,J4gj giia n i c s ^e gflr trn^ jt. Engineering Library • » » , 5 ^ ' , " ' * * , ' ' 1 ' ', ' ' ' ' MECHANICS PROBLEMS i^6>i? ENGINEERING STUDENTS BY FRANK B. SANBORN Member of A viericaii Society of Civil Engineers J''rofessor nf Civil Engineering in Tnfts College THIRD EDITION TOTAL ISSUE SIX THOUSAND NEW YORK JOHN WILEY & SONS London: CHAPMAN & HALL, Limited 1919 • : • . • -S3 Library CoPYRKiHT, 1902, igo6, HY FRANK BERRY SANBORN PREFACE There is an opinion among engineers that too often students are not well grounded in the practical problems of Mechanics ; that they know more of theory and mathematical deductions than of practical applications. A prominent educator has recently said to me, in regard to the teaching of Mechanics, " I am convinced that it is to be done more thoroughly in the future than in the past ; " and it will be done, he believes, by sticking close to elementary principles as developed by well-chosen practical problems. Fur- thermore, he adds, " it will have to be recognized that all an engineering baccalaureate course can worthily accomplish is to give the raw recruit the ' setting-up ' exercises in Mechanics." It is now generally recognized, I think, that this subject should cover first of all the elements and fundamental principles that form the basis of every engineer's knowledge ; that these necessary elements and principles are best understood and best remem- bered by actually solving numerous problems that present important facts illustrative of every-day engi- neering practice, and arouse the student's interest far better than abstract examples w^hich can be easily formulated from imaginary conditions. Therefore, for the reasons indicated above, an effort iii rr 24()71 iv PREFACE. has been made in preparing this book to present, from actual conditions, many practical problems together with brief definitions and solutions of typical prob- lems which should help the student in Mechanics to follow ihe advice once given by George Stephenson to his son Robert : " Learn for yourself, think for yourself, make yourself master of principles." Photographs or electroplates have been furnished for certain of the illustrations as follows: Page 17 by Otto Gas Engine Works; paces 20 and 32, Pelton Water Wheel Company ; page 24, Wellington- Wild Coal Company , page 25, Harrisbu'g Foundry and Machine Company; page 29, Fall River Iron Woks Company; page 35, Associated Factory Mutual Fire Insurance Companies; page 63, Maryland Steel Com- pany; page 64, Bucyrus Company; page 120, A. J Lloyd & Co. page 146, Clinton \Vire Cloth Company; page 148, The Detroit Graphite Manufacturing Company ; page 149, The Engineering Record; pages 151 and 169, Brown Hoisting and Conveying Machin- ery Company; page 153, Cement Age; page 157, Fig. 84, American Locomotive Company ; page 161, Carson Trench Machinery Com pany ; page 164, Chicago Bridge aid Iron Works; page T65, Chap>- man Valve Manufacturing Company. FRANK B SANBORN Tufts College, Mass. June, 1906 The revision previous to printing the edition of the fifth thousand of JMechanics Problems has include d corrections and minor changes thruout the bock i\\\ the a'Mition of special problems 6oi to 625. F. B. S. Tufts Culli:g::, Mass., September, 1912. CONTENTS I. WORK. Problems i to 172. FOOT-POUNDS PAGE Raising weights, overcoming resistances of railroad trains, machine punch, construction of wells and chimneys, operation of pumping engines. Force and distance or foot-pounds required in cases of pile- driver, horse, differential pulley, tackle, tram car . . 7 HORSE-POWER Required by windmills, planing machines, gas engine, locomotive, steam engines — simple, compound, triple, slow speed, hi;;h speed engines. Horse-power from indicator cards, required by electric lamps, driving- belts, steam crane, coal towers, pumping engine, canals, streams, turbines, water-wheels. Efficiency, force or distance required in cases of fire pumps, mines, bicycles, shafts, railroad trains, air brakes, the tide, electric motors, freight cars, ships 16 ENERGY Foot-pounds, horse-power, velocity: — Ram, hoisting- engine, blacksmitii. electric car, bullet, cannon, nail, pendulum. Energy resulting from motion of fly-wheel and energy recjuired by jack-screw 44 vi CONTENTS. II. FORCE. Problems 172 to 414. FORCES ACTING AT A POINT page Canal boat being towed, rods, struts, beams, derrick, cranes set as in action; balloon held by rope, ham-' mock supported ; wagon,, trucks, picture supported : forces in frames of car dumper, tripod, shear legs, dipper dredge ; also in triangle, square, sailing vessel, rudder, foot-bridge, rgof-truss .... 51 MOMENTS FOR PARALLEL FORCES Beam balanced, pressure on supports, propelling force of oars, raising anchor force at capstan, bridge loaded pressure on abutments, lifting one end of shaft, boat hoisted on davit, forces acting on triangle, square, supports of loaded table and floor 72 COUPLES Brake wheel, forces acting on square 84 STRESSES Beam leaning against wall, post in truss, rope pull on chimne\', connecting rod of engines, trap-door held up by chain 86 CENTER OF GRAVITY Rods with loads, metal square and triangle, circular disk with circular hole punched out, box with cover open, rectangular plane with weight on one end, irregular shapes, solid cylinder in hollow cylinder, cone on top of hemisphere 90 FRICTION Weight moved on level table, stone on ground, block on inclined plane, gun dragged up hill, cone sliding on inclined plane ; friction of planing machine. CONTENTS. vii PAGE locomotives, trains, ladder against wall, bolt thread, rope around a post ; belts, pulleys and water-wheels in action ; heat generated in axles and bearings. . . 96 III. MOTION. Problems 414 to 527. UNIFORM ACCELERATIOxN Railroad train, ice boat, stone falling and depth of well, balloon ascending, cable car running wild. . . .119 RELATIVE VELOCITY Aim in front of deer, rowing across river, bullet hit- ting balloon ascending, rain on passenger train, wind on steamer, two passing railroad trains 126 DISTANCE, VELOCITY, FRICTION, ANGLE OF INCLINATION Train stopped, steamer approaching dock, cannon recoil, locomotive increasing speed, body moved on table, box-machine, motion of table, barrel of flour on elevator, man's weight on elevator, cage drawn up coal shaft. 121 PROJECTILES Inclination for bullet to strike given point, motion down plane, stone dropped from train, thrown from tower, projectile from hill, from bay over fortification wall 133 PENDULUMS Simple, conical, ball in passenger car 141 IMPACT Water suddenly shut off, cricket ball struck, hammer falling on pile, shot from gun, bullet from rifle, freight and passenger trams collide 142 viii CONTENTS. REVIEW. Problems 528 to 625. PRACTICAL PROBLEMS Water turbine test, suspension bridge, Niagara tower, launch- ing data, coal-wharf incline, typical American bridge, modern locomotive tests, wood in compression, actual cableway, St. Elmo water-tower, outside-screw-and-yoke valve, cast-iron pipe, retaining walls, geared drum, gas-engine test . . . 145 ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS FROIM PRACTICAL CON- . DITIONS Pulp grinder, necessary power, water-cooled bearings, pulp- wood abrasion, thermal increase, bursting of stones, limiting speed, torque; rotary fire pump, friction gears; air brake consolidated locomotive, pressure at shoe, skidding; water hammer in pipes, analj'sis, actual tests, results for pen- stocks; falling chimney 174 EXAMINATIONS Yale, Tufts, Harvard, General Electric 190 ANSWERS 625 problems, besides 48 under Examinations. About one-half have answers given 202 DEFINITIONS Work, force, and motion and their sub-divisions .... 2 TABLES Falling Bodies, Functions of Angles, Unit \'alues — heights and velocities " . . ' ;o8 INDEX 2 II MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. INTRODUCTION. The problems and solutions that follow have been arranged in the order of Work, Force, and Motion. At the beginning of each important section one problem has been solved so as to explain the method of solving similar problems and to serve as a guide for solutions to be put in note-books. An effort has been made throughout the book to simplify. P'ew methods have been presented ; the calculus has been used only where necessary ; no discussion has been offered of the term mass — many such subjects have been left for more advanced courses or extended treatises. The "gravitation system" of units — the foot- pound-second system, or meter-kilogram— second sys- tem — known as the engineers' system has been used exclusively. In engineering practice one is often puzzled to tell just what data to collect and afterward how much of it to use ; because of this, I have left more data in some of the problems, and especially those under Review, than is absolutely necessary for solving the problem, and the student will have opportunity " to pick and choose " just as he would do in actual cases. MECHANICS- PROBLEMS. DEFINITIONS. Mechanics is the science that treats of the action of forces at rest and in motion. Work, Force, and Motion are the three sub-divisions of Mechanics considered in this book. WORK. Work is done by the action of force through some distance. Work is measured by the product of force times the distance through which it acts. Work = force x distance, — a formula fundamental for all Work problems. Energy is the amount of work that a body possesses. Potential energy is the work that a body possesses by virtue of its position above the earth's surface. Kinetic energy is the work that a body possesses by virtue of its velocity. Horse-power is the rate of doing work. One horse- power is the equivalent of ^^'x, ooo foot-pounds of work done per minute. FORCE. Force in Mechanics has both magnitude and direc- tion, and in this treatise DEFINITIONS. , 3 Force Magnitude is usually expressed in pounds. It may act as pressure, a push, or as tension, a pull. Concurrent forces acting on a body are those that have the same point of aj:)plication. Non-concurrent have different points of application. Moment of a force about a point or axis is the product obtained by niultiplyin-- the inaicnitude of the force by the shortest distance from the point or axis to the line of action of the force. Moment = force x perpendicular. Clockwise ten- dency of rotation is usually taken positive. Resultant of a system of concurrent forces is a single force that might be substituted for them with- out changing the effect. Equilibriant of a system of forces is a single force that balances them. The equilibriant is equal and opposite to the resultant. Components of a single force are the forces that might be substituted for it without changing the effect. Parallelogram of forces. When three forces that are in equilibrium meet in a point they can be repre- sented in magnitude and direction by a diagonal and the sides of a parallelogram. This parallelogram is called the parallelogram of forces. 4 MECHANJCS-FROBLEMS. 1. 2 Vertical components = o. When the forces acting in one plane upon a body are in equilibrium, the forces can be resolved into components in any one direction, and the algebraic sum of the compo- nents will equal o. Likewise, 2. 2 Horizontal components = o. The algebraic sum of the components in a direction perpendicular to that of I will equal zero ; and 3. S Moments = o. The algebraic sum of the moments of the forces taken about any point or axis in the plane will equal zero. These three axioms can frequently be used to formulate three equations that contain unknown quantities which can then be determined. A Couple consists of two equal, opposite, parallel forces not acting in the same straight line. Moment of a couple is the product of one of the equal forces by the perpendicular distance between them. Center of gravity of a body or a system of bodies is a point about which the body or system can be imagined to balance and the forces of gravity will cause no rotation. Centroid and Center of Mass are terms that are sometimes used in preference to center of gravity. Centroid is the point of application of a system of parallel forces. DEFINITIONS. MOTION. Motion (uniform) is that in which a body moves through equal distances in equal times. Motion (accelerated) is that in which a body moves through unequal distances in equal times. Motion (uniform-accelerated) is that in which the velocity increases the same amount in each unit of time, which is generally taken as the second. Acceleration is the gain or loss in velocity per unit of time. Centrifugal force. When a body is compelled to move in a curved path it exerts a force directed out- wards from the center ; its amount is the centrifugal W t'- force = — — g r Impact is said to take place when one bod} strikes against another. A period of compression thus occurs, and the forces acting are Impulsive forces of compression. Then follows a period of restitution. Coefficient of restitution c for any pair of substances is the ratio of the impulsive force of restitution to the impulsive force of compression. a a a o i-i ■a ni o |3j ni > a d a o •a o I. WORK. FOOT-POUNDS. 1. A 20th-century express having 5 parlor cars each of 75 tons weight, a locomotive of 105 tons, and a tender of 60 tons goes up a grade of i vertical in 120 horizontal ; the resistances are 15 pounds per ton. Find the amount of work that locomotive expends per mile of travel. Work = work + work of locomotive of friction of lifting train Work = force X distance of friction Force = 15 x 54° = 8 100 pounds Distance = i mile = 5 280 feet .-. Work = 8 100 X 5 280 of friction = 42 76S 000 foot-pounds Work = force x distance of lifting train Force = 54° X 2 000 = I 080 000 pounds Distance =5 280 X y^^y = 44 feet .*. Work =47 520 000 foot-pounds of lifting train Work = 42 768 000 + 47 520 000 of locomotive = 90 288 000 foot-pounds 2. Find the work done by a locomotive in drawing a train i mile along a level track when the constant resistances of friction, air, and so on are i ton. 7 8 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 3. A punch exerts a uniform pressure of 36 tons in punching a hole through an iron plate of one-half inch thickness. Find the foot-pounds of work done. 4. Find what work is being done per minute b}- an engine that is raising 2 000 gallons of water an hour from a mine 300 feet deep. 5. If a weight of i 130 pounds be lifted up 20 feet by 20 men twice in a minute, how much work does each man do per hour .'' 6. A number of men can each do, on the average, 495 000 foot-pounds of work per day of 8 hours. How many such men are required to do 33 000 x 10 foot-pounds of work per minute.'* 7. A centrifugal pump delivers water 10 feet above the level of a lake of half a sc^uare rnile area. At the end of a day's pumping, the water has been lowered i| feet. How much work has been done .'' " Distance" will be lo feet plus ^ of i '> feet. 8. Water in a well is 20 feet below the surface of the ground, and when 500 gallons have been pumped out it is 26 feet below. Find the work done. 9. Brick and morcar for a chimney 100 feet high are raised to an average height of 35 feet. Total amount of material used 40 000 cubic feet or about 5 600 000 pounds. What work was done } 10. What work is done in winding up a chain that hangs vertically, is 130 feet long, and weighs 20 pounds per foot } WORK — FOOT-POUNDS. 9 11. A chain of weight 300 pounds and length i 50 feet, with a weight of 500 pounds at the end of it, is wound up by a capstan. What work is done ? 12. A stream of width 20 feet, average depth 3 feet, and mean velocity of 3 miles per hour has an available fall of 80 feet. What work is stored in the quantity of water flowing each minute ? Find the pounds of water flowing by observing that Quantity = area x velocity. 13. A horse draws 1 50 pounds of earth out of a well, by means of a rope going over a fixed pulley, which moves at the rate of 2\ miles an hour. Neg- lecting friction, how many units of work does this horse perform a minute .■* 14. A cylindrical shaft 14 feet in diameter must be sunk to a depth of 10 fathoms through chalk, the weight of which is 144 pounds per cubic foot. Find the work done in raising the chalk. 15. A well is to be dug 20 feet deep and 4 feet in diameter. Find the work in raising the material, sup- posing that a cubic foot of it weighs 140 pounds. 16. A horse draws earth from a trench by means of a rope going over a pulley. He pulls up, twice every 5 minutes, a man weighing 130 pounds, and a. barrowful of earth weighing 260 pounds. Each time the horse goes forward 40 feet. Find the useful work done per hour. 17. A body weighing 50 pounds slides a distance : O ME CHA NICS-PK OBL EMS. of 8 feet down a plane inclined 20° to the horizontal, against a constant retarding force of 4 pounds. Compute the total work done upon the body by (gravity) its weight and the friction. 18. What work is stored in a cross-bow whose cord has been pulled 1 5 inches with a maximum force of 224 pounds ? .19. If 25 cubic feet of water are pumped every 5 minutes from a mine 140 ^it horns deep, what amount of work is expended per minute } 20. In pumping i 000 gallons from a water-cistern with vertical sides the surface of the water is lowered 5 feet. Find the work done, the discharge being 10 feet above the original surface. 21. A uniform beam weighs i 000 pounds, and is 20 feet long, it hangs by one end, round which it can turn freely. How many foot-pounds of work must be done to raise it from its lowest to its highest position .? 22. A body is suspended by an elastic string of unstretched length 4 feet. Under a pull of 10 pounds the string stretches to a length of 5 feet. Required the work done on the body by the tension of the string while its length changes from 6 feet to 4 feet. 23. A weight of 200 pounds is to be raised to a height of 40 feet by a cord passing over a fixed smooth pulley; it is found that a constant force P, pulling the cord at its other end for three-fourths of WORK— FO O T-PO UNDS. I I the ascent, communicates sufficient velocity to the weight to enable it to reach the required height. Find P. Work = force X distance Work =200 X 40 on weight Work = P X I of 40 by pull Work = \^'ork on weight by pull 200 X 40 = P X 30 P = 2665 pounds 24. A horse drawing a cart along a level road at the rate of 2 miles per hour performs 29 216 foot- ' pounds of work in 3 minutes. What pull in pounds does the horse exert in drawing the cart } 25. It is said that a horse can do about 13 200 000 foot-pounds of work in a day of 8 hours, walking at the rate of 2.^- miles per hour. What pull in pounds could such a horse exert continuously during the working-day t 26. If ahorse walking once round a circle 10 yards across raises a ton weight 18 inches, what force does he exert over and above that necessary to overcome friction .'' 27. A building of weight 50 000 pounds is being moved on rollers by a horse that is pulling on a pole with a distance of 10 feet from the center of a capstan that is 1 8 inches in diameter. If the total friction is 200 pounds per ton, what force must the horse exert } 12 ME CHA AICS-FROBLEMS. 28. The 500-pound hammer of a pile-driver is raised to a height of 20 feet and then allowed to fall upon the head of a pile, which is driven into the ground i inch by the blow. Find the average force which the hammer exerts upon the head of the pile. Work = force X distance = 500 X 20 = 10 000 foot-pounds Distance =xV foot .'. 10 000 foot-pounds = fouce x ^V foot .•. force =10 000 X 12 = 120 000 pounds 29. A hammer weighing i ton falls from a height of 24 feet on the end of a vertical pile, and drives it* half an inch deeper into the ground. Assume the driving force of the hammer on the pile to be con- stant while it lasts, and find its amount expressed in tons weight. '—^^ 30. Determine by the principle of work, neglecting friction, the relation between the pull P and the load W in case of the differ- ential wheel-and-axle of Fig. i. For one revolution, Work = P X 2 rr^ of P Work = i W X 2 TT/-' - I W X 2 7rr on weight P X 2 TT^ = 4^ \ useful horse-power of a \vater-wheel, supposing the stream to be loo feet wide and 5 feet deep, and to flow with a velocity of 1^ foot per second ; the height of the fall is 24 feet, and the efificiency of the wheel 70 per cent. 100. A small Fig. 8.— "water-Power. stream has mean velocity of 35 feet per minute, fall of 13 feet and a mean section of 5 feet by 2. On this stream is erected a water-w^heel whose modulus is 0.65. Find the horse-power of the wheel. 101. On page 32 is shown the canal at Manchester, K.H., as it passes the mills of the Amoskeag Manufac- turing Company. Width is 5 i feet, depth of water 8.9 feet, velocity 1.13 feet per second. What quantity of water is flowing } The height of fall for the turbines being 27.3 feet, what is the theoretic horse-power .-' 34 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 102. The reaction turbines of problem loi have an efficiency of 80 per cent ; the electric generators, 90 per cent. What kilowatts are available .'' 103. In winter, if 2 feet of ice forms on this canal, and the velocity drops to 0.75 feet per second, and the available fall becomes 25.0 feet, what will be the kilowatts available? 104. The mean section of the Merrimac Canal just before it enters the mills of the Merrimac Manufac- turing Company at Lowell, Mass., is 48.2 feet by 10.6 feet; mean velocity on Nov. 23, 1901, was 2.37 feet per second ; the water-wheels had a net fall of 35.67 feet, and gave an efficiency of about 'j'j per cent. Find the number of broad looms weaving cotton ^sheetings that may be driven 2\ looms requiring one horse- power. 105. The estimated discharge of the nine turbines at Niagara Falls in 1898 was 430 cubic feet per sec- ond for each turbine. The average pressure head on the wheels was that due to a fall of about 136 feet. Compute the actual horse-power available from all tur- bines, allowing an efficiency of 82 per cent. 106. The average flow over Niagara Falls is 270 oco cubic feet per second. The height of fall is 161 feet. In round numbers what horse-power is developed ? 107. Calculate the horse-power that can be obtained for one minute from an accumulator which makes WORK — HORSE-PO WER. 3 5 one stroke in a minute and has a ram of 20 inches diameter, 23 feet stroke, loaded to a pressure of 750 pounds per square inch. III' X : 1 1 11 H ■ glELtt tSfflCL ^fH 1 ^tKC'-iJII i Fig. 9. An Underwriter Fire-Pump with Standard Fittings. 108. A fire-pump for protection of a 50 000-spindle cotton-mill will deliver i 000 gallons of water per minute at 100 pounds pressure. Large boiler capa- 2,6 MECHANICS— PROBLEMS city is required for such a fire-pump and for the above size 150 horse-power would be used. What portion of this boiler capacity would be required in actual work of delivering water ? Work = force X distance of pumping Force = i 000 X 8^ pounds per minute Distance = 100 x 2.304 feet head (i pound = 2. 304 ft.) .•.Work = I 000 X 8^ X 100 X 2.304 of pumping = I 920 000 foot-pounds per minute = 58.3 horse-power pg , Portion of boiler used =- — — 150 = o 39, or about one-third 109. An Underwriter fire-pump to protect an av- erage-sized factory will deliver four streams of water through i|-inch smooth nozzles with pressure at base of play pipes of 50 pounds per square inch. This would correspond to a discharge of i 060 gallons per minute. Loss of pressure through nozzle can be neg- lected ; and loss in quantity of discharge by slippage, short strokage, and so on, will be about 10 per cent. Find the work done by the pump. 110. A pump of medium size used for fire pro- tection of a factory will deliver three i^-inch fire streams, or 750 gallons per minute at 80 pounds pressure. A boiler should be provided large enough to allow 70 per cent of its capacity to remain as extra- What should be the nominal horse-power of boiler? WORK — HORSE- PO WER. 3 J HI. A Silsby steam fire-engine delivers water through a Siamese nozzle that is 2 inches in diameter, with a pressure of 80 pounds per square inch and a mean velocity of 106 feet per second. Find (i) the number of cubic feet discharged per second ; (2) the weight of water discharged per minute ; (3) the work possessed by each pound of water due to 80 pounds pressure ; (4) the horse-power of the engine required to drive the pump, assuming the efificiency to be 70 per cent. 112. At the Chestnut Hill High-Service Pumping Station (Boston) for the month of October, 1904, Engine No. 4 pumped 950 780 000 gallons of water ; average lift was 130.63 feet ; total time of pumping, 744 hours. What average horse-power was de- veloped .'* 113. The amount of coal burned during the month was 783 148 pounds. How many foot-pounds of work were done for every 100 pounds of coal burned, that is, what was the Duty of the pumping-engine t 114. The ordinary fire-engine when in full opera- tion burns soft coal, and will consume in an hour about 60 pounds per fire-stream of 250 gallons per minute. Therefore at the 70-million dollar fire in Baltimore, February, 1904, a 500-gallon engine that was running 30 hours, before the fire was under control, consumed how many pounds of coal .<* 115. Find the useful work done each second by a fire-engine which discharges water at the rate of 500 3 8 MECHANICS — PROBLEMS. gallons per minute against a pressure of lOO pounds per square inch. 116. There were 6 ooo cubic feet of water in a mine of 6o-fathom depth when a 50-horse-power pump began to pump it out. It took 5 hours to empty it. Find the number of cubic feet of water that ran into the mine during the 5 hours, supposing one-fourth of the work of the pump to have been wasted. 117. Find the horse-power necessary to pump out the Saint Mary's Falls Canal Lock, Sault Ste. Marie, in 24 hours, the length of the lock being 500 feet, width 80 feet, and depth of water 18 feet, the water being delivered at a height of 42 feet above the bot- tom of the lock. 118. The mean section of the branch of the First Level Canal at the headgates of No. i Mill, Whiting Paper Co., Holyoke, Mass., is 'j^ feet wide by 14 deep ; from this canal to the Second Level there is a fall of 20 feet, but about 2 feet is lost in penstock and tail-race ; v^elocity of flow in canal during the daytime is 0.20 feet per second, and the turbines that are driven have an efficiency of 77 9o. Find how many 96-inch Fourdrinier Paper Machines can be driven, each machine requiring 1 00 horse-power, 119. What is the horse-power of a stream that passes through a section of 6 square feet at the rate of 2^ miles an hour, and has a water-fall of 1 8 feet } WORK — HORSE-POWER. 39 120. What horse-power is involved in lowering by 2 feet the level of the surface of a lake 2 square miles in area in 300 hours, the water being lifted to an average height of 5 feet ? 121. Taking the average power of a man as j^gth of a horse-power, and the efficiency of the pump used as 0.4, in what time will 10 men empty a tank of 50 feet X 30 feet x 6 feet filled with water, the lift being an average height of 30 feet ? 122. A shaft 560 feet deep and 5 feet in diameter is full of water. How many foot-pounds of work are required to empty it, and how long would it take an engine of 3i horse-power to do the work 1 123. Required the number of horse-power to raise 2 200 cubic feet of water an hour from a mine whose depth is 6''>i fathoms. 124. What weight of coal will an engine of 4 horse- power raise in one hour from a pit whose depth is 200 feet } 125. A cut is being made on a 4-inch wrought-iron shaft revolving at 10 revolutions per minute; the traverse feed is 0.3 inch per revolution ; the pressure on the tool is found to be 435 pounds. What is the horse-power expended at the tool t How much metal is removed per hour per horse-power when the depth of cut is .06 inch, the breadth .06 inch (triangular section) ? 