. SPORIvE. (?) Funeral urns, beads, spearheads and boss of a shield, illustrated in Dawson Turner's copy of Blomefield. STALHAM. Roman pottery at (p. 321). STONE, ETC. Stone Bridge, Wretha^n. Stone hill near Cromer. Stone hills near Heigham. Stonehouse Heath near Harling, Stony Hills plantation. Some of these may relate to paved Roman roads. ROMAN CAMPS & REMAINS IN NORFOLK. 51 STOW HEATH. The great barrcw at. Mr. Haverfield refers to this under Felmlngham, {p. 307). STRATTON, LONG. {Norf. Tour, p. in). Urns, coins, etc. (p. 321). *A Roman Consular denarius found 12 years ago. STRATTON STRAWLESS. Supposed to he a Roman street (Hearne). SWAFFHAM. Brooch or fibula, etc. (p. 321) [fig. No. 33]. **The bronze handle of a bucket, presented to the British Museum by Greville Chester, seems to be a very late date and probably a 5th century import." (Haverfield, p. 321). TASBURGH. Martin " and Nash say the Church itself stands on a Roman fortification. ''The earthwork here is pre-Roman (Haverfield p. 321). He, however, admits that the coin of some Antonim Emperor was found inside it. *[He omits the find of skulls near the Hall {see Norf. Ant. Misc. {N.S.), p. 79), and other Roman finds there, including a coin of Hadrian, {id). THARSTON. ''Coins of the lower Empire" (p. 321). ''Perhaps an error for Thurton,.'' THETFORD. "Roman coins, recorded by Sir Thomas Browne, Blomefield and Tom Martin" (p. 321). "The lamp alleged to have been found in 1827 ^^i^- der the Red Mound ( ?) is said by the Curator of the Norwich Museum to have been brought from Carthage and presented by Stanley, Bishop of Norwich." *Roman coinsj found at (Eastern Counties Magazine i . , p. 177). THORPE HAMLET (p. 321). See under Norwich. THREXTON. Samian and other pottery and Roman coin in 1857 (pp. 321-2). Key, figured (at p. 298) '^Uncut Roman gem found in a barrow (Norf. Arch., iii., p. 122). THURTOy. Roman coins, presumably a hoard of "third brass" (p. 322). UPWELL FEN. Hoard in two urns in 1837 (p. 322). WALPOLE ST. ANDREW. Alleged aqueduct and bricks found about 1725. "Needs confirmation very much" (Haverfield, p. 322). 52 ROMAN CAMPS & REMAINvS IN NORFOLK. WALSH AM, NORTH. Roman remains found near (Archaeological Journal, i., p. 381). [This may relate to the F elniingham find (see Felming- a.m and Stow Heath.] WALSINGHAM, OLD. Xhe ''Roman" urns here are English" (Haverfield, p. 322). WALSOKEN. Two Roman coins found near the Roman bank (p. 322). WALTON. Third brass of Caius (p. 322). *WARBOROUGH OR WARBURY OR WELBURY HILL NEAR STIFFKEY. Alleged Roman camp at {Arch, xxiii., p. 363). *WARHAM CAMP. Roman remains found in 1914. {Sec Reports on Earthworks, 1915). WAYFORD BRIDGE. Lathe turned urns (p. 322). '^-Rofiian stirrup found in bed of river Ant in 190 j. WELLS. Hoard of bronze coins on shore (p. 322). WELNEY. Engraved pewter dish and vessels found 1864 and 1863 (ilhistrated, p. 310). Hoard of coins 1718 (p. 322) *WEREHAM. Paierna found at {Norwich Museum, No. 378). WESTON. Hoard of coins (p. 322). WEYBOURNE. Pottery and kiln at ''Salthouse Broad" (p. 322). WHEAT ACRE BURGH [Burgh St. Peter]. Roman occu- pation remains here doubted (p. 322). WIGHTON. Coins here (p. 322). "^Crahh's Castle {Bl. ix. p. 206; Norf. Tour, p. 61^). *WILTON. Coin of Heraclius and his son {Norf. Antiq.. Mis. Hi., p. 376). WITCHINGHAM. Roman remains ^T'ont (?) or cistern of stone {Tom Martin's Notes). WOOD DALLING. Samian ware, cofhn, etc. (p. 322).. (See drawing in Dawson Turner's copy of Blomefield). *WRETHAM, WEST. Hoard of Roman coins in a pot,, full details from ''Norwich Mercury'' of 1760. Roman remains {Martin's Church Notes). "Found at Cork- mere." ROMAN CAMPS & REMAINS IN NORFOI.K. 53 WYMONDHAM. Salmon conjectures this to be Sitomagus "but no Roman remains here" (p. 322) . -^YARMOUTH. Remarks on the Garianonmn of the Romans, by John Ives, 