40 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 126. A man rides a bicycle up a hill whose slope is. I in 20 at the rate of 4 miles an hour. The weight of man and machine is 187^ pounds. What work per minute is he doing } 127. At the top of the hill the bicyclist referred to in example 126 is met by a strong head-wind, and he finds that he has to work twice as hard to keep th^ same rate of 4 miles an hour on the level. What force is the wind exerting against him } 128. A bicyclist works at the rate of one-tenth of a horse-power, and goes 12 miles an hour on the level. Prove that the constant resistance of the road is 3.125 pounds. Prove that up an incline of i vertical to 50 horizon- tal the speed will be reduced to about 5.8 miles per hour, supposing that the man and machine together weigh 168 pounds. 129. A man rows a miles per hour uniformly. If R pounds be the resistance of the water, and P foot- pounds of useful work are done at each stroke, find the number of strokes made per minute. 130. The resistance offered by still water to the passage of a certain steamer at 10 knots an hour is 15 000 pounds. If 12'% of the engine power is lost by "slip" — in pushing aside and backward the water acted on by the screw or paddle — and 89^ is lost in friction of machinery, what must be the total horse-power of the engines } WOUK— HORSE-PO WER. 4 1 131. The United States warship Cokimbia has a speed of 23 knots, with an indicated horse-power of 22 000. Find the resistance offered to her passage. 132. The rise and fall of the tide at Boston, Mass., is about 9 feet. If the in-coming water for one square mile of ocean surface could be stored and its potential energy used during the next 6 hours with an average fall of 3 feet, what horse-power would be available ? 133. A nail 2 inches long was driven into a block by successive blows from a hammer weighing 5.01 pounds ; after one blow it was found that the head of the nail projected 0.8 inches above the surface of the block ; the hammer was then raised to a height of 1.5 feet and allowed to fall upon the head of the nail, which, after the blow, was found tp be 0.46 inches above the surface. Find the force which the hammer exerted upon the nail at this blow. 134. A 500- volt motor drives a lO-ton car up a 5 per cent grade at a speed of 1 2 miles per hour : 75 per cent of the work of the motor is usefully ex- pended. What electric current, expressed in am- peres, will be required .-' Work X 0.75 = work of motor of lifting car 135. The speed of the " Exposition Flyer " on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad, when running at its maximum, is 100 miles per hour. At 42 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. that speed what pull by the engine would represent one horse-power? What pull when running at 50 miles an hour ? 136. An express train of weight 250 tons covers 40 miles in 40 minutes. Taking the train resistances on a level track to be 20 pounds per ton at this speed find the horse-power that engine must develop. 137. A train goes down a grade of i % for a dis- tance of I mile, steam throttle being kept shut ; it then runs up an equal grade with its acquired velocity for a distance of 500 yards before stopping. Find the total resistances, frictional or other, in pounds per ton, which are stopping it. 138. A caboose and three cars break away from a freight train and "coast " down a grade of 2 in 100 for a distance of i mile ; then brakes are applied and the cars stopped in 200 feet. Frictional resistances over whole distance being 1 5 pounds per ton, what are the brake resistances per ton } Work = Woik + Work down grade of friction of brakes 139. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad has now in its service (1906) six electric locomotives. Two of recent construction are used in handling eastbound freight trains with steam locomotives through the city of Baltimore, which includes a distance of about two miles of tunnel. These locomotives can start and accelerate on a level track a train of 3 000 tons weight with a current consumption of 2 200 amperes, which WORK— HORSE- PO WER. 4 3 is supplied from a power station at 560 volts, but reaches the locomotives through booster stations and a storage battery at 625 volts. What horse-power do they thus develop ? 140. These electric locomotives will draw on a i % grade a freight train of i 400 tons weight at 10 miles an hour. Frictional resistances being 20 pounds per ton what amperes are necessary with voltage of 625 ? 44 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. ENERGY. 141. A train of 150 tons is running at 50 miles an hour. What brake force is required to stop it in a quarter of a mile on a down grade of 2%, frictional resistance being 1 5 pounds per ton } Work + Work = Work + Work possessed by train gained in \ mile of brakes of resistances Work = force X distance possessed by train Force =150 tons Distance — ? The distance is found by determining the vertical height that a body would have to fall in order to acquire a velocity of 50 miles an hour. 30 miles an hour = 44 feet per second. Therefore the velocity is |^ x 44 = -|-^ feet per second. Now to acquire a velocity of ^\- feet per second a body would fall a vertical distance that can be found from a fundamental formula of falling bodies, V = \^ 2 gh, in which ^* varies for different localities ^f a = 8\/^ h = 84.2 feet. That is, if the train had fallen by the action of gravity from a vertical height of 84. 2 feet it would have a velocity of ^5^ feet per second, or 50 miles an hour. Work can now be analyzed as in previous problems. Work = 150 X 84.2 foot-tons possessed by train Work _ ^ = 150 X (tIo X^\^) gained in | mile * The value of g for London is 32.19 feet per second per second ; for San Fran- isco, 32.15 ; for Ciiicago, 32.16 ; for Boston, 32.16. Practical limiting values for the United States are 32.186 at sea level for latitude 49*^ ; and 32.0S9, latitude 25° and 10 000 feet above sea level. In this book the value 32 is used for^ sci that com- putations may be sh irtened. In many cases the table on pa_T;e 190 will be of assistance. The values of \/ igh there given are based on g as 32.16. WORK'— ENERG Y. 4 5 142. In the Westinghouse brake tests (Jan., 1887), at Weehavvken, a passenger-train moving 22 miles an hour on a down grade of 1% was stopped in 91 feet. There was 94% of the train braked. Taking the frictional resistance as 8 pounds per ton, find the net brake resistance per ton on the part of the train that was braked, and the grade to which this is eciuivalent. 143. A freight-car weighing 20 000 pounds requires a net pull of 10 pounds per ton to overcome frictional resistance. If " kicked " to a level side track with velocity of 10 miles per hour, how far will it run before stopping ? 144. A cake of ice weighing 150 pounds slides down a chute the height of which is 25 feet; it reaches the foot of the shute with a velocity of 30 feet per second. During the motion how many foot- pounds of energy must have been lost .'' 145. A ship and its cradle that weigh 5 000 tons slides down ways that s'ope i foot in 20 to the hori- zontal ; frictional resistances amount to a constant retarding force of 100 tons. What would be the equivalent height of fall that would produce the same velocity as the ship possesses when she takes the water 150 feet clown the ways } 146. If the resistance of the water, anchors, and stop ropes amount to a constant force of 50 tons, how far will the ship of the preceding problem run after she takes the water } 46 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 147. A six-inch rapid-fire gun discharges 5 projec- tiles per minute, each of weight 100 pounds, with a velocity of 2 800 feet per second. What is the horse-power expended .'' Consider from what vertical height a body would fall to have a velocity of 2 800 feet per second, {v = \/ zgh). 148. A railway car of 4 tons, moving at the rate of 5 miles an hour, strikes a pair of buffers which yield to the extent of 6 inches. Find the average force exerted upon them. Work = work possessed by train by buffers 149. What is the kinetic energy of a 2|^-ton cable car moving at 6 miles per hour, loaded with 36 pas- sengers, each of average weight 154 pounds.'* If stopped in 2 seconds, what is the average force .'' 150. What is the kinetic energy of an electric car weighing 2\ tons, moving at 10 miles an hour, and loaded with 50 passengers, of average weight 150 pounds .'' 151. The weight of a ram is 600 pounds, and at the end of a blow it has a velocity of 40 feet per second. What work is done in raising it } 152. Find the horse-power of a man who strikes 25 blows per minute on an anvil with a hammer of weight 14 pounds, the velocity of the hammer on striking being 32 feet per second. 153. A blacksmith's helper using a 16-pound sledge strikes 20 times a minute and with a velocity of 30 feet per second. Find his rate of work. WORK— ENER G V. 4/ 154. A ball weighing 5 ounces, and moving at I 000 feet per second, pierces a shield, and moves on with a velocity of 400 feet per second. What energy- is lost in piercing the shield .'' 155. A shot of I 000 pounds moving at the rate of I 600 feet per second strikes a fixed target. How far will the shot penetrate the target, exerting upon it an average pressure equal to a weight of 1 2 000 tons ? 156. A bullet weighing i ounce leaves the mouth of a ritle with a velocity of i 500 feet per second. If the barrel be 4 feet long, calculate the mean pressure of the powder, neglecting all friction. 157. The bullet referred to in the preceding problem penetrates a sand bank to the depth of 3 feet. What is the mean pressure exerted by the sand ? 158 . An 8-hundred weight shot leaves a 40-ton gun with velocity of 2 000 feet per second : the length of the gun is 20 feet. What is the average force of the powder ? 159. A 2-ounce bullet leaves the barrel of a gun with a velocity of i 000 feet per second. Find the work stored up in the bullet, and the height from which it must fall to acquire that velocity. 160. What is the kinetic energy of a 5-hundred weight projectile fired with a velocity of 2 000 feet per second ? 161. An 8-inch projectile, weight 250 pounds, strikes a sand butt going 2 000 feet per second, and 48 ME CHANICS — PROBLEMS. is Stopped in 25 feet. If the resistance is uniform, what is its value in pounds ? 162. A hammer weighing i pound has a velocity of 20 feet per second at the instant it strikes the head of a nail. Find the force which the hammer exerts on the nail if it is driven into the wood ^l of an inch. 163. A fly-wheel weighs 10 000 pounds, and is of such a size that its mass may be treated as if concen- trated on the circumference of a circle 12 feet in radius. What is its kinetic energy when moving at the rate of 15 revolutions a minute .'' 164. How many turns would the above fly-wheel make before coming to rest, if the steam were cut off, and it moved against a friction of 400 pounds exerted on the circumference of an axle i foot in diameter } 165. A fly-wheel on a 2 1 -horse-power gas engine of nominal speed 150 revolutions per minute, must store what energy to provide for an increase or de- crease in speed of 3 revolutions per minute } 166. The fly-wheel of a 4-horse-po\ver engine running at 75 revolutions per minute is equivalent to a heavy rim of mean diameter 2 feet 9 inches, and weight 500 pounds. What is the ratio of the work stored in the fly-wheel to the work developed in a revolution ? 167. A 3 horse-power stamping machine presses down once in every 2 seconds ; its speed fluctuates from 80 to 120 revolutions per minute; and to pro- vide for this fluctuation the fly wheel stores |ths of WORK — ENER G Y. 49 all the energy supply for 2 seconds. What energy is thus stored per revolution ? 168. A nozzle discharges a stream i inch in diam- eter with a velocity of 80 feet per second, {a) How much work is possessed by the water that flows out each minute .'' {b) If this energy could all be utiUzed by a water-wheel, what would be its power .'' 169. Suppose that the above nozzle drives a water- wheel connected with a pump which lifts water 20 feet. If the efficiency of the whole apparatus is 0.48, how much water would be lifted per minute } 170. An impulse water-wheel must provide 3 J- use- ful horse-power ; efficiency of wheel is 85% ; water- pressure is 60 pounds per square inch ; what size nozzle should be used — to the nearest eighth of an inch ? Work = force X distance Force = area X velocity X 62^ = area X 8 V60 X 2.304 X 62^^ Distance = 60 X 2.304 feet. 171. The fire streams shown on the next page are being delivered through 100 feet of cotton rubber- lined hose with nozzles li inches in diameter. The full pressure at end of nozzle is 50 pounds per square inch. What horse-power is the fire-pump thus delivering 1 172. Through the 100 foot lines of hose there is a large loss of pressure. At hydrant the full pressure is 75 pounds ; at the nozzle 50 pounds. What horse- power is thus lost .'' Force illustrated by two fire streams being delivered by the pump service of the large cotton mills of B. B. & R. Knight at Natick, Rhode Island. One stream is being held by men in correct position, the other by men who have been crowded into an awkward and dangerous position. Pressure shown on the gauge at the hydrant- was 75 pounds per square inch. FORCES — AT A POINT. 51 II. FORCES. FORCES ACTING AT A POINT. 173. An acrobat weighing 150 pounds stands in the middle of a tight rope 40 feet long and depresses it 5 feet. Find the tension in the rope caused by his weight. Construction Diagram Draw the construction diagram showing the rope, the known force of 150 pounds and an arrow to indicate its direction. Then draw the stress diagram. I,ay off 150 pounds parallel to the known force and at a scale of i inch = 60 pounds ; from one end of this line AB draw a full line parallel with one of the forces; from the other end a line parallel with the other force. Complete the paral- lelogram by drawing free hand the dotted parallel lines AD and BD. rut arrows on forces beginning with the known force of 150 pounds this positively acts downward — then the other arrows will follow in order around the full-Hne triangle B to C and C to A. Thus AB has become a diagonal of the parallelogram and is the balancing force, or what is more properly known as the equilibriant. If this 52 ME CHA NICS-PR OBLEMS. force was acting in the opposite direction it would be the resultant of the other two forces. The full-line triangle ABC constitutes the triangle of forces. It is the keynote to the solution of many problems in Forces. The mag- nitudes and directions of the forces can be found by scaling from this triangle, or by computations involving similar triangles, thus, geometry or trigonometry. Forces-At-A-Point problems therefore can be solved as follows : Draw a construction diagram showing dimensions and loads. Draw a stress diagram. First, the known force. Complete the parallelogram. Put arrows on full-line triangle. Scale or compute the stresses. 174. A speed-buoy is thrown into the water behind a ship, and the pull on the buoy by the water is 60 pounds. The two ropes that connect the buoy with the ship make an angle of 15° at their point of attach- ment. Find the stresses on the ropes. 175. Two men pull a body horizontally by means of ropes. One exerts a force of 28 pounds directly north, the other a force of 42 pounds in direction N. 42°E. What single force would be equivalent to the two ? 176. Three cords are knotted together ; one of these is pulled to the north with a force of 6 pounds, another to the east with a force of 8 pounds. With what force must the third be pulled to keep the whole at rest ? 177. Two persons lifting a body exert forces of 44 pounds and 60 pounds on opposite sides of the ver- FORCES— AT A FOIXT. 53 tical, but each with an incHnation of 28°. What single force would produce the same effect ? 178. A force of 50 units acts along a line inclined at an angle of 30° to the horizon. Find, by construc- tion or otherwise, its horizontal and vertical com- ponents. 179. Explain the boatman's meaning when he says that greater force is developed when a mule hauls a canal boat with a long rope than with a short one. Is the same true of a steam-tug when towing a four- master .'' 180. Two strings, one of which is horizontal, and the other inclined to the vertical at an angle of 30°, support a weight of 10 pounds. Find the tension in each string. 181. Two forces of 20 pounds, and one of 21 act at a point. The angle between the first and second is 120°, and between the second and third, 30°. Find the resultant. 182. Forces of 9 pounds, 12, 13, and 26, act at a point so that the angles between the successive forces are equal. Find their resultant. 183. A weightless rod, 3 feet long, is supported horizontally, one end being hinged to a vertical wall, and the other attached by a string to a point 4 feet above the hinge ; a weight of 1 20 pounds is hung from the end supported by the string. Calculate the tension in the string, and the pressure along the rod. 54 MECHAA^ICS-PROBLEMS. 184. A weight of lOO pounds is fixed to the top of a weightless rod or strut 5 feet long whose lower end rests in a corner between a floor and a vertical wall, while its upper end is attached to the wall by a horizontal wire 4 feet long. Calculate the tension in the wire, and the thrust in the rod. 185. A rod AB is hinged at A and supported in a horizontal position by a string BC making an angle of 45° with the rod ; the rod has a weight of 10 pounds suspended from B. Find tfie tension in the string and the force at the hinge. (The weight of the rod can be neglected.) 186. A simple triangular truss of 30 feet span and 5 feet depth supports a load of 4 tons at the apex. Find the forces acting on rafters and tie rod. itum 187. A derrick is set as shown in sketch, the load being 8 tons. Find the Fig. la. stress in the boom and the tackle. 188. A stiff -leg steel derrick, with mast 55 feet high, boom 85 feet long, set with tackle 40 feet long, as shown in cut, is raising two boilers of 50 tons weight. Find stresses in boom and tackle. (See illustration on page 55.) 189. Find the stress in tackle and compression in boom of towers for six- master shown on page 24 when bucket, weighing with its load 2 tons, is set in position shown by Fig. 13. FORCES— AT A POINT. 55 Fig. 14. 190. A balloon capable of raising a weight of 360 pounds is held to the ground by a rope which makes an angle of 60° with the horizon. Determine the tension of the rope and the horizontal pressure of the wind on the balloon. 1£1. A uniform beam 10 feet long, weighing 80 pounds, is suspended from a horizontal ceiling by two strings attached at its ends, and at points 16 feet apart in the ceiling. Find the tension in each string. '92. A boat is towed along a canal 50 feet wide, by mules on both banks ; the length of each rope from its point of attachment to the bank is 72 feet : 56 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. the boat moves straight down the middle of the canal. Find the total effective pull in that direction, when the pull on each rope is 800 pounds. 193. A boat is being towed by a rope making an angle of 30° with the boat's length ; the resultant pressure of the water and rudder is inclined at 60° to the length of the boat, and the tension in the rope is equal to the weight of half a ton. Find the re- sultant force in the direction of the boat's length. 194. In a direct-acting steam-engine the piston- pressure is 22 500 pounds ; the connecting-rod makes a maximum angle of i 5° with the line of action of the piston. Find the pressure on the guides. 195. A man weighing 160 pounds sits in a loop at the end of a rope 10 feet 3 inches long, the other end being fastened to a point above. What horizon- tal force will pull him 2 feet 3 inches from the verti- cal, and what will then be the pull on the rope .'* 196 A man weighing 160 pounds sits in a ham- mock suspended by ropes which are inclined at 30° and 45° to vertical posts. Find the pull in each rope. 197. Two equal weights, W, are attached to the extremities of a flexible string which passes over three tacks arranged in the form of an isosceles triangle with the base horizontal, the vertical angle at the upper tack being 120°. Find the pressure on each tack. FORCES— AT A POINT. 57 198. A rod AB 5 feet long, without weight, is hung from a point C by two strings, which are at- tached to its ends and to the point ; the string AC is 3 feet long, and the string BC 2 feet ; a weight of 2 pounds is hung from A and a weight of 3 pounds from B. Find the tension of the strings and the condition that these may be in equilibrium. 199. A weight of 10 pounds is suspended by two strings, 7 and 24 inches long, the other ends of which are fastened to the extremities of a rod 25 inches in length. Find the tension of the strings when the weight hangs immediately below the middle point of the rod. 200. AB is a wall, and C a fixed point at a given perpendicular distance from it ; a uniform rod of given length is placed on C with one end against AB. If all the surfaces are smooth, find the position in which the rod is in equilibrium. 201. AB is a uniform beam weighing 300 pounds. The end A rests against a smooth verti- ^j cal wall, the end B is attached to a rope I CB. Point C is vertically above A, X length of beam is 4 feet, rope 7 feet. J Represent the forces acting, and find the XH pressure against the wall and the tension .IE in the rope. ' Fig. 16. 202. A wagon weighing 2 200 pounds rests on a slope of inclination 30°. What are the equivalent forces parallel and perpendicular to the plane 1 58 MECHAXICS-PROBLEMS. 203. AB is a rod that can turn freely round one end A ; the other end B rests against a smooth in- cHned plane. In what direction does the plane react upon the rod ? Illustrate your answer by a diagram showing the rod, the plane, and the reaction. 204. A wagon weighing 2 tons is to be drawn up a smooth road which rises 4 feet vertically in a dis- tance of 32 feet horizontally by a rope parallel to the road. What must the pull of the rope exceed in order that it may move the wagon } 205. What weight can be drawn up a smooth plane rising i in 5 by a pull of 200 pounds {a) when the pull is parallel with the plane } {b) when it is hori- zontal .'' 206. A horse is attached to a dump-car by a chain, which is inclined at an angle of 45° to the rails ; the force exerted by the horse is 672 pounds. What is the effective force along the rails .? 207. The angle of inclination of a smooth inclined plane is 45° : a force of 3 pounds acts horizontally, and a force of 4 pounds acts parallel to the plane. Find the -weight which they will be just able to support. - - « 208. A body rests on a plane of height 3 feet, length 5 feet. If the body weighs 14 pounds, what force act- ting along the plane could support it, and what would be the pressure on the plane } FORCES— AT A POLVT. 59 209. A number of loaded trucks each containing one ton, standing on a given part of a smooth tram- way, where the inclination is 30°, support an equal number of empty trucks on another part, where the inclination is 45°. Find the weight of a truck. 210. Two planks of lengths 7 yards and 6 yards rest with one end of each on a horizontal plane, the other ends in contact above that plane ; two weights are supported one on each plank, and are connected by a string passing over a pulley at the junction of the planks ; the weight on the first plank is 21 pounds. What is the weight on the other, friction not being considered .'' 211. The weight of a wheel with its load is 2 tons, diameter of wheel 5 feet. Find the least horizontal force necessary to pull it over a stone 4 inches high. (When the wheel begins to rise three forces are acting : P, W, and R the reaction. It is required to find P.) 212. A rectangular box, contain- ing a 200-pound ball, stands on a ^*^' '^" horizontal table, and is tilted about one of its lower edges through an angle of 30.° Find the pressure be- tween the ball and the box. 213. An iron sphere weighing 50 pounds is resting against a smooth vertical wall and a smooth plane which is inclined 60° to the horizon. Find the pres- sure on the wall and plane. 6o MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 214. A beam weighing 400 pounds rests with its ends on two inclined planes whose angles of inclina- tion to the horizontal are 20° and 30°. Find the pressures on the planes. 215. A thread 14 feet long is fastened to two points A and B which are in the same horizontal line and 10 feet apart ; a weight of 25 pounds is tied to the thread at a point P so chosen that AP is 6 feet — therefore BP is 8 feet long. The weight being thus suspended, find by means of construction or otherwise, what are the tensions of the parts AP and BP of the thread. 216. AC and BC are two threads 4 feet and 5 feet long, respectively, fastened to fixed points A and B, which are in the same horizontal line 6 feet apart ; a weight of 50 pounds is fastened to C. Find, by means of a line construction drawn to scale, the pull it causes at the points A and B. Each of the threads AC and BC is, of course, in a state of tension. What are the forces producing the tension 1 217. A boiler weighing 3 000 pounds is supported by tackles from the fore and main yards. If the tackles make angles of 25° and 35° respectively with the vertical, what is the tension of each t 218. A piece of wire 26 inches long, and strong enough to support directly a load of 100 pounds, is attached to two points 24 inches apart in the same horizontal line. Find the maximum load that can be FORCES— AT A POINT. 6 1 suspended at the middle of the piece of wire without breaking it. 219. A picture of 50 pounds weight hanging ver- tically against a smooth wall is supported by a string passing over a smooth hook ; the ends of the string- are fastened to two points in the upper rim of the frame, which are equidistant from the center of the rim, and the angle at the peg is 60°. Find the tension in the string. 220. A weight W" attached by two connecting cords of lengths a and /; to two fixed points A and B, and separated by a horizontal inter\-al c, are in equilib- rium under the action of gravity. Required the stresses P and O in the cords. 221. Two equal rods AB and BC are loosely jointed together at B. C and A rest on two fixed supports in the same horizontal line, and are connected by a cord equal in length to AB. If a weight of 12 pounds be suspended from B, what is the pressure produced along AB and BC, and tlic tension in the cord 1 222. Two spars are lashed together so as to form a pair of shears as shown in sketch. They stand with their "heels" 20 feel apart, and would be 40 feet high wh-^n vertical. What is the tension in the guy and thrust in the legs when a load ^X of 30 tons is being lifted? r<,D~t^! Suppose that a single leg should replace the 62 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. two spars. The stress can easily be found in tliis imaginary leg by considering that at A, in this plane, three forces meet, — the imagi- nary leg, the back guy, and the vertical load of 30 tons. Then consider the three forces at A in the plane of the legs, and thus find the stresses in the two equal spars. 223. When the spars become vertical what stresses will exist for the load of 30 tons .'' Fig. 19. 224. Figs. 19-20 show a pair of shears erected at Sparrow's Point, Md., for the Maryland Steel Com- pany. The two front legs are hollow steel tubes 116 feet long, and inclined 35 feet out of the vertical. The back leg is 1 26 feet long, and is connected to hydraulic machines for operating the shears. How much are the forces acting in these legs when a Krupp gun weighing 122 tons is being lifted.? 225. Each leg of a pair of shears is 50 feet long. They are spread 20 feet at the foot. The back stay is 75 feet long. Find the forces acting on each member when lifting a load of 20 tons at a distance of 20 feet from the foot of the shear legs, neglecting the weight of structure. 