1774. "^Silver de^iarius of Anton.inus, A.D. 13^-161 {Norwich Museum, No. 103-1^1). Though it is by no means certain that the East to West trackway across Norfolk on which I read a paper before the Prehistoric Society on 23rd March, 19 14, is Roman I have thought it best to reprint such paper and its map ( see p. 56). A few years ago the late Mr. R. J. W. Purdy, of P'oulsham, who was one ■ of our most observant local antiquaries (and to whom was also due the investi- gation of the very interesting moated mound at Burgh- by-Aylsham), informed me that there was a road called by some a Roman road, and still traceable from East Gate Corner at Cawston across the main Norwich and Holt road, about half-a-mile south of the tenth milestone from Norwich, which is about 440 yards from the Woodrow Inn, and then runs across the fields to a little south of the Botany Bay farmhouse, and at an angle across Marsham Heath and the Burnt Plantation practically to Allison Street, and so across the Cromer road through the grounds of the Old Rectory, now known as Marsham Hall. I must own to having been sceptical at first, but after several visits, and after the ground of the Burnt Plantation had been opened in several places, through the kindness of Mr. Wood, the owner, I can no longer doubt that a perfectly straight road or trackway could be traced for a trifle over a mile (shown by double lines on page 56). It only consists of a slight layer of gravel and stones over the natural peaty soil, but it does exist and is very marked, and the portion of it over the field opposite Botany Bay, looking towards Booton, stood up till last year quite clearly from the soil of the field, and the colour of the corn, etc., grown over it was distinctly different from that of the main crop in the field. At sunset, too, one could see the little ridge quite clearly, though it is fast being ploughed away. 54 ROMAN CAMPS & REMAINS IN NORFOLK. The importance of the discovery of this straight base line of over a mile is very great. Producing such line west- ward on the Ordnance Map, we find that if there had been a road on that line it would have run through the earth works at North Elmham and on to Old Lynn; and if produced eastwards it would have crossed the Cromer road just at the spot where the late Mr. Goddard Johnson alleged a Roman road did cross it. The line still further produced east would cut the Ayl- sham road and the railway a little south of the spot at Brampton where coins and urns were found when the rail- waj^ cutting was being made, and through the spot where Sir Thomas Browne found, in 1667, the urns which he describes in his "Urn Burial." Still continuing the imaginary line east, it crosses the Bure almost exactly at the spot where the present foot or keeper's bridge stands, and where a Roman coin (a large brass of Antoninus) has just been found, and so along south of Burgh -Mound (where we recently found Roman pottery) and south of Stow Heath, where so many Roman remains were found, and across the high street of Burgh near the church (where Goddard Johnson said the Roman road crossed), towards Scottow and Sloley, through Stoneyhills Plantation (a suggestive name), direct to the so-called Roman Camp at Way ford Bridge. There can be no imagination about the fact that the lind from Old Lynn to Wayford Bridge is an absolutely straight one, and that there are still traces of a straight ac- tual .main road along such line for a little over a mile in the middle of it, at and near Marsham Heath, and that it cuts a Roman cemetery at Brampton. Whether this straight line was in the remote past laid out merely to form a guide from the West to the East is a matter to consider, and it would be most interesting if the local members of this Society would look up the actual line itself and see if they can find out if there are any