226. Shear legs each 50 feet long, 30 feet apart on horizontal ground, meet at point C, which is 45 feet vertically above the ground ; stay from C is inclined FORCES— AT A PO/NT. 63 "1 1-.1.I- I t Fig. 20. at 40° to the horizon ; a load of 10 tons hangs from C. Find the force in each leg and stay. 227. A vertical crane post is 10 feet high, jib 30 feet long, stay 24 feet long, meeting at a point C. There are two back stays making angles of 45° with the horizontal ; they are in planes due north and due IS u B Pi 13 i-i A V -S^i-J FORCES — AT A POINT. 65 ■west from the post. A weight of 5 tons hangs from C. Find the forces in the jib and stays — ist, when C is southeast of the post ; 2d, when C is due east ; 3d, when C is due south. 228. The view on opposite page shows one of the largest dipper dredges ever built, the *' Pan American," constructed at Buffalo in 1899 f*->^" ^^^e on the Great Lakes. An A-frame, the legs of which are 57 feet long and 40 feet apart at the bottom, is held at the apex by four cables which are 100 feet long. The boom is 53 feet long and weighs 30 tons. The handle, which weighs about 4 tons, is 60 feet long, and carries on its end a dipper weighing 16 tons, which will dredge up 8| cubic yards, or about 12 tons, of material at one load. The dipper is operated by a wire rope that passes over a pulley on the outward end of the boom and connects to the drum of the hoisting engine. In the position represented by the outline sketch, the boom is inclined to the water surface at an angle of 30'^ the dipper is car- rying the full load, and the han- dle is in a hori- zontal p o s i t i o n Fig. 21. with its middle point supported at a point on the boom 23 feet from the foot of the boom. The apex of the A-frame is vertically abo\e the foot of the boom. Compute the forces acting in the 100-foot 66 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. back-stays (considering them to be one rope, in posi- tion as per sketch), in the legs of the A-frame, in the boom, and in the wire rope which raises the dipper. 229- A tripod whose vertex is A, and whose legs are AB, AC, AD, of lengths 8 feet, 8.5, and 9 re- spectively, sustains a load of 2 tons. The ends B, C, D, form a triangle whose sides are BC 7 feet, CD 6 feet, BD 8 feet. Find the stress in each leg. Sketch the figure and put on the dimensions. Then draw to scale the base BCD, and in this horizontal plane locate the vertices A', A", and A'" of the three faces of the pyramidal-shaped figure that is formed by the legs of the tripod. Perpendiculars drawn from A', A" and A'" to their respective sides of the triangle BCD will locate at their intersection the projection of vertex A. Now pass a vertical plane, for example, through AB and the load of 2 tons; note the in- tersection E with line CD. AE can be considered as an imaginary leg, and the stress in it can be graphically determined as hereto- fore, also the stress in AC and AD, 30. A tripod with 8-foot legs is to be used for lowering a 2-ton water-pipe. How far apart can the bottoms of legs be spread, if in an equilateral triangle, so that not over i ton stress will come on each leg } 231. A chandelier of weight 500 pounds is to hang under the middle of a triangle 12 feet x 8 X 8. Two of the chains are to be 20 feet long. What should be the length of the third chain t What stresses would exist in chains .'' 232. ABCD is a square ; forces of i pound, 6, and 9 act in directions AB, AC, and AD respectively. Find the magnitude of their resultant. FORCES — AT A POINT. 6/ 233. A, B, C, D, are the angular points of a square taken in order ; three forces act on a particle at A, viz. one of 7 units from A to B, a second of 10 units from D to A, and a third of 5 Vi units along the diagonal from A to C. Find, by construction or otherwise, the resultant of these three forces. 234. Forces P, 2P, 3P, and 4P act along the sides of a square A, B, C, D, taken in order. Find the magnitude, direction, and line of action of the result- ant. 235. A sinker is attached to a fishing-line which is then thrown into running water. Show by means of a diagram the forces which act on the sinker so as to maintain equilibrium. 236. A uniform rod 6 feet long, weighing 10 pounds, is supported by a smooth pin and by a string 6 feet long which is attached to the rod i foot from one end and to a nail vertically above the pin, 4 feet dis- tant. Show by construction the position in which the rod will come to rest. 237. A light rod AB can turn freely round a hinge at A ; it rests in an inclined position against a smooth peg near the end B ; a weight is hung from the middle of the rod. Show in a diagram the forces which keep the rod at rest, and name them. 68 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 238. A weight W on a plane inclined 30° to the horizontal is supported as shown in cut. The angles Q being equal. Find the ratio of the power to the weight. tig. 22. 239. Discuss the action of the wind in propellinga sailing-vessel. Let AB be the keel, CD the sail. Let the force of the wuid be represented in magnitude _. ■&■«' and direction by EF. The component GF of EF, perpendicular to the sail, is the effec- tive component in propelling the ship ; the other component EG, parallel to the sail, is useless; but GF drives the ship fonvard and sidewise. Tlie component GH of GF, perpendicular to AB, pro- duces side motion, or leeway; and the other component II F, along the keel, produces forward motion, or headway. 240. A sailing-boat is being driven forward by a force of 300 pounds as shown in Fig. 24. What force is P acting in direction of motion of the boat .'' Fig. 24. 241. Discuss the action of the rudder of a vessel in counteracting leeway. Show that one effect of the action of the rudder is to diminish the vessel's motion. 242. A thread of length / has its ends fastened to two points in a line of length c, and inclined to the vertical with angle Q ; a weight W hangs on the thread by means of a smooth hook. Find the position in FORCES. — AT A POINT. 69 which the weight comes to rest and the tension in the thread. 243. A smooth ring weighing 40 pounds slides along a cord that is attached to two fixed points in a horizontal line. The distance between the points being one-half length of cord, find position in which weight will come to rest and the tension in the string near the points of attachment. 244. A small heavy ring A, which can slide upon a smooth vertical hoop, is kept in a given position by a string AB, B being the highest point of the hoop. Show that the pressure between the ring and the hoop is equal to the weight of the ring. 245. Draw a figure showing the mechanical con- ditions of equilibrium when a uniform beam rests with one extremity against a smooth vertical wall, and the other inside a smooth hemispherical bowl. 246. A ball 8 inches in diameter, weighing 100 pounds, rests on a plane inclined 30° to the horizon, and is held in equilibrium by a string 4 inches long attached to a sphere and to an inclined plane. Rep- resent the forces acting, and find their values. 247. A uniform sphere rests on a smooth inclined plane, and is held by a horizontal string. To what point on the surface of the sphere must the string be attached t Draw a figure showing the forces in action, 70 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 248. A uniform bar of weight 20 pounds, length 12 feet, rests with one end inside a smooth hemispheri- cal bowl, and is supported by the edge of the bowl with 2 feet of the bar outside of it. Draw the forces producing equilibrium, and find their values. The stresses in a roof or bridge truss tliat carries a uniform load are best determined by finding in place of the uniform loads equivalent apex loads. And a fact that is often obscure to students is, that a part of this uniform load is not included in our computation of stresses. In the truss of Fig. 25 the portions a of uniform load are not included in the compressive stresses of A C and C B. This fact will be further understood by solving the problems that follow. 249. Two floor beams of 16 feet length meet at a post, Fig. 26. The load, 10 feet width of bay for each beam, is 150 pounds per square foot. What will be the load carried by the post .'* If it is found that the post must be removed so as to give better floor space the plan of Fig. 27 could be used. What would then be the stress in the short post (3 feet long), and in the two rods, and in the floor beams } h.-- "toaJsSxTo" Fig. a6. Fig. 27. 250. Now if the same conditions exist as in the preceding problem, except that the rods, instead of FORCES— AT A POINT. 71 being fastened to the ends of the beam are fastened to straps on the outside of the wall, what will then be the stresses in post, rods, and floor beam ? 251. The slopes of a simple triangular roof-truss are 30' and 45°, and the span is 50 feet. The trusses are set 10 feet apart, and the weight of the roof cov- ering and snow is 50 pounds per square foot of roof. Find the stresses in tie-rod and rafters. 10 >f 111 /: f =t ■■- io T f C^< Plan Fig. 28. Elevation Fig. 29. The load on any truss would be represented by the shaded area in Fig. 28. Find this load and then the apex loads A, C, and B, and observe that, according to explanation of preceding problems, the loads A and B do not enter into our computations. C alone is re- quired. Having found C, the stresses in rafters can be determined. Then find the stress that each rafter transmits to the tie-rod. 252. In a roof of 32 feet span and height 1 2 feet the trusses are 1 b 10 feet apart, and the memberS|AXF EF, GH, come to the middle points of the rafters. If the weight of the roof-covering and snow is 60 pounds per square foot, find the apex loads AO, AB, and BC. 72 MECHANICS -PROBLEMS. 253. Find the stresses in the king-post truss of Fig. 31. Dis- tance between trusses is 12 feet. '^' ^'' There is a uniform load of ico pounds per square foot of roof surface and i 000 pounds at the foot of the post. 254. A king-post truss has a span of iS feet and a rise of 9 feet. Compute the stresses due to a load of 14 000 pounds at the middle. 255. A floor beam 16 feet long and carrying a uni- form load of 200 pounds per linear foot is trussed by rods that are i^ feet below middle of beam. Con- sider a joint at the middle and find stress in rod. MOM ENTS The principles of Work can be used to solve nearly all problems that belong to the subject of Mechanics, but in certain classes of problems shorter methods are possible. In the following problems the pnnci- ples of Moments can be used to advantage. Definition. — The Moment of a force about a point or axis is the product of the force times the perpendicular distance from the point to the hne of action of the force ; or, brieftj-. Moment is force X perpendicular. Clockwise motion will be taken positive ; the opposite direction, negative. In beginning the solution of problems always state which point or axis the moments are taken about ; thus, " Take moments about B," or " Moments about axis B," FORCES — MOMENTS. 7 3 256. A piece of shafting 10 feet long, and weighing 100 pounds, rests horizontally on < ^0 /> two horses placed at its ends, ^f 2__i1_!^b A pulley weighing 75 pounds is ^ ^LuJ,,.. keyed 2^^ feet from one end. Fig- 32. How many pounds will a man have to lift at the other end to just raise it.-* loo pounds, the weight of shaft, acts downward at the middle point ; 75 pounds, the weight of pulley, acts downward at D, 2\ feet from B. Find the required force acting upward. Take moments about B, 4-Px 10— 100 X5 — 75 X2;l = o. .-. p = 67.5 pounds. 257. A uniform lever is 18 inches long, and each inch in length weighs i ounce. Find the place of the fulcrum when a weight of 27 ounces at one end of the lever balances a weight of 9 ounces at the other end. 258. A lever 16 feet long balances about a point 4 feet from one end; if a weight of 120 pounds be attached to the other end, it balances about a point 6 feet from that end. Find the weight of the lever. 259. A light rod of length 3 yards has weights o£ 1 5 pounds and 3 pounds suspended at the middle and end respectively ; it balances on a fulcrum. Find the position of the fulcrum, and the pressure on it. 260. A stiff pole 12 feet long sticks out horizon- tally from a vertical wall. It would break if a weight of 28 pounds were hung at the end. How far out along the pole may a boy of weight 1 1 2 pounds ven- ture with safety ? 74 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 261. A man pulls i oo pounds on the end of a 7-foot oar that has 2h feet inside the rowlock. What is the pressure on the rowlock, and resultant pressure caus- ing the boat to move ? 262. Find the propelling force on an eight-oared shell, if each man pulls his oar with a force of 56 pounds, and the length of the oar outside the row- lock is three times the length inside. 263. A light bar, 5 feet long, has weights of 9 pounds and 5 pounds suspended from its ends, and 10 pounds from its middle point. Where will it balance.'* 264. A weightless lever AB of the first order, 8 feet long, with its fulcrum 2 feet from B, has a weight of 5 pounds hung from A, and one of 17 pounds from B. From what point must a weight of 2.5 pounds be hung to keep the lever horizontal t 265. A weight of 100 pounds is supported by a rope which passes over a fixed pulley and is attached to a 12-foot lever at a point 2 feet from the fulcrum which is at the end. What weight must be sus- pended at the other end to keep the lever horizontal ? 266. Eight sailors raise an anchor, of weight 2 6%Z pounds, by pulling on the spokes of a capstain which has a radius of 14 inches. If they all pull at equal distances from the center and exert a force of 56 pounds each, what is the distance } 267. Is there any reason why a man should put his shoulder to the spoke of the wheel rather than to the body of the wagon in helping it up hill ? FORCES— MOMENTS. 75 268. A rod AB, of length 15 feet, is supported by props at A and B ; a weight of 200 pounds is sus- pended from the rod at a point 7 feet from A. Find the pressure on the prop at A. 269. A hght bar, 9 feet long, to which is attached a weight of 150 pounds, at a point 3 feet from one end, is borne by two men. Find what portion of the weight is borne by each man, when the bar is horizontal. 270. A light rod, 16 inches long, rests on two pegs 9 inches apart, with its center midway between them. The greatest weights, which can be suspended sepa- rately from the two ends of the rod without disturb- ing the equilibrium, are 4 pounds and 5 pounds re- spectively. There is another weight fixed to the rod. Find that weight and its position. 271. A light rod AB, 20 inches long, rests upon two pegs whose distance apart is equal to half the length of the rod. How must it be placed so that the pressure on the pegs may be equal when weights 2W, 3W, are suspended from A, B, respectively } 272. The horizontal roadway of a bridge is 30 feet long and its weight, 6 tons, may be supposed to act at its middle point, and it rests on similar supports at its ends. What pressure is borne by each of the supports when a carriage weighing 2 tons is one-third of the way across the bridge ? ']6 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 273. " We have a set of hay-scales, and some- times we have to weigh wagons that are too long to go on them. Can we get the correct weight by weighing one end at a time and then adding the two weights?" 274. A rod, i8 inches long, can turn about one of its ends, and a weight of 5 pounds is fixed to a point 6 inches from the fixed end. Find the force which must be applied at the other end to preserve equilib- rium. 275. A straight uniform lever weighing 10 pounds rests on a fulcrum one-third of its length from one end ; it is loaded with a weight of 4 pounds at that end. Find what vertical force must act at the other end to keep the lever at rest. 276. A weight of 56 pounds is attached to one end of a uniform bar which is ten feet long, and weighs 20 pounds ; the fulcrum is 2 feet from the end to which the weight is attached. What weight must be applied at the other end to balance .-* 277. AB is a horizontal uniform bar i \ feet long, and F a point in it 10 inches from A. Suppose that AB is a lever turning on a fulcrum under F, and carrying a weight of 40 pounds at B ; weight of lever, 4 pounds. If it is kept horizontal by a fixed pin above the rod, 7 inches from F and 3 inches from A, find the pressure on the fulcrum and on the fixed pin. FORCES-MOMENTS. 77 278. An ununiform rod, i6 feet long, weighing 4 pounds, balances about a point 4 feet from one end. If, 2 feet from this end, a weight of 10 pounds be hung, what weight must there be hung from the other end so that the rod may balance about its middle point .'* 279. Six men are to carry an iron rail 60 feet long and weighing 90 pounds per yard ; each man sustains one-sixth of the weight. Two men are to hft from one end and the other four by means of a cross-bar. Where must the cross-bar be placed ? 280. A rod 2 feet long, with a weight of 7 pounds at its middle point, is placed upon two nails, A and B, AB is horizontal and 7 inches long. Find how far the ends of the rod must extend beyond the nails, if the difference of the pressures on the nails be 5 pounds. 281. A davit is supported by a foot- step A and a collar B, placed 5 feet apart. A boat weighing two tons is about to be lowered, and is hanging 4 feet horizontally from vertical through the foot-step and collar. Determine the forces which must be acting at A and B. 282. A highway bridge of span 50 feet, breadth 40 feet, has two queen-post trusses of depth 8 feet ; and each truss is divided by two posts into three equal parts. The bridge is designed to carry a load 78 ME CHA NICS-PKOBLEMS. of I oo pounds per square foot of floor surface. Find the stresses developed. Find the loads for each truss at the two panel points C and D; then, by the methods of Moments, find the reactions R and R,, ob- serving, as explained for problem 251, that at each end half a panel of the load goes directly on the abutment and does not affect our computation of stresses in the members of the truss. The reactions thus known makes it possible to find the two unknown forces (stresses in the members) at the abutments. Likewise at foot of posts three forces meet in a point. One is known, — the stress in post which is equal to load at C or D, — and the other two can be found by methods of three forces acting at a point. h— C 60 /e. i — >» 1\ CD l< — 60/1!. -->1 Fig. 34- Fig. 35. 283. A king-post truss of 20 feet span, as shown in Fig. 35, has a uniform load of 10 X 200 pounds on the horizontal member and 10 000 pounds at the foot of the post. Determine the reactions and stresses. 284. A 5 -foot water-pipe is carried across a gully by two king-post trusses that are spaced 6 feet apart. The pipe when filled with water makes a load of 200 pounds per square foot. Length of trusses is 40 feet ; depth, 5 feet. Find the stresses. 285. A storehouse has queen-post trusses in the top story ; 50 feet span, 10 feet depth, lower chord divided into 3 equal parts ; trusses 8 feet apart, and load 150 pounds per square foot. Find the stresses. FOR CES — MOMENTS. 79 286. A ladder with 21 rungs a foot apart leans against a building with inclination of 45°. Find the pressure against the building when a man weighing 150 pounds stands on the eleventh rung. 287. Like parallel forces of 10 and 20 units act perpendicularly to AB at A and B ; a force of 1 5 units acts from A to B. Find the resultant of the three forces, and show in a diagram how it acts. 288. A rod is acted on at one end by a force of 3 downwards, and at a distance of two feet from this end by a force of 5 upwards. Where must a force of 2 be applied to keep the rod at rest 1 289. Three parallel forces of i pound each act on a horizontal bar. The right hand one acts vertically upwards, the two others vertically downwards, at dis- tances 2 feet and 3 feet respectively, from the first. Draw their resultant, and state exactly its magnitude and position. 290. A rod is suspended horizontally on two points, A and B, 12 feet apart; between A and B points C and D are taken, such that AC = BD = 3 feet ; a weight of 120 pounds is hung at C, and a weight of 240 pounds at D ; the weight of the rod is neglected. Take a point O, midway between A and B, and find with respect to O the algebraical sum of the moments of the forces acting on the rod on one side of O. 291. A horizontal rod without weight, 6 feet long, rests on two supports at its extremities ; a weight of 8o MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 672 pounds is suspended from the rod at a distance of 2\ feet from one end. Find the reaction at each point of support. If one support could bear a pres- sure of only 1 12 pounds, what is the greatest distance from the otTier support at which the weight could be suspended } 292. Three equal parallel forces act at the corners of an equilateral triangle. Find the point of applica- tion of their resultant. 293. Find the center of the three parallel forces 4 pounds, 6, and 8, which act respectively at the cor- ners of an equilateral triangle. 294. P, O, R, are parallel forces acting in the same direction at the angular points respectively of an equilateral triangle ABC. If P == 2Q = 3R, find the position of their center ; also find its position if the direction of the force Q is reversed. 295. Show that if two forces be represented in magnitude and direction by two sides of a triangle, taken in order, the sum of their moments about every point in the base is the same. 296. Draw a square whose angular points in order are A, B, C, D, and suppose equal forces (P) to act from D to A, A to B, and B to C respectively, and a fourth force (2P) to act from C to D. Find a point FORCES— MOMENTS. 8i CM = CM such that, if the moments of the forces are taken with respect to it, the algebraic sum is zero. 297. A BCD is a square, the length of each side being 4 feet, and four forces act as follows : 2 pounds from D to A, 3 pounds from B to A, 4 pounds from C to B, and 5 pounds from D to B. Find the algebraical sum of the moments of the forces about C. a'" The forces act as in the figure. Draw CM perpendicular to DB. Then, CM = DM. .-. CD2 = CM2 + MD2 = 2CM2. CD ^' _ 4 = 2.83 nearly. v; ,•. Algebraical sum of the moments about C = - 2 X DC + 3 X CH + 4 X o - 5 X CM = -2X4 + 3X4 + + 5 (2.83) = -8 + 12 X 14.15 ~ — 10.15 units. 298. ABCD is a square, and AC is a diagonal : forces P, O, R, act along parallel lines at B, C, D, re- spectively, O acts in the direction A to C, P opposite direction, and R in opposite direction. Find, and show in a diagram, the position of the center when O = 5P and R =. 7P. 299. Draw a rectangle, ABCD, such that the side AB is three-fourths of the side BC ; forces of 3, 9, and 5 units act from B to A, B to C, and D to A re- spectively. Find their resultant by construction or 82 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 10 /f. otherwise, and show in your diagram exactly how it acts. 300. Prove that, if parallel forces i, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, are situated at the angles of a regular hexagon, the distance of their center from the center of the cir- cumscribing circle is two-sevenths of the radius of that circle. 301. Six forces, represented by the sides of a regular hexagon taken in order, act along the sides to turn the hexagon round an axis perpendicular to its plane. Show that the moment of the forces is the same through whatever point within the hexagon the axis passes. 302. A triangular table, sides 8 feet, 9 feet, and 10 feet, is sup- ported by legs at each corner, and 350 pounds is placed on it 3 feet from the 8 -foot side, 2 feet from the 9-foot side, and 2.6 feet from the lo-foot side. What are the pressures on the legs } 303. A triangular shaped platform right-angled at A, with side AB 10 b feet long, side AC 40 j feet long, is loaded ^ with freight at 50 pounds per square foot ^'s- 38. surface. Find the load carried by each of the three corner-posts. FORCES— MOMENTS. 83 10 Ua O, the center of gravity, is at one-third the distance from the mid- dle of any base to the opposite vertex. Load equals lo coo j^ounds. Talie moments about axis AB — thus find load carried Ijy C. Then take moments about sides AC and BC. 304. Four vertical forces, 5, 7, 10, and 12 pounds, act at the corners of a square of 20-inch sides. Find resultant and its point of application. Let ABCD be the square, 7(t,. Resuhant = 5 + 7+10+12 = 34 pounds. To find its point of application : Resultant of 7 and 10 will be a force of 17 pounds acting from point in line CB distant y"^ °f 20 inches from B. The resultant of 5 and 12 will be 17 pounds acting at a point in line AD distant -^^ of 20 inches from A . The resultant of these two resultants will be a force of 17 + 17 pounds, 34 pounds, acting at a point half way between them, and at a perpendicular distance from AB of \ of [jY X 20 + yV X 20] = 7 J^ inches. 305. A floor 20 X 30 feet is supported mainly by four posts, one at each corner. There is a load of 20 pounds per square foot uniformly distributed, and at point O, 5 feet from 30-foot side and 7 feet from 20- foot side, there is a metal planer weighing 5 tons. Find the load on each post. 306. Weights 5, 6, 9, and 7 respectively, are hung from the corners of a horizontal square, 27 inches m a side. Find, by taking m.oments about two adjacent edges of the square, the point where a single force must be applied to balance the effect of the forces at the corners. 84 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 307. A uniform beam, weighing 400 pounds, is suspended by means of two chains fastened one at each end of the beam. When the beam is at rest it is found that the chains make angles of 100'' and 115° with the beam. Find the tensions in the chains. 308. A force of 50 pounds acts eastward and a force of 50 pounds acts westward. Will there be motion ? That depends, as will easily be seen, upon the position of the forces. If they act on the two ends of a rope there will be no mo- tion. If they act one on the northerly part of a brake wheel and one on the southerly part there will be motion, — that of rotation. Such forces produce a Couple : two equal, opposite, parallel forces not acting in the same straight line. The tendency to motion by couples is not of translation but of rotation. The measure of this tendency is, — Moment of a couple equals the product of one of the two forces X perpendicular distance between tliem. What is the resultant of a couple of moment 15, and a force 3 } 309. A brakeman sets up a brake on a freight car by pulling 50 pounds with one hand and pushing 50 pounds with the other ; his forces act tangentially to the brake wheel, the diameter of which is i \ feet. Another time he produces the same brake resistance by using a lever in hand wheel and pulling 25 pounds. How far from handwheel must his hands be placed } 310. When are couples said to be like and when unlike .'' When will two unlike couples balance each FOKCES— MOMEA'TS. 85 Other? (i) If a system of forces is represented in magnitude and position by the sides of a plane poly- gon taken in order, show that the system must be equivalent to a couple. (2) If the sides of a parallelo- gram taken in order represent a system of forces act- ing upon a body, express the moment of the couple to which the system of forces is equivalent. 311. Show that a force and a couple in one plane may be reduced to a single force. Given in position a force of 10 pounds, and a couple consisting of two forces of 4 pounds each, at a distance of 2 inches, acting with the hands of a clock, draw the equivalent single force. 