traces of Roman pottery, etc., on it. I have just been told that an old inhabitant of Marsham was told by his father that the trackway across the Burnt Plantation to the Aylsham road was in actual use before tlie Inclosure Act. As for the eastern half of the suspected road, I rather think that it did not follow the actual, or what I may term the guide or laid-out line much further than Scottow, but ROMAN CAMPS & REMAINS IN NORFOI.K. 55 that the road ran more southerly, but exactly parallel with it through Scottow churchyard till it crossed the North Wal- sham road a few yards north of the Fairstead and the Three Horseshoes. It is a most significant fact that at this spot there is still an almost straight road, now called Anchor Street, which runs east (parallel with my imaginary line) for a little over a mile (crossing the East Norfolk rail) by Sloley Farm almost to the Union Workhouse. There the present road to Smallburgh Hill angles off to the north, but if the line of Anchor Street is produced west over four fields we take up another straight piece of the old road which I suspect to have been Roman. From this point it seems to me that the Roman road ran round the edge of the great and then impassable marsh, and passed by Toad's Green and Low Street and the Manor House to Wayford Bridge and the Roman Camp. Whether the great earthworks at Smallburgh Hall it- self had to do with an occupation camp there I leave to- others. It is certain that near the Manor House at Low Street Roman remains have been found, and also querns near Smallburgh Hall. (The fine Roman urn's, etc., now at Smallburgh, are those found on Mr. Postle's land at Stow- heath just mentioned.) If I am right that the Roman road ran through Scottow Church, it would account for the Roman urn which was found in 1777, 400 yards from the front of Scottow Hall (Tom Martin's MS. Notes in my collection). 56 R03L\X CAMPS & IIE3IAIXS IN XORFOLK. 7<;:>v •« ^^» ft'i** ;r"*^ J*/. i Rye's Norfolk Hand Lists. A.rti : issued by Subscripboo cr.y No. 1 . References to all Srawlinavian Place and Personal Names in Ncrfc!^* eferences i Hundlred Hills in Norfolk. No. 2. *' References to all Printed Accounts of Roman Camps and Remains in Ncrfc'k- " TTiese Iwo par: No< 3. ' Castles and Manor Houses from Lne Conquest to the present time." Being references to aiil printed accounts of Norma- ' i:2sval. Elizabethan and Jacobean Castles ar i?: :r Houses, in alphabeti- CdX order "with sub-references to them in order of date or €X>njectured date, for the use of students and for the purpose of comparing the tyi>es and so aff:/^' r t-^ n t": - 'J. dating other :^" i undescribed he No. 4. . . ii _; ::.- .tirv:-.ch Buildings ,i::-t: i.^an ^:v_; :..;:. Gate Houses aund Walls ^ before 1600. No. 5. St of all Norioik Fighting Men from the Norman Period to the reign of Victoria, arranged in order of date, with index of names." No. 6. '' A List of all Armorial Bearings used in Norfolk before the date of the first Herald's Visitation." No. 7. "A rough Ordinary or Inde ' ^' : - •' ? parts were gre any emargea :■ :i separately and not as this). Obtainable from H W HUNT. Bookseller. 14. Orford Place, Norwich. Rve's Recent Norfolk Issues. THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW AN INITIAL FINE OF 25 CENTS ulars asking WILL BE ASSESSED FOR FAILURE TO RETURN THIS BOOK ON THE DATE DUE. THE PENALTY WILL INCREASE TO SO CENTS ON THE FOURTH DAY AND TO $1.00 ON THE SEVENTH DAY OVERDUE. m\li i\^ \ 'n ;i 24Sep'53SS tse the sub- [ shall, how- nse so as to ny one else 51st January, vill leave me consideration subscriptions seeding page 5/-. ER RYE. LD 21-1007n-7,'40 (6936s) ParopMet Binder aaylord BroR- !"«• Stockton Calif. M.ReO.U.S.PatO« cosiimeat f siee^i* THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY ,vv fWP'A^ ff^^i>^ pi .^m ^:^i*f :^^^ P *f. ^.' -iW