312. The length of the side of a square ABCD is 12 inches. Along the sides AB and CD forces of 10 pounds act, and along AD, CB forces of 20 pounds. Find the moment of the equivalent couple. Moments about D, — 12X104-12 X2o = moment of equivalent-couple 12 X 10 = moment of equivalent-couple 313. Forces P and O act at A, and are completely represented by AB and AC, sides of a triangle ABC. Find a third force R such that the three forces together may be equivalent to a couple whose moment is represented by half the area of the triangle. 314. A tradesman has a balance with arms of un- equal length, but tries to be fair by weighing his ma- 86 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. terial first from one scale pan, then from the other. Show that he will defraud himself. 315. A tradesman uses a balance with arms in ratio of 5 to 6 ; he weighs out from alternate pans what appears to be 30 pounds. " How much does he gain or lose } 316. The beam of a balance is 6 feet long, and it appears correct when empty ; a certain body placed in one scale weighs 120 pounds, when placed in the other, 121 pounds. Show that the fulcrum must be distant about yL of an inch from the center of the beam. 317. The weight of a steelyard is 1 2 pounds, its movable weight is 3 pounds. Find the distance between successive pound graduations, if the length of the short arm is 3 inches. 318. A weight of 247 pounds is attached to one end of a horizontal straight lever, which is 22 inches long, and may be regarded as having no weight ; the force is applied at the other end, and makes an angle of 2'j'' with the lever; the fulcrum is 3 inches from the weight. Find the magnitude of the force when it jast balances the weight. 319. A uniform beam rests at a J- given inclination, Q, with one end t-A -*— against a smooth vertical wall, and -1— the other end on smooth horizontal ^ ground : it is held from slipping by a string extending horizontally from FORCES — MOMENTS. 8 7 the foot of the beam to the foot of the wall. Find the tension in the string and the pressures at the ground and wall. AB is the beam, AC the wall, BC the string, W the weight of the beam acting at its middle point G. There are three forces supporting the beam : vertical reaction P, liorizontal reaction R, and tension in the string F. T?.ke moments about B, the point of intersection of two of the forces — their lever arms would be zero. R X AC = W X — . 2 Substitute for AC its value BC x tan Q, then W (,) R = L__ ' 2 tan e but R must equal F, both being horizontal resisting forces that main- tain equilibrium; likewise P and W must be equal. W .-. (2) F = and ^ 2 tan e (3) P = W 320. A uniform beam rests with a sinooth end against the junction of the horizontal ground and a vertical wall ; it is supported by a string fastened to the other end of the beam and to a staple in the ver- tical wall. Find the tension of the string, and show that it will be half the weight of the beam if the length of the string be equal to the height of the staple above the ground. 321. A uniform rod 8 feet long, weighing 18 pounds, is fastened at one end to a vertical wall by a smooth hinge, and is free to move in a vertical plane perpendicular to the wall. It is kept horizontal by a string 10 feet long, attached to its free end and to a 88 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. point in the wall. Find the tension in the stnng, and the pressure on the hinge. 322. A uniform beam, 12 feet in length, rests with one end against the base of a wall which is 20 feet high. If the beam be held by a rope 13 feet long, attached to the top of the beam and to the summit of the wall, find the tension of the rope, neglecting its weight, and assuming the weight of the beam to be 100 pounds. 323. ABC is a rigid equilateral triangle, weight not considered; the vertex B is fastened by a hinge to a wall, while the vertex C rests against the wall under B. If a given weight is hung from A, find the reac- tions at B and C. What are the magnitudes and directions of the forces exerted by the weight on the wall at B and C .'' 324. A beam AB rests on the smooth ground at A and on a smooth inclined plane at B ; a string is fastened at B and, passing over a smooth peg at the top of the plane, supports a weight P. If W is the weight of the beam, and a the inclination of the plane, find P and the reactions on the rod. Draw the figure. The weight W acts at the middle point C. The reaction of the ground at A is R, upwards. The reaction of the plane at B is Ri, perpendicular to the plane. Let the angle BAD = d. The tension of the string at B = tension of the string throughout = P. There are four forces acting on the beam, W, R, Ri, P. Resolve verticaJlv and hori^nnfallv FORCES — MOMENTS. 89 325. A pole 12 feet long, weighing 25 pounds, rests with one end against the foot of a wall, and from a point 2 feet from the other end a cord runs horizontally to a point in the wall 8 feet from the ground. Find the tension of the cord and the pres- sure of the lower end of the pole. 326. A light smooth stick 3 feet long is loaded at one end with 8 ounces of lead ; the other end rests against a smooth vertical wall, and across a nail which is I foot from the wall. Find the position of equi- librium and the pressure on the nail and on the wall. 327. A trapezoidal wall has a vertical back and a sloping front face ; width of base, i o feet ; width of top, 7 feet ; height, 30 feet. What horizontal force must be applied at a point 20 feet from the top in order to overturn it .'' Thickness of wall, i foot ; weight of masonry in wall, 1 30 pounds per cubic foot. 328. Six men using a rope 50 feet long were just able to pull over a chimney 75 feet high. How far a" up from the bottom of the chimney was it advisable to attach the rope } 329. If 1 50 000 pounds is the thrust along the connecting rod of the engine, in example 86, 2\ feet the crank radius, and the connecting-rod is inclined to the crank axis at 150°, show that the moment of the thrust about the crank-pin is one-half the greatest possible moment. 330. A trap-door of uniform thickness, 5 feet long and 3 feet wide, and weighing 5 hundred weight, is 90 ME CHA A 'ICS-PR OB L EMS. held open at angle of 35° with the horizontal by means of a chain. One end of chain is hooked at middle of top edge of door, and the other is fastened at wall 4 feet above hinges. Find the force in the chain and the force at each hinge. 331. The sketch represents a coal wagon weighing with its load 4^ tons. How many pounds applied at P by usual methods of hand ;B power will just lift the wagon when in the posi- tion shown in the sketch .'' AE is a rod in tension. CD is a connecting-bar. Divide the problem into three parts : {a) Draw the forces acting, (/; ) Find horizontal distance from C- to the verti- cal through the center of gravity. ( e) Find force to apply at C parallel to P ; then find P. Fig. 42. CENTER OF GRAVITY 332. A rod of uniform section and density, weigh- ing 3 pounds, rests on two points, one under each end ; a movable weight of 4 pounds is placed on the rod. Where must it be placed so that one of the points may sustain a pressure of 3 pounds, and the other a pressure of 4 pounds .? . FORCES— CENTER OF GRAVITY. 91 Fig. 43. 333. Two rods of uniform density weighing 2 pounds and 3 pounds re- spectively are put together so that the 3-pound one stands on the middle of the other. Find the center of gravity of a- the whole. Take moments about AB, + 3Xi^-5X.v = o 334. A thin plate of metal is in the shape of a E square and equilateral triangle, having one side common ; the side of the square is 12 , inches long. Find the center of gravity of the plate. Let G, be the center of gravity of the triangle, G2 of the square, G of the whole plate. From symmetry EGj GG,0 will b; a straight line bisecting thg plate, and OG., = 6 inches OGi =15-5 inches Let 7v = weight of metal per square inch Area of triangle = h X 12 x \/i2'^— 6' = 62.4 square inches Weight = 62.4 pounds X 70 pounds Area of square = 144 square inches Weight = 144 X 7a pounds Take moments about the axis AB, Weight of triangle xOGi -I- weight of square X OG„ — total, weight X OG = o 62.474;' X 15.5 -1- 14474:/ X 6 — (62.47£'+ i447£') X OG = o .-. OG = 8.86 inches. 92 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 335. A bridge member has two web plates i8 X I inches, top plate 21 x |, top angles 3x3 and I inches thick, bottom angles 4x3 and ^-^ inches thick. Find " eccentricity " — the distance from AB, the neutral axis through the center of gravity to C, the middle of the section. A r B L Fig. 45- Fig 46. 336. Web plate of Fig. 46 is 10 x \ inches, top plate 1 2 X \, two angles 4 x 3 X f . Find " eccen- tricity." (Given in Osborn's Tables (1905) page 24.) 337. Fig. 47 shows a cross-section of the top chord of one of the main trusses in the Portage Canal Draw-Bridge at Houghton, Mich. See Engineering News of June 15, 1905. In computing the strength of this built-up member, it is required to find the position of the axis AB that passes through the center of gravity of the section. anglt Y rrrrr % 3S3 ivvvv^v'VT I- 13 'A Fig. 47. — t Tl 3jX3jx| aTXgU / Fig. 48. FORCES— CENTER OF GRAVITY. 93 338. The strength of steel rails is usually com- puted by embodying, among other factors, the distance from neutral axis, which passes through the center of gravity, to the extreme fibres of the section. A lOO-pound rail, of the Lorain Steel Company, has a section shown in Fig. 48. Draw the section carefully to full scale on bristol board ; then cut it out and locate its center of gravity by balancing on a knife edge. What is the distance from center of gravity to extreme fibres ? 339. ABC is a triangle with a right angle at A. AB = 3 inches; AC = 4 inches; weights of 2 ounces, 3 and 4, are placed at A, B, and C. Find the position of their center of gravity. 340. A uniform triangle ABC of weight W, and lying on a horizontal table, is just raised by a vertical force applied at A. Find the magnitude of this force, and that of the resultant pressure between the base BC and the table. 341. A uniform circular disk has a circular hole punched out of it, extending from the circumference half way to the center. Find the center of gravity of the remainder. 342. A box, including its cover, is made of six equal square boards ; where is its center of gravity when its lid is turned back through an angle of 180° t 94 ME CHA NICS-PROBLEMS. 343. ABCD is a thin rectangular plate weighing 50 e^ pounds, AB is 10 n; feet, EC 2 feet ; the ^^ plate is suspended by the middle point of its upper edge j^^,. AB, and then, of ^^^- ^'^^ course, AB is horizontal, but if a weight of 5 pounds is placed at A, AB will become inclined to the hori- zon. Show how to find the angle of inclination either by calculation or by construction. 344- A circular disk, 8 inches in diameter, has a hole 2 inches in diameter punched out of it, the center of the hole being 3 inches from the circumference of the disk. Find the center of gravity of the remain- ing portion. <2> < Sin. > A CI - A « a ;. ■■O 345. Find the centers of area of the above sec- tions of uniform plate metals. Fig. 50. 346. Into a hollow cylindrical vessel 1 1 inches high and weighing 10 pounds, the center of gravity of which is 5 inches from the base, a uniform solid cylinder 6 inches long and weighing 20 pounds is just fitted. Find the common center of gravity. FORCES— CENTER OF GRAVITY. 95 Gj center of gravity of hollow cylinder Go center of gravity of solid cylinder. Moments about AB, + 10X5 + 30X3 — 30 X.v = o + 50 + 60 — 3o.r = o 30 .V = 1 10 X = 3n inches. ■^'S- S'- 347. Give examples of stable and unstable equibb- riiini. A cone and a hemisphere of the same material are cemented together at the common circular base. If they are on a horizontal plane, and the hemisphere in contact with the plane, find the height of the cone in order that the ec[uilibrium may be neutral. (The center of gravit}- of a hemisphere divides a radius in the ratio of 3 to 5.) 348. A thread 9 feet long has its ends fastened to the ends of a rod 6 feet long ; the rod is supported in such a manner as to be capable of turning freely round a point 2 feet from one end ; a weight is placed on the thread, like a bead on a string. Find the position in which the rod will come to rest, it being supposed that the rod is without weight, and that there is no friction between the weight and the thread. 349. A circular di.sk weighs 9 ounces ; a thin straight wire as long as the radius of the circle weighs 7 ounces ; if the wire is placed on the disk so as to be a chord of the circle, the center of gravity of the whole will be at a distance from the center of the circle equal to some fractional part of the radius. Find that fraction by construction or calculation. 96 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 350. A cone and a hemisphere are on the same base. What height must the cone be in order that the center of gravity of the whole solid shall be at the center of the common base .-' r = radius common base. // = height of cone. FRICTION The coefficients of friction for various pairs of sub- stances have been found experimentally by Morin ; these results however can be used only for approxi- mate computation ; actual trial should be made for specific cases. Average values are: Stone on stone 0.40 to 0.65 Wood on wood 0.25 to 0.40 Metal on metal, dry 0.15100.30 well oiled ... 001 to o.io 1. Friction is proportional to normal reaction, K. 2. Is independent of area of contact. 3. Is dependent very much on the roughness of surfaces. 351. Define " coefficient " and "angle of friction," and "resultant reaction." R 352. A weight of 56 pounds is moved F-.6— g^->8;6. along a horizontal table by a force of I 56 i;,,. I 8 pounds. How much is the coefficient Fig. 5^. of friction .? The pull of 8 pounds is required to overcome friction, and is equal to the friction. Friction = coefficient X Reaction (perpendicular to plane of table. FORCES— FRICTION. 97 F= /x X R = /u, X 56 pounds 8 = /x X 56 " — 5 6 — 1 7" 353. A 5 X 8-foot vertical gate has a head of water against its center equal to 10 feet, or 4 J pounds per square inch. The coefficient of friction being 0.40, what force is required in raising it to overome the friction } 354. A horizontal pull of 50 pounds is required to slide a trunk along the floor. The coefficient of fric- tion is 0.20, and trunk when empty weighs 75 pounds. How many pounds of goods does it contain .'' 355. A block of stone is dragged along the ground by a horse exerting a force of 224 pounds. If /a = 0.6, what is the weight of the block .? 356. A weight of 500 pounds is placed on a table, and can hardly be slid by a horizontal pull of 155 pounds. Find the coefficient of friction, and the number of degrees in the angle of friction by measur- ing from a drawing made to a scale. 357. A stone just slides down a hill of inclination 30°. What is the coefficient of friction t 358. A block rests on a plane which is tilted till the block commences to slide. The inclination is found to be 8.4 inches at starting, and afterwards 6.3 inches on a horizontal length of 2 feet. Find the co- 98 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. efficient of friction when the block starts to slide, and after it has started. 359. A horse draws a load weighing 2 ooo pounds up a grade of i in 20 ; the resistance on the level is 100 pounds per ton. Find the pull on the traces when they are parallel with the incline. 369. How much work has a man, weighing 224 pounds, done in walking twenty miles up a slope of i vertical to 40 horizontal ? What force could drag a dead load of the same weight up the same hill {a) if friction be negligible, {b) if friction be \ of the weiffht ? '&>' 361. Three artillerymen drag a gun weighing I 700 pounds up a hill rising 2 vertically in 1 7 horizontally. Sup- pose the resistance to the wheels going up the hill be 16 pounds per hundred weight, what pull parallel to the hill must each exert to move it .'' When ihe gun is about to move forward the pull P will be acting up the plane, and parallel to it ; the friction F down the plane, hold- ing back; the force R perpendicular to inclined plane, partly sup- porting the gun, and W the weight of Uie gun acting vertically down- ward. Weight of gun is given — i 700 pounds. Resolve into com- ponents perpendicular and parallel to the plane. The perpendicular component will be the supporting force of the plane — its reaction R ; the parallel component will be the part of the pull P required by weight of the gun. 362. Find the force which, acting in a given direc- tion, will just support a body of given weight on a FOR CES — FRIC TION. 99 rough inclined plane. The height is to the base of the plane as 3 to 4, and it is found that the body is just supported on it by a horizontal force equal to half the weight of the body. Find the coefficient of fric- tion between the body and the plane. 363. The table of a small planing-machine which weighs 112 pounds makes si.\ single strokes of 4^ feet each per minute. The coefficient of friction be- tween the sliding surfaces is .07. What is the work in foot-pounds per minute performed in moving the table } 364. A rectangular block ABCD whose height is double its base, stands with its base AD on a rough floor, coefficient of friction \. If it be pulled by a horizontal force at C till motion ensues, determine whether it will slip on the floor, or begin to turn over round D. 365. A cubical block rests on a rough plank with its edges parallel to the edges of the plank. If, as the plank is gradually raised, the block turns over on it before slipping, how much at least must be the coefficient of friction } 366. A weight of 5 pounds can just be supported on a rough inclined plane by a weight of 2 pounds, or can just support a weight of 4 pounds suspended by a string passing over a smooth pulley at the vertex. Find the coefficient of friction, and the inclination of the plane. 100 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 367. Find the least force that will drag a box weighing 200 pounds along a concrete floor, the co- efficient of friction being 0.50. The required force will of course not act horizontally, but instead in some direction as P. To find the angle b : Resolve vertically — P sin (^ — R + 200 = o Resolve horizontally + P cos b — /nR = o From these two equations 200 M P = II. sin b + cos b When will P be as small as possible ? When ij. sin b + cos b is as large as possible. The student not familiar with the calculus can find by trial that the maximum value of denominator, or least value of the pull P, will occur when b = tan—' ^i, that is, the angle whose tangent is [i.. By the method of calculus, M sin b + cos b = x Differentiate, noting that m is a constant ; and, to find a critical value, which in this case will be a maximum value, place the first dif- ferential equal to zero. — - = /a COS b — 'sXW b = o db \^ = tan b b = tan — ^ /u. = 26° 34' 200 X h P = i X ,447 + .894 = 89 pounds. 368. By experiment it was found that a box of sand weighing 204 pounds required a least pull of 1 10 pounds (at angle a) to move it on a concrete floor. What was the value of fi ? FORCES — FRICTION. lOI Fig- 55- 369. The roughness of a plane of incHnation 30° is such that a body of weight 500 pounds can just rest on it. What is the least force required to draw the body up the plane ? As in problem 367 a will equal the angle of friction, or tan^' fx. 370. A sled of total weight 3 tons is to be drawn up a grade of i vertical to 8 horizontal. The coeffi- cient of friction between the sled shoes and the snow is o. 10. What angle should the traces make with the horizontal } What pull will the horse exert .^ The problems that pertain to the wedge can be solved by the same methods that have been used for the inclined plane. The essential principles are : Show the conditions by a sketch, indicating carefully the position and direction of all forces; then, (i) resolve parallel to plane. (2) resolve perpendicular to plane. Thus for problem 371 Fig. 56 shows the conditions for one form of wedge. Fig. 57 for another. Observe the directions of R and W. As can be seen in Fig. 56, i P should decrease the value of R, therefore R must act in the direction indicated. In previous problems the weight has moved on the inclined plane ; here the plane moves. Resolve || to top plane (Fig. 56), — 0.20 R + 300 cos 3° 35' — W X sin 3° 35' = o. 102 MECHANICS-rROBLEMS. Resolve _L to plane, + R-300 sin 3°35'-Wxcos 3°35' = o. Solve these two equations for \V. To find the pull necessary to withdraw the wedge, sketch another figure showing /u.R and \ P in their new positions. Then solve as indicated above. 371. A wedge, 8 inches by 2, both sides tapered is driven into a cottered joint with an estimated pres- sure of 600 pounds. Taking the coefficient of friction between the two surfaces as 0.2, find the force which the wedge exerts at the joint perpendicular to the pressure of 600 pounds ; also find the pull necessary to withdraw the w^edge, 372. A floor-column with its load of 5 tons is to be lifted by two wedges driven towards each other. Thickness of each wedge is 2 inches, length, 12 inches ; coefficient of friction, o. i 5 . Find the force that must be equivalent to P in order to drive the wedge. 373. A casting of weight 5 000 pounds is to be lifted by an iron wedge that is forced ahead by a screw and mechanism that can give an equivalent force of 3000 pounds. If a 12-inch wedge is used, what should be its thickness .? 374. A rough wedge has been inserted into a block and is only acted on by the reactions. If it is on the point of slipping out, and the coefficient of friction is — p , what is the angle of the wedge } V3 FORCES— FRICTION. IO3 375. A steel wedge 12 inches long, 2 inches thick, tapering on both sides to o, is used to wedge up a pump plunger weigiiing 3 000 pounds by means of a maul weighing 5 pounds. The coefficient of friction is 0.15 and the striking velocity of the maul is 25 feet per second. How far will each blow drive the wedge .-* 376. A wheel of weight W rests between two planes, each inclined to the vertical at angle a ; the plane of the wheel is perpendicular to the line of in- tersection of the two planes, which is itself horizontal. If /A be the coefficient of friction, find the least couple necessary to turn the wheel. 377. A ladder inclined at an angle of 60° to the horizon rests with one end on rough pavement, and the other end against a smooth vertical wall ; the ladder begins to slide down when a weight is put at its middle point. Show that the coefficient of friction • vl IS £ . 6 When the ladder begins to slide down, the limiting friction would be /xR. Resolve vertically, W = R Resolve horizontally, R' = |iR Take moments about B, and then solve for /x. If the wall should be rough there would be acting at B an upward force of yu'R' that would have to be embodied in the above ecjuations. I04 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 378. A uniform ladder weighing loo pounds and 52 feet long is inclined at an angle of 45° with a rough vertical wall and a rough horizontal plane. If the coefficient of friction is at each end |, how far up the ladder can a man weighing 200 pounds ascend before the ladder begins to slip ? 379. A uniform ladder 30 feet long is equally in- clined to a vertical wall and the horizontal ground, both rough ; a man with a hod — weight 224 pounds — ascends the ladder which weighs 200 pounds. How far up the ladder can the man ascend before it slips, the tangent of the angle of resistance for the wall being i and for the ground | } 380. A uniform beam rests with one end on a rough horizontal plane, and the other against a rough vertical wall, and when inclined to the horizon at an angle of 30^ is on the point of slipping down ; sup- pose the surfaces equally rough, find yu,. 381. A bolt for a cylinder head has 8 threads per inch ; mean diameter of threads i \ inches, average outside diameter of nut 2| inches, inside diameter of bearing surface, 1.6 inches. The nut is to be tight- ened by a pull on the end of a 3-foot wrench. The coefficient of friction for threads and underneath the nut being 0.15, what pull should be exerted in order that the stress in the bolt shall not exceed 50 000 pounds } Problems pertaining to bolt and nut friction can be solved by- applying the combined principles of Work and Friction. Thus for FOR CES — FKIC TION. los the above problem suppose that the specified conditions should exist for one revolution. This involves no approximation, simply a con- venience in numerical figures which otherwise would have to be divided by perhaps a hundred or thousand to apply to a fractional part of a revolution. Then, Work = Work + Work + Work on wrench on threads under nut of lifting The values of work on threads and work under nut can be deter- mined near enough for ordinary cases by slight approximations. As shown by Fig. 59, W = .99 R, or usually R may be taken equal to W also the length of thread developed (for one revolution) tt x I J'; and in Fig. 60 the circumference C is one that can be deter- mined by the condition that the work done by the friction of all the particles outside is the same as that done by all the particles inside. Its radius for a section like Fig. 6d is x = ''-— -~ , or, for this case, X = I.I I inches, which is approximately the same as would TT X 1 J in. As tLe thread advances it acts like a wedge. Fig. 59. Fig. 60. result by taking a mean circumference between 1.6 inches diameter and 2.75 — or 1 .09 inches. Therefore ordinarily use the mean cir- cumference for the position of friction under nut. The equation for Work thus becomes : For one revolution, Wrench Threads Nut P(3 X 1 2 X 2 X 3} ) = 50 000 X 0. 1 5 X 4-7 1 + 50 000 X 0. 1 5 X 1 .09 X 2 X 3I Lifting + 50 000 X 0-125. From which equation find P, the pull that should be exerted on wrench to produce 50 000 pounds stress in the bolt. 1 06 ME CHANICS-FROBLEMS. 382. By trial in a 60 000-pound testing machine we have obtained with a builder's lifting-jack a stress on the machine of 6 000 pounds for a certain pull on the end of an 18-inch bar. What was that pull.? Mean diameter of threads was 1.50 inches, there were 3 threads to the inch, and diameter of bearing that corresponds to the mean circumference of nut de- scribed under problem 381 was 1.78 inches. Coeffi- cient of friction for threads was 0.15, and for bearing 0.15. 383. A locomotive bolt has 10 threads to the inch; mean diameter 2 inches, average outside diameter of nut 4! inches, diameter of hole in washer on which nut turns 2.2 inches. If length of wrench was 5 feet, pull 367 pounds, and stress 40 000 pounds, what was the value of the coefficient of friction .'' 384. A test of rope friction in our engineering lab- oratory at Tufts College has given the following result : (The weight Tj just moving, and pull T., resisting any increased motion. See Fig. 6i.) For Weight of Tj = 100 Pounds. Pull Ratio Number of T, Ti Laps Lbs. "J^" \ 81 1.23 \ 65 1.54 \ 45 I 32 li 25 Pull Ratio Number of Tj Tj Laps Lbs. ^ '•2 if 14 2 II 2\ 8 A 5 Compute the ratios of T, and To, then plot the results, using a scale of I inch = i lap for vertical ordinates, and i inch = ratio of FOR CES — FRIC TION. 107 10 for horizontal. Sketch the most probable curve for the plotted points, observing that it does not necessarily pass through the last point, and determine whether or not it should pass through the origin. Fig. 61. 385. Now plot the same results on the specially ruled paper of page loS. (This form of ruling was used by the Burr-Hering-Freeman Commission on Additional Water Supply of the city of New York (1903) for plotting wide ranges of values in a small space [7 million to 40 million in a 15-inch space], yet affording increased scale for the small values. It has not, to my knowledge, been used before for mechanics' problems of tliis sort.) Number of Laps FORCES.— FRICTION. IO9 Determine how this form of ruHng is constructed. Plot the points for laps and jratios, and draw the most probable straight line through the points as before. Should the line pass through the origin ? How do the points for H laps and 2f compare on this straight line with those on the curved line previously plotted } 386. The lines plotted for the preceding prob- lems are sufficient to answer directly many questions pertaining to that particular rope and piece of timber. For the same conditions, how many laps are needed to hold a weight of 300 pounds with a pull of 40 pounds .'' 387. For the same conditions, with 2 laps and a pull of 100 pounds, what weight could be lowered into the hold of a vessel ? 388. It is evident that the plotted lines of the pre- ceding problems would not apply to other cases of friction. The value of /x the coefficient of friction is contained in the equation of the curves, but can- not yet be specified. For the purpose of finding the value of the coefficient, as will be done later on, it is advisable to determine the slope and position of the plotted line ; that is, its equation. Notice that n (the number of laps) = c (a constant depending on the slope of the line) x log — ^ (the ratio of the two tensions). The value of c (the slope of the line) would depend upon the stiffness of rope and roughness of the rubbing surfaces. For this particular rope and piece of wood, the value of c, according to one plotting that I have, is 2.08. What does your plotting indicate for the above ex- periment ? no MECHANICS -- PROBLEMS. 389. From the above the equation of the line be- T comes ;/ = 2.08 log— i. Write your equation and transpose so as to write the value of log T,, which I find to be log T^ = log X, + .481 X //. Now this equation derived from the laboratory experiment will be seen to bear a close relation to the general for- mula for rope and belt friction which will now be developed. The author's method of analysis is introduced here for the reason that he believes it to be more easily understood than the methods usually presented in text books. At 1j there is a tension of To, at A, Ti, and at ends of any small arc C, there are two tensions, T and T + (/T. Now if we knew the reaction at the arc C we could multiply it by p. and obtain the Fig. 63. friction. To find this reaction R draw the parallelogram of force. Fig. 63. Let an arc of the angle dd measured at unit distance from the center be arc dQ, then at distance T the arc would be T xarc dQ, and for a very small angle — a differential angle — this value of the arc would equal R. R = T arc de /iR = /iT arc dO. FOR CES — FRIC TION \ \ i Now the friction «R = the difference in tensions dT. d'Y = /iT arc dd. That is, for an infinitesimal arc, the difference in tension = n'Y x the infinitesimal arc. If we take a very large number of small arcs we can find the friction at each point, add up and get the sum total of friction ; or, summing up by the calculus. T2 ^O log, Tj - log.T, = ix.e Now d = 2 irn in which n is the number of laps ; and the Naperian log can be changed to the common system by multiplying by .4343. •■• logio T, - log,,, Tj = .4343 ^ X 2 Ttn log Ti = log Tj + 2.72S8 fiH which is the general formula for rope and belt friction. It contains variable cpiantities : the tension T,, tension T„, and the number of laps n. Any two of these being given the third can be found. The formula deduced by e.xperiment in problem 389 was log T, = log T3 + .481 ;/. The similarity of this witli the general formula is evident. The last term must contaiii the value of fj. the coefficient of friction. To find this value solve the two equations, and we have 2.7288 IX n = .481 !i M = 0.18 Then if this be taken as the value of ix, how many laps would be necessary, according to the general formula, for 100 pounds to just move 14 pounds? (Check result with data of problem 384.) 390. A weight of lOO pounds just m.oves 37 pounds, both being connected by a plain leather belt that encircles one-half of a 14-inch iron pulley that does not turn. Plot the point on the paper of page 108 ; draw the line ()f friction, and write the equation of the line. Then compare with the general formula 112 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. and determine the value of the coefficient of friction for the plain belt and iron pulley. Fig. 64. 391. In the same way as by problem 390, after the belt had been treated with " cling-fast " belt dressing 55 pounds just moved 13. Plot the line and find the coefficient of friction. Further application of the general belt and rope friction formula is seen in the problems that follow. 392. According to conditions of friction as in prob- lem 390, how many turns would have to be taken around a capstan in order to lower a barrel of salt, 150 pounds, into a dory without pulling over 50 pounds .-* FORCES — FRI C TION. I I 3 393. A weight of 5 tons is to be raised from the hold of a steamer by means of a rope which takes 3^ turns around the drum of a steam-windlass. If /ti = 0.234, what force must a man exert on the other end of the rope .'* 394. A man by taking 2\ turns around a post with a rope, and holding back with a force of 200 pounds, just keeps the rope from surging. Supposing /x = 0.168, find the tension at the other end of the rope. 395. A leather belt will stand a pull of 200 pounds. It passes around one-half the circumference, of a pulley that is 4 feet in diameter and making 150 revolutions per minute. What power will it transmit if the coefificient of friction between the belt and pulley is O. i t 396. A belt laps 150° around a 3-foot pulley, mak- ing 130 revolutions per minute; the coefificient of friction is 0.35. What is the maximum pull on the belt when 20 horse-power is being transmitted and the belt is just on the point of slipping.'' 397. A weight of 2 000 pounds is to be lowered into the hold of a ship by means of a rope which passes over and around a spar lashed across the hatch- coamings so as to have an arc of contact of \\ cir- cumferences. If /x = 2V' ^^h^t force must a man exert at the end of the rope to control the weight } 398. A hawser is subjected to a stress of 10 000 pounds. How many turns must be taken around the bitts, in order that a man who cannot pull more than 114 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 250 pounds may keep it from surging, supposing /i = o. 1 68 ? 399. A rope drive carrying 20 ropes has a pulley 16 feet in diameter, and transmits 600 horse-power when running at 90 revolutions per minute. Taking /u, = 0.7 and the angle of contact 180°, find the ten- sions on the tight and slack sides of the ropes. From the data that is given find by the principles of Work the force that each rope is transmitting. It is Tj — T^ = 2 1 8.8 pounds Substitute this value of Tj in the general formula, also the value of jx and « ; then log T, = log (T,- 2 18.8) + .9550 ^°s [%~r^^^ = -955 T, 7T. = 9-02 t; -218.8 From which find T, : then find Tj. 400. A belt for a dynamo is to encircle half of an 1 8-inch pulley. The speed of pulley is to be 1060 revolutions per minute ; horse-power to be trans- mitted, 100 ; coefficient of friction, 0.2 : thickness of belt to be || inches, and working strength 300 pounds per square inch. What should be its width.'' 401. A main driving belt is to encircle half of a 54-inch pulley. The speed of pulley is to be 350 revolutions per minute ; horse-power transmitted, 520 ; coefficient of friction, 0.2. Thickness of belt, accord- ing to specifications, is to be || inches, and work- ing strength 450 pounds per square inch. What should be its width ? /• O A' C£S — FJi/C TION. 1 1 5 402. A plain belt without dressing encircling one- half of a pulley, when just on the point of slipping has a tension of i ooo pounds on the taut side. More machinery being put into use, rosin is thrown on the belt. If the tension on the slack side remains the same as iDcfore, and the belt is just on the point of slipping, what horse-power will be transmitted, diame- ter of pulley being lo feet, and revolutions per min- ute, 140 } 403. A single fixed pulley, 6 inches in diameter, turns on an axle 2 inches in diameter ; coefficient of friction, 0.-2. A weight of 500 pounds s is lifted by means of this pulley. Find the force P that is required. Friction causes the axle to creep, as it were, on its bearings. S moves a little off center, coming nearer p to P. When the value of K can be found the fric- ^ig- ^5- tion will be determined by multiplying by |i. To find R : S- = R= + M-'K- as will be evident by plotting a parallelogram of force. S = P + W P+ W i i^ Vi +m' P + 500 1.02 ^R P-l-=;oo = o.2X - ■ 1.02 Now to find P ; Take moments about C, the center — PX3 + 5ooX3 + ,iiRxi = o P = 570 pounds. Il6 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 404. A shaft makes 50 revolutions per minute. The load on the bearing is 8 tons, the diameter of the bearing is 7 inches, and the average coefficient of friction is 0.05. At what rate is heat being gen- erated .'' S = P -h W = 8 tons R ^ + ^^ = 15 980 yu,R = 799 pounds Work = force X distance of friction = 799X {-h XV-X 50) = 73 240 foot-pounds per minute. 405. A single fixed pulley, 2 feet in radius, turns on an axle i inch in radius ; the weight of the pulley is 80 pounds. A weight of 500 pounds is lifted by means of this pulley. What force P is required } The coefficient of friction between axle and bearing is o. I ; the rope is flexible, and without weight, and P acts vertically. 406. Find the horse-power necessary to turn a shaft 9 inches in diameter making 75 revolutions per min- ute, if the total load on it is 12 tons and //. = .015. 407. Let P and W be inclined to each other at an angle of 90° ; radius of pulley is 6 inches ; radius of axle I inch; coefficient of friction, 0.2. Determine the relation of P and W in case of incipient motion. FOR CES — FRIC TION. W] 408. A horizontal axle lo inches in diameter has a vertical load upon it of 20 tons, and a horizontal pull of 4 tons. The coefficient of friction is 0.02. Find the heat generated per minute, and the horse-power wasted in friction, when making 50 revolutions per minute. 409. The shaft of a i 000-kilowatt dynamo is 25 inches in diameter, makes 100 revolutions per min- ute, and carries a total load of 45 000 pounds. The coefficient of friction being 0.05, find the horse-power lost in heat that is generated by friction. 410. Find the horse-power absorbed in overcoming the friction of a foot-step bearing with fiat end 4 inches in diameter, the total load being il tons, the number of revolutions 100 per minute, and the average coeffi- cient of friction 0.07. force X distance Work = W;a X (I X x^) X 27r X 100. of friction The distance being obtained by considering a circumference as in problem 3S1, outside of which the work is the same as that inside. For a bearing with a flat end that circumference has a radius of two- thirds of R. 411. Calculate the horse-power absorbed by a foot- step bearing with flat end 8 inches in diameter when supporting a load of 4000 pounds, and making 100 revolutions per minute, coefficient of friction 0.03. 412. A 1 50-horse-power turbine has an oak step 6 inches in diameter and with conical end tapering 45°. If the load on the step be 2 tons, and the 1 1 8 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. coefficient of friction between the wood and its metal seat be 0.3, find the horse-power thus absorbed at 65 revolutions per minute. To resist the load of 2 tons would require a pressure of 2. S3 tons by the 45° slope of the foot-step. The mean circumference would be as in preceding problems, distant two-thirds R f rom center. 413. The shaft of a vertical steam turbine has a conical foot-step bearing 3.5 inches in diameter, and length 3 inches. Total load on shaft, i 500 pounds ; speed 2 500 revolutions per minute ; coefficient of friction, 0.07. Find the horse-power that tends to " burn out " the foot-step. MO tion: 119 III. MOTION 414. A body moving with a velocity of 5 feet per second is acted on by a force which produces a con- stant acceleration of 3 feet per second. What is the velocity at the end of 20 seconds ? Velocity gained = acceleration per second X number of seconds. V = a Y. t = 3 X 20 = 60 feet per second. Final velocity = 60 + 5 = 65 feet per second. 415. The initial velocity of a stone is 12 feet per second ; this velocity decreases uniformly at the rate of 2 feet per second. How far will the stone have traveled in 5 seconds } 416. Two trains A and B moving towards each other on parallel rails at the rate of 30 miles and 45 miles an hour, are 5 miles apart at a given instant. How far apart will they be at the end of 6 minutes from that instant, and at what distances are they from the first position of A } 417. Two trains, 130 and 1 10 feet long, pass each other in 4 seconds when going in opposite directions. The velocity of the longest train being double that of the other, find at what speed per hour each is going. a a a o a o P. o o MOTION. 121 418. Two trains going in opposite directions pass each other in 3 seconds. One train is 142 feet long and the other 88 feet long. When going in the same direction one passes the other in 15 seconds. How fast is each train going ? 419. The velocity of a train is known to have been increasing uniformly; at one o'clock it was 12 miles per hour ; at 10 minutes past one it was 36 miles per hour. What was it at 7^ minutes past one.'' 420. A train moving at the rate of 30 miles an hour is brought to rest in 2 minutes. The retarda- tion is uniform. How far did it travel t A railroad train is moving at 30 miles an hour. In each second, then, it moves 44 feet. Its velocity for each second during the time i may be represented as in Fig. 66 by lines of equal length, and the area of the rectangle, or vt, represents the distance passed over. This is an illustration of uniform motion. When a railroad train starts from a station, and by uniform gain in speed attains a velocity of 30 miles an hour, the distance passed Area =rf Fig. 66. over may be graphically represented as in Fig. 67. The area would represent said distance. 421. Similarly, what condition of speed of the rail- road train would Fig. 6"^ represent 1 Note that the area of Fig. 68 is vj + \ [v — r,-,) t, or vj -\- \ at^. 422. A stone skimming on ice passes a certain point with a velocity of 20 feet per second, then suf- I 2 2 ME CHA NICS-PR OBLEMS. fers a retardation of one unit. Find the space passed over in the next lo seconds, and the whole space traversed when the stone had come to rest. 423. On the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad test tracks near Schenectady, an electric loco- motive hauled 9 Pullman cars at a running speed of 60 miles per hour. The average acceleration from start to full speed was 0.5 miles per hour per second. The retardation on applying air brakes was 0.88 feet per second per second. These results were obtained by carefully timing the train at measured stations. Total distance was 4 miles. What was the total time .? 424. A train is running at the rate of 60 miles an hour when the steam is turned off ; it then runs on a level track for 3 J- miles before stopping. If friction be the constant retarding force, find its value in pounds per ton. Also how far does the train run in 3 minutes from the instant steam is turned off .? 425. A body acted on by a constant force begins to move from a state of rest. It is observed to move through 55 feet in a certain 2 seconds, and through 'j'j feet in the next 2 seconds. What distance did it describe in the first 6 seconds of its motion 1 426. A steamer approaching a wharf with engines reversed so as to produce a uniform retardation is observed to make 500 feet during the first 30 seconds of the retarded motion and 200 feet during the next 30 seconds. In how many more seconds will the headway be completely stopped ? MO TION. 123 427. Two bodies are let fall from the same point at an interval of 2 seconds. Find the distance be- tween them after the first has fallen for 6 seconds. For I St body, s = \gf- = I X 33 X 6- = 576 feet For 2d body, s = i.^'-/- = 1 X 32 X 4^ = 256 feet .*. distance apart = 576-256 = 320 feet. 428. A stone is projected vertically upwards with a velocity of 80 feet per second from the summit of a tower 96 feet high. In what time will it reach the ground, and with what velocit}' .'* 429. Find the distance that a hammer weighing 10 tons falling through a height of 4 feet drives a pile if it comes to rest in ^2 second after striking the pile; also find the uniform force exerted. 430. A stone is dropped into a well, and the sound of its striking is heard 2^2 seconds after it is dropped ; the velocity of sound in air is i 200 feet per second. What is the depth of the well ? Let s = depth of well. .*. time for sound to come up = seconds. I 200 Time for stone to fall is found from formula •* — 2 6* .'. f- = — = --r J and t = — . ^^16 4 124 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. Time for stone to fall + time for sound to come up = 2-f\. S \/s 7.1 + - ^ I 200 4 12 s + 300 V^ = 3 100 s ± 150" + 300 Vi- = 3 100 ± 150^^ ^/s = — 310 an inadmissible value, or V-f = + I o i- = 100 feet, depth of well, 431. A stone is dropped from a tower of height a feet ; another is projected upwards vertically from the foot of the tower ; the two start at the same moment. What is the initial velocity of the second if they meet halfway up the tower .'' 432. A stone is dropped into a well, and the sound of the splash is heard y.y seconds afterwards. Find the distance to surface of the water, supposing the velocity of sound to be i 120 feet per second. 433. A bucket is dropped into a well and in 4 sec- onds the sound of its striking the water is heard. How far did the bucket drop ? 434. A balloon has been ascending vertically at a uniform rate for 4|- seconds, and a test ball dropped from it reaches the ground in 7 seconds. Find the velocity of the balloon and the height from which the ball was dropped. 435. From a balloon that is ascending with velocity of 32 feet per second, a ball drops and reaches the ground in 17 seconds. How far up is the balloon ? motion: 125 436. A ball is let fall to the ground from a certain height, and at the same time another ball is thrown upwards with just sufficient velocity to carry it to the point from which the first one fell. When and where will they meet ? 437. A cake of ice slides down a smooth chute that is set at an angle of 30'^ to the horizon. Through how many feet vertically will the cake of ice fall in the fourth second of its motion.? The acceleration for a body falling vertically is ^, 32 feet per sec- ond per second. The acceleration component measured along a 30°-plane is 32 x sin 30"^, or 16 feet per second per second. s =\ af- = 72 feet, for 3 seconds = 128 feet for 4 seconds Therefore space along plane in the 4th second = 56 feet 438. A cable car " runs wild " down a smooth track of inclination 20° to the horizontal. How far does it go during the first 8 seconds after starting from rest ? 439. A body is projected up a plan of 30° incli- nation with a velocity of 80 feet per second. How long before it will come to rest .-' How far will it go up the plane. 440. A body is sliding with velocity n down an in- clined plane whose inclination to the horizon is 30°. Find the horizontal and vertical components of this velocity. 441. A stone was thrown with a velocity of 33 feet per second at right angles to a train that was going 126 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 30 miles an hour. It hit a passenger who was sitting on the opposite side of the car that was 9 feet wide. How far in front of him should be the hole in the window ? 442. A deer running at the rate of 20 miles an hour keeps 200 yards distant from a sportsman. How many feet in front of the deer should aim be taken if the velocity of the bullet be i 000 feet per second } 443. A boat is rowed at the rate of 5 miles an hour on a river that runs 4 miles an hour. In what di- r" rection niust the boat be pointed to cross the river perpendicularly? With what velocity does it move ? pjg_ 69. Let OX be 4 units in length to represent the velocity of the stream. Draw OM perpendicular to OX. The resultant velocity is to be in the direction OM. With center X and radius of 5 units describe an arc cutting OM in P. Join XP, and complete the parallelogram of velocities OXPQ. OQ is the required direction. The angle QOP = sin - 1 4. Therefore the boat must not be rowed straight across, but up stream at an angle of 53° 10'. To find the resultant velocity : OP2 = OQ^ - QP2 = 5= - 4^ = 25 — 16 = 9 ••• OP = 3 .•. ttie boat crosses the river at the rate of 3 miles an hour. motiojv. 127 444. A river flows at the rate of 2 miles per hour. A boat is rowed in such a way that in still water its velocity would be 5 feet per second in a straight line. The river is 3 000 feet wide ; the boat starting from one shore, is headed 60° up-stream. Where will it strike the opposite shore .'' 445. A bullet moving upwards with a velocity of I 000 feet per second, hits a balloon rising with velocity 100 feet per second. Find the relative velocity. 446. A train at 45 miles an hour, passes a carriage moving 10 yards a second in the same direction along a parallel road. Find the relative velocity. 447. To a passenger in a train, raindrops seem to be falling at an angle of 30° to the vertical ; they are really falling vertically, with velocity 80 feet per second. What is the speed of the train } 448. Two roads cross at right angles ; along one a man walks northward at 4 miles per hour, along the other a carriage goes at 8 miles per hour. W^hat is the velocity of the man relative to the carriage 1 449. A steamer is going east with a velocity of 6 miles per hour ; the wind appears to blow from the north ; the steamer increases its velocity to 12 miles per hour, and the wind now appears to blow from the north-east. What is the true direction of the wind and its velocity .'' I 2 8 ME CHA NICS-PR OBLEMS. 450. A ship is sailing north-east with a velocity of lo miles per hour, and to a passenger on board the wind appears to blow from the north with a velocity of lo \J2 miles per hour. Find the true velocity of the wind. 451. A fly-wheel revolves 1 2 times a second. What is the angular velocity of a point on the rim taken about the center ? 452. A broken'casting flies along a concrete floor with initial velocity of 50 feet per second. The coefficient of friction being \ what will be its velocity after 3 seconds .'' One of the axioms for problems in Motion is, that P the force : W the weight = a : g. The force producing motion ; the total weight moved = the accel- eration produced by the force : the acceleration that gravity would produce. P"or the above example the force producing motion (or in this case retardation) is \V x \ and W X J . W = ^? : 32 a — id feet per second per second After 3 seconds the velocity would be J. = 50 _ 16 X 3 = 2 feet per second. 453. A locomotive that weighs 100 tons is increas- ing its speed at the rate of 100 feet a minute. What is the effective force acting on it } 454. An ice boat that weighs i 000 pounds is driven for 30 seconds from rest by a wind force of 100 pounds. Find the velocity acquired and the distance passed over. MOTION. 129 455. A 5-pound curling iron is thrown along rough ice against a friction of one-fifth of its weight ; it comes to rest after going a distance of 40 feet. What must have been its velocity at the beginning t 456. The table of a box-machine weighs 50 pounds and is pulled back to its starting position, a distance of 6 feet, by a falling weight of 20 pounds. What time, neglecting friction, will thus be used in return motion } 457. A body whose mass is 108 pounds is placed on a smooth horizontal plane, and under the action of a certain force describes from rest a distance of 1 1^ feet in 5 seconds. What is the force acting.'' 458. Two bodies A and B, that weigh 50 pounds and 10 pounds, are connected by a string ; B is placed on a smooth table, and A hangs over the edge. W^hen A has fallen 10 feet, what is the accumulated work of the bodies jointly, and what of them severally } 459. A 500-volt electric motor imparts velocity to an 8-ton car so that at the end of 20 seconds it is moving on a level track at the rate of 10 miles an hour ; the total efficiency of the motor and car is 60 per cent. What amperes are necessary.? 460. Show that to give a velocity of 20 miles an hour to a train requires the same energy as to lift it vertically through a height of 13.4 feet. 461. What force must be exerted by an engine to move a train of weight 100 tons with 10 units of accel- eration, if frictional resistances are 5 pounds per ton } I 3 O ME CHA NICS-PR OBLEMS. 462. A train that weighs 60 tons has a velocity of 40 miles an hour at the time its power is shut off. If the resistance to motion is 10 pounds per ton, and no brakes are applied, how far will it have traveled when the velocity has reduced to 10 miles per hour? The retardation a will be found to be 0.16 feet per second per second ; the total loss in velocity is 44 feet per second. Then find the time, and lastly the space by observing that space = average velocity X time. 463. A locomotive running on a level track brings a train of weight 120 tons to a speed of 30 miles an hour in 2 minutes. The resistance to motion of the train being uniform and equal to 8 pounds per ton, what will be the required horse-power at the draw-bar and what the distance from the starting point when the speed of 30 miles an hour is attained } 464. A freight train of 100 tons weight is going at the rate of 30 miles an hour when the steam is shut off and the brakes applied to the locomotive. Supposing the only friction is that at the locomotive, the weight of which is 20 tons, what is the coeiificient of friction if the train stops after going 2 miles .'' 20 X « : 100 = a (which can be found from the data given in the problem) : 32. 465. A train of 100 tons, excluding the engine, runs up a i 9b grade with an acceleration of r foot per second. If the friction is 10 pounds per ton, find the pull on the drawbar between engine and train. Total force = force for acceleration -f- force for lifting + force for friction. g' MO TION. 466. A body is projected with a velocity of 20 feet per second down a plane whose inclination is 25°; the coefficient of friction be- Fig. 70. ing 0.4. Determine the space traversed in 2 seconds. P : W = « (.423 - .3625) X W : W = ^ The space traversed, 467. A body slides down a rough inclined plane 100 feet long, the sine of whose angle of inclination is 0.6 ; the coefficient of friction is \. F"ind the velocity at the bottom. If projected vertically upwards with that velocity to what height would it go? The forces acting down the plane = W X sin a — W X cos a X ^. 468. An electric car at the top of a hill becomes uncontrollable and " runs wild " down a grade of i vertical to 20 horizontal a distance of \ mile. The resistance to friction being 20 pounds per ton and the total weight of car and passengers 50 tons, how fast will the car be going when it reaches the foot of the hill ? 469. Two weights of 120 and 100 pounds are sus- pended by a fine thread passing over a fixed pulley without friction. What space will either of them pass over in the third second of their motion from rest .'* Observe that the force producing motion is in this case 20 pounds, and the total weight moved is 220 pounds. Then a = 2.92 feet per second per second. 132 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 470. A man who is just strong enough to lift 150 pounds can lift a barrel of flour of 200 pounds weight when going down on an elevator. How fast is the velocity of elevator increasing per second ? 471. A cord passing over a smooth pulley carries 10 pounds at one end and 54 pounds at the other. What will be the velocity of the weight 5 seconds from rest, and what will be the tension in the cord } After computing the acceleration that the two weights would have, find the equivalent force, or tension, that would be required to cause said acceleration on the lo-pound weight, which is the one that is being moved. We have a = 22, and P : 10 = 22 : 32 P, the tension = 6.9 pounds + 10. 472. Two Strings pass over a smooth pulley ; on one side both strings are attached to a weight of 5 pounds, on the other side one string is attached to a weight of 3 pounds, the other to one of 4 pounds. Find the tensions durinsf motion. 473. Weights of 5 pounds and 1 1 are connected by a thread ; the i i-pound weight is placed on a smooth horizontal table, while the other hangs over the edge. If both are then allowed to m<3ve under the action of gravity, what is the tension of the thread } 474. A lo-pound weight hangs over the edge of a table and pulls a 45-pound box along ; the coefficient of friction between the table and the box is o. 05. Find the acceleration and the tension in the string. 475. An engine draws a three-ton cage up a coal- pit shaft at a speed uniformly increasing at the rate MOTION. 133 of 5 feet per second in each second. What is the tension in the rope ? 476. A balloon is moving upward with a speed which is increasing at the rate of 4 feet per second per second. Find how much the weight of a body of 10 pounds as tested by a spring balance on it, would differ from its weight under ordinary circumstances. 477. An elevator of 300 pounds weight is being lowered down a coal shaft with a downward accelera- tion of 5 feet per second per second. Find the ten- sion in the rope. 478. An elevator, starting from rest, has a down- ward acceleration of ^ ^ for i second, then moves uniformly for 2 seconds, then has an upward acceler- ation of ^ ^ until it comes to rest, {a) How far does it descend.'' {p) A person whose weight is 140 pounds experiences what pressure from the elevator during each of the three periods of its motion .? 479. A weight of 10 pounds rests 6 feet from the edge of a smooth horizontal table that is 3 feet high. A string 7 feet long passes over a smooth pulley at the edge of the table and connects \vith a lo-pound weight. If this second weight is allowed to fall in what time will it cause the first weight to reach the edge of the table } 480. A body is projected with a velocity of 50 feet per second in a direction inclined 40° upward from the horizontal. Determine the magnitude and direc- 1 34 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. tion of the velocity at the end of 2 seconds {g being taken equal to 32.15). Let ACE be the path of the projectile. The vertical velocity which the body possessed when it started from A carried it to the summit C of the trajectory, where it had zero vertical velocity, and when it reached E it would possess its initial velocity, which would be u X sin a. (In Prob. 480 « is 40°.) The constant horizontal velocity would be u x cos a. The vertical velocity acquired in falling from the highest point to the horizontal AE would be ^ x t, .-. g X t ^ It X sin a and the time from A to highest point 11 X sin a and the total time of flight The range AE 2 « X sm a g = the horizontal component of veloc- ity X the time of flight 2 i( sin a = u X cos a X 71^ sin 2 a g The above explanation and formulas will be of material assist- ance in solving the problems that follow. In all of these problems the resistances of the atmosphere are neglected. 481. A bullet is fired with a velocity of i 000 feet per second. What must be the angle of inclination, in order that it may strike a point in the same horizon- tal plane, at a distance of 15 625 feet } 482. From the top of a tower a stone is thrown up at an angle of 30°, and with a velocity of 288 feet per second ; the height of the tower is 160 feet. Find the time required for the stone to reach the ground, and the distance it will be from the tower. MOTION. 135 483. From a train moving at 60 miles per hour a stone is dropped ; thie stone starts at a height of 8 feet above the ground. Through what horizontal distance will the stone go while falling ? 484. A stone from a quarry blast has a velocity of 200 feet per second, in a direction inclined at an angle of 60° to the horizontal plane. To what height will it rise, and how far away will it strike the ground ? 485. A bullet is fired with a velocity of which the horizontal and vertical components are 80 and 120 feet per second respectively. Find the range and greatest height. 486. The top of a fortification wall is 50 feet above the level of a city. From a man-of-war in the bay 300 feet below the top of the wall and distant hori- zontally 3 000 feet, a projectile is fired with velocity of I 000 feet per second. The projectile just clears the wall. Where will it land inside the city t D I 000 X / X sin a — \ gt"^ = 300 I 000 X / X cos a = 3000 Eliminate /and solve for a (a = 8° 28'). 1 36 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. Find the greatest height h, then d being known will enable one to find the time for the projectile to fall that height or to pass hori- zontally over the distance /. To / add half the range and thus find the distance from man-of-war to where the projectile will land inside the city. 487. A ball is discharged with an initial velocity of I 100 feet per second. How many miles is the greatest possible range ? 488. A cannon ball is fired directly from a hill that is on the coast and 900 feet high : find the time which elapses before it strikes the sea. 489. A projectile is fired horizontally from the top of a hill 300 feet high to a ship at sea. Its initial velocity is 2 000 feet per second and its weight 500 pounds. What will be its range, and what will be the energy of the blow that it strikes t 490. What velocity must be given to a golf ball to enable it just to clear the top of a fence at 12 feet higher elevation and 100 yards distant, if the ball is struck upwards at an angle of 45°.'' 491. The explosive force of a shell is to be regulated by proper charging so that a required velocity can be attained. Find what velocity will be required for it just to clear a fortification wall the top of which is distant horizontally i mile and at elevation 300 feet above the gun. Angle of projection is 45°. 492. A rifle projects its shot horizontally with a velocity of i 000 feet per second ; the shot strikes the MOTION. 137 ground at a distance of i 000 yards. What is the height of the rifle above the ground ? 493. What is the pres- sure exerted horizontally on the rails of an engine of 20 tons weight going ^ round a level curve of 600 1\\"\ « ""^T-j-o yards radius at 30 miles an hour .-' Centrifugal _ W force ~ r Fig. 72. To derive the above formula : Let A and B be two positions of tlie engine. At A the velocity, which is 30 miles an hour, would be in the direction of tangent v, and at B the same velocity would be in direction of tangent v. In going from A to B the direction of the velocity has changed, and the measure of this change is the centrifugal force. Its value depends upon the rate of change of motion. To find the rate, from A draw AD to represent the velocity of position B. Then CD will represent the velocity of B relative to A, and its value will be AB < -, as found from similar triangles ACD and r ABO ; and AB = velocity (on the curve) X time, so that CD, the velocity of B relative to A = vt X -, and the rate of change a = T' V^ Vt X - ^ t = -. Thus knowing the rate of change or acceleration r r a the centrifugal force c can be found. ^ : W =a:g W z'"- c = — — • 494. A train of 60 tons weight is rounding a curve of radius one mile, with a velocity of 20 miles an hour. What is the horizontal pressure on the rails .? 1 38 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 495. A 24-ton engine is rounding a curve of 400 yards radius ; the horizontal pressure on the rails is 4.84 tons. What is the velocity of the engine ? 496. The rim of a pulley has a mean radius of 2Q inches ; its section is 6 inches broad and \ inch thick It revolves at 200 revolutions per minute. What is the centrifugal force per inch length of rim t 497. The mass of the bob of a conical pendulum is 2 pounds, the length of the string is 3 feet, the angle of inclination to vertical is 45°. What is the tension t The three forces acting on the bob are : its weight downward, the tension in the string, and the centrifugal force outward. 498. The mass of the bob is 20 pounds, the length of the string is 2 feet, the tension of the string is 5007r' pounds weight. How many revolutions per second is the pendulum making .'' 499. If a conical pendulum be 10 feet long, the half angle of the cone 30°, and the mass of the bob 12 pounds, find the tension of the thread and the time of one revolution. 500. A ball is hung by a string in a passenger car which is rounding a curve of i 000 feet radius, with a velocity of 4c miles an hour. Find the inclination of the string to the vertical. 501. A ball is hanging from the roof of a railroad car. How much will it be deflected from the vertical when the train is rounding a curve of 300 yards radius at speed of 45 miles an hour ? MO TION. 139 502. Find the speed at which a simple Watt Gov- ernor runs when the arm makes an angle of 30° with the vertical. Length of arm from center of pin to center of ball, 18 inches. (Fig. Ji.) Fig. 73- Fig. 74. 503. Find the speed of a cross-arm governor when the arms make an angle of 30° with the vertical. The length of the arms from center of pin to center of ball is 29 inches ; the points of suspension are 7 inches apart. (Fig. 74.) 504. The rotating balls on a centrifugal governor make 160 revolutions per minute ; the distance from the center of each ball to the center of the shaft is 4.5 inches. The balls are of cast iron and 2\ inches in diameter. Find the centrifugal force of the gov- ernor. 505. Find the speed in revolutions per minute of a cross-arm governor when the arms make an angle of 30° with the vertical, the length of the arms from center of pin to center of ball being 24 inches, and the points of suspension being 6 inches apart. 1 40 MECHAXICS-PKOBLEMS. 506. Find the tension in each spoke of a six-spoked flywheel, 8 feet in diameter and weighing 1344 pounds when making 200 revolutions per minute assuming all its mass collected at its rim, and that by reason of cracks in the rim, the spokes have to bear the whole of the strain. 507. The flywheel, which burst in the Cambria Steel Comjoany's mill Jan. 21, 1904 killing three men and seriously injuring nine rnore, is reported to have weighed 50 tons, and to have been about 20 feet in diameter. If rim weighed 35 tons and its weight was acting at a mean diameter of 19 feet what centri- fugal force did each of the 8 spokes and its portion of the rim have to withstand when the wheel v.^as "racing" at 150 revolutions per minute .'' 508. A man claims that he was injured by a horse- shoe that was thrown from the front wheel of a pass- ing automobile. The rubber tire, he says, caught up the horse-shoe by a protruding nail and carried it around to the top of the wheel when it was thrown off with full force. Diameter of wheel was 30 inches, and speed of automobile was 20 miles an hour. What velocity would the rim of the wheel thus give to the horse-shoe .'* 509. The autom.obile of the above problem was turn- ing the corner in a curve of 100 feet radius, the road being lev^el. Therefore what two centrifugal forces were acting at the instant the i-pound horse-shoe was at the top of the wheel .'' What were their values } MOTION. 141 510. If the horse-shoe was thrown with the full velocity of the rim and horizontally from the top of it how far away would it land on level ground ? 511. As the man was standing 6 feet from the track of the automobile how far from him must have been the wheel when the horse-shoe was thrown off, pro- vided it was thrown tangentially to track ? 512. A locomotive that weighs 35 tons runs at 40 miles an hour on a level grade round a cur\*e of 3 300 feet radius (about 1° 44'). What centrifugal force is produced ? What should be the elevation of the outer rail for a standard gage track of 4 feet loj inches ? 513. In the case of problem 512 the railroad con- template putting on a 60-ton locomotive and run- ning at maximum speed of 60 miles an hour. What lateral pressure will the spikes of the rails, if not changed, then have to withstand ? 514. A stone weighing four ounces is whirled around the head 90 times a minute. If the sling is 3 feet 6 inches long what will be the pull in it .'' 515. Given / the length of a simple pendulum, 7ri/_ the time of an oscillation : show how to find approximately the height of a mountain when a seconds pendulum, by being taken from sea level to its summit, loses 71 beats in 24 hours. If // = i 5, what is the height of the mountain, the radius of the earth being 4 000 miles 1 142 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 516. At sea-level a pendulum beats seconds. At the top of a mountain it beats 86 360 times in 24 hours. What is the height of the mountain .? 517. A pendulum of length 156.556 inches oscil- lates in two seconds at London. What is the value of £-.? 518. An 800-pound shot is fired from an 81-ton gun, with a muzzle velocity of i 400 per second : a steady resistance of 9 tons begins to act immediately after the explosion. How far will the gun move } An impulsive force is a very large force that acts on a body for so short an interval of time that the body has practically no motion, but receives a change of momentum ; and this change of momentum measures the Impulse or effect produced by the Impulsive Force. In the above problem the impulsive force, or action on the shot to drive it forward, is equal to the reaction on the gun to drive it backward. Action = reaction Momentum before = momentum after Momentum of gun backward = momentum of shot forward W W — 71= 7', 6 A and this simple formula, with a knowledge of the principles of work, will solve many problems that involve questions of momentum of two or more bodies. For the above problem : 2VA X I 400 = 81 X z/ zi = 5j«j0 feet per second, velocity of gun at beginning of its motion. s = average velocity X time. To find the time : Motion has been retarded by a force of 9 tons and the weight thus retarded is 8r tons. Find a the rate of retarda- tion ; then since the velocity of ^-f^ equals a y.t, t can be found and lastly the space. MOTION. 143 519. A 56-pound ball is projected with a velocity of I 000 feet per second from an 8-ton gun. What is the maximum velocity of recoil of the gun ? 520. A one-ounce bullet fired out of a 20-pound rifle pressed against a mass of 180 pounds, kicks the latter back with an initial velocity of 6 inches per second. Find the initial velocity of the bullet. 521. A shell bursts into two pieces that weigh 12 pounds and 20. The former continues on with a velocity of 700 feet per second, and the latter with a velocity of 380 feet per second. What was the velocity of the shell when the explosion occurred .'* 522. A man weighing 160 pounds jumps with a velocity of 16^ feet per second into a boat weighing 100 pounds. With what velocity will boat move away .■' 523. A freight train weighing 200 tons, and travel- ing 20 miles per hour, runs into a passenger-train of 50 tons standing on the same track. Find the ve- locity at which the broken cars of the passenger train will be forced along the track, supposing £" = |. Momentum before = momentum after. Now with this formula combine a second law, namely: The differences in velocities before X some constant = the differ- ence in velocities after. w w , w w , 1 . 71 A, 21 = V -\ V g g g 2. (11' — tc) e = V — z^ (« and «' are velocities before impact ; v and v' after impact.) Solving these equations, and _ W« + W'«' - What was the acceleration at 5 5 seconds .? From that data compute the velocity for 5 5 seconds. RE VIE IF. 153 549. Coal from a barge (Figs. 80 to 82) is hoisted to a steeple tower where it is run into a car and by the action of gravity alone the car goes down a grade 294 feet long in 24 seconds. It strikes a cross-bar, or " stopper " which is pushed back a distance of 30 feet while the car empties and for an instant conies to rest. The weight of the car is 2 000 pounds and of the coal 4 000. If the car empties uniformly during the 30 feet, what is the average force of resistance that the cross-bar exerts .'' :0v\\s\\^V\VV\\s\\\\\\'\-J riG.82 550. The method of stopping the car of problem 549 may be understood by referring to Figs. So to 82. The car, going down the grade, picks up the cross-bar C, which is clamped to the wire cable AB. As the cross-bar is pushed along the cable moves, and the 154 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. pulley E, around which the cable passes, as shown in the enlarged sketch E", goes from E, its initial position, to E', its final position. The travel of this pulley raises a triangular frame, that is partly filled with broken stone, from the position shown dotted to that shown by full lines in Fig. 82. The mass of stone is 5.5 feet x 4.8, as shown, and I i feet thick. The space is one-third voids ; weight of stone, 150 pounds per cubic foot ; weight of wooden frame, i 000 pounds. Show that the force exerted parallel to the cable is, for the initial position with pulley at E, about 96 pounds; for the final position E' about 2140 pounds. 551. When the cross-bar and wire cable of the pre- ceding problems move through a distance of 30 feet the travelling pulley E goes from E to E' as described. The diameter of pulley being \\ feet what will be the distance E E' .? What would be the distance if pulley were 2 feet in diameter .'' 552. One-fourth of the energy possessed by the mass of stone when in the final position E', Fig. 82, is lost in friction, and three-fourths of it is utilized to "kick" automatically the empty car up the incline from Cback to its starting point A. If this energy is expended on the car in a return distance of 30 feet what will be the maximum velocity of the car as it starts back } 553. When the bridge of Fig. 83 carries a crowd of people making a load of 1 50 pounds per square foot what will be the reactions for the middle truss and the stresses in the inclined and horizontal members at the abutments } KEVIEIV. 155 M £ A modem highway bridge over the main tracks of the Reading raihoad at Seventeenth and Indiana Streets, Philadelphia. Three Pratt trusses, with 24-feet clear roadways and t'A'o lofoot sidewalks outside. Concrete abutments. The middle truss is 135 feet o| inches from center to center of end pnis, and 22 feet from center to center of chords. Equal panels. 156 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 554. A bridge of the type shown in Fig. 83 is used for a double-track raih-oad. Length of bridge is 150 feet, there are 6 equal panels, and height of trusses is 25 feet. With loading of Fig. 85 and the second driver of forward locomotive placed at the first panel point from abutment, what will be the stresses in the inclined member and the first panel of lower chord of the truss which is carrying two-thirds of the loadings t 555. Span 1 1 of the Benwood Bridge on the Balti- more and Ohio Railroad is 347 feet long. It was reconstructed in 1904 and designed to carry the heavy loading shown in Fig. 85. \\ hat would be the reactions for a train half-way across the bridge .'' 556. With the forward truck just going off the bridge, what will be the reactions .'' 557. The locomotive of the Empire State Express has four drivers and a total weight of 124 000 pounds ; the weight on the drivers is 84 000 pounds ; the coefficient of friction between wheels and rails is 0.18. Find the total weight of itself and train which it can draw up a grade of i in 100, if the resistance to motion is 12 pounds per ton. 558. From the following data given by a General Superintendent, determine what revolutions per minute the locomotive drivers were making : " The driver wheels are 42 inches in diameter, each pair being geared to a 200 HP. 625 volt-motor, with ratio of gearing 81 to 19, providing for a total tractive effort at full working load on 8 motors of 70 000 lbs. and at starting of 80 000 lbs., assuming 25% tractive coefficient, giving a nominal rating of i 600 HP. The free running speed of these locomotives is about 20 miles per hour." REVIEW. 157 c c B ro — G— - -^- - -f. - '-'& 000 CO 50 000 --);- 50 000 50 000 -^A- 50 000 CJ 82 500 ^- 32 500 co ..y_ 32 500 -^/t- 32 000 ■\- 26 000 C c-f- ic 10 -4- -\- --)S- 50 000 50 000 50 000 50 000 32 500 32 500 32 500 32 000 i»0 vruei ,yo. /■, « Dial. in. ft. O o w 1-1 « Load in Iba. to OB ■■ O rt M O O c3 Oh^5 Fig. 84 shows a consolidated locomotive typical of modern de- sign and development ; Fig. 85, two such locomotives and their train load as used in computations of modern railroad bridges. I 5 '6 ML ClJAXi CS-PKOBLEMS. 559. Also from the foregoing data determine what revolutions the motors were making. What amperes were supplied to the 8 motors ? 560. An enormous freight locomotive — a Mallet duplex compound — designed as a " mountain helper " was put in service on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in January, 1905. This locomotive has drawn 36 steel cars weighing 702 tons, and i 668 tons of lading, up a 1% grade, and with an average speed of 10^ miles an hour ; weight of locomotive with tender and an average amount of coal and water is 225 tons. What horse-power without friction was developed for haul- ing the above total load ? 561. What per cent of the work done in the preced- ing problem would be paying work .'* 562. The draw-bar pull of this Mallet Compound has been found to be 74 000 pounds. W^hen running with conditions according to problem 560 what fric- tional resistances would exist } &: 563. At the testing-plant of the Pennsylvania Railroad at the St. Louis Exhibition in 1904 a freight locomotive of type two-cylinder cross-compound consoUdation {2 So), size 23 &35 x 32, made by the American Locomotive Company for the Michigan Central Rail- road, gave the following data : Driving wheels 5 feet 3 inches in diameter, total weight 189 000 pounds, on drivers 164 500; maxi- mum tractive effort, sand being used and locomotive acting as a compound, was 31 838 pounds. According to the above data what would be the coefficient of friction between drivers and rails .'' REVIEW. 159 564. With speed of 15.01 miles per hour, 80.18 revolutions per minute, piston speed of 428 feet per minute, the indicated horse-power was 734.9 ; dyna- mometer horse-power 675.7. Find the draw-bar pull and the per cent of indicated horse-power that was lost in friction. 565. A car is supported on four 36-inch wheels with 4-inch axles and coefficient of friction 0.05. What traction will be required to move the car on a level track with a total weight of 20 ton on the axles .'' What energy will be lost in friction per minute with the car moving 30 miles an hour } Fig. 86. A block of maple wood 8 inches long and 2x3 inches in cross- section is being tested in a 60 000-pound Olsen testing machine. i6o MECHANICS-PR OBLEMS. The load on the test piece at the time of failure is 45 40c pounds. The plane of fracture is shown by the white line on the test-peice, Fig. 86. This plane makes an angle of 23° with the horizontal. 566. What would be the pressure in the direction of the plane at the time of breakage .'' Find the number of square inches thus resisting this pressure and then the stress per square inch — which is known in applied mechanics as the Shear. 567. A horse is pulling a 300-pound cake of ice up a plank run which makes an angle of 40° with the horizontal. There are two single pulleys which have efficiencies of 80% each. Coefficient of friction on plank run 0.05. What pull must horse exert .'' 568. A ring of weight W is free to slide on a smooth circular wire that stands in a vertical plane. A string attached to the ring passes over a smooth pin at the highest point of the circle and sustains a weight P. Determine the position of equilibrium. 569. CD is a vertical wall. A is a point of sup- port 12 feet from the wall. ED is a uniform bar 32 feet long resting on A and against the wall CD. All the surfaces are smooth. Find the position of equi- librium of the bar. 570. Fig. 88 shows a Carson-Lidgerwood cableway in use at Hartford, Conn . lowering a 12-foot length of 36-inch cast-iron pipe. The pipe is part of an intercepting sewer that passes under a river by means of an inverted siphon. Weight of pipe is 3 tons, span of cableway 300 feet, and the design of cableway is such that, RE VIE IV. l6l Fig. 88. as customary, the sag by a full load in the middle is allowed to be ^Q of the span. The practical method used by manufacturers of trench machinery for computing the total stress in cableways of this sort is to con- sider the condition of ma.ximum loading, namely with the load in the middle of the span, and for that condition to divide half the ^-^-^ — I • This gives a factor which mul- 2 sag / 1 62 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. tiplied by the total load (in this case 3 tons + weight of cable) gives the required stress in the main cable How does the result obtained by the above prac- tical method check with result obtained by the method of parallelogram of forces, considering the total load of 3 tons -(- weight of cable as acting at middle of span ? 571. Each tower for the above cableway is 30 feet high, and con- sists of a vertical timber frame, or bent, that is formed by two 8 X 10 inch legs spread 9 feet apart at the bottom and 2 feet at the top. The main cable passes over an iron saddle at the top of the tower and is fastened to a " dead-man " anchorage that is buried 60 feet from the foot of the tower. The timber frame is kept vertical by steel guys made fast at top of tower and to the same " dead man." What horizontal stress do these guys have to provide for when the main cable is free to slip on the saddle .'' What vertical load do they add to the tower } 572. The pull on the hoisting ropes causes an additional stress that would be, for this case, equiva- lent to a vertical load of about 3 tons on one tower. Add the three vertical stresses due to main cable, steel guyS, and hoisting ropes and then find the stress in each leg of the tower. 573. A 12-inch Pelton water-motor of 3 horse- power is tested by a friction brake that encircles three fourths of a 4-inch pulley on the motor and has a lever arm that extends 22 inches from center of pulley to scales. The scales read 5 pounds when motor is making I 150 revolutions per minute. What horse-power is being developed } REVIEW. 103 574. A 6-inch water-pipe that is 600 feet long is delivering 750 gallons of water per minute ; the water is shut off by uniformly closing a 6-inch valve in 3 seconds of time. How much will the static pressure near the valve be increased ? 575. A water-works tank is on a trestle which stands on uneven ground as shown in diagram. The tank weighs 30 000 pounds. A strong wind gives a pressure of 40 pounds per square foot. Find the stress in the plane of the legs DB {a) when the tank is empty ; {b) when the tank is full, (r) Find how much water will prevent the tank from over- turnmg. The wind acting on the curved surface of the tank causes a pressure that may be taken as 0.6 of that on a vertical section through the middle of the tank. 164 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 576. Name two advantages of the hemispherical (or similar) bottom over a flat bottom as represented in Fig. 89. A tank 20 feet high on the sides and 20 feet in diameter with hemispherical bottom will hold how many gallons of water ? What will be the wind pressure if taken as in preceding problem ? 577. A clause in pro- posed specifications for water valves requires that " a valve shall stand with- out injury a pull of 175 pounds on a wrench that is in length \\ times the radius of the wheel." In considering these specifica- tions an engineer and in- spector asks if this test unduly strains a valve ? The following analysis can be made relative to an 8-inch outside screw-and-yoke valve : Diameter of hand wheel is 14 inches, diam- Fig. 90. A modern form of water-tank, eter of spindle, if inches, 4 (Erected at St. Elmo, m., by the Chicago threads to the inch (mean Bridge and Iron Works.) .... 1 • u > beanng diameter i^ inches). Valve seats taper from 4 inches to 2 inches in diameter of valve — 8 inches. Bearing of hand wheel has a mean diameter of 2 inches. The coefficient of friction for the bearing of hand wheel, the threads, and the face of valve against its seat, may be taken as 0.15. Find the stress in the spindle caused by the pull of 175 pounds as indicated above. REVIEW. 165 To find this stress it is only necessary to consider conditions that affect the friction of the hand wheel. The resistances at the valve have no affect on the stress in the spindle which in any case is subjected to that part of the stress that is transmitted by the hand wheel. To compute this stress consider one revolu- tion of the hand wheels. Work = Work -|-Work + Work of pull of lifting on threads on bearing Substitute and find the unknown term W, the stress. Fig. 91' Fig. 92. 1 66 ME CHA NICa-PR OBLEMS 578. Find the pressure against the seat of the valve (no water pressure being considered) when a pull of 175 pounds is applied as in problem 577. 579. When a water pressure of 100 pounds per square inch acts on one side of the 8 inch valve in problem 578 and the test of 175 pounds pull is applied what normal pressure exists on each side of the valve ? ^ BM tnd Uft. A lengtli of -water pipe T 00 1 Spigot end 1— (i-jr— II ^ id lO o gas Spigot end ^Lead calked joint ftpe— pl2/fc j I C J I I I A . , Half Section of an 18-incli water pipe Fig. 93- Dimensions and weights for cast-iron water pipe Are given in the " Standard Specifications for Cast-iron Pipe and Special Castings," issued Sept. 10, 1902, by the New England Water Works Asso- ciation. REVIEW. 167 580. The dimensions for an 18-inch pipe of class D designed for a hydrostatic pressure of 300 pounds per square inch are represented in Fig. 93. Find the weight of portion E D and then the total weight of the whole length of pipe. 581. A roof has triangular trusses 12 feet apart. Weight of roof covering and snow equals 30 pounds per square foot, and the floor gives a load equivalent to 20 000 pounds concentrated at the foot of a vertical rod at the center of the truss ; length of truss is 40 feet, height 10 feet. Find the stresses in rafters and tie-rod. 582. A triangular jib-crane ABC carries at A 60 000 pounds, the line of action being parallel to BC which is vertical. AB = 10 feet, BC 8 feet, AC 1 1 feet. Find the amount and kind of stresses acting in AB and AC. 583. A derrick with mast 40 feet long and boom 55 feet long, set at 60° from the horizontal, is lower- ing into water a wrought-iron pipe 12 feet long, 60 inches internal diameter, 66 inches external diameter. Density of wrought-iron is 7.8. Find the stresses in boom and tackle when the pipe is in air, and also when it is in water. 584. Is the retaining wall shown in Fig. 94 safe against overturning by the earth pressure acting as represented.'* Does the resultant pressure between the weight of the masonry, taken at 1 70 pounds per i68 ME CHA NICS-PR OBLEMS. cubic foot, and the earth pressure cut the base " within the middle third ?" 15/( Fi^. 94. Fig. C5. 585. Fig. 95 shows a retaining" wall of masonry as built at Northfield, Vt. As in the preceding prob- lem, is the wall safe against overturning ? Where does the resultant cut the base ? 586. The waste gate of the canal for the Nashua Manufacturing Company at Nashua, N.H., is about 7Heet high and 4^ feet wide. When this gate is closed there is usually a head of 10 feet of water on its center. The coefficient of friction of this wooden gate against an ordinary metal seat is taken as 0.40 and the weight of the gate is i 000 pounds. What force in tons will be required to lift it .? 587. How wide on top should be the dam shown in Fig. 96 to withstand the reservoir pres- H- ? v«l K- 7 -> 1 4 i > / Reservmr / Concrete Dam 39 } IW lbs. per CM. ft. 6 1 1 J' Fig. 96. sure with factor of safety of 8 ? REVIEW. 169 588. Two Indians wanted to divide a birch log, that was 30 feet long and tapering from 8 inches in diameter to 1 2, so that each would have one-half. A school teacher told them to balance it and saw it open at that point. At what point should it be cut } 589. A 20 pound shot is fired from a 2 000-pound gun of length 10 feet ; the muzzle velocity of the shot being i 20D feet per second how far will the gun recoil up an incline rising i vertically to 1 5 on the slope ? How long will it take the shot to travel throuuh the i^un .-' ^ Fig. 97. 590. The engine and geared drum shown in the illustration are used for hoisting ore to the top of a blast furnace. The engine cyl- l/U MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. inder is 12 inches in diameter, makes a 15-inch stroke, and 300 revo- lutions per minute. The mean effective pressure'of the steam being 100 pounds per square inch, what horse-power is developed? The ratio of gears is 5.6. to i ; the diameter of drum, 4J feet. The effi- ciency of engine, geared drum and rest of mechanism is about 85 per cent. Therefore, under the above conditions, what force will the engine give to the cable for drawing the loaded " skip-car " up the incline to the top of the blast-furnace } 591. The drum of a hoisting engine is 4 feet in diameter. The angle between the engine crank and connecting rod is 60°. Length of crank i foot, con- necting rod 5 feet. Steam pressure on the piston 100 000 pounds which just balances a load W that is being hoisted. Determine the load W, the compres- sion in the connecting rod and the side pressure against the cross -head guide. 592. Sixteen horse-power is to be transmitted by a belt which embraces | of the circumference of a 2c-inch pulley that makes 120 revolutions per minute ; coefficient of friction is 0.35. Find {a) the tension in the two sides of the belt when slipping is just pre^ vented and (b) the width of belt required, thickness being f inches, and working stress 300 pounds per square inch of section. 593. Find the width of a belt necessary to transmit 10 horse-power to a pulley 12 inches in diameter, so that the greatest tension may not exceed 40 pounds REVIEW. 171 per inch of width when the pulley makes i 500 revo- lutions per minute, and the coefficient of friction is 0.25. 594. A test was made, Aug. 15, 1905, of the new steam plant of the Wolff Milling Company at New Haven, Mo. The engine had a high-pressure cylin- der 12 inches in diameter; low pressure, 24 inches; length of stroke, 36 inches. The revolutions were 77.1 per minute; the indicated horse-power of high- pressure cylinder, 85.74, low pressure, 66.19. What were the mean effective pressures in the two cyl- inders .'' 595. The engine and boiler test of problem 594 was continued 10 hours. During that time lyj.yi barrels of flour (each weighing 196 pounds) had been made, and 3 685 pounds of coal had beexi burned in the boilers ; cost of coal per ton of 2 000 pounds was ^2.90. Find the cost of coal for each barrel of flour made, and the pounds of coal burned per hour per indicated horse-power. 596. A Columbus Gas Engine tested as shown by Fig. 98, Oct. 21, 1905, gave the following data : Revo- lutions during 15 minutes 3 688, explosions i 516, net load on brake arm 30 pounds, length of arm 5 feet 3.024 inches. Four indicator cards taken during the test gave average areas 0.69 square inches, length 3.00 inches. Stiffness of spring that was used 300. 1/2 ME CHA NICS-PR OBLEMS. The diameter of engine cylinder is "j.-j^ inches and the length of stroke i, i inches. Find the efftciency. In computing the horse -power of a gas engme by indicator cardt the number of explosions corresponds to the number of revolutions for an ordinary engme. Fig. q8. 597, What would be the indicated horse-power of the gas engine, shown on page 17, and which has a piston 12 inches in diameter and a crank 8 inches long .'' The engine works at i 50 revolutions a minute, there is an explosion every 2 revolutions, and the mean effective pressure in the cylinder is 62 pounds per square inch. 598. The speed of the governor shaft AB is 500 revolutions per minute. The lo-pound ball is to be replaced by two 20-pound balls that revolve in REVIEW. 173 10 Iht. Fig. 99. planes distant i foot and 4 feet from the plane of the lo-pound ball. Take the distance AC as 7 inches and find R and Rj, the distances at which the 20-pound balls will revolve from the gov- ernor shaft when their centrifugal forces have the same moment about the speed controller at A as the lo-pound one alone. 599. In the preceding problem could the distance AC be changed and still have the moments of the two 20-pound balls balance the 10.^ If so what is one such distance .'' 600. A rope manufacturer's catalogue states : '• The breaking strength of rope, may be taken as 7 coo X diam- eter squared. For a constant transmission the best resuhs are obtained when the tension on. the driving side of the rope is not more than ^^ of the breaking strength ; and the tension on the driv- ing side is usually twice the tension on the slack side." Find the horse-power of a 2-inch diameter rope, of weight per foot 0.34 X diameter squared, that runs at 3 000 feet per minute when centrifugal force is considered. Observe that the tension on slack side = centrifugal force of belt -h i of difference in tension. 174 MECHA NICS-PROBLEMS ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS ESPECI- ALLY ADAPTED FROM PRAC- TICAL CONDITIONS. 601* The pulp-grinder represented by the general view and sectional drawing, Figs loi and 102 consists of a grindstone mounted upon a horizontal axis, revolving inside of a case which carries four pressure cylinders and pistons, by which means blocks of wood to be ground into pulp are held by strong pressure against the stone. Fig. 101 •Problems 601 to 608 inclusive were r repared by Robert Fletcher, Director of the Thayer School of Civil Engineering from observations and tests at this particu- ar pi Ip and paper mill. REVIEW 175 Not more than three of the four pistons are in action at one time. The grinder is operated by 30-inch Hunt twin turbines set vertically on the shaft with one central draft tube. The turbines operate under a head of 34 feet, and are rated by the makers to dehver 247 horse-power each at 247 revolutions per minute with a discharge of 4 626 cubic feet of water per minute. Compute the efficiency of the turbine on the basis of this performance. ^Ji'ntcr Pressure 00 f- COpounJe per «g. la. ::hhz) tJriiuUtonc Fig. 102. Sectional View of Grinder 602. Under the conditions stated, and by the data given with the figure, compute the amount and direc- tion of the resultant pressure on the two bearings, and the pressure per square inch, assuming the pres- sure to be off from the left hand piston, 603. A stream of water running over one bearing at the rate of 11.5 pounds per minute was observed 176 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS to rise in temperature from 33° to nearly 38° F. With this heavy pressure, low temperature and imperfect lubrication, leto. 1 2 be the coefhcientof journal friction, and compute the work lost at the bearings. How much of this is in the heat carried away by the water from both bearings? 604. At the average speed of 1S5 revolutions per minute assume that the output is 225 horse-power effective, that 21 horse-power is absorbed by a pump run from the same shaft; deducting also the work lost at the bearings, compute the coefficient of abra- sion at the rubbing surfaces of the blocks, if the remainder of the energy is required to produce the pulp. 605. During observations taken in January, 1910, on the above grinder, although the stone was con- stantly drenched by nearly ice-cold water which served to wash away the pulp, the temperature of the mixture was observed to be about 170° F. The amount of wood ground was about 0.32 ton, or 700 pounds per hour. If three times this weight of water went to make up the thick pulp mixture, find the horse- power represented in the mixture at 180° F., starting at34°F. 606. Such stones sometimes burst; the blocks of wood under pressure in the pockets act like brake- shoes to prevent "racing" of the heavy rotating stone. If we assume a diametral plane of rupture over which REVIEW 177 the tension induced by centrifugal action between the two halves is uniformly distributed, and if we allow for a 12-inch circular hole for the shaft and fastenings compute the stress per square inch on such diametral plane of the annular cylinder, at the speed of 180 revolutions per minute. 607. If 400 pounds per square inch is the ultimate strength of this tough English sandstone, under the strenuous conditions of the grinding how many revo- lutions per second would be likely to cause rupture, if 5.64 pounds per square inch stress is developed by 3 revolutions per second? 608. The wear on these stones is such as to dimin- ish the diameter about i foot in a year, including the tooling done occasionally to keep the surface true. With the same torque as before from the turbine, would the revolutions per minute of the stone vary under the same pressure? To obtain the same amount of useful work at the surface of the stone would you vary the pressure or the revolutions per minute, or both; if so, how much? 609. When the rotary fire pump shown in Fig. 103 is delivering four streams of water through lines of hose that have i|-inch smooth nozzles, and the pressure of the water as it issues from each nozzle is 50 pounds per square inch, how many gallons of water per minute would the pump thus deliver? 78 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS Fig. 103. 610. In the above problem the friction in the hose, cross currents, and so on, cause losses that allow the above discharge to represent only 70 per cent of REVIEW 179 the energy furnished by the pump. Furthermore, losses in the pump itself and its end gears cause the energy of the pump to be only 80 per cent of the energy furnished by the shaft that drives the pump. What will be the horse power required by the above driving shaft in order to dehver the fire streams specified in the preceding problem? 611. One way of driving a rotary fire pump is by V-friction gears, shown in Figs. 104-106. The spindle of hand wheel for forcing the gears into mesh has 6 threads per inch with mean diameter of 1.39 inches. When the coefficient of friction in the bearing boxes is o. I , and elsewhere 0.2, and the pump is making 250 revolutions per minute, what pull, applied tangen- tially at the hand wheel, would be necessary to force the gears sufficiently into contact to deliver four streams of water under conditions stipulated in the preceding problem? Fig. 104. i8o MECHA NICS-PROBLEMS Fig. 105. Full Si2ed Section of Friction Teeth on -Pi,.mp Shaft Fig. 106. Sliding Plate and Mechanism REVIEW i8i 612. Drawing 50 800 of the American Brake Com- pany gives dimensions, shown in Figs. 107 and 108, for air brakes on a ConsoHdated Locomotive. The drawing states that for a weight on the drivers of 222 000 pounds the braking power is 60 per cent, or 133 200 pounds, with air pressure of 50 pounds per square inch acting in the cyhnders. Prove the correct- ness of this statement. 613. From the preceding problem show what the pressure of the shoe against the driver would be on the pair of drivers numbered i on sketch, and what on the pair numbered 4. 614. A freight locomotive weighing 2 000 tons is equipped with air brakes as specified in the above problems. The train is running at 20 miles per hour with steam shut off. If there is an air pressure in the Ail- Prcsmye CfjIniiUr ft " ■ , Fig. 107. Elevation c s i w J. = !J. "W =5£ ?5 Toi" ^ Brake Shoe Fig. 108. Plan Brake System: one side of locomotive T 8 2 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS cylinders of 90 pounds per square inch, what distance would the train go after the application of the brakes? Disregard axle and rolling friction but consider the coefhcient of friction between brakes and wheel to be 0.20. 615. When the above freight train is running at 30 miles per hour, what air pressure will be required in the cylinders in order to stop the train in a distance of 4 000 feet? If the coefficient of sliding friction between rail and wheels is 0.20, at what air pressure would the train tend to "skid?" 616. Find the pressure due to water hammer in a 6-inch pipe, i 066 feet long, through which water is flowing with a velocity of 4 feet per second, and is stopped by shutting a valve in 0.8 second. First, solve the above problem by the principle that the energy possessed by the moving water is uniformly overcome during the time of closing the valve. 617. Secondly, solve the above problem by the principles of Impulse.* It is seen by referring to Fig. 109 which applies to a test of the above water pipe (as explained in Problem 619) that the excess unit pressure due to water hammer is (p + po — Pi). If we consider that this excess ii produced uniformly as the value is suddenly closed, its mean value during the time t would be ^ (p + po — Pi) and the dynamic pressure on the valve of area a would be 5 (p + Po — Pi) a U • See Merriman's" Treatise on Hydraulics." REVIEW 183 the value of this impulse may also be expressed in terms of weight V of water and velocity; it would be (ical) — . Equating these two S values o;' the impulse V 2 iP -h Po — p\) at = ival— and g 2ivl p = V + pi — po gt Substitute the numerical values given above or shown in Fig. ioq, and thus find the value of the impulse in pounds per square inch. 618. Fig. 109 shows the effect of water hammer as recorded by one of Joukovsky's diagrams. The horizontal scale represents time and the vertical scale pressures. The line of normal pressure represents the pressure that exists before opening. During flow the pressure is 1.7 atmospheres, or 25 pounds per square inch, but for an instant while the valve is being closed the pressure becomes 10 times the normal or 250 pounds per square inch. Check these values from the diagram. What pressure in pounds per square inch should an ordinary pressure gage have recorded at the instant, A on diagram? KoTmal Prcunurc ^ Atmot'i>ltc>-ic Prcanurc-' 'T, Pi Pis l.i..",iHin.. spin ivs; P„,2..';: P, , 0.8 Fig. 109. Indicator Diagram; Showing Effect of Water Hammer. 1 84 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS 619. Water hammer in the pipe referred to in the preceding problems was investigated by extended experiments made in 1897 at Moscow, Russia, by Professor Joukovsky. He found that the average length of time for a pressure wave to make a round trip through the above 6-inch pipe, 1066 feet long, was 0.52 seconds. Find the average velocity of the pressure wave. He determined the value of water-hammer pressure by means of indicator diagrams. A t>pical one, taken from his experiments on the aljove pipe, is shown in Fig. 100. po indicates static unit pressure before tlie gate is opened pi unit pressure while the water is flowing, p excess or water hammer pressure due to a sudden closure of the gate. As a result of many experiments Professor Joukovsk}'- found that when the shut-olf valve was closed in Jess time than — {I being the length of the pipe and ^i the velocity of the pressure wave) the maxi- mum excess pressure would be felt in some or all parts of the pipe and the following formula would apply: 10 p = uv — S P being the unit excess pressure in pounds per square foot as commonly substituted. M velocity of pressure wave or wave of impulse. V extinguished velocity of water in pipe. — density of water, lo being usually 62.35, and g 32.16. S When water is flowing in the above 0-inch pipe with a velocity of 4 ft. per second and is shut-off in a time less than—, what will n be the unit excess pressure due to water hammer? REVIEW 185 620. Professor Joukovsky also found from his experiments on a 24-inch water main that leads from the Alexeievskaia pumping plant in Moscow to the Krestovsky water towers and is 7 007 feet long, that the average length of time for a pressure wave to make a round trip through this pipe was 4.23 seconds. For a sudden closure of the gate, (in a time less than 2 A — .) find, in accordance with Joukovsky's formula, the additional pressure due to water hammer when the quantity of flow was i 000 gallons per minute. 621. When the above 24-inch pipe is delivering 6 000 gallons of water per minute, how quickly could the valve be closed if the excess water-hammer pres- sure ought not to exceed 100 pounds per square inch? 622. When the water supply for a turbine is suddenl}' retarded or accelerated even, excessive pressure occurs that is apt to cause serious breakage. Fig. no shows the pressure that may exist during a decrease of velocity as produced by partly closing a regulating gate. p is the instantaneous effective head during a change in velocit}'; po, total available power head in feet; pi, effective head at the turbine; pY, friction losses in the penstock; p^, head which is effective at any given instant in retarding the water in the penstock; ps. -{- Pv Jt ^^^^^^s^ss^ 4^ BtafU Peal Sarmal Bydrautic Oradimt 1 riT, pig. no. First find the velocity of the pressure wave. Joukovsky found that this velocity is represented by the formula 12 jw/i d \ \ 7 \K + ^E^ ■, where K is the modulus of elasticity of water about 294000 pounds per square inch. d, the diameter of the pipe in inches, e, the thickness of the pipe wall in inches, E, the modulus of elasticity of the material of the pipe. It will be noted from the preceding problems that water hammer pressure is materially aflfected by the REVIEW 187 velocity of the pressure wave, which in turn is affected by the elasticity of water, the elasticity of the pipe, the diameter of the pipe, and the thickness of its walls. 623. If the velocity in a penstock 4 900 feet in length, 6 feet in diameter, was reduced from 5 feet per second to 1.94, in 2.7 seconds or less time; what would be the excess water-hammer pressure thus produced? (Observe that a reduction of velocity from 5 feet per second to 1.94 causes an extinguishment of 3.06 feet per second in velocity.) 624. At a 30 000 horse-power plant in Kinloch- leven, Argyllshire, England the penstock is 39 inches in diameter and 6 200 feet in length. The maximum allowable velocity is 8.5 feet per second. If this velocity should be reduced to 3.5 in a time of 3 seconds or less what would be the maximum water-hammer pressure thus produced in some, or all parts of the pipe? I QO ME CHA NICS-FKOBL EMS. EXAMINATIONS. - MECHANICS.* YALE UNIVERSITY, SHEFFIELD SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL. Senior Mechanical and Mining Engineers. March, 1905. 1. {a) Define five different units of force, [b) A balloon is ascending with a speed which is increasing at the rate of 4 feet per second in each second. Find the apparent weight of 10 pounds weighed by a spring balance in the balloon. 2. A weight of 20 pounds rests 7 feet from the edge of a smooth horizontal table 4 feet high. A string 8 feet long passes oyer a smooth pulley at edge of the table and connects with a lo-pound weight. If this second weight is allowed to fall, in what time will the first weight reach the edge of the table. 3. {a) A cord passing over a smooth pulley carries 10 pounds at one end and 54 at the other ; what will be the tension in the cord } {b) A shopkeeper uses a balance with arms in ratio of 5 to 6. He weighs out from alternate pans what appears to be 60 pounds. How much does he gain or lose .'' 4. (a) Define a force couple. Show that a force couple cannot be replaced by a single force, (b) Show * Preparatory Studies : About 20 weeks of Mechanics in a three hour a week course, and the present course of 10 weeks with three hours a week preparation. EXAMINATIONS. I9I how to find the resultant of any number of non-con- current forces acting" on a rigid body. 5. {ii) Find the force of attraction of a homoge- neous sphere on a particle within the sphere, {b) The mass of the sun is 300 000 times the mass of the earth, and its radius is 100 times the radius of the earth. How far will a stone fall from rest in one second at surface of sun .'* 6. (a) A uniform rod 8 feet long, weighing 18 pounds, is fastened at one end to a vertical wall by a smooth hinge. It is kept horizontal by a string 10 feet long, attached to its free end and to a point in the wall. Find the tension in the string and the pressure on the hinge, {b) A uniform rod AB, 20 inches long weighing 20 pounds, rests horizontally upon two pegs whose distance apart is 8 inches. How must the rod be placed so that the pressure on the pegs may be equal when weights of 40 and 60 pounds are suspended from A and B, respectively .'' 7. Find by the principle of virtual work the con- dition of equilibrium for a differential screw consider- ing friction. 8. A uniform ladder 70 feet long is equally inclined to a vertical wall and the horizontal ground. A m.an weighing 224 pounds ascends the ladder, which weighs 448 pounds. How far up the ladder can the man ascend before it slips if the coefficient of friction for the wall is \ and for the ground \ } 192 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. 9. Find the work lost by a shaft with a truncated pivot, bearing an end thrust. 10. A belt passing around a drum has an angle of contact a and a coefficient of friction /a. Find the horse-power which can be transmitted. 11. Two rough inclined planes are placed end to end. A body of 100 pounds rests on one of the planes, which has an inclination of 60°. A string attached to this body passes over a smooth pulley at the apex of the planes and holds another body on the second plane of inclination, 30°. If coefficient of friction for each plane is \, find the weight of second body to just hold the first from sliding down the plane. sine 30° = .5 cosine 30° = .86 MECHANICS. TUFTS COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING. Examination at Mid-Year, Feb. 6, 1905.* Answer any eight questions. 1. In tests of cast-iron fly wheels {Eng. Nezvs, Dec. 15, 1904) record is given of one as follows : Diameter of wheel 4 feet, stress in each arm due to the centri- fugal force of its portion of the rim 1680 pounds, weight of same portion of rim 7^ pounds. Find bursting speed in miles per hour. 2. A leather belt treated with dressing has coeffi- cient of friction on an iron pulley of 0.3. The belt * Preparatory studies : Physics lectures one year, laboratory one-half year, mechanism one-half year, and present course of half year with three class hours per week and two hours of preparation for each. EXAMINA TIONS. 1 9 3 encircles 200° of a pulley 10 feet in diameter. When running at 140 revolutions per minute the belt must transmit 300 horse-power. How wide should belt be if it is designed to stand 100 pounds per inch of width } 3. A wall derrick has a vertical post 9 feet high, at top a horizontal member 15 feet long, and 3 feet back from the load of 10 tons at outward end is a brace 13 feet long connecting with the vertical post at a point 4 feet up from ground. Find stresses. 4. A highway bridge 80 feet long has supports 2 feet from one end and 10 feet from the other. Uniform load on bridge is 300 pounds per linear foot. A road roller of 10 tons weight is half-way across ; what load is then on each abutment } 5. A large type of locomotive recently put in ser- vice on the N. Y. C. & H. R. R. has developed ap- proximately 2 000 horse-power. How heavy a train could this locomotive draw, at speed of 40 miles an hour, up a 2 per cent grade — {a) without wind or frictional resistances, {b) with resistances of 20 pounds per ton acting ? 6. A train of 400 tons starts from a station and on a level track attains a speed of 40 miles an hour in one minute. Neglecting resistances, what would be the draw-bar pull .'* 7. A stiff-leg steel derrick with vertical mast 55 feet high, boom 85 feet long, set with tackle 1 94 ME CHA NICS-PR OBLEMS. 40 feet long is raising two boilers of 50 tons total weight. Find stresses in boom and tackle and in back stay which makes an angle of 30° with vertical. If mast be made of two members joined at top and 20 feet apart at bottom what stresses must they sustain .? 8. What would be the total horse-power of pumps working 12 hours per day to supply the City of Med- ford, 21 600 population, with 100 gallons of water per day (for each person) and forced against 60 pounds pressure (equals a height of 138 feet) .'' The efficiency of engines and pumps is to be 80 per cent. 9. A shell can be fired with velocity of 2 000 feet per second ; neglecting resistances, how near to shore can a man-of-war be in order to have its shells just clear a fortification wall 500 feet above sea level, angle of projection being 30° .'' 10. Derive the formula for centrifugal force. The 20th Century express attains a speed of 60 miles per hour. When rounding a curve of 4 000 feet radius how much should the outer rail be elevated to avoid lateral pressure } (Center to center of rails is 4 feet io| inches.) 11. Define acceleration, work, moment of a force, coefficient of friction. Find the least force necessary to pull a packing case of 300 pounds weight along a horizontal floor. Coefficient of friction 0.58. Total number of problems taken during the half-year has been about 195. EXAMINATIONS. 1 95 MECHANICS. TUFTS COLLEGE, DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING. Examination at Mid-Year, Feb. i, 1906.* Division a answer any S questions. Division b answer No. 11 and 7 otliers. 1. In a direct-acting steam engine the piston pres- sure is 22 500 pounds; tlie connecting-rod makes a ma.ximum angle of 15° with the Hne of action of the piston. Find the pressure on the guides. 2. An iron wedge having faces of equal taper that make an angle of 10^ is being forced under an iron column which is supporting a load of 5 tons. The coefficient of friction for the iron surfaces is 0.18. What force is needed to push the wedge forward .? 3. An electric car that is filled with passengers and weighs 25 tons goes up a grade of i in 100 at the speed of lo miles an hour. The total resistances to traction are 30 pounds per ton. What horse-power must be supplied when the efficiency of the mechan- ism is 60 per cent } For an electro motive force of 500 volts what amperes would be necessary.? 4. A shaper head that weighs 500 pounds makes its forward stroke of 12 inches in 6 seconds. The resistances of cutting and of machinery are equivalent to a coefficient of friction of o 5. At what rate is work being done t * Prepiratory studies same as for examination of 1905 and given at bottom of page 1 , 6. ig6 ME en A NICS-PR OBLEMS. 5. Coal is hoisted from a barge to a tower where it is run into a car that goes down a grade 294 feet long in 24 seconds. It strikes a cross-bar or " stopper " which is pushed back a distance of 30 feet while the car empties and for an instant comes to rest. The weight of the car is 2 000 pounds and of the coal 4 000. If the car empties uniformly during the 3c feet what is the average force of resistance that the cross-bar exerts ? 6. A highway bridge of span 48 feet, width 40 feet, has two queen- post trusses of depth 9.2 feet ; and each truss is divided by two posts into three equal parts. The bridge is crowded with people making a load of I 50 pounds per square foot, and also an elec- tric car one-third the way across the bridge causes an additional load equivalent to a concentrated load of 20 tons. Find the stresses in chords and posts. 7. The head plate of a Buckeye engine is to be hoisted by a con- tinuous rope that passes through eye bolts that are 5 feet apart, and through a chain-hoist hook that is 3 feet above the plane of the eye bolts. The rope is free to slip, and the plate weighs 500 pounds. Find the total pull that tends to break the eye bolts. 8. The center of a steel crank-pin that weighs 16 pounds is 12 inches from the center of the engine EX A All NA no AS. 197 shaft. The shaft makes 190 revolutions per minute. Find the centrifugal force caused by the pin. 9. The San Mateo Dam in California was designed for a height of 170 feet, width at top 25 feet, at base 176 feet, with a uniform batter on the water side 4 to I, and on the back side near the top 21 to i, then a curve of radius 258 feet to near the bottom where the batter is i to i. The material throughout is concrete of weight 150 pounds per cul^ic foot. Compute approximately the factor of safety of such a section against overturning. 10. Define moment of a force and illustrate by an example. Also define and illustrate " resolve parallel and perpendicular to plane," a couple and three other important terms or equations of Mechanics. Show how to find the least force necessary to pull a box along a horizontal floor. 11. —n^ // = _rH y tr (y cr cr A >j e> i> 7' — 1'' = C 11 — u) Tell what the above formulas mean. ^^ . , 2 u sin a " " Horizontal range = 11 cos a X • How obtained ? A bullet is fired with a velocity of i 000 feet per second. What must be the angle of inclination in order that it may strike a point in the same horizontal plane at a distance of 15 625 feet .'' Total number of problems taken during the half-year, about i8o. iqS mechanics-problems. STATICS HARVARD UNIVERSITY First Course in Mechanics 1. Find the components of a force of 500 pounds along lines inclined to it by (a) 0° ; {b) 24°; {c) 30°. Algebrai- cally only. 2. Find the moment of (300 pounds 48° (—4, 6)) about {a) (4, 6) ; {^b) (o, o) ; (^ (- 4, 6).; {d) (3, -7). Algebraically only. 3. A uniform body in the shape of an isosceles triangle with base of 60 feet and altitude of 20 feet weighs 200 pounds. It is supported at points in its base 20 feet and 60 feet respectively from the left end. Forces of 20 pounds and 40 pounds act vertically upward and down- ward respectively from points bisecting the left and right sloping sides respectively. Determine the pressures upon the supports. 4. A rectangle, 10 inches by 8 inches, has one corner at the origin, two sides coincident with 6>X and OY, and a corner at (10, 8). Two forces, of 20 pounds each, act one along the upper edge of it toward the right, the other along the lower edge toward the left. Two more forces, of 40 pounds each, act respectivelv upward along left edge and downward along the right edge. {a) Is the body subject either to translation or rotation ? (b) If any further forces be needed to cause equilibrium state the value of the simplest system that will do it. EXAMINA TIONS. 199 \y ^3 5. Find the center of gravity of a plane figure of five sides witli corners at (o, o_), (5, o), (4, 5), (4, 3;, (14, 3), (8, o). Solve both algebraically, and graphically, using in the latter case the general string polygon method. 6. A sphere weighing 1000 pounds rests between two smooth planes which are inclined to each other by 30°, the less steep of which is inclined 10° to the horizontal. Determine the pressure on each plane algebraically. 7. A plane rectangular frame 60 feet high and 10 feet wide stands on two supports, one at each of the lower corners. A horizontal wind force of 4000 pounds is applied at 30 feet from the ground and a load of 6000 pounds rests at the middle of the top. If the thrust of the wind be assumed to be resisted equally by the supports, determine the remaining forces at the supports. 8. Determine graphically stresses in all of the bars of the given truss. Show numerical results upon large free- hand sketch of truss. 9. Determine algebraically stresses in Q, F, and S of truss of last question without finding other stresses. 10. Determine the reactions [H^. H„. l\, V.^ at the supports of the given three-hinged arch. tana sin a cos a tan n a sin a LUb u. laii ". 0.00 1. 00 0.00 4S 0.74 0.67 Ill 10 0.17 0.88 O.IO 50 0.77 0.64 1. 16 24 0.41 0.91 0.4s 60 0.87 0.50 1-73 30 0.50 0.89 O.5S 80 '0.98 0.17 5-67 40 0.64 0.77 0.84 45 0.71 0.71 1. 00 90 I. CO 0.00 00 200 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS MECHANICS. GENERAL ELECTRIC ENGINEERING SCHOOL AT LYNN- MASS. Examination, March 12, 191 2 for Apprentice Students of the Fourth Term. 1. What is the ratio of the weight to the power, in a screw-press working without friction, when the screw makes 4 turns in the inch, and the arm to which the power is apphed is 2 feet long? 2. The travel of the table of a planing machine which cuts both ways is 9 feet. If the resistance while cutting be taken at 400 pounds, and the number of revolutions or double strokes per hour be 80, find the horse-power absorbed in cutting. 3. The estimated discharge of the nine turbines at Niagra Falls in 1898 was 430 cubic feet per second for each turbine. The .average pressure head on the wheels was that due to a fall of about 136 feet. Com- pute the actual horse-power available from all tur- bines, allowing an efficiency of 82 per cent. 4. A rod AB is hinged at A and supported in a horizontal position by a string BC making an angle of 45° with the rod; the rod has a weight of 10 pounds suspended from B. Find the tension in the string and the force at the hinge. Neglect the weight of the rod. EX A MINA TIONS 20 1 5. AB is a uniform beam weighing 300 pounds. The end A rests against a smooth vertical wall, the end B is attached to a rope C. Point C is vertically above A, length of beam is 4 feet, rope 7 feet. Repre- sent the forces acting, and find the pressure against the wall and the tension in the rope. ?02 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS. In preparing this new edition two opposing sugges- tions have been offered to me : one that I should give all the answers to the problems, the other that I should give none. I have taken the middle ground, and am giving about half of the answers, believing that this method will serve both for engineers in prac- tice and others who wish to know that their results are correct, and for college classes where it is often preferred that some of the answers be omitted lest the student place too much dependence on them. It is generally agreed, I think, that with students the advice frequently given by Professor Merriman in his excellent text books should be emphasized, namely: that the answers are not the main part of a problem. In fact, the student is urged not to consult the answer at the beginning of a problem, and ihen aim merely to get that numerical result. First an understanding of the problem should be obtained, then a diagram representing the data should be drawn, and an esti- mate of the answer based on experience should be noted. Furthermore, in my own classes I require that the solutions shall be carefully made in special note books, ANSWERS TO FROBLEMS. 203 and that the student's method of analysis shall be plain, concise, and easily understood ; for the ability to reason soundly and to demonstrate clearly should be leading aims in the study of Mechanics. Work. (3) 3 000 foot-pounds. (6) 320 men. (10) 169 000 foot-pounds. (12) 79 200 000 foot-pounds. (15) 352 000 foot-pounds. (17) 104.8 foot-pounds. (20) 104 167 foot-pounds. (22) 20 foot-pounds. (25) 125 pounds. (28) 120 000 pounds. (32) 1.51 inches. (34) 0.54 pounds. (36) 28.5 pounds. (38) 112 pounds. (40) 522.5 pounds. (42) 6000 foot-pounds; ratio 3 : 2. (44) 12.9 man-power. (46) <^^^ horse-power. (48) \\ horse-power. (50) 36 j\ horse-power. (53) 25 horse- power. (55) 435 horse-power. (58) 139 kilowatts. (60) 67.8 amperes. (63) About 80 pounds per inch of width. (66) 4 inches. (68) 4 horse-power. (70) 12 miles an hour. (72) 15 pounds per ton. (74) i 000 horse-power. (77) *| again.st friction; 23 520 000 foot- pounds wasted. (79) 10.5 horse-power theoretically. (81) 1 40 horse-power. (82) 107 horse-power. (83) 97.5 horse-power. (86) i 665 horse-power. (87) 13.2 horse- power. (89) 2 566 loo^ns. (91) 0.061. (92) 12.6 horse-power. (95) 450 horse-power. (97) 62 pounds per square inch. (100) 5.6 horse-power. (loi) i 594 horse-power. (104) 9448100ms. (106) 5 million horse- power. (108) 0.39. (no) 157 horse-power. (113) 132 no 000 foot-pounds, or 132 million Duty. (116) 10 500 cubic feet. (118) 3 44 machines. (121) 21 hours 18 minutes. (124) 39600 pounds. (125) 0.14 horse-power; 97 cubic inches. (127) i8| pounds. (129) 88 rt! R/P strokes per minute. (131) 156 tons. (133) 265 pounds. (137) 1 1-2 pounds per ton. (140) i 783 204 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. amperes. (142) 393 pounds; 19.6 per cent. (145) 4.5 feet. (147) I 856 horse-power. (149) 12 758 foot- pounds; I 450 pounds. (152) 0.17 horse-power. (156) 549 pounds. (158) I 250 tons. (159) 15 625 feet height. (162) 750 pounds. (164) 44.3 turns. (166) Ratio I to 1.94. (167) Average of 866 foot-pounds. (169) 62.5 cubic feet. (171) 15-2 horse-power. Force. (173) 300 pounds. (176) 10 pounds. (178) 43 units; 25. (181) 29 pounds. (183) 150 pounds; 90. (186) Rafters 6.32 tons; tie rod 6 tons. (1S8) Boom 77.3 tons ; tackle 36.4. (191) 50 pounds. (193) 580 pounds. (194) 6 030 pounds. (196) 117. 1 pounds; 82.8. (199) 2.8 pounds; 9.6. (200) cos^d = b/a, b being distance from C to AB and 2 a the length of the rod. (203) Perpendicular to plane. (205) 1020 pounds; i 000. (209) 2.45 tons. (211) 1. 1 5 tons. (213) 86.6 pounds; 100. (217) I 460 pounds; i 990. (218) 77 pounds. (220) D being area of triangle, Y =■ ^ b {a^ -\- c^ — b"^) -^ 4<:D; Q = W fl' (/r -f- t'" — ^")/4 ^ /^. (222) In guy 10.3 tons; in legs 18.6 tons. (224) Back stay, 90 tons; legs, 100. (226) 7.8 tons; 6.5. (228) Back stays, 81 tons; A-frame 36; wire rope 29; upper boom 74.7; lower 87.7; guy or tackle 49.5. (229) 1. 16 tons ; 0.55 ; 053. (232) 14.2 pounds. (233) 13 units at tan~^ yV with AB. (234) 2 'sIz'P parallel to CA at distance from AC of 3 •\/2/2 X AB. (238) Ratio i io-sli,. (242) Tension = W / -*- 2 \Ip — c- sin 6. (246) 1 15.5 pounds; 57.7. (252) 6 250 pounds; 5 000. (257) 6 inches from end. (259) 9 inches from middle; 18 pounds. (263) 5 inches from the middle. (266) 7 feet. (268) io6f pounds. (270) 3.5 pounds; ^ inch from middle. (272) 4^ tons; 3§. (276) 6.5 pounds. (278) 9.5 pounds. (280) 11 inches ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS, 205 and 6. (282) Posts 40 tons ; lower chord, 37,5 and 32.5 ; upper chord 32.5. (284) Post 6 tons; tie 12.8; chord 12.5. (286) 75 pounds. (287) 33.6 pounds. (290) 540. (292) On line bisecting vertical angle § from ver- tex. (293) 2 V3 (7/9, ^^^a/i, 4 ^^3 rtr from the sides, if each side = 2 a. (294) 6 ^^a/w, 3 \n,a/ii, 2 V3 a/ 11 from sides; outside the triangle at distance 6 V3 a/5, — ^'^2) ^/S' 2 ■V'3 (i/s- (296) Any point of line parallel to CD passing through X which is in BC produced so that CX = 2 BC. (299) 5 units acting parallel to BD, cutting BC produced at X, so that 4 CX = BC. (302) 124 pounds, 92, 134. (306) At point 15 and 16 inches from adjacent sides. (309) 2 1 feet from rim. (313) If D be the middle point of BC, R is represented in magnitude by 2 AD, and acts through X parallel to DA, X being in DC orDB, so that DX =BC/8. (315) He loses i pound. (317) I inch. (318) 85.9 pounds. (321) 15 pounds each. (323) At C force is horizontal, and = W V3/2 ; at B tan~^ V3/2 to vertical and = W V7/2. (326) Length of stick from nail to wall ^3 : pressure = 8 \/ t, ounces and 8 V ^/9 — I. (327) 18900 pounds. (328) 35.3 feet. (331) P= 15 000 pounds. (332) | of length from end where pressure is 4 pounds. (335) 1.33 inches. (339) I inch from AC, i| from AB. (342) It divides the face to which the cover is hinged in ratio of i to 2. (345) From left-hand edge 2.84 inches; 5.36 inches. (348) 2 cos ^ = 3 cos (tt — 6)/ 2), 6 being angle with hori- zontal. (350) /i = r\l2>. (352) \. (355) 373 pounds. (357) 1/V3. (359) 200 pounds. (362) T-2-I-. (366) I; inclination, tan~^ 3. (369) 433 pounds. (371) 1140 pounds; 314. (374) 60°. (376) /x \Vr/(i + ^) sin a, r being radius, and W the weight of wheel. (378) 47 2C6 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. feet. (380) 1/V3. (382) 100 pounds. (388) About 2.08. (393) 58 pounds. (394) 2 800 pounds. (396) 898 pounds. (398) 2i\- (4°o) ^3 inches. (401) 37.6 inches. (405) 504 pounds. (406) 1.92 horse-power. (407) W/P = 0.95 or 1.05. (408) 137 thermal units. (410) 0.44 horse-power. (412) 3.5 horse-power. Motion. (415) 35 feet. (417) 13/^ miles per hour ; 27t\. (419) 30 miles an hour. (422) 150 feet; 200. (424) 13I pounds per ton. (425) 99 feet. (426) 5 seconds. (428) 6 seconds; 112 feet per second. (431) ^(ig feet per second . (433) 231 feet. (435) 4 oSo feet. (436) In V///2 g seconds, and 3/^/4 feet from ground. (438) 350 feet. (440) ?/V3-2; ?//2. (142) 17.6 feet. (444) About \ mile up-stream. (446) 2 ; 5 miles an hour. (449) Northwest 6 V 2 miles an hour.* (451) 24 tt. (454) 65.5 miles an hour ; 0.27 miles. (457) 3.0 pounds. (459) 24.3 amperes for maximum velocity. (462) 1.9 miles. (464) 0.014. (467) 16 Vs feet per second. (469) 7.25 feet. (470) 8 feet per second. (473) zis pounds. (475) 6938 pounds. (478) {(.i) ^^- g feet; (/') 70 pounds, 140 and i86|. (479) i second. (481) 15° or 75°. (483) 44 V2 feet. (486) 3903 feet inside of city. (487) 7.16 miles. (489) 8 600 feet; 31 250 000 foot-pounds. (494) 0.3 tons. (497y 2.83 pounds. (500) Tan-^ aVVo- (503) 43 revolutions per minute. (506) 6. i tons. (507) 321 tons. (510) 23.ifeet. (514) 3.4pounds. (515) 36662 feet. (519) 3-1 feet per second. (521) 496.8 feet per second. (525) — i feet per second; -+- 2. (527") A returns 5 feet per second ; B moves at 45° with its course and velocity of 10 V2. Review. (529) {a) 58 tons- (531) 56.7 per cent. (534) 60 000 pounds close to tower ; 47 000 in middle. (535) 52 222 pounds. (536) 17 ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS. 207 revolutions. (538) 7.25 feet. (541) In bolt 27 500 pounds. (543) In leg 63.24 tons; in inclined members, 18.75 tons. (545) 0.036. (549) I 250 pounds. (552) 27.8 feet per second. (557) 472 tons. (558) 160. (559) 682 revolutions per minute; 1910 amperes for the 8 motors. (560) i 453 horse-power. (563) 0.19. (564) 16 879 pounds; 8.1 per cent. (566) 2 720 pounds per square inch. (568) cos ^ = P 2 W. (571) Horizontal stress 1.8 tons; vertical additional 0.9 tons. (573) 2.0 horse-power. (574) 35 pounds. (575) {a) 41 800 pounds ; {h) 458 00 pounds; (c) i 195 gallons. (^577) 10 800 pounds total; 7 2S0 for if in. spindle, 10 870 for \\ in. root of thread. (57S) 19 200 pounds. (579) 14 631 pounds, 24 769. (580) I 780 pounds. (583) In air, boom 16.57 tons; in water, boom 14.45 tons. (586) 4^ tons, (587) 15.2 feet. (588) 12.15 feet from large end. (589) 33-75 feet; eV second. (590) 9 518 pounds. (592) {h) 19.2 inches. (594) 54.2 pounds; 10.4. (596) 80.6 per cent. (600) 42 horse -power. (602) iii pounds per square inch. (604) 0.06. (606) 7.8 pounds. (608) For given water pressure increase revolutions 9 to 7. (614) 1 1 25 feet. (615) 83 pounds. (616) 144 pounds. (620) 221 pounds. (621) 8 seconds. (622) 130 pounds, 152. (624) 265 pounds. 208 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. Falling Bodies : Velocity Acquired by a Body Falling a Civeu llel^i^Iit. 4^ ^ ^ 4^ «• ^ 4J >. ■4-3 i be 5 .^ 5 be *o Tc o be '5 Td o o o o '5 a> o "53 '5 feet. "a! > K I ffi "3 > K "33 > feet. feet feet. feet feet feet. feet feet. feet feet. feet p. sec. p. sec. p. sec p. sec. p Sec. p sec. .005 .57 .39 5.01 1 20 8.79 5. 17.9 23. 38.5 72 68.1 .010 .80 .40 5.07 1.22 8.87 .2 18.3 .5 .38.9 73 68.5 .015 .98 .41 5.14 1.24 8.94 'a 18.7 24, 39.3 74 69.0 .020 1.13 .42 5.20 1.26 9 01 .6 19.0 .5 39.7 75 69.5 .025 1.27 .43 5.26 1.28 9.08 .8 19.3 25 40.1 76 69.9 .030 1.39 .44 5.32 1.30 9.15 6. 19.7 26 40.9 77 70.4 .035 1.50 .45 5.38 1.32 9 21 o 20.0 27 41.7 78 70.9 .040 1.60 .46 5.44 1.34 9.29 'a 20.3 28 42.5 79 71.3 .045 1.70 .47 5.50 1.36 9 36 .6 20 6 29 43.2 80 71.8 .050 1.79 .48 5.56 1.38 9.43 .8 £0.9 30 43.9 81 72.2 .055 1.88 .49 5.61 1.40 9.4!) 7. 21 .2 31 44 7 82 72.6 .060 1.97 .50 5.67 1.42 9.57 .2 21.5 32 45.4 83 73.1 .065 2.04 .51 5.73 1.44 9 62 .4 21.8 33 46.1 84 73.5 .070 2.12 .52 5 78 1.46 9 70 .6 22.1 34 46.8 85 74.0 .075 2.20 53 5.84 1.48 9.77 .8 22.4 85 47 4 86 74.4 .080 2.27 .54 5.90 1..50 9.82 8. 22 7 38 48.1 67 74.8 .085 2.34 .55 5.95 1.52 9.90 .2 23.0 37 48.8 88 75.3 .090 2.41 .56 6.00 1..54 9.96 .4 L:i.3 38 49 4 89 75.7 .095 2.47 57 6.06 1.56 10.0 .6 23.5 89 50.1 90 76.1 .100 2.54 .58 6.11 1.5H 10.1 .8 23.8 40 50.7 91 76.5 .105 2.60 .59 6.16 1.60 10.2 9. 24 1 41 51.4 92 76.9 .110 2. 06 .GO 6.21 1.65 10.3 .2 24.3 42 52.0 93 77.4 .115 2.72 .62 6.32 1.70 10.5 .4 24.6 43 62.6 94 77.8 .120 2.78 .64 6.42 1.75 10.6 .6 21.8 44 53 2 95 7H.2 .125 2.84 .66 6 52 1.80 10.8 .8 25.1 45 53.8 96 ^8.6 .130 2.89 .68 6.61 1.90 11.1 10. 25.4 46 54.4 97 79.0 .14 3.00 .70 6.71 2. 11.4 .5 26.0 47 55.0 98 79.4 .15 3.11 .72 6.81 2 1 11.7 11. 26.6 48 55.6 99 79.8 .Iti 3.21 .74 6.90 2.2 11.9 .5 27.2 49 56.1 100 80.2 .17 3.31 76 6 99 2.3 12.2 113. 27.8 50 56.7 125 89.7 .18 3.40 .78 7.09 2.4 12.4 .5 28.4 51 57.8 150 98.3 .19 8.50 .80 7.18 2.5 12.6 :i3. 2.S.;) 52 57.8 175 106 .20 3.59 .82 7.26 2.6 12. r .5 29 5 53 58.4 200 114 .21 3.68 ,84 7.35 2.7 13 2 14. 30 54 59 225 120 .22 8,76 .86 7.44 2.8 13.4 .5 3 .5 55 59 5 2.^0 126 23 3.85 .88 7.53 2.9 13.7 15. 31.1 56 60 275 133 .24 8.93 .90 7.61 3. 13 9 K. 31.6 57 60 6 300 139 .25 4.01 .92 7.69 3.1 14.1 16. 32.1 58 61 1 350 150 .26 4.09 94 7.78 3.2 !4.3 .5 32.6 59 61.6 4(10 160 .27 4 17 .96 7.86 3.3 14.5 17. S3.1 60 62 1 450 170 .28 4 25 .98 7.94 3.4 14.8 .5 33.6 61 62 7 500 179 .29 4.32 1.00 8.02 3.5 l.-^.O 18. 34.0 "2 6. 2 550 188 .30 4.39 1.02 8.10 3.6 15.2 .5 34.5 (■3 63.7 600 197 .31 4.47 1.04 8.18 3.7 15.4 19. 35.0 64 64.2 700 212 .33 4.54 1.06 8.26 3.8 15.6 .5 35.4 65 64.7 800 227 .33 4.61 1.08 8.34 3.9 15.8 20. 85.9 66 65.2 900 241 .34 4.68 1.10 8.41 4- 16.0 .5 36.3 67 65.7 1000 254 .«5 4.74 1.12 8.49 .2 16.4 21. 36.8 68 66.1 2000 359 .38 4.81 1.14 8.57 .4 16.8 .5 37.2 69 66.6 3000 439 .37 4.88 1.16 8.64 .6 17.2 32. 37.6 70 67.1 4000 507 .38 4.94 1.18 8.72 .8 17.6 .5 38.1 71 67.6 5000 567 Reprinted from Kent's Mechanical Engineers' Pocket-Book. Functions of Angles Angle Sin Tan Sec Cosec Cot Cos O 0. 0. .0 CO CO I. 90 I 0.0175 0.0175 1. 000 1 57-299 57.290 0.9998 89 2 •0349 •03,9 1.0006 28654 28.636 -9994 88 •0523 .0524 I. 0014 19.107 19 081 .9986 87 4 .0698 .0699 I.CO24 14336 14.301 -9976 86 5 .0S72 ■0875 1.0038 11-474 11.430 .9962 85 6 0.1045 0.1051 1.0055 9. 5 668 95144 0-9945 84 7 .1219 .1228 1.0075 8.205s 81443 -9925 83 8 •1392 .1405 1.0098 7-1853 7-1154 -9903 82 9 .1564 .1584 1. 0125 63925 6-3138 .9877 81 10 •1736 •1763 I.0154 5.7588 5-6713 .9848 80 II 0.1908 0.1944 I. 0187 52-108 5.IJ46 0.9816 79 12 .2079 .2126 1.0223 4.8C97 4.7046 -9781 78 13 .2250 .2309 1.0263 4 4454 43315 •9744 77 14 .2419 ■2493 ■ 1 .0306 41336 4 oioS •9703 76 15 .258S .2679 I 0353 3-8637 37321 -9659 75 i6 0.2756 0.2867 1 .0403 3.6280 3-4874 0.9613 74 I? .2924 •3057 1.0457 34203 32709 •9563 73 iS .3090 •3249 I.0515 32361 30777 .9511 72 19 •3256 •3443 1.0576 3.0716 2 9042 -9455 71 20 .3420 .3640 1.0642 29238 2-7475 -9397 70 21 0.3584 0-3839 I. 0712 2.7904 2.6051 09336 69 22 ■3746 .4040 1.0785 2 6695 2.4751 .9272 68 23 ■3907 .4245 1 .0864 2-5593 2.3559 .9205 67 -4 .40(37 .4452 1.0946 2.4586 2.2460 -9135 66 -J .4226 .4663 1-1031 2.3662 2-1445 .9063 65 26 O.43S4 0.4877 I.II26 2.2812 2.0503 0.898S 64 27 •4540 •5095 I 1223 2.2027 1.9626 .8910 63 28 .4695 •5317 I. 1326 2. 1 30 1 1.8807 .8829 62 29 .4848 •5543 i^i434 2.0627 I 8040 .8746 61 30 .5000 •5774 1-1547 2.0000 1-7321 .8660 60 31 0.5150 0.6009 1. 1 666 1-9416 1.6643 0.8572 59 3- •5299 .6249 1-1792 1. 887 1 1 .6003 .8480 58 j3 ■5446 .6494 1. 1924 1.S361 1-53^9 .8387 57 34 •5592 •6745 1.2062 1.7883 1.4826 .8290 56 35 •5736 .7002 1.2208 1-7435 1.4281 .8192 55 36 0.5878 0.7265 1-2361 1-7013 1-3764 0.8090 54 37 .6018 •7536 1. 2521 1. 6616 1.3270 .7986 53 38 .6157 ■7813 1.2690 1.6243 1.2799 .7880 52 39 .6293 .S098 1.286S 1.5890 1-2349 -7771 51 40 .6428 .8391 1-3054 1-5557 1.1918 .7660 50 41 0.6561 0.8693 1.3250 1-5243 1.1504 0.7547 49 42 .6691 .9004 1-3456 1-4945 1 . 1 1 06 -7431 48 43 .6820 •9325 1-3673 1.4663 1.0724 •73'4 47 44 .6947 .9657 1.3902 1.4396 I 0355 -7193 46 45 .7071 I. 1.4142 1.4142 I. -7071 45 Cos Cot Cnsec Sec Tan Sin Angle A FEW IMPORTANT UNIT VALUES BE USED IN SOLVING THESE PROBLEMS TO 30 miles an hour I ton I fathom I knot 1 cubic foot of water I gallon of water I pound of water pressure I British thermal unit ^, acceleration of gravity = 44 feet per second -= 2 000 pounds •= 6 feet = 6 080 feet = 62! pounds = 7^ gallons = 85 pounds = 2.304 feet head = 77S foot-pounds of energy = 32 feet per second per second, unless otherwise specified ^ the base of Napierian system of logaiithms = 2.7 182S 1S28 1 horse-power = 746 watts I kilowatt =- 1.34 horse-power Watts = volts X amperes IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF ANGLES AND TRIGO- NOMETRIC RELATIONS. Sine Cosine Tangent Sin =■ Tan = Cosec = 30" I 2 .500 2 .866 I v'3 •577 45" I \ 2 .707 I .707 Perp flypot Sin Cos I Sin Cos = Cot = 60° .866 I 2 .500 V3 1.732 Base 90 I Hypot I Tan Infinite Tan = Sec = 2 .866 I 2 — .500 -V3 - 1732 Perp Base I Cos Vers= I — cos a:b = Sin A : Sin B Sin (A+ B)= Sin A Cos ^+ Cos A Sin B c = \/a^-^b'^- 2 ab Cos C INDEX. 211 INDEX Acceleration, 5, 119 Angular velocity, 128 Answers to problems, 184 Automobile, 22, 140 Axle friction, 1 15 Belt friction, loS, 170 Bicycles, 140 Bolt Friction, 104, 150 Bridges, 75, 77, 78.147, '54 Cast-iron pipe, 166 Center of gravity, 4, 90 Centrifugal force, 5, 137 Centroid, 4 Chimney, 145 Coal, unloading, 23; 153 wagon, 9c Coefficient of friction, 96 Components, 3, 4, 98, lOO Concurrent forces, 3 Cooper's loading, 157 Couples, 4, 84 Dam falling, 149 Davit, 77 Definitions, 2 Derricks, 54, 167 Dipper dredge, 64, 65 Drum for hoisting, 169 Electric car, 131 current, 19 motors, 41, 129 Energy, i, 44 Equilibriant, 3 Examination papers, 174 Falling bodies, 123 Fire engines, 37 streams, 49 Floor-posts, 83, 102 Floating cantilever, 151 Fly wheels, 48, 140, 148 Foot-pounds, 7 Foot-step bearings, 117 Force problems, 51 Forces at a point, 51 Fortification wall, 135 Friction coefficients, 96 problems, 96 Friction of angles, 191 Gas engines, 16, 171 Governors, 139, 172 Gravity, acceleration of, 44, 123, 190 Horse-power, 2, 16 Impulse, 5, 142, 617 Indicator cards, 26 Ladders, 79, 103, 104 Launching data, 45, 151 Least pull, 100 Levers, 73 Locomotives, 22, 41, 122, 128, 130, 141, 156, 612 Logarithmic-decimal paper, 108 212 MECHANICS-PROBLEMS. Moments, 3, 72 Momentum, 142 Motion problems, 1 "9 Parallel forces, 72, So Parallelogram of forces, 3 Pendulum, 141 Pile driver, 12 resistance, 145 Plates, structural, 91 Projectiles, 46, 134 Pulleys, 13, 21 Pulp grinder, 601 Pumps, 35, 38, 609 Rail sections, 92 Relative velocity, 126 Resolution of forces, 100 Restitution, coefficient, 5 Resultant, 3 Retaining walls, 89, 167 Review problem, 145 Roof trusses, 70 Rope friction, 106, 114, 173 Rotary Fire pump, 609 Sailing vessel, 68 Shears, 61, 62, 63 Ship resistance, 40, 151 Sound velocity, 123 Steam engines, 25, 56, 89, 171 turbine shaft. 1 18 Steel rails, 93 Structural plates, 92 Trench machine, 160 Tripod, 66 Ti-usses, 70, 71, 72, 77, 78 Unit values, 192 Velocities, 119 of falling bodies, 190 Water gates, 97, 164, 168 hammer, 616-624 motor, 20, 162 turbine, T)'^'' 14^ power, 1,1,, 38 Water-works tanks, 163 Wedges, loi Wire rope, 173 Work problems, 7 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed. This hook is DUE on the last date stamped below. •JAN LD 21-100m-9,'48(B399sl6)476 YC 32518 524f;71 (pAS 1^\ ro^ Ubrary UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY