! 
 
J- 
 
 o '-Y 
 
 GIFT OF 
 

A 
 
 LATIN GRAMMAR 
 
 FOR SCHOOLS 
 
 HENRY JOHN ROBY, 
 
 AUTHOR OF { A GRAMMAR OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE 
 FROM PLAUTUS TO SUETONIUS* IN TWO PARTS. 
 
 Dicta sunt omnia antequam prseciperentur : mox ea scriptores 
 observata et collecta ediderunt. QUINTIL. 
 
 Hontron: 
 
 MACMILLAN AND CO. 
 1885 
 
 [Aft Rights reserved^ 
 
STEREOTYPED EDITION. 
 
 PRINTED BY C. J. CLAY, M.A. AND SON, 
 AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 THIS book is in the main an abridgment for school 
 purposes of my larger Latin Grammar, but the abridgment 
 is very unequal, some parts being reproduced with slight 
 omissions, some parts being largely reduced, and others again 
 being rewritten. Under the last head fall especially chaps, i 
 and ii of Book I, and chap, vi of Book II. Of the last-named 
 chapter, part, particularly 132, contains an analysis which is, 
 I think, new and interesting. I have added an English trans- 
 lation of the Examples in almost the whole of the Syntax. It 
 will be found that in some cases I have given the ordinary 
 English equivalent, whilst in others I have aimed rather at 
 explaining the Latin construction. Three Appendices are 
 new, viz. those on Metre, on Grammatical and Rhetorical 
 terms, and on Latin authors. Some changes in arrangement 
 have been made (e, g. as regards degrees of comparison, and 
 Numerals) to suit ordinary usage. 
 
 The Index has been made fuller than is usual in a book of 
 this class so full, that it may not be unimportant to observe 
 that the book is really intended not for reference, but for 
 study. The lists are not exhaustive, the statements of occur- 
 rence or non-occurrence of forms or expressions must not be 
 taken too literally, but only as approximations to the truth, 
 with especial regard to the classical authors and usages of 
 recognized authority in schools ; and many of the rarer usages 
 are not noticed at all, but left to be picked up in the student's 
 own reading, or obtained, wheji needed, from a dictionary. 
 
iv PREFACE. 
 
 I have given Greek nouns in considerable detail, partly because 
 some of my readers may not be Greek scholars, and partly 
 because a certain mass of examples is necessary to stamp on 
 the mind the general treatment of Greek nouns by Latin 
 writers. Chaps, xix, xxi, and xxii should be studied, because 
 they group the verbs according to their natural relations, but 
 in my judgment the best way of getting up the (so-called) 
 irregular verbs is learning them, by sheer memory, as given 
 in the list in chap. xxiv. They are not reducible to very 
 definite rules, and a page of mixed verbs tests the student far 
 better than small sorted packets. 
 
 The number of Examples in the Syntax has purposely been 
 kept small in order that the main lines of the analysis may be 
 more clearly seen than was possible in the larger work. If a 
 student once gets the classification fairly into his head, he will 
 not find much difficulty in increasing the number of specimens 
 from his daily reading of authors or in assigning the new ones 
 to their proper classes. 
 
 The sectional numbering has been carried throughout the 
 book, including the Appendices. It is merely for the purpose 
 of reference, and is sometimes quite independent of the in- 
 ternal division of the matter. 
 
 Prof. A. S. Wilkins of Owens College has kindly looked 
 over several of the proof sheets. Had I submitted them all to 
 him, my readers would, doubtless, have been spared some errors 
 of author and printer which I have, and possibly more which I 
 have not, noticed. I shall be much obliged for any corrections 
 or suggestions (addressed to the publishers). 
 
 24 July* 1880. 
 
 IN this third edition a few corrections have been made and 
 the translation of the Examples in the Syntax has been com- 
 pleted. 
 
 H. J. R. 
 
 October ; 1885. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 BOOK I. SOUNDS, 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 I. Introduction and Alphabet 
 
 II. Phonetic Composition 
 
 III. Quantity of Syllables 
 
 IV. Accentuation 
 
 BOOK II. INFLEXIONS. 
 
 I. Inflexions in general IT- 
 
 II. Inflexion? of Nouns ...,.,. . . 23 
 
 III. Of Gender 25 
 
 IV. Of Noun Inflexions of Number . , . . . . 30 
 V. . First Declension ... . , . . . . 32 
 
 VI. Second Declension 38 
 
 VII. Greek Nouns, esp. Class I 52 
 
 VIII. Greek Nouns, Class II 55 
 
 IX. Degrees of Nouns Adjective . . . . . 6r 
 
 X. Numerals 65 
 
 XI. Peculiar Inflexions of certain Pronouns ... 7: 
 
 XII. Adverbs and Conjunctions , 76 
 
 Appendix to Chaps. XI. XII. Pronominal Adjec- 
 tives and Adverbs 84 
 
 XIII. Inflexions of Verbs 86 
 
 XIV. Examples of the system of Inflexions of Verbs . . 89 
 XV. Inflexions of sum and other Irregular Verbs . . 104 
 
 XVI. Inflexions of Person, Number and Voice . . . J o8 
 
 XVII. Inflexions of Mood in 
 
 XVIII. Tenses formed from Present Stem . . . . i r 3 
 
VI 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAP. 
 
 XIX. 
 
 XX. 
 
 XXL 
 
 XXII. 
 
 XXIII. 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 Of Verb Stems, esp. the Present Stem 
 Tenses formed from Perfect Stem . 
 Formation of Perfect Stem 
 
 Formation of Supine Stem 
 Of the traditional classification of Verbs 
 List of Verbs, with Perfects, Supines, &c. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 117 
 
 121 
 I2 3 
 128 
 133 
 134 
 
 BOOK III. WORD-FORMATION. 
 
 I. Elements of Word-formation 154 
 
 II. Derivative Suffixes 156 
 
 III. Labial and Guttural Noun-stems . . . . 158 
 
 IV. Dental Noun-stems . . . . . . 160 
 
 V. Lingual Noun-stems 165 
 
 VI. Vowel Noun-stems ....... 170 
 
 VII. Verb-Stems . . 173 
 
 VIII. Composition 176 
 
 IX. Interjections . . 182 
 
 BOOK IV. SYNTAX or USE OF INFLEXIONAL FORMS. 
 
 I. Classification of Words 184 
 
 II. Parts of a Simple Sentence and Use of the parts of 
 
 Speech . . . 186 
 
 III. Use of Noun-Inflexions ; especially those of Gender 
 
 and Number 192 
 
 IV. Use of Cases . 195 
 
 V. Use of Nominative Case 196 
 
 VI. Use of Accusative Case 197 
 
 VII. Use of Dative Case 201 
 
 VIII. Use of Locative and Ablative Cases .... 204 
 
 IX. Use of Genitive Case . > 212 
 
 X. Use of Infinitive 216 
 
 XI. Tenses of Infinitive 219 
 
 XII. Use of Verbal Nouns 222 
 
 XIII. Use of Verb-Inflexions. Inflexions of Voice . . 227 
 
 XIV. Use of Verbal Inflexions of Person and Number . 230 
 XV. Of the Indicative and Imperative Moods and their 
 
 Tenses 234 
 
 XVI. Of the Subjunctive Mood and its Tenses . . . 244 
 
 XVII. Typical Subjunctives .-.-. . . . . 249 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 vu 
 
 CHAP. PAGE 
 
 XVIII. Use of Moods, especially Subjunctive, in (A) Hypo- 
 thetical and (B) Conditional clauses . . . 2=,8 
 XIX. Use of Subjunctive Mood to express desire (C, D) . 270 
 XX. Use of Subjunctive Mood to express causation (E, F) . 284 
 XXI, Use of Subjunctive Mood to express alien or con- 
 tingent assertions 296 
 
 XXII. Of Reported Speech 307 
 
 XXIII. Order of Words and Sentences 312 
 
 SUPPLEMENT TO SYNTAX. 
 
 I. Prepositions and quasi-prepositional Adverbs . . 317 
 
 II. Conjunctions 331 
 
 III. Negative particles 335 
 
 IV. Interrogative particles 331) 
 
 V, Pronouns 340 
 
 APPENDICES. 
 
 A. Money, Measures, Weights 348 
 
 B. Division of Time and Expression of Date . . . 352 
 
 C. Names of Relations by Blood and Marriage . . . 354 
 
 D. Elements and Terms of Latin Metre .... 356 
 
 E. Explanation of some Grammatical and Rhetorical terms 367 
 
 F. Principal (extant) Latin Authors . . . . 372 
 G Abbreviations . . . . . . . . - 
 
 TRANSLATION OF EXAMPLES IN SYNTAX, 439 7 
 
 373 
 
 INDEX 
 
 412 
 
BOOK I. 
 
 SOUNDS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 INTRODUCTION and ALPHABET. 
 
 1 LATIN was the language spoken by the inhabitants of a district on 
 the western side of Italy hundreds of years B.C. Of this tract the chief 
 town was Rome, and the conquests of the Romans spread the language 
 over the neighbouring countries. The modern languages of Italy, 
 France, Spain, Portugal, Wallachia, and of parts of eastern Switzer- 
 land, are derived from it; and mainly through the influence of the 
 Christian Church it was the language principally used in European 
 literature, law, State documents, and learned intercourse, during the 
 middle ages. 
 
 With the exception of a very few short inscriptions on stones and 
 works of art, the earliest documents in Latin which are still preserved 
 to us are a few fragments of Livius Andronicus and of Naevius, dating 
 from about 240 B.C. or later. The earliest literary compositions in 
 Latin in a complete state, are the plays of Plautus (born 354 B.C., died 
 184 B.C.). The best period of the Latin language and literature was 
 comprised in the lifetimes of Cicero and Augustus. After about 
 A.D. izo, the decline both in language and literature became more 
 sensible. 
 
 Latin belongs to the Indo-European family of languages, and is 
 most nearly related to Greek. Its alphabet was taken probably from 
 that of the Dorian Greeks of the trading colony of Cumae in Cam- 
 pania. The forms of the letters were similar to, and in the time of 
 Cicero almost the same as, the capital letters now in use in English and 
 other languages of western Europe. 
 
 I. G. i 
 
 V 
 
SOUNDS. \Book /. 
 
 2 The following table contains the letters of the Latin alphabet as 
 used in Cicero's time, with their names and probable pronunciation. 
 
 Sign. Name. Pronounced as English 
 
 A a a in papa 
 
 B be b 
 
 C ce k 
 
 D de d 
 
 E e a in late, or e in fete 
 
 F cf / 
 
 G ge g hard, as in give 
 
 H ha h in &z/ 
 
 I i ec in ,/tttf, or / in machine 
 
 K ka k 
 
 L el / 
 
 M em m (except at end of words) 
 
 N en n, but, when before a guttural, as ng 
 
 O o o, approaching to a<w 
 
 P P e p 
 
 CL ( i u ?=* 
 
 R er r (trilled) 
 
 S es j sharp (as in hiss, not ;j 
 
 T te / 
 
 V u oo in shoot, or w in 
 
 X ix x 
 
 To which' may be added two letters used only in copying Greek 
 words, namely: 
 
 Y u French, or u Germ. 
 
 Z Engl. z or more likely Engl. j or dz 
 
 G was not distinguished in writing from G until, it is said, the 
 third century B.C. 
 
 CONSONANTS. 
 
 Consonants are classified according to the character of the sound. 
 
 Of the Latin consonants p, to; c, g; t, d are momentary, or non- 
 continuous (often called mutes); that is to say, the voice cannot dwell 
 upon them : s and f are continuous. 
 
 Again, p, c, t, s, f are voiceless i.e. they are not accompanied by 
 any sound of the voice; b, g, d and usually T, 1 are voiced. (For 
 voiceless the terms sharp, hard, surd, and the Latin tenues are often 
 used; for voiced are used^/?^/, soft, sonant, and the Latin mediae.) 
 
 c and g are sounded at the soft palate (i. e. the part nearest to the 
 throat), and are called guttural ; t and d at the forward part of the 
 palate near the gums, and are called dental; p and b at the lips, and are 
 called labial ; f is a labio-dental, being pronounced between the under 
 lip and upper teeth. 
 
Chap. /.] Introduction and Alphabet. 3 
 
 5 r and 1 are called liquids 1 , or llnguals ; r is caused by the breath 
 passing over the tip of the tongue, while it is vibrated ; 1 by the breath 
 passing over the sides of the back of the tongue. In pronouncing B, 
 the breath passes through a small opening over the centre of the 
 forepart of the tongue, which is pressed against the palate near the 
 gums. 
 
 6 If the uvula be lowered so as to obstruct the passage of the air 
 through the mouth, the breath passes through the nose, and a nasal 
 sound is produced. If the organs are otherwise in the positions 
 required for to, d, g, but the air passes into the nose, m, n, ng (the last 
 being a single sound as in sing) are produced. In Latin, n has this 
 sound of ng when it comes before a guttural, as in uncus, unguis, 
 pronounced ung-cus, ung-gwls. 
 
 7 k and q had the same sound as c. But k went out of use at a very 
 early period, except in a few old abbreviations ; e. g. K represented the 
 name Kaeso, and K. or KAL, in dates stood for kalendis or kalendas. 
 q is always followed by u ; and qu, sounded nearly as in English queen, 
 was regarded in prosody as a single consonant, x was merely written 
 instead of cs. 
 
 8 h was a mark of aspiration, like a slight English h. In several 
 words, the spelling, probably following on the pronunciation, some- 
 times prefixed, sometimes omitted, li \ e. g. narena, or arena, hordeum, 
 or ordeum ; tSdSra, or 6d6ra, c. 
 
 VOWELS, 
 
 9 Of the vowels a is the simplest : for e and 1 (called lingual vowels), 
 the back part of the tongue is raised; for o and u (called labial "vowels), 
 the lips are protruded, e is intermediate between a and i, and o 
 between a and u. 
 
 10 i and u, when pronounced rapidly before other vowels, become 
 half-consonants. When they have this character, they are in modern 
 times often written and printed j and v respectively. The Romans, 
 though aware of the difference in sound, made no such distinction in 
 writing. The sound of i was as German j, or English y, as \n yes, you. 
 The sound of v was as French ou in out, or (nearly) English w in we. 
 In some parts of Italy, e.g. near Pompeii, Latin v as semi-vowel was 
 probably pronounced as the South German vr, which being sounded be- 
 tween the lips, differs from the English v, which is sounded between the 
 under lip and upper teeth. This South German vf is very close in sound 
 to to, and thus many inscriptions after the second century and many 
 mss. write with to words properly requiring v ; e. g. bixit for vixit. 
 
 H Diphthongs are sounds produced in the passage from one vowel 
 sound to another inclusive. Besides the combinations of u and i with 
 other vowels just spoken of (which are not generally called diphthongs), 
 -Latin has the following diphthongs; au, eu (rare), ae, oe, ei ; also in 
 
 1 m and n are by some writers classed as liquids, as well as 1 and r. 
 
 I 2 
 
SOUNDS. \Book I. 
 
 early inscriptions ai, ou, and oi. ei appears to have gone out of use in 
 Augustus' time (except in the interjection hei). 
 
 The right rule for pronouncing diphthongs is to sound the con- 
 stituent vowels rapidly in the proper order. The actual sound will, 
 of course, differ according to the precise quality of the vowels, and 
 the time during which the voice dwells on them severally. Hence we 
 get as follows : 
 
 au as German au ; a broader sound than ordinary English o-w in 
 
 co-iv, town. 
 
 eu as ow in a cockney or yankee pronunciation of ro-iv, town. 
 ae nearly as the single vowel a in hat lengthened, 
 ei nearly as in English feint, or as ai in faint. 
 oe between oi in boil, and ei in feint. 
 
 CAUTIONS. 
 
 12. The following cautions may be useful to English students. 
 
 Let each vowel have the same character of sound when short as when 
 long; only do not dwell on the vowel when short. The English short o 
 and e (in not, pet} are probably not far from the true Latin sounds; and 
 these sounds should be lengthened for long o and long e. (The ordinary 
 English long o (e. g. in note] and a (e. g. in fate) are really diphthongs 
 = Latin ou, ei respectively.) Conversely u in brute ( = 00 in pool) and i in 
 machine ( = ee in feet) are right for Latin, and the short Latin u and i were 
 those same sounds pronounced quickly. (The English short u in pull and 
 i \n_ftt are different from the Latin ft, I. A Frenchman pronouncing these 
 English words would give the Latin short U and i, though to English ears 
 the Frenchman's pronunciation often appears to make the vowels long.) 
 
 The common English vowel heard in burn, dull, irk, &c. should be 
 altogether avoided in Latin. And the true vowel sound should be always 
 given, whether the syllable has the accent or not. A long vowel should 
 always be pronounced long, whether open or before one or more conso- 
 nants; a short vowel always short, even though the syllable be long in 
 prosody. 
 
 13 r should be always trilled, and run closely on to the preceding vowel. 
 In English we often omit the trill (unless a vowel follows), and we usually 
 insert a vowel sound immediately before it. Thus sound ere as English 
 d-ra, not as airy ; Ire as English ee-ra, not as-eary: per as \nper-ry, not as 
 in pert (as commonly known in English). 
 
 8 always as in hiss, not like z, as in English his. This mispronun- 
 ciation is very common after e or n. Pronounce res as race, not as raze ; 
 dens as dense, not as denze. 
 
 ti always as tee (long or short as the word may require), not as sh or 
 ski: e.g. natio as nah-tee-o, not as nay-shw. 
 
 bs as ps, not as bz : x_as ks, as in axe.; not as gz (as in exact}*. 
 
'Chap. /.] 
 
 Introduction and Alphabet. 
 
 LABIAL 
 
 (lip sounds). 
 LABIODENTAL. 
 GUTTURAL 
 (throat sounds). 
 DENTAL 
 (tooth sounds). 
 
 LINGUAL 
 
 (tongue sounds). 
 
 TABLES OF LATIN SOUNDS. 
 
 NON-CONTINUOUS. NASAL. CONTINUOUS. 
 
 Voiceless. Voiced. Usually voiced. Voiceless. Voiced. 
 
 n before a 
 guttural. 
 n (when not 
 before a 
 guttural). 
 
 (usually) 
 
 The vowels may be arranged thus, so as to suggest their respective 
 affinities. 
 
 y 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 PHONETIC COMPOSITION. 
 
 15 A SYLLABLE is sudi a sound, or combination of sounds, as can be 
 uttered with one breath. It may consist of a vowel (or diphthong) 
 only, or of a vowel (or diphthong) combined with one or more conso- 
 nants. Some combinations of consonants can be sounded only if a 
 vowel precedes, others can be sounded only if a vowel follows. 
 
 A word consists of as many syllables, as it has vowels separately 
 pronounced. 
 
 In ordinary pronunciation, a consonant between two vowels is 
 littered partly with both. The real division of the syllables is in the 
 middle of the consonant. Thus pater is really divided in the middle of 
 the t, the first syllable being pat, the second being ter. The t is not 
 sounded twice, but one half is sounded with each syllable. 
 
 (In English double letters are often used, where only one is really 
 sounded. For instance, in waggon we have only one g pronounced : in wag 
 gone both are sounded as well as written.) When consonants are doubled 
 in Latin, probably they should be sounded as two, but this is not certain. 
 
 In Latin pronunciation, the tendency was to pronounce with each 
 vowel as many of the consonants immediately following, as could be 
 readily pronounced with it. 
 
6 SOUNDS. [Book L 
 
 IS A syllable may begin with any vowel or diphthong, or single consonant. 
 But of combinations of consonants, the following only are found in Latin 
 words as initial (i. e. before the first vowel). 
 
 1 i ) A non-continuous consonant or f followed by r or 1, viz. pi, pr ; 
 bl, br; cl, cr ; gl, gr; tr ; fl, f r ; but not tl, dl, dr : e.g. plaudo, 
 prandeo ; blandus, brevis ; clamo, crudus ; gloria, gravls ; traho ; fluo, 
 frango (draco, Dmidae and perhaps Drusus are foreign words). 
 
 (2) s followed by a sharp non-continuous consonant, with or without 
 a following r or 1, viz. sp, spl, spr ; sc, scr; st, str; e. g. sperno, splendeo, 
 sprevi; scio, scribo; sto, struo. 
 
 (3) gn was found in the older language; e.g. gnatus, gnosco, gnarus: 
 but the g was usually omitted in Cicero's time, except in Gnaeus. (So in 
 English gnaiv, gnat, gnarl, the g is rarely pronounced.) 
 
 17 i and u when used as semivowels are always before (not after) the vowel 
 of the syllable. They were sometimes so pronounced when following con- 
 sonants in the same syllable ; e. g. suavis, pronounced swawis, scio, in 
 verse pronounced scyo sometimes. 
 
 In the combinations ai and ei when followed by a vowel, the i both 
 made a diphthong with the preceding a or e and also was pronounced like 
 English y, e.g. Staienus, pronounced Stai-yenus; Pompeius, pronounced 
 Pompei-yus. Cicero wrote the i double, e. g. Pompeiius. 
 
 PHONETIC CHANGES. 
 
 18 Many words in the Latin language underwent changes which 
 made them easier to pronounce. 
 
 Omission of Sounds or Syllables. 
 
 19 Thus the last syllable, which in Latin is always unaccented, was 
 frequently slurred in pronunciation. 
 
 Final m was frequently omitted in early inscriptions; e.g. Scipione, 
 opturno, for Scipionem, optumom : and in the classical period was disre- 
 garded in verse, when the next word began with a vowel ; e. g. 
 vemm haec tantum alias was pronounced veru haec tantu alias, the 
 u-hae or u-a being pronounced in the time of a single syllable. 
 
 Final m before an initial consonant was perhaps also omitted in pronun- 
 ciation, but (if Mr A. J. Ellis' highly ingenious theory be true) if there was 
 no pause in sense between the words, the initial consonant of the following 
 word was doubled, thus omnem crede diem tibi diluxisse supremum was 
 pronounced omneccrede diettibi diluxisse supremu. 
 
 Final d, which was the sign of the ablative singular in early times, was 
 omitted in classical _times : thus the prepositions pro, ante, post, stand for 
 prod (cf. prod-eo), in the fore part, antid, in front, postid, in the hind part. 
 
 Final s was frequently omitted ; as for instance in early inscriptions, 
 Comelio, Herenio, for Cornelios, Herenios (later Cornelius, Herennius) ; 
 and in Lucretius and earlier poets it is omitted in scansion ; omnibu' prin- 
 ceps ; Quid dubitas quin omni' sit haec ration!' potestas? (Lucr. 2. 53), 
 
Chap. 21. ] Phonetic Composition. 7 
 
 20 An entire syllable was sometimes omitted in what would otherwise 
 have been too long a word, especially if several weak syllables came 
 together : 
 
 e. g. hSmlcIdium for hSmini-cidium ; veneflcium for vengnl-floium ; 
 corpulentius for corpdruleatius ; vdluntas for v61unti-tas. 
 
 Omission or Change of Consonants. 
 
 21 When three consonants come together, the middle one is often 
 omitted : e. g. fulmen for fulg-men ; fultus for fulg-tus ; mul-si for 
 mulgsi; tormentmn for torq-mentum ; artus, narrow, for arctus ; 
 pars for parts ; mens for merits ; regens for regents. 
 
 22 Of two consonants the former is often omitted or assimilated to the 
 latter. 
 
 23 If the consonant is omitted altogether, the preceding vowel is often 
 lengthened so as to maintain the length or weight of the syllable : e. g. 
 examen for exagmen ; jumentum for jug-mentum ; caementura (quarried 
 stone) for caed-mentum ; smestris for sex-mestris ; pono for pos-no ; 
 lima for luc-na ; deni for dec-ni ; jfl-dex for jus-dex ; idem for is-dem ; 
 aemim for aes-num ; dlmoveo for dismoveo, diduco for disduco ; dilabor 
 for dislabor ; tramitto for transmitto (which would become trasmitto). 
 
 24 A consonant may be assimilated to another either completely or 
 partially ; that is, it may either become the same consonant, or it may 
 be changed into another consonant of the same character as the preced- 
 ing consonant. 
 
 25 Complete assimilation is chiefly found, either (a) when both con- 
 sonants are of the same character, or () in the case of prepositions in 
 composition. 
 
 (a) ces-si for ced-si ; fossus for fod-sus ; sum-mus for sub-mus ; 
 salla for sed-la ; puella for puer-la ; columella for eorumen-la. When 
 an assimilation produces double s, often one & only was written ; 
 e. g. prosa for prorsa (i. e. proversa) oratio ; rusus, old russus, for 
 rursus ; tostrnn for torstum ; quoties for quotiens ; vicesumus for 
 vicensumus ; mlsi for mit-si ; clausi for claud-si. 
 
 (Z>) ad in compounds : appello, accurro, aggero, &c. 
 
 ob in oppono, occurro, &c.; sub in suppono, succurro, suggero, &c. 
 ec in effugio, &c. ; dis in diffugio, &c. ; com in corruo, colluo, &c. 
 
 26 Partial assimilation is found chiefly in the following cases : 
 
 () A voiced consonant is changed into the corresponding voice- 
 less consonant; e.g. scrlp-tus for scrib-tus; ac-tus for ag-tus; auxi 
 ( auc-si) for aug-si ; optineo for obtineo. This change was necessary 
 tor articulation, even where the spelling was not altered. 
 
 () m is changed into n if a dental follow ; n into m if a labial 
 follow : e. g. con-tero for com-tero ; exin-de for exim-de ; im-pero for 
 in-pero ; im-berbis for in-berbis, &c. 
 
 Before a guttural n is written, but pronounced as the guttural 
 nasal, i.e. as ng in English; e.g. inquam pronounced ing-q\vam. 
 
8 SOUNDS. \Book L 
 
 27 Another change very common in Latin is that of tt or dt to ss or 
 s; e.g. defensum for defendtum ; missum for mit-tum; nexum (i.e. 
 nee-sum) for nect-tum ; &c. So always when a suffix beginning with 
 t is appended to a form ending in d or t. (The right theory of this 
 change is that the t of the suffix is changed to s, and the final d or t of 
 the stem is assimilated to it ; e.g. mit-tum, mit-sum, missum.) 
 
 28 s between two vowels changed to r ; thus pignus makes pign6ris ; 
 6nus, 6n6ra (but shows its proper final consonant in onustus) ; pulvis, 
 pulvfiris ; Papirius was formerly Paplsius ; Numfirius is for Numlsius ; 
 dis- in composition becomes dlr- ; e. g. diiimo for dls-6mo ; dlribeo for 
 dis-habeo, &c. 
 
 29 After m and before a dental p is sometimes inserted ; e.g. sumptus, 
 sumpsi for sum-tus, sum-si ; hiemps for hiems. The p is in fact almost 
 involuntarily pronounced in passing from m to t or s. (Analogously in 
 Greek aVSpor for aj/-po?, p-fa-rju^pia for /* f o-rjpcpia ', in French vendredi 
 from veneris dies ; nomtore from numerus.) 
 
 Omission or Change of Vowels. 
 
 30 Vowels are sometimes' changed in quantity or in quality. 
 
 Change in Quantity of l r 
 
 Change in quantity is either from- short to long, or from long to 
 short. 
 
 31 Short vowels are changed to long (the quality of the vowel usually 
 remaining the same) : 
 
 (a) From the absorption of a consonant ; e. g. casum for cadtum 
 (cassum) ; examen for exagmen ; jumentum- for Jugnientum ; pono for 
 posno. 
 
 () In forming the perfect tense; e.g. leg'o, perf. legi; 6mo, emi ; 
 sfideo, sedi; fugio, fugi ; video, vidij fftdio, fodi ; but a when length- 
 ened in perfects becomes e ; e. g. ago, egi ; capio, cepi ; facio, feci 
 (except before u, e.g. lauo, lavi). 
 
 (c) In some compounds or derivatives ; e. g. placere, placare ; sSnare, 
 persona ; sdpor, sopire ; r&gSre, rex, regis ; s&dere, sedes ; tggere, 
 tegula ; dux, diicis, duco ; mal6-dlc-us, dicare, dlco ; fides, perf Idus, 
 fldo. (It is assumed in these cases that the short vowel is the original.) 
 
 (d} By transposition, ar, 6r (which is often for ir), &c. become ra, re, 
 rl, &c. 
 
 e. g. ster-no, stra-vi, stra-mn j cer-no, cre-vi, crl-men ; serpo, (s)repo ; 
 ter-nus, trl-nus ; t6ro, trlvi, trltus ; and probably por, pro ; sup6r-Imus 
 (supermus), supre-mus. 
 
 (e) By contraction with another vowel (see instances below). 
 
 32 Long vowels are changed t& short, chiefly in the final syllable ; e. g. 
 calcar for calcare, bldental for Mdentale ; amat6r, majCr from stems 
 with o long ; in verbs am&r, amat, mon6t, audit, all of which are pro- 
 
Chap. //.] Phonetic Composition. 9 
 
 perly long by contractions (for ama-or, ama-it, &c.) ; audivgrfs 
 (sometimes) ; so am6, r6gd, ctipi& occasionally in later poets ; and 
 many final syllables in Plautus ; &c. 
 
 Change In Quality of Vowels. 
 
 33 Change in the quality of the vowel has usually been in this order : 
 a, o, u, e, i, not the reverse; that is to say, an original a may change 
 to any of these ; o may change to u, e, or 1 ; u may change to e or i ; 
 e may change to i ; but an original i does not change to a, &c. 
 
 34 Root vowels are often changed when by a* syllable being prefixed 
 (as in composition) the root syllable loses the first place. The usual 
 changes of radical vowels are as follows : 
 
 Radical a to e before a final consonant or two consonants, or r ; 
 e. g. carpo, discerpo ; rapio, correptus ; damno, condemno ; sacer, 
 consScro ; fallo, fefelli ; pars, expers ; facio, artlfex, effectus ; annus, 
 perennis ; pario, pepgri paro, impfiro ; c. 
 
 Radical a to i before ng, or before any single consonant, except r ; 
 e.g. pango, impingoj tango, attingo; pango, pgplgi ; tango, tetlgi; 
 rapio, corripio ; apiscor, indipiscor ; facio, efflcio ; ratus, irrltus ; 
 capiit, occiput ; amicus, Inlnricus ; fades, superficies ; &c. 
 
 Radical a to u before labials or 1 with another consonant ; e. g. 
 capio, aucupari ; taberna, contubernium ; lavo, diltivies ; salto, insulto ; 
 calco, inculco ; c. 
 
 Radical e to i, e.g. 16go, colllgo, dlllgo; 6mo, adlmo; figeo, indlgeo; 
 prSmo, opprimo, tSneo, rStineo. 
 
 Radical o is occasionally changed to u: e.g. ad61eo, adiilescens ; 
 radical u to i ; e. g. clftpeus, clipeus ;' lubet, nbet. 
 
 The diphthong ae becomes in compounds I, and au becomes o or u; 
 e.g. aestimo, existlmo; aequus, inlquus; ; pfaudo, explodo; suffoco 
 from fauces; accftso from causa; exclude from claudo. 
 
 The usual changes of vowels in suffixes are as follows : 
 
 35 a in suffixes becomes u before 1, e before r or 11, and i before other 
 single consonants; e.g. casa, casula; porta, portula; cista, cistella; 
 Allia, Alliensis. 
 
 36 o in the older language often gave place to u in the later language; 
 e.g. cSsentiont, consentiunt; vivont, vivunt; Idquontur, ISquuntur; 
 p6p61os, pdpulus; volt, vult; mortuos (nom. s.), mortuus; quom, cum; 
 filios, fllius, &c. ; 
 
 but it is retained after e, i or u; e.g. auredlus, ebridlus, frivdlus. 
 
 o was changed to u before two consonants or a final s ; e,g. carbon-, 
 carbunculus ; min6s-, mlnfts, minuscftlus ; : corpfis-*, corpus, corpusculum ; 
 
 but also to e sometimes before two consonants, or when final ; 
 e.g. major-, majestas; faciundus (probably earlier faciondus), facien- 
 dus; ipse (for ips6s, ipsd-); taurg (voc.) for taur6- or taurds; &c. 
 
 6 in final stem syllable to i ; e. g. carddn-, cardlnis ; IrOmOn-, 
 hOmlnis; alto-, altlttldo; armo-, armipOtens ; fato-, fattdlcus. 
 
SOUNDS. [Book T. 
 
 6 in final stem syllable to i; e.g. cardda-, cardiais; admda-, 
 homiais; alto-, altitude; armo-, armipdteas; fato-, fatidicus. 
 37 u in the older (prae- Augustan) language is often found where I is 
 used in the later language; e.g. maxumus, saactissuaius, vlcensunms, 
 arciibus (from arcus), portubus, maacupem, capfctalem became later 
 inaxlmus, saactisslmus^ vlcesimus, arcibus, portlbus, maacipem, capi- 
 talem. 
 
 S3 6 is found as final, where I is found before s or d; e.g. facllg, 
 facilis; mare, marls; potg, pdtls; fortasse, fortassis; rggg, rggis; 
 rege, regis ; fatearg, fatearis. 
 
 6 is changed to I in the final syllable of a stem to which a letter or 
 syllable is suffixed: 
 
 either if 8 be final in the stem, but the suffix begin with a con- 
 sonant; e.g. 1115, iUIc; uadg, uadique; iadg, indidem; antS, aatistgs; 
 bgag, bgaigaus; mdag-, mOaltus; aabg-, aablto; rggg, rgglte, rgglto: 
 
 or if 6 be not final in the stem, but the suffix begin with a vowel; 
 e.g. al6s (for alet-s), allt-is; p6d6s (for p6det-s), p6dlt-is; antistes 
 (for antistets), antistit-a; agm6n, agmln-is; biceps, blclplt-em; ver- 
 tex, vertic-is; d6cem, ddcim-us. 
 
 But (in the last-mentioned case) S remains after i, or before r or tr ; 
 e.g. aries, arigtis; t6n6r, tengra; plp6r, pipgris; ggnltor, g6n6trix; 
 f6ro, r6f6ro ; seatio, consentio. 
 
 6 (when not final in the stem) remains also if the suffix begin with 
 a consonant; e.g. ale's for al6t-s; obsgs for obsgd-s; nutrlmga, nutri- 
 mea-tum (compared with autrimia-Is) ; sgaex (i.e. seaec-s), sgaectus. 
 
 39 Occasionally a vowel is assimilated to the vowel in the next syllable; 
 e. g. slmulo, slmilis ; Aemilius compared with aemulus ; famllia with 
 famulus; exsilium with exsul. In all these cases the u, which is both 
 earlier than i, and has a special affinity to 1, is changed to i, because an i 
 follows the 1. 
 
 Affinity of vowels to consonants. 
 
 40 It will be seen from the preceding, that some vowels appear to have 
 special affinity to some consonants following. Thus we find 
 
 u before 1; e before U; comp. vello, yulsum; percello, perculi; fallo, 
 fgfelli ; pello, pgpuli, pulsum. 
 
 e before r ; comp. fgro, coafgro with rego, corrlgo ; aasgr, aasgris 
 with algs, alitis ; &c. 
 
 u before m; the u however eventually gave way to I, which is the 
 ordinary short vowel in unaccented syllables ; e.g. mSaumeatum, maxu- 
 mus, ceatesumusj later m0aimeatum, maxlmus, ceatesuaus. 
 
 e before two consonants.; i before one (not final); e.g. nutrlmgn, 
 autriauals, autrimeatum ; scaado, coasceado compared with caao, coa- 
 ciao. 
 
 i is especially frequent before the dentals t, d, a and s, but this is 
 partly because it is the lightest yowel, and suffixes with t, d, a, s are 
 especially frequent, 
 
Chap. 77. ] Phonetic Composition. n 
 
 Omission of Fb 
 
 41 A short vowel is often omitted between two consonants ; e. g. i has 
 been dropped in facultas for facilitas ; misertum for mlsgritum ; puertia 
 (Hor.) for puerltia; postus (Verg.) for positus; replictus (Verg.) for 
 repllcitus; audacter for audaciter; fert for f6rit; valde for vallde; 
 caldus for calldus. And even when the vowel is radical; e.g. pergo 
 for porrigo (from per rSgo) ; surgo for surrigo (from sub r8go). 
 
 u in suffixes -ciilo, -pulo, especially in verse; e.g, manipulus makes 
 maniplus; vinculum, viaclum ; pgriculum, pgrlelum ; cdlumen (Plaut.), 
 culmen. 
 
 6 before r, e. g. ace"r, acris ; aggr, agrum ; dextSra, dextra ; infera, 
 infra; nostSr, nostra; also nialignus for m.allge'nus, gigno for gigfino; 
 calfacere for caleTacere, &c. 
 
 Other Changes. 
 
 42 5 was in the earlier prae- Augustan language retained after v ; e.g. 
 serv6s, later servus. Hence when o in qvo- changed to u, the v was 
 dropped, and c (sometimes) written for q. Thus quom became cum ; 
 quoi, quor became cui, cur; aliquobi, alicubi; quoquds (Plaut.) became 
 cdcus (also written coquus), a cook ; 6quos, 6cus (also equus) ; loquon- 
 tur, locuntur (also loquuntur).. 
 
 43 h and v between- two vowels often dropped out, or the v was treated 
 as a vowel, and the vowels, thus brought together, coalesced into a 
 single vowel or a diphthong. 
 
 dehibeo, praehlbeo (in Plautus) became debeo, praebeo ; comprg- 
 hendo became comprendo ; cShors, cors ; nihil, nil ; mllii, often mi ; 
 dehinc, mehercules are in verse sometimes treated, though not written, 
 as if contracted into dene, mercules. 
 
 amave'ram, amaram ; flevgram, fleram ; amavisse, amasse ; navita, 
 nauta ; avlceps, auceps ; aevitas, aetas ; hovorsum, horsum ; provldens, 
 pnidens; juvgnior, junior; breylma, brumaj nevolo, nolo; pblivltus, 
 oblltus. 
 
 So in Plautus J6vem, 6vis, bSves, br6vi are monosyllabic, and 
 avoneulus, oblivisci are trisyllables. 
 
 44 i and v, in some words where they ordinarily were pronounced as 
 vowels, sometimes in verse were treated as consonants (pronounced as 
 Engl. y and w). 
 
 Thus in Plautus scio, dies, filio, otium are scanned as if pronounced 
 scjo, djes, filjo, otjum$ in the dactylic poets we have arjetat, abjStS, 
 parje"tlbus, steljo, omnja, precantja, vindemjator, consiljum, &c. 
 
 Similarly in Plautus tuos, suos, puer, fuit are scanned as tvos, svos, 
 pver, fvit ; and in dactylic poets we have genva, pitvlta, patrvi, sinvatis. 
 So the trisyllabic earlier forms mlluus, larua, were in the later pronounced 
 milvus, larva. Tenvis, tenvior seem to have been always disyllables. 
 
 45 In several cases, changes, liyhiclv might according to the usual practice 
 be expected, were avoided, lest confusion should arise. 
 
 e.g. afo is not so often changed in composition as sub is, because of the 
 
SOUNDS. [Book /. 
 
 danger of confusion with compounds of ad; hence we have abreptus, not 
 arreptus, like surreptus. The vowel before the suffix tat- is usually I; e.g. 
 aviditas, pra vitas, gra vitas, but after i, 6 is used; e.g. pietas, societas 
 (not piitas, sociitas). Similarly the vowel before the suffix -lo is usually u; 
 e. g. singulus, populus, tantulus, hortulus ; but after 1, e or v, the older o 
 is often preserved; e.g. aureolus, filiolus, servolus. 
 
 This principle appears to have frequently preserved the i before s in the 
 nom. sing, of nouns of the second class. Thus canis, jUvSnis, if deprived 
 of i would become cans, then cas; juvens, then juves, or even jus, where 
 the stem would be greatly disguised. 
 
 46 When vowels come together in a word, sometimes they remain un- 
 changed, sometimes they coalesce into a new sound (vowel or diphthong). 
 
 47 A broader vowel followed by a long narrower vowel is usually absorbed 
 into it or forms a diphthong with it. 
 
 a + u becomes au; e.g. caultum, cautum; aviceps, auceps. 
 a + 1 becomes e; e.g. ametis for amaltis. 
 
 + i becomes I; e.g. domlnl for domlnoi, dominls for dominois; 
 or oi; e.g. quoi, proin. 
 
 Exceptions : 
 
 u + I either remains as in cui, huic, where u was probably semi-conso- 
 nantal, or the i is dropped; e.g, senatu-i, sometimes senatu. 
 
 e + I; e.g. spei or spe, rei or re, sometimes- pronounced as disyllabic 
 spSI, rSI or rei. 
 
 48 A broader vowel followed by a short narrower vowel often absorbs it. 
 
 a + 6, or ii, or , or I; e.g. ama-ont (or ama-unt), amant; amav6ram, 
 amaram; ainavisse, amasse; but Cri-Ius remains as dactyl. 
 
 - o + 6, or I ; e. g. noveram, noram ; ntovisse,. mosse ; coemptus, comptus ; 
 co-imo, como. But o + vi often becomes- u< evg. provldens, prddens; 
 dvlpilio, upilio; ndvumper, nttper; m6vlto y mfito. 
 
 , u+I; senatu-is, senatus. 
 
 , e-hl; delevisse, delesse; mone-is, moneS; dehlbeo, debeo. 
 
 49 A narrower vowel followed by a broader vowel either remains un- 
 changed, or assumes a quasi-consonantal character. 
 
 u + a, or o; e.g. tuas, tuos. 
 
 e + a, or o, or u; e.g. moneas, saxea, saxeo, saxeum; eunt, earn, eo. 
 In alveo, alvearia; eodem, eadem, &c. the e must be regarded as semi- 
 consonantal. But monent, not moaeunt. 
 
 1 + a, or o, or u, or e; e.g. audiam, audiunt, audies; filias, filios. But 
 in fili for filie, sis for sies, mag-is for magios, and some other words, 
 the i absorbs the following vowel. 
 
 50 A vowel before the same vowel, usually absorbs it and becomes long? 
 e.g. eooperio, coperio; cohors, cors; delevSrat, delerat; prehendo, 
 prendo. 
 
 But i + i, if one be long, gives I; if both are short, I; e.g. dil, dl; 
 consilil, consill; audifsti, audlsti; mini, ml; but fugl-Is, fugls; egregi-Ior, 
 egreglor; navl Ibus, navlbus. o 
 
Chap. ///.] Quantity of Syllables. 13 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 ^QUANTITY OF SYLLABLES. 
 
 fS 
 
 51 TuAT^partpf grammar which treats of the Quantity of Syllables is 
 often cz\\<&*4*rosody, a term which the ancients applied principally to 
 accentuation. 
 
 If the voice dwells upon a syllable in pronouncing it, it is called a 
 long syllable : if it passes rapidly over it, it is called a short syllable. 
 
 Two short syllables are considered to occupy the same time as one 
 long syllable. 
 
 A syllable is long or short, either because it contains a vo^vel 
 naturally long or short ; or on account of the position of its vowel. 
 
 Long vowels are marked in grammars by a straight line over the 
 vowel : thus d5ms. 
 
 Short vowels are marked by a curved line over the vowel : thus, 
 regg. 
 
 These marks over the vowels are frequently (though improperly) 
 used to denote the length or shortness of the syllable. But it must be 
 remembered that a long syllable may have a short vowel. 
 
 52 i. Quantity of vowels not in the last syllable of a word. 
 
 i. All diphthongs are long (except before another vowel) ; e.g. 
 aurum; deinde; &c. 
 
 a. All vowels which have originated from contraction are long ; 
 e.g. cogo for cd-lgo (from com ago), momentum for mdvlmentum, 
 tiblcen for tibil-cen ; &c. 
 
 3. The quantity of the radical syllables of a word is generally 
 preserved in composition or derivation, even when the vowel is changed; 
 e.g. mater, maternus; cado, incldo ; caedo, incldo ; amo, amor, amicus, 
 inlmlcus ; &c. 
 
 So also almost always where the members of what is apparently a 
 compound word may be treated as separate words, as quapropter, 
 mecum, alioqui, agricultura. But we have siquldem and quand6- 
 quldem (from si ;and quando) ; and of the compounds of ubl, uti, 
 the following, ublvis, sicutl, necubi, utinam, utlque, have i always 
 short, ubique always long. 
 
 For the quantity of root vowels no rule can be given. The quantity 
 of inflexional or derivative affixes is given in Books II. III. 
 
 Greek words usually retain in Latin their own quantity. 
 
SOUNDS. [Book L 
 
 53 ii. Quantity of vowels in the last syllable of a word. 
 (A) Monosyllables are long. 
 
 Except 
 
 (a) The enclitics -que" 3 -n6, -ve", -eg, which are always appended 
 
 to other words. 
 
 () Words ending with b, d, t ; e.g. ab, sub, 6b; ad, Id, qu6d, 
 
 quid; at, dat, 6t, net, tdtj &c, 
 
 (c) fac, lac, nSc, an, In, f61, m51, vel, f6r, per, t6r, vlr, cdr, quls 
 
 (nom. sing.), Is, bis, els, 6s (a bone}. The nom. masculine hie is not 
 
 frequently short. 6s (thou art} usually short ; but es in Plaut., Ter. 
 
 54 (B) In polysyllables: 
 
 a and e (and jf) final are short 
 
 Except a in 
 
 (a) Abl. sing, of nouns with a- stem ; e. g. musa. 
 
 (i) Imperative sing. act. of verbs with a- stem ; e.g. ama. 
 
 (c) Indeclinable words; e.g. ergft, intra, quadraginta; but Ita, 
 
 quia, eja; and (in Pers. and Mart.) puta, for instance (properly 
 
 imper. of putare). 
 
 {d} Greek vocatives from nominatives in as; e.g. Aenea, Palla : 
 
 and Greek horn. sing, of a- stems ; e. g. Electra. 
 
 55 Except e in 
 
 (a) Gen. dat. abl. sing, of nouns with e- stems; e.g. facie; so 
 
 also h&dig. But hgrg, yesterday, has 6 short. 
 
 () Imperative sing. act. of verbs with e- stems; e.g. mone ; but 
 
 in cave (Hor. Ov,), and vide (Phaedn Pers.), it is sometimes short. 
 
 (c) Adverbs from adjectives with o- stems; e.g. docte, to which 
 
 add f6re, ferrae, pgrggre, ohe ; but ben, ma!6, inferng, superng. 
 
 t6m6re is only found before a vowel. mact6, probably an adverb, 
 
 also has e short. 
 
 (d} Greek neut. pi. ; e. g. tempS, pelage ; fern. sing, crambe, Circe" ; 
 
 masc. voc. Alcide. 
 
 56 1, 0, u (in polysyllables} final are long; 
 Except i in 
 
 (a) mihi, tibi, sibi, ubi, ibi, in which i is common ; 
 
 and quasi, nisi. (Of the compounds ubinam, iiblvis are always 
 
 short, ubique, utroblque always long, utlnam, nutlquam (or ne 
 
 utlquam, not neutiquam) are short, though utl is long.) 
 
 (Z>) Greek nom. ace. neuters sing.; e.g. sinapi: 
 
 vocatives; e.g. Parl, Amarylll : rarely dat. sing. e.g. Minoidl. 
 
 57 Except 6 in 
 
 () cit5, imm5, modd (and compounds), dud, eg5, cSdd and end6 
 (old form of in). Rarely erg5. Martial, Juvenal, &c., have intr6, 
 porrO, serd, oct6. Sec. ; modo has sometimes final o long in Lucretius 
 and earlier poets. 
 
Chap. III.] Quantify of Syllables. 15 
 
 (b) In the present tense of the verbs sci6, nescid, put6, void, used 
 parenthetically, o is sometimes short : and occasionally in and after 
 the Augustan age in other verbs with short penult; e.g. rogtt, vet6, 
 nuntid, obsecrd. Instances of o being short in other parts of the 
 & . verb, or in verbs with long penult, are rarer; e.g. estd, caeditC, 
 Oder 6, dabd, tendd, tolld, credd. 
 
 (r) In Nominatives of Proper names with consonant stems 6 is 
 common, e.g. PolliS, Scipid, Curid, Nas6 ; sometimes virgd, nem6, 
 liomo, and other appellatives in Martial, Juvenal, &c. 
 
 Datives and ablatives in o are never short, except the ablative 
 gerund once or twice in Juvenal and Seneca. 
 
 58 Final syllables (of polysyllables} ending in any other single 
 consonant than s are short. 
 But the final syllable is long in 
 
 (a) all cases of illlc, istic, except the nom. masc. 
 
 (b) all compounds of par, e. g. dispar, compar. 
 
 (c) alec, lien. 
 
 (W) lit, petnt, and their compounds (and of course It, petit as 
 contracted perfects). 
 
 (e) some Greek nominatives in -er; e.g. crater, character, ar, 
 aether; and some cases in -n; e.g. siren (nom.), Aenean (ace.), 
 Eucliden (ace.), epigrammaton (gen. pi.) ; &c. 
 
 G9 Of the final syllables in 8, 
 
 as, os, es, are long. 
 Except 
 
 (a) anas (probably) ; exds ; compds, Impos ; p6n6s. 
 
 (b) nom. sing, in -es of nouns with consonant stems, which have 
 dtis, Itis, Idis in genitive, e. g. s6g6s, mile's, obsgs : but paries, abies, 
 aries, Cfires. 
 
 (c) compounds of es (from sum), e.g. abgs. 
 
 (*/) some Greek words; e.g. Ilias (nom.), crateras (ace. pi.); 
 DelSs (n. sing.), Erinny6s, dhlamyd6s (gen. sing.), ArcadSs, cra- 
 teres (nom. pi.) ; Cynosarg6s (neat. s.). 
 
 60 us and is are short. 
 Except us in 
 
 (a) gen. sing, and nom. and ace. plu. of nouns with -u stems. 
 
 () nom. sing, of consonant nouns, when genitive singular has long 
 
 penultimate, e.g. telias (teUuris), palus (paliidis), virtus (virtutis). 
 
 (Hor. has once palus.) 
 
 (r) some Greek names; Sapphus (gen. s.), Panthils (nom. s.). 
 
 61 Except Is in 
 
 (a) dat. andabl. plural, e.g. mensls, vobis, quls ; so gratis, forls. 
 Also in ace. (and nom.) plural of -i stems; e.g. omnis. 
 
r 6 SOUNDS. '[Book I. 
 
 (b) and pers. sing. pres. ind. of verbs with -1 stems; e.g. audls: 
 also possis (and other compounds of sis), veils, noils, malls. 
 
 (c) and pers. sing, of perf. subj. and compl. fut. in which is is 
 common ; e.g. viderls. 
 
 (</) Samnls, Quirls. sangvis sometimes (always in Lucr.), pulvis 
 
 (once Enn., once Verg.), have -Is. 
 
 (e) some Greek words; Simois, Eleusls, Salamis (nom. sing.). 
 
 62 iii. Quantity of syllables by position in the same word. 
 
 1. A syllable ending with a vowel (or diphthong) immediately 
 followed by another syllable beginning with a vowel, or with h and a 
 vowel, is short ; as, via, praSustus, contrahit. 
 
 Except 
 
 (a) In the genitives of pronouns, &c. in -ius; e.g. illius, where 1 
 
 is common. In alius (gen. case) the i is always long: in solius it 
 
 is short once in Ter. In utrlus, neutrlus it is not found short, but 
 
 in utrlusque frequently. 
 
 () a in the penultimate of the old genitive of nouns with a- stems ; 
 
 e.g. aulal. So also e in dI5I, and, in Lucretius, re!, and (once) 
 
 fidei. Also el (dat. pronoun), unless contracted ei. 
 
 (c) a or e before i (where i is a vowel) in all the cases of proper 
 names ending in -ins; e.g. Galus, Pompelus (but see 17). 
 
 (*/) The syllable fi in fio (except before er; e.g. fieri, figrem). 
 (<?) The first syllable of eheu ! and the adjective cllus. In Diana 
 and 5 he the first syllable is common. 
 
 In Greek words a long vowel is not shortened by coming before 
 another vowel ; e.g. Nereldl, E56, AenSas, aera, MaeStia. 
 
 2. A syllable containing a vowel immediately followed by two 
 consonants, or by x, or z, is long ; as the last syllable in regent, auspex. 
 
 [The vowel itself is short in auspex (ausplc-em), long in regent.] 
 
 But if the two consonants immediately following a short vowel be 
 the first a mute or f, and the second 1 or r, the vowel remains short 
 in prose and in comic poets, though in other verse it is frequently 
 lengthened. 
 
 The following combinations occur in Latin words : pr, for, cr, 
 gr, tr 1 , dr, fr ; pi, cl, fl ; e. g. apro, tenebrae, volucris, agrum, patris, 
 quadriga, vafrum ; maniplus, assecla, refluus. 
 
 (fol also occurs in pufolieus, but the first syllable is always long.) 
 In Greek words other combinations allow the vowel to remain 
 short ; e. g. Atlas, TScmessa, Cycnus, Daphne. 
 
 1 Arfoitro, arbitrium, c., genetrix, meretrix, are nowhere found 
 with long second syllable. 
 
Chap. III.} Quantity of Syllables. 17 
 
 Where the combination is due to composition only, the syllable 
 is always lengthened, just as if the words were separate (cf. 66) ; 
 e.g. sfltoruo, abluo. 
 
 iv. Effect of initial sounds on the final syllable of a 
 preceding word. 
 
 63 In verse the final syllable of a word is affected by the vowel or 
 consonants at the commencement of the next word, in much the 
 same way in which one syllable is affected by the succeeding syllable in 
 the same word. 
 
 A final vowel or diphthong or a final syllable in m is omitted (or 
 at least slurred) in pronunciation, if the next word commence with a 
 vowel or diphthong or h. 
 
 Thus vidi ipsum, vive hodie, monstrum ingens are read in verse as 
 of no more length than vid-ipsum, viv-odie, monstr-ingens. 
 
 When est follows a vowel or m the e was omitted, e.g. amata est, 
 amatum est were pronounced amatast, amatumst. 
 
 6-1 But the poets (except the early dramatists) refrain in certain cases 
 from so putting words as to occasion such an elision 1 . Especially such 
 an elision is avoided when the first word ends with a long vowel or m, 
 and the second word begins with a short vowel. 
 
 An elision at the end of a verse before a vowel in the same verse is 
 very rare in any poet, except in Horace's Satires and Epistles; e.g. 
 in urbemst (Sat. i. i. n), centum an (ib. 50), atque hie (ib. 2. 22). 
 
 An elision at the end of a verse before a vowel at the beginning of 
 the next verse is found not uncommonly in Vergil, only once or twice 
 in other writers' hexameters. In glyconic and sapphic stanzas it is 
 not uncommon ; e. g. 
 
 Ant dulcis musti Volcano decoquit umorera, 
 et foliis, &c. (Verg.) 
 
 Dissidens plebi numero beatorum 
 esimit virtus. (Hor.) 
 
 65 An hiatus is however permitted ; 
 
 always at the end of one verse before an initial vowel in the next 
 verse, except in an anapaestic metre : 
 
 occasionally in the same verse; viz. 
 
 (a) if there is an interruption of the sense; though it is very rare, when 
 the first of the two vowels is short ; e. g. 
 
 Fromissam eripui genero, anna impia sumpsi. (Verg.) 
 Addam cerea pruna: honos erit huic quoque porno. " (Verg.) 
 
 1 These statements are abridged from Luc. Muller. 
 L. G. 2 
 
1 8 SOUNDS. [Book I. 
 
 (l>) in arsis 1 , chiefly at the regular caesura; e.g. 
 
 Stant et juniper! et castaneae hirsutae. (Verg.) 
 
 Si pereo, liominum manibus periisse juvabit. (Verg.) 
 
 (t) in thesis 1 , a long vowel, especially in a monosyllable, is sometimes 
 shortened instead of elided ; e.g. 
 
 Credimus? an qui amant ipsi sibi somnia fingunt? (Verg.) 
 Hoc motu radiantis Etesiae in vada ponti. (Cic.) 
 
 (d) a word ending in m is rarely not elided; e.g. 
 
 Miscent inter sese inimicitiam agitantes. (Enn.) 
 
 Sed dum abest quod avemus, id exsuperare videtur. (Lucr.) 
 
 66 A short final syllable ending in a consonant is always lengthened by 
 an initial consonant in the word following; e.g. (in liquuntur and 
 Pnoebus) 
 
 Vellitur, huic atro liquuntur sanguine guttae. (Verg.) 
 Quo Phoebus vocet errantis jubeatque reverti. (Verg.) 
 
 67 A short final syllable ending in a vowel is rarely lengthened before 
 two consonants at the beginning of the next word. 
 
 This is done before sp, sc, st ; more rarely still before pr, br, fr, tr. 
 There are a few instances in Catullus, Tibullus, Martial, &c. (none in 
 Lucretius, Vergil, Horace, Propertius, Ovid); e.g. 
 
 Nulla fugae ratio ; nulla spes ; omnia muta. (Cat.) 
 
 Tua si bona nescis 
 seryare, frustra clavis inest foribus. (Tib.) 
 
 On the other hand a short final vowel is rarely found before sp, sc, 
 sq, st, gn. 
 
 Lucilius, Lucretius, Horace in Satires, and Propertius have, in all, about 
 23 instances ; Vergil one, and that where the sense is interrupted. Other 
 poets have hardly a single instance : such a collocation was avoided alto- 
 gether. A short final vowel is not put before an initial z by the best 
 writers except in zmaragdus, Zacynthus. 
 
 The enclitic -que is lengthened in arsis not uncommonly by Vergil 
 (before two consonants, or a liquid or s), and by Ovid : very rarely by 
 others ; e. g. 
 
 Tribulaque traheaeque et iniquo pondere rastra. (Verg.) 
 So once final a ; 
 Dona dehinc auro gravia sectoque elephanto. (Verg.) 
 
 68 Occasionally (in Vergil about 50 times) a short final closed syllable 
 is lengthened by the arsis, though the next word begins with a vowel : this 
 is chiefly in the caesura, or when a proper name or Greek word follows, or 
 where the sense is interrupted ; e.g. (all from Vergil) 
 
 1 The arsis is the metrical accent of a foot, and is on the first syllable 
 in dacty], spondee, and trochee ; on the last in iambus and anapaest. The 
 thesis is the want of metrical accent, and is on the last syllable of dactyl, 
 &c., on the. first of iambus, &c. 
 
Chap. ///] Quantity of Syllables. 19 
 
 Pacem me exanimis et Martis sorte peremptis 
 oratis? Equidem et vivis concedere vellem. 
 Desine plura puer, et quod mine instat agamus. 
 Olli serva datur, operum fraud ignara Minervae. 
 Ipse, ubi tempus erit, omnes in fonte lavabo. 
 Pectoribus inhians, spirantia consulit exta. 
 In thesis it is very rare ; e.g. 
 Si non periret immiserabilis | captiva pubes. (I lor.) 
 
 69 v. Peculiarities in early dramatic verse. 
 
 In early dramatic verse the quantity of syllables was not so definitely 
 fixed or observed, as in the later dactylic and other verse. The principal 
 cases of deviation from the rules given above may be classified as follows. 
 
 i. Final syllables, afterwards short, were sometimes used with their 
 original long quantity; e.g. fama (nom. s.), soror, pater; amet, sciat, 
 ponebat, perciplt, vendidlt ; amer, loquar, &c. 
 
 2. Final syllables with long vowels were sometimes used as short; 
 e.g. domd (abl. s.), probS (adv.), tace", mauu, virl, &c. ; conrigl, bonas, 
 foras, do!6s, ovs, manus (ace. pi.), bonls, &c. This is almost confined to 
 iambic words. 
 
 3. Syllables containing a vowel followed by two consonants were 
 sometimes used as short. Such are 
 
 (a) Syllables in the later language written with doubled consonants ; 
 e.g. Immo, ille, simlllimae, Pliillppus, 6sse, dcculto, &c. 
 
 (b] Some syllables with two different consonants ; e.g. Inter, Interim, 
 Intus, Inde, iinde, n5mpe, dmnis. So also (according to some) voliiptas, 
 maglstratus, minlstrabit, venustas, senSctus, &c. (or perhaps volptas, 
 magstratus, &c.) ; gxpediant, gxigere, i^xorem. 
 
 4. Final syllables ending in a consonant were sometimes not lengthened, 
 though the next word began with a consonant; e.g. (in Terence) enlm 
 vero, auctus sit, sor6r dictast, dablt nemo, simul conficiam, tamSn 
 suspicor, &c. ; apud is frequently so used : even studSnt facere. This 
 licence is most frequent, when the final consonant is m, s, r, or t ; and is 
 due to the tendency of the early language to drop the final consonant, and 
 to shorten the final vowel. 
 
 5. On the freer use of what grammarians call synizesis, e.g. tvos for 
 tuos, scjo for scto, &c. see 44. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 ACCENTUATION. 
 
 70 ACCENT is the elevation of voice, with which one syllable of a word is 
 pronounced, in comparison with the more subdued tone with which the 
 other syllables are pronounced. 
 
 2 2 
 
20 SOUNDS. {Book L 
 
 This subdued tone is called by grammarians the grave accent. The 
 principal rules of Latin accentuation are given by Quintilian, I. 5. 22 31. 
 
 It is the habit in modern times to understand by accent in Latin (as in 
 English) only stress, or greater stress on one syllable relatively to other 
 syllables, and to denote this by loud ness, or greater loudness of voice. 
 There are however some grounds for thinking that the Romans meant by 
 accent musical pitch and pronounced acutely accented syllables in a higher 
 pitch, but not with greater stress or force or loudness 1 . 
 
 71 Monosyllables always have the accent. 
 
 Disyllables have the accent on the penultimate syllable, unless they are 
 enclitic. 
 
 Words of more than two syllables have the accent on the ante-penulti- 
 mate, if the penultimate syllable is short ; on the penultimate, if it is long. 
 
 The Romans distinguish between an acute and a circumflex accent. 
 The circumflex is only on monosyllables which have long vowels; and, 
 in words of more than one syllable, on the penultimate, if that have a long 
 vowel, and the final syllable have a short vowel. 
 
 If the acute be marked by a ' over the vowel ; the circumflex by a A , 
 the above rules may be illustrated by the following examples : 
 
 Monosyllables ; ab, ml, fel ; ars, pars, nix, fax ; sp6s, flfls, m6s, lis ; 
 nidus, ffins, lux. 
 
 Disyllables; dus, citus, drat; dec-, Cato, arant ; sellers, pontus, 
 ponto, luna ; luna, R6ma, vidlt. 
 
 Polysyllables ; Sergius, fuscina, credere ; Se'rgio, fuscinas, crederent ; 
 Metellus, fenestra ; Metello, fen^strae ; Sabino, praedives ; Sabinus, 
 Romane, amicus, amare. 
 
 72 All compound words, whether their parts can or cannot be used as 
 separate words, are accented according to the regular rules; e.g. anhelo, 
 redirno ; undique, itaque (therefore) ; itidem, utinam, postiiac, postmodo, 
 introrsus, quicumque, jamdudum, exadversum, quodsi, forsan, &c. So 
 respiiblica or res piiblica. 
 
 A few words, called enclitics, always appended to other words, caused, 
 according to the Roman grammarians, the accent to fall on the last syllable 
 of the word to which they were attached. These are -que (and), -ne, -ve, 
 -ce, -met, -pte, -dum, and also the separable words, quando, inde ; 
 
 e.g. itaque (and so), utique (and as), illice, hicine, mihimet, respice- 
 dum, exinde, ecquando, &c. So also que in pleraque. In the case of 
 many words called enclitics (owing to their own quantity) the accentuation 
 is the same, whether they be considered as enclitics proper, or parts of a 
 compound ; e. g. quandoquidem, scilicet, quibuslibet, quantumvis, &c. 
 
 73 Prepositions and adverbs used as prepositions (e.g. intra) were regarded 
 as closely attached to the word which they precede and qualify. In 
 inscriptions they are frequently written as one word with their nouns. The 
 Roman grammarians considered them to have no accent when thus pre- 
 ceding their noun or a word (e.g. adjective or genitive case) dependent on 
 
 1 So A. J. Ellis, Hints on the Quantitative Pronunciation of Latin. I 
 do not profess here to decide the question. 
 
Chap. IV.~\ Accentuation. 21 
 
 it ; e.g. ad eas, adhuc, in foro, virtutem propter patris, &c. But if they 
 follow their noun, they are said to retain their own accent; e.g. quae- 
 propter, quacum ; but cum after personal pronouns is said to be enclitic ; 
 e. g. nobiscum. 
 
 (L. Miiller, resting on the usage of dactylic poets as to the caesura, &c., 
 confines this to the words me, te, se, nos, vos, in company with disyllabic 
 prepositions in -ter, -tra ; e. g. inter nos, intra se.) 
 
 So also the relative was unaccented, the interrogative accented; e.g. 
 quo die rediit, on which day he returned: qu6 die 1 on which day ? 
 
 74 Apparent exceptions to the general rules are some words in which the 
 accent remains, notwithstanding the loss of a syllable; e.g. 
 
 r. Some words where the accent is on what is now the last syllabic ; 
 e.g. illic, prodflc, tantdn, bonan, satin, nostras, for illice, produce, 
 tantdne, bonane, satisne, nostratis, &c. 
 
 2. Some where the accent is on the penult instead of on the ante- 
 penult ; e.g. (gen. and voc.) Valeri, Vergili, &c. (for Valerie, Valerii; 
 VergUie, Vergllii ; &c.); and the verbs (really not complete compounds) 
 calefacis, mansuefacit, c. 
 
 75 It would appear, though little reference is made to such a doctrine in 
 the Roman grammarians, that words of more than three syllables must have 
 frequently had besides the principal accent another subordinate one ; e. g. 
 numeravimus, sisterSmus, longitudo, difficultatibus had probably a 
 subordinate accent on the first syllables. 
 
 The first part of a compound especially may have retained to seme 
 extent the accent which it had as a simple word; e.g. pergrandis, praster- 
 ire, ve"rsipellis, undeviginti. 
 
 76 The frequent omission or absorption of a short vowel, or of a syllable 
 which has according to the general rules the accent, leads to the inference 
 that there must have been a tendency to put the accent nearer to the begin- 
 ning of the word than the antepenultimate or penultimate syllable. The 
 effort to do this, and the resistance made by the heavy dragging of the 
 unaccented syllables after it, were the cause of the omission, e.g. intellexisti 
 became intellexti ; dehibeo, debeo; rjavideo, gaudeo ; surripuit, surpuit; 
 calcare (nom. sing.), calcar ; armigeruG, drmiger ; pueritia, puertia ; &c. 
 
 So the weakening of the vowel in compounds; e.g. inquiro for inquaero, 
 concludo for com-claudo, abreptus for ab-raptus, is difficult to explain, so 
 long as the affected syllable is considered as accented. 
 
 Similarly the change of ille-ce to illice, illic, suggests doubts as to the 
 truth oi the doctrine respecting enclitics, given above, 72. 
 
BOOK II. 
 INFLEXIONS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 INFLEXIONS IN GENERAL. 
 
 77 WORDS may be divided into two classes, those which have inflexions, 
 and those which have not inflexions. 
 
 Nouns, pronouns, and verbs are Inflected; other words, viz. 
 adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections, are not inflected. 
 
 78 Inflexions are those alterations or additions, which are made in 
 a word in order to give it special meanings suited to the different 
 functions which it is to fulfil as part of a sentence. That part of a 
 word which is essentially the same under such different uses is called 
 the stem (or theme, or crude form}. 
 
 Thus from stem bon, we have bon-us, a good he ; bon-a, a good 
 she ; bon-ura, a good thing. 
 
 From stem mulier, mulier-is, woman's ; mulier-es, women ; 
 mulier-um, women's. 
 
 From stem priucep, princep-s, a chief- princip-is, a chiefs. 
 
 From stem ama, ama-t, loie-s ama-sti, love-dst ama-tus, 
 love-d ; ama-ns, lov-ing. 
 
 From stem pug, pu-n-go, I prick ; pu-pug-i, I prlck-ed ; pu-n-c-tus, 
 prick-ed. 
 
 Sometimes the inflexion is a mere addition at the end of the stem, 
 as -is and -es are appended to mulier; -t, -sti, -tus, -ns appended to 
 ama. Sometimes it is inserted in the middle, as n in pungo, punctus ; 
 sometimes prefixed, as pu- in pupugi ; sometimes the stem is changed in 
 consequence of the addition, as the addition of is to princep makes it 
 into princip-is, or as sta- becomes stare for sta-gre. 
 
 79 A stem is (in Latin) rarely used without having an inflexion, 
 unless the inflexion, which would otherwise be used, is on phonetic 
 
Chap. /.] Inflexions in general. 23 
 
 grounds inapplicable ; e. g. the stem nmlier is used as the nominative 
 case without the inflexion s being added, because mul;ers would have 
 come to be pronounced as mulies, and the characteristic r would have 
 been lost. 
 
 Different nouns and verbs and other words have often a common 
 part ; such common part is called a roof. Thus the root sta- (ori- 
 ginally sta, sometimes sta) is common to sta-re, sta-tio, sta-tuo, sta- 
 men, sta-tura, sta-tim, c., to stand, standing, stablisb, standing- 
 thread (i.e. warp), standing-height, instantly. A root may be used as 
 a stem, or the stem may contain the root with alterations or additions. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 INFLEXIONS OF NOUNS. 
 
 80 THE inflexions of nouns and pronouns are in the main the same. 
 The inflexions of verbs are quite distinct. 
 
 The inflexions of nouns are always additions to, or alterations in, 
 the end of the stem. They serve to mark the gender, the case, and the 
 number of the word. 
 
 81 There are in Latin 
 
 Three genders called masculine, feminine, and neuter. 
 
 Six cases called nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, locative, 
 and ablative. Another form is found in some nouns, to which the 
 name of vocative case has often been applied. 
 
 Two numbers called singular andp/urat. 
 
 Originally a noun probably received a special modification to 
 denote its gender, its case, and its number; that is to say, the form 
 of the word showed whether the person denoted by it was (for instance) 
 considered as male or female (gender}, as the agent or object of an 
 action (case), as by himself or as joined with others (tiumber). 
 
 E.g. a common stem serv- denoting slave became servo- for male 
 slave, serva- for female slave. If the slave was the object of the 
 action, m was added, thus, servom, servam ; if not one, but several 
 slaves were spoken of as the object of the action, s was added, thus 
 servoms, servams, which were eventually pronounced and written 
 servos, servas. 
 
 But many of the inflexions, as they are found in regular Latin, 
 do not show their purpose so plainly, being only the remains of a 
 fuller system of inflexions, and having their original form often altered 
 or disguised by contact with the final letters of the stem. 
 
24 INFLEXIONS. [Book II. 
 
 82 Latin nouns may be conveniently divided according to their in- 
 flexions into two main classes : 
 
 The first containing the stems ending in a or e or o ; 
 
 The second containing the stems ending in u or i or a consonant. 
 
 In the first class a and o are as regards adjectives entirely, and 
 as regards substantives to a large extent, suffixes expressing respectively 
 a the feminine gender, o the masculine and neuter genders. The 
 neuter is distinguished from the masculine only in the nominative and 
 accusative cases. The steins in e arc confined to substantives, and are 
 all feminine. 
 
 In the second class there are both masculine and feminine nouns 
 with all of these stems, and the inflexions of case and number are the 
 same for both genders. Neuter nouns differ from masculine and 
 feminine only in the nominative and accusative cases. Stems in u are 
 confined to substantives. 
 
 In both classes neuter nouns have the accusative and nominative 
 alike, which in the plural always end in a. 
 
 83 The chief constant differences between the inflexions of the two 
 classes (besides the difference in stem-ending) are these : 
 
 Nouns of the first class have the genitive singular, the locative 
 singular, and the nominative plural (except in a few e stems) alike, 
 and ending in a long vowel or diphthong ; the genitive plural ends in 
 -rum preceded by a long vowel ; the dative and ablative plural (except 
 in two e stems and a few old forms) end in -is. 
 
 Nouns of the second class have the genitive singular and nominative 
 plural ending in -s; the locative usually the same as the ablative; the 
 genitive plural in -um preceded by a consonant or short vowel ; the 
 dative and ablative plural in -bus (usually -ibus). 
 
 Personal pronouns are peculiar in their inflexions. Other pronouns 
 belong to the first class, but have the genitive singular in -ins, and 
 dative in -i, for all genders. And there are some other points in which 
 they differ from ordinary nouns. 
 
 84 The following examples will serve to give a general notion of the 
 inflexions of nouns. The peculiarities of the various stems will be given 
 later. The terminations after the hyphens are the case inflexions com- 
 bined with the stem vowel, except in the last, which has no stem vowel. 
 
 CLASS I. a- stem: serva, a female slave. 
 
 0- stem (masc.) : servos (often written servus), 
 
 a male slave. 
 
 (ncut.) : servom (often written serwixn), 
 a slave thing. 
 
 CLASS II. u- stem: artus (m.), a joint. 
 
 1- stem : navis (f.), a ship. 
 consonant stem : crus (n.), a leg. 
 
Chap. //.] 
 
 Inflexions of Nouns. 
 
 GLASS I. 
 
 SINGULAR. Neut. 
 
 Nom. serv-a serv5s serv-om 
 (usually (usually 
 serv-us) serv-um) 
 
 Ace. serv-am serv-om serv-om 
 
 (serv-um) (serv-um) 
 
 Gen. serv-ae serv-I serv-I 
 
 Loc. serv-ae serv-I serv-1 
 
 Uat. serv-ae sarv-o serv-o 
 
 Abl. serv-a 
 
 serv-6 
 
 serv-o 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 Nom. serv-ae serv-I serv-a 
 
 Ace. serv-as serv-os serv-a 
 
 Gen. serv-arum serv-orum serv-orum 
 
 Loc. \ 
 
 Dat. Uarv-Is serv-is serv-Is 
 
 Abl. j 
 
 CLASS II. 
 
 
 
 Ncut. 
 
 art-us 
 
 nav-is 
 
 crus 
 
 art-um 
 
 nav-im 
 
 crus 
 
 or 
 
 nav-em 
 
 
 art-us 
 
 nav-is 
 
 crur-Is 
 
 art-ui 
 
 nav-I 
 
 crur-i 
 
 art-ui 
 
 nav-I 
 
 crur-I 
 
 or art-ft 
 
 
 
 art- ft 
 
 nav-I 
 
 crur-S 
 
 or nav-S 
 
 art-us 
 
 nav-es 
 
 crdr-a 
 
 art-us 
 
 nav-is 
 
 crur-a 
 
 or 
 
 nav-fcs 
 
 
 ' art-uum 
 
 nav-ium 
 
 crur-um 
 
 art-ubus nav-ibus crur-Ibus 
 or art-Ibus 
 
 85 [According to the arrangement usually followed, substantives and adjec- 
 tives are treated separately, and are classed as follows : 
 
 Substantives in five declensions. Of these the ist contains a stems, the 
 2nd o stems ; the 3rd consonant and i stems ; the 4th u stems and the 5th 
 e stems. 
 
 Adjectives were divided into adjectives of three terminations, nom. -us, 
 -a, -um (i.e. stems in o and a); adjectives of two terminations is and e, 
 and also or and us (i.e. i stems and some consonant stems), and adjectives 
 of one termination (i.e. rest of consonant and i stems).] 
 
 CHAPTER HI. 
 
 OF GENDER. 
 
 86 IN marking the gender of nouns a two-fold distinction was made; 
 (i) according as sex could be attributed or not; (a) according as the 
 sex attributed was male or female. 
 
 Names of things, to which sex was not attributed, are said tD be 
 of the neuter gender: but the Romans, yielding to their imaginations, 
 attributed sex to many things, which really had it not, and thus living 
 creatures are but a small number of the objects, which have names of 
 the masculine and feminine genders. 
 
 87 The distinction of gender is not marked throughout all the cases. 
 In the nouns put together as the first class, the feminine was perhaps 
 
26 INFLEXIONS. [Book II. 
 
 originally different from the masculine and neuter throughout, and it 
 still is so in most cases. In the second class, the masculine and feminine 
 are alike throughout: the neuter form is the same as the masculine ex- 
 cept in the nominative and accusative cases. In the singular of the first 
 class the neuter form both for nominative and accusative is the same as 
 that of the accusative masculine : in the second class it is the bare stem, 
 unprotected by a suffix, and therefore sometimes withered : in the 
 plural of both declensions it always ends in -a. 
 
 The real significance of the inflexions is best seen in adjectives, 
 because they have the same stem modified, if of the first class, to repre- 
 sent all three genders ; if of the second class, usually only to represent 
 the masculine and feminine genders as distinguished from the neuter ; 
 i.e. sex as distinguished from no sex; e.g. bonus (m.), bona (f.), 
 bonum (n.) ; tristis (m. f.), triste (n.) ; amans (in. f. n.), but accusa- 
 tive axnantem (m. f.), amans (n.). 
 
 Substantives differ from adjectives as regards their inflexions, chiefly 
 ill being fixed to one gender only. But 
 
 i. Some substantival stems have a masculine and feminine form ; 
 e.g. Julius (m.), Julia (f.) ; equus (m.), equa (f.). 
 
 a. A few substantives of the first class are feminine, though with 
 stems in -o ; others masculine, though with stems in -a. 
 
 3. A substantive of the second class may be masculine, or feminine, 
 or both, the form being indeterminate. 
 
 4. Some suffixes of derivation are exclusively used for substantives, 
 and not for adjectives: some again are confined to the masculine gender, 
 others to the feminine. For instance, no adjective is formed with the 
 suffix -i6n: again, all abstract substantives, if formed by the suffix -ion, 
 or -tat, are feminine ; if formed by the suffix -or are masculine. 
 
 It follows from the above, that the gender is not always known by 
 the form. 
 
 The test of a substantive's being of a particular gender is the use of 
 an adjective of that particular gender as an attribute to it ; e.g. humus 
 is known to be feminine, because dura humus, not durus humus, is used. 
 
 An adjective, where the form is not determinately significant, is 
 commonly said to be in the same gender as that of the substantive to 
 which it is used as an attribute. 
 
 But though the sex attributed to the person or thing is not always 
 expressed by the form, the gender was never assigned in defiance of the 
 true sex in persons, nor in animals, if the sex was of importance. Many 
 animals are denoted by a substantive of only one form and only one gender, 
 the masculine or feminine having been originally selected, according as the 
 male or female was most frequently thought of. Animals of the kind 
 generally would be spoken of, without distinction, by this noun, whether it 
 were masculine or feminine; e.g. olores (m.), sivans in genenil ; anates, 
 ducks, including drakes. If a distinction is important, the word mas or 
 femina, as the case may be, is added ; e.g. olor femina, the female swan ; 
 anas mas, the male duck. Such nouns are called epicoena (Quint. 1. 1. 24). 
 
Chap. III.} Of Gender. 27 
 
 In the same way a feminine, e.g. Aetna, can be spoken of as masculine, 
 if mons be added ; a river can be neuter, if fluxnen be added : and the 
 appropriate change of gender takes place sometimes without the explanatory 
 word being expressed; e.g. Eunuchus acta est, i.e. the play Eunuchus ; 
 Centauro invShitur magna, i.e. he is borne on the great (ship] Centaurus. 
 So occasionally lierba or litera is understood. 
 
 The genders assigned to names of persons, animals, or vegetables, 
 and of some other classes of natural objects, were as follows : 
 
 90 Names of persons. Names of males are masculine, of females 
 feminine. Thus proper names of females, derived from the Greek, 
 though retaining the neuter suffix corresponding to their neuter gender 
 in Greek, are in Latin feminine; e.g. in Plautus, and Terence, Plane- 
 slum, GlycSrium, Fhrongsium, Stephanium, Delphium. 
 
 For Appellatives, especially those derived from age or relationship, 
 there are separate forms, sometimes from different roots, for the males 
 and females; e.g. mas, male, femiaa, female; pater, father, mater, 
 mother; avus, grandfather, avia, grandmother; proavus, great-grand- 
 father, proavia, &c. ; filius, son, filia, daughter; puer, boy, puella, girl; 
 n&pos, grandson, neptis, granddaughter, &c. ; vlr, man, mulier, woman; 
 marltus, husband, uxor, wife ; vitricus, stepfather, noverca, stepmother ; 
 prlvignus, stepson, privigna, stepdaughter; sdcer, father-in-law, socrus, 
 mother-in-law ; gener, son-in-law, nurus, daughter-in-law ; frater, bro- 
 ther, soror, sister'; patruus, uncle (father's brother} ; amita, aunt 
 (father's sister) ; avunculus, uncle (mother's brother), matertfira, aunt 
 (mother's sister}] verna (male} house-born slave, ancilla (female} slave; 
 antistes, priest, antistlta, priestess; hospes, host or guest, hosplta, 
 hostess or female guest; cliens, client, clienta; tibicen, flute-player, 
 tibicina ; f Idlcen, harper, fidicina. So also many (derived from verbs) 
 with -tor (or -sor) for masculine (nom. sing.), and -trix for feminine ; 
 e.g. tonsor, barber, tonstrix. 
 
 H6mo, man, ammans, living being (of a rational creature), are mas- 
 culine ; virgo, girl, and matrona, matron, feminine. 
 
 Others (all of and class of nouns) are common to male and female : 
 viz. conjunx, consort; parens, parent; afflnis, connexion by marriage; 
 patruelis, cousin; snex, old man or rarely woman; juvenis, youth; 
 adulescens, youth ; infans, infant. So are ranked hospes (in the poets) 
 and antistes. 
 
 91 Other personal appellatives are usually or exclusively masculine, 
 because the offices, occupations, &c., denoted were filled by men, or at 
 least by men as much as by women. 
 
 The following are sometimes feminine ; clvis, citizen; mUnlceps, burgher ; 
 contubernalis, comrade ; hostis, enemy ; exul, exile ; vates, seer : sacerdos, 
 
 artifex, artist ; auctor, responsible adviser. Others are used of females, 
 but without a feminine adjective; e.g. dplfex, worker; carnlfex, bntche;- ; 
 auspex, bird-observer ; sponsor, bondsman ; viator, traveller : defensor, 
 defender; tfttor, guardian ; auceps, fowler; manceps, purchaser* 
 
28 INFLEXIONS. \Book IL 
 
 So also sonic with -a sterns ; aurlga, charioteer; advdna, stranger, &c. 
 
 Other? are nowhere found applied to females ; e. g. cornicen, horn- 
 blower ; tiblcen, flute-player ; tublcen, trumpeter ; latro, brigand ; fullo, 
 fuller ; mango, slave-dealer ; n&bulo, rascal. 
 
 Some words which are only metaphorically applied to men or women 
 retain their original gender ; e.g. manclpium (n.), a chattel ; acroama (n.), 
 a musical performer ; scortum (n.), harlot; prostlbiiluni (n.), prostitute; 
 viglliae (f.), watch ; excubiae (f.), nightwatch ; 6pgrae (f.), hands; de- 
 liciae (f.), darling ; aux'ilia (n.), auxiliary troups. 
 
 92 Names of Animals. For some quadrupeds, with which the Ro- 
 mans had much to do, separate forms are found for the male and 
 female. The stems in -o are masc., those in -a fern. 
 
 Agnus, lamb, agna ; aper, wild boar, apra; aries (m.), ram, vervex 
 (m.), wether, ovis (f.), sheep; aslnus, ass, asina ; asellus, young ass, 
 asella ; nircus, he-goat, caper, goat, capra ; catulus, whelp, catula ; 
 cervus, stag, cerva ; cdlumbus, dove, columba ; equus, horse, equa, 
 mare ; gallus, cock, galllna, hen ; haedus, kid, capella ; Mnnus, mule 
 (with horse for father), hinna; juvencus, steer, juvenca, heifer; leo 
 (m.), lion, lea, or (Greek) leaena, lioness; lupus, wolf, lupa; mulus, 
 mula, mule (with ass for father) ; porcus, pig, porca ; slmius, ape, simia 
 (the fern, also of apes in general) ; taurus, bull, vacca, cow ; verres, 
 boar, scrofa, sow ; vltulus, calf, vitula ; ursus, bear, ursa. 
 
 93 For most other animals there was only one form ; e.g. 
 
 Quadrupeds: bldens (f., sc. ovis), sheep; bos (m. f.), ox; camelus (m. f.), 
 camel; canis (m. f.), dog ; damma (m. f.), deer ; el6phans, elephantus (rn. 
 rarely f.), elephant : feies (f.), weasel, later cat ; fiber (m.), beaver ; glls 
 (m.), dormouse; hystrix (f.), porcupine ; ISpus (m. rarely f.), hare; lynx 
 (f. rarely m.), lynx ; mus (m.), mouse; mustella (f.), weasel; nltella (f.), 
 dormouse; panthtra (f.), panther; pardus (m.), leopard; quadrupes (m. f. 
 n.), quadruped; sorex (m.), shrew ; BUS (m. f.), swine ; talpa (f. rarely m.), 
 mole; tigris (f. rarely m.), tiger ; vespertilio (m.), bat ; vulpes (f.), fox. 
 
 Birds: e.g. acclpiter (m. rarely f.), hawk ; ales (m. f.), winged, hence 
 a bird; anas (f.), duck; anser (m. rarely f.), gander goose; aqulla (f. ), 
 eagle; avis (f.), bird ; bubo (m. rarely f.), horned owl ; clconia (f.), stork; 
 comix (f.), crow; cofcurnix (f.), quail; cygnus (m.), swan; 61or (m.), 
 swan; fullca and fulix (f.), cool; graciilus (m.), jackdaw; grus (f. rarely 
 m.), crane; hirundo (f.), swallow ; Ibis (f.), ibis ; lusclnius (m.), luscinia 
 (f. also of nightingales in general) ; mSrula (f.), blackbird ; miluus, milvus 
 (m.), kite ; noctua (f.), oivl ; oscen (m. f.), singing bird ; palumbes (m. f. ), 
 palumbus (m.), ivoodpigeon ; passer (m.), sparrow; pavo (m.), peacock; 
 perdix (m. f.), partridge; pica (f. ), pie ; sturnus (m.), starling; strutlid- 
 camelus (m. f. ), ostrich ; turdus (rarely {.}, fieldfare ; turtur (m. f.), turtle- 
 dove; vultur (m.), vulture. 
 
 Reptiles : e. g. anguis (m. f.), snake ; bufo (m.), toad ; chamaeleon (m.); 
 cdluber (m.), -water snake ; colubra (f. also of snakes generally) ; crocddllus 
 (m.) ; draco (m.), dragon; lacertus (m.), lacerta (f. also of lizards gene- 
 rally) ; rana (i^frog; serpens (m. f.), serpent ; stelio (m.), gecko; testftdo 
 (f.), tortoise. 
 
Chap. III.] Of Gender. 29 
 
 Fishes; adpenser (m.), sturgeon; mugil (m.); muraena (f. ), lamprey ; 
 mullus (m.), mullet ; piscis (m.), fish ; rhombus (m.), turbot ; salar (m.), 
 salmon ; scarus (m.), wrasse ; sdlea (f.), sole. 
 
 Invertebrates: apis (f.), bcc ; cicada (f.), grasshopper; araneus (m.), 
 aranea (f. also of spiders generally) ; clmex (m.), Inig; culex (m.), gnat ; 
 formica (f.), ant ; hlrCLdo (f.), leech ; lendes (pi. f.), nits ; llmax (f. rarely 
 m.), snail; milrex (m.), purple-fish; musca (f.), fly; papilio (m.), butterfly; 
 pgdis (m. f.), louse; pulex (m.), flea; sepia (f.), cuttlefish ; vennis (m.), 
 worm; vespa (f.), wasp. 
 
 94 Almost all trees and shrubs are feminine. Some of them have -o 
 stems, but these are mostly from the Greek. 
 
 Of plants andjloivers, some are masculine, the rest chiefly feminine. 
 
 Names of fruits and woods are often neuter, with stems in -o, and 
 some trees are also neuter, probably because the name was first applied 
 to the product. 
 
 The principal masculine names are : acanthus ; amaracus (also f. ) ; 
 asparagus; boletus; calamus, reed; carduus, thistle; crocus; cytlsus 
 (also f.) ; dumus, thicket; flcus (also f.), fig; fungus; helleborus (often 
 -urn n.); intubus (also intubum n.), endive; juncus, btdmsh; lotus 
 (usually f.) ; malus (but as an apple tree f.) ; muscus, moss; oleaster ; pam- 
 plnus (also f.), vine; raphanus, radish; rhamnus, buckthorn; rubus, 
 bramble; riimex (also f.), sorrel; scirpus, rush. 
 
 The principal neuter names are: apium, parsley; acer, maple; bal- 
 sanium ; laser ; papaver (also m.), poppy; piper, pepper; robur, oak; siler; 
 slser (but in plural siseres), skirret ; tuber (truffle] : and the fruits or 
 woods arbutum, buxum, &c. (but castanea, chestnut; 61ea ; balanus, 
 acorn ; are also used as fruits, and retain their fern. gen. So buxus (besides 
 buxum), boxtrec, for &flute)\. 
 
 95 Names of jewels are mainly feminine and Greek. 
 
 Masculine are Mamas, beryllus, carbunculus, chrysdlithus (also f.), 
 6nyx (as a marble, or a cup], dpalus, sarddnyx (also f.), smaragdus, &c. 
 
 96 Names of iowns, countries, &c. have, if of Latin origin, their 
 gender marked by their termination; e.g. masculine; Veji, properly 
 the Veians, Puteoli, little wells, &c. : feminine; e.g. Africa (sc. terra), 
 Italia, Roma : neuter ; Tarentum, Bgnfiventum, Reate, Praeneste, Anxur 
 (n., also m. of the mountain), Tibur (n.). 
 
 Of Greek nouns many retain their Greek gender (though often with 
 stems in -o), others, owing sometimes to their termination being misunder- 
 stood, have other genders : e.g. Argos usually neut., but Vergil has dulcls 
 Argos ; Statins frequently patrios Argos, afflictos Argos, &c. ; Livy occa- 
 sionally Argi, as nom. pi. 
 
 The Spanish towns are sometimes feminine in -is, e. g. Illiturgis ; 
 sometimes neuter in -i, e. g. Hliturgi. 
 
 Some neuter plurals are found; e.g. Leuctra, Megara, Artaxata, 
 Tigranocerta. 
 
 Names of mountains are all masculine, except those with marked 
 feminine terminations (stems in -a or Greek -e) ; e. g. Aetna, Ida, 
 
30 INFLEXIONS. \Book II. 
 
 RhodSpe, c. ; or neuter terminations; e.g. Pelion, Soracte". Alpes (pi.) 
 is feminine. 
 
 Names of rivers are masculine, even those with -a stems, except 
 Allia, Duria, Sagra, Lethe, Styx, which are feminine. But sometimes 
 rivers are made neuter by prefixing flumen and giving a termination in 
 -um ; e.g. flumen Rhenum (Hor.) ; flumen Granicum (Plin.) ; &c. 
 
 Names of winds are masculine; e.g. actuilo, Vulturnus, &c. So 
 also Etesiae (pi.). 
 
 97 All indeclinable words (except barbaric names, e.g. Abraham) are 
 neuter : e. g. fas, nefas, instar ; and to this class belong infinitives 
 (e.g. non dolere ist-ud, totum hoc philosophari) ; words used as names 
 of themselves (e.g. istuc 'taceo,' hoc ipsum 'honesti') ; and often the 
 letters of the alphabet (as ' c in g commutato') ; but these last are 
 sometimes feminine, litera being expressed or understood. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 OF NOUN INFLEXIONS OF NUMBER. 
 
 98 IN Latin the only distinction in point of number which is marked 
 by inflexions is between one (singular number), and more than one 
 {plural number). 
 
 The particular inflexions of number will be best treated in connexion 
 with the case inflexions. 
 
 Some nouns, in consequence of their meaning, are used only in the 
 singular, others only in the plural. 
 
 99 The following are found ordinarily in the singular only : 
 
 (a) Proper names of persons and places ; e.g. Metellus, Roma, &c. ; 
 but Metelli of several members of the family ; Camilli of persons with 
 qualities like Camillus; Galliae of the two divisions of Gaul (Gallia Cisal- 
 pina and Transalpina) ; Volcani of gods with different attributes, but bear- 
 ing the name of Vulcan, or of statues of Vulcan, &c. 
 
 (b) Single natural objects ; e.g. sol, the sun ; caelum, the sky, hearcri ; 
 tellus, the earth ; but soles is used in discussions as to whether there are 
 more suns than one, or as equivalent to days, &c. 
 
 (c) Conlinua; i.e. natural objects which are measured or weighed, 
 not numbered, e.g. cruor, blood; r<5s, dew; aes, bronze; frumentum, corn; 
 faba, beans, as a class ; ftimus, smoke. But these are used in the plural, 
 when several kinds, or distinct pieces or drops, are meant ; e.g. vlna, 
 different ivines ; nlves, flakes of snow; fabae, individual beans ; aera, bronze 
 works of art; carnes, pieces of flesh ; fCLmi, wreaths of smoke. In poetry 
 the plural is sometimes used without such a distinction. 
 
Ckap. IV.] Of Noun Inflexions of Number. 31 
 
 (d) Abstract nouns; e.g. justitia, justice; but not uncommonly the 
 plural is used even in these in order to express the occurrence of the event 
 or exhibition of the quality at several times or in several forms, e.g. vir- 
 tfltes, virtues; cupiditates, desires; odia, cases of hatred; conscientiae, 
 several persons' consciousness (of guilt] ; mortes, deaths (of several persons] ; 
 otia, periods of rest; adventus, arrivals; niaturltates, culminations; 
 vlcinitates, position of people as neighbours; lapsus, slips; calSres, frlgora, 
 times of heat, of cold ; slmilltudlnes, resemblances; &c. 
 
 The following are found only or ordinarily in the plural ; though 
 some of them correspond to what in other languages are denoted by 
 singulars. 
 
 (a) Names of certain towns or places, &c.: Thebae, Tigranocerta, 
 Leuctra, Veji (originally the Veians}, Cannae (i.e. Keeds} : Gades, Cumae. 
 bo Pergama, the towers of Troy, Tarbara. 
 
 (b) Groiips of islands and mountains, &c. ; e. g. Cyclades, Alpes, 
 Esqulllae, Tempe ( properly glens). 
 
 (c) Collections of persons : e.g. dscemvlri, a commission of ten (though 
 we have decemvir also used of a commissioner}, &c.; majores, ancestors; 
 pr6c8res, primores, leading men; llberi, children; infSri, the spirits beloiv; 
 sftpe'ri, the Gods above; caelltes, the heavenly ones ; pSnates, the health 
 gods; manes, the ghosts; gratiae, the Graces; Furiae, the Furies; DIrae, 
 Curses (conceived as goddesses) ; &c. 
 
 (d) Parts of the body; e.g. artus, the joints; cervices (Hortensius is 
 said to have first used the singular in this sense), the neck (neckbones ?) ; 
 exta, intestlna, viscera, the internal organs ; fauces, the throat; lactes, 
 the lacteal vessels; pantlces, bowels; renes, kidneys; tori, the muscles; 
 praecordia, midriff ; . nia, loins. 
 
 (e) Names of feasts or days; e.g. Calendae, Nonae, Idus ; feriae, the 
 feast-day; nundinae, market-day; Baccanalia, feast of Bacchus ; c. 
 
 (/) Other collections of things, actions, &c. ; altaria. an altar; 
 ambages, evasion ; angustiae, straits (sing, rare) ; argdtiae, subtlety; antes, 
 rows, e.g. of vines ; arma, tools, esp. weapons, armour; armamenta, ship's 
 tackling; balneae, the baths, i.e. bath-house; blgae, a carriage and pair 
 (sing, not till Sen.); cancelli, railings; casses, a hunting net (properly 
 meshes}', castra, a camp (properly huts, tents'! castrum is found only as 
 part of proper names, e.g. Castrum Novum) ; claustra, bars (sing, in 
 Sen. Curt, rarely) ; clltellae, a pack saddle (panniers!}', compedes, fetters; 
 crepundia, ckilcTs rattle, &c. ; cunae, cdnabula, incunabula, cradle; 
 dellciae, delight; dlvltia^s riches; excubiae, the%vatch; 6pulae, a dinner; 
 exsgq.uiae, funeral procession ; exuviae, things stripped off, spoils; facetiae, 
 jokes (sing, rare); fasti, the Calendar; fori, decks; grates, thanks; in- 
 dutiae, a triice; ineptiae, silliness (sing, in Plant. Ter.) ; infe'riae, offer- 
 ings to the shades belo%v ; infitias (ace.), denial; insidiae, ambush; 
 inlmlcltiae, hostility (rarely sing. ) ; laplcldlnae, stone quarries ; 16culi, com- 
 partments, and so box, bag, &c. ; lustra, a den ; manubiae, booty ; mlnae, 
 threats; moenia, town walls; nugae, trifles; nuptiae, marriage; dblces, 
 bolts (also abl. s. obice) ; parietinae, ruins ; phal6rae, horse trappings ; 
 praestlgiae, juggling tricks; prlmltiae, first-fruits; pugiUares, writing 
 tablets ; quadrigae, a carriage and four (sing, not till Propert. ) ; quisciuiliae, 
 refuse; reliquiae, the remains; rgpagula, bolts^ &c. : sallnae, sal/pits; 
 
32 INFLEXIONS. \Bcok II. 
 
 sata, the crops ; scalae, s fairs ; scopae, a broom ; sentes, thornbush ; 
 serta, a wreath; sordes, filth (sing, rare); suppStias (ace.), siipply ; 
 tSngbrae, the darkness ; thermae, the warm baths (cf. balneae) ; tesqua, 
 wastes; valvae, folding-doors ; vlndlciae, claims; virgulta, bushes ; uten- 
 silia, necessaries. 
 
 Some of these words are used in one or two cases of the singular. 
 
 101 The following words are used in the plural with a special meaning, be- 
 sides their use (in most instances) as an ordinary plural : 
 
 aedes sing, a temple, plur. a house (properly, hearths, chambers!); aqua, 
 water ; aquae, a watering-place : auxIUum, assistance ; auxilia, means of 
 assistance, auxiliary troops: b6num, a good ; bdna, goods, i.e. one's property: 
 career, a prison; carcSres, the barriers (in horse races) : codlcillus, a 
 small piece of wood ; codlcilli, writing tablets, supplementary will : copia, 
 plenty ; copiae, supplies, troops : cdmltium, the place of tribes-assembly at 
 Rome; c6m!tia, the assembly: fides sing, a harps/ring, plur. a stringed 
 instrument : fortuna, fortune ; fortunae, one's possessions : gratia, thank- 
 fulness ; gratiae, grates, thanks: hortus, a garden; horti, pleasure-gardens, 
 a country house : impgdlmentum, a hindrance ; impedimenta, baggage : 
 littSra, a letter (of the alphabet) ; litterae, a letter, i.e. epistle: ludus, a 
 game; ludi, Public Games: natalis, a birthday ; natales, one's descent: 
 6p8ra, %vork; operae, services, hands, i.e. workmen: Ops, a goddess; 6pem, 
 help ; 6pes, wealth, resources : pars, a part ; partes, a part on the stage : 
 rostrum, a beak; rostra, the tribime or pulpit at Rome; tabula, a plank; 
 tabulae, accoiint books. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 FIRST DECLENSION. 
 
 102 THE first declension contains stems ending in a,, e, and o. 
 
 i. DECLENSION OF -a STEMS. 
 
 Stems in a are feminine, excepting some substantives which, being 
 names of men or rivers, are masculine. All adjective stems in a are 
 feminine. 
 
 E.g. mensa (f.), a table-, b6na (adj.), a good she ; scrlba (m.), a 
 clerk ; Claudia, a woman of the Claudian house. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 Nom. mensa b6na scrlba Claudia 
 
 Ace. mensa-m bona-m s:riba-m Claudia-m 
 
 Gen.^ 
 
 Loc. L mensae bonae scribae Claudiae 
 
 Dat.j 
 
 Abl. mensa bona scriba Claudia 
 
Chap. K] Declension of -a Stems. 33 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 Nom. mensae bonae scribae Claudiae 
 
 Ace. mensas bonas scribas Claudias 
 
 Gen. mensarum bonarum scribarum Claudiarum 
 
 Loc.-) 
 
 Dat.l mensis bonis scribls Claudils 
 
 Abl.j 
 
 Peculiar forms of cases are found as follows : 
 
 103 SINGULAR. Genitive. Two old forms of the genitive ending in as and 
 ai; the former in the word famllia (household], combined with pater, 
 mater, films, filia ; e. g. pater familias, patres familias ; &c. 
 
 The ending 5,1 is found (as two long syllables) in early poetry, chiefly in 
 Lucretius, and occasionally in Vergil; e.g. aqual, pictal ; magnai rei 
 publicai gratia (as iambic line) in Plautus. It is also found in inscriptions 
 for the locative and dative. 
 
 The ablative in early times ended in ad; e.g. praidad (praeda), sen- 
 tentiad. 
 
 104 PLURAL. The genitive sometimes ended in -um instead of -arum; 
 
 (a) chiefly in names derived from Greek; viz. amphdrum (e.g. trium 
 amphorum, of three jars), drachmum ; and in proper names in Vergil, 
 &c. ; e.g. Laplthum for Lapitliarum, Dardanldum for Dardanidarum. 
 Also in compounds of gigno and colo, Grajugenum, caellcOlum for Graju- 
 genarum, caelicolarum. 
 
 Dat. Loc. All. The ordinary form Is is apparently a contraction of 
 als, i.e. s added to the locative singular; e.g. mensa-i-, mensa-is,' mens's. 
 
 Stems in la sometimes have Is, instead iis ; e.g. taenis (Verg.) for 
 taenils. Hence gratiis (abl.), for thanks, became in ordinary language 
 gratis. 
 
 A few words have a form abus instead of Is. Thus ambabus, duabus 
 are the only forms in use (never ambis, duis). Similarly, chiefly in old 
 legal and religious forms, we have deabus, filiabus, libertabus probably to 
 distinguish the females from the males dels or dis, flliis, libertis. 
 
 105 The most usual tnascnline stems in a are the following : 
 
 acedia, a neighbour pdeta, a poet (Gr. Trotijr?/?) 
 
 agrlcdla, a farmer prSfftga, an exile 
 
 incdla, an inhabitant transfuga, a deserter 
 
 adv6na, a new comer serlba, a clerk 
 
 aurlga, a chariot driver scurra, a buffoon 
 
 collega, a colleague verna, a slave born in the family 
 
 convlva, a guest Sometimes also 
 
 nauta ) a sailor damma, a deer ; and rarely 
 
 navltai (Gr. vaiVrjs) talpa, a mole 
 
 parriclda, a parricide 
 
 So also proper names like Sulla, Numa, &c. And rivers; e.g. Sequana, 
 Seine ; Trebia, and Hadria, the Hadriatic sea. 
 
 L. G. 3 
 
34 
 
 INFLEXIONS, 
 
 \B0ok IL 
 
 2. DECLENSION OF -e STEMS. 
 
 106 Stems in e are all feminine substantives, except meridies (m.), noon. 
 Dies, day (nn.) is often feminine, when an appointed day is spoken of; and 
 almost always when it means time ; e.g. longa dies, a long period of time. 
 
 Only two words with stem in e are inflected throughout all cases of 
 both numbers. These are res, a thing and dies, day. Besides these 
 none have any plural, except acies, edge; fa.cies, face; effigies, likeness; 
 spe"cies,ybr>; spes, hope; series, a ro-iu, which are found in nom. and 
 accus. plural: glides in accus. and eluvies in nom. plur. 
 
 Most words with stem in e are of four syllables and end in ie. Many 
 of these have also stems in a. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 Nom. rt-3 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Gen.| 
 Dat.f 
 
 Abl. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 Norn.) 
 Ace. f 
 Gen. 
 Dat.| 
 Abl.f 
 
 re-m 
 rei or re 
 re 
 
 re-s 
 
 re-rum 
 
 re-bus 
 
 die-s 
 die-m 
 diel or die 
 die 
 
 die-s 
 
 die-rum 
 
 die-bus 
 
 acie-s 
 
 luxuries or 
 luxuria 
 
 acie-m 
 
 luxurie-m or 
 luxuria-m 
 
 acii or acie 
 
 luxuriae 
 
 acie 
 
 luxurie or 
 luxuria 
 
 acie-s 
 (not found) 
 
 (no plural ex- 
 cept possibly 
 from stem in 
 
 (not found) 
 
 a) 
 
 107 There is some uncertainty about the form of the genitive and dative 
 singular. Neither case is common except from dies, res, spes, fides, 
 and plebes. In modern books these cases are generally made to end in 
 ei, and this practice is as old as the and century after Christ. But 
 there is no proof of ei being disyllabic except in the words diel (often), 
 rei (Hor.) and rei (Lucr.), fldei_(post- August.) and fidel (Lucr.). 
 (But die and diel, rei and re, fidei and fide are also used.) Spei is 
 monosyllabic in Terence; plebei is only used in prose. In other words 
 in classical times i, e, and ei were perhaps written indifferently. Where 
 there is a collateral stem in a, this supplies the gen. and dat. sing. e.g. 
 luxuriae not luxuriei. A gen. in -es is rarely found; e.g. rabies (Lucr.). 
 
 3. DECLENSION OF -o STEMS. 
 
 108 Stems in o are almost always either masculine or neuter; a few 
 substantives are feminine, chiefly names of trees or Greek words. No 
 adjective stems are feminine. A shortened form of the masculine nomi- 
 native is used in addresses and is often called the vocative case. 
 
 e.g. dflmmus (m.), an owner, a lord- bdnus (adj.), a good he] ulmus 
 (f.), an elm; bellum (n.), war; bdnum (n.), a good thing. 
 
Chap. 
 
 Declension of -o Stems. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 subst. 
 
 adj. 
 
 subst. 
 
 subst. 
 
 adj. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 clSmmus 
 
 b6nus 
 
 ulmus 
 
 bellum 
 
 bdnum 
 
 Voc. 
 
 doming 
 
 bong 
 
 (not found) 
 
 Ace. 
 
 domlnum 
 
 bonum 
 
 ulmum 
 
 bellum 
 
 bonum 
 
 Gen.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Loc.j 
 
 doniinl 
 
 bonl 
 
 ulmi 
 
 beUi 
 
 boni 
 
 Dat.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Abu 
 
 domino 
 
 bono 
 
 ulmo 
 
 bello 
 
 bond 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 Nom. d6mini b6m ulmi bella 
 
 Ace. domino a bonos ulmos bella 
 
 Gen. dominorum bonorum ulmorum bellor 
 
 Loc.j 
 
 Dat.f- domims boms ulmis beUis 
 
 Abl.J 
 
 b6na 
 bona 
 bonorum 
 
 bonis 
 
 109 Stems in 6ro have usually certain peculiarities. Most drop the final 
 us in the nominative singular; and many omit the 6 before -ro in all 
 cases, except the nom. voc. masculine singular. 
 
 e.g. numgrus (m.), a number; puer (m.), a boy] faber (m.), a work- 
 man; vlr (m.), a man; membrum (n.), a limb. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 numSrus 
 
 puSr 
 
 fabgr 
 
 vir 
 
 membrum 
 
 Ace. 
 
 numerum 
 
 puSrum 
 
 fabrum 
 
 virum 
 
 membrum 
 
 Gen.| 
 Loc.f 
 
 numerl 
 
 puer! 
 
 fabrl 
 
 viri 
 
 membri 
 
 Dat.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Abl.f 
 
 nuraero 
 
 puero 
 
 fabro 
 
 viro 
 
 membro 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 niimgri 
 
 pugrl 
 
 fabrl 
 
 viri 
 
 membra 
 
 Ace. 
 
 numeros 
 
 pueros 
 
 fabros 
 
 virSs 
 
 membra 
 
 Gen. 
 Loc.) 
 
 numerorum puerorum 
 
 fabrorum 
 
 virorum 
 
 membrorum 
 
 Dat.} 
 Abl.J 
 
 numerls 
 
 puerls 
 
 fabrls 
 
 viris 
 
 membris 
 
 110 Like numerus are declined umSrus, a shoulder; iitgrus, the womb; 
 JunlpSrus (f.), a juniper ; and the adjectives fSrus, wild ; prop&rus, hasty; 
 prospgrus, favourable. 
 
 Like puer are declined s6c6r, father-in-law; ggngr, son-in-hnv ; vesper, 
 evening star; LIb6r, the god Bacchus; jugSrum, an acre (plural juge"ra, 
 jugerum, jugerlbus) ; and the adjectives aspgr, rough; Iac6r, wounded; 
 Hb6r, free (hence liberi (pi.), children}; mlsgr, -wretched; t6n6r, tender; 
 and compounds like mortlfe'r, death-bringing ; allgSr, winged : &c. Dexter 
 is declined both like puer and like faber. 
 
 Similarly the adjective satur, satiated (satiira, saturum, &c.). 
 
 32 
 
36 INFLEXIONS. [Book If. 
 
 Like faber are declined ag6r, a field ; ap&r, a wild boar ; liber, bark, 
 book ; and most other substantives and adjectives (m. and f.) with stems in 
 Sro. The neuters are declined like membrum. 
 
 111 Stems in -vo or -qvo, in order to avoid a concurrence of u with u, 
 retained o in the nom. and ace. cases singular until after the Augustan 
 age. Hence Squ&s, not gquus ; aevom, not aevum ; arduos, arduom, not 
 arduus, arduum. This concurrence was also avoided by writing gqus 
 or Scus, antlcus. &c. for equus. antiquus, c. (In modern books the 
 forms equus, arduus, aevum, arduum, &c. are usually printed.) 
 
 112 Substantive stems in io, until after the Augustan age, formed the 
 genitive singular in i single; e.g. Virglli, Claudi, not Virgilii, Claudii; 
 Ovid and Propertius, however, use ii. The vocative sing, of these 
 stems ended in i not ie; e.g, Claudi not Claudie. But the vocative 
 sing, is found only in proper names, and in filius, a son ; ggnius, natural 
 temper; vulturius, a -vulture. The vocative of Pompeius and other words 
 with stem in aio-, eio-, was either a disyllabic Pompei, or a trisyllable 
 Pompel. 
 
 Adjectives have gen. sing, in 11. A voc. sing, is found only in a 
 few adjectives derived from Greek proper names : it is in IS, e.g. 
 Cynthie, Tlrynthie. 
 
 113 There are but few o stems of the feminine gender. These are chiefly 
 names of trees or Greek words, especially names of jewels and towns, 
 &c. Those most used are the following : 
 
 (a) alvus, belly ; carbasus, a sail; c61us, a distaff; ddmus (stem also 
 in u; see 121), a house; humus, the ground; vannus. a fan. 
 
 (b) names of trees ; 
 
 aesculus, chestnut fraxmus, ash 
 
 alnus, alder laurus, bay (cf. 121) 
 
 arbutus, strawberry tree malus, apple tree 
 
 buxus, box tree myrtus, myrtle (cf. 121) 
 
 cedrus, cedar ornus, mountain ash 
 
 cornus, cornel (cf. 121) plnus, pine (cf. 121) 
 
 c6rtilus, hazel platanus, plane 
 
 cupressus, cypress (cf. 121) pSpulus, poplar 
 
 fagus, beech quercus, oak (cf. 121) 
 
 flcus (rarely m.), fig (cf. 121) ulmus, elm 
 
 (c) Jewels; e.g. amethystus, crystallus, sappMrus; c. 
 
 (d) Towns and other places ; e.g. Aegyptus, Chersdnesus, Cyprus, 
 Delos, Lemnos. Peldponnesus, Rhodus, &c. But Canopus, Isthmus, 
 Orchomgnus and Fontus are masculine. 
 
 (e) Other Greek words ; e. g. atdmus, an atom ; m6th6dus, a method, 
 &c. 
 
 114 All neuters have nom. and ace. singular ending in -um, except 
 virus, poison ; vulgus, common people, and Greek pelagus, sea, which have 
 in ace. virus, vulgus and vulgum, pelagus. The plural of this last 
 word is pelage. Virus and vulgus have no plural. 
 
Chap. K] Declension of -o Stems. 37 
 
 115 Peculiar forms of cases occur as follows: 
 
 SING. Abl. In early times the ablative ended in d; e.g. poplicod, 
 preivatod. Possibly Plautus used it. It occurs in an inscription, B.C. 186. 
 
 PLUR. Gen. -urn instead of -orum is found in some masculine 
 names ; viz. : 
 
 (a) in names of weights and measures (chiefly Greek) in combination 
 with numerals. Thus nummum, sestertium, denarium, talentum, me- 
 dimnum, stadium (for nummorum, &c.). 
 
 (6) in deum, divum, virum (in poetry), and in the compounds in 
 prose; e.g. decemvlrum ; llberum, Children; fabrum (in phrases, as 
 praefectus fabrum) ; socium (in prose rarely, except of the Italian allies) ; 
 equum (also written ecum). 
 
 (<:) in names of people in poetry; e.g. Argivum, Teucrum, &c. Occa- 
 sionally also in fluvium, famulum, juvencum. 
 
 (d} in adjectives rarely : e.g. magnanimum (Verg.), amicum, aequom, 
 &c. (Ter.). 
 
 In numerals frequently; e.g. duum, ducentum, quingentum, &c. So 
 usually in distributives; e.g. trinum, quaternum, senum, &c. 
 
 This genitive is rare in neuters. But the genitives armum, somnium, 
 oppidum are found. 
 
 The dative and ablative form is sometimes contracted; e.g. suffragls, 
 denarls. 
 
 116 Deus, God, had voc. Deus; nom. plur. di (sometimes written dii); 
 dat. abl. dis (dils); but del and dels are not infrequent in Ovid, &c. 
 
 117 The following words of this class are defective or redundant in certain 
 cases. 
 
 balneum (n.), a bath, also plur. balneae (f.), of the bath house ; caelum 
 (n.), heaven, no plur. except caelos oiic'e in Lucr. where the meaning com- 
 pels a plural ; carbasus (f.), linen, plur. carbasa (n.), sails, &c. ; gpulae 
 (pi.), dinner, also sing, gpulum (n.) 5 frenum (n.), a rein, plur. freni (m.) 
 and frena (n.) ; infltias, denial, ace. pi. only with verb Ire and only in this 
 case ; jdcus (m.), joke, plur. jdci (m.) and jdca ; jtigulus (m.), in sing, also 
 jugtilum (n.), collarbone, throat; jus jurandum (n.), oath, both parts of the 
 words are declined ; e.g. juris jurandi, jure jurando, &c. ; Idcus (m.), a 
 place, in plur. also Idea, of places, properly speaking ; 16ci, chiefly of places 
 metaphorically, i. e. matters for argument, c. : nauci, trifle, only loc. or 
 gen. sing.; nlhil (n.), nothing, only in nom* ace. s. often contracted nH ; 
 (of the fuller form nlhllum are used ninlli as gen. or loc. of price ; nlhllo 
 after prepositions, comparatives, and as abl. of price; and ad nlliilum; in 
 ordinary language nullius rei, &c. are used) ; pessum, bottom, only ace. s. 
 after verbs of motion, e.g. Ire, dare, &c. ; pondo, properly abl. s., also 
 used as if indeclinable, ' pounds' ; rastrum (n.), a rake, also in plur. rastrl 
 (m.) ; retlculus (m. ), more frequently reticulum \ suppfitias (ace. pi.), 
 supply, help, only in this case; venum (n.), ace. sing, after ire, dare, &c. : 
 Tacitus alone has a dative veno. For virus, vulgus, see 114. 
 
 For substantives which have some forms of this first class and some of 
 the second, see 121. 
 
INFLEXIONS. 
 
 [Book II. 
 
 118 The inflexions of adjective stems in o and a are usually given to- 
 gether, e. g. : 
 
 SING. 
 
 m. 
 
 f. 
 
 n. 
 
 m. 
 
 f. 
 
 n. 
 
 Nom.l 
 Voc. f 
 
 plus 
 
 pia 
 
 pium 
 
 ater 
 
 atra 
 
 atrum 
 
 Ace. 
 
 pium 
 
 piam 
 
 pium 
 
 atrum 
 
 atram 
 
 atrum 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Pil 
 
 piae 
 
 pii 
 
 atri 
 
 atrae 
 
 atri 
 
 Dat. 
 
 pia 
 
 piae 
 
 pi3 
 
 atra 
 
 atrae 
 
 atr8 
 
 Abl. 
 
 pie 
 
 pia 
 
 pio 
 
 atro 
 
 atra 
 
 atra 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Pii 
 
 piae 
 
 pia 
 
 atri 
 
 atrae 
 
 atra 
 
 Ace. 
 
 pios 
 
 pias 
 
 pia 
 
 atros 
 
 atras 
 
 atra 
 
 Gen. 
 
 piorum 
 
 piarum 
 
 piorum 
 
 atrorum 
 
 atrarum 
 
 atr8rum 
 
 Dat.) 
 
 Abl.f 
 
 piis 
 
 piis 
 
 piis 
 
 atris 
 
 atris 
 
 atris 
 
 119 Similarly the possessive pronouns meus, mine; tuus, thine; suus, his 
 (her, their) own ; noster, our own ; vester, jour own. 
 
 In the vocative singular masculine mi is used. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 SECOND DECLENSION. 
 
 120 THE second main class of nouns contains stems ending in the semi- 
 consonantal vowels u and i, or in a consonant. 
 
 1. DECLENSION OF -u STEMS. 
 
 Stems in u, if masculine or feminine, have the nominative sing, in 
 -us ; if neuter, have the bare stem for nom. and ace. singular. 
 
 The feminine nouns with u stem are colus, domus, Idus (pi.), 
 manus, portlcus, quinquatrus (pi.), tribus, and names of women (anus, 
 an old woman; nurus, daughter-in-law; pronurus, sdcrus, mother-in- 
 law, prosocrus) ; and of trees (cornus, cornel; cupressus, cypress; ficus, 
 Jig; myrtus, myrtle; quercus, oafc). 
 
 The neuter nouns are cornu, horn', g5nu, knee; pgcu, cattle] veru, 
 a spit, and the rare plurals, artua, limbs and ossua, bones. 
 
 All the rest are masculine. The great mass of them are verbal 
 nouns denoting action; e.g. ggmitus, groaning; conatus, effort; visus, 
 sight, &c. 
 
 As examples may be given : artus (m.), a limb (rare in singular) ; 
 anus (f.), an old woman ; cornu (n.), horn. 
 
Chap. VI.} 
 
 Declension of -u Stems. 
 
 39 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 artu-s 
 
 anus 
 
 cornu 
 
 Ace. 
 
 artu-m 
 
 anum 
 
 cornu 
 
 Gen. 
 
 artfls 
 
 anus 
 
 cornus 
 
 Dat. 
 
 artu-i or artu 
 
 anul ) 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 artu 
 
 ana j 
 
 corntl 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 
 
 Nom.) 
 Ace. ( 
 
 artfls 
 
 anus 
 
 cornua 
 
 Gen. 
 
 artuum 
 
 anuum 
 
 cornuum 
 
 Dat.) 
 
 A 1,1 f 
 
 artu-bus 
 
 anlbus 
 
 cornibus 
 
 Abl.j 
 
 
 
 
 The dat. abl. 
 
 plural is in -Ibus, 
 
 except aciibus, 
 
 arcubus, artubus, 
 
 laciibus, portubus, 
 
 speciibus, tribubus, vgrubus (also 
 
 vSribus). 
 
 121 There was apparently some confusion between these inflexions and 
 those of stems in o. For many words have some cases as if from o 
 stems and others as if from u stems. 
 
 The most important word of this kind is ddmus, which is thus 
 declined : 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Loc. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 ddmus 
 domum 
 
 domus and (Plaut.) domi 
 domi, sometimes domui } 
 domui, rarely domo 
 domo, sometimes domu J 
 
 PLURAL. 
 domus 
 
 domos, sometimes domus 
 domorum, post-Aug. domuum 
 
 domibus 
 
 arcus has gen. (besides arcus) arc! or arqui. 
 
 anglportus only used in abl. s. and ace. pi. : a neuter with stem in o is 
 more common. 
 
 caestus has abl. pi. caestibus and caestis. 
 
 cdlus has dat. colo only; abl. colu and colo ; ace. plur. colus and 
 COlos ; no gen. dat. or abl. plural. 
 
 cornus has dat. corno ; abl. cornu and corno ; plur. nom. cornus ; dat. 
 abl. cornls. No other cases. 
 
 cupressus besides nom. has only gen. abl. sing, and nom. ace. plural 
 from both u and o stems. 
 
 frStus only in nom. ace. gen. and abl. sing. A neuter stem in is 
 more usual. 
 
 glus, rare, except in abl. sing. A neuter stem in is also used. 
 
 laurus only in gen. and abl. sing, and nom. ace. plur. : also a stem in 
 declined throughout, but gen. plural not found. 
 
 myrtus, only nom. ace. plural from u stem : all cases, except gen. 
 plural, from o stem. 
 
 pSnus, also two neuter stems in -u and in -6s (nom. pfiniis) : all are 
 found in singular, but usually pe"nu for ablative : in plur. only pgnus, 
 p&ndra ace. are found. 
 
 plnus has o stem also : abl. s. always pinu, abl. pi. pinis : gen. pi. not 
 found. 
 
40 INFLEXIONS. \Book II. 
 
 quercus, gen. pi. quercSrum: no dat. sing, or dat. abl. plural. 
 
 rictus, rarely a nom. rictum, pi. ricta. 
 
 tonltrus, also a neuter stem in -uo. 
 
 Many stems in the earlier language had genitive in i. Thus in Plautus 
 and Terence we have adventi, fructi, gSmlti, ornati, quaesti, senati, 
 sumpti, tumulti, victi (besides domi, arci already mentioned). 
 
 122 No adjectives have u stems, except compounds of manus, e. g. angui- 
 mamis, ace. pi. Lucret. 
 
 There are three words whose stem ends in u, but the u is radical 
 and the stem is monosyllabic. Their inflexions really belong mainly to 
 the consonant class of stems: grfis (ace. gruem, c.); BUS which has 
 two datives sulbus, subus, also subus; bQs, ace. bdvem, &c. gen. pi. 
 bourn, dat. abl. plur. bobus or bttbus. To these may be added Juppiter 
 (for Jovpater), ace. Jovem, &c. 
 
 All the other words with u stems are of two or more syllables. 
 
 2. DECLENSION OF -i STEMS AND 3. CONSONANT STEMS. 
 
 123 Stems ending in i and stems ending in a consonant have very similar, 
 often identical, case-endings and cannot always be clearly distinguished. 
 These case-endings, as here given, in the i stems include the final stem- 
 vowel (I) ; in the consonant stems they may be considered as mere 
 suffixes. They are as follows: 
 
 I stems. Consonant stems. 
 
 SING. Nom. various various 
 
 Ace. -em, sometimes -1m (for i-em) -em 
 
 Gen. -Is (for 1-Is) -is 
 
 Dat. -1 (for i-I) -I 
 
 PLUR. Nom. -es (for i-es), neut. -ia } . 
 
 Ace. -Is or -6s f ' es ' n< 
 
 Gen. -ium -um 
 
 Dat.) 
 
 Loc. - -Ibus (for I-Ibus) -Ibus 
 
 Abl.) 
 
 124 The nominative singular of masculine and feminine nouns in both 
 classes of stems was normally formed by the addition of s, but was 
 liable to modification according to the nature of the final consonant. 
 
 In the i stems we have sometimes -Is, sometimes -es, sometimes (the 
 i having fallen away) simple s : and from stems in -li or -ri the nomina- 
 tive ended in the final stem consonant. 
 
 In the consonant stems a simple s was added to stems ending in 
 mutes, except in a very few stems in which -is, perhaps also in some 
 few -es, was added. In stems ending in n, 1, and r the nominative 
 and stem are identical, excepting that stems in on dropped the n. 
 
Chap. VI.] 
 
 Declension of -1 Stems. 
 
 Both in i stems and consonant stems t or d, if coming immediately 
 before the s, fell away. 
 
 The nom. sing, of neuter nouns ended either in the final stem con- 
 sonant, or sometimes, in i stems, the final i was changed to 6. A few 
 adjectives have the form (in s) properly belonging to the masculine 
 applied also to neuters. The accusative is always like the nominative. 
 
 In i stems the accus. sing, has -em for masc. and fern, in all adjec- 
 tives and always or usually in most substantives. A few substantives 
 have also -im, very few have -im only. 
 
 The abl. of i stems from adjectives (except participles), when used as 
 adjectives, is in -i always or usually. Most substantives, substantially 
 used adjectives, and participles have g. Neuters which have e, 1 or r 
 final in nom. sing, have i in ablative. 
 
 The locative ended in i, but its place is often taken by the ablative. 
 
 Occasionally an abl. in i is found from consonant stems. . 
 
 125 In the plural i stems have gs, rarely is in the nominative; es or Is 
 or (as sometimes written) eis indifferently in the accusative. In the 
 genitive the i of some stems in -nti, and a few others, is occasion- 
 ally omitted in verse for metre's sake. 
 
 2. I Stems. 
 
 126 Stems in -pi, -bi, -mi, -vl ; -sci, -qvi, -gi, -gvi, -hi; -stl, -di, -ni, -li, 
 -si retain i or e in nom. sing., masc. or fern. 
 
 Except stirps, trabs, plebs, urbs, nix, frons, glans and compounds 
 of cor. 
 
 As examples may be given: nubes (f.), stem nubi-, a cloud; puppis 
 (f.), stem puppi-, a ship-stern; tristis, adj., stem tristi-, sad. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 Nom. 
 Ace. 
 
 nflbe-s 
 nube-m 
 
 puppl-s 
 puppi-m or 
 puppe-m 
 
 Gen. 
 
 xmbl-s 
 
 puppl-s 
 
 Dat. 
 
 nubi 
 
 puppi 
 
 Loc.) 
 Abl.f 
 
 nubg 
 
 puppfi 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 nube-s 
 
 puppg-s 
 
 Ace. 
 
 nube-s or 
 
 puppe-s of 
 
 
 nubi-s 
 
 puppi-s 
 
 Gen. 
 
 nubi-um 
 
 puppi-um 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Loc. 
 Abl. 
 
 nubi-bus puppl-bus 
 
 tristi-s (m. f.) tristg (n.) 
 triste-m triste 
 
 tristl-s 
 tristi 
 
 tristi 
 
 tristg-s (m. f.) tristi-a (n.) 
 tristg-s or tristi-a 
 
 tristi-s 
 
 tristi-um 
 
 tristi-bus 
 
INFLEXIONS. 
 
 [Book II. 
 
 127 
 
 Sterns in -ci, except those in -sci, drop i in nom. sing. 
 
 As examples: urbs (f.), stem urbi-, a city- calx (f. sometimes m.), 
 stem calci-, a heel; audax (adj.), stem audaci-, bold. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 Nom. 
 Ace. 
 Gen. 
 Dat. 
 Loc.| 
 Abl.f 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 Nom. urbe-s calces 
 
 Ace. urbe-s or calce-s or 
 
 urbl-s calcl-s 
 
 urbi-um (no gen. pi.) 
 
 urbs 
 urbe-m 
 urbl-s 
 urbi 
 
 urb6 
 
 calx 
 calce-m 
 calci-s 
 calci 
 
 palcS 
 
 Gen. 
 Dat.^ 
 LocA 
 
 Abl.j 
 
 audax (m. f. n.) 
 audace-m(m.f.) audax (n.) 
 
 audacl-s 
 
 audaci 
 
 audacS or audaci 
 
 audaea-s (m.f.) audaci-a (n.) 
 audac5-s or audaci-a 
 audaci-s 
 
 audaci-um 
 
 urbl-biis 
 
 calcl-bus 
 
 audaci-bus 
 
 Most stems in -ti, if -ti is preceded by a consonant or long vowel, 
 drop -ti. 
 
 As examples: amans (adj.), stem amanti-, loving; ars (f.), stem arti-, 
 art; rete" (n.), stem retk-, a net. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 Nom. amans (m. f, n.) ars ret8 
 
 Ace. amante-m (m. f.) amans (n.) arte-m rete" 
 
 Gen. amantl-s artl-s retl-s 
 
 Dat. amanti art! reti 
 
 Loc.) amanti or .- reti or 
 
 Abl.f amante retg 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 Nom. amante-s (m. f.) amanti-a (n.) arte-s reti-a 
 
 Ace. amante-s or amanti-a arte-s or reti-a 
 
 amanti-s artl-s 
 
 Gen. amanti-um arti-um reti-um 
 
 Dat.] 
 
 Loc.r amanti-bus arti-bus retl-bus 
 
 AblJ 
 
 128 Stems ending in ri preceded by e usually drop the i in the nom. sing, 
 masc. and drop the e (before r) in all other cases as well as in the fern, 
 and neut. nom. : those ending in ari as well as all usually, if substan- 
 tives, drop the final vowel in the nom. ace. sing, neuter. Otherwise 
 stems in ri, li have usually is for nom. s. masc. and fern., 6 for neuter. 
 Except m6mor, par and their compounds. 
 
 As examples may be given; ac6r (acjj-), stem acSri-, sharp; anl- 
 mali-s (adj.), stem animali-, endued with life. 
 
Chap. VI J] Declension of Consonant Stems. 43 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 Nom. acer(m.) acris(f.) acre (n.) anlmali-s (m.f.) ammalg(n.adj.) 
 
 animal (n. sub.) 
 
 Ace. acre-m acrS animale-m do. 
 
 Gen. acrl-s animali-s 
 
 Dat. acrl animall 
 Loc. 
 
 AH ,,* animall (adj.) 
 
 AbK acri animalg (subst.) 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 Nom. acre-s (m. f.) acri-a (n.) animale-s (m. f.) anlmali-a (n.) 
 Ace. acre-s or acri-a animale-s or animali-a 
 
 acri-s animall-s 
 
 Gen. acri-um animali-um 
 
 Dat.>| 
 
 Loc. I acri-bus animali-fous 
 
 Abl.j 
 
 The form in -is (e, g. acris) is sometimes used for masculine nom. s. as 
 well as for feminine. 
 
 3. Consonant Stems. 
 
 129 Stems ending in mutes (labial, guttural or dental) form the nomi- 
 native singular by adding s, but the dentals t, d, being assimilated to it, 
 fall away. 
 
 A short e preceding the final stem consonant is usually changed to I 
 in other cases than the nom. sing. 
 
 As examples: princeps (adj.), stem princgp-, chief; jiidex (m. f.), 
 stem judge-, a judge; rex (m.), stem reg-, a king; civltas (f.), stem 
 civitat-, citizenship; Squgs (m. f.), stem equfit-, horseman; caput (n.), 
 stem caput-, head; pes (m.), stem p6d^, a foot. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 Nom. princep-s (adj.) jiidex rex 
 
 Ace. princip-em(m.f.) prineep-s (n.) judlc-em reg-em 
 
 Gen. princip-Is judic.-Is reg-Is 
 
 ^H princip-I judic-I reg-1 
 
 Abl. princip-6 judic-5 reg-5 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 princip-es (m. f.) no neut. jfldic-es reg-es 
 
 Gen. princip-um judic-um reg-um 
 
 Dat.) 
 
 Loci princip-Ibiis judic-Ibus reg-Ibiis 
 
 AblJ 
 
44 
 
 INFLEXIONS. 
 
 [Book II. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 civitas 
 
 6qu6s 
 
 capftt 
 
 pes 
 
 Ace. 
 
 civitat-em 
 
 eqult-em 
 
 caput 
 
 pgd-em 
 
 Gen. 
 
 civitat-is 
 
 equit-Is 
 
 caplt-ls 
 
 ped-ls 
 
 Dat | 
 
 
 
 
 
 Locj 
 
 civitat-I 
 
 fequit-I 
 
 capit-I 
 
 ped-I 
 
 Abl. 
 
 civitat-6 
 
 equit-8 
 
 capit-6 
 
 ped-6 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nom.) 
 Ace. | 
 
 clvltat-es 
 
 gquit-es 
 
 caplt-a 
 
 p6d-es 
 
 Gen. 
 
 civitat-um 
 
 equit-um 
 
 capit-um 
 
 ped-um 
 
 Dat.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Loc. \ 
 
 civitat-Ibus 
 
 equit-Ibiis 
 
 capit-Ibus 
 
 ped-Ibiia 
 
 AblJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Civitas, 
 
 and a few other 
 
 nouns with stem 
 
 in tat- have sometimes -imn in 
 
 gen. plur. 
 
 
 
 
 
 130 Stems ending in n form the nominative singular in one of two 
 ways: 
 
 Those ending in -6n and -on (all masc. or fern.) drop the final n; in 
 the cases other than nom. sing. On becomes In. 
 
 Those ending in 6n remain unchanged ; in the cases other than nom. 
 sing. 6n becomes -In. Most of these are in -mSn, and all these except 
 one are neuter. 
 
 As examples: h6mo (m. f.), stem h6m6n-, a man; Cratio (f.), stem 
 oration-, speech; tibicSn (m.), stem tiblcSn-, a flute-player; noraSn (n.), 
 stem nomfin-, a name. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 hOmo 
 
 Oratio 
 
 tibicSn 
 
 nSmgn 
 
 Ace. 
 
 homln-em 
 
 oration- em 
 
 tibicln-em 
 
 nomen 
 
 Gen. 
 
 homin-Is 
 
 oration-Is 
 
 tibicin-is 
 
 nomln-Is 
 
 Dat.| 
 Loc.f 
 Abl. 
 
 homin-i 
 
 homin-6 
 
 oration-I 
 
 oration-6 
 
 tibicin-i 
 tibicin-6 
 
 nomin-I 
 nomin-6 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nom.( 
 Ace. j 
 
 h6mln-es 
 
 5rati6n-es 
 
 tiblcln-es 
 
 n6mIn-3, 
 
 Gen. 
 
 homin-um 
 
 oration-um 
 
 tibicin-um 
 
 nomin-um 
 
 Dat.) 
 
 Loc.V 
 Abl.) 
 
 homin-Sb&s 
 
 oration-Ibus 
 
 tibicin-Ibus 
 
 nomin-Ibus 
 
 131 
 
 Stems ending in 1, r, s are used as the nomin. sing, without addi- 
 tion or change, except that some neuters change 6r into ur, others 6s 
 into fcs. Stems in -s (except as, penny, os, bone, and mensis, month) 
 change s into r (also tls into fir) before a vowel, i.e. in all cases except 
 nom. sing. 
 
Chap. F/.] Declension of Consonant Stems. 
 
 45 
 
 (Thus a nom. neut. in -us sometimes goes with a genitive -6ris, some- 
 times with a gen. -6ris, according as its stem is in -6s or -us.) 
 
 As examples: consftl (m.), stem consul-, a consul; muli6r (f.), stem 
 mulier-, a woman; pater (m.), stem pat6r-, a father; am6r (m.), stem 
 am6r-, love; tempus (n.), stem temp6s-, time; 6nus (n.), stem 6nus-, a 
 burden; m5s (m.), stem mos-, a habit] crus (n.), stem criis-, a leg. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 cSnsfil 
 
 mulier 
 
 patSr 
 
 fim6r (m.) 
 
 Ace. 
 
 consul-em 
 
 mulier^em 
 
 patr^em 
 
 amor-em 
 
 Gen. 
 
 consul-Is 
 
 mulifir-Is 
 
 patr-Is 
 
 amor-Is 
 
 Dat.l 
 Loc.f 
 
 consul-* 
 
 mulier-I 
 
 patr-I 
 
 am6r-i 
 
 Abl. 
 
 consul-6 
 
 muliSrwS 
 
 patr-$ 
 
 amor-6 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 
 
 
 M I 
 
 
 
 
 
 INom.i 
 Ace. | 
 
 consul-es 
 
 muli6r-gs 
 
 patr-es 
 
 amor-es 
 
 Gen. 
 
 consul-um 
 
 muli6r-um 
 
 patr-um 
 
 amor-um 
 
 Dat.) 
 
 
 
 
 
 Loc. f 
 
 consul-Ibus 
 
 muli6r-Ibus 
 
 patr-Ibus 
 
 amor-Ibus 
 
 AblJ 
 
 
 
 
 
 SINGULAR, 
 
 Nom. tempus (n.) 6nus (n.) 
 tempus 
 
 temp6r-Is 
 temp6r-I 
 
 tempor- 
 
 temp6r-5, 
 temp6r-uin 
 
 onus 
 on6r-Is 
 
 on6r-i 
 on6r-5 
 
 ongr-a 
 on8r-um 
 
 mos (m.) 
 
 mor-em 
 
 m6r-Is 
 
 mOr-I 
 mor-$ 
 
 crus (n.) 
 
 crfts 
 
 crur-Is 
 
 crur-I 
 crur-6 
 
 mor-es 
 mSr-um 
 
 temp6r-Ibus ou6r-Ibus mor-Ibus 
 
 criir-a 
 crur-um 
 
 crur-Ibus 
 
 Ace. 
 Gen. 
 Dat.l 
 Loc.f 
 Abl. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 Nom.l 
 Ace. f 
 Gen. 
 Dat.) 
 Loci 
 AblJ 
 
 The principal adjectives with consonant stems are those in -6s, 
 which express the comparative degree of adjectives, 
 
 As example: melior (adj.), stem m61i6s-, better. 
 SINGULAR. PLURAL. 
 
 Nom. m6116r(m.f.) mglius (n.) Nom.) m61i5rgs ( m .f.) mS ii6ra(n.) 
 
 Ace. melior-em meliiis Ace. j 
 
 Gen. melior-Is Gen. melior-um 
 
 Loci melior-I Loc 'j. melior-Ibiis 
 
 Abl. 
 
 melior-6 
 
 Abl 
 
46 INFLEXIONS. ' \Book II. 
 
 Contrast of -i Stems and Consonant Stems. 
 
 132 The class of i stems and the class of consonant stems have, speaking 
 generally, certain marked differences. 
 
 i. A very large proportion of the i stems have the syllable, which 
 precedes the i, long, sometimes from the length of the vowel, more 
 often from the i being preceded by two consonants. 
 
 In the consonant stems the final stem consonant is always preceded 
 by a vowel, and this preceding vowel is generally short. 
 
 a. Further the i stems fall mainly into three divisions, thus: 
 
 (A) Substantives and adjectives of not more than two syllables in 
 the genitive sing. 
 
 (B) Adjectives with derivative suffixes. 
 
 (C) Adjectives compounded of noun stems. 
 
 The consonant stems fall into three divisions, thus : 
 
 (A) Substantives (few) of not more than two syllables in the 
 genitive singular. 
 
 (B) Substantives (and one class of adjectives) with derivative suf- 
 fixes. 
 
 (C) Substantives and adjectives compounded of verbal stems. 
 
 Classification of -i Stems* 
 
 133 A. The nouns of not more than two syllables in the genitive 
 singular have either 
 
 i. Disyllabic nominative in -es, or 
 
 i. Disyllabic nominative in -Is (m. f.), neuter in -S, or 
 
 3. Disyllabic nominative in -6r (for <5rls), or 
 
 4. Monosyllabic nominatives. 
 
 134 (i) Stems with disyllabic nominatives in -es : all feminine, except 
 verres (m.), a boar ; vates (m. f., gen. pi. often vatum), a seer. Of the 
 feminine, notice aedes (also aedis), hearth, temple; lues (also luem, no other 
 case), pestilence; proles (no plur.), offspring; sedes, gen. pi. usually 
 sedum), seat ; strues (no plur.), heap ; tabes (no plur., abl. s. tabe, tabo), 
 decay. 
 
 (2) Stems with disyllabic nominatives in -is : 
 
 (a) Adjectives; e.g. dulcis, sweet; gravis, heavy ; ISvis, light; omnis, 
 all ; tristis, sad; turpis, foul; &c. 
 
 (/3) Substantives: Masculine and Feminine; anguis (abl. -i rarely), 
 snake; callis, path ; clvls, citizen; clunis, haunch; corbis (abl. -i some- 
 times), basket ; finis (abl. often -i ; plur. rarely fern.), boundary; hostis, 
 enemy ; pgdis, louse; scr6bis, ditch; testis, witness. 
 
Chap. VL} Classification of -1 ' Stems. 47 
 
 (y) Masculine: amnis (abl. -1 often), river; aaaia or axis, pole, axle- 
 tree; buris, plough-tail (ace. in -im, no abl.); casses (pi., also casse abl. s.), 
 meshes; caulis, stalk; collis, hill; crlnis,, hair; ensis, sword; fascia, 
 bundle; follis, leather bag ; funis, rope ; fustis (abl. often -i), club; ignis 
 (abl. -i usually), yfrv ; manes (pi.), ghosts; orbia (abl. -i sometimes), a 
 round ; panis (no gen. pi.), loaf ; piacia, fish ; postia (abl. -i often), door- 
 post ; renes (pi., gen. renum sometimes), kidneys ; aentes (pi.), thorns; 
 torquis, collar; torris, brand; vectis, croivbar ; vermis, worm; ungnis 
 (abl. -i sometimes), nail, cla^v. 
 
 Feminine : apis (gen. pi. apum sometimes), bee ; avis (abl. -i sometimes), 
 bird; classis (abl. -i often), fleet, class ; clavia (ace. -im sometimes), key ; 
 cratia (ace. -im and -em), hurdle ; messia (ace. -im sometimes), reaping; 
 navis (ace. -im, abl. -i often), ship ; pelvis (ace. -im sometimes, abl. -i 
 usually), basin ; puppis (ace. -im or -em, abl. -i or -S), stern of ship ; ravia 
 (ace. -im, abl. -i always), hoarseness ; restis (ace. -im usually), rope ; sltis 
 (ace. -im, abl. -i, no plur.), thirst ; tigris (also with stem tigrld-), tiger; 
 turria (ace. -im usually, abl. -i often), tower; tuasis (ace, -im, abl. -i 
 always), cough ; and others. 
 
 Neuter: mare (abl. s. sometimes in -e in poetry: plural only nom. ace. 
 except marlbua once), sea; mille (indeclinable in sing.), thousand ; rete 
 (abl. s. sometimes ret& ; ace. s. also retem (m.)), a net. 
 
 135 (3) Stems with disyllabic nominatives in -fir : 
 
 imber (m., abl. -i often), shower of rain; linter or lunter (f. rarely m.), 
 boat; venter (m.), belly; uter (m.), skin bag. 
 
 135 (4) Stems with monosyllabic nominatives. 
 
 All (except mas, gen. maris, male ; nix, gen. nlvla, snow ; trabs, gen. 
 trabis, a beam} have a long syllable, usually formed by two consonants, 
 preceding the i; e.g. urbs, a city ; arx, a citadel; plebs, the common 
 people ; lux, light. 
 
 All are feminine, except the following masculines : dens, tooth ; fons, 
 fount ; glans (gen. glandis), acorn ; glla (gen. gllria), dormouse ; mas (gen. 
 pi. marum sometimes), male ; mils (gen. muris), mouse ; pons (gen. pontis), 
 bridge ; and the neuters lac, sometimes lacte" (gen. lactis, no plur.), milk ; 
 plus (gen. pluris), more, plural plures (m. f.), plura (n.). 
 
 Notice also nix (f.) (gen. nlvis, stem nigvi-), snow (no gen. pi.) ; vis (f.), 
 force, ace. vim; abl. vl; gen. and dat. rare: plur. vires, strength; gen. 
 viriuin ; dat. abl. viribus. 
 
 137 B. Adjectives with derivative suffixes: 
 
 -acl e.g. audax, bold; 16quax, talkative ; vlvax, longlived. 
 
 -ocl e.g. atrox, cruel; ferox, fierce; velox, swift. 
 
 -trlcl e.g. victrix, conquering ; corruptrix, corrupting. 
 
 -atl e.g. nostras, of our country; Arplnas, of Arpinum, &c. ; so 
 
 pgnates (pi.), gods of our hearth; summates (pi.), men at the top. 
 
 -Itl e.g. Qulrla, a Roman citizen ; Samnls, a man of Samnium. 
 
 present participles; e.g. amans, loving; monens, warning; 
 hence anlmana, living creature ; parena, a parent ; torrens, a 
 raging flood ; aerpena, serpent, &c. 
 
 e.g. agUia, active; facllia, easy; fosallis, dug up; delebllia, 
 
 destroyable ; slmilia, like. 
 
48 INFLEXIONS. \Book II. 
 
 -all e.g. aequalis, equal; mortalis, mortal; rlvalis, rival ; quails, 
 
 of -what kind. Some of these in the masculine and neuter are 
 
 used as substantives ; e.g. 
 
 Masc. canalis, a conduit ; fetialis, an ambassador ; sOdalis, 
 
 a companion. 
 
 Neut. (most drop the final -e in the nom. ace. sing.), animal, 
 
 animal; tribunal, a judgment-scat ; vectlgal, ground-rent. 
 -till e.g. edulis, eatable ; trlbulis, of a tribe. 
 
 -ell crudSlis, cruel ; fldelis, faithful ; patruelis, of an uncle. 
 
 -HI e.g. hostllis, of an enemy; vlrllis, manly. As substantives: 
 
 Aednis, a public officer ; Quintnis, the fifth month. Neuter : 
 
 e.g. ancfle, sacred shield ; 6vDle, shccpfold. 
 -brl e.g. celSber, crowded ; December (sc. mensis), the tenth month; 
 
 lugubris, mournful ; muliebris, womanly. 
 
 -crl e.g. alacer, alert ; mfidiocris, moderate ; vfilucer, swift. 
 
 -strl e.g. Ulustris, brilliant ; gquester, on horseback; pgdester, on 
 
 foot ; terrestris, on land. 
 -arl e. g. famlliaris, intimate ; mnitaris, of soldiers ; singularis, 
 
 unique. Neuters used as substantives often drop finale: e.g. 
 
 calcar, a spur ; laquear, a ceiling ; but cochleare, a spoon. 
 -onsl e.g. castrensis, of the camp ; fdrensis, of the forum ; Cannensis, 
 
 of Cannae. 
 
 139 C. Adjectives compounded of noun stems : 
 
 e.g. exanlmis, lifeless ; blennis, for two years ; Inermis, unarmed ; 
 Iners, inactive ; praeceps, headforemost (gen. praeclpltis) ; so also anceps, 
 biceps, &c. ; decllvls, sloping ; conc&lor, of one folour ; incdlumis, safe ; 
 not speaking ; afflnis, related by marriage; effrenis, bit-less; trlformis, of 
 three shapes ; bllinguis, two-tongued; delumbis, weak in loins; immanis, 
 wild; blmestris, for two months; enervia, sinewless; enormis, huge; 
 expers, without share; Idcuples, rich; complures (pi. ), neut.complura, several; 
 implumis,^//^;-/^5-; impubis, not grown up; simplex, simple ; tiir6mis, 
 triply oared; insignls, distinguished; insomnls, sleepless ; consors, with com- 
 mon lot ; quincunx, with five oiinces, hence (generally) with five divisions. 
 
 So also (probably compounds) flnjlTiis, empty ; subllmis, lofty. 
 
 140 D. A few other words with -1 stems do not clearly belong to any 
 of the above classes ; viz. : 
 
 Substantives: ambages (f. pi., also ambage, abl. s.), windings; corn- 
 pages (f.), fastening; inddles (f.), native disposition ; subdles, upgrowth, 
 i.e. offspring; palumbes (m. f.), a, dove. 
 
 cucumis (m.) (also with stem ciicumls-, gen. cucumfiris), cucumber; 
 sementis (f.) (ace. sometimes in -im), seedtime; strlgllis (f., abl. usually 
 in -i), a scraper. 
 
 praesepg (n.), a fold ; tapete (n., plur. tapetia, tapeta; dat. abl. 
 tapetlbus, tapetls), carpet ; Praeneste, Soracte, Reate and other proper 
 names. 
 
 cdhors (f.), a troop ; Mavors (m.), the god Mars. 
 
 Adjectives: agrestis, rural; caelestis, heavenly; hflarls, cheerful; 
 felix, happy ; pernix, active; h6bs, blunt ; t6r6s, round; c616r, swift; 
 m6m6r, mindful ; virldis, green. 
 
Chap. VI.] Consonant Stems. 49 
 
 CONSONANT STEMS. 
 
 141 A. Substantives of not more than two syllables in the genitive 
 singular : 
 
 (a) with disyllabic nominative : 
 
 canis (m. f.), dog; senex (m.), gen. s6n!s, old man ; mensis (m.), gen. 
 pi. usually mensum, month. 
 
 frater (m.), brother ; mater (f.), mother ; pater (m.}, father. 
 
 142 (I)} with monosyllabic nominative : 
 
 Masculine : dux (gen. duels), leader ; grex (gen. grfigis), flock ; rex 
 (gen. regis), king; pes (gen. pgdis), foot; praes* (gen. praedis), surety ; 
 vas (m. f., gen. vadis), bail; lar (gen. laris), household god ; fur (gen. 
 furis), thief; fios (gen. floris), flower ; mos (gen. moris), manner; ros 
 (gen. roris), dew. 
 
 Also sol (gen. soils), sun ; sal (gen. sails, m. n.), salt ; which have no 
 gen. plur. 
 
 Feminine : ops (in nom. s. only as name of goddess), help ; mix (gen. 
 niicis), nut ; precem (no nom. s.), prayer ; vox (gen. vocis), voice ; frugeni 
 (no nom. s.), fruit; lex (gen. legis), a larv ; laus (gen. laudis), praise. 
 
 Also daps (gen. dapis), feast ; stlp-em (no nom.), piece of money ; fax 
 (gen. facis), torch; crux (gen. criicis), cross ; nex (gen. ne"cis), murder ; 
 pix (gen. plcis), pitch; vlcem (no nom. s.), change ; strix (gen. strlgis), 
 owl ; which have no genitive plural. 
 
 Par (m. f. gen. paris), an equal, as subst. has consonant stem; but as 
 adj. has i stem (neut. pi. paria). 
 
 Neuter: aes (gen. aeris), bronze; 6s (gen. ossis), bone; 6s (gen. oris), 
 mouth ; crus (gen. criiris), leg ; jus (gen. juris), right ; also broth. 
 
 Also cor (gen. cordis), heart ; fel (gen. fellis), gall ; mel (gen. mellis), 
 honey ; far (gen. fan-is), spelt ; ver (gen. veris), spring; rfis (gen. ruris), 
 country ; tus (gen. tu.ris), incense ; which have no gen. plur. Also vas 
 (gen. vasis), -vessel, which has vasoruin in gen. plur. Fas, divine right ; 
 nefas, wrong ; are indeclinable. 
 
 113 B. Substantives (and a few adjectives) with derivative affixes: 
 
 -c (gen. Icis), chiefly masculine; e.g. apex, point; pollex, tJmmb ; vortex 
 or vertex, a whirl, a head; Ilex (f.), holm oak ; pellex (f.), a 
 concubine. 
 
 -Ic chiefly feminine : e.g. calix, cup ; fornix (m.), vault. 
 
 -Ic all feminine : e.g. cervix, neck; me're'trix (subst.), a prostitute ; 
 
 nutrix (subst.), nurse; radix, root. 
 
 -6t (gen. 8tls), with nom. sing, in -es ; viz. abies (f.),yfr; aries (m.), rain; 
 
 paries (m.), party-wall. 
 
 with nom. sing, in -es ; viz. s&gSs (f.), standing corn ; tgges (f.), 
 
 a mat. 
 6t (gen. Itis); e.g. caespgs (m.), turf; gurgSs (m.), whirlpool; llmSs 
 
 (m.), boundary. 
 
 dives (adj.), rich; ales, winged; hence a bird (gen. pi. usually 
 
 in verse alltuum). 
 
50 INFLEXIONS. \Book II. 
 
 -tat abstract substantives, very numerous, all feminine: e.g. aetas, 
 
 age; aestas, summer; cl vitas, citizenship ; bgnignltas, kindness; 
 neredltas, inheritance; llbertas, liberty; majestas, dignity; 
 , partnership ; v61uptas, pleasure ; &c. 
 
 -tUt all feminine : viz. jiiventus, youth; sgnectus, old age; servltus, 
 
 bondage ; virtus, manliness. 
 
 -Ht salus, safety. 
 
 -Id (gen. Idis), all feminine : e.g. cassis, a helmet ; cuspls, point of spear ; 
 lapis, pebble. 
 
 144 -6n (gen. Inls) ; e.g. hdmo (m. f.), man; nemo, no man; turbo (m.), a 
 
 whirl ; also caro (f.) gen. carnis for carlnis, fiesh. 
 
 -g6n numerous, all feminine, (except margo (usually m.), a brink ;) 
 
 Virgo, girl ; Imago, image ; lanugo, downy hair ; callgo, mist ; 
 orlgo, a source ; roblgo, rust. 
 
 -d6n (gen. dlnls) numerous, substantives chiefly in -tudon, all feminine, 
 except those otherwise marked. 
 
 cardo (m.), hinge ; harundo (f.), a reed ; ordo (m.), a row. 
 
 aegrltudo, sickness; fortltudo, courage; multitude, great 
 number, &c. ; libido, lust. 
 
 -Sn (gen. Inls) ; flamen (m.), a priest ; pecten (m.), comb ; sanguen, usually 
 sanguls (m.), blood. 
 
 Numerous verbals in -m6n (gen. minis), all neuter: e.g. 
 agmen, a train of people, &c. ; carmen, song; certamen, con- 
 test ; crlmen, charge ; lenlrnen, alleviation ; nomen, -name ; 
 stamen, -warp thread. 
 
 -6n (gen. 6nls), all masculine, except Juno and abstract substantives in -ion 
 which are numerous and all feminine. 
 
 e.g. masculine: aqullo, north wind; carbo, coal; leo, lion; 
 centurio, a captain ; mulio, muleteer ; senio (of dice), a seize ; 
 sclpio, a staff; &c. 
 
 Feminine : e. g. accusatio (f. ), an accusation ; concessio, 
 grant ; quaestio, inquiry ; sedltio, a sedition ; ratio, a reckon- 
 ing, reason ; and many others. 
 
 legio (lit. a picking), a body of soldiers ; rggio (lit. a ruling] a 
 district; relllgio, a religious obligation. 
 
 145 -6r all neuter: some have nom. -6r, gen. orls : e.g. aequdr, a 
 
 level ; marmdr, marble. 
 
 Others have nom. -ur, gen. 6rls : 6bur, ivory ; fSmur, thigh ; 
 jgcur, liver (also gen. jdclneris, dat. jocineri, &c.); robur, heart 
 of oak, strength. 
 
 -ur e.g. augur (m.), an augur ; vultur (m.), vulture ; fulgur (n.), 
 
 lightning ; guttur (n.), throat ; murmur (n.), murmur. 
 
 -6r agger (m.), a mound ; anser (m.), a gander; career (m.), 
 
 prison ; niulier (f.), woman ; passer (m. ), sparrow. 
 
 cadaver (n.), a corpse ; Iter (n.), a journey (so nom. ace. sing., 
 other cases as if from Itlner : e.g. itineris, itinera, &c.); 
 verbgra (n. pi.), strokes (also abl. s. verbere). 
 
 -or all masculine, except two, viz. s6r6r (f.), a sister ; ux6r (f.), 
 
 wife. 
 
Chap. J^f.] Consonant Stems. 51 
 
 am6r (m.), love; d616r, pain; fulg6r, glitter; and other 
 verbals from present stem. 
 
 actdr, pleader; amat6r, lover; auditor, listener; censor, 
 assessor. 
 
 -5r or -6s Some nouns have both -6r and -6s in nom. s., 6ris in gen. 
 
 honos (less often h6n6r), honour ; labSs (more often Iab6r), 
 toil ; c616s, also color, colour; 6dos (or 6d6r), scent. 
 
 Adjectives of the comparative degree have nom. s. m. and f. 
 -6r; neut. -us; gen. s. all genders -oris. 
 
 e.g. mSlidr (m. f.), meliiis (n.), better ; duricr (m. f.), duriils 
 (n.), harder. 
 
 -6s making nom. s. -us, gen. -6rls. All neuter, except Igpiis (m.), 
 
 hare; arb6r (also nom. arbos) (f.), tree. 
 
 Neuter: corpus, body; de"cus, distinction; faclnus, a deed 
 (usually bad deed) ; frlgus, cold; lltus, shore; ne"mus, grove; 
 pectus, breast ; tempus, time ; and a few others. 
 
 -us making nom. s. -us, gen. 6rls. All neuter, except VSnus (f.), 
 
 grace ; vetus (adj.), old. 
 
 Neuter: foedus, treaty; funus, death; genus, a kind; munus, 
 gift ; 6nus, burden ; 6pus, work ; pondus, weight ; scelus, 
 wickedness; sldus, constellation; i$Qx&) fleece ; vulnus, -wound; 
 and a few others. 
 
 143 C. Substantives and adjectives compounded of verb-stems: 
 
 e.g. redux (adj.), bringing back ; faenisex (m.), gen. faenlse"cis, mower. 
 
 Also auceps (m.), gen. aucupis, bird-catcher ; remex (m.), gen. remi- 
 gis, a rower; compos (adj.), gen. comp6tis, having power ; praepfis (adj.), 
 gen. praepgtis, swift ; incus (f.), gen. incudis, anvil. 
 
 with gen. in Ipis : municeps (m.), burgess ; princeps (adj.), chief. 
 
 with gen. in Icis: index (m. f.), teller; judex (m. f.), judge; vindex 
 (m. f.), avenger; artlfex (m. f.), skilled maker; carnlfex (m. f.), butcher ; 
 pontlfex (m. f.), priest ; auspex (m. f.), bird- diviner ; supplex (adj.), sup- 
 pliant. * 
 
 with gen. in -Idis : obs6s (m. f.), hostage ; praes6s (m. f.), president ; 
 dose's (adj.), indolent. 
 
 with gen. in -Itis : c6m5s (m. f.), companion; mile's (m.), soldier; ale's 
 (adj.), winged ; 6qu6s (m.), on horseback ; pSd6s, on foot ; superstes (adj.), 
 surviving. 
 
 147 D. A few other words do not clearly belong to the above 
 classes, e.g.: 
 
 (i) Compounds of noun stems : Wvertex (gen. -Icis), with two tops; 
 exlex (gen. exlegis), outlaw; occiput (n.), gen. occlpltis, J)0fk of head ; 
 tripes, gen. trlpgdis, with three feet ; cornlpes, horn-footed; deggner, de- 
 generate ; stipellex (f.), gen. supellectllis, couch coverings. 
 
 42 
 
52 INFLEXIONS. [Book If. 
 
 (2) cuBtos (m. f.), gen. custodis, a keeper ; heres (m. f.), gen. heredis, 
 an heir ; merces (f.), gen. mercedis, wages; paltis (f.), gen. palfidis, a 
 marsh ; sacerdos (m.), gen. sacerdotis, a priest ; quies, rSquiSs (f.), gen. 
 quiStis, c. rest; Cergs (f.), gen. Cer&ris, the goddess Ceres; pflbes (adj.), 
 gen. pftbfiris, grown up ; clnls (m.), gen. clnfiris, ashes ; pulvls (m.), gen. 
 pulveris, dust; tellus (f.), gen. telluris, the earth. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 GREEK NOUNS, (esp. CLASS I.) 
 
 143 GREEK nouns generally, at least in the prae- Augustan period, 
 received slight changes, especially of vowels, to adjust them to the Latin 
 usage. Thus in inflexions Greek o became in Latin not 6 but u; e be- 
 comes not 6 but I; final v becomes not n but m ; final a>v (nom. s.) be- 
 comes not on but o. In and after Augustus' time a tendency grew up 
 to preserve more strictly the Greek forms. In some words and classes 
 of words the Romans appear to have been misled by a superficial resem- 
 blance and thus to have given Greek words the inflexions properly 
 suitable to stems of a different character. 
 
 Plautus, Terence and Cicero for the most part Latinize the in- 
 flexions. Propertius, Ovid, and the post-Augustan poets very frequently 
 retain the Greek vowels and n (for m) of the ace. sing. Intermediate 
 between these two parties stand Vergil and Horace, who with Corn. 
 Nepos, Pliny and other post-Augustan prose writers have the same 
 tendency as Ovid, but use many of the Latin forms. In all writers the 
 Greek forms are much more frequent in proper names than in appella- 
 tives, and in rarely used words than in those which had become part of 
 the ordinary language. 
 
 CLASS I. 
 i. Stems in -a. 
 
 149 Typical examples: npovtriar, 'Arpei&js, 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Prflsia or Prusias 
 
 Atrida or Atrides 
 
 Circa or Circe 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Prusia or Prusia 
 
 Atrida or Atride 
 
 Circa or Circe 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Prusiam or Prusian 
 
 Atridam or Atrlden 
 
 Circam or Circen 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Prusiae 
 
 Atrldae 
 
 Circae or Circes 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Prusiae 
 
 Atridae 
 
 Circae 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Prusia 
 
 Atrida 
 
 Circa or Circe 
 
 150 The Greek nouns corresponding to the Latin -a stems, ended in the 
 nom. sing, as follows : masc. -as (-as), fern, -a (-a), after a vowel or r : 
 otherwise, masc. -rjs (-es), fern. -77 (-e). If Latinized all become simply -a. 
 
Chap. VII.} Greek Nouns. Stems in -a. 53 
 
 In obliqiie cases the Greek declension has (usually) -3,, -g in the voca- 
 tive, -an, en in the accusative singular. 
 
 But the Latin vocative in -a and ace. in -am (or -em, from Greek 
 gentile names) are often found even when the nominative retains the Greek 
 form. 
 
 Stems in -tes had vocative (Greek, as well as Latin) -ta, e.f. Thyesta 
 also-te, e.g. Boote. 
 
 Patronymics in -des had vocative -de, e.g. Tydlde, Aeacide, Alclde ; 
 sometimes -da, e.g. Aeacida, Cecrdpida (Ovid), Anchlsiada (Verg.) ; accu- 
 sative always -den, e.g. Laertiaden, PSIIden. 
 
 So also feminine nouns with nom. s. in -e ; e.g. Circen, Prienen. 
 
 The genitive, dative, and locative almost always take the Latin form 
 -ae. But Propertius, Ovid and later poets usually make the genitive in -ea 
 from nominatives in -e. So also Quintilian in names like musice. 
 
 The ablative of stems in -es and -e is usually -e. 
 
 The plural is almost always in the Latin form. (Names of peoples Sec. 
 often have -um for -arum. See 104.) 
 
 151 The following examples \vill serve to show the variety in the nominative 
 case singular. 
 
 i. Greek nouns in -as (-as), or -775 (-es). Masculine. 
 
 (a) Appellatives. SycSphanta, p6eta, nauta, plrata always. Simi- 
 larly athleta, bibliopola, propola, citharista, and in Plaut. trapesslta 
 (TpaTrf^iTTjs) ; danista (daveia-Trjs) . In Cicero, anagnostes, geometres, 
 sophistes. So satrapes (ace. usually satrapam). 
 
 (/;) Gentile names. Persa (Plant.), Perses (Cic.) ; Scythes (Cic. Hor.), 
 Scytha (Lucan). In Cicero Abderltes, Crotoniates, Eplrotes, Staglrltes. 
 
 (c} Names of men. Hermia (Cic.), MIda (Ter.), Marsya (Hor. Ov.), 
 Pausania (Cic.), Phaedria (Ter.), Perdicca (Curt.), Aeeta (Ov.), Prusia 
 (Cic. Liv.). On the other hand Archias, Amyntas (Cic.) ; Pmsias (Liv.) ; 
 Aeneas, &c. 
 
 Anchlses, Achates, Thyestes. 
 
 Patronymics rarely have -a. Thus Heraclldes, Alcldes, Asclepiades, 
 Pelldes. But Atrlda is found (Hor. Ov.). Lucretius has two patronymics 
 from Latin names : Memmiadae (clat. sing.), son of Memmius ; Sclpiadas 
 (nom. s. ; Scipiadam ace. s., Hor. ; Scipiadae gen. s., Prop. Hor. ; 
 Scipiadas ace. pi., Verg.), son of Scipio. 
 
 152 2. Greek nouns in -d (-a) or -rj (-e). Feminine. 
 
 (a) Appellatives. ApStheca, aula, bibliotheca, tragoedia, comoedia, 
 prSra, machaera, purpiira (?ro/)0i;pd), ancSra (ayKvpd), nausea (vavo-id), 
 epistula (eTTitrroXi;), scaena (a-K-fiv-rj), always. In Cicero, grammatlca, 
 dialectica, rhetorica, musica : in Quintilian grammatice, &c. 
 
 (b) Names of places. Aetna, Greta, Libya, Sparta, Ida, Ithaca, &c., 
 but in Ovid usually Aetne, Crete, &c. Thessalonlca (Cic.) ; Tiiessalonice 
 (Liv. Plin.). Always Cyrene, Meroe. 
 
 (c) Names of women. For ' A\K/j.-r}vrj Alcumena (Plant.), Alcmena (Cic.), 
 Alcniene (Ovid). In Cicero, Varro, &c., Andrdmacha, Antidpa, Europa, 
 H6cata, Helena, Semela, &c. In poets usually Andromache, Antiope, &c. 
 But nympha (Cat. Verg. Ov.), nymphe (Ov.). Always BSrSnlce, Htbo, 
 Daphne, Pers6ph6ne, Phoebe, Rhddope, Thule, Tisiphbne, &c. 
 
54 INFLEXIONS. {Book II. 
 
 ii. Stems in -o. 
 
 153 Typical examples: "Hnfipos, Mcuai/Spos-, *A0a>y. 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 Nom. Eplrus or EpirSs Maeand6r or Maeandr6s Athos or Ath5 
 Voc. EpirS Maeandgr or Maeandrfi 
 
 Ace. Eplrum or Eplrdn Maeandrum or Maeandron Athon or Athonem 
 Gen. Epirl Maeandri Atho? 
 
 The -o stems in Greek had -05 (-6s) in nom., -ov (-6n) in accus. (and 
 neuter nominative) singular. The Latin form (-urn) for the accus. is often 
 found, even when a Latinized nominative (-us, sometimes -er for -6ms) is 
 not found. The other cases rarely received any other than a Latin form. 
 
 154 The following are instances of the usage : 
 
 SINGULAR, i. Appellatives (feminine), e.g. methodus, at6mus, anti- 
 d6tus, always. So trim&trus, or trimeter ; tetramStrus, or tetrameter ; 
 on the other hand diamfetros (also diam6trus), barbltos (m. and f.), phase- 
 los, or faselus, a bean, a boat. 
 
 2. A r amcs of plants, &c., e.g. acanthus (m.), asparagus (m.), asph6- 
 delus (m.), hyacinthus (m.), hellSbtfrus (m. more frequently helieb6rum, 
 n.) papyrus (f.), &c. But 16t6s (f.), aspalath6s, &c. 
 
 Precious stones (mostly feminine), amSthystus (f.), zmaragdus (m.), 
 electrum (n.), topazes (f.), &c. 
 
 Animals, arctos (f.) ; scorpios or scorpius (m.), camelus (m. f.), &c. 
 
 3. Names of toums and islands (feminine), e.g. Abydus, COrintlius, 
 Lampsacus, Paphus, Cyprus, Rhddus, T6n6dus, Eplrus, &c. The forms 
 in -os, -on (os, ov} in the poets chiefly. Always Aegyptus, but (nom.) 
 Imbros, Lemnos, DZlos, Samos, Sestos, Tyros, c. 
 
 Names of rivers and mountains (masculine), PenSus, Caystrus, Maean- 
 der, Parnassus, &c. Also Peneos, &c. Usually Pelion (n.) and nom. 
 Olympus (m.), Caucasus (m.), ace. Olympian, Caucasum. 
 
 4. Names of men. Usually Latinized, especially those in -pos (-rus), 
 preceded by a consonant ; e.g. Teucer, MSleager, rarely Meleagros, Anti- 
 pater, Alexander, Menander, sometimes Menandros, Evander, sometimes 
 Evandrus. So we have as accusatives Daidalon, Slsyphum, &c. 
 
 The genitive is sometimes in -u ; e. g. Menandru, ApoUodoru. 
 Panthus, voc. Panthu is a contracted form (Ildj^ooj, HdvOoe). 
 
 155 Greek words in -ews (-eos), are either completely Latinized; e.g. Tyn- 
 dargus, Pen616us, or sometimes have nom. -6s, ace. -on or -o, e.g. Andr6- 
 geos (gen. Andr6gCQ, and Andr6gei in Vergil). 
 
 So also a few names of places, viz. : Athos, Ceos, ace. Ath6u (Cat. Ov. 
 Verg.), Atho (Liv. Plin.), Ceo (Cic.). Coos (Mela), C6us (Liv.) for Kowy, 
 KcDy, has ace. Coum (Plin. Tac.), abl. Coo (Cic. Plin.). Cicero and Livy 
 inflect Atho, as if with stem in -on. 
 
 For some stems in cu- (eu-) see 160. 
 
Chap. VIIJ] Greek Nouns. Stems in -o, -eu, -y. 
 
 55 
 
 156 PLURAL. The nominative rarely in -oe; e.g. Adelphoe (Ter.), cane- 
 phdroe, arctoe, cosmoe (Cic.). 
 
 The Greek genitive in -wv (-6n) is found sometimes with liber as the 
 name of a book; e.g. Vergil's Bucdlicon, Georglcon ; Manillas' Astro- 
 n6micon; rarely otherwise ; e.g. Colonia Theraeon, for Theraeorum (Sail.). 
 
 On the genitive in -um, e.g. Pelasgum, Grajum, see 115. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 GREEK NOUNS. CLASS II. 
 
 157 GREEK nouns of this class, as of the first class, frequently retain 
 such of their Greek inflexions as are not very dissimilar from the Latin 
 inflexions. Plautus, Terence and Cicero for the most part Latinize the 
 inflexions. Propertius, Ovid and the post- A ugustan poets very fre- 
 quently retain the Greek vowels and -n (for -m) of the ace. sing, and 
 short pronunciation of the final syllables. Intermediate between these 
 two parties stand Vergil and Horace, who with Corn. Nepos, Pliny 
 and other post-Augustan prose writers share the same tendency as 
 Ovid, but use many of the Latin forms. The Greek forms in all 
 writers are much more frequent in proper names than in appellatives. 
 
 158 
 
 i. Stems in -o, -eu, -y. 
 Typical examples: ;po>r, 'Arpeu's-, TrjQvs. 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 Nom.) 
 
 heros 
 
 herofis 
 
 Atreus 
 
 Tethys 
 
 Voc. j 
 
 
 
 Atreu 
 
 Tethy 
 
 Ace. 
 
 heroem 
 
 heroas 
 
 Atreum or AtrSa 
 
 Tethym or Tethyn 
 
 
 or heroa 
 
 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 herois 
 
 heroum 
 
 Atrei or Atr66s 
 
 Tethyls or TethySs 
 
 Dat. 
 Abl. 
 
 heroi ) 
 heroS ( 
 
 herolbus 
 
 Atreo 
 Atreo 
 
 Tethyl or Tethyl 
 
 159 -0 (a) Masculine. Nom. in -6s ; ace. -oem or (poet.) -6 ; gen. 
 
 -6Is ; dat. -61. Plural nom. -6s ; ace. -oas ; gen. -oum ; dat. 
 abl. -olbus? (-oisin once in Ovid), 
 e.g. lieros, Minos. 
 
 (b) Feminine. All cases in -o, except gen. -fts. Ovid occa- 
 sionally has accusative in -on. 
 
 e.g. Allecto, Argo, Callisto, Caljrpso, Dido, Echo, Hero, lo, 
 Ino, Manto, Tneano, Sappho. 
 
56 INFLEXIONS. [Book II. 
 
 160 -eu Masculine. Norn, -eus ; voc. -eu ; ace. -eum or (poet.) 6a ; 
 
 gen. -ei or (poet.) -efls ; dat. abl. -eo. The poets (e.g. l> Verg. 
 Ov. Prop.) often treat -ei, -eo as one syllable, 
 e.g. Atreus, Cepheus, Erechtheus, Mnestheus, Nereus, Orpheus, 
 Peleus, Perseus, Pr&metheus, PIraeeus, Proteus, Tereus, The- 
 seus, Typhoeeus, Tyndareus, &c. For metre's sake we have 
 in ace. IdOmenea, DiOnea (Verg.), Capanea (Stat.). 
 
 The plural is rarely found ; e.g. accus. Slegarecs (Quintil.), 
 Phineas or Phineas (Mart.). 
 
 The name of the Macedonian king Perseus had an e- (or a-) 
 stem used in Cicero, and a -eu stem used in Livy. Other 
 writers generally follow Livy. Thus in Cicero, nom. Perses ; 
 ace. Persen, rarely Persem ; gen. dat. Persae ; abl. Persa. In 
 Livy, nom. Perseus ; ace. Perseum and Persea ; gen. Persei ; 
 dat. abl. Perseo. 
 
 In Horace are found gen. AchiHe!, 1711x61. 
 
 The Greek d/x^opeuy (m.), is in Lat. always amphdra (f.). 
 
 161 -y Nom. -ys, voc. -y (in poets); ace. -yn or -ym; gen. -yis or 
 
 -yos ; dat. -yl ; abl. -ye. 
 
 e.g. cheiys (f.), Cotys (m.), Erlnys (f.), Halys (m.), Phorcys (f.), 
 
 Tethys (f., dat. Tethyl once Catul.). 
 
 2. Stems in -e and -i. 
 162 Typical examples : 2&)^par^r, riypis tiger, ir\ayos (n.). 
 
 SINGULAR. SINGULAR. PLURAL. SINGULAR. 
 
 IN 1/111*1 
 
 Socrates 
 
 tigrls 
 
 tigres 
 
 peiagus 
 
 Acc! 
 
 Socratem or Socraten 
 
 tigrim or tigrin 
 
 tigres or 
 
 pglagus 
 
 
 
 
 tigrldas 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 SocratI or SocratI s 
 
 tigrls or tigrldls 
 
 tigrium 
 
 pSlagl 
 
 Dat. 
 
 SocratI 
 
 tigri or tigrldi? 
 
 tigrlbus 
 
 pglago 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Socrate or Socratg 
 
 tigrg or tigrldg 
 
 
 pglago 
 
 Plur. N. Ac. pglage 
 
 163 -e (a) Masculine. Nom. s. -es 1 . Ace. -em or more frequently 
 
 (especially in post- Augustan writers), in -en. Gen. usually in 
 -i'-', sometimes -Is. Abl. in -6, rarely -e. In plural these stems 
 are often treated as if they ended in -a 3 . 
 
 -ce e.g. Pharnaces. -che e.g. Laches. 
 
 -te e.g. Acestes, Achates, Bdotes, Euphrates, Hippocrates, Iphl- 
 
 crates, Is6crates, Mithridates, Orestes, Phrahates, P61ycrates, 
 Socrates, Thyestes, Tirldates, Tlmocrates, XSndcrates, &c. 
 
 1 These stems properly end in -os, or -es ; e.g. 2c6/cpares-, 76/0?-. The 
 final s (in yevos-, &c.), which is changed to r in Latin ( 131), is omitted in 
 Greek. 
 
 2 Forms like J^wKparov, Ka\\iKparov, KaXXtcrfleVou, &c. (instead of 
 SWK/DCITOVS, &c.), occur, in the Aeolic dialect and in some Attic inscriptions. 
 
 3 Forms like Zi-j(f>dvai, ILoatT^Xcu, &c. occur in Greek in and after 
 Plutarch. 
 
Chap. VIII.} Greek Nouns. Stems in -e and -i- 57 
 
 A genitive in -ae is occasionally found in the poets; e.g. 
 
 Antlphatae, Bootae, Orestae, Thyestae. 
 -de e.g. Alclbiades, Aristldes, Carneades, Di6medes, Euripides, 
 
 Ganymgdes, Hypgrldes, Miltiades, Palamedes, Parmgnldes, 
 
 Simonldes, Thucydldes. Proper patronymics belong to the 
 
 first class, 150, 151. 
 
 -ne e.g. Artaphernes, Clisthgnes, Demosthgnes, Dioggnes. 
 
 -le e.g. Achilles (see 160), Arist6teles, Hercilles, Praxiteles, 
 
 Thales (see 166, 168) ; EmpgdScles, ThSmistoeles, Pgricles. 
 -se (-ze) e.g. Gotarzes, Oaxes, Ulixes (see 160), Xerxes, Vologeses 
 
 (some cases of a stem in -o are found from the last-named). 
 
 164 ((>) Neuters. Nom. ace. sing. -6s or -us. Norn. ace. pi. -e (no other 
 cases), e.g. cetfls, mg!6s, pglagus ; Texnpe (plur. only). Pelagus (n.), 
 and cetus (m.), are also used with -o stems. So also grgbum (ace.), erebi 
 (gen.), erebo; chao (dat.), cac6etb.es (adj. n.). 
 
 165 -i (a) Feminine (chiefly, except names of rivers). Nom. in -is. 
 
 Ace. in -im or -in, abl. -i. 
 
 Appellatives : e.g. basis (ace. also in -em), phthisis, p6esis, 
 pristis, tigris (also with stem in -id). 
 
 Names of Persons. e.g. Sesostris (m.), Memphltis (f.), 
 Alcestis (f.). 
 
 Names of Places, e.g. Amphipdlis, Neap61is, &c. ; Cha- 
 rybdis, Hispalis, Leptis, Memphis, Sybaris, &c., also the plurals 
 Gadls, Sardls, Syrtls, TraUIs. 
 
 Names of Rivers. Masculine, e.g. Albis, Baetis (abl. also 
 in -6), Liggris, LIris, Tamesis, Tanais, Tigris (see also 1 70), 
 Tibgris ; Vesgris, Visurgis. 
 
 A gen. pi. in -on occurs in the word mgtamorphoseon as part 
 of the title of Ovid's work. 
 
 (b] Neuter. Nom. in. -i. e. g. sinapi. Also a feminine form 
 with nom. in is, ace. in -im. 
 
 3. Consonant stems. 
 
 166 The Greek forms are : Singular gen. -fis (Lat. -Is) ; ace. -a (Lat. -em) ; 
 Plural nom. -gs (Lat. -es). Other differences apply only to particular stems. 
 
 Typical examples: eX/^ay, KpeW, QaK-qs. 
 
 SINGULAR. PLURAL. 
 
 Nom. glgphantus or elephans or -as glgphanti (or elephantgs ?) 
 
 Ace. glgphantum or glephanta or -em elephantos (or elephantas?) 
 
 Gen. elephant! elephantorum 
 
 Dat. elephanto elephantis (or elephantlbus?) 
 Abl. elephanto or elephantg 
 
58 INFLEXIONS. [Book IT. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 Nom. Creo or Creon Aiicona or Ancon 
 
 Ace. CreSnem or Creontem or -ta Anconam or Anconem 
 Gen. Creonls or Creontls Anconae or Anconis? 
 
 Dat. Creoni or Creonti Anconae or Anconi? 
 
 Abl. Creone or Creonte Ancona or AnconS 
 
 Nom.) PhyUIs Thetis 
 
 Voc. f Tnales Phylll Thetl 
 
 Ace. ThaletemorThalem Phylllda Thetim or Thetln 
 
 or -en 
 
 Gen. Thaletls or Thalis? PhyllldlsorPhyllldSs Thetldls 
 
 Dat. Thaleti or Thall? Phyllidi or Phyllidl? Thetidi 
 
 Abl. ThaletS or Thale Phyllide" Thetidg and Theti 
 
 167 (a) Labial stems : 
 
 -ap e.g. Laelaps (m.). 
 
 -6p e.g. AetMops (m.), PSlops (m.). 
 
 -op e.g. Cyclops (m.). 
 
 -yph e.g. gryps (m. In plur. also gryphi, gryphorum, gryphis). 
 
 -ab e.g. Arabs (m., also nom. Arabus ; abl. Arabo). 
 
 -yb e.g. Chalybs (m.). 
 
 (l>) Gtittural stems : 
 
 -ac e.g. C6rax (m.). 
 
 -6c e.g. Cappadox (some cases from stems in -o in post- Augustan 
 
 writers). 
 
 -yc e.g. Eryx (m. ace. Erycum ; abl. Eryco Cic. Tac.). 
 
 -Ic e.g. Cilix(adj.). 
 
 -ac e.g. thorax (m.), Ajax (m.), Thrax (m.), Phaeax (m.). 
 
 -yc e.g. Ceyx (m.), bombyx (m.). 
 
 -yen e.g. 6nyx (m. f.), sarddnyx (f.). 
 
 -nc e.g. lynx (f. rarely m.). 
 
 -yg e.g. Phryx (m.), Styx (f.), lapyx (m.). 
 
 -ng e.g. Sphinx (f.), syrinx (f.), phalanx (f.). 
 
 163 (c) Dental stems : (a) stems in -t. 
 
 -at (r) Neuter. Nom. s. in -a; Plural nom. in -ta ; gen. in 
 
 -torum ; dat. abl. in -tls, sometimes in -tlbus. 
 e.g. dlplSma, emblema, plasma, p6ema, prdblema, tdreuma. 
 (2) Neuter. Nom. s. in -as ; e.g. artdcreas. 
 
 -It Nom. s. in -Is ; e.g. Charis (f.). 
 
 -ot Nom. s. in -6s ; e.g. Aeg5c6ros (m.), rhln6c6ros (m.), Eros (m.). 
 
 -et Nom. s. in -es ; e.g. 16bes (m.), magnes (m.) ; Ores, Dares, 
 
 Thales, Chr6mes, PhI161aches, &c. The last three have also 
 forms as from -i stems ; e.g. Thalem, Thali, Thale ( 163. It 
 has vowel, not dental, stem in Herodotus and Attic Greek). 
 
 -5th Nom. s. in -es; e.g. Parnes. 
 
Chap. VIIL~\ Greek Nouns. Consonant Stems. 59 
 
 -ant Nom. s. in -as, rarely in -ans ; ace. in -anta, often in poets 
 
 vocative sometimes in -a ; e.g. Calcha, Palla. 
 
 e.g. adamas (m.), gigas (m.), lphas (m. the other cases 
 most frequently formed as from a stem in -anto) ; Atlas (m.), 
 Calchas (m.), CSrybantes (m. plur.), PaUas (m.), Thoas (m.). 
 
 For the Greek forms Acragas (m.), Taras (m.), used some- 
 times in verse we have in prose -0 stems; e.g. Agrigentum, 
 Tarentum or Tarentus. 
 -ont Nom. s. in -on. All masculine. 
 
 e.g. Anacreon, Autdmgdon, Charon, PhaSthon, draco, cha- 
 maeleon, Creon, Antlphon, X6n6phon. 
 
 The last three words, and others ending in -phont, have, in 
 Plautus and Terence and sometimes in Cicero, stems in -ph6n, 
 nom. -pho, only; e.g. Cteslpho, ace. Ctesiphonem, &c. ( 171). 
 
 -unt Nom. s. in -us. 
 
 e.g. Pesslnus (m.), Sellnus (f.), Trapezus (f.). For Snrous 
 Cicero has Sipontum ; for 'TSpovs Livy has Hydruntum. Ache- 
 runs (Plaut., Lucr.), Acheron (Cic. &c.). 
 
 -ent Nom. s. in -is; e.g. SImoIs. 
 
 -ynth Nom. s. in -ns ; e.g. TIryns. 
 
 169 (/3) Stems in -d. 
 
 In nom. sing, -d gives place to -s. 
 
 -ad Nom. s. in -as. All feminine; e.g. lampas (ace. s. generally 
 
 lampada) ; Pallas (dat. s. PalladI once) ; Areas, Cyclas, Dryas, 
 Hamadryas, Hfcis, Ilias, Maenas, Oreas, Pleias, Thyas. _ 
 
 A few instances occur of dat. pi. in -asin ; e.g. Hamadryasin, 
 &c. (Prop.); Troasin, Lemniasin (Ovid). 
 
 -6d Nom. s. in -us; e.g. trlpus (m.) ; Melampus, m. (voc. 
 
 Melampu, once in Stat.). From Oedipus (m.) the following 
 
 forms are found, chiefly in Seneca (Trag.) and Statins : nom. 
 
 -us, -6des; voc. -6 ; ace. -um (Cic.), -6da? -odem, -6den ; gen. 
 
 -6dls (Cic., Stat.), -6dae (Sen., Stat.); dat. -odae ; abl. -ode 
 
 (Cic.), -oda. 
 -yd Nom. s. in -ys ; voc. in -y in poets ; e.g. chlamys (f.), lapys. 
 
 170 -Id Nom. s. in -Is; voc. in poets (not Plaut. or Ter.), frequently in 
 
 -I. Other Greek forms are frequent; dat. sing, in -I occurs 
 once, viz. MInoIdl (Catul.). 
 
 As regards the ace. s. these stems fall into two classes : 
 
 (r) Ace. s. in -Idem in prose and prae-Augustan poets; in 
 -Ida in post- Augustan poets. All feminine. 
 
 Appellatives : e. g. aegis, aspis, ephemeris, herois, p6ri- 
 sc&lis, pyramis, pyxis, tyrannis (ace. s. in -ida once in Cicero). 
 
 Names of persons : e. g. Amaryllis, Bacchis, Chrysis, Doris, 
 Lais, LycSris, Phyllis, Thais. 
 
 Patronymics, &c. : e.g. BrlsSis, Cadmeis, Colchis, Gnosis, 
 MInSis, Prlameis, SalmSnis, Titanis. 
 
 Names of countries: e.g. Aulis, Chalcis, Locris, Persis, 
 PhScis. 
 
 (2) Ace. s. in -im or, sometimes, esp. in Augustan and post- 
 Augustan poets, -in. So all masculines and some feminines. 
 
60 INFLEXIONS. \Book II. 
 
 An abl. or dat. s. in -I is found in some ; e. g. EupSli, Oslri, 
 Phalari, Th6ti, SSmlrami. 
 
 Appellatives : e.g. Ibis (f., also in plur. ibes, ibium), Iris (f.), 
 tigris (both river and animal, also declined as if with stem in -i. 
 Dat. abl. plur. only tigribus). 
 
 Names of persons. Masculine ; e.g. Alexis, Adonis, Daphnis, 
 Eupdlis, Nabis, Paris (the last three have ace. also in -Idem), 
 Moeris, Thyrsis, Zeuxis, Anflbis, Buslris, Osiris, Serapis. 
 
 Feminine; e.g. Isis, S6mlramis, Procris, Thetis. 
 
 Names of countries : e.g. Phasis (f.), Phthiotis (f.) have also 
 ace. in -Idem or -Ida. 
 
 -Id Nom. s. in -Is ; e.g. apsis (f.). (From KprjiriS- we have only an 
 
 -a stem, crSpIda.) 
 
 171 ((f) Stems in -n. 
 
 These retain -n in nominative (except some stems in -6n, more in -on) ; 
 ace. s. frequently in -a ; plur. in -as. 
 
 -6n Nom. s. usually in -on; gen. s. sometimes in -6n6s; e.g. sindon 
 
 (f.), Arlon (m.), Gorgon (f.), Memnon (m.), Ixlon (m.). 
 
 Some have also nom. s. in -o ; e.g. Agamemno (m.), Amphlo 
 (m.), LacSdaemo (f.), Macfedo (m.), Strymo (m.). 
 
 -6n e.g. Phildpoemen. 
 
 -an Masculine; e.g. paean, Alcman, Acarnan, Titan (rarely de- 
 
 clined as with -o stem), Pan (ace. s. always Pana). 
 
 -6n Mostly masculine. 
 
 Names of persons and things. Nom. s. usually in -0 ; e. g. 
 arrhabo (sometimes f.), mydparo, sipho, ApoUo (also like homo, 
 e.g. ace. s. Apollinem), Laco, Amphitruo, Dr6mo, Phormio, 
 Simo, Tranio, Dio, Higro, Milo, Parmenio, Plato, Pyrrho, Zeno. 
 So also stems in -phon, see 168. But Triton, Telamon, Chiron. 
 Names of places. Nom. s. usually in -on; e.g. Cdldphon 
 (m.), Marathon (f.), SIcyon (f.), Babylon (f.), Calydon (f.), 
 Helicon (m.), Cithaeron (m.). For Ancon, Croto (m.), we have 
 often an -a stem, viz. Ancona, Crotona. 
 
 -en e.g. attagen (m. but also a stem in -a, attagena) ; Siren (f.), 
 
 splen (m.), Troezen (f.). 
 
 -In e.g. delphin (m. usual nom. delphlnus) ; Eleusln (f.), Trachln 
 
 (f.). Rarely nom. s. in -s ; e.g. Salamis (f.). 
 
 172 (c) Stems in -s or T : exhibit simple stem in nominative. 
 
 -ar e.g. nectar (n.). 
 
 -or all masculine, e.g. rhgtor (m.), Amyntor, Antenor, Castor, 
 
 Hector, Mentor, Nestor, 
 -us (ur) Nom. s. in -us; e.g. LIgus. 
 -e"r Nom. s. in -er ; e.g. aer; (m. ace. s. usually afcra; aether (m. 
 
 ace. always aethgra). 
 -er e.g. crater (m.) ace. cratera (Cic.). Also with stem in -a; 
 
 nom. s. cratera and creterra. For panther, stater, we have 
 
 always panthera, statera. 
 
Chap. IX^\ Formation of Comparative and Superlative. 61 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 DEGREES OF NOUNS ADJECTIVE. 
 
 173 FROM many adjectives two derivative adjectives are formed in 
 order to denote the degree of the quality exprest by them. The simple 
 form is called the positive. The comparative expresses a higher degree 
 of the quality in a comparison of two things or persons. The super- 
 lative expresses a higher degree in a comparison of more than two 
 things or persons ; as, dttrus, hard, dflrior, harder, dftrissmms, hardest. 
 
 The comparative is sometimes used to express that the quality is 
 possessed in too high a degree. 
 
 The superlative is sometimes used to express that the quality is pos- 
 sessed in a very high degree. 
 
 Ordinary formation of Comparative and Superlative. 
 
 174 These derivative adjectives are formed from the positive as follows. 
 
 1. The stem of the comparative is formed by adding ios to the last 
 consonant of the stem. The s is changed into r before vowels and in 
 the nom. sing. masc. and fern, (see 28). In the neuter nom. and ace. 
 sing, ios becomes ius. 
 
 2. The stem of the superlative always ends in -Imo (before Augus- 
 tus, umo). Usually this is suffixed to the stem of the comparative, and 
 we thus get a termination -isstimo for ios-umo appended to the last 
 consonant of the stem; i.e. by changing the inflexion i or is of the 
 genitive into issumus or isslnms for the nom. sing. masc. Thus, 
 
 dflr-us, gen. dur-I, comp. dur-Ior, superl. dur-issimus. 
 
 trist-is, gen. trist-is, comp. trist-Ior, superl. trist-issimus. 
 
 felix (felic-s), gen. felic-is, comp. felic-ior, superl. felic-issimus. 
 
 Some adjectives form their superlative by doubling the last conso- 
 nant of the stem and adding Imus. These are 
 
 () Adjectives with stems ending in 6ro or 6ri, the e being omitted 
 or retained, as in the positive, 109, no. 
 
 pulcher, comp. pulchr-Ior, superl. pulcher-rimus. 
 
 So niger, plger, rftber, taeter, vafer : acer, cel&ber, satofoer. 
 
 asper, aspgrior, asperrlnms. 
 
62 INFLEXIONS. {Book IL 
 
 So c&ler, dexter (also rarely superl. dextinms), liber, miser, pauper, 
 tener, fiber. Also 
 
 vStus no comp. vfiterrimus 
 
 prospgrus prosperrimus 
 
 sinister sinisterior (sinistimus only in 
 
 augurial language) 
 
 no positive detfirior deterrlmus 
 
 nftpgrum (ace. nup6rior no superl. 
 Plaut. once) 
 
 maturus has matur-rimus, as well as the more common form matur- 
 issimus. (sincerus, austerus, procerus, severus have superl. in issimus.) 
 
 () The following adjectives whose last stem consonant is 1 ; 
 facilis, easy; slmilis, like; difflcllis, difficult; disslmilis, unlike; gracllis, 
 thin, slender] humllis, low; as, facil-is, facil-llmus. 
 
 175 Irregular or defective adjectives (besides those named above 
 2. a). 
 
 1. The following are either deficient in the positive degree or form 
 their comparative and superlative irregularly or from a different stem : 
 
 Positive. Comp. Superl. 
 
 b6nus, good m61ior optimus 
 
 malus, bad pejor pesslxnus 
 
 magnus, great major maxlnms 
 
 (minimus (parvissi- 
 parvus, small minor j muSj y ^ Lucr } 
 
 multus, much plus (neut. cf. 136) plurlmus 
 
 neqvam (indecl.), wicked neqvior neqvissimus 
 
 , _ . fdivltisslmus (Cic.) 
 
 T1 rich ^ Iti0r ditisslmus (Aug. 
 
 d13 f ^ tior 1 and post-Aug.) 
 
 E6nex, old s6nior (natu maximus) 
 
 {jflnlor (sometimes 
 
 post-Aug. juve- (natu minimus) 
 nior) 
 
 P 6tis, P6t6, (indecl.), able\ b potisslmus, best 
 
 possible 
 
 (no positive, cf. oJ/cvs) odor, swifter ocisslmus 
 
 frflgi (indecl.) frflgalior frugalissimus 
 
 egentior egentissimus 
 
 x 
 er.) | 
 
 xx /r>i 4.\t malevolentior malevolentissimus 
 
 ma]6v61ens (Plaut.)f 
 
 x /TO * T xibenevolentior benevolentissimus 
 
 b6nSv61ens (Plaut. Ter.) | 
 
 /r >, * maledlcentior maledlcentissimus 
 malgdicens (Plaut.)f 
 
 b$n6flcus beneficentior beneficentissimus 
 
 malgflcus maleflcentissimus 
 
Chap. IX.] Irregular or defective Adjectives. 
 
 Positive. Comp. 
 
 Superl. 
 
 magnlficus magniflcentior 
 
 magnlflcentissimus 
 
 munlflcus 
 
 munificentissimus 
 
 
 Jmiriflcissimus 
 
 mlriflcus 
 
 j (Ter. once) 
 
 htoorificus honoriflcentior 
 
 honoriflcentissimus 
 
 cltra (adv.), on this side clterior 
 
 citlmus 
 
 (de, prep, down from) detgrior, worse 
 
 deterrimus 
 
 extra (adv.), extSr (adj.) out-\ 
 side (very rare in sing.), ex- exterior 
 
 jextremus 
 jextlmus 
 
 ternus J 
 
 
 infra (adv.), infer (adj.), low\ 
 
 IITI^TTTITIH 
 
 (chiefly used in plur. the be- I inferior 
 
 lUUbUUtta 
 
 ilmUS 
 
 ings, places, &c. belcw) } 
 
 
 intra (adv.), (within interior 
 
 intimus 
 
 f ..- \ (posterior, hinder. 
 post, posterus, next (in time) -r ^^ ' 
 
 jpostremus, last 
 jpostumus, last-born 
 
 prae (prep.) before prior 
 
 primus 
 
 pr6pe (adv.), near prdpior 
 
 proxlxnus 
 
 supra (adv.), super (adj.), high \ 
 
 fsupremus, highest, 
 
 (chiefly used in plur. the be- Isuperior 
 
 ( last (in time) 
 
 ings, places, &c. above) ) 
 
 (summus 
 
 ultra (adv.), beyond ulterior 
 
 ultlmus, farthest 
 
 2. The following have superlative, but not comparative : bellus, 
 caesius, falsus, inclutus, invictus, invltus, ndvus, sacer, vafer. 
 
 3. The following have comparative, but not superlative : 
 
 Verbals in -ills (except amabilissimus, mQbilissimus, fertilissimus, 
 utilissimus, notoilissimus). 
 
 alacer, agrestis, arcanus, diuturnus, exflis, jejunus, juv6nis, longin- 
 qvus, obllqvus, oplmus, procllvis, pronus, satur, segnis, s6nex, serus, 
 suplnus, surdus, taciturnus, tempestivus, vlclnus. 
 
 176 Adjectives used only in the positive: 
 
 Many adjectives, which express an absolute state or quality, e.g. 
 material (e.g. aureus), time (e.g. nocturnus), special relationship (e.g. 
 paternus), which does not readily admit the idea of a higher or lower 
 degree, have 'no comparative or superlative. In some others they are 
 wanting without any such apparent reason. 
 
 If a comparison is required in such adjectives the defect is supplied 
 by adding magis and maxime. Thus, magis mlrus, more wonderful, 
 maxime mirus, most wonderful. 
 
 Adjectives used only in the positive are chiefly of the following 
 classes : 
 
 1. Deri-vati'ves ending in -Icus, -Inus, -ivus, -orus, -tlmus, -ulus, 
 -alis or -aris, -ills, and (from substantives) in -atus and -itus, as civlcus, 
 naturalis, &c., barbatus, criiritus. 
 
64 INFLEXIONS. [Book If. 
 
 Exceptions: aeqvalior; capitalior; civilior (Ov.) ; familiarior, fami- 
 liarisstmus ; frugalior, frugalissimus ; hospitalissimus (Cic.) ; juvenilior 
 (Ov.) ; liberallor, liberalissimus j popularior ; puerilior (Hor.) ; salu- 
 tarior. 
 
 2. Compounds ; as inops, magnanimus, c. 
 
 Except those named above from dico, facio, volo ( 1 75). 
 
 Except also amentior, amentissimus ; concordior, concordissimus ; 
 deformior ; dementior, dementissimus ; immanior, immanissimus ; iner- 
 tior, inertissimus ; ingentior ; insignior ; misericordior ; perennior ; 
 sollertior, sollertissimus. 
 
 3. Adjectives ending in -us, preceded by a -vowel. 
 
 (a) But u often is, or becomes, consonantal, and thus allows a compa- 
 rative or superlative without difficulty ; e.g. in -qvus and -gvis ; e.g. anti- 
 qvior, antiqvissiinus ; pingvior, pingvissimus ; tenvis, tenvlor, tenvis- 
 simus. 
 
 (b) industrior (Plant.) ; piisimus (condemned by Cic. Phil. 13. 19, 
 but used by Antony, Sen., Curt., Tac.). 
 
 4. The following: albus, almus, calvus, canus, curvus, fgrus, 
 gnarus, mSdiocris, mirus, gnavus, rudis, trux. 
 
 177 Many participles present and past have comparatives and super- 
 latives, e.g. 
 
 i. Present Participle : 
 
 amans, appetens, ardens, continens, egens, fervens, flagrans, florens, 
 indulgens, negligens, patiens, temperans, tuens, valens, &c. 
 
 i. Past Participle : 
 
 acceptus, accuratus, adstrictus, apertus, aversus, concitatus, con- 
 junctus, contemptus, dissolutus, doctus, effusus, eruditus, exoptatus, 
 expeditus, instructus, intentus, munitus, obstinatus, paratus, perditus, 
 perfectus, promptus, refertus, remotus, &c. 
 
Chap. X.] 
 
 Numerals, 
 
 M 
 
 W 
 
 fc 
 
 <j s 
 S5.: 
 
 x' x 
 
 s 
 
 L. G. 
 
66 
 
 INFLEXIONS. 
 
 \Book II. 
 
Chap. X. 
 
 Numerals. 
 
 67 
 
 o u n 
 
 Ms- 
 
 u 
 
 52 
 
68 INFLEXIONS. [Book II. 
 
 ii. Signs for Numerals. 
 
 131 In writing numbers a stroke over the (Roman) letters indicates thou- 
 sands, and top as well as side strokes indicate hundred thousands ; e.g. 
 xvin. is duodevlginti millia, xxcccc. is viginti millia quadringenti, 
 jxj CLXXXDC is deciens (centum millia) centum octoginta millia sescenti, 
 i.e. 1,180,600. 
 
 _ The origin of the signs for numerals is uncertain. According to Mommsen, 
 an outstretched finger, the open hand, and the double hand, were taken, 
 viz. I, v, X for i, 5, 10; and another position of v (viz. L) for 50. 
 
 iii. Inflexions of Numerals. 
 
 182 Unus. For mode of declension see 195. In the plural it is used 
 only with substantives whose plural denotes a singular, e. g. unae litterae, 
 one epistle- unae aedes, one house (set of rooms, or of hearths T) ; uni mores, 
 one and the same conduct] uni Suevi, the single tribe of tlx Suevi (or tbs 
 Sue-vi alone). 
 
 133 Duo. The masc. and neut. are: nom. ace. duo, gen. du5rum or 
 duum, dat. abl. duobus. For the m. ace. duos is also used. The fern, 
 is: nom. duae, ace. duas, gen. duarum or duum, dat. abl. duabus. In 
 expressions like duodgcim, duodeviginti, duoetvicesimus, duo is not 
 varied. Ambo, both, is similarly declined. 
 
 Nom. and ace. tres, n. tria, gen. trium, dat. tiibus. 
 
 154 All the other cardinal numbers up to centum are undeclined: so 
 also is mille when used as an adjective. As a substantive it has a 
 declinable plural millia, millium, millibus : but in the singular is only 
 used in nom. or ace. In expressions like caesi sunt tria millia trecenti 
 milites, we must supply militum after millia. If the name of the 
 thing, &c. numbered precede, it is usually put in the genitive, e.g. 
 militum (not milites) tria millia trecenti caesi sunt. 
 
 185 The other cardinal, and all the ordinal and distributive numbers, 
 are declinable adjectives with -o stems. The genitive plural of the 
 cardinals and distributives is usually in -um for -orum (cf. 115); 
 e. g. multa praesens quingentum nummum aeris (for quingentorum num- 
 morum), an immediate fine o/* 500000 pounds of copper; pueri senum 
 septenumque denum annorum ( 188, i). 
 
 iv. Order in compounding Numerals. 
 
 136 In compound numbers, from thirteen to nineteen inclusive, the smaller 
 is usually prefixed to the larger without et, e.g. septem decem (or septem - 
 decim), septimus decimus, septeni deni, septiens deciens ; but in cardinals 
 and ordinals the order is sometimes reversed, and in cardinals et is some- 
 times inserted, especially if the larger come first, e. g. decem septem, decem 
 et septem, septem et decem : decimus septimus (Sen.). 
 
Chap. X.~\ Numerals. 69 
 
 From twenty-one to ninety-nine, the rule is that, either the larger should 
 precede the smaller number without et, or the smaller precede the larger 
 with et, e.g. either viginti quattuor or quattuor et viginti ; vicesimus 
 quartus or quartus et vicesimus, &c. ; but exceptions to both usages 
 occur. 
 
 From a htmdred and one upwards, the larger number is usually put 
 first, either without or (except distributives) with a conjunction, e.g. 
 ducentos (et) quadraginta (et) quattuor, quingentesimum (et) quinqua- 
 gesimum (et) octavum, duceni septuageni, centiens (et) quadragiens ; 
 but with a conjunction the smaller (cardinal or ordinal) number sometimes 
 is found preceding, e.g. quinquaginta et ducenta, septimum et quinqua- 
 gesimum ac centesimum. So also ducentos et mille, mille et ducentos. 
 
 For eighteen, nineteen, twenty-eight, twenty-nine, &c., the subtractive 
 forms (e.g. duodeviginti, undeviginti, undetrigesimus, &c.) are most 
 common, but compound forms are also found, e.g. decem octo, decem et 
 octo. 
 
 v. Use of classes of Numerals. 
 
 187 The ordinal, not the cardinal, is used in giving the date, e.g. In the year 
 1879 is anno millesimo octingentesimo septuagesimo nono. 
 
 188 The distributives are used 
 
 (1) to denote that the number belongs to each of several persons or 
 things, e.g. Caesar et Ariovistus denos comites ad colloquium adduxe- 
 runt, took ten companions each ; pueri senuni septenumve denum annorum, 
 boys of sixteen or seventeen years old, i.e. each was 16 or 17 ; ambulare 
 bina millia passuum, to walk t^vo miles each time; tritici modius erat 
 sestertiis ternis, corn -was at three sesterces the (i.e. each) bushel. If 
 singuli is expressed with the persons, &c., the cardinal number may be 
 used with the things numbered, e.g. singulis denarii trecenti impera- 
 bantur, each was required to pay three hundred pence. In this use terni, 
 not trini, is used. 
 
 (2) in expressions of multiplication, e.g. bis bina, twice t^vo ; ter 
 novenae virgines, thrice nine girls ; dsciens centena millia, ten times a 
 hundred thousand. In these expressions the distributive numerals, e.g. 
 deciens centena millia, do not mean a million to each person, but a hundred 
 thousand taken each of ten times. 
 
 (3) with nouns which have no singular, e.g. bina castra, the two 
 camps ; trinis hostium spoliis, with three sets of spoils from the enemy. 
 (In this use uni not singuli, trini not terni is used.) 
 
 (4) Poets use distributives as merely equivalent to cardinals, e.g. 
 centum quoi brachia dicunt centenasque manus (Verg. A. x. 565), i.e. a 
 hundred hands in all, not a hundred in each arm. So also post- Augustan 
 writers use trinus (not ternus). 
 
 (5) In the singular the distributives are sometimes used, chiefly by 
 poets, e.g. centauri corpore bino, a double body; centenaque arbore 
 fluctum verberat assurgens (Verg.), with a hundred-fold shaft, i.e. a 
 hundred oars ; novena lampade, with nine torches (a torch repeated nine 
 times). 
 
 Every other is expressed by alterni ; e. g. alternis diebus, every second 
 day. 
 
yo INFLEXIONS. [Book IT. 
 
 vi. Expression of Fractions. 
 189 Fractions are expressed in words in several ways : 
 
 1. All fractions, with i for numerator, are denoted by ordinal num- 
 bers, with or without pars, .g. \, dimidium (not dimidia) or dimidia 
 pars ; -|, tertia or tertia pars ; \ , quarta, &c. 
 
 2. All fractions with a numerator less by one than the denominator 
 are denoted by the cardinal with partes simply, e.g. f, duae partes; 
 f , tres partes ; , quattuor partes ; , quinque partes. 
 
 3. All fractions with 12 or its multiples for a denominator, are 
 denoted by the parts of an as. The as consisted originally of 12 unciae, 
 and there were distinct names and signs for each multiple of the uncia and 
 for some fractions of it. 
 
 unciae. value, sign. 
 
 1 2 assis or as, a pound i as. i 
 
 i r deunx (de-uncia), an otince-off \\ S Z Z - 
 
 10 dextans (desextans), a sixth-off 
 
 9 dodrans (dequadrans), afourth-off f S Z 
 
 8 bessis or bes (dui-assis), a two-as l f SZ 
 
 7 septunx (septem unciae), a sez'en-ounce T r ^ S 
 
 6 semissis or semis (semi-assis), a half-as \ S 
 
 5 quincunx (quinque unciae), a five-ounce f\- ZZ 
 
 4 triens (tri-), a third \ 
 
 3 quadrans (quattuor-) or teruncius, a fourth | 
 
 2 sextans (sexto-), a sixth \ 
 
 1 1 sescuncia (sesqui-uncia), one and a half ounce % 2- 
 
 i uncia, an ounce -^ - or ~ 
 
 \ semuncia, a half-ounce ? 2 or 
 
 | sicilicus, a Sicilian farthing T \ 
 
 sextula, a little sixth -fa \ 
 
 Of the above the sicilicus was not used till imperial times. The 
 scriptulurn or scripulum (ypd/j./j.a) was also used for 7 \ of the uncia, 
 -jig-as. The fraction T ? ff as was denoted by binae sextulae, or duella ; 
 T ^ T as by dimidia sextula, or duo scripula. 
 
 The above-named parts of the as were used (as has been said) as mere 
 duodecimal fractions, applicable without any specific concrete meaning to 
 any unit. Hence heres ex asse, heir to the whole inheritance: ex triente, 
 to a third ; ex dimidia et sextante, to tivo thirds (a half and a sixth). 
 
 4. Other fractions, not expressible by one of the above methods, are 
 denoted by the cardinal for a numerator, and the ordinal (as in subsection i) 
 for the denominator, e.g. |, quattuor septimae ; |, septem nonae. 
 
 5. Some fractions are denoted by resolution into their components, 
 e.g. f, dimidia et quarta; |, pars dimidia et sexta; |, pars tertia et 
 nona ; \ :-?-, pars tertia et septima. 
 
 6. Sometimes further division is resorted to, e.g. ^, dimidia quinta. 
 And dimidia tertia is used for sexta ; dimidia quarta for octava. 
 
 7. Sesciui, 1 1, is used only in compounds, e.g. sesquilibra, i^ Ibs. 
 
 1 This term must either have been formed when the as was equal to 
 4 unciae ; or be short for two-thirds of an as. 
 
Chap. XI.] Pronouns. 71 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 PECULIAR INFLEXIONS OF CERTAIN PRONOUNS. 
 
 Personal pronouns. 
 
 190 THE substantives called personal pronouns are very peculiar in their 
 inflexions, nor are all the cases formed from the same stem. 
 
 ist Person. and Person. 3rd Person (reflexive). 
 
 SINGULAR. SING, and PLUR. 
 
 no nom. 
 89 
 
 Blbi 
 
 89 
 
 vostrum or vestrum 
 
 191 SINGULAR. Accusative and Ablative. Sese was frequently used 
 for se ; tete rarely for te. 
 
 The forms med and ted occur as accusatives and ablatives in Plautus. 
 The d is probably the ablatival d ( 19) incorrectly transferred to the 
 accusative as well. 
 
 Genitive. The old genitive of the ist and znd persons was mis, tis; 
 the latter is found in Plautus. This was replaced as possessive genitive 
 by the adjectives meus, tuus; and as objective genitive by the gen. 
 sing. neut. of the same, viz., mei (of my being), tui. So suus (adj.), 
 sui for the genitive, both singular and plural of the reflexive. 
 
 Dative. Mi is used both by Cicero and the poets. 
 
 192 PLURAL. Genitive. As possessive genitives the adjectives noster 
 and vester (voster) were used: 
 
 as objective genitives nostri, vestri and rarely nostrum, vestrum. 
 as partitive genitives nostrum, vestrum and in the comic poets 
 nostrorum, nostrarum, vostrorum, vostrarum. 
 
 193 To all cases (except tu nom.) of these substantive pronouns the particle 
 -mt is sometimes added. For tu, tute" or tutlmet is found. 
 
 The adjectives often have in the ablative case -met or -pte appended ; 
 e.g. meSpte, suamet; rarely in the gen. sing., e.g. tuipte; and ace. plur., 
 e.g. suosmetj suamet. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 ego 
 
 tu 
 
 Ace. 
 
 me 
 
 t9 
 
 Gen. 
 
 See below. 
 
 
 Dat. 
 
 mini or ml 
 
 tlbi 
 
 AbL 
 
 me 
 
 te 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 
 Nom.) 
 Ace. f 
 
 nos 
 
 v5s 
 
 Gen. 
 
 nostrum 
 
 vosl 
 
 Dat.l 
 
 Abl.f 
 
 nobls 
 
 vobi 
 
72 INFLEXIONS. [Book II. 
 
 Adjective pronouns, Sec. 
 
 194 Some nouns adjective, and all pronouns adjective (except possessive 
 pronouns, meus, tuus, suns, noster, vester), have for all genders the 
 genitive singular ending in -ius, the dative in -I. In the other cases the 
 inflexions are the same as ordinary stems in -o and -a. 
 
 The words belonging to this class are unus, ullus, nullus, sSlus, 
 totus, alter, liter (and its compounds uterque, &c.), alius, ille, iste, 
 ipse, hie, is, idem, qui and its compounds (quivis, &c.). 
 
 Of these alius, ille, iste, is, qui have neuter nom. and ace. ending in 
 -d instead of -m. Other irregularities are named below. 
 
 195 totus, whole. 
 
 SINGULAR. PLURAL. 
 
 m. , , f . n. m. f. n. 
 
 Nom. t6tus tota totum toti totae) 
 
 Ace. totum totam tStum totos totasf 
 
 Gen. totius in all genders totorum totarum totorum 
 
 Dat} t5ti in a11 S enders totls in all genders 
 
 Abl. toto tSta totS-' 
 
 In the same way are declined solus, alone; unus, one', ullus (i.e. 
 unulus), any at all; nullus, none. 
 
 Also alter (the other), alt6ra, alterum, gen. alterius, dat. altSri. 
 
 ut8r, utra, utnun, whether, i.e. which of two, gen. utrius, dat. utri. 
 
 altfiruter, alterutra, or altfira utra, alterutrum, or alterum utrum, 
 one or other ; gen. alterius utrius (post- Aug. alterutrius), dat. alter! 
 utri or alterutri.' , 
 
 uterque, utraque, utrumque, each; utercumque, utracumque, utnun- 
 cumque, which so ever (of two). 
 
 utervis, utravls, utrumvis, which (of two} you please; uterllbet, 
 utrallbet, utrumllbet, which (of two) you like. 
 
 neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither. 
 
 Ips8 (in early writers frequently ipsus), he himself, ipsa, ipsum. 
 
 196 The genitive has usually a long penultimate ; but all (except solius, 
 utrius, and neutrius) are frequent in poetry with -Ius : so utriusque 
 always : solius once in Terence. 
 
 nulli is once or twice used for the masc. and neut. genitive ; and nullo 
 for the dative. 
 
 The feminine datives unae, nullae, solae, totae, alterae, are (rarely) 
 found in early writers to the time of, and including, Cicero and Nepos. 
 
 toto for dat. masc. is used once by Propertius. 
 
 The genitive nullius and abl. nullo are rarely used substantively of 
 things, but frequently of persons ; neminis being only found in prae- 
 Ciceronian writers, and nenflne being only used by Tacitus and Suetonius, 
 except once in Plautus. 
 
Chap. XI ^\ Pronouns. 73 
 
 197 ille, that; iste, that near you (declined like ille) ; alius, another. 
 
 SINGULAR. SINGULAR. 
 
 m. f. n. m. f. 
 
 Mom. illS Uia I fi alius alia I 
 
 Ace. mum illainf aliura allamj 
 
 Gen. illlus in all genders alius in all genders (rare) 
 
 PH ill! in all genders alii in all genders 
 
 Abl. illS ilia U15 alio alia ali<5 
 
 The plural is regular in both. 
 
 193 Old forms of ille found in Ennius, Lucretius, and Vergil, are olii for 
 dat. sing, and nom. pi. masc. ; ollis, dat. and abl. plural ; and in Lucretius 
 ollas, olla, ace. plural. 
 
 In the prae-Ciceronian phrases alii modi, illi modi, isti modi, we have 
 genitives (or possibly locatives) ; as also in alii dei, alii generis in Varro, 
 alii rei in Caelius. 
 
 Illae, istae, aliae are found in early writers rarely for dat. fern. sing. ; 
 aliae as genitive in Cicero, Livy, and Lucretius (once each). 
 
 Collateral forms, viz. alls, masc. nom. (CatulL), alld, neut. nom. ace. 
 (Lucretius), ali, dat. sing. (Cat., Lucr.) are also found. The adverb alibi 
 appears to be an old locative. 
 
 199 The demonstrative particle cS was sometimes appended to the cases 
 of ille and iste which end in -s, and frequently in an abridged form to 
 the others (except genitive plural), especially in Plautus and the early 
 writers: e.g. 
 
 SINGULAR. PLURAL. 
 
 Nom. iUIc illaec ) ... _ illic illaec | .., 
 
 Ace. illunc illancf lliac illosce illasce f maec 
 Gen. illiusce in all genders 
 
 T-V /> illic in all genders } . 
 
 Dat.j I illisce in all genders 
 
 Abl. ill5c iliac i!16cj 
 
 So also istlc. 
 
 In nom. sing, illace, istace for fern., and illcc, ist5c for neut. are also 
 found. 
 
 200 Hie (stem ho-), this near me, is declined as follows. 
 
 SINGULAR. PLURAL. 
 
 m. f. n. m. f. n. 
 
 Nom. hie haec) hi hael 
 
 Ace. hunc hancf hoc hos hasf 
 
 Gen. hujus or hujusce in all genders horum harum horum 
 Loc. Me (adverb) | 
 
 Dat. huic in all genders > Ms in all genders 
 
 Abl. hoc hac h5c ) 
 
 The fuller forms hosce, hasce, hujusce are found in Cicero : haec for 
 nom. fern. plur. is found in Varro, Lucretius, and Vergil. Plautus had 
 other of the fuller forms, e.g. Mce (nom. m. sing.), hoce (neut. nom.), hlsce 
 (nom. plur. m.), hlbus (dat. abl. plur.). 
 
74 
 
 INFLEXIONS. 
 
 \Book II. 
 
 201 Is, that (stem i- and eo-), is thus declined. 
 
 Id 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 m. f. 
 
 Norn. Is 6a 
 
 Ace. eum earn 
 
 Gen. ejus (in all genders) \ 
 Loc. Ibi (adverb) j. 
 
 Dat. el or ei (in all genders) ) 
 Abl. eo ' ea eo 
 
 m. 
 ei or ii 
 
 eorum 
 
 PLURAL. 
 f. 
 
 eae 
 eas 
 
 earum 
 
 n. 
 
 e6rum 
 
 Sis, eis or iis 
 
 Ibus dat. abl. plur. occurs sometimes in comic poets and Lucretius; 
 Sabus in Cato for abl. plur. fern. ; i and Is in Plautus (for ii and iis). Of 
 poets only the prae- Augustan used any of the cases, except that Horace has 
 the genitive and accusative in his non-lyrical writings. 
 
 The dat. sing, ei has rarely a short penultimate (81) : as el it is frequent 
 in Plautus and Terence and (in the last foot of the hexameter) in Lucretius. 
 As a monosyllable it is also common. 
 
 202 The suffix -pse is sometimes found in Plautus appended ; e. g. eapse, 
 eumpse, eampse, eopse, eapse ; and in Cicero several times in the phrase 
 reapse (for re eapse), in reality. In ipse (see above, 195) the suffix is made 
 the vehicle of the case-endings. 
 
 203 Idem (for is-dem) is thus declined : 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 m. f. 
 
 Nom. idem 
 
 eadem 
 
 n. 
 Idem 
 
 Ace. eundem eandem Idem 
 
 Gen. ejusdem in all genders 
 
 Dat. eldem in all genders 
 
 Abl. eodem eadem eod 
 
 m. 
 
 Idem or 
 
 eldem 
 
 eosdem 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 f. 
 eaedem 
 
 n. 
 eadem 
 
 easdem eadem 
 
 eorundem earundem eorundem 
 isdem or eisdem in all genders 
 
 204 Qui (stem qu6-), which, what? any, an (adjective) relative, ii 
 terrogative, and indefinite pronoun, is thus declined. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 m. f. 
 
 Nom. qul quae I 
 Ace. quern quam j 
 Gen. ciijus in all genders 
 Dat. cui in all genders { 
 
 Abl. quo qua quo f 
 
 qu6d 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 m. f. n. 
 
 qul quae) 
 
 quos quasf 
 quorum quarum quorum 
 
 qulbus 
 
 As an Indefinite pronoun qua, any : is more common than quae in fern, 
 nom. sing, and neut. plur. 
 
Chap. XIJ] Pronouns. 75 
 
 205 Cujus was treated (in prae-Augustan writers and once in Vergil) as a 
 declinable genitive, i. e. an adjective with -o stem (e. g. is cuja res, cujum 
 periculum est. Cujum pecus ?). The following forms are found so used : 
 nom. s. cuja (f.), cujum (n.) ; ace. cujum (m. n.), cujam (f.); abl. cuja 
 (f.) ; plur. nom. cujae (f.). (Never used instead of quorum or quarum.) 
 
 In Plautus cuius (also written quoius) is often a monosyllable. 
 
 206 QuI is used (i) as an ablative (of all genders, and, occasionally in 
 early writers, of the plural) with the preposition cum appended (qui- 
 cum); (a) as a substantive relative and interrogative (e.g. habeo qui \ 
 utar); (3) as an adverbial interrogative, how 1 and (4) occasionally as^V 
 indefinite, e.g. neuqui, siqui (Plaut). As a locative ubi (for qu6bi)-is * 
 used. 
 
 As ablat. plur. quis is found often in Varro, Sallust, and Tacitus, 
 rarely in Cicero. 
 
 207 Qui like any other adjective can be used substantively, but, in the 
 nom. singular and neuter ace. sing., it is rarely so used as an interroga- 
 tive: as an indefinite pronoun, whether substantively or adjectively, it is 
 used only after si, nisi, ne, num. 
 
 In the cases just named, an allied form quis, with neut. quid, takes 
 its place. Quis (i) as an interrogative is generally a substantive, but 
 sometimes a masculine adjective: (2) as an indefinite pronoun, it is used 
 both as substantive and as masculine and feminine adjective. Quid and 
 its compounds are always substantives. 
 
 208 The compounds of qui, quis are mainly declined like them, but all 
 have -quid (not -quod), when used as substantives. Other peculiarities 
 are here named. 
 
 Aliqui, allqua, allquod, some. Aliquis is a subst. and masc. adj. ; 
 and is more common than aliqui. Aliquae as nom. fern. sing, occurs in 
 Lucretius once, and not at all as neut. plur. Abl. aliqui is sometimes 
 used in Plautus. 
 
 Ecqui, ecqua or ecquae, ecquod, any ? Ecquis is subst. and masc. adj. 
 
 The only cases besides the nom. in use are dat. eccui ; ace. ecquem, 
 ecquam ; abl. m. and n. ecquo. The plural is rare, but the forms ecqui, 
 ecquos, ecquas, are found. 
 
 Qulnam, quaenam, quodnam, what? which? (numquinam, &c., 
 ecquinam, &c., any f). Quisnam is also used. 
 
 Quldam, quaedam, quoddam, a certain one, &c. 
 
 Qulcunque, quaecunque, quodcunque, whatsoever. The -cunque is 
 sometimes separated from qui, c. ; e.g. qua re cunque possum. 
 
 Qullibet, quaellbet, quodllbet, which you like. 
 
 Qulvis, quaevis, quodvls, which you will. Sometimes with cunque 
 attached; e.g. quiviscunque, whatsoever. 
 
 209 The following have quis instead of qui for the nom. sing. masc. 
 Quisquis, whosoever or whatsoever; quidquid or quicquid, what- 
 ever, also a substantive. 
 
76 INFLEXIONS. \Book IL 
 
 Quiqui (nom. sing.) only in Plautus once. Quisquis as adjective is not 
 applied to females. Of the other cases we have only the locative quiqui in 
 Plaut. and possibly in cuicuimodi : the abl. masc. and neut. quoquo ; ace. 
 in comic poets quemquem ; quiqui nom. plur. masc. ; in Livy quitms- 
 quibus (dat. pi., perhaps in quotation from ancient document) : and quaqua, 
 in Tacitus as abl. fern. sing. ; elsewhere only as adverb. 
 
 Quisquam, n. quicquam, any at all. Generally used as substantive, 
 but quisquam is also used adjectively of females (as well as of males). 
 Quiquam as ablative in Plautus. The plural and the feminine singular 
 are not used. Quodquam also not used. 
 
 Quispiam, quaepiam, quodpiam, some. Plaut. has an abl. quipiam. 
 
 Quisque, quaeque, quodque, each. Quicque or quidqus is subst. 
 Quisque used of a woman in Plautus. 
 
 Its compound unusquisque (unaquaeque, unumquodque) is similarly 
 declined. 
 
 210 Quis appears to have stem qui-, and to belong to the -i stems. Proba- 
 bly the forms (now partly assumed by quo-) were, Nom. quis, neut. quid 
 (so also is, id) ; Gen. quis ; Ace. quern (the proper accus. of quo- being 
 quom now used as conjunction), neut. quid ; Abl. qui. Plural Nom. and 
 Ace. ques (old form used by Cato and Pacuvius), neut. quia (used as con- 
 junction) ; Gen. cuium (found in Plautus) ; Dat. Abl. quibus. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 ADVERBS AND CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 211 ADVERBS and Conjunctions are indeclinable words, some of them 
 cases of existing words, others cases of lost words, others words with 
 case- suffixes, different from those in common use in Latin, others 
 mutilated remnants of fuller expressions. 
 
 They are here arranged according to the final letter of the ending, 
 which sometimes is a suffix, sometimes part of the stem or some modi- 
 fication thereof. 
 
 212 -ft Abl. sing. fern, from -o, or rather, -a stems. 
 
 ea, in that direction ; fcac, iliac, and (Plaut., Ter.) ilia; 
 alia; 
 
 qua, quaque, quanam, qualibet; nequaquam, by no means; 
 usque quaque, every where; utralibet, in whichever direction, 
 you please. 
 
 These ablatives are often used with tSnus ( 230) ; e. g. eate- 
 nus, thus far, hactenus, quatenus, quadamtenus, aliquatenus. 
 
 So perhaps circa, about; juxta, close; erga, towards. 
 
 supra (supera Lucr. often), above; infra, below; extra, 
 outside; intra, -within; ultra, beyond; citra, on this side; 
 contra, against. ..;.,.. 
 
Chap. XJf.] Adverbs and Conjunctions. 77 
 
 So frustra, in vain (in Plaut. sometimes frustra ; ne frustra 
 sis, not to deceive you). 
 
 Apparently a similar ablative is used with prepositions, which 
 in the ordinary language take an accusative ; e. g. antea (antidea 
 old), antehac (antidhac old), before; postea (postidea old), 
 posthac, afterwards ; interea, meanwhile; praeterea, praetor- 
 hac, besides ; propterea, therefore ; quapropter, wherefore* 
 -a Apparently accusatives plur. neut. 
 
 Ita, thus (comp. Itl-dem) ; qtiift, whereas, because. 
 -ae prae, in front (old locative?). 
 
 213 -o Adverbs chiefly denoting manner (e.g. certo for certod, 
 
 cf. 19; comp. ovrwy, ot/roo). 
 
 (i) from substantives. 
 
 ergo, on account of, therefore (2p7^) ; extemplo, at once; HIco, 
 on the spot, instantly (in loco) ; m6do, only, just now (lit. in 
 measured terms] ; niimero (prae-Ciceron.),//^/, quickly ; usually 
 too soon (lit. by number?) ; oppldo (prae- August.), very (lit. on 
 the plain, cf. eTriTr^Sws) ; postmodo, afterwards (cf. 224) ; 
 prdfecto, really (for pro facto?); propemodo (Plaut.), almost 
 (cf. 224). Praesto (always used as predicate, chiefly with 
 esse), at hand, is of uncertain origin. 
 
 (a) From noun adjectives and participles. 
 
 certo, for a certainty; clto, quickly; contlnuo, straightway; 
 crebro, frequently ; denuo, afresh (de novo); directo, directly, 
 straight; falso, falsely; fortuito, accidentally; gratuito, gra- 
 tuitously; liquldo, clearly; manifesto, palpably; merlto, de- 
 servedly; rautuo, mutually; necessario, necessarily; omnlno, 
 entirely, in all (as if from an adj. omnlnus) ; perpetuo, per- 
 petually; precario, on sufferance; ra.ro, seldom; secreto, secretly; 
 sedulo, actively; serio, seriously; sgro, late; sublto, suddenly; 
 tuto, safely; vero, indeed, no doubt. 
 
 bipertito, tripertito, quadripertito, divided into two, three, 
 four; improviso, unforeseen; inaugurate, without taking 
 auspices; inopmato, necoplnato, unexpectedly, &c. 
 
 (3) Ablatives of order. 
 
 prlmo, in the first place; secundo, tertio, &c. ; postremo, 
 ultimo, in the last place; immo (imo, at the bottom]}, at the 
 least, nay rather. 
 
 (4) Direction towards a place. 
 
 e6, thither; eSdem, to the same place; eousque, adeo, so far; 
 quo-ad, as long as; hue (for hoc), hither; adhuc, hitherto; 
 illo, iUuc (illoc Plaut.), thither; isto, istuc (istoc Plaut.); 
 alio, elsewhither; quo, whither; quonam, quovis, quocumque, 
 quoquo, quousque ( 236) ; aliquo, somewhither. 
 
 citro, to this side; ultro, further; intro, inwards ; retro, 
 backwards; utro (rare), to which of the two sides; utroque, 
 in either direction; neutro, in neither direction. 
 
 porro, further (iroppw) ; ideo, idcirco, therefore ; quo-circa, 
 wherefore. 
 
78 INFLEXIONS. \Book II. 
 
 214 -o-vorsus or o- vorsum, lit. turned towards ; but versus and vorsum were 
 
 used indifferently and not inflected. 
 
 liorsum, hitherwards (ho- vorsum) ; quorsus, quorsum, whi- 
 therwards? istorsum, aliorsum, aliquovorsum, utroquevorsum, 
 altrovorsum (Plaut., &c.), quoquoversus (Cic.), quoqueversum 
 (Caes.). 
 
 controversus (adj.), in dispute (lit. turned against] ; intror- 
 sus, introrsum ; retrorsum, dextrorsum, sinistrorsum. 
 
 deorsum, downwards.; seorsum, separately (se- vorsum, turned 
 to itself, or turned aside] ; sursum, upwards; prorsum, prorsus, 
 forwards ; rursum, rursus, backwards, again ; transvorsus, 
 across. (Susum, prosum, rusum (russum), are forms also found 
 in Plaut., Lucret., &c.) 
 
 215 -do quando, when (quam-do) ; aliquando, sometimes ; quandoque, 
 
 whenever, some time or other ; quandocumque, whensoever; 
 quanddquidem, since ; endo, also indu, old forms of in (comp. 
 induperator for imperator, Enn., Lucr. ; ind-Igeo, ind-Ipiscor, 
 &c.). 
 
 -u diu, for long ; interdiu (interdius Cato, Plaut.), in the day- 
 
 time; noctu,/y night ; slmitu (Plaut.), at the same time ; dudum, 
 lately (for diu-dum). 
 
 216 -e Apparently old forms of ablative. (Comp. facilumed in S. C. 
 
 de Bacc.) From adjectives with -o stems both positive and 
 superlative this is the most usual adverbial ending. 
 
 e. g. aegre, hardly (aegro-) ; blande, soothingly (blando-) ; 
 carte, surely (certo-) ; considerate, with consideration (con- 
 siderato-); docte, skilfully (docto-); plane, quite (piano-); 
 ornate, in ornate manner (ornato-) ; recte, rightly (recto-) ; 
 sane, of course (sano-) ; valde, 'very (valido-) ; vere, truly, 
 actually (vero-); &c. 
 
 ardentissime, most eagerly] audacissime, most boldly- cre- 
 berrime, very frequently; doctissime, 'very skilfully; maxime, 
 especially; minlme, least of all; paenissume (Plaut.), very 
 marly; &c. 
 
 apprlme (prae-Ciceronian), exceedingly (ad-primo) ; fre, 
 ferme (superlative of fere), almost. 
 
 hddie ( = hoc die), to-day. 
 
 217 -6 (r) From -o stems; bgne, well (bono-); male, badly (malo-) ; 
 
 inferne, below (inferno-) ; superne, above (superno-). Perhaps 
 here belong tSmSre, at haphazard ; macte, blest. (Some take 
 macte for a vocative.) 
 
 (2) From other stems; especially abl. or neut. ace. of -i stems; 
 abunde, abundantly ; ante (for antid), before ; forte, by chance 
 (abl. of fors) ; facile, easily (ace. neut. of facilis ; comp. dulce 
 ridens, &c.) ; impune, with impunity (as if from adj. impunis); 
 mage (cf. magis, 232), more ; paene, almost ; rgpente, sud- 
 denly (repenti-) ; rite, dttly ; saepe, often ; sponte, of its own 
 accord (abl. of a nom. spons) ; sublime, aloft (sublimi-) ; v61iipe 
 pr better volup (Plaut.), with pleasure (almost always with est). 
 
Chap. Xf/.] Adverbs and Conjunctions. 79 
 
 So the ablatives mane, in the morning; lilce, by daylight ; 
 nocte, by night ; magndpere, greatly (magno opere), &c. 
 herculg, hercle, 'pon honoiir (for hercules. See Syntax). 
 
 218 -pe" A form of que (compare quispiam, quisquam) ; nem-pe, indeed 
 
 (nam-pe, comp. namque) ; quippe, indeed (for qui pe ? comp. 
 
 utique) ; prdpe, near (comp. proximus, as if from proque). 
 -vS Perhaps for vel. SIve (old seve, hence sen), or if, whether ; 
 
 neve (neu), or not. 
 
 ceil, as (for ceve, ce being of pronominal origin?). 
 -c6 nlc, illlc, &c., see 221, 3; ecce, behold ^.m ence); sic, thus 
 
 (cf. 22i);ac, 219. 
 
 219 -Qu8 Appended to pronouns (a kind of reduplication) ; e.g. quisque 
 
 (adj.), each ; quandoque, whenever ; quicumque (quiquomque) 
 (adj.), whosoever; qudque, also; ublque, everywhere ; undlque, 
 from all sides ; utique, anyhow; usque, ever; uterque (adj.), 
 each. Also absque, without (abs) ; atque (ac), and also (for ad- 
 que); ngque (nee), not; namque, for; hodieque (Vell.) = 
 hodie; denlque,y/za//p. 
 
 220 -pte" e.g. suopte ; see 193. 
 
 -de" i. e. possibly the preposition de shortened by losing the accent?; 
 
 e. g. inde, thence (im-de) ; indldem, from the same place; deinde, 
 exinde, thereupon ; proinde, periride, just so ; subinde, imme- 
 diately afterwards. 
 
 unde, whence (quom- or cum-de) ; undlque, from all sides ; 
 undScumque, whencesoever ; quamde (Enn. Lucr.), than. 
 
 -ne sing, without; p5nS, behind. 
 
 ne, not, lest ; ne (wrongly written nae), verily (comp. vat, vrj); 
 n8 interrogative particle, perhaps the same as ne. Comp. n6- 
 fas, ng-quis, n6-vls ( = non vis). 
 
 221 -I (rarely I) (i) Ablative cases of manner. 
 
 qui (interrogative and relative, like ut), how, in which 
 case-, quln, why notl but (qui-ne); alioqui, alioquin, cetero- 
 qui, ceteroquin, in other respects (the final n is of obscure 
 origin) ; nequlquam, by no means- atqul, but. 
 
 Si, if (abl. or loc. of pronoun, in which case) nisi, itnlcss 
 (for ne si) ; slquldem, if indeed, since ; quasi, as if (quam si) ; 
 sic, thus (si-ce, in which, or in this, way], 
 
 nl, not (for ne, nei), also used as = nisi ; quidnl, why not? 
 
 iitl (ut), how (for quo-ti) ; utique, any how ; utlnam, that! 
 ne utlquam (nutiquam), by no means. 
 
 (2) praeflsclni (also praefiscine), withoitt offence (prae fas- 
 cino-, for, i. e. to avert, bewitchments} ; procllvi (or proclivfi), 
 downhill (proclivi-, old stem proclivo-) : brSvI, in few words 
 (brgvi-). 
 
 (3) Locative cases; iUi, isti (Plaut. Ter.); iUIc, istlc, 
 there (illo-, isto-) ; Me, here (ho-); pridem, some time ago: 
 
 h6ri (in Quintilian's time herg), yesterday- peregri, 
 more commonly peregre, abroad, from abroad- temper!, 
 in good time (tempos-) ; and others. 
 
8o INFLEXIONS. [Book IL 
 
 222 -bi Ibi, there (is); inibi, therein; postibi (Plaut.), thereupon; 
 
 interibi (Plaut.), in the meantime; ibidem, in the same place; 
 ubl, (where (for quobi, cubi) ; ublque, everywhere; ubicumque, 
 wheresoever; si-cubi, if anywhere; all-ciibi, somewhere; 
 alibi, elsewhere (all-) ; utrubi, at (which of two places (utro-) ; 
 utrubique, at both places. 
 
 -b ab (abs), from ; 6b (obs), opposite to ; sub (subs), under. 
 
 223 -am jam, now ; etiam, also (et jam) ; qudniam, since (quom jam) ; 
 
 nunciam (Plaut.), now (nunc jam) ; nam, for (originally now) ; 
 quam, hcnv, as ; quamquam, however, although ; aliquam, 
 somehow ; allquan-do, sometimes ; aliquamdiu, for some time ; 
 nutiquam ( 221), not at all ; uspiam, usquam, any where; 
 nusquam, no -where ; praequam, compared with ; tarn, so ; 
 tarn quam, as if; tandem, at length. 
 
 nequam, good for nothing, is used as indecl. adjective. 
 
 cSram, face to face (com, os-) ; clam, secretly (comp. oc-ciil-o, 
 conceal) ; obviam, opposite (obvio- ; or ob viam, comp. obiter) ; 
 palam, propalam, openly; perpgram, badly; protlnam (Plaut.), 
 immediately (cf. protenus, 230). 
 
 So the compounds with fariam ; e.g. bifariam, divided in 
 two (bi-); trifariam, quadrifariam ; multifariam, in many 
 places ; plurifariam, in several places. 
 -dam quondam, sometime. (Comp. quldam, a certain one.} 
 
 224 -om (urn) Probably accusative cases. 
 
 donlcum (Plaut., ddnlque Lucr., donSc commonly), un- 
 til; dum, while; du-dum, lately (diu dum) ; interdum, for a 
 time ; quidum, how so ? primumdum, first of all ; appended to 
 imperatives, e. g. agfidum, come now ; mangdum, stop pray ; 
 tanggdum, just touch me ; &c. 
 
 num (in questions), now? nunc (i.e. num-ce), now; etiamnum, 
 even now. 
 
 quom, cum, when (quo-) ; com (in composition), cum (prep.), 
 with (comp. uV); quon-dam, sometime (quom-dam); quando- 
 cumque, -whensoever ; turn, tune, then; umquam, ever (um for 
 quom) ; numquam, never (ne umquam) ; nonnunquam, at 
 times. 
 
 actutum, instantly; cireum,r0wW(circo-);clanculum, secretly 
 (clam, with suffix -culo-); commddum, suitably, just now 
 (commodo-) ; demum, at length (lit. downmost; superl. of de) ; 
 extremum,/or the utmost (i.e. last) time (extreme-); incas- 
 sum, to no purpose (in cassum) ; minimum, in phrase quam 
 minimum, as little as possible (minimo-) ; nlmium, too much; 
 noenum (generally contracted to non), not (ne unum); 
 parum, little; plerumque, for the most part (plero-, que) ; 
 postremum, for the hindmost (i.e. last) time (postremo-); 
 potissimum, especially (potissimo-) ; prlmum, for the first 
 time (primo-); propemodum, almost (cf. 213); Itrum, for 
 the second time; tertium, quartum, &c.; ultimum, for the 
 furthest (i.e. last) time; secundum (prep.), following, along 
 (sequondo-). For rursum, adversum, &c. see 214. 
 
Chap. XII.} Adverbs and Conjunctions. 
 
 81 
 
 225 impraesentianun, at the present time (for in praesentia 
 
 renun ?). 
 
 pr6p6diem, very shortly (possibly a corruption for prope die, 
 
 on a near day}. 
 
 autem, however; Item, likewise (comp. ita, itidexn) ; saltern, 
 
 at least, 
 
 quidem, Squldem, indeed ; prldem, some time ago ; tandem, at 
 length (tamdem) ; Itldem, likewise (ita) ; Identldem, repeatedly 
 (for Idem Itldern? or Idem et Idem?). (Comp. Idem, the 
 same, for is-dem ; totldem (indec. adj.), just so many ; tantus- 
 dem.) 
 
 -em 
 
 -tern 
 
 -dem 
 
 226 -im 
 
 denotes at or from a place ; hin-c, hence (Mm ce) ; illim, istim, 
 Ulinc, istinc, thence; im in inde ( 220), thereupon; exim, exin, 
 exinde, therefrom ; dein, deinde, thereupon ; int6r-im, mean- 
 while, also at times (Quintil.); olim, in those times, i.e. formerly 
 or hereafter (o\lo = iH.Q); 6nim, for; utrinque, on both sides (utro-)- 
 
 altrinsecus (for altrimsecus ; Plaut.), on the other side ; 
 extrinsecus, from outside ; intrinsecus, from within. 
 
 227 t-im (sim) Formed from, or similarly to, past participles ; e. g. carptim, 
 by pieces, separately (lit. plucking at it, carpere) ; confertim, 
 compactly (confercire) ; confestim, immediately; cursim, swiftly 
 (currere) ; efflictim, desperately (effligere, to kill, hence efflic- 
 tim amare, to love to death); furtim, thief-wise, i.e. by 
 stealth; partim, partly (parti-) ; passim, here and there (in a 
 scattered way, pandere) ; pdStentim, feeling the way (pede 
 tendere) ; praesertim, especially (putting in front, praesgrere) ; 
 raptim, hurriedly (rapgre) ; sensim, gradually (lit. perceptibly ; 
 sentlre) ; statim, immediately (lit. as you stand, sta-, stare) ; 
 strictim, slightly (lit. grazing, stringere) ; vicissim, in turns 
 (vici-). In affatim (ad fatim, to yawning*), in abundance, we 
 have an accus. of an extinct noun fatis, a yawn (comp. 
 fatisci, fatigare). 
 
 -at-im (i) From verbs with -a stems; e.g. acervatim, in heaps, sum- 
 marily (acerva-re) ; certatim, vying with one another (certa- 
 re); datatim (datatim ludere, to play at ball), giving and 
 reg'rving (data-re frequentative of dare); gravatim, with 
 difficulty (gravari) ; nominatim, by name (nominare), &c. 
 
 (2) From nouns (compare the adjective forms, e.g. barbatus. 
 cord-atus, &c. ) ; e. g. ggnratim, taking classes (genus) ; gra- 
 datim, step by step (gradu-) ; grggatim, in jlocks, herding 
 together (grgg-) ; membratim, limb by limb (membro-) ; ostia- 
 tim, from house to house (ostio-) ; paullatim, little by little. 
 (pauUo-) ; singiUatim, one by one (comp. singulo-) ; summatim, 
 slightly, sTimmarily (taking the tops, summo-) ; &c. 
 
 -ut-im tolutim, full trot (raising the feet, tollgre) ; trlbutim, tribe by 
 tribe (tribu-). 
 
 -It-im -^rltim, man by man (vlro-). 
 
 T G. 6 
 
INFLEXIONS. [Book II. 
 
 228 -t ast, but ; at, bttt (also atque, atqui) ; ant, or (comp. are) ; 6t, 
 
 and (comp. 2rt) ; tit (for uti), as (prout, praeut, sicut, velut) ; 
 post, after (also pos, poste, postidea ; comp. ante, antidea). 
 Sat is shortened for satis ( 232). For -met see 193. 
 
 -d Old ablative suffix? cf. 19, 1 1 5 ; ad, to ; apiid, at ; baud (or hau), 
 
 not ; sed, but (properly by itself?}. Qu6d, because, is neut. ace. 
 (comp. 6Vi), but in quod si, quod quia, quod utinam is by some 
 taken to be an old ablative. 
 
 -n quln, why not ? (qui ne) ; sin, but if; an, whether ; forsan, 
 
 forsltan (fors sit an), perhaps ; tamSn, yet ; en, lo ! In, in. 
 
 -1 pr5ciil, off, afar; slmul, older semol (for simile"), together; 
 
 sxn&l, once; vel, or (probably imperative of volo, hence choose}. 
 
 -ur Igltur, therefore ; quor or cur, wherefore ? 
 
 -6r Suffix of comparative degree: super, above (higher; sub, tip); 
 
 desuper, insuper. 
 
 per, throitgh ; ter (for tris, cf. 128), thrice; quater, four 
 times. 
 
 -per nuper, lately (novumper) ; parumper, for but little time (parum) ; 
 
 paullisper, for a little while (paullo-) ; tantisper, for so long 
 (tanto-); semper, always (sim-, whole? comp. simplex, simul). 
 
 229 -tSr (i) From adjectives with -o stems: duriter (also dure), 
 
 hardly (duro-) ; humanlter, inhumaniter (also humane, inhu- 
 mane), politely, impolitely (humano-); larglter (also large), 
 lavishly (largo-); navlter, ignaviter (also nave, ignave), 
 skilfully, unskilfully (gnavo-) ; luculenter (also luculente), 
 brilliantly (for luciilentiter from luculento-) ; turbulenter 
 (also turbulente), confusedly (for turtoulentiter from turbu- 
 lento-), and others in early writers. 
 
 (2) From adjectives with i- stems, and one (supplex) 
 with consonant stem : acrl-ter, eagerly (acri-) ; all-ter, other- 
 wise (ali-, 198); aman-ter, lovingly (for amantiter); atro- 
 ci-ter, audac-ter, brgvi-ter, clemen-ter (for clementi-ter), 
 concordi-ter, constan-ter (for constant!- ter), decen-ter, dill- 
 gen-ter, elSgan-ter, fellci-ter, frequen-ter, gravi-ter, leni-ter, 
 16vi-ter, mediocri-ter, mem6ri-ter, with good memory; mise- 
 ricordi-ter, pari-ter, salubri-ter, scien-ter, simlli-ter, sim- 
 pllci-ter, sollemni-ter, soller-ter (for sollerti-ter), supplici-ter, 
 tenvi-ter, vehemen-ter or vemen-ter, vernili-ter, vigilan-ter, 
 utlli-ter, and others from stems in -nti, of which -ti is 
 dropped before the suffix (cf. 20). 
 
 (3) From other words: circl-ter, about (circo-); inter, 
 between (in) ; praeter, beside (prae) ; prop-ter, near (prdpe) ; 
 sub-ter, beneath (sub). 
 
 nequl-ter, badly (nequam). Obiter (not ante- Augustan), on 
 the way, is apparently ob iter (comp. obviam). 
 
Chap. XJL] Adverbs and Conjunctions. 83 
 
 230 -s abs (ab, a), from ; bis, twice (for duls) ; els, on this side (comp. 
 
 ci-timus) ; ex, out (ec in some compounds, and e) ; mox, 
 presently ; obs (ob), on, opposite; subs (sub), tinder (in subs- 
 tralio, c.) ; trans, across ; uls, beyond (comp. ul-timus) ; 
 us-quam, us-piam, anywhere ; us-que, ever ; vix, scarcely. 
 
 delnceps (dein, cap-6re), next, is a compound like parti- 
 ceps, but indeclinable. 
 
 -as alias, at other times ; eras, to-morrow ; fdras, (to] out of doors . 
 
 -us mordl-c-us, with the teeth (mord-, mordere); s6c-us, otherwise; 
 
 tgnus, as far as (subst. ace. s. extent?}-, prot6nus (or pro- 
 tinus), immediately. 
 
 emlnus, from a distance; comminus, hand to hand, are 
 probably compounds of inanus, hand (meaning "hands off," 
 " hands together"). 
 
 231 -tus from ; same as Greek -dev (comp. ypa^-o^ev, scrlbz;;*j). 
 
 antiqui-tus, from of old (antique-) ; divlni-tus, from the 
 Gods (divino-) ; fundl-tus, from the bottom (fundo-) ; humanl- 
 tus, after the manner of men (humano-) ; in- tus, from within 
 (in) ; pgni-tus, from the interior, deeply (peno-) ; publicl-tus 
 (Plaut., Ter. &c.), on the public account (publlco-) j radlcl-tus, 
 from the root (radlci-) ; sub-tus, tinder neat h (sub). 
 -8s pnes, in the possession ^/"(comp. pSnitus). 
 
 232 -Is for -ios, the stem, or for -iiis the neuter ace., of the comparative 
 
 suffix ; e.g. nlmls, too much', magls (sometimes magg), more; 
 satis (also sat), enough. 
 
 fortassls, fortassS, perhaps. 
 
 -Is fSris, out of doors ; imprimis, in the first place ; gratils, gratis, 
 
 for thanks, gratuitously ; ingratls, thanklessly; multinaodis, 
 \ many wise; qudtannis, yearly, are locatives or ablatives. 
 
 233 -iens post-Augustan -ies; the regular suffix for numeral adverbs: 
 tStiens, so often (tot) ; qudtiens, bow often (quot) ; aliquo- 
 tiens, sometimes; pluriens, often (plus-); quinquiens, fi*ve 
 times (quinque) ; sexiens, six times (sex) ; dgciens, ten times 
 (decem); viciens, twenty times (for vicintiens, cf. ao; from 
 viginti); centiens, a hundred times (centum), and others. 
 See Chap. x. 
 
 62 
 
84 
 
 INFLEXIONS. 
 
 77. 
 
 Q .Sk 
 
 .^ 
 
 $ "1-1 
 
 ^ &g*8 
 
 .S \> 8 t- $ 
 
 S s; 8 
 
 
App. to XI. XIIJ\ Pronominal Adjectives and Adverbs. 
 
86 
 
 INFLEXIONS. 
 
 {Book IT. 
 
 237 The following are the chief (pronominal) adverbs ofti 
 
 quom, when. 
 mine, now. 
 
 j"~ 
 
 antehac, before this. 
 
 postnac, after this. 
 
 subinde, immediately afterwards. 
 
 nondum, not yet. 
 
 alias, at another time. 
 
 allquamdiu, for some 
 
 length of time. 
 quousque, till when? 
 adhuc, hitherto. 
 
 quondam,) sometime, i.e. formerly, 
 61im \ or hereafter. 
 
 tbties, so often. 
 
 allqu6ties, several times. 
 
 Identldem, repeatedly. 
 
 nonnunquam, \ sometimes 
 
 allquando, > (i. e. notun- 
 
 quandoque ) frequently}. 
 
 interdum, sometimes (i. e. 
 occasionally], 
 
 unquam, ever (after nega- 
 tives, &c.). 
 
 usque, ever (of progressive 
 continuance). 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 INFLEXIONS OF VERBS. Introduction. 
 
 238 LATIN verbs have inflexions to denote differences of voice, person, 
 number, mood, and tense. 
 
 1. There are two voices, the Active and the Passive. 
 (The Passive voice is sometimes called Reflexive or Middle.) 
 
 Some verbs have both voices, some have only the active, except in 
 the third person ; others, called Deponents, have only the passive, but 
 with the signification (apparently) of the active. 
 
 2. Two numbers, the Singular and Plural. 
 In a few verbs no plural is found. 
 
 3. There are three persons (First, Second, Third) in each number. 
 In the Imperative mood fhere is no form for the first person singular. 
 
 A few verbs are used only in the third person. 
 
 4. Three moods, Indicative, Subjunctive (often called Conjunctive), 
 Imperative. 
 
Chap. XIIL] Inflexions of Verbs. 87 
 
 5. Six tenses, in the Indicative mood, active voice: 
 
 (#) Three, denoting incomplete action ; the Present, Future, and 
 Imperfect. 
 
 (More precise terms for these tenses are (as used by some writers) 
 present imperfect, future imperfect, past imperfect.) 
 
 () Three denoting completed action; the Perfect, Completed 
 Future, and Pluperfect. 
 
 (More precise terms: present perfect, future perfect, and past per- 
 fect.) 
 
 In the Subjunctive mood, active voice, there are only four dis- 
 tinct tense-forms, called Present, Imperfect, Perfect, and Pluperfect. 
 In the Imperative there are only two, the present and future. 
 
 Some verbs in the active voice and all verbs in the passive voice 
 have in the Indicative only three simple tense-forms, those of incom- 
 plete action, and in the Subjunctive only the present and imperfect. 
 
 The deficiency of the tenses of complete action in the Passive voice 
 is supplied by participles in combination with certain tenses of the verb 
 of being. 
 
 239 Certain 'verbal nouns are (partly from their mode of formation, 
 partly from their use) usually treated in connexion with the verb. 
 These are 
 
 (#) Two indeclinable substantives, called Infinitives (or the Infini- 
 tive Mood). They are the Present infinitive, denoting incomplete 
 action, and the Perfect, denoting completed action. 
 
 () Three verbal adjectives, called Participles, the Present and 
 Future belonging to the active voice; the Past participle belonging 
 to the passive voice. 
 
 (c) A verbal substantive and adjective, called the Gerund and 
 Gerundive, usually classed, the first with the active, the second with 
 the passive voice. 
 
 (d) Two Supines, i. e. the accusative and ablative (or dative) of a 
 verbal noun. 
 
 The forms of the verb proper are often called collectively the Finite 
 Verb ; the verbal nouns above named are sometimes called the Injinite 
 Verb. 
 
 240 Every single word in the Latin (finite) verb is a complete sentence, 
 the verbal stem being used not by itself, but in combination with 
 abbreviated forms of pronouns of the first, second, and third persons. 
 
 The principles on which all verbs are inflected are the same. The 
 differences in detail which are found are due partly to the nature or 
 ending of the stem of the particular verb. But there are other differ- 
 
88 INFLEXIONS. \Book II. 
 
 ences, of which the reason must apparently be sought elsewhere. Pos- 
 sibly in early stages of the language there may have been a fuller system 
 of forms applicable to all verbs, and in the language as we have it some 
 verbs exhibit some of these forms and other verbs exhibit other forms. 
 
 241 The inflexions are attached to the stem in the following order : 
 inflexions of tense, of mood, of person, of number, of voice. The forms 
 of the present tense, indicative mood, singular number, active voice are 
 the simplest, and arise from the union of the stem with personal pro- 
 nouns. All other parts of the verb (usually) contain modifications for 
 tense, mood, number and voice. Of these the modifications for tense 
 and mood are made between the stem and personal pronoun, and the 
 inflexions for number and voice are appended after them. 
 
 Thus dat is the 3rd person, singular number, present tense, indica- 
 tive mood, active voice of a verbal stem meaning give. It is composed 
 of da- verbal stem, and t abbreviated pronoun of 3rd person : and thus 
 is strictly give-he (she, if), for which originally give-s is the English 
 equivalent, but English, having lost its sense of the meaning of the final 
 j, now prefixes in addition the pronoun he (she, if), as a separate word 
 for the like purpose. 
 
 da-r-e-m-us is the ist person plural, active voice, imperfect sub- 
 junctive of the same stem, da-, give. The sound r denotes past time, 
 e the mood of thought (instead of fact}, m the speaker himself, us the 
 action of others with the speaker. Thus daremus analysed is give-did- 
 in-tbought-I-they. If for -us we have -ur (daremur), the speaker and 
 others are passive instead of active. 
 
 242 The inflexions of tense are divisible into two classes : viz. those 
 which are common to several tenses or forms, and those which are 
 peculiar to the particular tense. 
 
 The inflexions common to several tenses or forms may be referred 
 to three forms of the verbal stem called the Present stem, the Perfect 
 stem and the Supine stem. 
 
 i. The Present stem is very often identical with the verbal stem, 
 but not unfrequently is more or less modified. From this present stem 
 are formed all the tenses and verbal forms which express incomplete 
 action : viz. both in Active and Passive voices 
 
 Indicative Present, Future, Imperfect ; 
 Imperative Present, Future ; 
 Subjunctive Present, Imperfect ; 
 also the following verbal forms : 
 
 Present Infinitive ; Active and Passive ; 
 Present Participle ; Active (none in Passive) ; 
 Gerunds and Gerundive. 
 
Chap. Xlfl.] Inflexions of Verbs. 89 
 
 a. The Perfect stem is sometimes identical with the verb stem and 
 with the present stem, but usually is considerably modified. From this 
 perfect stem are formed all the tenses denoting completed action : viz. 
 in the Active voice 
 
 Indicative Perfect, Completed Future, Pluperfect ; 
 Subjunctive Perfect, Pluperfect ; 
 also the Perfect Infinitive. 
 
 3. The Supine stem is always a modification of the verbal stem, 
 and from it are formed certain verbal nouns, of which the forms called 
 the supines, the past participle passive, and future participle active are 
 generally treated in connexion with the verb. 
 
 The past participle passive is used with certain tenses of the verb of 
 being to form the perfect, pluperfect and future indicative, and the 
 perfect and pluperfect subjunctive, of the passive voice. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 EXAMPLES OF THE SYSTEM OF INFLEXIONS OF VERBS. 
 
 243 VERBS are as regards their inflexions divided into two principal 
 classes ; those whose stem ends in a consonant and those whose stem 
 ends in a vowel. The former may be called for shortness consonant- 
 I'erbs, the latter e vo-wel- r vcrbs . 
 
 Vowel-verbs may have a stem ending in a or u, or e or i. Of these 
 by far the most numerous are those with stems ending in a, and this 
 class differs most in its inflexions from consonant verbs. It is in the 
 inflexions of tenses formed from the present stem that these differences 
 are mainly found. 
 
 First will be given on opposite pages the whole system of inflected 
 forms of a consonant stem, r6g-, rule, and of a vowel stem, ama-, love. 
 
 The English corresponding generally to the Latin forms of the 
 Indicative and Imperative moods is added. The English corresponding 
 to the Subjunctive mood varies so much with the character of 
 the sentence in which it is used, that none can properly be given 
 here. On the whole in the greater number of sentences the English 
 used for the Indicative would also fit the Subjunctive. The proper 
 translation according to the class of the Subjunctive is given in the 
 Syntax. 
 
 The quantity of the final syllables is marked as actually used by 
 Latin poets. (See also 53 foil.) Doubtless in some forms here 
 marked short the quantity was originally long, and some traces of the 
 earlier quantity are occasionally found. See 32, 68, 69. 
 
INFLEXIONS. 
 
 [Book IT. 
 
 CONSONANT CONJUGATION. 
 PRESENT STEM. 
 
 Active Voice. 
 
 Present. 
 Indicative. 
 Sing. i. rgg-o, I am ruling or I rule 
 
 2. rgg-Is, Thou art ruling or Thou rulest 
 
 3. rgg-it, He is ruling or He rules 
 Plur. i. reg-Im-ils, We are ruling or We rule 
 
 2. rgg-It-Is, Ye are ruling or Ye rule 
 
 3. rSg-unt, They are ruling or They rule 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing. i. rSg-am, I shall or will rule 
 
 2. rg-es, Thou wilt rule 
 
 3. rSg-6t, He will rule 
 
 Plur. i. rgg-em-us, We shall or will rule 
 
 2. rgg-et-Is, Ye will rule 
 
 3. rSg-ent, They will rule 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 Sing, i . reg-eb-am, I was ruling or / ruled 
 
 2. rgg-eb-as, Thou wast ruling or Thou ruledst 
 
 3. r6g-eb-at, He was ruling or He ruled 
 Plur. i. rgg-eb-am-iis, We were ruling or We ruled 
 
 2. rgg-eb-at-Is, Ye were ruling or Ye ruled 
 
 3. rgg-eb-ant, They were ruling or They ruled 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 reg-axn 
 
 r$g-as 
 
 rgg-at 
 
 rgg-am-iis 
 
 rgg-at-^s 
 
 rgg-ant 
 
 r8g-8r-em 
 
 rg-6r-es 
 
 r6g-6r-t 
 
 r6g-6r-em-us 
 
 r6g-6r-et-Is 
 
 rgg-6r-ent 
 
 Present. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Imperative Mood, 
 
 Sing. 2. rg-6, Rule (thou) 
 Plur. 3. rgg-It-6, Rule O) 
 
 . 2) , y . (Thou shalt rule 
 Sing. 3 j. rgg-It-o ^ shall rule 
 
 Plur. 2. reg-it-6t-6, Ye shall rule 
 3. rSg-unt-o, They shall rule 
 
 Verbal Noun-Forms. 
 
 Infinitive Present. rgg-6r-6, to rule 
 
 Participle Present S. Nom. reg-ens, ruling 
 
 Ace. rSg-ent-em (m. f.), rSg-ens (n.) 
 
 Nom.) 
 
 Ace. f 
 
 Gerund. 
 
chap, xi v: 
 
 Inflexions of Verbs. 
 
 9 J 
 
 VOWEL CONJUGATION. 
 
 PRESENT STEM. 
 
 Active Voice. 
 
 Present. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 
 215 Sing. i. am-o, I am loving or I love am-em 
 
 2. am-as, Thou art loving or Thou loves t am-es 
 
 3. am-at, He is loving or He loves am-6t 
 Plur. i. am-am-us, We are loving or We love am-em-us 
 
 2. am-at-is, Ye are loving or Ye love am-et-is 
 
 3. ara-ant, 'They are loving or They love am-ent 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing. i. am-ab-o, I shall Q? will love 
 
 2. am-ab-Is, Thou <uiilt love 
 
 3. am-ab-It, He will love 
 
 Plur. i. am-ab-Itn-iis, We shall or will love 
 
 2. am-ab-It-Is, Ye will love 
 
 3. am-ab-unt, They will lovs 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 Sing. i. am-ab-am, I was loving or I loved am-ar-em 
 
 2. am-ab-as, Thou wast loving or Thou lovedst am-ar-es 
 
 3. am-ab-at, He was loving or He loved am-ar-fit 
 Plur. i. am-ab-am-us, We 'were loving or We loved am-ar-em-us 
 
 2. ani-ab-at-Is, Ye were loving or Ye loved am-ar-et-Is 
 
 3. am-ab-ant, They were loving or They loved am-ar-ent 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 Present. Sing. a. am-a, Love (thou) 
 Plur. 2. am-at-e, Love (ye) 
 
 ^ . c - 2) - (Thou shalt love 
 
 Future. Sing. am-at-o 
 
 Plur. 2. am-at-5t-6, Ye shall love 
 3. am-ant-o, They shall love 
 
 Verbal Noun-Forms. 
 
 Infinitive Present. am-ar-S, to love 
 
 Participle Present S. Nom. am-ans, loving 
 
 Ace. am-ant-em (m. f.), am-ans (n.) 
 
 Gerund. . 'V am-and-um, loving 
 
INFLEXIONS. 
 
 {Book IL 
 
 CONSONANT CONJUGATION. 
 
 PRESENT STEM. 
 
 Passive Voice. 
 
 Present. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 
 246 Sing, i . rg-6r, / am being ruled or / am ruled reg-ar 
 
 2. r6g-6r-is, Thou art being ruled or Thou art ruled rgg-ar-Is 
 
 or reg-ar-S 
 
 rSg-it-iir, He is being ruled or He is ruled r6g-at-ur 
 
 reg-Im-ur, We are being ruled or We are ruled rgg-am-iir 
 reg-Im-In-i, Te are being ruled or Te are ruled rgg-am-m-l 
 rSg-unt-ur, They are being ruled or They are ruled r6g-ant-tlr 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing. i. rgg-ar, / shall or will be ruled 
 
 2. rSg-er-is or rgg-er-S, Thou wilt be ruled 
 
 3. rSg-et-ur, He will be ruled 
 Plur. i. rgg-em-ur, We shall be ruled 
 
 2. reg-em-In-I, Te will be ruled 
 
 3 . rgg-ent-ur, They will be ruled 
 
 Imperfect. 
 Sing. i. rSg-eb-ar, I was being ruled or I was ruled r6g-6r-6r 
 
 2. reg-eb-ar-is, Thou wast being ruled or Thou rg-Sr-er-Is 
 
 or rgg-Cb-ar-6 wast ruled or r6g-6r-5r-5 
 
 3. reg-Sb-at-ur, He was being ruled or He was r6g-6r-et-iir 
 
 ruled 
 
 Plur. i. rSg-eb-am-ur, We were being ruled or We were rgg-gr-em-iir 
 ruled 
 
 2 . rSg-eb-am-in-i, Te were being ruled or Te were r6g-6r-5m-In-l 
 
 ruled 
 
 3. reg-3b-ant-ur, They were being ruled or They rgg-Sr-ent-xir 
 
 were ruled 
 
 Present. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Sing. 2. r5g-6r-6, Be ruled 
 Plur. 2. reg-im-In-i, Bs ye ruled 
 
 Sing. H 
 
 rgg-it-6r 
 
 \Thou shalt be ruled 
 }He shall be ruled 
 
 Plur. 3. reg-unt-Br, They shall be ruled 
 
 Verbal Noun-Forms. 
 
 Infinitive Present. r6g-I, to be ruled 
 
 Gerundive Sing. Nom. m. r6g-end-us * . 
 
 f. r6g-end-a I to rule or to be ruled 
 
 n. r6g-end-um 
 
 (used adjectivally) 
 
Chap. XIV: 
 
 Inflexions of Verbs. 
 
 93 
 
 VOWEL CONJUGATION. 
 
 PRESENT STEM. 
 
 Passive Voice. 
 
 Present. 
 Indicative. 
 247 Sing. i. am-6r, I am being loved or I am loved 
 
 2. am-ar-is, Thou art being loved or Thou art 
 
 loved 
 
 3. am-at-ur, He is being loved or He is loved 
 Plur. i . am-am-ur, We are being loved or We are loved 
 
 a. am-am-in-I, Te are being loved or Te are loved 
 3. am-ant-iir, They are being loved or They are 
 loved 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 am-gr 
 
 am-er-is 
 
 or am-er-6 
 am-et-ftr 
 am-em-ur 
 am-em-In-I 
 am-ent-ur 
 
 Sing. i. 
 
 2. 
 
 3 . 
 Plur. i. 
 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 Future. 
 
 am-ab-6r, 1 shall or will be loved 
 am-ab-gr-is or am-ab-Sr-e, Thou wilt be loved 
 am-ab-it-ur, He will be loved 
 am-ab-im-ur, We shall or will be loved 
 am-ab-Im-in-i, Te will be loved 
 am-ab-unt-ur, They will be loved 
 
 Imperfect. 
 Sing. i. am-ab-ar, / was being loved or I was loved am-ar-8r 
 
 1. am-ab-ar-Is, Thou wast being loved or Thou am-ar-er-is 
 
 or am-ab-ar-6 wast loved or am-ar-er-6 
 
 3. am-ab-at-iir, He was being loved or He was am-ar-et-ur 
 
 loved 
 
 Plur. i. am-ab-am--iir, We were being loved or We am-ar-em-ur 
 were loved 
 
 2. am-ab-ain-in-i, Te were being loved or Te were am-ar-em-In-I 
 
 loved 
 
 3. am-ab-ant-ur, They were being loved or They am-ar-ent-iir 
 
 were loved 
 
 Present. 
 
 Future. Sing. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Sing. a. am-ar-6, Be (thou) loved 
 Plur. a. am-am-in-I, Be (ye) loved 
 
 (Thou shalt be loved 
 am-at-or \r, , ,, , , , 
 \iie shall be loved 
 
 am-ant-6r, They shall be loved 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 Plur. 3 
 
 Verbal Noun-Forms. 
 
 Infinitive Present. am-ar-i, to be loved 
 
 Gerundive. Sing. Nom. m. am-and-us 
 
 f. am-and-a 
 n. am-and-um 
 &c. 
 
 to love or to be loved 
 (used adjectivally) 
 
94 
 
 INFLEXIONS. 
 
 \Book II. 
 
 2-13 Sing, i, 
 2. 
 3- 
 i, 
 
 Plur 
 
 CONSONANT CONJUGATION. 
 
 PERFECT STEM. 
 
 Active Voice. 
 
 Perfect. 
 Indicative. 
 
 rex-I, I ruled or / have ruled 
 rex-is-ti, Thou ruledst or Thou hast ruled 
 rex-it, He ruled or He has ruled 
 rex-Im-fts, We ruled or We have ruled 
 a. rex-Is-tl-s, Te ruled or Te have ruled 
 3. rex-er-unt, They ruled or They have ruled 
 or rex- Or- 6 
 
 Completed Future. 
 
 Sing. i. rex-e"r-o, I shall have ruled 
 
 2. rex-Sr-is, Thou <wilt have ruled 
 
 3. rex-gr-It, He will have ruled 
 Plur. i. rex-gr-im-us, We shall have ruled 
 
 2. rex-6r-it-is, Te will have ruled 
 
 3. rex-Sr-int, They will have ruled 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 rex-er-im 
 
 rex-Sr-is 
 
 rex-gr-it 
 
 rex-Sr-im-us 
 
 rex-gr-It-is 
 
 rex-6r-int 
 
 [For the quantity of 
 -is, -imus, &c. in perf. 
 subj. and comp. fut. 
 ind. see 281. For 
 rexerunt see 274.] 
 
 i. 
 
 2. 
 3- 
 
 Plur. i. 
 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 rex-r-am, I had ruled rex-is-sem 
 
 rex-6r-as, Thou hadst ruled rex-is-ses 
 
 rex-6r-at, He had ruled rex-is-s$t 
 
 rex-6r-am-us, We had ruled rex-is-sem-us 
 
 rex-6r-at-is, Te had ruled rex-is-set-is 
 
 rex-6r-ant, They had ruled rex-is-sent 
 
 Infinitive. rex-is-s5, to have ruled 
 
 SUPINE STEM. 
 
 Active Voice. 
 
 rect-um, to rule, i.e. ace. case of verbal noun with u- stem 
 rect-u, in the ruling, i.e. ablat. case of verbal noun with u- stem 
 
 Part. Fut. (Sing. Nom.) rect-flr-us (m.)) 
 
 rect-Hr-a (f.) / about to rule 
 rect-dr-ura (n.)) 
 
 Infin. Fut. (Sing. Nom.) rect-flr-fts, -a, -um ease, to be about to rule 
 
 ,, ,, fuisse, to have been about 
 
 to rule 
 
Chap. XI V.] 
 
 Inflexions of Verbs. 
 
 95 
 
 VOWEL CONJUGATION. 
 
 PERFECT STEM. 
 
 Active Voice. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 Indicative. 
 249 Sing. i. amav-I, I loved or have loved 
 
 2. amav-istl, Thou lovedst or hast loved 
 
 3. amav-It, He loved or has loved 
 Plur. i. amav-Im-tis, We loved or have loved 
 
 2. amav-is-tl-s, Te loved or have loved 
 
 3. arnav-er-unt, They loved or have loved 
 
 or amav-er-8 
 
 Completed Future. 
 
 Sing. i. amav-gr-o, I shall have loved 
 
 2. amav-Sr-Is, Thou wilt have loved 
 
 3. amav-8r-it, He will have loved 
 Plur. i . amav-6r-Im-fts, We shall have loved 
 
 2. amav-er-It-Is, Te will have loved 
 
 3. amav-Sr-int, They will have loved 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 amav-gr-im 
 
 amav-gr-Is 
 
 amav-6r-It 
 
 amav-er-Im-tts 
 
 amav-6r-It-is 
 
 amav-6r-int 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 Sing. i. amav-r-am, / had loved 
 
 2. amav-er-as, Thou hadst loved 
 
 3. amav-Sr-at, He had loved 
 Plur. i. amav-6r-am-us, We had loved 
 
 2. amav-Sr-at-is, Te had loved 
 
 3. amav-Sr-ant, They had loved 
 
 amav-is-sem 
 
 amav-is-ses 
 
 amav-is-sgt 
 
 amav-is-sein-iis 
 
 amav-is-st-Is 
 
 amav-is-sont 
 
 Infinitive. amav-is-s8, to have loved. 
 
 Supine. 
 
 SUPINE STEM. 
 
 Active Voice. 
 
 amat-um, to love 
 amat-'fl, in the loving 
 
 Part. Fut. (Sing. Norn.) amat-iir-us (m.) | 
 
 amat-iir-a (f.) > about to love 
 amat-ar-um (n.)J 
 
 Infin. Fut. (Sing. Nom.) amat-ar-us, -a, -urn esse, to be about to love 
 
 ,, ,, fuisse, to have been about 
 
 to love 
 
9 6 
 
 INFLEXIONS. 
 
 [Book II. 
 
 Subjunctive, 
 rectus, recta, rectum sim 
 
 SUPINE STEM. 
 
 Passive Voice. 
 
 Perfect. 
 Indicative. 
 
 (m.) (f.) (n.) 
 
 250 Sing. i. rect-us rect-a rect-um sum, 
 / have been or am ruled 
 
 2. rect-us rect-a rect-um 6s, ,, ,, ,, sis 
 
 Thou hast been or art ruled 
 
 3. rect-us rect-a rect-um est, ,, ,, ,, sit 
 
 He has been or is ruled 
 
 Plur. i. rect-I rect-ae rect-a sumus, rect-1, rect-ae, rect-a sim-us 
 We have been or are ruled 
 
 2. rect-I rect-ae rect-a estis, ., ,, ,, sltis 
 
 Ye have been or are ruled 
 
 3. rect-I rect-ae rect-a sunt, ,, ,, sint 
 
 They have been or are ruled 
 
 Completed Future. 
 
 Sing. i. rect-us rect-a rect-um gro, / shall have been ruled 
 
 a. ,, ,, ,, gris, Thou wilt have been ruled 
 
 3. ,, ,, ,, grit, He ivill have been ruled 
 
 Plur. i. rect-1 rect-ae rect-a 6rlmus, We shall have been ruled 
 
 2. ,, ., ,, giitfs, Ye will have been ruled 
 
 3. ,, ,, erunt, They will have been ruled 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 Sing. i. rect-us rect-a rect-um gram, rect-us, -a, -um essem 
 / had been ruled 
 
 2. rect-us rect-a rect-um gras, ,, ,, ,, esses 
 
 Thou hadst been ruled 
 
 3. rect-us rect-a rect-um grat, ,, ,, ess6t 
 
 He had been ruled 
 
 Plur. i. rect-1 rect-ae rect-a gramus, rect-1, -ae, -a essemus 
 We had been ruled 
 
 2. rect-I rect-ae rect-a gratis ,, ,, ,, essetis 
 
 Ye had been ruled 
 
 3. rect-I rect-ae rect-a grant ,, ,, ,, essent 
 
 They had been ruled 
 
 Participle Perfect, rect-us, -a, -um, ruled. 
 
 Infinitive Perfect (sing. nom.). rect-us, -a, -um esse, to have been, 
 or to be, ruled. 
 
Chap. XIV.} Inflexions of Verbs. 97 
 
 SUPINE STEM. 
 
 Passive Voice. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 
 251 Sing. i. amat-iis, -a, -urn sum, / have been amat-iis, -a, -um sim 
 
 or am loved 
 2. amat-iis, -a, -um es, Thou hast been ,, sis 
 
 or art loved 
 
 2. amat-us, -a, -um est, He has been ,, ,, sit 
 
 or is loved 
 
 Plur. i. amat-I, -ae, -a sumus, We have been amat-i, -ae, -a slmus 
 or are loved 
 
 2. amat-I, -ae, -a estis, Te have been ,, ,, sltis 
 
 or are loved 
 
 3. amat-I, -ae, -a sunt, They have been ., ,, suit 
 
 or are loved 
 
 Completed Future. 
 
 Sing. i. amat-us, -a, -urn e"ro, I shall have been loved 
 
 2. ,, ,, 8ris, Thou wilt have been loved 
 
 3. ,, ,, Srlt, He will have been loved 
 
 Plur. i. aniat-i, -ae, -a grimus, We shall have been loved 
 
 2. ,, ,, gritis, Te will have been loved 
 
 3. ,, ,, 6runt, They will have been loved 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 Sing. i. amat-iis, -a, -um gram, / had amat-us, -a, -um essem 
 been loved 
 
 2. amat-us, -a, -um e"ras, Thou hadst ,, ,, esses 
 
 been loved 
 
 3. amat-us, -a, -um 6rat, He had ,, ,, esset 
 
 been loved 
 
 Plur. i. amat-1, -ae, -a 6ramus, We had amat-i, -ae, -a essemus 
 been loved 
 
 2. amat-i, -ae, -a gratis, Te had been ,, ,, essetis 
 
 loved 
 
 3. amat-i, -ae, -a grant, They had ., ., essent 
 
 been loved 
 
 Participle Perfect (sing. nom.). amat-us, -a, -um, loved. 
 
 Infinitive Perfect (sing. nom.). amat-iis, -a, -um esse, to havz been, 
 or to be, loved. 
 
 L. G. 7 
 
252 
 
 9 8 
 
 INFLEXIONS. 
 
 [Book II. 
 
 PRESENT STEM. 
 
 Other Vowel Conjugations. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 i. trlb-u-o 
 
 cap-i-o aud-i-o 
 
 m6n-e-o 
 
 2. trlb-u-Is 
 
 cap-Is aud-is 
 
 mdu-es 
 
 3. trlb-u-It 
 
 cap-It aud-It 
 
 m6n-6t 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 i. trlb-u-Im-us 
 
 cap-Im-us aud-Im-iis 
 
 m6n-em-iis 
 
 2. trlb-u-It-Is 
 
 cap-It-Is aud-It-Is 
 
 m6n-et-Is 
 
 3. trlb-u-unt 
 
 cap-i-unt aud-i-unt 
 
 mdu-ent 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Future. 
 
 
 i. trlb-u-am 
 
 cap-i-am aud-i-am 
 
 m5n-eb-o 
 
 2. trlb-u-es 
 
 cap-i-Ss aud-i-es 
 
 m6n-b-is 
 
 3. trlb-u-8t 
 
 cap-i-6t aud-i-6t 
 
 mdn-eb-It 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 i. trib-u-em-us 
 
 cap~i-em-fts aud-i-em-us 
 
 m5n-eb-Im-us 
 
 2. trlb-u-St-Is 
 
 cap-i-St-Is aud-i-et-Is 
 
 m6n-eb-It-Is 
 
 3. trlb-u-ent 
 
 cap-i-ent aud-i-ent 
 
 m6n-eb-unt 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 
 i. trib-u-b-am 
 
 cap-i-eb-am aud-i-eb-am 
 
 m6n-eb-am 
 
 2. trlb-u-eb-as 
 
 cap-i-eb-as aud-i-eb-as 
 
 m6n-gb-as 
 
 3. trlb-u-eb-at 
 
 cap-i-eb-at aud-i-eb-at 
 
 m6n-eb-at 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 i. trlb-u-eb-am-us 
 
 cap-i-eb-am-us aud-i-eb-am -us 
 
 m6n-eb-am-u5 
 
 2. trib-u-eb-at-Is 
 
 cap-i-eb-at-is aud-i-eb-at-Is 
 
 m6n-eb-at-is 
 
 3. trib-u-eb-ant 
 
 cap-i-eb-ant aud-i-eb-ant 
 
 m6n-gb-ant 
 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 2. trIb-u-6 
 
 cap-6 aud-I 
 
 m6n-e 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 2. trlb-u-It-S 
 
 cap-It-S aud-it-g 
 
 ni6n-et-6 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Future. 
 
 
 H trlb-u-It-o 
 
 cap-It-o aud-lt-o 
 
 m5n-et-o 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 2. trlb-u-it-5t-g 
 
 cap-It-6t- aud-it-6t-6 
 
 m6n-gt-5t- 
 
 3. trlb-u-unt-o 
 
 cap-i-unt-o aud-i-unt-o 
 
 mon-ent-o 
 
 
 Verbal Noun-Forms. 
 
 
 Infin. Pres. 
 
 trIb-u-6r-5 
 Part. Pres. (sing, nom 
 
 trlb-u-ens 
 Gerund (sing. nom.). 
 
 trlb-u-end-um 
 
 cap-er-6 aud-ir-g m6n-er-6 
 
 cap-i-ens aud-i-ens m6n-ens 
 
 cap-i-end-um aud-i-end-uin m6n-end-um 
 
Chap. 
 
 253 PRESENT STEM. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Inflexions of Verbs. 
 
 Other Vowel Conjugations \ 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Present. 
 
 99 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 i. trlb-u-fir 
 
 cap-i-6r 
 
 aud-i-6r 
 
 m6n-e-5r 
 
 2. trib-u-6r-Is 
 
 cap-6r-Is 
 
 aud-Ir-Is 
 
 m6n-er-Is 
 
 3* trlb-u-It-ftr 
 
 cap-It-iir 
 
 aud-It-tir 
 
 m6n-et-ur 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 
 i. trlb-u-lm*ttr 
 
 cap-Im-ftr 
 
 aud-im-ur 
 
 m6n-em-ur 
 
 2. trlb-u-Imln-I 
 
 cap-Imln-i 
 
 aud-imin-i 
 
 mon-emm-1 
 
 3. trib-u-unt-ur cap-i-unt-ur aud-i-unt-ur m6n-ent-ur 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Future. 
 
 i. trib-u-ar 
 
 cap-i-ar 
 
 aud-i-ar 
 
 m6n-eb-6r 
 
 2. trlb-u-gr-is 
 
 cap-i-er-is 
 
 and-i^er-Ia 
 
 m6n-eb-gr-i3 
 
 3. trlb-u-et-iir 
 
 cap-i-et-ur 
 
 aud-i-et-iir 
 
 m6n-eb-it-ur 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 
 i. trib-u-ein-ur 
 
 cap-i-em-iir 
 
 aud-i-em-iir 
 
 m&n-eb-im-iir 
 
 a. trlb-u-emin-i 
 
 cap-i-emm-I 
 
 aud-i-emln-l 
 
 m6n-eb-Imin-i 
 
 3. trib-u-ent-tir 
 
 cap-i-ent-ur 
 
 aud-i-ent-ilr 
 
 m6n-eb-unt-ilr 
 
 Singular. 
 
 1. trib-u-eb-ar 
 
 2. trlb-u-eb-ar-Is 
 
 3. trlb-u-eb-at-ilr 
 
 Plural. 
 
 i. trlb-u-Sb-am-ur cap-i-eb-am-ur 
 a. trlb-u-eb-amln-i cap-^i-eb-amin-i 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 cap-i-eb-ar aud-i-eb-ar m6n-eb-ar 
 
 aud-i-eb-ar-is m6n-eb-ar-Is 
 
 aud-i-eb-at-tir m6n-eb-at-ur 
 
 cap-i-eb-ar-Is 
 cap-i-eb-at-ilr 
 
 aud-i-eb-am-iir 
 aud-i-eb-amin-i 
 
 3. trib-u-eb-ant-ftr cap-i-eb-ant-iir aud-i-eb-ant-tlr 
 
 Singular. 
 
 2. trib-u-er-6 
 Plural. 
 
 2. trlb-u-Imin-i 
 
 Singular. 
 
 2.) 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 Present. 
 cap-6r-S aud-ir-6 
 
 cap-Imin-I aud-imin-i 
 
 Future. 
 cap-It-6r aud-It-6r 
 
 trlb-u-lt-6r 
 
 Plural. 
 
 3. trib-u-unt-6r cap-i-unt-6r aud-i-unt-6r 
 
 Verbal Noun- Forms. 
 In fin. Pres. 
 
 trlb-u-i cap-i aud-ir-I 
 
 Gerundive (sing. nom.). 
 
 trib-u-end-us cap-i-end-us aud-i-end-us 
 
 m6n-eb-axn-ur 
 mSn-eb-amin-i 
 moa-eb-ant-tir 
 
 m6n-er-6 
 m6n-emin-i 
 
 m6n-et-6r 
 m6n-ent-6r 
 
 m5n-er-I 
 m6n-end-us 
 72 
 
100 
 
 INFLEXIONS. 
 
 [Book IL 
 
 254 PRESENT STEM. Other Vowel Conjugations. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 i. trib-u-am 
 
 cap-i-am aud-i-am 
 
 m6n-e-am 
 
 2. trlb-u-as 
 
 cap-i-as aud-i-as 
 
 mdn-e-as 
 
 3. trib-u-at 
 
 cap-i-at aud-i-at 
 
 mdu-e-at 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 i. trlb-u-am-us 
 
 cap-i-am-us aud-i-am-us 
 
 m6n-e-am-us 
 
 2. trlb-u-at-Is 
 
 cap-i-at-is aud-i-at-is 
 
 m6n-e-at-Is 
 
 3, trlb-u-ant 
 
 cap-i-ant aud-i-ant 
 
 m6n-e-ant 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 1. trlb-u-gr-em cap-6r-em aud-ir-em m6n-er-em 
 
 2. trib-u-6r-es cap-6r-es aud-lr-es m6n-er-es 
 
 3. trlb-u-6r-6t cap-6r-6t aud-ir-6t m5n-er-6t 
 
 Plural. 
 
 1. trib-u-6r-em-fis cap-6r-5m-fis aud-ir-em-iis mdn-er-gm-iis 
 
 2. trib-u-gr-et-is cap-6r-et-is aud-Ir-Bt-Is m6n-er-et-Is 
 
 3. trlb-u-6r-ent cap-6r-ent aud-Ir-ent m6n-er-ent 
 
 255 
 
 Singular. 
 
 1. trib-u-ar 
 
 2. trlb-u-ar-is 
 
 3 . trlb-u-at-ftr 
 Plural. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Present. 
 
 cap-i-ar aud-i-ar 
 
 cap-i-ar-is aud-i-ar-Is 
 
 cap-i-at-fir aud-i-at-ur 
 
 i. trlb-u-am-ur cap-i-am-ur 
 
 aud-i-am-ur 
 
 2. trlb-u-amin-l cap-i-amin-i aud-i-amm-I 
 
 3. trlb-u-ant-ftr cap-i-ant-ur aud-i-ant-ur 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 m6n-e-ar 
 
 m6n-e-ar-Is 
 
 m6n-e-at-iir 
 
 mSn-e-am-ur 
 m6n-e-amm-I 
 m6n-e-ant-ur 
 
 Singular. Imperfect. 
 
 i. trib-u-8r-6r cap-6r-6r 
 
 aud-ir-6r 
 
 ni6n-er-6r 
 
 2. trlb-u-6r-er-is cap-6r-er-is 
 
 aud-ir-er-is 
 
 m&n-er-er-Is 
 
 3. trlb-u-6r-et-iir cap-6r-et-ilr 
 
 aud-Ir-et-ur 
 
 m6n-er-et-tlr 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 i. trib-u-er-em-iir cap-fir-em-iir 
 
 aud-ir-em-iir 
 
 m6n-er-em-iir 
 
 2. trib-u-6r-emln-i cap-6r-emin-I 
 
 aud-ir-emin-I 
 
 m6n-er-emln-i 
 
 3. trib-u-6r-ent-tir cap-6r-ent-ur 
 
 aud-ir-ent-tir 
 
 m6n-er-ent-tlr 
 
Chap. XIV.] 
 
 Inflexions -of- Vero*. 
 
 101 
 
 256 PERFECT STEM. 
 
 Other Vowel Conjugations. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 
 i. trlbu-I 
 
 cep-I audiv-1 
 
 m6nu-I 
 
 2. trlbu-is-ti 
 
 cep-is-ti audiv-is-ti 
 
 m6nu-is-ti 
 
 3. trlbu-It 
 
 cep-It audlv-it 
 
 m6nu-It 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 i. tribu-!m-iis 
 
 cep-Im-us audiv-Im-us 
 
 m6nu-Im-us 
 
 1. tribu-is-tls 
 
 cep-is-tls audiv-is-tis 
 
 m6nu-is-tls 
 
 3. tribu-er-unt 
 
 cep-er-unt audiv-er-unt 
 
 monu-er-unt 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Completed Future. 
 
 
 i. trlbu-6r-o 
 
 cep-gr-o audiv-6r-o 
 
 m6nu-gr-o 
 
 2. tribu-gr-is 
 
 cep-gr-is audlv-gr-is 
 
 m6nu-gr-is 
 
 3. trlbu-er-It 
 
 cep-gr-It audiv-gr-it 
 
 m6nu-gr-It 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 i. tribu-gr-im-us 
 
 cep-gr-im-us audlv-gr-im-us 
 
 m6nu-gr-im-us 
 
 2. trlbu-gr-it-Is 
 
 cep-gr-it-is audlv-Sr-it-Is 
 
 m6nu-gr-it-Is 
 
 3. trfbu-gr-int 
 
 cep-gr-int audlv-gr-int 
 
 m6nu-gr-int 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 
 i. trlbu-6r-am 
 
 cep-gr-am audlv-gr-am 
 
 m6nu-gr-am 
 
 2. trlbu-gr-as 
 
 cep-gr-as audiv-gr-as 
 
 mdnu-gr-as 
 
 3. trlbu-gr-at 
 
 cep-gr-at audiv-gr-at 
 
 m6nu-gr-at 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 i. trlbu-gr-am-iis 
 
 cep-gr-am-us audiv-gr-am-us 
 
 mSnu-gr-am-us 
 
 2. trlbu-gr-at-is 
 
 cep-gr-at-is audlv-gr-at-Is 
 
 m6na-gr-at-is 
 
 3. trlbu-gr-ant 
 
 cep-gr-ant audiv-gr-ant 
 
 m6nu-gr-ant 
 
 Singular. 
 
 1. trlbu-gr-im 
 
 2. trlbu-gr-is 
 
 3. trlbu-gr-it 
 
 Plural. 
 
 1. tribu-gr-im-us cep-gr-im-iis 
 
 2. tribu-gr-it-is cep-gr-it-is 
 
 3 . trlbu-gr-int cep-gr-int 
 
 Singular. 
 
 1. tribu-is-sem 
 
 2. tribu-is-ses cep-is-ses 
 
 3. trlbu-is-sgt cgp-is-sgt 
 
 Plural. 
 
 1. tribu-is-sem-us cep-is-sem-us 
 
 2. tribu-is- set-Is cep-is-set-Is 
 
 3. trlbu-is-sent cep-is-sent 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 cep-gr-im audiv-gr-im m6nu-gr-im 
 
 cep-gr-is audlv-gr-is m6nu-gr-is 
 
 cep-gr-It audiv-gr-It m6nu-gr-It 
 
 audlv-gr-im-us 
 
 audiv-gr-it-Is 
 
 audlv-gr-int 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 cep-is-sem audlv-is-sem 
 audlv-is-ses 
 audiv-is-sgt 
 
 m6nu- gr-im-us 
 
 m6nu-gr-it-Is 
 
 m6nu-gr-int 
 
 m6nu-is-sem 
 
 mSnu-is-nes 
 mdnu-is-sgt 
 
 audiv-is-sem-us m6nu-is-sem-us 
 audlv-is-set-Is m6nu-is-set-Is 
 audiv-is-sent m6nu-is-sent 
 
io.fr: : ':' 
 
 . ' ' : : , , : , 
 
 fWxiONS. 
 
 
 {Book II, 
 
 257 SUPINE STEM. 
 
 Other Vowel Conjugations. PASSIVE VOICE, 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 
 
 i. trlbut-iis 
 
 capt-tis 
 
 audlt-us 
 
 m6nlt-iis 
 
 sum 
 
 2. 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 es 
 
 3' ,5 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 est 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 
 
 i. trlbut-I 
 
 capt-I 
 
 audlt-I 
 
 m6nlt-i 
 
 sumus 
 
 2. 
 
 ,, 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 estis 
 
 3- 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 sunt 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Completed Future. 
 
 i. tribut-us 
 
 capt-us 
 
 audlt-us 
 
 m6nlt-us 
 
 6ro 
 
 2. ,, 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 gris 
 
 3- 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 grit 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 
 
 i. trlbut-I 
 
 capt-I 
 
 audlt-I 
 
 m5nlt-l 
 
 grlmus 
 
 2. ,, 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 grltls 
 
 3- ,5 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 grunt 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 
 
 i. trlbut-us 
 
 capt-us 
 
 audlt-us 
 
 ni6nlt-us 
 
 gram 
 
 2. 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 6ras 
 
 3- 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 grat 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 
 
 i. trfbut-I 
 
 capt-I 
 
 audlt-I 
 
 mdnlt-I 
 
 gramus 
 
 ^' 55 
 
 55 
 
 5) 
 
 ,, 
 
 gratis 
 
 3' ,5 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 grant 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Perfect, 
 
 
 
 i. tribiit-us 
 
 capt-us - 
 
 audlt-us 
 
 m6nlt-us 
 
 sim 
 
 2. ,, 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 sis 
 
 
 
 
 
 cit 
 
 3- 55 
 
 55 
 
 5 
 
 55 
 
 blu 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 
 
 i. trlbiit-I 
 
 capt-I 
 
 audlt-I 
 
 m5nlt-l 
 
 simus 
 
 2. 
 
 55 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 sltls 
 
 3- ,5 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 sint 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 
 
 i. trlbut-us 
 
 capt-iis 
 
 audlt-iis 
 
 m5nlt-iis 
 
 essem 
 
 2. ,, 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 esses 
 
 3- 5J 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 essgt 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 
 
 i. trlbut-I 
 
 capt-I 
 
 audlt-I 
 
 m6nit-I 
 
 essemus 
 
 2. 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 essetls 
 
 3- 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 55 
 
 essent 
 
Chap. XIV.} 
 
 Deponents. 
 
 103 
 
 Deponent verbs have the inflexions of the passive voice with the 
 active meanings, and have also a present and future participle active and 
 the gerunds and supines. 
 
 The following examples are given (for brevity's sake) only in the 
 first person singular, or other leading form : s^qu-, follow; prgca-, pray; 
 vgre-, fear. 
 
 INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. sgquor, I follow or am 
 following 
 
 Future. sgquar, I shall follow 
 
 Imperfect, sgquebar, / was follow- 
 ing or I followed 
 
 Perfect. sgcutus sum, I followed 
 or have followed 
 
 Comp. Fut. sgcutus gro, / shall have 
 followed 
 
 Pluperfect, secutus gram, I had fol- 
 lowed 
 
 prgcor 
 
 prgcabor 
 prgcabar 
 
 v6reor 
 
 vgrebor 
 vgrebar 
 
 precatus sum vSritus sum 
 prgcatus gro vgrltus gro 
 
 prgcatus gram vgrltus gram 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. sgquar, I be following or prgcer vgrear 
 
 IfoHow 
 Imperfect, sgqugrer, 7 were follow- prgcarer vgrerer 
 
 ing or I followed 
 
 Perfect. sgcutus sim, I followed precatus sim vgrltus sim 
 
 Pluperfect, sgcutus essem, 7 hadfol- prgcatus essem vgrltus essem 
 
 lowed 
 
 IMPERATIVE MOOD. 
 
 Present. sgqugrg,/o//ow (thoii) prgcarg vgrerg 
 
 Future. sgcutor, thou s halt follow prgcator vgretor 
 
 VERBAL, NOUNS. 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Present. sgqui, to follow prgcari vgreri 
 
 Perfect. sgcutus esse, to have fol- prgcatus esse vgrltus esse 
 lowed 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 Present. sgquens, following 
 Future. secuturus, going to follow 
 Past. sgcutus, having followed 
 
 prgcans 
 prgcatiirus 
 prgcatus 
 
 vgrens 
 verlturus 
 vgrltus 
 
 GERUND. sgquendum, following 
 GERUNDIVE, sgquendus, to follow or 
 to be followed 
 
 prgcandum 
 prgcandus 
 
 vgrendum 
 vgrendus 
 
104 
 
 INFLEXIONS. 
 
 [Book If. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 INFLEXIONS OF sum AND OTHER IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 259 THE tenses of the verb of being are partly from a root es- whence 
 es-um (Gr. ju for eV/u) and partly from the root fu- (whence fio), 
 Gr. 0uoj. Pos-sum, I am able or I can, is a compound of p6te sum, and 
 usually retains the t before a vowel but assimilates it to a following -s. 
 
 Present. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 i. 
 
 sum, 7<3> 
 
 pos-sum, I can sim 
 
 possim 
 
 
 2. 
 
 gs, Thou art 
 
 pOtgs, Thou canst sis 
 
 possis 
 
 
 3- 
 
 est, Tfe is 
 
 pfttest, He can sit 
 
 posslt 
 
 Plur. 
 
 i. 
 
 sftmus, We are 
 
 possiimus, We can simfts 
 
 possimus 
 
 
 2. 
 
 es-tls, Te are 
 
 pdtestls, Te can sitls 
 
 possitls 
 
 
 3- 
 
 sunt, 7<?y <zrr 
 
 possunt, They can sint 
 
 possint 
 
 Future. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sing. 
 
 I. 
 
 gro, 7 shall be 
 
 pbtgro, 7 shall be able 
 
 
 
 2. 
 
 grls, Thou wilt be 
 
 pdtgrls, Thou wilt be able 
 
 
 
 3- 
 
 grit, Tfe will be 
 
 pdtgrlt, 77^ will be able 
 
 
 Plur. 
 
 i. 
 
 grlmfts, We shall bs 
 
 p6tgrlmus, We shall be able 
 
 
 
 2. 
 
 grltls, Te will be 
 
 pdtgrltls, Te will be able 
 
 
 
 3- 
 
 grunt. T^y <u>/7/ <? 
 
 pdtgrunt They will be able 
 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 i. 
 
 gram, I was 
 
 pStgram, I could ov essem 
 
 possem 
 
 
 
 
 might 
 
 
 
 2. 
 
 gras,. 7#0# wast 
 
 pdtgras^ow couldestessSa 
 
 posses 
 
 
 
 
 or mightest 
 
 
 
 3- 
 
 grat, Tfe <ztw 
 
 pdtgrat essgt 
 
 possSt 
 
 Plur. 
 
 i. 
 
 gramus, We were 
 
 pdtgramus essemfts 
 
 possemfts 
 
 
 2. 
 
 gratis, r* <U*TY 
 
 pdtgratls essetis 
 
 possetls 
 
 
 3- 
 
 grant, They were 
 
 pdtgrant essent 
 
 possent 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sing. 
 
 I. 
 
 ful, 7 TUtfj or have 
 
 patui, 7 could or fugrim 
 
 patugrim 
 
 
 
 been 
 
 might 
 
 
 
 2. 
 
 fuisti, Thou wast 
 
 pdtuisti fugrls 
 
 patugrls 
 
 
 3. 
 
 fult, Tfe <u;tf.r 
 
 patult fugrit 
 
 pdtugrlt 
 
 Plur. 
 
 I. 
 
 fuimus, We were 
 
 p6tuimus fugrimfts pdtugrfmus 
 
 
 2. 
 
 fuistls, Te were 
 
 pdtuistls fugritis 
 
 patugrltls 
 
 
 3- 
 
 fuirunt, They were 
 
 pdtugrunt fugrint 
 
 patugrint 
 
 Comp. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 i. 
 
 fugro, 7 shall have 
 
 pdtugro, 7 shall have been able Qr^c. 
 
 
 
 been &c. 
 
 
 
 
 2. 
 
 fugrls 
 
 patugrls 
 
 
 
 3- 
 
 fugrit 
 
 pdtugrlt 
 
 
 Plur. 
 
 I. 
 
 fugrlmus, We shall 
 
 patugrimus 
 
 
 
 
 have been 
 
 
 
 
 2. 
 
 fugritis 
 
 patugrltls 
 
 
 
 3- 
 
 fugrint 
 
 patugrint 
 
 
Chap. XVI\ Inflexio?is of sum, possum, &c. 105 
 
 Pluperfect. Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 
 Sing. i. fugram, / had been p6tu6ram, I bad fuissem pdtuissem 
 
 <2r*f . been able &c. 
 
 3. fugras pdtugras fuisses pCtuisses 
 
 3. fuerat p6tu6rat fuisset p6tuiss6t 
 
 Plur. i. fueramiis pdtugramus fuissemiis p6tuissemiis 
 
 i. fueratls p6tu6ratls fuissetls pdtuissetls 
 
 3. faerant pdtuSrant fuissent pDtuissent 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Present Sing. 2. 6s, be Future Sing. 2 and 3. esto 
 
 Plur. 2. este, be ye Plur. ^. estate" 
 
 3. sunto 
 Verbal Nouns. 
 Infinitive. Present, esse posse 
 
 Perfect, fuisse pdtuisse 
 
 Future, fdre or futurus esse 
 Participles. Present, (s-ens or ens) pfltens, powerful, only adj. 
 
 only in compounds. 
 Future, futurus 
 
 260 Es in pres. incl. is always long in PlaUtus and Terence. 
 
 When est came after a vowel or m, the e was omitted in speaking and 
 sometimes in writing (nata st, natum st, oratio st). So e.g. in Cicero, 
 and (according to L. Miiller) always both in scenic and dactylic verse. 
 The same was not unfrequently the case with es after a vowel, and perhaps 
 after m also; e.g. nacta's, lignum's. In the comic writers a short final 
 syllable in s also coalesces with est; e.g. factust, opust, similist, for 
 factus est, opus est, similis est ; occasionally with es ; e. g. nactu's, 
 simili's, for nactus es, similis es. (Ritschl.) 
 
 A form for the pres. subj. siem, sies, siet, sient, is frequent in Plautus 
 and Terence. Cicero speaks of it as used in his time. Another form for 
 the same tense fuam, fuas, fuat, fuant is also frequent in Plautus and 
 other scenic poets, except Terence, who like Vergil uses it once only. The 
 compounds occasionally have -sies, -siet, -sient. For the imperfect subj. 
 f6rem, f&res, fdretis, f6rent are frequently used in most writers. 
 
 The perfect &c. are in Plautus occasionally fuvit, filverit, &c. 
 
 261 Like sum are inflected its compounds, viz. absum (perf. abfui or 
 afui), adsum or assum (perf. adfui or affui), desum (de-est, de-eram, 
 &c. pronounced dest, deram, &c.), insum, intersum, obsum, praesum 
 (3rd pers. sing, praest, often written praeest), prosum (prSd- before a 
 vowel; e.g. prod-es, prod-ero), subsum, supersum. Of these absum and 
 praesum alone have a present participle absens, praesens. 
 
 For inf. posse early writers have sometimes potesse ; and for possim, 
 possis we find sometimes in Plant, and Ter. possiem, possies. 
 
 The full forms, potis sum, es, est, eram, ero, sim, &c. are found in 
 prae- Augustan poets ; especially potis est in Terence, Lucretius, and once 
 in Vergil ; pote fuisset once in Ter. Potis and pote are also used as 
 direct predicates without the verb. 
 
 Potestur, possitur, poteratur, are quoted as used occasionally with 
 passive infinitive in early writers (not now extant). Potestur once in Lucr. 
 
io6 
 
 INFLEXIONS. 
 
 {Book IT. 
 
 
 
 
 Malo 
 
 
 
 Nolo 
 
 (Ma-volo 
 
 262 Indicative Mood. Do, 
 Present Tense. give. 
 
 Volo, 
 be twilling. 
 
 (Ne-volo), 
 
 be unwilling. 
 
 formag-volo), 
 prefer. 
 
 Sing. i. do 
 
 v61o 
 
 nolo 
 
 malo 
 
 2. das 
 
 vis 
 
 non vis 
 
 mavis 
 
 3. dat 
 
 vult 
 
 non vult 
 
 mavult 
 
 Plur. i. damus 
 
 volumus 
 
 nolumus 
 
 malumus 
 
 2. datis 
 
 vultis 
 
 non vultis 
 
 mavultis 
 
 3. dant 
 
 vSlunt 
 
 nolunt 
 
 malunt 
 
 Future Sing. i. dabo 
 
 v61am 
 
 (not used) 
 
 (not used) 
 
 2. dabis 
 
 vdles 
 
 noles 
 
 males 
 
 Imperf. Sing. . dabam 
 
 vdlebam 
 
 nolebam 
 
 malebam 
 
 Perf. Sing. . dSdi 
 
 vdlui 
 
 nolui 
 
 malui 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 
 
 
 Pres. Sing. . dem 
 
 vglim 
 
 nolim 
 
 malim 
 
 Plur. . demus 
 
 veilmus 
 
 nolimus 
 
 mallmus 
 
 Imperf. Sing. . darem 
 
 vellem 
 
 nollem 
 
 mallem 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 
 
 
 Pres. Sing. 2. da 
 
 
 noli 
 
 
 Plur. 2. date 
 
 
 nolite 
 
 
 Future Sing. 2. dato 
 
 
 nohto 
 
 
 Plur. 2. datote 
 
 
 nolit5te 
 
 
 3. danto 
 
 
 nolunto 
 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 
 
 
 Present, dare 
 
 velle 
 
 nolle 
 
 malls 
 
 Future, daturus es 
 
 36 
 
 
 
 Participle. 
 
 
 
 
 Present, dans 
 
 vdlens 
 
 nolens 
 
 (not used) 
 
 Future, daturus 
 
 
 
 
 Perfect, datus 
 
 
 
 
 Gerund, danduni 
 
 volendum 
 
 
 
 Gerundive, dandus 
 
 
 
 
 263 do has a passive voice. The forms der and demur (ist pers. sing, and 
 plur. pres. subj.) are not actually found anywhere. For duim, &c. see 
 280. 
 
 In prae- Augustan language the 3rd pers. sing, and 2nd pers. plural were 
 volt, voltis. In conversational language si vis, si vultis became sis, sultis. 
 
 For non vis, non vult Plautus has frequently nfivis, nvult ; on the 
 other hand, for nolis, nolit, nolint, nollem he has sometimes the full forms 
 non veils, &c. 
 
 Also in Plautus frequently mav61o (once also in Terence), mavdlet, 
 maveilm, mavelis, mavelit, maveUem. 
 
Chap. XV.] Inflexions of some Irregular Verbs. 
 
 107 
 
 264 
 
 
 Fio 
 
 
 
 
 
 (used as pas- 
 
 
 
 
 Eo (stem i-), 
 
 sive of facio) 
 
 , Edo, 
 
 Fero, 
 
 Feror, 
 
 go. 
 
 become. 
 
 eat. 
 
 bear. 
 
 be borne. 
 
 go 
 
 fio 
 
 Sdo 
 
 fgro 
 
 fgrftr 
 
 Is 
 
 fis 
 
 gdls or es 
 
 fers 
 
 ferrls 
 
 It 
 
 fit 
 
 6dlt or est 
 
 fert 
 
 fertur 
 
 Imus 
 
 
 gdlmus 
 
 fgrimus 
 
 fgrlmur 
 
 Itis 
 
 
 gdltis or estis 
 
 fertis 
 
 fgrlmlni 
 
 gunt 
 
 fiunt 
 
 gdunt 
 
 fgrunt 
 
 fgruntur 
 
 Ibo 
 
 flam 
 
 gdam 
 
 fgram 
 
 fgrar 
 
 Ibis 
 
 figs 
 
 gd&s 
 
 fgres 
 
 fgreris 
 
 ibam 
 
 fiebam 
 
 gdebarn 
 
 fgrebam 
 
 ffirebar 
 
 Ivl 
 
 factus sum 
 
 edi 
 
 tali 
 
 latus sum 
 
 gam 
 
 flam 
 
 gdam or gdim 
 
 fgram 
 
 fgrar 
 
 eainna 
 
 fiamus 
 
 gdamus or 
 
 fgramus 
 
 fgramur 
 
 
 
 gdimus 
 
 
 
 Irem 
 
 figrem 
 
 gdgrem or essem 
 
 ferrem 
 
 ferrer 
 
 I 
 
 fi 
 
 gde or es 
 
 fgr 
 
 ferre 
 
 ite 
 
 fite 
 
 edlte or este 
 
 ferte 
 
 fgrlmlni 
 
 ito 
 
 
 gdlto or esto 
 
 ferto 
 
 fertor 
 
 ItOte 
 
 
 gditote or estote 
 
 fertSte 
 
 
 gunto 
 
 
 gdunto 
 
 fgrunto 
 
 fgruntor 
 
 Ire 
 Iturus esse 
 
 figri 
 faetum Iri 
 
 gdgre or esse 
 esurus esse 
 
 ferre ferri 
 
 laturus esse latum iri 
 
 lens gdens fgrens 
 
 G. guntis 
 
 esOrus lattlrus 
 
 factus latus 
 
 gundum faciendum gdendum fgrendum 
 
 -eundus (in comp.) faclendus gdendus fgrendus 
 
 265 Ambio is the only compound of eo, which is inflected regularly like a 
 verb with I stem. 
 
 Futurus sim, fore, futurus esse, are frequently used for parts of fio. 
 
 Fierem, fieri, in Plautus and Terence often have the stem i long. 
 
 Qf the compounds with prepositions the following forms occur : confit, 
 confleret, confierent, confieri ; defit, defiet, defiat, defieri ; ecfieri ; infit ; 
 interfiat, interfieri ; superfit, superfiat, superfieri. 
 
 In the passive we find estur for edltur (3 pres. ind. ), and essetur (once 
 in Varr.) for gdgretur (3 pers, imperf. subj.). The contracted forms are 
 also found from comgdo, and some (exest, exesse, exesset) from exgdo. 
 
 266 Qugo, ngqugo, resemble eo, but have no imperative, participle, or 
 gerund. Only the present indie, and subj. are at all frequent. Quis and 
 quit (pres. act.) .are only used after non, as non quis, nonquit (for ne- 
 quis, &c.). There are a few instances in early writers of passive forms, 
 qultus sum, quitur, queatur; nequita est, nequltur. Queatur once in 
 Lucr. But they are used only with a pass, infin. (e.g. nequltur comprimi). 
 
io8 INFLEXIONS. [Book II. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 INFLEXIONS OF PERSON, NUMBER AND VOICE. 
 
 267 THE suffixes, which denote person and number in the active voice, are 
 the same in all tenses of the indicative and subjunctive moods, except in 
 some persons of the perfect, and in the first person singular of the present 
 and completed future of the indicative mood. 
 
 In the passive voice the inflexions for this purpose are the same in all 
 those tenses of the indicative and subjunctive moods, which are expressed 
 by simple forms. (The tenses denoting completed action are expressed by 
 compound forms, e.g. amatus sum.) 
 
 These suffixes are as follows, the initial vowel being given in the oldest 
 form in which, apart from early inscriptions, it appears in any verbs. 
 
 Active. Passive. Perfect Active. 
 
 Singular, ist person -om -or -I 
 
 2nd -Is -6r-Is 4stl 
 
 3rd -It -It-ur -It 
 
 Plural. ist -um-us -Im-ur -Im-us 
 
 -It-Is -Imlnl -ist-Is 
 
 -ont -ont-ur -erunt 
 
 2nd 
 3 rd 
 
 The short initial vowel of the suffix (6, u, 6, I) is absorbed by an imme- 
 diately preceding a, e, or I ; 
 
 except (i) in the ist pers. sing., if the m is not retained ; 
 
 (2) in the 3rd pers. pi. present, if -unt (-ont) follow -i. 
 
 In a few other verbs (sum, do, fero, volo, edo) some of these suffixes 
 drop the initial vowel in the present tense. 
 
 FIRST PERSON 1 . 
 
 268 The -m in the ist person singular and plural is the same as is seen in 
 the oblique cases of the pronoun me. 
 
 Singular, -m is dropped in the singular of the present indicative of all 
 verbs (e. g. reg-o) ; 
 
 (except two ; viz. sum (for 6s-om), I am, and inqua-m, quoth /;) 
 
 also in the completed future of all verbs ; e.g. amavero ; 
 
 and in the future indicative of all verbs with stems ending in -a or -e, 
 and of some with stems ending in -i ; e.g. amabo, mdnebo, Ibo. 
 
 In a- verbs the final a is contracted with the initial of the suffix ; e.g. 
 am-o for ama-om ; do for da-om. Other vowel verbs retain their character- 
 istic vowel; e.g. trlb-u-o, mdn-e-o, aud-i-o, cap-i-o. But three i verbs 
 change i to e ; viz. 60 (stem i-), queo (stem qui-), and its compound 
 ngqueo. Inquam has apparently a stem in a, which except in ist sing. 
 pres. passes into 1 
 
Chap. XVIJ\ Inflexions of Person, Number , Voice. 109 
 
 The perfect indicative always ends in I. The proper personal suffix (m) 
 has dropped off altogether. 
 
 In the passive voice the only change from the active is the addition of r, 
 if the m has dropped away, or the substitution of it for m if the m has been 
 retained in the active; e.g. act. amo, amabo ; pass. amor, amabor; but 
 act. amabam, amem ; pass, amabar, amer. 
 
 This r is generally considered to be a substitute for B, the proper passive 
 inflexion being, as is supposed, the reflexive pronoun 1 se. 
 
 289 Plural. The vowel before m is weakened to I in all verbs with stems 
 ending in u, or in I, or in a consonant, 
 
 except in the present indicatives of three verbs ; viz. sumus, we are, 
 vdlumus, and their compounds, and the old form quaesumus (stem quaes-), 
 we pray, where we have the older vowel u. da-mus retains the radical a. 
 
 With these exceptions the suffix is the same in all tenses of all verbs, 
 except when the initial vowel is absorbed by a preceding a, e, or I. 
 
 The final -us is the part of the suffix which distinguishes the plural 
 number. Its origin is uncertain. 
 
 In the passive the final s is changed to r ; e.g. amamus, amamur. 
 
 SECOND PERSON. 
 
 270 The consonant contained in the suffix of the second person is 8 in the 
 singular (changed before another vowel to r in the passive), and t in the 
 plural. The perfect indicative has t in the singular also. The personal 
 pronoun of the second person sing, in Latin (tu) and the Doric dialect of 
 Greek (TV) exhibits this t ; in the Attic dialect of Greek it exhibits s (cv). 
 
 Singular. In the present tense of fSro, I bear; v61o, I will; 6do, I eat; 
 the short vowel (I) is omitted or absorbed; hence fers (for ferls), vis 
 (generally taken to be for vOlis, vllis, vils), and es (for 6dls, eds). es (es 
 Plautus and Terence, 8s in subsequent poets) is also the 2nd pers. sing, 
 present indicative of sum, / ant. 
 
 All a-, e-, and I- verbs have the final syllable long ; viz. as, es, Is. 
 Not so the verbs with I ; e. g. capio, capls. 
 
 In the perfect indicative the suffix for the second pers. sing, ends in 
 -isti, of which ending -ti is the proper personal suffix, 
 
 In the passive -8ris (at first sight) appears to be formed by placing the 
 characteristic passive r before the personal suffix ; the true theory however 
 is no doubt that the passive suffix, with a short preceding vowel, being 
 placed after the personal suffix caused the s between two vowels to change 
 to r, necessitating also the change of the vowel i to e before r. Thus 
 regSrls is for rSg-Is-is. The passive suffix itself (i.e. s for se, 268) was 
 allowed to remain s, instead of being changed to r, as usually, in order to 
 avoid having two r's close together. 
 
 271 -re (e.g. amabare) is more common than -ris (e.g. amabaris) in 
 Plautus, and, except in present tense, in Cicero and Vergil. It is frequent 
 in Horace, rare in Livy ; and is usually avoided by all writers where the 
 
 1 A passive formed by a reflexive pronoun is seen in Germ. Das versteht 
 sick von selbst ; French Le corps se trouva ; Ital. Si loda Cuomo modesto 
 ('The modest man is praised') ; Span. Las aguas se secaron ('The waters 
 were dried up'). KEY, Lat. Gr. 379. 
 
no INFLEXIONS. [Book II. 
 
 form would then be the same as the present infinitive active. Hence -ris is 
 retained in pres. indie, (with rare exceptions) in verbs which have an active 
 voice; but in deponents (where there is no risk of confusion, as the infinitive 
 ends in i) -re is frequent in Plautus, sometimes found in Cicero ; -ris is 
 usual in Vergil and Horace. 
 
 272 PhiraL The plural suffix -Itls contains the personal pronoun of the 
 second person (t), and the syllable -Is, which is either a pronoun of the 
 second person in its other form, or a suffix of plurality. 
 
 In the present tense of the four verbs named above ( 270) the initial i 
 of the suffix is again omitted : fertis for fSrltis, voltis or vultis for volitis, 
 estis for Sdltis ( 264), ye eat, and for (originally) Ssltis, ye are. So also 
 in da-tis. 
 
 In the perfect s is simply suffixed to the singular form. 
 
 In the passive voice the suffix -Imlni is probably a masculine plural 
 participial form. The Greek present passive participle is of the same form ; 
 viz. -dmgnds, plur, 6mgnoi. Originally, perhaps, estis was used with it, as 
 it is used with a past participle to form the perfect passive. 
 
 THIRD PERSON. 
 
 273 The -t in the suffix of the 3rd person, both singular and plural in all 
 tenses, is a demonstrative pronoun, found in the Greek (so-called) article, 
 and in iste, tot, talis, tantus, &c. 
 
 Singular. In the present tense of sum, gdo, fgro, v61o, the short 
 vowel before -t is not found ; viz. est (both from sum and from Sdo), fert, 
 volt, or (later) vult. 
 
 The third person sing, active of a-, e-, and i- verbs was originally long, 
 as may be inferred from the passive voice (amat-ur, monet-ur, audlt-ur), 
 and is actually found long not unfrequently in Plautus, and sometimes in 
 Augustan poets. 
 
 In the perfect active the suffix is the same as in the present (-It). 
 Plautus sometimes, and more rarely Augustan poets, have this -it long. 
 
 To form the passive, -ur is suffixed to the active form. 
 
 274 PhiraL The plural suffix is usually -unt, but in prae- Augustan inscrip- 
 tions, in Plautus, and Varro, the older -ont Avas retained after V (or u) ; 
 e.g. vivont, Confluent, loquontur. Of this suffix the t is probably the 
 same as in the singular ; the origin of the n is Uncertain. 
 
 The passive is formed (as in the singular) by suffixing -ur to the active 
 form. 
 
 The perfect suffix is the same as the present, the ending being er-unt, 
 of which the -er is the same as the -is (before t) of the second person. The 
 penult (-er) is usually long (e.g. rexerunt, amaverunt), but the dactylic 
 poets, beginning with Lucretius (not Ennius) often, and others occasionally, 
 shorten it; e.g. dormigrunt, locavgrunt, subegerunt, &c. (Plaut.), einS- 
 runt (Ter.) ; dedSrunt. fugrunt, exigrunt, &c. (Lucr.). 
 
 -ere (for -erunt) is not uncommon in Plautus and Terence, rare in Cicero 
 and Caesar, but frequent in dactylic poets and Livy. 
 
 In the Completed future indie, the suffix-vowel is i instead of u (-6rint 
 for -grunt) ; probably in order to avoid confusion with the perfect. 
 
Chap. XVIL} Inflexions of Mood. 1 1 1 
 
 CHAPTER XVIL 
 INFLEXIONS OF MOOD. 
 
 1. Indicative Mood. 
 
 275 THE indicative mood contains no special inflexions to distinguish it. 
 The imperative and subjunctive moods are distinguished from it by 
 certain modifications. 
 
 2. Imperative Mood. 
 
 (#) Present. The imperative present appears to consist of short- 
 ened forms of the indicative present. The final s is thrown off, and -I 
 is changed to 6 (or rather, as the form probably originally ended in -es, 
 the s is simply thrown off; cf. 19). Hence the active rggis becomes 
 rgge ; regitis, regitS ; the passive r6g6rls, rggerg ; the and pers. plural 
 rgglmlnl is the same as in the indicative. But from verbs with vowel 
 stems in a-, e-, I- (not I-) the a is thrown off in the singular without 
 further change; e.g. ama, mone, audi. The exceptional form noli is 
 formed from the and pers. sing, of the subjunctive present. 
 
 276 In the verbs duco, f5ro (and their compounds), facio (with compounds 
 which retain the radical a), and dlco, the final e of the singular was always 
 dropped after Terence's time ; e. g. due, fSr, fac, calefac, die. In Plautua 
 and other poets the imperatives often occur before words beginning with a 
 vowel, in which case it is difficult to decide whether the text should be due 
 or duce ; &c. 
 
 es or 6s (from sum, cf. 270), 5s from Sdo were used for the imperative 
 2nd pers. sing, as well as for the indicative. 
 
 In verbs which have short penult, and vowel stems in a, e, i, and also 
 in the compounds of eo, the imperative-forms in Plautus and Terence often 
 shortened the final vowel; e.g. comm6da, m6ng, jub5, adl, abl; especially 
 in colloquial forms ; e. g. mangdum, tac6dum, m5n6sls ; vldSsis. 
 
 277 () Future. The future imperative active is distinguished by a 
 suffix, originally -5d. In the form which is common to the second and 
 third persons, e.g. reg-it-6, and the form for the third person plural, 
 e. g. regunto, the -d has fallen off, as in the ablative case of nouns (cf. 
 
 19)- 
 
 The suffix appears to have been simply added to the present indicative 
 forms of the third person singular and plural. (The use of this form for 
 the second person singular was probably due to -t being a characteristic of 
 the second personal pronoun.) The plural second person is formed by 
 appending -e (for -es, later -is) as the sign of plurality in this person to a 
 modified form of the singular ; e.g. r&g-It-ot-e (for re"g-It-6d-e). 
 
 The passive forms substitute -r for the final -d ; e.g. rBglt-or for 
 reglt-od ; rSgunt-or for rSgunt-od. 
 
 273 In Plautus, Cato, and old inscriptions, a form in -mlno is (rarely) found 
 for the 2nd and 3rd pers. sing, of the imperative of deponents ; e. g. proflte- 
 mino, praefa-mlno, progredi-mlno, fru-I-mlno. One instance of a passive 
 verb denuntiaminp is found. This dW form is of the same origin as the 
 2nd pers. plur. indicative in -mini. -**--. .._ : . 
 
1 1 2 INFLEXIONS. [Book If. 
 
 3. Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 279 The subjunctive is characterised by a lengthened vowel immediately 
 before the consonant of the personal suffix. 
 
 Present. This vowel is a in the present tense of all verbs, except 
 verbs with a- stems, in which it is 6 ; e. g. reg-a-mus, regamur ; mone- 
 amus, moneamur; audiamus, audiamur; tribuamus, tribuamur; but 
 amemus, amemur. 
 
 Except also some in which it is I; viz. sim, sis, c. from sum; 
 velim, veils, &c. from vdlo; and the compounds of both; e.g. possim, 
 absim, &c., nolim, malim. 
 
 280 So also (besides the more usual forms) 6dim, edls, edit, edlmus, edltis, 
 edint (Plaut. esp. in phrase habeo quod edim, Cat., Hor.) ; c6m6dim, 
 comedis, comedint (Plaut.), exedint (Plaut.). 
 
 Also from duo (an old form of do? 1 ), duim, duis, duit, duint (Plaut., 
 Ter., and old law language) ; interduim (Plaut.) ; perduixn, perduls, per- 
 duit, perduint (Plant., Ter., chiefly in phrase Di te perduint, which is 
 also vised by Cicero) ; creduis, creduit (Plaut., who has also forms from 
 this verb with the more regular a; e.g. duas, creduas, creduant, accre- 
 duas. Cf. fuat, 260). 
 
 Sum and its compounds had an older form siem, sies (see 260), from 
 which sim, sis, &c. are contracted. The -es, -et is perhaps only the older 
 form of the personal suffix -Is, -It. But more probably it corresponds to 
 the long final syllable in Gr. eiV Sansk. sy&m. 
 
 281 Imperfect and Pluperfect. The long vowel in these tenses is e in all 
 verbs; e.g. rexissemus, amavissemus, &c. 
 
 Perfect. The vowel (assumed to have been originally long) is I, 
 which however, probably from confusion with the completed future, is 
 in dactylic poets as often short as long. The pertinent instances are 
 as follows: 
 
 Perf. subj. -Sri- : dederltis (Enn.); fuerls (Ilor. in hexam.); respuerls 
 (Tib.) ; dederls, crediderls, contulerls (Ovid). 
 
 -Sri-: egerlmus, respexerls (Verg.), dixerls (Hor. in hexam.). 
 
 Comp. fut. ind. -Sri-: dederltis, transierltis, contigerltis (Ovid), 
 fecerlmus (Catull. in a hendecasyllable), dederls, occiderls, miscuerls, 
 audierls (Hor. in hexam.), dederls (Prop., Ov. several times). 
 
 -Sri-: viderlmus (Lucr.); viderltis, dixerltis (Ovid); suspexerls, revo- 
 caverls (Verg.); vitaverls, detorserls, acceperis, coeperls (Hor. in hexam.). 
 
 In Plautus and Terence there appears to be no instance incompatible 
 with the rule of I for perf. subj., I for compl. fut. indie. 
 
 282 The forms for the subjunctive appear best explicable by assuming the 
 proper suffix to be I (seen in the Greek optative), which was contracted 
 with a preceding a to e. Thus amas, ama-I-s, ames; amara-s (an assumed 
 indicative, see below, 285), amara-i-s, amares ; amavissa-s (an assumed 
 indie.), amavissa-i-s, amavisses (or esses for esa-i-s maybe supposed to 
 
 1 The forms interduo, Plaut. Capt. 694, concreduo, Id. Atd. 577, are 
 used apparently as completed futures ind. 
 
Chap. XVII r .] Inflexions of Mood. 113 
 
 have been suffixed at once). But as I suffixed to the present indicative of 
 vowel verbs other than those with a stems would have given still the same 
 form when contracted, an a (seen in the Greek subjunctive) was substituted 
 in all such cases. The consonant verbs eventually followed this analogy, 
 the forms in i (see 280) being either sporadically used or (if originally 
 usual) only sporadically retained. Sis and veils, &c. retain the I, because 
 they have other points of difference from the indicative. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 TENSES FORMED FROM THE PRESENT STEM. 
 
 283 Present. The present indicative is formed simply by suffixing the 
 inflexions of number and person. The present subjunctive has a 
 mood inflexion in addition. 
 
 Future. The future indicative is in consonant, in i- verbs, and in 
 u- verbs a modified form of the present subjunctive. The first person 
 singular is the same: the other persons have long e where the present 
 subjunctive has a; e.g. fut. reges, regemus, &c. ; pres. subj. regas, 
 regamus, &c. In the 3rd pers. sing. act. the final syllable was short 
 in the ordinary language. 
 
 This e probably arises from suffixing I (compare the Greek optative) to 
 the present subjunctive of these verbs; e.g. reg-a-mus, reg-a-I-mus, rege- 
 mus ; just as amemus, pres. subj. was formed ( 282). But this formation 
 would not do for a- and e- verbs ; because in a- verbs such a form (e. g. 
 amemus) is already used for the pres. subj.; and in e- verbs, it (e.g. 
 monemus) would be identical with the present indicative. Accordingly 
 
 284 In a- and e- verbs there is a different mode of forming the future 
 indicative; viz. by suffixing ib- to the present stem, with the final 
 vowel of which it is contracted; e.g. ama-, ama-ib-, amab-; ist pers. 
 plu. amab-imus, mon-e-, mone-ib-, moneb-; ist pers. plur. monebimus. 
 
 A similar future (besides the ordinary form in -am, -es, -et), is not 
 unfrequently formed from I- stems in early writers (Plautus, Terence, c.) ; 
 e.g. aperlbo, adgredlbor (comp. adgredlri for adgredi), larglbere, oppe- 
 rlbor, sclbo, &c. But of these forms none are found so late as the first 
 century B.C., except Ibo, qulbo, nequlbo, which are the only forms in use 
 at any time. Lenibo is also found in Propertius. 
 
 The verb do has a short penultimate dabo. 
 
 The verb sum and compounds have apparently merely a different form 
 of the present for the future ; viz. 6r-o (for esom), ist pers. plur. r-Imus 
 (compare pres. sumus for 6s-um-us). Most philologers however consider 
 ero, &c. to be for esio, the i being similar to that of the present subj. 
 
 L. G. 8 
 
ii4 INFLEXIONS. \BookII. 
 
 285 Imperfect. The imperfect indicative has in all stems a long a pre- 
 ceding the personal inflexions. Thus Ss- with a suffixed becomes 6sa- 
 \vhich with the personal m and the usual change of s to r becomes 
 gram, I <was. In all stems except 6s-, b is prefixed to this long a. 
 Moreover in all stems but da- the vowel preceding ba is long. 
 
 The long a, which is always found, serves to distinguish the im- 
 perfect from the future where the forms are otherwise similar; e.g. 
 amabainus (for amabaimus), amabimus; monebamus, monebimus; 
 ibamus, ibimus; dabamus, dablmus; 6ramus, Siimus. It is apparently 
 a sign of past time, and as such is found in the pluperfect also. 
 
 In consonant stems the suffix is -eba-, and this is usually found also 
 in verbs with i stems; e.g. reg-eba-mus, audi-eba-mus. But this long 
 e is not found in eo, queo, and their compounds, and is not unfre- 
 quently absent in the earlier language (Plautus, Ten, Varr., &c.); e.g. 
 scibam, nesclbam, aibam, &c., gestlbat, grundibat, insanlbat, molllbat, 
 praesaglbat, servlbas, stabillbat, venibat. So also, apparently for 
 metrical reasons, in the dactylic poets; e.g. audibant, lenlbat, saevlbat, 
 redimlbat, molibar, ferlbant, &c. 
 
 Probably the suffix was originally the same as the future suffix of a- and 
 e- verbs with a added, i.e. -lb-a-. The form -eba, seen in consonant and 
 most i- verbs, is difficult to explain. It is generally supposed to have been 
 borrowed under a misapprehension from the e- stems. 
 
 288 Imperfect subjunctive. This tense had the suffix -er (for 6s), which 
 with the modal suffix 6 made -6re. The first vowel coalesced with a 
 preceding a, e, or I; e.g. reg-6r-emus, tribu-6r-emus, am-ar-emus 
 (for ama-er-gnrus), mon-5r-5m-us, aud-ir-emus and caused the omission 
 of a preceding i; e.g. capl-, caperem. 
 
 In Sdo, volo, fero, and their compounds, the vowel 6 was dropped 
 out; e.g. ist pers. plur. es-sem-us (for Sd-es-emus) ; vel-lem-us (for 
 vol-er-em-us) ; fer-rem-us (for f6r-6r-6m-us). Do has darennis. Sum 
 (as well as 6do) has essemus. 
 
 essem (from sum) is formed from the imperfect indicative with the 
 subjunctival suffix I ( 282). Thus 6sa-I-m becomes esem, the first syllable 
 being lengthened by a double s as a compensatory result of the contraction. 
 The imperfect of sum in a somewhat different form appears to have been 
 used to form the imperfect of regular verbs, e.g. reg- with the imperfect 
 indie, of sum, is reg-eram : hence reg-era-i-m, regerem. 
 
 The imperative tense suffixes have been already discussed ( 275, 276). 
 
 287 The present infinitive active has the suffix -6rS (for -6se, 28) in 
 which the first e coalesces with a preceding a, e, or 1; e.g. reg-Sre, 
 tribu-gre ; amare, mon-ere, aiid-Ire. CapSre is formed analogously to 
 capgrem, 286. 
 
 In sum, edo, volo, fero, and their compounds, the first vowel e was 
 dropped out, as in the imperfect subj. Hence the infinitives are esse 
 (for esese and for edese), velle (for volere), ferre (for ferere). 
 
 The infinitive is generally considered to be the dative or locative case of 
 a verbal noun with stem ending in s- or si- ; e. g. dieer-e for daikas-ai, 
 viver-e compared with Sanskrit jivas-ai. The final e ( = ai) would be 
 originally long. 
 
Chap. XVIII.} Tenses formed from the Present Stem. 115 
 
 283 The present infinitive passive has the suffix i appended to the stem 
 in verbs, whose stem ends in a consonant or in I or in u; e.g. reg-i, 
 tribu-I, cap-I (but fieri from stem fi-; ferri from f6r-). In other vowel 
 verbs I takes the place of the final e of the active infinitive; e.g. aud-lr-i, 
 mon-er-I, am-ar-i. So also da-ri from do. 
 
 A further suffix -6r is found appended to these forms (e. g. figier, 
 amarier, &c.), frequently in Plautus, Terence, Lucretius, Cicero (in 
 poetry), and not uncommonly in Vergil and Horace, only occasionally 
 in later poets. But the shorter form is more common even in the first- 
 named poets. 
 
 The forms in -ier are possibly the original forms, but their origin and 
 development are uncertain. 
 
 289 Present Participle. The suffix is -cnti, nom. sing, -ens ; e.g. reg-ens, 
 tribu-ens, audt-ens. But in the verb eo and its compounds, an older 
 form of the suffix, viz. -unti, is retained ; the nom. sing, is however 
 usually -iens. 
 
 In -a and -e verbs the suffix coalesces with the final stem vowel ; 
 e. g. amans, monens (for ama-ens, raone-ens). 
 
 290 Gerund and Gerundive. The suffix is -endo-, which as a substantive 
 is called a gerund, as an adjective, gerundive ; e.g. regendum, tribuen- 
 dum, audiendum; amandum, monendum. 
 
 An older form in -undo is common in Plautus, Terence, and Sallust; 
 and after i, and in the words gerundus and ferundus, frequently in the 
 MSS. of Caesar, Cicero and Livy. ire, go and its compounds always 
 have this form ; e. g. eundum, adeundus, &c. Some law phrases also 
 always (or at least usually), retained the form; e.g. rerum repetun- 
 daruin ; familiae erciscundae, finibus regundis, in jure dicundo. But 
 after u or v the suffix is found only in the form -endo. 
 
 Old Futures in -so, -sim. 
 
 291 In the older language, of Plautus and ancient laws and formularies, 
 a future indicative in -so (-sso), subjunctive in -sim (-ssim), infinitive 
 in -sere (-ssgre), and pass, indie, in -situr (-ssltur) is found. In- 
 stances of the indicative and subjunctive active of this formation are 
 very frequent. (In some instances it is not clear to which mood the 
 word belongs.) As examples may be given 
 
 i. From verbs with -a stems: amasso (inch), amassis, r^iTiassmt 
 (subj.), appellassis (subj.), celassis (subj.), coenassit (hid.). 
 
 Passive : turbassitur (ap. Cic.). 
 
 Infin. Act. : reconeiliassere, irnpetrassero (four times), oppugnassere 
 (Plant.). 
 
 a. From verbs "with -e sttjns, preserving the vowel : nabessit (subj.), 
 prohibessis, prohibessit (subj.), prohibessit, proMbessint (incl.), cohi- 
 bessit (subj.), licessit (subj.). 
 
 32 
 
n6 INFLEXIONS. \BookII. 
 
 3. In verbs tuitk consonant or -i stems, and some "with -e stems, the -so, 
 -sim is attached immediately to the final stem consonant : 
 
 (a) -e stems: ausim (subj.), noxit (subj.), sponsis (subj.)i auxitis 
 (subj.)i jusso, jussis, jussit (ind.), jussim (subj.). 
 
 Also passive jussitur (Cat.). 
 
 (b) -I stems: faxo (ind.), faxis, faxit (ind. subj.), faxim, faxlmus 
 (subj.), faxitis (ind. subj.) frequently, faxint (subj.), effexis, defexis (ind.), 
 capsis (ind.), capsit (subj.), capslmus (ind.) ; &c. 
 
 Passive : faxitur (ap. Liv. ). 
 
 (c) Consonant stems: axim, adaxint (subj.), clepsit (ind.); occisit 
 (ind.) ; dlxis (subj.), induxis, adduxit (subj.) ; &c. 
 
 Of all these forms faxo, faxis, ausim, ausis, almost alone are found 
 after the time of Terence, who himself has only excessis, appellassis 
 besides. But the following other instances occur : cohibessit (Lucr.); 
 the phrase, di faxint (Cic.); recepso (Catull.); a few infinitives in 
 Lucil.; Jusso (Verg., Sil.). Other instances are found in laws and 
 other antique documents and formulae in Livy and Cicero, but these 
 do not of course belong to the age of their (real or feigned) recorders. 
 
 292 These forms are apparently to be explained as a future indicative, sub- 
 junctive, and infinitive, formed by s, as in the Greek future, being suffixed to 
 the stem, a short I or sometimes e of the stem being omitted; e.g. leva-, 
 levaso; proliibe-, probibeso; sponde-, spond-so, sponso; faci, fac-so; die-, 
 dixo. The double B in the forms from a- and (a few) e- verbs is either a 
 mode of marking the place of the accent, or due to a mistaken etymology, 
 as if the form were analogous to amasse from amavisse, &c. Possibly 
 both causes may have combined. Moreover a single s between two vowels, 
 except in compounds where the simple word began with s, was in the prae- 
 Augustan language rare (cf. -28). The subjunctive is formed by the regu- 
 lar suffix I; the infinitive by -6re, as in the present infinitive. 
 
 (The ordinary explanation of these forms, viz. that e.g. levasso is for 
 leva-ve-so ( = levavero), has much in its favour; but it meets with great 
 difficulties in such forms as cap-so, rap-so, prohibesso, &c. ; and it does 
 not really account for the double s. For levaveso would become leva-eso, 
 levaso, levaro ; or if it became levav-so, as is assumed, it would be con- 
 tracted into levauso or levuso (levauro, levuro) not levasso. Comp. 
 43> 47-) 
 
 293 The use of these forms is analogous to that of the forms in -ero, 
 -erim, but is confined to those classes of sentences in which those forms 
 differ least from a future indicative, or present subjunctive ; viz. (i) the 
 indicative in the protasis (not the apodosis) of a sentence ; (except faxo, 
 which might be either a simple or completed future) : (a) the subjunc- 
 tive in modest affirmations, wishes, prohibitions, purpose, and in de- 
 pendent sentences for the future, never for the perfect indicative (as the 
 form in -erim frequently is). In all these classes the English language 
 ordinarily uses an incomplete tense (present or future). The infinitives 
 in -sere might be taken as either simple or completed futures. 
 
Chap. XIX.} Of the Present Stem. 117 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 OF VERB STEMS, especially THE PRESENT STEM. 
 
 294 A VERB often exhibits a different stem in the present tense from 
 that which appears to be presumed in the perfect or in the supine. 
 
 Verbs may be divided into consonant verbs and vowel verbs accord- 
 ing as the present stem ends in a consonant or in a vowel. 
 
 (In the following enumeration the different instances will be classified 
 according to the last letter of the verb stem ; and sometimes the perfect and 
 supine added in illustration.) 
 
 i. Consonant verbs. 
 
 295 Most consonant verbs exhibit in the present stem no alteration of 
 the regular stem of the verb ; e. g. rgg-, rgg-gre ; caed-, caed-gre, &c. 
 
 Other consonant verbs exhibit such alteration; e.g. 
 
 1. The stem is reduplicated to form the present tense ; e.g. 
 ggn- (ggn-gre old form), gigngre for gl-gSngre (ggn-ui, ggn-Itum) ; 
 sta-, sistgre (stgti, statum) ; 
 
 sa-, sgrgre for sgsgre (sevl, satum). 
 
 2. The radical vowel is lengthened; e.g. 
 
 due-, ducgre ; die-, dlcgre (cf. die-are, causidic-us) ; 
 
 fid-, fldere ; nub-, nubere (cf. proniibus). 
 
 3. n is suffixed to the stem of the verb ; e. g. 
 
 tern-, tem-n-gre ; cer-, cer-n-gre ; sper-, sper-n-gre ; 
 
 ster-, ster-n-ere ; 1I-, H-n-gre ; si-, sl-n-gre. 
 
 4. A nasal is inserted before the final stem consonant. 
 (a) Labial stems : 
 
 cub-, cu-m-bgre ; rup-, ru-m-pgre ; 
 
 () Guttural stems : 
 
 llqv-, li-n-qvgre ; vie-, vi-n-cgre ; nac-, na-n-cisci ; 
 
 frag-, fra-n-ggre ; pag-, pa-n-ggre ; pug-, pu-n-ggre ; 
 
 tag-, ta-n-ggre. 
 
 In some verbs the nasal is retained in the perfect and dropped in the 
 supine stem : 
 
 fig-, fln-ggre ; pig-, pi-n-ggre ; strlg-, stri-n-ggre. 
 
 In other verbs the nasal is constant in the verb stem ; e. g. 
 
 jig- (cf. jug-urn), ju-n-ggre (junxi, junction), 
 (r) Dental stems : 
 
 fid-, fl-n-dgre ; sold-, aci-n-dgre ; 
 
 fud-, fu-n-dgre ; tud-, tu-n-dgre. 
 
n8 INFLEXIONS. \BookII. 
 
 296 5. sc or isc is suffixed to verbal stems, especially to vowel stems in 
 e, and gives often the special meaning of beginning or becoming. This 
 inchoative form sometimes exists alone, sometimes is used besides the 
 ordinary stem, sometimes is found in a compound, but not in the 
 simple verb. The perfect and supine, if any, are the same as those of 
 the ordinary stem (real or assumed). A very few stems carry the 
 suffix -sc throughout all the tenses. 
 
 sc is suffixed : 
 (a) To consonant stems ; e. g. 
 
 al- (algre), ale-sc-gre : die-, di-sc-ere (for dic-sc-gre) ; 
 
 pac-, pac-isc-i ; trdm- (trgmgre), contrgm-isc-gre ; 
 
 perg- (perggre), experg-isc-i ; vigv- (vlvgre), reviv-isc-gre. 
 () To vowel stems ; e. g. 
 A. Ira-, ira-sc-i ; laM- (labare), laba-sc-gre ; 
 
 na-, na-sc-i ; vgtgra- (invetgrare trans.), vgtgra-sc-gro intrans. 
 
 0. no-, no-sc-gre ; 
 
 E. ere-, cre-sc-gre ; quie-, qule-sc-gre ; sue-, sue-sc-gre ; 
 
 arde- (ardere), arde-sc-gre ; 
 auge-, augere (trans.), auge-sc-gre (intrans.). 
 haere- (haerere), haere-sc-gre ; 
 splende- (splendere), splende-sc-gre, &c. ; 
 
 ace- (acere), ace-sc-fire and many others from e stems, with perf. 
 in -ui. 
 
 1. dorml- (dormire), ob-donni-sc-6re ; 
 
 obliv-, obliv-isc-i; sci-, sci-sc-6re ; 
 
 apl-, api-sc-i ; cupl- (cupgre), concupi-sc-6re ; 
 
 facl- (facSre), proflci-sc-i; M- (comp. hiare), M-sc-6re ; 
 
 sapl- (sapgre), resipi-sc-6re, &c. 
 
 297 6. The guttural is omitted in some stems which probably ended 
 in gv- (i.e. g with a slight labial action after it ; cf. 17), e.g. 
 
 flugv-, flu-6re ; frugv-, frui ; 
 
 strugv-, stru-Sre ; vigv-, vlv-gre ; 
 
 also the vowel stem conigv-, conivere. 
 
 Other stems vary between gv and g ; e.g. 
 
 stingvgre, stinggre ; tingvgre, tinggre ; ungvere, unggre ; ningvit, 
 ningit (comp. nix, nlv-is), and the vowel stems urgvere, urgere. 
 
 7. s is changed between vowels to r ; e. g. 
 
 ggs-, ggrgre (gessi, gestum) ; quaes-, quaergre (comp. quaeso, 
 
 qugs-, qugri (ques-tus) ; quaesivi, &c.) 
 
 fts-, flrgre (ussi, ustum). 
 Also the vowel stem hausi-, haurire (hausi, haus-tum). 
 
 8. A few verbs have 11 in present stem, but not in other parts 
 
 (Cf. 41). 
 
 col-, perceUSre (per-ciil-i, per-cul-sum) ; 
 
 pol-, pellgre (pe-piil-i, pul-sum) ; tol-, tollgr (ttll-i) ; 
 
 vellgre retains 11 in perfect velli, but supine vul-sum. 
 
Chap. XIX.} Of the Present Stem. 119 
 
 ii. Vowel verbs. 
 
 298 Verbs ivlth stems ending in a : 
 
 (a) Most of these verbs have the stem ending in a-, and preserve 
 it in all tenses ; e. g. 
 
 Fla-, flare (fiavi, flatum) ; fa-, fari (fatus) ; in which a is radical. 
 
 In na-, nare (navi, natum), the a is constant, but the derivative nato 
 shows that a is radical. 
 
 In stra- (cf. 31 d) t ster-n-6ro (stravi, stratum) ; 
 
 tla-, toll-re (tStuli, latum for tlatum) ; the present-stem is consonantal. 
 
 Derivative verbs with a- stems are very numerous ; e.g. ama-, amare ; 
 
 crea-, creare ; nuntia-, nuntiare ; 16va-, levare, c. ; 
 
 all have perfects in -avi, atuin. 
 
 299 (b) Verbs <witb stems ending in a- ; e. g. 
 da-, dare (dedi, datum), but das has a. 
 
 In all other verbs which may be considered to have a stem ending 
 in a-, the final a- combines with the initial vowel of the suffixes in 
 tenses formed from the present stem, so as to exhibit a ; e. g. 
 
 Sta-, stare (steti, statum, but sometimes statum) where a is radical, 
 
 crSpa-, crSpare ; enSca-, engcare, but seca-, s6care ; 
 
 cuba-, cilbare ; nSca- usually in sim- sdna-, sonare (also 
 
 d6ma-, ddmare ; pie verb ; son6re) ; 
 
 Mca-, frlcare; -plica-) _. B ' . tona-, tonare ; 
 
 mica-, mlcare ; -plica- [ p " v6ta-, vetare ; 
 
 all which have perfects in -ui, and most of them usually supines in -Itum. 
 
 Also lava-, lavare (and Iav6re) ; juva-, juvare ; 
 
 which vocalise and contract the radical V with -ui of the perfect ; and 
 contract or omit it in the supine. 
 
 300 Of verbs with stems ending in o, the only traces are 
 
 no-, which has the inchoative suffix in the present tense, noscSre, (novi, 
 notum); the root has 6, comp. ndta (subst.), ndtare, cognitum, &c.; 
 po- (potum), the frequentative pota-re being otherwise alone in use. 
 
 301 Verbs with stems ending in u : 
 
 (a) Most have stems in u, which however becomes short before 
 the initial vowel of the suffixes ; e. g. 
 
 acii-, acuere, acuis, acuisti, acuas, aeuebam, acuSrem, &c. ; 
 the supine has ti. 
 
 Plu-, pluere (perf. pluvi and plui) is apparently contracted for pliiv- 
 or pldv-, (cf. pliivia). And the same may be the case with all : comp. 
 fluo, fluv-ius. 
 
 (/;) ruo has ru- in supine of compounds, but ruta (n. pi.) according to 
 Varro. 
 
 pii- is found only in adj. putus and frequentative putare. 
 
 (c) A few verbs have U vocal in supine, but consonantal usually in 
 present and perfect. 
 
 loqv-, loqvi (locutum) ; solv-, solvere (solvi, sSltttum) ; 
 
 seqv-, seqvi (secutum) ; volv-, volvfire (volvi, vdlutum). 
 
1 20 INFLEXIONS. \Book II. 
 
 302 Verbs ivith stems ending in e : 
 
 (<z) Few verbs have the stem ending in e, and these are mono- 
 syllables, where e is radical ; e.g. 
 
 dele- (compound), delere ; ne-, nere ; 
 
 fle-, flere ; -pie, -plere. 
 
 All these have perfect and supine in -evi, -etum. 
 Other verbs with e (-evi, -etum) have consonantal present stems ; 
 ere-, crescgre ; also qvie-, qviescgre ; 
 
 ere-, cerngre ; sve-, svescgre ; 
 
 61e-, -olescSre (also aboleo, abo- spre-, sperngre. 
 
 levl, abolltum. ; and addlesco, 
 adultum) ; 
 
 () In most verbs with stems in -e, the e was probably short, as 
 may be inferred from the perfect being in -ui (for -eui), and supine in 
 -Itum, which in some verbs was reduced to -turn. 
 
 mdng-, mongre (momii, monltum), and many others. 
 
 cavg-, cavere (cavi for cavui, cavltum. contracted to cautum), and 
 others. 
 
 Contraction with the initial vowel of suffixes gives e in most 
 forms of the present stem; e.g. monere, mones, monemus, monebam, 
 monebo, monerera, monetur (mongt, as amat, audit). 
 
 (V) Many verbs have e (probably g) in present stem, but drop it 
 entirely and show consonantal stems in other parts of the verb, 
 morde-, mordere (momordi, morsum), and others. 
 vide-, vldere (vldi, vlsum) ; 
 sgde-, sedere (sedi, sessum) ; 
 prande-, prandgre (prandi, pransum) ; 
 arde-, ardere (arsi r arsum) ; and many others. 
 
 (d) Some have a present stem in -e, besides another (older or poetic) 
 consonantal stem ; e.g. 
 
 fervere, fervgre ; strldere, strldgre ; 
 
 fulgere, fulggre ; tergere, terggre ; 
 
 61ere, emit scent, dlgre ; tueri, in compounds -tui ; 
 
 scatere, scatgre ; ciere, in compounds -clre. 
 
 (Among other forms the rst persons fervo, fulgo, olo, scato, stride, 
 tergo, fervlmus, &c. appear not to occur.) 
 
 303 Verbs with stems ending in i ; 
 
 (a) Some verbs with radical i, and many derivatives, have I, and 
 retain it through all the tenses ; 
 
 scl-, sclre ; ci-, -clre (also ciere) ; 
 
 i-. ire ; qui-, quire. 
 
 In these the i is radical. 
 
 audi-, audire ; dorml-, donnire ; 
 
 and many other derivatives. 
 
 In all these the perfect is in -ivi, and in the derivative verbs and 
 scio, the supine is in -itum. But Itum, cltum, qultum. 
 
Chap. XIX.] Of the Present Stem. 121 
 
 () Some verbs have 1 in present stem, but drop it and show a 
 consonantal stem in other parts ; e. g. 
 
 amid-, amlcire (amlcui, amictum) ; ordi-, ordiri (orsum) ; 
 fare!-, farclre (farsi, fartum) ; -pgrl-, e.g. aperire (apgrui, apertum) ; 
 fulci-, fulclre (fulsi, fultum) ; rgperlre (rgppgri, rgpertum), 
 
 hausl-, haurire (hausi, naustum) ; and other compounds ; 
 
 meti- (for menti-); metiri(mensum); saepi-, saepire (saepsi, saeptum); 
 sand-, sancire (sanxi, sanctum, vSm-, vgnire (veni, ventum) ; 
 
 rarely sancitum) ; vine!-, vincire (vinxi, vlnctum). 
 
 sarci-, sarcire (sarsi, sartum) ; s6p61i-, sepelire has perfect sepe- 
 
 senti-, sentire (sensi, sensum) ; llvi, supine sepultum. 
 
 6ri-, drlri (orsum) ) show in some tenses a present stem either in I or conso- 
 pdti-, pdtiri j nantal. 
 
 (c) Some verbs have the stem ending in i, which fell away before I 
 or 6r; and as final in imperative, was changed to 6. The i is generally 
 dropped in the supine stem. 
 
 capl-, capgre (cepi, captum) ; morl-, inf. m6rl (also mdrlrl, fut. 
 
 coepl-, coepgre (coepi, coeptum) ; part, mdrlturus) ; 
 
 facl-, fac6re (feci, factum) ; parl-, pargre (p6pri, partum, old 
 
 fddl-, f6d6re (fodi, fossum) ; pres. part, parens) ; 
 
 fiigl-, fug-gre (fugl, fut. part, fugl- patl-, inf. patl (passum) ; 
 
 turus) ; quatl-, ctuatfire j-quassi, quassum) ; 
 
 gradl-, inf. gradl (gressum) ; rapi-, rapgre (rapui, raptum) ; 
 
 jacl-, jac6re 0eci, jactum) ; -spiel-, -splcgre (-spexi, spectum) ; 
 -Hcl-, -Hc6re (-lexi, -lectum) ; 
 
 Two have I in other tenses than those derived from the present ; 
 cilpl-, ciip&re (cuplvl, cupltum ; in Lucr. also ciiplret) ; 
 sapl-, sapgre (saplvl, in compound rSsIpul and rgslplvi). 
 
 (d) A few verbs have consonant stems in present, but I stems in other 
 parts ; 
 
 pgt-, pgtgre (pgtlvl, pgtltum) ; areesso, capesso, lacesso, have inf. 
 riid-, riidgre (riidlvi) ; -6re, perf. -Ivl (or -il), sup. -Itum; 
 
 quaes-, quaergre (quaeslvl, quae- trt-, tgrgre (trlvl, trltum). 
 sltum) ; 
 
 So vguo is found for evSnio. 
 
122 INFLEXIONS. \BookIL 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 TENSES FORMED FROM THE PERFECT STEM. 
 
 304 THE suffixes for the tenses formed from the perfect stem; i.e. for 
 the perfect, completed future, and pluperfect in indicative, and perfect 
 and pluperfect in subjunctive, are the same in all verbs ; viz. 
 
 Comp. Future -Sr- ; Pluperf. Ind. -Sr-a ; 
 
 Perf. subj. -er-I, Pluperf. subj. -iss-e. 
 
 The perfect indicative has a suffix -is which however is not found in 
 the third pers. sing, and the first pers. plural 5 in which the same per- 
 sonal suffixes as in the present indicative are used. This suffix -is in 
 the first pers. sing, loses its a ; in the third pers. plural, being followed 
 by a vowel, changes to -er. 
 
 The perfect infinitive is formed by the suffix is-se. This is appa- 
 rently composed of the suffix is- just mentioned, and -se for -5se as in 
 the present infinitive. 
 
 305 The great resemblance of these suffixes to the parts of the verb sum, 
 which are used to form the same tenses in the passive voice, suggests (and 
 the suggestion has been generally adopted) that they are identical in origin. 
 
 This theory would give a complete explanation of the pluperfect and the 
 completed future indicative, with the exception that the 3rd pers. plural of 
 the latter has Srint instead of runt, perhaps in order to avoid confusion 
 with the 3rd pers. plur. perfect indicative. 
 
 The perfect subjunctive would be explained by assuming as the suffix an 
 older form of sim ; viz. -6sim, or with the usual change, -Srim. 
 
 The perfect indicative and infinitive and pluperfect subjunctive seem to 
 require the assumption of a long I being suffixed to the perfect stem before 
 the respective parts of the verb sum were added. Thus audivissem, 
 audivisse would stand for aud-Iv-I-essem, audlv-I-esse, rexissem, &c. for 
 rex-I-ssem, &c. 
 
 In the perfect indicative the 2nd pers. sing. e.g. audivisti would stand 
 for aud-Iv-I-esti (the personal suffix -ti being lost in the es, thou art), 
 2nd pers. plu. e.g. audivistis for aud-Iv-I-estis ; 3rd pers. plur. e.g. audi- 
 verunt for aud-Iv-I-6sunt. The 3rd pers. sing, may have the simple 
 personal suffixes, or may have been reduced from a fuller form ; e. g. au- 
 divi-est, audivist, audivit. The -It is sometimes found long. The first 
 person singular, e.g. audivi, may then be for aud-iv-I-esum, audlvism, 
 audivim. And the ist person plural may have had a similar pedigree. 
 
 It must however be observed that the resemblance to the parts of the 
 stem es, on which this theory rests, is in some degree deceptive, for it 
 consists largely in personal and modal suffixes, which even on another 
 hypothesis might be expected to be the same. And the rest of the suffixes 
 is, as has been seen, in some tenses but poorly eked out by the simple 
 stem. 6s. 
 
 306 The perfect stem when formed by a suffixed v, is frequently modi- 
 fied by the omission of the v in all tenses and persons and both num- 
 bers, except in the ist pers. sing, and plu., and 3rd pers. sing, of the 
 
Chap. XX.] Tenses formed from the Perfect Stem. 123 
 
 perfect indicative. The vowels thus brought together are contracted, 
 (excepting -ie, and sometimes -ii) ; e. g. ind. perf. amasti, amastis, 
 amarunt; pluperf. amaram, &c. ; comp. fut. amaro, &c.; subj. perf. 
 amarim, &c. ; Plup. amassem, &c. ; infin. amasse ; so flesti, fleram, &c.; 
 and (though here the v omitted is radical) mosti, commosti, <Scc. (from 
 moveo), and derived tenses. 
 
 But we have some instances of uncontracted forms ; e.g. audieram, &c. ; 
 audiero, &c. ; audiisti as well as audisti, &c. And such forms occur not 
 unfrequently from peto, eo, and their compounds. 
 
 Novero (ist pers. sing, ind.) always retains the v. (But cognoro, n5rim, 
 ncris, &c.). And so does the shortened form of the 3rd pers. plu. perf. 
 ind. of verbs with a steins ; e. g. amavere. (The infinitive being amare, 
 the perfect, if contracted, would be liable to confusion with it.) 
 
 In deslao, p8to, eo, and their compounds the omission of v usually 
 (in the compounds of eo almost always, e.g. abii, abiisti, c.) takes place 
 even in the ist pers. sing, and plural, and third pers. sing, of the perf. 
 indicative; e.g. desii, desiit, desiimus. In other verbs with -i stems, -lit 
 is sometimes found ; -ii hardly ever ; -Htrms never. 
 
 The contracted forms are sometimes found from the above-mentioned 
 three verbs; pgtlt (Verg., Ov.) ; It (Ter., Verg., Ov., &c.); ablt, pSrlt, 
 adit, obit, rSdlt, &c. 
 
 307 In the older poets, and occasionally in Vergil and Horace, in tenses 
 formed from perfect stems in -s, an i between two ss is omitted and the 
 sibilant written once or twice, instead of thrice; e.g. despexe (Plaut.) for 
 despexisse ; surrexe (Hor.) for surrexisse : consumpsti (Prop.) for con- 
 sumpsisti ; dixti (Plaut., and twice or thrice in Cic.) for dixisti ; erepse- 
 mus (Hor.) for erepsissemus ; extiaxem (Verg.) for extinxissem. 
 
 CHAPTER XXL 
 FORMATION OF THE PERFECT STEM. 
 
 308 THE perfect stem is formed in one of five different ways, some of 
 which are peculiar to, or invariably found in particular classes of verbs. 
 All are used without any distinction of meaning. Some verbs have 
 two or even more forms of the perfect stem. 
 
 The five ways of forming the perfect stem are : 
 
 Reduplication ; 
 
 Lengthening the stem vowel ; 
 
 Suffixing -s; 
 
 Suffixing either -u or -v ; 
 
 Using the stem of the verb without change. 
 
 In the following enumeration the present stem is added where it 
 differs from the verbal stem. All the verbs named, whether consonant or 
 vowel stems, are arranged under the class to which their final consonant 
 belongs: except monosyllabic vowel stems, and u stems, which are 
 arranged separately. 
 
1 24 INFLEXIONS. [Book II. 
 
 i. Perfect stem formed by reduplication. 
 
 309 The first consonant of the stem is prefixed with a short vowel, 
 which is e, if the stem vowel is a or e, and, if the stem vowel is o, u 
 or i, is the same as the stem vowel. In the prae-Ciceronian language 
 the vowel of the prefixed syllable appears to have been (always ?) e, 
 whatever the stem vowel might be. And Cicero and Caesar are said 
 to have used memordi, spepondi, pepugi. 
 
 If the stem vowel is a, it is changed to e before two consonants, to 
 1 before one ; ae is changed to I. Before single 1 g and 6 become u. 
 
 If the stem begins with sp, sc, st, the second consonant is redu- 
 plicated, and the s prefixed to the reduplication syllable. 
 
 Gutturals. 
 
 die- (Pr. disc- for dic-sc-), dl-dic-i ; pare-, pg-perc-i ; 
 
 pag- (Pr. pang- ; comp. pac-iscor), pg-plg-i ; pose-, p6-posc-i ; 
 
 pug- (Pr. pung-), pu-pug-i ; tag- (Pr. tang-), tg-tlg-i ; 
 Dentals. 
 
 cad-, cg-cld-i ; caed-, cS-cid-i ; 
 
 tud- (Pr. tund-), ttt-tttd-i ; 
 
 morde-, mO-mord-i; sponde-, sp6-pond-i; tonde-, t6-tond-i; 
 
 Nasals. 
 
 can-, cg-cln-i ; -mgn-, mg-mm-i ; 
 
 Liquids. 
 
 fan-, fg-fell-i ; p61- (Pr. pell-) , pg-pul-i ; 
 
 t61- (Pr. toll-), tg-tul-i in prae-Augustan poets; usually tul-i; 
 
 curr-, cu-curri ; parl-, pg-pgr-i ; 
 
 da-, dg-di ; Bta- (Pr. sta-), stg-ti ; stl- (Pr. si-st), stl-ti ; 
 
 310 ii. Perfect stem formed by lengthening the stem vowel. 
 
 If the stem vowel be a, it is changed to 5 (except in scabgre). 
 Labials. 
 
 rup- (Pr. rump-), rup-i ; scab-, scab-i; 
 
 gin-, em-i ; capl-, cep-i ; 
 Gutturals. 
 
 Hciv- (Pr. linqv-), liqv-i ; vie- (Pr. vine-), vic-i ; 
 
 ag-, eg-i ; frag- (Pr. frang-), freg-i : 
 
 Igg-, leg-i ; Pag- (Pr. pang-), peg-i; 
 
 faci-, fec-i ; JacI-, Jec-1 ; fugl-, fug-I ; 
 Dentals. 
 
 6d-, ed-i; fiid- (Pr. fund-), fud-i; 6d- (Pr. obsolete), 6d-i; 
 
 sgde, sed-1, vide-, vid-i; f6dl-, fod-i. 
 Nasals. 
 
 vgnl-, ven-1. 
 
Chap. XXIJ] Formation of the Perfect Stem. 125 
 
 j&va-, juv-i ; lava- (old lav-), lav-i ; 
 
 cave-, cav-i ; fave-, fav-i ; f6ve-, fov-i ; 
 
 mdve-, mov-i ; pave-, pav-i ; vdve-, vov-i. 
 
 The lengthening of the root-vowel in the verbs which have v for their 
 final consonant is probably due to the absorption of a suffixed v ( 316), 
 e.g. cavi is for cav-vi or cavui. In a similar way vlci, vldi, veni may 
 have arisen from an absorption of a reduplicated v ; e.g. for vS-vIci, vSvIdi, 
 v6v6ni. 
 
 311 iii. Perfect stem formed by suffixing a. 
 
 If the present stem ends in a vowel, the vowel is dropped before the 
 suffixed s. None of the verbs whose present stem ends in a have their 
 perfect formed by s suffixed. 
 
 This suffix is supposed to be the same as that of the first aorist in 
 Greek. 
 
 Labials. 
 P. B. carp-, carp-s-i; nub-, nup-s-i; rep-, rep-s-i; 
 
 scalp-, scalp-s-i ; scrib-, scrip-s-i ; sculp-, sculp-s-i ; 
 
 serp-, serp-s-i ; saepi-, saep-s-i ; 
 
 jiibe-, jussi (jou-s-i old form : probably jub-eo is for j6v-eo). 
 M. A euphonic p is generally inserted before s : m is once assimilated. 
 com-, comp-s-i ; dem-, demp-s-i ; prom-, promp-s-i ; sum-, sump-s-i ; 
 prSrn-, pres-si (for pren-s-i) ; tern- (Pr. temn-), temp-s-i. 
 
 Gutturals. 
 
 Ic, re, Ig, rg drop the guttural before s. 
 C. QV. c6qv-, cox-i; dic(Pr. dlc-),dix-i; due- (Pr. due-), dux-i; 
 
 pare-, par-s-i (also peperci, 309) ; 
 
 luce-, lux-i ; mulce-, mul-s-i ; torqve-, tor-s-i ; 
 
 fare!-, far-s-i ; fulci-, ful-s-i; sanci-, sanx-i; 
 
 sarci-, sar-s-i ; vinci-, vinx-I ; 
 
 -Hci- (e.g. aUIcioJ), -lex-1; -spiel- (e.g. asplcio), -spex-i. 
 
 G. GV. cing-, cinx-i ; fig-, fix-i ; fing-, finx-i ; 
 
 -fllg-, flix-i ; flugv-(Pr.flu-),flux-i; jung-, junx-i ; 
 
 -16g- (in dilgg-, intellgg-, neg!6g-), -lex-i ; merg-, mer-s-i ; 
 
 emung-, emunx-i; pang- (or pag-), panx-i (usually peg-i or 
 
 ping-, pinx-i; plang-, planx-i; -pung-, -punx-i; 
 
 r6g-, rex-i; sparg-, spar-s-i; stingv-, stinx-i; 
 
 string-, strinx-i ; strugv- (Pr. stru-), strux-i ; siig-, sux-i ; 
 
 t6g-, tex-i ; tingv-, tinx-i ; vigv- (Pr. vlv-), vix-i ; 
 
 ungv-, unx-I; 
 
 alge-, al-s-i ; auge-, aux-i ; frige-, frix-i ; 
 
 fulge-, ful-s-i ; indulge-, indul-s-i ; luge-, lux-i ; 
 
 mulge-, mul-s-i; conigve- (Pr. cSnive-), terge-, ter-s-L 
 
 conix-i; 
 
 turge-, tur-s-i; urge-, ur-s-i ; 
 
 trail-, trax-i ; v6h-, vex-L 
 
126 
 
 INFLEXIONS. 
 
 [Book IT. 
 
 Dentals. 
 The dental falls away 
 
 before s, or is assimilated to it; the preceding 
 
 vowel is lengthened. 
 
 
 
 T. fleet-, flex-i ; 
 
 mitt-, mi-s-i ; 
 
 nect-, nex-i ; 
 
 pect-, pex-i ; 
 
 sent!-, sen-s-i; 
 
 quatl-, quas-si; 
 
 D. ced-, ces-s-i; 
 
 claud-, clau-s-i; 
 
 divld-, divi-s-i ; 
 
 laed-, lae-s-i ; 
 
 lud-, Itt-s-i ; 
 
 plaud-, plau-s-i; 
 
 rad-, ra-s-i ; 
 
 rod-, ro-s-i ; 
 
 trud-, tru-s-i ; 
 
 vad-, va-s-i; 
 
 
 
 arde-, ar-s-i ; 
 
 ride-, rl-s-i; 
 
 suade-, sua-s-i. 
 
 Nasals. 
 
 
 
 mane-, man-s-i ; 
 
 
 
 Liquids, fa'c. 
 
 
 
 veil-, vul-s-i ; 
 
 ge"s- (Pr. ge"r-), ges-s-i ; us- (Pr. ur), us-s-i ; 
 
 naere-, hae-s-i ; 
 
 hausi- (Pr. hauri-), 
 
 hausi. 
 
 312 
 
 iv. () Perfect stem formed by suffixing u (vowel). 
 
 Labials, strep-, strep-u-i ; 
 trSm-, trgm-u-i ; 
 crgpa-, crep-u-i; 
 dOma-, dom-u-i; 
 habg-, hab-u-i ; 
 
 rub6-, (Pr. also rubesc-), rub-u-i ; 
 sorbg-, sorb-u-i ; 
 t6p6-, (Pr. also tSpesc-), te>u-i; 
 rapl-, rap-u-i. 
 
 313 Gutturals, frlca-, fric-u-i ; 
 en6ca-, engc-u-i, (also en6c-a-vl) ; 
 sca-, s6c-u-i. 
 
 arce"-, arc-ui ; 
 
 jac6-, jac-u-i; 
 
 place-, plac-u-i ; 
 
 egS-, Sg-u-i ; 
 
 r!g-, (Pr. also rlgesc-), rlg-u-I ; 
 
 fr6m-, fr6m-u-i ; ge"m-, 
 
 v6m-, v6m-u-i. 
 
 ciiba-, (Pr. also cumb-), cub-u-i; 
 
 tlm6-, tlm-u-i. 
 
 lubS-, lub-u-it ; 
 
 sene"-, (Pr. sgnesc-), s6n-u-i; 
 
 stiipS-, (Pr. also stupesc-), stiip-u-i; 
 
 torpg-, (Pr. also torpesc-), torp-u-i. 
 
 mica-, mlc-u-i, (but dimicavi) ; 
 -plica-, -pllc-u-i, (also -pllc-a-vl) 
 
 d5c-u-i ; d6c6-, d6c-u-i ; 
 
 lice"-, lic-u-it ; n6cS-, n6c-u-i ; 
 
 tac6-, tac-u-i. 
 
 plgg-, p!g-u-it ; 
 
 vlgg-, (Pr. also vigesc-), vlg-u-i. 
 
 314 Dentals, stert-, stert-u-i. 
 late-, (Pr. also latesc-), lat-u-i ; 
 innot-, (Pr. inn6tesc-),innot-u-i; 
 paenlte"-, paenit-u-it ; 
 
 madS-, (Pr. also madesc-), mad-u-i ; 
 sordg-, (Pr. also sordesc-), sord-u-i ; 
 
 315 Nasals, Liquids, &c. 
 
 N. gSn-, (Pr. gign-), gSn-u-i. 
 sOna-, s6n-u-i ; 
 emmS-, emin-u-i ; 
 sn6- (Pr. sSaesc-), sgn-u-i ; 
 
 vSta-, v6t-u-i (once v6t-a-vl). 
 
 nltS-, (Pr. also nitesc-), nlt-u-i ; 
 
 6port6-, 6port-u-it ; 
 
 patS-, (Pr. also patesc-), pat-u-i. 
 
 pudS-, pud-u-it ; 
 
 obsurdS-,(Pr.obsurdesc-),obsurd-u-i. 
 
 t6na-, t6n-u-i. 
 in6n6-, m6n-u-i ; 
 tSn-, t6n-u-i. 
 
Chap. XXL] Formation of the Perfect Stem. 127 
 
 L. al-, al-u-i ; col-, col-u-i ; consul-, consul-u-i ; 
 
 mol-, m61-u-i ; 61-, (also 616-), 61-u-i ; v61-, v61-u-i. 
 
 ca!6-, (Pr. also calesc-), cal-u-i ; caUS-, (Pr. also callesc-), call-u-i ; 
 coalfi-, (Pr. coalesc- intrans. ; comp. alo trans.), coal-u-i ; 
 d616-, d61-u-i ; pallg-, (Pr. also pallesc-), paU-U-i ; 
 
 sll6-, (Pr. also sUesc-), sll-u-i ; studS-, stud-u-i ; 
 vale"-, (Pr. also valesc-), val-u-i. 
 evlle", (Pr. evnesc-), evH-u-i, 
 sail-, sal-u-i (rarely salii). 
 
 R. sr-, s6r-u-i. 
 
 are, (Pr. also aresc-), ar-u-i ; care"-, car-u-i ; 
 durS-, (Pr. dflresc-}, dUr-u-i ; fl6r6-, (Pr. also floresc-), flor-u-i ; 
 horr6-, (Pr. also horresc-), horr-u-i ; m6rS-, m6r-u-i ; 
 par6-, par-u-i; terrS-, terr-u-i. 
 
 ap6r-u-i ; 6p6rl-, 6p6r-u-i. 
 
 S. nex-, nex-u-i ; p6s-, (Pr. pon-), p6s-u-i ; tex-, tex-u-i. 
 
 cense"-, cens-u-i ; tors-, (Pr. torre"-), torr-u-i. 
 
 Semivowels, ferv- (also ferv6- and ferve-sc-), ferb-u-i (also fervi). 
 
 316 iv. (b} Perfect stem formed by suffixing v (consonant). 
 
 The consonantal v is suffixed to vowel stems only (except pasco ?) r 
 and the preceding vowel is always long. 
 
 Almost all verbs with stems in a- or I- have their perfect stem 
 formed in this way. So also 
 
 Labials, cupl, (Pr. cupl-), cupl-v-i ; sapi-, (Pr. sapl-), sapl-v-i. 
 
 Dentals. pe"tl-, (Pr. pe"t-), pet!-v-i ; ru'dl-, (Pr. rud-), mdl-v-I. 
 
 Sibilant. 
 
 arcessl-, (Pr.arcess-),arcessl-v-i; capessl-, (Pr. capess-), capessl-v-i ;. 
 pdsi-, (Pr. pon-), posl-v-i (always in Plaut., Ter. ; for posui see 315) ; 
 quaesl-, (Pr. quaer-), quaesl-v-i. 
 
 pas-, (Pr. pasc-, for pas-sc-), pa-v-i. 
 
 317 Monosyllabic voivel -verbs : (also oloo, quiesco). 
 
 A. sa-, (Pr. ser-), se-v-i ; stra-, (Pr, stern-), stra-v-i. 
 
 0. n6-, (Pr. nose-), no-v-L 
 
 U. fu-, fu-v-i (Plaut. but usually fui) ; comp. pin-, pliivi (also plui). 
 E. ere-, (Pr. cer-n-), cre-v-i ; ere-, (Pr. cre-sc-), cre-v-i ; 
 
 fle-, fla-v-i ; de-le-, dele-v-i ; 
 
 ne-, ne-v-i ; -615- (e.g. abole-sc-o, adole-sc-o, obsole-sc-o), -615-v-i ; 
 
 -pie-, ple-v-i ; quie-, (Pr. quiesc-), quie-v-i ; 
 
 spre-, (Pr. sper-n-), spr5-v-i; sue, (Pr. sue-sc-), sue-v-i. 
 
 1. cl-, (Pr. cie-, also cl-), cl-v-i ; I-, (Pr. ind. ist pers. eo), i-v-i ; 
 
 1I-, (Pr. Hn-), H-v-i and le-v-i ; qul-, (Pr. ind. ist pers. queo), qul-v-i ; 
 
 scl-, (Pr. sci-sc- ; besides the regular I verb scio), sci-v-i ; 
 
 si-, (Pr. sin-), sl-v- ; trt-, (Pr. t6r-), trl-v-i (cf. 31 d). 
 
128 INFLEXIONS. [Book II. 
 
 318 v. Perfect stem, same as present stem. 
 
 This is frequent (i) in the compounds of verbs of which the simple 
 has a reduplicated perfect (see 309); (a) by the dropping of v, in per- 
 fects, in -Ivi, -evl, -avl (see 306); (3) regularly in verbs with u 
 stems, which with other, chiefly consonantal, stems are here named : 
 
 Labials, bib-, blbi ; lamb-, Iambi. 
 
 Gutturals. Ic-, Ici. conigve"-, (Pr. cSnlve-), conlvi (also conixl). 
 
 Denials, vert-, vert-i. 
 
 -cand-, -cand-i ; cud-, ctld-i ; -fend-, -fend-i ; 
 
 fld-, (Pr. find-), fid-i (probably for feTId-i) ; mand-, mand-i ; 
 
 pand-, pand-i ; prghend-, prehend-i ; scand-, scand-i ; 
 
 seld-, (Pr. scind-), scld-i (sci-cld-i old) ; sld-, sldi- ; 
 
 prande-, prand-i ; retund-, retundl ; stride-, strld-i. 
 
 Liquids and Sibilants. 
 L. psall-, psall-i ; vol-, (Pr. veU-), veU-i (rarely vulsi). 
 
 R. verr-, verr-i. comperl-, compgr-1; 
 
 repSrl-, r6pp6r-i (both probably compounds of a perfect pgperi). 
 S. pins-, {also pis-), pins-i ; vis-, vIs-L 
 
 facessi-, (Pr. facess-), facess-i; Incessi-, (Pr. incess-), incess-i ; 
 
 lacessi-, (Pr. lacess-), lacess-i. 
 
 319 Vo^vels. U, vowel and consonant. 
 
 acu-, acu-i ; argu-, argu-i ; exu-, exu-i ; 
 
 fu-, fu-i (in Plautus sometimes fu-vi) ; -grfl-, -gru-i ; 
 
 imbu-, imbu-i ; indfl.-, indu-i ; Ifl-, lu-i ; 
 
 metu-, m6tu-i ; mlnii-, minu-i ; plfl-, plu-i, also pliivi ; 
 
 nu-, nu-i ; spu-, spu-i ; statil-, statu-i ; 
 
 sternu-, sternu-i ; sfl-, sul ; trlbfl-, trlbu-i ; 
 
 solv-, solv-i ; volv-, volv-I ; ferve-, ferv-i (also ferbui). 
 
 I. adi-, (Pr. ind. ist pers. sing, adeo), adi-i ; so usually the compounds of eo ; 
 inqui-, (Pr. ind. inquam), inquli; sail-, sal-i-i (rare, usually salui). 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 FORMATION OF THE SUPINE STEM. 
 
 320 THE supine stem has a common base with the stem of the past and 
 the future participles, and with that of some verbal substantives, to 
 which class the supines themselves belong; e.g. supine, ama-t-u-; past 
 part, ama-t-o- ; fut. part, ama-t-oiro- -, subst. denoting agent, ama-t-6r- ; 
 denoting action ama-t-ion-. This common base, which will be here 
 spoken of as the supine stem, is -t- suffixed to the stem of the verb. 
 
Chap. XXII.} Formation of the Supine Stem. 129 
 
 When the verb-stem ends in a vowel, the vowel is, if long, gene- 
 rally retained; if short, almost always changed, except in monosyl- 
 lables, to I ( 38), or omitted altogether. A few of the verbs which 
 have a consonant stem, have -It- (instead of -t in the supine), as if from 
 a vowel stem. When the verb-stem ends in a consonant, or loses its 
 final vowel, t is, when following certain consonants, changed to 3. A 
 few other instances of this softening admit of special explanation. 
 
 The verbs here will be classified according as they do or do not exhibit 
 a vowel before the supine suffix, and, subordinately to that, according to 
 the final vowel or consonant of the verb-stem. 
 
 N.B. The supine itself will be here named when either supine, past 
 participle, or verbal substantive in -tu- exists : otherwise such other form 
 from the same base, as does exist. 
 
 321 i. Verbs with a vowel preceding the supine suffix. 
 
 A. i. Verbs having a in supine stem ; 
 na- (for ggna- ? Pr. inf. nasci), natum ; 
 stra-, (Pr. stern-), stra-tum ; tla-, (Pr. toll-), la-turn ; 
 ama-, ama-tum ; and all other verbs with derivative a stems. 
 frlca-, frlca-tum (also fric-tum) ; mica-, -mica- turn ; 
 n6ca-, neca-tum (but cf. 326) ; s6ca-, secaturus (once). 
 
 2. Verbs having -a in supine stem ; 
 
 da-, da-turn ; ra-, (Pr. inf. reri) : ratum ; sa-, (Pr. s6r-), sa-tum ; 
 sta-, (Pr. inf. stare ; also si-st8re), sta- turn (but in some compounds 
 sta-turus). 
 
 3. Verbs having -I (for -a) in supine stem ; 
 
 crSpa-. crepl-tum ; cuba-, (Pr. also cumb-), cubl-tum ; 
 
 ddma-, d6ml-tum ; -plica-, -pllcl-tum (also plica-turn ; 
 
 s5na-, sdnl-tum (sona-turus, once) ; 
 tona-, tbnl-tum (intona-tus, once) ; veta-, v6tl-turn. 
 
 In juva-, ju-tum (rarely juva-turus) ; 
 
 lava- (also lav-), lau-tum ; the I is absorbed by the v preceding. 
 
 322 0. no-, (Pr. nose-), no-turn ; po-, (potare frequentative) po-tus, 
 
 cognd- (cf. 300), (so also agn6-), cognl-tum. 
 
 323 U. i. Verbs having u in supine stem ; 
 
 acu-, acu-tum ; argtt-, argu-tum ; dilu-, dUu-tum ; 
 
 exu-, exu-tum ; imbiU, imbu-tum ; indu-, indii-tum ; 
 
 minu-, minu-tum ; -nu-, nu-tum (abnulturus in Sail.) ; 
 
 spu-, spa-turn ; statti-, statu-tum ; stl-, sft-tum ; 
 
 tribu-, tribu-tuni ; ttl- (Pr. tue- usually), tu-tum. 
 
 15qv-, locfl-tum ; seqv-, s6cu-tum; 
 
 solv-, solu-tum ; volv-, volu-tum. 
 
 fru- (for frugv-) has rarely frulturus (usually, fruc-tum). 
 
 2. Verbs having -ii in supine stem ; 
 
 rii-, ru-tum, (but rutum according to Varr. ; fut. part, is rui-turus) ; 
 
 pu-, (whence putare frequentative), pu-tus (adj.) ; 
 
 clti-, (almost always clue-), -clutum (inclutus). 
 
 L. G. 9 
 
INFLEXIONS. \Book II. 
 
 324 E- i. Verbs having -e in supine stem : 
 
 ere-, (Pr. cern-, also Pr. cresc-), cretum ; dele-, dele-turn ; 
 
 fie-, fle-tum ; ne-, ne-tum (Ulp.) ; 
 
 -ole- (Pr. obs-, es-olesc-), -die-turn; -pie-, ple-tum; 
 
 quie-, quie-tum ; sue-, (Pr. suesc-), s-uetum ; 
 
 spre-, (Pr. spern-), spre-tum. 
 
 vie-, vietum Ter., Lucr. (but vieturn Hor. apparently). 
 
 2. Verbs having I (for -6) in supine stem ; 
 
 abSle"-, ab51!-tum ; calg-, .call-turus ; care"-, care-turus; 
 
 d51e-, d6H-turus ; exerce"-, exercltum ; 
 
 tabe"- (and compounds debe-, praebe"-), habl-tum ; 
 
 jacS-, jaciturus ; lice"-, licl-tum ; lube"-, lubl-tum ; 
 
 mre-, m6rl-tum ; misgre"-, mls6rl-tum (rarely miserttun) ; 
 
 m6ne-, monl-tum ; noc6-, n6cl-tum ; par6-, parl-turus ; 
 
 plg-, plgl-tum ; place-, placl-tum ; pude-, pudl-tum ; 
 
 sol6-, soli- turn ; tac6-, tacltus (adj.); terr6-, terrl-tum; 
 
 vale-, vall-turus ; v6r6-, v6rl-tum. 
 
 cav6, cavl-tum (old : usually cau-tum) ; 
 
 fave-, fau-tum (for favi-tum ; cf. favltor Plant.). So also 
 
 fovS-, fo-tum; m6v6-, m6-tum; vdvS-, votum. 
 
 325 I. i. Verbs having -I in supine stem; audi-, audl-tum; and others 
 
 which have -ivi in perfect, except those in 303 b. 
 bland!-, blaudi-tum ; largi-, largl-tum ; menti-, menti-tum ; 
 
 moll-, m61i-tum ; parti-, parti-turn ; p6tl-, poti-tum. 
 
 sorti-, sortltum. 
 
 sand-, sanci-tum (sanctum more frequently); 
 pe"ri-, p6r-Itus, adj. (but in comp. -per-tum); 
 opperi-, opperitum (also oppertum) ; 
 obllvi-, oblitum (for obllvitum) probably has stem in I. 
 cupl-, cupi-tum ; p6ti-, (Pr. p6t-), p6tl-tum ; 
 
 quaesi-, (Pr. quaer-), quaesl-tum; 
 
 riidi-, (Pr. rud-), rudl-tum; trl-, <Pr. tfa-), trltum; 
 
 arcessi-, (Pr. arcess-), arcessl-tum ; so also lacessl-tum, capessi-turn, 
 
 facessi-tum. 
 
 2. Verbs having -I in supine stem ; 
 
 cl-, (Pr. cie-), cl-tum (sometimes -ci-tum) ; 
 
 I-, (Pr. ind. eo), I-tum) ; U-, (Pr. lln-), U-tum; 
 
 qui-, (Pr. ind. queo), qul-tum; si-, (Pr. sin-), sl-tum. 
 
 fugl-, fugi-tum ; ellel-, ellcl-tum (but illicl-, Ulec-tum, &c.), 
 
 morl-, morl-turus ; 6rl-, 6rl-turus (sup. or-tum) ; 
 
 parl-, parl-turus (sup. par-turn); pdsl-, (Pr. pon-), p6sl-tum. 
 
 326 Consonant Stems. S1-, all-turn (more usually al-tum) ; 
 
 fr6m-, fr6m-I-tum ; gSm-, g6m-I-tum; g6n-, (Pr. gign-), gnl-tum; 
 in51-, m61-I-tum ; strgp-, strSp-I-tum ; v6m-, v6m-I-tum. 
 
 ii. Verbs with a consonant preceding the supine suffix. 
 
 327 l. Verbs which retain -t-. 
 
 Labials. 
 
 P. carp-, carp-turn ; cle"p-, clep-tum ; rep-, rep-turn ; 
 
 rup-, (Pr. rump-), rup-tum; scalp-, scalp-turn; 
 
 sculp-, sculp-tum ; sarp-, sarp-tum ; serp-, serp-tum. 
 
Chap. XXII.} Formation of the Supine Stem. 131 
 
 apl-, (Pr. api-sc-), ap-tum; capl-, cap - turn ; 
 
 rapl-, rap-turn ; saepl-, saep-tum. 
 
 B. nub- (Pr. nub-), nup-tum ; scrib-, scrip-turn. 
 
 M. 6m-, em-p-tum ; tern-, (Pr. temn-), tem-p-tum. 
 
 328 Gutturals. After a preceding consonant (except n), the guttural usually 
 falls away. 
 
 C. Qv. C6qv-, coctum; die-, (Pr. die-), die-turn; 
 due-, (Pr. due-), due-turn ; ic-, ic-tum ; 
 
 llqv-, (Pr. linqv-), -lie-turn; vie-, (Pr. vine-), Vic-turn. 
 
 frlca-, iric-tum (also frlca-tum) ; engca-, en6c-tum ; 
 
 sSca-, sectum (also s6caturus). 
 
 arcS-, arc- turn or ar-tum ; d8cS-, doc- turn ; 
 
 miscS-, mix-turn (in MSS. often mis-turn) ; 
 
 torqvfi-, tor- turn. 
 
 amlcl-, amic-tum ; fare!-, far- turn ; fulcl-, ful-tum ; 
 
 sancl-, sanctum (also sancl-tum) ; sarcl-, sar-tum ; 
 
 vinci-, vine-turn. 
 
 facl-, fac-tum ; jacl-, jactum ; 
 
 nanci-, (Pr. nanci-sc-), nanc-tum or nac-tum; -splci-, -spec-turn. 
 
 329 G. GV. (For stems ending in -lg-, -rg, see 333) ; 
 
 ag-, actum ; cing-, cine- turn ; 
 
 fig-, (Pr. and Perf. fing-), fic-tum; -nig-, -flic-turn; 
 
 flugv-, (Pr. flu-), fluc-tus subst., also fluxus adj.; 
 
 frag-, (Pr. frang-), frac-tum ; frig-, fric-tum ; 
 
 frugv-, (Pr. fru-), fructum; fung-, func-tum ; 
 
 jung-, junc-tum ; leg-, lec-tum ; 
 
 -mung-, -munc-tum ; pag-, (Pr. pang-), pactum ; 
 
 pig-, (Pr. and Perf. ping-), pic-turn ; plang-, plane-turn ; 
 
 pung-, punc-tum ; r6g-, rec-tum ; 
 
 rig-, (Pr. ring-), ric-tus subst. ; stingv-, stinc-tum ; 
 
 strlg-, (Pr. and Perf. string-), stric-tum; 
 
 strugv-, (Pr. stru-), struc-tum ; sug-, suc-tum ; 
 
 tag-, (Pr. tang-), tac-tum ; t6g-, tec-turn ; 
 
 tingv-, tinc-tum ; ungv-, unc-tum ; vigv-, (Pr. viv-), vic-tum ; 
 
 augS-, auc-tum ; Itig6-, luc-tus subst. 
 
 -llcl-, -lectum (except ellcl-tum), 
 
 H. trah-, trac-tum; ven-, vec-tum. 
 
 330 Dentals. See 334. 
 
 tend-, ten- turn (also tensum; probably the supines of tendo and teneo 
 
 are mixed) ; 
 c6m6d-, comes-tum (rarely). 
 
 Nasals, Liquids, &>c. 
 
 N. Can-, can- tus subst.; men-, e.g. commln-isc-, commentum 
 
 tentum ; v6nl-, ven-tum. 
 
 331 L. al-, al-tum ; c61-, cul-tum ; 
 
 consul-, consul-turn ; occul-, occul-tum ; 
 
 v61- (Pr. inf. velle), vultus, subst. expression. 
 ad61e- (Pr. adolesc-), adul-tum. 
 sail-, sal-turn ; sSpgll-, sgpul-tuni. 
 
132 INFLEXIONS. \BookII. 
 
 R. c6r-, (Pr. cern-), cer-tus adj. (also ere-, cre-tus) ; 
 
 sSr-, -ser-tum (also serta, n. pi. garlands}. 
 
 6ri-, or-tum (cf. 325. 2) ; ap6rl-, aper-tum ; parl-, par-turn. 
 
 S. f6s-, (Pr. fSri-?), fes-tum (e.g. infes-tus, manlfes-tus) ; 
 
 ggs-, (Pr. ge"r-), ges-tum ; pas-, (Pr. pasc-), pas-turn ; 
 
 pis-, pis-turn ; qu6s-, (Pr. quSr-), ques-tum ; 
 
 tex-, tex-tum; us-, (Pr. ur-), us-tum; 
 
 tors-, (Pr. torre-), tos-tum. 
 
 hausl-, (Pr. hauri-), haus-tum; 
 
 p6sl-, (Pr. pon-), pos-tum (usually pSsItum). 
 
 332 2. Verbs with t suffixed : but softened to s by the influence usually 
 either of a preceding dental, or of two consonants of which the first is a 
 liquid. A vowel preceding -sum is always long. (Other cases are but 
 few; and the sum may be partly due to the active perfect (if any) 
 having -si, as it has in all these exceptional cases, except censui.) 
 
 333 Labials, lab-, lap-sum ; jube"-, jus-sum (for jflve"-, jousum ?) ; 
 prem-, pres-sum (for pren-sum). 
 
 Gutturals. The guttural usually drops out. 
 
 C. pare-, par-sum. mulce"-, mul-sum. 
 
 G. fig-, fixum; flugv-, (Pr. flu-), fluxus adj. (fluc-tus subst.); 
 
 merg-, mer-sum ; sparg-, spar-sum, 
 
 midge"-, mul-sum; terge"-, ter-sum. 
 
 334 Dentals. The dental either drops out, the preceding vowel being 
 therefore lengthened, or is assimilated. N. B. All dental stems have -sum. 
 
 T. fleet-, flexum ; mSt-, mes-sum ; 
 
 mitt-, mis-sum ; nect-, nexum ; 
 
 nict-, (Pr. nit-), nixum or nl-sum ; pect-, pexum ; 
 
 -plect-, -plexum ; vert-, ver-sum ; tit-, u-sum. 
 
 fat6-, fas-sum. 
 
 metl- , mensum ; senti-, sen-sum ; 
 
 fatl-, (Pr. fatisc-), fes-sus adj. ; pati-, pas-sum; quatl-, quas-sum. 
 
 D. cad-, ca-sum ; caed-, cae-sum ; 
 ced-, ces-sum; claud-, clau-sum; 
 cftd-, cu-sum ; dlvid-, dlvl-sum ; 
 6d-, e-sum (rarely comes-tum, from com6d-) ; 
 -fend-, -fen-sum ; fid-, fl-sum ; 
 
 fid-, fissum ; frend-, fres-sum or fre-sum ; 
 
 fud-, (Pr. fund-), fu-sum ; laed-, laesum ; 
 
 lud-, m-sum ; mand-, man-sum ; 
 
 6d-, -osum (e.g. per-osus, exosus) ; pand-, pan-sum or pas-sum ; 
 
 pend-, pen-sum ; plaud-, plau-sum ; 
 
 prehend-, prehen-sum ; rad-, ra-sum ; 
 
 rod-, ro-sum ; scand-, scan-sum ; 
 
 scld-, (Pr. scind-), scis-sum ; tend-, ten-sum (also ten-turn) ; 
 
 trud-, trfl-sum ; tud-, (Pr. tund-), tu-sum or tun-sum. 
 
 arde-, ar-silrus ; aude-, au-sum ; 
 
 gavld-e-, (Pr. gaude-), gavl-sum; morde-, mor-sum ; 
 
 pende-, pen-sum ; prande-, pran-sum ; 
 
 ride-, rl-sum ; s6de-, ses-sum ; 
 
Chap. XXII.] Formation of the Supine Stem. 133 
 
 sponde-, spon-sum ; suade-, sua-sum ; 
 
 taede-, tae-sum ; tonde-, ton-sum ; vide-, vl-sum. 
 
 ordl-, or-sum ; f6dl-, fos-sum ; gradl-, gres-sum. 
 
 335 A r asats, Liquids, &c. 
 N. mine-, man-sum. 
 
 L. -cell-, -cul-sum ; fall-, fal-sum ; peU-, pul-sum ; 
 
 saU-, sal-sum ; veU-, vul-sum. 
 
 R. curr-, cur-sum ; haere-, hae-sum. verr-, ver-sum. 
 
 S. cense-, cen-sum ; hausl- (Pr. hauri-), haus-tum (also hau-surus). 
 
 Many verbs have no forms from a supine stem in use. 
 
 336 The supines are respectively the accusative and ablative (or in some 
 uses apparently the dative), of a verbal noun in -u. They are called 
 respectively active supine, or supine in -urn, and passive supine or 
 supine in -u. 
 
 From this so-called supine stem are formed, as has been said, the 
 future participle active by suffixing -urc~, sing. nom. -urus (m.) ; -ura 
 (f.), -urum (n.) ; and the past participle passive, by suffixing the or- 
 dinary case-endings of the second class ; e. g. sing. nom. -us (m.), a (f.), 
 -urn (n.). 
 
 These participles, in the appropriate gender and number, are used in 
 the nominative case with the finite tenses of the verb sum, and in the 
 accusative as well as the nominative with the infinitive of the same verb 
 to supply the place of certain tenses for which there is no special form. 
 The future participle thus supplies additional future tenses in the active 
 voice especially in the subjunctive: the past participle supplies the 
 perfect tenses of the passive voice, whether the passive voice have a 
 strictly passive meaning, or, as in deponents, an active or reflexive 
 meaning. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 OF THE TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS. 
 
 337 As the ordinary classification of verbs is often referred to, it may be 
 convenient here to give a brief account of it. It is as old at least, as the 
 fourth century after Christ. 
 
 Verbs are generally divided according to their form into four classes, 
 called Conjugations. 
 
 The four conjugations are distinguished by the vowel which immediately 
 precedes re in the infinitive mood; which in the ist conjugation is S, I in the 
 second S 1 : in the third 6, not usually belonging to the stem: in the fourth I. 
 
 The distribution of the verbs among these conjugations is as follows. 
 
 1 i.e. 5 according to the ordinary doctrine : but see 302 b. 
 
134 INFLEXIONS. [Book II. 
 
 I. First conjugation contains all vowel verbs, whose stem ends in . 
 as am-o, / love, infin. ama-re. 
 
 II. Second conjugation contains all vowel verbs whose stem ends in e; 
 as mone-o, / advise, infin. mone-re. 
 
 III. Third conjugation contains all verbs whose stem ends in a con- 
 sonant, or in u, or a variable i (called I above, 303 c); as 
 
 r6g-o, / rule, infin. r6g-6re. 
 tribu-o, I assign, infin. trlbu-ere. 
 capi-o, / take, perf. cep-i, infin. cap6-re. 
 
 IV. Fourth conjugation contains all vowel verbs whose stem ends in I, 
 as audi-o, I hear, infin. audl-re. 
 
 333 The following are the regular forms of the perfect and supine in the 
 several conjugations according to the ordinary description. 
 
 In the ist conjugation the regular perfect is formed by the addition 
 of vl to the stem, the regular supine by the addition of turn, e.g. ama-vi, 
 ama-tum. 
 
 The exceptions are few : two verbs do, sto have a reduplicated perfect 
 dSdi, steti: two others, jftvo, lavo, lengthen the stem vowel, e.g. (juvi, 
 lavi) : the others add ui to the stem, the final a being omitted ; e.g. crSpa-, 
 crSp-ui. None form the perfect in si or i simple. None form the supine 
 in sum. 
 
 In the 2nd conjugation the regular perfect is formed by the addition 
 of ui to the stem, the regular supine by the addition of Itum, the final stem 
 vowel e being omitted, as mone-, mon-ui. The exceptions are numerous, 
 and of all kinds : the larger number adding si. Many have the supine 
 in sum. 
 
 In the 3rd conjugation all the forms are much used, some having 
 even the long characteristic vowel of the other three conjugations, e.g. 
 stsrno, stravi ; sperno, sprevi ; tero, trlvi. These are clearly instances of 
 a vowel stem in the perfect and supine superseding a consonant stem. 
 Many have the supine in sum. 
 
 In the 4th conjugation, the regular perfect is formed by the addition 
 of vi and the regular supine by the addition of turn to the stem; e.g. 
 audl-vi, audi-tum. The exceptions are few : one lengthens the stem vowel 
 (vgni-o, v6ni): one simply adds the personal inflexions (compgri-o, com- 
 pgr-i). Three have perfect in ui ; viz. aperio, operio, and salio, nine have 
 perfect in si. Two, viz. eo and cio, have short I in supine. None form 
 the perfect by reduplication, except perhaps repSri-o, reppSr-i. Several 
 have supine in sum. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 LIST OF VERBS, WITH THEIR PERFECTS, SUPINES, 
 
 &c. 
 
 339 THE following list contains almost all the verbs of the Latin language, 
 with certain exceptions, which exceptions are 
 
 i. All verbs with a- or i- stems, which have their pres. infinitive in 
 -are, -Ire (-ari, -Iri), perf. in -avi, -Ivl (-atus, -Itus, sum), and supine in 
 -atum, -Itum. 
 
Chap. XXIV.] List of Verbs. 135 
 
 i. All verbs with e- stems, which have perfect in -ui, but no supine. 
 They are generally intransitive. 
 
 3. Most inchoatives, which either have no perfect or supine, or one of 
 the same form as the simple verb. 
 
 4. Verbs compounded with prepositions. But such are named as 
 differ from the form of the simple verb in perfect or supine, or which agree 
 with it in having a reduplication in the perfect. 
 
 5. A few verbs, with e- or i- stems, which have no perfect or supine. 
 The supine is not much used, but is here mentioned wherever it or a 
 
 perfect participle is known, as this is similarly formed. 
 
 N.B. Where the English translation as given here, whether with or 
 without a preposition, allows of the immediate addition of an object, the 
 verb is transitive (though it may perhaps also be intransitive), e.g. arcesso, 
 send for ; laedo, hurt, are transitive. Where it requires the addition of an 
 English preposition, the verb is intransitive, e. g. ndceo, be hurtful. 
 
 Pres. 
 Present. Perfect. Supine. Infinitive. Stem. 
 
 accerso. See arcesso. 
 
 acuo, sharpen actti acutum acfiere aeu- 
 
 ago, do, drive egl actum age"re ag- 
 
 adlgo, adegi, adactum, adiggro. So the other compounds, 
 Except : cogo (cSegi, coactum, cog&re), dego, which has no perf. or 
 supine, prodlgo which has perf. only, and 
 circumago, perago, which retain a in pres., &c. 
 satago is really two words : perf. egi satis. 
 aio, say aj- 
 
 The following forms only are preserved, pres. ajo, ais, alt (ais, ait in 
 Plaut.), ajunt. Imp. ajebam, &c. complete. In Plant. andTer. aibam. 
 Pres. subj. ajas, ajat. The part, aiens is used only as adj. 
 algeo, be cold alsi algere alg-e- 
 
 alo, nourish, raise alui altum a!6re al- 
 
 alltum is found in post- Augustan writers. 
 amicio, clothe amictum amlclre ain!c-i 
 
 anilcui and am Ixl are both said to have been used for perf, 
 ango, throttle, vex anggre ang- 
 
 apiscor, fasten to one- aptus sum aptum apisci ap-I- 
 
 sdf, get 
 More usual in compound adlpiscor, adeptus sum, adipisci. See also 
 
 coepio. 
 
 arceo, inclose, keep ojf arcui (artus) arcere arc-e- 
 
 artus, only used as adj. confined, narrow: 
 exerceo, exercise, exercui, exercltum, exercgre, So also coerceo. 
 
 ) fetch, send for arcesslvl arcessltum arcessSre 
 
 Another form (perhaps of different origin) is accerso. In pass. inf. 
 
 arcesslri (accersiri) sometimes occurs. 
 
 ardeo, be on fire arsi (arsurus) ardere ard-e- 
 
 axguo, charge argui argutum argu6re argu- 
 
 (with crime, &c.) 
 
 argutus rare, except as adj. sharp. Fut. part, arguiturus (once in 
 Sail.), 
 
136 INFLEXIONS. [Book II. 
 
 Pres. 
 Present. Perfect. Supine. Infinitive. Stem. 
 
 audeo, dare ausus sum, ausum audere aud-e- 
 
 ausus sum, I have dared ; ausus also (rarely) passive part. 
 ave, imperat. hail (in Quintilian's time havg) also aveto, plur. avete : inf. 
 
 avere. Martial has av5. 
 
 aveo, long no perf. or sup. avere av-e- 
 
 BMgeo, increase (trans.) auxi auctum augere aug-e- 
 
 endo^u 
 batuo, beat, fence batul batugre batu- 
 
 (with a weapon) 
 
 blbo, drink blbi blbgre blb- 
 
 For supine and fut. part. p5tum, poturus are used. 
 
 blto, go no perf. or sup. bltgre bit- 
 
 Only in early dramatists. Plautus has compounds abito, adbito, inter - 
 bito, perbito, rebito. 
 
 cado, fall cgcldi casum cadgre cad- 
 
 occldo, occldi, occasion, ocddSre. The other compounds, except 
 rgcldo and (rarely) incldo, have no supine. 
 
 caedo,/f//, cut, slay, cgcldi caesum caedgre caed- 
 
 occido, occldi, occlsum, occidgre. So all the compounds. 
 
 caleo, be hot calui (callturus) calere cal-g- 
 
 calvor, play tricks (also as passive) calvi calv- 
 
 Only in early writers for later calumniari. 
 
 -cando, light , only in compounds. cand- 
 
 e.g. accendo, accendi, accensum, accendgre. 
 
 cano, sing, play cgclni (cantus cangre can- 
 
 (on a harp, &c.) subst.) 
 
 conclno, conclnui, concentum, conclngre. So occlno (also once occe- 
 cini), incino and praeclno. No perf. found of other compounds. 
 
 capesso, undertake capesslvi capessltum cftpessgre ] c P ess " 
 
 capio, take cepi captum capgre cap-I- ' 
 
 concipio, concepi, conceptum, conclpgre. So the other compounds, 
 
 except antecapio, antecepi, anteceptum, antecapgre. 
 careo, be in want carui (cariturus) carere car-g- 
 
 caro, card (wool), very rare cargre car- 
 
 carpo, nibble, pluck carpsi carptum carpgre carp- 
 
 decerpo, decerpsi, decerptum, decerpgre. So the other compounds. 
 caveo, be ware, be cavi cautum cavere cav-g- 
 
 ivare of 
 
 cedo, give way, yield up ces&i cessuni cedSre cd- 
 
 cgdo, give, said to be old imperative 2nd per. sing. The plural cette (for 
 
 cgdlte) only in early scenic poets. 
 
 -cello, strike? only in compounds: celsus adj. high cell- 
 
 percello (strike down], perculi, perculsus, percellgre. 
 excello (distinguish myself} has (in Gellius) a perf. excellul. Of ante- 
 cello and praecello no perf. or sup. are found, excelsus praecelsus, 
 lofty, are used as adj. 
 
 Wb&w, count, estimate^ censul censum censure cens-g- 
 
 give opinion 
 
Chap. XXIV.} List of Verbs. 137 
 
 Pres. 
 Present. Perfect. Supine. Infinitive. Stem. 
 
 cerno, sift, distin- crevl jcrgtum cerngre jc6r- 
 
 guish, decide, see (certus, adj. sure |cre- 
 
 The meaning see is confined to pres., fut. and imp. tenses. 
 decerno, decrSvi, decrgtum, decerngre. So the other compounds. 
 
 * up civi oltu* 
 
 The -i stem is rare in the simple verb : the -e stem rare in the com- 
 pounds. accio makes (once) accltus ; *excio, excltus and excltus ; 
 concio, concltus, and (once) concltus ; percio, percltus. 
 cingo, gird cinxi cinctum cinggre cing- 
 
 clango (rare) dang clanggre clang- 
 
 claudo, shut clausi clausum claudgre claud 
 
 conclude, conclusi, conclusion, concludere. So the other compounds. 
 clgpo (old), steal clepsi cleptum clgpgre clgp- 
 
 clueo, be spoken of -clutum cluere clu-e 
 
 In Seneca (once) duo. Past part, only in compound Inclutus. 
 c51o, till, pay atten- cdlui cultum cdlgre cdl- 
 
 tion to 
 So the compounds excdlo, excClui, excultum, exc61re, but accdlo, 
 
 incdlo have no supine. Occulo has probably a different stem. 
 coepio, begin coepi coeptum coepgre coep-I- 
 
 Pres. ind. and subj. only in Plaut. Fut. coepiam in Cato. Imperf. 
 subj. coepgrem once in Ter. Otherwise only perfect stem in use. 
 But coeptus and coepturus are also used. (Coeptus sum often with 
 a pass, infin. ; but also coepi.) The verb is apparently fi-om co-apio 
 (apiscor). 
 
 compesco. See pasco. 
 
 conquinisco, crouch conquexi, old and rare conquinlscgre 
 
 consulo, consult consului consultum consulgre consul- 
 
 cSquo, cook coxi coctum cdqugre cdqv- 
 
 credo. See do. 
 
 crgpo, rattle crgpui crgpltum crgpare crgp-a- 
 
 cresco, grow crevl crgtum crescgre cre- 
 
 Though cresco is intransitive, it has a part, cretus, sprung from. 
 cubo, lie, lie ill ctibui ciibltum ciibare ciib-a- 
 
 cubavl is occasionally found. 
 
 cudo, hammer cudi cusum cudgre cud- 
 
 -cumbo, lie, only in compounds, as strengthened form of cubo. 
 
 accumbo, accubul, acciibltum, accumbgre. 
 ciipio, desire cuplvi ctipltum ciipgre ciip-I- 
 
 cuplret once in Lucr. 
 
 curro, run cucurri cursum currSre curr- 
 
 The compounds frequently retain the reduplication, e.g. accucurri, 
 dgcucurrl, excucurri ; more usually (in Cicero and Livy) drop it, e.g. 
 accurri. 
 
 deleo. See lino. 
 
 depso, knead depsul depstum depsgre deps- 
 
 dlco, say dixi dictum dlcgre dlc- 
 
 disco, learn dldlci discgre die- 
 
 Compounds retain reduplication, e.g. edisco, learn by heart, edldlci. 
 
1 38 INFLEXIONS. {Book 77. 
 
 Pres. 
 Present. Perfect. Supine. Infinitive. Stem. 
 
 dispesco. See pasco. 
 
 divide, divide dlvlsi divlsum dlvldgre di-vld- 
 
 do, give (see p. 106) dgdi datum dare da- 
 
 The half- compounds circuindo, surround, pessumdo, ruin, satisdo, 
 
 satisfy, venumdo, expose to sale, follow do precisely. 
 credo, entrust, believe, vendo, sell, reddo, give back, and the compounds 
 with monosyllabic prepositions, have consonant stems : e. g. credo, 
 credldi, crSdltum, credgre. So also accredo, accredldi. 
 The compound with prae exists only in praedltus, endued. 
 The reduplication is retained in the compounds, except usually in 
 
 abscondo. 
 For the passives of vendo, perdo, (except past part, and gerundive) 
 
 veneo and (usually) pereo are used. 
 
 dSceOj teach dbciil doctum d6cere d5c-g- 
 
 dOleo, be in pain ddlui (dSHturus) ddlere d61-g- 
 
 d6mo, tame domui ddmltum ddmare d6m-a- 
 
 duco, drazv, lead, ac~ duxi ductum ducSre diic- 
 
 count 
 gdo, eat edi esum 6dere gd- 
 
 Supine sometimes essum. C6m6do has also (rarely) comestuni. 
 6mo, buy (orig. take] emi emptum SmSre 6m- 
 
 adlmo, ademl, ademptum, adlmSre. So other compounds, except 
 ^i) c66mo (cdemi, coemptum), perSmo, interfimo, which retain e: 
 (2) the earlier compounds como, demo, promo, sCLmo, which make 
 
 compsi, comptum, &c. 
 o,0(seep. 107) Ivl Itum Ire !- 
 
 Compounds always omit v (e.g. adil), in ist pers. perf., and usually in 
 
 other persons of perfect and thence derived tenses. 
 veneo, be for sale, perf. venii, is a compound of eo. It has no supine. 
 VX.MO, strip ^(clothes, exui ezutum exu6re exu- 
 
 &c.) 
 facesso, cause t wafocff&cessl facessltum facessSre 
 
 facio, make, do fed factum facfire fac-I- 
 
 For the passive, in tenses formed from present stem, flo is used. 
 proflc'lo, make progress, profeci, profectum, proflcgre. So the other 
 compounds with prepositions. But calgfacio, tremgfacio, &c. being 
 only half compounds retain a ( 74). 
 
 proflciscor, set out (on ajoitrney), travel, prdfectum, prdflcisci. 
 faUo, deceive, elude fgfelli falsum failure fall- 
 
 refeUo, refute, refelli, refeUgre. 
 farcio, stuff farsi fartum farclre farc-I- 
 
 rSfercio, rgfersl, rgfertum, rgferclre. So also differtus. 
 fateor, acknowledge fassum fatSri fat-6- 
 
 confiteor, confessum, conflteri. So prdflteor. difElteor has no part. 
 
 perf. 
 
 fatisco ) (fessus adj. (fatiscgre 
 
 fatiscor (old) j y n > dro t weary) J jlatisci 
 
 defgtiscor, defessum, defetisci. 
 
 be favourable favi fautum favere fav-e- 
 
Chap. XXIV.] List of Verbs. 139 
 
 Pres. 
 Present. Perfect. Supine. Infinitive. Stem. 
 
 -fendo, strike, only in compounds. fend- 
 
 defendo, ward off, guard, defend!, defensum, defendgre. So also 
 
 offendo, strike against. 
 ferio, strike (see ico) ferlre fer-I- 
 
 (percussi, percussum are often used as perfect and supine.) 
 fero, bear (see p. 107) (tuli) (latum) ferre fer- 
 
 Perfect and supine are borrowed from tollo. 
 
 afifgro, attuli, allatum, afferre ; 
 
 aufgro, abstuli, ablatum, auferre ; 
 
 differo, distiill, dllatum, differre ; 
 
 offgro, obtuli, oblatum, offerre ; 
 
 rgfgro, rettuli, relatum referre; 
 
 (rarely rellatum) 
 
 refert, it is of importance (probably for rei fert) is used as impersonal. 
 suffgro has for perf. rarely susttili, usually sustinui. 
 
 ferveo, boil, glow jferbui forvere ferv-5- 
 
 A consonantal stem (e.g. fervit, fervfire) frequent in prae-Aug. and 
 
 Aug. poets. 
 fldo, trust flsum fidSre fid- 
 
 fisus sum is used for perf., I have tmsted* 
 flgo,yf^ fixi fixum flgfire ffg- 
 
 flctus as past participle in Varro, R. R. and Lucr. 
 fio, become (see p. 107) fi6ri fi- 
 
 The compound infit, he begins, only in this one form (poetical). 
 
 findo, cleave fidi fissum findgre fld- 
 
 &ngo,form, invent finxi fictum finggre flg- 
 
 fleo, weep flevi fletum flere fle- 
 
 flecto, bend flexi flexum flectfire fiect- 
 
 -fllgo, strike, only in compounds. 
 
 affllgo, strike against, knock down, afflixi, afllictuin, affllge're. 
 
 So the other compounds, except profllgo, put to rout, profligavi, profll- 
 gatum, profllgare. 
 
 fluo,_/7^7e/ fluxi (fluxus, adj. loose, fluSre fliigv- 
 
 fluctus, sub. a wave.) 
 f6dio, dig fodi fossum f6d6re f6d-I- 
 
 Inf. fodlri, effodiri are found in the older language. 
 fatur, he speaks fatum fari f,- 
 
 The following only found : pres. ind. fatur ; fut. fabor, fabitur : perf. 
 fatus est ; pluperf. fatus eram, erat ; imper. fare ; inf. fari : part. 
 fantem, &c. (no nominative, except in phrase fans atque infans, 
 Plaut.), fatus, fandus, and fatu. 
 
 In compounds we have also -famur, -faniini : -fabar, farer, &c., and in 
 imperat. &c., praefato, praefamino. 
 
 fdveo, keep warm, fovl fotum fdvere fdv-- 
 
 cherish 
 
 frango, break in pieces fxegl. fractum frangre frag- 
 
 Compounds as confringo, confrggl, contractual, confringgre. 
 
140 
 
 INFLEXIONS. 
 
 [Book IT. 
 
 
 
 Pres. 
 
 
 Present. Perfect. 
 
 Supine. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Stem. 
 
 Irgmo, roar, snort frgmui 
 
 frgmltum 
 
 frgmgre 
 
 frgm- 
 
 frendo, gnash (with the teeth) 
 
 ) fressum 
 
 \ fresum 
 
 frendgre 
 
 frend- 
 
 frlco, rub 
 
 frlcui 
 
 frfgere frlg-e- 
 frlggre frig- 
 tral frugv- 
 
 An old form fruniscor, 
 
 frlgeo, be cold frisi 
 
 frlgo, roast, (corn, &c.) frictum 
 
 fruor, enjoy myself fructtun - 
 
 fruitum once (Ulpian). Fut. part, frultilrus. 
 frunitum is quoted from early writers. 
 
 Vb&a, flee, fly from ftigl (fftglturus) fuggre fllg-I- 
 
 totos>, prop " fulsi fultum fulclre fulc-I- 
 
 fulgeo,y?a.s7* fulsi fulgere fulg-e- 
 
 A consonantal stem e.g. fulglt, fulggre is found in prae-Aug. poets; 
 
 twice in Vergil. 
 fundo, pour, rout fUdi fUsum fundfire fud- 
 
 (an enemy) 
 fungor, get quit, dis- functum fungi fung- 
 
 charge myself, (an office, &c.) 
 fuo, grow? see sum ( 259, 260) 
 furls, thou ragest furfire fur- 
 
 Only furls, furlt, furunt, furebas, furebat, furgre, furens are found. 
 gaudeo, be glad gavlsum gaudere gavld-e 
 
 gavisus sum, / rejoiced. 
 
 g6mo, sigh, groan ggmul gSmltum g6m6re g6m- 
 
 g6ro, carry, perform gessl gestum g6r6re g6s- 
 
 gigno, beget, produce g6nul gfinltum gigngre g6n- 
 
 In old language (Lucr. Varr.), sometimes gSno is found. 
 glisco, swell, kindle gllscgre gli- 
 
 glubo, peel gluptum glubgre glflb- 
 
 gradior, step gressum gradi grad-I- 
 
 Compounds as aggrfidior, attack, aggressum, aggr6di. Inf. aggre- 
 
 dlri, progredlri, ind. pres. aggredlmur are found in Plaut. 
 -gmo only in compounds. grtt- 
 
 congruo, agree, congrul, congrufire. So also ingruo, impend. 
 habeo, have ^ habui habltum habere hab-6- 
 
 So the compounds debeo, owe, debul, debltum, dgbgre; praebeo, 
 afford, praebui, praebitum, praebgre (in Plautus dehibeo, prae- 
 nlbeo) : probeo (Lucr.) for prohlbeo. 
 
 haereo, stick, intr. haesi haesum haergre haer-e- 
 
 haurio, drain, draw hausi haustum hauTlre haus-I- 
 
 (water) 
 
 In Varr. once haurierint. Fut. part, 
 
 hausurus, Verg. once, Stat. once, Sil. twice. 
 
 (not hausus). 
 
 hisco, gape, open the mouth, to speak hiscgre hi- 
 
 jaceo, lie jacui (jaclturus) jacere jac-g- 
 
 jacio, cast jeci jactum jacgre Jac-I- 
 
 ablcio, abjeci, abjectum, ablcgre. So the other compounds. Disslcio 
 for dis-jacio. 
 
 porrlcio, offer (sacrifices), &c. porrectum, porrlcgre (without perf.). 
 
 haustflrus (Cic. once) and 
 The subst. is haustus 
 
Chap. XXIV.} List of Verls. 141 
 
 Pres. 
 Present. Perfect. Supine. Infinitive. Stem. 
 
 Ico (or Icio?), strike Ici ictuxn Icfire Ic- 
 
 Of the present (rare), only icit, icitur, icimur occur : (fSrio is generally 
 
 used instead). The perfect is often in MSS. written iecit. 
 imbuo, steep, imbue imbui imbutum imbugre imbu- 
 
 incesso, attack incessl incessfire incess- 
 
 indulgeo, yield, intr. indulsi indulgere indulg e- 
 
 (Indultum, &c. is only a late form.) 
 
 induo, put on indui indutum induSre indu- 
 
 (clothes, &c.) , , * 
 
 inquam, quoth inquii jorinqvl- 
 
 The following forms only occur. Pres. iml. inquam, inquls, inquit, 
 inqulmus, inquiunt. Fut. inquies, iaquiet. Imperf. inquiebat. 
 Perf. inquii, inquisti, inquit. Imperat. 2nd sing, inque, inqulto, 
 plur. inqulte. 
 
 Irascor, grow angry Iratum Irasci Ira- 
 
 Iratus sum, I am angry; succensui, / (fired zip, i.e.) was angry. 
 jiibeo, bid jussi jussum jiibere jiib-e- 
 
 jungo, yoke, join junxi junctum junggre jung- 
 
 juvo, help, delight juvi jutum juvare jiiv-a- 
 
 fut. part, juvaturus. Adjiivo has adjuturus. 
 
 labor, slip, glide lapsum labi lab- 
 
 lacesso, provoke lacesslvi lacessltum lacessgre | acess " 
 
 -lacio, entice. Only in compounds. laci- 
 
 aUicio, allexi, aUectum, alllcgre. So illlcio, peUIcio. 
 ellcio, ellcui, ellcltum, ellcSre. Prollcio has no perfect or supine. 
 
 laedo, strike (rare), laesi laesuxn laedgre laed- 
 
 hurt 
 coUIdo, dash together, colllsi, coUIsum, collldgre. So allldo. 
 
 lambo, lick Iambi (once) lambgre lamb- 
 
 langveo, be faint langvi langvere langv-e- 
 
 (lavatum 
 lavo, wash lavi ^lautum lavare lav-a- 
 
 (lotum 
 A consonantal stem (e.g.lavit, lavSre, &c.) is frequent in prae-Augustan 
 
 and Augustan poets. 
 For compounds see luo. 
 
 18go, pick ^lp, choose, legi lectum 16g6re l&g- 
 
 read 
 
 colligo, collect, collegi, coUeetum, colligSre. So compounds gene- 
 rally : 
 
 Except that (i) allSgo, choose besides; perlfigo, read throtigh; praelfigo, 
 read to others; rS16go, read again; sublSgo, pick up, substitute, 
 retain e. 
 
 (2) dilSgo (or dlllgo), love ; intellggo, understand ; neglggo, neglect, 
 retain e and have perf. in -xi, e.g. neglexi. (Rarely intellegi, 
 neglggi.) 
 
142 
 
 INFLEXIONS. 
 
 [Book II. 
 
 Present. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 Supine. 
 
 Pres. 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Stem. 
 
 Hb-g- 
 
 Only used in 3rd pers. Rarely in plural. Also participle libens. (The 
 stem vowel was in early times u; e.g. lubet.) 
 
 llceo, be on sale llcui 
 
 llceor, bid for Hcitus sum 
 
 licet, it is permitted 
 
 Only used in 3rd pers. 
 found. 
 
 Hcltum 
 
 est 
 
 Rarely in plural. 
 
 llcere 
 llceri 
 
 Hc-g- 
 Hc-g- 
 
 Hcere Hc-g- 
 
 LicSto, llcens, Hcitus, also 
 
 lingo, lick linctum linggre ling- 
 
 lino, besmear levl Htum llngre II- 
 
 II vl is also found. 
 
 In post-Augustan writers, we have Hnio, Hnivi, llnltum, linlre. 
 
 deleo, blot out, delevi, deletum, delere, either belongs to this stem, or 
 
 to -oleo, grow. 
 linqvo, leave Hqvi linqvgre Hqv- 
 
 The compound, rglinqvo, rgllqvi, rglictum, rglinqvgre, is more usual. 
 
 llqveo, be clear, fluid llcul 
 llqvor, melt, intr. 
 16qvor, speak 
 
 luceo, be light, beam luxi 
 
 ludo, sport lusi 
 
 lugeo, mourn, trans, luxi 
 
 luo,/0jj', expiate lui 
 
 Hqvere Hqv-g- 
 
 Hqvi Hqv- 
 
 16cutum Idqvi 16qv- 
 
 Iflcere luc-e- 
 
 lasum ludgre Ifld- 
 
 (luctus subs.) lugere lug-e- 
 
 lugre lu- 
 
 Compounds retain the original meaning, ivash (luo = lavo), and have 
 
 past part. e.g. dfluo, dflui, dflutum, dfluSre. 
 
 mando, chew mandi (once) mansum mandgre mand- 
 
 maneo, remain, await mansi mansuna manere man-e- 
 
 emlneo, project, emlnui, emlnere (no supine). 
 immlneo, impend, promineo, no perf. or supine. Permaneo is like 
 
 maneo. 
 
 mSdeor, be a remedy md5ri m6d-6- 
 
 -m&niscor, only in compounds mn- 
 
 Only perfect stem (with present meaning) in use. MSmlni, / remember. 
 
 Imperative memento, mementote. 
 
 commlniscor, devise, commentum, commlnisci. So also rgmlniscor, 
 call to mind. 
 
 mSrui mSrltum 
 
 mersi mersum 
 
 is intrans., but has part 
 
 mSreo, earn 
 mergo, sink, trans. 
 emgrgo, emerge, 
 
 emerged. 
 metior, measure 
 m6to, mow 
 mfctuo, fear 
 
 mSrere mgr-6- 
 merggre merg- 
 perf. emersus, having 
 
 mensum metlri met-I- 
 
 (messem feci) messum m6tere m6t- 
 
 m6tui m6tu6re m6tu- 
 mettitus, once in Lucret. 
 
 mlco, quiver, fash mlcui mlcaxe mlc-a- 
 
 emlco, emlcui, fut. part, emlcaturus. 
 dlmlco, dlmlcavi (dlmlcui twice in Ovid), dlmlcatum. 
 
 mingo minxi mictum minggre mlg- 
 
 Another form of the present is mejo. 
 
Chap. XXIV.] List of Verbs. 143 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Present. Perfect. Supine. Infinitive. Stem. 
 
 mlnuo, lessen mlnui mlnutum mlnure inlntt- 
 
 misceo, mix miscui mixtum miscere misc-6- 
 
 The supine is sometimes written mistum. 
 
 JtiWnm, feel pity mSert^Trare \ mlsgr5ri mls ^' 
 
 mlsSreo is very rare : miseret and (in early writers) miseretur, mise- 
 
 rescit are used impersonally. 
 
 mitto, let go, send mlsi missum mittere mitt- 
 
 mdlo, grind mdlui mdlltum m616re m61- 
 
 mdneo, warn mdnui mdnltum mdnere m6n-6- 
 
 mordeo, bite mdmordi morsum mordere mord-e- 
 
 mbrior, die mortuus sum (mdrlturus) rndri mdr-I- 
 
 Inf. morlri, emorlri several times in Plaut. once in Ter. once in Ovid. 
 
 m6veo, move, trans. movi mStum mdvere m'Ov-5- 
 
 mulceo, stroke mulsi mulsum mulcere mulc-e- 
 
 Permulctus is also found besides the more usual permulsus. 
 
 mulgeo, milk mulsi nmlgere mulg-e 
 
 -mungo only in compound mung- 
 
 emungo, wipe (nose), emunxi, emunctum, emunggre. 
 
 nancisci 
 
 nascor, be born natum nasci gna- 
 
 Originally gnascor, whence agnatus, cognatus, prognatus. But 
 enascor, cnatus. 
 
 ngco, kill ngcavi ngcatum ngcare n6c-a 
 
 necui once in Phaedrus and Ennius : en8co, stifle completely, engcui and 
 engcavi (both rare), enectum, engcare. 
 
 necto, link together nexi nexum nect8re nect- 
 
 nexui is probably from nexo, nexgre which is an early form. 
 
 neo, spin nevi netum (Ulp.) nere ne- 
 
 ngqueo. See queo ; and 266. 
 
 nltor, lean, strive jnlsum nlti gnict " 
 
 fut. part, nlsurus : so also compounds. 
 
 Originally gnitor, kneel, from g6nu, knee. Nixus generally in sense of 
 leaning, nisus, striving. Conitor, adnitor, enitor, have both forms 
 frequently (in sense of bearing children always enixa). Innisus, 
 obnisus, subnisus are infrequent : and in poetry all the compounds of 
 nisus are rare. 
 
 -nlveo only in compound nigv- 
 
 oonlveo, ,*, eyes, |M| (both rare) (no supine) C5nly5re 
 
 nbceo, be hurt/id n6cui (ndclturus) nocere n6c-6- 
 
 nosco, get to know novl, / know notum noscgre gno- 
 
 notus only as adj. known: fut. part, is not used. 
 agnosco, cognosce, have supines agnltum (fut. part, agnoturus once, 
 
 Sail.), cognltum : 
 
 ignosco, ignotum, fut. part, ignofrurus (quoted from Cato and Cic. ; 
 ignosciturus from Piso) : dignosco, internosco, have no supine. 
 
144 INFLEXIONS. \Book II. 
 
 Pres. 
 Present. Perfect. Supine. Infinitive. Stem. 
 
 nubo, put on a veil nupsi nuptum nubgre nub- 
 
 (as a bride), marry Part, nupta, married. 
 
 -nuo, nod, only in compounds : but nutus is used as subst. nu- 
 
 annuo, annul, annuSre. abnuo has fut. part, abnulturus. 
 obllviscor (orig. cover with black), oblltum obllvisci ob-llv-i- 
 
 forget 
 
 occulo, conceal occului occultum occulere ob-cul- 
 
 6di, perf., I hate (osflrus) 6d- 
 
 A perf. form odivi, once (used by M. Antony). Exosus, perosus are used 
 
 with an active meaning as participles and with sum, &c. as perfect. 
 -61eo, grow, is only used in compounds, and is a different word from 61eo, 
 smell (intrans.). 
 
 abSleo, destroy, abdlevi, abOHtum, abSlere. 
 
 ab51esco, decay, abdlevi, no supine, abolescSre. So also Inolesco. 
 
 addlesco, grow up, addlevi, adolesc6re, adultus, *.$\. grown ttp. 
 
 adSleo, (increasti), offer (in sacrifice), burn j J*** 1 tdeT 
 
 For deleo see under lino. 
 
 obsdlesco, wear out, intr. obs615vl, obsolescgre, obsdletus, adj. worn 
 
 out. So also exdlesco. 
 61eo, smell (intrans.) 61ui dlere 61-6- 
 
 A consonantal stem (olat, olant, subolat, praeolat, o!6re) is found 
 
 rarely in the comic poets. 
 6portet, it behoves 6portuit 6portere 6port-6- 
 
 Only used in 3rd pers. sing. 
 opp6rior. See -p6rio. 
 
 ordior, commence, trans. orsum ordlrl ord-I- 
 
 6rior, rise ortum driri 6r-I- 
 
 fut. part. 6rlturus : gerundive 6riundus used n.s &&}. sprung from. Pres. 
 ind. 6r5ris, 6rltur, 6rlmur, imperf. subj. orlrer, or6rer. The com- 
 pound adorior has in pres. ind. addiirls, addrltur. 
 6vo, triumph 6v-a- 
 
 The only forms found are ovet, ovaret, ovans, ovatus, ovandi. 
 paciscor. See pango. 
 paemtet, it repents paenltuit paenttere paenIt-6- 
 
 Rarely personal, paenitendura is also found, paenitens as adj. 
 
 . penitent. 
 
 t, open pandi passum pand6re 
 
 Dispando has dispansum, dlspessum. Expando, expansum. 
 pegl 
 
 compingo, compegi, compactum, compinggre. So impingo. 
 oppango, oppegi, oppactum, oppang6re. Depango, repango also 
 
 retain a. 
 
 pac-isc-or, bargain pp!gi pactum pacisci pac- 
 
 Compaciscor or comp6ciscor has compactum or compectum. 
 parco, be sparing p6perci (parsurus) parc6re parc- 
 
 Plautus always, and Terence sometimes, have parsi. 
 comperco, compersi, compercfire. Imperco, reperco, (or reparco) 
 found in present only. 
 
Chap. XXI V^ List of Verbs. 145 
 
 Present. Perfect. 
 
 pareo, appear, be parui 
 obedient 
 
 Supine. 
 
 (parlturus) 
 
 Pres. 
 Infinitive. 
 
 parSre 
 
 Stem. 
 pSx-6- 
 
 pario, get) bring forth pgpgrl 
 
 partum 
 
 pargre 
 
 par-I- 
 
 Fut. part, parlturus. 
 
 Parens, a parent, is an old participle of this verb. 
 
 comp6rior(rare)i' ascertain > compgri, compertum, compgrlre. 
 rgpgrio, find, reppgri, rgpertum, rgpgrtre. 
 
 pasco, pasture, feed pavi pastum pascgre pas- 
 
 The active is rarely used of the animals feeding except inpres. participle. 
 Depasco follows pasco. 
 
 Compesco (lit. pasture together"?), confine, compescui, compescSre (no 
 supine). So dispesco (rare), separate. 
 
 patior, suffer passum pati pat-I- 
 
 perpgtior, perpessus sum, perpSti. 
 
 paveo, quake with fear pavi pavgre pav-e- 
 
 pecto, comb pexi (once) pexum pectfire pect- 
 
 p5do pgpedi pedSre ped- 
 
 peUo, push, drive back pSpuli pulsum peU6re pell- 
 
 appello (esp. of a ship, put in], appuli, appulsum, appellgre. So the 
 other compounds. Rgpello always has reppuli or repuli. 
 
 pendeo, hang, intr. pSpendi pensum pendere pend-e- 
 
 $&\&Q, iv eigh,pay, value pgpendi pensum pendgre pend- 
 
 originally hang, trans. So suspendo, hang up. 
 
 -pgrio only in compounds, except perltus, skilled. pgr-I- 
 
 apgrio (ab perio?), uncover, open, apgrui, apertum, apgrlre. 
 expgrior, try, expertum, expgrlri. 
 dpgrio (ob perio ?), cover, Cpgrui, dpertum, Opgrlre. 
 oppgrior, wait for, oppertum and opperltum, oppgrlri. 
 
 pgto, seek, aim at ' 1 pgtltum pgtgre 
 
 Only used in 3rd pers. sing. The gerund and gerundive are also found. 
 pingo, paint pinxi pictum pinggre 
 
 pinso, ) , jpinsui jpinsitum (pinsgre pins- 
 
 plso, \** (pinsi |pistum |plsgre pls- 
 
 Pinslbant once in Ennius. Hence pinsitus, often in Columella's prose, 
 has perhaps I. Pinsui, pinsi occur once each. . 
 
 placeo, be pleasing placui placltum placere plac-g- 
 
 plango, beat (esp. the planxi planctum planggre plang- 
 
 breast in grief) 
 
 plaudo, clap (the plausi plausum plaudgre plaud- 
 
 hands, &c.) 
 
 explodo (hiss off, i.e. drive away by hissing], explosi, explosion, explo- 
 dgre. So the other compounds, applaudo does not change the 
 vowel. 
 
 plecto, strike, punish (rare except in passive) plectgre plect- 
 
 L. G. 10 
 
146 INFLEXIONS. [Book II. 
 
 Pres. 
 Present. Perfect. Supine. Infinitive. Stem. 
 
 -plecto, twine plexum -plectgre plect- 
 
 Only in part. perf. and compounds, which are always of deponent form, 
 except in one or two instances of imperatives in prae- Ciceronian 
 writers. 
 
 amplector, twine oneself rotind, embrace, amplexum, amplecti. So 
 complector. Of other compounds only participles implexus, en- 
 twined ', perplexus, entangled, are found. 
 -pleo, fill, only in compounds pie- 
 
 Compounds as compleo, complevl, completum, complere. 
 plIco,/0/</ pllcatum pllcare pllc-a- 
 
 appllco, apply, put jappllcavi, appllcatum, atmllcare 
 
 in (to shore] fappllcui, appllcltum, 
 
 So the other compounds : the prae- Augustan writers used almost always 
 -avi, -atum. The simple verb is rarely used. 
 
 plUO, jp^vit (frequent in Livy) * lu6re ^ 
 
 polluceo, offer in sacrifice polluctum pollucere polltlc-6- 
 
 pono, place p6sul pOsItum pon&re p6-sl- 
 
 Poslvi frequent in Plautus; also in Cato. Postum (simple and compound) 
 
 is frequently found in poetry. 
 posco, demand pfiposci posc&re pose- 
 
 Compounds retain reduplication, as dep&posci, expdposci. 
 possldeo. See sfideo. 
 
 possum, be able p5tui (see pp. 104, 105) posse pdtes- 
 
 p6tior, be master p6tltum p6tlri p6t-i 
 
 In pres. ind. almost always pdtltur, potlmur ; imp. subj. potrer or 
 
 potlrer. In Plaut. act. perf. potlvl, whence probably potui. 
 p5to, drink potavi pQtum potare p6t-a- 
 
 POtatum is rare ; fut, part. pStaturus and pSturus. 
 
 potus, having drunk. 
 prandeo, dine prandi pransum prandere prand-e- 
 
 pransus, having dined. 
 prShendo, lay hold of prShendi pr&hensum pr8hend5re prehend- 
 
 Often contracted into prendo, &c. 
 
 pr6mo, press press! pressum prSmSre prSm- 
 
 comprlmo, compress!, compressum, comprlmgre. So the other com- 
 
 pounds. 
 
 pr6flciscor. See facio. 
 
 psallo, play on a psalli psaU6re psall- 
 
 stringed instrument 
 
 it shames est pMre 
 
 puditurum and gerund and gerundive are also found. Pudens as adj. 
 
 modest. 
 
 pungo, prick pttpiigi punctum pung6re 
 
 Compounds have for perfect -punxi. 
 qvaero, seek, inquire qvaeslvl qvaesltum qvaerSre 
 
 conqvlro, conqulsivl, conqulsltum, conquIrSre. So the other com- 
 
 pounds. 
 quaeso, quaesftmus, prythee, are old colloquial forms of ist pers. 
 
Chap. XXIV.} 
 
 List of Verbs. 
 
 147 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Stem. 
 
 qvatgre qvat-I- 
 So the other compounds. 
 
 qvlvl 
 qvivl 
 
 rasl 
 rapui 
 
 qvltum 
 qvestum 
 qviStum 
 
 rasum 
 raptum 
 
 qvlre 
 qv6ri 
 qvlescgre 
 
 rabSre 
 radere 
 rapdre 
 
 qvl- 
 qv6r- 
 qvl-e- 
 rab- 
 rad- 
 rap-I- 
 
 Present. Perfect. Supine. 
 
 qvatio, shake, trans. qvassum 
 
 concutio, concuss! , concussum, concutSre. 
 
 qveo, be able ( 266) 
 qvgror, complain 
 qvlesco, rest 
 rabo, rave (rare) 
 rado, scrape 
 rapio, snatch, hurry 
 away, trans. 
 
 arripio, arrlpui, arreptum, arrlpgre. So the other compounds. 
 ravio, be hoarse, once in Plaut. rav-i- 
 
 ir-rauserit Cic. ; rausurus Lucil. come either from this stem or from 
 
 a stem rauci-. 
 rgfert. See fgro. 
 
 straight, rule rexi rectum rgggre rgg- 
 
 Compounds as arrlgo, raise, arrexl, arrectum, arriggre. 
 Except pergo, continue, perrexi, perrectum, perggre, 
 
 whence expergiscor, (begin to stretch myself otif), a^vak& myself, 
 experrectum (expergltum in Lucil. Lucr.). 
 surgo (sub-rego) rise, surrexi, surrectum, surgSre. 
 
 reor, think 
 
 reor has no present part. 
 rSpo, creep repsi 
 
 rldeo, smile, laugh rlsi 
 ringor, shew the teeth, snarl 
 rodo, gnaw rosi 
 
 rudo, roar, bray rudlvi (rare) 
 
 Persius has rudere. 
 rumpo, break rQ.pl 
 
 ratum 
 
 reri 
 
 ra- 
 
 reptum 
 
 rlsum 
 (rictus subs.) 
 rosum 
 
 repgre 
 rldere 
 ring! 
 rodgre 
 
 rudgre 
 
 rSp- 
 rld-e- 
 rlg- 
 r6d- 
 jrud- 
 jrud-I- 
 
 rumpgre rup- 
 
 ruptum 
 In Plautus the m is sometimes retained, e.g. dirrumptum, corrumptor 
 
 (subs.). 
 ruo, tttmble, dash rul -rutum rugre ru- 
 
 Generally intrans. The past part, found only in phrase ruta caesa 
 (has u long, according to Varro, but in compounds it is always short ; 
 e.g. diriitum). Fut. part, (post- Augustan) rulturus. 
 
 saepio, hedge in saepsl saeptum saeplre saep-i- 
 
 saUo) rj Isalitum .>, 1X -. \sal-i- 
 
 salloi 
 
 salt 
 
 sallgre 
 
 Isalsum |sall- 
 
 An inf. salire is not certain. Nor is the quantity of the first two syl- 
 lables in salitum. The verb is found in MSS. with 1 and U. 
 
 salio, leap salui (saltus subst.) salire sal-i- 
 
 Desllio, desilui, deslllre. So the other compounds. 
 The forms sallvi, salii are rare both in simple and compounds. 
 
 salve, hail! also salvete inf. salvere and fut. salvebis. (The present 
 salveo once in Plautus, perhaps in joke, salve being probably origi- 
 nally an adverb.) 
 
 sancio, hallcnv, ordain sanxi sanctum sanclre sanc-i- 
 
 sancltum (rarely). 
 
 10 2 
 
148 INFLEXIONS. [Book II. 
 
 Pres. 
 Present. Perfect. Supine. Infinitive. Stem. 
 
 sapio, have a savour saplvi sapgre sap-I- 
 
 of, be wise 
 
 deslpio, be foolish, no perf. or sup., deslpgre. 
 rgslpisco, recover senses, rgslpui and rSsIpivi, rgslpiscgre. 
 sarcio, patch sarsi sartum sarclre sarc-i- 
 
 sario, hoe sarui (once) sarltum sarlre sar-I- 
 
 Also written sarrio. Perf. also sarrlvi. 
 
 sarpo, trim sarptum sarpgre sarp- 
 
 scabo, scratch scab! (rare) scabfcre scab 
 
 scalpo, scrape scalps! scalptum scalpgre scalp- 
 
 Compounds follow sculpo. 
 
 scando, climb scandi scansum scandgre scand- 
 
 ascendo, ascendi, ascensum, ascendgre. So the other compounds. 
 scindo, tear, cut scldi scissum scindgre scld- 
 
 Exscindo has no perfect. The other compounds follow scindo. 
 scisco, enact sclvi scltum sciscgre scl- 
 
 A strengthened form of scio. 
 
 scrlbo, write scrips! scriptum scrlbgre scrlb- 
 
 sculpo, carve in stone, sculps! sculptum sculpgre sculp- 
 
 &c. 
 
 Another form of scalpo. 
 sSco, cut sgcui sectum sgcare sgc-a- 
 
 fut. part. sScaturus (once in Colum.). 
 
 sSdeo, sit sedi sessum sgdere s6d-6- 
 
 Fossldeo, occupy, possedi, possessum, possldere. So the other com- 
 pounds, except sUpersedeo, refrain, circumsgdeo, which do not 
 change the e. Dissldeo, praesldeo have no supine. 
 sentio,jfar/, think sensi sensum sentlre sent-I- 
 
 assentior, assensus sum, is used as deponent (besides assentio). 
 sgpglio, bury s6pgllvi sgpultura s6pllre s8pSM- 
 
 sgqvor, follow sgcutum sfeqvi sgqv- 
 
 sgro, sow, plant sevi satum sgrgre sa- 
 
 sgro, put in rows (serta, garlands) sgrgre sgr- 
 
 Compounds as consgro, consgrui, consertum, consgrgre. 
 serpo, crawl serpsi serptum serpgre serp- 
 
 Another form of rSpo. Cf. Greek epww. 
 sldo, settle, intr. sldi sldgre sld- 
 
 ssdi and sessum from sgdeo are the usual perfect and supine, and so the 
 
 compounds. 
 
 slno, put, leave, suffer slvi sltum slngre sl- 
 
 In subj. perf. slrim, slris, slrit, slrint. 
 
 Desmo, desii in post-Augustan writers (desisti, desiit, pluperf. desi- 
 gram, perf. subj. desigrim), desltum, deslngre. (Cicero and Caesar 
 generally use destiti for perf.) 
 Desltus sum used before a passive infin. I ceased. 
 sisto, set, stay, trans, stlti (rare) statum sistgre sta- 
 
 desisto, destiti, destltum, desistere. So the compounds all intransi- 
 tive. The reduplication is retained. Sisto is rarely intrans. and then 
 has perf. stgti (from sto). So also circumstgti. 
 
Chap. XXIV.] List of Verbs. 149 
 
 Pres. 
 Present. Perfect. Supine. Infinitive. Stem. 
 
 s51eo, be ivont s61Itum sdlere s61-g- 
 
 Perf. sdlltus sum, / was accustomed. 
 
 solve, loose, pay solvi sdlutum solvgre solv- 
 
 Sometimes in Augustan poets sfilui (trisyllabic). 
 
 sdno, sound sdnui sdnltum s6nare s6n-a- 
 
 fut. part, sOnaturus (once in IJor.). In prae-Augustan poets some- 
 times songre, sonlt, sonunt. 
 
 sorbeo, sup up, stick in sorbui (sorbltio,subst.) sorbgre sorb-g- 
 
 absorbeo, absorbui, absorbere. So other compounds. Rarely a per- 
 fect (post-Augustan) in si ; absorpsi, exsorpsi. 
 
 spargo, scatter, be- sparsi sparsum sparggre sparg- 
 
 sprinkle 
 
 Compounds as conspergo, conspersi, conspersum, consperggre. 
 
 sp6cio, (or spicio ?) look, only in Plautus. spgc-i- 
 
 asplcio, aspexi, aspectum, asplcere. So the other compounds. 
 
 sperno, reject, despise sprevi spretum sperngre 
 
 spondeo, pledge oneself 
 
 r spftpondi 
 
 sponsum 
 
 spondere 
 
 spond-e- 
 
 spuo, spit 
 
 spui 
 
 sputum 
 
 spugre 
 
 spu- 
 
 statuo, set up, settle 
 
 statui 
 
 statutum 
 
 statuere 
 
 statu- 
 
 (with oneself) 
 
 
 
 
 
 sterno, throw on the 
 
 stravi 
 
 stratum 
 
 sterngre 
 
 jstar- 
 
 ground, cover 
 
 
 
 
 (s r 
 
 sternuo, sneeze 
 
 sternui 
 
 
 sternugre 
 
 sternu- 
 
 sterto, snore 
 
 stertui 
 
 
 stertgre 
 
 stert- 
 
 stingvo (rare), stamp, 
 
 extinguish 
 
 
 stingvgre 
 
 stingv- 
 
 Exstingvo, exstinxi, exstinctum, exstingvere. So the other com- 
 pounds. 
 
 sto, stand stSti statum stare sta- 
 
 Fut. part, staturus in Lucan. 
 
 Praesto, be superior, warrant, render, praestlti, praestatum (also prae- 
 stltum), praestare. The other compounds have fut. part, -staturus 
 (constaturus Luc. Mart., perstaturus Stat.) but no supine: disto 
 has no perf. or supine : those with disyllabic prepositions retain e in 
 the perf. (e.g. circumsteti). 
 
 strgpo, make a din strfipui strSpItum strgpgre str8p- 
 
 strldeo, hiss, screech strldi strldere strld-e- 
 
 A consonantal form (e.g. stridunt, stridgre) is found in Augustan 
 
 poets. 
 stringo, strip, graze, strinxi strictum stringgre jstrlg- 
 
 draw tight ' (string- 
 
 struo, heap up, build struxi structum struere strugv- 
 
 svadeo, recommend svasi svasum svadere svad-e- 
 
 svesco, accustom one- svevi svetum svescgre sv- 
 
 self 
 
 An old form is found of pres. indie, ist plur. suemus (as from sueo). 
 sugo, sttck suxi suctum suggre sflg- 
 
 sum, be (see pp. 104, 105) esse gs- 
 
 suo, sow, stitch sul sutum sugre su- 
 
1501 INFLEXIONS. \BookIf* 
 
 Pres. 
 Present. Perfect. Supine. Infinitive. Stem. 
 
 taceo, be silent tacui taciturn tacSre tac-e- 
 
 taedet, it ivearieth taesum est taed-e- 
 
 For perf. the compound pertaesum est is more common. Taedescit, 
 
 obtaedescit, distaedet are also used impersonally. 
 tango, touch tgtlgl tactum tangere tag- 
 
 Attingo, attlgi, attactum, attinggre. So the other compounds. 
 
 In Plautus rarely tago, attigo. 
 
 tggo, cover texl tectum tgggre tgg- 
 
 temno, despise temps! temptum temnere tem- 
 
 tendo, stretch, tend tgtendi tentum tendgre tend- 
 
 In post- Augustan writers sometimes tensum. Compounds have -ten- 
 
 sum occasionally. 
 tgneo, hold tSnui tentum (rare) tenere tgn-g- 
 
 Supine and cognate forms are little used, except in the compounds, 
 detingo, obtlneo, and rgtlneo. Contentus only as adj. content. 
 
 dStlneo, detlnui, detent urn, detlngre. So the other compounds. 
 terreo, frighten terrui terrltum terrors tgrr-g- 
 
 tergeo, wipe tersi tersum tergere terg-e- 
 
 A consonantal stem (e.g. tergit, terguntur) is also found sometimes. 
 
 tSro, rub trlvl trltum tgrgre j*jj 
 
 attgruisse in TibulL (once). 
 texo, -weave texftl textum texgre tex- 
 
 tollo, lift up, remove (sustuli) (sublatum) tollgre toll- 
 
 toll (in prae-August. poets tgtttli) and latum (for tlatum) are the 
 proper perf. and supine : but as these are taken by fgro, tollo takes 
 the perf. and supine of its compound sustollo. 
 The compounds have no perf. or supine. 
 
 tondeo, shear tdtondi tonsum tondere tond-e- 
 
 tdno, thunder tdnui tdnltum t6nare tdn-a- 
 
 intdno has part. Intdnatus (once Hor.). The other compounds follow 
 
 tdno. 
 
 torqveo, twist, whirl torsi tortum torqvere torqv-e- 
 
 torreo, roast torrul tostum torrere tors-e- 
 
 traho, drag traxl tractum trahgre trah- 
 
 trgmo, tremble trgmul trgmgre trgm- 
 
 trlbuo, assign, grant trlbul trlbutum trlbugre trlbu- 
 
 trfldo, thrust *~ trusl trusum trudgre trud- 
 
 tueor, look at, protect *** tueri tu-g- 
 
 tutus, adj. safe. 
 
 Tutatus sum (from tutor) is generally used as perfect ; tutus or (post- 
 
 Augustan) tuitus sum are rare. Contueor, intueor have (post-Augus- 
 
 tan) contultus, intiiltus sum. A present with stem in -u (e.g. 
 
 tulmur, contuor, &c.), is frequent in prae-August. poets and Seneca's 
 
 tragedies. 
 
 tundo, thump ttttfldi tnrai tundgre tud- 
 
 Contundo, contudi, contusum, contundgre. So pertundo. Obtundo, 
 
 retundo have both -tunsum and -tusum. Perfect of retundo always 
 retundi. 
 
Chap. XXI F.] List of Verbs. 151 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Present. Perfect. Supine. Infinitive. Stem. 
 
 turgeo, swell tursi (very rare) turgSre turg-e- 
 
 vado, go. vadfire vad- 
 
 Invado, invasi, invasion, invad6re. So other compounds. 
 
 valeo, be strong valui (vallturus) valgre val-6- 
 
 vggeo, stir up (old word) (v6g6tus adj.) vggere v6g-6- 
 
 v6ho, carry vexi vectum v8h8re v6h- 
 
 Pres. part, and gerund also used intransitively, riding. 
 
 vello, pull, pluck veil! vulsum veU6re vell- 
 
 Vulsi both in simple and compounds is sometimes found in post- 
 
 Augustan writers. 
 vendo, sell. See do. 
 veneo, be sold. See eo. 
 
 v&nio, come v5ni ventum vSnlre vSn-I- 
 
 vereor, be awed at v6rltum vereri v6r-e- 
 
 vergo, incline vergere verg- 
 
 verro, brush verri (rare) versum verrgre verr- 
 
 verto, turn verti versum vertere vert- 
 
 So the compounds generally, but 
 
 dlvertor, put up (at an inn), divert! (perf.), diversum, divert! (inf.). 
 
 rSvertor, return, perf. reverti, reversum, reverti (inf.), reversus, 
 having returned. 
 
 praevertor, attend to first, is entirely deponent : praeverto, be before- 
 
 hand with, is very rare. 
 
 vescor, feed oneself vesci vesc- 
 
 iton, forbid v6tui v6tltum v6tare v6t-a- 
 
 Persius has a perfect vetavi. 
 
 video, see vldi vlsum vldere vld-e- 
 
 vldeor, vlsum, vlderi, very common in sense of seem. 
 
 vieo, plait (twigs, &c.) vietum viere vi-e- 
 
 part. vietus (Ter. Lucr., but vi6tus. Hor.), shrivelled. 
 
 vincio, bind vinxi vinctum vinclre vinc-I- 
 
 vinco, conquer vlci vietum vincfere vlc- 
 
 vlso, visit vlsi vls6re vls- 
 
 vlvo, live vixi vietum vlv6re vigv- 
 
 ulciscor, avenge oneself on, avenge ultum ulcisci ulc- 
 
 ^ 1ULd unctum 
 
 volo, will vdlui veUe vdl- 
 
 So its compounds nolo, malo ; see p. 106. 
 
 volvo, roll volvi vdlfltum volvfire volv- 
 
 Sometimes volui in Augustan poets. 
 
 vdmo, vomit v6mui vOmltum v6m6re v6m- 
 
 vOveo, VOT.U vovi vStum v6vere v6v-e- 
 
 urgeo, push t press ursi urgere urg-e- 
 
 uro, burn ussi ustum ur6re us- 
 
 Comburo, combussi, combustum, combttrfire, is a compound of com 
 with an older form buro, seen in bustum, tomb. 
 
 Other compounds (exflro, &c.) follow the usual form. 
 
 utor, avail oneself, make ute usum uti ut- 
 
i$2 INFLEXIONS. {.Book II. 
 
 3W) The following verbs (with many others) are used as deponents; but 
 some of them are also used, especially in the past participle, as passive. In 
 some again both the active and deponent forms are in use either generally 
 or in some others. Some past participles are given which are used as if 
 deponents, though the usual form of the verb is active : 
 abSminarl, detest ; abominatus also pass. 
 adaentiri, assent ; also passive ; adsentire frequent. 
 adttlari, wheedle, flatter ; also adulare (Lucr.). 
 adultus, grown up ; from ad61escer6. 
 altercari, dispute ; also altercare (Ter.). 
 apisci, get ; once passive (Plaut.). Of compound adipiscor, adoptus is 
 
 rarely passive. 
 
 axVLtr&rl, judge ; arbitrare act., arbitrari pass, in Plaut. 
 aucupari, catch at ; also aucupare (Plaut.). 
 augtijari, take omens; also rarely augiirare ; auguratus also pass. (Cic. 
 
 Liv. rarely). 
 
 ausplcari, take omens ; also ausplcare (Plaut.), auspicatus also pass. 
 blandirl, play the coax. 
 cenatus, having slipped ; from cenare. 
 cdmltari, accompany ; also pass. 
 
 commentari, think over, practise ; commentatus also pass, 
 coramlnisci, devise ; commentus also pass. (Ov.). 
 compgrlri (Ter. Sail. ), find out ; usually pass. 
 concretus, grown together; from concresc6re. 
 consplratus, having conspired ; from consplrare. 
 contemplari, contemplate ; also contemplare (Plant.). 
 criminal!, accuse ; once in Cic. passively ; also crlmlnare (Plaut.). 
 cunctari, delay. 
 
 dignari, think worthy ; dignatus also pass. 
 ddmlnari, play the lord. 
 eventum subst., an event; from evgnlre. 
 execrari, curse ; execratus also pass, 
 exordiri, commence speaking ; exorsus also pass. 
 exp6riri, try ; expertus also pass. 
 fabrlcari, manufacture ; also fabricare. 
 fatSri, confess ; so conflteri ; confessus also pass. 
 fSnerari, lend money ; also fenerare. 
 fluctuari (L\v.),flucttiate; usually fluctuare. 
 far!, speak ; effatus also pass. 
 frustrari, disappoint; also pass. (Sail.), 
 gloriari, boast. 
 gravari, be annoyed. 
 fcortari, exhort. 
 
 Imltari, imitate; imitatus also pass. (Ov. Quint.). 
 interpretari, interpret ; interpretatus also pass. 
 juratus, having sworn ; conjuratus, having conspired ; from jtlrare, con- 
 
 jurare. 
 
 largiri, make gifts. 
 lUcrari, make gain. 
 
 luctari, struggle; also luctare (Plaut. Ter.). 
 Ifldlflcari, make sport of; also ludificare (esp. Plaut.). 
 luxuriari, be luxuriant ; usually luxnrlare. 
 mSdlcari, apply remedies ; usually medicare, 
 mgditari meditate ; meditatus also pass. 
 
Chap. XXIV.} List of Verbs. 153 
 
 inendicari (Plaut.), be a beggar; usually mendlcare. 
 
 mentiri, tell a lie ; mentltus also pass. 
 
 mSreri, deserve, sometimes earn ; me'rere, earn, sometimes deserve. 
 
 metari, ) measure . metatus, metltus also pass. 
 
 metiri, \ 
 
 mddgrari, rule ; mddSratus also pass. 
 
 mddulari, modulate ; modulatus also pass. (Ov.). 
 
 mtln&rari, reward ; also mune'rare. 
 
 nupta, married ; from nftbgre. 
 
 nfttrirl (Verg. once), nurse ; usually nfltrlre. 
 
 otollvisci, forget ; oblltus, also pass. (Verg.). 
 
 occasns, of the sun, having sunk ; from occld6re. 
 
 oplnari, be of opinion ; also oplnare (Plaut.); opinatus also pass. (Cic.). 
 
 opsonari (Plaut.), purchase meat, &c. ; usually opsonare. 
 
 oscltari, yawn ; also oscitare. 
 
 osus, exosus, perosus, having hated, see p. 144. 
 
 pacisci, bargain ; pactus also pass. 
 
 palpari, coax ; also palpare. 
 
 partiri, divide; also partire. So usually dispertire, impertire. 
 
 placltus, having pleased ; from placere. 
 
 popular!, lay waste; also p6piilare. 
 
 potus, having drunk ; see potare, p. 146. 
 
 praetgrltus (of time, &c.), having gone by ; from praeterlre. 
 
 pransus, having dined ; from prandere. 
 
 pilnlri, putiish ; usually ptlnlre. 
 
 quietus, at rest ; from quiesc&re. 
 
 ructari (Hor.), belch ; usually ructare. 
 
 sectari, foll(nv ; rarely passive ; insectare in Plaut. 
 
 sortlri, cast lots for ; also sortire (Plant.); sortltus also pass. 
 
 suetus, acctistomed ; from suescSre. 
 
 tacltus, silent ; from tacere. 
 
 ' 
 
 trlcari, trifle ; compounds not usually deponent extricare, intricare. 
 tutari, defend ; rarely pass. 
 ulcisci, avenge; once pass. (Sail.); ultus also pass. (Liv.). 
 vSnSrari, worship; also venerare (Plant.), veneratus also pass. (Verg. 
 Hor.). 
 
BOOK III. 
 
 WORD-FORMA TION. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 ELEMENTS OF WORD-FORMATION. 
 
 341 WORDS are formed either directly from roots or from other words. 
 The elements of formation are four : 
 
 (a) reduplication, 
 
 (b) internal change, 
 
 (c) addition of suffixes, 
 
 (d) combination of two or more words into one. 
 
 Two or more of these modes of formation may be called into use 
 in forming a word ; and especially, almost all words, whatever other 
 change the root may have undergone, exhibit some suffix or other. 
 
 342 Reduplication is the repetition of the root syllable, either to express 
 repeated action or simply to give additional emphasis to the root. In 
 Latin there appear but few instances of reduplication. The following 
 among others are probably such : 
 
 i. Reduplication of a closed syllable: 
 
 bar-bar-us, foreign (from ftdp/Sapos) ; cin-cln-nus, a curl (comp. 
 niKivvoi) ; gur-giil-io, the windpipe; mur-mur (n.), a murmur (comp. 
 poppvpetv) ; quisquis, whosoever; tin-tin-are, to tinkle ; tur-tur (m. f.), 
 a dove; til-til-a, a screech-owl ; til- til-are, to bowl, wail (comp. o'X-oX- 
 vfciv). 
 
 a. Reduplication of an open syllable; or rather, of the initial 
 consonant, with a vowel appended : 
 
 bl-bfire, to drink ; cl-cada, a grasshopper ; cti-cMus, a cuckoo (comp. 
 KoKAcul) ; cft-ctimis (m.), a cucumber', pl-pire, to chirp; sft-surrus, a 
 whisper (comp. (rvpifciv) ; tl-tillare, to tickle ; tl-tfibare, to stumble. 
 
 For the use of reduplication to form the present stem of verbs see 
 295. i ; and to form \hzperfect stem, 309 sqq. 
 
Chap. /.] Elements of Word-Formation. 155 
 
 343 Internal change is frequently found accompanying the addition of 
 suffixes, or accompanying composition, but is then due mainly to the 
 shifting of the accent (which is often brought about by lengthening the 
 word), or to the influence of neighbouring consonants. The usual 
 changes have been set forth in Book I. There appear to be but few 
 instances in Latin, in which there is clear evidence of internal change 
 being employed as the main element in the formation of a word. 
 Compare however, e. g. tdga with t6g-6re ; sed-es with sSd-ere ; fides 
 with f IdSre ; pr6c-us with prfic-ari ; dflc-ere with due- (dux) ; dicere 
 with maiedlcus, &c. ; voc., nom. vox, with vflcare. For the change of 
 vowel in forming the perfect tense see 310. 
 
 But if, as is probable, the primary form of roots admitted of short 
 vowels only, then all instances of (apparent) roots with long vowels 
 fall under this head (unless the long vowel is a compensation for 
 omitted consonants) ; e.g. lux, pax, &c., scrib-ere, lud-ere, &c. 
 
 344 Suffixes are of three kinds : 
 
 (i) suffixes of inflexion, 
 
 (a) stem-suffixes (included under Inflexions in Book II.), 
 
 (3) derivative suffixes. 
 
 (1) Suffixes of inflexion are those which are employed to form the 
 several cases and numbers of nouns, and the persons, moods, tenses, 
 voice, &c. of verbs. 
 
 (2) Stem-suffixes are those which form the distinguishing marks of the 
 several declensions of nouns, and of the several conjugations (or classes) 
 of verbs. In nouns of the first class they are a, e, o ; in nouns of the 
 second class u, i or e ; in verbs a, u, e, i. A large class of nouns, and 
 the most primitive verbs, have no stem-suffix. 
 
 The application of the stem-suffixes in Latin nouns coincides to a 
 large extent with the distinction of gender : in verbs it coincides, at 
 least as regards the a and e stems, to a noticeable degree, with the dis- 
 tinction of transitive and intransitive action, the a stems being fre- 
 quently transitive, e.g. amare, to love; the e stems being frequently 
 intransitive, e.g. ndcere, to be hurtful; splendere, to shine. The absence 
 of a stem-suffix in many nouns is the result of the shifting of the 
 accent, and consequent slurring of the end of the word, the consonant 
 stem being thus reduced by one syllable from what was, or would 
 otherwise have been, their full form (with a stem-suffix) ; e. g. praeceps 
 for praeciplts, &c. In other nouns of the same class (consonant stems) 
 there appears to be no clear ground for assuming the previous existence 
 of a stem-suffix. 
 
 Many noun-stems and many verb-stems are apparently formed 
 directly from the root by the addition of these stem-suffixes. In some 
 a reduplication or an internal change, especially of the vowel, occurs 
 also. The formation of one word, compound or simple, from another 
 is often effected by the substitution of the stem-suffix appropriate to 
 one part of speech for that appropriate to another. 
 
156 WORD-FORMATION. \BookIIL 
 
 345 The following are examples of the formation of nouns from roots or 
 from other words by the addition or substitution of no other than a 
 stem-suffix. The majority of verbs are so formed. 
 
 A. advgna, a stranger (adveni-re) ; convlva, a guest (conviv-gre) ; 
 funda, a sling (fund-6re) ; mdla, a mill (m51-ere) ; sciiba, a clerk 
 (scrlb-ere) ; tdga, a cloak (tSg-Sre) ; traha, a sledge (tran-6re). 
 
 0. ahenobarbus, bronze-beard (barba-) ; condus, a store-keeper 
 (cond-gre) ; cdqvus, a cook (c6qv-6re) ; fidus, trusty (fid-6re, flde-s) ; 
 jugum, a yoke (comp. ju#g6re) ; mergus, a diver (merg-6re) ; nescius, 
 ignorant (nescl-re) ; prdfugus, deserting (profugS-re) ; promus, a butler 
 (prom-erg) ; rdgus, a funeral pile (rgg-6re, comp. erlggre, to erect) ; 
 sdnus, a sound (s6n-6re and sdnare). 
 
 U. acus, a needle (ac-, comp. ac-u-6re) ; currus, a chariot (curr- 
 6re) ; ddmus, a house (comp. 5e/x-eti', to build, d6mare, to tame}. 
 
 I (or E). abnormis, abnormal (norma-) ; bilinguis, two-tongued 
 (lingua) ; nubas, a cloud (nilb-6re, to cover, comp. ye'0-os) ; rUpes, a 
 rock (rump-6re, to break) ; sedes, a seat (sgd-ere) ; v6hes, a cartload 
 (v6h-6re). 
 
 [The following are without stem-suffix, dux, a leader (due-, comp. 
 dac-6re) ; incus, an anvil (incud-6re) ; 6bex, a bolt (obic6-re) ; plani- 
 ooted (p6d-).] 
 
 (3) Derivative suffixes are those additions (not being recognisable 
 roots) which are interposed between the root and the stem-suffix ; or, 
 when there is no stem-suffix, between the root and the suffix of in- 
 flexion. If they are themselves recognisable as roots, the formation of 
 the word belongs to the sphere of 
 
 Composition, which is treated of in a separate Chapter. 
 
 Interjections, some of which are words, some mere natural sounds, 
 will be enumerated in the last Chapter. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 DERIVATIVE SUFFIXES. 
 
 346 DERIVATIVE suffixes may originally have been words, but are now 
 merely sounds or combinations of sounds which have no separate use 
 or separate meaning, but modify the meaning of the word to which 
 they are suffixed. The same suffix does not usually express precisely 
 the same modifications, and different suffixes often seem to have the 
 same effect : compare e.g. -tud6n, -tia, -tat, all forming abstract sub- 
 stantives of quality, e.g. amaritudo (Plin.) ; amarities (Catull.), bitter- 
 ness acerbitas, harshness. Frequently indeed the use of a suffix may 
 have proceeded from a fancied or imperfectly apprehended analogy; 
 
Chap. //.] Derivative Supines. 157 
 
 and the ending of a word, which is partly composed of stem-conso- 
 nants or stem-vowels, and partly of a suffix, has apparently been taken 
 for an entire suffix, and as such applied to other stems. Sometimes the 
 sense of the suffix has been obscured, and a further suffix is added to 
 realize what the former suffix once expressed ; e. g. puella is diminutive 
 of pugra, but afterwards supplanted puera as the ordinary term for a 
 girl, and thus puellula was formed for a little or very young girl. 
 
 347 A light vowel, 6, ft, 6, more frequently I, is often found between 
 the last consonant of the stem and the suffix. 
 
 Its origin is not clear. Sometimes it appears to be part of the suffix ; 
 e. g. -So (-ic) in sfinex, pflmex, &c. ; more frequently it appears to be the 
 stem-suffix weakened; e.g. candidus from cande-; altitddo from alto-, &c. ; 
 sometimes it appears to owe its birth to analogy with other words ; some- 
 times to a desire to ease the pronunciation, or avoid the destructive effect 
 of contiguous consonants ; or even to render possible the use of the word in 
 verse. It is indeed possible that it may be an expression of the slight sound 
 occasioned by opening the organs, in order fully to articulate the final 
 consonant. 
 
 It has most frequently been treated in the following lists as the weak- 
 ened stem-suffix ; but its occurrence in words formed from consonant stems 
 is by no means unusual, and seems to conflict with this theory of its origin. 
 If these consonant stems are the stunted remnants of forms which originally 
 Avere vowel stems, this weakened vowel may be the relic of the fuller form. 
 (So in French the final t of the Latin 3rd pers. sing, is preserved only 
 before a vowel; e.g. a-t-il, and its meaning lost to the popular conscious- 
 ness). If otherwise, one of the other explanations must be resorted to. 
 
 348 The long vowel, found not uncommonly in the same part of a derivative, 
 is sometimes part of the suffix ; e.g. dum-etum for dum-ec-tum ; sometimes 
 due to contraction of the stem-suffix with a short initial vowel of the suffix ; 
 e.g. the suffix -Ino appended to the stems Roma-, divo-, tribu-, mari-, ege- 
 gives Romanus, divlnus, tribunus, marlnus, egenus : the suffix -111 ap- 
 pended to ancdra-, tribu-, fide-, civl- gives ancoralis, tribtllis, fidelis, 
 civllis. Sometimes it is due to following a false analogy ; e.g. mont-anus, 
 anser-I-nus, &c., virgin-alls, reg-alis, c. 
 
 In other respects the ordinary laws of consonant and vowel changes 
 (given in Book I.) are observed. 
 
 349 These suffixes are sometimes simple, i.e. consisting of a single 
 vowel, or a single consonant with a vowel; sometimes compound, i.e. 
 consisting of two consonants with one or two vowels. Compound 
 suffixes are usually the result of adding a suffix to a stem which is itself 
 a derivative; but sometimes the suffix, though originally compound, 
 has come to be treated as if it were a simple suffix ; e. g. -uncftlo : 
 sometimes it may be really a word which has ceased to be used sepa- 
 rately, and only appears now to be suffixal ; e. g. -ginta, and perhaps 
 -gno, -monio, -clnio, &c. 
 
 350 In the following lists the principal suffixes only are given. The 
 primary arrangement of noun-endings is according to the consonant or 
 vowel which immediately precedes either the stem-suffix, or, in conso- 
 nant nouns, the suffix of inflexions. (For instance, the suffixes -monio, 
 -clnio are given under the head of -io, not under mon- or cin- ; -trici 
 
158 WORD-FORMATION. \Book III. 
 
 under -ci, not under t or r ; &c.) Subordinately to this, first come all 
 word-endings which have the stem-suffix of nouns of the first class (o 
 being used, for convenience sake, as inclusive of a) ; secondly, word- 
 endings of the second class. The simplest endings, among which are 
 those beginning with short vowels, are put first ; then such compound 
 endings as have a consonant before the same short vowel ; then simple 
 endings with long vowels ; lastly, compound endings with the same 
 long vowel. The order of the consonants and vowels is the same as in 
 Books I. and II. : the order of the words is generally alphabetical. 
 Only a few instances of each suffix are given. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 LABIAL AND GUTTURAL NOUN-STEMS. 
 
 Labial Noun-Stems. 
 
 i. Stems ending in -mo. 
 
 351 -mo i. Adjectives: e.g. al-mus, nourishing (al-6re) : 
 
 2. Substantives: e.g. ar-mus (m.), shoulder-joint (comp. dp-, 
 apapiffKw)', fa-ma (I.}, fame (fa-ri) ; spu-ma, foam (spu6re). 
 
 -fcmo or -Imo used to form adjectives in the superlative degree and 
 ordinal numbers ; e, g. post-umus, last-born (post-) ; imus 
 (for In-Imus), inmost, lowest. 
 
 -iss-umo or -iss-Imo probably composed of -timo appended to the stem 
 of the comparative ; so that -iss-umo = ios-umo. Very fre- 
 quent; e.g. alt-issumus, highest (alto-, high, alt-iQs-, higher}; 
 aud-ac-issumus, boldest (audaci-, audac-ios-) ; antiquisslmus, 
 most ancient (antique-, antiqu-ios-). Cf. 174. 
 
 -1-ftmo or -1-Imo ) .^ the game guffix ended to the fina i consonant of 
 
 -r-umo or -r-lmoj adjectives in _ u and _ ro or .rf. The 1 or r is doubled : 
 e. g. facil-lumus, easiest (faclli-) ; celer-rlmus, swiftest (c616ri-) ; 
 miser-rimus, most -wretched (mlsSro-). 
 
 352 -t-umo or -t-Imo e. g. 
 
 (a) fini-ttimus, on the borders (f ini-) ; leg-Itunms, legal. 
 
 (b) Superlatives : ex-timus, outmost (ex) ; in-tlmus, in- 
 most (in). 
 
 (c) Ordinal numbers from the aoth to 9oth inclusive. 
 The initial t of the suffix joined to the final t of the cardinal 
 forms ss, of which one s was omitted, and in post- Augustan 
 times the preceding n was sometimes omitted also; e.g. 
 vlcens-ftnras (afterwards vlces-inms), twentieth, is for vigint- 
 tumus (viginti) ; tricens-umus, thirtieth (trlginta). Cf. 178. 
 
Chap. ///.] Labial and Guttural Noun-Stems. 159 
 
 "g J^ | Ordinal numbers from 200 to 1000 inclusive, probably by false 
 ' analogy from the preceding: e.g. ducent-5ns-umus (later 
 ducent-es-Imus), two-hundredth (ducenti-) ; millens-uinus (mil- 
 leslmus), thousandth (mille). 
 
 ii. Stems ending in -vo, -uo. 
 
 353 -vo is found after vowels, or 1 or r; -uo after other consonants 
 (including tr). 
 
 -vo i. Adjectives : e. g. cur-vus, curved (comp. cir-cus, /cu/3-r6s, 
 
 Kv\-\6s) ; gna-vus, knoiving (comp. gna-vus, gno-sc5re). 
 2. Substantives: e.g. cor-vus, a raven (comp. cor- nix) ; nae- 
 vus, a mole on the body, literally a birth-mark (gi-gSn-o). 
 
 -uo i. Adjectives, from verb stems: e.g. amblg-uus, on both 
 
 sides, ambiguous (amb-Igere, to drive round} ; mut-uus, by 
 way of change (mut-are); rellc-uus, remaining (relinqv-Sre). 
 2. Substantives: e.g. patr-uus, a father's brother (patr-) ; 
 jan-ua, a gate (jano-). 
 
 -I-vo Adjectives: e.g. ndc-Ivus (also nbcuus), hurtful (ndcere) ; 
 
 subslc-lvus, cut off, spare (subsgcare) ; v6c-Ivus, early form for 
 vacuus, empty (vacare). 
 
 -t-Ivo i. e. -Ivo added to the participial forms in -to ; 
 
 Adjectives : e. g. cap-t-ivus, captive (cap8-re) ; f&gl-t-ivus, 
 run-away (fugg-re) ; praer6ga-t-ivus, Jirst-asked (praerog- 
 are). So the grammatical terms ablatlvus, datlvus, demon- 
 strat-ivus, rglatlvus, &c. 
 
 Guttural Noun-Stems. 
 i. Stems ending in -co, -qvo. 
 
 354 -co i. Adjectives : e.g. pris-cus, of aforetime (prius) ; raucus (for 
 
 rauicus), hoarse (ravis, hoarseness}. 
 
 i. Substantives : e. g. juven-cus, a bullock (juvgn-) ; es-ca, 
 food (6d6re or esse, to eat). 
 
 -Ico i.e. (usually) -co suffixed to vowel stems. 
 
 i. Adjectives: e.g. Afr-Icus, of the Afrl (Afro-); civ-Icus, 
 of a citizen (civi-) ; m6d-Icus, of healing (mederi, to heal}. 
 a. Substantives : vil-Icus, a farm-steward (villa-) ; fabr- 
 Ica, a workshop, handiwork (fabro-) ; p6d-Ica, a snare (p6d-, 
 foot}. 
 
 -tlco which suffixed to an a stem makes -atl-co- 
 
 Adjectives : rus-tlcus, of the country (rus-) ; erra-tlcus, wander- 
 ing (errare) ; silva-ticus, of a wood (silva-) ; hence subst. via- 
 ticum, journey stipplies (via- comp. viator). 
 
 355 -uco e.g. cad-ucus, falling (cad-6re) ; usually substantives: e.g. 
 
 aeruca, -verdigris (aes). 
 
 -Ico Adjectives: e.g. amlcus, friendly (amare) ; postlcus, behind 
 
 (post). 
 
 Substantives: e.g. lectlca, a sedan (lecto-, couch}', lorlca, a 
 breast-guard of leathern thongs (from lorum). 
 
WORD-FORMATION. [Book III. 
 
 -Inavo- S antlqvus, preferable, ancient (ante) ; longin-qvus, distant 
 (longo-) ; pr&pinqvus, near (prdpg). 
 
 ii. Stems ending in -ci, -c. 
 
 356 -e"c (-Ic) Substantives : e.g. s6n-ex, old (gen. s6n-is) ; vort-ex, a whirl 
 (vort-6re). 
 
 Adjectives chiefly from verb-stems: e.g. aud-ax, daring 
 (aud-ere) ; fall-ax, deceptive (fall-Sre) ; min-ax, threatening 
 (mina-ri) ; ver-ax, truthful (vero-). 
 atr-ox, cruel (atro-) ; f6r-ox, high-spirited, fierce (fero-, wild}. 
 
 -tric-i Semi-adjectival feminine substantives corresponding to mas- 
 culine nouns in -tor. They are formed from participles in 
 -to. When used as adjectives they have -i stems ; e. g. vic- 
 tricia arma ; e. g. adju-trix, helper (adjiiv-are) ; effec-trix, 
 producing (eflflc-6re) ; vena-trix, huntress (v6nari) ; vic-trix, 
 conquering (vincSre). 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 DENTAL NOUN-STEMS. 
 
 357 Stems ending in -to, or -so (when -so has presumably arisen from 
 
 a dental}. 
 
 -to Adjectives of quantity: e.g. quan-tus, how great (quam) ; 
 
 quar-tus, fourth (for qvatvor-tus from qvattvor) ; qulnc-tus 
 or quin-tus, fifth (qvinqve). 
 
 -to (-so) i. Adjectives, very numerous, derived from verbs; express 
 completed action ; i. e. the past participle, passive or deponent : 
 e. g. rec-tus, ruled (r6g6re) ; par-tus, gained (pargre) ; ama- 
 tus, loved (amare) ; conatus, having attempted (cSnari). 
 Many such participles, or words similarly formed, are used 
 as adjectives of quality ; e. g. al-tus, high (al-6re, to nourish) : 
 fal-sus, false (failure) ; jus-tus, lawful (jtls-) ; lau-tus, 
 splendid (lavare) ; sabl-tus, sudden (stlbire). 
 2. Substantives: e.g. llber-tus, afreedman (HbSro-) ; fossa, 
 a ditch (fddg-re) ; exta (n. pi.), heart, liver, &c. (probably 
 for ex-sec-ta) ; furtum, theft (fxlr-, thief} ; pas-sum, raisin- 
 <wine (pand-6re, spread out}. 
 
 ic to I ^' e ' "* a PP enc ^ e( i to nouns with suffix -6c or -Ic : e.g. car-ec-tum, 
 reed beds (car- ex-) ; sal-ic-tum, will&iv bed (salix). 
 
 -es-to ( ^' e ' ~* a PP en ^ ec ^ to a suffix in -os, -us (-or, -ur) : e. g. adjectives, 
 e. g. aug-ustus, consecrated (aug-ur-) ; vSn-ustus, pretty (v6ntis) ; 
 fun-estus, deadly (funus) ; h6n-estus, honourable (hones). 
 
Chap. IV.} 
 
 Dental Noun-Stems. 
 
 161 
 
 358 -men-to 
 
 -61-en-to) 
 -ul-en-to 
 
 -gin-ta) 
 -gin-ti ( 
 
 i.e. to appended to suffix -men (for which see 372) forms 
 neuter nouns chiefly derived from verbs : e. g. docu-mentum, 
 a lesson (ddcere) ; incre-mentum, an increase, germ (incre- 
 sc6re) ; impedl-mentum, a hindrance (impgdlre) ; pig-mentum, 
 a paint (ping6re) ; testa-mentum, a will (testari). 
 
 Adjectives : e. g. fraudu-lentus, cheating (fraud!-) ; 6pu-lentus, 
 wealthy (6p-) ; sanguln-olentus, bloody (sanguen-) ; vi-olentus, 
 violent (vis). 
 
 Indeclinable adjectives of number, denoting multiples of ten 
 (decem, of which the first syllable is omitted): e.g. vlginti, 
 twenty ( = dvi-decem-ti, two-ten~ty)\ trl-ginta, thirty (tri-). 
 
 -cen-to ) 
 -gen- to \ 
 
 Declinable adjectives of number, denoting multiples of a hun- 
 dred (centum). Only used in plural : e.g. ducenti, two hun- 
 dred (duo-centum) ; quin-genti, Jive hundred (qvinqye-cent-). 
 
 359 -ato"| Adjectives, formed as if participles, but often from nouns; 
 -oto I e. g. barb-atus, bearded (barba-) ; cord-atus, having good 
 -uto | sense (cord-, nom. cor) ; falc-atus, sickle-shaped (falci-) ; 
 -ItoJ pil-atus, armed w ith pike (pllo-). 
 
 aegr-6tus, sick (aegro-) ; ast-iitus, crafty (astu-) ; nasutus, 
 sharp-nosed (naso-). aur-Itus, ^ith ears (auri-) ; Cerr-ltus 
 (for CerSrltus), frenzied by Ceres. 
 
 -eto Neuter nouns, expressing a place where a plant, &c. grows ; 
 
 e. g. dum-etum, a thicket (dumo-) ; myrt-etum, a myrtle bed 
 (myrto-) ; querc-etum, oak grove (quercu-) ; vln-etum, -vine- 
 yard (vino-). 
 
 Sterns ending in -tu, -ti, -t (or -su, -si, -s, when -su, &c. ha've 
 presumably arisen from a dental'}. 
 
 360 - tu l Substantives numerous, derived mostly from verbs, and 
 ~ su ' generally denoting an action. (The accusative and ablative 
 
 cases are the so-called supines^) e.g. adven-tus, arrival 
 (adv6n-Ire) ; audl-tus, hearing (aud-Ire) ; cen-sus, reckoning, 
 re-viewing (cens-ere) ; cr6pi-tus, a rattling (crgpare) ; fluc- 
 tus, a wave (flugv-, flu8-re) ; merca-tus, trading, market 
 (merca-ri) ; pas-sus, a step (pand-ere, stretch) ; u-sus, use 
 (ut-i). 
 
 -atu Substantives formed as if from verbs with -a stems, but really 
 
 directly from substantives, denote (i^ a holding of office, &c., 
 (2) the office itself, (3) body of officers! e.g. consul-atus, consul- 
 ship (consul) ; eqvlt-atus, cavalry (6qu6s) ; magistr-atus, magis- 
 tracy (magistro-) ; sSn-atus, senate (senex, old man}. 
 Substantives : e.g. gens, a class (gen-, gigngre); mens, a mind 
 (comp. mS-mln-i) ; semen- tis, seed-time (semen-). 
 
 -ti 
 St 
 
 361 -enti) 
 -anti( 
 
 e.g. al-e"s, winged (K]A-)\ 6qv-es, a horseman (6qvo-); superstes, 
 present (superstore) . 
 
 i. (a) Participles present active; e.g. r6g-ens, ruling (r6g- 
 6re) ; audi-ens, hearing (aud-Ire); ama-ns, loving (ama-re) ; 
 &c. 
 
 ii 
 
162 
 
 WORD-FORMATION. 
 
 [Book III. 
 
 362 -ati 
 
 -tat 
 
 -tfit 
 
 363 -630 
 
 () Adjectives, originally present participles, or formed as 
 such ; e. g. abundans, overflowing (abundare) ; frgquens, 
 crowded ; prudens, prudent (pro videre) ; sapiens, wise (sa- 
 
 pere). 
 
 (f) Substantives of like origin : e. g. parens, a parent (pa- 
 
 r6re) ; torrens, a torrent (torrere, to burri). 
 
 2. Numerals: dextans, five-sixths (de sexto-, sixth off" 
 
 twelve) ; dodrans, three-fourths (de quadro-, fourth off" 
 
 twelve) ; triens, a tritbing, i. e. a third (tri-). 
 
 Adjectives: e.g. nostras, of our country (nostro-) ; pSn-ates 
 
 (m. pi.), household gods (p&no-, store)', Antias, a man of Antium ; 
 
 Sarsinas, a man of Sarsina. 
 
 Abstract substantives, very frequent, derived chiefly from 
 
 adjectives, all feminine : e. g. aeqvl-tas, fairness (aeqvo-) ; 
 
 ebrig-tas, drunkenness (ebrio-) ; honestas, honourableness 
 
 (h&nos) ; v61up-tas, pleasure (vdliip-). 
 
 jftven-tus, youth (juvSn-) ; vir-tus, manliness (viro-). 
 
 364 -ensi 
 
 -i-ensi 
 
 365 -do | 
 -i-dof 
 
 -undo| 
 -endof 
 
 Stems ending in -so, -si (for -to, -ti). 
 For -onso, and this again perhaps for -ontio. 
 Adjectives, very numerous, expressing fullness: e.g. ann- 
 osus, full of years, aged (anno-) ; form-osus (also written 
 form-onsus), shapely (forma-); morb-osus, diseased (morbo-); 
 sumptu-osus, costly (sumptu-). 
 
 Some, perhaps from false analogy, have additional letters or 
 syllables preceding this suffix: e.g. belli-c-6sus, war-loving 
 (bello-, comp. belllcus) ; forinld6-l-6sus, fearful (formiddn-) ; 
 somn-lc-ul-6sus, sleep-loving (somno-) ; cilr-i-osus, careful 
 (cura-). 
 
 Adjectives formed from names of places: e.g. atri-ensis 
 (sc. servus), a house steward (atrio-) ; for-ensis, of the forum 
 (fdro-) ; Cann-ensis, of Cannae ; Sicili-ensis, of Sicily Utic- 
 ensis, of Utica. 
 
 Athen-iensis, of Athens (Athenae) ; Carthagin-iensis, of Car- 
 thage (Carthagdn-). 
 
 Stems ending in -do. 
 
 Adjectives, chiefly from verbs with -e stems, the final e 
 being changed to i : e.g. avi-dus, greedy (avere) ; marcl-dus, 
 fading (marcere) ; timi-dus, timid (timere) ; ftvl-dus, fldus, 
 fwet (tive-scgre). cupi-dus, desirous (ciipe-re) ; vlv-idus, 
 lively (vlv-ere). 
 fiimi-dus, smoky (fftmo-) ; s61i-dus,/r^z (solo-, ground}. 
 
 Verbal adjectives, commonly used as gerundives; formed 
 from the present stem : e. g. re"g-endus, audi-endus, fugi- 
 endus, ama-ndus, gign-endus, nasc-endus ; blandus, soothing 
 (comp. flare) ; sScundus, following, hence second (s6qv-). 
 
Chap. 
 
 Dental Noun-Stems. 
 
 163 
 
 -mlno ) 
 -mno \ 
 
 367 
 
 -gno 
 
 -tlno 
 
 -urno) 
 -erno( 
 
 -ter-no 
 
 368 -ano 
 
 -6b-undo) Adjectives derived from verbs: e.g. fre'm-e'bundus, roaring 
 -Ib-undo V (fr6m-6re) ; m6r-Ibundus, dying (m6ri) ; pud-Ibundus, ashamed 
 -ab-undoj (piid-ere). 
 
 err-abundus, wandering (errare) ; vlt-abundus, avoiding (vl- 
 
 tare). 
 -cundo Adjectives, probably gerundives from inchoative stems: e.g. 
 
 fa-cundus, cloqiient (fari); Xra-cundus, angry (irasci); v6re- 
 
 cundus, bashful (vSreri). 
 
 Stems ending in -no. 
 
 336 -no i. (a) Distributive numeral adjectives: e.g. bl-nus, two- 
 
 fold, two each (bis for dvis) ; ter-nus or tri-nus (ter- or 
 tri-) ; s3-nus, six (sex) ; vice-nus, twenty each (for vicent- 
 nus from viginti) ; duce-nus, two hundred each (for ducent- 
 nus). 
 
 .() Adjectives from names of trees, &c. : e.g. acer-nus, 
 of maple (acer-) ; cdlur-nus (for coruli-nus), of hazel (c6- 
 rulo-) ; e"bur-nus, of ivory (e"b6r-). 
 
 i. Substantives: e.g. domi-nus, a lord (dSmare) ; som-nus. 
 sleep (comp. s6p-6r-) ; sarcina, a bundle (sarcire, to close) ; 
 reg-num, a kingdom (rgg-ere). 
 
 This suffix in Greek forms participles, middle and passive : e. g. 
 TVTTT-6/ui.evos, Tv\p-dfj,evos, TeTVfjL-/j.evo'i. alu-mnus, a nurseling 
 (al-6re); Vertu-mnus, God of changing seasons (vert-6re). See 
 also 272 for use of this suffix to form 2nd pers. plural of verbs. 
 
 Perhaps compounds of g6n-, gi-gne're, or formed on this analogy : 
 beni-gnus (ivell born], liberal (bene, gSn-) ; Hi-gnus, of holm 
 oak (116C-); mali-gnus, stingy (male, ge"n-); privi-gnus, born 
 from one parent only, i.e. a stepson (prlvo-, gn-). 
 Adjectives: e.g. cras-tlnus, of to-morrow ; diu-tlnus, long con- 
 tinued (diu). 
 
 e.g. diur-nus, by day (dius-, dies-; probably for diov-6rlnus) ; 
 
 taclt-urnus, silent (tacito-); Mb-ernus, in -winter (for hiem- 
 
 rlnus); siip-ernus, above (supgro-). 
 
 i.e. -no suffixed to stems in -t&ro or -tri, or to adverbs in -ter, 
 
 &c. : e.g. ae-ter-nus, for ever (aevo-, aeviter) ; frater-nus, of a 
 
 brother (frater-); in-ternus, inside (inter-) ; v6-ternus, lethargy 
 
 (vetiis). 
 
 Adjectives: e.g. d6cum-anus, of the tenth, e.g. a //'/^-farmer : 
 a soldier of the tenth legion, &c. (dgciima-) ; font-anus, of a 
 spring (fonti-) ; oppid-anus, of the town (oppldo-). 
 Africanus, of the province among the Afri (Afr-iea-) ; Rom- 
 anus, Roman (Roma-) ; Tuscul-anus, of Tusculum (Tusculo-) : 
 Sullanus, of Sulla (Sulla-). 
 
 antesign-anus, in front of the standards (ante signa) ; 
 suburb-anus, near the city (sub urbem). 
 
 -i-ano i.e. ano suffixed to nouns with stems in -io. Adjectives: e.g. 
 
 Aemil-i-anus, belonging to the Aemilian houses (Aemilia-) ; Pom- 
 peianus, of Pompey (Pompeio-) ; Sejanus (Seio-). 
 
164 
 
 WORD-FORMATION. 
 
 \Book III. 
 
 It-ano 
 
 369 -5no 
 
 -uno 
 -eno 
 
 370 -ino 
 
 -tlno 
 -trlno 
 
 371 -agftn] 
 -ugon \ 
 -Ig6n J 
 
 -Itiiddn 
 
 -ed5n) 
 -Id6n \ 
 
 372 -en 
 
 Probably -ano suffixed to Greek suffix -Tr?/?, or in analogy there- 
 with; e.g. Gadl-tanus, of Gadcs (Gadi-); T<5ml-tanus", of Tomi 
 (T6mo-). 
 
 c61-6nus, a farmer (c61-6re) ; patr-onus, a patron (patr-); ann- 
 
 ona, the year's supply of corn (anno-); matr-ona, a matron 
 
 (mater-); Pom-ona, fruit Goddess (porno-). 
 
 opport-unus, in front of the port, i.e. ready at hand (ob por- 
 
 tum); trlb-unus, a tribe's chief (trLlovi-) . 
 
 ali-enus, of another (alio-); eg-enus, needy (egere); hab-ena, 
 
 a rein (habere). 
 
 (a) Adjectives: e.g. can-Inns, of a dog (can-); div-inus, of a 
 god (divo-) ; libert-mus, of the class of freedmen (Hberto-) ; 
 pSrggr-Inus, from abroad (perggre-) ; verr-mus, of a boar 
 (verres). Caudinus, of ' Caudium Latinus, of Latlum Reat- 
 inus, of Reate. 
 
 (Z>) Similar formations from names of persons are used as sub- 
 stantives, being surnames : e. g. AntSninus (from Antonius) ; 
 Censorinus (from Censor) ; Justmus (from Justus) ; Messal- 
 lina (f.) (from Messalla (m.)) ; Planclna (f.) (from Plancus). 
 (<:) Appellative substantives : e.g. carnlflc-lna, place of tor- 
 ture (carnifex) ; mSdic-ina, healing art (med-Ico-) ; pisc-ina, 
 fish-pond (pisci-) ; reg-lna, queen (reg-) ; ru-Ina, a fall (ru- 
 6re). 
 
 Adjectives : intes-tlnus, internal (intus) ; vesper-tlnus, of even- 
 ing (vesper-). 
 
 From stems in -tor. For the omission of o compare suffix -trlci. 
 Substantives: e.g. doc-trlna, teaching (ddctor); pis-trina, a 
 bakehouse (pistor-) ; tex-trlnum. weaver's plan (textor-) ; tons- 
 trlna, barber's shop (tonsor- for tonstor-). 
 
 Stems ending in -n (cf. 130). 
 
 Feminine substantives, numerous: e.g. Im-ago, a likeness (comp. 
 Im-Itari) ; v6r-ago, a 7^(v6rare). aer-ugo, bronze rust (aes-) ; 
 lan-ugo, downy hair (lana-, wool). cal-Igo, mist ; 6r-Igo, a 
 source (orlri-) ; r6b-Igo, rust (rub-ro, red). 
 Feminine abstract substantives, formed chiefly from ad- 
 jectives : e. g. aegri-tudo, sickness (aegro-) ; magni-ttldo, 
 greatness (raagno-) ; turpi-tudo, foulness (turpi-) ; vale-tttdo, 
 health (valere). 
 
 Feminine substantives, few: e.g. dulc-edo, sweetness (dulci-) ; 
 ur-edo, blight (ur-6re); cup-Ido, desire (ciipe're); llb-Ido, lust 
 (llbere). 
 
 e. g. pect-en (m.), a comb (pect-e"re); ungv-6n, ointment (ung- 
 
 6re). 
 
 Neuter substantives, very numerous, chiefly derived from 
 
 verbs: e.g. certa-men, a contest (certare) ; crl-men, a 
 
 charge (comp. ere-, cerngre, rpiveiv) ; flu-men, a stream 
 
 (flu- fire) ; frag-men, broken bit (frang-Sre) ; lenl-men, a 
 
Chap. IV.} Dental Noun-Stems. 165 
 
 solace (15nire) ; n5men, a name (nose-fire) ; rSgi-men, gui- 
 dance (rgg-ere). 
 
 373 -5n Masculine substantives; many are personal names: e.g. 
 
 commlllt-o, fellow-soldier (com, miles) ; erro, a runaway 
 (errare) ; praed-o, a robber (praeda-) ; serm-o, conversation 
 (s6r-8re, to join ; the m being probably of similar origin to 
 the m in the suffix -mgn). 
 
 Many are used chiefly as proper names, from some bodily 
 characteristics : e. g. Capito, bighead (caput) ; Pronto (front!-) ; 
 Labeo (labium) ; Naso (nasus) ; Strabo, squint-eyed. 
 
 374 -ion i. Masculine substantives: e.g. centur-io, a captain (cen- 
 
 tfcria-) ; nrftl-io, a muleteer (nrfllo-) ; sen-io, a seize at dice 
 (sex, seno-) ; Glabr-io (glabro-, smooth, hairless), 
 i. Feminine abstract substantives; chiefly from verbs: e.g. 
 contag-io, contagion (com, tangSre) ; ISg-io, body of soldiers 
 (Igggre, to pick) ; 6pm-io, an opinion (Splnari) ; consortio, 
 fellowship (com, sorti-). 
 
 -tion Feminine abstract substantives (very numerous), from supine 
 
 stems. Some are used in a concrete sense : actio, action 
 (aggre) ; cautio, a legal security (cav-ere) ; cognitio, know- 
 ledge (cognoscSre) ; dubitatio, doubt (dubltare) ; largltio, 
 bribery (larglri) ; sSlutio, a discharge (solv-6re) ; sponsio, a 
 wager (spondere) ; statio, a post (stare, sisteTe) ; venatio, 
 hunting, also caught game (venaxi). 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 LINGUAL NOUN-STEMS. 
 
 Stems ending in -lo. 
 
 375 -O-lo) Numerous nouns, chiefly diminutival : e.g. 
 
 i. Adjectives : aure-61us, golden (aureo-) ; parv-61us, very 
 small (parvo-) ; horrid-ulus, roughish (horrido-) ; tant-ulus, 
 so little (tanto-) ; garr-ulus, prattling (garrire) ; trgm-ulus, 
 quivering (trfimSre). 
 
 a. Substantives; (a) Masculine: serv-61us, a little slaw, 
 calc-ulus, a pebble (calci-, chalk) ; flg-ulus, a potter (flnggro) ; 
 16c-ulus, a compartment (16co-) ; tum-iilus, a hillock (ttlm- 
 5re). 
 
 (b) Feminine : besti-ola, an insect (bestia) ; nause-61a, 
 slight squeamishness (nausea-) ; nerb-ula, a small herb (her- 
 ba-) ; sport-Ma, a small basket (sporta-) ; n6b-ula, a cloud 
 (comp. nubes, vtfyos) ; ung-ula, a hoof (ungvl-). 
 
1 66 
 
 -WORD-FORMATION. 
 
 [Book III. 
 
 -plo 
 
 378 -biilo 
 
 -culo 
 
 (c) Neuter : atri-olum, a small entrance hall (atrio-) ; negoti- 
 olum, a bit of business (nggotio-) ; oppid-ulum, a small town 
 (oppido-) ; cing-uliun, a belt (cinggre) ; jac-ulum, a dart 
 (jacgre). 
 
 Adjectives: generally used in neuter, as substantives: e.g. sim- 
 plus, single (comp. sim-plex) ; du-plus, double (du-), &c. 
 
 -unculo 
 
 377 
 
 -us-culo 
 
 -ell-ulo) 
 -ill-ulo 
 
 -aUo \ 
 -aullof 
 -olio ( 
 -ullo J 
 
 -ello 
 
 Substantives, chiefly neuter: fa-bula, a narrative (fari); sfl-bula, 
 
 an awl (su-gre). 
 
 latl-bulum, a hiding-place (latere) ; pa-bulum, fodder (pa- 
 
 sc-gre) ; sta-bulum, a stall (stare) ; tintinna-bulum, a bell 
 
 (tintinnare). 
 
 Numerous nouns, chiefly diminutival : 
 
 1. Adjectives: e.g. anni-culus, a year old (anno-); pauper- 
 culus, poor (pauper-) ; turpi-culus, ugly (turpi-) ; ridi-culus, 
 laughable (ridere). 
 
 2. Substantives; (a) Masculine: e.g. flos-culus, a flowret 
 (flos-); quaesti-culus, a small profit (quaestu-); versl-culus, 
 a short 'verse (versu-). 
 
 (b) Feminine: febrl-cula, a feverish attack (febri-) ; mulier- 
 cula, a girl (mulier-) ; plebe-cula, the populace (plebe-). 
 
 (c ) Neuter, often from verbs : e. g. corpus-culum, a particle 
 (corpds-) ; reti-culum, a small net ; cena-culum, a dining 
 room (cenare) ; ora-eulum, a (divine) utterance (orare) ; 
 pferl-culum, a trial, risk (comp. pSri-tus, expgrlri) ; vehl- 
 culum, a carriage (v6h6re) ; vin-ciilum, a bond (vinclre). 
 
 i.e. -culo affixed to stems (real or presumed) in -on: e.g. 
 Masculine : av-unculus, a mother's brother (avo-, grand- 
 father) ; carb-uncfllus, a small coal (carbon-) ; hSmunculus, 
 a poor fellow (h6m6n-). 
 
 Feminine : chiefly diminutives of substantives in -tion ; fre- 
 quent in Cicero: aedificati-uncula, a small building capti- 
 uncula, a quibble ; orati-uncula, a short speech ; virg-uncula, 
 a little girl. 
 
 i.e. -culo suffixed to the stem of adjectives of the comparative 
 degree: e.g. longi-usculus, rather long (longo-); mSli-usculus, 
 somewhat better; mln-us-culus, rather less; uncti-us-culus, 
 somewhat greasy (uncto-). 
 
 i. e. -illo suffixed to diminutives in -ello, -illo : e. g. ag-ellulus, 
 
 a little field (agro-) ; anc-illula, a little handmaid (ancilla-) ; 
 
 pu-ellula, a little girl (pugro-). 
 
 i. e. -iilo fused with a preceding consonant : e. g. Hisp-allus (for 
 
 Hispan-ulus) ; paullus (for pauc-ulus), few (pauco-). c6r-olla 
 
 for cbronula, a garland (cOrona-). amp-ulla (for ampdr-ula), 
 
 aflask (ampdra-); h6m-ullus (for hSmdnulus), a mannikin (h6- 
 
 ni6n-); uUus (for unftlus) any (uno-). Cat-iUlus (for Caton- 
 
 ulus); S-uUa (for sfirula), little calf of leg. 
 
 for -griilo, -6nulo, or the doubly diminutival -ululo (cf. 
 
 41) ; frequent. 
 
Chap. F.] Lingual Noun- Stems. 167 
 
 1. Adjectives: bellus (for bSnulus), pretty (b6no-, comp. 
 be"ne) ; gem-ellus (for ggminiilus), twin (ggmlno-). 
 
 a. Substantives; (a} Masculine: ag-ellus (for aggrulus), 
 a small fold (ag<?ro-) ; 5c-ellus (for dcululus), a dear little 
 eye (oculo-). 
 
 (b) Feminine : colum-ella (for cSluminiila), a small pillar 
 (colum^na) ; 8f-ella (for offulula), a small bit (offula-) ; 
 sella (for sSdula), a chair (sedi-). 
 
 (c) Neuter: flagellum (for flag<?rulum), a small scourge 
 (flagro-) ; sacellum (for saceruruui), a shrine (sac^ro-). 
 
 -Ulo for -Inulo, or directly from simple stems : 
 
 T. Adjectives: ovillus, of sheep (6vi-) ; tantillus (as if for 
 tantululus), so -very little (tanto-). 
 
 2. Substantives: (a) Masculine; haedilTus, a little kid 
 (haedo-); lapillus, a little pebble (lapid-) ; Regillus from 
 Regains ; Rtifillus from Ruf mus or Rdfulus. 
 
 (by Feminine : anguilla, an eel (angvi-) ; armillae (pi.), 
 
 bracelets (armo-, shoulder'} ; Drusilla (from Drusus) ; Prise- 
 
 ilia from Priscus. 
 
 (<:) Neuter : sigillum, a seal (sigmo-) ; vexillum, a banner 
 
 (vgh-6re). 
 
 378 -ela or -ella Appended to a verb-stem, or to a supine stem, or otherwise 
 
 (according to Lachmann if the syllable preceding e be short 
 -ella (not ela) is used). Feminine substantives: e.g. cand-ela, 
 a candle (candere, to glitter}', client-ela, protection (client!-); 
 corrupt-ela, a corruption (corrupto-); loqv-ella, speech (16qvi-); 
 qu&r-ella, a complaint (qvSri); tflt-ela, guardianship (tflto-). 
 
 Stems ending in -11. 
 
 379 -HI Adjectives from both verbal and noun-stems: e.g. ag-Ilis, 
 
 nimble (agere) ; hab-HIs, manageable (habere) ; hiim-ills, lowly 
 (hUmo-, ground); par-UIs, like (pari-); flt-ilis, useful (ttti). 
 -bill | Adjectives from verbs or verbal forms ; usually but not 
 -ibili) necessarily with a passive meaning : e. g. admira-bilis, won- 
 derful (admlrari) ; credi-bilis, credible (cred-ere) ; fle-blli5, 
 lamentable, weeping (flere) ; illacrlma-bilis, pitiless, unwept 
 (in-lacrimare) ; nobilis, famous (no-sc-6r6) ; sta-bilis, steady 
 [stare) ; v61ft-bilis, rolling (volvgre). 
 
 w i.e. -bill suffixed to supine stem; rare: e.g. flex-ibHis, 
 
 pliant (flectere) ; plau-sibilis, praiseworthy (plaudgre). 
 
 _ 3 i.e. -II suffixed to supine stem. It denotes quality, possible 
 
 or actual, but not action : e. g. al-tilis, fattened (ale"re) ; 
 fos-silis, dug up (f6dSre) ; pen-silis, hanging (pendere) ; 
 versa-tllis, revolving, versatile (versare). 
 
 -a-tlll Adjectives from nouns : e. g. aqv-atllis, living in water (aqva-) ; 
 
 Mvi-atllis, of the river (flttvlo-); umbr-atilis, in the shade (um- 
 bra-). 
 
1 68 WORD-FORMATION. \Book III. 
 
 380 -3JI i. Adjectives; very frequent: e.g. aeqv-alis, level (aeqvo-); 
 
 centumvlr-alis, of the court of the Hundred men (centum- 
 
 vlro-) ; dot-alls, of a dowry (doti-) ; mort-alis, subject to 
 
 death (morti-) ; qv-alis, of what kind? (qvo-) ; reg-alis, 
 
 kingly (reg-). 
 
 2. Substantives; () Masculine: e.g. contubern-alis, a 
 
 mate (com, taberna-) ; nat-alis (so. dies), birthday (nato-) ; 
 
 juven-alis (juven-). 
 
 (b) Neuter : anlm-al, a breathing thing (anlma-) ; cervic-al, a 
 
 bolster (cervic-) ; pute-al, a stone curb round a well (pttteo-). 
 
 Hence many names of feasts, in the plural neuter: e.g. 
 
 Baccan-alia, Luperc-alia, Saturn-alia, &c. 
 
 ~6u! e - gl trlb -' ims a tribesman (tribu-); fld-elis, faithful (fide-); 
 
 patru-elis, of (or descended from) a father's brother (patruo-). 
 
 381 -HI i. Adjectives from personal nouns: 8,n-flis, of an old 
 
 woman (ami-) ; civ-ills, of a citizen (clvi-) ; host-Ills, of an 
 
 enemy (hosti-) ; scurr-ills, buffoon-like (scurra-) ; vir-ilis, of 
 
 a man (vlro-). 
 
 2. Substantives; () Masculine: Aed-nis, commissioner of 
 
 public buildings (aedl-) ; Sext-Ilis, the sixth month, i. e. 
 
 August (sexto-). 
 
 (b) Neuters : bdv-ile or biib-ile, an ox stall (b6v-) ; hast-ne, 
 
 a spear shaft (hasta-) ; suovetaur-ilia (pi.) , a swine-sheep- 
 
 and-bull sacrifice (su-, 6vi-, tauro-). 
 
 Stems ending in -TO. 
 
 332 -6ro integer, untouched, whole (in tang-6re) ; 6p-6ra, work, a -work- 
 
 man (6pi-); scalp-nun, a chisel (scalp-fire) ; um-6rus, a shoulder 
 (comp. c3/x,os). 
 
 bro! Feminine: iU6c6-bra, an allurement (ilUc6-re); Iat6-bra, a 
 hiding-place (latere); vert6-bra, a joint (vertfire). 
 Neuter : candela-brum, a candlestick (candela-) ; crl-brum, 
 a sieve (ere-, cern-ere, comp. Kplveu>). 
 
 "^ r ro | Iftdlcer, sportive (ludo-) ; sSpul-crum, a tomb (sgpSHre) ; simula- 
 crum, a liketiess (simulare). 
 
 i. Adjectives : al-ter, other (ill-, aUo-) ; ex-t6ro-, outside 
 (ex-) ; nos-ter, our (nos) ; uter, whether 1 (quo-) ; compare 
 also con-tra, ul-tra, &c. ; it-6rum (adv.), a second time (cf. 
 
 2. Substantives ; (a) Masculine and Feminine : magis-ter 
 (also magis-tra, f.), a master (magis) ; minis-ter (also 
 ministra, f.), a servant (minus) ; s&qves-ter, a stakeholder, 
 mediator (s6cus). 
 
 (b) Neuter : ara-trum, a plough (ara-re) ; claus-trum (usu- 
 ally pi.), a fastening (claud-ere) ; ros-trum, a beak (rod-6re); 
 trans-trum, a cross bench (trans). 
 
Chap. Vl\ Lingual Noun-Stems. 169 
 
 -as-tgro Fulvi-aster (Cic. Aft. 12. 44), a little Fulvius ; 61e-aster, a wild 
 
 olive (olea-) ; surd-aster, rather deaf (surdo-). 
 
 384= -6ro i. e. stem suffix in -o suffixed to suffix in -6s, -or : e. g. 6d<5r-us, 
 
 scented (6d5s-); s6p-6rus, sleep-bringing (s6por-). 
 
 -turo) ^ Adjectives; i.e. the future participle active: e.g. ama- 
 -suroj turus, about to love (ama-re) ; da-turus, about to give (dare) ; 
 6-surus, about to hate (6d-) ; pas-surus, about to suffer 
 (pati-). 
 
 2. Substantives (numerous), feminine, similarly formed to 
 the above. These nouns denote the employment or result, 
 and are probably really formed from the substantive stems 
 denoting agents and ending in -tor, -sor : cen-stira, the censor- 
 ship (censere, censor) ; jac-tura, a throwing over, a loss 
 (jac6re) ; men-sura, a measure (metlri, mensor) ; na-tura, 
 nature (na-sc-i) ; prae-tura, thepraetorship (praeire, praetor) ; 
 scrip-tura, a 'writing, a tax on registered use of public 
 pastures (scrl-foere) ; u-siira, use, esp. of money (uti). 
 
 Stems in -ri, -r. 
 
 335 -ben) Adjectives : Dgcem-ber, tenth month (d6cem-); fune-bris, fune- 
 
 real (fttnus-) ; salu-ber, healthy (salvo-, salut-j. 
 
 Adjectives (few) : m6dio-cris, middling (mgdio-) ; v61ii-cer, swift 
 (v61are). 
 
 tri ! Adjectives: 6qves-ter, of horsemen (6qv6s-); semes-tris, for six 
 
 months (sex mensi-); similarly campester, of the field (campo-); 
 terres-tris, of the earth (terra-). 
 
 386 -ari Used, when a stem contains 1, in place of -all. Numerous 
 
 adjectives and thence-derived substantives : e. g. ancill-aris, 
 of a maid-servant (ancilla-) ; consul-aris, of a consul (con- 
 sul-) ; llne-aris, of lines (llnea-) ; millt-aris, of soldiers 
 (mliet-) ; p6pul-aris, of the people (p6pulo-) ; saiat-aris, 
 healthful (salut-) ; vulg-aris, of the common people (vulgo-) ; 
 calc-ar, a spur (calci-, beet) ; exemplar, a pattern (exemplo-). 
 
 387 -5r Masculine substantives, denoting chiefly a quality: e.g. am- 
 
 or, love (amare) ; ard-or, g/ow (ardere) ; clam-or, a shout 
 (clamare) ; fur-or, rage (furore) ; pud-or, shame (pudere) ; 
 um-or, moisture (iimere). 
 
 " ? r > i.e. -or appended to the supine stem. All masculine sub- 
 
 stantives (denoting persons), very numerous : accusa-tor, an 
 accuser- ac-tor, an actor, a plaintiff', adju-tor, a helper ; 
 audi-tor, a hearer, esp. a pupil; cen-sor, a valuer, a critic ; 
 credl-tor, a lender ; divl-sor, a distributer ; emp-tor, a pur- 
 chaser ; ora-tor, a speaker, a spokesman', posses-sor, an oc- 
 cupier', sa-tor, a sower ; vic-tor, a conqueror. 
 
 Similarly lictor, a magistrate's attendant; portl-tor, a toll- 
 taker (portu-); s6na-tor, a senator (s6n-, old) ; vani-tor. 
 a vine-dresser (vino-). 
 
170 WORD-FORMATION. \BookIIL 
 
 Stems ending in -s. 
 
 388 -nos (-nor) facl-nus, a deed, esp. ill deed (fac6re) ; fe-nus, breed (i. e. inter- 
 est] of money (comp. fe-tus, fe-mlna) ; pig-mis, a fledge 
 
 -ios (-ior) Adjectives in comparative degree. The original s of the 
 suffix is seen only in the neuter gender and in derivatives, 
 especially the superlatives ( 351), and us-culo ( 376). 
 acr-ior, sharper (ac^ri-) ; alt-ior, higher (alto-) ; amant-ior, 
 more loving (amanti-) ; dur-ior, harder (dtiro-) ; ma-jor 
 (for mag-ior), greater (comp. mag-nus, magis) ; pe-jor (for 
 pgd-ior), worse (comp. pes-simus) ; salubr-ior, more healthy 
 (salubri-) ; v6tust-ior, older (ve"tusto-). 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 VOWEL NOUN-STEMS. 
 
 Stems ending in -eo. 
 
 389 -eo i. Adjectives: e. g. aur-eus, golden (auro-) ; corp&r-eus, of 
 
 or having a body (corp6s-) ; femln-eus, of a woman (femlna-) ; 
 
 ign-eus, fiery (igni-) ; sangmn-eus, bloody (sanguin-) ; plc- 
 
 eus, pitchy (pic-). 
 
 2. Substantives : calc-eus, a shoe (calci-, heel) ; flamm-eura, 
 
 ayello<w bridal veil (flamma-) ; lln-ea, a flaxen line (lino-), 
 -ac-eo cret-aceus, of chalk (creta-); rds-aceus, of roses (r6sa-). 
 -neo Sbur-neus, of ivory (6b6r-) ; quer-neus (for quercneus), of oak 
 
 (quercu-). 
 -aneo Adjectives : consent-aneus, united (consentire) ; miscell-aneus, 
 
 miscellaneous (miscello-). circumfor-aneus, aroimd the fortim 
 
 (circum f6ro-) ; m6dlterr-aneus, inland (medio-, terra-) ; stiper- 
 
 vac-aneus, superfluous (siiper vacare). 
 -leo Diminutival suffix : acti-leus, a sting, prickle (acu-) : 6cu-leus (or 
 
 gquu-leus), a colt (6qvo-); nuc-leus (nUcil-leus Plaut.), a kernel 
 
 (nilc-). 
 
 Stems ending in -io. 
 
 390 -io i. Adjectives, chiefly from nouns: e.g. a6r-ius, in the air 
 
 (a6r-) ; egrgg-ius, select (e grSgg) ; nox-ius, hurtful (noxa-) ; 
 patr-ius, of a father. 
 
 A great number of Roman clan-names end in -io. They 
 are properly adjectives: e.g. Fab-ia gens, the clan of the 
 Fabii ; Q. Fab-ius, Quintus of the Fabians. A few are used 
 as praenomina. 
 
 Aqvill-ius (aqvila-, eagle} ; Claud-ius (claudo-, lame} Fab- 
 ius (f3,ba-, bean) ; namin-ius (flamen-, priest) ; Jun-ius 
 
Chap. VL~\ Vowel Noun-Stems. 171 
 
 -, young) ; Man-ins, praen. (mane-, morning) ; Rubr~ius 
 (rubro-, red) ; Serv-ius, praen. (servo-, slave) ; Vitell-ius 
 (vltello-, egg-yolk or little calf- cf. vltulo-). 
 i. Substantives; (a) Masculine: e.g. fluv-ius, a river 
 (flugre) ; ggn-ius, native temper (gi-gn-gre). 
 
 (b) Feminine: numerous, both from verbal and noun stems: 
 e. g. av-ia, a grandmother (avo-) ; c61on-ia, a farmer settle- 
 ment (c616no-) ; exgqu-iae (pi.), funeral (exsequi-) ; infit- 
 iae, non-confession (in, fateri-) ; inert-ia, inactivity (in, arti-) ; 
 iracund-ia, wrath (iracundo-) ; milit-ia, service in war (mi- 
 ls) ; superb-ia, haughtiness (superbo-). 
 
 Stems in -ie (-les for la-Is?) ; e.g. ac-ies, an edge (acu-); alliiv- 
 ies, overflow (allavare) ; efflg-ies, a form (effi/zggre) ; fac-ies, 
 a face (facSre) ; sgr-ies, a row (sgrgre). 
 
 (c) Neuter : very numerous, both derivatives from verbs and 
 nouns, and also compounds formed immediately from the sim- 
 ple parts : e. g. bgngf ic-ium, a kindness (benefacgre) ; colleg- 
 ium, a board or committee (collega-) ; exil-ium, exile (exul-) ; 
 gaud-ium, joy (gaudere) ; homlcid-ium, manslaughter (hom- 
 in-, caedgre) ; hospit-ium, hospitality (hospgs) ; incend-ium, 
 a conflagration (incendgre) ; praecord-ia, the diaphragm 
 (prae, cordi-) ; prlvileg-ium, an enactment against an indi- 
 vidual (prlvo-, leg-) ; suspir-ium. a sigh (suspirare) ; somn- 
 ium, dream (somno-). 
 
 391 -Icio) chiefly adjectives: e.g. aedni-eius, of an acdile (aedlli-); nata- 
 
 Hcius, of a birthday (natali-) ; sola-cium, comfort (solari) ; 
 
 un-cia, unit of measure (\ino-). 
 
 -ticio) j >e> _ icio use( j w j t k stem ^_ t) ^ Q f p ast p ar ti c jpi es . Adjectives : 
 -sicioj conduc-tlcius, hired (conduc-gre) ; dedi-ticius, surrendered 
 
 (dedgre) ; rgcep-ticius, of things received or reserved (reci- 
 
 pgre) ; tralaticius, transferred, traditional (transferee). 
 
 392 -tio i.e. -io appended to past participles or to similar formations. 
 
 (a) Feminine substantives: e.g. angus-tiae (pi.), straits (a.n- 
 gusto-) ; controver-sia, a dispute (contro, vertgre) ; nup- 
 tiae (pi.), marriage (nubgre) ; pugrl-tia, childhood (pugro-) ; 
 saevi-tia, cruelty (saevo-). 
 
 Stems in -Itie-, usually with collateral stem in -itia: e.g. 
 cam-ties, grayness (cano-); molll-tia (also -e stem), softness 
 (molli-); nequi-tia (also -e stem), roguishness (nequam) ; 
 plam-ties (also -a stem), a level (piano-). 
 
 (b) Neuter substantives: e.g. cdmi-tium, assembly, place of 
 assembly (com, -ire) ; servl-tium, slavery (servo-). 
 
 -en-t-io i.e. -io, or more frequently -ia, appended to stem (in -enti-) 
 of present participle, or of adjectives of like form : benevol- 
 entia, goodwill (bgng, velle) ; glgg-antia, neatness (glgganti-) ; 
 p6t-entia, power (posse) ; sapi-entia, wisdom (sapgre) ; vldl- 
 entia, violence (vidlento-). 
 So the neuter sil-entium, silence (sUere). 
 
172 WORD-FORMATION. [Book III. 
 
 393 -monio Substantives: (a) Feminine; e. g. acri-monia, sharpness (acri-); 
 
 querl-monia, complaint (qv6ri). 
 
 (b) Neuter ; matrl-monium, marriage (matr-) ; patrl-monium, 
 
 hereditary estate (patr-) ; testl-monium, evidence (testi-). 
 
 -cln-io Neuter substantives chiefly from verbs in -clnari : e.g. latro- 
 clnium, brigandage (latro-clnari from latron-) ; patro-clnium, 
 patronage (patro-clnari from patrono-); tlro-clnium, pupillage 
 (tlrSn-) j vatl-clnium, prophecy (vaticlnari), from vati-. 
 
 394 -5-rio Very numerous, often with collateral stems in -ari ( 386). 
 
 1. Adjectives: e.g. advers-arius, opposed (adverse-); agr- 
 arius, of land (agro-) ; nScess-arius, necessary (n&cesse) ; 
 sen-arius, containing six (seno-) ; smnptu-arius, of expense 
 (sumptu-) ; volupt-arius, of pleasure (for voluptat-arius 
 from vdluptat-). 
 
 2. Substantives; (a) Masculine: e.g. comment-arius (sc. 
 liber), a note book (commento-) ; febru-arius (sc. mensis), 
 the month of purifications (februo-) ; libr-arius, a transcriber 
 (llbro-) ; sext-arius, a pint, i.e. sixth of a congius (sexto-), 
 
 (b) Feminine: argent-aria (sc. fodina), a silver mine, (sc. 
 tabula) a bank (argent!-); asin-aria (sc. fabula), of an ass; 
 name of a play of Plautus (asino-) ; mosteU-aria, a play of 
 a ghost (mostello-, diminutive of monstro-). 
 
 (c ) Neuter : aer-arium, the treasury (aes-) ; congi-arium, a 
 quart-largess (congius - 5 7 6 pints); emiss-arium, an outlet 
 (emisso-) ; pom-arium, an orchard (porno-) ; vlv-arium, a 
 preserve of li-ve animals, e.g. a fa h pond (vivo-). 
 
 ~ fi i f ^' e ' ~^ a PP en d e d to personal names in -tor (-s5r). Some 
 appear to be formed immediately from the past participle or 
 the supine stem. 
 
 1. Adjectives: cen-s5r-ius, of a censor-, gladia-tor-ius, of a 
 gladiator mes-sor-ius, of a reaper ; mgri-tor-ius, for hire 
 (mgrlto-) ; sua-sor-ius, of the persuasive. 
 
 2. Substantives, chiefly neuter: e.g. audl-tSr-ium, a lecture 
 room- cna-toria (pi.), dinner dress- prae-t5rium, the gene- 
 ral's quarters ; tec-torium, plaster of (walls (tecto-) ; vic- 
 toria, victory. 
 
Chap. VII.} Verb-Stems. 173 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 VERB-STEMS. 
 
 395 SIMPLE verbs are formed in four ways : 
 
 i. A verb may be formed by union of a root directly with the 
 suffixes of inflexion. In this case the root does duty as the verb-stem. 
 Verbs so formed are probably the oldest in the language. They are 
 all (or almost all) given in the list in Book II. chap. xxiu. 
 
 e.g. r6g-, reggre, rule; fgr-, ferre, bear; ru-, ruSre, dash; su-, 
 suSre, sow; fts-, Hr6re, burn (where the change of s to r is merely 
 phonetic). 
 
 In some of these verbs the root (or what we suppose to be the root) 
 is somewhat disguised either (a) by internal change, or by (b) the 
 addition or modification of the final consonant in order to adapt the 
 root to a slight turn of the meaning. 
 
 (#) By internal change: e.g. diic-, dflco ; jug-, jungo. It is pos- 
 sible that such change may have originally belonged to the present 
 stem only and have gradually been carried through all the parts of the 
 verb. In sealp&re, to scratch, sculpgre, carve, we have slight modifica- 
 tions of the same root. 
 
 () By altering the final stem-consonant : e. g. verr-ere, brush, and 
 vert-Sre, turn, are probably one root differently modified. So mulc-ere, 
 stroke, is modified to mulg-ere, milk. 
 
 396 ii. A verb-stem may be formed by the addition of a verbal stem- 
 suffix to the root : e. g. 
 
 root am- stem am-a- amare, to love 
 
 cu.b- cub-a- cubare, to He down 
 
 tSn- tSn-6- tSnere, to hold 
 
 nfle- n6c-S- ndcere, to be hurtful 
 
 tu- tu-g- tueri, to defend 
 
 fug- fiig-I- fuggre, to flee 
 
 fgr- fgr-I- ffirlre, to strike 
 
 ven- v6n-I- vSnire, to come 
 
 In some cases it is doubtful whether the stem-vowel belongs to the 
 present tense only, or belongs properly to the verb-stem and has given way 
 only through phonetic changes : e.g. 
 
 cftb-u-i, ciib-I-tum probably stand for ciib-au-i, ciib-a-tum ; 
 
 fftgSre exhibits I in present and supine stem, though in the present it 
 takes the form of 6 before r (e.g. ftig6-re) ; 
 
 v6n-Ire exhibits the I only in the present stem. 
 
 A good many verbs in -i are expressive of animal sounds and may pro- 
 bably be formed directly from the sound : e. g. croclre, croak ; garrlre, chat- 
 ter; g!5clre, chick ; grunnlre, grunt; hinnlre ; neigh ; muglre, low ; tinnlre, 
 jingle, tinkle, &c. 
 
174 WORD-FORMATION. \BookIIL 
 
 397 iii. A verb-stem may be formed from a noun-stem either by the 
 retention of the stem-suffix of the noun, or by the modification of it so 
 as to get the appropriate verbal stem-suffix. In this way are formed 
 the great majority of the very numerous verb-stems in -a, a considera- 
 ble number of the -e stems and of the -i stems, and some of the -u stems. 
 
 i. Verbs with -a stems are formed (without special derivative 
 suffix) : 
 
 (a) from substantives with -a stems: e.g. aquari, to fetch water; 
 curare, take charge of; lacrlmare, weep; rotare, wheel. 
 
 (b) from substantives with -e steins (very few): e.g. glaciare, turn to 
 ice ; mSrldiare (also dep.), take a hmch (or noon-day meal}. 
 
 (c) from nouns with -0 stems, viz. : 
 
 from substantives: e.g. ctlmiilare, pile up (cumulus); damnare, con~ 
 demn (damnum, loss); j6cari, joke (jdcus); laniare, butcher (lanius); 
 regnare, reign (regnum). 
 
 from adjectives: aequare, level; dignari, think worthy; laxare, loosen; 
 sacrare, consecrate (sacer) ; vagari, stroll about. 
 
 (d) from substantives with -u stems (few) : e.g. aestuare, be hot, surge ; 
 fluctuare (also dep.), tindulate, waver. 
 
 (e) from nouns with -i stems, viz. : 
 
 from substantives: e.g. calcare, trample (calx, heel); piscari, to fish 
 (piscis) ; sedare, settle (sedes). 
 
 from adjectives: e.g. celSbrare, frequent (ce'lSbe'r); dltare, enrich (dls); 
 tSnuare, make thin (tenuis). 
 
 (f) from nouns with consonant-stems, viz. : 
 
 from substantives: e.g. dScdrare, decorate (duetts); hi&mare, spend 
 winter (hiems) ; interprStari, act interpreter (interpres) ; jtidicare, judge 
 (judex) ; laudare, praise (laus) ; omlnari, forebode (omen) ; salutare, greet 
 (saltts). 
 
 from adjectives (very few) : e. g. degSngrare, degenerate (deg6n8r) ; 
 paupSrare, make poor (pauper). 
 
 a. Verbs with -u stems (few) are formed : 
 
 from substantives in -u : e. g. mStu-gre, fear (mfitus) ; statuere, place 
 (status) ; trltouere, divide (tribus). 
 
 3. Verbs with -e stems are formed : 
 
 (a) from substantives with -o stems; e.g. callere, have a thick skin 
 (callum) ; niucere, be mouldy (mucus). 
 
 (l>) from adjectives with -o stems: e.g. canere, be hoary (canus) ; 
 denser!, thicken (intr.), be crowded (densus); fiavere, be yellow (flavus); 
 mlserCri, have pity (mlsfir). 
 
 (c) from nouns with -i stems; e.g. froDdere, be leafy (trans); sordere, 
 be dirty (sordes pi.): tabere, waste away (tabes). 
 
 (d) from nouns with consonant-stems: e.g. florere, be in Jlower (flcs); 
 lucere, be light (lux). 
 
 4. Verbs with -i stems are formed : 
 
 (d) from substantives with -a stems: e.g. metlri, measure (meta); 
 pfinlre, punish (poena). 
 
Chap. VII.} Verb-Stems. 175 
 
 (b) from nouns with -o stems, viz. : 
 
 from substantives: e.g. servlre, be a slave (servus). 
 from adjectives: e.g. blandlri, coax (blandus); ineptlre, be silly (inep- 
 tus) ; insanlre, be insane (insanus) ; saevire, rage (saevus). 
 
 (c) from substantives with -u stems; e.g. gestlre, exult (gestus, a 
 gesture}; singultire, sob (singultus). 
 
 (d) from nouns with -i stems, viz. : 
 
 from substantives: e.g. audlre, hear (auris); flnlre, put an end to 
 (finis); mflnlre, fortify (moenia, pi.); sortlri, cast lots (sors); vestire, 
 clothe (vestis). 
 
 (e) from adjectives: e.g. insignlre, mark (insignis); molllre, soften 
 (mollis); stabllire, establish (stabllis). 
 
 (/) from substantives with consonant-stems: e.g. custodlre, keep watch 
 on (custos) ; expMIre, free one's foot (ex pes). 
 
 5. Inchoative verbs with suffix -sc are often formed directly from 
 noun-stems, and on this account may claim a place here. Others have 
 both the simple and the inchoative form in the present stem, see 296. 
 
 (a) from noun-stems in -a and -o: e.g. gemmascSre, bud (gemma); 
 rarescgre, grow sparse (rarus) ; silvescere, become woody (silva). 
 
 (/') from noun-stems (especially adjectives) in -i: e.g. ditescere, grow 
 rich (dls) ; dulcescere, grow sweet (dulcis) ; fatiscere, yawn (fatis in adfa- 
 tim) ; gravescere, grow heavy (gravis) ; ignescere (or igniscSre), burst 
 into flame (ignis) ; pinguescere, grow fat (pinguis). 
 
 (c) from consonant noun-stems : e.g. juvenescere, grow young ($&%&.-}; 
 lapidescere (Plin.), turn to stone (lapis) ; rorescere (Ov.), dissolve to dew (ros). 
 
 398 iv. A verb-stem may be, formed by the addition of a special deri- 
 vative suffix, besides a verbal stem-suffix, to a root. 
 
 The following derivative suffixes are found in use (mostly with -a 
 stems), but it is possible that some or a*ll of them may have been at 
 least originally noun-suffixes. In that case this mode of formation (iv) 
 would be resolved into the preceding (iii). 
 
 -Ie-a (Infrequent.) As if from adjective-stems in -Ico : e.g. claud- 
 
 Icare, limp (claudus, claudere) ; praevar-Icari, act in collusion 
 (varus, crooked] ; vell-Icare, pluck at (velle're). 
 
 -Iga e.g. cast-Igare, chastise (castus); fat-Igare, tire (make to yawn, 
 
 fatis). 
 
 As if from same stem as past participles, usually expressing 
 repeated action or attempt (Frequentative Verbs). (None 
 are from participles in -ato.) e.g. adven-tare, come frequently 
 (advgnire); dictare, say frequently (dlcSre) ; habl-tare, dwell 
 in (babere) ; n6-tare, note (noscgre, comp. cogmtus) ; osten- 
 tare, show off (ostend6re) ; trac-tare, handle (trahgre) ; 
 ver-sare, turn about (vertgre). 
 
 -Iti Usually affixed to the last consonant of the present stem of 
 
 another verb. Sometimes the i may be part of the stem-root 
 of the suffix: e.g. ag-Itare, shake (aggre) ; cog-itare, think 
 (cogere) ; dub-Itare, doubt (dubio-) ; pericl-Itari, make trial 
 
176 WORD-FORMATION. \BookIIl. 
 
 of (pgriculo-) ; r6g-itare, ask frequently (rOgare) ; vend- 
 Itare, offer for sale (vendSre). 
 
 i. e. -Ita suffixed to the same stem as past participles or ordi- 
 nary frequentatives : e.g. dicti-tare, say repeatedly (dlc-6re, 
 diet-are) ; haesi-tare, hesitate (haerere) ; pensitare, pay 
 habitually, Cic. ; ponder, Liv. (pendere, pensare) ; ventl- 
 tare, come often (vfinire). 
 
 400 -fltl- From noun-stems: e.g. balb-CltIre, stammer (balbus); caec- 
 
 fttire, be blind (caecus). 
 
 -cina latro-clnari, be a brigand (latron-) ; patro-clnari, be a patron 
 
 (patrono-); ratio-cinari, calculate (ration-); vatl-clnari, titter 
 prophecies (vati-). 
 
 As if from diminutival nouns : e. g. grat-ftlari, congratulate 
 (grato-); vi-61are, use force to (vi-); ust-iilare, singe (usto-, 
 burnt}. 
 
 -ilia- conscrib-illare, scribble on (scrlb-Sre) ; vac-Ulare (vacciUare 
 
 Lucr. once), waddle, hesitate (vacca, a cow). 
 
 -tra calci-trare, kick (calci-) ; p6n6-trare, penetrate (pgniis-, store). 
 
 -ftrl Usually expressive of desire; formed as from the supine-stem: 
 
 cenat-tiiire, be eager for dinner (cenare) ; es-ftrlre, be hungry 
 (6dre) ; proscript-ttrire, be eager for a proscription (proscrlb6re) . 
 
 -urri lig-urrire, lick; scat-urrire, gush forth (scat6re). 
 
 401 Some verbs with -a stems are formed from, or parallel to, 
 verbs with other stems : e. g. aspernari, scorn, spurn (ab, sperngre) ; 
 consternare, dismay (consterngre) ; creare, make to grow (cre-sc-6re, 
 grow} ; dicare, dedicate (dic6re) ; ediicare, bring up, train (edflc6re) ; 
 hiare, gape (hi-sc-Sre, open the mouth to speak} ; labare, slip (labi) ; 
 mandare, commit, entrust (manu-, dare); mulcare, beat (mulcere, 
 stroke) ; sgdare, settle (sgdere, sit). 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 COMPOSITION. 
 
 402 NEW words may be formed not merely by the addition of a deri- 
 vative suffix, but by the junction of two or more separately intelligible 
 words into one. This is called composition. The distinctive features of 
 two words being compounded are the loss of their separate accents, 
 and the possession of but one set of inflexions. 
 
 Any two words in syntactical connexion may, if the meaning be 
 suitable, be the base of a new compound word. So long as the two 
 words each retain their own proper inflexion or use, however frequently 
 they may be used together, they are not a proper compound ; e. g. rem 
 gerere, res gestae, &c. 
 
Chap. VIII.\ . Composition. 177 
 
 Such habitual combinations are called spurious compounds, and are 
 often marked by the fixing of a particular order for the words, though 
 such order is not absolutely prescribed by general principles ; e. g. pater 
 familias, jus jurandura, respublica, accept! ratio, &c. 
 
 403 Compounds are distinguishable from a mere juxtaposition of the 
 simple words of which they are or might appear to be composed, 
 
 either (a) by the two words being used together in a way in which 
 they would not be used as simple words, e.g. ediirus, subsimilis, 
 cisrhenanus, proavus, qvinqvevir; 
 
 or (b) by one or both not being used at all independently, e.g. 
 dissimilis, vesanus ; 
 
 or (c) by one or both losing their proper inflexions or terminations, 
 e.g. arcitenens, malevolus, tridens, caprificus : ; 
 
 or (d) by a vowel being changed or omitted owing to the two 
 words being brought under one accent, e. g. Diespiter, duodecim ; 
 auceps, usurpo. 
 
 or (e} by the meaning of the compound being different or more 
 than the meaning of the two words, e.g. supercilium, the eyebrow; (but 
 super cilium, above the eyelid) ; conclave, a chamber. 
 
 404 The precise form which the compound word assumes is not deter- 
 mined by the previous connexion, but mainly by the .class (verb, adjec- 
 tive, substantive, &c.) to which it is to belong ; and, subordinately to 
 that, by the same causes (known or unknown) which occasion the 
 selection of particular suffixes of declension or derivation. To us the 
 particular form thus appears to be frequently 3 matter of caprice. 
 There is, however, a tendency for the compound word to take a similar 
 form to the second of the component words. 
 
 The combination is always a combination of stems or roots (some- 
 times dipt) ; and the resulting compound, even where it exhibits 
 similar inflexional or derivative suffixes to those of one of the simple 
 words, may most truly be supposed not to have retained such suffixes 
 but to have reproduced them ; e. g. palmi-pes is a compound from the 
 stems palma-, ped-, and has received the simple inflexions (i.e. nomi- 
 native suffix) of the second class of nouns, just as the stem ped- itself 
 has. 
 
 But a verb or adjective, compounded with a preposition used abso- 
 lutely ( 408), retains the form of the simple stem: a verb compounded 
 of two words in proper syntactical relation with each other ( 409 
 415) takes an a stem. 
 
 So far as the inflexional or derivative suffix is concerned, compound 
 words have been sometimes already included in the examples given in 
 this and the previous book. Here they will be classified and selections 
 made according to the variety of the elements of which they are com- 
 posed, and the nature of the connexion. 
 
 405 i. SPURIOUS COMPOUNDS. The following are the combinations 
 which, from the fixity of their use, appear most nearly to approach 
 proper compounds. 
 
 L. G. 12 
 
178 WORD-FORMATION. \BookIII. 
 
 1. Verbs: (a) animum advertere (or animadvertere), to take 
 notice ; f Idei committere, to entrust ; f ideicommissa, trusts ; f idejubSre, 
 to bid a person do a thing on your guaranty ; fidejussor, a guarantor ; 
 pessum dare, to send to the bottom (comp. pessum ire, abire, premgre) ; 
 venum ire, to be sold, venum dare, to sell (but venire, vend6re as com- 
 pounds proper) ; usucapere, acquire by use. 
 
 illcet, off! at once (ire licet) ; scilicet, let me tell you (scire licet) ; 
 videlicet, you may see that is to say (videre licet), where the re has 
 dropt off by its similarity to 11. 
 
 () The disyllabic prepositions appear often to form with verbs 
 only improper compounds ; e. g. circum dare, to throw around, appears 
 to be in meaning a proper compound in urbem circum dare muro ; an 
 improper one in urbi circum dare murum. 
 
 Similarly retroagere, retrogradi, &c. ; be'neTace're, male'dice're, satis- 
 facgre, palamfacerS. palamfieri. 
 
 Compare also inque pediri, jacere indu, inque gravescunt (Lucr.), 
 and the use of per in such expressions as per mini gratum est ; &c. 
 
 2. Nouns: 
 
 408 (a) Doubled adjective : 
 
 alt&riiter, one of two ; quisquis, (whosoever ; qudtusquisque, how 
 many. (Gomp. the adverbs : quamquam, utut, although, however.} 
 
 tertius decimus, quartus decimus, and other compound numerals. 
 So lex quina vicenaria, law relating to age of twenty-jive. 
 
 (b) Adjective -f substantive : jusjurandum, an oath (lit. a swearing 
 one's right, being a nominative formed to correspond with the gerundival 
 use jurisjurandi, &c.) ; res gestae, exploits; res publica, the common 
 weal ; ros marinus (ros maris Ov.), rosemary (sea-dew}. 
 
 (c~) Genitive + substantive : accept! latio, expensi latio, crediting or 
 debiting (lit. entering in book as received or expended) ; agricultura, 
 farming] aquaeductus, a water-course-, argentifodinae, silver mines; 
 ludimagister, a school-master; paterfamilias, materfamilias, filius- 
 familias, &c. a father, &c. of a household; plebiscltum, a commons 1 
 resolution ; senatusconsultum, a senate's decree. So jurisconsultus, one 
 skilled in the law. 
 
 (d) Genitive + adjective: e.g. verisimilis, likely (like the truth). 
 
 (e) Oblique case and participle; e.g. dicto audiens esse, to be 
 obedient, 
 
 (f) Two parallel substantives: e.g. ususfructus, the use and enjoy- 
 ment. So perhaps pactum conventum, a bargain and covenant. 
 
 (g) Adverb (or adverbial accusative) + participle : e.g. gravedlens, 
 strong smelling suaveolens, sweet-smelling. 
 
 Similarly paeninsula, an almost-island (comp. duos prope Hannibales 
 in Italia esse (Liv.) ; ex non sensibus, from what are not senses 
 (Lucr.). 
 
Chap. VIfI^\ Composition. 179 
 
 407 3- Adverbs: e.g. saepenumero, often in number' tantummodo, 
 only (lit. so much in measure} ; hactSnus, thus far ; quamlibet, quamvis, 
 however much, although, &c. 
 
 itaqve, therefore / et6nim, in fact, &c. have each but one accent: 
 inagnopere, greatly ; prorsus ( 214), utterly, c. have been contracted: 
 slqvidem, nisi ( 221), &c. have had the first vowel modified. So 
 nudlus tertius (quartus, &c.), the day (two days) before yesterday, is 
 a contracted sentence (nunc dies tertius est). Multimodis, miri- 
 modls multismodis. &c. Lucr. has also omnimodis. 
 
 408 ii. COMPOUNDS of prepositions used absolutely, or of 
 inseparable particles* 
 
 Such compounds are some verbs and some nouns, 
 i. Verbs: 
 
 (a) Common with prepositions; e.g. abire, go away j advenire, 
 come to; colllgere, collect; demittere, let down; expellgre, drive out; 
 inspicSre, look in ; oblbqui, speak against ; succedere, go under ; &c. 
 
 (b) With inseparable particles : amb-, round ; dis-, in pieces ; por-, 
 forth; red (re), back; sed (se), apart; e.g. ambire, go round; dissol- 
 vere, undo; porrfgere, stretch forth ; rfemittere, send back; sevScare, 
 c all aside. 
 
 (c) Rarely with negatives; viz. in-, ne : e.g. ignoscere, not recog- 
 nise, pardon ; nequire, be unable ; nescire, be ignorant ; nolle, be un- 
 willingi With gerundive: infandus, nefandus, unspeakable: (in- is fre- 
 quent with participles). 
 
 a. Nouns: some containing verbal stems, some containing noun 
 stems: e.g. 
 
 concavus, hollow (cavo-) ; concors, of the same mind (cord-) ; col- 
 lega, a fellow by law (leg-) ; conservus, a fellow slave (servo-) ; 
 
 discolor, of various colours (c61or-) ; exheres, disinherited (hered-) ; 
 exsomnis, sleepless (somno-) ; 
 
 ignarug, ignorant (gnaro-) ; immSritus, undeserved (mgrlto-) ; in- 
 6dia, fasting (SdSre, eat) ; iniqvus, unfair (aequo-) ; inops, helpless 
 (dpi-) ; and many others with in-, not. 
 
 ngfas, wickedness (fas-) ; nggotium, business (nee, otiuni) ; 
 
 peraciitus, very sharp ; pergratus, very pleasing ; permagnus, very 
 great; praeclarus, very illustrious; praevalldus, very strong; and many 
 others with per and prae, very; 
 
 praematurus, ripe before the time; praeposterus, behind before, re- 
 versed; proavus, a great grandfather; procllvis, sloping forwards; 
 pr6fugus, y^/Vzg- (fiiggre) ; 
 
 recurvus, curved back; refluus, flowing back (fluSre). 
 
 subabsurdus, slightly absurd ; subobscilrus, rather dark; subtiirpis, 
 somewhat disgraceful ; and many others with sub, slightly : also subcen- 
 j a lieutenant. 
 
 12 2 
 
180 WORD-FORMATION. {Book III. 
 
 vecors, foolish (cord-) ; vegrandis, small (grand!-) ; vemens, 'violent 
 (menti-). 
 
 409 Hi- Compounds formed by giving an appropriate suffix to 
 words conceived as in regular syntactical relation to each other. 
 
 A. Attributed- noun (usually substantive): 
 
 () Numeral + noun (usually substantive) : e. g. bidens, with two 
 teeth (denti-) ; blvius, with two roads (via-) ; centlmanus, hundred- 
 handed (manu-) ; duplex, two-fold (pUcare) ; quadriga (for quadrijuga), 
 a fourhorse chariot (quatuor, jugo-) ; sexnibarbarus, half foreign (bar- 
 baro-); semlrutus, half fallen (rfito-) ; sesqui-pSdalis, afoot and halfm 
 measure (pSd-); teruncius, a three-ounce, i.e. \ of an as (uneia-); 
 unanlmus, of one mind (animo-). 
 
 () Ordinary adjective + substantive; e. g. aequaevus, contemporary 
 (aequo-, aevo-); laticlavius, with a broad border to the toga (lato-, 
 clavo-) ; mSdlterraneus, midland (m8dio-, terra-) ; mlsSrfcors, pitiful 
 (misero-, cord-) ; multlformis, multiform (multa-, forma-) ; plenlluniunV, 
 time of full moon (plena-, luna-) ; versjco'lor, with changed colour (verso-, 
 cd!8r-). 
 
 (f) Substantive -f substantive. The first is used as attributive: e.g. 
 aerlpes, bronze-footed (aes-, pSd-) ; cornlpes, hornfooted (cornu-, p6d-) ; 
 caprlcornus, goat-horned (capro-, cornu-) ; manupr6tium, cost of hand- 
 work (manu-, prgtio-). 
 
 410 B. Preposition + substantive: e.g. abnorniis, irregular (ab 
 norma) ; adumbrare, sketch in outline (ad umbram, draw by the shadow) ; 
 antelucanus, before daybreak (ante lucem) ; circumfdraneus, round the 
 forum (circum forum) ; deg6n6r, degenerate (de gen5r6) ; egrggius, select 
 
 (e grg6) ; extempSralis, on the moment (ex tempOrS) ; extraordlnarius, 
 out of the usual order (extra ordlnem) ; inaures (pi.), eardrops (in aure) ; 
 intervallum, space between palisades, an interval (inter valla) ; obnoxius, 
 liable for a wrong (ob noxam) ; perennis, all through the year (per 
 annum) ; proconsul, a deputy consul (pro consult) ; suburbanus, near the 
 city (sub urbem) ; suffocare, strangle (sub faucibus, under throat} ; trans- 
 Alpinus, beyond ths A J ps (trans Alpes). 
 
 411 C. Nouns collateral to one another (rare): 
 
 duodgcim, tivclve (duo+decem; octodgcim, eighteen (octo + decem) ; 
 undgcim, eleven (uno + decem). 
 
 suovetaurilia, (pi.), a sacrifice of a sheep, pig and bull (su- + 6vi- 
 + tauro-). 
 
 412 D. Object -f verb (frequent): 
 
 aedificare, to build, aedlficium, a building (aedem facere) ; agricdla, 
 a farmer (agrum c61ere); agrlpgta, a squatter (agrum p6t6re) ; armlggr, 
 a warrior (anna g&rSre) ; auceps, a birdcatcher, hence aucupium, aucu- 
 
Chap. VTIL] Composition. 181 
 
 p,re (avem capere); auspex, a bird-viewer (avem spScfire); car- 
 nlvdrus, flesh-eating (carnem vdrare) ; causidlcus, a pleader (causam 
 dlcSre); faenlsex, hay-cutter (faenum scare); fatlfgr, death-bringing 
 (fatum ferre); fratrlclda, a brother-slayer (fratrera caedgre); grandl- 
 16qvus, talking big (grandg 16qui; lectisternium, couch-covering; a re- 
 ligious ceremony (lectum sterngre): naufragus, shipwrecked (navem 
 fraggre) ; navigare, to voyage, navlgium, -voyage, ship (navem agfire) ; 
 morlggrus, complaisant (mSrem ggrgre) ; puerpgra, puerpgrium, child- 
 bearing (pugrum pargre) ; sortflggus, lot-picker, hence soothsayer (sortes 
 Igggre)! stipendium (for sttplpendium), pay (stlpem pendfire); v6ne- 
 nlfer, poison-bearing (vSnenum ferre); vltlsator, vineplanter (vitem 
 ser6re). 
 
 413 E. Oblique predicate + verb : 
 
 e.g. aequlpgrare, make equal (aequum (aliquod) parare) ; Ifldl- 
 ficare, make game of (ludos (aliquem) facgre) ; purgare, cleanse (purum 
 (aliquem) agere). 
 
 Here may be put the half-compounds of (usually) verbal stems 
 with facfire and fiiri. The quantity of the e is doubtful : it is here 
 marked only when proof exists, in which case the author's name is 
 added. 
 
 ca!6fac6re (Plaut., Lucr.) also calface"re, make warm; labgfacere 
 (Ter., Ov.), make to fall; liqvfifacere (Verg., Ov.), llquefacere (Lucr., 
 Gatull., Ov.), melt; patefacere (Plaut., Verg., Ov.), patefacere (Lucr.), 
 display; patrefacere or patefacere (Plaut., Lucr.), pfitr6fac6re (Ov.), 
 make rotten; desuefacare, disuse; mansuefacere, tame; c. 
 
 414 F. Subject + verb (rare): 
 
 galllclnium, time of cockcroimng (gallus canit); reglfugium, kings 
 flight (rex fugit or reges fugiunt) ; stilHcIdium, a dripping (stUla cadit). 
 
 415 G. Oblique case or adjective used adverbially + verb. The 
 construction presumed is often very loose. 
 
 artlfex, a handicraftsman, artlflcium, skilled work (arte facio); 
 b6n6v61us, well-wisher (b6n6 v61o) ; bgnignus, well-born, liberal (ben6 
 gen-itus) ; blfidus, cleft in two (bis findor) ; largifluus, copious (large fluo) ; 
 manceps, a purchaser, mancipium, a chattel (manu capio) ; mandare, 
 hand over to a person (manu do); montivagus, wandering on the 
 mountains (montibus vagor) ; noctlvagus, night-wandering (nocte 
 vagor) ; omnlpotens, all-powerful (omnia possum) : raucisdnus, hoarse- 
 sounding (raucum sdno) ; tibicen, tiblcina, a Jlute-player m. or f. (tibia 
 cano); tiiblcen, a trumpeter (tuba cano); vend8re, to sell (venum dare). 
 
 So adverb (or oblique case) + participle, e.g. : 
 
 alticinctus, girt high; bipartltus, divided into two (bis partlri). 
 
1 82 WORD-FORMATION, \B0ok III. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 INTERJECTIONS. 
 
 416 INTERJECTIONS may be divided into two classes, according as they 
 are (i) imitations of sounds; (2) abbreviated sentences or mutilated 
 words. 
 
 i. Imitations of sounds. (The probable Greek and English modes 
 of representing the same or similar sounds are here added.) 
 
 or ha ( * n warnm S or sorrow. Comp. a; Engl. ah! Germ, achl 
 
 heia ( * n encoura emen * : ' Comp. ela, Engl. hey. 
 
 vah in surprise or indignation. Comp. oct. 
 
 o various, Comp, <Z, c3, Engl, oh! 
 
 15 a shout in excitement, Comp, lov or lov, Engl, yoho ! 
 
 Sh5 or oho a cry of distress. Comp. Engl. Ho ! In Terence sometimes 
 with dum appended. 
 
 pro or proh in surprise or indignation ; especially in phrases, pro Di immor- 
 tales, &c. Perhaps this is not imitative of a natural sound, but 
 is a word. 
 
 euoe for cuo?: a cry in Bacchic rites, 
 
 au in fear and warning. 
 
 fu or fui expression of disgust. Plaut. Most. 39, Pseud. 1294. Comp, 
 $eu (?), Y.r\g\. fa ! faw ! foh ! Germ. pfni. 
 
 phy in impatience at unnecessary explanation. Ter. Ad. 412. Pro- 
 
 bably same as last. Comp. Engl. pooh. 
 
 hul various. Perhaps a whistle, which is written in Engl. tuhew. 
 
 babae) m wonc } er an d delight: a quivering of the lips. Perhaps imita- 
 
 papae^ t j ve> Comp. Greek /3aj8af, TTOTTOI, irairaT. 
 
 hahahae Laughing. Comp. a, a, Engl. Haha. 
 
 vae in grief and anger. Represents a wail. Comp. oval, in Alex- 
 
 andrine and i later writers, perhaps imitation of the Latin ; 
 Germ. 7M?/$,Engl. woe. Compare also vah and the verb vaglre. 
 
 dh9 in annoyance, especially when a person is sated ; probably be- 
 
 tween a groan and a grunt. Comp. Engl. ugh. 
 
 hei or ei in grief. It represents a sigh, Comp, f or I or e?}, and 
 perhaps ata?, Engl. heigh. 
 
 ehern or ) the sound of clearing the throat? Comp. Engl. hem, ahem, 
 
 hem or em ( In Plautus em is often found in MSS. for en. 
 
Chap. IX.] Interjections. 183 
 
 st to command silence. The corresponding sound in English, hist, 
 
 is used to attract attention; and s/i, hush to command silence. 
 
 a , or .?' a Or ( in surprise, vexation, fear, &c. : smacking of the tongue 
 re y ' against the teeth. Comp. drrarat drraTaTcu, OTOTOTOI, 
 
 Engl. tut, tut. 
 
 heus a noise to attract attention : a combined whistle and hiss. 
 
 Comp. Engl. whisht! and perhaps Germ, heisa (=Engl. huzza}. 
 bombax apparently from /3o,u/3a : expression of wonder. 
 euax a cry of joy. Comp. efrx, evdfciv, and perhaps Germ., juchhe. 
 
 tax tax the sound of blows. Comp. Engl. thwack. 
 taratantara (Ennius), the sound of a trumpet. 
 
 417 2. Abbreviated sentences or mutilated words. The following are 
 probably such: 
 
 (a) Latin : 
 
 en in Plaut. usually em, lol 
 
 ecce lo herd The ce is perhaps the demonstrative particle, cf. 119, 
 
 218. In the comic poets it is frequently combined with the ac- 
 cusative (as if it were equivalent to see) of the pronouns is 
 and ille ; eccum, eccam, eccos, eccas, ecca ; eccillum, eccillam, 
 eccillut; once also eccistam. 
 
 eccere used similarly to English there! 
 
 medius fldius for me deus Fidius juvet, so help me the God of Faith. 
 
 ecastor perhaps for en Castor. 
 
 pol for Pollux. 
 
 e"de"pol said by Roman grammarians to be for per aedem Pollucis. 
 
 sodes prythee. Said by Cicero (Or. 45) to be for si audes. 
 
 (b) Borrowed from the Greek: 
 
 age come ! for aye. It is sometimes followed by dum. 
 
 apage off! for ax aye. 
 euge for evye. 
 
 eugipae originally for eirye irat? 
 
BOOK IV. 
 
 SYNTAX, OR USE OF INFLEXIONAL 
 FORMS. 
 
 418 SYNTAX is an account of the way in which the different parts of 
 speech (i.e. classes of words), and their different inflexional forms are 
 employed in the formation of sentences. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS. 
 
 419 WORDS in Latin may be divided into four classes, according as 
 they denote, 
 
 (i) a complete thought ; 
 
 (n) a person, thing, or abstract notion ; 
 
 (in) a relation or quality ; 
 
 (iv) a mere connexion of words or sentences. 
 
 Words of the first two classes are, with some special exceptions, 
 inflected ; the last two are not inflected. 
 
 420 I- Words which express a complete thought (called in logic a 
 judgment) are fnite verbs (i.e. verbs in indicative, subjunctive and 
 imperative moods) ; e.g. dico, dicis, dicit, / say, thou sayest, he says ; 
 dicat, he should say dicito, thou shalt say. 
 
 421 ii. Words which denote persons and things and abstract notions 
 are called nouns (i.e. names), and are divided into two classes, substan- 
 tives and adjectives. 
 
 1. Substantives are such names of things, &c. as are representative, 
 not of their possessing one particular quality, but of the sum of all the 
 qualities and relations which we conceive them to have. 
 
Chap. /.] Classification of Words. 185 
 
 (a) Pronoun Substantives. 
 
 Personal Pronouns (in Latin) are names to denote the person speak- 
 ing and the person spoken to ; e.g. ego, I ; tu, tbou. 
 
 (b) Noun Substantives. 
 
 Proper nouns are names of individual persons or places ; e.g. Lucius, 
 Lucius Roma, Rome. 
 
 Common nouns, or appellatives, are names of classes of persons or 
 things; e.g. victor, conqueror; aurum, gold; flos, a flower. 
 
 Abstract nouns are names of qualities, actions, and states, considered 
 apart from the persons or things possessing or performing them e.g. 
 magnitude, greatness ; salus, health ; discessus, departure. 
 
 (c) Infinitive mood of verbs and gerunds are names of actions or 
 states conceived in connexion with the persons or things performing or 
 possessing them; e.g. videre, to see; videndi, of seeing. 
 
 (d) Any word or phrase which is spoken of as a word or phrase 
 only, is the name of itself; e.g. vidit, the word vidit. Such words are 
 necessarily indeclinable. 
 
 422 2. Adjectives (in Latin are not names of qualities, but) are such 
 names of persons or things as are expressive simply of their possessing 
 this or that quality, or being placed in this or that relation. (See 
 442.) 
 
 (a) Pronominal adjectives describe by means of certain relations, 
 chiefly those of local nearness to the person speaking, spoken to, or 
 spoken of. They are often used instead of nouns ; e.g. meus, mine ; 
 We, this ; ille, that; qui, which. 
 
 (b) Numeral adjectives describe by means of number or rank; 
 e.g. septem, seven ; Septimus, seventh. Some are indeclinable. 
 
 (c) Nominal (or noun) adjectives describe by means of qualities ; 
 e.g. magnus, great ; salutaris, healthy. 
 
 (cT) Participles (including gerundive in some uses) are verbal adjec- 
 tives used to describe persons or things by means of actions done by or 
 to them; e.g. amans, loving; amatus, loved; amandus, that should be 
 loved. 
 
 423 III. Words (besides oblique cases of nouns), which denote rela- 
 tions or qualities of qualities or of actions, are called adverbs, and are 
 indeclinable. 
 
 (a) Connective adverbs ; i.e. those which besides qualifying a word 
 in their own sentence, also connect that sentence with another sentence. 
 These are all pronominal ; e.g. quum, when; dum, whilst; ubi, where; 
 ut, how, as ; si, in whatever case, if; quia, whereas, because, &c. 
 
 () Other pronominal adverbs; e.g. Me, here; turn, then. 
 
 (c} Numeral adverbs ; e.g. septies, seven times. 
 
 (d) Nominal adverbs (of quality, manner, &c.) ; e.g. b6ne, well ; 
 clare, 
 
186 SYNTAX. [Book IV. 
 
 (e) Prepositions either express modes of actions or qualities, and in 
 this usage are generally compounded with the verb or adjective, or give 
 precision to the relations denoted by the case-suffixes of nouns; e.g. in, 
 in ; ex, out ; per, through. 
 
 424 IV. Words which denote a mere connexion (not of things, but) 
 of names with names, sentences with sentences, or parts of sentences 
 with like parts, are called conjunctions ; e.g. et, nee, sed, in the following 
 sentences, Caesar et Cicero eunt et colloquuntur, Caesar and Cicero go 
 and talk together; Non eros nee dominos appellat eos, sed patriae 
 custodes, sed patres, sed deos (Cic.), He calls them not masters nor lords 
 but guardians of their country, fathers, aye gods. 
 
 425 To these four classes may be added 
 
 Interjections; which are either natural vocal sounds, expressive of 
 sudden emotions, or abbreviated sentences ; e.g. ! heu ! ehem ! st t 
 medius fidius, upon my word. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 PARTS OF A SIMPLE SENTENCE, AND USE OF THE 
 PARTS OF SPEECH. 
 
 i, Elements of a Sentence. 
 
 426 WHEN we speak we either name a person or thing, or we declare 
 something of a person or thing. 
 
 The name of a person r thing js expressed by a substanti-ve. 
 A complete thought always contains more than the name, for it 
 declares something of the person or thing named. Every complete 
 thought (called in Grammar a sentence) contains at least two ideas, viz. 
 
 1. The person or thing of which we speak, called the Subject. 
 
 2. Our declaration respecting it, called the Predicate. 
 
 427 A complete thought may be expressed most simply in Latin either 
 (a) by a finite verb, or () by two nouns. 
 
 (a) A finite verb contains in its personal suffixes the subject, in its 
 stem the predicate; e.g. curr-it, be (she, it) runs; plu-it, it rains; 
 aina-mus, ewe love ; etc. 
 
 () When the thought is expressed by two nouns only, the sen- 
 tence will contain a substantive (or substantivally-used adjective), in 
 the nominative case, for the subject, and either a substantive or an 
 adjective for the predicate. Of .two substantives it is, apart from the 
 context, indifferent which is considered as the subject, but usually the 
 
Chap. //.] Parts of a Simple Sentence. 187 
 
 least general name will be the subject: e.g. Julius fortis, Julius is brave; 
 Julius consul, Julius is the Consul, or, the Consul is Julius. 
 
 The junction of the two ideas, i.e. the predication itself (called in 
 logic the copula), is not expressed by any separate word, but (a) is 
 implied in the indissoluble junction of the stem and personal suffixes in 
 the finite verb ; or (b) is inferred from the close sequence of the two 
 names.. 
 
 428 Both these simple forms of sentences are liable to be ambiguous: 
 
 (a) The personal suffixes of a finite verb are often insufficient to 
 define the subject, especially when the subject is of the third person. 
 For the purpose of further definition, a substantive in the nominative 
 case is often expressed with it, and the verb may then be regarded as 
 containing only the predicate ; e.g. Equus currit, the horse runs (pro- 
 perly horse run-he' 1 }. 
 
 (b) The relation of two nouns to each other is also ambiguous. 
 The adjective or second substantive may be used, not to assert a con- 
 nexion (i.e. as n. predicate), but to denote an already known or assumed 
 connexion (i.e. as an attribute), of the person or thing named by the 
 first substantive with the quality named by the second substantive or 
 the adjective. To remedy this ambiguity, some part of the verb sum is 
 generally used (except in animated language) to mark the fact of a 
 predication, and then (usually but not necessarily) means little more 
 thai) the logical copula, e.g. Julius est consul, Julius (he) is consul. 
 
 General rules. 
 
 429 i. A finite verb, when its subject is expressed by a separate word, 
 is put in the same person, and as a rule, in the same number, as its 
 subject.. 
 
 a. Any -substantive may be used as a subject. The subject of a 
 sentence is, if declinable, in the nominative case ; but the relation of sub- 
 ject and predicate may exist also between words in oblique cases. 
 
 3. A noun, whether used as an attribute or predicate, is put in the 
 same case, if it denote the same person or thing, as the substantive to 
 which it is attributed, or the subject of which it is predicated. 
 
 (Pronouns and participles follow the same rule as nouns, and will there- 
 fore, unless separately mentioned, be included here under the term noun. 
 Adjectives used otherwise than as attributes or predicates of a substantive 
 will be included under the term substantive,} 
 
 ii. Of Attributes. 
 
 430 JjF a substantive by itself does not express the full name or definition 
 which we wish to give of a person or thing, a word or expression is 
 added, called an attribute* of the substantive. The simplest forms of 
 
 1 More strictly perhaps {if we : may regard the o stems as properly mas- 
 culine, and notice the nominative suffix 1 ) horse- he run*he. 
 
 2 Whether in any given sentence a word or expression is an attribute and 
 intended merely to aid in identifying the subject, or is a predicate and in- 
 
1 88 , SYNTAX. \BooklV. 
 
 attributes are nouns, denoting the same person or thing, as the substan- 
 tive of which they are attributes. An attribute may be 
 
 (a) A substantive (often said to be in apposition}-, e.g. Gains 
 Julius Caesar ; Julio consul! credidi, / believed the consul Julius. 
 
 (b~) An adjective ; e.g, haec res, this thing j fortem consulem vidi, 
 / saw the brave consul This is the normal use of the adjective, the 
 adjectival suffixes, like the personal suffixes of the finite verb^ acquiring 
 further definition by the accompaniment of a substantive. 
 
 (c) For the use of other words or expressions as attributes, see 
 below ( 438). 
 
 iii. Of Predicates. 
 
 431 A predicate 1 is either primary or secondary, and each of these is 
 either direct or oblique. A predicate is direct, if its subject is in the 
 nominative case; oblique, if its subject is in an oblique case. It is 
 primary, if predicated immediately of the subject ; secondary, if pre- 
 dicated only through, or in connexion with, a primary predicate, 
 
 A finite verb always contains a primary direct predication ; and is 
 never used otherwise (except as mentioned in 421 d). 
 
 A noun or infinitive mood may be a primary or secondary, direct 
 or oblique, predicate. 
 
 432 As primary predicate some form of the verb is usual, and chiefly 
 the finite verb ; but a past participle or gerundive is not uncommon : 
 a noun or pronoun is comparatively rare. An infinitive is also found 
 in animated narrative; e.g. 
 
 Invadunt hostes : Roman! fuggre : occisus Marcellus. Haec nuntiandd, 
 The enemy rush on : the Romans (proceed to} fly : Marcellus is killed. 
 This must be told. 
 
 The distinction of the use of a noun as a primary predicate from its use 
 as a secondary predicate with the verb of being (see next paragraph) is prac- 
 tically so unimportant, that the term secondary predicate will often be used 
 to cover both. 
 
 433 (a) A secondary predicate is often added to a verb of indeterminate 
 meaning (e.g. a verb of being, becoming, naming, &c.) to complete, as 
 it were, the predication : e. g. 
 
 Dux fuit Julius. Occisus est Marcellus. Haec sunt nuntianda. 
 Liberati videbamur, We seemed (to be) freed. 
 
 tended to give fresh information about it, may be sometimes doubtful. 
 Latin has no mark to distinguish these uses. In Greek an attribute has the 
 article prefixed, a secondary predicate has not. 
 
 1 It is convenient sometimes to regard the whole of the sentence as 
 divisible into two parts only : in this view the grammatical subject with all 
 its attributes, &c. is the (logical) subject; the rest of the sentence is the 
 (logical) predicate. 
 
Shap. //.] Parts of a Simple Sentence. 189 
 
 Gaius dicitur advenire, Gaius is said to be coming. 
 
 Caesar imperator appeUatur (or appellatus, or appeUari), Caesar is 
 
 being called (or is called, or begins to be called} Emperor. 
 
 (b} A secondary predicate is often employed to denote the cha- 
 racter in which, or circumstances under .which, a person or thing acts, 
 x>r is acted on 1 , 
 
 Hannibal peto pacem, It is I, Hannibal, who now ask for peace. 
 Primus Marcum vidisti, Ton are the first that has seen Marcus. 
 Senex seribere institui, 7 was an old man when I began to write. 
 Neque loquens es, neque tacens, umquam bonus, Neither when talking, 
 
 nor ^when keeping silence, are you ever good. 
 Caesar legatus mittitur (or missus or mittl). Caesar is being sent (or 
 
 ;/ sent, or begins to be sent} as ambassador, 
 
 434 Oblique predicates are usually in sentences containing a finite 
 verb. The following contain primary oblique predicates. 
 
 Dicit Romanes fuge're, He says the Romans are fleeing (speaks of the 
 
 Romans as fleeing}. 
 
 Fama est Romanes fuggre, There is a rumour that the Romans are fleeing. 
 Minabar me abiturum, 7 threatened I would go away. Minantur puellae 
 
 se abituras, The girls threaten they will go away. 
 Te heredem fecit, He made you heir.. 
 Quern te appellem? Whom am I to p-all you ? 
 Marcum primum vidisti, Marcus was the first you saw. 
 Advenienti sorori librum dedit, He gave the book to his sister as she was 
 
 coming up. 
 
 Ante Ciceronem consulem interiit, He died before Cicero was consul. 
 Capta urbe rediit, On the city being taken he returned. 
 
 435 An infinitive, when used either as (i) predicate or (2) object, &e,, 
 is often accompanied by a noun or other predicate ; e.g. 
 
 (i) Caesarem dico appeUari (or appellatum ease) imperatorem, 7 say 
 
 that Caesar is being called (or is or was called} Emperor. 
 Caesar dicitur appeUari (or appellatus esse) imperator, Caesar is said 
 
 to be called (to have been called} Emperor. 
 Fertur iUe consules reliquisse, invitus invitos, He is said to have left 
 
 the consuls, to his and their regret, 
 Spero vos in urbem triumphantes ingressuros esse, 7 hope that you will 
 
 march into the city in triumph, 
 
 (z) Caesar bonus esse (or haberi) cupit, Caesar desires to be (or to be 
 considered} good. 
 
 Cogito iter facere armatus, I am thinking of making the journey armed, 
 
 Licuit esse otioso ThemistocU, Themistocles was allowed to be idle. 
 
 Movit me vir, cujus fugientis comes, rempublicam recuperantis socius, 
 videor esse debere, 7 was moved by the man whose companion I feel I 
 ought to be in his flight and ally in restoring the commonwealth. (Cic.) 
 
 1 Such a secondary predicate might, if it needed distinction from the 
 preceding class, be called a subpredicate. It is often called an apposition, 
 or adverbial apposition. 
 
1 90 SYNTAX. \Book IV. 
 
 436 Participles are (sometimes attributes, but) usually predicates to 
 some substantive in the sentence, and are thus the means of com- 
 bining into one sentence several subordinate predications : e.g. 
 Venit iste cum sago, gladia succinctu, teneria jaculum ; illi, nescio quid 
 incipient! dicere, gladium in latere defixit, The fellow came wearing 
 his cloak, girt with a sword, a javelin in bis hand, and as the other 
 was beginning to say something, plunged his sword in his side, (Corn,) 
 In this sentence all the participles are predicates. 
 
 iv. Of the use of oblique cases and adverbs. 
 
 437 i. If a verb by itself, or with a secondary predicate, does not 
 express all that we wish to declare of a person or thing by that sentence, 
 additions may be made of various kinds ; viz. 
 
 (a) If the verb express an action conceived as in immediate Con'- 
 nexion with some person or thing upon which it is exercised, or to 
 which it gives rise, a substantive in the accusative case may be added 
 to denote such a person or thing. This is called the object (or direct or 
 immediate object) ; e. g. amicos fugiunt, They Jiee from their friends ; 
 Caesar librum teneat, Caesar should hold the book carmina fingo, / am 
 making poetry. If the object be itself an action of the same subject, it is 
 usually expressed by an infinitive mood ; e'.g; eupio discere, I desire to 
 learn. 
 
 () If the verb express an action or fact indirectly affecting a 
 person (or thing), who is not the subject or direct object, a substantive, 
 in the dative case, may be added to express such an indirect (or remoter} 
 object. Some (i.e. intransitive) verbs admit this indirect object only : 
 many verbs admit of both a direct and indirect object: e.g. Placet 
 oratio tibi, The speech is pleasing to you ; hoc fratri tradite, Hand this 
 to your brother; liber Caesari datur, The book is given to Caesar. 
 
 (c} Some verbs have what may be called a secondary object in the 
 genitive case : if transitive, they have also usually a direct (frequently 
 personal) object: e.g. Accuso te furti, I accuse thee of theft ; cadum 
 vini implet, He Jills the cask with (makes it full of} wine ; miserescite 
 patris, Have pity on your father. 
 
 (d) A verb may be further qualified by adding oblique cases of 
 substantives (with or without prepositions), or adverbs, to denote the 
 place, time, value, means, manner, cause, &c. at, in, by, from, &c. 
 which the action is done or state exists : e. g. Fui annum Capuae, / was 
 a year at Capua ; litteras abs te Balbus ad me attulit vesperi, Balbus 
 brought me in the evening a letter from you ; magni hoc aestimo, 7 value 
 this at a large sum ; ardet dolore, He is in a fever 'with pain. 
 
 The infinitive mood and the participles admit the same qualifica- 
 tions as finite verbs. 
 
 438 ^. Oblique cases of substantives (with or without prepositions), 
 and adverbs, when they qualify (a) the verb of being and other verbs of 
 similarly colourless meaning, have often the same effect as a secondary 
 
Chap. //.] Parts of a Simple Sentence. 191 
 
 predicate 1 . They are rarely used predicatively without a verb. But 
 they are also used to qualify () substantives attributively, and (c) ad- 
 jectives, and sometimes (d) adverbs: e.g. 
 
 (a) Caesaris est (or vocatur) gladius, The sword (is called} Caesar's, 
 Sclo hoc laudi esse mihi, / know that this is an honour to me. 
 Praestanti prudentia est, He is of remarkable prudence. 
 In me odium est tuum, Tour hatred is against me. 
 Sic est vita hominum, Such is the life of men. 
 
 () Caesaris gladius, Caesar's sword. Cupiditate triumph! ardebam, 
 / was in a glow with the desire for a triumph. Aliquid laeti, 
 something (of) pleasant. 
 
 (This use as attribute is the most common use of the genitive.) 
 Deoemviri legibus scribendis, A commission of ten for drawing up 
 
 laws. Vir praestanti prudentia. In me odium. 
 Omnes circa civitates, All the states round about. 
 (r) Maximus regum, The greatest of kings. Cupidus triumph!, Desirous 
 
 of a triumph. 
 
 Arti cuilibet idoneus, Fit for any art whatever. 
 Tanto major, (by) so much greater; splendidior vitro, Brighter than 
 glass. Ex composite hilaris, Cheerful by arrangement. Valde 
 utilis, Very useful. Aliquando laetus, Sometimes cheerful. 
 (d) Convenienter naturae, Agreeably to nature. Tanto magis, so much 
 the more. In dies magis, more day by day. Paene pedetemptim, 
 almost step by step* 
 
 439 v. Of coordination by conjunctions and otherwise. 
 
 (a) Conjunctions and connective adverbs of manner (e.g. quam, 
 ut), when used to unite words or phrases, unite those only which are 
 coordinate to one another, i.e. which fulfil the same function in the 
 sentence; e.g. two objects, two attributes, two adverbial qualifications; 
 &c. e.g. 
 Komani ac socii veniunt, The Romans and allies come. Nee regem nee 
 
 reginam vidi, / saw neither king nor queen. 
 mine credam an tibi? Am I to believe him or you? 
 Bella fortius quam felicius geris, You are more brave than fortunate in 
 
 waging wars. 
 Tibi cum meam salutem, turn omnium horum debeo, I owe to you as 
 
 well my own safety as that of all these. 
 Cum omnibus potius quam soli perire voluerunt, They wished rather to 
 
 perish with all the world than by themselves, 
 Tu mihi videris Epicharmi, acuti nee insulsi hominis, ut Siculi, senten- 
 
 tiam sequi, (Cic.) Tou seem to me to be following the view of 
 
 EpicharmuS) a sharp man and, as a Sicilian, not without wit. 
 
 1 Such words do not (like those in 430) denote the same person or 
 thing as the word of which they are predicates or attributes ; and the main- 
 tenance of their own special case is necessary to give them the requisite 
 meaning. 
 
1 92 SYNTAX. \Book IV. 
 
 (b) Coordinate words are often put simply side by side, without 
 any conjunction: sometimes another word is repeated with each: e.g. 
 
 Veios, Fidenas, Collatiam, Arioiam, Tusculum cum Calibus, Teano, 
 Neapoli, Puteolis, Nuceria, comparabunt. (G. Agr. 2. 35.) 
 
 Nihil vos civibus, nihil sociis, nihil regibus respondistis ; niMl judices 
 sententia, niMl populus suffragiis, nihil hie ordo auctoritate decla- 
 ravit; mutum forum, elinguem curiam, tacitam et fractam civi- 
 tatem videbatis. (Cic.) 
 
 (c) An answer, when not framed as an independent sentence, is 
 often made in words coordinate to the pertinent part of the question : 
 e.g. Quis librum dedit? Cicero. Cui? Bruto. Quern? Tusculanas Dis- 
 putationes. Ubif In Tusculano. 
 
 vj. Of fragmentary or interjectional expressions. 
 
 40 A noun or infinitive mood is sometimes used (a) as subject without 
 a predicate expressed, or () as predicate without a subject expressed ; 
 or (c) as a mere address. Similarly (d) adverbs and interjections. 
 
 <X) Quid, si adeo? What if I go to him? Agendum; eundum, (We 
 must) act, go. Malum, the plague ! Tantum laborem capere ob 
 talem fllium! To take so much trouble for such a son ! (Ter.) 
 
 () Minim ni hie miles est, Strange if this is not the soldier. Pactum, 
 Done (in answers).. 
 
 (V) Audi, Caesar, Hear, Caesar. Tibi, Marce, loquor. 
 
 (X) Bene mihi, bene amicae meae, A health to me, a health to mv mis- 
 tress. (Plaut.) Hei mihi, Woe's me. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 USE OF NOUN INFLEXIONS-, ESPECIALLY THOSE 
 OF GENDER AND NUMBER. 
 
 441 i. A substantive when used as attribute or secondary predicate is 
 put in the same case as the substantive which it qualifies. Usually also 
 the sense will require that it be put in the same number, and, if it have 
 more than one form, in the appropriate gender. 
 
 (a) As attribute, i.e. in apposition. 
 
 Caius Julius Caesar ; Cai Juli Caesaris ; &c. 
 
 Urbs Roma ; Urbem Romam ; &c. ....... 
 
Chap. ///.] Use of Noun Inflexions. 193 
 
 Duas filias juvenibus regiis, Lucio atque Arrunti Tarquiniis, Jungit. 
 
 (Liv.) 
 
 P. et Ser. SuUae. (Sail.) Rarely Ti. et C. Gracchus. (Sail.) 
 Tulliola, deliciolae nostrae, tuum munusculum flagitat. (Cic.) 
 vltae philosophia dux, virtutis indagatrix expultrixque vitiorunx 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 Hoc tibi, Porsinna, juventus Romana indicimus bellum. (Liv.) 
 Ei morbo nomen est avaritia. (Gic.) 
 
 (V) As secondary predicate, either direct or oblique. 
 
 Haec urbs est Roma. Caesar creatus est consul. 
 
 Licet Caesari esse, (creari, legem ferre,) consul!. 
 
 C. Junius aedem Salutis, quam consul voverat, censor locaverat, dic- 
 tator dedicavit. (Liv.) 
 
 Dolabella hesterno die hoste decreto, bellum gerendum est. (Cic.) 
 
 Num potui Ciliciam Aetoliam aut Macedonian! reddere? (Cic.) 
 
 Nequam et cessator Davus : at ipse subtilis veterum judex et caUidus 
 audis. (Hor.) 
 
 Adventus Philotimi at cujus hominis, quam insulsi et quam saepe pro 
 Pompeio mentientis exanimavit omnes. (Cic.) 
 
 Huic item Menaechmo nomen est. (PL Men. 1096.) So usually in 
 Plautus. For the name put in the nominative see last paragraph. 
 
 Puero ab inopia Egerio inditum nomen. (Liv.) 
 
 Tuum 1 , hominis simplicis, pectus vidimus. (Cic.) 
 
 442 The above rules for substantives apply equally to adjectives ; that 
 is to say, adjectives, whether used as attributes or secondary predicates, 
 are put in the case in which a substantive similarly used would be put. 
 The gender and number will vary with the meaning. For adjectives 
 should be regarded as substantives of wide general application (e.g. 
 bonus, ' a good hej bona, ' a good she," 1 bonum, ' a good thing '). 
 
 443 2. An adjective is sufficient by its inflexions of gender and number 
 to denote, if in the masculine, males, or persons generally ; if in the 
 feminine, females ; if in the neuter, things in general. 
 
 An ordinary adjective is not commonly so used in the masculine singular 
 nominative as stibject. But demonstrative and relative pronouns are fre- 
 quently so used in all cases. 
 
 Docti censent. Suavia delectant. Quid est hoc ? 
 
 Cui pretium dedit ? unde aut quantum dedit ? 
 
 Sum timidus. Sum timida. Sunt tiniidae. 
 
 Est miserum igitur mors, quoniam malum. (Cic.) 
 
 Ita prorsus existimo, bonos beatos, improbos miseros. (Cic.) 
 
 Adsentatio non modo amico, sed ne libero quidem, digna est. (Cic.) 
 
 Labor voluptasque, dissimillima natura, societate quadam inter sa 
 
 natural! juncta sunt. (Liv.) 
 Otium atque divitiae, quae prima mortales putant. (Sail.) 
 
 1 Tuum may be considered as a genitive case (of tu) with adjectival 
 inflexions ( 191). 
 
 L. G. 13 
 
194 SYNTAX. \Book IV. 
 
 Capita conjurationis ejus virgis caesi ac securibus percuss! sunt, (Liv.) 
 
 Triste lupus stabulis. (Verg.) 
 
 Varium et mutabile samper femina. (Verg.) 
 
 414 Hence many adjectives of special meaning are constantly used in 
 the appropriate gender as substantives : e. g. 
 Adulescens, agnatus, amicus, animans, infans, juvenis, maritus. neces- 
 
 sarius, rusticus, serpens, socius, &c. 
 Commodum, decretum, dictum, factum, fatmn, ostensum, pactum, pec- 
 
 catum, responsum, secretum, verum, votum, Sec. 
 
 445 3. An adjective when used as attribute to a substantive is put in 
 the same case, gender, and number as that substantive. 
 Vana ilia res verae mox cladis causa fuit. (Liv.) 
 Ego tibi mam Aciliam legem restituo, qua lege inulti, semel dicta causa, 
 condemnati sunt. (Cic.) 
 
 343 4. An adjective intended as attribute to more than one substan- 
 tive is, unless for emphasis' sake, expressed only once, and is put in the 
 case and number of the substantive nearest to itself in the sentence. 
 Omnes agri et maria. Agri et niaria ornnia. 
 Hominis utilitati agros omnis et maria parentia videmus. (Gic.) 
 
 447 5. The substantive to which the adjective is an attribute, is fre- 
 quently, in certain constructions almost always, omitted : viz. 
 
 () Many adjectives being specially applicable, or frequently ap- 
 plied, to particular substantives are used without them, and pass as 
 ordinary substantives. 
 e. g. Africus (ventus) ; cani (capilli) ; circenses (ludi) ; natalis (dies) ; 
 
 occidens (sol) ; September (mensis) ; sestertius (nummus) ; 
 Africa (terra) ; agnina (caro) ; Appia (via) ; aritnmetica (ars) ; calda 
 
 (aqua) ; decuma (pars) ; dextra (mauus) ; fera (bestia) ; Latinae 
 
 (feriae); patria (terra); praetexta (toga); summa (res); triremis 
 
 (navis) ; 
 Cumanum (praedium) ; Falernum, merum (vinum) ; hiberna, stativa 
 
 (castra). 
 
 Some are only so used in particular phrases. 
 Primas (partes) agere, frigidam (aquam) potare. 
 
 443 () When the same substantive is used both as subject and 
 predicate, it is expressed once only, the adjective thus often appearing 
 by itself as secondary predicate. 
 
 Verae amicitiae sempitcrnae sunt. (Cic.) 
 
 E-iuidem ego vobis regnum trado firmum, si boni eritis, sin mali, inbe- 
 cillum. (Sail.) 
 
 443 (r) A substantive is often omitted in one sentence, if it is expressed 
 in the neighbouring clause or sentence. 
 
 So usually (i) where two attributes referring to different things of 
 the same class require the same substantive. 
 
Chap. ///] Use of Noun Inflexions. 195 
 
 Ipsorum lingua Keltae, nostra Galli appellantur. (Caes.) 
 Diversa cornua, dextrura ad castra Samnitium, laevum ad urbem 
 tendit. (Liv.) 
 
 450 (a) With relative and demonstrative pronouns, the substantive 
 (often called the antecedent) is usually expressed in the former of the 
 two clauses only. 
 
 Legati ad Caesarein venerunt. }r ille statim remisit. 
 
 Caritate ea praestat patria, pro qua mori et cui nos totos dedere et in 
 
 qua nostra omnia ponere debemus. (Cic.) 
 Me tuae litterae nunquam in tantam spem induxerunt, quantam ali- 
 
 orum. (Cic.) 
 
 Severitatem in senectute probo, sed earn, sicut alia, modicam. (Cic.) 
 In quern primum Eneti Trojanique egressi sunt locum, Troja vocatur. 
 
 (Liv.) 
 
 451 6. A demonstrative or relative pronoun, used substantively as the 
 subject of a definition, is usually attracted into the gender and number 
 of the defining substantive. 
 Sas divitias, earn bonam famam magnamque nobilitatem, putabant. 
 
 (Sail.) 
 Quae apud alios iracundia dicitur, ea in imperio superbia atque cru- 
 
 delitas appellatur. (Sail.) 
 Haud erat dubium quin Lucerinis opem Romanus ferret : ea modo, qua 
 
 irent, consultatio fuit. (Liv.) 
 Pompeio patre, quod imperio populi Roman! lumen fuit, extincto, inter- 
 
 fectus est patris simillimus fllius. (Cic.) 
 
 452 7. An adjective is frequently found as secondary predicate, where 
 in English we use an adverb or prepositional clause. 
 Soli hoc contingit sapienti, ut nihil faciat invitus, niliil dolens, nihil 
 
 coactus. (Cic.) 
 Marius antea jam infestus nobilitati, turn vero multus atque fercx 
 
 instate. (Sail.) 
 
 Gnavus mane forum et vespertinus pete tectum. (Hor.) 
 Appius jam inde antiquitus insitam familiae pertinaciam, gerendo solus 
 
 censuram, obtinuit. (Liv.) 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 USE OF CASES. 
 
 453 O F the six cases in Latin five have each more than one use : the 
 locative has one only. 
 
 The nominative is quite distinct from the others, which have all 
 some points of resemblance among themselves. 
 
 132 
 
196 SYNTAX. \BookIV. 
 
 The nominative is used both of the subject of the sentence and of 
 the person addressed. 
 
 Of the oblique cases the accusative, dative, locative, and ablative are 
 mainly used in connexion with verbs ; the genitive with nouns. 
 
 The accusative and ablative have a great variety of applications, 
 which, however, may be ultimately reduced to three main uses each ; 
 and there is considerable analogy between them. 
 
 (1) The accusative denotes the area over which an action prevails; 
 the ablative (as also the locative) denotes the point at which it is done. 
 
 (2) The accusative denotes the goal ; the ablative the place of 
 departure. 
 
 (3) The accusative denotes the object of a verbal action ; the 
 ablative denotes the attendant influences and circumstances. 
 
 The dative and the genitive resemble one another in so far that they 
 both have an adjectival use, and both have also a use with verbs : but 
 the adjectival use is the principal use of the genitive and the less im- 
 portant use of the dative ; the use with verbs is much the commonest 
 with the dative, and is occasional and isolated with the genitive. 
 
 454 In their relation to verbs the accusative, dative, and genitive may all 
 denote objects of action ; the accusative the direct object, the dative the 
 indirect object ; the genitive a secondary object; the usual combinations 
 being that the accusative denotes a thing and the dative a person ; or 
 the accusative a person and the genitive a thing. 
 
 Outside this sphere of immediate action the accusative (in its other 
 uses) and the ablative denote the numberless qualifications of place, 
 time, extent, degree, manner, cause, and circumstances generally. 
 
 In their relation to nouns, whether as attributes or predicates, the 
 genitive has the largest use, but the predicative dative, and the ablative 
 of description, also play some part. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 USE OF NOMINATIVE CASE. 
 
 455 THE NOMINATIVE case expresses the 
 
 (A) Name of the person or thing spoken of; 
 
 (B) Name of the person (or thing) spoken to. 
 
 (A) Name of person or thing Spoken of; i. e. the subject of 
 a sentence ; e. g. 
 
 Milo adfuit. Dixit Pompeius. Panduntur portae. 
 
 Tu nescis ? At tu sume peduni. 
 
 Nocens precatur, innocens Irascitur. (Pub. Syr.) 
 
Chap. F.] Use of Nominative Case. 197 
 
 Res, tempus, pericula, egestas, belli spolia magnifica magis, quaia 
 
 oratio mea, vos hortantur. (Sail.) 
 Unde et quo Catius ? (sc. venit). (Hor.) 
 
 453 The nominative is used with en, ecce, as subject to an unexpressed 
 predicate; e.g. 
 
 En, Priamus. Ecce, iterum Crispinus. (Cic.) 
 Ecce tuae litterae de Varrone. (Gic.) 
 En crimen, en causa, cur regem fugitivus accuset. (Juv.) 
 
 457 (B) Name of the person (or thing) spoken to. 
 
 (This is often called the Vocative case. It is distinct in form from 
 the nominative only in some stems in -o. See 108, 112.) 
 Salve, anime mi. mi Clinia, salve. (Ter.) 
 Mater, te appello. 
 
 Ne saevi, magna sacerdos : I, decus, i, nostrum. (Verg.) 
 Corydon, Corydon, quae te dementia cepit ? (Verg.) 
 Vos, Albani tumuli atque luci, vos, inquam, imploro. (Cic.) 
 Pollio,te,Messalla,tuo cum fratre simulque 
 vos Bibule et Servi, simul his te, candide Furni, 
 prudens praetereo. (Hor.) 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 USE OF ACCUSATIVE CASE. 
 
 458 THE ACCUSATIVE is used in three principal senses, each of which 
 admits of several applications. It expresses 
 
 (A) The compass of an action or quality; e.g. 
 
 i. Space over which; e.g. duo millia progredior, I step forward 
 two miles. 
 
 a. Time throughout which ; e. g. dies noctisque crucior, / am 
 tortured whole days and nights. 
 
 3. Extent of action of verb; e.g. multum unus poterat, He alone 
 had much power. 
 
 4. Part concerned (poetic usage) ; e.g. tremit artus, He trembles 
 all over his limbs. 
 
 5. Extent ; further defined by numerous prepositions. 
 
 (B) The goal to which motion is directed; i.e. 
 
 i. Place towards which ; e.g. Romam venit, He comes to Rome. 
 i. An action as the goal of motion; e.g. Salutatum venit, He comes 
 to greet. 
 
 3. Goal, further defined by numerous prepositions. 
 
198 SYNTAX. \Bo0kIV. 
 
 (C) The direct object of an action; e.g. 
 
 i. Direct object of transitive verb; e.g. Cave canem, Ware dog, 
 
 a. (Certain special usages ; viz.) 
 
 (a) Two direct objects ; e. g. Me sententiara rogavit, He asked me 
 an opinion. 
 
 (b) Object of passive or reflexive verb; e.g. Suffusus oculos, 
 Having his eyes suffused. 
 
 (c) Object of verb understood. In exclamations; e.g. Ma miserum, 
 Unhappy me. 
 
 These uses may be set forth more in detail as follows : 
 
 459 (A) Compass or measure of action, state, or quality; 
 used to qualify verbs, adjectives, and nominal adverbs. 
 
 i. Space over, along, about which; i.e. distance, length, &c. 
 Usually with adjective or attributive genitive. 
 Caesar tridui iter processit. Murus decem pedes altus. 
 Abest ab Utica mille passus. 
 A recta conscientia transversum unguem non oportet discedere. (Cic.) 
 
 Sometimes this accusative denoting the distance is used to define the 
 place reached; e.g. Caesar milia passuum tria ab Helvetionun castris 
 castra ponit. (Caes.) 
 
 460 2. Time throughout which. 
 
 Noctes vigilabat ad ipsum mane, diem totum gtertebat. (Hor.) 
 Annum jam audis Cratippum. (Cic.) 
 Neque ille hoc animo erit aetatem. (Ter.) 
 Sex. Roscius annos natus quadraginta. 
 
 Id temporis, at that time, istuc aetatis, at that age, are not uncom- 
 monly used. (For the genitives temporis, aetatis, see 522 b. ) 
 
 461 3- The extent of action of the verb expressed, 
 either (a) by a neuter adjective of quantity or pronoun ; 
 
 Nos aliquid Rutulos juvimus. (Verg.) 
 
 Quid me ista laedunt ? 
 
 Unum sentitis omnes, unum studetis. (Cic.) 
 
 So commonly tantum, quantum, multum, plus, postremum, &c. 
 
 Other adjectives are used in poetry. 
 
 Dulce ridentem Lalagen amabo, dulce loquentem. (Hor.) 
 Asper, acerba tuens, retro redit. (Verg.) 
 
 () or by a substantive of the same meaning as the verb, accom- 
 panied usually by an oblique adjectival predicate. (Cognate accusative), 
 lamne tibi diu videor vitam vivere ? (Plaut.) 
 Hunc, oro, sine me furere ante furorem. (Verg.) 
 Tuis servivi servitutem imperils, pater. (Plaut.) 
 
 462 4- Part concerned; in poetry chiefly of parts of the body ; in prose 
 rare, and only in a few expressions. (The Ablative is more used, 497.) 
 Os humerosque deo similis. (Verg.) 
 
 Statque latus praeflxa veru, stat saucia pectus. (Tib.) 
 
 Feminae lineis amictibus velantur, nudae brachia et lacertos. (Tac.) 
 
Chap. VIJ\ Use of Accusative Case. 199 
 
 Sollicitus vicem imperatoris. (Liv. ) 
 
 Maximam partem lacte atque pecore vivunt. (Caes. ) 
 
 Phrases like id genus, of that kind ; capita virile secus (Liv.), persons 
 of the male sex, are most like to accusatives of extent. 
 
 463 5. The accusative of compass or extent is often used with prepo- 
 sitions which define it more exactly ; e. g. 
 
 Trans Tiberim longe cubat is, prope Caesaris hortos. (Hor.) 
 
 Some prepositions, especially trans, even in composition, retain their 
 
 ordinary vise with the accusative; e.g. 
 
 Hannibal Hiberum copias trajecit. (Liv. ) 
 
 Belgae Rhenum antiquitus traducti sunt. (Caes.) 
 
 Analogous to the use with prepositions is the accusative after the 
 
 adverbs propius, proximo (Cic., Liv.) and the adjectives propior, proximus 
 
 (Caes., Sail.). 
 
 Exercitum habet quam proxime hostem. (Cic.) 
 
 Ipse propior montem suos collocat. (SalL) 
 
 464 (B) Goal to which motion is directed. 
 
 i. Proper names of towns and of islands (small enough to be 
 considered as one place) are used in the accusative in this sense without 
 a preposition. So also domum (home, not bouse), rus, foras. 
 
 In poetry names of countries and appellatives as well as proper 
 names are so used. 
 In Sicilian! Syracnsas abitt 
 
 Leucadem venimus : inde Corcyram bellissiine navigavimus. (Cic.) 
 Domum ad te scribas. Senex rus se abdidit. 
 Italiam fato profugus Lavinaque venit littora. (Verg.) 
 Exercitus Aquiloniain est indictus. (Liv.) 
 Matronam domum accepit. (Liv.) 
 
 463 A preposition ad, in, c. is usually required when the place to- 
 wards which 
 
 (a) is expressed by common noun ; e. g. ad caput, ad te veniet. 
 
 (l>] is interior of country, &c. ; e.g. in Siciliam, in urbem venit; or 
 neighbourhood, e.g. ad urbem venit. 
 
 (c) has urbem, &c. in apposition; these require ad or in, e.g. ivit 
 Tarquinios in urbem Etruriae magnam ; venit in oppidum Cirtam. 
 
 466 a. An action as the goal of motion or the like. 
 
 This use is almost confined to the so-called supine in -urn, really 
 the accusative singular of a verbal substantive with stem ending in u. 
 Spectatum veniunt, veniunt spectentur ut ipsae. (Ov.) 
 Lusum it Maecenas, dormitum ego Vergiliusque. (Hor.) 
 Coctum ego, non vapulatum dudum conductus fui. (Plant.) 
 Daturne ilia Pamphilo hodie nuptum ? (Ter.) 
 
 Similarly infitias ire, to go to deny. 
 
 46 7 3. The accusative expressive of the goal is often used with 
 prepositions, which define it more exactly. 
 
 In Sicilian! ad regem militatum abiit. (Ter.) 
 
 Occasionally a preposition retains this use in composition. 
 Rostra advolat. Arbitrum ttliun adegit. 
 
200 'SYNTAX. \BookIV. 
 
 463 (C) Direct object of a transitive verb or participle: 
 Non silvas ilia nee amnes ; rus amat et ramos felicia poma ferentis. 
 
 (Ov.) 
 
 Cervius iratus leges minitatur et umam. (Hor.) 
 Cave canem. Egi gratias. Dat miM verba. 
 
 469 Many verbs not originally transitive become such either (a) by composi- 
 tion, or (b) by a stretch of the conception especially in poetry or animated 
 language. 
 
 (a) Venio, / come, convenio, 7 visit ; loquor, 7 speak, adloquor, 7 
 address ; sto, I stand, praesto, I guarantee ot perform. 
 
 (b} Horreo, I shudder, hence I fear ; ardeo, I am on fire, hence I love ; 
 resono, 7 resound, hence 7 re-echo ; erubesco, 7 blush, hence 7 bhish at. 
 Jura fidemque supplicis erubuit. (Verg.) 
 Formosam resonant Amaryllida silvae. (Verg.) 
 Pastorem saltaret uti Cyclopa, rogabat. (Hor.) 
 Tribunatum etiam nunc spirans, locum seditionis quaerit. (Liv.) 
 
 470 This same objective accusative is used in certain special ways : 
 
 (a) Some verbs have two direct objects, one a person, the other 
 a thing. These arp doceo, teach ; celo, keep in ignorance of; posco, oro, 
 flagito, rogo and compounds. 
 Non te celavi sermonem T. Ampil. (Cic.) 
 Tribunus me primum sententiam rogavit. (Cic.) 
 
 The accusative of the thing remains even when the verb is put in 
 passive voice. 
 Latinae legiones longa societate militiam Romanam edoctae. (Liv.) 
 
 471 () In the poets many passive verbs, especially in the past parti- 
 ciple, retain in the accusative the direct object, expressing either 
 
 (i) A part of the body, &c. (frequent). 
 
 Consurgit senior, tunicaque inducitur artus. (Verg.) 
 
 Hie juvenis, casta redimitus tempora lauro. (Tib.) 
 
 Jam satiata animos, jam duros ulta dolores. (Cic.) 
 
 or (2) A thing worn, &c. (less frequent). 
 Pueri laevo suspensi loculos tabulamque lacerto. (Hor.) 
 Vestes induta recinctas, nuda pedem, nudos humeris infusa capillos. 
 
 (Ov.) 
 
 472 (c) The accusative is also used in exclamations, really object to 
 some verb understood. (The particular verb is often quite unim- 
 portant, and probably not distinctly conceived.) The object has 
 usually an oblique predicate. 
 
 fortunatos nimium, sua si bona norint, agricolas. (Verg.) 
 
 excubias tuas, Cn. Planci, miseras ! o flebiles vigilias ! o noctis 
 
 acerbas ! o custodiam etiam mei capitis infelicem. (Cic.) 
 Di vostram fidem ! hominem perditum miserumque. (Ter.) 
 En quattuor aras ! ecce duas tibi, Daphni, duas altaria Phoebo. (Verg.) 
 
 Similarly Di meliora (sc. dent). Me hercules (sc. juvet). 
 Unde mini lapidem ? (sc. capiam). 
 Sed quo divitias liaec per tormenta coactas ? (sc. habes). 
 
Chap. VII.'] Use of Dative Case. 201 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 USE OF DATIVE CASE. 
 
 473 THE DATIVE case is used in two principal senses only. 
 
 (A) It expresses the indirect object, which is usually a person; 
 e.g. Hoc tibi facio, I do this for you. 
 
 Besides the general use, there are several special uses of the indirect 
 object. 
 
 (a) Where a local relation is implied ; e. g. Labuntur flumina 
 ponto, The streams glide on to the sea, i.e. for the sea to receive them. 
 
 () Agent; e.g. Haec mihi dicta sunt, These things I have said 
 (lit. are for me said things}* 
 
 (V) Person judging; e.g. Formosa est multis, She is fair in the 
 eyes of many. 
 
 (/) Person interested in a statement; e.g. Quid mihi Celsus agit? 
 What, pray, is Celsus doing ? 
 
 (e) Person possessing ; e. g. Sunt mihi divitiae, / have riches. 
 
 CO Where a genitive might have been expected ; e. g. Heres est 
 fratri, He is heir to his brother. 
 
 (<") Work contemplated ; e. g. Signum receptui, The signal for 
 retreat. 
 
 (B) It is used predicatively in a quasi-adjectival sense (Dative 
 of the thing, also called Dative of the purpose) ; e. g. Haec res curae est 
 mihi, This thing is an object of care to me, i.e. / am attending to the matter. 
 
 These uses may be set forth more in detail as follows : 
 
 474 (A) i. The indirect object is the person (or thing) affected 
 by the occurrence of an action or by the exercise of a quality, although 
 not directly or primarily acted on. 
 
 The indirect word put in the dative belongs properly to the whole 
 predicate of the clause, though there is often some word in the sentence 
 whose meaning is naturally supplemented by such an indirect object. 
 
 The indirect object may be used with or without a direct object. 
 A transitive verb will often have both : an intransitive verb has only the 
 indirect object. 
 
 (a) With simple verbs : 
 
 Tibi aras, tibi occas, tibi seris, tibi etiam metes. (Plaut.) 
 Quo licuit libris, non licet ire mihi. (Ov.) 
 Dicit Cleomeni : Tibi uni. parcam. (Cic.) 
 Cum tibi nubebam, nulli mea taeda nocebat. (Ov.) 
 Quid volui misero mihi? (Verg.) Tuas res tibi habeto. 
 Quae xnunera Niso digna dabis? Eisit pater optimus olli. (Verg.) 
 
202 SYNTAX. \Book IV. 
 
 () With compound verbs : 
 
 Applicor ignotis, fratrique elapsa fretoque. (Ov.) 
 Vitam adulescentibus vis aufert, senibus maturitas. (Gic.) 
 Cassius incendiis, Cethegus caedi praeponebatur. (Cic.) 
 Tu, mini qui imperitas, aliis servls miser. (Hor.) 
 Solstitium pecori defendite. (Verg.) 
 
 (V) With adjectives ; 
 
 Fiunt omnia castris quara urbi similiora. (Liv.) 
 Triste lupus stabulis, maturis frugibus imbres. (Verg.) 
 
 475 a. The indirect object is especially noticeable in the following 
 usages : 
 
 (a) Where a local relation literal or figurative is implied. Cicero 
 and Caesar would generally use a preposition with its case, but Livy 
 and the poets often put a dative. 
 A te principium : tibi desinam. (Verg.) 
 Incumbens tereti Damon sic coepit olivae. (Verg.) 
 Nos onera quibusdam bestiis, nos juga inponimus. (Cic.) 
 Adequitabant Samnites vallo. (Liv.) 
 
 476 () Agent (regarded not strictly as agent, but as person affected). 
 Regularly with gerundive and sometimes with passive participle or 
 adjective in -bill. Otherwise rare. 
 
 Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda. (Caes.) 
 
 Suo cuique judicio utendum st. (Cic.) 
 
 Cui non sunt auditae Demosthenis vigiliae ? (Cic.) 
 
 Multis ille bonis flebilis occidit, nuUi flebilior quam tibi. (Hor.) 
 
 Terra tibi, nobis aspiciuntur aquae. (Ov.) 
 
 In prose aspiciuntur a nobis; sometimes a nobis aspiciundae sunt. 
 
 477 (c) Person judging. 
 
 Fortunatus sibi Damocles videbatur. (Cic.) 
 
 In qua tu nata es, terra beata mini est. (Ov.) 
 
 Animo cupienti nihil satis festinatur. (Sail.) 
 
 Verum confltentibus latifundia perdidere Italiam. (Plin.) 
 
 478 (d) Person interested in a statement: only personal pronouns in 
 lively, often in ironical expressions. (Called Dativus ethicus.) 
 
 Haec vobis illorum per biduum militia fuit. (Liv.) 
 At tibi repente venit ad me Caninius mane. (Cic.) 
 En vobis juvenem efflgiem atque imaginem mei. (Liv.) 
 
 479 (e) Person possessing : generally with verb of being. 
 An nescis longas regibus esse manus. (Ov.) 
 
 Semper in civitate, quibus opes nullae sunt, bonis invident. (Sail.) 
 Quo mini fortunam, si non conceditur uti? (Hor.) 
 Res est omnis in hac causa nobis cum Clodia. (Cic.) 
 Malum quidem militibus meis, nisi quieverint. (Liv.) 
 Em tibi (Plaut). Vae capiti tuo. 
 
 (N.B. The dative is used when the gist of the question relates to the 
 thing possessed ; the genitive when it relates to the possessor.) 
 
Chap. VII.] Use of Dative Case. 203 
 
 480 (./*) The dative is often so closely connected with a noun in the 
 sentence, that a genitive might have been expected. Chiefly in poets 
 and Livy. 
 
 (Cato) urbi pater est urbique maritus. (Luc.) 
 
 0111 dura quies oculos et ferreus urguet somnus. (Verg.) 
 
 Puero dormienti, cul Servio Tullio fuit nomen, caput arsisse ferunt. 
 
 (Liv.) 
 
 481 () Work contemplated: chiefly verbal substantives and gerundival 
 expressions, dependent mainly on substantives, or esse. 
 
 Decemviri legibus scribendis. Lex operi faciundo. 
 Diem concUio constituerunt. (Caes.) 
 Solvendo non erat Magius. (Gic.) 
 Aquam p6tui nuUam reperiebamus. 
 
 482 (B) Predicative dative: expressing that which a thing (or 
 person) serves as, or occasions. 
 
 This dative is usually a semi-abstract substantive, always in the 
 singular number, and without any attribute, except sometimes simple 
 quantitative adjectives: e.g. magnus, major, minor, nullus, tantus, 
 quantus. 
 
 A personal dative is generally added (as indirect object) : 
 
 (a) With the verb esse (so most frequently). 
 Exitio est avidis mare nautis. (Hor.) 
 
 Cogor vobis prius oneri quam usui esse. (Sail.) 
 
 Vitis ut arboribus decori est, ut vitibus uvae, tu decus omne tuis. 
 
 (Verg.) 
 
 Odi odioque sum Romanis. (Liv.) 
 Ea res nemini unquam fraud! fuit. (Cic.) 
 Evenit facile quod dis cordi est. (Liv.) 
 Haec non operae 1 est referre. (Liv.) 
 
 (b) With habere, ducere, dare, vertere, &c. 
 
 Medium ex tribus sedere apud Numidas honor! ducitur. (Sail.) 
 Curae, quid tibi desit, habet. (Ov.) 
 Quis erit, vitio qui id vortat tibi ? (Plaut.) 
 
 Tu id in me reprehendis, quod Q. Metello laudi datum est, hodieque est 
 et semper erit maximae gloriae. (Cic.) 
 
 (c) With other verbs, especially verbs of motion, &c. : only 
 auxilio, praesidio, subsidio. 
 
 Equitatum auxilio Caesari miserant. (Caes.) 
 
 Quinque cohortes castris praesidio relinquit. (Caes.) 
 
 Romanis post proelium demum factum Samnites venerunt subsidio. 
 
 (Liv.) 
 
 1 Most grammarians take operae as a genitive. 
 
204 SYNTAX. \Book IV. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 USE OF LOCATIVE AND ABLATIVE CASES. 
 
 483 THE LOCATIVE and ABLATIVE cases express adverbial qualifica- 
 tions referable to the general types of 
 
 (A) Place where, 
 
 (B) Instrument, 
 
 (C) Place whence. 
 
 The locative ex pressed place where, and was applied also by analogy 
 to time and amount. 
 
 The uses of the ablative appear to arise from three sources : (i) a 
 case expressing an instrument; (2) a confusion of the form of this case 
 with that of the locative ; (3) a case expressing place whence. The 
 result is that the ablative in some of its uses coincides with the locative, 
 but this is chiefly where the notion of instrument could be conceived 
 as present. 
 
 A preposition (at, in, ly, with, from) is generally required in English 
 translation. 
 
 These uses may be summarily stated as follows : 
 
 484 (A) PLACE WHERE. (B) INSTRUMENT. 
 i. Place at which. 
 
 Locative : e. g. Romae fuit, He was at Rome. 
 Ablative : e.g. Campo jacet, He lies in the plain. 
 
 i. Time w r hen or within which. 
 
 Locative : (a, Z>) Die quinti venit, He came on the fifth day. 
 Ablative: (a) e.g. Eorum adventu fcaec dixit, On their arrival he 
 said this. 
 
 () e.g. Tribus horis Iter confecit, He accomplished the 
 journey in three hours. 
 
 3. Amount at which. 
 
 Locative : e. g. Quanti hoc emitur ? What is the price of this ? (lit. 
 
 At how much is this purchased?}. 
 
 Ablative: (a) e.g. Parvo emitur, The price is small (lit. It is pur- 
 chased for a small sum}. 
 () e.g. Quanto ille major eat? How much greater is he? 
 
Chap. VIII.} Use of Locative and Ablative Cases. 205 
 
 The remaining usages have ablative only, viz. 
 
 4. (a) Part concerned; e.g. Tarn re quam dictu mirabile, Strange 
 
 as much in fact as in words. 
 
 (ti\ Means ; e. g. Cornibus tauri se tutantur, Bulls defend them- 
 selves with horns. 
 
 (<:) Efficient cause ; e. g. Maerore consenescit, He is getting old 
 with sorrow. 
 
 j. (#) Description; e.g. Vir mediocri Ingenio, A man of moderate 
 ability. 
 
 () Manner ; 
 
 (i) with attribute; e.g. Bona fide hoc polliceor, I pro- 
 mise you this in good faith. 
 (a) without attribute; e.g. Nee via nee arte dicebant, 
 
 They were speaking neither methodically nor skilfully. 
 
 (c) Attendant circumstances ; e. g. Quid hoc populo obtineri 
 potest ? What can be maintained with a people like 
 this ? (or, when a people is like this ?). 
 
 6. Use with prepositions ; e.g. In primis, among thejirst. 
 
 (C) PLACE WHENCE (Ablative). 
 
 i. Place from which movement is made ; e.g. Roma cedit, He de- 
 parts from Rome. 
 
 i. Thing from which separation takes place; e.g. Pellit homines 
 loco, He dri-ves men from the place. 
 
 3. Origin ; e.g. Jove natus, Sprung from Jove. 
 
 4. Standard of comparison ; e.g. Quis melior Cicerone? TVho is 
 better than Cicero ? 
 
 5. Use with prepositions; e.g. A principio, From the commencement. 
 
 These uses may be set forth more in detail as follows : 
 485 (A) PLACE WHERE. (B) INSTRUMENT. 
 
 1. Place at which. (() Locative and (#) Ablative.) 
 
 (a) The Locative is used for names of towns and of islands small 
 enough to be considered as one place: Also humi, on the ground; domi, 
 at home; (and in connexion with domi) belli, militiae, in war; viciniae 
 (Plant. Ter.) and animi (plur. animis) in certain phrases expressing 
 doubt or anxiety. 
 
 Here also belong the so-called adverbs hie, Ullc, istic (more rarely 
 illl, istl) ; also (perhaps) ubi, ibi, &c. 
 
 Negotiari libet : cur non Pergami ? Smyrnae ? Trallibus ? (Cic.) 
 Ex acie fugientes, non prius quam Venusiae aut Canusii constiterunt. 
 
 (Liv.) 
 
 Plebem Romanam militiae domique colui. (Liv.) 
 Discrucior animi. (Ter.) Pendemus animis. (Cic.) 
 
206 SYNTAX. \Book IV. 
 
 If a relative follows the locative, the adverb ubi, quo, &c. is used, not 
 the adjective ; e.g. mortuus Cumis quo se contulerat, not in quas se con- 
 tulerat; but in quam urbem &c. is right. 
 
 4S6 (<&) The Ablative in ordinary prose is used for names of towns 
 or small islands if they have consonant or -i stems (the locative is also 
 used, but more rarely). Also rure, parte, regione (all with attribute), 
 loco, locis, dextra, laeva, medio, terra, marique, and expressions with 
 totus or medius as attribute. The poets use this ablative more freely. 
 Romae Tibur amem ventosus, Tibure Romam. (Hor.) 
 Bellum terra et mari comparat. (Cic.) 
 Totis trepidatur castris. (Caes.) 
 Hasta prior terra, medio stetit altera tergo. (Ov.) 
 
 487 A preposition is in prose usually required when the place at which 
 
 (a) is expressed by common noun ; e. g. in foro. 
 
 (b) is interior, or neighbourhood of town or country; e,g. in Hispania. 
 
 (c) has urbe, oppido in apposition; e.g. in oppido Antiochiae erat, 
 
 He was at Antioch in the town. 
 
 38 The simple ablative' is used in some metaphorical expressions ; 
 especially loco (locis), numero, principle, initio. 
 Senator! jussa tria sunt ; ut adsit ; ut loco dicat, id est, rogatus ; ut 
 
 modo, ne sit inflnitus. (Cic.) 
 Principle nobis in cunctas undique partis nulla est finis. (Lucr.) 
 
 AC 9 So also where the place is also the means : 
 
 Conjurant, qui victus acie excessisset, eum ne quis urbe, tecto, mensa, 
 
 lare reciperet. (Liv.) 
 Hospitio me invitabit propter famUiaritatem notissimam. (Cic.) 
 
 90 With verbs of motion the simple ablative often expresses the road 
 by which. 
 
 Lupus Esquilina porta ingressus, Tusco vico per portam Capenam 
 
 evaserat. (Liv.) 
 Tendimus nine recta Beneventum (sc. via). (Hor.) 
 
 31 2. (a) Time when. 
 
 Locative: chiefly pridie, postridie, quotidie, Sec. and vesperi, heri, 
 temper!, luci 1 . 
 Cum Canluius ad me pervesperi venisset et se postridie mane ad te 
 
 iturum esse dixlsset, conscripsi epistolam noctu. (Cic.) 
 Advorsum veniri mini ad Philolachem volo temperi. (Plant.) 
 
 Ablative ; generally with adjective. 
 Castoris aedes eodem anno Idibus QuintUibus dedicata est. Vota erat 
 
 Latino bello. (Liv.) 
 
 Arabes campos et montes hieme et aestate peragrant. (Cic.) 
 Livius fabulam dedit C. Claudio, M. Tuditano consulibus. (Cic.) 
 
 1 It is possible that luci &c. may really be ablatives. Cf. 124. 
 
Chap. F///.] Use of Locative and Ablative Cases. 207 
 
 492 (<?) Time in the course of which (only ablative). 
 Tribus horis Aduatucam venire potestis. (Caes.) 
 
 Si debuisset, Sexte, petisses statim ; si non statim, paulo quidem post ; 
 
 si non paulo, at aliquant o ; sex quidem illis men si bus profecto : 
 
 anno vertente sine controversia. (Cic.) 
 Ergo Ms annis quadringentis Romae rex erat. (Cic.) 
 
 493 (0 Time throughout which; rarely except in post- Augustan 
 writers. 
 
 Maestitia est camisse anno Circensibus uno. (Juv.) 
 
 Octoginta annis vixit. Quid quaeris quanidiu vixerit 1 (Sen.). 
 
 494 3. Amount at which. 
 
 Locative. In expressions of -value, qualifying verbs. 
 
 The genitives pluris, minoris, assis, are also used in the same sense, 
 probably by mistaken analogy. 
 
 Tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris also express price with verbs of selling, 
 &c. 
 Sume hoc tisanariuni oryzae. Quanti emptae 7 Parvo. Quanti ergo 1 
 
 Octussibus. (Hor. 
 
 Parvl sunt foris arma, nisi est consilium domi. (Cic.) 
 
 Pater id nili pendit. (Ter.) 
 
 Majores nostri in legibus posiverunt furem dupli condemnari, faenera- 
 
 torem quadrupli. (Cato.) 
 Tanti est, It is worth while. 
 
 433 Ablative. () Price, cost, penalty. 
 
 Vendidit hie auro patriam : fixit leges pretio atque refixit. (Verg.) 
 
 In Sicilia summum ternis HS tritici modius erat. (Cic.) 
 
 Magno illi ea cunctatio stetit. (Liv.) 
 
 Plurimi animos, quasi capite damnatos, morte rnultant. 
 
 Perhaps here belongs the ablative regularly used with dignus, 
 dignari. 
 
 Idem fecit L. Philippus vir patre avo majoribusque dignissimus. (Cic.) 
 Haud equidem tali me dignor honore. (Verg.) 
 
 493 () Amount of difference: with adjectives in comparative or 
 superlative degree ; ante, post, &c. Also with distare, abesse. 
 Nonnunquam uno die longiorem mensem faciunt aut biduo. (Cic.) 
 Dante si nigro fieres vel uno turpior ungui, crederem. (Hor.) 
 Quo plures erant Veientes, eo major caedes fuit. (Liv.) 
 Voverat aedem decem annis ante Punicum bellum. (Liv.) 
 Aesculapi templum quinque milibus passuum ab urbe distat. (Liv.) 
 
 497 4. Part concerned, means, cause: without or with an oblique 
 predicate. 
 
 (a) Part concerned or thing in point of which a term is 
 applied or an assertion made : qualifying chiefly intransitive verbs and 
 nouns. (In English the preposition in, or phrases in point of, as 
 regards, are generally used.) 
 
208 SYNTAX. [Book IV. 
 
 Non tu quidem tota re, sed quod maximum est, temporibus errasti. 
 
 (Gic.) 
 
 Capti auribus et oculis metu omnes torpere. (Liv.) 
 Quantus erat Calchas extis, Telamonius armis. Automedon curru, tantus 
 
 amator ego. (Ov.) 
 Herbas edunt formidulosas dictu, non essu modo. (Plaut.) 
 
 498 So also after expressions of plenty and want, and verbs of depriva- 
 tion. 
 
 Dives agris, dives positis in faenore nummis. (Hor.) 
 
 Villa abundat porco, liaedo, agno, gallina, lacte, caseo, melle. (Cic.) 
 
 Huic tradita urbs est, nuda praesidio, referta copiis. (Cic.) 
 
 Ariovistus onmi Gallia interdixit Romanes. (Caes.) 
 
 Med iUo auro tanto circumduxit. (Plaut.) 
 
 499 (^) Means, i.e. instrument or stuff with, or by which, 
 a thing is done. Chiefly with transitive verbs. (In English the prepo- 
 sitions by, with, or such phrases as by means of, are generally used.) 
 
 Cornibus tauri, apri dentibus, morsu leones, aliae bestiae fuga se, 
 
 aliae occultatione tutantur. (Cic.) 
 His ego rebus pascor, his delector, his perfruor. (Cic.) 
 Amicos neque armis cogere neque auro parare queas: officio et fide 
 
 pariuntur. (Sail.) 
 
 Odio premitur omnium generum, maxime testibus caeditur. (Cic.) 
 Quid hoc nomine faciatis? (Cic.) 
 
 500 So fungor (lit. / busy myself), discharge; fruor (lit. I enjoy myself), 
 enjoy; nltor (lit. / support myself), lean on; potior (lit. make myself 
 powerful), am master of; vescor (lit. 1 feed myself), feed on; utor (lit. 
 I employ myself), use; opus est (lit. there is a work to be done), there 
 is need of; usus est, there is employment for ; have an ablative of 
 this class. 
 
 Possunt aliquando oculi non fungi suo munere. (Cic.) 
 
 Commoda quibus utimur, lucemque qua fruimur, spiritumque quern 
 
 ducimus, a Jove nobis dari videmus. (Cic.) 
 Nunc animis opus, Aenea, mine pectore firmo. (Verg.) 
 
 In the early language (e.g. Plautus) these verbs were used in the same 
 meanings with a direct object in accusative; e.g. Omnia perfunctus vital 
 munera marces. (Lucr.) 
 
 501 (c) Efficient cause, or ground or influence. (In English 
 the prepositions '/or,' ''from,' or expressions ' in consequence of," 1 ' under 
 the influence ofj are generally used.) 
 
 Paene ille timore, ego risu conrui. (Cic.) 
 
 Tarn longo spatio multa hereditatibus, multa emptionibus, multa doti- 
 
 bus tenebantur sine injuria. (Cic.) 
 Maerore et lacrimis consenescebat. (Cic.) 
 Censetur Apona Livio suo teUus. (Mart.) 
 
Chap. VIIL} Use of Ablative Case. 209 
 
 502 5. Description, manner, circumstances ; usually with noun, 
 participle, or genitive case : as oblique predicate. 
 
 (a) Description or characteristic quality: qualifying the 
 verb ease" or substantives. 
 Qua facie fait? Rufus quidam, ventriosus, crassis suris, subniger, 
 
 magno capite. acutis oculis, ore rubicundo, admodum magnis pedi- 
 
 bus. (Plaut.) 
 
 Affirmabat se omnino nomine illo servum habere neminem. (Cic.) 
 Sunt solida primordia simplicitate. (Lucr.) 
 L. Catilina nobill genere natus fuit, magna vi et animi et corporis, sed 
 
 ingenio malo pravoque. (Sail.) 
 Tribuni militum consular! pot-estate. 
 
 503 () Way or manner : usually with adjectival predicate, except 
 in certain words and occasional expressions. 
 
 1. With predicate : either adjective or genitive case. 
 
 Primo, si placet, Stoicorum more agamus, deinde nostro institute 
 
 vagabimur. (Cic.) 
 Marius quadrate agmine incedit. (Sail.) 
 
 So aequo animo, with equanimity ; bona fide, in good faith ; dolo 
 malo, maliciously ; eadem opera (Plaut.), at the same time; un& opera 
 (Plaut.), just as well ; magno (tanto, &c.) opere, greatly meo jure, of 
 my own right; paucis (sc. verbis), in a few words. 
 
 2. Without predicate : mostly in old phrases, or where the thing 
 may be regarded loosely as an instrument or cause. 
 
 Existima modo et ratione omnia Romae Naeviura fecisse, si hoc recte 
 
 atque ordine factum vldetur. (Cic.) 
 Caesar ad opus consuetudine excubabat. (Caes.) 
 Vix ea fatus eram, gemitu cum talia reddit. (Verg.) 
 Ex essedis desiliunt et pedibus proeliantur. (Caes.) 
 
 So also acie, in line of battle ; agmine, in marching order ; clamore, 
 with a shout; condicionibus, on conditions ; curriculo (Plaut.) cursu, 
 running; dolo, craftily, maliciously ; forte, by chance ; gratiis, for thanks, 
 (i.e. without payment}-, jure, rightfully; injuria, wrongfully; joco, in joke; 
 moribus, in customary fashion ; natura, by nature ; occidione occidere, to 
 annihilate; silent io, in silence; sponte, voluntarily; vi, by force ; vitio, 
 faultily; voluntate, of free-will ; vulgo, commonly; usu, in practice; and 
 others. 
 
 504 00 Attendant circumstances under which an action takes 
 place or an assertion is made. (This is commonly called, at least in 
 some uses, ablative absolute?) 
 
 This ablative may often be translated into English by 'when,' 'if,' 
 ' although,' &c. with finite verb. It is indeed, especially when the oblique 
 predicate is a participle, equivalent to an adverbial sentence. 
 
 i. With noun (adjective or genitive case) as (oblique) predicate. 
 Quid hoc populo obtineri potest ? (Cic.) 
 Nil desperandum Teucro duce et auspice Teucro. (Hor.) 
 
 L. G. 14 
 
210 SYNTAX. [Book IV. 
 
 Me nomine negligentiae suspectum tibi esse doleo. (Cic.) 
 Tabulas in foro summa hominum frequentia exscribo. (Cic.) 
 
 So mea sententia, in my opinion ; mea causa, for my sake ; meo peri- 
 culo, at my risk ; tuo commodo, if convenient to yoii ; hujus arbitratu, 
 at this man's choice ; salvis legibus, without breach of the statutes, &c. 
 
 505 2. With present or perfect passive participle as (oblique) predi- 
 cate. (N.B. The future active participle and, of deponents, the per- 
 fect participle are rarely so used.) 
 
 Haec dicente consule, equites circumfunduntur. (Liv.) 
 
 Celeriter effecto opere legionibusque traductis et loco castris idoneo 
 
 delecto reliquas copias revocavit. (Caes.) 
 Senatus haberi mense Februario toto non potest, nisi perfectis aut 
 
 rejectis legationibus. (Cic.) 
 
 The perfect participle sometimes and occasionally other adjectives have 
 a sentence for subject. 
 
 Haec tibi dictabam, excepto quod non simul esses, cetera laetus. (Hor.) 
 Inde ad Pluinnam est progressus, nondum comperto quam reglonem 
 hostes petissent. (Liv.) 
 
 506 Sometimes the perfect participle stands alone ; and this adverbial use 
 is frequent in many adjectives. 
 
 Eos sortito in provincias mitti placet. 
 
 Vix tandem, magnis Ithaci clamoribus actus, composito rumpit vocem. 
 
 (Verg.) 
 Tranqulllo, ut aiunt, quilibet gubernator est. (Sen.) 
 
 So necopinato, unexpectedly; consulto, deliberately; augurato, after 
 taking the auspices ; merito, deservedly; falso, falsely ; assiduo, freqtiently ; 
 liquido, clearly. 
 
 507 Ablatives of this class are frequent with opus and occasional with usus. 
 Opus fuit Hirtio convento. (Cic.) 
 
 Priusquam incipias, consulto, et, ubi consulueris, mature facto opus est. 
 
 (Sail.) 
 
 The phrase quid opust facto? c. is very common in Plautus, c. 
 (Perhaps it is a combination of quid est opus? and quo facto est opus?) 
 
 608 6. The ablative of ' place where' is frequently used with prepositions 
 which define it more exactly : e. g. 
 Coram judice. In manu. Pro muris. Sub terra jacet. 
 
 509 C. PLACE WHENCE (Ablative). 
 
 i. Place from which movement is made. 
 
 This use of the ablative without a preposition is in prose usually 
 confined to the names of towns ; small islands ; and to the words domo, 
 rure, humo. 
 
 Damaratus fugit Tarquinios Corintho. (Cic.) 
 Nos adhuc Brundisio nihil (sc. audivimus). Roma scripsit Brutus. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 Crebri cscidere caelo lapides. (Liv.) 
 
Chap. VIII.] Use of Ablative Case. 21 r 
 
 610 A preposition (ab, de, ex) is in prose usually required when the ' place 
 from which ' 
 
 (a) is expressed by a common noun or name of person; e.g. ex saxo 
 cadere ; a Pollione venire. 
 
 (b) is interior or neighbourhood of town or country; e.g. ex Hlspania 
 veiiit : a Gergovia discessit. 
 
 (c) has urbe, oppido prefixed in apposition ; these require ex or ab, 
 e.g. expellitur ex oppido Gergovia; Tusculo ex clarissimo municipio 
 profectus. 
 
 (d) in expressions of mere distance; e.g. tria millia passuum a Roma 
 abest. 
 
 511 2. Thing from which separation takes place or exists. 
 
 This is chiefly dependent on verbs of motion, abstinence, &c. especially 
 compounds of ab, de, ex ; also on a few adjectives. 
 
 P. Varium pellere possessionibus conatus est. (Gic.) 
 Caesar re frumentaria adversaries intercluserat. (Caes.) 
 Cedit Italia. Causa cadit. Muraenis me abstinebam. 
 Solutus opere. Vacuus cura ac labore. Cave malo. (Plaut.) 
 
 512 3- Origin. 
 
 Apollo Jove natus ct Latona. (Cic.) 
 
 Latino Alba ortus, Alba Atys, Atye Capys, Capye Capetus, Capeto 
 
 Tiberinus. (Liv.) 
 L. Domitius Cn. F. Fabia Ahenobarbus ; i.e. Fabia tribu. 
 
 513 4. Standard of comparison; qualifying adjectives or adverbs 
 in the comparative degree. 
 
 (a) Qualifying adjectives. 
 
 The adjective must be attribute or predicate of the noun which is 
 compared with the standard. 
 
 Quid magis est durum saxo, quid mollius unda ? (Ov.) 
 Non tulit haec civitas aut gloria clariores aut humanitate politiores 
 
 P. Africano, C. Laelio, L. Furio. (Cic.) 
 Pane egeo, jam mellitis potiore placentis. (Hor.) 
 
 Occasionally such an ablative is dependent on alius. 
 Vereor ne putes alium sapiente bonoque beatum. (Hor.) 
 
 (?) Qualifying adverbs. 
 Serius spe omnium Romam venit. (Liv.) 
 Longius assueto lumina nostra vident. (Ov.) 
 NuUam, Vare, sacra vite prius severis arborem. (Hor.) 
 
 514 5. The ablative of ' place whence" 1 is frequently used with preposi- 
 tions which define it more exactly. 
 
 e.g. a muro, away from the wall; de muro, down from the wall ; 
 e muro, out o/or off the wall; sine muro, without a wall. 
 
 142 
 
2 1 2 SYNTAX. \Book IV. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 USE OF GENITIVE CASE. 
 
 515 THE Genitive has two principal uses. 
 
 A. Adjectival use; i. e. attribute or predicate of a substantive. 
 
 1. Person or thing possessing or causing; e.g. Caesaris horti, 
 Caesar's gardens. 
 
 2. Divided whole ; e.g. Fortissimus Graecorum, Bravest he of the 
 Greeks. 
 
 3. Particular kind or contents; e.g. Familia Scipionum, The family 
 of Scipios. 
 
 4. Quality or description; e.g. Res magni laboris, A matter of 
 great toil. 
 
 5. Object of action implied in substantives and adjectives; e.g. 
 Fuga periculi, Flight from danger- Patiens laboris, Patient of toil. 
 
 6. Thing in point of which a term is applied (Poetic) ; e.g. Aevi 
 maturus, Ripe of (I.e. /') age. 
 
 B. (a) Secondary object to verbs: also dependent on ad- 
 jectives. 
 
 i. Matter charged; e.g. Furti eum accusas, You accuse him of 
 
 theft. Reus avaritiae, Accused of avarice. 
 
 a. Object of mental emotion ; e.g. Taedet me tui, / am wearied 
 of you. 
 
 3. Thing remembered; e.g. Caesaris mexnini, I remember Caesar. 
 
 4. Thing lacking or supplied; e.g. Cadum imples vini, Tou Jill a 
 cask with wine. Plenus vini, Full of wine. 
 
 (b) Usages properly referable to locative; e.g. Pluris te facio. 
 
 / count you of more value. See 494. 
 
 These uses may be set forth more in detail as follows : 
 
 516 A. Adjectival use: hence either dependent on nouns, or as 
 secondary predicate. 
 
 i. Person or thing possessing or causing, or to whom 
 something belongs, or whose acting or condition is named. 
 
 (a) Dependent on nouns. 
 
 Ciceronis doznus. Crassi filius. Hectoris Andromache. 
 SoUs ortus. Cornua lunae. Aequoris Deae. Labor discendl. 
 Illius amicissimi. Inimicus otii, bonorum nostis. 
 Est operae pretium diligentiam majorum recordari. (Cic.) 
 
Chap. IX.] Use of Genitive Case. 213 
 
 Quae turn frequentia senatus, quae ezpectatio populi, qui concursua lega- 
 torum, quae virtus, actio, gravitaa P. Lentuli consulis fuit ! (Cic.) 
 Numinis instar eris mini. (Ov.) 
 617 (b) As an invariable secondary predicate, 
 
 Tempori cedere semper sapientis nabitum eat. (Cic.) 
 Omnia quae muliexis fuerunt, viri flunt, dotia nomine. (Cic,) 
 Jam me Pompeii totum esse scio. (Cic.) 
 Carthaginienses tutelae nostrae duximus. (Cic.) 
 Interest omnium recte facere. (Cic.) 
 
 518 Of the personal pronouns the adjectives meus, tuus, suus, noster, 
 vester are used (as adjectives) in this sense. But in conjunction with 
 omnium, the genitives nostrum and vestrum (gen. pi.) are used. 
 
 Mea domus. Amici tui. Accusator meus. 
 
 Mea unius opera respublica salva est. (Cic.) 
 
 Meum est libere loqui. Communis omnium nostrum parens. 
 
 Neque gloriam meam, laborem lllorum, faciam. (Sail.) 
 
 519 With interest, rSfert the abl. sing. fern, is used in lieu of the genitive 
 of the personal pronouns. (The origin of this construction is uncer- 
 tain.) 
 
 Hoc mea refert. Dixit hoc illorum magls quam aua retulisse. (Sail.) 
 Magni Interest Ciceronls vel mea potius vel mohercule utriusque me 
 intervenlre dlacenti. (Cic.) 
 
 620 a. Divided whole. 
 (a) Definite whole. 
 
 Of the personal pronouns, the genitives (sing, neut.) mei, tui, sui, 
 nostri, vestri, nostrum and vestrum are used in this sense. t 
 Solus omnium. Multl vestrum. Tertius regum Eomanorum. 
 Provinciarum Macedonia a barbaris ; Cilicia a piratis vezatur. 
 Uterque eorum. Medium viae. Plana urbis. Pars melior mel. 
 
 521 N.B. The Romans often used an adjective and substantive agreeing, 
 where in English we use 'of-' So always when the whole is really not 
 divided. Adjectives thus used are adversus, aversus, extremus, medlus, 
 raultus, nullus, omnis, plerique, summus, totus, &c. 
 
 Nos omnes. In media urbe. Extreme anno. Tota Asia. 
 Reliqua turba. Adversa basis. Aversa charta. Uterque frater. 
 Trecenti conjuravimus. Amici, quos multos nabebat, aderant. 
 
 522 () Indefinite (whole. Dependent on neuter adjective nominative 
 or accusative : also on ninil, quo, eo, &c. 
 
 Hoc praemii. Parum prudentiae. Aliquid pulcnri. 
 Eo miseriarum venturus eram. (Sail.) Habetis affatim lignorum. (Liv.) 
 Navium quod ubique fuerat in unum locum coegerant. (Caes.) 
 Demonstrant sibi praeter agri solum nihil esse reliqui. (Caes.) 
 
-214 SYNTAX. [Book IV. 
 
 523 3 Particular kind or contents; that in, or of, which a thing 
 consists. 
 
 (a) Definite (sometimes called Genitive of definition). 
 
 This genitive generally corresponds to an apposition in English. 
 Honos consulates. Numerus trecentorum. Virtus justitiae. 
 Celsa Buthroti urbs. Nymphae lactis alimenta dedere. (Ov.) 
 Ala trecentorum equitum. Auxilia peditatus equitatusque. (Caes.) 
 Duo sunt genera liberalitatis ; unum dandi beneflcii, alterum reddendl. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 () Indefinite, (Genitive of sort, material, &c.) 
 
 This genitive corresponds in English (not to an apposition, but) to a 
 part of a compound, or to a phrase; e.g. 'a corn-heap,' 'money-rewards,' 
 * a thousand in coins.' 
 
 Acervus frumenti. Praemla pecuniae. Magnus numerus equorum. 
 
 Magna vis seminum. Sex dies spatii. Mille nummum. 
 
 Noluit ex decumis nimium lucri dare. (Cic.) Scelus viri, Palaestrio. 
 
 So compendi facere, make of saving = a saving of; e.g. operam fac 
 compendi (Plaut.) ; lucri facere, dare, &c., to get, give, by way of profit, or 
 extra', e.g. cccc modios lucri faciunt (Cic.) ; numerare Valentio coguntur 
 lucri HS xxx milia (Cic.). 
 
 524 4- Quality or description: always with adjective. 
 
 Fossa centum pedum. Puer sedecim annorum. 
 
 Non multi cibi hospitem accipies, sed multi joci. (Cic.) 
 
 Tuae litterae maximi sunt apud me ponderis. (Cic.) 
 
 625 5 Object of action implied in substantives and adjectives. 
 
 (a) Direct object; corresponding to an accusative or infinitive 
 after the corresponding verb. 
 
 For the personal pronouns in this sense are used the genitive 
 singular neuter mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri. Occasionally meus, tuus, 
 suus, &c. are used as attributes (as in 518). 
 
 Accusatio sceleratomm. Possessio gratiae. Cura rerum alienarum. 
 Emptor fundi. Scientia juris. Actor partium optimarum. 
 Pigritia singulos sepeliendi. Cunctatio invadendi. Avidus laudis. 
 Fugiens laboris. Vir tenax propositi. Tempus edax rrum 
 Similes parentium. Conscii facinoris. Juris dictio. 
 
 Similis often has dative, but a. person is generally in genitive. 
 
 (Z>) Remoter object ; corresponding to a dative (rare) or ablative 
 or prepositional phrases after the corresponding verb. 
 
 (Meus, tuus, &c. are rarely used in this sense as attributes.) 
 
 Vacatio muneris. Contentio honorum. (Cic.) 
 Di, quibus imperium est animarum. (Verg.) 
 Inimicitiae ex reipublicae dissensione susceptae. (Cic.) 
 Studiosus litterarum. Mens interrita leti. (Ov.) 
 Incertus sententiae. (Liv.) Ambiguus futuri. (Tac.) 
 
Chap. IX.] Use of Genitive Case. 215 
 
 526 6. Thing in point of which a term is applied to a person: used 
 after adjectives in poets and Tacitus. 
 
 Aevi maturus. (Verg.) Seri studionun. (Hor.) Capitis minor (Hor.) 
 Judlcii rectus. (Sen.) , Occultus odii. (Tac.) Linguae ferox. (Tac.) 
 For animi with discruciari, fallere, &c. anxius, aeger, victus, &c., 
 see 485. 
 
 527 B. Dependent on verbs and adjectives. 
 
 i. Secondary object of the thing, after certain verbs, which if 
 transitive, have also a direct object of the' person : also after adjectives. 
 
 (a) The matter charged; after verbs of accusing, condemning, 
 acquitting, &c. ; also after certain adjectives of like meaning. 
 Ambitus alterum accusavit. Majestatis absolvuntur. 
 C. Verrem insimulat avaritiae et audaciae. (Gic.) 
 Furtt recte agis. Damnatus voti. Manufestus rerum capitalium. 
 Reus parricidii. Suspectus jam uirniae spei. 
 
 528 (b} The object exciting mental emotion; after misereor 
 and the impersonals miseret, pa6nitet, pig6t, pudet, taedet ; rarely 
 after other words. 
 
 Aliquando miseremini sociorum. (Cic.) 
 
 Me quidem miseret parietum ipsorum atque tectorum. (Cic.) 
 
 Paenitet te fortunae. Me civitatis morum piget taedetque. (Sail.) 
 
 Justitiae mirari (Verg.), sepositi ciceris invidere (Hor.), appear to be 
 mere imitations of Greek. 
 
 529 (c) The thing remembered, or forgotten, &c. ; after memini. 
 reminiscor. obliviscor, admoneo, &c. 
 
 Vivorum memini, nee tamen Epicuri licet oblivisci. (Cic.) 
 Catilina admonebat alium egestatis, alium cupiditatis suae. (Sail.) 
 
 A similar genitive is found in the phrases certiorem facere, certior 
 fieri, venire in mentem. 
 Certiorem me consilii fecit. Venit mini Platonis in mentem. 
 
 The thing remembered is often in the accusative after memini, re- 
 miniscor, obliviscof, and in the ablat. with de after admoneo, certiorem 
 facere, &c. 
 
 530 (d} Thing lacking, or supplied; after impleo, compleo, egeo, 
 indigeo, potior, fclerius, egenus, refertus, and other like words occa- 
 sionally. (All are also used with the ablative, 498.) 
 
 Tullia adolescentem temeritatis suae replet. (Liv.) 
 Exercitationis indiget. Adherbalis potitur. 
 Domus erat aleatoribus referta, plena ebriorum. (Cic.) 
 Omnium rerum satur. Italia referta Pythagoreorum fuit. (Cic.) 
 Ager frugum fertilis. (Sail.) Operum vacuus. (Hor.) 
 
 Abstinere irarum, decipi laborum (Hor.), fessus rerum (Verg.) and 
 the like seem to be Graecisms. 
 
 531 2. For pluris, minoris, assis and other genitives used in expressions 
 of value, see 494. 
 
2i6 SYNTAX. [Book 2V. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 USE OF INFINITIVE. 
 
 532 THE infinitive (usually called the infinitive mood of a verb) is an 
 indeclinable verbal substantive of peculiar character. It denotes an 
 action or fact or event not (usually) in an abstract manner, but in 
 connexion with the person or thing of which it is predicated. 
 
 It is a substantive, because it is used as object and as subject to 
 verbs, and as an oblique and direct predicate. 
 
 It has however also a verbal character. It contains the notion of 
 time; it has its object in the accusative or (indirect object) in the 
 dative case ; it is qualified by adverbs, not adjectives ; and it readily 
 admits, as a finite verb admits, of enlargements or qualifications by 
 means of phrases or subordinate sentences. 
 
 Its ordinary, and what we may call its normal, use is as direct object 
 to a verb, or as oblique predicate of a substantive in the accusative case. 
 Its other usages are developed from these. 
 
 It has only an occasional and irregular use as a genitive, dative, or 
 ablative case, or as an accusative after a preposition. The gerund and 
 gerundive are used instead. 
 
 533 The infinitive is used as 
 
 A. (Ordinary usages). 
 
 1. Direct object to a verb; e.g. Debeo venire, / ought to come 
 (I owe coming). Sets loqui. Toil understand speaking. 
 
 2. Oblique predicate, the infinitive with its subject forming the 
 object to a verb ; e. g. Dico te venire, / say that you are coming. Video 
 te sapientem esse, / see that you are wise. 
 
 3. Direct secondary predicate; Dic6ris venire, You are said to be 
 coming. Videtur sapiens esse, He seems to be wise. 
 
 4. Subject of a sentence : 
 
 (a) Absolutely ; e. g. Placet disputare, Disputation is agreed on. 
 Turpe est fugere, To fly is disgraceful. 
 
 (b) With its own subject ; e. g. Placet exercitum dimitti, The 
 disbanding of the army is agreed on (It is agreed that the army should be 
 disbanded). 
 
 5. In exclamations; At te Romae non fore, Then to think of your 
 not going to be at Rome ! 
 
 B. Primary predicate to a subject in the nominative case ; Clamare 
 omnes ; ego instare, A shout from every one I press on. (Historic 
 infinitive.) 
 
 C. As genitive or ablative, or accusative other than objective; 
 e.g. dignus amari, Worthy to be loved. Itoat videre (poetic for regular 
 visum, 466), He was going to see. 
 
Chap. X.] Use of Infinitive. 217 
 
 534 A. Ordinary usages. 
 
 i. (a) Direct object to a verb: especially to such as involve 
 a reference to another action of the same subject ; e. g. verbs expressing 
 will, power, duty, purpose, custom, commencement, continuance, &C. 
 
 Possum (soleo, debeo, volo, audeo, &c.) hanc rem facere. 
 Vincere scis, Hannibal : victoria uti nescis. (Liv.) 
 Non destitit monere. Institit sequi. Maturat proflcisci. 
 Mitte orare. Odi peccare. Amat lauclari, 
 Speras ascenders. Funem contingere gaudent. 
 Haec dicere habui. (Cic.) Da flammam evadere classi. (Verg.) 
 Similarly dat operam ( = conatur) id scire. 
 
 (b] Object of the thing to a verb which has also a direct personal 
 object. 
 
 Such verbs are chiefly doceo, assuefacio, jubeo, veto, sino, arguo. 
 
 Docebo Rullum posthac tacere. (Cic.) 
 
 Jussit Helvetica abire, Assuefecit equos remanere. 
 
 This infinitive remains when the verb is put in the passive or gerun- 
 dive; e.g. Rullus docetur (docendus est) tacere. Helvetii jubentur 
 (prohibentur) abire. Assuefacti sunt equi remanere. 
 
 535 2. Oblique predicate, with its subject in the accusative case, 
 the whole expression forming the object after a verb. 
 
 Such verbs are those which have naturally a fact or event for their 
 object ; e. g. verbs expressing declaration, opinion, knowledge, order, 
 wish, sorrow, surprise, &c. 
 
 Dico (puto, scio, doleo, admoneo, &c.) Caesarem abisse victorem. 
 
 Sapientem civem me et esse et numerari volo. (Cic.) 
 
 Nullos honores mini decerni sino. (Gic.) 
 
 Fore se in discrimine videt. (Cic.) Te tua victoria frui cupimus. (Cic.) 
 
 Similarly after phrases equivalent to verbs : 
 Caesar certior factus est hostes sub monte consedisse. (Caes.) 
 Caelius auctor est Magonem flumen tranasse. (Liv.) 
 Magna me spes tenet hunc locum perfugium fore. (Cic.) 
 
 536 3- Direct secondary predicate. 
 
 (a) When the finite verb which has an oblique sentence for object 
 is put in its passive voice, and the subject of the infinitive becomes the 
 subject of this passive verb, the infinitive and other oblique predicates 
 become direct secondary predicates. (Cf. 435.) 
 Caesar dicitur (putatur, auditur, reperitur, &c.) abisse victor. 
 Videntur haec esse faciliora. Jussus es renuntiari consul. (Cic.) 
 Tn lautumias Syracusanas custodiendi deduct imperantur. (Cic.) 
 
 () With another infinitive, or a pronoun, for subject. 
 
 Erudito homini vivere est cogitare. (Cic.) 
 
 Ostentare hoc est, Romani, non gerere bellum. (Liv.) 
 
218 SYNTAX. \BookIV. 
 
 537 4. Subject of a sentence or in apposition to the subject, either 
 (a) absolutely, or () with its own subject in the accusative case. 
 
 The predicate of such a sentence is usually either est with a second- 
 ary predicate, or an impersonal verb. 
 
 (a) Absolutely. 
 Facinus est vincire civem Romanum, scelus verberare, prope parri- 
 
 cidium necare : quid dicam in crucem. tollere ? (Cic.) 
 Haec ipsa sunt honorabilia, salutari, appeti, decedi, assurgi, deduct, 
 
 reduci, consul!. (Cic.) 
 Licet lascivire. Didicisse fideliter artes, emc-Uit mores. (Ov.) 
 
 () With its own subject in the accusative case. 
 Hoc fieri et oportet et opus est. (Cic.) 
 Te hilari animo esse valde me juvat. (Cic.) 
 Mihi nuntiatum est Parthos transisse Euphratem. (Cic.) 
 
 (r) With its own subject omitted, but with secondary oblique 
 predicate expressed. 
 
 The secondary predicate is usually in the Accusative, but if the 
 person or thing which is the subject of the infinitive is expressed in the 
 dative with the principal verb, the predicate usually conforms. 
 
 Non esse cupidum pecunia est ; non esse emacem vectigal est. (Cic.) 
 Licet esse Gaditanum. (Also Licet civi Romano esse Gaditano ; rarely 
 
 Licet civi Romano esse Gaditanum.) 
 Vobis immunibus hujus esse mali dabitur. (Ov.) 
 
 538 5. In exclamations: object or subject of verb understood. 
 Ah ! tantamna rem tarn neglegenter agere ! (Ter.) 
 
 Ergo me potius in Hispania fuisse turn quam Formiis ! (Gael.) 
 
 539 B. As primary predicate to a subject in the nominative case: 
 or sometimes without any subject. It is thus used to express the 
 occurrence of actions without marking the order of time. (Historic 
 infinitive.) Frequent in animated language describing a scene. Only 
 present infinitive (besides odisse, meminisse). 
 
 This usage is analogous to the predication of one noun of another 
 without expressing est, &c. 427 , 584. 
 Haec cum dixisset Catulus, me omnes intueri. (Cic.) 
 Turn spectaculum horribile in campis patentibus : sequi, fugere, occidi, 
 capi : equi atque viri adflicti, ac multi volneribus acceptis neque 
 fugere posse neque quietem pati, niti modo ac statim concidere. 
 
 (Sail.) 
 
 540 C. As genitive, or ablative, or accusative (other than objective ; cf. 
 458). 
 
 (i) Dependent on substantives; only iri a few phrases. (In place of 
 genitive or gerund.) 
 
 Nulla est ratio amittere ejusmodi occasionem. (Cic. ) 
 Tempus est jam majora conari. (Liv.) 
 
Chap. X.} Use of Infinitive. 219 
 
 (2) Dependent on adjectives ; in poetry and post- Augustan prose. In 
 place of genitive of gerund or supine in -u. 
 
 Soli cantare periti Arcades. (Verg.) Mens erat apta capi. (Ov.) 
 Niveus videri. (Hor.) Dignus erat, alter eligi, alter eligere. (Plin.) 
 
 (3) Dependent on verbs ; chiefly to express purpose after verbs of 
 motion, &c.; in early and Augustan poets. (In place of supine in -um.) 
 Misit orare. (Ter.) Eximus visere. (Plaut.) 
 
 Mittit me quaerere. (Prop.) Pecus egit altos visere montes. (Hor.) 
 
 Sometimes other expressions, in imitation of Greek, occur ; e. g. 
 Loricam donat habere viro. (Verg.) 
 Nos numerus sumus et fruges consumere nati. (Hor.) 
 
 (4) Dependent on prepositions (rare). 
 Superest praeter amare nihil. (Ov.) 
 Multum interest inter dare et accipere. (Sen.) 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 TENSES OF INFINITIVE. 
 
 541 THE Infinitive is put in the present, past, or future tense, according 
 as the action or event denoted by it is contemporaneous with, or ante- 
 cedent, or subsequent to, that of the verb on which it depends. 
 
 1. Infinitive as object. 
 
 Cupio "I / long 
 
 Cupiam / shall long 
 
 Cupiero 1 ,. / shall have longed 
 
 Cupiebam f Videre ' / was longing Y to 
 
 Cupivi / longed 
 
 CupieramJ I had longed 
 
 In this use the present infinitive is common: and even where in 
 
 English the past infinitive is used. So especially with possum, debeo, &c. 
 
 Possum } (I may see. 
 
 Potui r videre, \ I might have seen (lit. / was able to see). 
 
 Poteranv (l might have seen at the time. 
 
 Debeo \ (I ought to see. 
 
 Debui i- videre, -(I ought to have seen (It was my duty to see}. 
 
 DebebamJ (l ought then to have seen, or, to have been seeing. 
 
 The perfect infinitive is not often used as object, except 
 (a) when it is important to speak of the action or event as 
 
 already done or ready : 
 
 Non potest non optasse, She cannot revoke the wish (already made), 
 but Non potuit non optare, She could not help wishing. 
 
 Malui dicere, I preferred speaking. 
 
 Malui dixisse, I preferred to have done with speaking (to say no more). 
 
 Debeo vincere, / ought to win. 
 
 Debeo vicisse, / ought to be pronounced winner. 
 
220 SYNTAX. [Book IV. 
 
 (b) after volo in prohibitions. An old usage imitated by Livy and 
 Augustan poets. It is also used after possum and some other verbs. 
 Ne quis humasse velit Aiacem, Atrida, vetas. (Hor.) 
 Consoles edlxerunt, ne quis quid fugae causa vendiuisse neve emisse 
 
 vellet. (Liv.) 
 
 Commisisse caret, quod mox mutare labor et. (Hor.) 
 Bacchatur vates, magnum si pectore possit excussisse deum. (Verg.) 
 
 542 2. Infinitive as oblique predicate. 
 
 (a) In sentences dependent on principal tenses, 
 Dico \ I say \ 
 
 Dixi (perf.) / have said 
 
 te scripsisse, ..................... that you have written, 
 
 or (wrote. 
 te scripturum esse, ............ that you will write, or are 
 
 going to (write. 
 te scripturum fuisse, ......... that you (were going to 
 
 (write, or (would have 
 
 (written. 
 illud scribi, ..................... that that is being (written. 
 
 illud scriptum esse, ............ that that (was (written. 
 
 illud scriptum fuisse, ......... that that (was {for some 
 
 time) (written, or had 
 
 been (written. 
 illud scriptum iri, ............... that that (will be (written, 
 
 or is going to be (written. 
 
 In sentences dependent on secondary tenses. 
 
 Dicebam \ I (was saying} 
 
 Dixit (aor.) L te scribere, I said r that you (were (writing. 
 
 Dixeram J I had said J 
 
 .................. te scripsisse, .. ................ that you had (written. 
 
 .................. te scripturum esse, ......... that you (would (write, or 
 
 (were going to (write. 
 .................. te scripturum fuisse, ...... that you had been going to 
 
 (write, or (would have 
 
 (written. 
 .................. illud scribi, .................. that that (was being (written. 
 
 .................. illud scriptum esse, ......... that that (was (already) 
 
 (written. 
 .................. illud scriptum fuisse, ...... that that (was {for some 
 
 time) (written, or had 
 
 been (written. 
 .................. illud scriptum iri, ............ that (would be (written, or 
 
 (was going to be (written. 
 
 The same use applies if instead of dico, dixi, &c. the impersonal 
 passive dicitur, dictum est, &c. be used. 
 
Chap. XL} Tenses of Infinitive. 221 
 
 643 We may specially note 
 
 (1) The infinitives esse, fuisse, as used with participles, are often 
 omitted. See 584, 585. 
 
 (2) For the future infinitive both active and passive, a periphrasis with 
 fore or futurum esse is often made use of. 
 
 Dico fore ut amem, amer, I say thai I shall love, shall be loved. 
 
 Dixi fore ut amarem, amarer, / said that I should love, should be loved. 
 
 (3) Fore with the past participle both in deponent and passive verbs, 
 corresponds to the completed future: 
 
 Dico (dixi) me adeptuin fore, that I shall hare gained ; missum fore, 
 shall have been sent. 
 
 (4) Memini is used with the present (and sometimes the perfect) in- 
 finitive of events of which the subject himself was witness ; with the perfect 
 infinitive of events of which the subject was not witness. 
 
 Memini eum dicere, / remember his saying ; memini eum dixisse, / re- 
 member he said. 
 
 544 3. Infinitive as secondary predicate. 
 
 Dicor "I J am being said 
 
 Dicar / shall be said 
 
 Dictus ero i / shall have been said , 
 
 Dictus sum f scrlbere > / was (or have been said} \ t0 be 
 
 Dicebar / was being said 
 
 Dictus eram J / had been said J 
 
 scripsisse, to have written. 
 
 scripturus esse, to be going to write. 
 
 vulnerari, to be in the act of being 
 
 wounded. 
 vulneratus esse, to have been wounded. 
 
 545 4. Infinitive as subject. 
 
 The present is most usual, but the perfect is used where the 
 meaning requires it. 
 
 Licet 1 I am allowed ~\ 
 
 Licebit / shall be allowed 
 
 Licuerit i . / shall have been allowed I , 
 
 Licuit f mmi dlCer6 ' / was (or have been} allowed \ t0 5 ** k * 
 
 Licebat / was (being) allowed 
 
 Licuerat j / had been allowed J 
 
 The perfect is found in some expressions where in English the present 
 would be used. 
 
 Proinde quiesse erit melius (Liv.), It will be for your advantage to keep 
 quiet. 
 
 niud non paenitebit curasse. (Quint.) 
 
 Tune decuit flesse quum adempta sunt nobis anna. (Liv.) 
 
222 SYNTAX. {Book IV. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 USE OF VERBAL NOUNS. 
 
 546 BESIDES the infinitive other verbal nouns are found with the verbal 
 characteristic (when formed from transitive verbs) of having a direct 
 object in the accusative case. 
 
 A. Gerund : e.g. agendum (subst), doing; with which is closely 
 connected 
 
 B. Gerundive : e.g. res agenda, a thing to do. 
 
 C. Supine: e.g. ibis actum, Tou will go to do. 
 
 D. Participles: (V) Present: Active; e.g. agens, doing (adj.). 
 
 () Past: Active (only from deponents); adep- 
 
 tus, having gained. 
 Passive ; actus, done. 
 
 (c) Future : Active ; e. g. acturus, about to do. 
 
 A. B. The gerund and gerundive are nouns with -o stems, the 
 gerund being in form a neuter substantive, the gerundive an adjective. 
 They are used in all cases, but the gerund is used in the singular 
 number only. 
 
 The gerund, like the infinitive, shews its verbal nature in having its 
 object in the accusative or in the dative, not in the genitive, case ; and 
 in being qualified by adverbs, not by adjectives : it shews its substan- 
 tival nature in its own construction. As compared with the gerundive, 
 it is chiefly found when the verb from which it is formed is intransitive. 
 or, though transitive, is used without the object being expressed with it. 
 
 The gerundive is confined to transitive verbs, and is usually substi- 
 tuted for the gerund of such verbs, when the object is expressed. The 
 object is then attracted into the case of the gerund, and the gerund, 
 taking adjectival inflexions (then called the gerundive), is made to agree 
 with it in number and gender. But the gerundive is not used where 
 indistinctness would arise from the change of the object's case. 
 
 The oblique cases of the gerund and gerundive are used to supple- 
 ment the infinitive : i.e. they are used where the infinitive if it Jiad case 
 inflexions would be used in oblique cases. The nominative (and in 
 oblique language the accusative) of the gerund and gerundive has a 
 special use. 
 
 resere > to rule > Or rulln S' ( 534, 5370 
 
 Accusative with prep. : ad regendum, to rule. 
 
 ad regendos populos. to rul? peoples. 
 
Chap. XII.} Use of Verbal Nouns. 2 23 
 
 Dative : regendo, for ruling. 
 
 regendis populis, for ruling peoples. 
 Ablative : regendo, by ruling ; in regendo, in ruling. 
 
 regendis populis, by ruling peoples in regendis 
 
 populis, in ruling peoples, 
 Genitive: regendi, of ruling. 
 
 regendorum populorum, of ruling peoples. 
 
 647 The accusative gerund (except as the substitute for the nomi- 
 native in infinitive sentences) is used only after prepositions, usually 
 ad, sometimes in, inter and ob ; rarely any others. 
 
 Instead of the gerund with a direct object dependent on it, the 
 gerundival expression is always used. 
 Haec ad judicandum sunt facillima, (Gic.) 
 Missus est ad animos regum perspiciendos. (Liv.) 
 Magna jam summa erogata est in servos ad militiam emendos arman- 
 dosque. (Liv.) 
 
 548 The dative gerund expresses the indirect object, especially work 
 contemplated. 
 
 Instead of the gerund with a direct object dependent on it, the 
 gerundival expression is always used. 
 
 Consul placandis Eomae dis habendoque dilectu dat operam. (Liv.) 
 His audiendis credendisque opportuna multitude confluebat, (Liv.) 
 Hi scribendo affuerunt. Decemviri litibus judicandis. 
 Civitates non sunt solvendo. (Gic.) 
 
 649 The ablative gerund is used both without and with a pre- 
 position. 
 
 (a) The gerund used without a preposition chiefly expresses the 
 means, sometimes the manner and circumstances. 
 
 Instead of the gerund with a direct object being used, the gerundive 
 is generally substituted, unless some obscurity would result. 
 Caesar dando, sublevando, ignoscundo, Cato nihil largiundo, gloriani 
 
 adeptus est. (Sail.) 
 Herdonius hostem se fatendo prope denuntiavit ut arma caperetis, hie 
 
 negando bella esse, arma vobis ademit. (Liv.) 
 Hodie stat Asia Luculli institutes servandis et quasi vestigiis perse- 
 
 quendis. (Cic.) 
 
 () With prepositions ab, de, ex, in; rarely pro, very rarely 
 super. (Never with cum or sine.) 
 
 The gerund is rarely used with a direct object depending on it, 
 unless it be a neuter pronoun. 
 
 Nomen legis Graece a suum cuique tribuendo due turn est. 
 Primus liber est de contemnenda morte. (Cic.) 
 In accusando atque in explicandis criminibus operam consumpsi. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 Pro ope ferenda sociis pergit ire ipse ad urbem oppugnandam. (Liv.) 
 
224 SYNTAX. [Book IV. 
 
 550 The genitive gerund and gerundive are always dependent on a 
 noun, never on a verb (except as secondary predicate with esse). They 
 are used indifferently, except where the one form or the other affords 
 less ambiguity. 
 
 Ita nati factique sumus ut et agendi aliquid et diligendi aliquos et 
 refereudae gratiae principia in nobis contineremus. (Cic.) 
 
 Inlta sunt in liac civitate consilia urbis delendae, civium trucidandorum, 
 nominis Romani exstinguendi. (Cic.) 
 
 551 The gerund is used in the nominative as subject to the verb 
 est, erat, &c. predicating existence, with a dative of the agent, the 
 whole expression thus conveying the idea of obligation \ 
 
 The gerund is rarely used in this way with a direct object de- 
 pendent on it, except in Lucretius and Varro. Instead of this, what 
 would have been the direct object after the gerund becomes the subject, 
 and the gerundive is used as a secondary predicate. Hence it may 
 often be translated in English by the passive voice. 
 
 In oblique language the accusative with esse, &c. is used. 
 
 Eundum est mini, There is for me a going, i.e. I must go. 
 
 Haec mihi sunt agenda, These things are for me to do, or must be done 
 
 by me. Scio haec mini esse agenda. 
 Hac tempe state serviundum aut imperitandum, habendus metus est aut 
 
 faciundus, Quirites. (Sail.) 
 Suo cinque judicio utendum est. (Cic.) 
 Caesar i orania uno tempore erant agenda ; vexillum proponendum, 
 
 signum tuba dandum, ab opere revocandi milites, acies instru- 
 
 enda. (Caes.) 
 Discessi ab eo bello in quo aut in acie cadendum fuit, aut in aliquas 
 
 insidias incidendum, aut deveniundum in vlctoris manus, aut ad 
 
 Jubam confugiendum, aut capiendus tamquam exsilio locus aut 
 
 consciscenda mors voluntaria. (Cic.) 
 Aeternas poenas in rnorte timendumst. (Lucr.) 
 
 552 The gerundive is also used : 
 
 (a) As oblique predicate to the direct object of certain transitive 
 verbs (habeo, do, euro, loco, conduco, &c.) to express an action 
 purposed to be done upon such object. If the verb is put in the 
 passive, the gerundive becomes a direct predicate. 
 
 Agrum de nostro patre colendum habebat. (Ter.) 
 
 Demus nos philosophiae excolendos. (Cic.) 
 
 Caesar pontem in Arare faciundum curat. (Caes.) 
 
 Pars inde bibenda servatur. (Ov.) Detergendas cloacas locat. (Liv.) 
 
 1 In Plautus verbal stems in -tion are occasionally so used and even 
 with an accusative object ; e. g. Quid tibi hanc aditiost ? Why is there for 
 you an approaching this woman? i.e. What do you mean by approaching? 
 Quid tibi is turn tactiost? 
 
Chap. XII.] Use of Verbal Nouns. 225 
 
 () As a mere attribute, with the meaning of (i) obligation or 
 destiny or desert ; and this in negative and quasi-negative sentences 
 approaches the meaning of (a) possibility. 
 (i) facinus animadvortendum. (Ter.) 
 Cognoscite aliud genus imperatoris, sane diligenter retinendum et con- 
 
 servandum. (Cic.) 
 Quies inter labores aut jam exhaustos aut mox exhauriendos renovavit 
 
 corpora animosque ad onmia de integro patienda. (Liv.) 
 Omnia sibi et empta et emenda esse clamavit. (Cic.) 
 Vix erat credendum. (Caes.) 
 Labores non fugiendos aerumnas nominaverunt. (Cic.) 
 
 553 C. The accusative of verbal substantives with stem in -tu (i.e. 
 the supine in -um) often has a direct, less often, an indirect object. 
 Quamprimum haec risum vgni. (Cic.) 
 
 Legati in castra Aequorum venerunt questum injurias et ex foedere res 
 
 repetitum. (Liv.) 
 Non ego Graiis servitum matribus ibo. (Verg.) 
 
 This supine, with iri used impersonally, supplies a form for the 
 passive future infinitive. 
 Audierat non datum iri filio uxorem suo (Ter.), He had heard that there 
 
 is not a going to give a wife to his son ; i.e. that a wife will not be 
 
 given to his son. 
 Putat onmia aut pleraque ambigua visum iri. (Cic.) 
 
 554 [The so-called supine in -u is the ablative of the same stem, and is used 
 as other ablatives ; e. g. 
 
 Turpe dictu. Terribiles visu formae. See 497. 
 
 The dative is occasionally found in somewhat similar use ; e. g. 
 Alter collis usui opportunus. (Sail.) Aqua potui jucund^ (Plin.)] 
 
 555 D. The participles are verbal adjectives~used either to predicate 
 some action or state of a person or thing, or to describe a person or 
 thing by some action or state. They are of three different times, past, 
 present, and future, in reference to the time of the principal actions. 
 
 The present and future participles, and in deponent and a few other 
 verbs the perfect participle also, have an active meaning. 
 
 The perfect participle has in verbs other than deponents usually a 
 passive meaning. 
 
 556 i. As primary predicate, or, more commonly, as secondary predi- 
 cate with the verb esse, the future and perfect participles are used to 
 supply the place of deficient tenses in the active and passive voice. The 
 present participle is hardly ever so used. 
 
 Amatus sum, amaturus sum, &c. Amatum te esse dico. 
 
 Nihil dignum dictu actum Ms consulibus. (Liv.) 
 
 Senectus est operosa et semper agens aliquid et moliens. (Cic.) 
 
 L. G. 15 
 
2z6 SYNTAX. [Book IV. 
 
 557 2. As secondary predicate they denote the circumstances in which 
 some person or thing is placed when the principal action occurs. In 
 prae-Augustan prose the future participle is rarely so used. 
 
 (A participle thus stands in place of an adverbial expression or sentence 
 and often is best so translated, or sometimes by a finite verb coordinate 
 with the principal verb.) 
 Haec locutus sublimis abiit. (Liv.) 
 Omne malum nascens facile opprimitur, inveteratum fit plerumque 
 
 robustius. (Cic.) 
 
 Non hercule mihi nisi admonito venisset in mentem. (Cic.) 
 Nee vixit male qui natus moriensque fefellit. (Hor.) 
 Inde Graeciae praesidebis, et speciem Romanis trajecturum tepraebens, 
 et, si res poposcerit, trajecturus. (Liv.) 
 
 558 Some stems in -bundo, originally gerundives, are (rarely) used as parti- 
 ciples present, and even with object in accusative; e.g. 
 
 Haec prope contionabundus circumibat homines. (Liv.) 
 
 559 The passive participle is specially used as oblique predicate with habeo, 
 do, reddo, facio, euro, volo, cupio. (Compare the gerundive 552.) 
 Excusatum habeas me rogo : ceno domi. (Mart.) 
 
 Missos facio mathematicos, grammaticos, musicos. (Cic.) 
 Sic stratas legiones Latinorum dabo, quemadmodum legatum jacentem 
 vidistis. (Liv.) 
 
 560 The passive participle is, chiefly in "Livy and other historians, used with 
 a substantive so as to express not so much a thing or person acted on, as 
 the action itself. But the action is regarded as completed, and thus differs 
 from expressions with the gerundive. 
 
 Dubitabat nemo quin violati hospites, leguti necati, fana vexata hanc 
 
 tantam efflcerent vastitatem. (Cic.) 
 Regnatum Romae ab condita urbe ad liberatam annos ducentos quadra - 
 
 ginta quattuor. (Liv.) 
 
 Turn Danai gemitu atque ereptae virginis ira undiqne collecti invadunt. 
 
 (Verg.) 
 
 The neuter singular of the participle is so used without a substantive but 
 chiefly in the nominative and ablative cases (cf. 506). 
 Din non perlitatum tenuerat dictatorem. (Liv.) 
 Inventum est carmen in libris Sibyllinis propter crebrius eo anno de 
 
 caelo lapidatum. (Liv.) 
 Erat uihil cur properato opus esset. (Cic.) 
 
 561 The participles are sometimes used as ordinary adjectives, sometimes 
 as substantives. 
 
 (a) Participles used as ordinary adjectives. 
 
 Vir sapiens. Certa poena. Vox acuta. Tempus futurum. 
 Quid ? istae imagines ita nobis -dicto audientes sunt ? (Cic.) 
 Medicus plane conflrmat propediem te valentem fore. (Cic.) 
 
 Many become so completely adjectives that they are inflected for 
 the comparative and superlative degrees, and take an object in the 
 genitive instead of the accusative. 
 
Chap. XII.} Use of Verbal Nouns. 227 
 
 () Participles used as substantives. This use is, except in certain 
 words, chiefly found in the neuter singular of the perfect participle, 
 and the plural of the masculine. 
 
 amans, a lover ; adulescens, a young man ; candidatus, a candidate ; 
 praefeetus, a chief magistrate; factum, a deed-, pactum, a bargain; 
 senatus consultum, a resolution of the Senate ; plebisci.tu.in, a commons' 
 decree; jurisprudentes, lawyers ; senates diurna acta, Senate's journal. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 USE OF VERB INFLEXIONS. INFLEXIONS OF VOICE. 
 
 562 VERBS with active inflexions are of two classes, transitive and 
 intransitive. Some verbs belong to both. 
 
 Transitive verbs express an action conceived in connection with 
 an object upon which it is exercised; e.g. amo, I love; moneo, / warn; 
 audio, I hear ; Sdo, I eat ; pello, I push ; rego, I guide ; tolero, I bear ; 
 uro, / burn ; laedo, / wound. 
 
 But it is not necessary that the object should be actually expressed, 
 e.g. edo, I eat, does not cease to be a transitive verb because no food 
 is specified. 
 
 563 Some verbs being specially applicable to, or frequently used with, a 
 particular object are not unfrequently found in this special sense without 
 the object being expressed. 
 
 appellere, sc. navem, pttt in to shore ; conturbare, sc. rationes, become 
 bankrupt ; facere, sc. sacra, sacrifice; facere mecum, sc. rem, make with 
 me, on my side ; inhibere, sc. navem, back water; mittere, sc. nuntium, 
 send a message; obire, sc. mortem, meet death, die; tendere, sc. pelles, 
 pitch tents. 
 
 564 Intransitive (or neuter) verbs express a state of being, or an 
 action not conceived in connection with any object, as thereby affected ; 
 e.g. curro, / run; liorreo, / shiver ; gaudeo, / rejoice praesum, 1 am 
 at the head; ardeo, I am on fire ; noceo, I am hurtful. 
 
 Such a state or action may affect other persons or things indirectly, 
 and this indirect object may be expressed in an oblique case, just as a 
 similarly indirect object may be expressed with a transitive verb; e.g. 
 miM gaudeo, non tibi, 1 rejoice for myself, not for you ; praesum exer- 
 citui, I am in command of the army (cf. 474)- 
 
 Some neuter verbs often correspond to passive verbs in English; e.g. 
 audiq male, / am ill spoken of; jaceo, / am prostrated; compare psrclo, 
 I destroy ; pereo, I am destroyed ; vendo, I sell ; veneo, I am sold. 
 
228 SYNTAX. [Book IV. 
 
 565 Verbs with passive inflexions are of two classes ; viz. verbs which 
 have also an active voice, and verbs which have no (corresponding) 
 active voice. The latter are called deponents. (See list in 340.) 
 
 In verbs which have also an active voice, passive inflexions are used 
 principally to bring into prominence either the object of the action by 
 making it the subject of the sentence, or the occurrence of the action, 
 without specifying the agent. 
 
 If the object of the action be a person or thing, i.e. if the verb be 
 transitive, the passive may be used in both numbers and all three 
 persons. Thus, laedo, / wound, may have for object me, te, eum 
 (earn, id), nos, vos, eos (eas, ea). Consequently in the passive we 
 may have (ego) laedor, (tu) laederis, (is, ea, id) laeditur, (nos) 
 laedimur, (vos) laedimini, (ii, eae, ea) laeduntur, / am (being) wounded, 
 thou art wounded, &C. 
 
 If the verb be intransitive, and therefore express merely the existence 
 or occurrence of an action, the passive is used in the third person 
 singular only (as if the action itself were the real object of such a verb). 
 Thus noceo, I am hurtful, I do hurt nocetur, hurtfulness exists, hurt is 
 (being) done ; eo, / go ; itur, going takes place, is (being) done; suadebo, 
 I will give advice; suadebitur, advice will be given. 
 
 566 Besides the more usual case, in which the subject is acted on by 
 others, passive inflexions are sometimes used in speaking: (i) of an 
 action done by the subject to himself; and more frequently (2) of an 
 action experienced without any specified external agency; e.g. 
 
 (1) cingor, accingor, I gird myself ; dedor, give myself up ; erigor, 
 raise myself; exerceor, exercise myself; exuor, take ojffrom myself; feror, 
 bear myself; fingor, train myself; induor, put on myself; ponor, place 
 myself; praecipitor, throw myself headlong ; sternor, throw myself on 
 the ground; vertor (and compounds), turn myself; ungor, anoint 
 myself; volvor (and compounds), roll myself; and others. 
 
 (2) Corresponding in English to verbs used intransitively : alor, 
 I feed ; circumagor, move round; corrumpor, spoil; delector, delight; 
 exstinguor (of a light), go out; flndor, split ; lavor, bathe; mergor, 
 plunge ; moveor, move ; mutor, change*; ornor, dress ; pascor, feed ; 
 rumpor, burst ; tondeor, shave ; devortor, turn aside (to lodge) ; and 
 many others, ' where sometimes it is difficult to say that there is any 
 precise notion of action either by oneself or by others. 
 
 Sometimes also (3) the action is one which the subject gets done or 
 lets be done to him: e.g. cogor, I find myself compelled ; non defa- 
 tigabor, / will not permit myself to be tired out, Q^c. 
 
 The simple import of the passive inflexions is the same in all these 
 cases, viz. that the subject is also the object of the action. 
 
 567 Deponents have passive inflexions, but the meaning and con- 
 struction of verbs with active inflexions. Some deponents are transitive, 
 e.g. fateor, I confess ; some intransitive, e.g. epulor, I banquet. 
 
Chap. XII Il\ Verb Inflexions. Voice. 229 
 
 In a few verbs this deponent use of the passive inflexions coexists 
 with a properly passive one. The past participle is not unfrequently 
 subject to vacillation. (See 340.) 
 
 The precise import of the passive inflexions in the case of each deponent 
 is not easy to tell, because we do not know the precise conception attached 
 originally to the verbal stem. The ordinary meaning which we attach to 
 the verb in its deponent form is that original meaning as modified by the 
 effect of the passive inflections. 
 
 The following appear to be some of the shades of meaning which sug- 
 gested the use of the passive (originally reflective) inflexions. 
 
 i. Action upon oneself ; e.g. fungor, I free myself ; proficiscor, I set 
 myself forward (i.e. travel); potior, I make myself master ; apiscor, I fasten 
 to myself ; amplector, I fold myself round (i. e. embrace] ; nitor, / make 
 myself kneel. 
 
 i. Action within oneself; e.g. morior. / die ; patior, I suffer; irascor, 
 I get angry ; reor, / think ; spatior, / walk about. 
 
 3. Action for oneself; e.g. obliviscor, / blot out for myself; mereor, 
 I earn for ?;zy^//"(mereo, simply / earn] epulor, I make a feast for myself ; 
 piscor, I provide myself with fish. So metior, partior, sortior, all convey 
 the idea of the subject's share in the result. 
 
 4. Becoming (e.g. playing a part); e.g. blandior, I play the coax ; 
 furor, I play the thief, hence steal ; dominor, I act the lord ; interpreter, / 
 act interpreter. 
 
 5. Engagement in a mutual action. The effect is seen chiefly in plural 
 number ; e. g. osculamur, we kiss ; praelior, / wage war ; comitor, / accom- 
 pany (or make myself an attendant) ; rixor, / wrangle. 
 
 568 In the construction of passive verbs several points require notice. 
 If a transitive verb be changed from the active to the passive voice, 
 the following additional changes are required, if the sentence is to 
 express the same fact, as it expressed with the active form. 
 
 (a) The object of the active verb becomes subject to the passive 
 verb. 
 
 () A secondary predicate of the object changes from the accusa- 
 tive to the nominative. 
 
 (r) The agent (subject of the active verb) is put in the ablative 
 with the prep. ab. 
 
 /laedit tiuounds Marcus. 
 
 e.g. Lucius Marcum 
 
 consulem esse dicit \says Marcus is consul. 
 
 flaeditur Cis being wounded by Lucius. 
 
 Druso adjutor datus est | was given to Drusus as a 
 
 Marcus a Lxicio { Marcus *( helper. 
 
 consul esse dicitur I is being said by Lucius to be 
 
 i i consul. 
 
23 SYNTAX. [Book IV. 
 
 563 An intransitive verb is not used in the passive except impersonally, 
 and no further change is required, except usually the omission of the 
 agent. (If the agent is expressed, it will be usually in the ablative 
 with ab as above.) 
 
 (An indirect object to an Intransitive passive verb in Latin will 
 sometimes appear in English translation as the subject of a transitive 
 passive verb.) 
 
 Persuasumst homini ; factumst ; veatumst ; vincinmr ; duxit. (Ter.) 
 Invidetur commodis homiiium ipsorum, studiis autem eorum ceteris 
 
 commodandi favetur. (Cic.) 
 
 Sed tamen satis flet a nobis, neque parcetur labori. (Cic.) 
 Vult sibi quisque credl. (Liv.) 
 A Cotta primisque ordinibus acriter resistebatur. (Caes.) 
 
 570 A neuter prononn in the singular number (which is in the accusative as 
 denoting the extent of an action after an active verb, cf. 461) is found 
 with the passive construction. (It may be considered as an accusative still, 
 or perhaps as a nominative qualifying the impersonal subject.) 
 
 Hoc a Lucio ) Marcus laeditur, Marcus receives this wound from Lucius. 
 (Marco nocetur, This hurt is being done Marcus by Lucius. 
 Mibl quidem ipsi nihil ab istis jam nocerl potest. (Cic.) 
 Hoc solum pugnatur. (Cic.) 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 USE OF VERBAL INFLEXIONS OF PERSON AND 
 NUMBER. 
 
 571 i. Subject and predicate contained in the verb. 
 
 The finite verb contains both subject and predicate in itself, the 
 personal inflexions expressing the subject, and the stem expressing the 
 predicate. 
 
 Hence, whenever in English an unemphatic pronoun is sufficient to 
 denote the subject without risk of mistake, the finite verb in Latin 
 requires no addition for this purpose. This is so with the verb 
 
 572 1. in the first or second person. 
 
 Thus curro. currimus, refer to the person or persons speaking; 
 curris, curritis, curre, currite, to the person or persons spoken to. 
 
 But the pronouns may be added for the sake of emphasis or 
 contrast. 
 
 Quod ego fui ad Trasumennum, ad Cannas, id tu hodie es. (Liv.) 
 Negat cuncta Italia, negat senatus, negatis vos. (Cic.) 
 
Chap. XIV^\ Verb Inflexions. Person and Number. 231 
 
 573 2. in the third person, when it is the same as the subject of the 
 last preceding verb of the same number and person, and which is suited 
 to the sense. (Very frequent.) 
 
 Venit Verres in aedem Castoris: considerat templum: versat se, quaerit, 
 quid agat. (Gic.) 
 
 574 3, sometimes in the third person plural, when the subject is 'persons 
 in general.' 
 
 Deorum imnortalium judicia solent in scholis proferre de morte. (Cic.) 
 Vulgo ex oppidis publice gratulabantur Pompejo. {Cic.) 
 
 Hence we find sentences in which parfcim, partly, appears to perform 
 the functions of a subject, as if it were pars or alii. (Comp, vulgo above.) 
 
 Partim e nobis ita timidi sunt, ut omnem populi Romani beneficiorum 
 memoriam abjecerint, partim ita a republica aversi, ut se hosti 
 favere prae se ferant. (Cic.) 
 
 More correctly Amici partim deseruerunt me, partim etiam prodide- 
 runt. (Cic.) 
 
 575 4. in certain verbs in the 3rd person singular, where the fact of 
 the action, state, or feeling is the prominent point and the doer is left 
 indefinite. Such verbs are called impersonal s, and may be classified 
 as follows: 
 
 (a) The verbs miseret, piget, pudet, paenitet, taedet. 
 e. g. Ipsius facti pudet. luiseret me aliorum. 
 
 (Other examples in 528. Many other verbs, e.g. decet, oportet, 
 accidit, &c. are called impersonals : but these have always a neuter 
 pronoun, or infinitive, or sentence for subject.) 
 
 () Expressions concerning the weather or sky. 
 
 Fulminat ; tonat ; pluit ; gelat ; advesperascit. 
 
 Reate imbri lapidavit. (Liv.) Luciscit hoc jam. (Ter.) For hoc, 
 
 comp. 570. 
 
 (c) Intransitive verbs are sometimes so used, generally in the 
 passive voice (see 569). 
 
 Dicto paretur. Cui parci potuit ? 
 
 Lites severe aestimatae : cui placet, obliviscitur : cui dolet, meminit. 
 
 (Gic.) 
 
 576 ii- Subject expressed by a separate word or words. 
 
 As the finite verb always contains its own subject in its personal 
 inflexions, the separate word, usually called its subject, is, strictly 
 speaking, in apposition to these inflexions for the purpose of closer 
 definition. 
 
232 SYNTAX. [Book IF. 
 
 1. When the subject is expressed by a separate word, the finite 
 verb is in the same number and person as its subject. 
 
 Te aerumnae premunt omnes, qui te florentem putas ; te lubidines 
 torquent ; tu dies noctesque cruciaris, cui non sat est, quod est. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 Omnes enim patres familiae falce et aratro relictis intra murum cor- 
 repsimus. (Col.) 
 
 Exceptions : 
 
 577 (#) If the subject be a substantive in the singular number, but 
 denotes more than one person, the verb is sometimes in the plural. 
 
 Diffugiunt alii ad naves ; pars scandunt rursus equum. (Verg.) 
 Uterque eorum ex castris stativis a flumine Apso exercitum educunt. 
 
 (Gaes.) 
 
 () The verb, if it closely follow a secondary predicate, sometimes 
 conforms to it in number. (This is rare, except where it is indifferent 
 which substantive be considered the subject.) 
 
 Amantium irae amoris integratiost. (Ter.) 
 
 Contentum rebus suis esse maximae sunt certissimaeque divitiae. (Cic.) 
 
 578 2. When the subject is composed of two or more substantives, 
 denoting different persons or things, but regarded as in connexion with 
 each other, the verb is put in the plural : in the first person plural, if 
 the subject contain the first person ; and in the second person plural, if 
 the subject contain the second person and not the first. 
 
 Paulus et Marcellus private consilio praetereuntur. (Caes.) 
 
 Si tu et Tullia valetis, ego et suavissimus Cicero valemus. (Cic.) 
 
 Ego et vos scimus inurbanum lepido ssponere dicto. (Hor.) 
 
 579 Occasionally the plural is found when a singular substantive has another 
 joined to it by cum; rarely when the connexion is by a disjunctive. 
 
 Ipse dux cum aliquot principibus capiuntur. (Liv.) 
 Haec neque ego neque tu fecimus. (Ter.) 
 
 580 If the two or more substantives composing the subject really form but 
 one notion, the verb is frequently put in the singular. 
 
 Senatus populusque Romanus intellegit. (Cic.) 
 
 Cum tempus necessitasque postulat, decertandum manu est. (Cic.) 
 
 iiii Omission of the verbal predicate. 
 
 581 ! When two or more subjects require the same predicate, but 
 joint action &c. is not to be expressed, the predicate is usually expressed 
 only once, and is put in the number and person required by the subject 
 nearest to it in the sentence. 
 
Chap. XIVJ\ Verb Inflexions. Person and Number. 233 
 
 Hoc mihi et Peripatetic! et vetus Academia concedit. (Cic.) 
 
 Vir bonus et sapiens dici delector ego ac tu. (Hor.) 
 
 In qua sententia Democritus, Heraclitus, Empedocles, Aristoteles fuit. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 Quaesturara nos, consulatum Cotta, aedilitatem petebat Hortensius. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 But also, for rhetorical effect, Dixit juratus P. Titius tutor pupilli 
 Junii ; dixit M. Junius tutor et patruus : Mustius dixisset si viveret : 
 dixit L. Domitius. (Cic.) 
 
 582 2. When a plural subject is distributed by an apposition of alius, 
 quisque, pars, &c., either the general plural predicate is omitted, or 
 more usually the special singular predicate. 
 
 Ambo exercitus, Vejens Tarquiniensisqus, suas quisque abeunt domos. 
 
 (Liv.) 
 
 Quisque suos patiraur manis. (Verg.) 
 
 Inertia et mollitia animi, alius alium expectantes, cuncfcamini. (Sail.) 
 Consules ejus anni, alter morbo, alter ferro perierat. (Liv.) 
 
 583 3. The verb is sometimes omitted when it can be readily supplied 
 by consideration of the context. So especially dico and facio ; and in 
 answers, the verb used in the question &c. 
 
 Quid tu, inquit, tarn mane, Tubero ? Turn ille. (Cic.) 
 Sapienter haec reliquisti, si consilio ; feliciter, si casu. (Cic.) 
 Galli per biduum nihil aliud, quana steterunt parati. (Liv.) 
 A me C. Caesar pecuniam? Cur potius, quam ego ab illo? (Cic.) 
 Magis ac magis anxia Agrippina, quod nemo a filio. (Tac.) 
 Quo mini fortunam, si non conceditur uti? (Hor.) 
 Sed hoc nihil ad m.3. Quorsum haec ? Quid multa ? 
 
 684 A predication without est, &c. (besides its occurrence where the 
 est is expressed in an adjoining clause) is common in descriptions of a 
 scene or the like (comp. 539) ; and with past participle. 
 
 Ante diem tertium Idus Novembris, cum sacra via descenderem, insecu- 
 
 tus est me cum suis : clamor, lapides, fustes, gladii ; haec impro- 
 
 visa omnia. (Cic.) 
 Mare saevom, inportuosum, ager frugum fertilis, bonus pecori, arbori 
 
 infecundus ; caelo terraque penuria aquarum. (Sail.) 
 Interea cum meis omnibus copiis vexavi Amaniensis, hostis sempiternos : 
 
 multi occisi, capti ; reliqui dissipati ; castella munita inproviso 
 
 adventu capta et incensa. (Cic.) 
 
 585 Similarly the infinitive esse is usually omitted with the future par- 
 ticiple, and frequently with the past participle, (esp. after volo, oportet, 
 &c.) ; sometimes in other cases. 
 Eespondit se id neminem facturum putasse. (Cic.) 
 Senatus censuit frequens coloniam Lavicos deducendam. (Liv.) 
 Quid dubitatis ? jam sublimem raptum oportuit. (Plaut.) 
 Quid refert utrum voluerim fieri an gaudeam factum? (Cic.) 
 
234 SYNTAX. \Book IV. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Of the INDICATIVE and IMPERATIVE MOODS and 
 THEIR TENSES. 
 
 583 (A) TENSES OF INDICATIVE MOOD. 
 
 The Indicative mood is the primary and ordinary form of the finite 
 verb, and is therefore used wherever there is no special reason for 
 employing the imperative or subjunctive. Not only facts but supposi- 
 tions and commands can be put in the indicative mood, but only when 
 the writer or speaker relies on the tenor of the context, or turn of the 
 rhetoric, to guard against misapprehension, and does not care to mark 
 the supposition or the command by the form of the expression. 
 
 The tenses of the Latin verb in the indicative mood may be divided 
 either (i) according to the time to which they relate, or (ii) according 
 to the completeness or incompleteness of the action spoken of. 
 
 i. Time to which the tenses relate. 
 
 587 According to the time to which they relate, the tenses are either 
 primary or secondary. 
 
 The primary tenses denote time contemporaneous with, antecedent, 
 or subsequent to, the time at which we are speaking, or to some time at 
 which we feign ourselves to be present and watching events. 
 
 The secondary tenses denote time contemporaneous with, antecedent, 
 or subsequent to, some other time of which we are speaking, and wfcich 
 we affirm (by the use of secondary tenses) to be past. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 PRIMARY. SECONDARY. 
 
 Present; dico, Imperfect; dicebam, 1 
 
 Contemporary. ^ ^.^ ^ sa \ ng 
 
 Future; dicam, Aorist ; dixi, / said (i.e. 
 
 Subsequent. / shall (jou, he after something had 
 
 'will} say. happened). 
 
 Subsequent to Completed Future ; 
 present time but dixero, I shall 
 
 antecedent to (you, he ivill) 
 
 some future event. ha<ve said. 
 
 Perfect; dixi, Pluperfect; dixeram, / 
 
 Antecedent. I have said. had said. 
 
Chap. XVJ\ Indicative and Imperative Moods. 
 
 2 35 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 Contemporary. Pres. 
 
 Subsequent. 
 
 Subsequent 
 present time 
 antecedent 
 some future event. 
 
 Antecedent. 
 
 Fut. 
 
 to 
 
 but 
 
 to 
 
 PRIMARY. 
 
 Jamor, / am 
 I being loved. 
 
 !amabor, I shall 
 (you, be wit!) 
 be loved. 
 Completed Future ; 
 amatus ero (or fuero), 
 I shall (you, he will) 
 have been loved. 
 
 Impf. 
 
 A or. 
 
 SECONDARY. 
 j amabar, / was 
 
 ( being loved. 
 
 j amatus sum, / 
 
 j was loved. 
 
 Perf. 
 
 am (or have 
 been) loved. 
 
 {amatus eram (or 
 fueram), I had 
 been loved. 
 
 ii. Completeness or incompleteness of the action. 
 
 688 The present, future, and imperfect tenses express incomplete action 
 (and hence are sometimes called respectively present imperfect, future 
 imperfect, past imperfect). 
 
 e.g. laedo, laedor, / am wounding, am being wounded laedam, 
 laedar, / shall wound, shall be wounded; laedebam, laedebar, / was 
 wounding, was being wounded. 
 
 The perfect, completed future, and pluperfect express completed 
 action (and hence are sometimes called respectively present perfect, 
 future perfect, past perfect). 
 
 e.g. laesi, laesus sum, I have wounded, have been wounded; laesero, 
 laesus ero, / shall have wounded, shall have been wounded; laeseram, 
 laesus eram, / had 'wounded, had been wounded. 
 
 The shade of meaning, which the incomplete or complete tenses 
 imply, varies somewhat with the meaning of the verb itself (as denoting 
 an act, or as denoting a state), and is more clearly seen in some tenses 
 or uses than in others. A periphrasis is often the only mode of 
 expressing in English the meaning implied, but, it must be remembered, 
 such a periphrasis often errs on the other side by giving too hard and 
 precise an expression. 
 
 589 Especially noticeable is the correspondence of a single tense, the 
 perfect, in Latin to two tenses (aorist and perfect) in Greek, and two 
 so-called tenses in English: e.g. feci expresses / made, cVoiqaa, and 
 I have made, TreTroi'j/Ka ; factus sum, / was made, tTroirjdrjv, and / have 
 been made, Trfnoirjuai. In the active voice the Latin form primarily 
 denotes the past act, / made, and secondarily the result of that act, 
 7i have made. In the passive voice it denotes primarily the resulting 
 state, / am a made person, and secondarily the act which produced it, 
 / was made or I became. 
 
 590 In the passive voice, since all the tenses in English, but only the 
 completed tenses in Latin, are compounded of a past participle and the 
 
236 SYNTAX. {Book IF. 
 
 verb of being, there is a want of exact correspondence between the two 
 languages. Thus 
 
 Amatus sum is (i) / am loved (present of the state) ; (a) I have 
 been loved (perfect of the state) ; (3) / was loved (aorist of the act). 
 
 Amor is I am loved, i.e. I am being loved (present of the act). 
 
 Amatus ero, I shall be loved (future of the state). 
 
 Amatus fuero, I shall have been loved (completed future of the 
 state). But both are used without much or any distinction for futures 
 of the state, or completed futures of the act. 
 
 Amabor, 7 shall be loved, is the future of the act. 
 
 Amatus eram, (i) / was (at the time) loved, i.e. a loved person (a 
 contemporary state in past time) ; (2) / had been loved (an antecedent 
 act in past time). 
 
 Amabar, / was loved, i.e. / was being loved (a contemporary act 
 in past time). 
 
 Amatus fui, / was (at one time, or for some time) loved; i.e. a 
 loved person (aorist of the state). It is not used of the perfect of the 
 state (I have been loved, amatus sum), nor of a contemporaneous state 
 in past time (amatus eram) *. 
 
 Amatus fueram, (i) / had been loved, i.e. at one time, or for some 
 time (an antecedent state in past time) ; (a) / had been loved (an ante- 
 cedent act in past time), synonymous with amatus eram. 
 
 591 The principal contrasts which may be implied by the use of a tense 
 of incomplete action rather than of complete action, or vice versa, are 
 as follows : 
 
 1. Continuance of an action contrasted with its conclusion: e.g. 
 Troja est, Troy still exists Troja fuit, Troy is no more ; dico, 1 am 
 speaking, dixi, I have done my speech; pereo, / am going to ruin, peril, 
 /'/ is all over with me ; liabeo, / have, babul, I had once. 
 
 2. Continuance of an action contrasted with a single act. So 
 especially the imperfect compared with the perfect (i.e. aorist) ; e.g. 
 videbam, I was looking at, vidi, 7 caught sight of; putabam, 7 was of 
 opinion, putavi, I formed the opinion, or, the thought once occurred to me, 
 non putaram, /'/ had never occurred to me ; soiebam, 1 knew, scivl, 
 7 learnt ; discebam, 1 used to learn, didici, 7 (once) learnt ; si volet, if 
 he shall be willing, si voluerit, if he shall choose ; poteram, 7 had it in 
 my power, potui, I proved able, succeeded in doing it. 
 
 3. Purpose or attempt contrasted with actual performance, or the 
 actual fact: e.g. sarvabam, 7 tried to save, servavi, 7 actually saved, 
 servaveram, 7 had actually saved; capiam, 7 shall proceed to take, 
 cepero, 7 shall succeed in taking ; illucescit, the day is breaking, illuxit, 
 // is day ; dormiebat, he tried to sleep, dormivit, he fell asleep dabat, be 
 offered, dedit, he gave. 
 
 1 In Plautus it appears to be occasionally used of the aorist of the act ; 
 e.g. Achillem orabo, ut aurum mihl det, Hector qul expensus fuit. 
 
Chap. XV.~\ Indicative and Imperative Moods. 237 
 
 4. The action itself contrasted with the resulting condition: e.g. 
 yenio, / am on my road, veni, / am here ; deficiebant, they were desert- 
 ing, defecerant, they were deserters ; nosco, / am getting knowledge of, 
 novl, / know; vincam, / shall win, vicero, / shall be the winner; 
 peribo, / shall die; periero, 1 shall be dead ; occalesco, occalui, / grow 
 callous ; occalui, 1 have become callous ; reminiscor, / call to mind, 
 memini, / remember, bear in mind. 
 
 The principal usages of the tenses of the indicative mood are as 
 follows. More examples will be given in the chapters which treat of 
 the moods. 
 
 Present. 
 
 592 The present time is strictly the transitory moment between past 
 and future. Hence the senses numbered below (i) and (2). As actions 
 are often spread over a longer period, the present is used (3) of actions 
 not wholly past, and (4) of actions not wholly future, the [former 
 ending, so far as the account is given, with the present, the latter 
 commencing with the present. Lastly (5) the present is used of what 
 holds good now, although it may hold good also of the past and 
 future. 
 
 593 Thus the Present tense expresses 
 
 i. An action at the time of speaking. 
 Hie ego Servium exspecto. (Cic.) 
 None, quum vos intueor, Romanes esse video. (Liv.) 
 
 594 i. An action in past time, but rhetorically assumed to be present. 
 This is frequent in vivid narrations. (Historic present.) 
 Archagatho negotiuxn dedit, ut argentum ad mare deportaretur. As- 
 
 cendit in oppidum Archagathus : jubet omnis proferre quod habe- 
 rent. Metus erat summus. (Cic.) 
 
 Vix ea fatus eram : tremere omnia visa repente ; summissi petimus 
 terrain et vox fertur ad auris. (Verg.) 
 
 595 So regularly with dum, ' whilst,' 1 of actions taking place at the same 
 time as other actions whether in past, present, or future time. 
 
 Dum obsequor adolescentibus, me senem esse oblitus sum. (Cic.) 
 Dum ea Romani parant consultantque, jam Saguntum summa vi oppug- 
 
 nabatur. (Liv.) 
 Dum elephant! trajiciuntur, interim Hannibal quingentos equites ad 
 
 castra Romana miserat speculatum. (Liv.) 
 Jam inflci debet puer iis artibus, quas si, dum est tener, combiberit, ad 
 
 majora veniet paratior. (Cic.) 
 
 596 .3. An action extending over some time, including the time of 
 speaking. 
 
 Cupio equidem et jampridem cupio Alexandream visere. (Cic.) 
 Quid ? tibin' umqnam quicquam, postquam tuus sum, verborum dedi ? 
 
 (Plant.) 
 
238 SYNTAX. [Book IV. 
 
 597 4. An action about to be commenced. 
 Quid est? Crasse, inmsne sessum? (Gic.) 
 
 Tuemini castra et defendite diligenter, si quid durius acciderit : ego 
 reliquas portas circumeo et castrorum praesidia conflrmo. (Gaes.) 
 
 598 So especially with antequam, priusquam, and, where waiting is 
 spoken of, with dum. 
 
 Ante quam de accusatione ipsa dico, de accusatorum spe pauca dicam. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 Tu Me nos, dum eximus, interea opperibere. (Ter.) 
 
 599 5- An action, without reference to any particular time (especially 
 in stating abstract truths). 
 
 Quod semper movetur aeternum est. (Cic.) 
 
 Tua res agitur, paries cum proximus ardet. (Hor.) 
 
 Future. 
 
 600 The Future denotes an action taking place, or (in verbs signifying 
 a state) a state existing, in future time. The following usages claim 
 notice : 
 
 (a) Subordinate sentences, qualifying a principal future sentence 
 (whether such future sentence is expressed in indicative or impera- 
 tive, or subjunctive of command, &c.), and referring to the same time, 
 have regularly and usually the future. (In English the present is 
 generally found.) 
 
 Naturam si sequemur ducem, nunquam aberrabimus. (Cic.) 
 Hoc, dum erimus in terris, erit illi caelesti vitae simile. (Cic.) 
 Qui adipisci veram gloriam volet, Justitiae fungatur offlciis. (Cic.) 
 Ducere me auditum, perges quocunque, memento. (Hor.) 
 
 601 () It is used to express a logical consequence ; or an event, the 
 knowledge or declaration of which, though not the fact itself, is future. 
 Sin autem caderet in sapientem aegritudo, caderet etiam iracundia : 
 
 qua quoniam vacat, aegritudine etiam vacabit. (Cic.) 
 Cognatam comperi esse nobis. DE. Quid? deliras. CH. Sic erit: non 
 temere dico. (Ter.) 
 
 602 (c) As a kind of imperative. 
 
 De aqua si curae est, si quid Philippus aget, animadvertes. (Cic.) 
 (Other examples in Chap, xix.) 
 
 Imperfect. 
 The Imperfect tense expresses (see 591) 
 
 603 i. A continuous action contemporaneous with past action or time 
 referred to. 
 
 Postremam Romanorum aciem invadunt. Turn Marius apud primes 
 agebat, quod ibi Jugurtha cum plurumis erat. (Sail.) 
 
 Archias erat temporibus illis jucundus Metello illi Numidico, audie- 
 batur a M. Aemilio, vivebat cum Q. Catulo et patre et filio. a 
 L. Crasso colebatur. (Cic.) 
 
Chap. XV^\ Indicative and Imperative Moods. 239 
 
 604 a. In letters, especially Cicero's, it often denotes an action at the 
 time of writing, as being past when the correspondent receives the 
 letter. 
 
 This usage occurs where the writer has specially in mind the par- 
 ticular time of his writing, and is describing the feelings and occur- 
 rences of the moment ; and so most frequently at the beginning or end 
 of letters. But it is not always adopted where it might be, and is not 
 uncommonly in close connexion with primary tenses. 
 Ante diem viii. Kal. haec ego scribebam bora noctis nona. Milo cam- 
 
 pum jam tenebat : Marcellus candidatus ita stertebat, ut ego 
 
 vicinus audirem. (Cic.) 
 Pridie Idus Febr. haec scrips! ante lucem ; eo die apud Pomponium in 
 
 ejus nuptiis erain cenaturus. (Gic.) 
 Vos quid ageretis in republica, cum has litteras dabam, non sciebam ; 
 
 audiebam quaedam turbulenta, quae scilicet cupio esse falsa, ut 
 
 aliquando otiosa libertate fruamur. (Trebon.) 
 In his eram curis, cum scriberem ad te ; quas si deus aliquis in gau- 
 
 dium verterit, de metu non querar. (Plin.) 
 
 605 3. Habitual or repeated action in past time. 
 
 Quicquid quaesierat, ventri donabat avaro. (Hor.) 
 
 In Graecia musici floruerunt, discebantque id omnes. (Cic.) 
 
 Commentabar declamitans cotidie. (Cic.) 
 
 Dicebat melius quam scripsit Hortensius. (Cic.) 
 
 606 4. An action commenced, or attempted, or proposed in past time. 
 
 Risu omnes, qui aderant, emoriri : denique metuebant omnes jam me. 
 
 (Ter.) 
 
 Consistit utrumque agmen, et ad proelium sese expediebant. (Liv.) 
 Consules incerti, quod malum repentinum urbem invasisset, sedabant 
 
 tumultus, sedando interdum movebant. (Liv.) 
 Hujus deditionis ipse Postumius, qui dedebatur, suasor et auctor fuit. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 So with postquam, of the state having commenced : 
 
 Post quam nihil usquam hostile cernebatur, Galli, viam ingressi, ad 
 urbem Ronaam pcrveniunt. (Liv.) 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 607 The Perfect tense expresses an action done in past time. As 
 contrasted with the imperfect, it resembles the Greek aorist, and 
 denotes a single act, not a continued state ; a fact, not a description. 
 As contrasted with the present, it resembles the Greek perfect, and 
 denotes that the action is then already completed. See 591. 
 
 In the division of the Latin perfect the clue given by the English trans- 
 lation has been chiefly followed; e.g. scripsi, / wrote (aor. ), / have 
 written (perf.). But the Latin form is really but one tense, denoting past 
 time. 
 
240 SYNTAX. [Book IV. 
 
 608 i. Aorist or Historical Perfect. An action which took 
 place in past time, either singly or in succession to other actions. So 
 usually in a continued narrative. 
 
 (a) Postremo Catilina in senatum venit. Turn M. Tullius consul ora- 
 tionem habuit luculentam atque utilem reipublicae, quam postea 
 scriptam edidit. (Sail.) 
 
 Veni, vidi, vici. (Gaes.) 
 
 L. Lucullus per multos annos Asiae provinciae praefuit. (Cic.) 
 
 (b) So with paene, prope, where in English we use the pluperfect. 
 
 Prope oblitus sum, quod maxim e fuit scribendum. (Gael.) 
 Brutum non minus amo quam tu, paene dixi, quam te. (Gic.) 
 
 (V) Frequently in this sense in temporal sentences, with postquam, 
 antequam, priusquam, &c. (In English the pluperfect is frequent.) 
 
 Post quam Cn. Ponipeius ad bellum maritumum missus est, paucorum 
 
 potentia crevit. (Sail.) 
 Hispala non ante adulescentem dimisit, quam fidem dedit ab his sacris 
 
 se temperaturum. (Liv.) 
 
 2. (Perfect or Present Perfect). An action already com- 
 pleted before present time, so that the result, rather than the action 
 itself, is present to the mind. 
 
 (a) Membris utimur prius, quam didicimus, cujus ea utilitatis causa 
 
 habeamus. (Cic.) 
 Tandem aliquando, Quirites, L. Catilinam ex urbe vel ejecimus vel 
 
 emisimus vel ipsum egredientem verbis prosacuti sumus. Abiit, 
 
 excessit, evasit, erupit. Nulla jam pernicies moenibus ipsis intra 
 
 moenia comparabitur. (Cic.) 
 
 () Sometimes with emphasis, cf. 591 ; 
 
 Fuimus Troes, fuit Ilium et ingens gloria Teucrorum. (Verg.) 
 Filium unicum adolescentulum habeo. a, quid dixi, habere me ? immo 
 habui, Chremes. Nunc habeam necne, incertumst. (Ter.) 
 
 So of an action quickly completed ; 
 Terra tremit : fugere ferae. (Verg.) 
 
 (f) In subordinate sentences, in speaking of repeated actions, when 
 the principal verb is in the present tense. 
 
 Cum fortuna renavit, adfligimur. (Cic.) Other examples in Chap. xx. 
 
 (d) Similarly in principal sentences, but only in Augustan poets 
 and later writers. 
 
 Rege incolumi, mens omnibus una est: amisso, rupere fidem con- 
 
 structaque mella diripuere ipsae. (Verg.) 
 Non domus et fundus, non aeris acervus et auri aegroto domini deduxit 
 
 corpore febres. (Hor.) 
 
Chap. XVI\ Indicative and Imperative Moods. 241 
 
 Completed Future. 
 
 The Completed future denotes an action in future time completed 
 at some point in future time. Like the other perfect tenses, sometimes 
 it suggests, not so much the act itself, as the future resulting state. 
 
 609 i. An action already completed at a given future time. 
 
 (In a subordinate sentence, the present or perfect is generally used 
 in English ; e. g. Cum (si) venero, When (//*) / come or have come?) 
 
 Cum tu naec leges, ego ilium fortasse convenero. (Cic.) 
 Hum cum videro, Arpiuum pergam. (Cic.) 
 
 2. An action completed simultaneously to another action in future 
 time. 
 
 Qui Antonium oppresserit, is bellum confecerit. (Cic.) 
 An ille non vicerit, si quacunque coudicione in iiauc urbem cum suis 
 venerit? (Cic.) 
 
 3. Of a definite act contrasted with a previous state. So especially 
 si potuero, voluero, libuerit, placuerit. 
 
 Plato, si modo interpretari potuero, Ms fere verbis utitur. (Cic.) 
 Lege judiciaria neque legetur, quisquis voluerit, nee, quisquis noluerit, 
 
 non legetur : judices judicabunt ei, quos lex ipsa, non quos honii- 
 
 num libido delegerit. (Cic.) 
 
 4. Future result of an action now past. Comp. 601. 
 
 in plane occidiinus, ego omnibus meis exitio fuero. (Cic.) 
 Unus homo tantas strages inipune per urbem ediderit ? juvenum primos 
 tot miserit orco ? (Verg.) 
 
 5. Often in comic poets, and occasionally in later writers, it is 
 used, in principal or simple sentences, with but little if any difference 
 of meaning from the simple future. So videro of an action postponed. 
 
 Crede inquam mihi : aut consolando aut consiliis aut re juvero. (Ter.) 
 Tu invita mulieres : ego accivero pueros. (Cic.) 
 Molestus si sum, reddite argentum : abiero. (Plaut.) 
 Sad videro quid official; : tantisper lioc ipsum magni aestimo, quod 
 pollicetur. (Cic.) 
 
 Future in -so. 
 
 610 The future in -so (e.g. faxo, levasso, c. 291 sqq.) is used as a 
 completed future in subordinate relative sentences, or with adverbs of 
 time or condition. 
 
 Paterfamilias uti super familia pecuniaque sua legassit, ita jus esto. 
 
 (xn. Tab.) 
 Agedum, Stiche : uter demutassit, poculo multabitur. (Plant.) 
 
 L. G. i 6 
 
242 SYNTAX. [Book IV. 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 6H The Pluperfect denotes an action in past time, done before 
 another past action. Like the other perfect tenses sometimes it suggests 
 the resulting state rather than the precedent act. This indeed is the 
 proper meaning of the ordinary passive pluperfect. 
 
 (a) An action before another action in past time. 
 
 Prius omnia pati decrevit quam bellnm sumere, quia temptatum antea 
 
 secus cesserat. (Sail.) 
 Hanno cum eis, qui postremi jam profligate proelio advenerant, vivus 
 
 capitur. (Liv.) 
 
 (b) In letters and sometimes in other writings, and in speeches, it 
 denotes an action prior to the time of writing, &c. (cf. 604). 
 
 Nunc iter conflciebamus aestuosa et pulvemlenta via. Dederam (sc. 
 litteras) Epheso pridie ; has dedi Trallibus. (Cic.) 
 
 (c) A past action which produced a still continuing effect. Plu- 
 perfect of act = imperfect of resulting state. 
 
 Centum viginti lictores forum impleverant, et cum fascibus secures 
 
 illigatas praeferebant. (Liv.) 
 Frumenta non solum a tanta multitudine Jumentorum atque hominum 
 
 consumebantur, sed etiam anni tempore atque imbribua procu- 
 
 buerant. (Caes.) 
 
 So with postquam, posteaquam, ubi, ut, &c. 
 P. Africanus, posteaquam bis consul et censor fuerat, L. Cottam in 
 
 judicium vocabat. (Cic.) 
 
 (</) Of repeated actions, with principal verbs in imperfect. 
 Hostes, ubi ex litore aliquos singulares ex navi egredientes conspex- 
 erant, impeditos adoriebantur. (Gaes.) 
 (See other examples in Chap, xx.) 
 
 Future participle active with the verb sum. 
 
 612 In order to denote what a person purposes, or is destined to do in 
 future time, especially if regarded from a point in the past or future, 
 the future participle active is used with the different tenses of the verb 
 sum : thus, 
 
 PRIMARY. SECONDARY. 
 
 dicturus sum, 7*,,, 
 
 Contemporary. about to (or mean fo or 
 
 to or am to} saj. j meant Qr 
 
 _ , dicturus ero, / shall dicturus fui, 7 was (once) 
 
 Subsequent. 
 
 dicturus fueram, / had 
 Antecedent. meant to w. 
 
Chap. XVI\ Indicative and Imperative Moods. 243 
 
 Facite quod vobis libet ; daturus non sum amplius. (Cic.) 
 
 Quod crediturus tibi fui, omne crsdidi. (Plaut.) 
 
 Orator eorum, apud quos aliquid aget aut acturus erit, mentes sen- 
 
 susque degustet oportet. (Cic.) 
 Conclave illud, ubi rex mansurus erat si ire perrexisset, proxima nocto 
 
 conruit. (Cic.) 
 
 The same form is resorted to for the subjunctive future; e.g. dic- 
 turus sim, dicturus essem, &c. (Cf. 617.) 
 
 (B) TENSES OF IMPERATIVE MOOD, 
 
 613 The imperative mood is used to express a command or request. 
 On its difference from the subjunctive, see 614, a. 
 
 The present is used of the present time, or without any implied 
 reference to a defined future time. 
 
 The future is used with express reference to the time following, 
 or to some particular case that may occur, and therefore is frequent 
 in legal forms. 
 
 Cura ut valeas. (Cic.) Cogite oves, pueri. (Verg.) 
 Cum haec confessus eris, negate turn sane, si voles, te pecuniam acce- 
 pisse. (Cic.) 
 
 Other examples in Chap. xix. 
 
 16 2 
 
2 44 SYNTAX. [Book IV, 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 Of the SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD and ITS TENSES. 
 
 i, Of the Mood. 
 
 614 THE Subjunctive mood, as distinguished from the indicative, ex- 
 presses an action or event, as thought or supposed, rather than as done 
 or narrated. This general distinction is somewhat variously modified 
 in different kinds of sentences. 
 
 These different kinds appear reducible to eight main classes, which 
 may again be conveniently combined into four. 
 
 1. Hypothetical (A) an,d conditional (B) sentences (Chap, xvili.), 
 the former term being given to the apodosis only, the latter to tne 
 protasis only of what are often called, as a whole, conditional sentences. 
 As here used therefore the hypothesis is the action treated as contingent 
 on another ; the condition is that other action, on which the first is 
 contingent. 
 
 In these sentences, which readily admit of either the indicative or 
 subjunctive mood, the subjunctive implies that the action spoken of is 
 not a fact. Nothing is implied as to knowledge or want of knowledge, 
 doubt or assurance, probability or improbability, possibility or impossi- 
 bility, so far as the mood is concerned ; but a non-real past action is of 
 course impossible, a non-real future action is (apart from intrinsic 
 impossibilities) possible. 
 
 2. Sentences expressing a wish, or command (C), or purpose (D) 
 (Chap. xix.). In these the subjective character of the subjunctive is 
 unmistakeable. The imperative mood, which is really an abrupt form 
 of the indicative, speaks of an action commanded, as if it were an 
 assertion of fact. In theory and origin the imperative is the language 
 of an absolute master, the subjunctive is a suggestion to an equal or 
 superior. 
 
 A peculiar use of a command is found in concessive sentences, where 
 a person rhetorically commands, or supposes, a change of what he 
 knows or believes to be the fact. 
 
 These sentences (C, D) are almost all characterised by the use, if a 
 negative is required, of ne instead of non. Exceptions are compara- 
 tively few (see however 674), and are chiefly due to the negation 
 being intimately connected with some one word, not with the whole 
 predicate. 
 
Chap. XVI.~\ Subjunctive Mood and its Tenses. 245 
 
 3. Sentences expressing the consequence or natural result (E), or 
 attendant circumstances (F) of an action (Chap. xx.). In these 
 sentences the subjunctive does not in any way imply the non-reality of 
 the action or event : indeed, the action is, or is assumed to be, a fact. 
 But the subjunctive is still due to the accompanying thought as dis- 
 tinguished from the bare fact ; viz, to the causal connexion which the 
 sentence is intended to express, but which the particles (ut, cum) used 
 in such sentences do not contain. They properly mean in which way, 
 at what time, respectively, and gain the notion of result (so that}, or 
 that of modifying circumstances (since ,- whereas, notwithstanding), 
 only by union with the subjunctive mood. 
 
 4. The next division (Chap, xxi.) contains sentences expressive of 
 definitions, reasons, questions (G), which are given not as the speaker's 
 own, but as some one's else. 
 
 With these may be classed (H) all sentences which are dependent 
 on infinitive or subjunctive moods, and are regarded only as part of the 
 action expressed substantially by the infinitive, or as a thought by the 
 subjunctive. In all these the subjunctive simply prevents the speaker 
 being supposed to be responsible for the statements, &c. reported, or to 
 be giving them as independent assertions. 
 
 In only two (A, C) of these eight classes is the subjunctive found 
 in simple or principal sentences. In all the rest it is in subordinate 
 sentences. And these subordinate sentences- are mainly such as are 
 introduced by the relative adjective etui, or the relative adverbs si, ut, 
 cum, or by dum. As all of these relatives are also repeatedly found 
 introducing subordinate clauses, which have the indicative mood, it is 
 clear that the use of the subjunctive mood is not due to those relatives. 
 
 615 There are some cautions which should be borne in mind in discussing 
 why the subjunctive mood has or has not been used in any particular 
 sentence. 
 
 1. A writer may frequently (especially iri relative sentences), if he 
 chooses, express what is really a thought or supposition, as if it were a fact, 
 and therefore use the indicative mood ; or, on the other hand,- express a 
 fact, as if it were only a thought or supposition, and therefore use the sub- 
 junctive mood. If however he means to imply by the form of expression that 
 it is for him at the moment a supposition or conception (though it may be 
 also a fact), he uses the subjunctive ; if he wishes to imply that it is a fact, 
 or to state it simply without any implication, he uses the indicative. 
 Whether the same introductory particle or same turn of sentence can be 
 used, must be determined according to the particular circumstances. 
 
 2. As a subjunctive may be used on several different grounds, it is 
 necessary to consider how far any particular occurrence of the subjunctive 
 may be due to the general frame of the Sentence or to some collateral 
 motive. The following classes of subjunctives are frequently occurring where 
 the general frame of the sentence is suitable to an indicative : commands 
 ( 657 b), modest assertions expressed as an hypothesis ( 657 b), actions 
 of an indefinite subject in the and person singular ( 646). On the other 
 hand, in one whole class (H) of subjunctives, viz. those which are de- 
 
2 4 (5 SYNTAX. [Book IV. 
 
 pendent on infinitives and subjunctives, the mood is due rather to the frame 
 of the sentence than to the particular meaning. 
 
 3. The nature of the verb itself is often an important element. Auxi- 
 liary verbs, e.g. possum, volo, &c. or sum with the future participle or 
 gerundive, are often put in the indicative where other verbs would be in the 
 subjunctive, not from any real inconsistency, but because possibilities, 
 volitions, expectations, duties, are often much more positive than the 
 particular actions to which they relate. It requires consideration therefore 
 whether the writer means to speak of the act only or of the power, &c., 
 itself as a supposition or thought ; e.g. potest solvere si velit, implies that 
 a man has the money, but does not choose to pay ; possit solvere si velit, 
 that he could get the money to pay with if he chose. 
 
 4. It often appears probable that the choice of the subjunctive mood is 
 due rather to a desire to avoid using the indicative, and vice versa, than to 
 the independent strength of its claim. This occurs chiefly where certain 
 particles or phrases or even tenses are so frequently used with the indicative 
 or subjunctive, that the writer fears if he use the habitual mood he should 
 be supposed to intend the habitual meaning. Of course this consideration 
 can come into play only where neither the indicative nor subjunctive is, 
 independently considered, incompatible with the meaning. 
 
 ii. Of the Tenses. 
 
 616 The tenses of the subjunctive mood preserve in the main the same 
 character as the tenses called by the same names in the indicative mood, 
 the present and imperfect denoting contemporaneous states or incom- 
 plete acts, the perfect and pluperfect denoting completed acts or states ; 
 and again, the present and perfect referring in the main to the time of 
 speaking, the imperfect and pluperfect to some past time spoken of. 
 
 But there are some special ambiguities, chiefly due to the future 
 tenses of the indicative not having any separate correspondent forms in 
 the subjunctive mood. 
 
 617 Thus (i) the present subjunctive corresponds in most cases to 
 the present and to the simple future of the indicative, but, when it is 
 important to distinguish the future from the present, the future parti- 
 ciple (with sim or essem) is resorted to. 
 
 (2) The perfect subjunctive corresponds both to the perfect (i.e. 
 both aorist and perfect proper) and to the completed future of the 
 indicative. 
 
 i. In independent sentences (A, C) 
 
 618 The present relates to present or future time, without any distinct 
 determination of either. 
 
 The perfect usually relates to some point in the immediate present 
 or future, but in concessive sentences usually, and sometimes in others 
 (cf. 640 />), it relates to the past. 
 
 The imperfect relates to any time not future, and therefore may, 
 and frequently does, include the present moment. 
 
 The pluperfect relates to some point of time in the past. 
 
Chap. XVIJ] Subjunctive Mood and its Tenses. 247 
 
 ii. In dependent sentences (B, D, E, F, G, H) 
 
 619 i. The present and perfect are used in sentences dependent on 
 primary tenses. 
 
 () The present subjunctive represents the present of the indica- 
 tive : but if future time is otherwise indicated it may represent the 
 future of the indicative; e.g. si naturam sequamur, nego nos aberraturos 
 corresponds to si naturam sequemur, non aberrabimus. 
 
 () The perfect subjunctive 
 
 in some final sentences (D) (e. g. timeo ne venerit), in consecutive 
 sentences (E), in sentences with cum (F). in reported sentences (G), 
 and in such dependent sentences as are classed under H, represents the 
 perfect (and aorist) of the indicative ; and in a dependent interrogative 
 it may also represent the imperfect; e.g. quid dicebas would become 
 quaero quid dixeris ; 
 
 In all these classes of sentences, if future time be otherwise indi- 
 cated, the perfect subjunctive may represent the completed future of the 
 indicative, as it does also when used in conditional and most final sen- 
 tences (B, D). 
 
 620 2. The imperfect and pluperfect are used in sentences de- 
 pendent on secondary tenses (including frequently the perfect as well as 
 the aorist indicative, cf. 607), even though the statement is applicable 
 as well to the present as to the past time, or generally to all times alike. 
 
 (a) The imperfect subjunctive represents both the imperfect and 
 perfect of the indicative. 
 
 () The pluperfect subjunctive represents the pluperfect of the 
 indicative. 
 
 In final sentences and in sentences classed under (H), the imperfect 
 may represent a future, and the pluperfect may represent a completed 
 future, as seen from a point of view in past time. 
 
 621 3. But in some cases the particular sense or context requires or 
 allows a different tense from what these rules should give. Thus 
 
 () The historical present is, in its effect on the verbs directly or 
 indirectly dependent on it, sometimes regarded as a primary, sometimes 
 as a secondary tense. 
 Rogat Rubrium ut quos ei commodum sit invitet : locum sibi soli, si 
 
 videatur, relinquat. (Cic.) 
 Simul servis suis Rubrius ut januam clauderent et ipsi ad foris adsis- 
 
 terent imperat. (Cic.) 
 
 622 When the dependent sentence has another dependent on it, the 
 former is frequently in the present tense ; e. g. 
 
248 SYNTAX. [Book IV. 
 
 Adversaril postulant ut in earn rem judices dentur ex eis civitatibus, 
 quae in id forum convenirent : electi, qui Verri viderentur. (Cic.) 
 
 Mago nuntios Carthaginem ad senatum mittit, qui defectionem sociorum 
 in majus verbis extollentes, hortentur, ut auxilia mitterent, quibus 
 traditum a patribus imperiun> Hispaniae repeti posset. (Liv.) 
 
 623 (^) I n consecutive sentences, though dependent on a secondary 
 tense, the present is used of such actions as belong to the present time 
 only. 
 
 Siciliam per triennium ita vexavit ac perdidit, ut ea restitui in anti- 
 quum statum nullo modo possit, vix aute'm' per multos annos 
 aliqua ex parte aliquando recreari posse videatur, (Cic.) 
 
 624 And the perfect is used of a result completed at the present time 
 only (corresponding to perfect indie.); and also of an event in past 
 time simply regarded as such, without reference to its being contempo- 
 raneous or prior to other past events. 
 
 Aemilius Paullus tantum in aerarium pecuniad invexit, ut unius impe- 
 ratoris praeda flnem attulerit tributorum. (Cic.) 
 
 Tantum opes creverant, ut ne morte quidem Aeneae movere arma 
 Etrusci aut ulli alii accolae ausi sint. (Liv.) 
 
 625 00 The secondary tenses' are rarely found in sentences dependent 
 on a present tense, and when so found admit of a special explanation 
 from the writer's having more than the present time in mind. 
 
 Laudantur oratores veteres, quod copiose reorum causas defendere 
 
 solerent. (Cic.) 
 * Ut me omnes,' inquit, ' pater, tuo sanguine ortum vere ferrent, pro- 
 
 vocatus equestria nae<* spolia oapta ex hoste caeso porto.' (Liv.) 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD AND 
 ITS TENSES. 
 
 626 THE following examples show the typical uses of the subjunctive 
 mood and its tenses, with their proper English translations. 
 
 (A) Hypothetical sentences, i.e. apodosis to a conditional sen- 
 tence. (For translation of protasis see next section.) 
 
 1. Faciam, I should do, w be doing. 
 
Chap. XVI Li Typical Subjunctives. 249 
 
 / should be found to have, or / should 
 
 F rim (si jubeas, or have, done (the fact, or the know- 
 
 jusseris,) ledge of the fact, being in future 
 
 time). 
 
 fsiluberes or I 3hould harve been d' in S, or should 
 Facerem, v lusaissesS ^ ave ^ ne ' r ^ ^ a * ^ cen do ' m S-> or 
 
 J I had done. 
 
 - . (si juberes, or / should have done, or / had done (in 
 
 3m ' jussisses,) past time). 
 
 For the second and third persons would must be substituted for 
 should: e.g. 
 
 Facias (si Jubeas, or Ton \ 
 Faciat jusseris,) He \ 
 
 2. With condition suppressed. 
 
 Velim, / could wish. Vellem, / could have wished. 
 Quisdicat? I .. 
 
 Quis dixerit ? ( Who can or ould sa l ? 
 Ego censuerim, 7 am Inclined to think. 
 Ubi invenias ? Where does or can one Jin d ? 
 Crederes, One would have believed. 
 
 627 (^) Conditional sentences, i.e. protasis to a conditional sen- 
 tence. (For translation of apodosis see preceding section.) 
 
 1. Si jubeas (faciam or fecgfim), If you should bid or be bidding. 
 Si Jusseris (faciam or fecerim), If you should have bidden or should bid. 
 Si juberes (facerem or fecissem), If you had been bidding or had bidden. 
 Si jussisses (facerem or fecissem), If you had bidden. 
 
 Sometimes the conditional particle is not expressed. (In the follow- 
 ing sentences the ordinary translation of the apodosis as well as of the 
 protasis is given.) 
 
 \ Should you ask, or were you to\ 
 
 Idicam, * J f , , , \Ishouldsay. 
 
 [ should you have asked* or were * 
 
 Eogaveris, J you to have asked, } 
 
 ............... dixerim, ................................. I should have said, 
 
 or should be found 
 to have said. 
 
 Should you or ^reyou to have\ 
 
 Eogares, I ^ c been asking, or bad been ask-\ QTlhadb 
 
 T/"/' , j 
 Rogasses, J Had you asked, } 
 
 dixissem, ................................. / should have said, 
 
 or / had said. 
 
250 
 
 SYNTAX. 
 
 [Book IV. 
 
 628 2. Conditional sentences in the subjunctive often have for an 
 apodosis either a future participle or gerundive with the indicative 
 mood of sum, or an infinitive with the indicative mood of possum, 
 licet, oportet, debeo, &c. 
 
 Si adsis 
 
 Si Jusseris 
 
 Si adesses 
 
 Si jussisses 
 
 facturus sum, 
 
 / mean to do 
 
 facturus ero, 
 
 I shall Intend to do 
 
 
 faciendum milii 
 
 _ _x 
 
 I have to do 
 
 
 est, 
 faciendum niilii 
 erit, 
 
 I shall have to do 
 
 if you should be 
 there 
 
 facere possum, 
 
 I can do 
 
 
 facere licet, 
 
 (I) may do 
 
 B 
 
 facere debeo, 
 
 I ought to do 
 
 
 facere audeo, 
 
 I dare to do 
 
 if you bid. 
 
 facere potero, 
 
 I shall be able to do 
 
 
 facere licebit, 
 
 (I)s hall be allowed to do 
 
 
 facere debebo, 
 
 It wi/l be my duty to do 
 
 
 . facere audebo, 
 
 I shall dare to do j 
 
 f facturus fid, 
 
 I meant to do 
 
 facturus eram, 
 
 I was intending (had 
 
 
 (sometimes fueram) intended) to do 
 
 
 faciendum mini 
 
 I had to do, or ought to 
 
 
 fuit, 
 
 have done 
 
 
 faciendum mini 
 
 I had to do, or ought to 
 
 if you were or 
 
 erat, 
 
 havt done at the time 
 
 had beer, there 
 
 facere poteram, 
 
 I could have been doing 
 (now or formerly) 
 
 
 facere licebatj 
 
 I might have been doing 
 (now OK formerly) 
 
 
 
 I ought to have been 
 
 
 facere debebam, 
 
 doing (now or for- 
 
 
 
 merly) 
 
 
 facere audebam, 
 
 I had dared to be do- 
 
 if you bade or 
 
 facere potul, 
 
 ing (now or 'formerly) 
 J fguld have done 
 
 had bidden. 
 
 facere licuit, 
 
 (f) might have done 
 
 
 facere debui, 
 
 I .ought to have done 
 
 facere ausus sum, 
 
 I had dared to have j 
 
 L 
 
 done J 
 
 The difference in meaning is scarcely perceptible, whether the apo- 
 dosis to si jussisses be constituted by fecissem or facturus fui. And 
 practically faciendum mini fuit, or facere potui, might come to much 
 the same. Hence the usages mentioned in the next two sections. 
 
Chap. XVII.} Typical Subjunctives. 251 
 
 629 If the apodosis to a conditional sentence of past time is in a depen- 
 dent interrogative or consecutive sentence, or dependent on cum, so that 
 the subjunctive mood would be required on account of the dependency, 
 a periphrasis by means of the future participle with fuerim is usually 
 resorted to, instead of the simple pluperfect 1 active. 
 
 Ostendis, (ostendes,) quomodo \ 
 
 Non dubium est, (erit,) quin . jussissem, , 
 
 Eo fit, (flet,) ut ^ hoc ' si juberem, facturus fueris > 
 
 Tails es, (eris,) qui 
 
 You show, (will show, how. \ .~ r , , , , ,, 
 
 There is, (will be,} no doubt that, \ * ! had tWUm ^i &*", com 
 
 So it results, (will result,} that, j m ^ J U ould ha done lt ' 
 
 So it results, (will result,} that, 
 Tou are, (were.} the sert of person to ha-ve done it, if I had commanded 
 
 (been commanding}. 
 
 630 If the hypothetical sentence depend on a secondary tense, fueris is 
 still used generally, but in interrogative sentences (except such as non 
 fuit dubium quin) f uisses is used instead ; e. g. 
 
 Ostendisti, quomodo hoc, si ' facturus fuisses. 
 
 Non dubium fuit quin 1 
 
 Eo factum est ut > fueris. 
 
 Tails fuistl qui ) 
 
 For the pluperfect passive a periphrasis (esp. with the gerundive or 
 possum) is resorted to ; e. g. 
 
 Non dubium est, quin | . . j oppidum capl potuerit. 
 
 Eo fit ut f em ' (clades accipienda fuerit. 
 
 Non dubium fuit quin I potuerit 
 
 cum c ' 
 
 If not dependent, potorat or potuit would have been used in each. 
 See examples in 652. 
 
 3. The following are types of rhetorical irregularities : 
 Gatis est si te videam, // is enough if I Jo but see you. 
 
 Perieram, ni te vidisssm, // was all o'ver with me if I bad not caught 
 
 sight of you. 
 
 1 An hypothetical imperfect (e.g. facerem) is also occasionally found; 
 a pluperfect very rarely. The subjunctive in facturus fuerim, &c. is due 
 to the dependency of the sentence : the corresponding independent expres- 
 sion would be in the indicative, the hypothesis being expressed by the 
 future participle. 
 
252 SYNTAX. \BookIV. 
 
 631 (C) 1. Optative sentences. 
 
 Moriar, may I die! Ne moriar, may I not die! Morerer, were I but 
 dying ! 
 
 f moriar, C / way ///> / 
 
 morerer, | I were (now) dying! or had been 
 
 Utinam -j O that ( dying ! 
 
 I mortuus sim, / may be dead, or may have died! 
 
 [_ mortuus essem, [_ / <u>m* (now} dead, or /W */;><// 
 
 Ita me di ament, honestus est, / swear he is honourable. 
 
 Ne aim salvus, si honestus est, My life upon it, he is not honourable. 
 
 2 . Jussive sentences. 
 
 (a) Faciat, Let him do, he shall do, he must do. 
 
 Ne faciat, Let him not do, he shall not do, he must not do. 
 
 (by Ne feceris, Do not do, you shall not do, you must not do. 
 
 Faceres, Ton were\ to do, you (be} should have been doing or have 
 
 Faceret, He was f done. 
 
 Fecisses, Ton were\ to have done, you (he) should have done, or 
 
 Fecisset, He was f ought to have done. 
 
 3. Die faciat, Tell him to do, bid him do. 
 Censeo (Volo) facias, I recommend you to do. 
 
 Fostulat, | . He requires them to, says they are to I , 
 
 Fermittit, f ' He permits them to, says they may ] 
 Postulavit,j . . He required, said they (were to \ , , 
 
 Fermisit, j" a * He permitted them to, said they migbt\ il 
 Cave facias, Beware of dding, don't do. 
 
 Nolo facias, I don't wish you to do. 
 
 4. Quid agam ? What am I to do ? What must I do ? 
 
 Quid agerem? What was I to do ? What should I have done f 
 
 5. Concessive sentences. 
 
 Dicat, Suppose him to say, let him say. 
 
 Dixerit, Suppose him to have said, let him have said (in past or 
 
 future time). 
 Bixisset, Suppose that he had said. 
 
 f sit malus, Be he as bad as you please, however bad he be. 
 
 I fuerit malus, However bad he was, or may have been. 
 . I esset malus, Were he as bad as you please, however bad 
 
 he were. 
 
 I fuisset malus, Had he been as bad as you please, however 
 I bad he had been* 
 
Chap. XVII.} Typical Subjunctives. 
 
 253 
 
 632 (D) 1. Final sentences (i.e. expressing purpose). 
 
 (i) Mitto 
 Mittam 
 Misero 
 Misl (perf.) 
 
 I am sending or send } 
 
 ,. / shall send I one to say, or one 
 
 ca ' / shall have sent j who is to say. 
 I have sent 
 
 00 
 
 eum ut 
 dicat, 
 
 | him to say, or that 
 
 (i) Mittebam } I was sending or sent 
 
 Misi (cf. 620) - qui diceret, / sent (have sent) 
 Miseram j 
 
 eum ut 
 diceret, 
 
 ne 
 
 ) him to say, or that 
 'j he might say. 
 
 2. Prohibeo, 
 
 &c. quominus 
 Prohibebam, 
 
 &c. 
 Non recuso, quominus 
 
 &c. quin 
 Non recusabam, diceret, / did not object to his saying. 
 
 &c. 
 
 dicat, I prevent his saying, 
 diceret, / was preventing his saying. 
 
 dlcat, / do not object to his saying. 
 
 Timeo, 
 &c. 
 
 Timebam, 
 &c. 
 
 Timeo, 
 
 &c. 
 Non timeo, 
 
 &c. 
 
 ne veniat, I fear his coming. 
 
 venerit, I fear his having come, or 
 
 I fear he came. 
 
 veniret, I was in fear of his coming. 
 
 venisset, / <was in fear he had come. 
 
 ut veniat, I fear his not coming. 
 
 &c. 
 
 ne non veniat, I do not fear his not coming. 
 &c. 
 
 3. (a) Exspecto, . ,. / am waiting, \ for him to say, or until 
 
 ' or wait \ he can say. 
 
 &c. 
 
 Exspectabam, . _ ,. I was waiting,} for him to say, or until 
 
 &c. dum diceret, or ^- W > he could have said. 
 
 Abeo, &c. prius quam dicat, / am off, before he can say. 
 
 Abibam, &c. prius quam diceret, 7 was going off, before he could say. 
 
 Depugno, potius quam serviam, I fght it out rather than be a 
 &c. slave. 
 
 Depugnabam, potius quam servirem, / was ready to fght it out 
 &c. rather than be a slave. 
 
254 SYNTAX. [Book IV. 
 
 G33 (E) Consecutive sentences, i.e. expressing a consequence. 
 
 1. Is sum, &c. qui nihil timeam, I am one who fears nothing. 
 .......................... . timuerim, ................. .feared or has fear- 
 
 ed nothing. 
 Is eram, c .......... tlmerem, / was one who feared nothing. 
 
 ........................... timuissem, ............. ..... had feared nothing. 
 
 Quis est, &c. quin cernat ? Who is there but sees? 
 
 Quis erat, &c. quin cerneret ? Who was there but saw f 
 Tempus erit, cum liceat loqui, The time will come for speech to 
 
 be lawful. 
 .......... fuit, ..... liceret ...... There was a time for speech to 
 
 be lawful. 
 
 2. (i) Eofifc ~\ The result is "1 that the sol- 
 Eo flet ut milites The result will be | d'ters lose 
 Eo factum erit \ animos The result will have i- (or are 
 
 I demittant, been losing) 
 
 Eo factum est (perf.) j The result has been J heart. 
 
 ........................ demiseiint, ............... have (rarely will 
 
 have} lost heart. 
 ........................ demissuri sint, ............... will be likely to lose 
 
 heart. 
 
 Eo fiebat *| militea ^ e resll!t CiVas ^ tfjat ^ oe so ^~ 
 
 animos coming I diers lost (or 
 
 ED factum est i The result was f were losing) 
 
 Eo factum erat J int ' The result had been J heart. 
 
 (Sometimes demiserint ( 624), the action being regarded as a dis- 
 tinct historical fact, not as a continuous state, or as a contemporary 
 with the principal action (imperfect)}. 
 
 ........................ demisissent, ............... had (rarely would 
 
 have) lost heart. 
 
 ........................ demissuri essent, ............ were likely to lose 
 
 heart. 
 
 (i) Paruni abest, quin Cato moriatur, Cats all but dies. 
 ...... afuit, ............ moreretur, ............... died. 
 
 (3) f dicas, Suppose you to say, although you should s.ay, or 
 
 'were to say. 
 J dixeris, Suppose you to have said, although you should 
 
 have said. 
 
 diceres, Suppose, or although, you had been saying. 
 I dixisses, Suppose, or although, you had said. 
 
 Ut non dicas, c. Suppose you not to say, &c. 
 
Chap. XVIL] Typical .Subjunctives. 255 
 
 634 (F) Sentences expressing attendant circumstances. 
 
 Marcus, liking (since be 
 1. (a) Marcus, u res placeat, abit, &c. //') the matter, goes 
 
 away. 
 ........................ placuerit, abit, &c. ...since he has liked... 
 
 ........................ placeret, abibat, Marcus since he liked (at 
 
 &c. the time) the matter was 
 
 going away. 
 ........................ placuisset, abibat, . . . since he had liked. . . 
 
 &c. 
 () In Livy and later historians : 
 
 Quod faceret, dicebat, s '*"' be "*'* ' 
 
 ... ......... fecisset, ... ...... Whenever he had done this, he used to 
 
 say. 
 
 [N.B. In Cicero and Caesar the indicative is used ; e.g. 
 _ . cum _ Whenever he had done this, he used to 
 
 QUOd ubi feC6rat ' dlCebat ' say. 
 
 So also 
 
 Quod . . fecit, dicit, Whenever he has done this, he says. 
 
 ......... fecerit, dicet, ................................. he will say^\ 
 
 2. (i) Cum navis adveniret, haec dicebam, On the ship approaching, / 
 
 proceeded to say, or was 
 saying, this. 
 ................................. dixi, .............................. I 
 
 said this. 
 ................................. dixeram, As the ship ivas approach- 
 
 ing, / had said this. 
 ............ advenisset, haec dicebam, When the ship had come up, / 
 
 proceeded to say this. 
 ................................. dixi, .............................. J 
 
 said this. 
 ................................. dixeram, ............... ............... / 
 
 had said this. 
 
 (a) Cum haec sint, Whereas, since, although, these things are so, 
 
 ............ essent, ............................................. (were so, 
 
 or These things being so, or Under these 
 circumstances. 
 
 (3) Simulat se audire, cum interea aliud agat, He pretends to hear, 
 
 while all the time he 
 is at something else. 
 Simulabat ....... . ........ , ............. ageret, He pretended to hear, 
 
 while all the time he 
 ivas at something els:. 
 
 (4) Audivi cum diceret, I heard him saying. 
 Vidl cum veniret, I saw him coming. 
 
SYNTAX. 
 
 [Book IV. 
 
 635 (G) Sentences containing reported definition, reason, con- 
 dition, question. 
 
 I you for 
 i this. 
 
 1.2. Laudatl He praises 
 
 Laudabit He (will praise 
 
 Laudaverit - te, Q ^ OC facias Jfr ou/7/ Aaiw 
 Laudavit praised 
 
 (perf.) J A? has praised J 
 
 feceris you for having done this. 
 
 facturus sis for purposing to do this. 
 
 He (was praising ~\ 
 
 , He praised (has I you for doing 
 
 praised) [ this. 
 
 He had praised J 
 
 f ecisses for having done this. 
 
 facturus esses for purposing to do this. 
 
 These are often translated like the indicative (e.g. I praise you 
 because you do this), but a distinction may be made by inserting as he 
 said, as is thought, <&c. 
 
 Laudabat 
 Laudavit 
 
 Laudaverat 
 
 te, 
 
 qui hoc 
 quod hoc 
 
 3. Minatur, &c. ni eant, 
 Minabatur, &c. ni irent, 
 Minatur, &c. ni iverint, 
 
 Minabatur, &c. ni issent, 
 Tentat, &c. si res agi possit, 
 Tentabat, &c posset, 
 
 He threatens them, if they do not go. 
 
 He threatened them, if they did not go. 
 
 He threatens them, if they should not 
 have gone. 
 
 He threatened them, if they should not 
 have gone. 
 
 He tries (whether the thing can be ma- 
 naged. 
 
 He (was trying (whether the thing could 
 be managed. 
 
 Reported (often called Dependent) question. 
 
 V quid facias, ' v (what you are doing. 
 
 quid feceris, (what you did or have done. 
 
 quid facturus sis, (what you (will do. 
 
 I (was seeing, \ (what you (were do- 
 &c. | ing. 
 
 quid fecisses, (what you had done. 
 
 quid facturus esses, (what you (were about 
 
 to do. 
 
 Non est dubium, quin id fiat, There is no doubt it is 
 
 being done. 
 
 quin futurum sit, ut id fiat, /'/ 
 
 (will be done. 
 
 Non erat dubium, quin id fieret, There (was no doubt 
 
 it (was being done. 
 quin futurum esset, ut id fieret, it (would be done. 
 
 Video, 
 &c. 
 
 Videbam, 
 &c. 
 
 i quid faceres, 
 
Chap. XVIL] ' Typical Subjunctives. 
 
 257 
 
 638 (H) Sentences with verb in subjunctive because dependent on 
 infinitive or subjunctive. 
 
 i. Dependent on infinitive. 
 
 Dicit "j He says ] 
 
 Dicet I se ire (iturum), cum He wilt say 
 
 Dixerit j tempus postulet, He will have said i 
 
 Dixit (perf.)J He has said 
 
 postulaverit, , 
 
 that he goes 
 
 whenever the 
 
 time requires. 
 
 .postulaturum sit, 
 
 cum 
 
 He was saying 
 
 ~ , A tempus postularet. "7 v "" 
 DixeratJ He had said 
 
 postulasset, 
 
 postulaturum esset 
 
 when the time requires or 
 shall have required. 
 
 when the time shall be 
 about to require. 
 
 {that he was going 
 whenever the time 
 required or should 
 require, 
 'when the time required or 
 
 should have required, 
 when the time should be 
 
 about to require. 
 
 So videor, videbor, visus ero, c. ire (iturus esse), cum tempus 
 postulet, postulaverit, postulaturum sit ; 
 
 videbar, visus sum, visus eram, ire (iturus esse), cum tempus 
 postularet, postulasset, postulaturum esset. 
 
 After the past infinitive the tenses are secondary ; e.g. 
 Dicit 1 
 
 Dixerit ' se ivisse (iturum fuisse), ubi tempus postularet. 
 
 -j. . . r postulasset. 
 
 Dicebat I postulaturum esset. 
 
 Dixerat J 
 
 So videor, &c., videbar, c., ivisse (iturus fuisse), ubi tempus pos- 
 tularet, &c. 
 
 2. Dependent on subjunctive. 
 
 The other tenses and translations given under (i) will hold good, if 
 we substitute as follows : 
 
 Si eat, if he were to go, 
 
 eat, he would go, 
 
 Si ierit, if he should (or shall} have gone, 
 
 ierit, he 'would (or twill} have gone, 
 
 Si iret, if he had been going, 
 
 iret, he would have been going, 
 
 Si isset, if he had gone, 
 
 isset, he (would have gone, 
 
 for dicit or dicet se ire. 
 
 for dixit (perf.) or dix- 
 erit se ire. 
 
 for dicebat se ire. 
 
 for dixit (aor.) or dix- 
 erat se ire. 
 
 L. G. 
 
258 Subjunctive. (A) Hypothetical. {Book IV. 
 
 [From here to end of Chap. xxi. the right-hand pages are not con- 
 tinuous with the left-hand pages, but form a parallel exposition. All the 
 sections on the left-hand pages have even numbers, all those on the right- 
 hand have odd numbers.] 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 USE OF THE MOODS IN (A) HYPOTHETICAL AND 
 (B) CONDITIONAL CLAUSES. 
 
 (A) Hypothetical subjunctive. 
 
 638 SUCH a subjunctive as appears in the principal clause (i.e. the 
 apodosis) of a conditional sentence may be called a hypothetical sub- 
 junctive. 
 
 An hypothetical subjunctive expresses an action 1 which, while its 
 non-occurrence is implied, is yet supposed to occur, if some other action 
 occur. 
 
 The following rules for the tense apply to the subjunctive in both 
 clauses. 
 
 (a} The present tense is used of an imaginary action in the im- 
 mediate present or the future, and therefore still possible, but marked 
 (by the use of the subjunctive) as merely imaginary. 
 
 (Z>) The perfect is used of an action similarly marked as merely 
 imaginary, but assumed to be already .completed, or to be completed 
 before an action still possible in the present .or future. 
 
 (c) The imperfect is used of an action supposed, contrary to the 
 fact, to be already occurring in the present time, or of a continuous 
 state supposed, contrary to the fact, to have existed in past time. 
 
 (J) The pluperfect is used of an action supposed, contrary to the 
 fact, to have occurred in past time; or at least to be already completed 
 at the present time. 
 
 640 i- Hypothetical subjunctive, with condition expressed in a 
 separate clause. 
 
 Si is used of a positive, si non of a negative condition, nisi, ni, nisi 
 si of an exception (which often has the same effect as a negative con- 
 dition). 
 
 (a) Present. Tu si hie sis, aliter sentias. (Ter.) 
 Ego si Scipionis desiderio me moveri negem, mentiar. (Cic.) 
 Quid, si pater fana expilet, cuniculos agat ad aerarium ? indicetne id 
 
 magistratibus films ? Nefas id quidem est : quin etiam defendat 
 
 patrem, si arguatur. (Cic.) 
 () Perfect (rare). Turn vero ego nequiquam hac dextra Capitolium 
 
 arcemque servaverim, si civem in vincula duel videam. (Liv.) 
 
 1 Action is used throughout as the general term for what a verb denotes. 
 
 Continued on p. 260 
 
Chap. XVIIII\ Indicative in protasis and apodosis. 259 
 
 637 [The following instances (Chapp. xviil. xxi.) of the indicative and im- 
 perative moods are selected, partly for introducing certain idiomatic usages, 
 but chiefly to illustrate, by contrast with these, the effect due to the sub- 
 junctive mood. Compared with the sentences on the left-hand pages they 
 all belong to one of two classes ; they either express a different meaning in 
 similar sentences (or in sentences introduced by like conjunctions), or ex- 
 press a similar meaning in differently turned sentences. The arrangement 
 of the matter in these chapters is mainly such as is necessary to show the 
 connexion with one another of the uses of the subjunctive; and the uses of 
 the indicative are grouped as connectedly as the primary object of contrast 
 or comparison with the subjunctive allows.] 
 
 639 The use of the indicative in a principal sentence, with a sub- 
 ordinate conditional sentence, is very common in all tenses except the 
 pluperfect. 
 
 The INDICATIVE makes a statement without implying that the action 
 does not occur, or (necessarily} that it does occur. 
 
 <541 1. Regular conditional sentences with si, si non, nisi, ni ; si modo, 
 si quidem. 
 
 (a) Present. Si id facis, hodie pcstremum me vides. (Ter.) 
 
 Nos vero, si quidem in voluptate sunt omnia, longe multumque supe- 
 ramur a bestiis. (Cic.) 
 
 Denique si deus es, tribuere mortalibus beneficia debes, non sua eripere ; 
 sin autem homo es, id, quod es, semper esse te cogita. (Curt.) 
 
 Future. Si damnatus eris, atque adeo cum damnatus eris, (nam 
 dubitatio damnationis, illis recuperatoribus, quae poterat esse?) 
 virgis te ad necem caedi necesse erit. (Cic.) 
 
 Quid? si tyrannidem occupare, si patriam prodere conabitur pater, 
 silebitne filius ? Immo vero obsecrabit patreni, ne id faciat : si 
 nihil proficiet, accusabit. (Cic.) 
 
 Si tot exempla virtutis non movent, nihil unquam movebit : si tanta 
 clades vilem vitam non fecit, nulla faciet. (Liv.) 
 
 (b) Perfect. Si veneno te inter cenam tollere volui, quid minus 
 aptum fuit quam iratum te efflcere? (Liv.) 
 
 Dixi me pigrum proficiscenti tibi : quid turn profeci, mecum facientia 
 jura si tamen attemptas ? (Hor.) 
 
 Continued on p. a 6 1 
 
 172 
 
260 Subjunctive. (A) Hypothetical. \Book IV. 
 
 Injussu tuo, imperator, extra ordinem nunquam pugnaverim, non si 
 
 certain victoriam videam. (Liv.) 
 Denique hercle aufugerim potius quam redeam, si eo miM redeundum 
 
 sciam. (Ter.) 
 Hos, ni mea cura resistat, jam flammae tulerint, inimicus et hauserit 
 
 ensis. (Verg.) 
 
 (c) Imperfect. Haec tibi ridicula videntur, non enim ades : quae si 
 
 videres, lacrimas non teneres. (Cic.) 
 
 Hannibal peto pacem, qui non peterem, nisi utilem crederem. (Liv.) 
 Num igitur Opimium, si turn esses, temerarium civem aut crudelem 
 
 putares? (Cic.) 
 
 Nunc quemadmodum audiar sentio, at turn si dicerem non audirer. (Cic.) 
 Tu vero, vel si testamentum defenderes, sic ageres, ut omne omnium 
 
 testamentorum jus in eo judicio positum videretur, vel si causam 
 
 ageres militis, patrem ejus dicendo a mortuis excitasses. (Cic.) 
 
 (d} Pluperfect. Si Metelli fidei diffisus essem, judicem eum non 
 
 retinuissem. (Cic.) 
 Res neque nunc difficili loco mini videtur esse, et fuisset facillimo, si 
 
 culpa a quibusdani afuisset. (Cic.) 
 Atqui, VeUei, nisi tu aliquid dixisses, nihil sane ex me quidem audire 
 
 potuisses. (Cic.) 
 
 642 ii- With the condition not formally expressed. (This is some- 
 times called the potential mood.) 
 
 1. The condition is sometimes contained in a phrase in the sen- 
 tence or implied by the context. 
 
 Uno proelio victus, Alexander beUo victus esset; Romanum quem 
 
 Caudium, quem Cannae non fregerunt, quae fregisset acies ? (Liv.) 
 
 i. e. si evenisset. 
 Illius impulsu cum turribus ardua celsis moenia mota forent : serpenc 
 
 sine vulnere mansit. (Ov.) Where illius impulsu = si ab illo 
 
 impulsae essent. 
 ' Vellem quidem liceret : hoc dixissem.' Dicas licet. ' Hoc fecissem/ 
 
 Facias licet: nemo pronibet. ' Hoc decrevissem.' Decerne, modo 
 
 recte : omnes approbabunt. (Cic.) 
 
 NuUa profecto alia gens tanta mole cladis non obruta esset. (Liv.) 
 Hoc spatio plura facinora in se victi ediderunt quam infesti edidissent 
 
 victores. (Liv.) 
 Omnia nostra, dum.nascuntur, placent : alioqui nee scriberentur. 
 
 (Quint.) 
 IUa vel intactae segetis per summa volaret gramina nee teneras cursu 
 
 laesisset aristas, vel mare per medium fluctu suspensa tumenti 
 
 ferret iter celeris nee tingueret aequore plantas. (Verg.) 
 
 Continued on p. z6z 
 
Chap. XVI I I ^\ Indicative. Expressions of power, duty, &c. 261 
 
 Epicurus quamvis comis in amicis tuendis fuerit, tamen si haec vera 
 sunt, nihil enim affirmo, non satis acutus fuit. (Gic.) 
 
 Completed Future. Si tu argentum attuleris, cum illo perdidero 
 
 fidem. (Plaut.) 
 Pergratum mihi feceris, spero etiam Scaevolae, si de amicitia dispu- 
 
 taris. (Cic.) 
 (r) Imperfect. Si nullum jam ante consilium de morte Sex. Rosci 
 
 inieras, hie nuntius ad te minime omnium pertinebat. (Gic.) 
 Metellum si parum pudor ipsius dofendebat, debebat familiae nostrae 
 
 dignitas satis sublevare. (Metell.) 
 Turn enim magistratum non gerebat is qui ceperat, si patres auctores 
 
 non erant facti. (Cic.) 
 (d) Pluperfect. Cesseram, si alienam a me plebem fuisse voltis, quae 
 
 non fuit, invidiae ; si vis suberat, armis ; si periculurn civium, rei 
 
 publicae. (Cic.) 
 Vivere debuerant et vir meus et tua conjux, si nullum ausuri niajus 
 
 eramus opus. (Ov.) 
 
 643 2. The indicative (of certain verbs) is used where the power, pos- 
 sibility, duty, convenience, Q^c. of doing certain acts is spoken of, rather 
 than the occurrence of the acts themselves. 
 
 (a) The Present and Future are used when the possible, obliga- 
 tory, c. action is spoken of as still possible. 
 
 (b) The Perfect is used of past time generally. 
 
 (c) The Imperfect is used of present time, or of a continuous state 
 in past time, the action being regarded as no longer possible. 
 
 (d) The Pluperfect is used of an action no longer possible in past 
 time. 
 
 (a) Present. Possum persequi multa oblectamenta rerum rusticarum, 
 
 sed ea ipsa, quae dixi, sentio fuisse longiora. (Cic.) 
 Longum est ea dicere : sed hoc breve dicam. (Cic.) 
 Future. Nihil est quod verearis, ne sit hoc illi molesturi, cui orbem 
 
 terrarum circumire non erit longum mea causa. (Plin.) 
 (Jy) Perfect. Aut non suscipi bellum oportuit, aut geri pro dignitate 
 
 populi Komani oportet. (Liv.) 
 Prohiberi melius fuit impedirique ne Cinna tot summos viros inter- 
 
 flceret, quam ipsum aliquando poenas dare. (Cic.) 
 (c) Imperfect. Perturbationes animorum poteram morbos appellare ; 
 
 sed non conveniret ad omnia. (Cic.) 
 Itaque Plato eos ne ad rempublicam quidem accessuros putat nisi 
 
 coactos: aequius autem erat id voluntate fieri. (Cic.) 
 (cT) Pluperfect. Quanto melius fuerat, in hoc promissum patris non 
 
 esse servatum. (Cic.) 
 Catilina erupit e senatu, triumphans gaudio, quern omnino vivum 
 
 Ulinc exire non oporiusrat. (Cic.) 
 
 Continued on p. 263 
 
262 Subjunctive. (A) Hypothetical \Book IV. 
 
 644 2. Often the suppressed condition is l if occasion arose J ' if a trial 
 <zvere made] and the like. This is most common 
 
 (a) in the case of velim, vellem, malim, nolim, &c., or of the perfect 
 (with sense of present) tense of some verbs of mental action (thinking, 
 saying, &c.). In English we use the auxiliaries ' can," 1 ' could ',' ' should^ 
 ; wouldS ' may," 1 ' might.'' 
 
 Id velim mihi ignoscas, quod invita socru tua fecerim. (Cic.) 
 
 Jam mallem Cerberum metueres, quam ista tarn inconsiderate diceres. 
 
 (Gic.) 
 
 Quis dubitet, quin in virtute divitiae sint ? (Cic.) 
 Hoc tantum bellum quis umquam arbitraretur uno anno confici posse ? 
 
 (Cic.) 
 Nee vero reprehenderim ' scripsere alii rem : ' ' scripserunt ' esse verius 
 
 sentio. (Cic.) 
 Ubi (Sarmatse) per turmas advenere, vix ulla acies obstiterit. (Tac.) 
 
 or () with the adverbs merito, facile, lubenter, citrus, and the 
 like, with or without a negative. The perfect is also sometimes found, 
 especially in first pers. sing., without such adverb or negative. 
 
 Sed neque verbis aptiorem cito alium dixerim neque sententiis cre- 
 
 briorem. (Cic.) 
 Libenter omnibus omnis opes concesserim, ut mini liceat vi nulla inter- 
 
 pellante isto modo vivere. (Cic.) 
 
 Ciceronem cuicumque Graecorum fortiter opposuerim. (Quint.) 
 Macte virtute ! Ego enim ipse cum eodem isto non invitus erraverim. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 Sic ego istis censuerim novam istam orationem fugiendam. (Cic.) 
 
 646 3. The subjunctive is used where the subject is impliedly indefinite, 
 the verb being in the and pers. singular (i.e. you = one). 
 
 (The condition understood is the reality of the subject.) N.B. The 
 subject tu is rarely expressed. 
 
 Quern neque gloria neque pericula excitant, nequiquam hortere. (Sail.) 
 Demptum tenet arbore pomum : Hesperidas donasse putes. (Ov.) 
 Injussu signa referunt, inaestique, (crederes vicfcos,) redeunt in castra. 
 
 (Liv.) 
 
 Neminem totis mox castris quietum videres. (Liv.) 
 Putasses ejus luctus aliquem finem esse debere. (Sen.) 
 
 Such a subjunctive may occur in a conditional or other subordinate 
 clause; e.g. 
 
 Mens quoque et animus, nisi tanquam lumini oleum instiUes, exstin- 
 
 guuntur senectute. (Cic.) 
 Bonus tantummodo segnior fit, ubi neglegas, at malus improbior. 
 
 (Sail.) 
 
 Continued on p. 264 
 
Chap. XVIIIJ\ Indicative. Contrasted usages. 263 
 
 645 3. The indicative is found in some sentences similarly framed to 
 those (on opposite page) with subjunctive. 
 
 (a) Ducas volo hodie uxorem. (Ter.) 
 
 At taceas malo multo, quam tacere dicas. (Plant.) 
 
 Malo mehereule id quod tu defendis his judicibus populoque Romano, 
 quam id quod ego insimulo, probari. (Cic.) 
 
 Sunt ea quidem magna : quis negat ? sed magnis excitantur praemiis, 
 ac memoria hominum serapiterna. (Cic.) 
 
 Pro di immortales ! Oppianicum quisquam his rebus cognitis uircum- 
 ventum esse dicet ? (Cic.) 
 
 Satis superque me benignitas tua ditavit : baud paravero quod aut 
 avarus ut Chremes terra premam, discinctus aut perdam nepos. 
 
 (Hor.) 
 
 () Libenter tibi, Laeli, ut de eo disseras, equidem concessero. (Cic.) 
 
 Mediocribus et quis ignoscas vitiis teneor ; fortassis et istinc iargiter 
 abstulerit longa aetas. (Hor.) 
 
 Nunc quid dicis ? ' Cave ignoscas.' Haec nee hominis nee ad hominem 
 vox est : qua qui apud te, C. Caesar, utitur, suam citius abiciet 
 humanitatem quam extorquebit tuam. (Cic.) 
 
 Quam scit uterque, libens censebo, exerceat artem. (Hor.) 
 
 647 (c) The indicative is (except for some collateral reason) used with 
 a definite, or expressedly indefinite subject ; especially the future and 
 completed future of dico, quaero, &c. in introducing possible objec- 
 tions. 
 
 1. With an expressedly indefinite subject : 
 
 Quaeret fortassis quispiam, displiceatne mini legum praesidio capitis 
 periculum propulsare. Mini vero, judices, non displicet. (Cic.) 
 
 Dicet aliquis, ' quid igitur censes ? vindicandum in eos qui hosti pro- 
 didere rempublicam ? ' Non manu, non vi, &c. (Sail.) 
 
 Tu igitur ipse de te ? dixerit quispiam. Equidem invitus, sed injuriae 
 dolor facit me praeter consuetudinem gloriosum. (Cic.) 
 
 2. With a definite subject : 
 
 Quaeres, quanti id aestimem. Si unquam licuerit vivere in otio, expe- 
 
 rieris. (Pollio.) 
 Ubi eos inveniemus, qui honores amicitiae non anteponant? (A few 
 
 lines after comes Ubi enim istum invenias, qui honorem amici ante- 
 
 ponat suo? (Cic.) 
 
 Continued on p. 265 
 
264 Subjunctive. (B) Conditional. \BookIV. 
 
 (B) Conditional subjunctive. 
 
 648 Conditional subjunctives are used in subordinate sentences which 
 qualify not positive or absolute assertions, but thoughts, actions in the 
 abstract, qualities; i.e. they are used in sentences qualifying subjunc- 
 tives, infinitives, gerundives, and future participles. 
 
 A conditional clause with si frequently qualifies or appears to 
 qualify a principal sentence which has the indicative. These cases are 
 referable to two classes. The first of these is (z) when the indicative 
 verb in the principal clause is an auxiliary verb ; e.g. possum, licet T est, 
 fuit ; and the conditional clause really qualifies not the auxiliary but the 
 infinitive or gerundive, which is connected with it. The other class is 
 (3) when the principal sentence does not state the proper hypothetical 
 assertion to which the conditional clause strictly corresponds, but sub- 
 stitutes for it a statement of similar content but of a positive character. 
 
 A conditional subjunctive expresses an action, whose non-occurrence is 
 implied, but which is supposed to occur as the condition of .another supposed 
 action. 
 
 650 1- Conditional sentence with protasis and apodosis in 
 subjunctive. 
 
 (<?) The protasis (or conditional clause) may be without relative 
 or connective adverb (the verb being generally put first in the clause). 
 Roges me, qualem naturam deorum esse ducam, nihil fortasse respon- 
 
 deam ; quaeras, putemne taleni esse, qualis modo a te sit exposita, 
 
 nihil dicam mini videri minus. (Cic.) 
 
 Partem opere in tanto, sineret dolor, Icare, haberes. (Verg.) 
 Dedissss huic animo par corpus, fecisset quod optabat. (Plin.) 
 
 In the comic poets such a protasis has sometimes the preposition absque 
 with its case, and esset or foret. 
 Nam absque te esset, hodie numquam ad solem occasum viverem. (Plaut.) 
 
 (Z>) The protasis may be introduced by a relative adjective (qui 
 siquis). 
 Haec et innumerabOia ex eodem genere qui videat, nonne cogatur con- 
 
 fiteri deos esss? (Cic.) 
 Qui videret equuin Trojanum introduction, urbem captam diceret. (Cic.) 
 
 (r) Ordinary conditional sentences have the protasis introduced 
 by si. Instances are given in 640. 
 
 Conditional clauses, with si, si maxume (followed by tamen), 
 tametsi, etiamsi, are often used to concede, for argument's sake, a 
 supposition contrary to the fact. 
 Si haee non gesta audiretis, sed picta videretis, tamen appareret uter 
 
 esset insidiator. (Cic.) 
 
 Etiamsi mors oppetenda esset, domi atque in patria mallem quam in 
 externis atque alienis locis. (Cic.) 
 
 Continued on p. 266 
 
Chap. XVIIII\ Indicative in Conditional clause. 265 
 
 Indicative and Imperative in Conditional clause. 
 
 Conditional clauses with the verb in the indicative usually qualify 
 principal clauses which contain an indicative or imperative. 
 
 The indicative is however found in the conditional clause, when the 
 principal clause has the subjunctive, but this happens only where either 
 the principal clause, properly correspondent, has been suppressed ; or 
 where the subjunctive form is due not to its conditional function, but to 
 a wholly independent reason, e.g. to its denoting a wish or command, c u 
 
 In the indicative or imperative mood, a condition is put simply without 
 its being implied that it does, or does not, occur, 
 
 651 ! Conditional sentence with protasis and apodosis in 
 
 indicative or imperative. 
 
 (a) The protasis may be without relative or connective adverb, in 
 
 indicative ; especially the present and completed future. 
 
 Quicquid dicunt laudo : id rursum si negant, laudo id quoque. Negat 
 quis ; nego : ait, aio. (Ter.) 
 
 Clarissimo viro decrevit imperium, private tamen: in quo maximum 
 nobis onus imposuit. Adsensus ero ; ambitionem induxero in 
 curiam : negaro ; videbor suffragio meo honorem homini amicissimo 
 denegavlsse. (Cic.) (J uv -) 
 
 Bides ; majore cachinno concutitur : flet, si lacrymas conspexit amici. 
 
 Veneris in patriam mecum, ibi tibi gratiam referam. (Sen. Rhet.) 
 Or the protasis may be in imperative. 
 
 Attendite : jam intellegetis. (Cic.) 
 
 Tolle hanc opinionem : luctum sustuleris. (Cic.) 
 
 (Z>) The protasis may be introduced by a relative adjective. 
 Nihil est enim virtute amabilius, quam qui adeptus erit, ubicunque erit 
 
 gentium, a nobis diligetur. (Cic.) 
 Haec et quae sunt ejus generis facile videbit, qui volet laudare. (Cic.) 
 
 (r) Ordinary conditional sentences have the protasis introduced 
 by si. Instances are given in 641. 
 
 With si, si maxume (followed by tamen, at), etsi, tametsi, etiamsi, 
 of a simple supposition, especially where the supposition is known to 
 be the fact. 
 In Deciis Magiis si moderatio ilia, quae in nostris solet esse consulibus, 
 
 non fuit, at fuit pompa, fuit species. (Cic.) 
 Viri boni multa ob earn causam faciunt, quia honestum est, etsi nul- 
 
 lum consecuturum emolumentum vident. (Cic.) 
 Quod crebro quis videt, non miratur, etiamsi cur fiat nescit. (Cic.) 
 
 Continued on p. 267 
 
266 Subjunctive. (B) Conditional. \Book IV. 
 
 (d) The subjunctive appears to be rarely used in stating conflicting 
 possibilities (as with sive or sin), except in reported narrative or dependent 
 sentence ; probably because the writer declines to mark as imaginary any of 
 the possibilities among which he declines to decide. 
 
 Eb tamen ego a philosopno, si adferat eloquentiam, non asperner, si non 
 habeat, non admodum flagitem. (Cic.) 
 
 652 2. Conditional sentence with subjunctive in protasis, but with 
 some part of infinite verb, i.e. infinitive, future participle, 
 or gerundive, in the apodosis. 
 
 The verb in the apodosis on which the infinitive depends, or the 
 auxiliary verb with the gerundive or participle, is usually put in the 
 indicative (except for some collateral reason), and conveys a positive 
 expression of duty, possibility, right, &c. (Gf. 628, 643.) 
 
 (a) A condition qualifying an infinitive. 
 Omnibus eum contumeliis onerasti, quern patris loco, si ulla in te 
 
 pietas esset, colere debebas 1 . (Cic.) 
 Deleri totus exercitus potuit 1 , si fugientes persecuti victores essent. 
 
 (Liv.) 
 Neque tu hoc dicere audebis, nee, si cupias, licebit. (Cic.) 
 
 But the verb on which the infinitive depends or the auxiliary verb (with 
 genitive, &c.) is sometimes put in the subjunctive either (i) as hypothetical, 
 Haec si diceret, tamen ignosci non oporteret. (Cic.) 
 
 or (2) often for a collateral reason : this is especially the case with 
 potuerit, rajely potuisset. (Cf. 629, 630.) 
 Ventum quidem erat eo, ut, si hostem similem antiquis Macedonum 
 
 regibus habuisset consul, magna clades accipi potuerit. (Liv.) 
 Philippus, si satis diei superesset, non dubius quin Athamanes quoque 
 exui castris potuissent, sub tumulo consedit. (Liv.) 
 
 () A condition qualifying the future participle, or the gerundive. 
 Illi ipsi aratores, qui remanserant, relicturi agros omnis erant, nisi ad 
 
 eos Metellus Roma litteras misisset. (Cic.) 
 Quid, si hostes urbem veniant, facturi estis ? (Liv.) 
 Hos nisi manumisisset, tormantis etiam dedendi fuerunt. (Cic.) 
 Sic flendus Peleus, si moreretur, erat. (Ov.) 
 
 The auxiliary verb in the apodosis may be in the subjunctive for a col- 
 lateral reason ; e.g. if the apodosis is a dependent question, &c. (Cf. 629, 
 630.) 
 Nee dubium erat, quin, si tarn pauci simul obire omnia (loca) possent, 
 
 terga daturi hostes fuerint. (Liv.) 
 Quae res sua sponte tarn scelerata et nefaria est, tit, etiamsi lex non 
 
 esset, magno opere vitanda fuerit. (Cic.) 
 
 1 This corresponds to the origin of the English idiom, should, could, 
 might, &c. 
 
 Continued on p. 268 
 
Chap. XVIII.'] Indicative in Conditional clause. 267 
 
 (d) When several conflicting possibilities are stated, either the first is 
 expressed by si, and the second by si, sin, si vero, &c. positively, by si 
 non, sin minus negatively. 
 
 Si feceris id quod ostendis, magnam habebo gratiam ; si non foceris, 
 ignoscam. (Cic.) 
 
 Aut si es dura, nega : sin es non dura, venito. (Prop.) 
 
 Luxuria cum omni aetati turpis, turn senectuti foedissima est : sin 
 autem etiam libidinum intemperantia accessit, duplex malum est. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 Sive enim ad sapientiam perveniri potest, non paranda nobis solum ea, 
 sed fruenda etiani est : sive hoc difficile est, tamen nuUus est modus 
 investigandi veri, nisi inveneris. (Cic.) 
 
 653 (e) An exception (in the indicative) is often appended by way of 
 afterthought : nisi, nisi forte, nisi vero, ironical, nisi tamen. Sometimes 
 nisi o nly that, only, but, however. 
 
 Nemo fere saltat sobrius, nisi forte insanit. (Cic.) 
 
 Ridiculum caput, quasi necesse sit, si huic non dat, te illam uxorem 
 ducere : nisi vides, nisi senis amicos oras, ambis. (Ter.) 
 
 De re non possum judicare, nisi iUud mini persuadeo, te talem virum 
 nihil temere fecisse. (Cic.) 
 
 Nos nihil de eo percontationibus reperiebamus, nisi certis ex aqua men- 
 suris breviores esse quam in continenti noctes videbamus. (Caes.) 
 
 65 5 2. Indicative conditional clause with apodosis in impera- 
 tive. 
 
 The conditional clause may have, or may not have, si or nisi. 
 
 Quamobrem si me amas tantum, quantum profecto amas, si dormis, 
 expergiscere ; si stas, ingredere ; si ingrederis, curre ; si curris, 
 advola. (Gic.) 
 
 Vive, vale: siquid novisti rectius istis, candidus imperfci ; si nil, his 
 utere mecum. (Hor.) 
 
 Ebiamsi alii primam frontem tenebunt, te sors inter triarios posuerit, 
 inde voce, adhortatione, exemplo, aninio milita. (Sen.) 
 
 Verum parcite dignitati Lentuli, si ipse famae suae pepercit : ignoscite 
 Cethegi adolescentiae, nisi iterum patriae bellum fecit. (Sail.) 
 
 Arguet, arguito : quicquid probat ilia, probato ; quod dicet, dicas ; 
 quod negat ilia, neges. Riserit, adride ; si flebit, flere memento. 
 
 (Ov.) 
 
 Rure erit et dicet venias amor odit inertes si rota defuerit, tu pede 
 carpe viam. (Ov.) 
 
 Continued on p. 269 
 
268 Subjunctive. (B) ^Conditional. \BookIV. 
 
 654 3. Conditional sentence with subjunctive in protasis but with 
 suppression or contraction of the proper hypothetical 
 apodosis. 
 
 (a) An allied fact is sometimes substituted for the proper hypo- 
 thetical statement. This allied fact is usually either 
 
 (i. Present) a general truth (instead of a particular occurrence); or 
 
 (2. Future) an unconditional prophecy; or 
 
 (3. Perfect with paene, prope, or Imperfect) an incomplete action 
 or tendency (instead of the completed result) ; or 
 
 (4. Pluperfect) a wilful exaggeration. 
 
 1. Multa me deliortaatur a vobis, Quirites, ni studium reipublieae 
 
 supsret. (Sail.) 
 Ilemini numeros, si verba tenerem. (Verg.) 
 
 2. At si me jubeas domitos Jovls igne Gigantas dicere, conantem 
 
 debilitabit onus. (Ov.) 
 Si fractus illabatur orbis, impavidum ferient ruinae. (Hor.) 
 
 3. Pens sublicius iter paene hostibus dedit, ni unus \ir fuisset. 
 
 (Liv.) 
 
 Quin labebar longius, nisi me retinuissem. (Cic.) 
 i per L. MeteUnm licitum esset, matres iUorum miserorum sororesque 
 veniebant. (Cic.) 
 
 4. Praeclare viceramus, nisi spoliatum, inermem, fugientem Lepidus 
 
 recepisset Antonium. (Cic.) 
 
 Me truncus illapsus cerebro sustulerat, nisi Faunus ictum dextra levas- 
 set. (Hor.) 
 
 656 (b) An epithet, &c. forms the apodosis, instead of a statement of the 
 epithet's being applicable. 
 
 Hunc exitum nabuit vir, nisi in libera civitate natus esset, memorabilia. 
 
 (Liv.) 
 
 Vidimus et merulas poni, suavls res, si non causas narraret earum et 
 naturas dominus. (Hor.) 
 
 658 (c) In conversational questions the verb of the apodosis is omitted, 
 perhaps not even distinctly conceived. 
 Quid, si liunc comprehend! jusserim? TY. Sapias magis. (Plaut.) 
 
 660 ( d ) * n sentences of comparison; with quasi, velut si, ac si, 
 tamquam si, sicuti, ceu, &c., the verb of the apodosis (being an hypo- 
 thetical repetition of the verb of the principal sentence) is often omitted. 
 With tamquam and velut the si also is sometimes omitted. 
 Verum homines conrupti superbia ita aetatem agunt, quasi vostros 
 honores contemnant ; ita hos pstunt, quasi honeste vixerint. 
 
 (Sail.) 
 
 At accusat C. Cornelii films, et id aeque valere debet, ac si pater indi- 
 caret. (Cic.) 
 
 Continued on p. 370 
 
Chap. XVIflJ] Indicative in Conditional clause. 269 
 
 657 3. With apparent apodosis in subjunctive, 
 
 (a) Sometimes it is not the particular action expressed this may be in 
 indicative or subjunctive according to circumstances but the mention of 
 the action, which is qualified by the conditional clause expressed. 
 
 Quam vellem Romae esses, si forte non es. (Cic.) 
 
 Tua nos virtus ita conciliavit tibi, ut, te salvo atque incolumi aniico, 
 
 ne deos quidem iratos, si fas est dici, timeremus. (Liv.) 
 Tu tamen velim orationem legas, nisi forte jam legist!. (Cic.) 
 
 () Or the apodosis may express a wish or command or conse- 
 quence, or modest assertion, &c. and on that account have its verb in 
 the subjunctive, without the mood of the protasis being affected. 
 
 Etenim si nox non adimit vitam beatam, cur dies nocti similis adimat ? 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 Peream male, si non optimum erat. (Hor.) 
 
 Fratrem mecum et te si habebo, per me isti pedibus trahantur. (Cic.) 
 Si piguit portas ultra procedere, at illuc jussisses lectum lentius ire 
 
 meum. (Propert.) 
 Sin erit ille gemitus elamentabilis, si inbecillus, si abjectus, si flebilis, 
 
 ei qui se dederit, vix eum virum dixerim. (Cic.) 
 
 (c) Or the apodosis may contain an hypothetical statement contingent, 
 not on the condition expressed, but on another which is not formally ex- 
 pressed. 
 
 Si unquam tibi visus sum in republica fortis, certe me in ilia causa 
 
 admiratus esses (sc. si affuisses). (Cic.) 
 Quod si in hoc mundo fieri sine deo non potest, ne in sphaera quidem 
 
 eosdem motus Archimedes sine divino ingenio ( = nisi divinum in- 
 
 genium haberet) potuisset imitari. (Cic.) 
 
 659 4. In conversational questions the verb of the apodosis is sometimes 
 omitted. 
 
 Quid, si Me manebo potius ad meridiem ? (Plaut.) 
 
 661 The indicative is used in sentences of comparison where the occur- 
 rence adduced in comparison is a fact ; chiefly with ac, tamquam, 
 
 Longe alia nobis ac tu scripseras narrantur. (Cic.) 
 
 Nam et vitast eadem et animus te erga idem ac fuit. (Ter.) 
 
 Jusserunt simulacrum Jovis facere majus et in excelso conlocare et 
 
 contra, atque antea fuerat, ad orientem convertere. (Cic.) 
 Fuit olim, quasi nunc ego sum, senex : ei filiae duae erant, quasi nunc 
 
 meae sunt : eae erant duobus nuptae fratribus, quasi nunc meae 
 
 sunt vobis, &c. (Plaut.) 
 
 Continued on p. 271 
 
270 Subjunctive. (C) Optative and Jussive. \BookIV. 
 
 Samnitium exercitus, velut baud ulla mora pugnae futura esset, aciem 
 
 instruit. (Liv.) 
 Hie vero ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam bella forent, nuUi tota 
 
 morerentur in urbe, cernimus. (Verg.) 
 Quasi vero mihi difficile sit quam vis multos nominatim proferre. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 662 (e) In wishes. 
 
 SI nunc se nobis ille aureus arbore ramus ostendat nemore in tanto. 
 
 (Verg.) 
 Quanquam o si solitae quicquam virtutis adesset ! (Verg.) 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD TO EXPRESS 
 DESIRE, with contrasted use of indicative and imperative. 
 
 664 (C) Optative and jussive subjunctive. 
 
 THIS use, with the hypothetical subjunctive, exhausts the cases in 
 which the subjunctive stands in a simple sentence, or in an independent 
 principal clause of a compound sentence. 
 
 In all these cases, except in questions ( 674), if the subjunctive verb 
 requires a negative, ne is used instead of non. Cave and nolim, nollem 
 are also sometimes used as equivalent to ne. 
 
 The optative or jussive subjunctive expresses an action sup- 
 posed and either wished, or deprecated, or commanded, 
 or forbidden. 
 
 666 1. Wish. 
 
 (a) Without connective adverb ; (in negative sentences with ne). 
 Valeant cives mei, sint incolumes, sint florentes, sint beati. (Cic.) 
 Legati pro contione: Quod bonum felix faustumque sit vobis reique 
 
 publicae, redite in patriam. (Liv.) 
 Di facerent sine patre forem. (Ov.) 
 Ac venerata Ceres, ita culmo surgeret alto, explicuit vino contractae 
 
 seria frontis. (Hor.) 
 Phoebe, gravis Trojae semper miserate labores, hac Trojana tenus 
 
 fuerit Fortuna secuta. (Verg.) 
 Ne sim salvus, si aliter scribo ac sentio. (Cic.) 
 
 So in certain apologetic phrases ; (present and perfect). 
 Obsecro vos, putate me ex media coatione unum civem succlamare: 
 
 " Bona venia vestra liceat ex his rogationibus legere, quas salubres 
 
 nobis censemus esse, antiquare alias." (Liv.) 
 Tu, et meo judicio et omnium, vix ullam ceteris oratoribus, pace horum 
 
 dixerim, laudem reliquisti. (Cic.) 
 
 Continued on p. 272 
 
Chap. XfX.] Indicative and Imperative. 271 
 
 663 If the verb of the subordinate sentence is the same (whether re- 
 quiring the same or a different mood) as that of the principal sentence, 
 it is usually omitted, and the adverb thus appears to qualify a word 
 only. 
 
 De Fabiano Severus Cassius, antequam ab illo reus ageretur, dixerat : 
 ' quasi dissertus cs, quasi formosus cs, quasi dives es ; ununi 
 tantum es non quasi, vappa.' (Sen. Rhet.) 
 
 M. Porcium, sicut omni vita, turn prensantem premebat nobilitas. (Liv.) 
 Cn. Plancii salutem non secus ac meam tueri debeo. (Cic.) 
 
 Indicative and Imperative. 
 
 665 The uses of the indicative mood in this chapter have not all a 
 close connexion with one another. They have been selected as con- 
 trasting, or at least being in some way comparable, with the quoted 
 usages of the subjunctive. 
 
 i. A similar meaning to that of this class of subjunctive 
 may be expressed by the indicative. 
 
 (a) A direct expression of a wish is made by the use of the verbs volo, 
 cupio, &c. 
 
 Te ipsum, Naevi, volo audire ; volo inauditum facinus ipsius, qui id 
 
 commisit, voce convinei. (Cic.) 
 Neque ficto in pejus vultu proponi cereus usquam, nee prave facti^ 
 
 decorari versibus opto. (Hor.) 
 
 (b) The second person of the future indicative, by telling a person 
 what he will do, may imply that he shall do it. 
 
 Interea dedite profanos nos : dedetis deinde et istos sacrosanctos, quum 
 
 primum magistratu abierint. (Liv. ) 
 Sed valebis, meaque negotia videbis, meque dis juvantibus ante brumam 
 
 expectabis. (Cic.) 
 Cum te audirem, accidebat, ut moleste ferrem tantum ingenium bona 
 
 venia me audies in tarn ineptas sententias incidisse. (Cic.) 
 
 667 ( c ) The use of all persons of videro (see 609, 5) to put off the con- 
 sideration of a question is noticeable. 
 
 Quae fuerit causa, mox videro ; interea hoc tenebo. (Cic.) 
 Sed de te tu videris : ego de me ipso profitebor. (Cic.) 
 
 Continued on p. 27 3 
 
272 Subjunctive. (C) Jussive. \BookIV. 
 
 () With utinam, sometimes with modo ; or (in poetry) ut. In 
 negative sentences usually with ne. In execrations qui (adv.) is used by 
 the comic poets. 
 
 Utinam ipse Varro incumbat in causam. (Cic.) 
 
 Utinam populus Romanus unam cervicem haberet. (Calig. ap. Suet.) 
 
 Juppiter omnipotens, utinam ne tempore primo Gnosia Cecropiae teti- 
 
 gissent litora puppes. (Catull.) 
 pater et rex Juppiter, ut pereat positum robigine telum, neu quis- 
 
 quam noceat cupido mihi pacis ! (Hor.) 
 
 Qui ilium di omnes parduint, qui primus comnientust contionem habere. 
 
 (Plaut.) 
 
 A wish is sometimes expressed by a conditional sentence, with the 
 apodosis omitted ; see 662. 
 
 668 2. Simple command. (In prohibitions ne, nemo, nihil, rarely 
 non : sometimes (for et ne, vel ne) neve, neu ; nee.) 
 
 (a) In present and, in prohibitions, perfect tenses. 
 
 The use of the subjunctive of the second person, present tense, is 
 not frequent, excepting when the subject is indefinite ( 646). 
 Mini quidem in vita servanda videtur ilia les, quae in Graecorum con- 
 
 viviis obtinetur : ' aut bibat,' inquit, ' aut abeat.' (Cic.) 
 Ergo detur aliquid aetati : sit adulescentia liberior : non pmnia volup- 
 
 tatibus denegentur : non semper superet vera ilia et derecta ratio. 
 
 (Cic.) Here non belongs to omnia, semper. 
 Amemus patriam, pareamus senatui, consulamus bonis, praesentis 
 
 fructus neglegamus, posteritatis gloriae serviamus ; speremus quae 
 
 volumus, sed quod acciderit feramus. (Cic.) 
 Isto bono utare, dum adsit : cum absit, ne requiras. (Cic.) 
 Quid bellicosus Cantaber, Hirpine Quinti, cogitet, remittas quaerere, 
 
 nee trepides in usum poscentis aevi pauca. (Hor.) 
 Ne transieris Iberum ; ne quid rei tibi sit cum Saguntinis ; nusquam te 
 
 vestigio moveris. (Liv.) 
 Nihil ignoveris ; nihil omnino gratiae concesseris ; misericordia com- 
 
 motus ne sis ; in sententia permaneto. (Cic.) 
 
 670 (^) In imperfect and pluperfect tenses, of advice applicable to cir- 
 cumstances no longer existing. 
 
 Non ego illi argentum redderem? ME. Non redderes, neque de illo 
 quicquam neque emeres neque venderes, nee, qui deterior esset, 
 faceres copiam. (Plaut.) Here non is used in echo of the question. 
 Civem Romanum in crucem egisti. Asservasses hominem, clausum 
 habuisses, dum Panhormo Raecius veniret : cognosceret hominem, 
 aliquid de summo supplicio remitteres ; si ignoraret, turn, &c. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 Quid facere debuisti ? si ut plerique faciunt, frumentum ne emisses, 
 sumpsisses id nummomm. (Cic.) 
 
 Continued on p. 374 
 
Chap. XIX.] Indicative and Imperative. 273 
 
 Nunc morere : ast de me divom pater atque hominum rex viderit. (Verg.) 
 
 Ipsam iracundiam fortitudinis quasi cotem esse dicebant : recte secusne, 
 alias viderimus. (Cic.) 
 
 'Vos,' inquit (Lucretia), 'videritis quid Uli debeatur: ego me, etsi 
 peccato absolve, supplicio non libero.' (Liv.) 
 
 Quae quam sit facilis, iUi viderint, qui ejus artis arrogantia, quasi 
 difflcillima sit, ita subnixi ambulant, deinde etiam tu ipse videris. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 So also the simple future. 
 Sed de hoc videbimus : exeamus modo. (Cic.) 
 De nomine tu videbis cum Cispio. (Cic.) 
 
 a. The imperative mood is used in commands and en- 
 treaties, generally from the nature of its meaning in the 
 second person. 
 
 The third person is only found in the future tense, and its use 
 almost confined to legal or quasi-legal phraseology. 
 
 In prohibitions, with ne, the present is used only in the poets: the 
 future only in legal or antique phraseology. A periphrasis by means 
 of noli or cave is more common. 
 
 (a) Present. Patres conscript!, subvenite mini misero, ite obviam 
 
 injuriae, nolite pati regnum Numidiae tabescere. (Sail.) 
 Tibi habe sane istam laudationem Mamertinorum. (Cic.) 
 Tu ne cede malis, sed contra audentior ito. (Verg.) 
 Quid tuta times ? accingere et omnem pelle moram. (Ov.) 
 Ne lacruma atque istuc, quidquid est, fac me ut sciam : ne retics, ne 
 
 verere, crede, inquam, miM. (Ter.) 
 DE. Bene ambulato. LY. Bene vale. DE. Bene sit tibi. (Plaut.) 
 
 () Future. Quum valetndini tuae diligontissima consulueris, turn, 
 
 mi Tiro, consulito navigation!. (Cic.) 
 Si te forte meae gravis uret sarclna chartae, abicito potius, quam quo 
 
 perferre juberis, clitellas ferus impingas. (Hor.) 
 Primus humum fodito, primus devecta cremato sarmenta, et vallos 
 
 primus sub tecta referto : postremus metito. (Verg.) 
 Hoc pinguem et placitam paci nutritor olivam. (Verg.) 
 Tu quidem macte virtute diligentiaque esto. (Liv.) 
 Heres Titius esto cernitoque in centum diebus proxumis, quibus scies 
 
 poterisque. Quod ni ita creveris, exheres esto. 
 
 (In a will. Gai. 2. 165.) 
 Borea flante ne arato, frugem ne serito, semen ne jacito. (Plin.) 
 
 Continued on p. 275 
 L. G. 18 
 
274 Subjunctive. (C) Jussive. [Book IV. 
 
 672 3. In quasi-dependence on another verb. 
 
 Primary tenses are used when the principal verb is primary, and 
 secondary, when that is secondary. 
 
 Abi, nuntia publice patribus, urbem Romanam muniant. (Liv.) 
 Jugurtha oppidanos hortatur, moenia defendant. (Sail.) 
 Hesterna tibi nocte dixeramus cenares hodie, Procille, mecum. (Mart.) 
 Omnia fecerit oportet, quae interdicta et denuntiata sunt, priusquam 
 
 aliquid postulet. (Cic.) 
 Huic vitae tot tantisque gaudiis refertae forfcuna ipsa cedat necesse est. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 Quin. etiam Graecis verbis licebit utare, cum voles, si te Latina forte 
 
 deficient. (Cic.) 
 
 Quam mallem vinctos mihi traderet. (Liv.) 
 Nolo me in tempore hoc videat senex. (Ter.) 
 Cave putes quicquam homines magis unquam esse miratos. (See 664.) 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 674 4. In interrogative sentences. 
 
 Usually a negative answer is expected. In a negative question non 
 is used. (These are sometimes called dubitative questions.) 
 
 (a) In principal sentences. 
 Quid faciat ? pugnet ? vincetur femina pugnans : clamet ? at in dextra 
 
 qui vetet ensis erat. (Ov.) 
 Haec cum viderem, quid agerem, judices ? Contenderem contra tribu- 
 
 num plebis privatus armis ? Forsitan non nemo dixerit ; ' Resti- 
 
 tissss, repugnasses, mortem pugnans oppetisses.' (Cic.) 
 Apud exercitum mihi fueris tot annos ; forum non attigeris ; afueris 
 
 tarn diu ; et, cum longo intervallo veneris, cum his, qui in foro 
 
 habitarint, de dignitate contendas ? (Cic.) 
 An mihi cantando victus non redderet Ule capruni ? ( Verg.) 
 
 () So also in a dependent sentence. 
 
 Non satis Bruto vel tribunis militum constabat, quid agerent aut quam 
 
 rationem pugnae insisterent. (Caes.) 
 
 Ubi consistamus, non habemus, praeter Sex. Pompeium. (D. Brut.) 
 Extemplo agitabatur quemadmodum ultro inferendo bello averterent ab 
 
 Italia hostem. (Liv.) 
 De'pueris quid agam, non habeo. (Cic.) 
 
 (c) The subjunctive with quidni, ivhy not ? has a similar meaning, and 
 the whole expression is tantamount to a confident affirmative. ' How can 
 I help, &c.'? ' of course I, 6<r.' 
 
 Haben' hominem, amabo ? PH. Quid ni habeam ? (Ter.) 
 Cum Maximus Tarentum recepisset, rogavit eum Salinator, ut memi- 
 nisset opera sua se Tarentum recepisse ; ' quidni, ' inquit, ' memi- 
 nerim? mimquam enim recepissem, nisi tti perdiaisses.' (Cic.) 
 
 Continued on p. 276 
 
Chap. XIX.} Indicative in certain Questions. 275 
 
 671 3. In Plautus and Terence faxo ( 293) is frequently used with an 
 indicative future logically, not grammatically, dependent. 
 
 Helleborum potabis faxo aliquos viginti dies. (Plaut.) 
 Ego faxo et operam et vinum perdiderit simul. (Plaut.) 
 
 673 The indicative or imperative is used in combination with some other 
 similar expressions thrown in parenthetically. (Compare 751.) 
 
 Certumst, antiqua recolam et servibo mini. (Plaut.) 
 
 Quaeso, aequo animo patitor. (Plaut.) 
 
 Credo, impetrabo ut aliquot saltern nuptiis prodat dies : interea fiet 
 
 aliquid, spero. (Ter.) 
 Credo, aut illos mortis timor terret, aut lios religionis. (Cic.) 
 
 675 4. In the indicative mood a question relates only to a fact. The fol- 
 lowing classes of questions may here be noted : 
 
 (a) Relating to the speaker's present or prospective action ; in present 
 tense. 
 Sed quid ea commemoro, quae turn, quum agebantur, in caelum laudibus 
 
 efferebantur ? ( Cic. ) 
 Etsi quid mi auctor es ? Advolone an maneo ? Equideni et in libris 
 
 naereo, et ilium hie excipere nolo. (Cic.) 
 
 (3) Expressing surprise or indignation ; especially, in comic poets, with 
 satin' (ironical), etiam. 
 
 An, dum bestiae loquantur, exspectamus, hominum consentiente auctori- 
 
 tate content! non sumus ? (Cic.) 
 Sed ego cesso ad Thaidem hanc deducere ? (Ter.) 
 Verresne habebit domi suao candelabrum Jovis ? (Cic.) 
 Satin' abiit, neque quod dixi flocci existumat? (Plaut.) 
 Etiam rides ? Itan' lepidum tibi visumst, scelus, nos inridere ? (Ter.) 
 
 (c) Implying an exhortation ; especially with etiam, quin ( qui ne, 
 how not?) ; e. g. etiam taces ? will you be silent? non taces ? wont you be 
 silent? quin urges? why not press? The present tense is used. 
 Quid adernus nosmet postea ? LE. Etiam tu taces ? Tibi egon' rationem 
 
 reddam? (Plaut.) 
 Credo, non credet pater. AC. Non taces, stultissume ? Credet iiercle. 
 
 (Plaut.) 
 
 Quin, si vigor juventae inest, conscendimus equos, invisimusque pras- 
 sentes nostrarum ingenia ? ( Li v . ) 
 
 [Hence the use of quin with imperatives, and (in a statement) wilh 
 indicative. 
 
 Quin sic attendite, judices. (Cic.) 
 
 Ego vero jam te nee hortor nee rogo ut domum redeas ; quin nine ipse 
 evolare cupio. (Cic.)] 
 
 Continued on p. 277 
 IS 2 
 
276 Subjunctive. (C) Jussive. \Book IV. 
 
 67 6 5. Rhetorical commands, i.e. an action supposed and assumed, 
 on, or notwithstanding, which assumption another statement is made. 
 (Concessive sentences. Compare 650.) 
 
 In negative sentences the particle is ne, not non. 
 
 (a) Frequently with particles sane, fortasse. 
 Haec si vobis non probamus, sint falsa sane : invidiosa certe non suat. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 Ne sint in senectute vires : ne postulantur quidem vires a senectute. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 ' Malus civis, improbus consul, seditiosus homo Cn. Carbo fuit.' Fuerit 
 
 aliis : tibi quando esse coepit ? (Cic.) 
 Nenio is, inquies, unquam fuit. Ne fuerit : ego enim quid desiderem, 
 
 non quid viderim, dispute. (Cic.) 
 
 Verum anceps pugnae f uera,t fortuna. Fuisset : quern metui moritura ? 
 Faces in castra tulissem. (Verg.) 
 
 () With relative clause 1 like quam vis, quam volet, &c. 
 Nihil agis, dolor : quam vis sis molestus, nunquam te esse coufitebor 
 
 malum. (Cic.) 
 Quam volent, faceti dicaces diserti sint, alia fori vis est, alia triclinii. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 Gaius vero Gracchus multis dixit sibi in somnis quaesturam petenti 
 Tiberium fratrem visum esse dicere, Quam vellet cunctaretur, 
 tamen eodem sibi leto, quo ipse interisset, esse pereundum. (Cic.) 
 
 (r) With modo. 
 
 Manent ingenia senibus, modo permaneat studium et industria. (Cic.) 
 Ad vos nunc refero, quern sequar ; modo ne quis illud tarn ineruditum 
 absurdumque respondeat : ' quern lubet, modo aliquem.' (Cic.) 
 
 (D) Final subjunctive. 
 
 673 The subjunctive of purpose is the same as the subjunctive of com- 
 mand, only that it is dependent on relative adjectives and adverbs. 
 
 The sentences classed under this head, like those classed under (C), 
 are distinguished by the use, if a negative is required, of ne, not non. 
 
 The final subjunctive expresses an action stated, as a 
 purpose to be carried into effect. 
 
 Present, and (rarely) perfect, tense in sentences dependent on pri- 
 mary tenses. Imperfect, and (rarely) pluperfect, in sentences dependent 
 on secondary tenses. 
 
 The perfect and pluperfect are used with relation to the results of 
 past actions: i.e. as completed futures subjunctive. 
 
 1 For the use of the moods with quamquam, which is not of itself a 
 relative clause, see 711 (b). 
 
 Continued on p. 378 
 
Chap. XlXJ\ Indicative and Imperative. 277 
 
 677 5. The indicative or imperative makes a concession positively 
 and expressly ; the statement however need not be a fact, but may be 
 made ironically or for argument's sake. 
 
 (a) With particles sane, quidem, omnino, fortasse. 
 Est istuc quidem honestum, verum hoc expedit. (Cic.) 
 Finge justum te intulisse bellum ; cum feminis ergo agere debueras. 
 
 (Curt.) 
 
 (ft) In the statement of an opponent's objection : frequently intro- 
 duced by at, at enim, at vero, at fortasse. (The reply, partly conces- 
 sive, frequently has et quidem, quidem, true but, aye but.*) 
 At enim eadem Stoici praecipua dicunt, quae bona isti. Dicunt illi 
 
 quidem. sed iis vitam beatam compleri negant. (Cic.) 
 Aliud esse censet gaudere, aliud non dolere. Et quidem, iaquit, vehe- 
 menter err at. (Cic.) 
 
 (c) The indicatives, licet, licebit, often introduce a concession (the 
 verb dependent being in subjunctive by 672). 
 Quamvis licet insectemur istos, metuo ne soli philosophi sint. (Cic.) 
 
 (J) In Lucretius and post-Ciceronian writers (rarely in Livy) 
 quamvis is found with indicative. 
 
 Erat inter eos dignitate regia, quamvis carebat nomine. (Nep.) 
 Quamvis intercidit alter, pro se proque Eemo, qui mini restat, erit. 
 
 (Ov.) 
 
 [In some sentences quamvis clearly qualifies the adjective only, e.g. 
 Nee auctor quamvis audaci facinori deerat. (Liv.) 
 Quod commodum est, exspectate facinus, quam voltis improbum; 
 vincam tamen exspectationem omnium. (Cic.)] 
 
 (e) The imperative is used with modo in concessions. 
 Quern quidem ego actutum, modo vos absistite, cogam fateri. (Ov.) 
 
 Indicative, especially in comparative sentences, and 
 with dum. 
 
 679 Some adjectival sentences with the indicative are given merely to 
 contrast With final adjectival sentences. 
 
 The indicative expresses a fact or simple definition, c. 
 without any signification of purpose. 
 
 [Such a signification of purpose may be conveyed by the future parti- 
 ciple with the indicative (or any other) mood of sum. (See 612.)] 
 
 Continued on p. 279 
 
278 Subjunctive. (D) Final [Book IV. 
 
 680 1. With relative adjective (qui = ut is, <wbo is to, ivas to). Such 
 sentences are not commonly negative : in provisoes the negative is ne. 
 Hxbeo quern fugiara : quern sequar non habeo. (Quint.) 
 Misi pro amieitla qui hoc Antonio diceret. (Cic.) 
 Homini natura rationem dedit, qua regerentur animi appetitus. (Cic.) 
 Scribebat Aelius orationes, quas alii dicerent. (Cic.) 
 Par pro pari referto, quod earn mordeat. (Ter.) 
 Plerique rem idoneam, de qua quaeratur, et homines dignos, quibuscum 
 
 disseratur, putant. (Cic.) 
 In eo vidisti multum, quod praeflnisti quo ne pluris emerem. (Cic.) 
 
 682 2. With a connective adverb : 
 
 ut, uti, that, in order that, quo (usually with a comparative) ; 
 
 in negative sentences, ut ne, ne, and 
 
 after expressions of hindrance, opposition, &c. quominus and 
 quin 1 , the latter being used when the principal sentence also is negative 
 or quasi-negative. 
 
 (tf) General usage. 
 
 Esse oportet, ut vivas; non vivere, ut edas. (Cornif.) 
 Utroque tempore ita me gessi, ne tibi pudori, ne regno tuo, ne genti 
 
 Macedonian essem. (Liv.) 
 Accusatores multos esse in civitate utile est, ut metu contineatur 
 
 audacia: verum tamen hoc ita est utile, ut ne plane inludamur 
 
 ab accusatoribus. (Cic.) 
 
 Tantum vide ne hoc tempore isti obesse aliquid possit. (Cic.) 
 Adnitar, ne frustra vos hanc spem de me conceperitis. (Liv.) 
 Scriptum erat, ut ad ludos omnia pararet neve comniitteret ut frustra 
 
 ipse properasset. (Cic.) 
 Obducuntur libro aut cortice trunci, quo sint a frigoribus et caloribus 
 
 tutiores. (Cic.) 
 Caesar cognovit per Afranium stare, quo minus proelio dimicaretur. 
 
 (Caes.) 
 
 Non recusabo, quominus omnes mea scripta legant. (Cic.) 
 Nil verbi, pereas quin fortiter, addam. (Hor.) 
 Vix milites temperavere animis, quin extemplo impetum facerent. 
 
 (Liv.) 
 
 (Z>) The subordinate clause is often in place of object or subject to 
 the principal verb. 
 
 Verres rogat et orat Dolabellam, ut ad Neronem proflciscatur. (Cic.) 
 Decrevit senatus, ut L. Opimius videret, nequid respublica detrimenti 
 
 caperet. (Cic.) 
 Ke quid ferretur ad populum patres tenuere : plebes vicit ut quintuni 
 
 eosdem tribunos crearent. (Liv.) 
 Justitiae primum munus est, ut ne cui quis noceat, nisi lacessitus 
 
 injuria. (Cic.) 
 Proximum est, ut doceam deorum providentia mundum administrari. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 Continued on p. 280 
 
Chap. XIX.~\ Indicative. Comparative sentences. 279 
 
 Misi quondam pro amicitia : qui hoc Antonio dixit. 
 
 Homini natura rationem dedit ; qua reguntur animi appetitus. 
 
 Scribebat Aelius orationes, quas alii dicebant. 
 
 Unum id bonum est, quo melior animus efficietur. (Sen.) 
 
 Expressae sunt ex unius cujusque damno, dolore, incommodo, calami- 
 
 tate, injuria publicae a praetore formulae, ad quas privata lis 
 
 adcommodatur. (Cic.) 
 Liciti sunt usque adeo, quoad se efficere posse arbitrabantur : supra 
 
 adjecit Aeschrio. (Cic.) 
 
 1 Note to $6*2. 
 
 681 Quin, like ut, is also used in consecutive ( 704, 706) and dependent 
 interrogative ( 754) sentences. The following is a summary of the general 
 usage of certain verbs : 
 
 Verbs <A forbidding, hindering, opposing, with or without a negative or 
 its equivalent, may be followed by ne or quominus, or an infinitive (with 
 or without an accus.) ; 
 
 verbs of opposing, refraining, neglecting, doubting, abest, &c. may, if 
 negative or quasi-negative, be followed by quin ; 
 
 non dubito, &c. also by an ace. and infinitive ; 
 
 dubito is followed by a dependent interrogative an, an non. (Maclvig.) 
 
 683 Comparative sentences may here be noticed: they are intro- 
 duced by correlative adjectives or adverbs: e.g. tantus...quantus, tarn 
 ...quam, sic...ut; sometimes the demonstrative is omitted; sometimes 
 the verb of the clause. (Other comparative sentences with ut in 715.) 
 
 1. With adjective or adverb in positive or superlative degree. 
 Tanta est apud eos, quanta maxima potest esse, morum studiorumque 
 
 distantia. (Cic.) 
 
 Locorum nuda noraina et quanta dabitur brevitate ponentur. (Plin.) 
 Jugurtha quam maximas potest coplas armat. (Sail.) 
 Verba quam potes ambiguis callidus abde notis. (Ov.) 
 Tenuit locum tarn diu, quam ferre potuit laborem. (Cic.) 
 Praeda inde majore, quam quanta belli fama fuerat, revecta, ludos fecit, 
 
 (Liv.) 
 Grata ea res, ut quae maxime senatui unquam fuit. (Liv.) 
 
 2. With adjective or adverb in comparative degree, eo...quod, eo 
 ...quo, in proportion .. .as quam, than. (For priusquam, see 699.) 
 Haec eo facilius magnam partem aestatis faciebant, quod nostrae naves 
 
 tempestatibus detinebantur. (Caes.) 
 Quo quisque est sollertior et ingeniosior, hoc docet iracundius et labo- 
 
 riosius. (Cic.) 
 Quo minus ingenio possum, subsidium mihi diligentiam comparavi. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 Nee nunc quidem viris desidero adulescentis ; non plus quam adules- 
 
 cens tauri aut elephant! desiderabam. (Cic.) 
 Antonio, quam est, volo pejus esse. (Cic.) 
 
 Continued on p. 281 
 
2 8o Subjunctive. (D) Final [Book IV. 
 
 684 (c} In sentences restrictive of a preceding statement. 
 
 ita...ut, cum eo ut, with the precaution that... must, provided that ; 
 ita ne, ita ut ne. Compare 714. 
 Accepimus (Caesaris) condiciones sed ita ut removeat praesidia ex iis 
 
 locis quae occupavit. (Cic.) 
 Atque ita mentitur, sic veris falsa remiscet, priino ne medium, medio ne 
 
 discrepet imum. (Hor.) 
 Lanuvinis civitas data sacraque sua reddita cum eo ut aedes lucusque 
 
 Sospitae Junonis communis Lanuvinis municipibus cum populo 
 
 Eomano esset. (Liv.) 
 
 686 (W) A thing, about which fear is felt, is expressed by a sentence 
 with ut, if it is wished ; with ne, if it is dreaded. (In English that not 
 corresponds to ut, lest or that to ne.) Ne non is also used for ut, 
 especially when the principal sentence is negative. 
 puer, ut sis vitalis, metuo, et majorum ne quis amicus frigore to 
 
 feriat. (Hor.) 
 Rem frumentariam, ut satis commode supportari posset, timere se 
 
 dicebant. (Caes.) 
 Vereor ne Eomam, sic cunctantibus nobis, Hannibali ac Poenis toties 
 
 servaverint majores nostri. (Liv.) 
 Timeo, ne non impstrem. (Cic.) 
 
 Similarly vide ne non sit, vide ut sit, Perhaps it is not, vide ne sit, 
 Perhaps it is. (For another meaning of these expressions see 682.) 
 Multa istius modi dicuntur in scholis, sed credere omnia vide ne non sit 
 
 necesse. (Cic.) 
 
 Erat, si cujusquam, certe tuum nihil praeter virtutem in bonis dicere. 
 'Vide ne magis,' inquam, ' tuum fuerit.' (Cic.) 
 
 688 00 With ne, nedum, much less . 
 
 This usage arises from the prevention of the occurrence of the greater 
 event being rhetorically regarded as the purpose of the occurrence of the 
 less event. 
 Vix in ipsis tectis frigus inflrma valetudine vitatur : nedum in mari sit 
 
 facile abesse ab injuria temporis. (Cic.) 
 Querebantur consules bellicosos ambo viros, qui vel in pace tranquilla 
 
 bellum excitare possent, nedum in bello respirare civitatem forent 
 
 passuri. (Liv.) 
 Quippe secundae res sapientium animos fatigant, ne illi corruptis mori- 
 
 bus victoriae temperarent. (Sail.) 
 
 690 (/) P ur P os e not of the principal action itself, but of the mention of 
 the action ; especially, with ne dicam, in suggesting, while declining to 
 make, a stronger statement. The present subjunctive is chiefly used. 
 Ne longior sim, vale. (Cic.) 
 
 Quando quidem est apud te virtuti honos, ut beneflcio tuleris a me, quod 
 minis nequisti, trecenti conjuravimus principes juventutis Romanae, 
 ut in te hac via grassaremur. (Liv.) 
 Satis inconsiderati fuit, ne dicam audacis, rem ullam ex illis attingere. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 Continued on p. 282 
 
Chap'. XIX.] Indicative and Imperative. 281 
 
 085 3- f Some colloquial phrases may perhaps belong to the class of com- 
 parative sentences. 
 
 (a) With quantum, which is either relative or perhaps interrogative ; 
 Vino et lucernis Medus acinaces immane quantum discrepat. (Hor.) 
 Mirum quam inimicus ibat, ut ego objurgarem. (Cic.) 
 Pnaedria, incredibilest quantum eruin anteeo sapientia. (Ter.) 
 
 (K) With quam qualified by an adverb prefixed. (This usage, e.g. 
 mire quam, is probably the result of attraction for mirum quam : the 
 whole expression being adverbial, each member is made adverbial 1 .) 
 Mire quam illius loci non modo usus, sed etiam cogitatio delectat. (Cic.) 
 Succlamatum est ei frequenter a militibus Ventidianis, nam suos valde 
 
 quam paucos habet. (D. Brut.) 
 
 Haud facile fuit ea quae objicerentur memoria complecti, pleraque enim 
 oppido quam parva erant. (Liv.) 
 
 637 4. Similar (to the above-named uses of quantum, quam, ut, 683) 
 is the use, in the early language, of ut in phrases which may be either 
 relative or interrogative. (Comp. 753.) 
 
 (a) Satin' ut, ' tolerably.' 
 
 Satin', ut oblitus fui tibi me narravisse ? (Plaut.) 
 Satin' ut meminit libertatis ? (Plaut. ) 
 
 (b] Vide ut is used to express surprise. It is preceded by hoc or 
 illud. 
 
 Hoc sis vide, ut palpatur : nullust, quando occepit, blandior. (Plaut.) 
 illud vide, os ut sibi distorsit carnufex. (Ter.) 
 (For ut after vide in a reported question, 750.) 
 
 689 A climax or anticlimax may be expressed directly in the indicative ; 
 especially by ne...quidem, non inodo...sed etiam, &c., and in post- Augus- 
 tan writers adeo (adeo non, so much less). 
 Lepido quidem numquam placuit ex Italia exire ; Tullo multo minus. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 Haec igitur sapiens non suscipiet rei publicae causa : ne res publica 
 
 quidem pro se suscipi volet. (Cic.) 
 
 Dies autem non modo non levat luctum hunc, sed etiam auget. (Cic.) 
 Apollinis oracula numquam ne mediocri quidem cuiquam, non mcdo 
 
 prudenti probata sunt. (Cic.) 
 Hujus totius temporis fortunam nee deflere quidem quisquam satis digne 
 
 potuit, adeo nemo exprimere verbis potest. (Veil.) 
 
 691 So with non dico, non dicam, of a weaker statement, which the speaker 
 rejects in favour of a stronger one. 
 Incredibile ac simile portent! est, quonam modo ilia tarn multa quam 
 
 paucis, non dico mensibus sed diebus, effuderit. (Cic.) 
 Nihil est in ea urbe contra hanc rem publicam non dico factum, sed niliil 
 omnino excogitatum. (Cic.) 
 
 1 Comp. ^erd iS^wros 6avfj.aaTov offov, OavftavTus us Xafyw, &c. 
 
 Continued on p. 283 
 
282 Subjunctive. (D) Final : with dum, 6^. [Book IV. 
 
 692 3. An event expected and purposed. 
 
 i. (a) With dum, until, rarely donee, quoad ; in present and im- 
 perfect tenses only. (In English the subjunctive is best expressed by 
 using ' shall ',' 'should] ' can] ' could ;' or by a periphrasis; e.g. dum 
 veniat, veniret, ' to allow of his coming,' ' to enable him to corned) 
 
 Exspecta, amabo te, dum Atticum conveniam. (Cic.) 
 
 Dum relicuae naves eo convenirent, ad horam nonam in ancoris exspec- 
 
 tavit. (Caes.) 
 Multa bello passus, dum conderet urbem inferretque deos Latio. 
 
 (Verg.) 
 Actia pugna te duce per pueros hostili more refertur, donee alterutrum 
 
 velox victoria fronde coronet. (Hor.) 
 Epaminondas exercebatur plurimum currendo et luctando ad eum finem, 
 
 quoad stans complecti posset atque contendere. (Nep.) 
 
 (Z>) Sometimes the subjunctive implies not strictly that an action 
 is purposed, but that it is expected and counted on (dum, ' ivhi/e 1 ). 
 
 Nihil deinde moratus rex quattuor milia armatorum, dum recens terror 
 esset, Scotussam mislt. (Liv.) 
 
 694 (c) Sometimes (chiefly in Livy and later historians) with donee, ' so 
 long as,' 'until,' 1 the subjunctive is used of facts; where the indicative 
 would have been used in earlier writers. Only in present and imperfect 
 and (rarely) pluperfect tenses. (Comp. 720.) 
 
 Nihil sane trepidabant elephanti, donee continent! velut ponte age- 
 rentur ; primus erat pavor, quum, soluta ab ceteris rate, in altum 
 raperentur. Ibi urgentes inter se, cedentibus extremis ab aqua, 
 trepidationis aliquantum edebant, donee quietem ipse timor circuni- 
 spectantibus aquam fecisset. (Liv.) 
 
 G3G (d) * So long as '= 'provided that] ' if only;" 1 dum, dum modo (in 
 negative sentences dum ne, dummodo ne), with present or imperfect 
 tenses. 
 
 Dum res maneant, verba fingant arbitratu suo. (Cic.) 
 
 Vox ilia dira et abominanda, ' Oderint dum metuant.' Sullano scias 
 saeculo scriptam. Oderint ? quid ? dum pareant ? non. dum pro- 
 bent ? non. quid ergo ? dum timeant. Sic nee amari quidem 
 vellem. (Sen.) 
 
 Quicquid vis esto, dummodo nil recites. (Mart.) 
 
 Multi omnia cecta et honesta neglegunt, dummodo potentiam conse- 
 quantur. (Cic.) 
 
 Imitamini, patres conscript!, turbam inconsultam, dum ego ne imiter 
 tribunes. (Liv.) 
 
 Continued on p. 284 
 
Chap. XIX.} Indicative: with dum, donee, &c. 283 
 
 633 The indicative mood is used with quam diu, so long as; dum, donee, 
 quoad, until, whilst, so long as, of a simple expression of fact. 
 The pluperfect appears not to be used in these sentences. 
 
 i. (a) ' Until:' donee (donicum), quoad; and sometimes dum. 
 
 Usque eo timui, donee ad rejiciundos judices venimus. (Cic.) 
 Milo in senatu fuit eo die, quoad senatus dimissus est. (Cic.) 
 Mihi quidem usque curae erit, quid agas, dum, quid egeris, sciero. 
 
 (Gic.) 
 
 695 () l While" 1 = l so long as,' ' all the time that;' dum, donee, quam- 
 diu, quoad. The tense in both clauses is usually the same. 
 
 Neque enim, dum eram vobiscum, animum meum videbatis. (Cic.) 
 
 Hoc feci, dum licuit ; intermisi, quoad non licuit. (Cic.) 
 
 Tit aegroto, dum anima est, spes esse dicitur, sic ego, quoad Pompeius 
 
 in Italia fuit, sperare non destiti. (Cic.) 
 Donee gratus eram tibi, Persarum vigui rege beatior. Donee non alia 
 
 magis arsisti, Romana vigui clarior Ilia. (Hor.) 
 Quamdiu quisquam erit, qui te defendere audeat, vives. (Cic.) 
 
 697 (0 ''While,' 1 i.e. '/ the time that:" dum with present tense (though 
 qualifying past actions), rarely with other tenses. (The indicative 
 present is usually retained even in clauses dependent on infinitives and 
 subjunctives.) 
 
 Of time only, without any notion of purpose. 
 
 An event expected is sometimes treated as if it occupied the period of waiting. 
 
 Dum veniunt amici, solus, filio procul stante, multa secum animo 
 volutans, inambulavit. (Liv.) 
 
 Nullis evidentibus causis obiere, dum calciantur matutino, duo Cae- 
 sares, Q. Aemilius Lepidus jam egrediens, incusso pollice limini 
 cubiculi ; C. Aufustius egressus, cum in senatum iret, offenso pede 
 in comitio; Cn. Baebius Tamphilus, cum a puero quaesisset 
 horas ; L. Tuccius medicus, dum mulsi potionem haurit ; Appius 
 Saufeius, e balineo reversus, cum mulsum bibisset ovumque sor- 
 beret; &c. (Plin.) 
 
 Dum haec Veils agebantur, interim arx Romae Capitoliumque in in- 
 genti periculo fuit. (Liv.) 
 
 (</) ' While ' ' in consequence of.' 
 
 In has cladis incidimus, dum metui quam cari esse et diligi maluimus. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 Ita mulier, dum pauca mancipia retinere volt, fortunas omnes per- 
 
 didit. (Cic.) 
 Verum ego liberius altiusque process!, dum me civitatis morum piget 
 
 taedetque. (Sail.) 
 
 Continued on p. 285 
 
284 Subjunctive. (D) Final : with prius quam, 6ff. \Book IV. 
 
 ggg 2. An event expected and its occurrence, or prior oc- 
 currence, prevented; with quam (quam non) after (a) prius, 
 ante, () potius, and the like. When the principal sentence is nega- 
 tive, the occurrence or prior occurrence of the event is not prevented, 
 but secured (rarely, if ever, in perfect tense). 
 () Haerens in tergo Romanas prius, quam fores portarum objice- 
 
 rentur, velut agmine uno irrumpit. (l^ r .) 
 Is videlicet antequam vaniat in Pontum, litteras ad Cn. Pompeium 
 
 mittet. (Cic.) 
 Sed non ante datam cingetis moenibus urbem quam vos dira fames 
 
 ambesas subigat mails absumere mensas. (Verg.) 
 Ad fratrem amicosque ejus non prius destitit mittere, quam pacem cum 
 
 iis confirmaret. (Liv.) 
 
 Sometimes (in Livy, &c.) without any accessory notion of purpose. 
 Paucis ante diebus, quam Syracusae caperentur, Otacilius in African: 
 
 transmisit. (Liv.) 
 
 7CO () Zeno Eleates perpessus est omnia potius, quam conscios delendas 
 
 tyrannidis indicaret. (Cic.) 
 
 Eripiet quivis oculos citius mini quam te contemptum cassa nuca 
 pauperet. (Hor.) 
 So with ut also : 
 
 Multi ex plebe, spe amissa, potius quam ut cruciarentur trahendo 
 aniinam, capitibus obvolutis se in Tiberim praecipitaverunt. 
 
 (Liv.) 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD TO EXPRESS 
 CAUSATION: with contrasted use of indicative. 
 
 (E) Consecutive subjunctive. 
 
 702 The consecutive subjunctive expresses an action viewed as 
 characteristic of persons or things, or as the natural result 
 of other actions or of qualities. 
 
 For the distinctive use of tenses, see 633. 
 704 1. With relative adjective, e.g. 
 
 qui = ut is, 'so that hej '-such that he] 'the kind of person to," 1 
 'such persons as :' in negative sentences qui non ; or, if the prin- 
 cipal sentence is negative, or quasi-negative, quin (or qui non 1 ). Also 
 cum = quo tempore. Especially frequent 
 
 (a) after demonstratives (is, tails, tantus, &c.) or adjectives of 
 quality ; 
 
 Ego is sum, qui nihil unquam mea potius quam meorum civium causa 
 fecerim. (Cic.) 
 
 1 Quin is used for qui (quae, quod)... non, nom. case, rarely for any 
 other case. In other cases either quin...eum, or quern... non is used. 
 
 Continued on p. 286 
 
Chap. XX.] Indicative: wlih prius quam, &=c. 285 
 
 639 2. With quam after prius, ante, citius, &c. ; 
 
 (a) Of a simple statement of the subsequent occurrence of one 
 event to another, as a fact. The imperfect is rarely used, the pluperfect 
 never. 
 
 Ante ferit (amor), tuti quam cernimus hostem. (Propert.) 
 Haec bona, is, qui testamentum fecerat, Heraclio, ante aliquanto quam 
 
 est mortuus, omnia utenda ac possidenda tradiderat. (Cic.) 
 Neque prius fugere destiterunt, quam ad flutnen Rhenum millia pas- 
 
 suum ex eo loco circiter quinque pervenerunt. (Gaes.) 
 Non defatigabor ante, quam illorum ancipitis vias rationesque et pro 
 
 omnibus et contra omnia disputandi percepero. (Cic.) 
 Ifiembris utimur prius, quam didicimus, cujus ea causa utilitatis 
 
 habeamus. (Cic.) 
 
 () Occasionally the indicative is found, even though the occur- 
 rence denoted is a matter to be prevented. 
 
 Sed, me dius fidius, multo citius meam salutem pro te abjecero, quam 
 Cn. Plancii salutem tradidero contention! tuae. (Cic.) 
 
 701 ( r ) The same simple connexion of like expressions is found in the 
 infinitive, participle, &c. 
 Addit Pompeius se prius occisum iri a Clodio quam me violatuin iri. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 Doleo te sapientia praeditum prope singular! non tuis bonis delectari 
 
 potius quam alienis malis laborare. (Cic.) 
 Nonne tibi adfirmavi quidvis me potius perpessurum quam ex Italia ad 
 
 bellum civile exiturum ? (Cic.) 
 Constituunt illo potius utendum consilio quam aut deditionis aut pacis 
 
 subeundam condicionem. (Caes.) 
 
 Indicative with relatives: also with quod, ut. 
 
 703 The indicative is used for simple definitions of existing per- 
 sons or things or classes (qui, l *iuhoj 'whoever f cum, ' at which 
 time '). 
 
 After such expressions as sunt qui, the indicative is unusual (except 
 in the earlier writers and poets), unless an adjective of number or defi- 
 nition be added, as multi sunt qui. 
 
 705 Sp. Thorius satis valuit in popular! genere dicendi, is, qui agrum pub- 
 
 licum vitiosa et inutili lege vectigali levavit. (Cic.) 
 Epicurus non satis politus est iis artibus, quas qui tenent, eruditi 
 appellantur. (Cic.) 
 
 Continued on p. 287 
 
286 Subjunctive. (E) Consecutive. \Book IV. 
 
 Campanl majora in defectlone deliquerant, quam quibus ignosci posset. 
 
 (Liv.) 
 
 Eaec est una contentio, quae adhuc pennanserit. (Cic.) 
 Solus es, C. Caesar, cujus in victoria ceciderit nemo nisi armatus. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 fortunate adulescens, qui tuae virtutis Homerum praeconem in- 
 
 veneris. (Cic.) 
 Erit illud profecto tempus, cum tu fortissimi viri magnitudinem animi 
 
 dssideres. (Cic.) 
 In id saeculum Romuli cecidit aetas, cum jam plena Graecia postarum 
 
 et musicorum esset. (Cic.) 
 
 708 () after assertions of existence or non-existence (est qui, est cum, 
 est quod, &c.); 
 
 Sunt qui discessum animi a corpore putent esse mortem. (Cic.) 
 Est quatenus amicitiae dari venia possit. (Cic.) 
 Fuit antea tempus, cum Germanos Galli virtute superarent. (Caes.) 
 Quotus igitur est quisque qui somniis pareat, qui intellegat, qui memi- 
 
 nerit ? (Cic.) 
 Nee quisquam rex Persarum potest esse, qui non ante Magorum dis- 
 
 ciplinam scientiamque perceperit. (Cic.) 
 Nego in Sicilia tota ullum argenteum vas fuisse, quin Verres conqui- 
 
 sierit, inspexerit, quod placitum sit, abstulerit. (Cic.) 
 In castello nemo fuit omnium militum, quin vulneraretur. (Caes.) 
 
 70S (<) occasionally without any special introduction. 
 
 At ille nescio qui, qui in scholis nominari solet, mille et octoginta 
 
 stadia quod abesset videbat. (Cic.) 
 L. Pinarius erat vir acer et qui plus in eo, ne posset decipi, quam in 
 
 fide Siculorum reponeret. (Cic.) 
 Et quidem saepe quaerimu? verbum Latinum, par Graeco, et quod idem 
 
 valeat: hie nihil fuit quod quaereremus. (Cic.) 
 In enodandis nominibus, vos Sfcoici, quod miserandum sit, laboratis. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 710 (d] In relative sentences, restricting (e.g. by way of proviso) a general 
 assertion ; especially with qui quidem, qui modo. 
 
 Omnium quideni oratorum, quos quidem ego cognoverim, acutissisaum 
 
 judico Q. Sertoriuin. (Cic.) 
 Servus est nemo, qui modo tolerabili condicione sit servitutis, qui non 
 
 audaciam civium perhorrescat. (Cic. ) 
 
 Epicurus se unus, quod sciam, sapientem profiteri est ausus. (Cic.) 
 Peto igitur abs te, ut omnibus rebus, quod sine moles tia tua facere 
 
 possis, ei commodes. (Cic.) 
 Tu, quod tuo coramodo fiat, quarn primum velim vezias. (Cic.) 
 
 Continued on p. 288 
 
Chap. XX.] Indicative with Relatives. 287 
 
 Utrum tibi commodum est, elige. (Cic.) 
 
 Virtus est una altissimis deflxa radicibus, quae nunquam vi ulla labe- 
 
 factari potest. (Cic.) 
 
 Heu me miserum, qui tuom animum ex animo spectavi meo. (Ter.) 
 Fortunatus iUius exitus, qui ea non vidit, quum fierent, quae praevidit 
 
 futura. (Cic.) 
 Longum iUud tempus cum non ero, magis me movet, quam hoc ezi- 
 
 guum. (Cic.) 
 Sententiam meam tu facillime perspicere potuisti jam ab illo tempore, 
 
 cum in Cumanum mini obviam venisti. (Cic.) 
 
 707 Sunt multi, qui eripiunt aliis, quod aliis largiantur. (Cic.) 
 Est cui cognomen corvus habere dedit. (Prop.) 
 Multi anni sunt, cum M. Fadius in meo aere est, et a me diligitur 
 
 propter summam suam humanitatem. (Cic.) 
 Sed incidunt saepe tempora, cum ea, quae maxime videntur digna esss 
 
 justo homine, commutantur fiuntque contraria. (Cic.) 
 Fuit cum hoc dici poterat: 'Patricius enim eras et a liberatoribus 
 
 patriae ortus : ' nunc consulatus non generis, ut ante, sed virtutis 
 
 praemium. (Liv.) 
 Quicquam bonum est, quod non eum, qui id possidet, meliorem facit ? 
 
 (Cic.) 
 Mihi liber esse non videtur, qui non aliquando nihil agit. (Cic.) 
 
 709 Necesse est multos timeat, quern multi timent. (Laber. ap. Sen.) 
 
 Quern per arbitrum circumvenire non posses, cujus de ea re proprium 
 
 non erat judicium, hunc per judicem condemnabis, cujus de ea re 
 
 nullum est arbitrium ? (Cic.) 
 Ne quo nomine quidem appellare vos debeam, scio. Cives ? qui a 
 
 patria vestra descistis. An milites ? qui imperium auspiciumque 
 
 abnuistis, sacramenti religionem rupistis. (Liv.) 
 
 711 In the indicative a limitation of the principal sentence by a relative 
 clause is stated without assumption, as a description of existing persons, 
 facts, &c. 
 
 (a) With simple relative ; sometimes with quidem, modo added. 
 
 Catonem vero quis nostrorum oratorum, qui auidem nunc sunt, legit ? 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 Quis ignorat, qui modo umquam mediocriter res istas scira curavit, quin 
 tria Graeconim genera sint ? (Cic.) 
 
 Continued on p. 289 
 
288 Subjunctive, (E) Consecutive. [Book IV. 
 
 712 2. With a connective adverb: ut, in negative ut non, 'so 
 that ...is not ; ' or, if the principal sentence is negative, or quasi- 
 negative, quin. 
 
 (a) Non is es, Catilina, ut te pudor umquam a turpitudine revocarit. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 Eelicuos ita psrterritos egerunt, ut non prius faga desisterent, quam 
 
 in conspectura agminis nostri venissent. (Caes.) 
 Hanc orationem habuit tanta constantia vocis atque vultus, ut non ex 
 
 vita sed ex domo in domum videretur migrare. (Nep.) 
 Nunquam tarn male est Siculis, quin aliquid facete et commode dicant. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 Litteras ad te numquam habui cui darem, quin dederim. (Cic.) 
 Treviri totius hiemis nuUum tempus intermiserunt, quin trans Rnenum 
 
 legatos mitterent. (Caes.) 
 
 () The subordinate clause is often in place of subject or object 
 to the principal sentence. 
 Tantum abest ut nostra miremur, ut usque eo difficiles ac morosi simus, 
 
 ut nobis non satis faciat ipse Demosthenes. (Cic.) 
 Mos est hominum, ut nolint eundem pluribus rebus excellere. (Cic.) 
 Saepe fit, ut ii, qui debent, non respondeant ad tempus. (Cic.) 
 Ne deus quidem potest facere, ut qui vixit non vixerib, qui honores 
 
 gessit non gesserit, ut bis dena viginti non sint. (Plin.) 
 Ad Appii Ciaudii senectutem accedebat etiam ut caecus esset. (Cic.) 
 UM Varus restitit, et quis esset aut quid vellet quaesivit, Fabius 
 
 humerum apertum gladio appetit, paulumque afuit, quin Varum 
 
 interficeret. (Caes.) 
 Facere non possum, quin cotidie litteras ad te mittam, ut tuas ac- 
 
 cipiam. (Cic.) 
 
 714 (c) In sentences restrictive of a preceding statement: ut faciam = 
 'whilst yet doing,' ut non faciam, &c. 'without doing,' &c. The prin- 
 cipal sentence often has ita. (Compare 684.) 
 Cujus ego ingenium ita laudo ut non pertimescam, ita probo ut me ab 
 
 eo delectari faeilius quam decipi putem posse. (Cic. ) 
 Kon ita pridem spondeos stabiles in jura paterna recepit commodus et 
 
 patiens, non ut de sede secunda cederet aut quarta socialiter. 
 
 (Hor.) 
 Quis est qui velit, ut neque diligat quemquam, nee ipse ab uUo diligatur, 
 
 in omnium rerum abundantia vivere ? (Cic.) 
 
 (d) In concessive sentences: ut (ut non), ^supposing that? ' even 
 if." 1 The subordinate clause is usually put first. (Compare 676.) 
 Ut fueris dignior quam Plancius, (de quo ipso tecum ita contendam 
 paulo post, ut conservem dignitatem tuam,) non competitor, sed 
 populus in culpa est. (Cic.) 
 
 Quotus quisque juris peritus est, ut eos numeres, qui volunt esse ? 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 Continued on f. 290 
 
Chap. XX.] Indicative with Relatives; quod; and ut. 289 
 
 Censores causas stipeudiis missorum cognoscebant, et cujus nondum 
 justa missio visa esset, ita jusjurandum adigebant : 'Ex tui animi 
 sententia, tu ex edicto C. Claudi, T. Semproni censorum in provin- 
 ciam Macedonian! redibis, quod sine dolo malo facere poteris.' (Liv.) 
 
 Prodidisti et te et iUam miseram, quod quidem in te fuit. (Ter.) 
 
 () With doubled forms of relative, and those with cunque at- 
 tached, e.g. quisquis, utut, quamquam, quicunque ; also uter. 
 Sed quoquo modo illud se habet, haec querella vestra nihil valet. (Gic.) 
 Quidquid id est, timeo Danaos et dona ferentis. (Verg.) 
 Deiotari copias, quantaecuiyiue sunt, nostras esse duco. (Cic.) 
 Quicquid est, ubicunque est, quodcunque agit, renidet Egnatius. (Catull.) 
 Fotest omnino hoc esse falsum, potest verum, sed, utrum est, non es. 
 
 mirabile. (Cic.) 
 
 Utcunque ferent ea facta minores, vincet amor patriae. (Verg.) 
 Romani, quamquam itinere et proelio fessi erant, tamen Metello in- 
 struct! intentique obviam procedunt. (Sail.) 
 
 713 Subordinate sentences denoting a fact, and themselves forming, or 
 placed in apposition to, the subject or object of a verb (except a verb 
 of feeling or saying, cf. 535), are often put in the indicative mood 
 with quod. (For other sentences with quod see 740 744-) 
 Accidit perincommode, quod eum nusquam vidisti. (Cic.) 
 Te nee quod dies exiit censurae, nee quod collega magistratu abiit, nee 
 
 lex, nee pudor, coercet. (Liv.) 
 Eumeni inter Macedonas viventi multum detraxit, quod alienae erat 
 
 civitatis. (Nep.) 
 
 Praetereo quod Ulam sibi domum sedemque delegit. (Cic.) 
 Fecit humaniter Licinius, quod ad me misso senatu vesperi venit. (Cic.) 
 Super belli Latini metum id quoqua accesserat, quod triginta jam 
 
 jurasse populos satis constabat. (Liv.) 
 Often also such sentences are in apposition to an oblique case: 
 Hoc uno praestamus vel niaxime feris, quod exprimere dicendo sensa 
 
 possumus. (Cic.) 
 
 ;15 Facts explaining or defining a statement are often expressed by the 
 indicative with ut, ' as? Thus a sentence with ut is found 
 
 (a) Defining the order or degree: ut='j,' 'according as,' ''just 
 as? The principal sentence often has ita, sic, perinde, pro. 
 His, sicut erant nuntiata, expositis, consul de religione patres consu- 
 
 luit. (Liv.) 
 
 Ut sementem feceris, ita metes. (Cic.) 
 Id, prout cujusque ingenium erat, interpretabantur. (Liv.) 
 
 () Adducing a fact to be allowed for ; ut, prout, pro eo ut, ' in 
 proportion to what] 'allowing for what? In early language also praeut, 
 4 compared with.' 1 
 
 At hi quidem, ut populi Romani aetas est, senes; ut Atheniensium 
 saecla numerantur, adulescentes debent videri. (Cic.) 
 
 Continued on p. 291 
 
 L. G. 19 
 
290 Subjunctive. (E) Consecutive. \Book IV. 
 
 Ut non conferam vitam tuam cum Ulius, (neque enim est conferenda,) 
 
 hoc ipsum conferam, quo tu te superiorem fingis. (Cic.) 
 In quibus ut erraverim, legentes tamen non decepi, indicata et diversa 
 
 opinione. (Quint.) 
 Verum ut hoc non sit, tamen praeclarum spectaculum mihi propono, 
 
 modo te concessore spectare liceat. (Cic.) 
 Ut enim rationem Plato nullam adferret, (vide quid homini tribuam,) 
 
 ipsa auctoritate me frangeret. (Cic.) 
 
 (e) So of an impossible supposition put interrogatively. 
 
 Hicine ut a nobis hoc tantum argenti auferat tarn aperte irridens ? 
 
 emori hercle satiua est. (Ter.) 
 
 Egone ut te interpellern ? ne hoc quidem vellem. (Cic.) 
 Quanquam quid loquor ? te ut ulla res frangat ? tu ut unquam te 
 
 corrigas ? tu ut ullam fugam meditere ? utinam tibi istam mentem 
 
 di immortales duint. (Cic.) 
 Inultus ut tu riseris Cotyttia volgata? (Hor.) 
 
 (F) Subjunctive of attendant circumstances. 
 
 716 The subjunctive with cum is in some of its uses very peculiar, but 
 appears to be referable, like the preceding class, to the fact or event be- 
 ing presented to the mind not as a mere definition of the time of the 
 principal action, but as a cause or a possible cause of its occurrence, 
 at least in the form in which it actually occurred. 
 
 (F) The subjunctive expresses a real action, viewed as the 
 attendant cause or circumstance, under, or notwithstand- 
 ing, which other actions or events take place. 
 
 718 1. With relative adjective: qui, 'inasmuch as hej ' although he* 
 (qui praesertim, ' and that though hej} ; often with ut, ut pote, quippe, 
 prefixed. So also ut ubi, &c. 
 
 Peccasse mihi videor, qui a te discesserim. (Cic.) 
 Me caecum, qui haec ante non viderim ! (Cic.) 
 
 Nosmet ipsi, qui Lycurgei a principio fuissemus, quotidie demitigamur. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 Eeligione tactus hospes, qui omnia cuperet rite facta, extemplo de- 
 scsndit ad Tiberim. (Liv.) 
 
 Continued on p. 293 
 
Chap. XX.] Indicative: in temporal sentences. 291 
 
 Sed mehercule, ut quidem nunc se causa habet, etsi nesterno sermone 
 labefactata est, mihi tamen videtur esse verissima. (Cic.) 
 
 Compararat Sthenius argenti bene facti, prout Thermitani hominis 
 facultates ferebant, satis. (Cic.) 
 
 (c) Making a concession : ut. . .ita, ' although '. . . 'yet." 1 (For quam- 
 quam, utcunque, &c. see 711 () : for etsi, etiamsi, 650 r.) 
 Verum ut errare, mi Planci, potuisti, (quis enim id effugerit ?) sic 
 
 decipi te non potuisse quis non videt ? (Cic.) 
 Saguntini, ut a proeliis quietem habuerant, ita non nocte, non die, 
 
 unquam cessaverant ab opere. (Liv.) 
 
 (J) Admitting the truth of what is put only as a concession or 
 thought; ut, sicut, l as, in fact? 
 Sit Ennius, ut est certe, perfection (Cic.) 
 Terrendi magis hostes erant quam fallendi, sicut territi sunt. (Liv.) 
 
 (e) Explaining by reference to a permanent habit, or to a state ; 
 ut, sicut. Ut is immediately followed by est, sunt, &c. 
 Venetorum auctoritate finitirai adducti, ut sunt Gallorum subita et 
 
 repentina consilia, eadem de causa Trebium retinent. (Caes.) 
 Permulta alia conligit Cnrysippus, ut est in omni historia curiosus. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 (/) In asseverations: 
 
 Ita vivam, ut maximos sumptus facio. (Cic.) 
 
 Indicative in relative and temporal sentences. 
 
 717 Sentences with cum in the indicative mood are very frequent, but 
 they denote the bare time when a thing occurred, without grammatically 
 implying any sort of connexion between the principal event and that 
 which marks the date of its occurrence. The comic poets, and Cicero 
 in certain sentences (r), use cum for 'since,' 1 where later writers, and 
 Cicero as a general rule, use quoniam, or resort to the subjunctive. 
 
 The indicative expresses merely the fact, without implying 
 any connexion between this and that event, although such connexion 
 may exist. 
 
 719 ! (#) With relative adjective; qui = 'ybr he,"* 'and yet he." 1 Some- 
 times (in Plautus, Sallust, and Livy) quippe qui. 
 Tu dies noctesque cruciaris, cui nee sat es, quod est, et id ipsum ne 
 
 non diuturnum sit futurum, times. (Cic.) 
 
 O fidam dextram Antoni, qua ille plurimos cives trucidavit. (Cic.) 
 Habeo senectuti magnam gratiam, quae mihi sermonis aviditatem 
 
 auxit, potionis et cibi sustulit. (Cic.) 
 At Jugurtha contra spem nuntio accepto, quippe cui Romae omnia 
 
 venum ire in animo haeserat, ad senatum legatos mittit. (Sail.) 
 
 Continued on p. 293 
 192 
 
292 Subjunctive. (F) Attendant circumstances. [Book IV. 
 
 Castra repetunt pavorls et tumultus Jam plena, ut ubi feminae puerique 
 
 et alia imbellis turba permixta esset. (Liv.) 
 Soils candor inlustrior est quam ullius ignis, quippe qui inmenso 
 
 mundo tarn longe lateque conluceat. (Cic.) 
 Tribuno plebis quaestor non paruisti, cui tuus praesertim coUega pare- 
 
 ret. (Cic.) 
 
 720 2. With relative adjectives and adverbs: of cases frequently 
 occurring; with quicumque, cum, ubi, seu, &c. in Livy and later 
 writers (rarely, if ever, in Cicero, Caesar, or Sallust) and only in plu- 
 perfect and (sometimes) imperfect. Cum = whenever. 
 
 Cum in jus duci debitorem vidissent, undique convolabant. (Liv.) 
 
 Neque nereditatem cujusquam adiit, nisi cum amicitia meruisset. 
 
 (Tac.) 
 
 Id fetialis ubi dixisset, hastam in fines eorum emittebat. (Liv.) 
 
 Pnilopoemen ubi iter quopiam faceret et ad difflcilem transitu saltum 
 venisset, contemplatus ab omni parte loci naturam, cum solus iret, 
 secum ipse agitabat animo, quum comites haberet, ab iis quaere- 
 bat, si hostis eo loco apparuisset quid capieudum cousilii foret. 
 
 (Liv.) 
 
 Vescebatur et ante cenam, quocumque tempore et loco stomachus 
 desiderasset. (Suet.) 
 
 Quocunque se intulisset, victoriam secum haud dubiam trahebat. (Liv.) 
 
 Quotiens super tali negotio consultaret, edita domus parte ac liberti 
 unius conscientia utebatur. (Tac.) 
 
 Nee consul Romanus temptandis urbibus, sicunde spes aliqua se osten- 
 disset, deerat. (Liv.) 
 
 722 3. With (quom) cum, the subjunctive implies that the event, 
 action, c. exercises, or might exercise, an influence on the event, 
 action, &c. named in the principal sentence. (This use is rare in 
 Plautus.) 
 
 The clause with cum usually precedes (the whole or at least the 
 verb of) the principal sentence, but sometimes is placed after it by way 
 of explanation or contrast, see 724, 730, 734. 
 
 The subjunctive is used as follows : 
 
 () Of actions, events, &c. recounted not as mere marks of time, 
 but as essential parts of the historical narrative ; in imperfect and plu- 
 perfect tenses. 
 
 Though 'when' often serves to translate cum into English, the 
 effect in such sentences is best given thus ; e.g. cum rediret, ' returning ,' 
 ''as he returned ;' cum redisset, ' having returned,' l on his return .' 
 
 Continued on p. 294 
 
Chap. XX '.] Indicative: in temporal sentences. 2 93 
 
 () So especially where the quality displayed by the principal 
 action is the antecedent to the relative. (Qui= ' such.' 1 ) 
 
 Si mihi negotium permisisses, qui meus amor in te est, confecissem. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 Consurgitur in consilium, cum sententias Oppianicus, quae tune erat 
 potestas, palam fieri velle dixisset. (Cic.) 
 
 721 a. With relative adjectives and adverbs: of cases frequently 
 occurring, or occurring not more at one time than at another ; with 
 quicumque, cum, ubi, quoties, simul ac, si, ut quisque, &c., especially 
 the perfect, pluperfect, and completed future tenses, in subordination 
 respectively to the present, imperfect, and future in principal clause. 
 Cum = ' whenever? 
 
 Cum ad villam veni, hoc ipsum nihil agere et plane cessare me delectat. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 Cum paterfamiliae illustriore loco natus decessit, ejus propinqui con- 
 
 veniunt. (Caes.) 
 
 Quocunque aspexisti, ut furiae, sic tuae tibi occurrunt injuriae. (Cic.) 
 Ubi per socordiam vires tempus ingenium diffluxere, naturae infirmitas 
 
 accusatur. (Sail.) 
 Quisquis erat qui aliquam partem in meo luctu sceleris Clodiani atti- 
 
 gisset, quocumque venerat, quod judicium cumque subierat, dam- 
 
 nabatur. (Cic.) 
 Plerumque milites stativis castris habebat, nisi cum odos aut pabuli 
 
 egestas locum mutare subegerat, (Sail.) 
 Ego, cum a nostro Catone laudabar, vel reprehend! me a ceteris facile 
 
 patiebar. (Cic.) 
 Si ab persequendo hostis deterrere nequiverant, disjectos ab tergo cir- 
 
 cumveniebant. (Sail.) 
 
 Ut cujusque sors exciderat, alacer arma raptim capiebat. (Liv.) 
 Nee hie puer, quotiescunque me viderit, ingemescet ac pestem patris 
 
 sui se dicet videre. (Cic.) 
 
 723 3- With conjunctions of time, other than cum, e.g. ut, ubi, postea- 
 quam (postquam), simul ac, and, in Plautus occasionally, quoniam, 
 the indicative is used in expressing the event on, or sometimes since, 
 the occurrence of which something else takes place. (For dum, 
 &c. see 693 sqq., for priusquam, 699.) 
 
 Pompeius, ut equitatum suum pulsum vidit, acie excessit. (Caes.) 
 Quae ubi spreta sententia est, iterumque eodem remeante nuntio con- 
 
 sulebatur, censuit ad unum omnes interficiendos. (Liv.) 
 Alia subinde spes, postquam haec vana evaserat, excepit. (Liv.) 
 Posteaquam victoria constituta est ab armisque recessimus, cum pro- 
 
 Bcriberentur homines, erat Roscius Romae frequens. (Cic.) 
 Quern simul ac Juturna soror crebescere vidit sermonem, in medias dat 
 
 sese acies. (Verg.) 
 
 Continued on p. 295 
 
294 Subjunctive. (F) Attendant circumstances. \Book IV. 
 
 Cum portae appropinquaret, editus ex composite ignis ab Hannibale 
 
 est...Nota vox Philomeni et familiare jam signum quum excitasset 
 
 vigilem, portula aperitur. (Liv.) 
 Pnocion cum ad mortem duceretur, obvius ei fuit EpMletus...Is cum 
 
 lacrimans dixisset ' quam indigna perpeteris, Pnocion ! ' liuic ille 
 
 ' at non inopinata ' inquit. (Nep.) 
 Meridie cum Caesar pabulandi causa tres legiones misisset, repente 
 
 hostes ex omnibus partibus ad pabulatores advolaverunt. (Caes.) 
 Zenonem, cum Athenis essem, audiebam frequenter. (Cic.) 
 Cum intempesta nox esset, mansissemque in villa P. Valerii, postridie- 
 
 que apud eundem ventum exspectans manerem, municipes Regini 
 
 plurimi ad me venerunt, (Cic.) 
 
 724 The following are instances of the clause with cum being subsequent: 
 Attrahitur a Veneriis Lollius commodum, cum Apronius e palaestra 
 
 redisset et in triclinio recubuisset. (Cic.) 
 
 Ingressus urbem est quo comitatu vel potius agmine J cum dextra 
 sinistra, gemente populo Romano, minaretur dominis, notaret 
 domos, divisurum se urbem palam suis polliceretur. (Cic.) 
 
 So especially cum diceret, ' saying, as he did ' = ' on the ground that, 
 as he said' (Compare quod diceret, 742.) 
 
 Cotidie meam potentiam invidiose criminabatur, cum diceret senatum, 
 non quod sentiret, sed quod ego vellem decernere. (Cic.) 
 
 726 The clause with cum is sometimes tantamount to a secondary (often 
 oblique) predicate of a thing seen, heard, &c. (Imperfect tense.) With 
 this use of the subjunctive comp. fuit cum diceret, &c. 706. 
 Saepe e socero meo audivi, cum is diceret socerum suum Laelium sem- 
 per fere cum Scipione solitum rusticari. (Cic.) 
 
 Adulescentium greges Lacedaemone vidimus ipsi incredibili contentione 
 certantis, cum exanimarentur prius quam victos se faterentur. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 728 () Of the grounds or reason of an action, &c. Cum = ' since,' 1 
 ' whereas? 
 
 Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti, (Cic.) 
 Atqui necesse est, cum sint dl, si modo sunt, ut profecto sunt, ani- 
 
 mantis esse, (Cic,) 
 Dionysius, cum in communibus suggestis consistere non auderet, con- 
 
 tionari ex turri alta solebat. (Cic.) 
 
 730 The following are instances of the clause with cum being subse- 
 quent : 
 Venit ad nos Cicero tuus ad cenam, cum Pomponia foras cenaret. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 Quid facient crines, cum ferro talia cedant ? (Cat.) 
 Quid faciat custos, cum sint tot in urbe theatra, quoque sui comites 
 ire vetentur, eat ? (Oy.) 
 
 Continued on p. 296 
 
Chap. XX.] Indicative: in temporal sentences. 295 
 
 4. With (quom) cum, the indicative mood is used in the following 
 meanings and uses (besides those in 705, 707, 721). 
 
 725 (a) Coincidence in point of time. Cum=' when? ' at the 
 time when? 
 
 The event put in the indicative with cum is regarded as one which 
 would not have been mentioned at all, except for the purpose of defin- 
 ing the time. 
 
 Cum liaec leges, habebimus consules. (Cic.) 
 
 Cum haec Romae agebantur, Chalcide Antiochus sollicitabat civitatium 
 
 animos. (Liv.) 
 Cum primum Romam venl, nihil prius faciendum putavi, quam ut tibi 
 
 absent! de reditu nostro gratularer. (Cic.) 
 Reliquum est, ut ante, quam proficiscare, scribas ad me omnia, cum 
 
 profectus eris, cures ut sciam. (Cic.) 
 De nomine tyranni hoc respondere possum, me, qualiscumque sum, 
 
 eundem esse, qui fui cum tu ipse mecum societatem pepigisti. 
 
 (Liv.) 
 Cum Placentiam consul venit, jam ex stativis moverat Hannibal. 
 
 (Liv.) 
 In isto genere fuimus ipsi, cum ambitionis nostrae tempora postula- 
 
 bant. (Cic.) 
 Quae nemora aut qui vos saltus habuere, pueUae Naides, indigno cum 
 
 Gallus amore peribat ? (Verg.) 
 Turn cum in Asia res magnas permulti amiserant, scimus Romae solu- 
 
 tione impedita fidem concidisse. (Cic.) 
 
 Eo cum venio, praetor quiescebat ; fratres illi Cibyratae inambulabant. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 727 () So in reckoning the length of time : cum= ' to the time that." 
 Triginta dies erant ipsi, cum has dabani litteras, per quos nullas a 
 
 vobis acceperam. (Cic.) 
 Nondum centum et decem anni sunt, cum de pecuniis repetundis a 
 
 L. Pisone lata lex est, nulla antea cum fuisset. (Cic.) 
 
 729 (f) Reason; in early writers : in Cicero only where the verb in the 
 principal sentence is laudo, gratulor, &c. Not after Cicero. Quom = 
 ' because? 
 Di tibi oinnes omnia optata offerant, quom me tanto honore honestas, 
 
 quomque ex vinclis eximis. (Plaut.) 
 Quom te di amant, voluptatist mihi. (Plaut.) 
 Gratulor tibi, cum tantum vales apud Dolabellam. (Cic.) 
 
 In the following sentences, though similar otherwise to some in 730, 
 the mood shows that coincidence in time only is marked. (Compare also 
 733-) 
 
 Quid domini faciant, audent cum talia fores ? (Verg.) 
 Quid sapiens faciet, stultus cum munere gaudet ? (Ov.) 
 
 Continued on />. 297 
 
296 Subjunctive. (F) Attendant circumstances. \Book IV. 
 
 ' 3 ^ (r) Of events, actions, &c. notwithstanding which other 
 events, &c. take place. Cumr=' although." 1 
 Druentia flmnen, cum. aquae vim vehat ingentem, non tamen navium 
 
 patiens est. (Liv.) 
 
 Pylades cum sis, dices te esse Oresten, ut moriare pro amico ? (Cic.) 
 Ipse Cicero, cum tenuissima valetudine esset, ne nocturnum quidem 
 
 sibi tempus ad quietem relinquebat. (Caes.) 
 Nunc cum ejus alienum esse animum a me sentiam, quamobrem red- 
 
 ducam ? (Ter.) 
 Hoc ipso texnpore, cum omnia gymnasia philosophi teneant, tamen 
 
 eorum auditores discum audire quam philosophum malunt. (Cic.) 
 
 734 The following are instances of the clause with cum being subse- 
 quent : 
 
 Cum=' and yet] ' while all the time" 1 (cf. 724), cum praesertim, 
 ' and that too though." 1 
 Quomodo igitur hoc in genere accusas Sestium, cum idem laudes 
 
 Milonem ? (Cic.) 
 Cimulat se eorum praesidio confidere, cum interea aliud quiddam jam 
 
 diu machinetur. (Cic.) 
 Fadium abstractum delodit in ludo et vivum conbussit ; cum quidem 
 
 pransus, nudis pedibus, tunica soluta, manibus ad tergum rejectis 
 
 inambularet, et illi misero quiritanti responderet, Abi nunc, 
 
 populi fidem inplora. (Asin. Poll.) 
 Thucydides nunquam est numeratus orator ; nee vero, si historiam non 
 
 Bcripsisset, nomen exstaret,- cum praesertim fuisset honoratus et 
 
 nobilis. (Cic.) 
 
 736 (d) Of an action or event, &c. rhetorically contrasted with a later or 
 particular action, &c. of the same sort ; especially where the time of the 
 two actions is different. 
 Sisennae historia cum facile omnis vincat superiores, turn indicat tamen, 
 
 quantum absit a summo. (Cic.) 
 
 Cum te a pueritia tua unice dilexerim, turn hoc vel tuo facto vel populi 
 Romani de te judicio multo acrius diligo. (Cic.) 
 
 CHAPTER XXL 
 
 USE OF SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD TO' EXPRESS ALIEN OR 
 CONTINGENT ASSERTIONS,- &c. with contrasted use of 
 Indicative. 
 
 (G) Subjunctive of reported statements. 
 
 738 THE subjunctive in all the sentences classed here serves to distin- 
 guish what is reported from what is uttered at first hand. These sen- 
 tences are not like those in the next head, dependent on infinitive or 
 subjunctive moods, but (except for some collateral reason) on the indi- 
 cative. 
 
 Continued on p. 298 
 
'Chap. XXL~\ Indicative: in temporal sentences. 297 
 
 731 (*0 Identity of action. (Present and perfect tenses.) Usually 
 the tense and person of the verb in both sentences are the same. Cum 
 ' when] ' in that." 1 
 
 Qui, cum hunc accusant, Naevium Plautum Ennium accusant. (Ter.) 
 De te autem, Catilina, cum quiescunt, probant ; cum patiuntur, decer- 
 
 nunt ; cum tacent, clamant. (Cic.) 
 Concede tibi, ut ea praetereas, quae, cum taces, nihil esse concedis. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 Epicurus ex animis hominum extraxit radicitus religionem, cum in dis 
 
 inmortalibus opem et gratiam sustulit. (Cic.) 
 
 733 In some sentences (from Plantus and Terence) similar to some on the 
 opposite page, 732, the coincidence in time serves to set off strongly the 
 unreasonableness of the action. (Compare 729.) tynom=z' although.* 
 Quid igitur faciam ? non earn ? ne nunc quidem, cum accersor ultro ? 
 
 (Ter.) 
 Hei mihi, insanire me aiunt ultro, quom ipsi insaniunt. (Plant.) 
 
 735 00 The coincidence in time is sometimes vividly expressed by an 
 inversion ; what would otherwise have been the temporal clause being 
 put first as an independent sentence (often with jam), and what would 
 have been the principal sentence being subjoined with cum, often cum 
 repente, cum interim, &c. Cum = et turn. 
 Milites, postquam in aedis irrupere, divorsi regem quaerere, strepitu et 
 
 tumultu omnia miscere, cum interim Hiempsal reperitur, occul- 
 
 tans se tugurio mulieris ancillae. (Sail.) 
 Castra in hostico incuriose posita, cum subito advenere Samnitium 
 
 legiones. (Liv.) 
 Hannibal subibat muros, cum repente in eum, nihil minus quam tale 
 
 quicquam timentem, patefacta porta erumpunt Romani. (Liv.) 
 Jamque hoc facere noctu apparabant, cum matres familiae repente in 
 
 publicum procurrerunt. (Caes.) 
 
 737 (/) In a simple combination with faint contrast of two actions 
 (subjunctive more usual). Cum = whilst, both (turn = and). 
 Cum ipsam cognitionem juris augurii consequi cupio, turn mehercule 
 
 tuis incredibiliter studiis erga me muneribusque delector. (Cic.) 
 Cum te semper maxime dilexi, turn fratrum tuorum singularis pietas 
 
 nullum me patitur officii erga te munus praetermittere. (Cic.) 
 
 Continued on p. 299 
 
298 Subjunctive. (G) Reported reason. \_Book 
 
 The subjunctive expresses a definition or reason or 
 condition or question reported, but not as the speaker's 
 or writer's own at the time of speaking or writing: in a 
 subordinate sentence. 
 
 For the distinctive use of tenses, see 635 sqq. 
 
 740 1. Reported definition or reason: with relative adjective. 
 Faetus omnes libros, quos frater suus reliquisset, mini donavit. (Gic.) 
 Magna proponit iis, qui regem occiderint, praemia. (Caes.) 
 Interim cotidie Caesar Heduos frumentum, quod essent publice pol- 
 liciti, flagitare. (Gaes.) 
 
 2. Reported or .assumed reason: with adverb, quod, quia; 
 non quod, noii quia, non quo. non quin. 
 Laudat Fanaetius Africanum, quod fuerit abstinens. (Cic.) 
 An paenitet vos quod salvum exercitum traduxerim? quod classem 
 
 hostium primp impetu adveniens profligaverim 7 quod bis per 
 
 biduum equestri proelio superaverim ? &c. (Caes.) 
 Caesar sua senatusque in eum beneficia commemoravit, quod rex ap- 
 
 peUatus esset a senatu, qupd amicus, quod munera aniplissima 
 
 missa. (Caes.) 
 Eomani. quia consules, ubi sumraa rerura esset, ad id locorum pros- 
 
 pere rem gererent, minus his cladibus commovebantur. (Liv.) 
 Pugiles in jactandis caestibus ingemescunt, non quod doleant animove 
 
 succumbant, sed quia profundenda voce oxnne corpus intenditur 
 
 venitque plaga vehementyor. X^^-) 
 Mini quidem laudabiliora videntur, quae sine yenditatione et sine 
 
 populo teste fiunt, non quo fugiendus sit, (omnia enim bene facta 
 
 in luce se conlocari volunt,) sed tamen nullum theatrum virtuti 
 
 conscientia majus est. (Cic.) 
 Non tarn, ut prosini causis elaborate soleo, quam ut ne quid obsim : 
 
 non quin enitendum sit in utroque, sed tamen multo est turpius 
 
 oratori nocuisse videri cauaae, quam non profuisse. (Cic.) 
 
 742 By a carelessness of expression the -verb .of ' saying ' or ' thinking ' is 
 sometimes put in the subjunctive instead of the thing said. So especially 
 diceret, dicerent. (Compare 724.) 
 Cum enim Hannibalis permissu exisset de castrls, rediit paulo post, 
 
 quod se oblitum nescio quid diceret. (Cic.) 
 Qui istinc veniunt, superbiam tuam accusant, quod negent te percon- 
 
 tantibus respondere. (Cic.) 
 
 744 The clause with quod sometimes simply introduces a matter for remark. 
 If this is stated as a supposition only, the .subjunctive is used. 
 Miles, edico tibi, si te in platea offendero hac post umquam, quod dicas 
 
 mihi, ' alium quaerebam, iter hac habui,' periisti. (Ter. ) 
 Quod enim te liberation jam existimationis metu, defunctum honoribus, 
 desig-natum consulem cogites, mihi crede, ornamenta ista et bene- 
 ficia populi Roman! non xninore negotio retinentur quam compa- 
 rantur. (Cic.) 
 
 Continued on p. 300 
 
Chap. JOT/.] Indicative: with quod, quia, &v. 299 
 
 Indicative: in contrasted usages. 
 
 739 The indicative expresses a fact; or a direct statement of 
 opinion of the writer or speaker. 
 
 i. With relative adjective. 
 
 Paetus omnes libros, quos frater ejus reliquerat, mini donavit. 
 Verres mittit rogatum vasa ea, quae pulcherrima apucl eum vlderat. 
 
 (Gic.) 
 
 Negavit se judices ex lege Rupilia sortiturum : quinque judices, quos 
 commodum ipsi fuit, dedit. (Cic.) 
 
 741 2. With causal conjunctions, quod, quia, quoniam, quando, 
 siquidem, quatenus, ''inasmuch as." 1 (For quod see also 713.) 
 Neque vero, quid mini irascare, intellegere possum. Si, quod eum 
 
 defendo, quern tu accusas, cur tibi ego non succenseo, quod ac- 
 
 cusas eum, quern ego defendo ? (Cic.) 
 Ita fit ut adsint propterea, quod officium Eequuntur, taceant autem 
 
 Idcirco, quia periculum yitant. (Cic.) 
 Quod spiratis, quod vocem mittitis, quod formas hominum habetis, 
 
 indignantur. (Liv,) 
 Tusculanum et Pompejanum valde me delectant, nisi quod me aere 
 
 alieno obruerunt. (Cic.) 
 
 Vos, Quirites, quoniam jam nox est, in vestra tecta discedite. (Cic.) 
 Quando igitur virtus est adfectio animi, laudabiles efficiens eos, in 
 
 quibus est, ex ea proficiscuntur honestae voluntates. (Cic.) 
 Summa utilitas est in iis qui militari laude antecellunt, siquidem 
 
 eorum consilio et periculo cum republics turn etiam nostris rebus 
 
 perfrui possumus. (Cic.) 
 Quandoquidem apud te nee auctoritas senatus nee aetas mea valet, 
 
 tribunes plebis appello, (Liv.) 
 Cur enim non usquequaque Homericis versibus agam tecum, quatenus 
 
 tu me tuis agere non pateris ? (Plin.) 
 Quo quidem etiam magis sum exercitus, non quia mujtis debeo, sed 
 
 quia saepe concurrunt aliquorum de me meritorum inter ipsos 
 
 contentiones. (Cic.) 
 
 743 Quod with indicative often expresses a fact, which is not so much the 
 cause of the action of the principal verb, as the cause of the statement, a 
 matter for remark. 
 
 Quod scribis, te si velim ad me venturam, ego vero istic esse volo. (Cic.) 
 Quod Silius te cum Clodio loqui vult, potes id mea voluntate facere. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 Quae cum ita sint, quod C. Pansa consul verba fecit de litteris, quae a 
 Q. Caepione adlatae sunt, de ea re ita censeo. (Cic.) 
 
 Continued on p. 301 
 
3oo Subjunctive. ' (G) Reported condition. \Book IV. 
 
 746 3. Reported condition: the apodosis not being set out sepa- 
 rately, but absorbed into the principal sentence. 
 
 (a) Praetor aedem Diovi vovit, si eo die hostes fudisset. (Liv.) 
 Metellus evocat ad se magistrates ; nisi restituissent statuas, vehe- 
 ment er minatur 1 . (Cic.) 
 
 Jugurtha timebat iram senatus, ni paruisset legatis 2 . (Sail.) 
 Nee illos periculum, si animus host! redisset, cogere potuit gradum 
 
 accelerare. (Liv.) 
 
 Hernici pudore etiam, non misericordia solum, moti, si nee obstitissent 3 
 communibus hostibus, nee opem ullam obsessis sociis ferrent, 
 Eomam pergunt. (Liv.) 
 
 Cur M. Brutus, referente te, legibus est solutus, si ab urbe plus quam 
 decem dies afuisset 4 ? (Cic.) 
 
 (/>) So especially in legal forms ; si, ni, uti, quicquid, &c. 
 Rubrius Apronium sponsione lacessivit, ni Apronius dictitaret te sibi in 
 
 decumis esse socium. (Cic.) 
 ASrmabant qui una meruerant, secum Caesonem turn, frequentemque 
 
 ad sig-na sine ullo commeatu fuisse. Nisi ita esset, multi privatim 
 
 ferebant Volscio judicem. (Liv.) 
 
 748 (r) Sometimes the apodosis is omitted altogether, perhaps not even 
 distinctly conceived (comp. 658 r, 662). The principal sentence states 
 the action taken or feelings excited in contemplation of a particular 
 event, the conditional sentence states the condition on which the event 
 would take place; this contemplated event itself, which is the real 
 apodosis, is not stated. The conditional sentence appears like a de- 
 pendent question. Si =' whet her? (Possim, possem, &c. are fre- 
 quently found in the conditional clause.) 
 Quaesivit iterum, si cum Romanis militare liceret. (Liv.) 
 Hanc paludem si nostri transirent, hostes expectabant. (Caes.) 
 Tentata res est, si primo impetu capi Ardea posset. (Liv.) 
 Ad Gonnum castra movet, si potiri oppido posset. (Liv.) 
 
 753 4. Reported question. (Dependent interrogative.) 
 
 (N.B. A rhetorical question in the first or third person, not de- 
 pendent on a verb of asking, but being part of a continuous report of a 
 speech, is put in the infinitive: see ch. xxn.) 
 
 () Qui sermo fuerit, et quid actum sit, scribam ad te, quum certum 
 
 sciam. (Cic.) 
 Sum circumvectus : ita ubi nunc sim nescio. (Plant.) 
 
 Nunc has exspectationes habemus duas, unam, quid Caesar actums 
 sit, alteram, quid Pompeius agat. (Cic.) 
 
 Lesbonicum hie adulescentem quaero, in his regionibus ubi habitet. 
 
 (Plaut.) 
 
 Continued on p. 3oz 
 
Chap. XXI.~\ Indicative. Contrasted usages. 301 
 
 745 The following is a vow in direct language. 
 
 Si duellum, quod cum rege Antiocho sum! populus jussit, id ex sen- 
 tentia senatus populique Roman! confectum erit, turn tibi, Juppi- 
 ter, populus Romanus ludos magnos dies decem continues faciet. 
 
 (ap. Liv.) 
 
 1 i.e. minatur, nisi restituissent statuas, se iis malum daturum. 
 
 2 i. e. timebat, nisi paruisset legatis, ne senatus irasceretur. 
 
 3 i. e. Hernici haec secum reputabant : Pudebit nos, si nee obsti- 
 terimus, &c. ; or pudere se, si nee obstitissent, &c. 
 
 4 i.e. Referente M. Antonio, senatui placuit ut M. Brutus, si... 
 afuisset, leglbus solveretur. 
 
 747 A thing to be ascertained is sometimes expressed as the condition, in- 
 stead of being expressed as the object, of the seeing or knowing. 
 
 Ibo visam, si domist. (Ter.) 
 Nunc redeo : si forte frater redierit, viso. (Ter.) 
 Mirum ni Me me quasi muraenam exossare cogitat. (Plaut.) 
 Tu nisi mirumst, leno, plane perdidisti mulierem. (Plaut.) 
 Miror, ilia superbia et importunitate si (Tarquinius) queniquam amicum 
 nabere potuit. (Cic.) 
 
 749 3- A direct question (or exclamation) is put in the indicative 
 mood (unless it concerns what some one is to do, not what he is or 
 was doing: see 631. 45 674). 
 Ut valet ? ut meminit nostri ? (Hor.) 
 
 Atticus. "Qui sermo fuit? quid actum est?" Cicero. " Scribam ad 
 te, quum certum sciam.'' 
 
 751 In conversational or animated language a question is often put, 
 logically though not grammatically dependent on another verb or sen- 
 tence, e.g. on such expletives as die mini, loquere, cedo, responde, 
 expedi, narra, vide ; rogo, volo scire, fac sciam ; viden, audin, scin ; 
 &c. So frequently in Plautus and Terence, even where later writers 
 would make the question dependent and use the subjunctive. (Com- 
 pare English 'Tell me, where are youV ''Tell me where you are."} 
 Cf. 671, 673. 
 
 Continued on p. 303 
 
302 Subjunctive. (G) Reported question. \Book IV. 
 
 Rogitant me ut valeam, quid agam, quid rerum geram. (Plaut.) 
 Vide quam iniquos sis prae studio. (Ter.) 
 Videte, ut hoc iste correxerit. (Cic.) 
 
 Quid fait causae, cur in Africam Caesarem non sequerere, cum prae- 
 sertim belli pars tanta restaret ? (Cic.) 
 
 In curiam compelluntur incerti, quatenus Volero exerceret victoriam. 
 
 (Liv.) 
 
 Legatos speculari jusserunt, num sollicitati animi sociorum ab reg3 
 Perseo essent. (Liv.) 
 
 752 ' Laeter ' ait ' doleanme geri lacrimabile bellum, in dubio est.' (Ov.; 
 Hoc doce, doleam, necne doleam, nihil interesse. (Cic.) 
 
 Tantum id interest, veneritne eo itinere ad urbem, an ab urbe in Cam- 
 paniam redierit. (Liv.) 
 
 Quid quaeris ? Perisse omnia aiebat, quod haud seio an ita sit. (Cic.) 
 
 754 () Sentences with forsitaa (tors' sit an), and some with quin, fall 
 strictly under the head of dependent questions. 
 
 Concede : forsitan aliquis aliquando ejusmodi quippiam fecerit. (Cic.) 
 Quid ? ilia quae forsitan ne sentiamus quidem, quanta sunt ! (Cic.) 
 Quid est causae quin coloniam in Janiculum possint deducere ? (Cic.) 
 Alterum dici non potest, quin ii qui nihil metuant, nihil angantur, ninil 
 
 concupiscant, beati sint. (Cic.) 
 Neque Caesarem fefellit quin ab iis cohortibus, quae contra equitatum 
 
 in quarta acie collocatae essent, initium victoriae oriretur. 
 
 (Caes.) 
 
 Orgetorix mortuus est : neque abest suspicio, ut Helvetii arbitrantur, 
 quin ipse sibi mortem consciverit. (Caes.) 
 
 756 (<:) A question simply repeated in astonishment, &c. by the hearer is 
 similarly put in the subjunctive, if dependent on an interrogative pronoun. 
 
 Quid ergo narras? AN. Quid ego narrem? opera tua ad restim mini 
 
 quidem res redit planissume. (Ter.) 
 Enem, Demea, baud aspexeram te : quid agitur ? DE. Quid agatur ? 
 
 vostram nequeo mirari satis rationem. (Ter. ) 
 
 Continued on p. 304 
 
Chap. XX '/] Indicative: in direct questions, &c. 303 
 
 Die, ubi ea mine est, obsecro ? (Plaut.) 
 
 Nimis velim, certum qui id faciat mini, ubi Ballio Me leno habitat. 
 
 (Plaut.) 
 
 Scire volo, quoi reddidisti ? (Plaut.) 
 
 Quis ego sum saltern, si non sum Sosia ? te interrogo. (Plaut.) 
 Rogo vos, judices, num si iste disertus est, ideo me damnari oportet ? 
 
 (Vatin.) 
 
 Vide, num ejus color pudoris signum usquam indicat ? (Ter.) 
 At enim scin', quid mi in mentem venit ? (Plaut.) 
 Ergo mecastor pulcher est : vide, caesaries quam decet ! (Plaut.) 
 Viden, limulis, obsecro, ut contuentur | (Plaut.) 
 
 753 4. Relative definitions are liable to be confused with dependent 
 questions. Scio quid quaeras, '/ know your question." 1 Scio quod 
 quaeris, '/ know the answer to your question? Scio quantum tu scis, 
 4 / know as much as you? Scio quantum tu scias, ' / know how much 
 you know." 1 Dico quod sentio, ' 1 say what I mean ' 'I mean what I say." 1 
 Dico quid sentiam, 'J give you my opinion? Utrum placet, roga, 'Put 
 whichever question you like? Utrum placeat, roga, ' Ask 'which is 
 approved? 
 
 Senes omnia quae curant meminerunt, vadintdnia constituta, qui sibi, 
 
 cui ipsi debeant. (Cic.) 
 
 Ausculta paucis, et, quid te ego velim et tu quod quaeris, scies. (Ter.) 
 Quid concupiscas, tu videris : quod concupiveris, certe habebis. 
 
 (Anton.) 
 
 755 5. Forsitan is (c'hiefly in the pacts and later writers) sometimes put 
 with indicative, as if it were the same as fortasse. 
 Forsitan haec aliquis, nam sunt quoque, parva vocabit. (Ov.) 
 Forsitan, infelix, ventos undasque timebas. (Ov.) 
 
 In some expressions, especially with nescio quis, &c. the fact of the 
 action is asserted in the indicative, a'nd the verb belonging to the de- 
 pendent question is omitted. (Nescio quis = 'some one or other?) 
 
 Venit eccum Calidorus ; ducit nescioquem secum simul. (Plaut.) 
 Minime assentior iis, qui istam nescio quam indolentiam magno opere 
 
 laudant, quae nee potest ulla esse, nee debet. (Cic.) 
 Acutae crebraeque sententiae ponentur, et nescio unde ex abdito erutae 
 (Cic.) 
 
 757 6. A reply often puts interrogatively or admiratively some of the words 
 of the other speaker. The mood is not changed (unless the case falls under 
 756), but the person or pronoun is changed if necessary. Frequently 
 autem accompanies the reply. 
 
 AC. Tuus pater CH. Quid meus pater ? AC. Tuam amicam. CH. Quid 
 earn? AC. Vidit. CH. Vidit ? vae misero mini. (Plaut.) 
 
 Quaeso edepol te, exsurge : pater advenit. CA. Tuus venit pater ? Jube 
 eum abire rursum. (Plaut.) 
 
 Continued on p. 305 
 
304 Subjunctive, (H) Because dependent, &c. {Book IV. 
 
 (H) Subjunctive because dependent on another subjunctive 
 or infinitive. 
 
 758 Subordinate sentences are often found with the verb in the subjunc- 
 tive, not because of any special meaning (e. g. a non-real condition, a 
 command, purpose, concession, &c.) which the verb has to express, 
 but because they are stated not as a fact but as part of a thought. 
 The principal sentence which they qualify has its verb in the infinitive 
 or subjunctive. (If the subordinate sentence would in any case have 
 had the subjunctive, even though the principal sentence had the in- 
 dicative or imperative, it is not referred to this head, but to the head 
 suitable to the special meaning.) 
 
 The subjunctive expresses an action qualifying another 
 supposed, or abstractly conceived, action, i.e. in sentences 
 forming an essential part of an infinitive or subjunctive sentence, and 
 neither expressing an independent declaration of facts, nor simply 
 definitive of existing persons or things or classes. 
 
 N.B. To this head belongs the substitution of the subjunctive for 
 the indicative, when a speech or thoughts are reported. 
 
 These sentences are chiefly relative, or introduced by si, cum, dum, 
 or quod. 
 
 760 1. Subjunctive, because dependent on infinitive. 
 
 For the distinctive use of tenses, see 636. 
 Jam mini videor navasse operam, quod hue venerim. (Cic.) But 
 
 navavi operam, quod hue veni. 
 Sapiens non dubitat, si ita melius sit, migrare de vita. (Cic.) But 
 
 si ita melius est, migro de vita. 
 Hoc video, dum breviter voluerim dicere, dictum esse a me paullo 
 
 obscurius. (Cic.) Hoc dum breviter volui dicere, dictum est, &c. 
 Negant intueri lucem esse fas ei, qui a se hominem occisum esse 
 
 fateatur. (Cic.) From lucem non debet ille intueri, qui... fatetur. 
 Non enim is sum, qui, quicquid videtur, tale dicam esse, quale videatur. 
 
 (Cic.) Tale est, quale videtur. 
 Romulus, ut natus sit, cum Remo fratre dicitur ab Amulio exponi jussus 
 
 esse. (Cic.) From Romulus, ut natus est, expositus est. 
 
 2. Subjunctive, because dependent on subjunctive (usually on 
 one which expresses an hypothesis, condition, purpose, result, or re- 
 ported speech). 
 
 Si luce quoque canes latrent, quum deos salutatum aliqui venerint, 
 crura, opinor, eis suffringantur, quod acres sint etiam turn, quum 
 suspitio nulla sit. (Cic.) From his canibus crura suffringuntur, 
 quod acres sunt, quum suspitio nulla est. 
 
 Continued on p. 306 
 
Chap. XX 7.] Indicative : although dependent \ &c. 305 
 
 Indicative although dependent on a subjunctive or 
 infinitive. 
 
 759 The use of the subjunctive mood in sentences subordinate to a prin- 
 cipal clause which has the subjunctive or infinitive is carefully re- 
 stricted, so as not to throw an air of unreality about what is intended 
 to be stated as fact. There are indeed many sentences in which it 
 matters not whether the subordinate clause retain the indicative, and 
 thus state a thing as it appears to all, or whether the subjunctive be 
 used so as to state the same fact as part of the thought of the speaker 
 or some one else. But there are other sentences where what is a fact 
 is to be stated as such, and then the indicative must be used. Especially 
 frequent in this way is the indicative with ut, * as,' and dum when 
 simply meaning * while? Obviously in these cases a subjunctive might 
 suggest a wrong meaning, e. g. a purpose or consequence or proviso. 
 
 The indicative is regularly found where the sentence, grammatically 
 dependent on a subjunctive or infinitive sentence, contains an inde- 
 pendent declaration of fact, and frequently in other sentences, 
 which express simple definitions or qualifications. 
 
 76i i. Indicative, although dependent on infinitive. 
 
 Apud Hypanim fluvium, qui ab Europae parte in Pontum influit, Aris- 
 toteles ait bestiolas quasdam iiasci, quae unum diem vivant. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 Eloquendi vis efficit, ut et ea, quae ignoramus, discere, et ea, quae 
 
 scimus, alios docere possinms. (Cic.) 
 
 Putasne posse facere, ut, quae Verres nefarie fecerit, ea aeque acerba 
 et indigna videantur esse his, qui audient, atque illis visa sunt, 
 qui senserunt ? (Cic.) 
 
 Ita mini salvam rempublicam sistere liceat, ut moriens feram mecum 
 spem, mansura in vestigio suo fundamenta reipublicae quae jecero. 
 
 (Aug.) 
 
 Vos quoque aequum est, quae vestra munia sunt, quo quisque loco 
 positus erit, quod imperabitur, impigre praestare. (Liv.) 
 
 2. Indicative, although dependent on subjunctive. 
 
 Mors si timeretur, non L. Brutus arcens eum reditu tyrannum, quern 
 
 ipse expulerat, in proelio concidfsset. (Cic.) 
 Si haec contra ac dico essent omnia, tamen, &c. (Cic.) 
 Ego omnibus, unde petitur, hoc consilii dederim. (Cic.) 
 IUud quidem statim curatur, ut quicquid caelati argent! fuit in illius 
 
 bonis, ad istum deferatur. (Cic.) I.e. the result of the orders was 
 
 that all the plate was taken to Verres' house. The subj. would 
 
 have implied that this was the order. 
 
 Continued on p. 307 
 L. G. 20 
 
306 Subjunctive. (H) Because dependent. [Book IV. 
 
 In Hortensio memoria fuit tanta, quantam in nullo cognovisse me arbi- 
 tror, ut, quae secum commentatus esset, ea sine scripto verbis 
 eisdem redderet, quibus cogitavisset. (Gic.) From quae secum 
 commentatus erat ea,..reddebat, quibus cogitaverat. 
 
 Sic eaim mini perspicere videor, ita natos esse nos, ut inter omnes 
 esset Bocietas quaedam, major autem, ut quisque proximo acce- 
 deret. (Cic.) From inter omnes est societas...ut accedit. 
 
 Erant multi, qui quamquam non ita se rem habere arbitrarentur, 
 tamen libenter id, quod dixl, de illis oratoribus praedicarent. (Gic.) 
 From multi quamquam... arbitraretur tamen... praedicabant. 
 
 Facburusne operae pretium aim, si a primordio urbis res populi Ro- 
 mani perscripserim nee satis scio, nee, si sciain, clicere ausim. 
 (Liv.) From faciam operae pretium si...perscripsero. 
 
Chap. XXI.] Indicative: although dependent, &c. 307 
 
 Orator surripiat oportet imitationem, ut is, qui audiet, cogitet plura 
 quam videat. (Gic.) 
 
 1 Ne nihil remissum dicatis, remitto,' inquit Papirius, ' ne utique dor- 
 sum demulceatis, quum ex equis descendetis.' (Liv.) Descendatis 
 might have meant ' since you are dismounting,' 1 
 
 Quotus enim quisque pliilosophorum invenitur. qui sit ita moratus, ut 
 ratio postulat ? (Cic.) 
 
 Servus est nemo, qui non, quantum audet et quantum potest, conferat 
 ad salutem yoluntatis. (Cic.) 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 OF REPORTED SPEECH. 
 
 762 THE use of the infinitive and subjunctive in reports of speeches and 
 thoughts deserves collective notice. 
 
 When a statement is directly made, a question directly put, or a 
 supposition directly expressed, the language is said to be direct (oratio 
 recta). So also in a report which preserves the independent form in 
 which the speech, &c. was delivered; as, ' Caesar said: I am about to 
 march,' &c. 
 
 When a statement, question, or supposition is reported in a form 
 which makes it dependent in construction on some such words as said, 
 the language is said to be oblique or indirect (oratio obliqua) ; thus, 
 ' Caesar said that he was about to march.' 
 
 763 (A) The moods used in the oratio obliqua are the infinitive and 
 subjunctive, never (unless by an irregularity) the indicative. 
 
 i. All statements in principal sentences in the indicative mood in 
 the oratio recta become infinitives in the oratio obliqua ( 535). 
 Those relative sentences in which qui - et is or nam is, quum = et turn, 
 &c. (being not really subordinate sentences) are properly and usually 
 put in the infinitive ( 775 777). 
 
 764\ 2< Questions in the indicative mood in oratio recta, are, if closely 
 \iependent on a verb of asking, put in the subjunctive, being in fact 
 ordinary indirect questions ( 750) ; 
 
 but, if they are part of the continuous report of a speech, they are 
 put in the infinitive, if of the first or third person ; in the subjunctive, 
 if of the second person. 
 
3 o3 Of Reported Speech. {Book IV. 
 
 e.g. Quid facio ? becomes quid (se) facere ? 
 
 Quid facis ? becomes quid (ille) faceret ? 
 
 Quid facit ? becomes quid (ilium) facere ? 
 (But rogavit, quid (ipse, ille, &c.) faceret for all alike.) 
 
 765 3. All subordinate sentences ( 738, 758), as also all sentences 
 in the subjunctive and imperative moods in oratio recta, are put in the 
 subjunctive (comp. 672), with few exceptions, viz. : 
 
 (a) The imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive in the apodosis to a 
 conditional sentence, are (in oratio obliqua) expressed in the active 
 voice by the future participle with fuisse : in the passive, by the peri- 
 phrasis futurum fuisse ut ( 771). The future participle with esse is 
 used also for the present (and sometimes for the imperfect) active ; and 
 fore or futurum ease ut for the present (and sometimes for the im- 
 perfect) passive. 
 
 () Occasionally short relative clauses are attracted into the infin- 
 itive: (compare 701). 
 Scribebant, ut feras quasdam nulla mitescere arte, sic immitem et im- 
 
 placabilem ejus viri animum esse. (Liv.) 
 Admonemus cives nos eorum esse et, si noii easdem opes habere, 
 
 eandem tamen patriam incolere. (Liv.) 
 Afflrmavl quidvis me potius perpessurum, quam ex Italia ad bellum 
 
 civile eziturum. (Cic.) 
 
 (c) Sentences with dum sometimes (in poets, &c.) retain the indi- 
 cative (cf. 759). 
 
 Die hospes Spartae nos te liic vidisse jacentes dum sanctis patriae 
 legibus obsequimur. (Cic.) 
 
 766 (B) i. The tenses of the infinitive are present, or perfect, or 
 future according as the time would have been present, past, or future 
 in the oratio recta. 
 
 i. The tenses of the subjunctive are usually secondary, viz. im- 
 perfect and pluperfect, especially in commands or questions ; but the 
 present and perfect are sometimes used, especially if the verb on which 
 the whole oratio obliqua depends be in the present. 
 
 767 (C) In ordinary historical accounts no other person than the 
 third can in general be used. Thus 
 
 i. Instead of pronouns of the ist or and persons, the pronouns se, 
 suus, ipse, is, ille, in the requisite cases are used. 
 
 The pronouns hie, this near me, and iste, that near you, are rarely 
 found in oratio obliqua. 
 
 (Nos and noster are sometimes used by Caesar of the Roman people 
 or Roman army generally.) 
 
 a. All finite verbs are put in the third person. 
 
Chap. XX II.} Of Reported Speech. 
 
 309 
 
 768 The following tabular statement of the above may be useful : 
 
 (A) Mood: Principal sentences. 
 
 Oratio Recta. 
 f Indicative 
 
 Statements 
 
 Questions 
 
 Subjunctive (hypothesis) 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Commands or Imperative { 
 Prohibitions Subjunctive | 
 
 Subordinate sentences. 
 Indicative \ 
 Subjunctive) 
 
 ist / ^d pers. 
 and pers. 
 
 (B) Tense, 
 
 Present I 
 Future ) 
 
 Completed Future ) 
 Perfect f 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 Present 
 
 Future | 
 
 Completed Future f 
 Perfect ] 
 Imperfect r 
 Pluperfect ) 
 
 (C) Person. 
 
 ego, meus, nos, noster, tu. 
 tuus, vos, vester, iste, is, 
 ille. 
 
 hie, nunc, often by 
 
 Oratio Obliqua. 
 Infinitive. 
 
 In active, future part, 
 with fuisse, or some- 
 times (for present or 
 imperfect) esse. 
 
 In passive futurum 
 fuisse, ut, &c., or 
 sometimes (for pre- 
 sent or imperfect) fore 
 or futurum esse, ut, &c. 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Subjunctive 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 Imperfect, sometimes 
 
 Present 
 Pluperfect, sometimes 
 
 Perfect 
 Imperfect 
 Pluperfect 
 Future participle with 
 
 fuerim 
 
 Injiniti've. 
 Present 
 
 Fut. part, with esse 
 Perfect 
 
 Ise, ipse, suus, (usually) 
 of the subject of the 
 sentence: is, ille, of 
 what is not the subject. 
 
 ille, turn, tune 
 
3 io 
 
 Of Reported Speech. 
 
 [Book IV. 
 
 769 The above rules will be best illustrated by the following extracts : 
 
 O RATIO OBLIQUA. 
 
 (Is ita cum Caesare egit): Si 
 pacem populus Romanus cum Hel- 
 vetiis f&ceret, in earn partem ituros 
 atque \\tifuturos Helvetios, ubieos 
 Caesar constitu/jj^ atque esse vo- 
 lume/ : sin bello persequi perse- 
 vere/-^, Teminiszeretur et veteris 
 incommodi populi Roman! et pris 
 tinae virtutis Helvetic-rum. Quod 
 improvise unum pagum adortus 
 esset, cum ii qui flumen transij- 
 sent suis auxilium ferre non pos- 
 jent, ne ob earn rem aut 3uae mag- 
 nopere virtuti tiibueret aut ipsos 
 despic^rc-/: se ita a patribus major- 
 ibusque suis didic/jj^, ut magis 
 virtute, quam dolo conten&erent 
 aut insidiis nitercntur. Quare ne 
 commltteret ut is locus ubi consti- 
 tissent ex calamitate populi Ro- 
 mani et internecione exercitus no- 
 men c&peret aut memoriam pro- 
 deret. 
 
 O RATIO RECTA. 
 
 SI pa- 
 
 cem populus Romanus cum Hel- 
 vetiis fac/V^, in earn partem ibunt 
 atque ibi erunt Helvetii, ubi tu eos 
 constitu^m atque esse volueris ; 
 sin bello persequi persevered, 
 reminisc/Vor et veteris incom- 
 modi populi Romani et pristinae 
 virtutis Helvetiorum. Quod im- 
 proviso unum pagum adortus 
 es, cum ii qui flumen transi- 
 erant suis auxilium ferre non pot- 
 erant, ne ob earn rem aut iuae 
 magnopere virtuti tribu<?r/j aut 
 nos Ae&pexeris. Nos ita a patri- 
 bus majoribusque nostrls didic/w/u 
 ut magis virtute, quam dolo con- 
 tend<w/ttj aut insidiis nitamur. 
 Quare ne commij^m ut hie locus 
 ubi constitiwus ex calamitate po- 
 puli Romani et internecione exer- 
 citus nomen capto/ aut memoriam 
 
 770 Eo mihi 
 
 minus dubitationis datar, quod eas 
 res quas vos (legati Helvetii) com- 
 memoraw//'j memoria teneo, at- 
 que eo gravius fero quo minus 
 merito populi Rom. accio>rw/; 
 qui si alicujus injuriae sibi con- 
 scius fuisset, non fu/V difficile ca- 
 vere : sed eo deceptu-r e st, quod 
 neque commissum a se intellig^Z^ 
 quare timeret, neque sine causa 
 timendum putabat. Quod si V3- 
 teris contumeliae oblivisci vo/o, 
 num etiam recentium injuriarum, 
 quod me invito iter per provin- 
 vinciam per vim temptas//'j, quod 
 Haeduos, quod Ambarros, quod Al- 
 lobrogas vexasf/j, memoriam depo- 
 nere possutn ? Quod vestra vic- 
 toria tarn insolenter gloriaw/'w/', 
 quodque tarn diu vos impune in- 
 jurias tulisse 1 admir#w/Vz/, eodem 
 
 (His Caesar ita respondit :) Eo 
 sibi minus dubitationis dar/, quod 
 eas res, quas legati Helvetii com- 
 memorajjf/ memoria tenere/, at- 
 que eo gravius fer/r quo minus 
 merito populi Rom. acci&ssent : 
 qui si alicujus injuriae sibi con- 
 scius fuisset, non fuisse difficile 
 cavere ; sed eo deceptuw, quod 
 neque commissum a se intelligcr<? 
 quare timeret, neque sine causa 
 timendum putar^. Quod si ve- 
 teris contumeliae oblivisci vellet, 
 num etiam recentium injuriarum, 
 quod eo invito iter per provinciam 
 per vim temptasj^/ 1 , quod Hae- 
 duos, quod Ambarros, quod Allo- 
 brogas vexasj^z/, memoriam de- 
 ponere posse ? Quod SIM victoria 
 tarn insolenter gloriamztar, quod- 
 que tarn diu se impune injurias 
 tulisse admirr^7/:/r, eodem perti- 
 
 l Have carried off scotfrce, i.e. 'have not been punished for? 
 
Chap. XXIL] 
 
 Of Jteforted Speech. 
 
 ORATIO RECTA. 
 . Consuerww/ enim Ail im- 
 mortales, quo gravius homines ex 
 commutatione rerum doleant, quos 
 pro scelere eorum ulcisci velint, 
 Ms secundiores interdum res et 
 diuturniorem impunitatem conce- 
 dere. Cum haec ita sint, tamen 
 si obsides a <vobis mlhi dabuntur, 
 uti ea quae pollic^w/Vz/ facturos 
 intelligaw, et si Haeduis de in- 
 Juriis, quas ipsis sociisque eorum 
 V, item si Allobrogibus sa- 
 V, vobiswxm. pacem faciam. 
 
 771 Rem male eglt 
 natura, quod cervis et cornicibus 
 vitam diuturnam, quorum id nihil 
 interesset 1 , hominibus, quorum 
 maxime interfuisset, tarn exiguam 
 vitam ded;Y : quorum si aetas po- 
 tuisset esse longinquior, omnibus 
 perfectis artibus, omni doctrina, 
 hominum vita erudita esset. 
 
 1 Subjunctive by 732. 
 
 772 Quid 
 est levius aut turpius quam auc- 
 tore hoste de summis rebus capere 
 consilium 1 
 
 773 Deorum immortalium benignitate, 
 me'is consiliis, patientia militum, 
 Vei/ jam erunt in potestate populi 
 Romani: quid de praeda facien- 
 dum censetis ? 
 
 ORATIO OBLIQUA. 
 nere. Consuejj<? enim deoj immor- 
 tales, quo gravius homines ex com- 
 mutatione rerum doleant, quos pro 
 scelere eorum ulcisci velint, his 
 secundiores interdum res et diu- 
 turniorem impunitatem concedere. 
 Cum ea ita sint, tamen si obsides 
 ab 'tis sibi dentur, uti ea quae pol- 
 liceantur facturos inte'lligaf, et si 
 Haeduis de injuriis, quas ipsis 
 sociisque eorum intulerint, item si 
 Allobrogibus satisfaci^r/, sese cum 
 us pacem esse f&cturum. (Gaes.) 
 
 Theophrastus moriens accusasse 
 naturam dicitur, quod cervis et cor- 
 nicibus vitam diuturnam, quorum 
 id nihil interesset, hominibus, quo- 
 rum maxime interfuisset, tarn exi- 
 guam vitam dedisset : quorum si 
 aetas potuisset esse longinquior, 
 futurumfuisse ut omnibus perfectis 
 artibus, omni doctrina, hominum 
 vita erudi/rtar. (Cic.) 
 
 (Tribuni militum nihil temere 
 agendum existimabant :) Quid esse 
 levius aut turpius quam auctore 
 hoste de summis rebus capere con- 
 silium? (Caes.) 
 
 (Litteras ad senatum misit,) 
 deum immortalium benignitate, 
 suis consiliis, patientia militum, 
 Veioj- jam fore in potestate populi 
 Romani: quid de praeda faciendum 
 censerent f (Liv.) 
 
 774 Quod vero ad amicitiam po- 
 puli Romani adtul? r//, id iis eripi 
 quis pati poss/V f 
 
 (Dixit)...Quod vero ad amici- 
 tiam populi Rom. adtul/jJiTzf, id 
 iis eripi quis pati -posset ? (Caes.) 
 
 775 Axa est in vestibulo templi 
 Laciniae Junonis, cujus cinis nuUo 
 unquam move/r vento. 
 
 (Fama est) 2xam esse in vesti- 
 bulo templi Laciniae Junonis, cu- 
 jus ( et ejus) cinerem nullo un- 
 quam mover; vento. (Liv.) 
 
312 Of Reported Speech. [Book IV. 
 
 O RATIO RECTA. O RATIO OBLIQUA. 
 
 776 Reg/Ywr mund#.f numine deo- Mundww censent reg/ numine 
 
 rum : est quasi communis urbs et deorum eumque ease quasi commu- 
 
 civitas hominum et deorum... ex nem urtew et civitatew hominum 
 
 quo illud natura consequ/Vwr ut, et deorum... ex quo illud natura 
 
 &c. conseqw/ ut, &c. (Cic.) 
 
 (Aegerrime id plebs ferebat:) 
 
 777 Jace/ tamdiu irrit^<? actiones jacere tarn diu irritaj actionerf 
 quae de nostria commodis ferwn- quae de suis commodis ferraztur 
 tur, cum interim de sanguine ac cum interim de sanguine ac sup- 
 supplicio nostro lata lex confestim plicio suo Is&am legetn confestim 
 exercetwr. (Gomp. 729, 733.) exercm. (Liv.) 
 
 778 When an indicative mood is found in the midst of oratio obliqua, 
 it expresses an assertion of the narrator, not of the person whose speech 
 is being reported ; as 
 
 Caesar per exploratores certior factus est, ex ea parte vici, quam Gallis 
 concesserat, omnes noctu discessisse. (Caes.) 
 
 (The clause quam Gallis concesserat is Caesar's explanation for the 
 benefit of his readers : the scouts would describe it to him by the local rela- 
 tions.) 
 Interim Caesari nuntiatur Sulmonenses, quod oppidum a Confinio VII. 
 
 milium intervallo abest, cupere ea facere quae vellet, sed a Q. Lu- 
 
 cretio senatore et Attio Peligno prohiberi, qui id oppidum VII. 
 
 cohortium praesidio tenebant. (Caes.) 
 Diogenes quidem Cynicus dicere solebat Harpalum, qui temporibus illis 
 
 praedo felix habebatur, contra deos testimonium dicere, quod in 
 
 ilia fortuna tarn diu viveret. (Cic.) 
 
 779 But this principle is sometimes neglected, and the indicative put where 
 the subjunctive ought to stand. 
 
 C. Mario magna atque mirabilia portend! haruspex dixerat : proinde, 
 
 quae anirno agltabat, fretus dis ageret. (Sail.) 
 Hortatur,ad cetera, quae levia sunt, parem animum gerant. (Sail.) 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 ORDER OF WORDS AND SENTENCES. 
 
 780 i- Order of words in a prose sentence. 
 
 The order in which the words stand in a Latin sentence is not fixed by 
 any invariable rule but depends chiefly on the requirements of facility of 
 comprehension, emphasis and rhythm* 
 
Chap. XXIIL] Order of Words and Sentences. 313 
 
 (A) Facility of comprehension suggests the following rules, -which 
 however are frequently superseded, if emphasis or rhythm require a different 
 order. 
 
 781 T> The subject is put first, the predicate last, and the object and other 
 qualifications of the predicate interposed, in order that the precise extent 
 and purport of the predicate may be known, before the hearer or reader can 
 suppose the sense to be complete. 
 
 Cur ego tuas partes suscipio ? Cur M. Tullius P. African! monumenta 
 requirit, P. Scipio eum, qui ilia sustulit, defendit ? (Cic.) 
 
 In poetry the order depends greatly on the requirements of the metre : 
 Ponitur ad patrios barbara praeda deos. (Ov.) 
 
 782 2> Qualificatory expressions (except attributes) are for a similar reason 
 placed immediately before the word they qualify. Consequently, 
 
 (a) The preposition precedes its substantive, either immediately, or 
 with qualificatory expressions only interposed. 
 Consul de bello ad populum tulit. (Liv.) 
 Sine ullo metu et summa cum honestate vivenms. (Cic. ) 
 Haec officia pertinent ad earum rerum, quibus utuntur homines, facul- 
 tatem, ad opes, ad copias. (Cic.) 
 
 723 Some prepositions, chiefly disyllabic, occasionally stand after a relative 
 pronoun without a substantive. 
 
 Cum is always suffixed to personal and usually to relative pronouns. 
 Quinque cohortes fnunentatum in proximas segetes mittit, quas inter et 
 
 castra unus omnino collis intererat. (Caes.) 
 
 Homo disertus non intellegit eum, quern contra dicit, laudari a se, eos, 
 apud quos dicit, vituperari. (Cic.) 
 In poetry the order is often modified. 
 Solus avem caelo dejecit ab alto. (Verg.) 
 Foederaregum vel.Oabiis vel cum rigidis aequata Sabinis. (Hor.) 
 
 734 (b] Adverbs and oblique cases precede the verb or adjective to which 
 they belong. 
 
 Bellum civile opinione plerumque et fama gubernatur. (Cic.) 
 Multi autem, Gnathonum simUes, sunt loco, fortuna, fama superiores. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 (c] Negatives precede the word they qualify. 
 
 Nec animo nee benevolentiae nee patientiae cujusquam pro vobis cedam. 
 
 (Plancus.) 
 Ninil ne ab iis quidem tribunis ad Velitras memorabile factum. (Liv.) 
 
 785 3. Attributes, whether adjectives, substantives in apposition, or oh- 
 lique cases, usually follow their substantive, but the reverse order is frequent, 
 and with demonstrative pronouns, and adjectives of number and quantity, 
 is the rule. 
 
 Principle male reprehendunt praemeditationem rerum futurarum. (Cic.) 
 Balbus quaestor, magna numerata pecunia, magno pondere auri, majore 
 argenti coacto de publicis exactionibus, Kal. Juniis traiecit se in 
 regnum Bogudis, plane bene peculiatus. (Asin. Pollio.) 
 
314 Order of Words and Sentences. \Book IV. 
 
 Bellienus verna Demetrii Domitium quendam, nobilem illic, Caesaris 
 hospitem, a contraria factione nummis acceptis compreliendit et 
 strangulavit. (Gael.) 
 
 Adjectives and (not so frequently) a genitive case are sometimes put 
 before, instead of between or after, a preposition and its substantive : 
 e.g. Magna ex parte, tribus de rebus, ea de causa; deorum in mente. 
 
 735 In many expressions the order of the words is fixed by custom : 
 
 e.g. Populus Romanus, civis Romanus, res familiaris, res gestae, aes 
 alienum, jus civile, senatus consultum, magister equitum, tribunus 
 plebi, pontifex maximus, Bona Dea, Carthago nova, &c. 
 
 787 4. When a substantive is qualified by both an adjective and a genitive, 
 or by both a genitive and a prepositional expression, the adjective in the 
 first case, the genitive in the second case, is usually put first, and the other 
 attribute interposed between that and the substantive, e. g. 
 
 Amicitia nullam aetatis degendae rationem patitur esse expertem sui. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 Cujus rationis vim ex illo caelesti Epicuri de regula et judicio volumine 
 accepimus. (Cic.) 
 
 788 5- Relative pronouns regularly stand at the commencement of their 
 clause, never after their verb. 
 
 Hie est, quern quaerimus. Quae cum ita sint, hoc loquor. 
 
 But sometimes an emphatic word (or words) is prefixed to the relative, 
 especially when the demonstrative sentence is put after the relative sentence. 
 Romam quae apportata sunt, ad aedem Honoris et Virtutis videmus. 
 
 789 6. Connective adverbs and interrogative pronouns usually (except for 
 emphasis' sake) stand at the head of their clause or only after words (e.g. 
 relative or demonstrative pronouns) referring to the preceding sentence; 
 never after their verb. 
 
 Quae cujusmodi sint, facilius jam inteUigemus, cum ad ipsa ridiculorum 
 
 genera veniemus. (Cic.) 
 Haec tu, Eruci, tot et tanta si nactus esses in reo, quam diu diceres ? 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 But in poetry we have, e.g. : 
 Tu numina ponti victa domas ipsumque, regit qui numina ponti. (Ov.) 
 
 790 7' Words belonging to two or more co-ordinate words or expressions 
 should strictly be put either before them all or after them all. But it is 
 very usual, partly for rhythm's sake, for the common word to be put after 
 the first of the co-ordinated words. 
 
 Jam viris vires, jam ferro sua vis, jam consilia ducibus deerant. (Liv.) 
 
 An tu existimas, cum esset Hippocrates ille Cous, fuisse turn alios medi- 
 cos, qui morbis, alios qui volneribus, alios qui oculis mederentur. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 Una est enim eloquentia, nam sive de caeli natura loquitur, sive de terra, 
 sive de divina vi sive de humana, sive ex inferiore loco sive ex aequo 
 sive ex superiore, sive ut impellat homines, sive ut doceat, sive 
 ut deterreat, rivis est diducta oratio, non fontibus. (Cic.) 
 But in poetry irregularities occur : e.g. 
 
 Pacis eras mediusque belli. (Hor.) 
 
Chap. XX III.} Order of Words and Sentences. 315 
 
 791 (B) Emphasis suggests the following rules : 
 
 I. Any word which is to be made prominent is placed at or near the 
 beginning of the sentence, or sometimes, if not the primary predicate, at 
 the end (as an unusual position). 
 A mails mors abducit, non a bonis. (Cic.) 
 Dedi veniam homini impudenter petenti. (Cic.) 
 Sequemur igitur hoc tempore et in liac quaestione potissimum Stoicos. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 2. An unemphatic word is sometimes- inserted between words con- 
 nected with one another, partly to throw the words before it into greater 
 relief, partly to prevent itself occupying a more important position in the 
 sentence. So especially est, sunt, &c. 
 Quadridui sermonem superioribus ad te perscriptum libris misimus. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 Qui in fortunae periculis sunt at; varietate versati. (Cic.) 
 Primum Marcelli ad Nolam praelio populus se Romanus erexit. (Cic.) 
 
 3. Contrasted words are put next to one another. 
 
 Ego Q. Fabium, senem adulescens, ita dUexi ut aequalem. (Cic.) 
 Quid quod tu te ipse in custodiam dedisti? (Cic.) 
 
 4. Contrasted pairs of words are often put with the words in one pair 
 in a reverse order to that of the other pair, (two of the contrasted words 
 still often being together as by last rule). This figure is called chiasmus 
 (i. e. crossing}. 
 
 Ratio enim nostra consentit ; pugnat oratio. (Cic.) 
 
 Cum spe vincendi simul abjecisti certandi etiam cupiditatem. (Cic.) 
 
 Clariorem inter Romanos deditio Postumium, quam Pentium incruenta 
 
 victoria inter Samnites fecit. (Liv.) 
 Cedere alius, alius obtruncari. (Sail.) 
 
 5. Where cumulative effect or a sense of similarity rather than con- 
 trast is desired, the same order of words is preserved in the component 
 clauses. This figure is called anaphora (i.e. repetition}. 
 
 His similes sunt omnes qui virtuti student: levantur vitiis, levantur 
 
 erroribus. (Cic.) 
 Ut non nequiquam tantae virtutis homines judicari deberet ausos esse 
 
 transire latissimum flumen, ascendere altissimas rupes, subire ini- 
 
 quissimum locum. (Caes. ) 
 
 722 (C) Rhythm admits, of no definite rules being given, but suggests 
 
 i. That short words or expressions occupying a distinct position as 
 subject, predicate, &c. be put first. 
 
 Erant ei veteres inimicitiae cum duobus Rosciis Amerinis. (Cic.) 
 Terrebat et proximus annus lugubris duorum consulum funeribus. (Liv. ) 
 Movet ferocem animum juvenis seu ira seu detrectandi certaminis pudor 
 seu inexsuperabilis vis fati. (Liv.) 
 
 i. That there be variety in the arrangements of neighbouring sen- 
 tences as regards prosody and syntax. (Thus B. 4, and B. 5, are often 
 found together.) 
 
3i 6 Order of Words and Sentences. [Book IV. 
 
 Vide quid intersit inter tuam libidinem majorumque auctoritatem, inter 
 amorem furoremque tuum et illorum consilium atque prudentiam. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 Adde hue fontium gelidas perennitates, liquores perlucidos amnium, 
 riparum vestitus viridissimos, speluncarum concavas amplitudines, 
 saxorum asperitates, impendentium montium altitudines immensi- 
 tatesque camporum : adde etiam reconditas auri argentique venas 
 inflnitamque vim mannoris. (Cic.) 
 
 7S3 (D) The position of the following adverbs may be specially noticed: 
 
 (a] Nam always, namque almost always, at the beginning ; enim after 
 one or (rarely) two words. 
 
 (b] Itaque almost always at beginning; igitur usually (except in Sallust) 
 after one or two words. 
 
 (c] Etiam immediately precedes the word it qualifies; qu6que, quidem, 
 demum, immediately succeed such a word. 
 
 (d] Tamen first except for emphasis ; autem, vero, after one (or two 
 closely connected) words. 
 
 (<?) Ne (affirmative) is (except in a peculiar class of answers in Plautus) 
 prefixed to a personal or demonstrative pronoun. 
 
 794 ii. Position of subordinate sentences. 
 
 1. Subordinate sentences (except those which express a result) follow 
 the rule of qualificatory words or phrases, i.e. they are put before the prin- 
 cipal sentence to which they belong ; either before the whole of it or before 
 all but a few words. 
 
 Cum hostium copiae non longe absunt, etiamsi inruptio nulla facta est, 
 
 tamen pecua relinquuntur, agricultura deseritur. (Cic.) 
 Qui autem ita faciet, ut oportet, primum vigilet in deligendo (quern 
 
 imitetur), deinde, quern probavit, in eo, quae maxime excellent, ea 
 
 diligentissime persequatur. (Cic.) 
 Quid autem agatur cum aperuero, facile erit statuere quam sententiam 
 
 dicatis. (Cic.) 
 
 2. A short principal sentence is often prefixed to the whole or part of 
 the subordinate sentence, especially if this be a dependent interrogative. 
 Stoicorum autem non ignoras quam sit subtile vel spinosum potius dia- 
 
 serendi genus. (Cic.) 
 
SUPPLEMENT TO SYNTAX. 
 
 I. Prepositions and quasi-prepositional Adverbs. 
 
 II. Conjunctions. 
 
 III. Negative particles. 
 
 IV. Interrogative particlesi 
 
 V. Pronouns. 
 
 i. Prepositions and quasi-prepositional Adverbs. 
 
 795 i. (#) Prepositions proper ; are those which are not used except 
 with a substantive in an oblique case (or in composition). 
 
 ab, ad, apud, cis, cum, de, ex, in, inter, ob, per, pro, sed, sine, sub, 
 uls. To these may be added erga, penes, tenus. 
 
 () Some other words have both an adverbial and a prepositional 
 use, i. e. are used both without a substantive dependent, and with a sub- 
 stantive in an oblique case : 
 
 adversus, ante, circa, circiter, circum, citra, clam, clanculum, 
 contra, coram, ergo, extra, infra, intra, intus, juxta, palam, pone, post, 
 prae, praeter, procul, prope, propter, secundum, simul, subter, super, 
 supra, ultra. 
 
 (c) A few particles used only in composition, viz. amb- ; an-, dis-, 
 per-, red-, -secus ; and a few adverbs closely akin to prepositions, e.g. 
 contro, intro, retro, simul, simitu are also noticed. 
 
 793 ii. The following are (a) used with accusative and ablative; in, 
 sub, super. Clam has very rarely an accusative. 
 () Used with accusative only; 
 
 ad, adversus, ante, apud, circum, circa, circiter, c's, citra, clam, 
 clanculum, contra, erga, extra, infra, inter, intra, ob, penes, per, pone, 
 post, praeter, prope, propter, secundum, supra, uls, ultra. 
 
 (c) With ablative only; ab, coram, cum, de, ex, intus, palam, 
 prae. pro, procul, sed, simul, sine. 
 
 (d) With accusative and dative ; advorsum, contra, juxta. 
 
 (e) With genitive and ablative ; tenus. 
 (/) With genitive only ; ergo. 
 
318 SUPPLEMENT TO SYNTAX, i. Prepositions. 
 
 797 iii. (a) Prepositions used in composition (as well as with oblique 
 cases); 
 
 ab, ad, apud, cum, de, ex, in, inter, ob, per, prae, pro, sed, sub. 
 (b) Used with verbs, but without clear mark of composition ; 
 ante, contra^ intra, post, praeter, subter, super. 
 
 798 Occasionally the preposition is separated from its case by other words. 
 This is usual with per in oaths and adjurations : but otherwise is almost 
 confined to poetry. 
 
 Ergo and versus are always subjoined to the substantive ; tenus to the 
 substantive or its epithet. Cum is always subjoined to a personal pronoun, 
 and often to a relative pronoun. Besides these : 
 
 Cicero subjoins propter occasionally to personal and relative pronouns; 
 de, contra, and, rarely, ante, circa, circum to relatives. 
 
 Vergil occasionally subjoins circum, contra, inter, juxta, penes, 
 propter, sine, subter, supra ; and, when an attribute follows, ab, ad, 
 ex, in, per, sub, ultra. Other writers have occasional instances, Livy 
 and Tacitus not infrequently ; especially after relatives. 
 
 799 Abs, ab, a, /row (ab before vowels, a before consonants) : with abla- 
 tive only. 
 
 From (a} e.g. ab urbe, from the city; a puero hoc fecit, he has 
 done it from his boyhood; a Fuflo solvere, to pay by a draft on Fufius; 
 possum a me dare, / can supply (it) from home. 
 
 (b) Of the agent: from or by; captus a rege, taken by the king; 
 zona torrida ab igni, a belt scorched byjire. 
 
 (r) Of the department concerned: a te stat, he is on your side; 
 servus a rationibus, a slave for book-keeping. 
 
 In composition: abs before c, q, t; as before p; ab before d, I, n, 
 r, s, j, h, and vowels ; au before f, except in afui, afore; a before m, v. 
 
 It denotes separation ; e. g. abscedere, to go away ; abdicare, to cry 
 off^ renounce; consumption; e.g. absorbere, to sup up] reversal; e.g. 
 a jungere, to unyoke. 
 
 800 Absque, without, used only as preposition with ablative. Not in Cicero 
 or Augustan writers. 
 
 Absque sententia (Quintil.), without thinking. In Plautus absque te 
 foret (conditional clause), had it not been for you. 
 
 801 Ad, to (but not into): with accusative only: 
 
 (a) To; ire ad Capuam, to go to Capua; ad anna, to arms; ad 
 necem caedi, to be beaten to death; comp. ad fatim (aflatim), 227; 
 admodum, (up to the limit f) very. 
 
 Ad septingentos periere, They perished to the number of seven hundred. 
 Sometimes the prepositional character is forgotten ; e.g. ad rnille et sep- 
 
SUPPLEMENT TO SYNTAX, i. Prepositions. 319 
 
 tingenti caesi, up to 1700 men were killed ; ad noc (in addition to this), 
 besides, moreover. 
 
 (b) At, near, before: ad manum habere, to ba<ve at his hand; 
 ad vinum disertus, eloquent over his wine ; ad postremum, at last ; ad 
 hiemem, on the approach of winter. 
 
 (c) Looking at (of a model or object) : ad Imnc modum instituere, 
 to train up after this fashion ; ad ludibrium salutare, to greet in mockery ; 
 comparare ad lecticam homines, to get porters for the sedan. 
 
 In composition : ad is usually assimilated to c and (written c) to q, 
 and the d omitted before gn. But it is also often assimilated to p, f, g, 
 t, n, 1, r, and the d is often omitted before s. 
 
 To, at: accedere, to approach; adoptare, to adopt; adamare, to fall 
 in love ; addubitare, to come to doubt. 
 
 In addition : agnasci, to be born (grow) into a family (often only in- 
 tensive); adgdSre, to cat up; attrectare, to handle. 
 
 802 Adversum, adversus (also exadversum, exadversus, as adverb rarely) 
 with dative and accusative. Towards, against : 
 
 (a) with dative : venire advorsum mini (Plaut.), to come to fetch me ; 
 
 (b) with accusative : exadversus eum locum, opposite to that place ; 
 adversus montem, breasting the hill; adversus ea respondere, to reply to 
 this ; adversus edictum, against the edict. 
 
 803 Amb-, am-, an- in composition only ; around, on both sides (comp. 
 Cytt0t, a/A0w, ambo) ; e. g. 
 
 amblre, go round, canvass; amputare, lop around, cut off; anclsus, 
 cut round or at both ends. 
 
 804 Ante (antid, old) before : as adverb, and with accusative. 
 
 (a) Before, as adverb : paucis ante diebus (before by a few days, 
 496), a few days before. 
 
 (b) With accusative : ante ostium stare, to stand before the door ; 
 ante alios miserandus, pitiable before (above) others. 
 
 For antehac, antea, previously, 212. 
 
 In composition ; antecellere, (project} excel; anteponere, place in 
 front. 
 
 803 Apud, at; only with accusative: usually with names of persons. 
 Apud me esse, at my house or in my judgment; non sum apud me (Ter.), 
 1 am not in my senses ; apud populum manumissus, freed in presence of 
 t be people; apud Ciceronem, in Cicero's (writings . 
 Apud aedem Bellonae, at the temple of Bellona. 
 
 8C6 Circum, circa, circiter, round, about; both as adverbs and with 
 accusative. 
 
 (a) Circum, circa, of space ; circum undique convenire, to come 
 from all sides around ; circa pectus, round his breast ; circum amicos 
 mittere, to send round to one's friends. 
 
320 SUPPLEMENT TO SYNTAX. \.Prepositions. 
 
 (b) Circiter of time and number : diebus circiter quindecim per- 
 venire, to arrive within fifteen days ; octavam circiter horam re dire, to 
 return about the eighth hour. 
 
 (f) Circa, about, i.e. concerning (post- Augustan) : circa hoc dis- 
 putare, to dispute about this; circa decs neglegens, careless in divine 
 matters. 
 
 Quocirca (for quodcirca?), wherefore; idcirco, on that account. 
 In composition (loose); circumdare, throw around; circumducere, 
 -scribere, -venire, used specially in metaphorical sense, cheat. 
 
 337 Cis, citra, on this side, with accusative: citra also as adverb ; cltro 
 (adv.), hitherwards. Cis is usually opposed to trans (uls being anti- 
 quated) ; citra, citro to ultra, ultro. 
 
 (a) As adverb : dextra diriguit nee citra mota nee ultra, his right- 
 hand grew stiff, moving neither to him, nor from him ; telum citra cadit, 
 the dart falls short ; verba ultro citroque habita, words exchanged be- 
 tween them. 
 
 (b) As preposition : cis flumen ease, to be on this side the stream; 
 citra veritatem, falling short of truth. 
 
 (<r) Citra, without, only post- Augustan : citra docentem scire, to 
 know without a teacher ; longe citra aemulum, quite without a rival. 
 
 03 Clam, used both as (a) adverb, and () with an accusative. 
 
 (a) Secret/?: vel vi, vel clam, vel precario, by force, or secretly, or 
 on sufferance ; nee id clam esse potuit, and this could not be concealed. 
 
 (b) Unknown to: clam matrem suam, without the knowledge of his 
 mother. 
 
 Clam is very rarely used with ablative. Clanculum is also used as 
 adverb and once with accusative. 
 
 8C9 Com (old), cum, (with, only with an ablative. It is placed after 
 the personal pronouns and the relative (except usually quibus). 
 
 Caesar cum legionibus, Caesar with the legions ; cum gladio, wearing 
 a sword ; cum cura cavere, to take careful precautions ; tecttm loqueris, 
 you are talking to yourself ; cum animo suo volvere, to turn it over in his 
 mind ; tecum actio est, an action lies against you. 
 
 In composition: com- before p, b, m ; co- before vowels; con- before 
 v, j, and before dentals and linguals generally, except that n is often 
 assimilated before 1 and r. 
 
 Together: e.g. conjurare, to conspire ; confiteri, to confess to another; 
 commutare, to barter. 
 
 Completely: e.g. concoquere, to digest; condemnare, to condemn; 
 consequi, to overtake ; constare, to be well ascertained. 
 
 810 Contra, opposite to; both as adverb and with a substantive, appa- 
 rently in dative (Plaut, Ter.) but usually accusative cases. 
 
 (a) Opposite: stat contra, he stands opposite; contra me, opposite me. 
 
Cis, clam, cum, contra, coram, de, dis-. 3 2T 
 
 (b) In return : contra diligere, to requite love with dative (or 
 ablative of price ?) contra auro vendere, to sell for gold. 
 
 (V) Contrary : contra quam fas est, contrary to what is right ; in 
 stultitia contra est, /'/ is just the other way in folly ; contra ea, on the 
 other hand, 
 
 (d) Against: non pro me sed contra me, not for me, but against 
 me. 
 
 811 Coram, used as adverb and with ablative. 
 
 (a) Face to face: coram sumus, we are face to face ; veni coram, 
 / came into his presence. 
 
 (b) In presence of: coram latrone, in a brigand's presence ; ii coram 
 quibus magis quam apud quos verba facit, his audience rather than his 
 judges. 
 
 812 De, down from; with ablative only. 
 
 (a} Down from : de caelo tactus, struck from heaven ; de digito 
 anulum detrahere, to draw a ring from ajinger. 
 
 (b} From, of: aliquis de ludo, a man from the school- de patre 
 audire, to hear from one's father ; merer! de illo, to deserve from him; 
 duodeviginti, two from twenty, \. e. eighteen ; templum de marmore, 
 a temple of marble. 
 
 (V) Of, concerning: e.g. de republica disputare, discuss politics; 
 qua de re agitur, 'which is the matter in question ; actumst de me, it is 
 all over with me. 
 
 (d) Of time : e. g. somnus de prandio, sleep just after dinner ; de 
 nocte, in the course of the night ; de tertia vigilia, during the third watch. 
 
 (e) In various phrases : de consilii sententia, under the opinions of 
 his assessors ; de more, according to custom; de industria, of set purpose 
 (opposed to sine industria) ; de integro, afresh ; de lucro, as a piece of 
 good luck ; gravi de causa, on solid grounds. 
 
 813 In composition : 
 
 (<s) Down : descendere, to come down ; destinare, tojfix down. 
 
 (b) Off, away : designate, mark off; deverti, to turn aside, put up 
 at an inn. 
 
 (c) Down to: devenire, to come to; deferre, to report; deferre 
 alicui jusjurandum, to put a man on his oath (offerre, to offer to take 
 one's oath). 
 
 (d) Formally, or completely: e.g. decurrere, to run in procession, 
 march past ; deplorare, to weep bitterly, give up for lost ; decantare, to 
 sing over and over again ; debellare, to bring war to an end. 
 
 (e} Un-: dedecere, to be unbecoming; dedocere, to unteach ; despe- 
 rare, to despair ; detegere, to uncover. 
 
 814 DIs-, di-, in twain : only in composition. 
 
 Dis- before sharp mutes and s ; dir- before a vowel or h ; di- before 
 flat mutes, liquids, nasals, semi-vowels, and sp, sc, st. Before f, dis- 
 is assimilated (e.g. differre). 
 
 L. G. 21 
 
322 SUPPLEMENT TO SYNTAX, i. Prepositions. 
 
 (a) Asunder: discindere, cleave asunder ; disslcere (dis jace"re), to 
 scatter ; divendere, sell piecemeal. 
 
 (b) Un-: discingere, ungird; difflteri, disavow. 
 
 (r) Exceedingly : differtus, crammed ; disperire, utterly perish. 
 (d) Among : dignoscere, distinguish ; dispicere, see through. 
 
 815 Erga, towards : only with accusative. 
 
 Fides erga imperatorem. loyalty to the general ; odium erga regem, 
 hatred to the king. 
 
 In Tacitus also in relation to; inscitia erga domum suam, ignorance 
 of his own family matters. 
 
 816 Ergo as adverb and as postposition with genitive case. 
 
 (a) In consequence, therefore : Exitus ergo quis est, What then is his 
 end? 
 
 (b) With gen. rare except in old language ; 
 
 Ludi vlctoriae, non valetudinis, ergo voti (Liv.), Games vowed for the 
 sake of a victory, not for health's sake. 
 
 817 Ex, e, out of: used with ablative case only. In some phrases (see ) 
 e, not ex, is used. 
 
 (a) From, i.e. out of, from off: negotiator ex Africa, a trader from 
 Africa ; ex equis desilire, to leap down from their horses ; ex tempore, on 
 the spur of the moment; e veatigio, without delay ; ex itinere oppugnare, 
 to attack while on the march. 
 
 Metaphorically of the source : ex otio fructus capere, to get profit 
 from leisure ; ex Pollione audire, accipere, to hear from Pollio ; ex pedi- 
 bus laborare, to be in trouble (with his feet, e. g. have gout. 
 
 (b) In accordance with: ex animi sententia, in accordance with 
 one's conscience or wish; heres ex deunce, heir to ele-ven-twelfths ; ex 
 aequo, equally ; ex contrario, on the contrary ; ex composite, as agreed; 
 ex merito, as earned ; ex more, according to custom ; magna ex parte, in 
 a great degree ; e re tua, to your interest ; e republica, to the interest of 
 the state; e re nata, under the actual circumstances; e regione, in a 
 straight line or directly opposite. 
 
 (r) Of the material or ground: pocula ex auro, cups of gold ; ex 
 fraude factus, made up of fraud; resina ex melle, resin mixed with 
 honey. 
 
 (cT) After : ex consulatu proflcisci, to start after his consulship ; 
 diem ex dieducere, to drag on day by day. 
 
 818 Jn composition : ex before vowels, b, and sharp consonants ; ef, 
 sometimes ec, before f ; otherwise e. 
 
 (a) Out, forth : excldere, to fall out ; exponere, to jet out, to dis- 
 embark ; exsurgere, to rise up. 
 
 (b) Throughout: enarrare, to tell in detail; emerere, to serve out 
 one's time. 
 
 (r ) Thoroughly : elevare, to lighten, disparage ; extimescere, to fall 
 into a panic, 
 
 (d) Un- : exarmare, to disarm ; enodare, to unravel. 
 
Erga, ergo, ex, extra, in, infra. 323 
 
 819 Extra, outside; both as adverb, and with accusative. 
 
 (#) Extra et intra hostem habent, they have an enemy outside and 
 in ; extra munitionem egredi, to step outside the defences. 
 
 Metaphorically () extra jocum, without joking: extra numerum, 
 out of time; extra ordinem, out of rank or turn. 
 
 (c) Not including: reliqui extra ducem, the rest excepting the leader. 
 
 820 In (old forms endo, indu) used both with accusative (of motion to*) 
 and ablative (of rest in). 
 
 (a) Of place (accus.) into, onto: in eorum finis incurrere, to make 
 an incursion into their territory in jus ducere, to lead into court ; in 
 murum evadere, to get onto the 'wall. 
 
 (abl.) In eorum finibus bellum gerere, to (wage war in their terri- 
 tory ; injure res est, the matter is in court; in capite coronam habere, 
 to have a chaplet on the head; in praedio pecuniam ponere, to invest 
 the money in a farm. 
 
 (b) Of time and number: (accus.) in posterum diem invitare, to 
 invite for the next day ; dicere in noctem, to speak till night-fall ; tricena 
 Jugera in pedites dare, to give 300 acres for every foot-soldier ; in dies 
 major, greater every day. 
 
 (abl.) in praesentia, at the moment; sol binas in singulis annis 
 reversiones facit, the sun makes two turns in the course of each year ; 
 virtutem in bonis habere, to count virtue among his goods. 
 
 (r) Of the circumstances: (accus.) according to; in mea verba 
 jurare, swear acceptance of my words ; opus in speciem defonne, a work 
 plain in appearance; in orbem ire, to move (so as to make, i.e.) in a circle; 
 in vicem, in turn; in partem juvare, to contribute a share of help. 
 
 (abl.) in honore et pretio esse, to be honoured and valued ; in tanta 
 propinquitate castrorum haec deferuntur, this is reported, the camp be- 
 ing so near; opus vel in hac inagnificentia urbis conspiciendum, a work, 
 striking, even with the city in its present splendour ; in incerto esse, to 
 be uncertain ; in aequo, on an equality ; in primo, in front. 
 
 (d) Of the object: (accus.) impietas in deos, impiety towards the 
 gods ; pecunia in rem militarem data, money provided for military pur- 
 poses. 
 
 (abl.) elegans in dicendo, neat in speaking; talis in hoste fuit 
 Priamo, such was he in the case of (or in dealing with) his enemy Priam. 
 
 821 In composition : often assimilated to 3, r, and written m before 
 labials (p, b, m). 
 
 (#) In, on : includere, shut in ; inspicere, look in ; imminere, hang 
 over; inniti, lean on; invidere, look at (grudgingly). 
 
 (b) Intensive : incipere, take up, begin ; inhorrere, shudder. 
 
 822 Infra, below : as adverb and with accusative ; used of space, time, 
 and metaphorically : 
 
 Innumerabiles mundi, supra infra, dextra sinistra, ante post, countless 
 worlds above % below, on right, on left, before, behind ; accubuit infra ma 
 
 21 2 
 
324 SUPPLEMENT TO SYNTAX, i. Prepositions. 
 
 Atticus, Atticus reclined at table below me ; Homerus non infra Lycurgum 
 fuit, Homer was not later than Lycurgus magnitudine infra elephantos, 
 in size less than elephants. 
 
 823 Inter : with accusative only. 
 
 (a) Among, in the middle of: inter ceteram planitiem mons saxeus, 
 a rocky hill in the midst of what otherwise was level j inter epulas 
 obtruncatur, he is killed whilst at dinner; inter saucios, among the 
 wounded ; inter paucos disertus, eloquent as but few are ; inter se dili- 
 gere, aspicere, &c., to love, behold one another. 
 
 So interea, interim, meanwhile; (interim, in post- Augustan writers 
 also denotes sometimes^. 
 
 () Between : e. g. inter loricam galeamque, between the breastplate 
 and helmet ; inter manus aufertur, he is carried away in their arms 
 inter caesa et porrecta, between the slaying and offering; inter eos 
 decernere, to give a decree in the suit between them. 
 
 In composition : 
 
 (a) Among, between: intercedere, interpose; interesse, be a differ- 
 ence ; interrogare, cross-question. 
 
 (b) Of breaking a continuity: intercldere, cut through; intercldere, 
 fall through, be lost ; interimere, take off, kill ; intervertere, turn away, 
 
 embezzle. 
 
 (c} Together : interjungere, yoke together. 
 
 824 Intra, within; as adverb, and with accusative. Intro adverb of 
 motion within. 
 
 (a) Deni in quadram pedes, quadraginta per oram, intra centum 
 erunt, It will be ten feet square, forty in circumference, a hundred in area; 
 seauimini me intro hue, follow me in here. 
 
 (b) Intra moenia esse, ire, to be, go, within the walls ; intra annum 
 mori, to die within a year ; modice aut etiam intra modum, in modera- 
 tion or still less ; intra verba peccare, to offend but in words only. 
 
 Intro is loosely compounded with ducere, ire, &c. 
 
 825 Intus, within, as adverb ; rarely also with ablative. 
 
 Intus evocare foras, to call a man out from within; intus est, l he is 
 within;' 1 duel intus, 'to be led within;" 1 tali intus templo sedet (Verg.)> 
 'such is the temple in which he sits.' 
 
 826 Juxta, close to, as adverb, and with dative (rare) or accusative. 
 
 (#) Accedere juxta, approach near ; juxta murum castra ponere, 
 pitch the camp close to the wall ; juxta divinas religiones fides humana 
 colitur, next to divine obligations good faith among men is cultivated. 
 
 () Alike : ceteri juxta insontes, the others just as innocent ; res 
 parva ac juxta magnis difficilis, a small matter, as difficult as great ones. 
 
 827 Ob : only with accusative case. 
 
 (a) Before, so as to obstruct : mors ob oculos versatur, death is be- 
 fore my eyes ; olmam venire, to come to meet. But ob iter, on the way. 
 
Inter, intra, intus, juxta, ob, palam, penes, per. 325 
 
 () For, on account of: ob asinoa argentum ferre, to bring money in 
 payment of the asses; ob decem minas pignori opponere, to pledge for 10 
 minae ; pretium ob stultitiam ferre, to carry off' a reward for folly ; 
 frustra an ob rera, in vain or for real advantage ? quam ob rem, on 
 which account; ob timorem, on the ground of fear ; ob salutem accipere, 
 take for safety's sake. 
 
 828 In composition obs, ob is generally assimilated to p, f, c, g ; often 
 written (as pronounced) op before s and t ; the b of obs is omitted in 
 ostendere. 
 
 (a) Over, against, before, as obstruction: e.g. occludsre, shut 
 against a person; officere, get in the way; obloqui, to speak against ; 
 obrepere, to steal upon ; obsignare, seal up. 
 
 (b) Towards, with the idea of favour: obsequi, follow compliantly; 
 Oboedire, hearken to. 
 
 (c) Down : occidere, (of the sun) set ; opprimere, squeeze; obtrun- 
 care, cut down. 
 
 829 Palam as adverb and rarely with ablative : 
 
 (a) openly : haec in foro palam gesta sunt, this was done publicly 
 in the forum ; palam est res, the thing is known ; pisces audire palam 
 est, it is notorious that fah can hear. 
 
 (b) * in presence of y with ablative : rem creditor! palam populo solvit, 
 he pays the amount to the creditor in the presence of the people. 
 
 830 Pfines, with, i.e. in the possession of, only with accusative, and almost 
 always with the name of a person: Penes quoe sunt auspicia more 
 majorum? nempe penes patres, In (whose hands are auspices according to 
 the custom of our ancestors? why with the Fathers of course. 
 
 831 Per, through, only with accusative (except in loose compounds, e.g. 
 per quam, per mini mirum est). 
 
 () Through, of space, &c. : coronam per forum fert, he carries the 
 crown through the forum ; praesidia per oppida disponere, to place garri- 
 sons throughout the towns ; per manus tradere, to pass from hand to 
 hand; per triennium, for a whole three years. In comic poets per tern- 
 pus advenire, to come at the right time. 
 
 (b) Through, by the aid of: eos aut per se aut per alios sollicitat, 
 he tries to win them either by himself or by the aid of others ; per me 
 stetit quominus hoc fieret, / was the cause of its not being done; per vim, 
 by force; per ego te deos oro (cf. 798), I implore you by the gods. 
 
 (c) Without hindrance from: trahantur per me pedibus omnes, 
 they may all be dragged off by the feet for what I care ; si per commodum 
 reipublicae possit, if it can be done without hurt to the commonweal. 
 
 832 In composition : 
 
 (a) Through, all over : perfringere, to break through ; perscribere, 
 to ivrite in full ; persalutare, to greet all in succession. 
 
 ($) Intensive: percutere, ts strike, shock; perdiscere, to learn 
 thoroughly; permanere, to last out; perpurgare, to cleanse thoroughly; 
 pervenire, to reach. 
 
326 SUPPLEMENT TO SYNTAX, i. Prepositions. 
 
 (r) In a bad sense: perdfire, to destroy; perire, to be destroyed; 
 perfugere, to desert ; pervertere, to overturn. 
 
 833 Pone, behind, (for pos-ne ; cf. post) both as adverb and with accusative. 
 Pone subit conjux, his -wife comes behind; pone castra pabulatum 
 
 ibant, they ^vent behind the camp to collect fodder. 
 
 834 Por-, old form of pro (comp. porro, irpbo-u, ir6ppw) only in composition, 
 e.g. porric6re (por jacgre), offer in sacrifice; portendere, (hold forth] 
 portend ; possldere, occupy.'' 
 
 835 Post, behind, after, both as adverb and with accusative : 
 
 (a) In space: servi post erant, slaves 'were behind ; se post cratera 
 tegebat, he concealed himself behind a mixing bowl. 
 
 (b) In time: multis post annis, many years after ; maximus post 
 hominum meinoriam, the greatest (since \. e.) in tnens records ; ex post 
 facto, from subsequent events. So posthac, postea, postilla ( 212), 
 afterwards. 
 
 (r) Metaphorically: post esse, to be thought less of; post ferre, 
 habere, putare, put second, hold, think less of. So in argument, quid 
 postea, what then? w hat follows from that ? 
 
 835 Prae, in front, before, both as adverb and with ablative: 
 
 (a) Before: e.g. i prae, go before; prae se ferre, to display; prae 
 nianu habere, to have at hand. 
 
 (b) In comparison with ; prae nobis beatus, happy compared with 
 us ; adverbially in Plaut. praeut, praequam, compared with how. 
 
 (c) For, in consequence of, usually of hindrances : e. g. nee loqui 
 prae moerore potuit, he could not speak for grief . 
 
 837 In composition 
 
 (a) B?fore, in front, at the end: praecedere, go before; praescribere, 
 (write at the top ; praetexere, edge ; praestare, vouch for, make good. 
 
 (b) Of time: e.g. praecipere, seize beforehand, admonish; praeire, 
 go over first, as a pattern ; praevenire, outstrip. 
 
 (c) Before others, greatly: praecellere, be distinguished ; praegesbire 
 exult. 
 
 838 Praeter as adverb and with an accusative : 
 
 (a) Past: praeter castra copias produxit, led forth his troops past 
 the camp. 
 
 (b) Beyond: praeter modum crescere, grow beyond bounds; unus 
 praeter ceteros, one far beyond others. 
 
 (V) Except : nihil praeter pellis habent, have nothing except skins ; 
 praeterea, besides ; praeterquam, except, except that. 
 
 Often with verbs in loose composition, e.g. praeter-ire, -ducere, &c. 
 
 839 Pro, before, in front, with ablative only (except in prout, proinde). 
 (#) Before: pro castris, in front of the camp; pro tectis aediflcio- 
 
 rum, on the front of the roof. 
 
Pone, post, prae, praeter, pro, procul, prope, propter. 527 
 
 () In behalf of: contra legem proque lege dicere, speak against 
 and in defence of the law ; pro collegio pronuntlant, they declare on behalf 
 of the board; pro imperio jubet, commands in virtue of his authority, i.e. 
 officially and authoritatively. 
 
 (r) Instead of: pro console, acting in place of the consul ; pro dam- 
 nato erat, he was as good as condemned; pro explorato habere, regard 
 as certain. 
 
 (d) In return for : pro vectura solvere, pay as passage-money. 
 
 (>) According to : atrocius quam pro numero, more fiercely than 
 'would be expected from the number ; vires pro corpore, corpus grande, 
 strength in proportion to his body and a big body ; pro virili parte de- 
 fendere, to take a man's share in the defence ; pro eo quanti te facio, in 
 accordance with my appreciation of you. 
 
 840 In composition prod before vowels ; pr5 usually long, except before f. 
 (<z) Forth; proclamare, shout out; procumbere, fall prostrate; 
 
 proscribere, advertise, proscribe. 
 
 () Before ; pr6fari,/or<?te//; proludere, practise beforehand. 
 
 841 Prdciil ; as adverb and with ablative ; often also with ab. 
 
 (a) At a distance : procul este, stand aloof; baud procul moenibus 
 (Liv.), not far from the walls ; procul negotiis, far from business. 
 
 () Metaphorically: quis tarn procul a litteris? who stands so far 
 aloof from education ? procul dubio, undoubtedly. 
 
 842 PrdpS : chiefly as adverb, sometimes with accusative. 
 
 (a) Near: prope adest, it is close at hand; non modo prope me 
 sed plane mecum habitat, lives not merely near me, but actually (with me. 
 
 Also with prepositions ab, ad; prope a meis aedibus, near to my 
 house ; prope ad portas, close at the gates. 
 
 (b) Almost: prope flrmissimus, almost the firmest; prope est 
 factum ut, &c., it almost happened that, &>c. ; tam prope ab exule fuit 
 quam postea a principe, be was as near being an exile as he was after- 
 wards being emperor. 
 
 843 Propter (for propi-ter) ; both as adverb and with accusative. 
 
 (a) Near : voluptates propter intuens, taking a near view of plea- 
 sures ; propter aquae rivum, near a stream of water. 
 
 (b) On account of: non tam propter me quam propter pueros, not 
 so much on my account as on that of the boys. 
 
 So quapropter, wherefore ; propterea, therefore ; propterea quod, be- 
 cause. 
 
 844 Red-, re- in composition only: red- before vowels and h, re- before 
 consonants: (but sometimes the d was assimilated, or fell off, the vowel 
 being lengthened to compensate. Thus reddo, reccido or recido, r- 
 jectus; reliquiae, rellcuus (rellqvus in post-Augustan poets), rellgio. So 
 the perfects reppgri, reppuli, rettuli, rettudi, partly due to the redupli- 
 cation, cf. 318). 
 
328 SUPPLEMENT TO SYNTAX, i. Prepositions. 
 
 (a) Back: e.g. recedere, go back; religare, bind back, tie up; 
 retinere, hold back. 
 
 (b) In response : redarguere, refute ; reddere, give in return ; reso- 
 nare, resound. 
 
 (c) Against, counter: reclamare, cry out against ; repugnare, resist. 
 
 (d) Behind: relinquere, leave behind; restare, remain, be left. 
 
 (i) Again, esp. of restoration: reconciliare, reunite- reflcere, renew; 
 reminisci, recall to mind; resurgere, rise again. 
 
 (/") Un-; recantare, recant; recingere, ungird; resignare, unseal, 
 cancel. 
 
 845 Eetro, behind, only used as adverb : 
 
 Quod retro est, what is behind (in space), past (in time); retroponere, 
 
 to put in the background ; retroagere, turn back, reverse. 
 
 846 Sed, se in old language with ablative; se fraude esto (xn. Tabb.), it 
 shall not be a crime. 
 
 In composition: secedere, go apart; sejungere, disjoin; sed-itio, a 
 secession, or sedition. 
 
 847 secundum, following, properly the neuter of the gerundive of sequor : 
 used chiefly with an accusative. 
 
 (a) Behind: volnus accepit secundum aurem, he received a wound 
 behind the ear. 
 
 () Along : secundum flumen, along the river. 
 
 (c) After : castra secundum praelium capta, the camp was taken 
 after the battle ; ille mihi secundum te est, he is in my estimation next 
 to you. 
 
 (d) In accordance with: secundum naturam vivere, to live in 
 obedience to nature; multa secundum causam nostram disputare, to 
 argue at length in favour of our case. 
 
 848 SImul, together, as adverb, in post- Augustan also with ablative. 
 
 Totos dies simul eramus, We were together whole days : often with cum, 
 e. g. nobiscum simul, together with ^ts. 
 
 Pollio Mamerco simul postulatur, Pollio is put on his trial with 
 Mamercus. 
 
 In Plautus simltu is used adverbially as simul. 
 
 8i9 Sing, used only with ablative. 
 
 Without, i. e. not having: homo sine re, sine fide, sine spe, sine sede, 
 sine fortunis (Gic.), a man without property, (without honour, without 
 hope, without home, without chances ; sine multorum pernicie, without 
 exposing many to ruin. 
 
 50 Sub, subter, used with accusative and ablative ; subter also rarely 
 as adverb. 
 
 (a) Beneath : quae supra et subter sunt, things above and beneath. 
 
 (accus.) Sub divum rapiam, / will bring them to the light of day ; 
 aedis suas detulit sub Veliam, moved his house to the foot of the Velia. 
 
 (abl.) Vitam sub divo agere, to pass life in the open air ; sub monte 
 consedit, settled at the foot of the mountain. 
 
Red-, retro, se, secundum, siraul, sine, sub, super. 329 
 
 () Of time (ace.), close upon, i. e. (usually) just after : sub galli 
 cantum, y'j/ after cockcrow ; sometimes just before or up to: sub ipsum 
 funus, just before death. 
 
 (abl.) At : sub luce, at daybreak. 
 
 (c) Metaphorically: under (accus.): sub oculos venit, it comes 
 under one's eye. 
 
 (abl.) sub judice Us est, the matter is before the judge ; sub specie 
 pacis, under the appearance of peace. 
 
 851 In composition : b is often assimilated to labials, f, r and gutturals; 
 sus (for subs) before t and sometimes c and p ; su before s usually. 
 
 (a) Under : succumbere, lie under ; subducere, draw from under ; 
 subscribere, write under. 
 
 (b) In substitution : subdSre, substitute, forge ; subnasci, grow into 
 place. 
 
 (c) Up, from under up : succrescere, grow up ; summittere, send up, 
 rear ; suspendere, hang up, 
 
 (d) Secretly: subauscultare, overhear; subornare, equip secretly; 
 subripere, snatch away. 
 
 (e) Slightly : subaccusare, blame somewhat ; sublucere, faintly 
 gleam; subirasci, be a bit angry ; subnegare, half deny. 
 
 852 Super, as adverb, and with accusative and ablative. 
 
 (a) In space, over, upon : imponendum medicamentum, a dressing 
 should be put upon it. So desuper, from above. 
 
 (accus.) Super lateres coria inducuntur, hides are put upon the 
 bricks. 
 
 (abl.) Super impia cervice pendet ensis, a sword hangs over his 
 impious neck. 
 
 () Above, beyond: (accus.) Nomentanus erat super ipsum Forcing 
 infra, Nomentanus sat above him, Porcius below; super omnia Romanum 
 noraen. the name of Roman beyond everything. 
 
 (c) In time (rare), over, during, at : 
 
 (accus.) super cenam loqui, to talk over supper. 
 
 (abl.) rixa super mero debellata, a quarrel fought out over the 
 ivine. 
 
 (/) Over, besides: satis superque est, it is enough and to spare; 
 quid super sanguinis est? what blood have we left'/ So insuper, in 
 addition. 
 
 (e) Upon, concerning: (abl.) sed hac super re nimis, too much on this 
 matter; multa super Priamo rogitans, putting repeated questions about 
 Priam. 
 
 In composition : over : supergredi, step over ; supersternere, lay 
 over ; supersedere, sit upon, be above, forbear. 
 
 853 Supra, rarely supera : as adverb and with accusative. 
 
 (a) On the top, above: toto vertice supra est, be is a whole head 
 above them; versus supra tribunal et supra praetoris caput scribe- 
 bantur, verses were perpetually written above the bench and above the 
 praetor s head, 
 
330 SUPPLEMENT TO SYNTAX, r. Prepositions. 
 
 (b) Above, before : ut supra dixi, as I said above; paulo supra 
 hanc memoriam, a little before our time. 
 
 (c) Above, more: trecentis aut etiam supra millibus emptum, 
 bought for 300000 sesterces or more ; supra Coclites Muciosque id f acinus 
 est, the deed surpasses the Coclites and Mucii ; supra gratiam, above the 
 reach of influence. 
 
 854 T8nus, as far as, with genitive or ablative: always put after the word 
 dependent on it. 
 
 (gen.) Rumores Cumarum tenus caluerunt, rumours were rife as 
 far as Cumae; crurum tenus a mento palearia pendent, the dewlaps 
 hang from the chin as far as the legs. 
 
 (abl.) Later! capulo tenus abdidit ensem, phmged the sword into his 
 side up to the hilt : verbo tenus acute disserere, discuss cleverly as far as 
 theory goes. 
 
 Hence hactenus, thus far ; protenus or protlnus, right on, forthivith. 
 
 855 Trans, across, with accusative only: xnultitudinem trans Rhenum 
 traduxit, be led the mass across the Rhine ; trans flumen est, be is across 
 the river. 
 
 In composition: often becomes tra before J, d, 1, m, n. 
 
 (a) Across : transire, go across ; traicere, throw across. 
 
 (b) Of a change: tradere, hand over, hand down to posterity ; 
 transfundere, decant, transfer. 
 
 (r) Through to the end: transigere, complete, settle a suit. 
 
 856 Versus, versum (versus, vorsum), towards, used both with (a) a 
 preposition, () a locative adverb, and (f) accusative which however is 
 usually an ordinary accusative of the place towards which. 
 
 (a) Modo ad urbem, modo in Galliam versus, castra movet, moves 
 his camp now towards the city, now into Gaul. 
 
 () Nescio neque unde earn neque quorsum (quo vorsum) earn, 
 / know not (whence nor whitherwards I am going. 
 
 So horsum, hitherwards ; sinistrorsus, to the left sursum, upwards, 
 &c. 
 
 (r) Cursum Massiliam versus perflcit (Cic.), completes his run (of 
 ships) to Marseilles quern locum Aegyptum versus finem imperil 
 habuere (Sail.), this place was the limit of their power in the direction of. 
 Egypt. 
 
 857 Ultra, beyond as adverb and with accusative: (uls is only in old 
 language). 
 
 (a) In space : paulo ultra eum locum, a little beyond that place. 
 
 () In time : usque ad Accium et ultra, as late as Accius and later; 
 non ultra vos difleram, / will not put you off any longer. 
 
 (ace.) Nee ultra pueriles annos retinebitur, it wilt not be kept be- 
 yond the years of childhood. 
 
 (c) In quantity, degree, Q^c.: ultra nobis quam oportebat indul- 
 eimus, we indulged ourselves more than we ought. 
 
Supra, tenus, trans, versus, ultra, ultro, usque. 331 
 
 (ace.) Ultra legem tenders opus, extend one's work beyond the statute. 
 
 ultro citroque, there and back, backwards and forwards (see citro) ; 
 ultro, further, unasked, unprovoked. Often in English, actually, even: 
 ultro pollicetur, offers spontaneous ly, actually offers. 
 
 858 Usque, all the way, continuously : used as adverb, and with preposi- 
 tions, and with accusative which usually comes under place to which. 
 
 (a) In space: perreptavi usque omne oppidum, / have crawled 
 through the whole town ; usque Romam voces referuntur, the voices are 
 borne all the way to Rome. 
 
 (b) In time and order, &c.: onmes usque ab Romulo (usque ad 
 Romulum), all continuously starting 'with Romulus {ending with Romulus') ; 
 usque eo (adeo) dum, so long until', poenas dedit usque superque quam 
 satis est, bs was punished quite as much as or more than was sufficient. 
 
 II. (^Co-ordinating) conjunctions. 
 (Mainly from Madvig.) 
 
 839 Co-ordinate sentences, regularly expressed, either have a conjunc- 
 tion with every member, or with all but the first. In the former case 
 the writer shews that he has foreseen, and determines to mark, the dis- 
 tribution of his sentence into two or more co-ordinate clauses or parts ; 
 in the latter case the first clause expresses the original idea, the others 
 are in the nature of afterthoughts. 
 
 i. Copulative Conjunctions. 
 
 Copulative conjunctions are those which connect both the sentences 
 and their meaning : et ; -que, appended to (usually) the first word of a 
 clause; atque (before consonants or vowels), ac (before consonants 
 only). 
 
 860 i. et simply connects, whether words or sentences: 
 
 que marks the second member as an appendage or supplement to 
 the first : and is often used in joining two words, which together make 
 up one conception : 
 
 ac, or atque, lays a greater stress on the appended second member : 
 e.g. omnia honesta et inhonesta, all things becoming and unbecoming; 
 omnia honesta inhonestaque, all becoming things, and the unbecoming too ; 
 omnia honesta atque inhonesta, all becoming things and no less the un- 
 becoming also. 
 
 These distinctions are not always clearly marked, and the selection 
 is sometimes made rather to give variety to the sentence and to avoid 
 the confusion of principal with subordinate divisions. 
 Est tamen quaedam philosophi discriptio, ut is, qui studeat omnium 
 rerum divinarum atque humanarum vim naturam causasque nosse, 
 et omnem foene Vivendi rationem tenere et persequi, nomine hoc 
 appelletur. (Cic.) 
 
332 SUPPLEMENT TO SYNTAX, n. Conjunctions. 
 
 Molliebantur irae, et ipsa deformitas Pleminii memoriaque absent is 
 
 Scipionis favorem ad vulgum conciliabat. (Liv.) 
 Senatus populusque Romanus. Jus potestatemque habere. 
 
 861 i- et, ac are sometimes found emphatically in commencing a reply, 
 e.g. Curae est mini. Mic. Et mihi curae est. (Ter.) 
 
 E caelo? Sy. Atque e medio quidem. (Plant.) See also 667 b. 
 
 et is also used for a/so, chiefly in such expressions as, et ille et 
 ipse, et nunc, &c. e.g. Sunt et mea contra fata mini. (Verg.) 
 
 For ac in comparison see 660, 66 1. 
 
 862 3. An affirmative sentence, following a negative sentence and ex- 
 pressing the same general meaning, is joined to it by et, ac, -que, not, 
 as in English, by an adversative conjunction. 
 
 Nostrorum militum impetum hostes ferre non potuerunt, ac terga 
 verterunt. (Caes.) 
 
 853 4- When the distribution of a sentence or expression is foreseen 
 and marked, the conjunctions are used as follows : 
 
 et...et connect either words or sentences. This is the regular mode. 
 
 que...et connect words only; (not in Cicero). 
 
 que... que in prose are rare ; but are used with a double relative. 
 
 et...que only as a loose connexion of two sentences. 
 Et mittentibus et missis ea laeta expeditio fait. (Liv.) 
 Omnes legatique et tribuni. (Liv.) 
 Omnes, quique Romae quique in exercitu erant. (Liv.) 
 
 864 5. () In stating three or more perfectly co-ordinate words, 
 Either no conjunction is put, e.g. summa fide, constantia, justitia; 
 or (Z>) each is connected with the preceding, e. g. summa fide (or et 
 
 fide) et constantia et justitia ; 
 
 or (r) the conjunction is omitted between the first members, and 
 que (sometimes et or atque) is annexed to the last, e.g. summa fide, 
 constantia justitiaque. 
 
 865 A conjunction is usually put between two epithets, and either 
 omitted or inserted between three, e.g. 
 
 multae et graves causae (not multae graves causae ; but multae 
 aliae causae is frequent). 
 
 multae et graves et diuturnae causae ; or causae multae, graves, 
 diuturnae. 
 
 866 6. Occasionally two co-ordinate words are put without any conjunc- 
 tion. This is chiefly (a) when the words are opposites, completing one 
 another ; or (I)) in old forms. 
 
 (a) Omnes te di homines, summi medii infimi, cives peregrini, viri mu- 
 
 lieres, liberi servi oderunt. (Cic.) 
 
 /') Deus optimus maximus. Cn. Pompeio, M. Crasso consulibus, 
 Velitis, jubeatis Quirites, &c. 
 
Et, ac, qua; sed, vemm, autem. 333 
 
 867 7- Co-ordinate words and sentences are connected or introduced 
 by other adverbs also, e.g. turn... turn, at one time,. .at another time; 
 (cum... turn, as ewe!!... as) \ modo...modo ; nunc...nunc; more rarely 
 in prose jam. . Jam ; simul. . .simul ; qua. . .qua ; e. g. 
 Disserens in utramque partem, turn Graece, turn Latine. (Gic.) 
 Intellego te distentissimum esse, qua de Buthrotiis, qua de Bruto. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 863 Any word may however serve in rhetorical language in place of a co- 
 ordinative conjunction. 
 Quod si recte Cato judicavit, non recte frumentarius iUe, non recte 
 
 aedium pestilentium venditor tacuit. (Cic.) 
 
 Ninil enim habet praestantius, nihil quod magis expetat, quam honesta- 
 tem, quam laudem, quara dignitatem, quam decus. (Cic.) 
 
 869 A series of propositions are often marked by the use of, first primum, 
 then deinde or turn, then (sometimes) porro, postea, or praeterea, last 
 denique or postremo. 
 
 Primum Latine Apollo numquam locutus est : deinde ista sors inaudita 
 Graecis est ; praeterea Phoebi temporibus jam Apollo versus facere 
 desierat ; postremo... hanc ampniboliam versus intellegere potuis- 
 set. (Cic.) 
 
 ii. Adversative Conjunctions. 
 
 870 Adversative conjunctions contrast the meaning, while they connect the 
 sentences. Such are sed, verum, ceterum, autem, vero, ast, at, atqui, 
 quod, and in some uses quamquam, tamen, etsi, tametsi. Of these autem 
 and vero are placed not at the beginning of the sentence, but after one 
 word, or sometimes two closely connected words ; tamen is placed either at 
 the beginning of the sentence or after an important word. 
 
 871 i. Sed (set), but, introduces a statement which alters or limits the 
 assertion of the preceding sentence ; or it expresses transition to another 
 subject of discourse. It is often repeated with each clause or word to give 
 them additional emphasis. 
 
 Verum, sometimes verum enimvero (but be that as it may] is similar, 
 but is used with a stronger effect. 
 
 Ceterum is similarly used ; chiefly in Sallust and Livy. 
 Sed jam ad id, unde digress! sumus, revertamur. (Cic.) 
 At inquit, trecenti sumus ; et ita respondit : trecenti, set viri, set 
 
 armati, set ad Thermopylas. (Sen. Rhet. ) 
 In M. Catone quae bona nonnunquam requirimus, ea sunt omnia non a 
 
 natura, verum a magistro. (Cic. ) 
 
 Illis merito accidet quidquid evenerit : ceterum vos, patres conscripti, 
 quid in alios statuatis considerate. (Sail.) 
 
 i. Autem, however, introduces a different statement, in continuation 
 of the preceding, without really altering or limiting it. Sometimes it is 
 used to pick up, for special notice, a preceding word or statement. 
 
 Ast, is similar but is almost confined to old legal language, to Vergil, 
 and post-Augustan poets. 
 
 Vero, indeed, is similarly used, and gives special emphasis to the word 
 preceding it : it is also often used after nee or turn. 
 
 Nunc quod agitur agamus : agitur autem, liberine vivamus an mortem 
 obeamus. (Cic.) 
 
334 SUPPLEMENT TO SYNTAX, n. Conjunctions. 
 
 Scimus musicen nostris moribus abesse a principis persona, saltare vero 
 
 etiam in vitiis poni. (Nep.) [(Cic.) 
 
 Num quis testis Postumum appellavit ? testis autem ? num accusator ? 
 
 3. At, but, on the other hand (sometimes whereupon], ~ introduces an 
 emphatic remark different from and opposed to the preceding statement. 
 Sometimes it appears in the apodosis of a conditional sentence. It is espe- 
 cially used in a lively retort or exclamation : at enim in the statement of an 
 adversary's objection. 
 
 Quod si se ipsos nostri Illi liberatores e conspectu nostro abstulerunt, at 
 
 exemplum fact! reliquerunt. ( Cic. ) 
 
 Horum omnium studium una mater oppugnat. At quae mater? (Cic.) 
 Quibus rebus confectis omnia propere per nuntios consul! declarantur. 
 
 At ilium ingens cura atque laetitia simul occupavere. (Sail.) 
 
 4. Atqui, but, sometimes introduces an objection, sometimes a fresh 
 step in the reasoning. 
 
 Quod si virtutes sunt pares inter se, paria esse etiam vitia necesse est : 
 atqui pares esse virtutes facillime potest perspici. (Cic.) 
 
 5. Quod, but, is used (chiefly before si, nisi, but also before etsi, 
 quia, quoniam) to continue a statement. 
 
 Coluntur tyranni simulatione, dum taxat ad tempus : quod si forte, 
 ut fit plerumque, ceciderunt, turn intelligitur quam fuerint inopes 
 amicorum. (Cic.) 
 
 6. The statement of a fact opposite to or corrective of previous state- 
 ments is often introduced by quanquam, tamen, etsi, tametsi, And yet. 
 (For nisi in this sense, see 653.) 
 
 Non video quo pacto Hercules 'in domum aeternam patris' pervenerit, 
 quern tamen Homerus apud inferos conveniri facit ab Ulixe. Quam- 
 quam quern potissimum Herculem colamus, scire sane velim. (Cic.) 
 
 'Quid est ? Crasse, ' inquit Julius, 'imusne sessum? etsi admonitum ve- 
 nimus te, non flagitatum.' (Cic.) 
 (The ordinary use of etsi and other concessive conjunctions is given in 
 
 651 c; of quamquam in 71 1.) 
 
 iii. Disjunctive Conjunctions. 
 
 872 i. Disjunctive conjunctions are those, which connect the sentences, 
 but disconnect their meaning ; viz. aut, vel, -ve (appended to first word 
 of clause), sive or (before consonants only) seu. 
 
 aut is used where the difference between the conceptions or pro- 
 positions is real or important ; 
 
 vel (often vel potius, vel dicam, vel etiam), and -ve, are used 
 where the difference is unimportant, or concerns the expression more 
 than the substance. Both aut and vel are sometimes used in adding 
 the consequence of denying a former proposition : or else, otherwise. 
 
 Seu (sive) is used chiefly to correct a previous assertion, and, when 
 without a following seu, usually has potius with it. 
 Qua re vi aut clam agendum est. (Cic.) 
 Post obitum vel potius excessum Romuli. (Cic.) 
 Quod ipsura a se movetur, id nee nasci potest nee mori ; vel concidat 
 
 omne caelum, omnisque natura consistat necesse est. (Cic.) 
 Quid perturbatius hoc ab urbe discsssu sive potius turpisslma fuga ? 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
Aut, vel, -ve, sive (seu) ; ne, nl, nee. 335 
 
 873 2. Where the distribution is foreseen, the conjunctions are doubled, 
 preserving their usual distinction from each other. 
 
 aut...aut are used of things mutually exclusive, especially where an 
 alternative is put distinctly. 
 Omne enuntiatum ant vemm aut falsum est. (Cic.) 
 
 vel... vel (in poetry also ve...ve) are used of things, both or all of 
 which may co-exist (partly... partly}, or where the choice is a matter 
 of indifference to the speaker or concerns the expression only. 
 
 sive (seu)... sive (seu) are used where it is uncertain or indifferent 
 which conception should be taken. (When used with verbs, they are 
 often conditional particles = vel si. Cf. 651 d.) 
 Hanc tu milii vel vi vel clam vel precario fac tradas. (Ter.) 
 Vel imperatore vel milite me utimini. (Sail.) 
 
 Corpora vertuntur : nee, quod fuimusve sumusve, eras erimus. (Ov.) 
 Homines nobiles seu recte seu perperam facere coeperunt, in utroque 
 excellunt. (Cic.) 
 
 874 3- ^ e ^ is used, especially with a superlative, as an intensive particle 
 ('even') to introduce what is regarded as the climax, the inferior stages 
 being left to the imagination or implied in the context. 
 
 Heus, te tribus verbis volo. Sy. Vel trecentis, (Plaut.) 
 
 So it introduces a special instance : why even, for instance. 
 Raras tuas quideni. sed suaves accipio litter as. Vel quas proxime ac- 
 ceperam, quam prudentes ! (Cic. ) 
 
 III. Negative particles. 
 
 875 The negative particles are ne", n, ni, nee, neque, non, baud. 
 
 N6 is found in composition, e.g. nSque, nSqueo, nolo (nSvis), nescio, 
 nSfas, nemo (ne nemo old for homo), nullus (ne ullus), nutiquam 
 (neutiquam). It is identical with the enclitic interrogative -ne, and is 
 found in quin (see 221), and probably in sin. 
 
 Ne and ni were originally identical, and at one time (6th Cent, u.c.) 
 often written nei. Hence nihil for ne (nei, ni) nilum. Ne is used in 
 the phrase ne...quidem; and sometimes by itself, sometimes following 
 qui (adj. and adv.), ut, dum, in sentences with imperative, or subjunc- 
 tive signifying (wish, command, purpose, &c. ( 664, 678). The en- 
 clitic disjunctive -ve is often appended, and makes neve or neu. 
 
 Ne or nee is found, in composition with quiquam (abl. ?) or quid- 
 quam (ace.), in the words nequiquam or nequicquam, in 'vain; it is also 
 found in nequaquam, by no means ; nedum ( 688). 
 
 Ni is generally used as a negative conditional particle for nisi (ori- 
 ginally ne si?). Originally it was probably a simple negative, as in 
 phrases, nimirum (cf. 747), quidni, quippini, and became specially 
 appropriated to conditional clauses, as ne did to final clauses, -ve is 
 sometimes appended. 
 
 87g Nee is usually a co-ordinate conjunction, interchangeable with 
 neque, of which it is regarded as an abbreviation. But it is also found 
 
336 SUPPLEMENT TO SYNTAX, in. Negative Particles. 
 
 as a simple negative in some old phrases; e.g. nee recte (Plaut.), also in 
 the compounds nec-opinus, neglego, neg-otium, and in the derivative 
 nego. It is also used, with -ne appended, in the second member of a 
 disjunctive question (nec-ne, or not, cf. 771). 
 
 Non, originally noenum (for ne unum ace. cf. 224), is the ordinary 
 simple negative. 
 
 Haud (haut, hau) is a simple negative, used chiefly before adverbs 
 (e.g. hand quaquam, haud sane, haud procul) and adjectives, not often 
 before verbs, at least after Plautus, except in phrase haud (hau) 
 scio an. 
 
 In- and ve- are used only in composition ( 408, i. 2). 
 
 877 i. (a) Non, haud, nee (in phrases referred to above) are used as 
 simple negatives, as English not. Both non and nee are occasionally 
 (nee frequently in Ovid and Livy) found with an imperative or jussive 
 subjunctive (instead of ne). 
 
 Nihil as adverbial accusative (461 a), and nullus as adjective, are 
 sometimes used where we use, not at all. 
 Non, non sic futurumst : non potest. (Ter.) 
 Thebani nihil moti sunt, quamquam nonnihil succensebant Romanis. 
 
 (Liv.) 
 Haec bona in tabulas publicas nulla redierunt. (Cic.) 
 
 (Z>) Ne before a word and quidem after it are together equal to not 
 even, or not ..either, (when we use this latter expression as adverb with- 
 out nor following,) e.g. ne hoc quidem, not even this, not this either. 
 
 Nee is also sometimes used in the sense of ne... quidem in and after 
 the Augustan age. 
 Postero die Curio milites productos in acie collocat. Ne Varus quidem 
 
 dubitat copias producere. (Caes.) 
 Tu voluptatem summum bonum putas : ego nee bonum. (Sen.) 
 
 (c) Ne with the imperative or the subjunctive of wish or command 
 is not ; but with a subjunctive of purpose (without ut) is lest or that 
 not. So (in such sentences) ne quis, ne quando, ne ullus, necubi, &c. 
 are used instead of ut nemo, ut nunquam, ut nullus, ut nusquam, &c. 
 Noli dicere, cave dicas are equivalent simply to do not say. 
 Lata lex est, ne auspicia valerent, ne quis obnuntiaret j ne quis legi 
 intercederet, ut lex Aelia, lex Pufla ne valeret. (Cic.) 
 
 (^/) Minus, especially after si, sin ( 651^), or quo ( 682), and 
 minime, least of all, are used as equivalent to not at all, not. Vix, 
 scarcely; parum, but little, and sometimes male, have a character ap- 
 proaching to that of a negative. 
 Egone ut, quod ad me adlatum esse alienum sciam, celem? minume 
 
 istuc faciet noster Daemones. (Plaut.) 
 Ego autem ilium male sanum semper putavi. (Cic.) 
 
 878 2. A negative sentence, or member of a sentence, requiring to be 
 joined to the preceding by a co-ordinate conjunction, is introduced by 
 neque (nee) ; or if a purpose or command, &c. be implied, usually by 
 
Non, baud, nee, ne ; et non; nee... nee, non modo, &c. 337 
 
 neve (neu). So nee for et non, necdum for et nondum, nee quisquam 
 for et nemo, neque uUus for et nuUus, &c. Usually also the Romans 
 said neque enim, neque vero, nee tamen, though sometimes non enim is 
 found, and rarely non tamen. 
 
 Et (or ac) non, et nullus, &c., are found where the negative belongs 
 to a special word in the sentence, or the new sentence is intended as a 
 correction of the former. So also et (sometimes ac) ne...quidem. 
 Senatui pacis auctor ful, nee sumptis armis belli ullam partem attigi. 
 Patior, judices, et non moleste fero. (Cic.) [( c i c -) 
 
 Quasi nunc id agatur, quis ex tanta multitudine occiderit, ac non hoc 
 quaeratur, utrum, &c. (Cic.) 
 
 879 Sometimes neque (nee) is used, where the negative belongs only to a 
 participial or other subordinate clause, but the principal verb or sentence 
 has to be united with that preceding. 
 
 Haud cunctanter Hiberum transgrediuntur ; nee ullo viso lioste Sagun- 
 tum pergunt ire (Liv.) et, nullo viso noste, pergunt. 
 
 880 3- Several negative sentences or clauses may in fact form one sentence, 
 without the connexion being marked, or foreseen. Either (a) there is no 
 conjunction used, or (b) the conjunctiou is used ( 864) only with the 
 second or third members, not with the first. 
 
 (a) Non gratia, non cognatione, non aljls recte factis, non denlque aliquo 
 mediocri vitio. tot tantaque ejus vitia sublevata, esse videbuntur. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 (/') Justum et tenacem propositi virum non civium ardor prava juben- 
 tium, non vultus instantis tyranni meute quatit solida, neque 
 auster, . . .nee fulminantis magna manus Jovis. ( Hor.) 
 
 881 4- When the distribution of the sentence or thought into two or 
 more co-ordinate clauses or expressions is foreseen, it may be marked in 
 several ways. 
 
 If all the clauses are negative, we have 
 
 (a) neque (nee)... neque (nee), neither... nor..., except usually in 
 commands, &c. 
 
 () neve (neu)... neve (neu), neither... nor, where a prohibition or 
 wish is intended: that neither... nor, lest either... or, where a purpose, &c. 
 is intended. (This is not frequent.) 
 
 (c) non modo 1 (solum) non...sed ne...quidem, not only not... but not 
 even ; where the second member implies a stronger statement than the 
 first. 
 
 If a predicate or other word is common to both clauses, but stands 
 with the latter, the non after modo or solum is frequently omitted, and 
 we have 
 
 non modo (solum)... sed ne...quidem. 
 (See also 689 andnedum, ne dicam, non dico, &c. 690, 691.) 
 
 1 Non modo is ' not exactly? k I do not say f non solum 'not only,' non 
 tantum ''not so much.' 1 Non modo is more common at least in Cicero. 
 
 L. G. 22 
 
338 SUPPLEMENT TO SYNTAX. HI. Negative Particles. 
 
 (a) Virtus nee eripl nee subripi potest ; neque naufragio neque In- 
 cendio amittitur ; nee tempestatum nee temporum turbatione 
 mutatur. (Cic.) 
 
 (li) Peto a te, ut id a me neve in hoc reo neve in aliis requiras. 
 
 (Gic.) 
 (c) Obscenitas non solum non foro digna, sed vix convivio liberorum. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 Regnat Eomae advena, non modo vicinae, sed ne Italicae quidem stirpis. 
 
 (Liv.) 
 
 882 If all the clauses are not negative, these clauses are introduced by 
 
 () et... neque, both... and not, if the first be affirmative. If the 
 negative belong to a word only, et...et non may be used. 
 
 () neque... et, neither... and, if the second be affirmative. 
 neque... que is more rare. 
 
 (c) non modo (solum, tantum) non... sed (verum) etiam, if the 
 second be affirmative and a stronger statement than the first. 
 Patebat via et certa neque longa. (Cic.) 
 Uva, vestita pampiuis, nee niodico tepore caret et nimios soils defendit 
 
 ardores. (Cic.) 
 
 Nee domi tantum indignationes continebant, sed congregabantur undi- 
 que ad regem Sabinorum. (Liv.) 
 
 883 5- One negative, applied to another, destroys its effect, and the re- 
 sult is equivalent to an affirmative. This is chiefly seen in the phrases 
 non nemo, some one non nullus, some; non niMl, something ; non nun- 
 quam, sometimes- nemo non, nullus non, everyone; nihilnon, everything; 
 nunquam non, always; nusquam non, e -ve rywhere ; non possum non, 
 I cannot help myself, i.e. I must. 
 
 Necnon in the earlier prose is not used, as it is sometimes in verse and 
 in later prose, as little more than an equivalent for etiam. 
 Nee hoc ille non vidit, sed verborum magniflcentia est et gloria delec- 
 
 tatus. (Cic.) Here it has its full force. 
 Necnon et Tyrii frequentes convenere, (Ver.) 
 
 884 But negatives do not destroy one another, when the first negative is 
 general, and this is followed 
 
 (a) By ne... quidem or non modo emphasizing some particular 
 word or phrase. 
 
 () By several subordinate members each with a negative. 
 (r) By another co-ordinate member joined by neque (nee). 
 (',-/) Se quoque dictatorem Romae fuisse, nee a se quemquam, ne plebis 
 quidem hominem, non centurionem, non militem violatum. (Liv.) 
 () Nemo umquam neque poeta neque orator fuit, qui quemquam 
 
 meliorem quam se arbitraretur. (Cic.) 
 (c) Nequeo satis mirarl neque conicere. (Ter.) 
 
iv. Interrogative Particles: -ne, nonne, num; utrum, -ne, an. 339 
 
 IV. Interrogative Particles, 
 
 885 Interrogative particles are used in those sentences in which a ques- 
 tion is asked relating to the truth or falsehood of a particular state- 
 ment, and a simple affirmative or negative answer is expected. 
 
 These questions are either simple or alternative. 
 
 Simple questions may be expressed without any interrogative pro- 
 noun or particle. An affirmative sentence then not unfrequently expects 
 a negative answer, and 'vice versa, the tone of voice or circumstances 
 supplying the necessary warning. In alternative questions the first 
 member is similarly left sometimes without any interrogative particle. 
 
 The particles which are used in introducing simple questions (when 
 they have no interrogative pronoun) are 
 
 -ne, properly, not (appended to another word), non-ne, and num, 
 properly, now (numne, numnam, numquid). An is also found in what 
 appear at first to be simple questions. 
 
 In conversational language the final e in -ne is often omitted, e.g. nostin ; 
 and then a preceding & is in some verbs omitted ; e. g. ain, scin, vidSn, 
 audln (for ais-ne, scis-ne, vides-ne, audis-ne). So also satin for satis-ne. 
 
 The particles used in introducing alternative questions are utrum 
 (neut. of uter), whether, -ne, and an. 
 
 For dependent questions, see 750 752. 
 
 L In simple Questions. 
 
 &S6 -Ne puts a question without any implication as to the character of 
 the answer: e.g. Sentisne? Do you feel? Nonne implies the expectation 
 of an affirmative answer: e.g. Nonne sentis? Do you not feel? Num 
 implies the expectation of a negative answer: e.g. Num sentis, Ton do 
 not feel, do you} 
 
 An affirmative answer is expressed by etiam, Ita, factum, vero, 
 verum, sane, ita vero, ita est, sane quidem, &c. ; or with the proper 
 pronoun, as, ego vero ; or by the verb (or other words), repeated in 
 the proper person, e.g. sentio. (Cf. 439 f.) 
 
 A negative answer is expressed by non, minime, minime vero ; or 
 with the pronoun, e.g. minime ego quidem ; or with the verb, &c. e.g. 
 non sentio. When the contrary is asserted by way of reply, we have 
 immo, immo vero, No, on the other hand, Nay rather. 
 Quid hoc ? Dasne, aut manere animos post mortem aut morte ipsa 
 
 interire ? Do vero. (Cic.) 
 Quid ? canis nonne similis lupo ? (Cic.) 
 Num igitur peccamus ? Minime nos quidem. (Cic.) 
 Huic ego 4 studes ? ' inquam. Respondit ' etiam.' (Plin.) 
 Hue abiit Clitipho. CH. Solus ? ME. Solus. (Ter.) 
 AN. Jam ea praeteriit ? DO. Non. (Ter.) 
 Causa igitur non bona est ? Immo optima. (Cic.) 
 
 22 2 
 
34 SUPPLEMENT TO SYNTAX, iv. Interrogative Particles. 
 
 ii. In alternative Questions. 
 
 887 In alternative questions utrum or -ne are used in the first member 
 of the sentence, an (sometimes anne) in the second member. In comic 
 poets utrum is often put first and the alternatives are then expressed by 
 ne...an. Or not is expressed by an non or nec-ne. 
 
 In dependent questions -ne is frequent in the second member, 
 especially if the first have no particle. -Ne...-ne are found occasionally, 
 chiefly in the poets. 
 
 Utrum nescis quam alte ascenderis, an pro nlhilo id putas ? (Cic.) 
 Vosne vero L. Domitium an vos Domitius deseruit ? (Gaes.) 
 Utrum voltis patri Flacco licuisse necne ? (Cic.) 
 Utrum praedlcemne an taceam ? (Ter.) 
 
 888 An is frequently used in a question apparently simple, but which 
 may be regarded as really the second member of an alternative question, 
 
 , the first being either not put in the form of a question or left to be 
 inferred from the context. It introduces questions which imply the 
 needlessness of the preceding remark, or meets an anticipated objection. 
 TOR. Sed ad haec, nisi molestum est, habeo quae velim. TUL. An me, 
 
 nisi te audire vellem, censes haec dicturum fuisse ? Do you then 
 
 think? (Cic.) 
 Quando ista vis autem evanuit ? An postquam homines minus craduli 
 
 esse coeperunt? (Cic.) Was it not after, &c.? 
 
 889 From alternative questions must be distinguished such questions as 
 have several subordinate parts, which are different from, but not alter- 
 natives to, one another. These are connected by aut. 
 
 An tu mei similem putas esse aut tui deum? Profecto non putas. 
 Quid, ergo ? solem dicam aut lunam aut caelum deum ? (Cic.) 
 
 V. Pronouns. 
 Hie, iste, ille, is. 
 
 890 The demonstrative pronouns are hie, iste or istic, ille, or illic. 
 They denote respectively, hie, that which is near the speaker in place, 
 time, or thought : iste, that which is near the person addressed : ille, 
 that which is not (comparatively) near either. 
 
 Is has no definite demonstrative meaning, but always refers to some 
 person or thing named in the context. If more emphasis is required, 
 hie or ille is used. The adverbs derived from these pronouns are used 
 with the same relative signification. 
 
 In time and thought hie and ille are opposed, hie referring to that 
 which is near, ille to that which is remote. Ille is also used of a 
 well-known or famous person or thing. 
 
 Iste is specially used of an opponent in a lawsuit, and hence of 
 something despised or disliked. 
 
 Is, with conjunction et or ac prefixed, is used to give additional 
 emphasis to a new predicate or description ; ille (like other pronouns), 
 with quidem appended, is used in making concessions (where in Eng- 
 lish we use no pronoun). 
 
V. Pronouns: hie, iste, ille; se, suus, Ipse. 341 
 
 Hanc urbem hoc biennio consul evertes. (Cic.) 
 
 Gratia te fleet! non magis potulsse demonstras, quam Herculem Xeno- 
 
 phontlum ilium a voluptate. (Cic.) 
 Hunc ilium poscere fata reor. (Verg.) 
 Hie et Ule, ille et ille, this or that. 
 
 Habet homo memoriam et earn infinitam rerum innumerabilium. (Cic.) 
 Uno atque eo facili proelio caesi ad Antium hostes. (Liv.) 
 Doctum igitur hominem cognovi et studiis optimls deditum, idque a 
 
 puero. (Cic.) 
 P. Scipio non multum Ille quidem nee saepe dicebat, sed Latine loquendo 
 
 cuivis erat par. (Cic.) 
 
 Se, suus, ipse. 
 
 891 Se and ipse are both used where we in English use self, but they 
 are also found where we do not use it. Thus se often corresponds to 
 him, her, them; ipse to the adjective very, or other expressions of 
 emphasis. Se is of the third person only ; ipse is simply an adjective 
 of emphasis, and can be used of any person, but when in an oblique 
 case by itself (without me, te, nos, vos), it is of the third person. Se, 
 suus are distinguished from other pronouns of the third person, by 
 being used always either of the subject or of some word in the sentence. 
 If him, her, &c. requires emphasis, when not relating to the subject (or 
 otherwise where se is suitable), ipsum is used, either with or without 
 ram. 
 
 Suus, the possessive of se, relates also to the subject of discourse. 
 When it is an attribute of the grammatical subject, it can of course 
 only relate to some other subject of discourse, very commonly to the 
 direct or indirect object. 
 
 892 Se, BUUS are used primarily in reference to the grammatical sub- 
 ject of the sentence. If the subject itself requires emphasis, ipse is 
 used. 
 
 Athenae urbs est ea vetustate, ut ipsa ex sese suos civis genuisse dica- 
 
 tur. (Cic.) 
 Neque sane, quid ipse sentiret, sed quid ab illis diceretur, ostendit. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 893 In speaking of actions by the subject upon himself, ipse is very 
 common and agrees normally with the emphasized word. But it is 
 predicated of the subject, not merely when (a) what is emphasized is 
 the subject, and not others, acting, but also sometimes () when it is 
 the subject acting on, or by, himself, and not on others. 
 
 (a) Non egeo medicina: me ipse consolor. (Cic.) 
 Sunt qui Tarpeiam dicant, fraude visara agere, sua ipsam peremptam 
 mercede. (Liv.) 
 
 () Iste repente ex alacri atque laeto sic erat humilis atque demissus, 
 ut non modo populo Romano sed etiam sibi ipse condemnatus 
 videretur. (Cic.) 
 
342 SUPPLEMENT TO SYNTAX, v. Pronouns. 
 
 Eos delectari videmus, si quid ratione per se Ipsi invenerint. (Cic.) 
 Bellum pacem foedera societates per se ipse, cum quibus voluit, injussu 
 popull ac senatus fecit diremitque. (Liv.) 
 
 894 Se, suus, especially the latter, are also used in reference to some 
 word in the sentence which is not the subject. This is rarely done 
 where the context would create ambiguity. 
 
 Hannibalem sui cives e civitate ejecerunt. (Cic.) 
 Suis flammis delete Fldenas. (Liv.) 
 
 Neque occasion! tuae desis, neque suam occasionem host! des. (Liv.) 
 But also Deum adgnoscis ex operibus ejus. (Cic.) 
 
 895 Se, suus are also used in reference to the subject of the sentence 
 or clause, on which the subordinate clause containing se, suus depends. 
 So regularly when the subordinate clause has a subjunctive of the 
 classes 1 D, G, or H, (But exceptions occasionally occur.) 
 
 (a) Scipionem Hannibal eo ipso, quod adversus se dux potisslmum 
 lectus esset, praestantem virum credebat. (Liv.) 
 
 Domitius ad Pompeium in Apuliam peritos regionum mittit, qui petant 
 atque orent, ut sibi subveniat. (Caes.) 
 
 () Similarly of what is the logical, though not the grammatical, 
 subject, of the principal sentence. 
 A Caesare valde liberaliter invitor, sibl ut sim legatus. (Cic.) 
 
 Ipsius, ipsl, &c. are sometimes found for suum ipsius, sibi ipsi, &c. 
 
 Caesar milites incusavit: cur de sua virtute aut de ipsius diligentia 
 desperarent? (Caes.) 
 
 96 Se, suus are also used in reference to the unexpressed subject of an 
 abstract infinitive or gerund. 
 
 Honestius est alienis injuriis quam re sua commoveri. (Cic.) 
 
 Quls, quisplam, aliquis, quidam, nescio quis, alteruter, aliquot, 
 nonnemo, &c. 
 
 897 The pronouns, which correspond to the English a or some, are 
 quis, quispiam, aliquis, quidam. Of these quis is the least emphatic 
 and quidam the most. 
 
 Quis is usually in relative sentences, and after cum, si, nisi, ne, 
 num ; aliquis is not uncommon after si, and sometimes used after ne. 
 
 Quis and quispiam are best translated by a (man, thing, &c.), one, 
 or in the plural by nothing ; 
 
 aliquis (plur. aliqui) by some one, some one or other 
 
 quidam means a certain person, &c. ; 
 
 aliquot (indeclinable), a few, several ; 
 
 nescio quis, some one or other ( 755). alteruter (of two persons}, 
 one or of her no matter which. 
 
 1 In consecutive sentences eum, not se, is regularly used. 
 
Quis, aliquis, quidam ; quisquam, uUus, quivis, 343 
 
 More specific are the double negatives nonnemo, one or two, non- 
 nullus (adj.), some certainly, some at least, nonniliil, something at any 
 rate. So est (sunt) qui, 703, 706. 
 
 (a) In affirmative sentences : 
 
 81 mala condiderit in quern quis carmina, jus est Judiclumque. (Hor.) 
 SI nulla est (nota), quid istos interpretes audiamus? Sin quaepiam 
 
 est, aveo scire quae sit. (Cic.) 
 Commentabar declamitans saepe cum M. Pisone et cum Q. Fompeio aut 
 
 cum aliquo cotidie. (Cic.) 
 
 Accurrit quidam, notus mini nomine tantum. (Hor.) 
 Hoc quidem certe video, cum sit necessa alterum utrum vincere, quails 
 
 futura sit vel haec vel ma victoria. (Cic.) 
 
 () In negative sentences; also with sine, &c. 
 
 His idem propcsitum fuit, quod regibus, ut ne qua re egerent, ne cui 
 
 parerent, libertate uterentur. (Cic.) 
 Vidi, fore, ut aliquando non Torquatus neque Torquati qulspiam 
 
 similis, sed ut aliquis patrimonii naufragus, bonorum hostis, aliter 
 
 Indicata haec esse diceret.. (Cic.) 
 
 Qulsquam, ullus, uter, quivis, quilibet, utervis. 
 
 898 The pronouns which correspond most with the English any are 
 quisquam (usually subst.), ullus (adj.), quivis, quilibet. Quisquam and 
 ullus are any whatever, any at all, where all are excluded; and are used 
 in negative or quasi-negative sentences (the negative being always pre- 
 fixed), or after comparatives, or in relative and conditional sentences, 
 where the barest minimum is sufficient to justify an affirmative. Quivis 
 and quilibet (originally relative sentences) signify any you please, and 
 imply that all will answer the required conditions. Hence they can be 
 used in either positive or negative sentences. 
 
 When only two persons or things are concerned, uter is (rarely) 
 used corresponding to quisquam ; utervis, uterlibet to quivis, quilibet. 
 For non quisquam, non ullus, non quidquam, non uter, c. are 
 generally used, at least in prose, nemo, nullus, nihil, neuter, &c. (For 
 the use of the forms of quisquam, see 209; of nemo, nullus, 196 ; 
 of nihil, nihilum, 117.) 
 
 Iste nihil umquam fecit sine aliquo quaestu atque praeda. (Cic.) 
 Quani diu quisquam erit, qui te defendere audeat, vives. (Cic.) 
 Non recito cuiquam nisi amicis, idque coactus, non ubivis, coramve 
 
 quibuslibet. (Hor.) 
 
 Cuivis potest accidere quod cuiquam potest. (Publ.) 
 Ut enim histrioni actio, saltatori motus non quivis sed certus quidam 
 est datus, sic vita agenda est certo genere quodam, non quolibet. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 At minus habeo virium, quam vestrum utervis. (Cic.) 
 
344 SUPPLEMENT TO SYNTAX, v. Pronouns. 
 
 Quisque. uterque, ambo, singuli, alterni, &c. 
 
 899 Quisque, each (and sometimes, in Lucretius frequently, quisquis), is 
 used of each several case, where there are more than two: uterque 
 (rarely quisque, except with suus) of each several case, where there are 
 two only. In the plural quisque and uterque are properly used of 
 each party, or of each set of cases. 
 
 When all are spoken of without implying any distinction between 
 them, omnes or nemo non are used; ambo of two only. Cunctus 
 (usually in plural) and universus are all together ; totus is the whole. 
 
 Unus quisque, every single person; singuli, one apiece, several; 
 alterni, every ^ other. 
 
 Quisque is frequently' accompanied by se or suus ; and also fre- 
 quently joined to a superlative or ordinal, which is always placed before 
 quisque, e. g. optimus quisque, all the best people ; decimus quisque, 
 every tenth, one in ten ; primus^ quisque, one after the other ; also the 
 very earliest ; quotus quisque, how few ! 
 
 To quisque correspond generally (though not as distinguished from 
 omnes) ubique, usque ; to uterque corresponds utrobique, or utrinque. 
 
 Magni est Judicis statuere, quid quemque cuique praestare oporteat. 
 Abduci non potest, quia uterque utrique est cordi. (Ter.) [(Cic.) 
 Fro so quisque, ut in quoque erat auctoritatis plurimum, ad populum 
 
 loquebatur. (Cic.) 
 
 Quid ubique habeat frumenti et navium, ostendit. (Caes.) 
 Qui tiniet his ad versa, fere miratur eodem, quo cupiens, pacto : pavor 
 
 est utrobique molestus. (Hor.) 
 Ex ceteris philosophis nonne optumus et gravissimus quisque oonflte- 
 
 tur multa se ignorare ? (Gic.) 
 
 Forma del munus. Forma quota quaeque superbit ? (Ov.) 
 Censeo, uti C. Pansa, A. Hirtius consules, alter ambove, si eis videbltur, 
 
 de ejus honore praemiove primo quoque die ad senatum referant. 
 
 (Cic.) 
 
 In viduitate rellctae filiae singulos fllios parvos habentes. (Liv.) 
 Vix hostem, alterni si congrediamur, habemus. (Verg.) 
 
 Quisquis, quicunque, qualiscunque, utercumque, &c. ; utique. 
 
 900 The indefinite relative pronouns are sometimes used absolutely, i.e. 
 instead of whoever, whichever, they denote any one whosoever, some one 
 or other, any thing whatever. So quisquis, quantusquantus, quicunque, 
 qualiscunque, utercumque, &c. 
 
 De Drusi hortis quanti licuisse tu scribls, id ego quoque audieram, sed 
 
 quantiquanti bene emitur, quod necesse est. (Cic.) 
 Vos lamina. hanc potius quocumque absumite leto. (Verg.) 
 Quae sanari poterunt, quacumque ratione, sanabo. (Cic.) 
 Si numina divum sunt aliquid, si non perierunt omnia mecum, quando- 
 
 cumque mini poenas dabis. (Ov.) 
 
 Nisi mercedem aut nummos unde unde extricat. amaras porrecto jugulo 
 historias. captivus ut, audit. (Hor.) 
 
Quisque, ambo; quisquis, utlque ; Idem, alius; alter. 345 
 
 901 Similarly utique comes to mean anyhow, at all events; non (ne) 
 utlque, not of course, not necessarily. 
 Velim M. Varronis et Ollli mittas laudatlonem, Ollii utique, nam illam 
 
 legi, volo tamen regustare. (Cic.) 
 Sapient! proposition est in vita agenda non utique, quod temp tat, effl- 
 
 cere, sed omnino recte facere : gubernatori propositum est utique 
 
 navem in portum perducere. (Sen.) 
 
 Idem, alius, alter, ceteri. 
 
 902 Idem is same, as opposed to alius ; alius is other generally, alter, 
 other of two or the second of many ; ceteri is the others. Relicuus is 
 remaining, i.e. after something has been subtracted. Often it is indis- 
 tinguishable from ceteri. 
 
 When alius or alter is repeated in different clauses, the first is in 
 English often to be translated one, the second alius is another, alter the 
 other. In Livy, &c. alius is sometimes used where ceteri would be 
 more strictly right. 
 
 When repeated in the same sentence, alius is often to be translated 
 by different', e.g. alius alium videt (vident), different men see different 
 things, or one sees one thing, another another; sometimes alius alium 
 (alter alterum) vident is they see one another. 
 
 Unus et alter is one or two. (For idem ac, alius ac see 661.) 
 
 Multae idem istuc aliae cupiuut. (Plaut.) 
 Equidem certo idem sum qui semper fui. (Plaut.) 
 Alium esse censes mine me atque olim, cum dabam ? (Ter.) 
 Alias bestias nantis aquarum incolas esse voluit, alias volucres caelo 
 frui libero, serpentis quasdam, quasdam esse gradientis : earum 
 ipsarum partim solivagas, partim congregatas, inmanis alias, 
 quasdam autem cicures, nonnullas abditas terraque tectas. (Cic.) 
 mi alias aliud eisdem de rebus et sentiunt et judicant. (Cic.) 
 Alter! apud alteros formidinem facere. Pro metu repente gaudium 
 
 mutatur : xnilites alius alium laeti appellant. (Sail.) 
 Numero centuriarum Tarquinius alterum tantum adjecit. (Liv.) 
 Unus et alter adsultur pannus. (Hor.) 
 Altero vicesimo die litteras reddidit. (Cic.) 
 O spectaculum un! eras so jucundum, ceteris non item ! (Cic.) 
 Refugientes pauci aliam omnem multitudinem in potestate hostium 
 esse afferebant. (Liv.) 
 
346 SUPPLEMENT TO SYNTAX, v. Pronouns. 
 
 Quis? quisnam? ecquis? ecq[iiisnam ? numquis? 
 
 903 Of the interrogative pronouns quis and (usually) quisnam (some- 
 times namquis) denote tubo? which (of many}? uter, whether of 'two - 
 
 ecquis, numquis, and sometimes siquisnam, num quisnam inquire 
 whether any one or thing of the kind exists. 
 
 In all these quis, quid are substantive, qui, quod adjective ( 207). 
 
 TH. Quis fuit igitur ? PY. Iste Chaerea. TH. Qui Chaerea ? PY. Iste 
 
 ephebus frater Phaedriae. (Ter.) 
 Ecquis in aedibust ? Heus ecquis Me est ? ecquis hoc aperit ostium ? 
 
 ecquis exit ? (Plaut.) 
 Ninil jam quaerere aliud debetis, nisi uter utrl insidias feeerit. (Cic.) 
 
 Miscellaneous Remarks on Pronouns, 
 
 904 The second person plural is not used in Latin (as in English) for the 
 singular, e. g. Quid ais ? What say you ? 
 
 The first person plural is sometimes so used, as in English. 
 
 Tu, quaeso, festina ad nos venire. (Cic.) 
 
 Keliquum est ut de felicitate (Pompeii) timide ac pauca dicamus. Ego 
 enim sic existimo. (Cic.) 
 
 905 On the usual omission of any separate personal pronoun, when it 
 would be the subject, see 571, 572 sq. 
 
 It is also, if no ambiguity is likely to arise, often omitted, when it would 
 be in the accusative ,or datiye. 
 Fratrem tuum in ceteris rebus laudo : in hac una reprehendere cogor. 
 
 So always vidi eum rogavique ; never vidi eum et rogavi eum. Meos 
 Caesarisque libros reliqui, / left my own books and those of Caesar 
 (never eosque gaesaris). 
 
 The possessive pronoun is generally omitted. 
 Roga parentes (sc. tuos). 
 Patris (sc. mei) animum Tnifri reconciliasti. 
 
 906 The possessive pronouns are sometimes used in the sense of 'favourable 
 to me, you,' &c. 
 
 loco aequo, tempore tuo pugnasti. (Liv.) 
 Alfenus utebatur populo sane suo. (Cic.) 
 
 907 The indefinite pronoun ' one ' is variously expressed in Latin : but 
 these different modes are not all equally applicable in all circumstances. 
 
 (a) By a personal passive : e. g. Rex nic valde diligitur, one feels 
 strongly attached to the king. 
 
 (b) By an impersonal expression: e.g. Non licet Ire, one may not go ; 
 solet dici, one often says ; parendum est, one must obey. 
 
 (c) By the first person plural ; e. g. Quae volumus, credimus libenter, 
 what one wishes, one readily believes. 
 
Quis? quisnam? Miscellaneous Remarks, 347 
 
 (d) By the second person singular subjunctive ; e. g. putares, one 
 ivould have fancied. 
 
 (e) By quis or aliquis ; e.g. si quis dicat, if one should say, &c. 
 
 (/) By is with a relative, e.g. is qui hoc dicit, one who says this, &c. 
 (g) By se after, or with, a general infinitive (cf. 537 c); e.g. 
 
 Neglegere quid de se quisque sentiat (what people think of one), noa 
 
 solum arrogantis est sed etiam omnlno dissoluti. (Cic.) 
 Melius est ire se ipsum, it is better (one does better) to go oneself. 
 
 Frequently this indefinite pronoun is omitted altogether in Latin : e.g. 
 Libros quaeris : bonum affero, You seek books : I bring you a good one. 
 
 So after 'any,' 'each,' 'some,' 'certain; 9 e.g. quisquam, quivis, any- 
 one; quisque, each one', aliquis, some one ; quidam, a certain one ; or sim- 
 ply 'one.' 
 
 908 ' Each other,' f one another, ,' &c. are expressed in Latin by, 
 
 (a) alius alium (alter alterum) intueri, they began to look at one 
 another. (Cf. 582.) 
 
 (b) inter se, inter nos, &c. 
 
 Veri amici non solum colent inter se ac diligent, sed etiam verebuntur. 
 (Cic.) Will not only look after and love, but also respect one another. 
 
 (c) Sometimes by repetition of the noun. 
 
 Manus manum lavat. (Similarly, but without implying reciprocity: Vir 
 
 virum legit. Dies diem docet.) 
 
 (Atticus moriens) non ex vita, sed ex domo in domum migrare videbatur. 
 
 (Nep.) 
 Tantae fuerunt tenebrae, ut per biduum nemo hominem homo agnos- 
 
 ceret. (Cic.) 
 
 (d) In later writers by invlcem (in turn]. 
 
 Quae omnia hue spectant, ut invicem ardentius diligamus. (Plin.) 
 
 (e) Sometimes by ultro citro, 
 
 Societas inter populum Carthaginiensem regemque data ultro citroque 
 fide affirmatur. (Liv.) 
 
APPENDICES. 
 
 APPENDIX A. 
 
 MONEY, MEASURES, WEIGHTS, &c. 
 
 i. Coinage (chiefly from Hultsch). 
 
 909 COINED money was not used at Rome till the time of the decemviral 
 legislation (303 u.c. = 45i B.C.). The coin was called an as and was sup- 
 posed to weigh a pound ; hence called, in distinction from the subsequent as, 
 as libralis or librarius. Coins also existed for the semis, triens, qvadrans, 
 sextans and uncia. The real weight (of unworn pieces now found) is p to 
 1 1 unciae and may be taken therefore at an average of 10 unclae. The 
 coinage was of copper (aes), alloyed with tin and lead. 
 
 In 485 u.C. ( = 269 B.C.), shortly before the first Punic war, silver was 
 first coined, and at the same time the as was reduced to the weight of 
 4 unclae (and then gradually before the end of the first Punic war to 2 
 unciae) instead of an actual 10, nominal 12, unciae. Three silver coins 
 were introduced ; the denarius (often stamped with a biga, or qvadrigu, 
 and thence called bigatus or qvadrigatus) = 10 (reduced) asses ; the 
 qvinarius-5 asses; the sestertius = i\ asses. The coin equivalent to 
 the reduced as was of copper and called libella ; the half of this was sem- 
 bella; the quarter (of the libella) was teruncius. The double as was 
 coined and called dupondius ; other coins were tressis = 3 asses; decessis 
 = 10 asses. The denarius was probably -fa pound of silver. 
 
 In the year 537 u.c. ( = 217 B.C.) the copper as was reduced to the 
 weight of one uncia, and to the value of ? V denarius or sestertius. Pro- 
 bably at the same time the denarius, which had been gradually losing, was 
 reduced so as to be equal to 5 \ pound of silver. The as eventually sunk to 
 the value of \ uncia. 
 
 A new silver coin called victoriatus, because stamped on the reverse 
 with a figure of Victory, was introduced probably about the year 228 B.C. 
 At first it was f denarius, afterwards by the Clodian law, 104 B.C., it was 
 reduced to be = \ denarius, and as such was known to Varro, Cicero, &c. 
 
 In the time of Nero the denarius was again reduced to ^ pound of 
 silver, and at the same time Nero debased the silver. 
 
 Copper coinage was dropped from about 84 to 74 B.C. until 15 B.C. 
 (Except that some coins by Antony are found.) Then the silver sesterce 
 being given up, a four-as piece was coined instead ; and a piece of half the 
 value of the new sesterce, viz. the dupondius. Both these were of brass. 
 The as, semis and qvadrans were of copper. 
 
 Gold was first coined in 217 B.C.: but sparsely until Sulla, Pompey 
 and Caesar. Caesar's coin called aureus was fixed as equivalent to 25 
 denarii or 100 sesterces. 
 
Coinage, Money, Interest, 6<*. 349 
 
 The value of these different coins is about as follows : 
 
 Eng. Mon. 
 
 As libralis (copper) 5^. 
 
 269 217 B.C. 
 
 As sextantarius ( =-f sestertius) (copper) nearly \d. 
 
 Sestertius (silver) i\d. 
 
 Denarius (silver) \d. 
 
 217 30 B.C. 
 
 Sestertius (silver) nearly id. 
 
 Denarius (silver) 8</. 
 
 Aureus (gold) = 25 denarii = i oo sestertii . i yj . 
 Hence the following amounts are deduced : 
 
 Mille sestertium 8. IQJ. 
 
 Decies sestertium =1,000,000 sestertii . . ^8500. 
 
 ii. Expression of sums of money. 
 
 910 The denarius which was the silver coin in most currency was little used 
 in reckoning. The ordinary unit of reckoning was the sestertius, or num- 
 mus, or, in full, sestertius minimus. 
 
 Up to 2000, the cardinal numbers are prefixed, e. g. centum sestertii, 
 ducenti sestertii. But for higher numbers, in thousands up to a million, 
 a neuter substantive in the plural number was used, sestertia, e.g. duo or 
 septem sestertia for duo or septem millia sestertium (the short form of 
 the genitive plural being taken for a neuter substantive) ; sestertium sexa- 
 gena millia, sestertium sexagena millia nummum, sestertium nummum 
 qvinque millia. 
 
 For sums of a million and upwards numeral adverbs are .resorted to, 
 e.g. decies centum (or centena) millia sestertium. Usually the numeral 
 adverb and sestertium are put alone, e.g. decies sestertium; similarly 
 duodecies sestertium (1,200,000), ter et vicies (2,300,000). In these ex- 
 pressions again sestertium was taken to be a neuter substantive, and de- 
 scribed as such, but in the singular number only, e.g. (nom.) sestertium 
 qvadragies relinquitur (4,000,000); (ace.) sestertium qvadragles accepi ; 
 (abl.) sestertio decies fundum emi, in sestertio vicies egere (to be poor in 
 the possession of 2,000,000 sesterces}. Occasionally, when the context is 
 clear, the adverb alone is put, and sestertium omitted. Sometimes other 
 parts of the full expression are omitted, e. g. decies centena millia, decies 
 centena (cf. 188. 2). As an instance of a composite expression may serve, 
 Accepi vicies ducenta, triglnta qvinque milia, qvadringentos decem et 
 septem nummos (Cic.), 2,235,417 sesterces. 
 
 iii. Expression of Interest of Money. 
 
 911 Interest was denoted at first by the proportionate part of the capital, 
 and the parts of the as were made use of for this purpose. Thus the decem- 
 viral legislation fixed legal interest at jV of the capital, fenus unciarium. 
 This is equivalent to 8 per cent., and if Niebuhr's views be right, that this 
 originally related to the old year of ten months, it would be equivalent to 
 10 per cent, for a year of twelve months. In 347 B.C. the rate was reduced 
 to semunciarium fenus, i.e. -fa of the capital, i.e. 5 per cent, for the year 
 of twelve months. 
 
35 APPENDIX A. 
 
 In and after Sulla's time, the more common Greek method of reckoning 
 interest by the month came in, and the legal rate was T ^ of the capital per 
 month, called centesima (sc. pars sortis), i.e. 12 per cent, for a year. 
 Lower rates of interest were denoted by the fractional parts of the as (the 
 centesima being taken as the as), higher rates by distributives (or a combi- 
 nation of distributives and fractions). The following expressions are found 
 either in the Corpus Juris or Cicero. Interest is expressed by the plural 
 usurae, in apposition to the parts of the as : 
 
 usurae unciae . . i. e. ^ of the centesima . = i per cent. 
 
 usurae qvadrantes . . ^ = 3 
 
 usurae trientes or tertia 
 
 centesimae pars . . \ 4 
 
 usurae qvincunces . . T \ = 5 
 
 usurae semisses or diml- 
 
 dia centesimae . . | = 6 
 
 usurae besses or bes cen- 
 tesimae | = 8 
 
 usurae deunces . . . \\ =11 
 
 usurae centesimae .. =12 
 
 binae centesimae . . . = 24 
 
 ternae centesimae . . = 36 
 
 qvaternae centesimae . =48 
 
 qvinae (centesimae) . . =60 
 
 But the singular is sometimes found, e.g. fenus ex triente factum erat 
 bessibus (Cic.). Interest rose from \ to f, i.e. per month, =4 per cent, to 
 8 per cent, per year. 
 
 iv. Measures of Weight 1 . 
 
 912 The as and its divisions and multiples have been already given, 189. 
 The Greek system also was used in the imperial times, the unit being a 
 
 denarius, called from the Greek drachma, of which the libra ( = as) con- 
 tained until Nero's time 84 (so in Celsus and Pliny), 'afterwards 96. This 
 latter drachma was divided into three scriptula, the scriptulum = two oboli, 
 the obolus = three siliquae. 
 
 The libra may be taken as about pound Troy. Hence the denarius 
 or drachma (before Nero's time) was nearly an Engl. drachm (60 grains). 
 
 v. Measures of Length. 
 
 913 The unit of one system was a finger-breadth, digitus ; 'four finger- 
 breadths made a palm, palmus ; and four palms, a foot, pes ; a foot and a 
 palm was palmipes ; a foot and a half (sesquipes) was a forearm, cubitus. 
 The ulna was taken as a third of a man's height, perhaps the length of the 
 whole arm. 
 
 But the foot was also divided into twelve parts, and for these the names 
 of the fractions of an as were used. Two Jeet was similarly called dupon- 
 dius ; 2 feet was pes sestertius. 
 
 1 In iv vii. I have chiefly followed Hultsch. The English equiva- 
 lents are usually from the tables appended to Smith's Did. Antiqq. 
 
Interest, Weights, Measures, 6^. 351 
 
 In land-surveying, the rod, pertica, contained ten feet, hence called 
 decempeda. The actus (i. e. the furrow made at one drawing (driving) of 
 the plough oxen) measured twelve rods. 
 
 The unit of distance was not the single step (gradus, i\ feet) but the 
 passus, 5 feet, i.e. the distance from the point where the same foot is taken 
 up to the point where it is put down. A thousand paces, mille passus, 
 gives the origin of a mile. The Greek stadium was also used and taken at 
 | of a mile (i.e. our furlong). 
 
 The pes=ir6 Eng, inches; mille passus=485o Eng. feet or -919 Eng. 
 mile. The pertica =9 feet 8-5 inches. 
 
 vi. Measures of Surface. 
 
 914 The pes qvadratus (square foot}, as- contrasted with the pes porrectus 
 (foot in length}, was the unit. But in land measurement a higher unit was 
 taken, the scripulum (Varro), decempeda qvadrata (Pallad.), i.e. the 
 square rod. 
 
 The actus qvadratus, often simply actus, contained 144 square rods, 
 perticae; a double actus was a jugerum ; a double jugerum formed an 
 heredium ; 100 heredia formed a centuxia ; 4 centuriae formed a saltus 
 (Varr. R. R. 1 10). 
 
 The fractions of the jugerum were denoted by the parts of an as, the 
 sicilicus also being used for T V '> the sextula for fa ; the scripulum (for of 
 the sextula, i.e. for) ^^ of the jugerum. 
 
 The pes qvadratus = -94 Engl. sq. foot : the actus qvadratus i rood 
 9 perches 131 sq. feet : the jugerum = 2 roods 19 perches 189-9 square feet, 
 i.e. almost of an acre ; an heredium was nearly an acre and a quarter. 
 
 vii. Measures of Capacity. 
 
 915 The unit of liquid measure was the qvadrantal, which was defined as 
 vas pedis qvadrati, i.e. as containing a sqtiare foot of wine. The name in 
 and after Cicero's time was superseded by that of amphora (d/x0o/)eu5). The 
 amphora contained two urnae, the urna four congii ; the congius six sex- 
 tarii ; the sextarius two hemlnae ; the hemlna two qvartarii ; the qvar- 
 tarius two acetabula. A culeus contained 20 amphorae. 
 
 The duodecimal system was applied to the sextarius, a twelfth of which 
 was a cyathus = uncia. The triens=4 cyathi, qvadrans = 3 cyathi, sex- 
 tans =2 cyathi, &c., are spoken of. 
 
 The unit of dry measure was the modius, which contained two semodii 
 or 16 sextarii. The divisions of the sextarius (hemina, &c.) were the 
 same as of liquid measure. 
 
 The sextarius was =-96 pint Engl. Hence the amphora was about 
 = 5f gall- Engl.; the modius = nearly 2 gall. Engl. 
 
3.52 APPENDIX B. 
 
 APPENDIX B. 
 DIVISION OF TIME AND EXPRESSION OF DATE. 
 
 916 The Romans divided time into years, months, days, and hours. A civil 
 day, as recognised in law, was from midnight to midnight ; a natural day, 
 from sunrise to sunset. The duodecimal system was applied here also, the 
 natural day being divided into twelfths, called horae, which were therefore 
 of different absolute lengths according to the time of year. From Dec. 
 23rd, when the day at Rome was, according to modern reckoning, 8 hrs. 
 54m. long, and the Roman hour was 44^ m., the length increased up to 
 25 June, when the day was 15 hrs. 6 m., and the Roman hour 75^ m. At 
 the equinoxes, 23 March, 25 Sept., the Roman hour was of the same 
 length as our own. The civil day is sometimes spoken of as divided into 
 twenty-four hours. 
 
 The night was for military purposes divided into four watches (vigilia 
 pzima, &c.) of equal length. And a similar division of the day into four 
 parts is also implied by Varro's account of the praetor's marshal crying the 
 3rd hour, noon, and the 9th hour. Various loose names for different parts 
 of the day and night came into vogue, and are arranged by Censorinus 
 (c. 24) in the following order, starting from midnight : 
 
 i. De media nocte; 2. gallicinium ; 3. conticinium, general silence-, 
 4. ante lucezu ; 5. diluculum ; 6. mane ; 7. ad meridiem ; 8. meridies ; 
 9. demeridie; 10. suprema ; n. vespera; 12. crepusculum; 13. lumini- 
 bus accensis, or, anciently, prima facie; 14. concubium; 15. intempesta 
 nox ; 1 6. ad mediam noctem ; 17. media noz. 
 
 917 The division of time into weeks of seven days with distinct names was 
 not used by the ancient Romans (before the introduction of Christianity). 
 The months were distinguished by the names adopted by us from the 
 Romans, excepting that, before the time of the Emperor Augustus, Julius 
 and Augustus had the names of Quincfflis and Sextnis (i. e. fifth and 
 sixth month, March being the first). The days of the month were com- 
 puted from three leading days in each, which were called respectively 
 Calendae (Kal.), Nonae (Non.), and Idus (Id.); to these the name of the 
 month was appended as an adjective. The Calendae was the first day of 
 every month ; the Nonae and Idus the fifth and thirteenth, except in the 
 months of March, May, July, and October, in which they were the seventh 
 and fifteenth respectively. From these days they counted backwards, the 
 days between the ist and the Nones being reckoned as so many days be- 
 fore the Nones : the days between the Nones and Ides as so many days be- 
 fore the Ides ; and the remaining days of the month as so many days before 
 the Kalends of the next month. The day immediately preceding any of 
 these reckoning points was called pridie Nonas, &c. ; the day next but one 
 before was the third day before (in consequence of the Nones, &c. being 
 themselves included in the reckoning), and so on. 
 
 There are two abbreviated modes of denoting the date; e.g. the 2/th 
 of March might be marked as vi Kal. Apr., or a. d. vi Kal. Apr. The first 
 is for sexto (die ante) Kalendas Apriles ; the second for ante diem sextum 
 Kalendas Apriles. The latter expression appears to have originally signi- 
 fied before (on the sixth day) the Kalends of April ; the exact day being 
 
Division of Time and Expression of Date. 353 
 
 thrown in parenthetically, and attracted from the ablative into the accusa- 
 tive case in consequence of following ante. Similarly we find the date 
 sometimes denoted by the number of days preceding a festival ; as a. d. V 
 Terminalia, i.e. ipthFeb. (the festival of the god of boundaries being on 
 the 23rd Feb.). This expression was considered as one word, before which 
 in or ex may stand : as, Ex ante diem iii Nonas Junias usque ad pridie 
 Kalendas Septembres, front the $rd June to the $ist August ; differre 
 aliquid in ante diem xv Kalendas Novembres, to put off something to the 
 iSM October. 
 
 The readiest way of reckoning the day is, (i) if the date lie between the 
 Kalends and Nones, or between the Nones and Ides, to subtract the num- 
 ber of the day mentioned from the number of the day on which the Nones 
 or Ides fall, and add one (for the inclusive reckoning): (2) if the date lie 
 between the Ides and the Kalends, to subtract the number of the day men- 
 tioned from the number of the days in the month, and add two (i.e. one for 
 the inclusive reckoning, and one because the Kalends are not the last of 
 the month in which the date lies, but the first of the following month). 
 
 918 In leap year the intercalated day was counted between a. d. vi Kal. 
 Mart, and a. d. vii Kal. Mart, and denominated a. d. bissextum Kal. 
 Mart., so that a. d. vii Kal. Mart, answers as in the ordinary February to 
 Feb. 23, and a. d. viii Kal. Mart, to Feb. 22nd, &c. (Hence the name of 
 leap year, annus bissextllis.) 
 
 Before the reformation of the Calendar by Julius Caesar, B. C. 45, the 
 number of days in the months were in March, May, July and October, 31 ; 
 in February 28 ; in all the rest 29. Hence, as these four months were two 
 days longer, the Nones and Ides were two days later. This should be 
 remembered in reading Cicero's letters, many of which were written before 
 45 B.C. After that year the number of days in each month was the same 
 as it is with us. 
 
 The following examples suppose the date to be subsequent to B.C. 45. 
 The usual abbreviated form is given. [It must be remembered that 
 Kalendae, Nonae, and Idus are feminine, and the months adjectives ; that 
 the date ( l on the first,' &c.) is in the ablative (Kalendis, Nonis, Idibus) ; 
 and that a. d. vi Non. Mart. &c. is for ante diem sextum Nonas Martias.] 
 
 Day of 
 
 January 
 
 April 
 
 March 
 
 English 
 
 (So also Aug. 
 
 (So also Jun., Sept., 
 
 (So also May, Jul., 
 
 month. 
 
 Dec.). 
 
 Nov.). 
 
 Oct.). 
 
 i 
 
 Kal. Jan. 
 
 Kal. Apr. 
 
 Kal. Mart. 
 
 2 
 
 a. d. iv Non. Jan. 
 
 a. d. iv Non. Apr. 
 
 a. d. vi Non. Mart. 
 
 4 
 
 Prid. Non. Jan. 
 
 Prid. Non. Apr. 
 
 a. d. iv Non. Mart. 
 
 5 
 
 Non. Jan. 
 
 Non. Apr. 
 
 a. d. iii Non. Mart. 
 
 6 
 
 a. d. viii Id. Jan. 
 
 a. d. viii Id. Apr. 
 
 Prid. Non. Mart. 
 
 7 
 
 a. d. vii Id. Jan. 
 
 a. d. vii Id. Apr. 
 
 Non. Mart. 
 
 8 
 
 a. d. vi Id. Jan. 
 
 a. d. vi Id. Apr. 
 
 a. d. viii Id. Mart. 
 
 12 
 
 Prid. Id. Jan. 
 
 Prid. Id. Apr. 
 
 a. d. iv Id. Mart. 
 
 13 
 
 Id. Jan. 
 
 Id. Apr. 
 
 a. d. iii Id. Mart. 
 
 14 
 
 a. d. xix Kal. Feb. 
 
 a. d. xviii Kal. Mai. 
 
 Prid. Id. Mart. 
 
 15 
 
 a. d. xviii Kal. Feb. 
 
 a. d. xvii Kal. Mai. 
 
 Id. Mart. 
 
 16 
 
 a. d. xvii Kal. Feb. 
 
 a. d. xvi Kal. Mai. 
 
 a. d. xvii Kal. Apr. 
 
 33 
 
 a. d. iii Kal. Feb. 
 
 Prid. Kal. Mai. 
 
 a. d. iii Kal. Apr. 
 
 31 
 
 Prid. Kal. Feb. 
 
 
 Prid. Kal. Apr. 
 
 L. G. 
 
554 
 
 APPENDIX C. 
 
 P 
 X 
 
 P 
 
 O 
 
 3 
 
 a | 
 
 I 
 M 
 
 [ 
 
 v ia M 
 
 .i 1 $ i 
 
 H II ^ 
 
 >s 
 
 pq 
 
 i 
 
 OT ^ 
 
 gs 
 
 i H 
 
 i i_ i-I- 
 
 ** t> I* i / -H 
 
 
 H i 
 ft L I 
 
 I CJj --4 
 
 i a 
 
 -HI- 
 
 t 
 
Names of Relations by Blood and Marriage* 
 
 i 
 
 s 
 
 232 
 
356 APPENDIX D. 
 
 APPENDIX D. 
 ELEMENTS AND TERMS OF LATIN METRE. 
 
 FEET. 
 
 922 Afoot consists of two or more a'djoining syllables, having defined quan- 
 tities, and may be contained in one or more words or parts of words. 
 The Latin names of the different feet recognised in statements on metre 
 are, as follows : examples of each are added : 
 
 Disyllabic. 
 
 Pyrrhlchius ~ ~ age Spondeus vici 
 
 Trdchaeus - ~ prode Iambus - - agas 
 
 or ChfirSus 
 
 Trisyllabic, 
 
 
 
 
 Trfbrachys 
 
 ~~ agitt 
 
 M610SSUS 
 
 vicini 
 
 Dactylus 
 
 " -' prodite 
 
 Anapaestus 
 
 agitas 
 
 Cretlcus 
 
 ~ - proditos 
 
 Bacchlus ' 
 
 amari 
 
 or Amphim&cer 
 
 
 
 
 Antlbacchlus 1 
 
 - ~ vicina 
 
 Amphibrachys 
 
 amare 
 
 
 (nom. or ace.) 
 
 
 (inf.) 
 
 Quadrisyllable. 
 
 
 
 
 Prdceieusmatlcus ~ - 
 
 ~ " recipere 
 
 Dispondeu? 
 
 insanires 
 
 Dltrdchaeug 
 
 ~ ~ flagitare 
 
 Diiambus 
 
 inutiles 
 
 orDich6reus 
 
 
 
 
 Chdriambus 
 
 - - flag^itio 
 
 Antispastus ^ - - " 
 
 reccpcre 
 
 lonlciis a major! - - 
 
 ~ ~ fehcia 
 
 ISnlcusaminori ~ ~ 
 
 agitasti 
 
 Paeon I mus 
 
 ~ ~* flagitia 
 
 Paeon II dus 
 
 inutile 
 
 Paeon III th " 
 
 ~ trepidare 
 
 Paeon IV tus ^ ~ ^ - 
 
 memineras 
 
 Epitritus I mu 
 
 reclinatos 
 
 Epitritus II d> " 
 
 insecuti 
 
 Epitritus III tiul 
 
 ~ dijudicas 
 
 Epitritus IV tus - 
 
 insanire 
 
 Pentasyllable, 
 
 
 
 
 Dochmius 
 
 * requisiveras 
 
 
 
 VERSES. 
 
 923 A verse or line is composed of a number of feet in a definite order, 
 and is variously named and described by the number of syllables or of feet or 
 of metres which it contains: e.g. hendecasyllabus (eleven-syllabled], dgca- 
 syUabus, &c. ; senarius (with six feet], septenarius, &c. ; m6n6m6ter (with 
 one metre], dimeter (two), pentameter (five), hexameter (six), &c. 
 
 In dactylic verse one foot makes (for this purpose of description) a 
 metre ; in iambic, trochaic, and anapaestic verse two feet make one metre. 
 
 A verse containing the stated number of complete metres is called acata- 
 lectic. 
 
 If the last metre be short by one syllable, it is called catalectic : if short 
 by two syllables brachy catalectic. 
 
 1 Some writers reverse the application of the terms Bacchius and Anti- 
 bacchius. 
 
Elements and Terms of Latin Metre. 357 
 
 If there be one or two syllables after the last complete metre, it is 
 called hypercatalectic. 
 
 A verse is said to be pure when it consists only of one kind of feet (e. g. 
 pure iambic). Most verses are impure, i. e. they contain more than one 
 kind of feet. Some verses admit in certain parts any of several feet, while 
 in other parts one kind only is admissible. 
 
 Some kinds of verse are named after their inventor or first user, usually 
 a Greek lyric poet; e.g. Archilochus (cir. 700 B.C.), Alcaeus, Alcman and 
 Sappho (cir. 600 B. c.), Hipponax (cir. 540 B. c.), Anacreon (cir. 520 B.C.), 
 Pherecrates (cir. 450 B. c.), Asclepiades and Glycon (age unknown). 
 
 924 The main classification of verses is best made by considering whether a 
 verse moves from long syllables to short (falling rhythm) or from short to 
 long (rising rhythm). Thus verses composed of dactyls and of trochees form 
 one class : those composed of iambs and of anapaests form another class. 
 
 Many verses are catalectic, that is to say, the last foot is abridged. If 
 this is the case in iambic or trochaic or anapaestic verse the last foot is thus 
 represented by one syllable, most frequently a long syllable : in dactylic 
 verse either by a single syllable (male ending) or by a trochee (female end- 
 ing). A certain rest is thus obtained. In verses of more than two metres 
 (i.e. in trimeters, tetrameters, &c.) a similar rest is often sought in the 
 middle of the verse by making a break. And this in two ways : 
 
 (1) In the verses which are used continuously to form long poems or 
 long parts of plays, viz. in the dactylic hexameter, in the iambic trimeter 
 and in the trochaic tetrameter, this break is procured by making the end of 
 a disyllabic or polysyllabic word come at the middle of the third or fourth 
 foot or of both feet. This ' cutting* of the verse is called caesura. It is in 
 harmony with the principle which prevails in these verses of avoiding, at 
 least in the first half, frequent coincidences, especially successive coin- 
 cidences, of words with feet. 
 
 (2) In some other" verses we find regularly, at the end of the first or 
 second half of the verse, or at the end of both, a long syllable, after which, 
 as after a rest, the rhythm starts afresh. Thus in the falling rhythm a 
 trochee with such a long syllable becomes a cretic, a dactyl becomes a 
 choriamb, and, in the rising rhythm, an iamb becomes a bacchic, an 
 anapaest becomes a rising or lesser ionic (ionicus a minori). 
 
 A spondee, as being equal in length ( 51) to either a dactyl or anapaest, 
 belongs to both rhythms, and is freely used in certain parts of the verse, 
 sometimes necessarily, sometimes optionally, in place of trochee, dactyl, 
 iamb or anapaest (cf. Hor. A. P. 256 sq.). A tribrach is found, in some 
 verses frequently, taking the place of iamb or trochee, the long syllable 
 being resolved (as it is often said) into two short ones. 
 
 925 The last syllable of a verse is in most, but not in all kinds of verses, at 
 option either long or short, whatever the metre may theoretically require. 
 A short vowel is not so frequent a close as is a long vowel or a consonant. 
 Again, generally an hiatus is not noticed between the end of a verse and the 
 beginning of the following verse. Occasionally, however, a short vowel is so 
 elided ( 64). If, however, the metre runs on continuously, the end of the 
 verse being subject to the same requirements as to quantity and as to the 
 avoidance of hiatus as if there were no division of verses, there is said to be 
 sjfaS,pliIa (continuity} in the metre or between the verses. Anapaestic 
 verse in Greek has always this continuity. It is frequent also in Glyconics 
 
358 APPENDIX D. 
 
 and Sapphics as used by Catullus and sometimes in those used by Horace. 
 A word is rarely divided between one line and the next (cf. Hor. Od. i. 
 2. 19; Catull. 61. 82). 
 
 The following are the principal kinds of verses which occur in Latin 
 poetry now preserved. Sometimes a poem, or a distinct part of a poem, is 
 composed of a number of verses all of one kind, sometimes of two or more, 
 used alternately or in some regular order. 
 
 FALLING RHYTHMS. 
 
 N.B. The vertical line is used in the metrical scheme to mark the feet or 
 sets of feet ; in the lines quoted it is used to mark a caesura or break, 
 
 926 Dactylic. 
 
 i. Dactylic hexameter catalectic, or Heroic verse, consists of six feet, 
 the first four of which are either dactyls or spondees, the fifth is a dactyl, 
 rarely a spondee, the sixth always a trochee or spondee. If the fifth foot is 
 a spondee, the fourth is a dactyl. There is usually a caesura (either male 
 or female) in the middle of the third foot, sometimes not until the middle 
 of the fourth foot. First used in Latin by Ennius, then by Lucilius, Lucre- 
 tius, Catullus (62 ; 64) and above all by Vergil, Horace (in Satires and 
 the Epistles), Ovid (in Metamorphoses) and many later writers. 
 
 S) I quibtis etnguino \ red\mita eapitto 
 Frons expircintis \ praeportat pectoris z'ras, 
 Hue hue adventate \ meets \ audite qucrelas. 
 Ipsitts ante pedes \fltictits \ marts adludebant. (Catull.) 
 
 2. Dactylic tetrameter acatalectic : rare (Pseudo-Sen. Here. Oct. 
 
 Unde sonus trepidas aitres ferit. 
 
 3. Dactylic tetrameter catalectic : similar to the last four feet of the 
 Hexameter : used chiefly with other verses, 
 
 Cms ingens iteretbimus aequor. 
 Plurimus in Junonis honorem. (Hor.) 
 
 4. Dactylic dimeter catalectic (or Adonius, from a poem of Sappho 
 calling on Adonis) consists of a dactyl and a trochee or spondee. Used 
 only with other verses. 
 
 _ ^ ~ | ~ Terruit urbem. (Hor.) 
 
 927 Dactylo-choriambic. 
 
 5. Dactylic dimeter hypercatalectic, or Arcliil6criius minor, consists 
 of a dactyl and a choriamb. Used only with other verses. 
 
 _ _ ^ i _ .- ~ _ Pulvis tt umbra sumus. (Hor.) 
 
Elements and Terms of Latin Metre. 359 
 
 6. Dactylic pentameter is composed of two dimeter hypercatalectics, 
 but the first of the two admits a spondee in place of dactyl and a molossus 
 in place of a choriamb. There is always a break after the choriamb. Ovid 
 has nearly always a disyllabic at the end of the verse. Catullus and Pro- 
 pertius have occasionally words of three, four, or five syllables. The verse 
 is very frequently used in alternation with the hexameter. See 938 A. 
 
 Obruet hostiles \ ista ruina domos. (Ov.) 
 
 Tune vero longas \ condimus Iliadas. (Propert.) 
 
 Id quod verbosis \ dicitur et fatuis. (Catull. ) 
 
 928 Trochaic. 
 
 7. Trochaic tetrameter acatalectic consists of eight trochees, for any 
 of which a spondee may be .used, and for all but the last a dactyl or anapaest 
 or tribrach. Only in comic poets; e.g. Plaut. Menaech. 588 foil. 
 
 Dixi causam : condiciones \ tetuli torlas confragosas. 
 
 8. Trochaic tetrameter catalectic consists of seven trochees and a half 
 (i.e. six trochees and a cretic). Frequent in comic poets with the same 
 choice of feet for the first six trochees as in the acatalectic. A break at 
 end of 4th or 5th foot (e. g. Plaut. Men. 588 sqq.). Seneca observes stricter 
 rules allowing tribrachs in the odd places (except last) and spondees and 
 anapaests in the even places. Dactyls are used also. Seneca's metre 
 appears to have these varieties of feet : 
 
 Pallid i fauces averni \ vosque Tacnarci spectis 
 Unda Mtscris grata Lethes \ vosque torpentes lacus 
 Jmpium rapite atque m.ersum \ premite perpetuis malts. 
 
 (Sen. Phaedr. 1210 foil.) 
 
 9. Trochaic dimeter catalectic consists of two trochees and a cretic. 
 Only used in combination with other lines (Hor. II. 18). See also under 
 Glyconic. 
 
 - ^ - ~ | ~ Non ebur neque anreum. (Hor. ) 
 
 10. Ithyphallic, i.e. trochaic dimeter brachycatalectic, consists of 
 three trochees. Only used with other lines. 
 
 - ~ - ~ ~ ~ Bacche, Baccke, Bacche. 
 
 929 Dactylo-trochdic. 
 
 N.B. Dactyls followed by trochees form what are sometimes called 
 logaoedic verses. 
 
 ir. ArchllSchiua major consists of four dactyls followed by three 
 trochees. In the first three feet spondees may be used. Only used with 
 other verses (Hor. Od. I. 4). 
 
360 APPENDIX D. 
 
 Nitnc decet aut viridi \ nitidum caput impedire myrto. 
 
 Pallida mors aeqiio \ put sat pede pauper um tabernas. (Hor. Od. i. 4.) 
 
 12. Alcaic decasyllabic consists of two dactyls (not each contained in 
 a separate word) followed by two trochees. Only used as the fourth line of 
 the Alcaic stanza. 
 
 _~~|_~~|_^_- Impavidum ferient ruinae. 
 
 Omne caput movet ttrna no men. Impetus aut orient is haedi. (Hor.) 
 
 13. Aristdphanlc consists of a dactyl followed by a trochee and 
 spondee (or trochee?). Not used by itself in Horace (i. 8). 
 
 - ~ ~ | - ~ | Lydia die per omnes. (Hor.) 
 
 930 Trochaeo-dactylic. 
 
 The first disyllabic foot in these verses is often called the base. It 
 usually admits of some variety; e.g. spondee, trochee or iamb. 
 
 14. Sapphic (Sapphlcus minor) is a trochaic quinarius with a dactyl 
 always in third foot. It usually consists (in this order) of trochee, spondee, 
 dactyl and two trochees. Catullus has (but rarely)? a trochee in the second 
 foot. There is a caesura, usually male, sometimes female, in the dactyl. 
 This verse is usually combined with the adoiiic, bu-i in Seneca is frequently 
 used continuously by itself. 
 
 Pauca nuntiate \ meae pucllac. (Catull.) 
 Quo nihil ma/us \ melitisve terris 
 Fata donavere \ bonique Divi. (Hor.) 
 
 15. Phalaecian, or simply Heiidecasyllabu^, is like the last a special 
 form of trochaic quinarius. The first foot is usually a spondee, but in Catullus 
 occasionally a trochee or iamb ; the second a dactyl (except in Catull. 55 
 where it is frequently a spondee). The other three feet are trochees. There 
 is no special caesura. It forms whole poems and is much used by Catullus, 
 Seneca, and Martial ; also by Statius (Silv. i. 6; n. 7 ; IV. 3 ; 9). 
 
 Adeste hcndecasyllabi quot estis 
 
 Ovines undique quotquot estis omnes. (Catull.) 
 
 Tanto ten fastu negas, amice? (Catull. 55.) 
 
 1 6. Phgrecratian consists of a dactyl between two disyllabic feet 
 which in Catullus are trochees or spondees, in Horace spondees only. (For 
 ist foot Catullus once has iamb, Horace once has trochee.) Used in 
 stanzas with other feet (see below 938). 
 
 I ~ -' I (Catull.) Prodeas nova nupta. 
 _ ~ ~ | (Hor.) Grata Pyrrha siib antro. 
 
 17. Glyconic consists of a trochee or spondee followed by two dactyls. 
 Catullus usually has a trochee in first place, a cretic in 3rd place. Horace 
 
Elements and Terms of Latin Metre. 361 
 
 has almost always a spondee in ist place. Seneca (cf. Oedip. 903 sqq. but 
 not Thyest. 336 sqq.) has sometimes a spondee in second place, which 
 makes the verse in fact the same as a trochaic dimeter catalectic. 
 
 Quicquid excessit modutii 
 Pendet instabili loco. (Sen.) 
 Cinge tempora floribus. (Catull.) 
 Nos cantabimus invicem. (Hor.) 
 
 1 8. Priapeus consists of trochee or spondee, followed in order by a 
 dactyl, cretic, trochee, dactyl, trochee. In fact it is glyconic + pherecratian. 
 There is a break at the end of the cretic foot. Only found in Catull. 17, 
 Priap. 85. 
 
 O colonia quae cupis \ ponte hcdere 
 
 Uva pampinea rubens \ ed^tcata sub umbra. 
 
 19. Asclepiadeus minor consists of one spondee, one choriamb and 
 two dactyls. A break usually after choriamb. Much used by Horace and 
 Seneca. (This line repeated forms what is called the First Asclepiad 
 metre, Hor. I. I ; III. 30.) 
 
 Maecenas atavis \ edite regibiis. (Hor.) 
 Tecum conseruit \ pest if eras mantis. (Sen.) 
 
 20. Asclepiadeus major consists of one spondee, two choriambs and 
 two dactyls. A break usually after each choriamb (Catull. 30; Hor. I. n ; 
 18; IV. 10). 
 
 I -I -I- !- . 
 
 Quae mens est hodie \ cur eadem \ non puero fuit? (Hor.) 
 Alphene immemor atque \ unanimis \false sodalibus. (Catull.-) 
 
 2 r . SappWcus major (i. e. the ordinary sapphic with a choriamb in- 
 serted) consists of trochee, spondee, choriamb, dactyl, trochee and spondee. 
 A break after the choriamb. Only in Hor. I. 8. 
 
 t -i i !---- 
 
 Cur timet Jtavum Tiberim \ t anger e? cur olivum* 
 
 931 Cretic and greater Ionic. 
 
 12. Wetic tetrameter acatalectic consists of four cretics. Only found 
 in comic poets (e.g. Ter. Andr. 625 sqq.). Occasionally admits Of other 
 feet, e, g. dactyl or paeon. 
 
 -~-| _~_ I--- J-wa 
 
 Tanta vecordia innatd cuiquam ut siet* 
 Turn coacti necessario se aperiunt* 
 
 23. S5tadeus consists of three ionics a majori and one trochee or 
 spondee. A double trochee is often substituted for the" 3rd ionic, some- 
 times for the first ; and some pf the long syllables are occasionally resolved 
 into two shorts. Only in Terentianus Maurus. 
 
362 APPENDIX D. 
 
 Lavinia cum dicimus, hacc tamen figura fst 
 Metrumque facit, sotadicon quod vocitartmt 
 
 Qui multafertmt hoc pcde Sotaden locutum. (Ter. Maur. 1 508 sqq. ) 
 Quasi si repetam quo,s docui disyllabos jam. (ist foot ^ ^ ~ ~) 
 Unum ut faciant duo pariter pedes jugati. (2nd foot - ~ ~ ~ ~) 
 
 (Ib. 1458 sq.) 
 
 RISING RHYTHMS. 
 
 932 Anapaestic. 
 
 24. Anapaestic dimeter acatalectic consists of four anapaests, for any 
 of which a spondee and for the first and third of which a dactyl may be 
 substituted. A break after second foot. Coincident endings of foot and 
 word are frequent. Much used by Seneca. 
 
 Itc umbrosas \ cingite silvas 
 Summaque montis \juga cecropil 
 Celcri planta \ lustrate vagi, (Sen.) 
 
 25. Anapaestic monometer acatalectic consists of two feet, either 
 anapaests or spondees. The first may also be a dactyl. Only interspersed 
 among dimeters, 
 
 -' Saltus aperit. 
 Captent auras* 
 Notte silenti. 
 
 Anapaestic tetrameter catalectic is frequent in Greek (e. g. in Aristo- 
 phanes). 
 
 933 Iambic. 
 
 26. Iambic tetrameter catalectic consists of seven iambs and a half. 
 In the first and fifth places are found spondees occasionally (Catull. 25). 
 The comic poets use spondees, &c. in every place but the seventh. 
 
 Remitte palliu m mihi \ meum quod involasti. (Catull.) 
 
 Nunc detmtm experipr mi ob oculos \ caliginem obstitisse. (Plaut.) 
 
 27. Iambic trimeter acatalectic consists of six iambs. It is sometimes 
 found pure throughout a poem (Catull. 4; 29), but generally in Horace ad- 
 mits a spondee frequently, a dactyl rarely, in the ist, 3rd and th places, 
 and an anapaest in the jst and 5th. Seneca has the spondee and anapaest 
 frequently in these places. The tribrach occurs in all places except the 
 last. Seneca uses it chiefly in the even places. Phaedrus and the comic 
 poets admit all these substitutes for iambics in any of the first five places. 
 There k a caesura usually at the end of t\ feet, sometimes not until the end 
 of ^ feet. 
 
Elements and Terms of Latin Metre. 363 
 
 Socer generque \ pcrdidistis omnia. (Catull.) 
 Et hoc negat minacis \ Adriatici. (Catull.) 
 In/amis Helenas \ Castor offensits via. (Hor.) 
 Pavidumque leporem et \ advenam laqzieo gruem. (Hor.) 
 Nil praeter domini \ nomen mutant pauperes. (Phaedr.) 
 
 28. Iambic Scazon or Hipponacteus, also a trimeter acatalectic, differs 
 from the ordinary trimeter by having a spondee or trochee in the sixth 
 foot and iamb in the fifth. Either a spondee, anapaest or dactyl may be 
 used in first or third feet ; a tribrach in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th. Caesuras as 
 in the ordinary trimeter. Much used by Catullus and Martial, also by 
 Persius in Prologue. 
 
 Nam risu inepto \ res ineptior nullast. (Catull.) 
 Dum Janus hiemes \ Domitianus aitctuninos 
 Augustus annis \ commodab.it aestates. (Mart.) 
 Nihil est miserius \ neque gulosius Santra. (Mart.) 
 
 29. Iambic trimeter catalectic consists of four iambs, and a bacchic. 
 Spondees are sometimes used in the ist and 3rd places and a tribrach once 
 occurs. A break after 2.^ feet. Only used with other verses (Hor. I. 4; 
 II. 18). 
 
 Trahentque siccas \ machinae carinas. 
 Mea renidet \ in domo lacunar. (Hor.) 
 
 30. Alcaicus enneasyllabus consists of spondee (sometimes iamb), 
 iamb, spondee, bacchic. It is a special form of iambic dimeter hypercata- 
 lectic, and forms the third line of the Alcaic stanza. 
 
 Te iriste lignum mox caducum. 
 Clari giganteo triumpho. (Hor.) 
 
 3 1 . Iambic dimeter acatalectic consists of four iambs, for the first and 
 third of which a spondee is often substituted. A tribrach and dactyl also 
 occur though rarely. Used with other verses (Hor. Epod. I 10). 
 
 Sacer nepotibus cruor. 
 
 Virtus sepiikhrum condidit. (Hor.) 
 
3 6 4 
 
 APPENDIX D. 
 
 3*2. Iambic dimeter catalectic consists of two iambs and a bacchic. 
 A special form of this verse called the anacreontic has an anapaest in the 
 first foot. They are used together in Seneca (Med. 857 sqq.). 
 ^ Quonam cruenta maenas 
 Praeceps amore saevo 
 Rapitur ? quod impotenti 
 Facinus parat furore ? (Sen.) 
 
 33. Iambic dimeter brachycatalectic consists of three iambs, 
 found at close of a system of dimeter catalectics. 
 
 _ _ ^ _ Quis credat extilem. (Sen. Med. 865.) 
 
 Only 
 
 Anapaesto-Iambic. 
 
 34. Galliambic consists in theory of two iambic or anacreontic dimeters 
 of which the first is catalectic and the second brachycatalectic. There are 
 thus six feet, which are usually anapaest, iamb, bacchic, anapaest, tribrach, 
 iamb; but with some variations. The metre is only found in Catullus' 65111 
 poem. The name is from the Gaulish priests of Cybele, which form the 
 subject of it. 
 
 Super alta vectuS Atys \ ccleri rate maria. 
 Tibicen ubi canit Phryx \ curvo grave calamo, 
 Ubi capita maenades vi \jaciunt ederigerae. 
 'Jamjani dotet quod egi ; \ jam jamque' paenitet. 
 
 Bacchiac and lesser Ionic. 
 
 35. Bacchiac tetrameter* acatalectic consists of four bacchics. Only 
 found in comic poets, e.g. Plaut. Mcn< 753 sqq. ; TV///. 223 sqq. ; Amph. 
 
 Sed haec res mi hi in pectore ei cords curae st. 
 Homo idem in duobus locis lit simul sit. 
 
 Occasionally a bacchiac hexameter occurs ; e.g. PI. Amph. 627 sqq. 
 Satin parva res est voluptatem in vita, atqut in aetatc agunda. 
 
 36. Ionic a minori. The only metre of this kind in Latin is in one 
 ode of Horace (in. 12). The poem is composed of forty feet, all of this 
 description, and may (as the synapliia throughout is perfect) be divided 
 into four decameters, but is usually printed as if divided into four stanzas, 
 each containing two tetrameters and a dimeter. 
 
 ___|__|^__|^__ &c . 
 
 Miserarum est neque dmori dare ludum neque dulci 
 Mala vino lavere aut exanimari, jnetuentes 
 Patruae verbera linguae. 
 
Elements and Terms of Latin Metre. 365 
 
 COMPOSITE. 
 
 lambo-Dactylic. 
 
 37. Alcaic hendecasyllable consists of a spondee (occasionally iamb), 
 and bacchic followed by two dactyls. There is almost always a break after 
 the bacchic. It is used for the ist and 2nd lines of the alcaic stanza. It 
 might be considered as an iambic quinarius with a spondee in the third foot 
 and an anapaest in the fourth (Madvig), but looking at the character of the 
 fourth line of the stanza it is better to consider the first and second lines as 
 compounded of iambic and dactylic rhythm. The first syllable of this and 
 of the nine-syllable verse (;upr. 30) is often called auacrftsis (back-stroke). 
 
 Nee Tera virtus \ cum semel excidit 
 
 Curat reponi \ deterioribus. 
 
 Retorta tergo \ brachia libero. (Hor.) 
 
 937 lambo-Trochaic. 
 
 38. Saturnian. This is the oldest form of Latin verse, and the laws 
 of it are very uncertain, because few, and those mostly very irregular, 
 specimens are preserved. The most regular form is an iambic trimeter 
 hypercatalectic, with a spondee in the fourth foot and a break in the 
 middle of it. Or it may be considered as compounded of an iambic 
 dimeter catalectic, followed by an ithyphallic (No. 10), i. e. by three trochees. 
 But the first part was sometimes merely three feet, either spondees, iambs, 
 dactyls, or anapaests, and the last part was similarly rudely organised. 
 
 ~-|~-l~--l!-- ~ 
 
 Dabunt maluni Aletelli Naevio poetae. 
 Jmmortales mor tales si foret fas flere, 
 Plerent divae catnenae Naeviwn poetant. 
 Itaque, postqtiam est orcino traditust thesauro, 
 Obliti sunt Romae loquier lingua latina. (Naev.) 
 ? Romai 
 
 938 STANZAS or SYSTEMS OF METRE. 
 
 Some of the above-mentioned verses are merely repeated to form a 
 poem or large portion of a poem. Above all the dactylic hexameter (No. i), 
 and iambic trimeter (No. 27) are so used: less frequently the iambic scazon 
 (No. 28), trochaic tetrameter (No. 8), Phalaecian (No. 15), the lesser 
 Asclepiad (No. 19, cf. Hor. Od. I. i; in. 30; IV. 8) and the greater Ascle- 
 piad (No. 20, cf. Hor. i. ir ; 18; iv. 10) and in Seneca the lesser Sapphic 
 (No. 14) and the Glyconic (No. 17). But elegiac and lyric poets frequently 
 combine in regular order two or more kinds of verses. The following are 
 the principal composite metres (in this sense), with the components of 
 each stanza, the stanzas being repeated as often as the poet chooses. 
 
 A. Elegiac. Dactylic hexameter (No. i) and dactylic pentameter 
 (No. 6) alternately. The sense is usually (except in Catullus) not continued 
 syntactically from one couplet to the succeeding one. Ovid, except in the 
 
366 APPENDIX D. 
 
 Metamorphoses, used this metre exclusively. So also Tibullus (Books I. n.) 
 and Propertius. Catullus' elegiacs are rough. Martial wrote many poems 
 in this metre. 
 
 B. Alcaic. A stanza of four lines ; viz. two eleven-syllable (No. 37), 
 one nine-syllable (No. 30) and one ten-syllable (No. 12).. The stanza is 
 artistically composed, of two lines having iambic rhythm in the first half, 
 and dactylic rhythm in the second half; then of an iambic line; last of a 
 dactylo-trochaic. (See Hor. I. 9 and often; especially in. i 6.) 
 
 C. First Glyconic. A stanza of four lines ; viz. three glyconic (No. 17) 
 and one pherecratian (No. 16). Only in Catull. 34. 
 
 D. Second Glyconic. A stanza of five lines ; viz. four glyconic and 
 one pherecratian. Only in Catull. 61. 
 
 E. Second Asclepiad. A stanza of four lines'; viz. three lesser ascle- 
 piads (No. 19) and one glyconic (No. 17). Hor. i. 6; 15; 24; 33; n. 12; 
 in. 10; 16; iv. 5; 12. (For first asclepiad, see No. 19.) 
 
 F. Third Asclepiad. A stanza of four lines ; viz. two lesser asclepiads, 
 one pherecratian and one glyconic. Hor. i. 5; 14; 21; 43; in. 7; 13; 
 iv. 13. 
 
 G. Fourth Asclepiad. Glyconic and lesser asclepiad alternately. Hor. 
 i. 35 13; J 9! 3<5; in. 9; 15; 19; 24; 25; 28; iv. i; 3. 
 
 H. (First) Sapphic. A stanza of four lines ; viz. three (lesser) sap- 
 phics (No. 14) and an adonic (No. 4). Catull. n ; 51 ; Hor. i. 2 and often ; 
 Sen. Med. 582 sqq. ; Stat. Silv. iv. 7. 
 
 J. Second Sapphic. An aristophanic (No. 13) and greater sapphic 
 (No. 21) alternately. Only in Hor. i. 8. 
 
 K. Alcmanian. Dactylic hexameter (No. i) and dactylic tetrameter 
 alternately. Hor. I. 7; 28 ; Epod. 12. 
 
 L. First Archilochian. Dactylic hexameter and lesser archilochian 
 (No. 5) alternately. Only in Hor. iv. 7. 
 
 M. Second Archilochian. A stanza of three lines; viz. dactylic hexa- 
 meter, iambic dimeter (No. 31) and lesser archilochian (No. 5). The two 
 latter are usually considered as forming together one verse, called an 
 iambe'le'gus- But as there is no synaphia between the iambic and the 
 archilochian (whence this supposed one verse is called asynartetus, i.e. 
 not fitted together] it seems best to treat them as separate verses. (So Lam- 
 binus.) Only in Hor. Epod. 13. 
 
 N. Third Archilochian. A stanza of three lines ; viz. iambic trimeter 
 (No. 27), lesser archilochian (No. 5) and iambic dimeter (No. 31). The 
 two latter here also (as in M) are often treated as one verse and called 
 elegiambus. Only in Hor. Epod. n. 
 
 O. Fourth Archilochian. A greater archilochian (No. u) and iambic 
 trimeter catalectic (No. 29) alternately. Only in Hor. i. 4. 
 
 P. First Pythiambic. Dactylic hexameter and iambic dimeter (No. 3 1 ) 
 alternately. Only in Hor. Epod. 14, 15. 
 
 Q. Second Pythiambic. Dactylic hexameter and iambic trimeter 
 (No. 27) alternately. Only in Hor. Epod. 16. 
 
 R. Hipponactean. Trochaic dimeter catalectic (No. 9) and iambic 
 trimeter catalectic (No. 29) alternately. Only in Hor. n. 18. 
 
Elements and Terms of Latin Metre. 367 
 
 S. Second Iambic. Trimeter and dimeter acatalectic iambics alter- 
 nately. Hor. Epod. i 10 ; Martial i. 49; m. 14; ix. 77. (The so- 
 called 'first iambic' consists of trimeters.) 
 
 T. Iambic trimeter scazon (No. 28) and iambic dimeter (No. 31) 
 alternately. Only in Martial i. 61. 
 
 V. Anapaestic. Consists of a number of anapaestic dimeter acata- 
 lectics (No. 24), frequently mixed with monometers (No. 25); e.g. Sen. 
 Mcd. 790 sqq. ; Phaedr. i sqq. In Greek the set of dimeters is frequently 
 closed by a dimeter brachycatalectic (which is often immediately preceded 
 by a monometer). This closing verse from its frequently expressing a 
 proverb is often called versus paroemiacus. 
 
 X. Anacreontic consists of a number of iambic dimeter catalectics 
 (No. 32) closed by a single iambic dimeter brachycatalectic (No. 33). See 
 Sen. Mcd. 856 sqq. 
 
 APPENDIX E. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF SOME GRAMMATICAL AND 
 RHETORICAL TERMS. 
 
 939 N.B. Many of these terms being in fact Greek words of wide generic 
 
 meaning have not been applied by grammarians and rhetoricians 
 uniformly to the same class of expression. 
 
 i. GRAMMATICAL TERMS; chiefly names of grammatical figures. 
 
 Amphlbdlia, ' ambiguity ; ' e. g. aio te Romanes vincere posse where tc may 
 be subject and Romanos object ; and vice versa. 
 
 Anacdlfithdn, where a sentence is begun in one way and finished in another 
 not syntactically accordant ; e. g. Deos verisimile est ut alias indul- 
 gently s tractent for deos... alias tractare or Di...ut...tractent. 
 
 Anastr&phe, ' inversion ; ' e.g. wale quod vult for qtcod male vult ; tecum for 
 cum te ; trans tra per et remos, &c. 
 
 AphaerSsIs, ' omission ' of a letter or syllable at the beginning of a word ; 
 e.g. Us for stlis, natits for gnafus. 
 
 Apdcdps, 'cutting off,' i. e. omission of a letter or syllable at end of a word ; 
 e. g. ille for illus, me for med, vigil for vigilis. 
 
 Apdddsls, ' reply ' applied to the demonstrative or consequent or principal 
 clause ; cf. 626, 628, 629, 638, 654, &c. 
 
 940 Archaismus, use of an ' old'' or obsolete form or word or expression; e.g. 
 
 olli in Vergil for illi ; duellum in Horace for bellum. 
 Assimilatio, see 22 27. 
 Asynd6t6n, 'omission of conjunctions;' e.g. usus fructus ; sarta tecta ; inde 
 
 ventis remis in patriam properavi (Cic.). Cf. 439 b. 
 Attractio, often applied to such constructions as are referred to in 451 : 
 
 also urbem quam statuo vestra est for urbs quam, &c. 
 Barbarismus, using a faulty ' non-Latin ' word, esp. a word faultily formed ; 
 
 e. g. gladia for gladii, scala for scalae. Distinguished by relating to 
 
 a single word from soloecismus which relates to a complex of words. 
 Brachyldgia, ' shortening of expression ;' e.g. 581, 58*. 
 
368 APPENDIX E. 
 
 941 Crasls, ' union ' of two or more vowel sounds; e.g. cars for cohort, prorsus 
 
 for proversus. 
 Diaeresis, ' separation ' of one vowel sound into two ; e. g. Orpheus for 
 
 Orpheus : also the treatment of a usually consonantal v as a vowel; 
 
 e. g. sttuae for silvae. 
 Ecthllpsls, ' crushing out,' in verse of a syllable ending in m before an 
 
 ensuing vowel ; see 63. 
 Ellipsis, ' omission ' of a word syntactically required. Cf. 447, 563, 583, 
 
 &c. 
 Enallage, 'change;' i.e. putting of one case for another, applied by old 
 
 grammarians to such usages as those in 475 a, 480 and others. 
 EpenthSsIs, ' insertion ; ' e. g. of u in AZctimena for Alcmena ; p in sumpsi, 
 
 sumptum ( 29). 
 
 TTaiisrHc ( 'Graecism; ' use of a Greek form or construction, not pro- 
 perly Latin also; e.g. cf. 148, 156, &c. ; 5*8, 53, 
 540 (3)- 
 
 Hendladys, ' one by two ; ' use of two words co-ordinated instead of an ex- 
 pression in which one qualifies the other grammatically; e.g. 
 paterae et auriim for aureae patera*. See also 580. 
 
 Hypallage, ' exchange ; ' applied to such deviations from ordinary expression 
 or construction as Tyrrhenus tubae clangor for Tyrrhenae tubae 
 clangor ; arma dd Vokania for anna a dco Volcano facta, &c. 
 
 Hyperbaton, ' transgression ; ' i. e. when a considerable clause or expres- 
 sion is interpolated between two parts of a sentence mutually 
 connected in meaning; e-g. hyperboreo septem siibjecta trioni; 
 animadverti omnem accusatoris orationem in duas divisatn esse 
 paries. 
 
 Hyphen, 'union' of two words, as if by composition; e.g. non-sutor, 'one 
 who is not a tailor,' ignari ante-malorum, 'ignorant of the ills 
 before.' 
 
 943 MfitathSsIs, ' change of position;' transposition of two (or more) letters; 
 
 e.g. cretus for certus (31 d). 
 Paragoge, ' addition ; ' applied (according to a probably false theory) to the 
 
 formation of dicier from did by addition of er. But see 288. 
 ParenthSsIs, ' insertion ' of a clause into the midst of another ; e. g. si nos, 
 
 id quod maxime debet, nostra patria delectat (Cic.). The term is 
 
 generally applied to an ordinary insertion ; if unusual either from 
 
 its character or length, it is sometimes called hyperbaton. 
 Plednasmus, ' saying too much,' an unnecessary fullness of expression ; e.g. 
 
 erant otnnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus domo exire possent 
 
 (Caes.) ; sno sibi gladio hunc jugulo, ' I slay him with his own 
 
 sword to him ; ' praesensi prius. 
 Prdlepsis, 'anticipation,' applied to such use of an adjective as laceras aries 
 
 ballistave concutit arces, where the towers are lacerae from the 
 
 effects of concutit. 
 Pr6tS,sIs, 'proposal,' applied to the relative or conditional, &c. clause, cf. 
 
 650. 
 
 944 Syllepsis, 'taking together,' applied to the relation of an adjective to two 
 
 or more substantives of different genders, &c. 446. 
 
 Synaer6sis, 'contraction' of two vowels into one sound: e.g. treating 
 deinde, quoad as monosyllables ; aurec, eidcm as disyllables ; 
 ariete, tenuia as trisyllables ; cf. 43 50. Other terms are 
 synecpliQnesis and synlzesis. All three are variously distinguished 
 
Explanation of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms. 369 
 
 and applied, but most frequently used of those contractions which 
 
 are regarded as exceptional and not expressed in writing ; e. g. 
 
 44, 49, while crasis would apply to 47, 48. 
 Synaloepha, * coalescing ' of two vowels, applied to the elision in verse of 
 
 the vowel at the end of one word before a vowel beginning the 
 
 next ( 63). 
 Syncdpe, 'striking together,' applied to the omission of a vowel in the 
 
 middle of a word ; e. g. saeclum for saeculum, puertia for pueritia, 
 
 &c. Cf. 39. 
 
 Synecphonesis, ' pronouncing together, see Synaer6sis. 
 SjfnSsIs, where the construction is adapted to the ' sense ' of the word rather 
 
 than to the form ; e.g. turba ruunt ( 577)> tui'ba circumfusi fre- 
 
 mabant (Liv.) ; concursus populi mirantium (Liv.). Cf. some exx. 
 
 in 443- 
 
 Synlzesls, 'settlement together,' see Synaergsis. 
 
 945 Tmesis, 'cutting' of a compound word into two ; e.g. scptem subjecta trioni 
 for septem-trioni ; per mihi gratum feceris for per-gratum; quae 
 me cunque vacant, for quae cunqtie me ; and saxo cere comminuit 
 brum which Ennius wrote, probably mistaking cerebrum for a 
 compound. 
 
 Zeugma, 'joining,' where a verb grammatically belonging to two or more 
 substantives, is in sense appropriate to one (or to less than all); e.g. 
 te greges centum Siculaeque circum mugiunt vaccae (Hor.); where 
 'lowing' does not properly suit greges sc. ovium. Magonem alii 
 naufragio (sc. perisse), alii a servis ipsius interfectum, scriptum 
 reliquerunt (Nep.). 
 
 2. RHETORICAL TERMS (called 'figures of speech'). 
 
 S45 A113goria, a continued description of one thing in terms and in images 
 properly belonging to another ; e.g. at jam tempus equum fumantia 
 solvere colla (Verg.), of ' concluding a book.' A more detailed 
 allegory is seen in Horace's description (Od. I. 14) of the State in 
 political difficulties under the name of a ship tossed by waves. 
 Essentially allegory and metaphor are the same. 
 
 Anaphdra, ' repetition ' of the same word or grammatical form at the com- 
 mencement of several clauses ; e. g. in his templis atque tectis dux 
 Lentulus erat constitutes meis consiliis meis laboribus, mei capitis 
 periculis, sine tumultu, sine delcctu, sine armis, &c. (Cic.). 
 Cf. 79i, 5- 
 
 Antithesis, 'contrast;' e.g. ego projector, quod tu peccas ; tu delinquis, ego 
 arguor ; pro malefactis Helena redeat, virgo pcreat innocens (Erin.). 
 
 Aat6n6masia, ' substituting ' a description * for a name ; ' e. g. Tydides for 
 Diomedes ; eversor Karthaginis for Scipio. 
 
 Apdsiopesls, ' breaking into silence' after a sentence or subject has been 
 begun; e.g. Quos ego scd motos praestat componere Jluctus (Verg. 
 A. r. 135). 
 
 947 ApostrSphe, 'turning away' to address some person, or thing, who is 
 absent or at least not the proper object of address at the time ; 
 e.g. o leges Porciae legesqtie Semproniae (Cic.) ; Citae Ivlettuin in 
 diversa quadrigae distulerant : at tu dictis, Albane, inanercs 
 (Verg.). 
 
 Catachresls, a ' wrong use ' of a term either to supply the place of a non- 
 existing word, e.g. parricida for the murderer of a brother ; or to 
 
 I,. G. 24 
 
37 
 
 APPENDIX E. 
 
 put a different aspect on a case ; e. g. virtus for temeritas, libera- 
 litas for luxuria, &c. 
 
 CMasmtts, 'making a (Greek) X,' i.e. 'crossing,' where a second and cor- 
 responding set of words are stated in inverse order to that of the 
 first set ; e.g. multa quae nostra causa non f admits, facimus causa 
 amicorum (Cic.). Cf. 791, 4. 
 
 Climax (or gradatio), a series of words or expressions each stronger than 
 the preceding : nihil agis, nihil moliris, nihil cogitas, quod ego 
 non modo audiam, sed etiam videam planeque scntiam (Cic.). See 
 also the first ex. in 537 a. 
 
 Enallage, ' change,' i.e. use of a more general word for a specific word : 
 e.g. Poenus for Hannibal, urbs for Roma. 
 
 948 Epexegesls, 'additional explanation,' applied to such usages as habere in 
 
 loricam donat habere viro (Verg.), or to the subordinate clause in 
 pacem. amicitiamque hortatus est, ut cum rege in gratiam rediret 
 (Nep.), &c. 
 
 Homoe6t81eut6n, ' like ending ' of several clauses ; e. g. in muros statim 
 curritur^ exercitus a soclis accersitur, dilectusjuuentuti demmtiatur ; 
 neminem, alteri posse dare in malrimonium nisi penes quern sit 
 patrimonium. 
 
 HSmonymia, ' applicability of same word to different things ;' such words 
 are called hdmonyma ; e.g. taurus maybe an animal, a moun- 
 tain, a constellation, name of man or root of tree. (So Quintilian.) 
 
 HyperbSle, ' exaggeration ; ' e. g. gemini minantur in caelum scopuli 
 (Verg.); or the description of Camilla's swiftness in last ex. of 
 642. 
 
 Hyst6r6n pr6tSr6n, ' putting the former later,' of an inversion in expres- 
 sions of the proper order in thought or fact; e.g. moriamur et 
 in arma ruamus (Verg.). 
 
 949 Ironla, 'dissimulation,' when the thing that is said is, or suggests, the con- 
 
 trary of that which is meant; e.g. in balneis delitiierunt : testis 
 cgregios! dein temere prosiluerunt ; homines temperantis! (Cic. 
 Caec. 26) ; meque timoris argue tu, Drance, quando tot stragis 
 acervos Teucrorum tua dextra dedit (Verg.). (Cf. 653 and many 
 sentences with quasi (690).) 
 
 LItdtbS, ' plainness,' used of a self-depreciatory mode of speaking ; e. g. non 
 nego instead of aio ; non indoctus for doctus, &c. 
 
 MStaphdra (or translatio), 'transference ' of a term from its proper subject 
 to another : frequently the application of a physical or concrete 
 term to a mental or abstract subject; e.g. sitiunt segetes, asper 
 homo ('rough,' i.e. ' ill-tempered '); incensus ira, 'fired with 
 rage ; ' eloquentiae fiilmina, &c. It differs from allegory only by be- 
 ing less sustained, and by being worked into the discourse instead 
 of being an independent fable. Almost all language is metaphor, 
 more or less vivid and conscious. 
 
 M6t5nymia, ' change of name, ' applied to such expressions as Neptumts for 
 'sea ; ' Vitlcanus for 'fire ; ' Ceres for ' corn ;' bene moratae urbes for 
 bene morati tirbis cives ; Graecia for Gracci ; Vergilius for carmina 
 Vergili ; proximus ardet Ucalegon, where Ucalegon is for 'Uca- 
 legon's house.' 
 
 On6m3,t6poeia, 'name making,' in modern writers applied only to making 
 names from the sounds which they are to denote ; e. g. ulula, 
 ' howler;' murmur ; clangor ; hirrire (of a dog snarling), &c. 
 
 950 OxymorSn, 'pointedly foolish,' applied to such expressions as insaniens 
 
Explanation of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms. 371 
 
 sapientia ; strenua inertia ; splendid? mendax : et absentes adsunt et 
 
 egcntes abundant et imbecilli valent et, quod difficilius dictu est, 
 
 inortui vivunt (Cic. Lael. 7). 
 Pardndmasia (adnominatio), 'playing upon a word/ 'punning; ' e.g. consul 
 
 ipse parvo animo et pravo, facie magis qtiam facetiis ridiculus (Cic. ). 
 
 Inceptio est amentium haud amantium (Ter.). Praetor iste vel 
 
 potius praedo sociorum. Cui quod libet, hoc licet. 
 PSriphrasIs, ' roundabout expression,' ' circumlocution ; ' e. g. fac discas for 
 
 disce ; vos oratos volo for vos oro ; Scipionis providentia Kartha- 
 
 ginis opesfregit for Scipio Karthaginem fregit. 
 Prdsopdpoeia, ' personification ; ' e. g. crudelitatis mater avaritiast, pater 
 
 furor. Si patria mea loquatur, ' M. Tulli, quid agis?' 1 (Cic.) Ex- 
 
 templo Libyae magnas it Fama per urbcs (Verg.). See Verg. Aen. 
 
 vi. 273281. 
 Synecddche, when the whole is 'understood along with' (i. e. under the name 
 
 of) '# part ;' e.g. puppis for navis ; tectum for domus ; mucro or 
 
 ferrum for gladius ; &c. 
 
 951 Sdloecismus, i.e. grammatical blunder in matters of syntax; Quintilian in- 
 
 stances non feceris for ne feccris ( 668) ; hie aut z'//^for hie an ille; 
 eo intus and intro sum for eo intra and intus sum. See Barba- 
 rismus. 
 
 S^nonymia, ' using different words or expressions for same meaning ; ' e. g. 
 nonferam^ non patiar, non sinam (Cic.). Words of same mean- 
 ing are called synonyma ; e. g. gladius with ensis ; scutum with 
 clipeus ; mare vtithpontus, &c. 
 
 Taut616gla, ' repetition of the same thing ; ' sometimes used as identical with 
 synonymia ; sometimes applied to repetitions of the same word ; 
 e. g. non solum igitur illud judicium judicii simile, judices, non fuit 
 (Cic.). Nam cujus rationis ratio non exstat, ei rationi ratio non 
 est Jidem habere (Cornif.). 
 
 952 It is important to bear in mind that these terms are only short modes of 
 referring to certain (or uncertain) classes of usages, and the sphere of this 
 application is different in different writers. Whether the usages are legiti- 
 mate or proper depends on the context and the occasion and on general 
 considerations of intelligibility, good sense, vigorous expression, propriety, 
 habit of speakers and writers and the like, and does not depend at all on 
 there being a name for the usage. A name confers no licence, and a gram- 
 matical or rhetorical figure is a name of a fact, not of a law. The mode in 
 which these figures are spoken of in old writers (e.g. ' This is by metonymy,' 
 &c.) might mislead a student to attribute to them some inherent worth or 
 authority. 
 
 242 
 
372 APPENDIX F. 
 
 APPENDIX F. 
 
 PRINCIPAL (EXTANT) LATIN AUTHORS. 
 
 Prae- Ciceronian Age. 
 
 933 Cn. Naevius, a Latin of Campania, d. 199 B.C. Dramatic and epic 
 poems; only fragments extant. 
 
 T. Maceius Plautus, b. 254 B.C. at Sassina in Umbria, d. 184 B.C. 
 Comedies, 20 of which are extant, many being written 201 189 B. c. 
 
 Q. Ennlus, b. 239 B.C. at Rudiae in Calabria, d. 169 B.C. Poems 
 epic and dramatic; only fragments extant. 
 
 M. Porcius Cato (Censorinus), b. 234 B.C. at Tusculum, d. 149 B.C. 
 History, speeches, and treatise on farming; this treatise and fragments 
 extant. 
 
 054 P. Tgrentius, b. 185 B.C. at Carthage; d. 159 B.C. Six comedies; all 
 preserved. 
 
 L. Attius (or Accius), b. 170 B.C., d. cir. 94 B.C. Tragedies and 
 other poems-; fragments only extant. 
 
 C. Lucilius, b. 148 B.C. at Suessa Aurunca in Campania, d. 103 B.C. 
 Satires ; only fragments extant. 
 
 953 Golden Age. (A) Ciceronian. 
 
 Cornlflcius, probable name of the author of a treatise on rhetoric 
 addressed to C. Herennius and printed with Cicero's works. Possibly 
 Q. Cornificius trib. pi. 69 B.C. 
 
 M. Terentius Varro, b. 116 B.C. at Reate, d. 27 B.C. Antiquarian 
 and grammatical writings ; satires, partly in verse ; a treatise on farming. 
 Extant: part of a work on the Latin language (written cir. 43 B.C.), and 
 the treatise de re rustica (written 37 B. C.) : fragments only of others. 
 
 M. Tullius ClcSro, b. 106 B.C. at Tusculum, d. 43 B. c. Speeches, 
 treatises on rhetoric and philosophy, and private letters. 58 speeches 
 (some mutilated), most of the treatises and many letters are extant. Speeches 
 from 8 j B. c ; treatises from 55 B.C., except a work on rhetoric written in 
 his youth ; letters from 68 B. c. all reaching nearly to his death. Frag- 
 ments only of his poems extant. 
 
 Q. Tullius Cicero, b. 102 B.C., d. 43 B.C. A short political essay 
 de petition* consulates : extant (with his brother's writings). 
 
 C. Julius Caesar, b. 100 B.C., d. 44 B.C. Speeches, history, treatises 
 on astronomy and grammar ; only histories (or rather notes for history) of 
 his own campaigns extant. 
 
 A. Hirtius, d. 43 B.C., wrote 8th book of Caesar de Bella Gallico, 
 and Bellum Alexandrinum : both extant, printed with Caesar. 
 
 Cornelius NSpos, b. 104 to 94 B.C. near the Po, d. after 32 B.C. His- 
 tory in the form of biographies : some extant. 
 
 T. Lucretius Cams, b. 98 B.C., d. 55 B.C. Philosophical poem: 
 extant. 
 
 C. Valerius Catullus, b. 87 B.C. at Verona, d. 54 B.C. Poems, 
 of varied character ; epic, lyric, occasional : extant. 
 
Principal Latin Authors. 373 
 
 Publilius Syrus of Antioch, cir. 45 B. c. Minaes. Extant a collection 
 of proverbial lines extracted from them. 
 
 C. Sallustius Crispus, b, 87 B.C. at Amiternum, d. 34 B.C. History. 
 Extant : histories of wars with Catiline and with Jugurtha, and some 
 speeches from the other histories. 
 
 956 M. Caelius M. F. Rflfus b. 85 82 B.C., d. cir. 48 B.C. Speeches. 
 Some lively letters to Cicero are -extant, forming Book viil. of Cic. ad 
 
 Familiares. 
 
 Among other correspondents of Cicero, several of whose letters have 
 come to us with Cicero's, are L. Munatius Plancus (Cic. ad Fam. Book 
 x.); C. Asinius Pollio (same Book) ; D. Brutus (Book XL); C. Cassius 
 (Book xii.) ; P. Lentulus (ibid.); M. Junius Brutus (Cic. Epist. ad 
 M. Bmturri). One or two letters also occur from C. JuL Caesar, Cn. 
 Pompeius, M. Porcius Cato, M. Antonius, M. Lepidus, Q. Metel- 
 lusNepos, Matius, Caecina, Cicero films. 
 
 (B) Augustan. 
 
 057 P. Vergllius Maro, b. 70 B.C. at Andes near Mantua, d. 19 B.C. 
 Rural and epic poems, viz. Bucolica (B.C. 41 38) ; Georgica (B.C. 37 30); 
 Aeneis (begun cir. B. c. 26 ; left unfinished at his death) : all extant. Some 
 other smaller poems, partly satirical, which have been ascribed to him, are 
 extant. 
 
 Q. HSratius Flaccus, b. 65 B.C. at Venusia, d. 8 B. c. Poems lyrical 
 and satirical or didactic ; partly in the form of epistles ; all extant. 
 
 T. LIvius, b. 59 B.C. at Patavium, d. 17 A. D. History of Rome from 
 the foundation of the city to the death of Drusus (9 B.C.), in 142 books of 
 .which 35 books (viz. I x. xx XLV) only are extant. 
 
 Albius TIbullus, b. cir. 54 B.C., d. 19 B.C. Poems chiefly amatory. 
 Other poems are printed with Tibullus', especially those of 
 
 Lygdamus, b. cir. 43 B.C. Amatory poems. 
 
 Sextus Prdpertius, b. cir. 49 B.C. inUmbria, d. after 16 B.C. Poems 
 chiefly amatory ; all extant. 
 
 L. Annaeus S6n6ca (the father), b. cir. 54 B. c. at Corduba, d. cir. 
 38 A. D. Wrote in old age reminiscences and specimens of the exercises 
 of rhetorical schools, called Suasoriae and Controversies; partly extant. 
 (Often called Seneca Rhetor to distinguish him from his son.) 
 
 Vitruvius Pollio, cir. 14 B.C. Wrote a work on Architecture, still 
 extant. 
 
 P. Ovldius Naso, b. 43 B.C. at Sulmo, d. 17 A. D. Poems amatory 
 (B.C. 14 i A. D.) mythological and antiquarian (A. D. 2 8) and elegiac 
 (A.D. 9 1 6) all extant. A tragedy which he wrote is not extant. 
 
 Gratius. Poem on hunting; extant probably only in part. 
 
 Manilius. Poem on astronomy written about the end of Augustus' 
 reign ; extant. 
 
 Silver Age. (A) Age of S:neca. 
 
 951 T. Claudius Caesar Germanicus, b. 15 B. c., d. 18 A. D. Translation 
 in hexameters of Aratus' poem on the constellations. 
 
 M. Velleius Paterciilus, a soldier before i A. D., d. after 30 A.D. 
 Roman history ; a short work mainly extant. 
 
374 APPENDIX" F. 
 
 Valerius Maxlmus, cir. 30 A.D. Wrote collection of anecdotes, 
 all or almost all extant. 
 
 A. Cornelius Celsus, time of Tiberius. Practical treatises on various 
 arts ; work on medicine extant. 
 
 Phaedrus (freedman of Augustus). Fables in verse ; mainly extant. 
 
 L. Annaeus S6n6ca (the son), b. cir. 4 B.C., d. 65 A. D. Philosophy 
 and tragedies ; both largely extant. 
 
 Q. Curtius, Rufus, time of Claudius. History of Alexander the Great ; 
 not wholly extant. 
 
 L. Junius MddSratus Cdlumella, of Gades, time between Celsus and 
 Plinius major. Treatise on farming, in twelve books (one in verse); all 
 extant. 
 
 Q. Asconius PSdianus, cir. 3 88 A.D. Notes on Cicero's speeches, 
 partly preserved. 
 
 Pomponius Mela of Tingentera in Spain, time of Claudius. Geography; 
 extant. 
 
 A. Persius Flaccus, b. at Volaterra 34 A.D., d. 62 A.D. Satirical 
 poetry; extant. 
 
 M. Annaeus Luc anus, b. 39 A.D. , d. 65 A. D. Poem on war between 
 Pompey and Caesar called Pharsalia ; extant. 
 
 Petronius Arbiter, time of Nero. Romance; extant in large frag- 
 ments, chiefly in prose, but partly in verse. 
 
 Calpurnius, time of Nero. Bucolic poetry ; extant. 
 
 959 (B) Age of Quint Ulan. 
 
 C. Plinius Secundus (the elder), b. 23 A.D., d. 79 A.D. History, 
 Grammar, Natural History; extant only Natural History in 37 books. 
 
 C. Valerius Flaccus, d. before 90 A. D. Epic poem on Argonautic 
 expedition ; extant. 
 
 C. Sllius Itallcus, b. 25 A.D., d. 101 A.D. Epic poem on 2nd Punic 
 War. Extant. 
 
 P. Papinius Statius, b. at Naples cir. 45 A.D., d. 96 A.D. Poems 
 epic and occasional. Extant: Thebais cir. 8092 A. D. ; Acldllcis (un- 
 finished) and Silvae written in the last years of his life. 
 
 M. Valerius Martialis, b. at Bilbilis in Spain cir. 42 A. D., d. cir. 
 102 A.D. Epigrams in verse; extant. 
 
 M. Fabius Quintllianus, b. at Calagurris in Spain, cir. 35 A.D., 
 d. cir. 95 A. D. Treatise on rhetoric ; extant. 
 
 Sex. Julius Frontlnus, b. cir. 40 A.D., d. cir. 103 A.D. Military and 
 engineering works. Extant : treatise on Roman aqueducts, and anecdotes 
 of military tactics, and fragments. 
 
 930 (C) Age of Tacitus. 
 
 Cornelius Tacitus, b. cir. 54 A.D., d. cir. 119 A.D. Rhetoric and 
 later Roman history. Extant : a considerable part of the history, a life of 
 Julius Agricola and a description of Germany. A dialogue ' de oraioribits ' 
 is attributed to him, but its very different style from that of the other 
 works of Tacitus makes this attribution doubtful. 
 
 C. Plinius Caecllius Secundus (the younger), b. at Comum 62 A.D., 
 d. 1 13 A. D. Letters (published by himself) and a panegyrical speech. Extant. 
 
Principal Latin Authors. 
 
 375 
 
 D. Junius JiivSnalis, b. at AquTnum cir. 67 A.D., d. cir. 147 A.D. 
 (So according to Friedlander. Usually put 20 years earlier.) Satires; 
 extant. 
 
 Velius Longus, time of Trajan. Grammatical treatises, one of which 
 is extant. 
 
 Hyginus, time of Trajan. Landsurveying ; partly extant. 
 
 C. Suetonius Tranquillus, b. cir. 75 A.D., d. cir. 160 A.D. Biogra- 
 phical, antiquarian and grammatical writings. Partly extant, principally 
 the Lives of the Caesars, written cir. 120 A. D 
 
 APPENDIX G. 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 For abbreviations of money , see 178, 181, of date, 917, 918. 
 
 (i) First names (Praenomina). 
 
 A. 
 
 App. 
 
 V->. 
 
 Cn. 
 
 D. 
 
 K. 
 
 L. 
 
 M. 
 
 AY- 
 
 Aulus. 
 
 Appius. 
 
 Gaius. 
 
 Gnaeus. 
 
 Decimus. 
 
 Kaeso. 
 
 Lucius. 
 
 Marcus. 
 
 Manius. 
 
 Mam. 
 
 Mamercus. 
 
 N. or Num. 
 
 Numerius. 
 
 P. 
 
 Publius. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Qvintus. 
 
 S. or Sex. 
 
 Sextus. 
 
 Sen 
 
 Servius. 
 
 S. or Sp. 
 
 Spurius. 
 
 T. 
 
 Titus. 
 
 Ti. 
 
 Tiberius. 
 
 Women's names are expressed by inverted characters ; as, Q for Gaia. 
 
 CES. or CENS. 
 Cos. 1 
 D. 
 DES. 
 F. 
 
 IMP. 
 LEG. 
 
 L. or LIB. 
 MAG. 
 N. 
 P. C. 
 P. M. 
 PR. 
 
 PR.oc.0r PRO. 
 Cos. 
 
 PRO. PR. 
 PROQ. 
 P. R. 
 
 Q. 
 
 (2) Titles of Persons, &>c. 
 Censor or Censores. QUIR. 
 Consul or Consules. RESP. 
 Divus. R. P. P. R. Q. 
 
 Designatus. 
 
 Filius. S. 
 
 Imperator. S. P. Q. R. 
 
 Legatus. 
 
 Libertus, Liberta. S. P. P. Q. R. 
 Magister. 
 
 Nepos. TR. MIL. 
 
 Patres Conscript!. TR. PL. 
 Pontifex Maximus. TR. POT. 
 Praetor, 0rPraetores. X. V. 
 Pro consule, i.e. Pro- X. VIR. STL. 
 
 consul. JUDIK. 
 
 Propraetor. 
 
 Proqvaestor. XV. V. S. F. 
 
 Populus Romanus. 
 Qvaestor. 
 
 Qvirites. 
 
 Eespublica. 
 
 Respublica Populi Ro- 
 man! Qviritium. 
 
 Servus. 
 
 Senatus Populusque 
 Romanus. 
 
 Senatus Populus Ple- 
 besque Romana. 
 
 Tribunus Militum. 
 
 Tribunus Plebis. 
 
 Tribunicia Potestate. 
 
 Decemvir(um) 2 . 
 
 Decemvir(um) stliti- 
 bus (i.e. litibus) 
 judicandis. 
 
 Qvindecimviri sacris 
 faciundis. 
 
 1 Not until 3rd cent. p. Chr. was cons, used ; in Diocletian's time be- 
 gan the custom of doubling the 8 (e.g. conss.) to denote the plural 
 (Mommsen). 
 
 2 Descriptive genitive; *of,' i.e. 'one of the ten commissioners.' 
 
APPENDIX G. 
 
 The name of the tribe to which a person belonged is sometimes added 
 to the name in an abbreviated form ; thus, Pup. for Pupinia ; Qvi. or 
 Qvir. for Qvirina. See 512, and Caelius' letter in Cic. Epist. ad Fam. 
 vni. 8, 5. 
 
 (3) 
 
 Pis Manibus Sacrum. 
 De sua pecunia. 
 
 D. M. S. 
 
 D. S. P. 
 
 F. C. Faciendum curavit. 
 
 H. C. E. Hie conditus est. 
 
 Sepulchral. 
 
 H. S. E. 
 OB. 
 P. C. 
 V. 
 
 (4) In "voting on trials. 
 
 A. Absolve. 
 
 C. Condemno. 
 
 N. L. Non liquet. 
 
 A. P. 
 V. R. 
 
 Hie situs est. 
 
 Obiit. 
 
 Ponendum curavit. 
 
 Vixit. 
 
 In voting on laws. 
 
 Antiquam (legem) probo. 
 Uti rogas. 
 
 (5) Epistolary. 
 
 D. Data (est epistola). 
 
 S. D. Salutem dicit. 
 
 S. P. D. Salutem plurimam dicit. 
 
 S, Salutem (dicit). 
 
 S. V. B. E. E. V. Si vales, bene est : ego valeo. 
 
 S. T. E. Q. V. B. E. E. Q. V. Si tu exercitusque valetis beno 
 
 est : ego quoque valeo. 
 S- V. G. V. Si vales gaudeo. Valeo. 
 
 (6) In decrees of the Senate. 
 
 D. E. R. I. C. De ea re ita censuerunt. 
 
 I. N. Intercessit nemo. Scr. arf. Scribendo arfuerunt (i.e. adfuerunt). 
 
 S. C. Senatus consultum. V. F. Verba fecit. 
 
 A. U. C. 
 
 D. D. 
 DD. 
 
 D. D. D. 
 F. F. F. 
 
 (7) Miscellaneous. 
 
 Anno urbis conditae. ITER. Iterum. 
 Dono dedit. L. Libertas. 
 
 Dederunt. 
 Dat, dicat, dedicat. 
 
 Felix, faustum, fortuna- 
 tuni. 
 
 L. 
 
 M. P. Mille passuum. 
 
 Q. B. F. F. Q. S. Quod bonum felix 
 
 faustumque sit (cf. 666). 
 
 HS (for IIS, i.e. duo + semis) sestertius ( 910). 
 
 A.C. 
 
 A.D. 
 
 A.M. 
 
 a.C.n, 
 
 p.C.n, 
 
 Anno Christ! . 
 Anno Domini. 
 Anno mundi. 
 
 "" .' Christum natum. 
 post \ 
 
 c. caput, capitis, &c. (chapter}. 
 cet. cetera. 
 
 cf. confer, or, conferatur. 
 Cod., Codd. Codex, Codices. 
 
 (8) Modern Latin. 
 
 coll. coUato, or, collatis. 
 
 comp. or cp. compara, or, compa- 
 
 retur. 
 
 del. dele, or, deleatur. 
 D. O. M. Deo optimo maximo. 
 ed., edd. editio, editiones. 
 e.g. exempli gratia, 
 etc. or &c. et cetera, 
 h. e. noc est. 
 
Abbreviations, 377 
 
 I. C. Jesus Christus. N.B. Nota bene. 
 
 Ictus. Juris consultus. N. T. Novum Testamentum. 
 
 ibid, ibidem. obs. observa, or, observetur. 
 
 id. idem. P. S. Postscriptum. 
 
 i. e. id est. q. v. quern, or quod, vide. 
 
 i. q. id quod. sc. scilicet. 
 
 L. or Lib., Libb. Liber, Libri. sq., sqq. sequent!, sectuentibus. 
 
 L. B. Lectori Benevolo. s. v. sub voce. 
 
 1. c. loco citato. vid. vide. 
 
 1.1. loco laudato. viz. videlicet. 
 
 leg. lege, or, legatur. v. versus, versum, &c. 
 
 L. S. Locus Sigilli. v.c. verbi causa. 
 
 MS., MSS. Manuscriptum (or Manu-V. eel. Vir celeberrimus. 
 
 scriptus, sc. liber), Manuscripta, V. cl. Vir clarissimus. 
 
 or manuscript!. V. T. Vetus Testamentum. 
 
TRANSLATION OF EXAMPLES IN SYNTAX. 
 
 [The figures relate to the sections.] 
 
 439. They will compare Veil, Fidenae, Collatia, Aricia, Tusculum with 
 Caere, Teanum, Neapolis, Puteoli, Nuceria. You gave no answer to your 
 fellow-citizens, none to your allies, none to kings: no assertion was made 
 by the verdict of judges, by the votes of the people, by the authority of the 
 body before me : before your eyes was a dumb forum, a voiceless senate-house, 
 a silent and downcast state. 441 (a). He unites his two daughters to 
 
 the royal youths Lucius and Arruns Tarquin. Publius and Servius Sulla. 
 Tlbe'rius and Gaius Gracchus. Pet Tullia, my little darling, is clamorous 
 for your present. O philosophy guide of life, O thou that ever seekest for 
 virtue and drivest vices forth. This is the war, Porsinna, which we 
 Roman youths proclaim against you. The name of that disease is avarice. 
 
 441 (b). This city is Rome. Caesar was created consul. Caesar may 
 be (be created, propose a law in his capacity of,) consul. Gaius Junius 
 dedicated when dictator the temple, which he had vowed when consul, and 
 had ordered when censor to be built. Dolabella having been decreed 
 yesterday to be an enemy, war must be carried on. Could I make Cilicia 
 into Aetolia or Macedonia? A good-for-nothing and an idler is Davus : 
 you on the other hand are spoken of as a fine and clever judge of the old 
 masters. The arrival of Philotimus what a fellow that is ! such a fool and 
 for ever telling lies for Pompey took away all our breath. This man's 
 name also is Menaechmus. The boy had the name of Needson given him 
 from his poverty. We caught a sight of your heart, a simpleminded fellow. 
 
 443. The learned are of opinion. Sweets delight. What is this? 
 To whom did he give the purchase money? whence did he get it, and 
 how much was it he gave? I am a timid man. I am a timid woman. 
 They are timid women. Death then is a wretched thing, since it is an 
 evil thing. That is just what I think, that the good are blessed, the 
 villainous are wretched. Flattery is unworthy not merely of a friend but 
 even of a freeman. Toil and pleasure, things most unlike by nature, are 
 joined to one another by a kind of natural fellowship. Leisure and riches, 
 which mortals count the first things. The heads of that conspiracy were (men) 
 beaten with rods and struck with axes. A grievous thing is a wolf to the 
 folds. An uncertain and ever changeable creature is woman. 444. A 
 
 young man, an agnate (a relative through males ; cp. App. C), a friend, 
 a living creature, an infant, a youth, a married man, an intimate, a rustic, 
 a serpent (a crawling he or she\ a fellow, &c. A convenience, a decree, 
 a saying, a deed, fate (an uttered thing), a prodigy, an agreement, a sin, 
 an answer, a secret, truth, a vow, &c. 445. This empty affair was 
 
 presently the cause of a real disaster. I restore to you that law of 
 Acilius', by which law many have been condemned after one statement of 
 the case. 446. All lands and seas. Lands and seas all. To man's 
 
 service we see all lands and seas obedient. 447. The African (wind); 
 
Translation of Examples in Syntax. 379 
 
 hoary (hairs) ; the (games) of the circus; a birth(day); the setting (sun, i.e. 
 the west) ; the Seventh (month, i.e. September) ; the sesterce (coin of two and 
 a half pounds). Africa (the land of the Afri); lamb (flesh) ; Appius' (road) ; 
 arithmetic (the art of numeration) ; hot (water) ; a tithe (tenth part) ; right 
 (hand); a wild (beast); the Latin (festival); father- (land); a bordered 
 (gown); the main (thing); a three-oar (ship), i.e. with three ranks of oars. 
 An estate at Cumae; Falernian (wine); neat (wine); winter-, settled, quar- 
 ters. To play the first (parts); to drink cold (water). 448. True 
 friendships are (friendships) for ever, /hand over to you a kingdom, strong 
 if you be good, weak if you be evil. 449. They are called in their own 
 tongue Kelts, in ours Gauls. The wings (tend) in different directions, 
 the right tends towards the camp of the Samnites, the left towards the city. 
 450. The envoys came to Caesar : he sent them back immediately. 
 That fatherland is the first (to us in dearness, i. e.) in our affections, for which 
 we ought to die, and to which we ought to devote ourselves wholly, and in 
 which we ought to place all that is ours. For myself I was never brought 
 to such great hopes by your letters as I was by those of others. Sternness in 
 old age I approve, but, like other things, in bounds. The place on to which 
 the Enetans and the Trojans first disembarked is called Troy. 451. 
 That they used to think was riches, that was good reputation, and great 
 rank. What among others is called passionateness, in a despotism is named 
 haughtiness and cruelty. There was no doubt that the Roman should 
 bring succour to the people of Luceria ; the only matter for deliberation 
 was the road ( 490) they should take. Pompey the father who was a light 
 to the empire of the Roman people having been extinguished, his son, the 
 very copy of the father, was put to death. 452. It is only to the wise 
 man that it happens to do nothing unwillingly, or in pain, or under com- 
 pulsion. Marius who was previously set against the nobility, then presses 
 them much and fiercely. Active make for the forum in the morning and 
 at (i.e. not before) eventide your house. Appius from that day maintained 
 the obstinacy from of old hereditary in his family by holding the censor- 
 ship alone. 455. Milo was present. Pompey spoke. The gates are 
 thrown open. Knowest thou not? Take then your crook. Guilt falls to 
 prayers, the innocent to wrath. It is the facts, the time, the risks, poverty, 
 the splendid spoils of war, more than my words that urge you. Whence 
 and whither wends Catius? 456. Lo, Priam (is here). Ha, Cris- 
 pinus again. Ha, two letters from Varro. There's a crime, there's a 
 cause for a runaway (slave), to put a king on his trial. 457. Hail, my 
 soul. O dear Clinia, hail. Mother, I call on thee. Keep not thy wrath, 
 great priestess: Go, our glory, go. O Corydon, Corydon, what madness 
 seized you ? You, mounds and groves of Alba, you, I say, I implore. Pollio, 
 thee, Messalla, with thy brother, and you too, Bibulus and Servius, and with 
 them thee, bright Furnius, I deliberately pass over. 459. Caesar 
 advanced a three days' journey. A wall ten feet high. He is a thousand 
 paces from Utica. One ought not to swerve a nail's breadth from a right 
 conscience. Caesar pitches his camp three thousand paces from the camp 
 of the Helvetii. 460. Through the nights he kept watch till actual 
 morning, the whole of the day he used to snore. Now for a year you have 
 been attending Cratippus' lectures. Nor will he be of this mind all his 
 life. Sextus Roscius, forty years old. 461. Somewhat we have aided, 
 the Rutulians. What hurt do those things of yours do me? One feeling 
 have you all, one desire. Sweetly smiling, sweetly speaking Lalage will I 
 love. Rough, bitter-looking, back he retreats. Do I already seem to you 
 to be living a long life ? Let me, I pray thee, first rage this rage of mine. 
 
383 Translation of Examples in Syntax. 
 
 I have served a slavery to thy commands, my father. 462. In face and 
 
 shoulders like a God. And she stands with her side pierced ( 471, i) with 
 a javelin, stands wounded in the breast. The women clothe themselves in 
 linen robes, leaving their arms bare to the shoulders (bare as to their fore- 
 arms and arms above elbow). Anxious on behalf of the general. They 
 live mainly on milk and cattle. 463. Far across the Tiber he lies (ill) 
 
 near Caesar's gardens. Hannibal threw his forces across the Ebro. The 
 Belgae crossed the Rhine of old. He keeps his army as near as possible to 
 the enemy. He himself nearer the mountain places his troops. 464. 
 
 He went away (into Sicily to Syracuse, i.e.) to Syracuse in Sicily. We came 
 to Leucas : thence we had a splendid voyage to Corcyra. Write to your 
 home. The old man buried himself in the country. Exiled by fate he 
 came to Italy and the Lavinian shores. The army was ordered to assemble 
 at Aquilonia. He received a matron into his house. 465. He went to 
 
 Tarquinii, a large city of Etruria. 466. They come to look, they come 
 
 to be looked at themselves. Maecenas goes to play, I and Vergil to take 
 some sleep. I was engaged just now to cook, not to be thrashed. Is 
 she given in marriage to Pamphilus to-day? 467. He went off to 
 
 take service with the king in Sicily (unto Sicily to the king to fight). 
 He flies to the Beaks (i.e. the place of addi'essing the Romans). He forced 
 him to an arbitration (to an arbitrator). 468. Not woods nor rivers, 
 
 'tis the country she loves and boughs bearing prolific fruits. Cervius in 
 wrath is ever threatening (folk) with the laws and ballot box. Ware dog. 
 I returned thanks. He gives me words (instead of money, i.e. cheats me). 
 469. He blushed before the rights and honour of the suppliant (i.e. He 
 respected the rights of the suppliant who appealed to his honour). The 
 woods reecho ' Beautiful Amaryllis.' He begged him to dance (in the 
 character of) the shepherd Cyclops. Even now with the tribuneship 
 on his lips he seeks an opportunity for sedition. 470. I did not 
 
 conceal from you the language of Titus Ampius. I was the first whom the 
 tribune asked his opinion. The Latin legions had been taught Roman 
 warfare by their long alliance. 471. The old man rises and wraps his 
 
 limbs in the cloak. This youth having his temples girt with pure bay. At 
 length having her spirit glutted, at length having avenged her hard griefs. 
 Boys having their satchel and board hanging on their left arm. Having 
 put on robes girt back, barefoot, with hair thrown upon her bare 
 shoulders. 472. O too happy tillers of the soil, if they did but know their 
 blessings. What a wretched guard was yours, Gnaeus Plancius ! what a 
 tearful watch ! what bitter nights ! what an unfortunate post to guard my life 
 too ! On your honour, gods (I appeal to your honour); (you see) a man lost 
 and wretched. Lo four altars ! behold two for thee, Daphnis, two (altars), 
 high altars, for Phoebus. Whence (can I get) me a stone? But what is the 
 good of riches collected by such torments? 474 (a). You plough for 
 
 yourself, you harrow for yourself, you sow for yourself, for yourself also 
 will you reap. Whither my books have been allowed to go, I am not 
 allowed to go. He says to Cleomenes : I will spare you only. When I 
 married you, my torch was a hurt to none. What wished I for my wretched 
 self? Keep your things to yourself (a formula tised in divorces). What 
 presents will you give Nisus worthy of him? The excellent father smiled 
 to him. 474 (b). I put in to unknown (shores), having escaped from 
 
 my brother and the sea. Life is taken from the young by force, from the 
 old by ripe age. Cassius was being put to direct the fires, Cethegus the 
 slaughter. Thou who art lord to me art a wretched slave to others. Ward 
 off the solstice from the herd. 474 (c)> Everything is made more like a 
 
Translation of Examples in Syntax. 381 
 
 camp than a city. A grievous thing is a wolf to the folds, showers to the 
 ripe corn. 475. From thee is the start: for thee (i.e. when I have 
 
 reached thee) will I leave off. Leaning on a taper olive thus began Damon. 
 We (men) put loads on certain beasts, ive put yokes. The Samnites kept 
 riding up to the rampart. 476. Caesar had everything to do at once. 
 
 Each must use his own judgment. Who has not heard of Demosthenes' 
 sleepless nights? To many good men he left tears when he died, to none 
 move tears than thee. Land is before thy eyes, before ours are the waters. 
 477. To himself Damocles seemed a fortunate man. Blest to me is the 
 land in which thou wert born. To a longing mind nothing is done speedily 
 enough. To those who confess the truth, it was the broadacres that ruined 
 Italy. 478. This was their two days' warservice for you. But, you must 
 know, of a sudden came Caninius to me in the morning. There's a youth 
 for you, the copy and likeness of myself. 479. Know you not then 
 
 that kings have long arms? It is always so in a state; those who have no 
 wealth envy the good (i.e. the nobler). What is the good of fortune to me 
 if I am not allowed to use it (Quo mihi with accus. not nom. perhaps for 
 quo mihi est habere)1 In this case I have to do entirely with Clodia. It will 
 be the mischief for my soldiers, if (I shall find) they have not kept quiet. 
 There's for you ! Woe to your head ! 480. Cato is Rome's father and 
 
 Rome's husband. For him the eyes (i.e. his eyes) are pressed with hard 
 rest and iron sleep. As a lad whose name was Servius Tullius was sleeping, 
 his head they say caught fire. 481. A commission of ten for writing 
 
 laws. The instructions for doing a work. They settled a day for a council. 
 Magius was insolvent. We found (at the time) no drinking-water. 482 
 
 (a). The sea is destructive to greedy skippers. I find myself forted to be a 
 burden before I am a benefit to you. As a vine is a grace to trees, and 
 grapes to vines, thou art all grace to thine. I hate, and am hateful to, the 
 Romans. The business did not prove damaging to anyone. That easily 
 comes to pass which is dear to the Gods. It is not worth while to recount 
 this. 482 (b). To sit in the middle of three is among the Numidians 
 
 taken as an honour. He has it in charge to see what you lack. Who will 
 there be to throw that at you as a fault? You blame that in me which to 
 Q. Metellus was granted to be an honour, and is to-day and ever will be the 
 greatest glory. 482 (c). They had sent the cavalry to aid Caesar. He 
 
 leaves five cohorts to guard the camp. Not until the battle was over 
 did the Samnites come to support the Romans. 485. You choose 
 
 to trade : why not at Pergamum ? at Smyrna ? at Tralles ? Fleeing 
 from the battlefield they did not stop before (they were at) Venusia or 
 Canusium. The commons of Rome I have tended in the field and at home. 
 I am in an agony of soul. We are in suspense of soul. He died at Cumae 
 whither he had betaken himself. 486. Fickle as the wind, let me in 
 
 Rome love Tibur and at Tibur Rome. He prepares for war by land and 
 sea. There is a panic all through the camp. The first of the two spears 
 was fixed in the ground, the second in the middle of his back. 488. A 
 
 senator is bid three things, to attend ; to speak in his place, that is, when 
 the question is put to him ; to speak with moderation, (that is) not to speak 
 interminably. In the first place we see ( 478) everywhere in all directions 
 there is no limit. 489. They agree on oath that no one should receive 
 
 to his city, his house, his table, his hearth, anyone who has left the battle- 
 field a conquered man. He from his notorious intimacy will (cheer me 
 with, i.e.) show me hospitality. 490. A wolf entered by the Esquiline 
 
 Gate and passing along Tuscan Street had escaped through the Capene 
 Gate. From here we take straight to Beneventum. 491. Caninius 
 
382 Translation of Examples in Syntax. 
 
 having come to me late in the evening and said he was going the next 
 morning to you, I wrote a letter at night. I wish (that it should be come 
 to Philolaches to meet me, i.e.) to be fetched from Philolaches' (house), 
 in good time. The temple of Castor was dedicated the same year on 
 the 1 5th July. It had been vowed during the war with the Latins. 
 The Arabs wander over fields and mountains winter and summer. Livius 
 (Andronicus) exhibited a play in the consulship of Gaius Claudius and 
 Marcus (Sempronius) Tuditanus (i.e. in the year 240 B.C.). 492. In 
 
 three hours you can get to Aduatuca. If he had owed it, Sextus, you 
 would have sued for it immediately; if not immediately, soon (paulo 496) 
 after; if not soon, still some time after ( 496); within (those six months, 
 i.e.) six months from then surely; in the course of a year without question. 
 So (within these four hundred years, i.e.) within four hundred years from 
 now there was a king at Rome. 493. It is a real sorrow not to have 
 
 seen the games of the circus for a year. He lived (eighty years, i.e.) to the 
 age of eighty. Why do you ask how long he lived? 494. Take this 
 
 rice-gruel. How much did it cost? A trifle. But how much? Eight asses 
 (four pence). Of little worth are arms abroad, unless there is policy at 
 home. The father reckons it at nothing. Our ancestors placed in the 
 laws that a thief should be condemned in double (the value of the property), 
 a usurer in fourfold. 495. This man sold his country for gold : he made 
 and remade laws for a price. In Sicily corn was at most 3 sesterces per 
 bushel (strictly the bushel of corn was at 3 sesterces) . That hesitation cost him 
 dearly. Most men sentence souls to death, as if they had been condemned 
 of a capital offence. The same thing was done by Lucius Philippus, a man 
 most worthy of his father, grandfather and ancestors. For my part I do not 
 think myself worthy of such an honour. 496. Occasionally they make 
 a month a day or two longer. If you had become the worse looking by 
 only a black tooth or a single nail, I should have believed you. The more 
 numerous the Veientes were, the greater the slaughter was. He had vowed 
 the temple ten years before (before by ten years) the war with the Poeni. 
 The temple of Aesculapius is five miles (five thousand paces) from the city. 
 497. You have erred not indeed in the whole matter but, what is most 
 important, in the dates. All bewildered in ears and eyes were ( 339) 
 numb with fear. As great as Calchas in (interpreting) the organs (of 
 animals), or the Telamonian in arms, or Automedon with a chariot, so great 
 am I as a lover. They eat herbs terrible (in the speaking, i.e.) to speak of, 
 not merely to eat. 498. Rich in land, rich in money invested in loans. 
 
 The country house abounds with pork, kid, lamb, fowl, milk, cheese, 
 honey. To him the city was surrendered, bare of a garrison, crammed 
 with supplies. Ariovistus forbade the whole of Gaul to the Romans. He 
 did me out of all that gold. 499. Bulls defend themselves with horns, 
 
 boars with tusks, lions with the grip of their teeth, other beasts by flight, 
 others by hiding. These are the things / feed on, these I delight in, these 
 I thoroughly enjoy. Friends one can neither collect by an armed raid nor 
 procure with gold: they are got by attention and good faith. He is 
 overwhelmed with the hatred of all classes, above all he is floored by 
 the evidence. What are you to do with such a man as this? 500, 
 
 Sometimes the eyes cannot discharge their proper functions. The com- 
 forts which we have, and the light \ve enjoy, and the breath we draw 
 are, as we see, given us by Jove. Now is the need for courage, Aeneas, 
 now for a steady heart. You fade after discharging all the duties of life. 
 501. He all but collapsed from fear, I from laughter. In so long a time 
 ( 492) many properties were being held without wrong by inheritance (cf. 
 
Translation of Examples in Syntax, 383 
 
 99 d), many by purchase, many by dowry. He was growing old from 
 grief and tears. The district of Abano is esteemed for its countryman 
 Livius. 502. What sort of looking man was he? A red man, big- 
 
 bellied, with thick ankles, somewhat black (in hair), with a big head, 
 sharp eyes, a ruddy face, very big feet. He kept declaring that he had no 
 slave at all of that name. The first elements are simple and solid. Lucius 
 Catilina was born of noble race, with great energy mental and physical, 
 but of a bad and vicious disposition. Tribunes of the soldiers with the 
 power of consuls. 503 i. First if you please let us proceed after the 
 
 fashion of the Stoics, afterwards we will digress as our habit is. Marius 
 advances with his troops in square column. 503 2. Think that 
 
 Naevius did everything at Rome properly and reasonably, if this is con- 
 sidered to have been done rightly and duly. Caesar, as was his custom, was 
 on guard at the work. I had scarce uttered these words, when with a groan 
 he thus replies. They leap down from their chariots and fight on foot. 
 504. What can be maintained with such a people as this? Nothing should 
 be despaired of with Teucer for leader and Teucer for luckbringer. I am 
 sorry that you suspected me on the score of negligence. I copy out the 
 books in the forum among a great crowd of people. 505. While the 
 
 consul was saying this, the horsemen throw themselves on the flanks. 
 Quickly accomplishing the work and taking the legions across and choosing 
 a fit place for the camp, he recalled the rest of the troops. A (meeting of 
 the) senate cannot be held in the whole month of February, unless the 
 deputations are either settled or put off. When dictating this to you I was 
 in good spirits excepting only for your not being with me. Thence he 
 advanced towards Pluinna, having not yet ascertained what part the enemy 
 had made for. 506. It is decreed that they should be sent into the pro- 
 
 vinces according to the result of the lot. At length with reluctance, driven 
 by the loud shouts of the Ithacan, according to agreement he opens his mouth. 
 In a calm as they say anyone makes a pilot. 507. It was necessary to 
 
 ground. 
 
 Corinth to Tarquinii. Nothing here as yet from Brundisium. Brutus wrote 
 from Rome. Showers of stones fell from the sky. 510. To fall off the 
 
 rock. To come from Pollio. He comes from Spain. He departed from 
 Gergovia. He is driven out of the town of Gergovia. He is three thousand 
 paces from Rome. 511. He endeavoured to drive Publius Varius from 
 
 his holdings. Caesar had cut off the enemy from their supplies of corn. 
 He leaves Italy. He loses his case. I was abstaining from lampreys. 
 Released from work. Free from care and toil. Ware mischief. 512. 
 
 Apollo was the son of Jove and Latona. From Latinus sprang Alba, from 
 Alba Atys, from Atys Capys, from Capys Capetus, from Capetus Tiberinus. 
 L. Domitius, son of Gnaeus, of the Fabian tribe, (surnamed) Ahenobarbus 
 (Brazenbeard). 513 (a). What is more hard than a rock, what softer 
 
 than a wave? This state has brought forth none either more brilliant for 
 their achievements ( 497) or more refined gentlemen than Publius Africanus, 
 Gaius Laelius, Lucius Furius. 1 am in want of bread, a better thing to me 
 now than honeyed cakes. I fear you may think some other than the wise 
 and good to be the happy man. 513 (b). He did not come to Rome 
 
 so soon as all hoped. My eyes see farther than usual. Plant no tree, Vanis, 
 before the sacred vine. 516. Cicero's house. Crassus' son. Hector's 
 
 Andromache (his wife). The sun's rising. The moon's horns. Goddesses 
 of the sea. The toil of learning. His best friends. An enemy to ease, a 
 
384 Translation of Examples in Syntax. 
 
 foe to the good. It is worth while to recall to mind the pains our ancestors 
 took. What a full attendance of the senate on that occasion, what expec- 
 tations on the part of the people, how the deputations flocked to the 
 place from all Italy, how manly, spirited, and dignified was Publius Len- 
 tulus the consul! As a God will you be to me. 517. Everything 
 
 which was the woman's becomes the man's property, held as dowry. 
 Now I know myself to be entirely given to Pompey. We held the Car- 
 thaginians as our wards. It is all men's interest to act rightly. 518. 
 My house. Thy friends. My accuser. By my single help (By the help 
 of me alone) the commonwealth is preserved. It is mine (my habit) to 
 speak freely. The common parent of us all. Nor will I make the glory 
 mine, the toil theirs. 519. This concerns me. He said, this con- 
 cerned them more than himself. It is greatly for the interest of Cicero or 
 rather for mine or, upon my word, for that of both, that I should visit him 
 while at his studies. 520. Alone of all. Many of you. The third of 
 the kings of Rome. Of the provinces, Macedonia is harassed by the wild 
 tribe?, Cilicia by the pirates. Each of them. The middle of the path. The 
 level parts of the city. The better part of me. 521. All of us. In 
 the middle of the city. At the end of the year. The whole of Asia. The 
 rest of the crowd. The front of the base. The back of the paper. Each of 
 the brothers. Three hundred of us have sworn to one another. Friends, of 
 whom he had many, were present. 522. This piece of reward. But 
 little prudence. Something beautiful. To such a pitch of misery was 
 I to come. You have logs in plenty (cf. 22 7). All the ships (What of ships) 
 there had been anywhere they had collected to one place. They point out 
 that there is nothing left them beyond the soil of the land, 523 (a). 
 The honour of the consulship. The number of three hundred. The virtue 
 of justice. The lofty city of Buthrotum. The nymphs gave the nourish- 
 ment of milk. A squadron of three hundred horsemen. Supports (con- 
 sisting) both of foot and horse. There are two kinds of liberality ; one in 
 giving a kindness, the other in returning it. 523 (b). A heap of corn. 
 Rewards in money. A great number of horses. A great quantity of 
 seeds. Six days' space. A thousand coins. He was reluctant to give too 
 much profit out of the tithes. A scoundrel of a fellow, Palaestrio. They 
 get 400 bushels to the good. They are compelled to pay to Valentius 
 30,000 sesterces extra. 624. A ditch a hundred feet long. A boy of 
 sixteen. You will have a guest of no great appetite, but great in merriment. 
 Your letters are of the greatest weight with me. 525 (a). The accusa- 
 tion of the guilty. The possession of influence. The care for other people's 
 things. The purchaser of the estate. A knowledge of law. An actor of 
 the best parts. Lazy reluctance to bury them individually. Hesitation to 
 invade. Greedy of praise. Shirking toil. A man who holds to his pur- 
 pose. Time that eats things away. Like their parents. Conscious of the 
 crime. (Declaration of law, i.e.) Jurisdiction. 525 (b). Freedom from 
 office. The struggle for official honours. Gods who have the rule over 
 souls. Animosities taken up from political differences. Devoted to litera- 
 ture. A mind without fear of death. Uncertain of opinion. Doubtful of 
 the future. 526. Ripe in age. Late in studies. Lessened in (head, 
 i.e.) civil position. Upright in judgment. Secret in hatred. Fierce of 
 tongue. 527. He accused the one of canvassing. They get acquitted 
 of treason. He charges Gaius Verres with avarice and boldness. You 
 duly sue for theft. Condemned to pay his vow. Caught in the perpetration 
 of capital crimes. On his trial for parricide. Already suspected of enter- 
 taining too ambitious hopes. 528. Some day (i. e. At length) pity 
 
Translation of Examples in Syntax. 385 
 
 your allies. I indeed feel pity for the very walls and roof. It repents you 
 of your fortune. I am bored and wearied with the ways of the state. To 
 admire for justice. To envy one the chickpease reserved. 529. I re- 
 
 member the living nor yet am I allowed to forget Epicurus. Catilina kept 
 putting one in mind of his poverty, another of his desire. He made me 
 informed of his design. The thought of Plato occurred to me. 530. 
 
 Tullia infects the young man with her own rashness. He is in need of exer- 
 cise. He makes himself master of Adherbal. The house was crowded 
 with dice-players, full of drunken men. Sated with all things. Italy was 
 crowded with Pythagoreans. Land fertile in crops. Free from businesses. 
 To abstain from fits of passion. To be cheated of one's toils. Wearied of 
 matters. 534 (a). I can, am used to, ought to, wish to, dare to, do this 
 
 thing. You know how to conquer, Hannibal ; the way to use your con- 
 quest you know not. He did not leave off warning. He set on to follow. 
 He hastens to set out. Give up praying. I hate sinning. He loves being 
 praised. You hope to ascend. They delight to touch the rope. I had to 
 say this. Grant that the fleet escape the flame. He takes trouble to know 
 this. 534 (b). I will teach Rullus to hold his tongue after this. He 
 
 bade the Helvetii go away. He trained his horses to stay. 535. I 
 
 say (think, know, grieve, warn you) that Caesar has gone off conqueror. I 
 wish myself both to be, and to be considered, a wise citizen. I allow no 
 honours to be decreed me. He sees that he will be in danger. We desire 
 you to enjoy your conquest. Caesar was informed that the enemy had sat 
 down at the foot of the mountain. Caelius is the authority for Mago's having 
 crossed the river. Great hope possesses me that this place will be a refuge. 
 536 (a). Caesar is said (is thought, is heard, is found) to have gone away as 
 conqueror. These things seem to be easier. You are ordered to be returned 
 as consul. They are ordered (to be taken to the Syracusan stonequarries, 
 to be imprisoned there, i.e.) to be taken and imprisoned in the Syracu- 
 san stonequarries. 536 (l>). To an educated man to live is to think. 
 This, Roman, is to make a display of war, not to wage it. 537 (a). 
 It is a wicked deed to bind a Roman citizen, a crime to beat him, almost a 
 parricide to kill him : what am I to call fastening him on a cross? These 
 very things are marks of honour to be greeted, sought, made way for, be 
 received by persons rising, be escorted, brought back, consulted. One may 
 frisk. Learning the arts thoroughly softens the manners. 537 (l>). This 
 ought to be and must be done (It behoves and is necessary that this be 
 done). I am pleased that you are in cheerful spirits. The news was 
 brought me that the Parthians had crossed the Euphrates. 537 (c). To 
 have no desires is wealth ; to have no eagerness to purchase is a revenue. 
 One may be a citizen of Gades (Cadiz). It will be given you to be free 
 from this mischief. 538. Ah, to treat so carelessly a matter of this 
 importance! There now that I should have been in Spain at that time 
 rather than at Formiae ! 539. When Catulus had said this, all (began) 
 to look -at me. Then there was a horrible spectacle in the open plains : 
 following, flying, slaughter, capture : horses and men dashed to the ground, 
 and many, from wounds they had received, able neither to fly nor to endure 
 to lie still, but only to struggle and fall down on the spot. 540 i. 
 There is no sense in letting slip an opportunity of that kind. It is time 
 now to attempt something greater. 540 2. The Arcadians alone are 
 skilled in singing. Her mind was apt to be caught. Snow-white to the 
 sight. The one was worthy to be chosen, the other to choose. 540 3. 
 He sent me to beg. We are going out to look. He sends me to seek. 
 He drove his herd to visit the lofty mountains. 540 4. He gives the 
 
 L. G. 25 
 
386 Translation of Examples in Syntax. 
 
 man a corslet to possess. We are a number only, and born to consume 
 the crops. MO 5. There remains nothing except love. There is a 
 
 deal of difference between giving and receiving. 541 b. Son of Atreus, 
 
 you forbid anyone to think of burying Ajax. The consuls issued a procla- 
 mation forbidding anyone to sell or buy anything to facilitate flight. He 
 avoids doing anything which he would afterwards have trouble in chang- 
 ing. The seer is frenzied in her attempts (cf. 748) to shake off the 
 mighty god from her breast. 645. One will not repent of having paid 
 
 attention to that. Then was the time for weeping when our arms were 
 taken from us. 547. These things are very easy to decide. He was 
 
 sent to ascertain the dispositions of the kings. A large sum has now 
 been expended on buying and arming slaves for service in war. 548. 
 
 The consul gives his attention to appeasing the Gods at Rome and holding 
 a levy. Numbers of people flocked together ready to hear and believe 
 this. The following were present at the recording. A commission of ten 
 for deciding lawsuits. The states are not solvent. 549 (a). Caesar 
 
 gained glory by giving, by relieving, by excusing, Cato by making no 
 present at all. Herdonius by confessing himself an enemy almost served a 
 notice on you to take up arms, this man by denying that there were wars at 
 all, took the arms out of your hands. At this day Asia rests on the main- 
 tenance of the arrangements and, I may say, on treading in the footsteps of 
 Lucullus. 549 (l>). The word law in Greek is derived from assigning 
 
 each his own. The first book is on the contempt of death. 1 spent my 
 exertions in making the accusation and setting forth the charges. Instead 
 of bringing help to the allies he proceeds to march in person to lay siege to 
 the city. 550. We are so (born and made, i.e.) framed by nature as to 
 
 contain in ourselves the instincts to do something, to love some people, and 
 to repay a favour. In this state have been formed plans for destroying the 
 city, butchering the citizens, putting an end to the name of Rome. 551. 
 At this crisis we must be slaves or lords: we must feel fear or cause it, 
 Quirites. Each must use his own judgment. Caesar had to do everything 
 at once ; to set up the flag, give the signal with the trumpet, recall the 
 soldiers from work, draw up the line. I withdrew from a war in which 
 one had either to fall in battle, or to fall into an ambush, to come into the 
 conqueror's hands or to take refuge with Juba or to choose a place for what 
 would be exile, or to decree oneself a voluntary death. We have to fear in 
 death eternal punishment. 552 (a). He had some land from my father 
 
 to cultivate. Let us give ourselves to philosophy to refine. Caesar has a 
 bridge (of boats) made in the Arar (Saone). Part of it is kept for drinking. 
 He puts out a contract for cleaning the sewers. 552 (b}. There's a deed 
 
 which calls for (notice, i. e.) punishment. Let me tell you now of another 
 type of general, one which calls for very careful retention and preservation. 
 Rest between toils either already spent or soon to be spent refreshed their 
 bodies and spirits to endure everything anew. He cried both that he had 
 bought and was to buy everything. It was scarcely to be believed. They 
 gave the name of pains to toils which could not be avoided. 553. 
 
 Come as soon as you can to have a laugh at this. Envoys came into the 
 camp of the Aequi to complain of the wrongs and demand restitution in 
 accordance with the treaty. I will not go to be a slave to Grecian mothers. 
 He thinks that all or most things will appear ambiguous. 654. 
 
 Foul to say (in the saying). Terrible forms to look at. The other hill was 
 convenient for practical purposes. Water pleasant to drink. 556. I 
 
 am loved, I am about to love, &c. I say that thou art loved. Nothing 
 worthy of mention was done this year (cf. 491). Old age is busy and 
 
Translation of Examples in Syntax. 387 
 
 ever doing and stirring something. 557. Having said this he went 
 
 aloft. Every evil is easily crushed in its birth, but when grown old becomes 
 stronger. Upon my word it would not have occurred to me if I had not 
 been reminded of it. Nor has he lived ill who has escaped notice both in 
 birth and death. Thence you will protect Greece, at once wearing to the 
 Romans the appearance of preparing to cross, and actually ready to cross if 
 circumstances should require it. With almost an harangue of this kind in 
 his mouth he went from man to man. 559. I ask you to hold me 
 
 excused; I dine at home. I put aside the mathematicians (astrologers), 
 grammarians, musicians. I will so lay low the legions of the Latins as the 
 envoy lay low just now before your eyes. No one doubted that it was 
 outraged guests, slaughtered envoys, ransacked temples that brought about 
 this great destruction. There were kings at Rome, counting from, the 
 foundation of the city to the deliverance of it, for 244 years. Then the 
 Danai with a groan, raging at the girl's having been carried off, collected 
 from all sides and rush on. Failure in getting favourable omens for a long 
 time had detained the dictator. A verse was found in the Sibylline books on 
 account of the frequent showers of stones in that year. There was no reason 
 why haste should be required. 561. A wise man (lit. A man having taste). 
 Fixed penalty. A shrill (sharpened) voice. Time to come. What? are 
 then those images of yours so obedient to us (lit. so listening for us at our 
 word)? The doctor quite confirms the opinion that you will be shortly in 
 health. 569. The man was persuaded : it was done : they came : we are 
 beaten : he married (the lady). A grudge is felt at the benefits received by 
 the men themselves, but their exertions to benefit others are viewed with 
 favour. Still however we will give satisfaction and no labour shall be 
 spared. Each wishes himself to be trusted. Strenuous opposition was 
 made by Cotta and the (centurions of the) first ranks. 670. To myself 
 
 no injury can now be done by them. This is the only point of contention. 
 
 672. What I was at Trasumene (lake) and at Cannae, that you are to-day. It 
 is denied by the whole of Italy, denied by the senate, denied by you. 
 
 673. Verres comes into the temple of Castor : looks upon the sanctuary : 
 turns himself about : seeks what to do. 574. They are wont in the 
 schools (of rhetoric) to bring forward decisions of the immortal Gods on the 
 subject of death. Official congratulations from the towns all along the road 
 (imperfect tense) were offered to Pompey. Part of us are so timid as to have 
 thrown aside all recollection of the favours of the people of Rome, part so 
 opposed to the commonwealth as to show that they favour the enemv. 
 Friends partly deserted me, partly even betrayed me. 575 (a). The deed 
 itself puts him to shame. Pity seizes me for others. 575 (b). It lightens; 
 it thunders; it rains ; it freezes; it draws to evening. At Reate a shower of 
 stones fell (it stoned in a shower). It begins to dawn here now ('it, here' 
 represent hoc]. 575 (c). The order is obeyed. Who could have been 
 spared? The damages in the suits have been strictly assessed : the party pleased 
 forgets it; the party hurt remembers. You who think yourself flourishing 
 are weighed down by anxieties; you are tormented with desires; you are 
 racked all day and night, because what you have is not enough. In fact 
 all of us householders have left reaping-hook and plough, and crept within 
 the city walls. 577 (a). Some fly off to the ships : part again climb the 
 (wooden) horse. Each of them lead out their armies from the stationary 
 camp away on the side of the river Apsus. 577 (/'). Lovers' quarrels 
 are a renewal of love. To be contented with one's property is the greatest 
 and surest riches. 573. Paulus and Marcellus are passed over by private 
 agreement. If you and Tullia are well, I and my sweetest Cicero are well. 
 
 252 
 
388 Translation of Examples in Syntax. 
 
 I and you know to separate a rude saying from a humorous one. 579. 
 
 The leader himself with some chiefs are taken. This neither I nor you 
 have done. 580. The senate and people of Rome understands. When 
 
 time and need requires, we must fight it out with force, 581. This 
 
 much both the Peripatetics and the old Academy grants me. I delight to be 
 called a good and wise man, and so do you. And of this opinion were Demo- 
 critus, Heraclltus, Empedocles, Aristotle. The quaestorship I was a candi- 
 date for, Cotta for the consulship, Hortensius for the aedileship. It was 
 stated on oath by Publius Titius, guardian of the ward Junius : it was stated 
 by Marcus Junius, guardian and uncle : it would have been stated by Lucius 
 Mustius if he had been alive ; it was stated by L. Domitius. 682. Both 
 
 armies, that of Veii and that of Tarquinii, go off each to their own homes. 
 We endure each his own ghost (the events of a ghostly life). From slug- 
 gishness and softness of spirit you hesitate, one waiting for another. The 
 consuls of that year had perished, one by disease, the other by the sword, 
 583. What, says he, are you here for so early, Tubero? Then he (spake). 
 You have done wisely in leaving this, if you did so deliberately; and 
 fortunately if you did so by accident. The Gauls (did) nothing else 
 for two days but stand ready. Gaius Caesar (ask) money from me? Why 
 so rather, than I from him? More and more anxious became Agrippina, 
 because no one came from her son. What is the good of my possessing 
 fortune, if I am not allowed to make use of it? This however is nothing to 
 me. Whither tends (i.e. What is the purpose of) this? Why make many 
 words of it? 584. On the 3rd day before the Ides of November 
 
 (nth Nov.), on my coming down Holy Street, he followed me with his 
 (roughs) : shouts, stones, sticks, swords : all these unexpectedly. A sea 
 raging, harbourless, land fertile in crops, good for cattle, unfavourable to 
 trees : a scarcity of water both in sky and land. Meanwhile with all my 
 forces I made a raid on the Amanienses, our constant enemies : many 
 were slain, (or) captured : the rest dispersed : some fortified hamlets were 
 taken by a sudden attack and set on fire. 585. He answered that it 
 
 had not occurred to him that anyone would do it. A crowded senate 
 determined that a colony should be established at Lavlcum. Why do you 
 hesitate? He ought to have been hurried aloft by this time. What mat- 
 ters it whether I wished it to be done or rejoice at its being already done? 
 590 (p. 236 note). I will beg Achilles to give me the gold for which Hector 
 was ransomed. 593. Here I am waiting for Servius. Now when I look 
 at you, I see you to be Romans. 594. He gave Archagathus the task of 
 having the silver carried down to the sea. Archagathus goes up into the 
 town, bids all to produce whatever they had. There was a great panic. I 
 had scarce uttered this : of a sudden everything seemed to quiver : sinking 
 down we drop to the ground anxl a voice is borne to our ears. 595. In 
 
 complying with the young men's request, I forgot myself to be an old man. 
 Whilst the Romans are preparing and consulting, Saguntum was already 
 being besieged with might and main. Whilst the elephants are being 
 conveyed across, meantime Hannibal had sent 500 horsemen to spy out 
 the Roman camp. Now is the time for imbuing the boy with those arts 
 which, imbibed while he is of tender age, will make him come better pre- 
 pared to more important matters. I for my part desire and I have for long 
 been desiring to visit Alexandria. What? did I ever cheat you ( 468 tr.) 
 at all since I have been yours? 597. Well, what do you say? Crassus, 
 
 are we going to sit down? Look to the camp and defend it needfully, if 
 anything fall out for the worse : I meantime am going round the rest of the 
 gates and strengthening the guards of the camp. 598.. Before I 
 
Translation of Examples in Syntax. 389 
 
 speak of the accusation itself, I will say a few words on the hope of the 
 accusers. You meantime will await us here till we come out. 599. 
 
 What is ever in motion is eternal. Your interests are concerned (lit. Your 
 business is being done) when the adjoining wall is on fire. 600. If we 
 
 take nature as our guide, we shall never go wrong. Our time here, while 
 we are on the earth, will be like that heavenly life. Anyone who shall 
 wish to gain true glory, should discharge the duties of justice. Remember 
 to take me to listen wheresoever you go. 601. If however the wise 
 
 man had been susceptible of suffering, he would have been susceptible of 
 wrath ; now as he is free from wrath he will be free also from suffering. I. 
 have found she is of kin to us. What? are you out of your senses? It will 
 turn out as I say: I am not speaking at random. 602. About the 
 
 water if there is any trouble, you will look to it, if Philip does anything. 
 603. They attack the rear rank of the Romans. At that time Marius was 1 
 busy in the front, because Jugurtha with most of the enemy was there. 
 Archias was in those days a pleasant associate of Metellus the conqueror of 
 Numidia, his recitations were attended by Marcus Aemilius, he used to live 
 with Quintus Catulus both father and son, his acquaintance was cultivated 
 by Lucius Crassus. 604. I was (am) writing this at the ninth hour of 
 
 the night on the eighth before the Kalends. Milo was (is) already in 
 possession of the plain of Mars : the candidate Marcellus was (is) snoring so 
 loud that I heard (hear) him through the wall. Feb. isth. I have written 
 this before daybreak : I am going to day to dine at Pomponius' wedding 
 dinner. What is the state of politics with you at the time of my writing" 
 this I know not : I hear there are some disturbances : I hope they are' 
 wrongly reported, so that we may sometime enjoy liberty and peace. 
 These are my anxieties at the time of writing to you : if some God shall 
 turn them into joy, I shall not complain of the apprehensions. 605. 
 
 Anything he had earned he bestowed on his greedy belly. In Greece 
 musicians were in favour, and all used to learn the art. I used to practise 
 declaiming daily. Hortensius used to speak better than he has written (or* 
 ever wrote). All who were present were dying with laughter: and for the 
 future all began to dread me. Both lines take up a position and they pre- 
 pared themselves for battle. The consuls, uncertain what sudden mischief 
 had fallen on the city, tried to allay the tumult, and by their efforts to do 
 this sometimes excited it. Of this surrender Postumius himself, who was 
 offered in surrender, was the adviser and mover. After they failed in 
 seeing any sign of the enemy, the Gauls marching on reach the city of 
 Rome. 608 i (a). At last Catiline came into the senate. Then 
 
 Marcus Tullius the consul made a speech at once brilliant and politically 
 Useful. He afterwards wrote and published it. I came, I saw, I conquered. 
 Lucius Lucullus was for many years governor of the province of Asia. 
 608 I (b). I almost forgot that which was the principal object of my letter. I 
 love Brutus as much as you do, I had almost said as much as I love you* 
 608 I (<:). After Gnaeus Pompeius was sent to the war by sea, the power of 
 the oligarchy grew. Hispala did not let the young man go till he pledged 
 his word that he would keep aloof from these rites. 608 i (a). We use 
 
 our limbs before we have learnt for what purpose we have them. At length, 
 Quirites, we have, shall I say, expelled Catiline from the city or, if you 
 like, let him go or escorted him with words in his voluntary retirement; 
 He has gone away, has withdrawn, has escaped, has broken out. Now no 
 more will the destruction of our walls be plotted inside the walls. 
 608 i (b). We Trojans are things of the past : Ilium is no more and the 
 great glory of the Teucri. I have an only son, a young man. Ah ! What 
 
Translation of Examples in Syntax. 
 
 said I ? that I have (a son)? Nay I have had, Chremes. Whether I 
 have still or not, is uncertain. The earth trembles, the beasts are fled. 
 
 608 -2 (r). When fortune blows (has blown) on us, we are dashed to the 
 ground. 608 2 (d). Whilst the king is safe, all (the bees) have but one 
 mind : if he is lost, they break at once their loyalty and plunder the honey 
 they had piled up. Not house or lands, nor heap of bronze and gold has 
 drawn away fevers from the sick body of their lord. 609 i. When you 
 come to read this, I shall perhaps have met him. When I have seen him 
 I shall proceed to Arpinum. 609 2. lie that shall crush (have crushed) 
 Antony, will thereby put an end to the war. Will he not then be really 
 the conqueror, if on any terms whatever he succeed in entering this city 
 with his (troops) ? 609 3. Plato, if I shall succeed in translating him, 
 uses some such words as these. By the Judicature Act neither will the man 
 who chooses be elected, nor the man who refuses escape election: those 
 will be the judges whom the Act itself, not man's caprice, shall have selected. 
 
 609 4. But if we are utterly fallen, I shall have been the ruin of all my 
 friends. Shall one man go unpunished after causing this carnage through the 
 city? after sending so many leading warriors to (for) Orcus? 609 5. Trust 
 me, I say. I will help you either by consolation or counsel or act. Do 
 you invite the ladies ; meantime I shall have summoned the boys. If I am 
 troublesome, give back the money: I will then be off at once. Some 
 time I will look to what he effects : meanwhile I highly value his offer. 
 610. As a father of a household shall enact with regard to his own family 
 and money, so shall the law be. Come now, Stichus : whichever of (us) 
 two shall cry off shall be fined a glass. 611 (a). He decided to put up 
 with anything rather than enter on war, because the previous attempt had 
 turned out ill. Hanno, with those who had come up last after the battle 
 was lost, is taken alive. 611 (b}. We are now travelling on a hot and 
 dusty road. I sent off (a letter) from Ephesus yesterday: this letter I send 
 from Tralles. 611 (r). A hundred and twenty lictors had filled the 
 forum and were carrying axes bound up with their bundles of rods. The 
 crops not only were being consumed by this great number of beasts and 
 men, but had also been beaten to the ground by the season and the showers. 
 Publius Africanus, after he had been twice consul and censor, proceeded to 
 put L. Cotta on his trial. 611 (d). The enemy, whenever from the 
 shore they caught sight of single soldiers disembarking, attacked them while 
 embarrassed. 612. Do whatever you like. I mean to give you no 
 more. I have lent you everything which I meant to lend. An orator 
 must try the minds and feelings of those before whom he may be pleading 
 at the time ( 600 a] or be preparing to plead. The chamber where the 
 king was to stay (for the night), if he had continued his journey, fell in the 
 very next night. 613. Mind you keep well. Collect the sheep, lads. 
 When you have admitted this, then deny, if you will, that you received the 
 money. 621. He asks Rubrius to invite whomever it may be con- 
 venient to him : and leave one place for himself, if Rubrius pleased. At 
 the same time Rubrius orders his slaves to shut the gate and stand them- 
 selves at the doors. 622. The other side demand that judges to try 
 the case should be assigned out of those states who frequented that forum: 
 those were chosen whom Verres thought fit. Mago sends envoys to the 
 senate at Carthage to represent in exaggerated terms the defection of the 
 allies and urge them to send reinforcements so that they might recover the 
 empire of Spain which had come to them from their fathers. 623. For 
 three years he so harassed and ruined Sicily that it cannot possibly be 
 restored to its former condition, and it will require many years before it can 
 
Translation of Examples in Syntax. 391 
 
 have a chance of some partial recovery. 624. Aemilius Paullus 
 
 brought so much money into the treasury that the booty gained by one 
 general has put an end to the poll-tax. Their resources had grown so 
 greatly that not even at the death of Aeneas did the Etruscans or any other 
 neighbours dare to take up arms. 625. The orators of old are praised, 
 
 for their habit of defending at length the cases of accused persons. That 
 all men, father, said he, might truly report me sprung from your blood, 
 on a challenge I slew my enemy and bear these horsemen's spoils to you. 
 640 (a). If you were here, you would feel differently. Jf I were to say that 
 I am moved by regret for Scipio, I should tell a lie. What if a father were 
 to rob temples, drive a mine to the treasury? would a son give information of 
 it to the magistrates? That indeed would be ( 643) a sin : nay he would 
 even defend his father, if he should be accused. 640 (b). Then verily 
 
 should I in vain have, with this right hand, saved the Capitol and the 
 citadel, if I were to see a fellow-citizen be dragged to prison. Without 
 your consent, general, I should never think of fighting out of the ranks, not 
 though I were to see victory certain. In fine I would upon my word 
 rather flee away at once than return if I should know that my return must 
 be thither. These, if my care were not resisting, the flames would already 
 have seized and the hostile sword would have drained (their blood). 
 640 (c}. All this seems to you laughable, for you are not present : if you 
 had been a spectator you would not have restrained your tears. It is I Han- 
 nibal who sue for peace, I who would not have been sueing if I had not 
 believed it to be expedient. Would you then have thought Opimius, if you 
 had lived in those days, a rash or cruel citizen? How I am listened to 
 now I am fully sensible, but if I had been speaking then, I should not 
 have been listened to. You however alike if you had been defending a 
 will, would have pleaded so that all rights of all wills might seem to be in- 
 volved in that trial, or if you had been pleading the cause of the soldier 
 would with your words have roused his father from the dead. 640 (d). 
 
 If I had distrusted Metellus' honour, I should not have retained him as a 
 judge. The matter neither now seems to me in a difficult position and 
 would have been in a very easy one, if some persons had not been to blame. 
 But, Velleius, if you had not said something, you would not have succeeded 
 in getting me to say anything. 641 (a). If you do this, you see me to- 
 
 day for the last time. We indeed, if pleasure contains everything, are far 
 away distanced by beasts. In fine if you are a God, you ought to confer 
 benefits on mortals, not take away what they have: but if you are a 
 man, always bear in mind that which you are. If you shall be con- 
 demned, and in fact when you are condemned (for with those men as 
 judges what doubt of your condemnation could there be?), you will 
 have to be beaten to death with rods. What? if a father shall attempt to 
 seize a throne, or betray his country, will the son keep silence? Nay he 
 will implore his father not to do it : if he prevail nothing he will accuse 
 him. If so many examples of valour do not move you, nothing ever will 
 move you : if so terrible a disaster did not make life cheap, none will 
 make it so. 641 (b). If I wished to take you off by poison at your 
 
 supper, what was less suitable conduct than to make you angry? I told 
 you when you were starting that I was lazy: what good did I get by 
 telling you this, if notwithstanding you attack rights which are on my side? 
 Epicurus however courteous he may have been in defending his friends, still, 
 if this is true, for I affirm nothing, was deficient in sharpness. If you be 
 found to bring the money, I shall be found to break my word to him. You 
 will greatly please me, and I hope Scaevola also, if you discuss friendship. 
 
392 Translation of Examples in SyntaX. 
 
 641 (f). If you had not already previously formed a plan for the death of 
 Sextus Roscius, this piece of news did not in the least concern you. If 
 Metellus was not sufficiently defended by his own modesty, the rank of our 
 family ought to have given him sufficient support. At that time in fact 
 a man who had got an office did not hold it, if the Fathers had not given 
 formal sanction. 641 (d). I had yielded to odium, if you will have it 
 
 that the commons were hostile to me, which they were not ; if there 
 was violence in the matter, then to fear; if there was danger to the citizens, 
 then to the commonwealth. Both my husband and your wife ought to have 
 been living, if we had not meant to dare some great deed. 642. Defeated 
 in one battle Alexander would have been defeated in the whole war; but 
 what battle could have broken the Roman, who was not broken by the 
 Caudine Forks, not broken by Cannae? At a push from him lofty walls 
 with high towers would have been stirred : the serpent remained without a 
 wound. I could have wished I had been permitted: I should have said 
 this. You may say it. I should have done this. You may do it: no 
 one stops you. I should have decreed this. Decree away, only decree 
 rightly : all will approve. Assuredly no other nation would have failed to be 
 overwhelmed with such a weight of disaster. In this space of time the con- 
 quered committed more cruelties on themselves than the conquerors, if set 
 on, would have committed. All our own productions please us while they 
 are being produced : otherwise they would not be (have been) written. She 
 would have flown over the tops of the stalks of unmovvn corn and not have 
 hurt the tender beards as she ran, or would have taken her course through 
 the midst of the sea suspended on the swelling wave and not have wetted 
 her swift feet in the water. 643 (a). I could (can) go through the many 
 
 attractions of country life, but I feel that even what I have said has been 
 too long. It is a long business to mention them : but this much in brief I 
 will say. There is no reason why you should fear lest this be troublesome 
 to him, for he will not find it tedious to go round the world for my sake. 
 643 (b}. Either the war ought not to have been undertaken or it ought now 
 to be waged in a way worthy of the Roman people. It would have been 
 better for Cinna to have been forbidden and prevented from putting so many 
 leading men to death than for himself at some time to suffer for it. 
 643 (c). I might have called disturbances of mind diseases; but (if I had) it 
 would not have been convenient ( 642) in all respects. And so Plato thinks 
 that they would not even take part in politics unless compelled : it would 
 have been fairer however for it to be done voluntarily. 643 (</). How 
 
 much better had it been for the father's promise not to have been kept in 
 this matter. Catiline rushed out of the senate, triumphing in delight, he 
 who never ought to have gone thence alive. 644 (a). I (could) wish 
 
 you would excuse me for doing it against the will of your mother-in-law. 
 Really I should have preferred you continuing in dread of Cerberus than 
 that you should say that with so little consideration. Who can doubt that 
 riches lies in virtue? So great a war as this who would ever have thought 
 could be finished in one year? Nor am I inclined to object to 'scripsere 
 alii rem' ; 'scripserunt' I think is the more correct. Whenever the Sarma- 
 tians come ( 721) in squadrons, scarce any line could stand it. 644 (l>). 
 
 But I should not readily say anyone was more apt in words or closer packed 
 with meaning. I would gladly give all wealth to everybody if only ( 684) I 
 could be allowed to live in your fashion without being interrupted by brute 
 force. Cicero I would boldly match against any of the Greeks whatever. 
 Bravely spoken! (lit. Blessed for valour, 501), in fact I myself should not 
 mind going wrong in your hero's company. So I should give my opinion 
 
Translation of Examples in Syntax. 393 
 
 to your friends that they should avoid that new style of speaking. 645 (a). 
 I wish you to take a wife to-day. I much prefer your being silent to your 
 saying that you are silent. I prefer upon my word that what you maintain 
 should be proved before those judges and the Roman people than what I 
 charge against you. These are great deeds of course: who denies it? but 
 they are stimulated by great rewards and by the eternal remembrance of 
 mankind. Good heavens! Will anyone after learning these things say 
 that Oppianicus was deceived? Enough and more than enough has your 
 liberality enriched me : I shall not (be found to) have acquired what either 
 like greedy Chremes I may bury in the earth or squander like a loose young 
 rake. 645 (). I will for my part gladly yield for you, Laelius, to dis- 
 
 course on that, I am possessed by moderate vices such as may be excused 
 ( 646) : perchance even these length of time will handsomely diminish. 
 Now what is it you say? Beware of pardoning. This is the language nei- 
 ther of a man nor (fit to be addressed) to a man : he that uses such language 
 before you, Gnaeus Caesar, will be quicker in casting off his own human 
 feeling than in wresting yours. 1 will gladly give my opinion that each 
 should practise the art he knows. 646. "Tis in vain that you exhort a 
 
 man who is roused neither by glory nor dangers. He holds an apple taken 
 from a tree : you would think the Hesperides had given it him. Without 
 the word of command they bear back the standards, and sorrowful you 
 would have thought them conquered return into the camp. Presently you 
 would have seen no one at rest throughout the camp. One would have 
 thought that there ought to be an end to that mourning. The mind too 
 and spirit, unless you drop oil as it were upon their light, die away from 
 old age. A good man only becomes less active if you neglect him, but a 
 bad man becomes more wicked. 647 i. Some one will perhaps 
 
 inquire, whether I disapprove of using the protection of the laws to drive 
 off danger. No, judges, I do not disapprove. A man will say, What then 
 is your opinion? that we should take measures against those who have 
 betrayed the commonwealth to the enemy ? Not by arms, not by force, &c. 
 Do you then speak of yourself? some one will have said. I do it unwil- 
 lingly,, but pain at the wrong I have suffered makes me unusually boastful. 
 647 -2. You will ask, how much I value it at? If I shall ever be per- 
 mitted to live in ease, you will find by experience. Where shall we find 
 those who do not prefer office to friendship? Where can you find the man 
 who prefers the promotion of his friend to his own? 650 (a). Should 
 
 you ask me what I consider to be the nature of the Gods, I should perhaps 
 give no answer : should you inquire, whether I think it to be such as you 
 have just set forth, I should say that nothing seems to me less likely. A 
 share in this great work, had grief permitted, Icarus, thou wouldst have had 
 (been now having). Had you given this mind a body equal to it, he would 
 have done what (i.e. the definite thing) he wished. For without you 
 (were it), I should not have been living till sunset this day. 650 (&). 
 
 One who sees these and innumerable things of the same kind, would he not 
 be forced to admit the existence of Gods? One who had seen (been seeing) 
 the Trojan horse brought inside would have said that the city was taken. 
 650 (c). If you had not heard of these things as done, but had been looking 
 at them in a picture, still it would have been clear which of the two was 
 the plotter. Even if death had to be met, I should have preferred meeting 
 it at home and in my country rather than in strange places abroad. 
 
 650 (d). And yet for my part if a philosopher were to be furnished with 
 eloquence, I should not despise it; if he have it not, I should not require it. 
 
 651 (a). Whatever they say, I praise : if again they deny it, I praise that too* 
 
394 Translation of Examples in Syntax. 
 
 Does any one say no, I say no : does he say ay, I say ay. He has by his 
 decree assigned supreme command to a most illustrious man, but that man 
 a private individual. In this lie has imposed a very great burden on us* 
 (If) I shall assent, I shall have thereby brought canvassing into the senate- 
 house. If I shall refuse, I shall seem by my vote to have refused a post of 
 honour to a great friend. You laugh, he is convulsed with a louder laugh : 
 he weeps, if he sees (has seen) his friend in tears. (Shall you have) come 
 into my country with me, there I will return the favour to you. Attend 
 and you will understand. Take away this thought : you will have taken 
 away all mourning. 651 (l>). There is in fact nothing more love- 
 
 able than virtue : the man that has gained that, wherever he be ( 600) 
 in the world, will have our affection. These and things of this kind 
 anyone will easily see who wishes to praise. 651 (c). In the Decii 
 
 Magii if there was not the control which is usually found in our consuls, 
 there was pomp, there was show. Good men do many things for this 
 reason, because it is right, although they see no advantage likely to 
 result. What a man often sees he does not wonder at, even though 
 he is ignorant of its cause. 651 (d}. If you do (shall have done) what 
 
 you profess, I shall be very grateful to you; if you do not, I shall ex- 
 cuse it. Either if you are hard, say no, if you are not hard, come. 
 Luxury, while disgraceful to every age, is foulest to old age: but if there is 
 besides want of control over the desires, the evil is twofold. For be it 
 that we can attain wisdom, it should not be procured only but enjoyed : be 
 it that that is difficult, still there is no limit to the hunt for truth until you 
 have found it. 652 (a). You loaded him with every insult whom, if 
 
 you had had a spark of dutiful affection, you ought to have reverenced as a 
 father. The whole army might have been annihilated, if the conquerors 
 had pursued the fugitives. Neither will you dare to say this, nor will you 
 be allowed, if you were to desire it. If he had said this, still no excuse 
 should have been allowed him. They had come into such a position that 
 if the consul had had a foe like the former kings of the Macedonians, a 
 great disaster might have been incurred. Philip not doubting that, if there 
 had been day enough left, the Athamanes also might have been turned out 
 of their camp, sat down at the foot of the hill. 652 (l>). Those very 
 
 farmers who had remained, were going to leave all their farms, if Metellus 
 had not written to them from Rome. What do you mean to do, if the 
 enemy come to the city? If he had not set them free, these men would 
 have had to be given up to torture. Such should have been the mourning 
 for Peleus if he had been dying. Nor was there any doubt that the enemy 
 would have turned their backs, if this small number had been able to be in 
 all places at once. And this thing is naturally so wicked and criminal that 
 even if there had been no law it should have been carefully avoided. 653. 
 
 No one hardly dances when sober, unless perchance he is mad. Absurd 
 creature ! as if it were necessary, if he does not give her to him, that you 
 should marry her: unless you look to it, pray, and court the old man's 
 friends. I can form no judgment on the matter, only I persuade myself of 
 this that a man such as you has done nothing without good reason. We 
 found out nothing about it by putting questions, but saw by positive 
 measurements with a water-glass that the nights were shorter than on the 
 mainland. 654 i. Many things urge me to keep aloof from you, 
 
 Quirites, did not my devotion to the state overcome them. I remember 
 the tune if I could but have retained the words. 654 2. Why, if you 
 
 were to bid me describe the Giants subdued by Jove's fire, the task will 
 break me down in the attempt. If the world were to be broken up and 
 
Translation of Examples in Syntax. 395- 
 
 fall on him, dauntless will he receive the blow of the ruins. 654 3. 
 
 The bridge of piles all but furnished a road for the enemy, if it had not 
 been for one man. Why, I was slipping still further if I had not checked 
 myself. If L. Metellus had not prevented it, the mothers and sisters of 
 the wretches were coming. 654 4. We had had a splendid victory if 
 
 Lepidus had not received Antony when stripped, disarmed, a fugitive. A 
 tree falling on my head had taken me off, only that, Faunus with his right 
 hand lightened the blow. 655. Wherefore if you love me as much as 
 
 assuredly you do love me, if you are sleeping, awake ; if you are standing, 
 step on ; if you are stepping on, run ; if you are running, fly to me. Live 
 and farewell: if you know anything more correct than these rules, candidly 
 impart them ; if not, use these with me. Even if others shall be occupying 
 the front rank, and the lot shall have placed you among the rearguard, 
 still from thence fight with voice, with cheer, with example, with spirit. 
 Spare ye however the dignity of Lentulus if he has spared his own reputa- 
 tion : spare the youth of Cethegus, unless this be the second time that he has 
 made war on his country. Will she find fault, do you find fault; what- 
 ever she approves, do you approve: say what she says, deny what she 
 denies. Has she smiled, smile on her: if she weep, remember to weep 
 also. If she is in the country and says 'Come' love hates the lazy if 
 wheels shall not be at hand, do you hurry to her on foot. 656. Such 
 
 was the end of a man, worthy of record if he had not been born in a free state. 
 We saw blackbirds too being placed (on table), nice things if the host had 
 not proceeded to describe their causes and qualities. 657 (a). How I 
 
 could wish you had been at Rome, if perchance you are not there. Your 
 virtue has so won us to you, that whilst you are our friend safe and sound 
 we fear not, if it is not impious to say so, even the Gods in wrath. I should 
 like you however to read the speech, unless as is possible you have read it 
 already. 657 (b). For if night does not take away a happy life, why 
 
 should ( 674) a day like a night take it away? May I be hanged if it were 
 ( 643 c) not the best course. If I have my brother and you with me, those 
 fellows may ( 668) for all I care be dragged by the feet to execution. 
 If you were too lazy to proceed beyond the gates, at least you should have 
 bidden ( 670) my (funeral) couch go thither more slowly. But if the 
 groaning (of which we speak) be quite pitiful, weak, despairing, tearful, I 
 should scarcely call ( 644 l>) one who abandoned himself to it, a man. 
 657 (c ). If ever you thought me brave in politics, certainly you would have 
 admired me that day (i.e. if you had been present). And if this cannot 
 be done in .our present world without God's , assistance, neither would 
 Archimedes without God-inspired intellect have succeeded in imitating the 
 same movements in a ball. 658. What if I bid him be seized ? You 
 
 would be wiser (to do so). 659. What if I rather remain till noon ? 
 
 660. The fact is men spoilt by pride lead their life as if they despised the 
 offices you confer : and yet are candidates for them as if they led an upright 
 life. But, you say, the son of C. Cornelius is accuser and that ought to 
 have as much weight as if his father had been the informer. The army of 
 the Samnites, as though there were to be no delay in joining battle, draws 
 up its line. Here however we see a great struggle, as though there were no 
 fights elsewhere, none dying throughout the city. Just as if it were difficult 
 for me to produce by name as many as ever you like. 661. A very 
 
 different tale is told us from what you had written. For both her life is the 
 same and her feelings towards you the same as they were. They bade us 
 make a larger statue of Jove and place it on high and, contrary to what it 
 had been before, turn it to the east. Once upon a time there was an old 
 
396 Translation of Examples in Syntax. 
 
 man just as I am now: he had two daughters, just as mine are now : these 
 were married to two brothers, just as mine are now to you. 662. If 
 
 only that golden bough would but show itself to us on a tree in this 
 mighty grove ! And yet oh if there were still any spark of our wonted valour ! 
 663. Of Fabianus Severus Cassius had said before he was put on his trial 
 by him : You are fluent after a sort, handsome after a sort, rich after a 
 sort: there is one thing only which you are not after a sort a flat. The 
 nobility tried to keep down M. Porcius then in his canvass as throughout his 
 life. The safety of Gnaeus Plancius I am bound to defend no otherwise 
 than my own. 665 (a). Naevius, I wish to hear it from your own lips : 
 
 I wish this unprecedented act to be proved by the voice of the man who 
 did it. Neither do I choose to be put up anywhere in wax with a face 
 made worse than it is, nor to be honoured in badly composed verses. 
 665 (l>). Meantime surrender us common persons; you will afterwards 
 surrender also those consecrated men, as soon as they have gone out of 
 office. However you will keep your health and look after my business, 
 and expect me, please the Gods, before midwinter. On hearing you, so it 
 was that I felt annoyed that so powerful a mind you will kindly excuse 
 my saying it should have fallen into such absurd sentiments. 666 (a). 
 
 Farewell to my fellow-citizens, may they be unharmed, may they be flourish- 
 ing, may they be happy. The envoys in front of the meeting (said), May 
 this proposal (which we are going to make) be good happy and prosperous 
 for you and the commonwealth : return into your country. Had the Gods 
 but consented to my having no father! And Ceres after the prayer that so 
 might she rise on a lofty stalk, smoothed with wine the anxieties of the 
 furrowed brow. Phoebus, who hast ever pitied the heavy toils of Troy, 
 so far (and no farther) may the fortune of Troy have followed us. May I 
 not be saved if I write other than I think. I beseech you, think me 
 to be a simple citizen from the midst of the meeting shouting to you in 
 reply: with your kind leave permit us to choose out of these proposals 
 those which we think to be wholesome for us, and to reject the rest. In the 
 opinion of myself and of every one, you have, let me speak without offence 
 to these gentlemen, left scarcely any distinction for other orators. 666 (b). 
 O that Varro himself would throw himself into the cause ! O that the 
 people of Rome had but one neck ! Almighty Juppiter, would that the 
 ships of Cecrops had not the first time touched the shores of Gnosus ! O 
 father and king Juppiter, would that weapons may be laid aside and perish 
 from rust and that no one may hurt me a lover of peace ! O may all the 
 Gods just destroy him ( 280) who first hit upon the plan of holding a meeting. 
 
 667. What the cause was I will consider presently : meantime I shall hold 
 this. However about yourself you will see: of myself I shall declare this. 
 Now die: as for me the father of Gods and men must look to it. Wrathful- 
 ness itself they used to say was the whetstone of courage : whether rightly 
 or not will be for us to look to at another time. You, said Lucretia, will 
 have to see what is due to him : myself though I acquit of guilt /do not free 
 from punishment. How easy that (art) is, they will settle who strut about 
 supporting themselves on the claims of the art as if it were excessively 
 difficult, and next to them you yourself will settle. But about this we will 
 consider : only let us go out. About the debt you will see with Cispius. 
 
 668. I think we ought to observe in life the rule which is maintained in 
 wine-parties among the Greeks: either he must drink, it says, or must go. 
 So something should be granted to age : youth may be a little freer : not 
 everything should be refused to pleasures: the true and strict rule should not 
 always prevail. Let us love our country, obey the senate, look to the 
 
Translation of Examples in Syntax. 397 
 
 interests of the good, neglect immediate profits, work for the glory of 
 posterity : let us hope for what we wish, but bear what happens. Use 
 that advantage while it is here; when it is gone, do not seek for it. What 
 the warloving Cantab rian, Quintus Hirpinus, may be thinking of, waive 
 inquiring, nor flurry yourself to provide for the needs of a life which (really) 
 needs but few things. Cross not the Ebro : have nothing to do with the 
 people of Saguntum : don't move a step (from your footmark) any whither. 
 Excuse nothing : yield not an inch to favour : be not stirred to pity ; remain 
 firm in your opinion. 669 (a). Enrolled fathers, assist me, wretched 
 
 man that I am, go and meet the wrong, let not the realm of Numidia waste 
 away. Keep to yourself by all means that laudatory decree of the Mamer- 
 tines. Yield thou not to woes but march more boldly to face them. Why 
 art thou afraid of what is safe? Gird thyself and push aside all delay. 
 Stop weeping and let me know what is the matter whatever it be : don't 
 keep it secret, don't shrink, trust, I say, to me. Off with you ! Farewell, 
 Good bye. 669 (&). When you have most carefully thought for your 
 
 health, then, dear Tiro, think of sailing. If perchance the heavy burden of 
 my paper chafe you, throw it away rather than wildly dash the panniers 
 against the place whither you have to carry it. Be the first to dig the 
 ground, the first to carry off and burn the loppings, and the first to bring 
 the stakes under cover : the last to reap. By means of this nourish thou the 
 rich olive dear to Peace. God bless you for your courage and care. You, 
 Titius, shall be my heir and shall decide (whether to accept or not) within a 
 hundred days of your having notice and not being disabled. If you shall 
 not so decide, you shall be disinherited. When the north wind is blowing 
 plough not, plant not crops, cast not seed. 670. Was I not to pay 
 
 him the money? You should not have paid it him nor have bought any- 
 thing of him, nor sold to him, nor have given him the means of going to 
 the bad. You sent a citizen of Rome to the cross. You should have 
 reserved the man, kept him shut up, until Raecius could come from Pan- 
 hormus ; had he then recognised the man, you should have remitted some- 
 thing of the extreme penalty; had he been ignorant of him, then, &c. 
 What ought you to have done? If you did as most others do, you should 
 not have bought corn, but have taken the amount in money. 671. 
 
 You'll drink some hellebore, I'll take care, for some twenty days. I'll 
 secure, he'll thereby lose both wine and labour. 672. Away, bear 
 
 this public message to the Fathers that they fortify the city of Rome. 
 Jugurtha exhorts the townsmen to defend their walls. We had told you, 
 Procillus, yester-eve to dine with me to-day. He must have done everything 
 which has been enjoined on him and notified to him before he put in any 
 request. To such a life as this, crowned with so many full delights, fortune 
 herself must yield. Why you may even use Greek words when you choose, 
 if Latin words fall short. How much I should have preferred he had given 
 them up to me in chains. I do not wish the old man to see me at this crisis. 
 Don't fancy that anything ever excited men's wonder more. 673. 
 
 I'm determined, I will work the old ground and be my own master. 
 Prythee permit it quietly. I think I shall succeed in getting him to put off the 
 marriage for some days at least (lit. put forward some days for the marriage) ; 
 meanwhile something will be done I hope. No doubt (ironical), either 
 those are frightened by the fear of death or these by (the fear of) the 
 sanctity (of the place). 674 (a). What is she to do? fight? a woman 
 
 will be beaten in fight : cry out? but he had in his hand a sword to forbid 
 that. Seeing this what was I to do, judges? was I, a private person, to 
 contend in arms against a tribune of the commons? Perchance some onti 
 
398 Translation of Examples in Syntax* 
 
 may be found to say, You should have resisted, should have fought against 
 him, should have met death in arms. Are you to tell me ( 478) that you 
 have been with the army all these years, not put foot in the forum ; absent 
 all this time, and then come here after this long interval and dispute for a 
 post of honour with those who have lived in the forum? Was then he, when 
 beaten in song, not to give me the goat (he wagered)? 674 (). It 
 
 was not at all clear to Brutus or the tribunes of the soldiers what to do or 
 what plan of battle to adopt. We have nowhere to make a stand except 
 Sextus Pompeius. At once the plan was discussed how by acting on the 
 offensive to turn the enemy from Italy. What to do about the boys, I 
 do not see. 674 (f). Have you got the man, pray? (Why should I not 
 
 have him? i.e.) Of course I have got him. On Maximus having recovered 
 Tarentum, Salinator asked him to remember that it was by his services that 
 he had recovered Tarentum. Why should I not (i.e. Of course I) remem- 
 ber it? says he : for I never should have recovered it if you had not lost it. 
 675 (a). But why do I mention things which when they were in doing used 
 lo be praised to the skies? Yet what do you advise me? Do I fly to him or 
 do I stop? For my part I am both fast in the midst of my books and I do 
 not wish to receive him here. 675 (b). Are we then actually waiting till 
 beasts speak, and are we not contented with the concurrent authority of 
 men? But am I actually loitering instead of escorting her to Thais? Shall 
 Verres have at his own house a candelabrum of Jove's? Pretty well that! 
 gone off, and cares not a lock of wool for what I said. Actually smiling? 
 Did it seem then to you such a fine joke to laugh at us, you villain? 
 
 675 (c). What shall we have to eat afterwards? Will you be silent? Am 
 I to be accountable to you? I believe, my father will not believe it. Will 
 you not be silent, you fool? He'll believe it, I'm sure. Why, if we have the 
 vigour of youth, do we not mount our horses and inspect with our own eyes the 
 dispositions of our wives? Why, look at the matter thus, judges. In truth I 
 now neither exhort you nor ask you to return home : why, I myself desire to 
 fly from hence. 676 (a). If we do not gain your approval of these views, 
 assume that they are false, at any rate they are not of a nature to excite 
 odium. Be it that there is no strength in old age : from old age strength is 
 not expected. A bad citizen, a wicked consul, a factious fellow was 
 Gnaeus Carbo: (Let him have been so to others, i.e.) Be it that he was so 
 in the opinion of others ( 477) ; when did you begin to be of that opinion? 
 There never was such a man, you will say. Be it so (lit. Let no one have 
 been so), I am discussing what I desire, not what I have seen. But the 
 fortune of fight had been doubtful. Grant that it had: whom did I, 
 doomed to death, fear? I would have borne torches into his camp. 
 
 676 (b). You do nothing, pain: however troublesome you are, I shall never 
 admit you to be an evil. Let them be as humorous, witty and eloquent as 
 they will, the power shown in the forum is one thing and that at the dinner- 
 table is another. Gaius Gracchus however told many people that when he 
 was a candidate for the quaestorship his brother Tiberius seemed to say to 
 him in his sleep, let him hesitate as much as he chose, he would have to 
 die by the same death by which he had himself died. 676 (c). Old 
 men retain their abilities, if only they retain their zeal and industry. I 
 now refer to you whom I am to follow : only let no one give me that very 
 ignorant and absurd answer, ' Anybody, provided it be somebody. ' 677 (a). 
 That course of yours is right, but this is expedient. Suppose that you 
 have rightly waged war: ought you therefore to have had to deal with 
 women? 677 (b}. You will reply that the Stoics call the same things 
 preferable which your friends call good. True they do call them so, but 
 
Translation of Examples in Syntax. 399 
 
 they deny that a happy life is filled with them. He thinks that it is 
 one thing to have joy, another thing to be free from pain. Yes, and makes 
 a great mistake. 677 (c). We may attack them as much as you please, 
 
 I am afraid they are the only philosophers. 677 (d). He was among 
 
 them in royal rank, although he had not the name. Although one of 
 the two has perished he who remains to me shall stand both for himself and 
 for Remus. Nor was there wanting one to recommend a deed however 
 bold. Expect to hear of any deed you please (i.e. quod /acinus expectare 
 commodum esf vobis), as bad as you please, still I shall surpass the ex- 
 pectation of all. 677 (e). Whom indeed I shall at once compel to 
 confess only do ye stand aside. 679. I sent one in a friendly way, 
 and he told this to Antony. Nature has given man reason, whereby 
 the appetites of the soul are ruled. Aelius used to write speeches, which 
 others used to deliver. That only is good by which the soul will be 
 made better. From each man's loss, pain, inconvenience, ruin, wrong, the 
 praetor drew up public formulae, on which model a private suit is 
 arranged. They bid up as high as they thought they could do the business 
 for ; Aeschrio bid above them. 680. I have one to avoid : I have none 
 to follow. I sent in a friendly way one to say this to Antony. Nature 
 has given man reason whereby to rule the appetites of the soul. Aelius 
 used to write speeches for others to say. Give him back tit for tat so as to 
 sting him. Most persons think the matter one fit for inquiry and the men 
 worth arguing with. In this respect you were sharp-sighted, in laying 
 down beforehand a limit above which I was not to purchase. 682 (a), 
 We must eat to live ; not live to eat. Both times I so bore myself as not to 
 be a disgrace to you, or to your kingdom or to the race of the Macedonians. 
 It is useful for there to be a number of accusers in a state, that boldness may 
 be kept in check by fear : but it is only useful provided we are not simply 
 made sport for the accusers. Only see that at the present time there be 
 nothing which can get in his way. I will endeavour to prevent your having 
 formed these hopes of me in vain. It had been written to him to prepare 
 everything against the games and to take care that his haste should not 
 prove fruitless to himself. Trunks are covered over with skin or bark that 
 they may be safer from frosts and heats. Caesar saw that it was due to 
 Afranius that a pitched battle was not fought. I shall not object to all the 
 world reading my writings. I will not add a word to prevent you dying 
 like a man. The soldiers scarcely restrained their feelings enough to 
 prevent their making a rush on them at once. 682 (/>). Verres begs 
 and prays Dolabella to go to Nero. The senate decreed that L. Opimius 
 should see that the state received no damage. The Fathers maintained 
 their ground that no motion should be made to the people : the commons 
 were successful in electing the same men tribunes for the fifth time. It is 
 the first principle of justice that no one should hurt anyone unless wrongly 
 provoked. The next thing is for me to show that the world is ruled by the 
 providence of the Gods. 683 i. There is the greatest possible 
 difference with them in habits and pursuits. The bare names of places will 
 be given, and with as much brevity as can be. Jugurtha arms the greatest 
 number of troops that he can. Craftily ( 452) conceal your words under 
 characters as ambiguous as possible. He held the place as long as he 
 could bear the toil. Having brought back from thence a booty exceeding 
 the fame of the war, he held some sports. This was as pleasing as any- 
 thing ever was to the senate. 683 2. They kept doing this for a great 
 part of the summer so much the more easily because our ships were being 
 kept back by storms. The more completely master of his art and more 
 
Translation of Examples in Syntax. 
 
 able a man is, so much more irritation and pain does teaching cause him. 
 In proportion to my want of ability I have had to rely upon carefulness. 
 Nor now indeed do I feel the want of a young man's strength, any more than 
 when a young man I used to feel the want of that of a bull or an elephant, 
 I wish Antony to be worse off than he is (worse to be to A. than there is), 
 684. We have accepted Caesar's terms, but on condition that he withdraws 
 his garrisons from the places he has seized. And he so puts his inventions, 
 so mixes up true with false, as to secure the middle according with the 
 beginning and the end with the middle. To the people of Lanuvium the 
 citizenship (of Rome) was given and their own sacred rites restored with 
 the proviso that the temple and grove of the saviour Juno should be 
 common to the burghers of Lanuvium and the people of Rome. 685 (a). 
 The want of harmony is enormous between the Median scymetar and wine 
 and lights. He was going in with strangely bitter feelings, so that I had to 
 scold him. O Phaedria, my superiority in wisdom over my master is 
 incredible. 685 (b). Strange how much not merely the occupation 
 
 but even the thought of that place delights me. He was interrupted by 
 frequent cries from the soldiers of Ventidius, for of his own he has very 
 few. It was not easy to remember all the objections made, for most of 
 them were utterly trivial. 686. My boy, I fear you will not be long- 
 
 lived, and some of your greater friends will kill you with cold (receptions). 
 They kept saying that they were afraid as to the possibility of bringing 
 up the supplies of corn properly. I fear lest if we delay like this it will be 
 for Hannibal and the Phoenicians that our ancestors have so often saved 
 Rome. I fear I shall not get it. Many things of that kind are said in 
 declamations (lit. in the schools), but perhaps it is not necessary for us to 
 believe them all. It would be ( 643) your line, if anyone's, to count 
 nothing but virtue among goods. Perhaps, said he, it would rather be your 
 line. 687 (a). Haven't I nicely forgotten that I told you? He remem- 
 
 bers his freedom pretty well, eh ? 687 (b). Just look at this, how he 
 wheedles ; no one when he (has begun) does begin is more coaxing. 
 O look there, how the rascal has twisted his face. 688. In weak 
 
 health, one scarcely avoids cold even indoors, much more difficult is it to 
 guard against the inclemency of the weather when on the sea. This 
 complaint was that the consuls were both war-loving men who even in 
 profound peace would be able to stir up a war, much less would they let 
 the state have breathing-time in war. The fact is, prosperity wears the 
 temper of wise men, much less could such men with depraved habits make a 
 moderate use of victory. 689. Lepidus never approved of the plan of 
 
 leaving Italy : Tullus still less. These things then the wise man will 
 not undertake in the interest of the state, nor will the state wish them to be 
 undertaken in her interest. Time however not only does not lighten this 
 grief but actually increases it. The oracles of Apollo never met with 
 credence even from any ordinary person, much less from a skilled inquirer. 
 The condition of things in the whole of this crisis was more than anyone 
 could bewail as it deserved, still less can anyone find words to describe it. 
 690. Not to be longer, farewell. Since with you respect is paid to 
 courage, that you may owe to your (may have got by) kindness what you 
 have failed to get by threats, (I tell you) three hundred of us leaders of the 
 youth of Rome have sworn to one another to attack you in this way. 
 "It showed great recklessness, not to say audacity ( 517), to touch any of 
 those things. 691. It is incredible and portentous how he managed to 
 squander such a quantity of things in so few not months but days (tarn 
 -multa quam panels, &c., as many things as the days were few). There has 
 
Translation of Examples in Syntax. 401 
 
 been in that city nothing I don't say done, but even devised, against this 
 state. 692 (a). Wait, pray, till I can see Atticus. He waited at 
 
 anchor till the ninth hour to allow of the remaining ships meeting there. 
 He suffered much in war till he could found a city and bring in his Gods to 
 Latium (i.e. to help, &c. Latium, 475). The battle of Actium is rehearsed 
 by the lads after the manner of enemies under your leadership, until swift 
 victory can crown one or other with her (palm) branch. Epaminondas 
 used to practise greatly running and wrestling, until he could manage while 
 standing to grip his adversary and straggle with him. 692 (l>). Without 
 
 any further delay the king sent 4000 armed men to Scotussa while the 
 panic was fresh. 693. I was in fear until we came to challenging 
 
 the jurymen. Milo was in the senate on that day until the senate was 
 dismissed. I shall be anxious about what you are doing (or how you are 
 faring) till I know what you have done (how you have fared). 694. 
 
 The elephants were not at all alarmed as long as they were being driven on 
 what appeared like a continuous bridge : the first fright began when the 
 raft being loosed from the rest, they were borne quickly into the open 
 river. There pushing one another, as those on the outside drew back from 
 the water, they began to shew some panic, until as they looked at the water 
 all round them fear itself (brought quiet, i.e.) made them quiet. 695. 
 
 In fact all the time I was with you you did not see my soul. This I did 
 as long as I was permitted: I ceased doing so as long as I was not 
 permitted. Just as there is said to be hope for a sick man as long as 
 there is breath, so I as long as Pompeius was in Italy, did not cease to 
 hope. So long as I was pleasing to you, I throve, more blessed than the 
 king of the Persians. So long as you were more in love with no other 
 woman, I throve more renowned than the Ilia of Rome. As long as there 
 shall be anyone to dare to defend you, you shall live. 696. So long 
 
 as (i.e. If only) things remain, let them invent words at their own choice. 
 That expression is cruel and detestable, ' Let them hate (so long as they 
 fear, i.e.) if they do but fear.' You may be sure it was written in the time of 
 Sulla. ' Let them hate' what? So long as they obey? No. So long as 
 they approve ? No. What then ? So long as they fear. On these terms I 
 should not have been willing even to be loved. Be whatever you like, if 
 only you don't recite. Many neglect everything that is right and honourable 
 if only they can get power. Imitate, enrolled fathers, the inconsiderate 
 mob, if only I am not required to imitate the tribunes. 697 (r). 
 
 Whilst his friends are coming, he walked about alone, his son standing at 
 a distance, he himself turning in his mind many things. Without any 
 evident causes died two Caesars while putting on shoes in the morning; 
 Q. Aemilius Lepidus while just stepping out, having knocked his toe against 
 the threshold of his chamber; Gaius Aufustius after leaving his house, as 
 he was going to the senate, having struck his foot (against something) in 
 the Assembly-place; Gnaeus Baebius Tamphilus, when he had asked the 
 time from his (boy, i.e.): slave; L. Tuccius a physician whilst taking a 
 draught of honey-wine ; Appius Saufeius \vhen on his return from the bath 
 he had drunk some honey-wine, and was sucking an egg ; &c. W'hilst these 
 things were doing at Veii, meantime the citadel of Rome and the Capitol 
 was in great danger. 697 (d). We have fallen into these disasters while 
 preferring to be feared than to be loved and esteemed. Thus the lady while 
 seeking to retain a few slaves ruined all her fortunes. I have however 
 gone on too freely into deeper water in my annoyance and weariness 
 of the ways of my country. 698. The Roman sticking to his rear 
 
 burst in as it were in one body before the doors of the gates could be 
 
 L. G. 26 
 
402 Translation of Examples in Syntax. 
 
 shut against him. He of course before he can come into Pontus will 
 send a despatch to Gnaeus Pompeius. But you will not gird with walls 
 the city given you, before cruel hunger force you to consume with your jaws 
 the gnawed tables. He did not cease to send to his brother and friends 
 until he could confirm peace with them. A few days ( 496) before 
 Syracuse was taken, Otacilius crossed into Africa. 699 (a). Love strikes 
 us, before in safety we see our enemy. All this property, he who had 
 made the will, had some time before his death delivered to the use and 
 possession of Heraclius. Nor did they stop in their flight till they came to 
 the river Rhine about five thousand paces from that place. I shall not 
 tire of it before I have learnt their two-edged ways and methods of dis- 
 puting both for and against everyone. We use our limbs before we have 
 learnt for what purpose we have them. 699 (). But upon my honour 
 
 ( 417) I shall much sooner sacrifice my own safety for you than surrender 
 Gnaeus Plancius' safety to your attack. 700. Zeno of Elea endured 
 
 everything rather than inform against those who conspired with him to 
 overthrow the despotism. Anyone shall tear out my eyes sooner than 
 scorn you and despoil you of a rotten nut. Many of the common people in 
 despair, rather than be tortured with still drawing breath, covered up their 
 heads and threw themselves into the Tiber. 701. Pompeius adds that 
 
 he will be slain by Clodius before I shall be hurt. I am grieved that you, 
 a man endowed with almost unique wisdom, are not rather delighted with 
 your own advantages than troubled with others' woes. Did not I declare 
 to you that I would endure anything whatever rather than go out of Italy 
 to a civil war? They determine rather to adopt that plan than undergo 
 terms either of surrender or of peace. 704. I am a man who never did 
 
 anything for my own sake rather than for that of my fellow-citizens. The 
 Campanians had committed in their revolt too great crimes to admit of 
 pardon ( 569). This is the only contention which has remained till now. 
 You are the only man, Gaius Caesar, whose victory was marked by the 
 death of no one who did not bear arms. O fortunate youth to have found 
 a herald of your valour in Homer. The time will assuredly come for you 
 to regret the lofty spirit of the bravest of men. The life of Romulus fell in 
 an age when Greece was already full of poets and musicians. 705. 
 Spurius Thorius had considerable power in the popular style of oratory 
 I mean the man who by a bad and useless law relieved the public land from 
 tax. Epicurus was not sufficiently educated in those arts which give their 
 possessors the title of ' accomplished.' Choose which of the two is convenient 
 to you. Virtue is most of all things fixed with the deepest roots ; it can 
 never be shaken by any force. Ah ! wretched that I am ! I looked at your 
 feelings with the eyes of my own. Fortunate was his end : he saw not the 
 things actually happening which he foresaw would happen. The long 
 period when I shall not exist moves me more than this short time. You 
 have had ample opportunity of seeing my views ever since the time when 
 you came to meet me at my house at Cumae. 706. There are those 
 
 who think that death is the departure of the soul from the body. There is 
 a limit to the indulgence which may be given to friendship. There was 
 formerly a time when the Gauls surpassed the Germans in valour. How 
 many then are there who obey dreams, or even understand them or remem- 
 ber them? Nor can anyone be king of the Persians who has not previously 
 mastered the Magians' course of instruction. I say that there was not 
 throughout Sicily a single silver vessel which Verres did not hunt up, inspect, 
 and take from it anything that pleased him. There was not one of all 
 the soldiers in the fort who was not wounded. 707. Many are those 
 
^Translation of Examples in Syntax, 403 
 
 who take away from one to give to another. There is one man to whom a 
 crow gave the possession of a surname. It is many years since M. Fadius 
 is in my treasures and loved by me for his thorough culture. But crises 
 often occur when what seems especially worthy of a just man changes and 
 becomes the contrary. The time is past when it could be said : Why, you 
 are a patrician and sprung from the liberators of your country : now the 
 consulship is the reward not of race as formerly but of valour. Is any- 
 thing good which does not make him who possesses it better? I do not 
 consider him a free man who does not occasionally do nothing. 708. 
 
 Why that unnamed gentleman who is wont to be mentioned in disputations 
 used to see things 200 miles off. L. Pinarius was a sharp man, who 
 trusted more to precluding the possibility of being deceived than to the 
 honour of the Sicilians. True, we often look for a Latin word parallel and 
 equivalent to a Greek word : here there was no reason for looking. In 
 explaining names you Stoics toil to a piteous extent. 709. He must 
 
 needs fear many whom many fear. A man whom you could not have over- 
 reached if you brought the case before an arbitrator, to whom judgment on 
 such a question did not properly belong, him will you condemn by means 
 of a judge who has no right as arbitrator on such a matter. I do not even 
 know by what name I should address you. Citizens ? you who have 
 revolted from your country. Or soldiers? you who have thrown off respect 
 for your general and the auspices, and have broken the obligation of your 
 oath. 710. Of all orators, so far at least as I know them, .1 consider 
 Q. Sertorius the most acute. There is not a slave, if only he is in a 
 tolerable condition as a slave, who does not shudder at the boldness of the 
 citizens. Epicurus alone, so far as I know, dared to profess himself a wise 
 man. I. beg then of you to oblige him in all things, so far as you can do 
 so without trouble to yourself, I should be glad of your coming as soon as 
 possible consistently with your convenience. 711 (a). Who however 
 
 of our orators of the present day reads Cato? Who that has ever cared to 
 know these things moderately is ignorant that there are three kinds of 
 Greeks? The censors used to examine the case of those who were dis- 
 charged from serving in the army, and anyone whose discharge seemed 
 at present not legitimate, they compelled to take an oath ( 467) as 
 follows: "According to the purpose of your mind you will according to the 
 decree of Gains Claudius and Titus Sempronius the censors return into the 
 province of Macedonia, so far as you shall be able honestly to do so." You 
 have, so far as in you lay, ruined both yourself and the unhappy woman. 
 711 (I}. But however that is, this complaint of yours is of no avail. What- 
 ever it is, I fear the Danai even when bringing gifts, I count as ours the 
 forces of Deiotarus, however great they are. Whatever is the matter, 
 wherever he is, whatever he does, Egnatius has a smile. This may no doubt 
 be false, it may be true, but whichever it is, it is not surprising. In what- 
 ever way posterity will take those deeds, love of country will conquer. The 
 Romans, although they were weary with marching and battle, still advance 
 in order and pn the alert to meet Metellus. 712 (a). You are not the 
 
 man, Catilina, for shame ever to have recalled you from foul acts. The rest 
 they drove in such a panic of fear that they did not desist from flight before 
 they had come in sight of our column. He made this speech with so firm a 
 voice and look as to seem not to be retiring from life, but from one house 
 to another. The Sicilians are never in such a bad way that they cannot 
 say something witty and apt. I never had anyone to whom to give a 
 letter for you but what I gave it. The Trevii i did not stop any time during 
 the whole winter sending envoys across the Rhine. 712 (//). So far are we 
 
 262 
 
404 Translation of Examples in Syntax. 
 
 from admiring our own productions that we are actually so hard to please and 
 whimsical as not to be satisfied with Demosthenes himself. It is the habit 
 of men to dislike the same man's excelling in several things. It often 
 happens that debtors do not meet their obligations punctually. Not even a 
 God can make one who> has lived not to have lived, or one who has held 
 office not to have held office, or twice ten not to be twenty. Appius 
 Claudius besides- being old was also blind. When Varus stopped behind 
 and asked who he was and what he wanted, Fabius strikes his uncovered 
 shoulder with his sword and all but killed Varus. I cannot help sending 
 you a letter every day in order that I may get one from you. 713. It 
 
 happened very inconveniently that you nowhere caught sight of him. You 
 are checked neither by the period of the censorship having expired, nor 
 by your colleague having resigned his office, nor by statute nor by shame. 
 It was much against Eumenes while living among the Macedonians that he 
 was of a foreign state. I omit the fact that she selected that as a home 
 and settlement for herself. Licinius acted very politely in coming to me 
 in the evening after the senate was dismissed. In addition to the fear 
 inspired by the war with the Latins had come the fact that it was tolerably 
 clear that thirty tribes had already leagued themselves together. In this 
 one respect above all others we excel wild beasts, that we have speech to 
 express our feelings. 714 (c). His ability I praise without being much 
 
 afraid of it, and approve while thinking that I can be more easily pleased 
 than beguiled by him. Not very long ago it received the steady spondees 
 into its ancestral right, obliging and contented, but not to the extent of 
 withdrawing in its love of companionship from the second or the fourth place. 
 Who is there who would be willing to live in abundance of everything 
 without either loving anyone or being himself loved by any? 714 (d). 
 
 Even supposing that you were more worthy than Plancius, itself a point 
 which I shall presently discuss with you without detracting from your worth, 
 it is not your competitor but the people that is to blame (for your not 
 being elected). How very few skilled lawyers there are, even if you count 
 those who claim to be. Even if I do not compare your life with his (for it 
 does not admit of comparison) I will compare this one point in which you 
 make yourself out to be superior. Granted that I have gone wrong in 
 these matters, still by mentioning a different opinion as well, I have avoided 
 deceiving my readers. However, supposing this not to be so, still I pro- 
 pose to myself a splendid spectacle, provided only I may enjoy it with 
 you in the seat next me. For even if Plato had brought no reason (see 
 what weight I assign the man), he would have subdued me by his mere 
 authority. 714 (e). That this fellow should carry off from me all this 
 
 money and laugh in my face ? It were better to die. I interrupt you? 
 I should not have wished that either. And yet what am I saying ? Can it 
 be that anything should break you? that you should ever correct yourself? 
 that you should think at all of flight ? Would that the Gods would give 
 you the disposition to it. (To think) that you should have laughed un- 
 punished at the revealing of the Cotyttian mysteries. 715 (a). The 
 consul, having laid this news before the senate exactly as it had reached 
 him, consulted them on the religious point. As you shall have sown, so 
 will you reap. They interpreted that, each according to his own temper. 
 715 (/;). These men however are, compared with the age of the people of 
 Rome, old men : but, as the generations of Athenians are reckoned, ought 
 to be considered young men. But upon my word, as the case now stands, 
 although it was shaken by yesterday's conversation, it seems to me per- 
 fectly true. Sthenius had got, so far as the means of a man of Thermae 
 
Translation of Examples in Syntax. 405 
 
 went, a very fair quantity of well-made silver. 715 (c). But although, 
 
 my dear Plancus, you may have made a mistake, for who can avoid that? still 
 who does not see that deceived you could not have been ? The people of 
 Saguntum, although they had rest from righting, yet had never ceased 
 working either by night or day. 715 (d). Grant that Ennius is, as he 
 
 no doubt is, more perfect. The enemy required frightening more than 
 deceiving, as frightened in fact they were. 715 (e). Led on by the 
 
 authority of the Veneti the neighbouring tribes Gauls always farm, 
 sudden and hasty plans retain Trebius on the same ground. Chrysippus, 
 always careful in historical investigation, collects many other usages. 
 715 (/). My life upon it, I incur the utmost expense. 718. I seem to 
 
 myself to have sinned in leaving you. How blind I was not to have seen 
 this before. We ourselves, although at first as stern as Lycurgus, become 
 milder every day. The stranger touched by religious scruple, desiring as 
 he did to have everything done duly, at once went clown to the Tiber. 
 They make their way back to the camp now full of panic and confusion, 
 women and boys and other non-combatants being mixed up there. The 
 brightness of the Sun is more brilliant than that of any fire, shining as it 
 does so far and wide in an immeasurable universe. You the quaestor did 
 not obey the tribune of the cornmons, and that too though your colleague 
 obeyed. 719 (a). You are tormented days and nights through, for 
 
 what you have is not enough, and you fear lest even that should not last 
 long. O trusty right hand of Antonius, with which he cut down numbers 
 of citizens. I feel very grateful to old age: it has increased my eagerness 
 for discourse, and removed my eagerness for drink and food. Jugurtha on 
 the other hand on receiving the unexpected news (for he had a fixed 
 conviction that everything at Rome was purchaseable), sends ambassadors 
 to the senate. 719 (/;). If you had left the business to me, such is my 
 
 love to you, I would have settled it. They rise to consider their judgment, 
 when Oppianicus, as was allowed at that time, declared that he wished the 
 votes to be given openly. 720. When they caught sight of a debtor 
 
 being led into court, they used to rush together from all parts. Nor did 
 he accept the succession to anyone's property, except when he had deserved 
 it by friendship. W r hen the envoy had said this, he used to hurl a spear 
 into their territory. Philopoemen whenever he travelled anywhere and 
 came to a difficult pass used to consider on all sides the character of the 
 place, and then if travelling by himself, discuss in his own mind ; if with 
 companions, question them, what plan should be adopted supposing an 
 enemy made its appearance there. He used to take food even before 
 dinner, at whatever place and time his appetite demanded it. In whatever 
 direction he took himself he drew with him no doubtful victory. As often 
 as he took counsel on such a matter, he used to resort to a high part of 
 the house and with the knowledge of one freedman only. Nor was the 
 Roman consul negligent in trying the cities if any chance shewed itself 
 in any quarter. 721. When I (have) come to my villa, this is just 
 
 what I like, to do nothing and be quite idle. When a father of a family of 
 higher rank dies (has died) his relations meet. Wherever you turn your 
 eyes your own wrong deeds, like furies, meet you. When idleness has 
 caused strength, time, ability to dwindle away, men throw blame on natural 
 weakness. Anyone, whoever he was, who had at the time of my disaster 
 a share in Cloclius' crime, wherever he came, whatever trial he had to 
 stand, was condemned. He generally kept the soldiers in fixed quarters, 
 except when effluvia or want of fodder forced him to change the place. 
 For my part whenever I was praised by our friend Cato I readily put up 
 
40 6 Translation of Examples in Syntax. 
 
 even with censure from others. If they proved unable to keep the enemy 
 from pursuing, they used by a flank march to attack them in the rear as 
 they were scattered. As each man's lot fell he briskly caught up his arms 
 in haste. Nor will this lad whenever he sees me ( 609, i) sigh and say that 
 he sees the ruin of his father. 722. On his approaching the gate a fire 
 
 as agreed was raised by Hannibal : as the well-known voice of Philomenus 
 and the signal now familiar roused the guard, the small gate is opened. As 
 Phocion was being led to death, Ephiletus met him. On his saying with 
 tears, 'What an unworthy fate is yours, Phocion,' he replied: 'But not an 
 unexpected one.' At noon when Caesar had despatched three legions to 
 forage, of a sudden the enemy from all sides flew up to the foragers. As I 
 was at Athens, I used to attend Zeno's lectures frequently. As the night 
 was far advanced and I had stayed in the country-house of P. Valerius, and 
 the day after stayed with him waiting for a wind, a great number of the 
 burghers of Rhegium came to me. 723. Pompeius when he saw his 
 
 cavalry routed, retired from the battle. When this opinion was scornfully 
 rejected and, on the same messenger returning, he was consulted again, he 
 recommended that they should all to a man be put to death. Another hope 
 succeeded, after this had turned out unfounded. After that victory was 
 established and we withdrew from arms, though ( 732) men were being 
 proscribed, Roscius used to be frequently at Rome. As soon as his sister 
 Juturna saw talk of this kind to grow, she flings herself into the midst of 
 the ranks. 724. Lollius is dragged up by the slaves of Venus just 
 
 when Apronius had returned from the palaestra and had thrown himself 
 on the dinner-couch. He entered the city with what a suite or rather 
 with what an army ! on the right and on the left, amid the groans of the 
 people of Rome, threatening the owners, marking the houses, openly pro- 
 mising his followers that he would divide the city among them. Day by 
 day he used to make invidious charges against my power, saying that the 
 senate decreed not what it thought right but what I chose. 725. 
 
 When you will be reading this, we shall have consuls (i. e. the consuls 
 will have been elected). Whilst this was doing at Rome, Antiochus at 
 Chalcis was working on the minds of the townships. As soon as ever I 
 came to Rome, I thought nothing should take precedence of my (congra- 
 tulating you in your absence, i. e.) writing to congratulate you on my re- 
 turn. It remains that you should tell me everything before you set out, 
 and when you have set out take care and let me know it. As to the name 
 of despot I can answer this that whatever I am, I am the same I was 
 when you yourself made an alliance with me. When the consul got to 
 Placentia, Hannibal had already moved out of his fixed camp. We our- 
 selves (were of that class, i. e.) acted in that way, when the circumstances 
 of our canvass required it. What groves or what mountain forests held 
 you, Naid girls, when Callus was being ruined by an unworthy love. At 
 the time when in Asia very many had lost large properties, we know at 
 Rome credit had collapsed from the difficulties in the way of payment. 
 When I got there, the praetor was resting: the brothers from Cibyra 
 were walking about. 726. I have often heard my father-in-law say 
 
 that his father-in-law Laelius was wont almost always to go into the country 
 with Scipio. We have seen with our own eyes troops of young men at Lace- 
 daemon struggling with incredible determination and rather losing their 
 life than admit themselves conquered. 727. It was, when I despatched 
 
 this letter, just thirty days during which I had had none from you. It is not 
 quite i jo years since a law giving a right of action for moneys extorted 
 was brought forward by Lucius Piso, there having been none before ( 722). 
 
Translation of Examples in Syntax. 407 
 
 728. This being the case, Catilina, proceed whither you have begun. But 
 since there are Gods, if there are Gods as unquestionably there are, it must 
 'be that they are living. Dionysius, not daring to stand on the common 
 hustings, used to address the people from a lofty tower. 729. May all 
 
 the Gods grant you all your wishes, since you honour me with such great 
 honour, and since you take me out of prison. Since the Gods love you, I 
 am pleased. I congratulate you, since you have so much weight with 
 Dolabella. What are masters to do when thieves are so daring? What 
 will the wise man do, when the fool is pleased with a present? 730. 
 
 Your (son) Cicero came to us to dinner, since Pomponia was dining out. 
 What will hair do, when things like that give way before iron? What is a 
 guard to do when there are so many theatres in the city and when she goes 
 whither her companions are forbidden to go? 731. Who in accusing 
 
 this man accuse Naevius, Plautus, and Ennius. But as to you, Catilina, 
 when they are quiet, they approve ; when they suffer, they decree ; when 
 they are silent, they shout. I allow you to pass over those things which by 
 your silence you allow to be nothing. Epicurus drew religion out of 
 men's minds by the roots, when in treating of the immortal Gods he took 
 from them help and favour. 732. The river Drance, though it carries 
 
 a great force of water, is yet not navigable. Notwithstanding that you are 
 really Pylades, will you say that you are Orestes, in order to die for your 
 friend? Cicero himself, though in very delicate health, did not leave him- 
 self even night-time for rest. Now that I perceive his mind to be averse 
 from me, why should I bring him back? At this very time, though all the 
 gymnasia are occupied by philosophers, still their hearers prefer to hear 
 a quoit than a philosopher. 733. What then am I to do? Not go? 
 
 Not now even, when I am actually sent for? Alas ! they go so far as to say 
 I am mad, when they are mad themselves. 734. How then do you 
 
 bring this charge against Sestius, when at the same time you praise Milo? 
 He pretends that he is trusting to their protection, while in the meantime he 
 has been (for) long planning some other scheme. Fadius he dragged off, 
 half buried him in the school and burnt him alive, whilst he all the time 
 having dined, with bare feet, loosened robe, and hands behind his back, 
 walked up and down, and answered the poor wretch who pleaded his rights 
 as a Quirite : ' Now off with you, throw yourself on the honour of the 
 people.' Thucydides was never counted an orator; nor indeed if he had. 
 not written history would his name have been prominent, and that too 
 though he had held office and was a noble. 735. The soldiers, when they 
 broke into the house, went in different directions to look for the king ( 539), 
 filling everything with noise and disturbance, when in the meantime Hi- 
 empsal is discovered, concealing himself in the cottage of a slave woman. 
 The camp was pitched with little care on the enemy's territory, when of a 
 sudden the legions of the Samnites came up. Hannibal was coming up to 
 the walls, when suddenly the gate was thrown open and the Romans make 
 a sally upon him just as he was apprehending nothing of the kind. And 
 now they were preparing to do this by night, when the matrons suddenly 
 advanced into the public place. 736. Sisenna's history, easily as it 
 
 surpasses all before, still shows how far removed it is from perfection. 
 Singularly as I have loved you from your boyhood, yet for this deed of 
 yours or, shall I say, judgment of the Roman people on you, I love you 
 still more ardently. 737. Whilst I desire to acquire an actual know- 
 
 ledge of the law of augury, I am upon my word incredibly delighted with 
 your devotion and benefits to me. Whilst I have always greatly loved 
 you, the singular affection of your brothers does not allow me to omit any 
 
408 Translation 'of Examples in Syntax. 
 
 act of duty towards you. 739. Paetus made a present to me of (as a 
 
 matter of fact) all the books which his brother had left. Verres sends to 
 ask for (what in fact was) the most beautiful plate which he had seen at 
 his house. He said that he would not take judges by lot in accordance 
 with Rupilius' law: he appointed five judges just those which it suited 
 him to give. 740 i. Paetus made a present to me of all such books 
 
 as his brother had left. He offers great rewards to such as should slay 
 the king. In the meantime Caesar daily demanded from the Haedui the 
 corn which (as Caesar described it) they had officially offered. 740 i. 
 
 Panaetius praises Africanus for having been abstemious. Are you then 
 not satisfied that I brought the army across in safety? that at the first 
 onset as I came, I routed the enemy's fleet? that twice in two days I 
 conquered in cavalry engagements? Caesar mentioned the favours he 
 himself and the senate had bestowed on him, that he had received the 
 title of king and that of friend from the senate, and that handsome 
 presents had been sent him. The Romans were less stirred by those 
 disasters because they saw that the consuls in the critical part of the war 
 were up to that time managing successfully. Boxers groan when wielding 
 the gloves, not that they are in pain or having any sinking in their courage, 
 but because by the utterance of a cry the whole body is put on the stretch 
 and the blow comes with greater force. To me those acts seem more 
 praiseworthy which are done without vaunting, and away from the eyes of 
 the people ; not that the people should be avoided, for all good deeds wish 
 to be placed in the light, but yet to virtue there is no theatre greater than 
 conscience. My chief efforts in each instance are not to help my case, but 
 to avoid hurting it, not but what both deserve one's exertions, but still it 
 is more disgraceful for an orator to be thought to have injured his case 
 than not to have helped it. 741. Nor in truth can I understand 
 
 why you are angry with me. If it is because I defend the man whom 
 you attack, why am I not wroth with you, because you attack the man 
 whom I defend? So it happens that they are present because their duty 
 leads them, they are silent because they shun risk. They are indignant 
 because you breathe, because you speak, because you have men's shapes. 
 The villas at Tusculum and Pompeii greatly please me, only that they have 
 involved me in debt. You, Quirites, seeing that it is now night, depart to 
 your houses. Since then virtue is a disposition of the mind, making those 
 people, who have it, praiseworthy, from it proceed right acts of will. The 
 greatest service is done by those who are distinguished in warfare, since it 
 is by their wisdom and at their risk that we are enabled to enjoy our privi- 
 leges both as a state and as individuals. Since neither the authority of the 
 senate nor my age has any weight with you, I appeal to the tribunes of the 
 commons. Why should I not continually plead with you by means of verses 
 from Homer, since you do not permit me to plead with you by means of 
 your own? On which account I am the more harassed, not because I am 
 in debt, as is true, to many, but because the claims of some who have 
 deserved well of me often clash with one another. 742. For having by 
 
 Hannibal's permission gone out of the camp, he returned soon after on the 
 plea of having forgotten something. Those who come from your part find 
 fault with you for haughtiness in refusing, as they assert, to give an answer to 
 inquiries. 743. You write that if I wish you will come to me. /wish 
 
 I were with you. As to Silius' wish that you should talk to Clodius, I 
 consent to your doing so. This being so, whereas Gains Pansa the consul 
 has addressed us respecting the despatch which was brought from Q. Caepio, 
 on that matter my recommendation is as follows. 744. Soldier, I 
 
Translation of Examples in Syntax. 40 
 
 give you notice, if I ever again find you in this square, however you may 
 say to me "I was looking for someone else, my road lay in this direction," 
 it is all over with you. As to your thinking that you are now freed from 
 all fear for your reputation, that you have done with honours and are consul 
 elect, believe me those distinctions and favours of the Roman people re- 
 quire no less trouble to keep than to get. 745. If the war which the 
 people has ordered to be waged with king Antiochus shall be completed 
 in accordance with the feeling of the senate and people of Rome, then in 
 thy honour, father Jove, will the people of Rome celebrate great games for 
 ten successive days. 746 (a). The praetor vowed a temple to Jove, if 
 he should succeed in routing the enemy that day. Metellus summons the 
 magistrates to appear before him, utters terrible threats if they fail in 
 restoring the statues. Jugurtha was afraid of the anger of the senate, if he 
 did not obey the envoys. Nor could the danger of the enemy's recovering 
 courage make them hasten their steps. The Hernici, moved by shame also, 
 and not pity only, if they should neither oppose the common enemy nor 
 bring aid to their allies who were besieged, march to Rome. Why was M. 
 Brutus on your motion freed from (the penalties of) the laws if he should be 
 away from the city more than ten days? 746 (I)}. Rubrius made a 
 wager with Apronius whether Apromus had not frequently said that you 
 were his partner in the tithes. Those who had served with him declared 
 that Caeso- was with them and constant with the standards without any 
 leave of absence. If that were not so, many made Volscius the offer of a 
 judge on their private account (i.e. offered to bet Volscius that it was 
 so). 747. I will go and see, if he is at home. I shall now go back 
 ( 597) 5 I g to see if perchance my brother has come back. Strange 
 if this fellow is not thinking of boning me like a lamprey. If it is not 
 a miracle, pander, you have lost the woman outright. I am surprised if 
 with such haughtiness and cruelty Tarquinius could ever have had a 
 friend. 748. He inquired again, if it were permitted to go to the 
 war along with the Romans. The enemy were waiting in case our men 
 should cross this marsh. The thing was tried whether Ardea could 
 be taken at the first rush. He moves his camp to Gonnus in the hopes 
 of making himself master of the town. 749. How is he? does 
 he remember me? Atticus, 'What was the talk? what was done?' 
 Cicero, 'I will write to you when I know for certain.' 750. What the 
 talk was and what was done I will write and tell you when I know for 
 certain. I have been carried about and don't know where I am. At 
 present we are waiting to know two things, one, what Caesar is going to 
 do, the other what Pompeius is doing. I am seeking here for a young man 
 Lesbonicus, (to know) where in these parts he lives. They ask me fre- 
 quently how I am, what I am doing, what business I am at. See how 
 unfair your eagerness makes you. Look now how the defendant corrected 
 it. What was the reason why you did not follow Caesar into Africa, 
 especially as there was so much of the war still remaining? They are 
 driven into the senate-house, uncertain how far Volero would carry his 
 victory. They ordered the envoys to look out whether an attempt had 
 been made by King Perseus on the minds of the allies. 751. Tell me, 
 where is she now, I beseech you. I should very much like someone to 
 make this clear to me, where does this pander Ballio now live? I want to 
 know, to whom did you give it back ? Who am I then, pray, if I am not 
 Sosia? I put the question to yott. I ask you, judges, just because he is 
 eloquent, ought I to be condemned? Look you, does his colour show 
 anywhere a trace of shame? But do you know, what has come into my 
 
4io Translation of Examples in Syntax. 
 
 mind? So then, help me Castor, he's fair: look, how his hair becomes 
 him! Do you see, prythee, how they give a sidelong glance at us? 
 
 752. Whether I rejoice, says he, or am pained that a lamentable war is 
 being waged, is doubtful. Show me this that whether I am in pain or 
 not makes no difference. There is only this difference, whether he came 
 on that march to the city or returned from the city into Campania. In 
 short he said everything was lost, and I almost think that is the case. 
 
 753. Old men remember everything which they care about, appointments 
 to appear in court, who is their debtor and creditor. Listen in brief 
 (abl. 503) and you will know what I wish of you and what you are 
 seeking. What you desire, is for you to settle ( 667) : whatever you 
 decide is your desire, you shall certainly have. 754. I grant it : 
 perhaps someone sometime may have done a thing of the kind. Why 
 the advantages which perhaps we do not even feel, how important are 
 they ! What is there to prevent them from having power to establish a 
 colony on the Janiculum? One (of the two things) cannot be said, viz., 
 why those, who fear nothing, are not vexed, and have no desires, should 
 not be happy. Nor did it escape Caesar that the victory began with 
 the cohorts which were placed facing the cavalry in the fourth line. 
 Orgetorix died : nor is there wanting a suspicion, as the Helvetii think, 
 that he (resolved on death for himself, i.e.) put an end to his own life. 
 755. Perhaps someone will call these small, for such they are. Perhaps, 
 unfortunate one, you were then afraid of the winds and waves. See, Cali- 
 dorus comes: he has someone or other with him. I by no means agree 
 with those who greatly praise that unpainfulness, if I may call it so (nescio 
 yuam), which cannot and ought not to exist. Sharp sayings in numbers 
 drawn from some hidden source or other will find a place. 756. What 
 then do you tell? What do I tell? Why by your aid affairs are now 
 coming back as plainly as possible to a rope for me. Ah, Demea, I had 
 not caught sight of you. What's doing? What's doing? I cannot be 
 astonished enough at your mode of acting. 757. Your father What 
 of my father? Your mistress What of her? Has seen Seen? woe's 
 me wretched. I prythee by Poll, get up : my father has come here. 
 Your father come? Bid him go away again. 760 i. Now I seem 
 to myself to have done some business in coming here. The wise man 
 does not hesitate, if that should be the better course, to withdraw from 
 life. I see that this, while I have wished to say it briefly, has been 
 actually said somewhat obscurely. They deny that it is right for him to 
 look at the light, who admits that a man has been slain by him. For I am 
 not one to say that whatever is seen is such as it seems. Romulus is said 
 to have been ordered by Amulius to be exposed along with his brother 
 Remus as soon as he was born. 760 2. If in the daytime also the 
 dogs should bark, when people have come to pay their respects to the 
 Gods, their legs, I imagine, would be broken for being on the alert even 
 when there is no ground for suspicion. Hortensius possessed such a good 
 memory as I think I have known in no one else, so that what he had 
 thought over in his own mind he repeated, without a line on paper, in 
 the same words which he had framed in thought. This is what I seem 
 to see clearly that we are so framed by nature that all have fellowship 
 with one another, but the greater fellowship in proportion to nearness. 
 There were many who, though thinking that that was not the state of 
 the case, still readily said what I have named about those orators. 
 Whether I should be spending my labour profitably if I should succeed in 
 writing the affairs of Rome from the first origin of the city, I am by no 
 
Translation of Examples in Syntax,. 411 
 
 means sure, nor, if I were, should I dare to say so. 761 i. At the 
 
 river Hypanis which flows from part of Europe into the Euxine, Aristotle 
 says there are some insects born which live for one single day. The force 
 of speech enables us both to learn the things of which we are ignorant, and 
 to teach the things we know. Thinkest thou that you can make the 
 wicked acts of Verres appear to those who will hear of them as cruel and 
 unworthy as they appeared to those who felt them ? May I be permitted 
 so to place the commonwealth in safety that I may, when dying, bear 
 with me the hope that the foundations of the commonwealth which I 
 shall have laid will remain in their own impress. It is right that you 
 also should actively perform your duties in whatever position each shall 
 be placed and whatever order shall be given him. 761 2. If death had 
 
 been an object of fear, L. Brutus would not have fallen in battle while pre- 
 venting the return of the despot whom he had himself driven out. If these 
 things had been contrary to what I say, still, &c. I would give this piece 
 of advice to all defendants. This much is at once seen to, that whatever 
 plate there was among that man's effects should be carried off to the 
 defendant. The speaker must slyly use just so much imitation that his 
 hearer may imagine more than he sees. Lest you should say no indulgence 
 has been allowed you, says Papirius, I allow you not to stroke the back (of 
 your horse) when you get down from your horses. How few philosophers 
 are found with conduct such as their system demands. There is no slave 
 who does not contribute as much goodwill, as he dares and can, to our 
 safety. 765 (). They were constantly writing that just as certain 
 
 beasts are never tamed by any skill, so man's disposition could neither be 
 tamed nor appeased. We remind them that we are their fellow-citizens, 
 and, if we have not the same means, yet we inhabit the same country. I 
 declared that I would endure anything whatever rather than leave Italy for 
 a civil war. 765 (c). Stranger, tell Sparta that you saw us lying 
 
 here in obedience to the hallowed laws of our country. 778. Caesar 
 
 was informed by scouts that from the part of the village which he had left 
 to the Gauls all had departed by night. Meanwhile word is brought to 
 Caesar, that the people of Sulmo, a town about 7 miles from Corfinium, 
 desire to do what he wished, but are prevented by Q. Lucretius a Senator 
 and Attius a Paelignian, who held the town with a garrison of 7 cohorts. 
 Why, Diogenes the Cynic was wont to say, that Harpalus, who in those 
 times was reputed a lucky brigand, was a witness against the (existence of) 
 
 ds, in that he lived so long in luck like that. 779. C. Marius 
 
 been told by an haruspex that great and marvellous things were 
 indicated for him: wherefore he should trust the gocls and do what he had 
 in mind. He exhorts them to bring a like temper to the easy matters 
 which remained. 781. Why am I undertaking your part? Why is 
 
 M. Tullius demanding the memorials of P. Africanus, while P. Scipio is 
 defending the man who removed them ? The foreign spoil is placed before 
 the gods of their fatherland. 782. The Consul brought (the question) 
 
 of war before the people. Without any fear and with the highest honour 
 (uprightness) shall we live. These duties relate to power over the things 
 which men use, to means, to supplies. 783. He sends five cohorts 
 
 into the nearest crops to get corn : between the crops and the camp there 
 was only one hill. This fluent gentleman does not understand that he is 
 praising the man he speaks against and abusing those he is addressing. 
 He only struck the bird down from high heaven. Treaties of the kings 
 made for equal rights with the Gabii and with the hard Sabines. 
 78* (/>) A civil war is swayed for the most part by opinion and report, 
 
4 ii a Translation of Examples in Syntax. 
 
 Many however like Gnathos are superior in position, in fortune, in reputa- 
 tion. 784 (c). To no one's spirit or good- will or endurance in your 
 cause will I yield. Not even by these tribunes was anything noticeable 
 done at Velitrae. 785. At the commencement they are wrong in 
 checking meditation on the future. My quaestor Balbus, having collected 
 from public levies a great quantity of coin, a great weight of gold and still 
 greater weight of silver, on the first of June crossed into the kingdom 
 of Bogudes, with quite a nice little property. Bellienus a house slave of 
 Demetrius, having received money from the opposite party, arrested and 
 strangled a certain Domitius, a nobleman there and a guest-friend of 
 Caesar. 787. Friendship allows no plan of spending life into which 
 she does not enter. The force of this reasoning we have learnt from the 
 divine book of Epicurus on the text and criterion. 788. This is the 
 man we are seeking. This being so, I speak as follows. What were 
 brought to Rome we see near the temple of Honour and Virtue. 789. 
 What kind of things those are, we shall more easily understand, when we 
 come to the actual classification of jokes. These points, Erucius, so many, 
 so important, if you had them to urge in the case of a defendant, how long a 
 speech would you have made? Thou subduest the conquered Powers of the 
 sea and him who rules the Powers. 790. Now the strong men had 
 lost their strength, the sword its strong edge, the leaders their plans. Or 
 think you that, at the time when the great Hippocrates of Cos lived, there 
 were some doctors who prescribed for diseases, some who prescribed for 
 wounds, others for the eyes? In fact eloquence is one and the same: for 
 whether it speaks of the origin of the heaven or of the earth, of the divine 
 or human power, whether it speaks from a lower place or on a level 
 or from a higher, whether to urge men on or to instruct them or to deter 
 them, speech is spread by channels not by springs (i.e. a stream which has 
 many channels but only one source). Thou wast the same mkl peace and 
 war. 791 i. It is from evils that death leads us away, not from 
 goods. I gave the man permission, though the request was impudent. We 
 shall follow then, at this time and on this subject, principally the Stoics. 
 791 2. Four days' discourse we have sent you written in full in the 
 former books. Who have experienced the risks and change of fortune. 
 Marcellus' fight at Nola was the first thing that raised the spirits of the 
 Roman people. 791 3. Q. Fabius was old and I was young, yet I 
 loved him as if he were my own age. What of your putting yourself in 
 prison? 791 4. Our principles agree : the fight is one of language. 
 Together with the hope of conquest you have thrown away also the desire 
 of fighting. Postumius was more distinguished among the Romans by his 
 surrender than Pontius among the Sabines by his bloodless victory. One 
 gives way, another is cut down. 791 5. Like these are all who 
 pursue virtue; they are relieved of vices, relieved of errors. So that we 
 ought to judge that it \vas not for nothing that men of so great valour dared 
 to cross a very broad river, to climb very high rocks, to come up to a most 
 unfavourable position. 792 r. He had old quarrels with the Roscii 
 of Aineria. They were frightened also by the last year which had been 
 one of mourning from the deaths of the two consuls. The high spirit of the 
 youth was stirred perhaps by anger, perhaps by shame of shirking a contest, 
 perhaps by the irresistible force of destiny. 792 2. See what a 
 difference there is between your lust and the authority of our ancestors, 
 between your love and madness and their policy and forethought. 
 Add to this the icy everflowings of the springs, the transparent waters 
 of the rivers, the clothing of the banks greenest of the green, the hollow 
 
Translation of Examples in Syntax. 411 
 
 vastness of the caves, the roughnesses of the rocks, the heights of the over- 
 hanging mountains and the unmeasured expanse of the plains : add also the 
 hidden veins of gold and silver, and the unlimited mass of marble. 794 i. 
 
 When the forces of the enemy are at no great distance, even if no attack 
 is made, yet the cattle are abandoned, farming is given up. He however 
 who will act as he ought should first choose with his eyes open whom to 
 imitate, then most carefully practise the qualities which are of chief excel- 
 lence in the person whom he has made his standard. When however I 
 shall have disclosed what the real question is, it will be easy to decide what 
 you should give as your opinion. 794 2. As for the Stoics you are 
 
 not unaware how fine or rather how prickly their line of argument is. 
 860. Yet a philosopher may be defined as one (yet there is a definition of 
 the philosopher namely that he should be so called) who exerts himself to 
 know the meaning, the nature and causes of all things, divine as well as 
 human, and to grasp and carry out in practice the whole method of right 
 living. Their anger began to soften, and even the haggard looks of 
 Pleminius and the memory of the absent Scipio were gaining him favour in 
 the eyes of the common people. The senate and people of Rome. To 
 have right and power. 861. It is an anxiety to me. Yes and to me 
 
 also. From heaven ? Yes and in fact from the very middle of it. I too 
 have my own destiny opposed to that. 862. The enemy proved un.- 
 
 able to bear the charge of our soldiers and turned their backs. 863. 
 
 Both senders and sent were delighted at the expedition. All both am- 
 bassadors and tribunes. All, both those at Rome and those in the army. 
 866. All hate you, gods and men, from the highest to the lowest, citizens 
 and foreigners, men and women, free and slave. God the best and 
 greatest. In the consulship of Gnaeus Pompeius and Marcus Crassus. 
 Would you be pleased to order, Quirites? 867. Arguing on either 
 
 side in Greek as well as in Latin. I understand that you are completely 
 occupied, on the one hand with the Buthrotians, on the other hand with 
 Brutus. 868. If Cato's decision was right, the cornmerchant we 
 
 mentioned was wrong and the vendor of the infected house was wrong in 
 not disclosing the fact. For it (nature) has nothing more excellent, 
 nothing which it more aims at than uprightness, praise, dignity, honour. 
 869. In the first place Apollo never spoke Latin, in the next place the 
 Greeks never heard of that oracle : besides in Pyrrhus' time, Apollo had 
 ceased to make verses : lastly he (Pyrrhus) would have been able to under- 
 stand the ambiguity of the line. 871 i. But now let us return to the 
 point whence we digressed. But, says he, we are (but) three hundred : 
 and he replied, Yes three hundred, but we're men, we're armed, we're at 
 Thermopylae. The good qualities which we sometimes miss in M. Cato 
 are all products of training, not gifts of nature. They will deserve their 
 fate, be it what it may: there remains the consideration what sentence, 
 conscript fathers, you should pronounce on others. 871 2. Now let us 
 deal with the real question, and that question is whether we are to live as 
 freemen or to meet death. We know that according to our customs music 
 is not an accomplishment for a statesman and dancing is even reckoned a 
 disgrace. Did any witness name Postumus? Did I say witness? did the 
 prosecutor himself name him? 871 3. But if those our deliverers 
 have taken themselves from our sight, still they have left us the memory of 
 their deed. The desire of all these is assailed by his mother only. But 
 what kind of mother is she? On these things being accomplished mes- 
 sengers report everything in haste to the consul, who was filled with anxiety 
 mixed with joy. 871 4. Now if virtues are equal to one another, 
 
4 1 1 c Translation of Examples in Syntax. 
 
 vices also must be so; but, that virtues are equal, may be very easily 
 perceived. 871 5. Despots are courted but hypocritically and only 
 
 for a time: but if, as generally happens, they chance to fall, then is seen 
 how much they lacked friends. 871 6. I do not see how Hercules 
 
 'came into his father's eternal home', whilst Homer makes Ulysses meet 
 him in the realm below. However I should like to know which Hercules 
 it is we ought chiefly to worship. Well, Crassus, says Julius, are we to 
 have a sitting? though we have come to suggest it to you, not demand it. 
 872. Wherefore we must act by force or else by stealth. After the death 
 or rather the departure of Romulus. That which moves of itself can 
 neither be born nor die : or else the whole heaven must collapse and all 
 nature stand still. What could be a more frenzied act than this departure, 
 or rather most disgraceful flight, from the city? 873. Every proposi- 
 
 tion is either true or false. Mind you deliver her to me, either by force or 
 .stealth or entreaty. Take me either as your general or your fellow soldier. 
 Our bodies change; and we shall not be to-morrow what we were or are. 
 Noblemen, whether they take to acting rightly or wrongly, are distinguished 
 in either case. 874. Halloo, a few words with you. Three hundred 
 
 if you like. I receive but few letters from you, but they are very charming. 
 Your last for instance was a model of wisdom. 877 (a). No, no, it will 
 not be so ; it cannot. The Thebans were not at all moved, although they 
 were inclined to be somewhat angry with the Romans. These goods in 
 no case fell in to the public books (i.e. were not confiscated). 877 (b). 
 The next day Curio leads forth his soldiers and puts them in line. Neither 
 does Varus hesitate to lead forth his troops. You think pleasure to be the 
 highest good: I think it is not even a good at all. 877 (c). A law 
 
 was proposed that the auspices should have no force, no one should report 
 unfavourable auspices, no one should put a veto on the law; that Aelius' 
 Act and Fufius' Act should have no force. 877 (d). That I should con- 
 ceal what has been brought to me and is to my knowledge others' property? 
 our friend Daemones (i.e. I) will least of all do that. I however have 
 always thought him scarcely sane. 878. I recommended peace to the 
 
 senate, and, when arms were taken up, I had nothing to do with the war. 
 I suffer it, judges, and I bear it with no reluctance. As if the point now 
 were who in all that number killed him, and the question were not rather 
 this, whether &c. 879. Without delay they cross the Ebro, and 
 
 without seeing an enemy they continue their march to Saguntum. 880. 
 
 It will not be by influence or kinship or some good deeds, no not by some 
 slight fault that relief will be thought to have been found for faults so 
 many and so great. The righteous man firm of purpose is not shaken 
 from his steady mind by the passion of his fellow citizens decreeing injustice, 
 nor by the look of a despot standing over him, nor by the south wind nor 
 the mighty hand of thundering Jove. 881. Virtue can neither be forced 
 nor stolen from one, it is neither lost by shipwreck nor by fire, nor changed 
 by the disturbance of weather or events. I beg you not to expect this from 
 me either in the case of this accusation (accused) or any other. Obscenity 
 (is) not only not fit for the forum, but scarcely for a dinnerparty of gentlemen. 
 At Rome reigns a stranger of no neighbour stock, not even of an Italian 
 stock. 882. A road was open before him certain and not long. The berry 
 clothed with the vineleaves wants not gentle heat and keeps off excessive 
 glow of the sun. Nor kept they their indignant feelings at home but gathered 
 from all parts to the king of the Sabines. 883. Nor did he fail to see 
 this, but he was pleased with the splendour and glory of words. Nor did 
 the Tyrians also fail to come in numbers. 884. (He said) that he too 
 
Translation of Examples in Syntax. 4 1 1 
 
 d 
 
 had been dictator at Rome, and that he had used force to no one, not 
 even to a commoner, not to a centurion, not to a soldier. There was 
 never any one either poet or orator, \vho thought any one better than 
 himself. I cannot wonder or guess enough. 886. What of this? Do 
 
 you grant that souls either remain after death or perish.by death itself? I 
 do. What? Is not a dog like a wolf? Are we then in fault? Not we 
 indeed. I said to him, Are you studying? He answered, Yes. Hither 
 went off Clitipho. Alone? Alone. Has it (the day) already passed? No, 
 Is then the cause not a good one? Nay, it is the best possible. 887. 
 
 Are you ignorant, how high you have ascended, or do you count that for 
 nothing? Did you desert Domitius or did Domitius desert you? Whether 
 will you that it was allowable for Flaccus the father or that it was not? Shall 
 I say it or keep silence? 888. But I have something I should like to 
 
 say in reply to this, if it is not troubling you. Do you then think that I should 
 have said this (cf. 628), if I had not wished to hear you? Now when did 
 that force expire? Was it not after men became less credulous? , 889. 
 Do you then think that a god is like me or you? Of course you do not 
 think so. What then? Am I to say that the sun or the moon or the sky 
 is god? 890. In two years from now you as consul will overturn 
 
 this city. You show that you could no more have been turned by favour 
 than Hercules in Xenophon was by pleasure. This I think is the man 
 demanded by the fates. Man has memory, and that unlimited, of in- 
 numerable things. In one, and that an easy battle, the enemy were struck 
 down near Antium. I found him to be an educated man, given up to the 
 best studies, and that from his boyhood. Publius Scipio did not indeed 
 speak much or often, but in Latin style he was a match for any one. 
 892. The city of Athens is so ancient that it is said to have given birth to 
 its citizens itself. Nor indeed did he show what he thought himself, but 
 what was said by them. 893 (a). I need no medicine: I am my own 
 
 comforter. There are persons who say that Tarpeia, being thought to be 
 acting falsely, was herself killed with her own wages. 893 (). He of 
 
 a sudden from being alert and cheerful became so humble and downcast, 
 that he seemed, not merely to the Roman people but to himself, a con- 
 demned man. These we see delighted, if ever they have found out any- 
 thing by their own wits. War, peace, treaties, alliances he made and 
 broke of himself, with whom he chose, without the orders of the people and 
 senate. 894. Hannibal was expelled from the city by his own fellow 
 
 citizens. Destroy Fidenae with its own flames. Neither be wanting, if an 
 opportunity occurs to yourself, nor allow an opportunity to occur to the 
 enemy. You acknowledge God from his works. 895 (a). Hannibal 
 
 thought Scipio to be a man of excellence from the very fact that he above 
 others was selected to oppose him. Domitius sends to Pompeius in Apulia 
 some men acquainted with the country to beg and pray him to come to his 
 succour. 895 (l>). I am invited by Caesar in very complimentary terms 
 
 to be his legate. Caesar reproached his soldiers. Why (he asked) did they 
 despair either of their own valour or of his care? 896. It is more 
 
 honourable to be moved by others' wrongs than by one's own. 897 (a). 
 
 If a man have composed scandalous verse against one, there is law and 
 judgment to be had. If there is no mark of distinction, why should we 
 listen to your interpreters? but, if there is one, I am eager to know what it 
 is. I used to practise declaiming often with M. Piso and with Q. Pompeius 
 or with some one every day. There runs up a certain fellow known to me 
 by name only. ^This much at least I see, since one or other of the two 
 must be victorious, what kind of victory either this or that will be. 
 
4i i e - Translation of Examples in Syntax. 
 
 897 (b). These men had the same object that kings have, to need nothing, to 
 obey no one, to enjoy freedom. I saw that the day would come when, not 
 Torquatus or any one like Torquatus, but some fellow who had made ship- 
 wreck of his patrimony, a foe to good men, would say that the information 
 given was different. 898. That man (the defendant) never did any- 
 
 thing without some profit and booty. As long as there shall be any one 
 who dares to defend you, you shall live. I read aloud to no one except 
 friends, and that when I am compelled, not everywhere and before every- 
 body. What may happen to any one at all, may happen to any and every" 
 body. As an actor is not allowed any but only certain action, and a dancer 
 only certain movement, so action in life should be of a certain kind, not of 
 any, just as one likes. But I have less strength than either of you. 899. 
 It requires a great judge to decide what each should do for each. She 
 cannot be taken away because each is dear to the other (to each). Each 
 acting for himself, according as each had influence, proceeded to address the 
 people. He shows what corn and ships he has in each place. Who fears 
 the contrary to these as a rule over-esteems them, in the same way as he 
 who craves : the excitement is troublesome in either case. Of the remaining 
 philosophers do not the best and wisest admit that they are ignorant of 
 many things? Beauty is the god's gift. Of beauty how few can boast? I 
 propose that Gaius Pansa, Aulus Hirtius the consuls, one or both if they 
 shall think fit, bring a motion before the senate on the first possible day 
 for conferring honour and reward upon him. Daughters left in widow- 
 hood with one son each. We have hardly got a foe, if only every other 
 one of us fights. 900. About Drusus' garden, I also had heard the 
 
 same price (bidding at a sale) which you write, but what one is necessary 
 is well. purchased, whatever the price. Rather take ye away this life by 
 any death whatever. What can be remedied in any way whatever I will 
 remedy. If the wills of the gods are something, if everything has not 
 perished with me, sometime or other you shall give me satisfaction. Unless 
 he screws out the interest or principal from somewhere or other, he listens 
 to bitter stories like a captive with outstretched throat. 901. Please 
 
 send M. Varro's and Ollius' panegyric, Ollius' at all events, for Varro's I 
 have read, only I wish to taste it again. The philosopher's aim in life is 
 not to accomplish anyhow what he attempts, but in all cases to act rightly : 
 a pilot's aim is to get his vessel anyhow into port. 902. Many other 
 
 women desire the same as you. I at any rate am the same I always was. Do 
 you think that I am a different person from what I was when I offered? 
 Some beasts she (nature) willed to swim and dwell in the waters, others to fly 
 and enjoy free heaven, some to be crawlers, some to be steppers: of these 
 again part (she made) solitary wanderers, part herding in numbers, others 
 wild, some again tame, and a few hidden and buried in the earth. They 
 both feel and judge on the same subjects differently at different times. The 
 two forces cause dread to one another. Suddenly fear is changed to joy : 
 the soldiers in delight address one another by name. To the number of the 
 centuries Tarquin added as many again. One or two patches are sewn on. 
 In the twenty-second day he delivered the letter. A sight pleasant to 
 Crassus only, to others not so. A few flying back reported that all the 
 rest of the mass were in the power of the enemies. 903. Who was it 
 
 then? Your Chaerea. WhatChaerea? That youth, the brother of Phaedria. 
 Is any one in the house? Hey, is any one here? Is any one opening this 
 door? Is any one coming out? You ought now to investigate one thing 
 only, which of the two laid a plot for the other. 904. Prithee 
 
 make haste to come to us. It remains for me to say a few words timidly 
 
Translation of Examples in Syntax. 41 \ t 
 
 about the good fortune of Pompeius. For this is my opinion. 905. 
 
 I praise your brother in other matters : in this one point only I am com- 
 pelled to blame him. Ask your parents. You have regained for me my 
 father's affections. 906. You fought in & favourable position, and 
 
 your own time. Alfenus had indeed the people devoted to him. 908 (c). 
 Hands wash each other. Man chooses man (i. e. each chooses a fellow). 
 Day teaches day (i.e. we grow wiser with time). Atticus when dying 
 seemed to be passing not from life but from >ne home to another. The 
 darkness was so thick that for two days no human being recognised another. 
 908 (d}. All which things tend to this, that we .should love one another more 
 warmly. 908 (e). The alliance between $\e people of Carthage and the 
 king is strengthened by plighting troth to one another. 
 
 L. G. 27 
 
INDEX. 
 
 The numbers refer to the sections, unless p for page be prefixed to the number. 
 
 A usual mark of feminine 82 ; some 
 masculine stems 105 ; noun-stems 102 ; 
 Greek nouns 149 152 ; verb stems, for* 
 mation 397 ; inflexions 244 foil. 
 
 a, quantity of final 54 ; change of t in 
 root 34 
 
 a, ab, abs 799 ; with abl. of agent 568 ; 
 rare after gerundive 476 ; "with names 
 of places 510 ; in expressions of distance 
 510 
 
 a or ah in exclamations 416 ; cf. 608. 2 b 
 
 abavus 919 
 
 abbreviations 961 
 
 abesse inflexions 251; tantum abest ut... 
 ut 712^; paulum abest quin 712 b; in 
 expressions of distance 459 
 
 abies 143 : abiete 44 
 
 ablative, early in d 103, 115 ; in -abus 
 104; in -ubus 120; of \-stems and con- 
 sonant stems 124: ttse contrasted with 
 accus. 453 ; general use 483 foil. ; of 
 gerund 549 ; of verbal stems in -tu 
 (supine) 497, 554 ; absolute 504 ; form- 
 ing adverbs of place 212 ; of 'order '213 (3) 
 expressing agent with ab 568, 799 ; 
 amount 494 ; amount of difference 496 ; 
 cause 501 ; circumstances 504 foil. ; 
 comparison, standard of 513 ; cost 495 ; 
 deprivation 498 ; description 502 ; in- 
 strument 499; manner 503 ; means 489, 
 499; measure 496; origin 512; /ar^ 
 concerned 497 ; penalty 495 ; place at 
 which ,485 ./b//. ; //rtCi? _/>w;z which 509 ; 
 price <'495 ; road by -which 490 ; separa- 
 tion 511 ; &'/<? w/^w 491 ; tfw in course 
 of which 492 ; z^'w^ throughout which 
 493; />/& 512, 961(2) . 
 
 after ab 799, 510 ; compound's of ab 
 511; abundare 498 ; aliussi3; ante 496; 
 captus 497 ; censeri 501 ; circumducere 
 498; damnari 495; dignus 495; dives 
 498; ex 817; fa cere 499; fruor 500; 
 fungor 500; in 820; intercludere 511; 
 interdicere 498; interesse 519; invitare 
 489; macte 669 b; natus 512; nudus 
 498 ; nitor 500 ; opus est 500, 507 ; ortus 
 512 ; post 496 ; potiri 500 ; refert 519 ; 
 stare 'cost' 495; sub 350; super 352; 
 vendere 495 ; usus est 500, 507 ; uti 500 
 
 abolere^. 144 
 
 abscondere^. 138 s. v. do 
 
 absolvere with gen. of crime 527 
 
 absque 800 ; in conditional clause 650 a. 
 , regular construction 511 ; irarum 
 
 abstract nouns defined 421 b ; plural of 
 99 d ; use of concrete for 560 
 
 abundare with abl. 498 
 
 abunde 217, 2 
 
 abundo- stems so formed 365 ; with accus. 
 558 . 
 
 -abus in dat. abl. plur. 104 
 
 ac, atque 219; general use ^ifoll.\ in 
 comparisons 661 ; ac si 660 
 
 acatalectic verse p. 923 
 
 accedit quod 713 ; ut 712- b 
 
 accent 70 : led to omission of syllables 76 
 
 accentuation, rules of "jifollt 
 
 acceptilatio 406 c 
 
 accersere^ 135 s. v. arcesso 
 
 accidit quod 713 
 
 accompaniment ', cum (prep.} with abl. 809 
 
 accusare aliquem furti, &c. 527 
 
 accusative of \-stems sing, in -im, 124, 134 
 (2), plur, in -is, -es07*-eis 125 ; of Greek 
 nouns Class I. 150, 153 ; Class li. 159 
 foil., 163, 170, &c. ; used as adv. 224, 461 
 general use of 437, 458 ; contrasted 
 with other uses 453, 454; of gerund hcnv 
 used 547 ; of gerundive, special use 552 ; 
 of verbal stems in -tu 553 
 
 with infin. 535, 542 ; as oblique pred. 
 of unexpressed subject of infin. 537 c 
 
 adverbial accus. 458 A ; cognate 461 b ; 
 double 470; in exclamations 472 ; facti- 
 tive cf. 434 
 
 expressing action as goal of motion 
 466; compass 459, 461 ; description 462 ; 
 distance 459; extent of action 461; ob- 
 ject direct of transitive verb 468 ; (dou- 
 ble) 470 ; of passive verb 471, 470 ; cf. 570 ; 
 of verbs originally intrans. 469; verbal 
 noun-stems in -tion p. 224 note part 
 concerned 462; place towards which 
 464, 465 ; space over which 459 ; time 
 throtighout which 460 ; with preposi- 
 tions 463, 467, 796 
 
 after abdere 464 ; abesse 459 ; adigere 
 467; altus 459; -bundo-, stems in 558; 
 cavere 468 ; celare 470 ; censeri 501 : 
 convenire 469 ; docere 470 ; ecce, en 
 472 ; erubescere 469 ; frui, fungi, &c. 
 500; indictus 464; indutus 471 ; juvare 
 461; meminisse 529 : natus 460; oblivisci 
 529; proprior, proxime, &c. 463; quo 
 (mihi) 583, cf. 472; reminisci 529; ro? 
 
 gare 470; saltare 469; saucius 462 ; sol- 
 licitus 462; traducere, traicere 463; vi- 
 vere 461 b ; cf. 462 
 
 -aceo, stems in 389 
 
 acer declined 128 
 
 Acheron, Acheruns 168 
 
 Achilles 163, 160 
 
 -aci stems in 127, 356 
 
 27 2 
 
414 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 i 553 
 
 ?f length 91; 
 
 acies 106; acie 503, 2 
 
 acroama 91 
 
 action as object to a verb 533, 534 ; as goal 
 of motion 466, 553 
 
 actus, measure 
 
 actutum 224 
 
 a. d. 917, 918 
 
 ad general use 801 ; with place towards 
 which 465 ; wit ft gerund 547 ; assimi- 
 lated 80 1 
 
 adeo 213 (4) ; in climax 689 
 
 adequitare "with dat. 475 
 
 adfatim, see affatim 
 
 adi 276 
 
 adigere 467 
 
 adjectives defined 423 : gender 87 89 ; 
 inflexions a- and o-stems 118 ; v^-stems 
 122; \-stems 124 128; consonant-stems 
 139, 141 ; old classification 85 ', form 
 large part of \-stems 132; comparison 
 of \-jifoll. ; numeral 178 foil.: prono- 
 minal 119, 194 _/>//.; tabular arrange- 
 ment 234 
 
 general use 427, 430, 441 452 ; usea 
 as substantives 444, 447 ; as adverbs 
 452 ; with dependent accus. 462 ; dative 
 474 c, 476 : ablative 497 ; genitive 525 
 530; infinitive 540 (2); used specially 
 with agreeing accus. 461 ; ablat. 502 > 
 504 ; genitive 524 ; /' partitive expres- 
 sions 520, 521 ; "with numerals 801 ; ^0- 
 lition in sentence 785787 
 
 admodum Sot 
 
 admonere WM accus. and gen. 529 ; ;// 
 de and abl 529 fin. 
 
 adnepos 919 
 
 adolere/. 144 j. z>. oleo 
 
 adonius versus 926, 4 
 
 adverbs defined 423 ; classification of 
 211 f oil. \ of manner in -o 213: in -e 
 216; in -ter 229 ; / -tim 227 ; of place 
 236; ' to which' 213 (4): '/ which' 
 221 (3), 222, 226 ; 'from which' 231, 226 ; 
 ^/" /* 215, 223, 224 esp. 337 ; nume- 
 ral 178, 233; pronominal tabular ar- 
 rangements 235 237 ; use of 438 : 
 quasi-prepositional 795 ; //// #/. of 
 comparison 513^ 
 
 adversative conjunctions 870, 871 
 
 adversum, adversus, rc of 802 : advorsum 
 veniri 491 ; ad versus (adj.) front of 521 
 
 ae becomes i /' compounds 34 
 
 Aeacida, Aeacide 150 
 
 Aedes 101 
 
 aeque ac si 660 ; aequius erat 643 c ; aequo 
 animo 503 
 
 aer 172 
 
 aera 99 
 
 aestate 491 
 
 aetatem 'for a life-time ' 406 ; istuc aetatis 
 460 
 
 affatim 227 ; with gen. 522 
 
 agent expressed by abl. with ab 799 ; after 
 gerundive by dat. 476 
 
 agere furti 527 
 
 aggredior, p. 140, jr. v. gradior 
 
 agmine 503 
 
 agnatus 921 
 
 ai for gen. &*c. flfa stems 103 
 
 ai followed by a vowel, hoiu pronounced 17 
 
 aio, defective verb p. 135 ; opposed to nego 
 
 651 a: ain 885 
 alcaic stanza 938 B ; enneasyllabic 933, 
 
 30; decasyllabic 929, 12; hendecasyllabic 
 
 436 
 
 alcmanic stanza 938 K. 
 Alcmena, &*c. 152 c 
 all, noun-stems in 380, 138 
 alibi 198, 222 
 alioqui 221 
 aliquam (adv.] 223 
 aliquando 223 ; 237 
 aliquis, aliqui 208 ; aliquae 208 ; use of '897 ; 
 
 dicet, dixerit aliquis 647, i 
 alisyfr?' alius 198 
 alius declined 197 ; aliae 198 ; alii modi 
 
 198; with abl. dependent 513; use of 
 
 902 ; nihil aliud quam 583 
 allegoria 946 
 alter infiexions 195 ; use of 902 ; alteruter 
 
 195 ; use 897 
 alterni 899 
 although expressed by etiamsi 650 c; etsi 
 
 651 c ; quamvis, &c. 676 b ; 677 d; quam- 
 
 quam 711; licet, licebit 677 c-: ut with 
 
 subj. -ji^d; "with indie. 715^; cum 732 
 
 with subj.; cum praesertim 734; quom 
 
 with ind. 733 ; relative adj. 718 
 altrinsecus 2a6 
 alveo, alvearia 39 
 amare infiexions z^foll. \ amans declined 
 
 127; as subst. 561 ; amasti, &c. 306 
 amb-, am-, compounds ^803 
 ambages 140 
 ambire 265 
 
 ainbo inflexions 182 ; ambabus 104 
 amphtbolia 939 
 amphora 160 ; contents 915 
 amplecti, /. 146, s. v. plecto 567, i 
 an, in direct questions 887 ; in apparently 
 
 simple questions 888 ; in dependent ques- 
 tions 752 
 anacoluthon 939 
 A nacreongtic verse 931, 32 
 anacrusis 936 
 A napaestic verse 932, 938, V ; anapaesto- 
 
 iambic 934 
 
 anaphora 791, 5 ; 946 
 anastrophe 939 
 Ancon 171 
 Androgeos 155 
 -aneo- noun-stems in 389 
 angiportus 121 
 anguimanus 122 
 animalis declined 128 
 anitni loc. 485; cf. 526 
 -ano- noun-stems in 368 
 answers hpiu expressed 886 ; tnade in 
 
 words coordinate to part of question 
 
 439 e 
 ante 217; general use 804; decem anms 
 
 ante 496 ; ante diem (a. d,) 917 
 antea, antehac 212 
 antecedent 450 
 antequam with subj 698; with ind. 699, 
 
 pres. 598, perf. 608 c 
 antid 19 ; see ante 
 antiquus 355 (/. 60); comp. and superl, 
 
 176. 3; antiquitus 231 
 antithesis 946 
 
INDEX. 
 
 antonomasia 946 
 
 anxius aniiui 526 
 
 anxur 96 
 
 aorist i.e. historical perfect 587, 590, 608 
 
 aperire^. 145 s. v. perio 
 
 aphacresis 939 
 
 apocope 939 
 
 apodosis 626, 638, 939 ; expressed by 
 epithet 642 ; rot distinctly conceived 
 658 ; omitted 66c, 662 
 
 Apollo 171 
 
 aposiopesis 946 
 
 apostrophe 947 
 
 appellatives, 421 b 
 
 appellatur imperator 433 a' t appellari 435 
 
 appellere 563 
 
 apposition 430 a ; often same as secondary 
 predicate 433 b and note ; position in 
 sentence 785 ; apposition in English, 
 sometimes expressed in Latin by gen. 
 323 
 
 aptus p. 1 35 j. v. apiscor -with inf. 
 
 54, 2 
 
 apud 228; general use 805 
 
 arbitratu hujus 504 
 
 arcessere/. 135 
 
 archaism 940 
 
 archilochius -major 929; minor 927, 5; 
 stanzas 938 L O 
 
 arcus declension, 120, 121 
 
 arduos in 
 
 Argo 159 
 
 Argos 96 
 
 argutus^J. 135 s. v. ar'gt(o* 
 
 -an- noun-stems in 386, 138 
 
 aries 143: arjetat, &c. 44 
 
 -ario- noun-stems in 394; numerals 180 
 
 Aristophanic verse 929, 13 
 
 arsis defined p. 18 note 
 
 artus (adj.) 21 ; p. 135 j. z/. arceo 
 
 as w*/ of vali4e 189 c 
 
 -as old gen. of 3. stems 103 
 
 -as quantity of $6 
 
 Asclepiadeus major 930, 20 , minor 930, 
 19; stanzas 938 E, F, G 
 
 aspici nobis 476 
 
 -assere infin, 291 
 
 assiduo 506 
 
 assimilation of consonants 22 27 
 
 assuefacere r/". 413; with i>ijin. 534 
 
 ast 871, 2 
 
 -aster suffix 383 
 
 asyndeton 940 
 
 at general use 871, 3 ; at enlm, &c. ?';/ 
 statement of objection 677 <> 
 
 ater declined 118 
 
 Athos declined 153, 155 
 
 -ato- noun-stems in 359 
 
 atque, w* ac 
 
 atqui 871, 4 
 
 Atreus declined 158 
 
 Atrides declined 149 
 
 attagen 171 
 
 attat 416 
 
 attendant circumstances denoted by se- 
 condary predicate 433 3, 557 ; specially 
 abl. absolute 504; by cum w//& */ 
 634, 716, 722 
 
 attraction of pronoun into gender and 
 number of predicate ^\ \ of finite verb 
 
 into iiifin. 765 b\ mire quam_/2v mirum 
 
 quam 685 b 
 
 to attraction are sometimes referred 
 
 the constructions in 577 b, 701 ; the dative 
 
 Menaechmo in 441 b\ and the predicate 
 
 if dative, in 537 c '. see also 940 
 attribute, general description of 428 b, 
 
 430, 441 _/2>//. , position of in sentence, 
 
 785 787 ; oblique cases and adverbs as 
 
 attributes 438 
 auceps 146; derivation 412 
 auctor sum -with inf. object clause 535 
 audax declined 127 
 audere/. 136, with infin. 534 
 audire inflexions 252 _/^//. : audieram, 
 
 audisti 306; ex eo cum diceret 726; 
 
 auditur abisse 536; dicto audiens esse 
 
 561; audire male ^64 ; audis callidus 441 ; 
 
 Sudltum est alicui 476 
 ave_^. 136 
 
 aversus (adj.) ''back of 521 
 auferre/ 139: aliquid alicui 474 b 
 augOf 145 : atigurato 506 
 avidus with gen. 525 a, 
 ausim 291 
 
 auspex 412, 146 : auspice Teucro 504 
 ant general use 872; aut...aut 873 
 autem general use 870, 871, 2 ; position nt 
 
 sentence 793 
 auxilium, auxilia distinguished 101 ; 
 
 auxilio mittere, &c. 482 c 
 
 W pronounced 1 3, 4; ivrittenfor v. 10 
 
 -ba suffix of imperfect tense 285 
 
 babae 416 
 
 Bacchius922; Bacchiac verse 935 
 
 balneum, balneae ^17, loo./ 
 
 barbarism 940 
 
 base in metre 930 
 
 basis inflexions 16.5 
 
 belli locative 48 Sy Latino bello 491 
 
 bellus 377 
 
 b*ene 217; mini 440 
 
 benevolus 415 ; cOmp. and superl. 175 
 
 benignus 367, 413 
 
 -ber, -bri- noun-stems in 138, 385; -bero-, 
 
 -bro- 382 
 bes<?rbessis 189, 3 and note', ustirae besses 
 
 911 
 
 bi- compounds of ^409 a 
 -bi as suffix 222 
 
 bibere^. 136; derivation 342, 2 
 biceps 38 
 bifariam 223 
 bifidus 415 
 -bili- verbal noun*suffix 379; ivith dcpen~ 
 
 dent dat. 476 
 
 binus use (3/188; derivation 366 
 bis 230 
 bitere/*. 136 
 blandus 365 
 bonus declined, fern. 102; masc. andneut. 
 
 Io8 ; comp. and superl. 175; boria fide 
 
 503, i ; bona venia 666 
 bos declined 122 ; bovem monosyllabic 43 
 brachylogia 940 
 -bri-, -bro- suffixes 385, 382 
 -bruma 43 
 bubile 381 
 -bulo- noun-stems in 376 
 
4 i6 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 -bundo- verbal adjectives 365 ; with object 
 
 in ace. 558 
 buris 134, 2, y 
 buxus, buxum 94, 113 
 
 C sound of 2, 4; written for q 42 
 
 cadere/. 136; causa 511 
 
 caedere/. 136 
 
 caelum 117 
 
 caestus 121 
 
 caesura 924 ; / hexameters 926, i ; proso- 
 
 diacal effects 65, 68 
 Calchas 168 
 caldus 39 
 
 calendae 100^; 917 
 calfacere 413 
 calx declined 127 
 canere and compound verbs p. 136; noun' 
 
 stems compounded oj ^414, 415; cf. 91 
 canis i4t ; "why it retains i 45 
 capere inflexions 252 _/W/. ; capsis, &c. 
 
 291, 3; verbal compounds p. 136; noun 
 
 compounds 412, 415; declined 129, 146 
 capesere 3i6,/. 136 
 captus auribus, &c. 497 
 caput declined p. 44 ; capite damnari 495 ; 
 
 capitis minor, 526; capitis accusare &c. 
 
 c f- 5 2 7 
 
 carbasus, carbasa 113, 117 
 cardinal numbers 178 ; gen. pi. in -um 
 
 185, 115 
 
 carere p. 136 ; with abl. (circensibus) 493 
 carnifex 146 
 caro, carms 144 
 carptim 227 
 Cases, number and general forms 0/81, 
 
 83, 84; words defective in 117; general 
 
 nseof^g, 437, 438; 453, 454 
 casses, ioo/"; 134. 2 y 
 castra too/" 
 catachresis 947 
 cavere /te ^ 310 ; supine 324, 47 ; cave, 
 
 quantity 55 ^ ; with ace. 468 ; cave malo 
 
 511; with perf. inf. 541 b; cave facias 
 
 631,3:672 
 causa cadere 511 ; mea causa 504 ; quid est 
 
 causae cur 750: quin 754 
 -ce 199, 218 ; effect on accent 72, cf. 76 
 cedere with abl. 511 ; with dat. 672 
 cedo, cette/. 156 
 celare with double ace. 470 
 celer 140 
 celsus/. 136 
 cenatus 340 
 censere with gerundive 585; with subj. 
 
 631. 3; 645 b; censuerim 644 b; censeri 
 
 with abl. 501 
 Ceos declined 155 
 Ceres 147, 2 
 cernere/. 137 
 cerritus 359 
 certior fieri with inf. object clause 535; 
 
 alicujus rei 529 
 certum est parenthetical 673 
 ceteri general use of 902 ; ceterum 871 ; 
 
 ceteroqui 221 
 cette, see cedo 
 ceu 218 ; with subj. 660 
 chaos 164 
 
 chelys 161 
 
 chiasmus 791, 4; 947 
 
 chlamys 169 
 
 choriamb 922, 924, 2 
 
 Chremes 168 
 
 cieo, cio and compounds p. 137 
 
 -cina- suffix to verbs 400; -cinio- suffix to 
 
 nouns 393 
 cincinnus 342, i 
 cingor 566 
 cinis 147 (2) 
 circa 212; circum224; circlter 229(3); use 
 
 distinguished 806; circa quasi-adjectival 
 
 use 438 b 
 
 Circe or Circa declined 149 
 circumdicere with abl. 498 
 circumflex accent 71,74 
 cis 230; use 0/"8o7 
 citerior, citimus 175; citra 212; citro 213; 
 
 use of 807 
 cito, citius with hypothetical subj. 644 ; 
 
 with tnd. 645 b; citius quam with subj. 
 
 700 ; with indie. 699 b 
 civitas declined 129, 143 
 clam 223; use of 808 
 clamore 503, 2 
 c/<?tt names 390 
 
 clanculum224; C/^376; use 0fSoB 
 Claudius 390; Claudi 112 
 clepere/. 137 
 climax 947 
 c lucre/. 137 
 Cn. 961 
 
 -co suffix to noun-stems 354 
 co- for com, cum 809 
 codicilli 101 
 coepi &c. p. 137; caeptus sum with pass. 
 
 infin. ib. 
 
 cognate ace. 461 b 
 cognatus 921 
 cogo/. 135 
 
 cohors, cors 43, 50; has i stem 140 
 colere/. 137 
 
 collections of persons ioo c ; of things ioo/ 
 collective nouns with plural verb 577 
 
 ColuS I2O, 121 
 
 comburere/. 151 s. v. uro 
 
 comedo /. 107: comedim 280; comestum 
 
 /. 138 (s.v. edo) 
 comes 146 
 
 comitium, comitia distinguished 101 
 command expressed by imperative 669; 
 
 subjunctive 614, 2 ; 668_/^//. ; / reported 
 
 speech 768 
 comminisci 340 
 comminus 230 
 committere ut 682 a 
 commodum 224; commodum est (impers) . 
 
 621, 6jjd; tuo commodo 504; quod tuo 
 
 commodo fiat 710 
 common in gender go fin. ; common nouns 
 
 421 b 
 
 commosti 306 
 
 communis alicui cum aliquo, cf. 684 
 comparative degree of adjectives 173 177; 
 
 of participles 177; infiexionsofi^fin.; 
 
 stem suffix 388; with abl. of measure 
 
 496; standard SIT, 
 comparative sentences with quantus, 
 
 quam 683; ut 715; potius quam, quam 
 
INDEX; 
 
 ut 700 b; quasi, tamquam, &c. -with 
 subj. 660 : ac, tamquam with ind. 661 
 
 compendi facere 523 b 
 
 compercere^J. 144 s.v parco 
 
 comperio, comperior p. 145 s. v. pario ; 340 
 
 compescere /. 145 s. v. pasco 
 
 complere with gen. ana abl. 530 
 
 completed action, tenses oj '588 foil. 
 
 completion of predicate 433 a ; by adverbs, 
 &c. 438 
 
 compos has consonant stem 146 
 
 composition 402 foil.; with prepositions 
 used absolutely 408; also {for verbs') 
 iggfoll. and 339; used syntactically 410 
 
 compound noun-stems in -io 390, 2 c 
 
 concession expressed by conditional sen- 
 tence, si, &c. (subj) 650; (ind?) 651 c; 
 by ut, ut non (consecutive subj.) 714 d; 
 (ind.) 715 c; by rhetorical command 
 (subj) 676; (imp.} 677 c ', by direct as- 
 sertion (ind.) 677; licet, licebit (subj.) 
 672; (ind.) 677 c; quam vis, &c. (subj.) 
 676 ; (ind.) 677 d; by quamquam (ind.) 
 7 lib; by cum (subj.) 732 ; quom (ind.) 733 
 
 concretus 340 
 
 condernnare with loc. of penalty 494; gen. 
 of charge 527 
 
 condicionibus 503, 2 
 
 condition expressed by subordinate clause 
 with si, nisi (/</.) 641, 649 659 ; (subj.) 
 640; 648 66 1 ; typical examples 626 
 630 ; use of tenses 638 ; 
 
 by subordinate clause without any 
 particle (subj.) 650 a; ind. or imper. 
 651; with relative (subj.) 650*$; (ind.) 
 651 b; by clause with absque (subj.) 
 650 a ; with dum (sub/.) 696 ; with ut 
 ($4/- ) 684 c ; 7140?; 
 
 y <z word or phrase (subj ) 642 ; by 
 abl. of circumstances 504, 505 ; condi- 
 tion suppressed 644 ; reported 746 ; ex- 
 pressing a thing to be done 748 ; or as- 
 certained 747 
 
 conducere aliquid faciendum 552 
 
 confertim 227 
 
 corifestim 227 
 
 congiarium 394 
 
 congius 915 
 
 conivere^>. 143 s. v. niveo 
 
 conjugation of verbs 243 foil. ; old classifi- 
 cation 337, 338 ; periphrastic (so called] 
 i. e. part. fut. with sum (ind.) 612, 
 628 ; (subj.) 629, 630 ; (inf.) 542, 765 
 
 conjunction, defined 424; general use ^y) ; 
 copulative 859 foil. ; adversative 870, 
 871; disjunctive 872 874; negative 
 878 fait. ; // of (with adverbs) -211 foil. 
 
 conjunctive, another name for subjunc- 
 tive, or some parts or uses of same 
 238, 4. 
 
 connecting vowel (so called] 347 
 
 connective adverbs 423 a. 
 
 conquiniscere p. 137 
 
 consciscere mortem sibi, cf. 754 
 
 conscius facinoris 525 * 
 
 'consecutio temporum;' general rules 
 621 625 ; typical examples 626 636 
 
 consecutive subjunctive 633, 702 fall. ; with 
 subordinate conditional sentence 629, 
 630, 652 
 
 consobrinus 921 
 
 consonants, changes of '21 foil. ; which can 
 begin syllables 16 ; consonant noun- 
 stems declension 1 29 foil. ; classification 
 132, i\\foll.; consonant conjugation 
 
 consuetudine 503, 2 
 
 consul declined 131 ; abbreviation for, cons. 
 cos. &c. 961 (2); consulibus as note of 
 the year 491 
 
 consular! potestate 502 
 
 consulto 506, 507 
 
 consumpsti 307 
 
 con United action 591 
 
 contra 212; general use 810 
 
 contraction of vowels 46 50 
 
 conturbare 563 
 
 convenire with ace. 469 a 
 
 coordination 439; coordinating conjunc- 
 tions %sgfoll. ; position of words com- 
 mon to coordinates 789 
 
 Coos 155 
 
 copia, copiae distinguished 101 
 
 copula 427 ; copulative conjunctions 859 
 foil. 
 
 cor 142 ; cordi esse 482 
 
 coram 223; use 811 
 
 cornus 121 ; cornu declined 120 
 
 cors, see cohors 
 
 Corybantes 168 (/. 59) 
 
 cos, for consul 961 (2) note. 
 
 eras 230 
 
 crasis 941 
 
 credo p. 138 s v. do; parenthetical 673; 
 creduas 280 ; crederes ' one. would have 
 believed 1 646 
 
 Creon declined 166 
 
 creterra 172 
 
 creticfoot 922, 924 (2) ; verse 931, 22 
 
 crime, case used for 527 
 
 crimen 372 
 
 crocire 396 
 
 crude form 78 
 
 crus declined 131 
 
 Ctesipho declined 168 
 
 cubare 396, p. 137 
 
 cucumis 140 
 
 cuicuimodi 209 
 
 cujus declined 205 
 
 cum (quom) 224 ; general use 720736 ; 
 typical examples 634; 'whenever' (subj.) 
 720; (ind.) 721; 'when' (subj.) 722; 
 (ind.) 725; ' to the time when' (ind.) 
 727; ' because' (ind.) 729; 'whereas, 
 since ' (subj.) 728, 729 ; ' and then ' 
 (ind.) 735; 'although' (subj.) 732: 
 (ind.) 733; as relative adverb (fuit 
 tempuscum) subj. 706 ; (ind.)joj; cum... 
 turn (subj.) 736; (ind.) 737; cum prae- 
 sertim (subj.) 734; cum diceret, 'saying 
 as he did' 724 ; audivi cum diceret 726 
 
 cum, com ' with ' 224 ; general use 809 ; 
 Position 798 ; accent 73 ; cum eo ut 684 ; 
 two nouns joined by cum may have 
 plural predicate 579 
 
 -cundo- suffix to quasi-pat ticipial stems 
 
 365 
 cupere p. 137 ; with infin. 541 ; with 
 
 infin. object clause 535 
 cupressus 121 
 
4 i8 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 cur 228 ; in depend, questions 750 
 curae esse 473 B ; cf. 602 ; habere 482 b 
 curate with gerundive 552; u'ith pass. 
 
 part. 559 
 
 currere and compounds p. 1 37 
 curriculo, cursu 503, 2 
 curvus 353 
 cyathus 915 
 
 D final in abl. sing.ig, roj, 115; append- 
 ed to me and te 191 ; neuter ace. of pro- 
 nouns 194 
 
 dactylic verse 926 
 
 damnare capite 495; voti 527 
 
 dare inflexions 262; compotinds p. 138; 
 with predicative dative 482 b ; -with ace. 
 of gerundive 552; of past part. 559; 
 with infin. object-clause 534; dare 
 nuptum 466; operam -with inf. 534 a; 
 pessum 117; verba' alicui 468; dabat, 
 dedit distinguished 591, 3 
 
 daremus analysed 241 
 
 datatim 227 
 
 Dative of ^-sterns in plur. 104; ofe.-stems 
 107; of \\-stems 120; of ego' 191; of 
 pronouns adj. 196; general -use 4376, 
 473; contrasted with other cases 453, 
 454 ; use of gerund 548 ; of stetns in -tu 
 554 ; for genitive 480 ; for prepositional 
 phrase 475 ; after compound verbs 474 b 
 expressing agent 476; indirect object 
 4745 person judging 477; person inter- 
 ested (ethical] 478; person possessing 
 479; -work contemplated 481 
 predicative dative (of purpose) 482 
 dative in various senses after ade- 
 quitare 475 ; advorsum venire 802 ; 
 aspici 476 ; bene 44cf d ; credi 569 ; 
 dare 474, 482 ; decemviri 481; defen- 
 dere 474 b; desinere 475; dicere 474 a; 
 
 em 479; en 478; esse 479 482; flebilis 
 476 ; habere 474, 482 b , rmperitare 474 b ; 
 imponere 475 ; incumbere 475 : labi 
 
 473 a; lex 481; licet 474 a, 537 c\ mit- 
 tere 482 c ; nocere 474 a ; nomen est 
 441 3; nubere 474 a; parcere 474 a; 
 persuasumst 569 ; placet 575 c ; praeponi 
 
 474 b relinquere 482 c ; ridere 474 a ; 
 servire553; signum 473^; similis 474 c; 
 vae 479, velle 474 a; vertere 482 
 
 de prep, general use 812: in composition 
 813, 410; sometimes after relative"]^; 
 used after admonere, &c. 529 
 
 -de suffix 220 
 
 deabus 104 
 
 debeo p. 140 (s. v. habeo) ; "with infix.. 
 534 a > 54 1 with perf. infin. 541 a; in 
 apodosis to conditional sentence 628, 652 a 
 
 decem septem, or septem decem, &c. 186 
 
 decemviri -with gerundival dative 481 
 
 decet not really impersonal ^"j^ a 
 
 decies 233; centena milia 188 (2); value 
 909, 910 
 
 decipi laborum 530 
 
 declensions, properly tivo 82, 102 foil. , 
 120 foil. ; old division into five 85 
 
 decori esse 482 a 
 
 decumanus 368 
 
 defective nouns 117; adjectives 175, 176; 
 
 verbs, see in 339 
 defit, &c. 265 
 
 dein 226 ; deinceps 230 ; deinde 220, 226 
 delere/. 142 s. v. lino 
 demonstrative pronouns, see pronouns 
 -dem as suffix 225 
 demum 224 
 
 denarius adj, rSo ; coin 909 
 dentals 4 ; dental verb-stems have supine 
 
 in -sum 334 ; noun-stems "S'tffoll. 
 denuo 213 (2) 
 deorsum 214 
 deponent verbs, inflexions 258 ; list of 
 
 340; meaning and use 565, 567 
 derivative suffixes of noun-stems 345 (3) , 
 
 ^6 foil. ; of verb-stems 398 400 
 desiderative verbs in -uri- 400' 
 desinere^. 148 s. v. sino; desii 306; desi* 
 
 tus sum'/: 148,- s.v. sino 
 desistere^>. 148 s. v. sister 
 despexe 307 
 
 destiti/. 148 s. vv. sino a^sisto 
 desuper 228 
 deunx 189, 3 
 
 devorti 566, 2 ;/. 151 s. v. vertor 
 deus declined 116; gen. pi. deum 115 b 
 dextans 189, 3 
 dexter no 
 
 di meliora 472; di vostrant fidetn ib. 
 di- in composition 23 
 diaeresis 941 
 die 276 
 dicere with infin. o"bje'ct sentence 542 ; di- 
 
 cor scribere, &c. 544; dicet, dixerit 
 
 aliquis 647, i: nee cito dixerim 644 b; 
 
 cum dioerct 724.; audivi' cum diceret 725 ; 
 
 quod diceret 742; quod dicas 744; dixi 
 
 591, T ; dixisse 541 ; dico often omitted 
 
 583 ; dixti 307 
 dicto audiens esse 402 e ; $6t ; turpe dictu 
 
 554 ; dignum dictu cf. 556 
 Dido 159^ 
 dies declined 106; dies noctisque 458 A. 2; 
 
 cf. 460; die qumti 484 A. 2 
 ante diem (a. d.) 917; paucis ante 
 
 diebus 804 ; in dies 820 b 
 difference, amount of, in abl. 496 
 dignari, dignus with abl. 495; dignus qui 
 
 with subj. 680; dignus with inf. 540. (2)- 
 dimeter 923 
 
 dimidia, dimidium 189, i, 6 
 diminutival suffixes of nouns 375 377 ; of 
 
 verbs, in -ta- 400 
 diphthongs n; quantity 52, i 
 dirimere 28 
 
 dis- in composition 814 
 discere p. 137; contains inchoative suffix 
 
 296 a; cf. 309 
 discrucior animi 485 
 
 disjunctive conjunctions 872, 873 ; nega- 
 tive 88 1 
 disjunctive questions, direct 877; indirect 
 
 dissensio reipublicae 525 b 
 
 dissicere/. 140 s. v. jacio 
 
 distance, expressed by ace. 459; cf. 510 
 
 distributive numerals 178 ; use ^i83 
 
 diu 215 
 
 dives with abl. 498 ; with gen. cf-. .530 
 
INDEX. 
 
 419 
 
 diurnus 367 
 
 divumfor divorum 115 b 
 
 dixti 307 
 
 -do- suffix of noun-stems 365 ; of adverbs 
 
 215 
 docere with two ace. 470 ; -with, object and 
 
 infin. 534 b 
 dodrans 189 
 
 dolere with, infin. object clause 535 ; im- 
 personal 'with dat. 573 
 dolo 503, 2 ; malo 503, i 
 domare_/>. 138 
 domus declined 121; domi 485; domum 
 
 scribere 464 ; domo 509 
 -don- suffix of noun-stems 144, 371 
 donee, donicum, donique 224; 'until' 
 
 subj. 692; (ind.) 693-; 'while' (ind.) 
 
 695 
 
 dubitative subj. 674 
 dubito followed by quin, an, &c. 68 1 
 dubius quin 629, 630 
 ducere withered, dative 4&zo; due 276 
 dudum 224 
 duint 280; duas ib. 
 -dum enclitic 224- 
 dum, general use of 692 697; ' whilst' 
 
 usually withpres. ind. 595 ; even though 
 
 dependent on infin. 765 c 
 dummodo 696 
 duo inflexions of 183; duodeviginti 183, 
 
 186; duae partes^iSg 
 
 dupondius, coin 909; applied to length 913 
 duration of time y in ace. 460;' abl. 493- . 
 
 E see ex 
 
 e takes place of a. in root 34 ; in suffixes 
 35 ', of o 36 ; changed to i 38 ; omitted 
 41 ; specially used before r or two conso- 
 nants 40 ; in connexion "with other vowels 
 455 
 
 e, adverbs ending" in 216 220 
 
 eabus 201 
 
 * each other,' hoiu expressed in Latin 908 
 
 eadem opera (abl.} 503, i 
 
 eapse 202 
 
 ebur 145 
 
 ecastor 417 
 
 ecce 218; eccere 417; with nom. 456; 
 with ace. 472 
 
 ecquis 208 ; use 
 
 ecthlipsis 941 
 
 edepol 417 
 
 edere, esse inflexions fffz64 ; edim 260 
 
 edoctus militiam 476 
 
 egenus, egere with gen. 530; abl. iee q$ 
 
 ego declined 190 
 
 ehem 416 
 
 ei (dat. pron.) 201 
 
 ei, eja 416 
 
 -eio- suffix of noun-stems; how pro~ 
 nounced 17 ; vocative of such stems 112 
 
 elephans, elephantus declined 166 
 
 elision 64 
 
 -ella- or-e\A-, notin-suffix 378 
 
 ellipse 941; of substantives $4$ 450; with 
 certain adjectives 447 ; of verbal pw 
 dicate 581 585 ; with ace. of exclama- 
 tion 472 ; of apodosis 658 ; with quasi 
 660; in wishes 662; with quaerere, 
 
 tentare, &c. 748 in fragmentary ex~ 
 pressions 440 
 
 em 416 
 
 emere/. 138 ; with locative of price 494 
 
 eminus 230 
 
 emphasis, effect on position of words 791 
 
 en with nom. 456 ; with ace. 472 ; with 
 dat. and ace- 4 78 
 
 en- (gen. -in-) suffix of noun-stems 144 
 
 enallage, grammatical 341 ; rJietorical 
 947 
 
 enclitics 72 
 
 -endo- suffix of gerund 365 
 
 endo old form of'm 215 
 
 enim 226; at enim 677^; 871, 3; neque 
 enim 878 
 
 enixa^. 143 s. v. nitor 
 
 eo 'I go,' see ire 
 
 eo 'thither' 213 (4) 
 
 eo 'by so much 496 
 
 epenthesis 941 
 
 epexegesis 948 
 
 epicoena 89 
 
 Epirus declined 153 
 
 epistolary tenses 604 
 
 epulae 117 
 
 eques 146; declined 129 
 
 equidem 225 
 
 equos or ecus 42 
 
 -er-y^r -us-, -es-, or -is- 28 ; neuter noun- 
 stems in -er- 145 
 
 eram 285, 259 
 
 -ertpe'rf. suffix for -erunt 274 
 
 erepseimis 307 
 
 erga 212; use of 815 
 
 ergo 213 (i) ; use of as postposition 816 
 
 -eri (-erim; -ero) verbal tense suffix, quan- 
 tity of'\ 281 
 
 -cr\s passive suffix ind pers., how formed 
 270 
 
 -erno suffix of noun-stems 367 
 
 -ero noun-stems in, ho'iu declined 109 
 
 erubescere with ace. 469 b 
 
 -erunt -$rd pers. plur. perf., quantity of 
 penult of 274 
 
 es 'thou art,' quantity 260; often loses 
 vowel z6o 
 
 esse and compounds, inflexions of 259 
 261; use in predication 428 b', often 
 omitted 584, 585 ; position in sentence 
 791, 2 ; with obliqite cases and adverbs 
 438 a; male esse aliciii 712 a\ with da- 
 tive of possessor 479; predicative 482 a ; 
 work contemplated 481; W. of descrip- 
 tion 502 ; 7t/#/i gerund, &c. 551 ; //V/4 
 past participle 590; "with future parti- 
 ciple 612: / apodosis 628; longum est, 
 melius fuit, &c. 643; e'st qui', est cum 
 704, 706, 707; ut est TL$d,'e; ftihil est 
 quod 708 ; cf. 750 
 
 esse * to eat ' 264 
 
 et 228 ; general use of 860865 ; et quidein 
 in replies 677 b ', et ipse 861 ; et non, 
 et nullus, &c. 87$ 
 
 -et- (-it) noun-stems in 143- 
 
 etiam 223 ; in questions of surprise, &c. 
 675 b, c; etiam si (subj.) 650 c; (ind.) 
 651 c 
 
 -eto suffix of noun-stems 359 
 
 et si (ind.) 651 c; 'and yet' 871, 6 
 
420 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 euge, eugipae 417 b 
 
 ex, ec, e 230 ; general use 817 ; in compos. 
 818; 408, 2; 410; ex animi sententia 
 817; jiza; e republica 817; e re nata 
 817; heres ex asse 189; ex ante diem, 
 &c. 917 
 
 exadversum 802 
 
 examen 23 
 
 excelsus/. 136 s. v. cello 
 
 exclamations, accusative in 472; infin. 
 538 
 
 exest eats out ' 265 
 
 exinde 220 
 
 exitio esse 482 a 
 
 expectare dum with subj. 6920.; si 748; 
 with dep. question 750 
 
 expensi latio 406 c 
 
 exta 357, 2 
 
 extinxem 307 
 
 extra 212; general use 819 
 
 extrinsecus 226 
 
 F how pronounced 4 
 
 faber declined 109 
 
 Fabia abl. 512 
 
 fac 276; fac sciam used parenthetically 
 75i 
 
 facere and comp. p. 138 ; passive (fieri) 
 264; half compounds 413; other com- 
 pounds 412, 415; with obi. pred. 434; 
 aliquid alicujus 513; lucri 523 b; cer- 
 tiorem facere 529, 535 ; with abl. 499 ; 
 with sacra understood 563 : mecum 563 ; 
 with subj. see under 666 ; facere non pos- 
 sum quin 712 b; faxo 291; used paren- 
 thetically 671; quid opust facto 507; 
 factum as answer to a question 886 
 
 facessere/. 138 
 
 facilis_/rwj superlative 1740; 351; facile 
 217 
 
 fallere with secondary pred. 557 
 
 familias gen. sing. 103 ; cf. 406 c 
 
 fari/. 139 J. v. fatur 
 
 -fariam compounds of 22$ 
 
 fas 142 
 
 faxo, faxim 291. 3 ; also see facere 
 
 fel 142 
 
 femur 145 
 
 fendere/. 139 
 
 fenus unciarium 91 r 
 
 ferbui p. 1 39 s. v. ferveo 
 
 fere 55, 216 
 
 ferire A 139; cf. festus 331 (/. 132) 
 
 ferox linguae 526 
 
 ferre 264; compounds of,p. 139; fer 276 ; 
 fers, fert 270 
 
 fessus/. 138 s. -v. fatisco 
 
 festus 33 1 (/. 132) 
 
 fides 107 ; fidei commissum, fidejubere405; 
 bona fide 503, j 
 
 fidicen 90; cf. 415 
 
 fieri 264; alicujus 5 17, fit utwith subj. 633, 
 7 1 2 b. See also facere 
 
 flamen (;.) 144 
 
 flu ere/. 139 
 
 fodere, fodiri p. 139 
 
 foot in Prosody 922 
 
 foras 230; use 264; foris 232; use, see ex- 
 ample in 494 
 
 fore 259 (/. 105); fore ut 543(2); missum 
 
 fore 543 (3) 
 forem, &c. 260 
 formonsus, formosus 363 
 forsan, forsitan 228; with subj. 754; with 
 
 ind. 755 
 fortassis, fortasse 232 ; quaeret fortassis 
 
 647 ; fortassis abstulerit 645 b 
 forte 217, 503, 2 ; nisi forte 653 ; si forte 
 
 fortuito 213, cf. 506 
 fractions, expression 0/i8g 
 
 frangere/. 139; fregisio; 31 b 
 
 fraudi esse 482 a 
 
 frugi 175 
 
 frui/. 140; with abl. 500 
 
 frunisci p. 140 s. v. fruor 
 
 frustra 212 
 
 fuam &c. 260 
 
 fueram (compared with eram) amatus 590; 
 amaturus 612 
 
 fui 259 (compared with sum and eram) 
 amatus 590; amaturus 612; fuerim with 
 fut. part, in apodosis to a conditional 
 sentence 629, 630 ; fuisses 630 ; fuisse 
 with do in reported speech 765 
 
 funditus 231 
 
 fungi/. 140; with abl. 500; with acc> 500 
 
 furere/. 140 
 
 furtim 227 
 
 Future simple indie. 283, 284 ; use cf 590, 
 600602 ; in conditional sentences 641/1; 
 in znd person used for imperative 665$ 
 completed indie. 304, 305 ; use of 590, 
 609 ; in conditional sentences 641 b \ with- 
 out si 651 ; of repeated actions 721 
 
 imperative 613; 669 ; infinitive, see 
 fore and periphrases with participles 
 
 participle act. 336, 384 ; with ind. 
 and subj. of esse 612; in apodosis of 
 conditional sentences 628 ; in consecutive 
 sentences 633 ; with quod 635 ; in de- 
 pendent questions 635, 4 ; and other 
 sentences 636 ; with infin. of esse 542 ; 
 also 768 
 
 future in -so -sim 291 293; also 
 610 
 
 futurum esse ut 543; futurum fuisse ut 
 765, 768, 
 
 fuvit 260 
 
 G when first used 2 ; often omitted before 
 n 16 ; before m 21, 23 
 
 Gaius denoted by C 961, i ; quantity 62 c 
 
 Galliambic verse 934 
 
 gaudere/. 140 ; with inf. 534 ; with past 
 part, {for past infin.} 585 
 
 gelu abl. <2/"gelus 121 
 
 gemere/. 140 
 
 Gender, meaning and expression 0/81, 82, 
 86 89 ; of persons, animals, &c. go foil. ; 
 of a.-stems 102, 105; of o-stems 113, 114: 
 of \\-stems 1 20 ; of \-stems 134 foil. ', of 
 consonant-stems 141 foil. ; use of in- 
 flexions of gender 443 445 ; attraction 
 of gender 451 
 
 Genitive in -as and -ai 103 ; in -um 104, 
 115; of pronouns 194; general use 438, 
 515 ; difference from other cases 453, 
 
INDEX. 
 
 421 
 
 454; possessive 515, 516; of 'divided 
 whole* i.e. partitive 520, 522; of defi- 
 nition 523 ; descriptive 524 ; objective 
 525 ; secondary after verbs, &*c. 527 
 foil. gerundial 550 ; supplied by pos- 
 sessive adj. 518; interchangeable "with, 
 dative 480 ; for locative 494 
 
 after absolvere 527 ; abstinere 530 ; 
 accusare 527 ; acervus 523 ; admonere 
 529; aliquid 522: ambiguus 525 ; ami- 
 cissimus 516; certiorem facere 523; con- 
 tentio 525 b ; damnatus 527 ; decipi 530 ; 
 dies (spatii) 523 b\ egere 530; ergo 816 ; 
 facere (lucri) 523 b\ fessus53o; imperiurn, 
 525 ; implere 530; incertus 525 ; in- 
 star 516; interest 517; interritus 525 ; 
 manifestus 527; medium 520; minor 526; 
 mirari 528; misereri 528; nihil (reliqui) 
 522 ; numerus (trecentorum) 523 ; oblivisci 
 529; occultus 526; paenitet 528; pigej; 
 528; plenus 530; potiri 530; pudet 528; 
 quod 522; refertsig; refertus 530; reus 
 527; scelus (viri) 523 b; suspectus 527; 
 taedet 528 ; tenax 525 ; tenus 854 ; uter- 
 que 520 
 
 Gerund and gerundive, formation vfzgo, 
 365 ; general use 0/546 ; accusative 547 ; 
 ablative 549 ; dative 548 ; genitive 530 ; 
 nominative 551 
 
 as obi. pred. 552 a ; as mere attribute 
 552 b; with agent in dative 476 ; some- 
 times in abl. with ab 476 
 
 gignere p. 140; contains reduplication 255 
 
 -gino-, -gno-, adjective suffix 367 
 
 -ginta, numeral suffix 358 
 
 Gly conic verse 930, 17; stanza 938 C. D. 
 
 gn 16(3) 
 
 gnascor/*. 143 s. v. nascor 
 
 -gon- (-gin-) suffix of substantives 371 
 
 Graecism 942 
 
 gratia, gratiae 100 c, 101; gratiis, gratis 232, 
 503 c 
 
 gravatim 227 (i) 
 
 Greek nouns, declension of 148 172 
 
 gregatim 227 (2) 
 
 grex 142 
 
 grus 142 
 
 gryps 167 
 
 H, sound of '8; often omitted 43; uncer- 
 tain 8 
 
 habere with ind. olj. 474; with pred. dat. 
 482 b ; with gerundive 552 ; with past 
 part. 559; with in/in. 534 a ; compounds 
 0/140 
 
 habitual action, expressed by imperfect 
 605; with cum (ind.) 721 ; (subj.) 720 
 
 hactenus 854 
 
 haec_/0r nom.fem. plur. 200 
 
 hau, haud 228, 876 ; use 877 ; haud scio an 
 75? 
 
 haurire^. 140 
 
 have =ave/. 136 
 
 hebes 140 
 
 hei 416 
 
 Hellenism 942 
 
 hem 416 
 
 hendiadys 942 
 
 hercle 417 
 
 here, heri 221, 491 
 
 heredium 914 
 
 heres 147, 2 ; ex deunce 817 
 
 heroic verse 926 
 
 heros declined 158 
 
 heus 416 
 
 hexameter (dactylic] 926 
 
 hiatus 65 
 
 hibernus 367 
 
 hibus 200 
 
 hie declined^ 200; use of 890; hie (adv.) 
 221(3); his annis 492; hoc populo 504; 
 hoc praemii 522; hoc pugnatur &c. 
 570; quo. ..hoc 683, 2 
 
 hiemps 29 
 
 hinc 226 
 
 hinnus 92 
 
 Hipponactean verse 933, 28 ; stanza 938 R. 
 
 historical infin. 539 
 
 historical present 594 ; perfect 608 
 
 hodie 216; hodieque 219 
 
 homo 130, 144 
 
 hontoeoteleuton 948 
 
 homonymia 948 
 
 honos, honor 145 
 
 horrere aliquem 469 
 
 horsum 214, 856 
 
 HS92I, 7 
 
 hue 213 
 
 humane, humaniter 229 (i); humanitus 
 231 
 
 humi 485 
 
 hypallage 942 
 
 hyperbaton 942 
 
 hyperbole 948 
 
 hyphen 942 
 
 hypothetical 'sentences 626, 638 foil. ; with- 
 out condition expressed 642, 644 ; iti 
 zndpers. sing. subj. ('you' = ' one ') 646; 
 hypothesis in dep. interrog. or consec. 
 sentence 652 a. -2 : b 
 
 hysteron proteron 948 
 
 i in root from a, e, or u 34 : in suffixes 
 from o 36 ; from u 37 ; from e 38 ; often, 
 omitted 41; arising from assimilation 
 39; has special affinity to some conso- 
 nants 40, 45 ; from i + e 49; from i + i 
 5 
 
 i from ae 34 ; from o + i 47 ; from i + I 
 or I + I 50 
 
 i remains before a, o, u, e 49; treated 
 as consonant 44; quantity of 56; in 
 ferf. and comp.fut. 281 
 
 i in gen. sing, of o-s terns 112; in voc. sing. 
 112; in gen. sing, of u-s terns 121 (p. 40); 
 in abl. sing, of \-stems 124, 134; in gen. 
 
 > pi. 123, 125 
 
 i noun-stems in, declension of 123 128; 
 distinguished from consonant stems, 
 132; classification of 133 140; Greek 
 stems 162 165 
 
 i ad-verbs in 22 1 
 
 i verb stems in 303 ; derivatives 397, 4 ; 
 400 
 
 i ends perf. ind. ist pers. sing. 268; with- 
 out other suffix 318; in ii 306; a: 
 characteristic of pres. subj. 279, 280; 
 as original subjunctive suffix 282 
 
 jacere in comp. p. 140 
 jacere ' to be prostrated' 
 
 564 
 
422 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 jam 223; jam. ..jam 867 
 
 Iamb 922 ; iambic verse 933 
 
 iano- noun-suffix 368 
 
 -ibamy^r -iebam 234 
 
 ibi 201, 222 
 
 ibis 170, 2 
 
 ibo 234 
 
 ibus (from is) 201 
 
 -ico- noun-suffix 354, 355 ; -iqvo 355 ; *ici- 
 356 _ 
 
 ico or icio '/ strike? p. 141 
 
 id genus 462 ; id temporis 460 
 
 idcirco 2i3_/?., 806 
 
 idem declined 203 ; idem ac 661 
 
 identidem 225 
 
 -idon- noun- suffix 371 
 
 idus (//.) 100 e\ i3o; place in calendar 
 917 
 
 -ic noun-stems in, declined 106; suffix 
 39 
 
 jecit per/, of jacio /. 140; of ico or icio 
 /. 141 
 
 jecur 145 
 
 -iens, -ies adverbial suffix 233 
 
 -iensi- noun-suffix 364 
 
 -ier pass. inf. 288 
 
 igitur 228; place in sentence 793 
 
 ignaviter 229 
 
 ignoscere p. 143; /tow compounded 408 c 
 
 -igon noun-suffix 371 
 
 -ii in gen. ofo-stems 112 
 
 -ili- noun-suffix 379 ; -ili- 38* 
 
 ilia (;*/.) loo a 
 
 ilicet 405 a 
 
 ilico (illicc) 213 
 
 -ilia- verbal suffix 400 
 
 ille declined 197; useof^zp 
 
 illic declined 199 
 
 illim 226, 236 
 
 illimo- superlative stem 174 (/. 62) 
 
 illius, quantity of pemtlt off>2 
 
 -illo- ; -illulo- noun-suffixes 377 
 
 illo, \\\\\cadv. 213 (4), 236 
 
 -im adverbial-sttffix 226, 227 ; accusative 
 of \-steir.s 124, 134; in prcs. subj. 279, 
 280 
 
 imber declined 135 
 
 immane quantum 685 
 
 immo 213; in answers 886; im'mb vero, 
 see example in 641 rt 
 
 -imo- (-umo-) noun-suffix 351, 352; r/! 174 
 
 impedire construction 68 1 
 
 imperare, cf. 474; imperor with infin. 
 536 a 
 
 Imperative mood, how formed 275 278; 
 use of tenses 613; general use 669; con- 
 trasted with siibj. 614, 2; z' protasis of 
 conditional sentence 651; / apodosis 
 655 ; j^ with quin 675 c; &> make a con- 
 cession 677; with modo 677 ^; expressed 
 in orat. obi. by subjunctive 765, 768 
 
 Imperfect indicative, formation 285: 2nd" 
 pers. sing. pass, in &c. 27 f; general 
 distinction from other tenses 587 591; 
 special uses 603 606 ; use in letters 604: ; 
 with postquam 606 ; in conditional sen- 
 tences 641 ; in statements of duty, possi- 
 bility &c. 643 ; in apodosis to condition- 
 al sentences 6~28, 652 ; where subj. might 
 be expected 654 
 
 Imperfect subjunctive 281, 286 ; general 
 uses 618, 620; dependent on historical 
 present 621, 622; in hypothetical and 
 conditional sentences 638 ; typical ex- 
 amples 626, 627; in jussive sentences 
 670; in final sentences 678; in hypo- 
 thetical sentences, how expressed in 
 orat. obi. 765 
 
 Impersonal verbs' 575 ; in passive voice 
 569; with neuter pronoun 570; imper- 
 sonal use of passive participle 560, 506 
 
 implere with ace. and gen. or abl. 530 
 
 imponere with ace. and dat. 475 
 
 hnpraesentiarum 225 
 
 impune 217, 2 
 
 in prep, general use 820 ; in composition 
 821; cf. 410"; in dies- 820^; in vicem 820 
 
 in- ' not ' in composition 408, i c \ 2 
 
 inceptive or inchoative verbs 296, 397, 5 
 
 incessere^>. 141 
 
 incomplete action, tenses ^"588 591 
 
 incumbere with dat. 475 
 
 inde 220 
 
 Indefinite subject of yd. pers. omitted 
 574; expressed by second pers. and subj. 
 646; by aliquis, &>c. with indie. 647, i 
 
 Indicative mood; general use 586; dis- 
 tinction of tenses 587 foil. ; in state- 
 ments of ' duty,' l power' &V., 643; ' pur- 
 pose' withfut. part. 612; in the follow- 
 ing sentences : 
 
 ca usa I, quod, (juia, &c. 741 ; cum 729 : 
 comparative, aliusac!, idemac,quasi 
 &c. 661; tantus...quantus, tam...quam, 
 &c. 683, i; eo...quod, eo...quo, quam 
 683, 2; ut, sicut, &c. 715; citius quam 
 699: 
 
 concessive, with sane/ at enim, &c. 
 6/7; etsi, si maxime 651 c; qaamvis 677 
 d; quamquam 711 b\ ut 715 c\ cum 729, 
 
 conditional, in apodosis and pro- 
 tasis 641 ; in apodosis {protasis in subj.) 
 652, 654; cf. 628; in protasis without si 
 651 ; with imperative apodosis 655 ; sub- 
 junctive apodosis 657 , expressing ' thing 
 to be ascertained* 747: 
 
 dependent on infinitive 761, i; on 
 subjunctive 761, 2 : 
 
 definitive with qui 679, 703 709, 
 75?; with ut 715 a: 
 
 interrogative 675, 749, 751; re- 
 peating "words of other speaker 757 : 
 
 limiting i\i: 
 
 relative, qui 651 b,6jg, 703 709, 739, 
 753; 'such' -jig b; ut qui 683; quippe 
 qui 719; quantus 683; quisquis, quicun- 
 que 711 b, 721 : 
 
 substa ntivaliiJith quod 713: 
 
 temporal 'with cum 725 "737; donee, 
 dum, &c. 693 697, 765 ; antequam, prius- 
 quam 699; ubi, quoties, &c. 723; post- 
 quam 606, 611 c, 723; 
 
 in the midst of orat. obi. 778, 779; 
 
 in clauses with faxo 671; forsitan 
 755; fortasse 677,- cf. 645 a, b\ nescio 
 quis 755; nisi forte, nisi vero 653; modo 
 711; prout 715 a, b; quasi 661; sive 
 651 d; sunt qui 703 707; satin' ut, vide 
 ut, 687 : 
 
INDEX. 
 
 423 
 
 in the following expressions : dicet 
 aliquis 647; dico quod seritio 753; etiam 
 taces? 675 c: licet, licebit 677 c; melius 
 erat 643; non dicam 691; peream, si... 
 erat 657; quam vis, quam volet 676 b; 
 advolone 675 a; quod scribis 743; quod 
 facere poteris 711 b\ videro, viderih 667; 
 videbis 667 
 
 indidem 220 
 
 indigere with gen. or abl. 530 ; composi- 
 tion of 215 
 
 indirect discourse see 'Reported speech' / 
 question of command 67 4 b ; of fact 750; 
 rhetorical (reported} 764 
 
 indoles 140 
 
 indu (form] 215 
 
 inducor artus tunica 471 a 
 
 induere p. 141 : induor, indutus tunicam 
 
 47*6 
 
 indulgere/. 141 
 
 infestus 331 
 
 Infinitive, present how formed 287, 288 ; 
 in -sere 291 ; perfect 304 ; contracted y>7 i 
 classed as substantive 42 1 , its cha- 
 racter 532 ; general use 533 ; use of its 
 tenses 541 545! use as object 534; as 
 oblique predicate 535; as (direct) secon- 
 dary predicate 536; as subject 537; in 
 exclamations 538; as primary pred. 
 (historic infin.] 539; in rare uses 540; 
 in reported speech -j6jfoll. ; in rhetori- 
 cal questions 764; with relative 765 b; 
 often omitted with past part. 585 : 
 
 used (in various ways) after aequum 
 erat, &c. 643: aptus 540 (2); assuefieri 
 534 ; audeo 534 *z; cupio 541: debeo 
 534 a; desisto 534 a\ dicor 536, 544; 
 dignus 540 (2) ; do 534^; doceor 534 b; 
 est 536; habeo 534^; inter 540 (4); 
 jubeor 536; licet 545; maturo 534 a; 
 mitto 534 a: cf. 540 (3); natus 540 (3); 
 operam do 534 a ; possum 534 a ; praeter 
 540 (4); prohibeor 534 b\ reperior 536 a', 
 scio 534 a; soleo 534; tempus est 540 
 (i); videor 536*1: 
 
 accus. with infin. a/feradmoneo 53.5.' 
 assiiefacio 534 b; auctor sum, certior no 
 535; cupio 535; dico 535, 542, doceo 
 534 ; doleo 535; memini 543 (4); opus 
 est, oportet 537 a; sino 535; volo 535 
 
 perfect injin. after .debeo, malo, pos- 
 sum, &c. 541 a- : caveo, volo 541 ; de- 
 cui* 535 
 
 infu 265 
 
 infitias 117, 466 
 
 infra 212; general use 822: comp. and 
 superl. 175 
 
 inimicus with gen. 516 
 
 injuria 503, 2 
 
 -ino- noun-suffix cf. 366, 367 ; -ino 370 
 
 inquani 2685 /. 141 
 
 insertion ofp in sumpsi, &c. 29, 311 
 
 insimulare with gen. of crime 527 
 
 vaster with gen. 516 
 
 jnstare with infin. 534 a 
 
 inter 229; general use 823; inter se 823 a, 
 go8/>; with infin. 540 (4; 
 
 jntercludere with abl. 511 
 
 interdicere with abl. 498 
 
 interdutn 224, 237 
 
 interea 212, 237 
 
 interest Ciceronis 517; mea 519 
 
 interibi 222 
 
 interim 226; cum interim 735 
 
 Interjections 416, 417 
 
 Interrogative particles 204 208; pro' 
 
 nouns 204 208 : See also 'questions' 
 intervallum 410 
 intonatus p. 150 s. v. tono 
 intra 212; comp. and superl. 175 (p. 63); 
 
 general use 824 
 Intransitive verbs defined 564; sometimes 
 
 become transitive 469 
 
 impersonal in passive 565, 569; with 
 
 ace. (of extent) 459 461, cf. 570; or cog- 
 nate 461 b\ "with ind. obj. 474; with 
 
 abl. of 'part, concerned 497; have gerund 
 
 546 
 
 intrinsecus 226 
 intro 213; general use 824 
 introrsus 214 
 
 intus 231; general use 825 
 invitare hospitio 489 
 -io noun-suffix 390 394 
 jocineris 145 
 jpous 117; joco 503, 2. 
 -ion noun-suffix 374; declension 130 
 Ionic feet 922, a majori used in verse 935, 
 
 23; a minori 935, 36 
 -ios-, -ior- suffix of comparatives 388, cf. 
 
 174; declension i-^ifin. 
 Jovem 122 
 ipse declined 195; general use 891, 893; 
 
 ipsius_/frr suum ipsius 895 
 iquo, -inquo noun-siiffix 355 
 ire inflexions 264; ibo 284; ibam 285; use 
 
 with supine 553 ; to form passive infin. 
 
 553; infitias ire 466, 117; pessum, venum, 
 
 ire 117 ; ibat videre 533 C 
 ironia 949 
 
 irrauserit/. 147 s. v. ravio 
 is declension of 201 general use 890 
 -issumo- noun-suffix (superlative) 351, 174 
 iste declension of 197; general use 890; 
 
 isti modi 198 
 ita2i2: ita...ut wit't final subf. 684; witJi 
 
 consecutive subj. 714: with indie, 'as.. 
 
 30' 715 a\ 'although, .ye C 715 c\ ita 
 
 yivam ut with tndic. 715^"; ita vero, 
 
 ita est in answers 886 
 -ita- suffix of frequentative verbs 399 
 -itano- noun-suffix 368 
 item 225 
 
 her declined 145; obiter -zigfin. 
 iterum 224, 383 
 ithyphallic verse 928, io 
 jtidem 225 
 
 -itie- noun-suffix 392 
 ito- noun-suffix 359 
 jubere 311 ; /. 141 ; jubeo eum abire 534 b ; 
 
 jubeor dici consul 536 
 judex declined 129 
 jugerum no; contents 914 
 jugulus 117 
 -\u.m.gen.plur. 123 
 jumentum 23 
 jungere 295; /. 141 
 -ivo- noun-suffix 353 
 Juppiter 122 
 juratus 340 
 
424 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 -\VLSgen. sing, quantity of penult ofd-i a 
 
 jus 142 
 
 jusjurandum 117, 406 
 
 juvare 299; /. 141; juvat -with- ace. and 
 
 , inf. 537 * 
 
 juxta 212 ; general use 820 
 
 K. 7 
 Kal. 917 
 
 1 hoiu pronounced $; has attraction for & ; 
 \\for e 40 
 
 labials 4 
 
 lac, lacte 136 
 
 lacessere/. 141 
 
 lapidavit (itnpers.) 575 
 
 laquear 138 
 
 larva, lama 44 
 
 Latin language i 
 
 lavare, lavere i\gp. 14* 
 
 laurus 121 
 
 laus 142; laudi dare 482 b 
 
 legere/. 141 
 
 lenibat 285 ; lenibo 284 
 
 -lento noun-suffix 358 
 
 letters, tenses used in, itnperf. 604 ; 
 pluperf. 611 b\ mode of dating 91 7, 918 
 
 Leuctra 96 
 
 lex 142; operi faciundo 481 
 
 libella 909 
 
 libet;*. 142 
 
 licere, liceri^>. 142 
 
 licet /. 142; with, infin. 637*, 545; -with, 
 dot. 474; civi esse Gaditano, &c. 537^; 
 with subj. 672, 677 c\ in apodosis to a 
 conditional subj. 628 
 
 -limo- superl. sujffix 351, 174 t> 
 
 linere/. 142 
 
 linquere 295, 4 b; p. 142 
 
 liquefacere 413 
 
 liqui/. 142 
 
 litotes 949 
 
 locare with gerundive 552 ft 
 
 Locative case 83, 84; general use of 483, 
 484; of place 485 ; followed by relative 
 adverb, not adjective 485 (p. 206) ; in 
 apposition to abl. with in 487 ; of time 
 when 491; of amount 494; animi 485; 
 belli 485; domi 121, 485; dupli 494: 
 humi485; 1110491; militiae48s, quanti 
 494; quotidie 491 
 
 locus 117; loco 488 
 
 logaoedic verse 929 
 
 lubet, see libet 
 
 Iuci49i 
 
 lucri facere 523 ; de lucro 812 e 
 
 lucre/. 142 
 
 lues 134, i 
 
 luxuria declined 106 
 
 "Nipronounced6 ; when final '19 ; frequently 
 omitted 19, 63; affected by dental fo I-' 
 lowing 26 ; as verbal ending of ist pers, 
 sing. 267, 268 
 
 macte 217; esto 669 
 
 Maeander declined 153 
 
 magis 232; use 176 
 
 magister 383, 2 
 
 magno opere 503, i; magno stare 'cost' 
 495 
 
 majestatis absolvere 527 
 
 major 388 
 
 male 217; almost negative 877 d 
 
 malignus 367 
 
 malo, inflexions of 262; malim, mallem, 
 
 &c. 644 a ; followed by subj. 672 
 manceps, mancipium 415 
 mandare 415 
 mane 217 
 manedum 276 
 manere/. 142 
 manes 134, 2. y. 
 manifestos 331 (/. 132); with gen. of crime 
 
 527 
 manus 120; ad manum 801 ; inter manus 
 
 823 ; per manus 831 
 mare i34_/?. 
 mas 136 
 
 masculine gender 86folf. 
 frtatertera 919 
 maturare with inf. 534 a 
 maturus with gen. 526 
 maximus 175; with quam, quantus 683, T : 
 
 Ot qui maxima 683, i. 
 ' may' expressed by licet 628 ; by subj. after 
 
 permittit 631, 3 ; after ut 632 (2) 
 means, abl. expressing 489, 499; by per 
 
 831* 
 
 measure of difference in abl. 496 
 med 191 
 meditari 340 
 medium viae 520 ; in media urbe 521 ; me- 
 
 dip, media tefgo 486 
 medius fidius 417 
 mehercules 417, 472 
 mel 142 
 Melampus 169 
 melior declined lyifin. 
 melius erat, fuit, &C. with inf. 643; with 
 
 perf. inf. 545 
 me"mini p. 142 s. v. -meniscor; with gen. 
 
 or ace. 529; with pres. and perf . infin. 
 .,543(4) 
 
 Memmiadae 151 c 
 memor inflexions 140 
 memoriter 229(2) 
 -men noun-sufjfix 372 ; declension of nouns 
 
 in 130, 144 
 Menandru 154, 4 
 mensis 141 
 
 mentem alicujus, venire in 529 
 merces 147, 2 
 merere/. 142 ; p. 153; merito 213(2); with 
 
 hyf>othet. subj. 644 b 
 meridies 106 
 
 -met suffix to pronoiins 193 
 metaphora 949 
 metathesis 943 
 metonymia 949 
 Metre 923 
 
 metuo ut with subf. 686; cf. 632, 2 
 meus declined 119 ; use 101 ; as possessive 
 
 gen. 518; as objective gen. 525^; mea 
 
 refert, interest 519 
 mi vocative 119; dative 190, 191 
 militiae 485 
 mille declined \%\; millia spelling i^fin.; 
 
 mille nummum 523^ 
 minari aliquid alicui cf. 468 ; ni eant, &c. 
 
 ^35> 3 : 746 ; with inf. object-clause 434 
 
INDEX. 
 
 425 
 
 -mini suffix of -2nd pi. pass. 272 
 
 minime as negative 877 b ; in answers 886 ; 
 
 quam minimum 224 
 minister 383 
 -mino imperative suffix 278 ; noun-suffix 
 
 366 
 
 Minoidi 170 
 minor compar. 175 ; capitis 526 ; minoris 
 
 as gen of price w 
 Minos declined 158 
 minus as negative 877 d; sin minus 652 d ; 
 
 quominus 682 a-, and note 
 mire quam 685 
 
 miror si with subj. cf. 748 ; ind. 747 
 mirum ni 747; nisi mirumst 747; mirum 
 
 quam 685*1 
 mis 191 
 miscere/. 143 
 
 misereri^. 143; with gen. 5'8 
 miseret impers. 575; p. 143; with gen. 
 
 528 
 mittere^. 143 ; auxilio Caesari 482 c ', with 
 
 infin. of object 534: of purpose 540(3) ; 
 
 "with ad and gerundive 547 ; with su- 
 
 pine cf. 466, 553 ; ixfith qui, ut and 
 
 subj. 632. i ; 680, 682 j missus facio 559 
 -mno noun-suffix 366 
 -mo noun-suffix 351 
 moderari/J. 153 
 modius 915 
 modo 213(1), 503; in "wishes 6&l>; in 
 
 concessions (subj'.} 676 r; {imper.) 677 e ; 
 
 ivith dum in provisoes (subj.) 696; in 
 
 restrictions with qui (subj'.) 710; (ind.) 
 
 711 ; modo. ..modo 867 
 non modo...sed 689 ; general use 1 881, 
 
 882 
 
 moenia//. TOO/ 
 -monio substantival suffix '393 
 mordicus 230 
 moribus 503, 2 
 
 morte multare 495 ; mortem obire 563 
 mos declined 131, 142; moribus, 503, 2 
 mostellaria 394 
 motion, goal of, accus. 464, 465 ; dat. 473 a ; 
 
 motion whence 509, 5 TO, 511 
 mulcere/. 143 ; same root as mulgere 395 b ; 
 
 as mulcare 401 
 muliebris 138 
 mulier declined 13* 
 multimodis 407, 232 
 in u Itiplica tive-s 179 
 
 multus with gen. 520; as attribute 521; 
 ' 452 ; multae et graves (not multae graves) 
 
 865; compar. and superl. 175; multum 
 
 (adverbial) 461 
 mulus 92 
 
 municeps 146; declined cf. 129 
 munus 145 
 
 mutes 3 ; mute fallowed by liquid 16 ; 62, 2 
 myrtus 120, 121 
 
 N, sound of -2. : 6 ; affinity to i 41 ; inserted 
 in verb-stems 295 
 
 nae, see ne 220 
 
 naevus 353 
 
 nam 223 ; position in sentence 793 ; ap- 
 pended to pronouns 208, 903 
 
 nancisci/. 143 
 
 nasci/. 143 
 
 natura 503, 2 
 
 natus with ace, 460 
 
 nauci i 17 
 
 naufragus 412 
 
 navigium 412 
 
 navis 134 ; declined 84 
 
 ne in affirmations 220 
 
 ne negative 220, 375 ; general use 875 
 foil. ; w/'M subj. 614, 2 ; ?' wishes 664, 
 666 3; wzV/fc subj. 668, 682, &c.; /#/* 
 imper. 669 ; rt/ter z-v rbs of fearing (subj ) 
 686; ne dicam 690; ne...quidem 689, 
 877 b, 884 ; after non modo 881 ; ne quis, 
 ne quandoy^ ut nemo, &c. 877 c 
 
 ne in composition 875 
 
 -ne interrog. particle 875, 752 
 
 nee simple negative 219, 876 : disjunctive 
 878 ; belonging to subordinate clause 879 ; 
 necne 887, 752 ; necnon 883 
 
 necare/. 143 
 
 necesse est with subj. 672 
 
 necne, necnon, see nee 
 
 necopinato 506 
 
 nedum with subj. 688 
 
 nefandus 408 c 
 
 nefas 408, 2 
 
 negative particles distinguished Sj^foll. 
 
 negligere, neglexi or neglegi /. 141 s. z> ( 
 lego 
 
 nemo 144, 875 ; use of ig6 
 
 nempe 218 
 
 nequam 223 
 
 neque, see nee ; neque enim 878 ; neque... 
 et, &c. 882 
 
 nequeo 266 
 
 nequiquam 221 
 
 ne quis, &c. for ut nemo, &c. 877 c 
 
 nequiter 229 
 
 riescio 408 ; nescio quis 755 
 
 neve, neu 218 ; use 88 1 b 
 
 nevis 263 
 
 nevis, nevult 263 
 
 neuter gender 86 ; declension 82 ; accus. 
 used adverbially 224, 461 
 
 neuter verbs 564; passive 0^569 
 
 nex 142 
 
 nexui/. 143 .y. v. necto 
 
 ni 221 ; general use 875; quidni with subj. 
 674 c ; in conditional sentences 640, 641 -, 
 mirum ni 747 
 
 nihil, nihilum 117: nihil aliud quam 583: 
 nili of value 494, nihil non, non nihil 883 
 
 nimis 232 
 
 nimium 224 
 
 ningit/. 143 
 
 nisi 221; general use with subj'. 640 foil. ; 
 with indie, 64 1 foil. ; with subj. 'after 
 exaggerated statements 654, 3; -with 
 reported condition 746; nisi vero, nisi 
 forte 653 ; with abl. of circumstances 
 505 ; with participle (dative) 557 
 
 nitor/. 143 
 
 nix 136 
 
 -no noun-suffix 366 
 
 nocetur 565 
 
 nocte 217 ; cf. 491 ; noctes ' nights through' 
 460 
 
 noctu 215 
 
 noenum 224 
 
426 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 nolo inflexions 0/262; noli 262, 275; with 
 infin. 269; nolo videat 672 
 
 nomen declined 1 30 ; mihi nomen est with, 
 nom 441 a; "with dative 441 b'. nomine 
 negligentiae suspectus 504; servus no- 
 mine illo 502 
 
 nominal adjectives 422 c\ adverbs 423 </; 
 nominal predicate 426 436 
 
 nominative case %\ foil. ; case of subject 
 429, 2 : 453 : general use 455457 ', when 
 called vocative 457; used as subject to 
 infin. 539; as sec. pred. after infin. 
 536, 568 ; with en, ecce 456; use in nom. 
 of gerund and gerundive 551 . of stems 
 in -tion p. 224 note; of stems in -bundo 
 558 ; of passive part. 560; neuter with 
 passive impersonal 570 
 
 non 224 ; general -use 876, 877 : with jus- 
 sive subj. 668, 670; jussive interrog. 
 674 : consecutive 704 ; in restrictions 
 714 c; concessions (ut non) 714^; et non 
 878 ; an non 887 
 
 nonae 917 
 
 nonne 885, 886 
 
 nonnemo, nonnullus, &c. 883, ,897 
 
 nonnunquam 237, 883 
 
 non quia, non quod, ,&c. {subj) 740, 2; 
 (ind.) 741 fin. 
 
 nonvis 263 
 
 nos \go;fbr me 94j what substitute in 
 reported speech 767, 768 c , Caesar's us* 
 767 
 
 noscere_^. 143 
 
 noster general use 192: as possessive 518, 
 525; nostrum omnium 518; nostri, nos- 
 trum as partitive gen. 520 ; as objective 
 525; nostra re.fert, &c. 519 
 
 nostras 137 
 
 Noun defined 421 ', -inflexions $>ofoll. ; for- 
 mation of 34* foll.j arrangement of 
 noun-suffixes 350 
 
 ns often for nts 21 ; n omitted 25 
 
 nubere p 144: with dative 474: nuptum 
 dare 466 : nupta /. 153 
 
 nubes declined 1 26 
 
 nudius tertius 407 
 
 nudus with abl. 498; nuda pedem 471 
 
 nullus 195; nulli (gen.), nullae {<&/.) 196; 
 nullius, &c. used for neminis, &c. 196; 
 nullius rei for nihili 117; nullus non, 
 nonnullus 883, 897 ; ne ullus_/fcr ut nullus 
 878 
 
 num 224; as interrog. 885, 86, 751; in 
 indirect questions 750 
 
 Number, noun-inflexion of 9% foil. ; liable 
 to attraction 451 ; use of verb inflexions 
 HI foil. 
 
 Numerals 17% foil. 
 
 numerus declined 109; numero (adv.) 213 
 
 nunc 224 
 
 nunciam 223 
 
 nundinae 100 e 
 
 nunquam 224 
 
 nurus 120 
 
 nusquam 223 
 
 nutiquam (neutiquam; 223 
 
 nux 142 
 
 O, sound of 3, 12; shortening of o 32, 57; 
 o changed to u 34, 36 ; also to and i 36 , 
 
 retained after v 42 ; contracted ivith i 
 
 47; with e or i 48 : in ist pers. sing. 268; 
 
 quantity when final 56 
 o with vocative 457; with accus. 472; o si 
 
 662 
 
 ob 222; obs 230; general use 827 
 object, several kinds of '454 ; direct in accus. 
 
 468 \foll. \ two direct objects +jo; indirect 
 
 object (dat.) 47 4 foil.; secondary object 
 
 (gen.} after verbs 52; after nouns 525, 
 
 527 foil.; infinitive 534, 541; ittfin. 
 
 sentence as object 535 
 obire (sc . mortem) 563 
 obiter 22gfin. 
 
 oblique cases 437, 438; contrasted 453, 454 
 oblique oration, see oratio 
 oblivisci p. 144 ; has inchoative suffix 
 
 296; with gen. or ace. 529 
 obsolescere /. 144 
 obviarn 223 
 occalui 591, 4 
 occasus/. 153 
 
 occidere p. 1 36 s , vp. caedo and cado 
 occidionc occidere 503, a 
 occiput 147 
 
 occulere /. 144 ; occultus odii 526 
 ocellus 377 
 -oci noun-suffix 356 
 ocior 175, i 
 
 odi/. 144; odio esse 482 a 
 odor 145 
 
 Oedipus declined 169 
 ohe 416 
 
 -ola verbal stem-suffix 400 
 olere/. 144 
 olim 226 
 olli &c. 198 
 
 -olo suffix to nounfstems 375 
 omission oj 'vowels 39; of 'consonants 21 foil. 
 omnimodis 407 
 omnino 213 
 
 omnis 134, 10 a.: omnium nostrum 518 
 -on- noun-suffix 371 ; -.On 373, 374; Greek 
 
 stems 171 
 
 -ono- noun-suffix 369 
 onomatopoea 949 
 ' one' indef f how expressed in Latin 907; 
 
 'one another' 908 
 onus declined 131 
 opera eadem, una 503, i ; .operae est 482 a; 
 
 operae pretium est 516 
 x>pere with magno, &c. 503, z 
 operire/. 145 s. v. perio 
 oportet 144; called impersonal 575; with 
 
 inf. 643 b, with inf. object-sentence 537; 
 
 with past part, accus. 585; with subj 
 
 6 7 2_ 
 
 oppenri p. 145 s. v. perio 
 
 oppido 213 
 
 ops 142 ; opis, opes TOT 
 
 optative subj. 664 666 
 
 opus 145 ; opus est ivith abl. 500 ; with 
 accus. 500; with abl. neuter pass. part. 
 507; with infin. obj. sentence 537 
 
 -or noun-suffix 387 ; declension of stems in 
 131 
 
 oratio obltqua defined 762 : general rules 
 for moods, y*c. 763 foil. ; use of tenses 
 766; use of pronouns 767; tabular state- 
 ment 768; examples ^tx)folL 
 
INDEX. 
 
 427 
 
 order of words 780; ofjsentences 794 
 
 ordinal numbers 178 foil. \ order in com- 
 pounding 186, used in giving date 187 
 
 ordo 144 ; recte atque ordine 503, 2 ; extra 
 ordinem 818 
 
 origin, abl. of$iz 
 
 oriri p. 144 , ormndus iff. 
 
 -oro noun-suffix 384 
 
 Orpheus 160 
 
 ortus ivitk abl. 512 
 
 -os in nom. sing, of Q- stem 84 ; cf. 36 
 
 os, ossis 142; os, oris 142 
 
 -oso noun-suffix 363 
 
 ossua 1 20 
 
 -oto noun-suffix 359 
 
 ovans/. 144 
 
 oxymoron 950 
 
 pace horum dixerim, cf. 666 
 
 pacisci/. 144 
 
 paene 217 
 
 paeninsula 406; use with perfect 608 I ; 
 
 654, 3 
 paenitet /. 144; impersonal 575; with 
 
 perf. in fin. 545 
 palam 223 ; general use 829 
 palus 147 (2) 
 pangere/. 144. 
 panis 134, 2 v 
 paragoge 943 
 
 parcere/. 144 ; with dat. 474 , 569 
 parenthesis, 943 
 
 parenthetical verbs 671, 673, 751 
 parere, /. 145 
 par ere/. 145 
 paries 143 
 Paris 170 (2) 
 
 parisyllabic nouns 134, 141 
 paronomasia 950 
 pars A? express fractions 189 ; partem mnxi- 
 
 mam 462; partes <f pars 101 ; alii... 
 
 pars 577 
 'part concerned' in abl. 497 ; in gen. 526 ; 
 
 ace, (of part of body} 471 
 Participles 336; defined 422 </; general 
 
 use 436, 555 560; 7AWY/ rtJ ordinary 
 
 noun-adjectives 561 ; J substantives 
 
 561 : tf/"<te used in abl. of attendant 
 
 circumstances 505 
 partim 227; ivitk plural verb 574 
 partitive genitive 520 522 
 parum 224; 877 d\ with gen. 522 
 parvi esse 494 
 pascere 143 ; with abl. 499 
 passim 227 (i) 
 Passive inflexions 246 foil. ' general 
 
 meaning 565 foil. ; construction 568 ; 
 
 tenses 590 
 passum 357, 2 
 passus 'a pace' 360; 913 
 patefacere 413 
 pater 141 ; declined 131 
 paterfamilias 103, 406 
 pati/ 145 
 patruehs 380, 919 
 paucis 503, i 
 
 paullus 377; paullatim 227 
 -pe 218 
 
 pedetemptim 227 (i) 
 
 pejor 175, 388 , declined 162, cf. 114 
 
 pelagus 164 
 
 pellere 145 . with abl. 511 ; has e before 
 11 41 
 
 pelvis 134, 2 y 
 
 penalty expressed by abl. 495 
 
 penates 100, 137 
 
 pendere 145; pendere animis 485 
 
 penes 231 ; use ^"830 
 
 penitus 231 
 
 pentameter {dactylic) 927, 6 
 
 penus 121 
 
 -per adv. suffix 228 
 
 per general use 831; in. compounds 832: 
 (pergratus, &c.) 408. 2; per tempus 831 ; 
 separated from its case 798; cf. 831 b 
 
 percussi p. 139 j. v. ferio, cf. quatio 
 
 perdere p 138 .y. z'. do; perduint 280; qui 
 ilium di perduint 666 b 
 
 peregre, peregri 221 
 
 Perfect stem 242 ; how formed 308 ; by re- 
 duplication 309 ; by lengthening stem- 
 vowel 310; by suffixing s 311 ; by suffix- 
 ing u 312 Joll. , ^y suffixing v 316 foil. ; 
 tenses formed from perfect stem 304 yW/. 
 
 Perfect indicative personal inflexions 
 268, 270 274: corresponds to two En- 
 glish tenses 589; contrasted with imper- 
 fect 590, 591; general use 607, 608; 
 perf. pass, with sum and fui distin- 
 guished 590 ; / absolute statements of 
 power, &*c. 643 ; of repeated actions 
 608, 2 c. d\ w:th cum, ubi, &c. 721 ; #.y<r 
 w^/z paene 654, 3 , -with postquam6o8r; 
 with dum 695 ; with priu^quam 699 
 
 Perfect subjunctive inflexions 281; gene- 
 ral ^lse 619 b\ in conditional sentences 
 638 b, 640 b\ (fuerim ivilh part, fut.) 
 629, 630; in modest assertions 644; in- 
 prohibitions 668; in final 678; cf. 682, 
 686; consecutive 624, 633; concessive 
 676 
 
 Perfect infinitive formation 304 307 ; j 
 object to possum, debeo, c. 541 a\ volo 
 541 b (p. 220); as oblique predicate 542 ; 
 after memini 513; as (direct) secondary 
 predicate 544; as subject to melius erit, 
 &c. 545 
 
 Pergama (pi.} 100 a\ Pergami 485 
 
 pergere/. 147 .r. v. rego 
 
 periculum 376; meo periculo 504 
 
 perinde 220; ut 715 a 
 
 periphrasis 950 
 
 periphrastic conjugation (so called) 512; 
 cf. 628 
 
 perire as pass, of perdere /. 138 .y. v. do ; 
 peream si non...erat 657 b 
 
 peritus/. 145 j. v. -perio 
 
 perosus p. 144 s. v. odi 
 
 perperam 223 
 
 Perseus, mythical hero 160 : Perses, Per- 
 seus, king of Macedon 160 fin. ; Persa, 
 Perses 'a. Persian' 151 b; Persis 170 
 
 personal inflexions of verbs 241 ; -zbjfoll. ; 
 use of ^427, 428 ; in detail $jifoll. 
 
 personal pronouns i<y>foll.\ defined 421- a 
 
 pertaesum e->t/. 150 s. v. taedet 
 
 pes 142; dec lined 1 29 ; measure 913, 914 
 
 pessimus 175 
 
 L, G. 
 
428 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 pessum dare, ite 117; 405 a 
 
 petere 303 d; p. 145; petit with long \ 
 
 y&fin. 
 
 Phalaecian verse 930, 15 
 Pherecratian verse 930, 16 
 phon, -phont, Greek noun-stems in 168 
 
 Phyllis declined 166 (/. 58) 
 
 piget/. 145; how used 575; me morum 
 piget 528 
 
 pinguis comp. and superl. 176, 3 a 
 
 pinsere, pisere/. 145 
 
 pinus 121 
 
 Piraeeus 160 
 
 pius declined 118 ; piissimus 176, 3 
 
 place whence 509 ; (with prep ) 510 ; where 
 485; (with prep.) 487; to which 464; 
 (with prep.} 465 
 
 placitus/*. 153 
 
 plane 216 
 
 plants, gender cf names ofg^ 
 
 plaudere and compounds p. 145 
 
 plebes 107; plebs 136 
 
 plecteie 'strike,' p. 145; 'twine 1 (-v/V/z 
 compounds} p. 146 
 
 plenus with gen. or abl. 530 
 
 pleonasmus 943 
 
 plerique <? c/ 521; plerumque 224 
 
 -plex numeral adj. in 179 
 
 plicare compounds of, p. 146 
 
 -plo- numeral adj. in 179 
 
 pluit/. 146; impersonal 575 
 
 Pluperfect indie, how formed 304 ^//. ; 
 general use 6n ; contrasted with im- 
 perf. 591 : passive ^90; in absolute state- 
 ments of poiucr, &*c. 643 rf; in apodosis 
 of conditional sentences 641 rf; >/V/* 
 j4/. protasis 634, 4; z letters 6.11 b ; 
 of repeated actions 611 rf; /#/* cum, ut, 
 &c. 721 ; 7f/'M postquam 611 c; <tf used 
 with dun), donee, c. 693 
 
 Pluperfect subjunctive, how formed 
 304 foil.; 281, 282; general use 620 ; z' 
 conditional sentences 638, 640 </; z 
 apodosis to exaggeration 654, 4 ; in re- 
 ported conditions 746 ; in wishes 666 b ; 
 commands 670; concessions 676 : in final 
 sentences 678, 682; //<?>- donee 694; 
 7ivY/z cum 'when' 722; 'whenever' 720; 
 facturus fuisses 630 
 
 Plural of nouns usually singular 99; /zVA 
 /z0 singular 100; suffixes of verbs 269, 
 272, 274; without subject expressed 574, 
 3; w/VA singular subject 577; //V>4 
 several nouns for subject 578, cf. 579; 
 //// alius. .alius 582; nosfor ego 904 
 
 plus 136, cf. 175; pluris facere, &c. 494 
 poema 168 
 
 pol 417 
 
 Pompeius -vocative of 112; pronunciation 
 
 17 
 
 pondo 117 
 pone 220; 
 ponere/. 146 
 por- z'w composition 834 _ 
 porricere/. 140 j. z>. jacio 
 porro z-i^fin. 
 porta ingredi 490 
 portubus \2ofin. 
 poscere/. 146; with two ace. 470 
 
 Position of words in sentence jBofc/l.: of 
 subordinate sentences 794; of preposi' 
 tioHS 798 ; in prosody 62 
 
 posivi^. 146 s. v. pono 
 
 posse 259, 261; Withinfin. 534; withperf. 
 inf. 541 a\ impersonal 570; possum, &c. 
 used -where possim, &c. might be ex- 
 pected 643; in apodosis of conditional 
 sentence 628; potuerit in lieu of depen- 
 dent ph(p. subj, pass. 630, 652 a. 2 ; 
 tentare, &c. si possit 748; facere non 
 possum quin 712 b\ quam maxima* 
 potest 683, i 
 
 possessive genitive 516 foil., 518 
 possessor in gen. 516; dat. 479 
 
 possidere/. 148 s. v. sedeo 
 
 post 228; comp. and superl. 175, i ^. 63; 
 general use 835 ; post esse, &c. 835 
 
 poste, postea 212, 228; quid postea 835 
 
 posterus 175 
 
 posthac 212 
 
 postibi 222 
 
 postidea 212 
 
 postis 134, 2. Y 
 
 postmodo 213 
 
 postquam (posteaquam) general use 723; 
 with imperf. 6o6;perf. 608, i c; pluperf. 
 611 c 
 
 postridie 491 
 
 postumus/. 63 
 
 potare p. 146 
 
 pote 261 
 
 potens 259./?. : in compounds 415 
 
 Potential mood 642 
 
 potesse 261 ; potestur 261 
 
 potiri/. 146; w'thabl. 500; with gen. 530 
 
 potis, pote 261; comp. and superl. 175 
 
 potissimum 224 
 
 potivi, potui/. 146 s. v. potior 
 
 potius quam with subj. 698, 700; with 
 infin. 701 ; quam ut (subj. ) 700 b 
 
 potui aqua 481; cf. 554; potum /. 146 
 s. v. poto 
 
 prae 212; general use 836; in composition 
 408, 2; 837; praequam 223, 836; praeut 
 836 
 
 praebere /. 140 j. v. habeo 
 
 praecordia (pi.') 100^; 390, zc 
 
 praeditus p. 1 38 s. v. do 
 
 praeesse 261 
 
 praefiscini 221 
 
 Praeneste 140 
 
 praenomina 961 
 
 praes 142 
 
 praesens 261 
 
 praesepe 140 
 
 praesertim 227: with qui (subj.} 718; with 
 cum (subj.} 734 
 
 praeses 146 
 
 praesidio relinquere, &c. 482 c 
 
 praestare/. 149 s. v. sto; with ace. 469 a 
 
 praesto esse 213 (i) 
 
 praeter 229 (3) ; general use 838; praeterea, 
 praeterhac 212; praeterquam 838 
 
 praeut 836 
 
 praevaricari 398 
 
 prandere^. 146; pransus ib. 
 
 precario 213 
 
 precem 142 
 
 precor 258 
 
INDEX. 
 
 429 
 
 Predicate defined 426; contrasted -with 
 attribute 428, 430 note; 
 
 p rim a ry 43 1 , 432 ; formed by infin. 
 (direct) 539; oblique 434, 535; 
 _ secondary 431, 433, 441 ; rt/JVr 
 infin. 435; instead of adverb 452, z' 
 special case 438 ; formed by infin. 536 ; 
 y participle 436, 557; after licet 435 
 ( 2 ) ? 537 f ; oblique 431 ; formed by infin. 
 ' 
 
 434, 
 
 435, 535; *'* exclamations 538; 
 rticiple 
 
 gerunve 552 ; ^j^ partcpe 559 ; 
 zwV/4 accus. cognate 461 ; wzYA accus. 
 in. exclamations 472 ; 0/" unexpressed 
 subject of infinitive 537 c; with abl. of 
 description &*c. 502 ; of manner 503 ; <?/ 
 attendant circumstances 504, 505 ; /?^r 
 nisi 557 ; nomen est 441 b\ audire 441 ^ 
 
 prehendere^. 146 
 
 premere/. 146 
 
 Prepositions defined 423 ^; general itse 
 438, 795_/2?//. ; position in sentence 782, 
 798; with accus. of extent 463; place to 
 which 465; goal {generally) 467; /. 
 of place at "which 487; {generally) 508 ; 
 //# whence 510; (generally) 514; ^ 
 jfo"^ z'# composition 469 
 
 Present stem 242; how formed 295 foil. \ 
 tenses formed from it zS^foll. 
 
 Present tense; personal inflexions 267 
 
 Indicative infiexions 283; general 
 use of 592 _///. : passive 590; historical 
 present 594 ; followed by primary and 
 secondary tenses 62 ij z statements of 
 power, &*c. 643 ; *# questions of future 
 action 675 <r ; <r/I 597 ; <T/" exhortation 
 675 c; ttuVA antequam, &c. 598, 699; 
 dum 595, 598, 695, 697 ; though qualify- 
 ing an infin. 765 e; with jampridem. 
 596 
 
 1 Subjunctive: inflexions 279, 280; 
 general use 616 619; following his- 
 torical present 621; z' consecutive sen- 
 tences 623 ; z' hypothetical and con- 
 ditional 638 , 640 a; 626, 627; in pro- 
 hibitions 668 ; z reported speech 766, 
 7 58B 
 
 Imperative ; infiexions 275; 7^ 
 613, 669 
 
 Infinitive i infiexions 287, 288; 
 tw 541545; zw/VA memini 543 (4); 
 historic 539 
 
 Participle; inflexions 361, 127; 
 
 555 
 pretio 495 
 
 Priapean verse 930, 18 
 pridie 491 
 
 primary predicate 431 : tenses 587 
 primus 175, 178; used predicatively 433 />; 
 
 434; primus quisque 899 ; primo 213(3); 
 
 primum 224; cum primum 725; pri- 
 
 mum...deinde 86p 
 princeps 146; declined 129 
 principle 488 
 prior 175, 178 
 priusquam with ind. 699; esp. present 
 
 598; /^/ 608 c\ subj. 698; ?'/?. 701 
 
 2; 410; prout 715 a, &; pro eo ut 715 b< 
 
 pro eo quanti 839 e 
 pro or proh 416 
 proavus 919, 403 
 probeo^. 140 s. v. habeo 
 proclive, proclivi 221 
 proconsul 410 
 
 procul 228; general use 841 
 prod 19, 840 
 profecto 213 (i) 
 proficisci /. 138 s. v. facio 
 proh 416 
 prohibere re, or quominus, -with subj. 632, 
 
 2; with infin. 68 1; prohibessit 291 
 prohibitions subj. 668; imper. 669 
 proinde 2^0, 839 
 prolepsis 943 
 proles 134 
 Pronouns: (i) demonstrative defined 
 
 cf~. 422 a; declined igj 203; classified by 
 
 place and time 236, 237 ; distinguished 
 
 in use 890; position in sentence 785; 
 
 often attracted in gender and number 
 
 45*; 
 
 (2) indefinite: declined 207, 208; 
 distinguished in use 897, 898; Engl. 
 1 one' 917; 
 
 (3) interrogative: declined 204 
 _///. ; distinguished 903 
 
 (4) personal: declined 190; <7/"*V 
 omitted 5 76 ; 904 foil. 
 
 (5) possessive: declined 119; A0w 
 used 191, 192, 518; with gen. of sub t. 
 4\ib and note; -used for abjective gen. 
 5 2 5! 
 
 (6) reflexive: declined 190, 191; 
 
 privignus 367 
 privileeii 
 
 pnvuegmm 390, 2. c , 
 pro (prep.) 19; generaJL use 839; m com- 
 position ^vith verbs 840 ; with nouns 408, 
 
 (7) relative: declined 204 foil.* in 
 simple definitions 703; *' final sen- 
 tences 680; z' consecutive sentences 704; 
 z restrictions 710; z' conditional sen- 
 tences (subj.) 650 3 ; (ind.) 651 ; <?/" 
 attendant circiimstances 719 ; z' r?- 
 ported definition 740 (i) 
 
 propalam 223 
 
 prope 218; general use 842; *w/. <?;/ 
 supzrl. 175, i. (/. 63) 
 
 propedum 225 
 
 propemodo 213 (i); propemodum 224 
 
 propior, propius wz'M ace. 463 
 
 propter 229; general use 843 
 
 prorsus 214 
 
 prosa 25 
 
 Prosody 51 _/&//. ; z ^rtr/)' dramatic verse 
 69 
 
 prosopopoeia 950 
 
 protasis 650 ; 943 
 
 protenus 230 ; <:/ 854 ; protinam 223 
 
 proviso expressed by ita ut...ne 634 ; modo 
 with subj. 676 c\ dum 656 
 
 proximus 218; 175, i; with ace. 463; 
 proximum est ut (subj.) 682 3 
 
 Prusias declined 149 
 
 -pse appended to pronouns 202 
 
 -pti appended to pronouns 193 
 
 pubes 147(2) 
 
 publicitus 231 
 
 pudet /. 146; impersonal 11 se 575; nv'M 
 <?. 528 
 
 puer declined 109 
 
430 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 puerpera 412 
 
 '. attd superl. of 1 74 
 
 j.ulcher, comp 
 
 pulvis 147 (2) 
 
 pungere/. 146 
 
 puppis declined 126 
 
 purpose, dat. of 482 ; cf. also 481 ; expressed 
 
 by infin. 540 (3); fut. part, with sum 
 
 612; subj. with qui, ut, &c. 6jfbll. 
 putare with infin. object-sentence 535: 
 
 putabam, putaram 591, 2; putasses646; 
 
 puta 54 
 puteal 380 
 
 putefacere, putrefacere 413 
 putus 323 
 1'ythiambic stanza 938 P, Q. 
 
 Q 7 ; often changed to c 42 
 
 qua (nom. ace.) 204 
 
 qua (abl.) 236; qua. ..qua 867; quatenus 
 quadamtenus 212 
 
 quadrantal 915 
 
 quadrifariam 223 
 
 quadriga 409*7; plur. ioo_/" 
 
 quaerere/*. 146; quaero si with subj. 748 
 
 quaeso/*. 146; quaesumus 269 
 
 qualis, qualiscumque 234 
 
 quam 223; 'hcnv?' 750; ' how' 6?>^a\ 'as 9 
 after tam 683, i; 'than' 683, 2; in 
 various senses- after ante 598, 698, 701; 
 citius645^; 699^; contra 8ioc; mirum 
 685 a; mire 685 b\ oppido 685 b\ post 
 606, 6o8c, 6iifj 723; potius 700, 701; 
 praeter 838; prius ^98, 698701; tam 
 660, 661; valde 685 ; ultra 857 
 
 quamde 220 
 
 quamquam 711 b\ 'and yet' 871, 6 
 
 quam vis 407; with ind. 677 b ; subj. 676 
 
 quam volet, cc. 676 b, 677 d 
 
 quando 215, 741; quandoque 219; quan- 
 docunque 215, 900 
 
 quantus 683; quanti 494; quantiquanti 900 
 
 quapropter 212, 843 
 
 quartus 357 
 
 quasi 221 ; with subj. 660; ind. 66 1 
 
 quatenus 212; 'inasmuch as' (ind.) 741; 
 ' how far' dep. question (subj.) 750 
 
 quatere/. 147 
 
 -que appended to pronouns 219 
 
 -que ' and' general use 859 864 
 
 queo 266 ; p. 147 
 
 quercus 120, 121 (/. 40) 
 
 questions, direct 749 ; with particles, simple 
 885, 886; alternative 887; dependent 
 750; quasi-dependent 751; dubitative 
 674 ; expressing surprise, &>c. 675 ; cf. 
 787 ; repeated in surprise 756, 757 c 
 
 with quidni 674 c ; quid si 658, 659 ; 
 quin (ind.) 675^; (subj.} 754 ; satin 675^; 
 satin ut 687 
 
 qai (adj.) declined 204; compounds 0/208 ; 
 position in sentence 788 : sometimes be* 
 fore preposition 782, 798 ; attracted in 
 gender, &*c. 451 ; relation to antecedent 
 450; 'such' 719 b ; sunt qui (subj.) 
 706; (ind.) 707; qui ' since^ he (subj.) 
 
 718 ; 'for he' (ind.) "jig ; qui praesertim 
 (subj.) 718 ; quippe qui (subj) 718 ; (ind.) 
 
 719 ; ut qui (subj.) 718 ; qui quidem, qui 
 uiodo (subj.) 710; (ind.) 711 
 
 tjui (.tbL and adv.) 221, 206 
 
 quia 210, 212 ; with subj. 740, 2 ; with ind. 
 74i 
 
 quicunque 208; in limiting clauses (ind.) 
 jiib; of frequent cases (subj.) 720; 
 (ind.) 721 ; used absolutely 900 
 
 quid distinguished from quod 207, 208 ; as 
 ace. of extent 461 ; quid opust facto 
 507 ; quid multasS^, 883; quid ni674<- ; 
 quid si 658, 659 ; quid est causae cur 750 ; 
 quid est causae quin 754; scio quid 
 quaeras 7 53 
 
 quidam 208 ; general use 897 
 
 quidem 225, 677 a ; place in sentence 793 r ; 
 et quidem 677^; ne... quidem 689, 884, 
 877 6; qui quidem 710, 711 ; quandoqui- 
 dem, si quidem 741 
 
 quies 147 (2) 
 
 quilibet 208 ; general use 898; cf. 676 c 
 
 quin 228 ; interrog. 675 c ; with imper. 
 and ind. 675 ; dependent 681 ; in final 
 sentences 682 a ; consecutive 712 a, b ; 
 dependent interrog. 754; for qui npn 
 704, 706 ; after quid est causae 754 ; dici 
 non potest 754 ; facere non possum 713 b ; 
 paulumafuit 713 ; vix temperare 682 ; 
 non habere 682 a ; nemo fuit 706 ; non 
 fallere 754 ; non est clubiiun 635, 4 
 
 quinam 208 
 
 quingenti 178, 358 
 
 quinque, quini, &c. 178 
 
 quipiam 209 
 
 quippe 218; with relative (subj.) 718; 
 (ind.) 719 
 
 quiqui 209 (p. 76) 
 
 quis indef. 207, 897; interrog. 207, 903: 
 compounds 208 ; stem and original cases 
 210; quid facial? quid agerem? &c. 674; 
 quid commemoro 675 ; nescio quis 755, 
 897 
 
 q\i\sf<jr quibus 206 
 
 quisnam 208 
 
 quispiam 209 ; general use 897 
 
 quisquam 209 ; general use 898 ; nee quis- 
 quam 878 
 
 quisque 209; cf. 219; general use 899; af- 
 ter primus, optimus, quotus, unus 899 ; 
 with se, suus 582, 899; ut quisque 721 
 
 quisquiliae ioo_/" 
 
 quisquis 209; in limiting clauses 711 b\ 
 used absolutely 900 
 
 quivis 208 ; general use 898 
 
 quo 213, 236; interrog. quo mini 472, 479, 
 583; relative, of price cf. 680; quo..,eo 
 496; quo. ..hoc with comparative (ind.) 
 683, 2; quo with compar. (subj.) 682 a\ 
 quo minus (ind.) 683 (2); (subj.) 68 1, 
 682 ; si quo, ne quo 236 
 
 quoad 213(4); with subj. 692; with ind, 
 603, 695 
 
 quocirca 213, 806 
 
 quod rel. adj. 204; distinguished from 
 quid 207, 208; quod bonum.,.sit 666; 
 quod commodum est, cf. 677 d; quod 
 tuo commodo fiat 710; quod in te fuit 
 711 a; quod quaeris 753; quod sciam 
 710; quod sentio 753; quod valeat ( = ut 
 id v.) 708; cf. 680 
 
 quod 'because' (ind.) 741; (subj.) 740, 2; 
 ' the fact that' 713; quod dicas 744; di- 
 cerent 742 ; quod scribis 743 
 
INDEX. 
 
 quod si, nisi, quoniam, &c. 871, 5 
 
 quom 42 ; see cum 
 
 quominus, see quo 
 
 quonam 213, 236 
 
 quondam 223, 237 
 
 quoniam 223; of time 723; of reason 741 ; 
 
 quod quoniam 871, 5 
 quoquam 236 
 
 quoque/onVtVtt in sentence 793 c 
 quoquo versus 214 
 quor 42 ; see cur 
 quorsum 214 
 quot 234 ; quotannis 232 ; quotcunque, 
 
 quptquot 234 
 quotidie 491 
 
 quotiens, quoties 233, 234; with ind. 721 
 quotiescumque with, ind. 721 
 quotus 234 ; quisque 899 
 quum, see cum 
 
 R how pronounced 13; often arises from 
 
 s 28 ; has affinity to e 41 ; has e often 
 
 omitted before it 39 
 radical -vowels when changed 34 
 rapere/. 147 
 ratus/. 147 s. v. reor 
 raucus 354 
 ravio/. 147 
 ravis 134. 2. y 
 
 re-, red- in compos. 408, i. 2; 844 
 reapse 202 
 
 receptui signum 473^ 
 recidere 844 
 
 recipere aliquem tecto 489 
 recta 490; rectus judicii 526 
 recte 2t6 ; nee recte 876 
 recusare ne or quominus with subj. G8i, 
 
 682 
 
 red, see re- 
 
 reddere/. 1385. v. do ; with pass. part. 559 
 redimitus with ace. and abl. 471 
 reduplication in fanning words 342 ; in 
 
 present stem 295, i ; in perfect stem 
 
 309; in compounds 339, 4 
 referre^. 139 s. v. fero 
 refert/. 139 j. v. fero; with gen. 517; mea 
 
 519 
 
 refertus7/zV/&,?. and 1 abl. 530 
 reflexive pron. see pronouns', probably 
 
 origin of passive inflexions 268 and 
 
 note i meaning of inflexions 566, 567 
 regere/. 147 
 regifugium 414 
 regione 486 
 
 relative pron. see Pronouns 
 relinquere with double dat. 482 c 
 reliquus or relicuus 844 ; nihil esse reliqui 
 
 522 
 
 remex 146 
 
 reminisci with gen. or ace. 529 
 repente 217 (2) 
 reperior abisse 536 
 repperi 145 s. v. pario 844 
 reri/. 147 
 res declined 106, 107 ; re 484, 4 ; e re tua 
 
 817 b 
 
 resipiscere p. 148 J. v. sapio 
 resonare with ace. 469 b 
 respublica 406 b 
 result, clause expressing, 702 foil. 
 
 rete 134, 2. y; declined 127 ; reticulus 117 
 
 retro 845; retrorsum 214 
 
 reus with gen. 527 
 
 rictus 121 (p. 40); p. 147 s. -v. ringor 
 
 ridere/. 147 
 
 -rimo suffix of superlative 174 a ; 351 
 
 rite 217 (2) 
 
 rivers, names of, masculine 96 
 
 rogare with two direct objects 470; with 
 
 past participle ^559 
 ros 142 ; ros marinus 406 6 
 mere/. 147 
 rumpere/. 147 
 rursum, &c. 214 
 rus 142; rus ire 464; rure {place where) 
 
 486 ; place whence 509 
 rutus 323 
 
 S how pronounced 13 ; often omitted when 
 final 19 ; often changed to r 28 ; suffix 
 
 to perfect stem 311; in supine stem 332 
 foil. ; used in archaic future 291, 292 
 -sa- verbal stem ending 399 
 saepe2i7(2) 
 saepire/. 147 
 sal 142 
 Salamis 171 
 sal ire/. 147 
 sallere/. 147 
 saltare Cyclopa 469 
 saltern 225 
 salve/. 147 
 salvis legibus 504 
 sane 216: in concessions 6jj a . in answers 
 
 886 
 
 sapere^J. 148 
 Sapphic verse major 030, 21; minor 930, 
 
 14; stanzas 938 H. I. 
 sat, .&?<? satis; sat agere/. 135 j. z>. ago 
 satis 232 ; satin' 885 ; w///z /W/c. 675 b 
 satur no; wo superl. 175, 3; with gen. 
 
 53 
 
 Satumian verse 937 
 saucia pectvis 462 
 
 sc initial affects preceding vowel 67 
 -sc- inchoative suffix to verbs 397, 5 ; to 
 
 present stem 296 
 scalae (//.) ioo/ 
 scalpere/. 148 
 scazon verse 933, 28 
 scibam, scibo 285, 284 
 scilicet 405 a 
 scire quid quaeras, quod quaeris 753 ; scin 
 
 885 ; with logically dependent question 
 
 751 ; quod sciam 710 
 sciscere/. 148 
 Scipiadas, &c. 151 
 scribere/. 148; Roma (abl.) 509 
 scriptulum 189, 3; 912 
 scriptura 384 
 se, sed (prep.) 846 
 se, <-xi\pron. igofoll. ; general use %g\ foil.; 
 
 se ipse 893 ; se quisque 899; inter se 908 
 secare/. 148 
 
 secondary predicate 431, 433 y&//.; secon- 
 dary tenses 587 
 
 secundum 224 ; general use 847 
 secus 230 ; non secus ac 663 ; appended io 
 
 locatives 226 
 
432 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 sed 'but* 228; cf. 846; general use 871; 
 repeated 424 
 
 sedere/. 148 
 
 sedes 134, I 
 
 sella 377 
 
 semel 228 
 
 sementis 140 
 
 semestris 385 
 
 semis 189, 3; 909; in composition 409*1 
 
 semol 228 
 
 semper 228 
 
 senarius 180 
 
 senati 121 (/. 40) 
 
 senex 141 ; comp. 175 
 
 sensim 227 
 
 sentence defined 426 
 
 sentenria mea 504 ; ex animi sententia, cf. 
 711 a 
 
 sentes(//.) 134, 2. v 
 
 sentire^J. 148 
 
 seorsum 214 
 
 septem, septuaginta 178 
 
 sequence of tenses 619 foil. 
 
 sequi/. 148; principal tenses 258 
 
 serere 'sow' p. 148; 'put in rows' p. 148 
 
 serus -with gen. 526; spe serius 513 b 
 
 servire servitutem 461 b 
 
 servus (servos), &c. declined 84 
 
 sesqui 189, 7 
 
 sestertium 910; sestertius 909 
 
 set, see sed 
 
 sen 218 ; general use 872, 873 ; in sentences 
 of frequency 720 
 
 sextans 189, 3 
 
 sextarius 394; contents 915 
 
 si 221 ; in regular conditional sentences 
 6c6 630; (sul'j.} 640; (ind.) 641; with 
 imper. apodosis 655 ; in reported condi- 
 tion 746 ; cf. 747 ; in "wishes 662 ; of fre- 
 quent actions 721 ; "with infin. in or. obi. 
 765^; si. ..sinon (</.) 651 d\ (zrf.)6s2 d\ 
 si forte 657 a ; si maxume (subj'. ) 650 c ; 
 (ind.} 651 c\ si quidem 221, 741 
 
 ac si (subj.) 660; et si (ind.) 651 c\ 
 'but' 871, 6; etiam si (subj. ) 650 c\ (ind.) 
 651 c; expecto si 748; minor si (itui. ) 
 747 ; nisi 640, 641, 654, 746, &c. ; o si 
 662; quasi (subj.} 660; (ind.) 66 1 ; cf. 
 663; quaero si 748; quid si (subj.) 658; 
 (ind. ) 659 ; quod si 871, 5 ; tarn et si (subj'.) 
 
 650 c; (ind.) 651 c; tamquam si (subj.) 
 660; tento si 748; velut si 660 
 
 sibi, see se 
 
 -sibili- adjectival siiffix 379 
 
 sic 221 
 
 sicilicus 189, 3 
 
 sicut, sicuti 715 a, d\ 660 
 
 siem 260, 280 
 
 signum receptui 473 g 
 
 silentio 503, 2 
 
 simia 92 
 
 si mil is 138; superl. 174 b\ ivith dat. 474 c ; 
 
 gen. 525 a 
 simitu 215, 848 
 Simois 168 
 simplex 139, 179 
 simul 228; general -use 848; simul ac with 
 
 ind. 721 
 sin 228 ; with subj'. 650 d\ with ind. 
 
 651 d 
 
 sine 220; general use 849; not with gentnd 
 
 549 b 
 
 sinere p. 148; sirim ib.\ with obj'ect-sen- 
 . fence 535 
 smgillatim 227 
 
 singular, nouns found only in 99 
 singuli use of 188, 899 
 sinister comp. and superl. 174 a; sinistror- 
 
 sum 214 
 
 -sion noun-suffix 374 
 siquidem 221, 741 
 sirim, &c. /. 148 j. v. sino 
 sis (from esse) 280; = si vis 263 
 sistere^. 148; 295 (i) 
 -sita verbal frequentative suffix 399 
 sive 218; general use 872, 873; sive...sive 
 
 with ind. 651 d 
 
 -so (for -to) participial suffix 357; cf. 332 
 -so; -sso old futures in 291; use of 293, 
 
 610 
 
 sobrinus 919; cf. 921 
 socer, socrus 90, 920 
 Socrates declined 162 
 sodes 417 a 
 
 solere/. 149; withinfin. 534 
 soloecismus 951 
 
 solus 195; non solum...sed, &c. 8rti, 882 
 solvere p. 149; solvendo esse 481; solutus 
 
 opera 511 
 somnus 366 
 sonare^. 149 
 sorbere/. 149 
 sordes//. toof 
 sortilegus 412 
 sortiri/. 153; sortito 506 
 Sotadean verse 931, 23 
 spatii sex dies 523 /' 
 specere/. 149 
 sperare with infin. 534 
 spernere/. 149 
 spes 106, 107 ; "with infin. object-sentence 
 
 535 
 
 spondere p. 149 
 sponsione lacessere ni 746 b 
 sponte 217, 2; 503, 2 
 ss arising from tt or dt 27; cf. ^yifoll. ; 
 
 in other cases, 292 
 -sso, see -so 
 
 st interj. 416; for est 260 
 stare /. 149, cf. 299; with abl. of 'place 
 
 where' 486; magno illi stare 494; per 
 
 aliquem stare quominus (subj.) 682 
 statim 227 
 stem defined 76; stem-suffixes 344 (2); 
 
 verb-steins y)$foll. 
 -sti verbal personal suffix 270 
 stipem 142 
 stipendium 412 
 strabo 373 
 strictim 227 
 strigilis 140 
 stringere/. 149 
 struere/. 149 
 strues 134 
 -sufor -tu 360. 332 
 suadere/. 149 
 suamet, suapte 193; cf. 220 
 sub, subs 222 ; general use 850 ; in, compos. 
 
 851 
 subinde 220, 237 
 
INDEX. 
 
 433 
 
 subject 426; in what case 429, 2; cf. 455, 
 535; sometimes attracted into case of 
 
 predicate 451; contained infinite verb 
 571 ; not separately expressed e. g. 
 'persons in general' 574; of impersonal 
 verbs 575; composed of several persons 
 or things 578 ; expressed by infinitive 
 -mood 537 , 545; by quod with indie. 713 
 Subjunctive: inflexions 279 282; imper- 
 fect 286; perfect and pluperf. 304 _/W/. ; 
 general use 614, 615; s of tenses 616 
 625 : see also 63%, 668, 678 ; z' reported 
 speech 768 B, typical examples 626636 
 z' the following sentences : Concessive 
 676; ttVAut7i4; Conditional 650 foil.; 
 reported condition 746; Consecutive 702 
 
 Jfc//. ; Dependent on subj. 758, 760, 2 ; 
 <?# infinitive 760, i ; dependent question 
 of fact 750; <2/~ command 674 ; w/iV/i 
 quin 754; Final 6j% foil.; Hypothetical 
 638 yfr//. ; Interrogative of command 
 674; repeated in surprise 756; Jussive 
 668 foil.; Optative 666; Restrictive 710, 
 714 
 
 with or after the following words'. 
 absque te 650 ; antequam 698; cave 
 672; censeo 631, 3; ceu 660; cum 'when- 
 ever' 720; 'when' 722; 'since' 728; 
 'although' 732, 734; 'jwf/fc /Art^ tf/te# 
 706; dico 672; dignus qui 680; donee 
 692, 694; dum 'until' 692 rt; 'while' 
 692 ; 'provided that' 696; dummodo 
 696; est cum 706; est quod 708; etiamsi 
 650 c; forsitan 754; hortor 672; licet, 
 licebit 677 c; modo *' concession 676 c; 
 (yaith qui) 710 ; ne 'not' 668, 670 ; ' /t'5/' 
 682 jW/. ; necesse est 672 ; nedum 688 ; 
 11010672; non quia, nonquo74o; nuntia 
 672; o si 662; oportet 672; permitto 
 631? 3; postulo 631, 3; potiusquam 700; 
 priusquam 698; quamvis 676 b\ quasi 
 660; qui (adj.) causal 718; qui condi- 
 tional 650 b ', qui consecutive 704 708 ; 
 qvi\ final 680 ; qui restrictive 710; quia 
 740; quicumque 720; quidni 674 c; quid 
 si 658; quin 681 ; quippe qui 718; quo 
 682 a; quoad 692; quod 740; quominus 
 682 ; si, see s. V. ; sicuti 660 ; si maxume 
 650 c; sunt qui 706; tametsi 650 c; 
 tamquam66o; timeo ut 686; ubi 'when- 
 ever' 720; velut 660; vide ne 682 a; 
 vide ne non 686; vide ut 686, 750; vide 
 quam 750 ; ut, see s. v. ; utinam 666 b ; 
 ut pote qui 718 
 
 in such expressions as censuerim, non 
 facile dixeritn, &c. 644; crederes, putes 
 646; ne dicam 690; pace tua dixerim 
 666; quod dicas 744; quod diceret 742; 
 quod sciam 710; velim, vellem 644 
 
 subolat^. 144 j. v. oleo 'smell' 
 
 suboles 140 
 
 subpredicate/. innate 
 
 subsidio venire 482 
 
 substantive defined 421; as subject 427, 
 429; as attribute, is in apposition 428 , 
 430, 441 a: as predicate 427, 429, 441 b\ 
 often omitted 447 450; qualified by 
 genitive 438 b, 515 foil. ; by dative of 
 'work contemplated' 481; by infinitive 
 54 (0 
 
 verbal substantives, viz. gerund 546 
 foil. ; infinitive 532; stems in -ion- 551 
 
 note; supine in -um 553, 466; in -u 554 
 substantive clauses: with quod 713; ut 
 
 682 $; 712 b; dependent questions 750, 
 
 752 ; infinitive 535, 537 b, c 
 substantive verb, see esse 
 subter 229; general use 850 
 subtus 231 
 
 succensui/. 141 s. v. irascor 
 suemus/. 149 j. v. suesco 
 suescere/. 149 
 suffixes 344 
 suffocare 410 
 sui, suus, see se 
 Sulla 377 
 sultis 263 
 sum, see esse 
 summates (pi.) 137 
 summatim 227 (2) 
 
 summus 175 (p. 63) ; special use 521 
 sunt qui (subj.) 706; (ind.) 707 
 suovetaurilia 411 
 supellex 147 
 
 super 228; general use 852; supreinus 31 
 supera 212 
 supercilium 403 
 superlatives \nfoll., 351, 352 
 superstes 146 
 supine (i) in -urn 336; formation ^ofoll. ; 
 
 use 553; 466; with iri forms pass. fut. 
 
 *>'.. 553 
 
 (2) in u 336 ; use 554, 497 
 supplex 146 
 supra 212; comp. and superl. 175 (p. 63); 
 
 use 853; supremus 31 
 surgere p. 147 s. v. rego; cf. 41; surrexe 
 
 307 
 
 sursum 214 
 sus 'pig' 93, 122 
 sus- 851 
 
 suspectus w ith gen. 527 
 suspensus loculos lacerto 471 
 sustuli p. 150 j. v. tollo : see at so p. 159 
 
 s. v. fero 
 
 suus 119; use, see se; 'favourable' 906 
 syllables defined 15 ; how divided 15 ; ivhnt 
 
 letters can begin 16 
 syllepsis 944 
 synaeresis 944 ; 69. 5 
 synalaepha 944 
 synaphia 925 
 synecdoche 950 
 synecphonesis 944 
 synesis 944 
 synizesis 944; 69, 5 
 synonymia 951 
 
 T how pronounced 4 ; ti not sh 1 3 
 
 -t& frequentative suffix of verbs 399 
 
 tabes, tabo 134 
 
 tacere p. 150; etiam taces? non taces? 
 
 675 c 
 taedet/. 150; impersonal 575 ; -with gen. 
 
 528 
 
 talpa 93 
 tarn 223; correlative to quam 235; tarn... 
 
 quam 683; tamquam (subj.) 660; (ind.) 
 
 661 ; tamquam si 660 
 
434 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 tamen 228; after nisi 653; in apodosis to 
 cum 732; to quamquam 711 b; to quam 
 vellet 676 b\ to si 650 c; place in sen- 
 tence 793 
 
 tametsi (sub}.) 650 c ; (ind.) 651 c 
 
 tamquam, see tam 
 
 tandem 225 
 
 tangere/. 150 
 
 tantisper 228 
 
 tantus 234; tanti est 494; tantum 461; 
 tantum abest ut..ut (subj.) 712^; non 
 tantum. .sed 88 1 note 
 
 tapete, tapeta 140 
 
 -tat 1lo^^n-suffix 362 
 
 tautologia 951 
 
 ted 191 
 
 tegere/. 150 
 
 tellus 147(2) 
 
 temere 217; in prosody 55 c 
 
 Terrpe 164 
 
 temperare quin 682 a 
 
 temperi 221, 491 
 
 tempus declined 131, cf. 145; tempus est 
 witk infin. 540; id temporis 460 
 
 tendere/. 150; with. ace. 
 " 
 
 tenere/. 150 
 
 Tenses 238; of present stem 283 _///.; of 
 perfect stein -\o\foll. ; use of tenses of 
 infinitive 541 foil. ; indicative 586 foil. ; 
 subjunctive 6i6fi>ll.\ 626 foil. \ in re~ 
 ported speech 7686 
 
 tensum 330; also p. 150 s.v. tendo 
 
 tenvis 44; comjt. and superl. 176, 3 a 
 
 tenus 230; use ^854 
 
 ter numeral adverb 228 
 
 -ter adverbial suffix 229 
 
 terere/. 150 
 
 teres 140 
 
 -ten, -tri noun-suffix 385 
 
 -terno noun-suffix 367 
 
 ternus, trinus 188 
 
 tero, -tro noun-suffix 383 
 
 terra 486 
 
 teruncius 189, 3; 909 
 
 testis 134, 2. J3 
 
 Tethys declined 158, 161 
 
 tetrameter trochaic 928; iambic 933 ; rtWrt- 
 paestic 932 
 
 Thales declined 166, 168 
 
 thesis defined p. ^ note 
 
 Thetis declined 166, 170(2) 
 
 Tiberis 165 
 
 tibicen, 415; declined 130 
 
 -ticio- noun-suffix 391 
 
 tigris declined 162, 165, 170 (2) 
 
 -tili- (-sili-) noun-suffix 379 
 
 Time 'when' (loc.) 491 ; (abl.) 491 : 
 
 '/ M^ course of -which' (abl.) 492; 
 tuith de 812 ff; with in 820 ; with inter 
 823 ; 'throughout which' (ace.) 460; 
 YA per 831; (rt/.)493; 'from which' 
 (abl.) with ab 799 ; ' after which ' 
 (ad/.) with ex 817^; zvt'M de 812 </; 
 (rt^c.) with post 835 
 
 timere ne (ut) with subj. 632, 2 ; 686 
 
 -timo- sttperlative and ordinal suffix 352 
 
 -tino- noun-suffix 367 
 
 -tio- noun-suffix 392 
 
 -tion- noun-suffix 374 
 
 tis 191 
 
 -i(la.- frequentative verbal suffix 399 
 
 -tivo- noun-suffix 353 
 
 tmesis 945 
 
 -to <? (participial) suffix 357 
 
 tollero^. 150 
 
 tolutim 227 
 
 tonare/. 150 
 
 tonitras 121 (jV 40) 
 
 -tor- noun-suffix 387 
 
 -torio- noun-suffix 394 
 
 tot 234; totidem 225,234 
 
 totus declined 195 ; totis castris 486 
 
 Towns, gender of names ofgd 
 
 traducere w/V/4 *ww rtcc. 463 
 
 traicere with two ace. 463 
 
 trans 855 
 
 Transitive verbs 562; www become so by 
 composition 469 <z ; or by metaphor 469 ^ 
 
 transvorsus 214; transversum unguem 459 
 
 tributim 227 
 
 -trici- verbal noun-suffix 356; cf. 90 
 
 triens 189, 3; as liquid measure 915 
 
 trinus, ternus 188 
 
 tristis declined 126 
 
 Troas, Troasin 169 
 
 trochaic verse 928 
 
 tu declined 190 192 
 
 -tudon noun-suffix 371 
 
 tueri/. 150 
 
 tuli^>. 150 j. v. tollo 
 
 turn 224; in a series 867; cum. ..turn (/ 
 contrasts) 736, 737 
 
 tumulti 121 (/. 140) 
 
 -turp- suffix for future participle 384 
 
 turris 134, 2. 7. 
 
 tus 142 
 
 tussis 134, 2. y 
 
 -tut- noun-suffix 362 
 
 tutus/. 150 .y. f. tueor 
 
 tuus 119; possessive 191, 518; _/<7r objec- 
 tive genitive 525 a, ; tui part. gen. 
 520; obj. gen. 525 ; tua refert 519. 
 
 u pronunciation of 2, 12 ; arises from 
 change of a, &c. 34, 36; changes to \ 37 ; 
 omitted ^\\ assimilated 39; has affinity 
 to 1 #*/ m 41 ; sometimes pronounced as 
 v 44; z' diphthongs 47 _/W7. 
 
 v pronunciation of 10; omitted between 
 vowels 43 
 
 vacillare 400 
 
 vacuus, vocivus 353; w//^: /. 511; ^r. 
 
 530 
 
 vae 416 
 
 vagire 416 .y.z/. vae 
 vah 416 
 valere /. 151; vale 669 ; valebis 665^; 
 
 valeant 666 a 
 value expressed in locative 494; genitivt 
 
 53 1, 494 
 
 vas, vadis 142 
 
 vas, vasis 142 
 
 vates 134 
 
 ubi 222, 206; 'when' (ind.) 723: 'when- 
 ever' (sitoj.) 720; (iud.) 721 
 
 ubique 219 
 
 ubivis 898 
 
 Ye 218; use 872, 873 
 
INDEX. 
 
 435 
 
 ve- 408, 2 (/, 180) 
 
 vegere/. 151 
 
 vehere/. 151; vehens riding to. 
 
 vel 228; use 872874; vel dicam, vel 
 
 potius 872. 
 velle 262, 263; -with infin. 534 a; with 
 
 perf. infin. 541 b; with, sttbj. 631, 2; cf. 
 
 644, 645; with pass, part. 559; quam 
 
 vis, quam volent 676 ; volet, voluerit 
 
 contrasted 591, 2; velim, vellem. 644; 
 
 vellem_/br volerem 286; cf. 41 
 vellere/. 151 
 velut subj. 660 
 vendere /. 138 s. v. do 564 
 venia bona vestra (abl.), &c. 666 
 venire/. 151; veni 310; advorsum alicui 
 
 802 ; in mentem venire 529 ; subsidio 
 
 482 c 
 
 venire^). 138 j. v. eo; 564 
 venum dare, ire, &c. 117, 405 
 Venus 145 
 Verb inflexions 238 foil. ; formation of 
 
 stems 395 foil. ; finite, defined 420 ; 
 
 transitive and intransitive 562 foil. ; 
 
 deponent 567; omitted ^T. foil. 
 verba dare 468 
 
 verbal noims 239 ; use of '546 foil. 
 verbera 145 
 
 vereri 258; p. 151; ut, ne 'with subj. 686 
 vero 213 (2); place in sentence 793; after 
 
 nisi ironically 653 ; emphasizes preceding 
 
 word 871 ; z' answers 886 
 versum, versus 214; ? 0/856 
 vertere /. 151; akin to verrere 395^; 
 
 anno vertente 492 
 veru 120 
 verum 871 ; in answers 886; verura enim 
 
 vero 871 ; verum etiam after non. .modo 
 
 882 
 
 vesci/. 151; with abl, 500 
 vesperi 491 
 
 vester 119; possessive 191, 518; for ob- 
 jective genitive 525 a } by vestripart. gen. 
 
 520; obj.gen. 525 a 
 vetare/. 151 
 vetus 145 
 vi 503. 2 
 via 484 B, 5 b 
 viaticum 354 
 vicem 142; sollicitus vicein alicujus 462; 
 
 in vicem 820 c\ 908 d 
 vicissim 227 
 victoriatus 909 
 videlicet 405 
 
 viden 885; used parenthetically 751 
 videre /. 151; with infin. object clause 
 
 535; vidi cum exanimarentur 726, vi- 
 
 deres 646^ videro, viderint, &c. 667; 
 
 videbis 667; vide ne 682, 686; ne non 
 
 686; ut (subj) 686, 750; vide ut (ind.) 
 
 687^; 752; vide quam 750; vide sis 276 
 videri with infin. 536; with dat. 477 
 videsis 276 
 vietus/. 151 
 viginti 358 
 vin, cf. 885 
 vincere /. 151; vici 310; ut with subj. 
 
 682 b; debeo vincere, vicisse 541 
 vincire/. 151 
 vir declined 109 
 
 L. G. 
 
 virgo 144 
 
 viritim 227 
 
 visere si (ind.) 747 
 
 vitio 503, 2 ; aliquid vertere 482 b 
 
 vivere/. 151; with cognate ace. 461 b 
 
 vix 230; almost a negative 877 d 
 
 -ula- verbal suffix 400 
 
 -ulento- noun-suffix 358 
 
 ullus 194, 195 ; use 898 
 
 -ulo-, -uilo- noun suffix 375 377 
 
 uls 230; ultra 212; ultro 213(4); general 
 use 857; comp. and super 1. 175, i (/. 63) 
 
 ululare 342, i 
 
 -umo- superlative and ordinal siiffix 351, 
 352, cf. 37 
 
 -unculo- noun-suffix 376 
 
 unde 220; unde unde 'from somewhere 
 or other* 902 
 
 undeviginti 186 
 
 -undo- verbal noun-suffix 290, 365 
 
 unguis 134, 2. Y 
 
 -uno- noun-suffix 369 
 
 -\\rii\- participial sriffix 289 
 
 unus 195; use of 'plural, 182, unusquisque 
 209 ; use 899 ; unus et alter 902 ; unus 
 qui with subj. 704; -with ind. 705 ; uno 
 ' by one ' 496 ; una opera 503, i 
 
 vo-, -uo- noun- siiffix 353 ; sterns retained 
 o in 
 
 vocative case 108, 112; use 457 
 
 vocivus 353 
 
 voices 238 ; use ^fafoll. 
 
 volo, see velle 
 
 voltus, see vultus 
 
 volvere/. 151 
 
 voluntas 20 
 
 volup 217, 2 
 
 vomere p. 151 
 
 vorsum, vorsus 214; /C 42 
 
 vovere^. 151; aedem Jovi 746 
 
 vowels gfbll.; scale of 14; change in 
 quantity 30 foil. ; in quality y$foll. ; 
 omission of 41 foil. ; treated as conso- 
 nants 44, 49 ; from diphthongs Afifoll. ; 
 quantity in prosody ttfoll. ; vowel-verbs 
 243 foil., 2.$&foll.\ connecting vowel wj 
 
 upilio 48 
 
 urbs declined 127 
 
 urere/. 151 
 
 urgere/. 151 
 
 -uri-, -urri- verbal suffix 400 
 
 -urno- noun- suffix 367 
 
 -usculo- adjectival siiffix 376 
 
 uspiam, usquam 223, 236 
 
 usque 219, 237; use 858; usquequaque 236 
 
 usucapere 405 a 
 
 usurae centesimae, &c. 911 
 
 usus est with abl. 500, 507 ; usui esse 482 a ; 
 usui opportunus 554; usu 503, 2 
 
 ususfructus 4o6_/~ 
 
 ut (uti) 228, 221: (i) 'hmu?' (ind.) 749; 
 dep* (subj.) 750; so probably timeo ut 
 686; vide ut 686; 
 
 (2) ''howl' (ind.) 752; in wishes 
 (subj.) 666 b; 
 
 (3) ' how' relative; so perhaps satin 
 ut (ind.) 687 a ; vide ut (ind.) 687 b; 
 
 (4) 'as' (ind.) 683, 715; 610 (uti 
 legassit); with noun 439 a; with infin. 
 765 6; 
 
 2 9 
 
43 6 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 (5) ' although' (ind.) 715 c\ 
 
 (6) ' "when ' (ind. ) 723 ; 
 
 (7) ' in order that ' of intention (subj.) 
 682 ; 'provided that' (subj.) 684 ; 
 
 (8) 'so that' of facts (subj. ) 7 1 2 
 
 (9) 'supposing that* (subj.') 714 d\ 
 
 (10) in questions of surprise (subj.) 
 
 74 
 
 utcunque 711 o 
 
 ut ne 682, 875; ut non 712; ut qui 718; ut 
 qui maxime 683, i ; ut ubi 718 ; utut 711 b 
 in various senses with subj. after 
 abest 712 b; accedit 712 b\ cuni co 684; 
 decerno 682 b; facio 712 b; fit 712 b; 
 633> 2 > fore, futurum esse 543 (2); hor- 
 tor622; impero62i; 15712; ita, see s. v. ; 
 nietuo 686; mos est 712 b\ munus est 
 682 ; oro 682 b\ postulo 622; potius 
 quam 700; proximum est 682 b; rogo 621 ; 
 scriptum est 682 a ; tantus 624 bis ; 
 712 a\ tantum abest 712 ; timeo 686; 
 632, 2 ; vide, see s. v. ; vinco 682 b 
 
 "with indie, after ita. 715 a,f; perinde 
 715 ; prae 715 b; pro, pro eo 715 b; 
 satin 687 ; sic 71 5 a. d; vide 687 b 
 
 uter 195; interrog. 930; indef. 898; rela- 
 tive 711 b; utercumque 195, 900; uter- 
 libet 195, 898; utervis 195, 898; alteruter. 
 195, 897 
 
 uterque 195; use 899; with plural verb 
 577; eorum 520; frater (not fratrum) 521 
 
 uti, see ut; quantity of i 56; utinam 221 ; 
 
 with subj. 666 b 
 uti (?ierK)p. 151 
 utique 221; use 901 
 utpote qui with subj. 718 
 utrinque 226 
 utrubi, utrubique 222 
 utrum...an 885, 887 
 vulgus 114; vulgo 503, 574 
 vultus 331 
 
 w pronunciation of Latin v 10 
 
 ' way,' i. e. road abl. 490 : i. e. manner 503 
 
 weight, measures 0/912 
 wish expt 
 
 pressed by subj. 666 ; by volo &c. 
 665 a " 
 
 ' without' expressed in Latin by se (old) 
 846; sine (abl.) 849; citra (afc.) 807 c; 
 extra (ace.) 819; by negative, e.g. '"with- 
 out ascertaining' &*c. non comperto 505 ; 
 non nisi admoniti 557; 'without doing' 
 ut non faciam 714^; not by sine with 
 gerund 549 
 
 Y Greek letter 2 
 
 y sound Germ, j ; expressed by\\\\ e 49 
 
 z 2 ; effect in prosody 67 
 zeugma 945 
 
 CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY c. j. CLAY, M.A. & SON, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS. 
 
MACMILLAN AND CO!S PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 Latin and Greek Grammars. 
 
 A GRAMMAR OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE, from 
 Plautus to Suetonius. By H. J. ROBY, M.A. In Two Parts. 
 Part I. containing : Sounds, Inflexions, Word-formation, Appen- 
 dices. Crown 8vo. 8s. 6d. Part II. Syntax, Prepositions, &c. 
 Crown 8vo. los. 6d. 
 
 "Marked by the clear and practised insight of a master of his art. A book that 
 would do honour to any country." Athentzum. 
 
 A LATIN GRAMMAR FOR SCHOOLS. By H. J. ROBY, 
 M.A. Crown 8vo. $s. 
 
 EXERCISES IN LATIN SYNTAX AND IDIOM, 
 ARRANGED WITH REFERENCE TO ROBY'S SCHOOL 
 LATIN GRAMMAR. By E. B. ENGLAND, M.A., Assistant Lec- 
 turer in Latin at the Owens College, Manchester. Crown 8vo. is. 6d. 
 Key (supplied to Teachers only). Crown 8vo. is. 6d. 
 
 FIRST LATIN GRAMMAR. By M. C. MACMILLAN, M.A., 
 Assistant Master in St Paul's School, London. Extra fcap. 8vo. 
 u. 6d. 
 "Quite the best book of the kind for little boys that we have seen." Athencsum. 
 
 A GREEK GRAMMAR. By W. W. GOODWIN, Professor of 
 Greek in Harvard University. New Edition, revised. Crown 8vo. 
 6s. 
 
 "The best Greek Grammar of its size in the English language." Athenczum. 
 
 A SCHOOL GREEK GRAMMAR. By Professor W. W. 
 GOODWIN, LL.D. Crown 8vo. y. 6d. 
 
 "Plainness and directness of statement characterize the whole. ..It is probably 
 the best beginner's book in English." Spectator. 
 
 SYNTAX OF THE MOODS AND TENSES OF THE 
 GREEK VERB. By Professor W. W. GOODWIN. New Edition, 
 revised. Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d. 
 
 THE ELEMENTS OF GREEK GRAMMAR, including 
 Accidence, Irregular Verbs, and Principles of Derivation and Com- 
 position ; adapted to the System of Crude Forms. By J. G. GREEN- 
 WOOD, M.A., Principal of the Owens College, Manchester. New 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. $s. 6d. 
 
 MACMILLAN AND CO., LONDON. 
 
MACMILLAN AND C0.'8 PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 Works on Latin and Greek Composition, &c. 
 
 A FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR. By W. G. RUTHERFORD, 
 
 M.A., Assistant Master in St Paul's School, London. New Edition, enlarged. 
 Extra fcap. 8vo. is. 6d. 
 
 "Throughout commendably clear and succinct." Saturday Review, 
 
 A GREEK GRAMMAR FOR SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 
 
 By JAMES HADLEY, late Professor in Yale College. Revised and in part Rewritten 
 by FREDERIC DE FOREST ALLEN, Professor in Harvard College. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. By K. M. ElCKE, B.A., 
 
 Assistant-Master in Oundle School. Globe 8vo. 2^. 
 
 MACMILLAN'S LATIN COURSE. FIRST YEAR. By A. M. 
 
 COOK, M.A., Assistant-Master at St Paul's School. Globe 8vo. zs. 6d. 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION TO LATIN ELEGIAC VERSE 
 
 COMPOSITION. By J. H. LUPTON, M.A., Sur-Master of St Paul's School, 
 and formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge. zs. 6d. 
 
 LATIN PROSE AFTER THE BEST AUTHORS. By F. P. 
 
 SIMPSON, B.A., late Scholar of Balliol College, Oxford. Part I. CAESARIAN 
 PROSE. Extra fcap. 8vo. zs. 6d. 
 
 LATIN PROSE EXERCISES BASED UPON CESAR'S 
 
 GALLIC WAR. With a Classification of Caesar's Chief Phrases and Grammatical 
 Notes in Caesar's Usages. By CLEMENT BRYANS, M.A., Assistant- Master in 
 Dulwich College, late Scholar in King's College, Cambridge, and Bell University 
 Scholar. Extra fcap. 8vo. zs. 6d. 
 
 WORKS by ALEXANDER W. POTTS, M.A., LL.D., late Fellow 
 
 of St John's College, Cambridge ; Head Master of the Fettes College, Edinburgh. 
 
 HINTS TOWARDS LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 
 
 New Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo. $$. 
 
 PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN PROSE. 
 
 Edited with Notes and References to the above. Extra fcap. 8vo. zs. 6d. 
 
 KEY TO THE ABOVE. For the use of Teachers only. 
 
 zs. bd. 
 
 SYNTHETIC LATIN DELECTUS. A First Latin Construing 
 
 Book arranged on the principles of Grammatical Analysis. With Notes and Voca- 
 bulary. By F. RUSH, B.A., with Preface by the Rev. W. F. MOULTON, M.A., 
 D.D. New Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo. zs. 6d. 
 
 FIRST GREEK READER. Edited after KARL HALM, with 
 
 Corrections and large Additions by Professor JOHN E. B. MAYOR, M.A., Fellow of 
 St John's College, Cambridge. New Edition, revised. Fcap. 8vo. 45. 6d. 
 
 GREEK FOR BEGINNERS. By the Rev. J. B. MAYOR, M.A., 
 
 Professor of Classical Literature in King's College, London. Part I., with Voca- 
 bulary, is. 6d. Parts II. and III., with Vocabulary and Index, 3$. 6d. complete in 
 one Vol. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. cloth. 45. 6d. 
 
 FIRST LESSONS IN GREEK, adapted to Goodwin's Greek 
 
 Grammar. By Professor J. W. WHITE. Crown 8vo. 4s. 6d. 
 
 PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION FROM GREEK INTO 
 
 ENGLISH AND ENGLISH INTO GREEK. Selected, with Introduction 
 and Indices, by Rev. ELLIS C. MACKIE, Assistant Master in Heversham Grammar 
 School. Globe 8vo. 45. 6d. 
 
 MACMILLAN AND CO., LONDON. 
 
Noveinbei , 1 886. 
 
 A Catalogue 
 
 OF 
 
 Educational Books 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Macmillan & Co., 
 
 BEDFORD STREET, STRAND, LONDON. 
 
 io-u.86. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 CLASSICS- PAGH 
 ELEMENTARY CLASSICS ...... 3 
 
 CLASSICAL SERIES 6 
 
 CLASSICAL LIBRARY, (i) Text, (2) Translations . , . n 
 
 GRAMMAR, COMPOSITION. AND PHILOLOGY . . . 16 
 
 ANTIQUITIES, ANCIENT HISTORY, AND PHILOSOPHY . . 21 
 
 MATHEMATICS- 
 ARITHMETIC AND MENSURATION ...... 23 
 
 ALGEBRA ...... .25 
 
 EUCLID, AND ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY .... 26 
 
 TRIGONOMETRY ....... 27 
 
 HIGHER MATHEMATICS ....... 28 
 
 SCIENCE- 
 NATURAL PHILOSOPHY . 35 
 
 ASTRONOMY ......... 40 
 
 CHEMISTRY ...... 40 
 
 BIOLOGY .' , 42 
 
 MEDICINE ......... 46 
 
 ANTHROPOLOGY ........ 47 
 
 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY .... 47 
 
 AGRICULTURE ....... .48 
 
 POLITICAL ECONOMY ,48 
 
 MENTAL AND MORAL PHILOSOPHY . . . , ,49 
 
 HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY 50 
 
 MODERN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE- 
 ENGLISH ......... t?4 
 
 FRENCH . . t 5; 
 
 GERMAN ..... . . 62 
 
 MODERN GREEK ........ 64 
 
 ITALIAN 64 
 
 DOMESTIC ECONOMY 64 
 
 ART AND'KINDRED SUBJECTS .... 65 
 
 WORKS ON TEACHING 65 
 
 DIVINITY 66 
 
29 AND 30, BEDFORD STREET, COVENT GARDEN, 
 LONDON, W.C., Nwember, 1886, 
 
 CLASSICS. 
 
 ELEMENTARY CLASSICS. 
 
 iSnio, Eighteenpence each. 
 
 THIS SERIES FALLS INTO TWO CLASSES 
 
 (1) First Reading Books for Beginners, provided not 
 only with Introductions and Notes, but with 
 Vocabularies, and in some cases with Exercises 
 based upon the Text. 
 
 (2) Stepping-stones to the study of particular authors, 
 intended for more advanced students who are beginning 
 to read such authors as Terence, Plato, the Attic Dramatists, 
 and the harder parts of Cicero, Horace, Virgil, and 
 Thucydides. 
 
 These are provided with Introductions and Notes, but 
 no Vocabulary. The Publishers have been led to pro- 
 vide the more strictly Elementary Books with Vocabularies 
 by the representations of many teachers, who hold that be- 
 ginners do not understand the use of a Dictionary, and of 
 others who, in the case of middle-class schools where the 
 cost of books is a serious consideration, advocate the 
 Vocabulary system on grounds of economy. It is hoped 
 that the two parts of the Series, fitting into one another, 
 may together fulfil all the requirements of Elementary and 
 Preparatory Schools, and the Lower Forms of Public 
 Schools. 
 
 t> 2 
 
4 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 The following Elementary Books, with Introductions, 
 Notes, and Vocabularies, and in some cases with 
 Exercises, are either ready or in preparation: 
 
 Aeschylus. PROMETHEUS VINCTUS. Edited by Rev. H. 
 
 M. STEPHENSON, M.A. [Ready. 
 
 Caesar THE GALLIC WAR. BOOK I. Edited by A. S. 
 WALPOLE, M.A. [Ready. 
 
 THE INVASION OF BRITAIN. Being Selections from Books 
 IV. and V. of the " De Bello Gallico. " Adapted for the use of 
 Beginners. With Notes, Vocabulary, and Exercises, by W. 
 WELCH, M.A., and C. G. DUFFIELD, M.A. [Ready. 
 
 THE GALLIC WAR. BOOKS II. AND III. Edited by the 
 Rev. W. G. RUTHERFORD, M.A., LL.D., Head-Master of West- 
 minster School. [Ready. 
 THE GALLIC WAR. BOOK IV. Edited by C. BRYANS, M.A., 
 Assistant-Master at Dulwich College. [Ready. 
 THE GALLIC WAR. SCENES FROM BOOKS V. AND VI. 
 Edited by C. COLBECK, M.A., Assistant-Master at Harrow; 
 formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. [Ready. 
 THE GALLIC WAR. BOOKS V. AND VI. (separately). By 
 the same Editor. [In preparation. 
 Cicero. DE SENECTUTE. Edited by E. S. SHUCKBURGH, 
 M.A., late Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. [Ready. 
 DE AMICITIA. By the same Editor. [Ready. 
 STORIES OF ROMAN HISTORY. Adapted for the Use of 
 Beginners. With Notes, Vocabulary, and Exercises, by the Rev. 
 G. E. JEANS, M. A., Fellow of Hertford College, Oxford, and 
 A. V. JONES, M.A., Assistant-Masters at Haileybury College. 
 
 [Ready. 
 
 EutroplUS. Adapted for the Use of Beginners. With Notes, 
 
 Vocabulary, and Exercises, by WILLIAM WELCH, M.A., and C. 
 
 G. DUFFIELD, M.A., Assistant-Masters at Surrey County School, 
 
 Cranleigh. [Ready. 
 
 Homer. ILIAD. BOOK I. Edited by Rev. JOHN BOND, M.A., 
 
 and A. S. WALPOLE, M.A. [Ready. 
 
 ILIAD. BOOK XVIII. THE ARMS OF ACHILLES. Edited 
 
 by S. R. JAMES, M.A., Assistant-Master at Eton College. [Ready. 
 
 ODYSSEY. BOOK I. Edited by Rev. JOHN BOND, M.A. and 
 
 A. S. WALPOLE, M.A. [Ready. 
 
 Horace. ODES. BOOKS I. IV. Edited by T. E. PAGE, M.A. , 
 
 late Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge ; Assistant-?*! aster 
 
 at the Charterhouse. Each is. (yd. [Ready. 
 
 Livy. BOOK I. Edited by H. M. STEPHENSON, M.A., Mead 
 
 Master of St. Peter's School, York. [R^ady. 
 
ELEMENTARY CLASSICS. 
 
 Livy. THE HANNIBALIAN WAR. Being part of the XXI- 
 AND XXII. BOOKS OF LIVY, adapted for the use of beginners, 
 by G. C. MACAULAY, M.A., Assistant-Master at Rugby ; formerly 
 Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. [Ready. 
 
 THE SIEGE OF SYRACUSE. Being part of the XXIV. AND 
 XXV. BOOKS OF LIVY, adapted for the use of beginners. 
 With Notes, Vocabulary, and Exercises, by GEORGE RICHARDS, 
 M.A., and A. S. WALPOLE, M.A. [Ready. 
 
 Lucian. EXTRACTS FROM LUCIAN. Edited, with Notes, 
 Exercises, and Vocabulary, by Rev. JOHN BOND, M.A., and 
 A. S. WALPOLE, M.A. ' [Ready. 
 
 NepOS. SELECT LIVES OF CORNELIUS NEPOS. Edited 
 for the use of beginners with Notes, Vocabulary and Exercises, 
 by G. S. FARNELL, M.A. [Nearly ready. 
 
 Ovid. SELECTIONS. Edited by E. S. SHUCKBURGH, M.A. 
 late Fellow and Assistant-Tutor of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. 
 
 [Ready. 
 
 ELEGIAC SELECTIONS. Arranged for the use of Beginners 
 with Notes, Vocabulary, and Exercises, by H. WILKINSON, M.A. 
 
 [In preparation. 
 
 PhsedruS. SELECT FABLES. Adapted for the Use of Be- 
 ginners. With Notes, Exercises, and Vocabularies, by A. S. 
 WALPOLE, M.A. [Ready. 
 
 Thucydides. THE RISE OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE. 
 
 BOOK I. cc. LXXXIX. CXVII. AND CXXVIII. 
 CXXXVIII. Edited with Notes, Vocabulary and Exercises, by F. 
 H. COLSON, M.A., Senior Classical Master at Bradford Grammar 
 School ; Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. [Ready. 
 
 Virgil. ^NEID. BOOK I. Edited by A. S. WALPOLE, M.A. 
 
 [Ready. 
 
 ^ENEID. BOOK V. Edited by Rev. A. CALVERT, M.A., late 
 
 Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. [Ready. 
 
 SELECTIONS/ Edited by E. S. SHUCKBURGH, M.A. [Ready. 
 
 Xenophon. ANABASIS. BOOK I. Edited by A. S. 
 
 WALPOLE, M.A. [Ready. 
 
 SELECTIONS FROM THE CYROP^DIA. Edited, with 
 
 Notes, Vocabulary, and Exercises, by A. H. COOKE, M.A., 
 
 Fellow and Lecturer 01 King's College, Cambridge. [Ready. 
 
 The following more advanced Books, with Introductions 
 and Notes, but no Vocabulary, are either ready, or in 
 preparation : 
 
 Cicero. SELECT LETTERS. Edited by Rev. G. E. JEANS, 
 M.A., Fellow of Hertford College, Oxford, and Assistant-Master 
 at Haileybury College. [Ready. 
 
6 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Euripides. HECUBA. Edited by Rev. JOHN BOND, MA 
 and A. S. WALPOLE, M.A. [Ready, 
 
 Herodotus. SELECTIONS FROM BOOKS VI. AND VII., 
 THE EXPEDITION OF XERXES. Edited by A. H. COOKE, 
 M. A., Fellow and Lecturer of King's College, Cambridge. [Ready. 
 
 Horace. SELECTIONS FROM THE SATIRES AND 
 
 EPISTLES. Edited by Rev. W. T. V. BAKER, M. A., Fellow of 
 St. John's College, Cambridge ; Assistant-Master in Marlborough 
 College. [Ready. 
 
 SELECT EPODES AND ARS POETICA. Edited by H. A. 
 DALTON, M. A., formerly Senior Student of Christchurch ; Assistant- 
 Master in Winchester College. [Ready. 
 
 PlatO. EUTHYPHRO AND MENEXENUS. Edited by C. E. 
 GRAVES, M.A., Classical Lecturer and late Fellow of St. John's 
 College, Cambridge. [Ready. 
 
 Terence. SCENES FROM THE ANDRIA. Edited by F. W. 
 CORNISH, M.A., Assistant- Master at Eton College. [Ready. 
 
 The Greek Elegiac Poets. FROM CALLINUS TO 
 CALLIMACHUS. Selected and Edited by Rev. HERBERT 
 KYNASTON, D.D., Principal of Cheltenham College, and formerly 
 Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. [Ready. 
 
 Thucydides. BOOK IV. CHS. I. XLI. THE CAPTURE 
 OF SPHACTERIA. Edited by C. E. GRAVES, M.A. [Ready. 
 
 Virgil. GEORGICS. BOOK II. Edited by Rev. J. H. SKRIN, 
 M.A., late Fellow of Merton College, Oxford; Assistant-Master 
 at Uppingham. [Ready. 
 
 %* Other Volumes to follow. 
 
 CLASSICAL SERIES 
 FOR COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS 
 
 Fcap. 8vo. 
 
 Being select portions of Greek and Latin authors, edited 
 with Introductions and Notes, for the use of Middle and 
 Upper forms of Schools, or of candidates for Public 
 Examinations at the Universities and elsewhere. 
 <schines. IN CTESIPHONTEM. Edited by Rev. T. 
 GWATKIN, M.A., late Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. 
 
 [In the press. 
 
CLASSICAL SERIES. 
 
 , PERS.E. Edited by A. O. PRICKARD, M.A. 
 Fellow and Tutor of New College, Oxford. With Map. 3^. 6d. 
 
 Andocides. DE MYSTERIIS. Edited by W. J. HICKIE, M.A., 
 formerly Assistant Master in Denstone College. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Csesar. THE GALLIC WAR. Edited, after Kraner, by Rev. 
 JOHN BOND, M.A., and A. S. WALPOLE, M.A. [In the press. 
 
 Catullus. SELECT POEMS. Edited by F. P. SIMPSON, B.A., 
 late Scholar of Balliol College, Oxford. New and Revised 
 Edition. 5^. The Text of this Edition is carefully adapted to 
 School use. 
 
 Cicero. THE CATILINE ORATIONS. From the German 
 
 of KARL HALM. Edited, with Additions, by A. S. WILKINS, 
 M.A., LL.D., Professor of Latin at the Owens College, Manchester, 
 Examiner of Classics to the University of London. New Edition. 
 3*. 6d. 
 
 PRO LEGE MANILIA. Edited, after HALM, by Professor A. S. 
 WILKINS, M.A., LL.D. 2s. 6d. 
 
 THE SECOND PHILIPPIC ORATION. From the German 
 of KARL HALM. Edited, with Corrections and Additions, 
 by JOHN E. B. MAYOR, Professor of Latin in the University of 
 Cambridge, and Fellow of St. John's College. New Edition, 
 revised. $s. 
 
 PRO ROSCIO AMERINO. Edited, after HALM, by E. H. DON- 
 KIN, M.A., late Scholar of Lincoln College, Oxford; Assistant- 
 Master at Sherborne School. 4^. 6a. 
 
 PRO P. SESTIO. Edited by Rev. H. A. HOLDEN, M.A., LL.D., 
 late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ; and late Classical 
 Examiner to the University of London. $s. 
 
 Demosthenes. DE CORONA. Edited by B. DRAKE, M.A., 
 late Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. New and revised 
 Edition. 4^. 6d. 
 ADVERSUS LEPTINEM. Edited by Rev. J. R. KING, M.A., 
 
 Fellow and Tutor of Oriel College, Oxford. 43. 6d. 
 THE FIRST PHILIPPIC. Edited, after C. REHDANTZ, by Rev. 
 T. GWATKIN, M. A., late Fellow of ^t. John's College, Cambridge. 
 2s. 6d. 
 
 IN MIDI AM. Edited by Prof. A. S. WILKINS, LL.D., and 
 HERMAN HAGER, Ph.D., of the Owens College, Manchester. 
 
 \In preparation. 
 
 Euripides. HIPPOLYTUS. Edited by J. P. MAHAFFY, M. A., 
 Fellow and Professor of Ancient History in Trinity College, Dub- 
 lin, and J. B. BURY, Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. $s. 6d. 
 
8 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Euripides. MEDEA. Edited by A. W. VERRALL, M.A., 
 Fellow and Lecturer of Trinity College, Cambridge. 3*. 6ct. 
 
 IPHIGENIA IN TAURIS. Edited by E. B. ENGLAND, M.A., 
 Lecturer at the Owens College, Manchester. 4^. 6d. 
 
 Herodotus. BOOKS VII. AND VIII. Edited by Rev. A. H. 
 COOKE, M.A., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. [In prep. 
 
 Homer. ILIAD. BOOKS i., ix., XL, XVL xxiv. THE 
 
 STORY OF ACHILLES. Edited by the late J. H. PRATT, 
 M.A., and WALTER LEAF, M.A., Fellows of Trinity College, 
 Cambridge. 6s. 
 
 ODYSSEY. BOOK IX. Edited by Prof. JOHN E. B. MAYOR. 
 zs. 6ct. 
 
 ODYSSEY. BOOKS XXL XXIV. THE TRIUMPH OF 
 ODYSSEUS. Edited by S. G. HAMILTON, B.A., Fellow of 
 Hertford College, Oxford. 3^. 6d. 
 
 Horace. THE ODES. Edited by T. E. PAGE, M.A., formerly 
 Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge ; Assistant- Master at 
 Charterhouse 6s. (BOOKS I., II., III., and IV. separately, 
 zs. each.) 
 
 THE SATIRES. Edited by ARTHUR PALMER, M.A., Fellow of 
 Trinity College, Dublin; Professor of Latin in the University of 
 Dublin. 6s. 
 
 THE EPISTLES AND ARS POETICA. Edited by A S. 
 W ILK INS, M.A., LL.D., Professor of Latin in Owens College, 
 Manchester ; Examiner in Classics to the University of 
 London. 6s. 
 
 Isaeos. THE ORATIONS. Edited by WILLIAM RIDGEWAY, 
 M.A., Fellow of Caius College, Cambridge; and Professor of 
 Greek in the University of Cork. [In preparation. 
 
 Juvenal. THIRTEEN SATIRES. Edited, for the Use of 
 
 Schools, by E. G. HARDY, M.A., Head Master of Grantham 
 Grammar School ; late Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford. $s. 
 
 The Text of this Edition is carefully adapted to School use. 
 SELECT SATIRES. Edited by Professor JOHN E. B. MAYOR. 
 X. AND XI. 3^. 6d. XII. XVI. 4s. 6d. 
 
 Livy. BOOKS II. AND III. Edited by Rev. H. M. STEPHENSON, 
 M.A., Head-Master of St. Peter's School, York. 5*. 
 
 BOOKS XXI. AND XXII. Edited by the Rev. W. W. CAPES, 
 M. A., Reader in Ancient History at Oxford. Maps. $s. 
 
CLASSICAL SERIES. 
 
 Livy. BOOKS XXIII AND XXIV. Edited by G. C. MACAULAY, 
 
 M.A., Assistant-Master at Rugby. With Maps. 5*. 
 THE LAST TWO KINGS OF MACEDON. SCENES FROM 
 THE LAST DECADE OF LIVY. Selected and Edited, 
 with Introduction and Notes, by F. H. RAWLINS, M. A., Fellow of 
 King's College, Cambridge; and Assistant-Master at Eton. With 
 Maps. 3^. 6d. 
 
 Lucretius. BOOKS I. III. Edited by J. H. WARBURTON 
 LEE, M.A., late Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and 
 Assistant- Master at Rossall. 43. 6d. 
 
 Lysias SELECT ORATIONS. Edited by E. S. SHUCKBURGH, 
 
 M.A., late Assistant-Master at Eton College, formerly Fellow and 
 Assistant -Tutor of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. New Edition, 
 revised. 6s. 
 
 Martial. SELECT EPIGRAMS. Edited by Rev. H. M. 
 
 STEPHENSON, M.A. 6s. 
 Ovid.- FASTI. Edited by G. H. HALLAM, M.A., Fellow of St. 
 
 John's College, Cambridge, and Assistant-Master at Harrow. 
 
 With Maps. 5*. 
 HEROIDUM EPISTUL^E XIII. Edited by E. S. SHUCKBURGH, 
 
 M.A. 4j. 6d. 
 METAMORPHOSES. BOOKS XIII. AND XIV. Edited by 
 
 C. SIMMONS, M.A. [Nearly ready. 
 
 Plato. MENO. Edited by E. S. THOMPSON, M.A., Fellow of 
 
 Christ's College, Cambridge. [In preparation. 
 
 APOLOGY AND CRITO. Edited by F. J. H. JENKINSON. 
 
 M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. [In preparation. 
 THE REPUBLIC. BOOKS I. V. Edited by T. H. WARREN, 
 
 M.A., President of Magdalen College, Oxford. [In the press. 
 
 PlautUS. MILES GLORIOSUS. Edited by R. Y. TYRRELL. 
 
 M. A., Fellow of Trinity College, and Regius Professor of Greek in 
 
 the University of Dublin. Second Edition Revised. $s. 
 AMPHfTRUO. Edited by ARTHUR PALMER, M.A., Fellow of 
 
 Trinity College and Regius Professor of Latin in the University 
 
 of Dublin. [In preparation. 
 
 CAPTIVI. Edited by A. RHYS SMITH, late Junior Student of 
 
 Christ Church, Oxford. [In preparation. 
 
 Pliny. LETTERS. BOOK III. Edited by Professor JOHN E. B. 
 
 MAYOR. With Life of Pliny by G. H. RENDALL, M.A. 5*. 
 Plutarch. LIFE OF THEMISTOKLES. Edited by Rev. 
 
 H. A. HOLDEN, M.A., LL.D. $s. 
 Polybius. HISTORY OF THE ACHAEAN LEAGUE. Being 
 
 Parts of Books II., III., and IV. Edited by W. W. CAPES. 
 
 M.A. [In the press. 
 
io MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Propertius. SELECT POEMS. Edited by Professor J. P. 
 POSTGATE, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Second 
 Edition, revised. 6s. 
 
 Sallust. CATILINA AND JUGURTHA. Edited by C. MERI- 
 VALE, D.D., Dean of Ely. New Edition, carefully revised and 
 enlarged, $s. 6d. Or separately, 2s. 6d. each. 
 
 BELLUM CATULINAE. Edited by A. M. COOK, M.A., Assist- 
 ant Master at St. Paul's School. 4^. 6d. 
 JUGURTHA. By the same Editor. [In preparation. 
 
 Sophocles. ANTIGONE. Edited by Rev. JOHN BOND, M.A., 
 and A. S. WALPOLE, M.A. [In preparation. 
 
 Tacitus. AGRICOLA AND GERMANIA. Edited by A. [. 
 
 CHURCH, M.A., and W. J. BRODRIBB, M.A., Translators of 
 
 Tacitus. New Edition, 3^. 6d. Or separately, 2s. each. 
 THE ANNALS. BOOK VI. By the same Editors. 2s. 6d. 
 THE HISTORY. BOOKS I. AND II. Edited by A. D. GODLEY. 
 
 M.A. [In preparation. 
 
 THE ANNALS. BOOKS I. AND II. Edited by J. S. REID, 
 
 M.L., LlTT.D. [In preparation. 
 
 Terence. HAUTON TIMORUMENOS. Edited by E. s, 
 
 SHUCKBURGH, M.A. $s. With Translation, 4-c. 6d. 
 PHORMIO. Edited by Rev, JOHN BOND, M.A., and A. S. 
 WALPOLE, B.A. 45. 6d. 
 
 Thucydides. BOOK IV. Edited by C. E. GRAVES, M.A., 
 Classical Lecturer, and late Fellow oT St. John's College, 
 Cambridge. 5^. 
 
 BOOKS I. II. III. AND V. By the same Editor. To be published 
 separately. [In preparation. (Book V. in the press.) 
 
 BOOKS VI. AND VII. THE SICILIAN EXPEDITION. Edited 
 by the Rev. PERCIVAL FROST, M. A., late Fellow of St. John's 
 College, Cambridge. New Edition, revised and enlarged, with 
 Map. 5s. 
 
 Tibullus. SELECT POEMS. Edited by 'Professor J. P. 
 POSTGATE, M.A. [In preparation. 
 
 Virgil. ^ENEID. BOOKS II. AND III. THE NARRATIVE 
 
 OF AENEAS. Edited by E. W. HOWSON, M.A., Fellow of King's 
 College, Cambridge, and Assistant-Master at Harrow. 3*. 
 
 Xenophon. HELLENICA, BOOKS i. AND n. Edited by 
 
 H. HAILSTONE, B.A., late Scholar of Peterhouse, Cambridge. 
 With Map. v 6 <*- 
 
CLASSICAL LIBRARY. 1 1 
 
 Xenophon. CYROP/EDIA. BOOKS VII. AND VIII. Edited 
 by ALFRED GOODWIN, M.A., Professor of Greek in University 
 College, London. 5^. 
 
 MEMORABILIA SOCRATIS. Edited by A. R. CLUER, B.A., 
 Balliol College, Oxford. 6s. 
 
 THE ANABASIS. BOOKS I. IV. Edited by Professors W. W. 
 GOODWIN and J. W. WHITE. Adapted to Goodwin's Greek 
 Grammar. With a Map. 5^. 
 
 HIERO. Edited by Rev. H. A. HOLDEN, M.A., LL.D. y. 6d. 
 
 OECONOMICUS. By the same Editor. With Introduction, 
 , Explanatory Notes, Critical Appendix, and Lexicon. 6s. 
 
 CLASSICAL LIBRARY. 
 
 (i) Texts, Edited with Introductions and Notes, 
 for the use of Advanced Students. (2) Commentaries 
 and Translations. 
 
 . THE EUMENIDES. The Greek Text, with 
 Introduction, English Notes, and Verse Translation. By BERNARD 
 DRAKE, M.A., late Fellow of King's College, Cambridge. 
 8vo. 5-y. 
 
 AGAMEMNON, CHOEPHORCE, AND EUMENIDES. Edited, 
 with Introduction and Notes, by A. O. PRICKARD, M.A., Fellow 
 and Tutor of New College, Oxford. 8vo. \In preparation. 
 
 AGAMEMNO. Emendavit DAVID S. MARGOLIOUTH, Coll. Nov. 
 Oxon. Soc. Demy 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 SEPTEM CONTRA THEBAS. Edited, with Introduction and 
 Notes, by A. W. VERRALL, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, 
 Cambridge. 8vo. \ln the press. 
 
 Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius. BOOK IV. OF THE 
 
 MEDITATIONS. The Text Revised, with Translation and 
 Notes, by HASTINGS CROSSLEY, M.A., Professor of Greek in 
 Queen's College, Belfast. 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Aristotle. THE METAPHYSICS. BOOK i. Translated by 
 
 a Cambridge Graduate. 8vo. 5*. [Book II. in preparation. 
 
12 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE 
 
 Aristotle. THE POLITICS. Edited, after SUSEMIHL, by 
 R. D. HICKS, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. 8vo. 
 
 [In the press, 
 
 THE POLITICS. Translated by Rev. J. E. C. WELLDON, M.A., 
 Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, and Head-Master of 
 Harrow School. Crown 8vo. ics. 6d. 
 
 THE RHETORIC. By the same Translator. [/ the press. 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION TO ARISTOTLE'S RHETORIC. 
 With Analysis, Notes, and Appendices. By E. M. COPE, Fellow 
 and Tutor of Trinity College, Cambridge. 8vo. 14^. 
 
 THE SOPHISTICI ELENCHI. With Translation and Notes 
 by E. POSTE, M.A., Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. 8vo. Ss. 6d. 
 
 Aristophanes. THE BIRDS. Translated into English Verse, 
 with Introduction, Notes, and Appendices, by B. H. KENNEDY, 
 D.D., Regius Professor of Greek in the University of Cambridge. 
 Crown 8vo. 6s. Help Notes to the same, for the use of 
 Students, is. 6d. 
 
 Attic Orators. FROM ANTIPHON TO ISAEOS. By 
 R. C. JEBB, M.A., LL.D., Professor of Greek in the University 
 of Glasgow. 2 vols. 8vo. 255. 
 
 SELECTIONS FROM ANTIPHON, ANDOKIDES, LYSIAS, 
 ISOKRATES, AND ISAEOS. Edited, with Notes, by Pro- 
 fessor JEBB. Being a companion volume to the preceding work. 
 8vo. 12$. 6d. 
 
 BabriUS. Edited, with Introductory Dissertations, Critical Notes, 
 Commentary and Lexicon. By Rev. W. GUNION RUTHERFORD, 
 M. A., LL.D., Head-Master of Westminster School. 8vo. 12s. 6d. 
 
 Cicero. THE ACADEMICA. The Text revised and explained 
 by J. S. REID, M.L., Litt.D., Fellow of Caius College, Cam- 
 bridge. 8vo. 15^-. 
 
 THE ACADEMICS. Translated by J. S. REID, M.L. 8vo. 5*. 6d. 
 
 SELECT LETTERS. After the Edition of ALBERT WATSON, 
 M.A. Translated by G. E. JEANS, M.A., Fellow of Hertford 
 College, Oxford, and Assistant-Master at Haileybury. 8vo. 
 JOs. 6d. 
 
 (See also Classical Scries.) 
 
 Euripides. MEDEA. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by 
 A. W. VERRALL, M.A., Fellow and Lecturer of Trinity College, 
 Cambridge. 8vo. *js. 6d. 
 
CLASSICAL LIBRARY. 
 
 Euripides. IPHIGENIA IN AULIS. Edited, with Introduc- 
 tion and Notes, by E. B. ENGLAND, M. A., Lecturer in the Owens 
 College, Manchester. 8vo. [In preparation. 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF EURIPIDES. By 
 Professor J. P. MAHAFFY. Fcap. Svo. is. 6d. (Classical Writers 
 Series.} 
 
 (See also Classical Series.) 
 
 Herodotus. BOOKS I. III. THE ANCIENT EMPIRES 
 OF THE EAST. Edited, with Notes, Introductions, and Ap- 
 pendices, by A. H. SAYCE, Deputy-Professor of Comparative 
 Philology, Oxford; Honorary LL.D., Dublin. Demy Svo. i6s. 
 BOOKS IV. IX. Edited by REGINALD W. MACAN, M.A., 
 Lecturer in Ancient History at Brasenose College, Oxford. Svo. 
 
 [In preparation. 
 
 Homer. THE ILIAD. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, 
 by WALTER LEAF, M.A., late Fellow of Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge. Svo. Vol. I. Books I. XII. I4J. 
 
 THE ILIAD. Translated into English Prose. By ANDREW 
 LANG, M.A., WALTER LEAF, M.A., and ERNEST MYERS, M.A. 
 Crown Svo. izs. 6d. 
 
 THE ODYSSEY. Done into English by S. H. BUTCHER, M.A., 
 Professor of Greek in the University of Edinburgh, and ANDREW 
 LANG, M.A., late Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. Fifth 
 Edition, revised and corrected. Crown Svo. los. 6a. 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF HOMER. By the 
 Right Hon. W. E. GLADSTONE, M.P. iSmo. is. (Literature 
 Primers. ) 
 
 HOMERIC DICTIONARY. For Use in Schools and Colleges. 
 Translated from the German of Dr. G. AUTENRIETH, with Addi- 
 tions and Corrections, by R. P. KEEP, Ph.D. With numerous 
 Illustrations. Crown Svo. 6s. 
 
 (See also Classical Series.) 
 
 Horace. THE WORKS OF HORACE RENDERED INTO 
 
 ENGLISH PROSE. With Introductions, Running Analysis, 
 Notes, &c. By J. LONSDALE, M.A., and S. LEE, M.A. (Globe 
 Edition.) $s. 6d. 
 
 STUDIES, LITERARY AND HISTORICAL, IN THE ODES 
 OF HORACE. By A. W. VERRALL, Fellow of Trinity College, 
 Cambridge. Demy Svo. Ss. 6d. 
 
 (See also Classical Series. ) 
 
 Juvenal. THIRTEEN SATIRES OF JUVENAL. With a 
 Commentary. By JOHN E. B. MAYOR, M.A., Professor of Latin 
 in the University of Cambridge. Second Edition, enlarged. 
 Crown Svo. Vol.1. ?s. 6et. Vol. II. ior. 6u. 
 
14 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Juvenal. THIRTEEN SATIRES. Translated into English 
 after the Text of J. E. B. MAYOR by ALEXANDER LEEPER, 
 M.A., Warden of Trinity College, in the University of Melbourne. 
 Crown 8vo. 3^. 6d. 
 
 (See also Classical Series ^ 
 
 Livy. BOOKS I. IV. Translated by Rev. H. M. STEPHENSON, 
 M.A., Head Master of St. Peter's School, York. [In preparation. 
 BOOKS XXL XXV. Translated by ALFRED JOHN CHURCH, 
 M.A., of Lincoln College, Oxford, Professor of Latin, University 
 College, London, and WILLIAM JACKSON BRODRIBB, M. A., late 
 Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. Cr. 8vo. ^s. 6d. 
 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF LIVY. By Rev. 
 W. W. CAPES, Reader in Ancient History at Oxford. Fcap. 8vo. 
 is. 6J. (Classical Writers Series.) 
 
 (See also Classical Series.) 
 
 Martial. BOOKS I. AND II. OF THE EPIGRAMS. Edited, 
 with Introduction and Notes, by Professor J. E. B. MAYOR, M.A. 
 8vo. [In the press. 
 
 (See also Classical Series \ 
 
 Pausanias. DESCRIPTION OF GREECE. Translated by 
 J. G. FRAZER, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 
 [In preparation. 
 
 Phrynichus. THE NEW PHRYNICHUS; being a Revised 
 Text of the Ecloga of the Grammarian Phrynichus. With Intro- 
 duction and Commentary by Rev. W. GUNION RUTHERFORD, 
 M.A., LL.D., Head Master of Westminster School. 8vo. 18*. 
 Pindar. THE EXTANT ODES OF PINDAR. Translated 
 into English, with an Introduction and short Notes, by ERNEST 
 MYERS, M.A., late Fellow of Wadham College, Oxford. Second 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. $s. 
 
 THE OLYMPIAN AND PYTHIAN ODES. Edited, with an 
 Introductory Essay, -Notes, and Indexes, by BASIL GILDERSLEEVE, 
 Professor of Greek in the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. 
 Crown 8vo. TS. 6d. 
 
 PlatO. PH^EDO. Edited, with Introduction, Notes, and Appen- 
 dices, by R. D. ARCHER-HIND, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College. 
 Cambridge. 8vo. 8s. 6d. 
 
 TIM^EUS. Edited, with Introduction 'and .Notes, by the same 
 
 Editor. 8vo. [In the press. 
 
 PH^EDO. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by W. D. GEDDES, 
 
 LL.D., Principal of the University of Aberdeen. Second Edition. 
 
 Demy 8vo. 8s. 6d. 
 
 PHILEBUS. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by HENRY 
 TACKSON, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. 8vo. 
 
 [In preparation. 
 
CLASSICAL LIBRARY. 
 
 PlatO. THE REPUBLIC. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, 
 by H. C. GOODHART, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge. Svo [/ preparation. 
 THE REPUBLIC OF PLATO. Translated into English, with an 
 Analysis and Notes, by J. LL. DAVIES, M.A., and D. J. VAUGHAN, 
 M.A. iSoao. 4s. 6d. 
 
 EUTHYPHRO, APOLOGY, CRITO, AND PH^DO. Trans- 
 lated by F. J. CHURCH. iSmo. 4-5-. 6d. 
 
 (See also Classical Series.) 
 
 PlautUS. THE MOSTELLARIA OF PLAUTUS. With Notes,, 
 Prolegomena, and Excursus. By WILLIAM RAMSAY, M.A., 
 formerly Professor of Humanity in the University of Glasgow. 
 Edited by Professor GEORGE G. RAMSAY, M.A., of the University 
 of Glasgow. Svo. 14^. 
 
 (See also Classical Series.) 
 
 PolybiuS. THE HISTORIES. Translated, with Introduction 
 and Notes, by E. S. SHUCKBURGH, M.A. Svo. [In preparation. 
 Sallust. CATILINE AND JUGURTHA. Translated, with 
 Introductory Essays, by A. W. POLLARD, B.A. Crown Svo. 6s. 
 THE CATILINE (separately). Crown Svo. 3*. 
 (See also Classical Series.) 
 
 Studia Scenica. Part L, Section I, Introductory Study on 
 the Text of the Greek Dramas. The Text of SOPHOCLES' 
 TRACHINIAE, 1-300. By DAVID S. MARGOLIOUTK, Fellow 
 of New College, Oxford. Demy Svo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 TacitUS. THE ANNALS. Edited, with Introductions and 
 Notes, by G. O. HOLBROOKE, M.A., Professor of Latin in Trinity 
 College, Hartford, U.S.A. With Maps. Svo. i6s. 
 
 THE ANNALS. Translated by A. J. CHURCH, M.A., and W. J. 
 BRODRIBB, M.A. With Notes and Maps. New Edition. Cr. Svo* 
 75. 6d. 
 
 THE HISTORIES. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by 
 Rev. W. A. SPOONER, M.A., Fellow of New College, and 
 H. M. SPOONER, M.A., formerly Fellow of Magdalen College, 
 Oxford. Svo. \In preparation. 
 
 THE HISTORY. Translated by A. J. CHURCH, M.A., and W. 
 J. BRODRIBB, M.A. With Notes and a Map. Crown Svo. 6s. 
 
 THE AGRICOLA AND GERMANY, WITH THE DIALOGUE 
 ON ORATORY. Translated by A. J. CHURCH, M.A., and 
 W. J. BRODRIBB, M.A. With Notes and Maps. New and 
 Revised Edition. Crown Svo. 4^. 6d. 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF TACITUS. By 
 A. J. CHURCH, M.A. and W. J. BRODRIBB, M.A. Fcap. Svo. 
 is. 6d. (Classical Writers Series.) 
 
16 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Theocritus, Bion, and MoSChus. Rendered into English 
 Prose with Introductory Essay by A. LANG, M.A. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Virgil. THE WORKS OF VIRGIL RENDERED INTO 
 ENGLISH PROSE, with Notes, Introductions, Running Analysis, 
 and an Index, by JAMES LONSDALE, M.A., and SAMUEL LEE, 
 M.A. New Edition. Globe 8vo. $s. 6d. 
 
 THE vENEID. Translated by J. W. MACKAIL, M.A., Fellow of 
 Balliol College, Oxford. Cro-.vn Svo. >js. 6d. 
 
 GRAMMAR, COMPOSITION, & PHILOLOGY. 
 
 Belcher. SHORT EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE COM- 
 POSITION AND EXAMINATION PAPERS IN LATIN 
 GRAMMAR, to which is prefixed a Chapter on Analysis of 
 Sentences. By the Rev. H. BELCHER, M.A., Rector of the High 
 School, Dunedin, N.Z. New Edition. iSmo. is. 6d. 
 
 KEY TO THE ABOVE (for Teachers only). 3*. 6d. 
 
 SHORT EXERCISES IN LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION, 
 Part II., On the Syntax of Sentences, with an Appendix, includ- 
 ing EXERCISES IN LATIN IDIOMS, &c. i8mo. 2s. 
 
 KEY TO THE ABOVE (for Teachers only). 3*. 
 
 Blackie. GREEK AND ENGLISH DIALOGUES FOR USE 
 IN SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. By JOHN STUART BLACKIE, 
 Emeritus Professor of Greek in the University of Edinburgh. 
 New Edition. Fcap. Svo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Bryans. LATIN PROSE EXERCISES BASED UPON 
 CAESAR'S GALLIC WAR. With a Classification of Caesar's 
 Chief Phrases and Grammatical Notes on Caesar's Usages. By 
 CLEMENT BRYANS, M.A., Assistant-Master in Dulwich College. 
 Extra fcap. Svo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 KEY TO THE ABOVE (for Teachers only). 3*. 6d. 
 
 GREEK PROSE EXERCISES based upon Thucydides. By the 
 same Author. Extra fcap. Svo. [/ preparation. 
 
 Colson. A FIRST GREEK READER. By F. H. COLSON, 
 M.A., Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, and Senior 
 Classical Master at Bradford Grammar School. Globe Svo. 
 
 [In preparation. 
 
 Eicke. FIRST LESSONS IN LATIN. By K. M. EICKE, B.A., 
 Assistant-Master in Oundle School. Globe Svo. 2s. 
 
 Ellis. PRACTICAL HINTS ON THE QUANTITATIVE 
 PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN, for the use of Classical 
 Teachers and Linguists. By A. J. ELLIS, H.A., F.R.S. Extra 
 leap. Svo. 4J. 6d. 
 
CLASSICAL PUBLICATIONS. 17 
 
 England. EXERCISES ON LATIN SYNTAX AND IDIOM 
 ARRANGED WITH REFERENCE TO ROBY'S SCHOOL 
 LATIN GRAMMAR. By E. B. ENGLAND, M.A., Assistant 
 Lecturer at the Owens College, Manchester. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 Key for Teachers only, 2s. 6d. 
 
 Goodwin. Works by W. W. GOODWIN, LL.D., Professor of 
 
 Greek in Harvard University, U.S.A. 
 SYNTAX OF THE MOODS AND TENSES OF THE GREEK 
 
 VERB. New Edition, revised. Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d. 
 A GREEK GRAMMAR. New Edition, revised. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 "It is the best Greek Grammar of its size in the English language." 
 ATHENAEUM. 
 
 A GREEK GRAMMAR FOR SCHOOLS. Crown 8vo. 3*. 6d. 
 
 Greenwood. THE ELEMENTS OF GREEK GRAMMAR, 
 
 including Accidence, Irregular Verbs, und Principles of Deriva- 
 tion and Composition ; adapted to the System of Crude Forms. 
 By J. G. GREENWOOD, Principal of Owens College, Manchester. 
 New Edition. Crown Svo. $s. 6d. 
 
 Hadley and Allen. A GREEK GRAMMAR FOR 
 SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. By JAMES HADLEY, late 
 Professor in Yale College. Revised and in part Rewritten by 
 FREDERIC DE FOREST ALLEN, Professor in Harvard College. 
 Crown Svo. 6s. 
 
 Hodgson. MYTHOLOGY FOR LATIN VERSIFICATION. 
 A brief Sketch of the Fables of the Ancients, prepared to be 
 rendered into Latin Verse for Schools. By F. HODGSON, B.D., 
 late Provost of Eton. 'New Edition, revised by F. C. HODGSON, 
 M.A. i8mo. 3-r. 
 
 Jackson. FIRST STEPS TO GREEK PROSE COMPOSI- 
 TION. By BLOMFIELD JACKSON, M.A., Assistant-Master in 
 King's College School, London. New Edition, revised and 
 enlarged. i8rno. is. 6d. 
 
 KEY TO FIRST STEPS (for Teachers only). i8mo. $s. 6d. 
 
 SECOND STEPS TO GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION, with 
 Miscellaneous Idioms, Aids to Accentuation, and Examination 
 Papers in Greek Scholarship. iSrno. 2s. 6d. 
 
 KEY TO SECOND STEPS (for Teachers only). i8mo. 3*. 6d. 
 
 Kynaston. EXERCISES IN THE COMPOSITION OF 
 GREEK IAMBIC VERSE by Translations from English Dra- 
 matists. By Rev. H. KYNASTON, D.D., Principal of Cheltenham 
 College. With Introduction, Vocabulary, &c. New Edition, 
 revised and enlarged. Extra fcap. Svo. $s. 
 KEY TO THE SAME (for Teachers only). Extra fcap. Svo. 4*. 6<t. 
 
18 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Lupton. AN INTRODUCTION TO LATIN ELEGIAC 
 VERSE COMPOSITION. By J. H. LUPTON, M. A., Sur-Master 
 of St. Paul's School, and formerly Fellow of St. John's College, 
 Cambridge, zs. 6d. 
 
 LATIN RENDERING OF THE EXERCISES IN PART II. 
 (XXV.-C.). y.6ti. 
 
 Mackie. PARALLEL PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION 
 US TO GREEK AND ENGLISH. Carefully graduated for the 
 use of Colleges and Schools. With Indexes. By Rev. ELLIS C. 
 MACKIE, Classical Master at Heversham Grammar School. Globe 
 8vo. 4-r. 6J. 
 
 Macmillan. FIRST LATIN GRAMMAR. By M. c. MAC- 
 
 MILLAN, M.A., late Scholar of Christ's College, Cambridge; 
 sometime Assistant-Master in St. Paul's School. New Edition, 
 enlarged. Fcap. 8vo. is. 6d. A SHORT SYNTAX is in prepara- 
 tion to follow the ACCIDENCE. 
 
 Macmillan's Latin Course. FIRST PART. By A, M. 
 
 COOK, M.A., Assistant-Master at St. Paul's School. Globe 8vo. 
 2s. 6d. \* The Second Fart is in preparation 
 
 Macmillan's Shorter Latin Course. By A. M. COOK, 
 
 M.A., Assistant-Master at St. Paul's School. Being an "abridgment 
 of " Macmillan's Latin Course," First Year. Globe 8vo. is. 6d. 
 
 Marshall. A TABLE OF IRREGULAR GREEK VERBS, 
 
 classified according to the arrangement of Curtius's Greek Grammar. 
 By J. M. MARSHALL, M.A., Head Master of the Grammar 
 School, Durham. New Edition. 8vo. is. 
 
 Mayor (John E. B.) FIRST GREEK READER. Edited 
 
 after KARL HALM, with Corrections and large Additions by Pro- 
 fessor JOHN E. B. MAYOR, M.A., Fellow of St. John's College, 
 Cambridge. New Edition, revised. Fcap. Svo. 4*. 6d. 
 
 Mayor (Joseph B.) GREEK FOR BEGINNERS. By the 
 Rev. J. B. MAYOR, M.A., Professor of Classical Literature in 
 King's College, London. Part I., with Vocabulary, is. 6d. 
 Parts II. and III., with Vocabulary and Index, y. 6d. Complete 
 in one Vol. fcap. Svo. 4*. 6d. 
 
 Nixon. PARALLEL EXTRACTS, Arranged for Translation into 
 English and Latin, with Notes on Idioms. By J. E. NIXON, 
 M.A., Fellow and Classical Lecturer, King's College, Cambridge. 
 Part I. Historical and Epistolary. New Edition, revised and 
 enlarged. Crown Svo. 3-r. 6d. 
 
 PROSE EXTRACTS, Arranged for Translation into English and 
 Latin, with General and Special Prefaces on Style and Idiom. 
 I. Oratorical. II. Historical. III. Philosophical and Miscella- 
 neous. By the same Author. Crown Svo. y. 6d. 
 
CLASSICAL PUBLICATIONS. 19 
 
 Peile. A PRIMER OF PHILOLOGY. By J. PEILE, M.A., 
 Fellow and Tutor of Christ's College, Cambridge. i8mo. is. 
 
 Postgate and Vince. A DICTIONARY OF LATIN 
 
 ETYMOLOGY. By J. P. POSTGATE, M.A., and C. A. VINCE, 
 
 M.A. [In preparation. 
 
 PottS (A. W.) Works by ALEXANDER W. POTTS, M.A., 
 
 LL.D., late Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge; Head 
 
 Master of the Fettes College, Edinburgh. 
 
 HINTS TOWARDS LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. New 
 
 Edition. Extra fcap. 8vu. 35" 
 
 PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN PROSE. 
 Edited with Notes and References to the above. New Edition. 
 Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 LATIN VERSIONS OF PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION 
 
 INTO LATIN PROSE (for Teachers -only), zs. 6d. 
 Reid. A GRAMMAR OF TACITUS. By J. S. REID, M.L., 
 Fellow of Caius College, Cambridge. [In preparation. 
 
 A GRAMMAR OF VERGIL. By the same Author. 
 
 \In preparation 
 *+* Similar Grammars to other Classical Authors will probably follow 
 
 Roby. A GRAMMAR OF THE LATIN LANGUAGE, from 
 
 Plautus to Suetonius. By H. J- ROBY, M.A., late Fellow of St. 
 
 John's College, Cambridge. In Two Parts. Third Edition. 
 
 Part I. containing: Book I. Sounds. Book II. Inflexions. 
 
 Book III. Word-formation. Appendices. Crown 8vo. Ss. 6d. 
 
 Part II. Syntax, Prepositions, &c. Crown 8vo. los. 6d. 
 " Marked by the clear and practised insight of a master in his art. A book that 
 would do honour to any country." ATHEN^UM. 
 
 SCHOOL LATIN GRAMMAR. By the same Author. Crown 
 
 8vo. 5-r. 
 Rush. SYNTHETIC LATIN DELECTUS. A First Latin 
 
 Construing Book arranged on the Principles of Grammatical 
 
 Analysis. With Notes and Vocabulary. By E. RUSH, B.A. 
 
 With Preface by the Rev. W. F. MOULTON, M.A., D.D. New 
 
 and Enlarged Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 Rust FIRST STEPS TO LATIN PROSE COMPOSITION. 
 
 By the Rev. G. RUST, M.A., of Pembroke College, Oxford, 
 
 Master of the Lower School, King's College, London. New 
 
 Edition. i8mo. u. 6d. 
 KEY TO THE ABOVE. By W. M. YATES, Assistant-Master in 
 
 the High School, Sale. l8mo. 3s. 6d. 
 Rutherford. Works by the Rev. W. GUNION RUTHERFORD, 
 
 M.A., LL.D., Head-Master of Westminster School. 
 A FIRST GREEK GRAMMAR. New Edition, enlarged. Extra 
 
 fcap. 8vo. is. 6d. 
 
20 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Rutherford. Works by the Rev. W. G. RUTHERFORD, M.A., 
 
 (continued} 
 
 REX LEX. A Short Digest of the principal Relations between 
 
 Latin, Greek, and Anglo-Saxon Sounds. 8vo. [In preparation. 
 
 THE NEW PHRYNICHUS; being a Revised Text of the 
 
 Ecloga of the Grammarian Phrynichus. With Introduction and 
 
 Commentary. 8vo. iSs. 
 
 Simpson. LATIN PROSE AFTER THE BEST AUTHORS. 
 By F. P. SIMPSON, B.A., late Scholar of Balliol College, Oxford. 
 Part I. C^SARIAN PROSE. Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 KEY TO THE ABOVE, for Teachers only. Extra fcap. 8vo. 5*. 
 
 Thring. Works by the Rev. E. THRING, M.A., Head-Master of 
 
 Uppingharn School. 
 A LATIN GRADUAL. A First Latin Construing Book for 
 
 Beginners. New Edition, enlarged, with Coloured Sentence 
 
 Maps. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 A MANUAL OF MOOD CONSTRUCTIONS. Fcap. 8vo. is. 6d. 
 
 White. FIRST LESSONS IN GREEK. Adapted to GOOD- 
 WIN'S GREEK GRAMMAR, and designed as an introduction 
 to the ANABASIS OF XENOPHON. By JOHN WILLIAMS 
 WHITE, Ph.D., Assistant- Professor of Greek in Harvard Univer- 
 sity. Crown 8vo. 4*. 6d. 
 
 Wright. Works by J. WRIGHT, M.A., late Head Master of 
 
 Sutton Coldfield School. 
 A HELP TO LATIN GRAMMAR ; or, The Form and Use of 
 
 W 7 ords in Latin, with Progressive Exercises. Crown 8vo. 4*. 6d. 
 THE SEVEN KINGS OF ROME. An Easy Narrative, abridged 
 
 from the First Book of Livy by the omission of Difficult Passages ; 
 
 being a First Latin Reading Book, with Grammatical Notes and 
 
 Vocabulary. New and revised Edition. Fcap. 8vo. $s. 6d. 
 FIRST LATIN STEPS ; OR, AN INTRODUCTION BY A 
 
 SERIES OF EXAMPLES TO THE STUDY OF THE 
 
 LATIN LANGUAGE. Crown 8vo. 3*. 
 ATTIC PRIMER. Arranged for the Use of Beginners. Extra. 
 
 fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 A COMPLETE LATIN COURSE, comprising Rules with 
 
 Examples, Exercises, both Latin and English, on each Rule, and 
 
 Vocabularies. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Wright (H. C.) EXERCISES ON THE LATIN SYNTAX. 
 By Rev. H. C. WRIGHT, B.A., Assistant- Master at Haileybury. 
 College. i8mo, [/ preparation^ 
 
CLASSICAL PUBLICATIONS. 
 
 ANTIQUITIES, ANCIENT HISTORY, AND 
 PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 Arnold. Works by W. T. ARNOLD, M.A. 
 
 A HANDBOOK OF LATIN EPIGRAPHY. {In preparation. 
 THE ROMAN SYSTEM OF PROVINCIAL ADMINISTRA- 
 TION TO THE ACCESSION OF CONSTANTINE THE 
 GREAT. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Arnold (T.) THE SECOND PUNIC WAR. Being chapters of 
 
 THE HISTORY OF ROME. By the late THOMAS ARNOLD, 
 D.D., formerly Head Master of Rugby School, and Regius Professor 
 of Modern History in the University of Oxford. Edited, with Notes, 
 by W. T. ARNOLD, M.A. With 8 Maps. Crown 8vo. Bs. 6d. 
 
 Beesly. STORIES FROM THE HISTORY OF ROME. 
 By Mrs. BEESLY. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Classical Writers. Edited by JOHN RICHARD GREEN, M.A., 
 
 LL.D. Fcap. 8vo. is. 6d. each. 
 EURIPIDES. By Professor MAHAFFY. 
 MILTON. By the Rev. STOPFORD A. BROOKE, M.A. 
 LIVY. By the Rev. W. W. CAPES, M.A. 
 VIRGIL. By Professor NETTLESHIP, M.A. 
 SOPHOCLES. By Professor L. CAMPBELL, M.A. 
 DEMOSTHENES. By Professor S. H. BUTCHER, M.A. 
 TACITUS. By Professor A. J. CHURCH, M.A., and W. J. 
 
 BRODRIBB, M.A. 
 
 Freeman. HISTORY OF ROME. By EDWARD A. FREE- 
 MAN, D.C.L., LL.D., Hon. Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, 
 Regius Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford. 
 (Historical Course for Schools.) i8nio. [In preparation. 
 
 A SCHOOL HISTORY OF ROME. By the same Author. 
 Crown 8vo. [In preparation. 
 
 HISTORICAL ESSAYS. Second Series. [Greek and Roman 
 History.] By the same Author. 8vo. ics. 6d. 
 
 Geddes. THE PROBLEM OF THE HOMERIC POEMS. 
 
 By W. D. GEDDES, Principal of the University of Aberdeen. 
 
 8vo. 14^. 
 
 Gladstone. Works by the Rt. Hon. W. E. GLADSTONE, M.P. 
 THE TIME AND PLACE OF HOMER. Crown 8vo. 6*. 6d. 
 A PRIMER OF HOMER. i8mo. is. 
 
 Jackson. -A MANUAL OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY. By 
 
 HENRY JACKSON, M.A., Litt.D., Fellow and Prelector in Ancient 
 Philosophy, Trinity College, Cambridge. [In preparation. 
 
22 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Jebb. Works by R. C. JEBB, M.A., LL.D., Professor of Greek 
 in the University of Glasgow. 
 
 THE ATTIC ORATORS FROM ANTIPHON TO ISAEOS. 
 
 2 vols. SvO. 2$S. 
 
 SELECTIONS FROM THE ATTIC ORATORS, ANTIPHON, 
 ANDOKIDES, LYSIAS, ISOKRATES, AND ISAEOS. 
 Edited, with Notes. Being a companion volume to the preceding 
 work. 8vo. I2s. 6d. 
 
 A PRIMER OF GREEK LITERATURE. i8mo. is. 
 
 Kiepert. MANUAL OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY, Trans- 
 lated from the German of Dr. HEINRICH KIEPERT. Crown 8vo. 5-r. 
 
 Mahaffy. Works by J. P. MAI-IAPFY, M. A., Fellow and Professor 
 of Ancient History in Trinity College, Dublin, and Hon. Fellow 
 of Queen's College, Oxford. 
 
 SOCIAL LIFE IN GREECE; from Homer to Menander. 
 Fifth Edition, revised and enlarged. Crown 8vo. gs. 
 
 RAMBLES AND STUDIES IN GIvEliCE. With Illustrations. 
 Second Edition. With Map. Crown 8vo. los. 6J. 
 
 A PRIMER OF GREEK ANTIQUITIES. With Illustrations. 
 i8mo. is. 
 
 EURIPIDES. i8mo. is. 6d. (Classical Writers Series.) 
 
 Mayor (J. E. B.) BIBLIOGRAPHICAL CLUE TO LATIN 
 
 LITERATURE. Edited after HUBNER, with large Additions 
 by Professor JOHN E. B. MAYOR. Crown 8vo. IDS. 6d. 
 
 Newton. ESSAYS IN ART AND ARCHEOLOGY. By 
 
 C. T. NEWTON, C.B., D.C.L., Professor of Archaeology in 
 University College, London, and Keeper of Greek and Roman 
 Antiquities at the British Museum. 8vo. I2s. 6d. 
 
 Ramsay. A SCHOOL HISTORY OF ROME. By G. G. 
 RAMSAY, M.A., Professor of Humanity in the University of 
 Glasgow. With Maps. Crown 8vo. [/ preparation. 
 
 Sayce. THE ANCIENT EMPIRES OF THE EAST. By 
 
 A. H. SAYCE, Deputy-Professor of Comparative Philosophy, 
 Oxford, Hon. LL.D. Dublin. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Wilkins. A PRIMER OF ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. By 
 Professor WILKINS, M.A., LL.D. Illustrated. i8mo. is. 
 
MATHEMATICS. 23 
 
 MATHEMATICS. 
 
 (i) Arithmetic and Mensuration, (2) Algebra, 
 (3) Euclid and Elementary Geometry, (4) Trigo- 
 nometry, (5) Higher Mathematics. 
 
 ARITHMETIC AND MENSURATION. 
 
 Aldis. THE GREAT GIANT ARITHMOS. A most Elementary 
 Arithmetic for Childn n. By MARY STEADMAN ALDIS. With 
 Illustrations. Globe 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Brook- Smith (J.). ARITHMETIC IN THEORY AND 
 PRACTICE. By J. BROOK-SMITH, M.A., LL.B., St. John's 
 College, Cambridge ; Barrister-at-Law ; one of the Masters of 
 Cheltenham College. New Edition, revised. Crown 8vo. 4^. 6d. 
 
 Candler. HELP TO ARITHMETIC. Designed for the use of 
 Schools. By H. CANDLER, M.A., Mathematical Master of 
 Uppinghani School. Second Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Dalton. RULES AND EXAMPLES IN ARITHMETIC. By 
 the Rev. T. DALTON, M.A., Assistant-Master in Eton College. 
 New Edition. i8mo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 [Answers to the Examples are appended. 
 
 Lock. ARITHMETIC FOR SCHOOLS. By Rev. J. B. LOCK, 
 M.A., Senior Fellow, Assistant Tutor, and Lecturer of Caius 
 College, Cambridge, formerly Assistant-Master at Eton. With 
 Answers and 1000 additional Examples for Exercises. Globe 8vo. 
 4*. 6d. Or in Two Parts : Part I. Up to and including Practice, 
 with Answers. Globe 8vo. 2s. Part II. Wfth Answers and 
 looo additional Examples for Exercise. Globe 8vo. $s. 
 
 *^* The complete book and both parts can also be obtained without 
 answers at the same price, though in different binding. But the edition 
 with answers will always be supplied unless the other is specially asked for. 
 
 Pedley. EXERCISES IN ARITHMETIC for the Use of 
 
 Schools. Containing more than 7,000 original Examples. By 
 S. PEDLEY, late of Tamworth Grammar School. Crown 8vo. $s. 
 Also in Two Parts 2s. 6d. each. 
 
24 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Smith. Works by the Rev. BARNARD SMITH, M.A., late Rector 
 of Glaston, Rutland, and. Fellow and Senior Bursar of S. Peter's 
 College, Cambridge. 
 
 ARITHMETIC AND ALGEBRA, in their Principles and Appli- 
 cation ; with numerous systematically arranged Examples taken 
 from the Cambridge Examination Papers, with especial reference 
 to the Ordinary Examination for the B.A. Degree. New Edition, 
 carefully Revised. Crown 8vo. los. 6d. 
 
 ARITHMETIC FOR SCHOOLS. New Edition. Cr. Svo.js. 6d. 
 
 A KEY TO THE ARITHMETIC FOR SCHOOLS. New 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. 8.y. 6d. 
 
 EXERCISES IN ARITHMETIC. Crown Svo, limp cloth, 2s. 
 With Answers, 2s. 6d. Answers separately, 6d. 
 
 SCHOOL CLASS-BOOK OF ARITHMETIC. iSmo, cloth. 3*. 
 Or sold separately, in Three Parts, is. each. 
 
 KEYS TO SCHOOL CLASS-BOOK OF ARITHMETIC. 
 Parts I., II., and III., 2s. 6d. each. 
 
 SHILLING BOOK OF ARITHMETIC FOR NATIONAL 
 AND ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. iSmo, cloth. Or sepa- 
 rately, Part I. zd. ; Part II. -$d. ; Part III. *]d. Answers, 6d. 
 
 THE SAME, with Answers complete. 181110, cloth, is. 6d. 
 
 KEY TO SHILLING BOOK OF ARITHMETIC. iSmo. *s. &/. 
 
 EXAMINATION PAPERS IN ARITHMETIC. i8rno. is. 6d. 
 The same, with Answers, iSmo, 2s. Answers, 6d. 
 
 KEY TO EXAMINATION PAPERS IN ARITHMETIC. 
 iSmo. 4*. 6d. 
 
 THE METRIC SYSTEM OF ARITHMETIC, ITS PRIN- 
 CIPLES AND APPLICATIONS, with numerous Example--, 
 written expressly for Standard V. in National Schools. New 
 Edition. i8mo, cloth, sewed, "^d. 
 
 A CHART OF THE METRIC SYSTEM, on a Sheet, size 42 in. 
 by 34 in. on Roller, mounted and varnished. New Edition. 
 Price 3-r. 6d. 
 
 Also a Small Chart on a Card, price id. 
 
 EASY LESSONS IN ARITHMETIC, combining Exercises in 
 Reading, Writing, Spelling, and Dictation. Part I. for Standard 
 I. in National Schools. Crown Svo. gd. 
 EXAMINATION CARDS IN ARITHMETIC. (Dedicated to 
 
 Lord Sandon.) With Answers and Hints. 
 Standards I. and II. in box, is. Standards III., IV., and V., in 
 
 boxes, is. each. Standard VI. in Two Parts, in boxes, is. each. 
 A and B papers, of nearly the same difficulty, are given so as to 
 prevent copying, and the colours of the A and B papers differ in each 
 Standard, and from those of every other Standard, so that a master 
 or mistress can see at a glance whether the children have the proper 
 papers. 
 
MATHEMATICS. 25 
 
 Todhunter. MENSURATION FOR BEGINNERS. By I. 
 TODHUNTER, M.A., F.R.S., D.Sc., late of St. John's College, 
 Cambridge. With Examples. New Edition. iSmo. 2s.6d. 
 KEY TO MENSURATION FOR BEGINNERS. By the Rev. 
 FR. LAWRENCE MCCARTHY, Professor of Mathematics in St. 
 Peter's College, Agra. Crown 870. *js. 6d. 
 
 ALGEBRA. 
 
 Dalton. RULES AND EXAMPLES IN ALGEBRA. By the 
 Rev. T. DALTON, M.A., Assistant-Master of Eton College. 
 Part I. New PLditton. i8mo. 2s. Part II. iSmo. 2s. 6d. 
 %* A Key to Part 1. for Teachers only, >js. 6d. 
 
 Jones and Cheyne. ALGEBRAICAL EXERCISES. Pro- 
 gressively Arranged. By the Rev. C. A. JONES, M.A., and C. 
 H. CHEYNE, M.A., F.R.A.S., Mathematical Masters of West- 
 minster School. New Edition. iSmo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Hall and Knight. ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA FOR 
 
 SCHOOLS. By H. S. HALL, M.A., formerly Scholar of Christ's 
 College, Cambridge, Master of the Military and Engineering Side, 
 Clifton College; and S. R. KNIGHT, B.A., formerly Scholar of 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, late Assistant-Master at Marlborough 
 College. Second Edition, Revised and Corrected. Globe 8vo, 
 bound in maroon coloured cloth, 3.5-. 6d. ; with Answers, bound in 
 green coloured cloth, 45. 6d. 
 
 ALGEBRAICAL EXERCISES AND EXAMINATION PAPERS. 
 To accompany ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA. By the same 
 Authors. Globe 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 HIGHER ALGEBRA. A Sequel to "ELEMENTARY 
 ALGEBRA FOR SCHOOLS." By the same Authors. 
 Crown 8vo. [In preparation. 
 
 Smith (Barnard). ARITHMETIC AND ALGEBRA, in their 
 Principles and Application ; with numerous systematically arranged 
 Examples taken from the Cambridge Examination Papers, with 
 especial reference to the Ordinary Examination for the B. A. Degree. 
 By the Rev. BARNARD SMITH, M. A., late Rector of Glaston, Rut- 
 land, and Fellow and Senior Bursar of St. Peter's College, Cam- 
 bridge. New Edition, carefully Revised. Crown 8vo. icxr. 6d. 
 
 Smith (Charles). Works by CHARLES SMITH, M.A., Fellow 
 
 and Tutor of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. 
 ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA. Globe 8vo. ^s.6d. 
 
 In this work the author has endeavoured to explain the principles of Algebra in as 
 simple a manner as possible for the benefit of beginners, bestowing great care upon 
 the explanations and proofs of the fundamental operations and rules. 
 
 ALGEBRA FOR SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. [In the press. 
 
26 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Todhunter. Works by I. TODHUNTER, M.A., F.R.S., D.Sc., 
 
 late of St. John's College, Cambridge. 
 
 IC Mr. Todhunter is chiefly known to Students of Mathematics as the author of a 
 
 series ol admirable mathematical text-books, which possess the rare qualities of being 
 
 clear in style and absolutely free from mistakes, typographical or other." SATURDAY 
 
 REVIEW. 
 
 ALGEBRA FOR BEGINNERS. With numerous Examples. 
 
 New Edition. i8mo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 KEY TO ALGEBRA FOR BEGINNERS. Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d. 
 ALGEBRA. For the Use of Colleges and Schools. New Edition. 
 
 Crown 8vo. "js. 6d, 
 
 KEY TO ALGEBRA FOR THE USE OF COLLEGES AND 
 SCHOOLS. Crown 8vo. lew. 6d. 
 
 EUCLID, & ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY. 
 
 Constable. GEOMETRICAL EXERCISES FOR BE- 
 GINNERS. By SAMUEL CONSTABLE. Crown 8vo. 3^. 6d. 
 
 Cuthbertson. EUCLIDIAN GEOMETRY. By FRANCIS 
 CUTHBERTSON, M.A., LL.D., Head Mathematical Master of the 
 City of London School. Extra fcap. 8vo. 4^. 6d. 
 
 Dodgson. Works by CHARLES L. DODGSON, M.A., Student and 
 
 late Mathematical Lecturer of Christ Church, Oxford. 
 EUCLID. BOOKS I. AND II. Fourth Edition, with words sub- 
 stituted for the Algebraical Symbols used in the First Edition. 
 Crown 8vo. 2s. 
 %* The text of this Edition has been ascertained, by counting the words, to be 
 
 less than five-sevenths of that contained in the ordinary editions. 
 
 EUCLID AND HIS MODERN RIVALS. Second Edition. 
 Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Eagles. CONSTRUCTIVE GEOMETRY OF PLANE 
 CURVES. By T. H. EAGLES, M.A., Instructor in Geometrical 
 Drawing, and Lecturer in Architecture at the Royal Indian En- 
 gineering College, Cooper's Hill. With numerous Examples. 
 Crown 8vo. 12s. 
 
 Hall and Stevens. A TEXT BOOK OF EUCLID'S 
 
 ELEMENTS. Including alternative Proofs, together with additional 
 Theorems and Exercises, classified and arranged. By H. S. 
 HALL, M.A., and F. H. STEVENS, M.A., Assistant-Masters in 
 Clifton College. Globe 8vo. 
 
 * K * Part /., containing Books /. and II. , will be published before the end 
 of the year. Price 2s. 
 
 Halsted. THE ELEMENTS OF GEOMETRY. By GEORGE 
 
 BRUCE HALSTED, Professor of Pure and Applied Mathematics 
 in the University of Texas. 8vo. 12s. 6d. 
 
MATHEMATICS. 
 
 Kitchener. A GEOMETRICAL NOTE-BOOK, containing 
 Easy Problems in Geometrical Drawing preparatory to the Study 
 of Geometry. For the Use of Schools. By F. E. KITCHENER, 
 M.A., Head-Master of the Grammar School, Newcastle, Stafford- 
 shire. New Edition. 4to. 2s. 
 
 Mault. NATURAL GEOMETRY: an Introduction to the 
 Logical Study of Mathematics. For Schools and Technical 
 Classes. With Explanatory Models, based upon the Tachy- 
 metrical works of Ed. Lagout. By A. MAULT. i8mo. is. 
 Models to Illustrate the above, in Box, I2s. 6d. 
 
 Snowball. THE ELEMENTS OF PLANE AND SPHERI- 
 CAL TRIGONOMETRY,, By J. C. SNOWBALL, M.A. Four- 
 teeenth Edition. Crown 8vo. Js. 6d. 
 
 Syllabus of Plane Geometry (corresponding to Euclid, 
 
 Books I. VI.). Prepared by the Association for the Improve- 
 ment of Geometrical Teaching. New Edition. Crown 8vo. is. 
 
 Todhunter. THE ELEMENTS OF EUCLID. For the Use 
 
 of Colleges and Schools. By I. TODHUNTER, M.A., F.R.S., D.Sc., 
 of St. John's College, Cambridge. New Edition. i8mo. $s 6d. 
 KEY TO EXERCISES IN EUCLID. Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d. 
 Wilson (J. M.). ELEMENTARY GEOMETRY. BOOKS 
 I. V. Containing the Subjects of Euclid's first Six Books. Fol- 
 lowing the Syllabus of the Geometrical Association. By the Rev. 
 J. M. WILSON, M.A., Head Master of Clifton College. New 
 Edition. Extra fcap. Svo. 4*. 6d. 
 
 TRIGONOMETRY. 
 
 Beasley. AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON PLANE 
 
 TRIGONOMETRY. With Examples. By R. D. BEASLEY, 
 M.A. Ninth Edition, revised and enlarged. Crown 8vo. 3^. 6d. 
 
 Lock. Works by Rev. J. B. LOCK, M. A., Senior Fellow, Assistant 
 
 Tutor and Lecturer in Mathematics, of Gonville and Caius College, 
 
 Cambridge ; late Assistant-Master at Eton. 
 TRIGONOMETRY FOR BEGINNERS, as far as the Solution of 
 
 Triangles. Globe Svo. 2s. 6d. 
 ELEMENTARY TRIGONOMETRY. Fourth Edition (in this 
 
 edition the chapter on logarithms has been carefully revised). 
 
 Globe Svo. 4j. 6d. 
 
 Mr. E. J. ROUTH writes: "It is an able treatise. It takes the difficulties of the 
 subject one at a time, and so leads the young student easily along." 
 
 HIGHER TRIGONOMETRY. Globe Svo. 4*. 6d. 
 Bo6h Parts complete in One Volume. Globe Svo. *js. 6d. 
 (See also under Arithmetic.) 
 
28 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 M'Clelland and Preston._A TREATISE ON SPHERICAL 
 TRIGONOMETRY. With numerous Examples. By WILLIAM 
 J. M'CLELLAND, Sch.B.A., Principal of the Incorporated Society's 
 School, Santry, Dublin, arid THOMAS PRESTON, Sch.B.A. In 
 Two Parts. Crown 8vo. Part I. To the End of Solution of 
 Triangles, qs. 6d. Part II., 55-. 
 
 Todhunter. Works by I. TODHUNTER, M.A., F.R.S., D.Sc., 
 late of St. John's College, Cambridge. 
 
 TRIGONOMETRY FOR BEGINNERS. With numerous 
 Examples. New Edition. i8mo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 KEY TO TRIGONOMETRY FOR BEGINNERS. Crown 8vo. 
 Ss. 6d. 
 
 PLANE TRIGONOMETRY. For Schools and Colleges. New 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. $s. 
 
 KEY TO PLANE TRIGONOMETRY. Crown 8vo. los. 6d. 
 
 A TREATISE ON SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY. New 
 Edition, enlarged. Crown 8vo. 4?. 6d. 
 
 (See also under Arithmetic and Mensuration, Algebra, and Higher 
 Mathematics.} 
 
 HIGHER MATHEMATICS. 
 
 Airy. Worksby SirG.B. AIRY, K.C.B., formerly Astronomer- Royal. 
 
 ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL 
 EQUATIONS. Designed for the Use of Students in the Univer- 
 sities. With Diagrams. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. $s. 6d. 
 
 ON THE ALGEBRAICAL AND NUMERICAL THEORY 
 OF ERRORS OF OBSERVATIONS AND THE COMBI- 
 NATION OF OBSERVATIONS. Second Edition, revised. 
 Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d. 
 
 Alexander (T.). ELEMENTARY APPLIED MECHANICS. 
 Being the simpler and more practical Cases of Stress and Strain 
 wrought out individually from first principles by means of Elemen- 
 tary Mathematics. By T. ALEXANDER, C.E., Professor of Civil 
 Engineering in tha Imperial College of Engineering, Tokei, 
 Japan. Part I. Crown 8vo. 4^. 6d. 
 
 Alexander and Thomson. ELEMENTARY APPLIED 
 MECHANICS. By THOMAS ALEXANDER, C.E., Professor of 
 Engineering in the Imperial College of Engineering, Tokei, Japan ; 
 and ARTHUR WATSON THOMSON, C.E., B.Sc., Professor of 
 Engineering at the Royal College, Cirencester. Part II. TRANS- 
 VERSE STRESS. Crown 8vo. los. 6d. 
 
 Boole. THE CALCULUS OF FINITE DIFFERENCE. 
 By G. BOOLE, D.C.I-., F.R.S., late Professor of Mathematics in 
 the Queen's University, Ireland. Third Edition, revised by 
 T. F. MOULTON. Crown 8vo. los. 6d. 
 
MATHEMATICS. 29 
 
 Cambridge Senate-House Problems and Riders, 
 with Solutions : 
 
 1875 PROBLEMS AND RIDERS. By A. G. GREENHILL, 
 M.A. Crown 8vo. Ss. 6d. 
 
 1878 SOLUTIONS OF SENATE-HOUSE PROBLEMS. By 
 the Mathematical Moderators and Examiners. Edited by J. W. L. 
 GLAISHER, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. 12s. 
 Carll. A TREATISE ON THE CALCULUS OF VARIA- 
 TIONS. Arranged with the purpose of Introducing, as well as 
 Illustrating, its Principles to the Reader by means of Problems, 
 and Designed to present in all Important Particulars a Complete 
 View of the Present State of the Science. By LEWIS BUFFETT 
 CARLL, A. M. Demy 8vo. 2is. 
 
 Cheyne. AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON THE PLAN- 
 
 ETARY THEORY. By C. H. H. CHEYNE, M.A., F.R.A.S. 
 With a Collection of Problems. Third Edition. Edited by Rev. 
 A. FREEMAN, M.A., F.R.A.S. Crown 8vo. 7^. 6d. 
 
 Christie. A COLLECTION OF ELEMENTARY TEST- 
 QUESTIONS IN PURE AND MIXED MATHEMATICS ; 
 with Answers and Appendices on Synthetic Division, and on the 
 Solution of Numerical Equations by Horner's Method. By JAMES 
 R. CHRISTIE, F.R.S., Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. 
 Crown 8vo. 8j. 6d. 
 
 Clausius. MECHANICAL THEORY OF HEAT. By R. 
 CLAUSIUS. Translated by WALTER R. BROWNE, M.A., late 
 Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Crown 8vo. los. 6d. 
 
 Clifford. THE ELEMENTS OF DYNAMIC. An Introduction 
 to the Study of Motion and Rest in Solid and Fluid Bodies. By W. 
 K. CLIFFORD, F.R.S., late Professor of Applied Mathematics and 
 Mechanics at University College, London. Part I. KINEMATIC. 
 Crown 8vo. *js. 6d. 
 
 Cockshott and Walters. A TREATISE ON GEOMETRI- 
 CAL CONIC SECTIONS. By ARTHUR COCKSHOTT, M.A., 
 Assistant-Master at Eton, and F. B. WALTERS, M.A., Principal 
 of King William's College, Isle of Man. Crown 8vo. 
 
 [/ preparation. 
 
 Cotterill. APPLIED MECHANICS : an Elementary General 
 Introduction to the Theory of Structures and Machines. By 
 JAMES H. COTTERILL, F.R.S., Associate Member of the Council 
 of the Institution of Naval Architects, Associate Member of the 
 Institution of Civil Engineers, Professor of Applied Mechanics in 
 the Royal Naval College, Greenwich. Medium 8vo. i8s. 
 
 Pay (R. E.) ELECTRIC LIGHT ARITHMETIC. By R. E. 
 
 DAY, M.A., Evening Lecturer in Experimental Physics at King's 
 College, London. Pott 8vo. 2s. 
 
30 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Drew. GEOMETRICAL TREATISE ON CONIC SECTIONS. 
 By W. H. DREW, M.A., St. John's College, Cambridge. New 
 Edition, enlarged. Crown 8vo. 5^. 
 
 Dyer. EXERCISES IN ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY. Com- 
 piled and arranged by J. M. DYER, M.A., Senior Mathematical 
 Master in the Classical Department of Cheltenham College. With 
 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 45-. 6d. 
 
 Eagles. CONSTRUCTIVE GEOMETRY OF PLANE 
 CURVES. ByT. H. EAGLES, M.A., Instructor in Geometrical 
 Drawing, and Lecturer in Architecture at the Royal Indian En- 
 gineering College, Cooper's Hill. With numerous Examples. 
 Crown 8vo. I2s. 
 
 Edgar (J. H.) and Pritchard (G. S.). NOTE-BOOK ON 
 PRACTICAL SOLID OR DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY. 
 Containing Problems with help for Solutions. By J. H, EDGAR, 
 M.A., Lecturer on Mechanical Drawing at the Royal School of 
 Mines, and G. S. PRITCHARD. Fourth Edition, revised by 
 ARTHUR MEEZE. Globe 8vo. 4*. 6ct. 
 
 Edwards. AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON THE DIF- 
 FERENTIAL CALCULUS. With Applications and numerous 
 Examples. By JOSEPH EDWARDS, M.A., formerly Fellow of 
 Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. Crown 8vo, [/ the press. 
 
 Ferrers. Works by the Rev. N. M. FERRERS, M.A., Master of 
 
 Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. 
 
 AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON TRILINEAR CO- 
 ORDINATES, the Method of Reciprocal Polars, and the Theory 
 of Projectors. New Edition, revised. Crown 8vo. 6s. 6J. 
 AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON SPHERICAL HAR- 
 MONICS, AND SUBJECTS CONNECTED WITH 
 THEM. Crown 8vo. 7*. 6d. 
 
 Forsyth, A TREATISE ON DIFFERENTIAL EQUA- 
 TIONS. By ANDREW RUSSELL FORSYTH, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow 
 and Assistant Tutor of Trinity College, Cambridge. 8vo. 14^. 
 Frost, Works by PERCIVAL FROST, M.A., D,Sc., formerly Fellow 
 of St. John's College, Cambridge ; Mathematical Lecturer at 
 King's College. 
 AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON CURVE TRACING. By 
 
 PERCIVAL FROST, M. A. Svo. 12, 
 SOLID GEOMETRY. Third Edition. Demy Svo. i6s. 
 
 Greaves. A TREATISE ON ELEMENTARY STATICS. By 
 
 JOHN GREAVES, M.A., Fellow and Mathematical Lecturer of 
 Christ's College, Cambridge. Crown Svo. 6s. 6J. 
 
MATHEMATICS. 
 
 Greenhill. DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CAL- 
 CULUS. With Applications. By A. G. GREENHILL, M.A., 
 Professor of Mathematics to the Senior Class of Artillery Officers, 
 Woolwich, and Examiner in Mathematics to the University of 
 London. Crown 8vo. Js. 6d. 
 
 Hemming. AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON THE 
 
 DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS, for the 
 Use of Colleges and Schools. By G. W. HEMMING, M.A., 
 Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. Second Edition, with 
 Corrections and Additions. 8vo. <)s. 
 
 Ibbetson. THE MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF PER- 
 
 FECTLY ELASTIC SOLIDS, with a short account of Viscous 
 
 Fluids. An Elementary Treatise. By WILLIAM JOHN IBBETSON, 
 
 B.A., F.R.A.S., Senior Scholar of Clare College, Cambridge. 
 
 8vo. [In the press. 
 
 Jellet (John H.). A TREATISE ON THE THEORY OF 
 
 FRICTION. By JOHN H. JELLET, B.D., Provost of Trinity 
 
 College, Dublin ; President of the Royal Irish Academy. 8vo. 
 
 Ss. 6d. 
 Johnson. Works by WILLIAM WOOLSEY JOHNSON, Professor of 
 
 Mathematics at the U.S. Naval Academy, Annopolis, Maryland. 
 INTEGRAL CALCULUS, an Elementary Treatise on the; 
 
 Founded on the Method of Rates or Fluxions. Demy 8vo. Ss. 
 CURVE TRACING IN CARTESIAN CO-ORDINATES. 
 
 Crown 8vo. qs. 6d. 
 
 Kelland and Tait. INTRODUCTION TO QUATER- 
 NIONS, with numerous examples. By P. KELLAND, M.A., 
 F.R.S., and P. G. TAIT, M.A., Profe.ssors in the Department of 
 Mathematics in the University of Edinburgh. Second Edition. 
 Crown 8vo. 'js. 6d. 
 
 Kempe. HOW TO DRAW A STRAIGHT LINE : a Lecture 
 on Linkages. By A. B. KEMPE. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 
 is. 6d. (Nattire Series.} 
 
 Kennedy. THE MECHANICS OF MACHINERY. By A. 
 
 B. W. KENNEDY, M.Inst.C.E., Professor of Engineering and 
 Mechanical Technology in University College, London. With 
 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. [Nearly ready. 
 
 Knox. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS FOR BEGINNERS. 
 By ALEXANDER KNOX. Fcap. 8vo. 3*. 6d. 
 
 Lock. DYNAMICS FOR BEGINNERS. By the Rev. J. B. 
 LOCK, M.A., Author of "Trigonometry," "Arithmetic for 
 Schools," &c. Globe 8vo. [/ the press. 
 
 Lupton. CHEMICAL ARITHMETIC. With 1,200 Examples. 
 By SYDNEY LUPTON, M.A., F.C.S., F.I.C., formerly Assistant 
 Master in Harrow School. Second Edition. Fcap. Svo. 4*. 6d. 
 
32 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Macfarlane, PHYSICAL ARITHMETIC. By ALEXANDER 
 MACFARLANE, M. A., D.Sc., F.R.S.E., Examiner in Mathematics 
 to the University of Edinburgh. Crown Svo. 7-y. 6d. 
 
 MacGregOr. KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS. An Ele- 
 mentary Treatise. By J. G. MACGREGOR, Professor of Mathe- 
 matics in Dalhousie College, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Crown Svo. 
 
 [In the press. 
 
 Merriman. A TEXT BOOK OF THE METHOD OF LEAST 
 SQUARES. By MANSFIELD MERRIMAN, Professor of Civil 
 Engineering at Lehigh University, Member of the American 
 Philosophical Society, American Association for the Advancement 
 of Science, &c. Demy Svo. 8^. 6d. 
 
 Millar. ELEMENTS OF DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY. BY 
 
 J. B. MILLAR, C.E., Assistant Lecturer in Engineering in Owens 
 College, Manchester. Crown Svo. 6s. 
 
 Milne. WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. With Notes intended 
 for the use of students preparing for Mathematical Scholarships, 
 and for the Junior Members of the Universities who are reading 
 for Mathematical Honours. By the Rev. JOHN J. MILNE, M.A., 
 late Second Master of Heversham Grammar School. Pott Svo. 
 4J. 6d. 
 
 SOLUTIONS TO WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS. By the 
 
 same Author. Crown Svo. los. 6d. 
 
 COMPANION TO "WEEKLY PROBLEM PAPERS." By 
 the same Author. Crown Svo. [/ the press. 
 
 Muir. A TREATISE ON THE THEORY OF DETERMI- 
 NANTS. With graduated sets of Examples. For use in 
 Colleges and Schools. By THOS. MUIR, M.A., F.R.S.E., 
 Mathematical Master in the High School of Glasgow. Crown 
 Svo. 7-r. 6d. 
 
 Parkinson. AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON ME- 
 CHANICS. For the Use of the Junior Classes at the University 
 and the Higher Classes in Schools. By S. PARKINSON, D.D., 
 F.R.S., Tutor and Frselector of St. John's College, Cambridge. 
 With a Collection of Examples. Sixth Edition, revised. Crown 
 Svo. gs. 6d. 
 
 Pirie. LESSONS ON RIGID DYNAMICS. By the Rev. G. 
 PIRIE, M.A., late Fellow and Tutor of Queen's College, Cam- 
 bridge ; Professor of Mathematics in the University of Aberdeen. 
 Crown Svo. 6s. 
 
 Puckle. AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON CONIC SEC- 
 TIONS AND ALGEBRAIC GEOMETRY. With Numerous 
 Examples and Hints for their Solution ; especially designed for the 
 Use of Beginners. By G. H. PUCKLE, M.A. Fifth Edition, 
 revised and enlarged. Crown Svo. 7*. 6c 
 
MATHEMATICS. 33 
 
 Reuleaux. THE KINEMATICS OF MACHINERY. Out- 
 lines of a Theory of Machines. By Professor F. REULEAUX. 
 Translated and Edited by Professor A. B. W. KENNEDY, C.E. 
 With 450 Illustrations. Medium 8vo. 2is. 
 
 Rice and Johnson DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS, an 
 
 Elementary Treatise on the ; Founded on the Method of Rates or 
 Fluxions. By JOHN MINOT RICE, Professor of Mathematics in 
 the United States Navy, and WILLIAM WOOLSEY JOHNSON, Pro- 
 fessor of Mathematics at the United States Naval Academy. 
 Third Edition, Revised and Corrected. Demy 8vo. ids. 
 Abridged Edition, Ss. 
 
 Robinson. TREATISE ON MARINE SURVEYING. Pre- 
 pared for the use of younger Naval Officers. With Questions for 
 Examinations and Exercises principally from the Papers of the 
 Royal Naval College. With the results. By Rev. JOHN L. 
 ROBINSON, Chaplain and Instructor in the Royal Naval College, 
 Greenwich. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. >js. 6d. 
 CONTENTS. Symbols used in Charts and Surveying The Construction and Use 
 of Scales Laying off Angles Fixing Positions by Angles Charts and Chart- 
 Drawing Instruments and Observing Base Lines Triangulation Levelling 
 Tides and Tidal Observations Soundings Chronometers Meridian Distances 
 Method of Plotting a Survey Miscellaneous Exercises Index. 
 
 Routh. Works by EDWARD JOHN ROUTH, D.Sc., LL.D., 
 
 F.R.S., Fellow of the University of London, Hon. Fellow of St. 
 
 Peter's College, Cambridge. 
 A TREATISE ON THE DYNAMICS OF THE SYSTEM OF 
 
 RIGID BODIES. With numerous Example?. Fourth and 
 
 enlarged Edition. Two Vols. 8vo. Vol. I. Elementary Parts. 
 
 14^. Vol. II. The Advanced Parts. 14^. 
 STABILITY OF A GIVEN STATE OF MOTION, PAR- 
 
 TICULARLY STEADY MOTION. Adams' Prize Essay for 
 
 1877. 8vo. 8s. 6d. 
 
 Smith (C.). Works by CHARLES SMITH, M.A., Fellow and 
 
 Tutor of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. 
 CONIC SECTIONS. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. 7*. 6d. 
 AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON SOLID GEOMETRY. 
 Second Edition. Crown 8vo. gs. 6d. (See also under Algebra.} 
 
 Tait and Steele. A TREATISE ON DYNAMICS OF A 
 
 PARTICLE. With numerous Examples. By Professor TAIT 
 and Mr. STEELE. Fifth Edition, revised. Crown Svo. 12s. 
 
 Thomson. A TREATISE ON THE MOTION OF VORTEX 
 
 RINGS. An Essay to which the Adams Prize was adjudged in 
 1882 in the University of Cambridge. By J. J. THOMSON, Fellow 
 of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Professor of Experimental 
 Physics in the University. With Diagrams. Svo. 6s. 
 
34 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Todhunter. Works by I. TODHUNTER, M.A., F.R.S., D.Sc., 
 
 late of St. John's College, Cambridge. 
 
 " Mr. Todhunter is chiefly known to students of Mathematics as the author of a 
 
 series of admirable mathematical text-books, which possess the rare qualities of being 
 
 clear in style and absolutely free from mistakes, typographical and other." 
 
 SATURDAY REVIEW. 
 
 MECHANICS FOR BEGINNERS. With numerous Examples. 
 
 New Edition. i8mo. 4*. 6d. 
 
 KEY TO MECHANICS FOR BEGINNERS. Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d. 
 AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON THE THEORY OF 
 
 EQUATIONS. New Edition, revised. Crown 8vo. 7*. 6d. 
 PLANE CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY, as applied to the Straight 
 
 Line and the Conic Sections. With numerous Examples. New 
 
 Edition, revised and enlarged. Crown 8vo. 7,$-. 6d. 
 A TREATISE ON THE DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS. With 
 
 numerous Examples. New Edition. Crown 8vo. los. 6d. 
 A TREATISE ON THE INTEGRAL CALCULUS AND ITS 
 
 APPLICATIONS. With numerous Examples. New Edition, 
 
 revised and enlarged. Crown 8vo. TOJ. 6d. 
 EXAMPLES OF ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY OF THREE 
 
 DIMENSIONS. New Edition, revised. Crown 8vo. 4*. 
 A HISTORY OF THE MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF 
 
 PROBABILITY, from the time of Pascal to that of Laplace. 
 
 8vo. iSs. 
 A HISTORY OF THE MATHEMATICAL THEORIES OF 
 
 ATTRACTION, AND THE FIGURE OF THE EARTH, 
 
 from the time of Newton to that of Laplace. 2 vols. 8vo. 24^. 
 AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON LAPLACE'S, LAME'S, 
 
 AND BESSEL'S FUNCTIONS. Crown 8vo. ior. 6d. 
 (See also under Arithmetic and Mensuration, Algebra, and Trigonometry. ) 
 
 Wilson (J. M.). SOLID GEOMETRY AND CONIC SEC- 
 TIONS. With Appendices on Transversals and Harmonic Division. 
 For the Use of Schools. By Rev. J. M. WILSON, M.A. Head 
 Master of Clifton College. New Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo. 3J. 6d. 
 
 Woolwich Mathematical Papers, for Admission into 
 
 the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, 1880 1884 inclusive. 
 Crown 8vo. 3*. 6d. 
 
 Wolstenholme. MATHEMATICAL PROBLEMS, on Sub- 
 jects included in the First and Second Divisions of the Schedule of 
 subjects for the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos Examination. 
 Devised and arranged by JOSEPH WOLSTENHOLME, D.Sc., late 
 Fellow of Christ's College, sometime Fellow of St. John's College, 
 and Professor of Mathematics in the Royal Indian Engineering 
 Colleee. New Edition, greatly enlarged. 8vo. i8j. 
 EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE IN THE USE OF SEVEN 
 FIGURE LOGARITHMS. By the same Author. [In preparation. 
 
SCIENCE. 35 
 
 SCIENCE. 
 
 (T) Natural Philosophy, (2) Astronomy, (3) 
 Chemistry, (4) Biology, (5) Medicine, (6) Anthro- 
 pology, (7) Physical Geography and Geology, (8) 
 Agriculture, (9) Political Economy, (10) Mental 
 and Moral Philosophy. 
 
 NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 Airy. Works by Sir G. B. AIRY, K.C.B., formerly Astronomer- 
 Royal. 
 
 ON SOUND AND ATMOSPHERIC VIBRATIONS. With 
 the Mathematical Elements of Music. Designed for the Use of 
 Students in the University. Second Edition, revised and enlarged. 
 Crown 8vo 95 
 
 A TREATISE ON MAGNETISM. Designed for the Use of 
 Students in the University. Crown 8vo. Qr. 6d. 
 
 GRAVITATION: an Elementary Explanation of the Principal 
 Perturbations in the Solar System. Second Edition, Crown 8vo. 
 is. 6d. 
 
 Alexander (T.). ELEMENTARY APPLIED MECHANICS. 
 Being the simpler and more practical Cases of Stress and Strain 
 wrought out individually from first principles by means of Ele- 
 mentary Mathematics. By T. ALEXANDER, C.E., Professor of 
 Civil Engineering in the Imperial College of Engineering, Tokei, 
 Japan. Crown 8vo. Part I. $s. 6d. 
 
 Alexander Thomson. ELEMENTARY APPLIED 
 MECHANICS. By THOMAS ALEXANDER, C.E., Professor of 
 Engineering in the Imperial College of Engineering, Tokei, Japan : 
 and ARTHUR WATSON THOMSON, C.K, B.Sc., Professor of 
 Engineering at the Royal College, Cirencester. Part II. TRANS- 
 VERSE STRESS ; upwards of 150 Diagrams, and 200 Examples 
 carefully worked out ; new and complete method for finding, at 
 every point of a beam, the amount of the greatest bending 
 moment and shearing force during the transit of any set of leads 
 fixed relatively to one another e.g., the wheels of a locomotive ; 
 continuous beams, &c., &c. Crown 8vo. lew. 6d. 
 
 Ball (R. S.). EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS. A Course of 
 Lectures delivered at the Royal College of Science for Ireland. 
 By Sir R. S. BALL, M.A., Astronomer Royal for Ireland. 
 Cheaper Issue. Royal 8vo. los. 6d. 
 
 d 2 
 
36 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Chisholm. THE SCIENCE OF WEIGHING AND 
 
 MEASURING, AND THE STANDARDS OF MEASURE 
 AND WEIGHT. By H.W. CHISHOLM, Ward en of the Standards. 
 With numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 4^. 6d. (Nature Series). 
 
 Clausius. MECHANICAL THEORY OF HEAT. By R. 
 CLAUSIUS. Translated by WALTER R. BROWNE, M.A., late 
 Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Crown 8vo. los. 6d. 
 
 Cotterill. APPLIED MECHANICS : an Elementary General 
 Introduction to the Theory of Structures and Machines. By 
 JAMES H. COTTERILL, F.R.S., Associate Member of the Council 
 of the Institution of Naval Architects, Associate Member of the 
 Institution of Civil Engineers, Professor of Applied Mechanics in 
 the Royal Naval College, Greenwich. Medium 8vo. i8j. 
 
 Gumming. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE THEORY OF 
 ELECTRICITY. By LINNAEUS GUMMING, M.A., one of the 
 Masters of Rugby School. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 
 8j. 6d. 
 
 Daniell. A TEXT-BOOK OF THE PRINCIPLES OF 
 PHYSICS. By ALFRED DANIELL, M.A., LL.B., D.Sc., 
 F.R.S.E., late Lecturer on Physics in the School of Medicine, 
 Edinburgh. With Illustrations. Second Edition. Revised and 
 Enlarged. Medium 8vo. 2ix. 
 
 Day. ELECTRIC LIGHT ARITHMETIC. By R. E. DAY, 
 M.A., Evening Lecturer in Experimental Physics at King's 
 College, London. Pott 8vo. 2s. 
 
 Everett. UNITS AND PHYSICAL CONSTANTS. By j. D. 
 
 EVERETT, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., Professor of 
 Natural Philosophy, Queen's College, Belfast. Second Edition. 
 Extra fcap. 8vo. 5-r. 
 
 Gray ABSOLUTE MEASUREMENTS IN ELECTRICITY 
 AND MAGNETISM. By ANDREW GRAY, M.A., F.R.S.E., 
 Professor of Physics in the University College of North Wales. 
 Crown 8vo. [New Edition in the press. 
 
 Grove. A DICTIONARY OF MUSIC AND MUSICIANS. 
 (A.D. 1450 1886). By Eminent Writers, English and Foreign. 
 Edited by Sir GEORGE GROVE, D.C.L., Director of the Royal 
 College of Music, &c. Demy 8vo. 
 
 Vols. L, II., and III. Price 2is. each. 
 
 Vol. I. A to IMPROMPTU. Vol. II. IMPROPERLY to 
 PLAIN SONG. Vol. III. PLANCHE TO SUMER IS 
 ICUMEN IN. Demy Svo. cloth, with Illustrations in Music 
 Type and Woodcut. Also published in Parts. Parts I. to XIV., 
 Parts XIX XXL, price y. 6d. each. Parts XV., XVI., price ^s. 
 Parts XVII., XVIII., price 7*. 
 " Dr. Grove's Dictionary will be a boon to every intelligent lover of music." 
 
 SATURDAY REVIEW. 
 
SCIENCE. 37 
 
 Huxley. INTRODUCTORY PRIMER OF SCIENCE. By T. 
 H. HUXLEY, F.R.S., &c. i8mo. if. 
 
 Ibbetson. THE MATHEMATICAL THEORY OF PER- 
 FECTLY ELASTIC SOLIDS, with a Short Account of Viscous 
 Fluids. An Elementary Treatise. By WILLIAM JOHN IBBETSON, 
 B.A., F.R. A.S., Senior Scholar of Clare College, Cambridge. 8vo. 
 
 \in the prtss. 
 
 Kempe. HOW TO DRAW A STRAIGHT LINE ; a Lecture 
 
 on Linkages. By A. B. KEMPE. With Illustrations. Crown 
 8vo. is. 6d. (Nature Series. ) 
 
 Kennedy. THE MECHANICS OF MACHINERY. By A. B. 
 
 W. KENNEDY, M.lnst.C.E., Professor of Engineering and Mechani- 
 cal Technology in University College, London. With numerous 
 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. [Shortly. 
 
 Lang. EXPERIMENTAL PHYSICS. By P. R. SCOTT LANG, 
 M.A., Professor of Mathematics in the University of St. Andrews. 
 With Illustrations. Crown Svo. \In the press. 
 
 Lupton. NUMERICAL TABLES AND CONSTANTS IN 
 ELEMENTARY SCIENCE. By SYDNEY LUPTON, M.A., 
 F.C.S., F.I.C., Assistant Master at Harrow Sch -ol. Extra fcap. 
 Svo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Macfarlane, PHYSICAL ARITHMETIC. By ALEXANDER 
 MA.CFARLANE, D.Sc., Examiner in Mathematics m the University 
 of Edinburgh. Crown Svo. JS. 6d. 
 
 Mayer. SOUND : a Series of Simple, Entertaining, and Inex- 
 pensive Experiments in the Phenomena of Sound, for the Use of 
 Students of every age. By A. M. MAYER, Professor of Physics 
 in the Stevens Institute of Technology, &c. With numerous 
 Illustrations. Crown Svo. 2s. 6d. (Nature Series.) 
 
 Mayer and Barnard. LIGHT : a Series of Simple, Enter- 
 taining, and Inexpensive Experiments in the Phenomena of Light, 
 for the Use of Students of every age. By A. M. MAYER and C. 
 BARNARD. With numerous Illustrations. Crown Svo. 2s. 6d. 
 (Nature Series. ) 
 
 Newton. PRINCIPIA. Edited by Professor Sir W. THOMSON 
 
 and Professor BLACKBURNE. 4to, cloth. 3 if. 6d. 
 THE FIRST THREE SECTIONS OF NEWTON'S PRIN- 
 CIPIA. With Notes and Illustrations. Also a Collection of 
 Problems, principally intended as Examples of Newton's Methods. 
 By PERCIVAL FROST, M.A. Third Edition. Svo. I2J. 
 
 Parkinson. A TREATISE ON OPTICS. By S. PARKINSON, 
 D.D., F.R.S., Tutor and Praelector of St. John's College, Cam- 
 bridge. Fourth Edition, revised and enlarged. Crown Svo. lay. 6d. 
 
38 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Perry. STEAM. AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE. By 
 
 JOHN PERRY, C.E., Whitworth Scholar, Fellow of the Chemical 
 Society, Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mech- 
 anics at the Technical College, Finsbury. With numerous Wood- 
 cuts and Numerical Examples and Exercises. i8mo. 45. 6d. 
 
 Ramsay. EXPERIMENTAL PROOFS OF CHEMICAL 
 
 THEORY FOR BEGINNERS. By WILLIAM RAMSAY, Ph.D., 
 Professor of Chemistry in University College, Bristol. Pott 8vo. 
 2s. 6d. 
 
 Rayleigh. THE THEORY OF SO UND. By LORD RAYLEIGH, 
 M.A., F.R.S., formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 8vo. Vol. I. 125. 6d. Vol. II. i2s. 6d. [Vol. ///. in the press. 
 
 Reuleaux. THE KINEMATICS OF MACHINERY. Out- 
 
 lines of a Theory of Machines. By Professor F. REULEAUX. 
 Translated and Edited by Professor A. B. W. KENNEDY, C.E. 
 With 450 Illustrations. Medium 8vo. 2is. 
 
 ROSCOC and Schuster SPECTRUM ANALYSIS. Lectures 
 delivered in 1868 before the Society of Apothecaries of London. 
 By Sir HENRY E. ROSCOE, LL.D., F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry 
 in the Owens College, Victoria University, Manchester. Fourth 
 Edition, revised and considerably enlarged by the Author and 
 by ARTHUR SCHUSTER, F.R.S., Ph.D., Professor of Applied 
 Mathematics in the Owens College, Victoria University. 
 With Appendices, numerous Illustrations, and Plates. Medium 
 8vo. 21 s. 
 
 Shann. AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON HEAT, IN 
 RELATION TO STEAM AND THE STEAM-ENGINE. 
 By G. SHANN, M.A. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 45. 6d. 
 
 Spottiswoode. POLARISATION OF LIGHT. By the late 
 W. SPOTTISWOODE, F.R.S. With many Illustrations. New 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. $s. 6d. (Nature Series.) 
 
 Stewart (Balfour). Works by BALFOUR STEWART, F.R.S. , 
 
 Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Owens College, Victoria 
 
 University, Manchester. 
 PRIMER OK PHYSICS. With numerous Illustrations. New 
 
 Edition, with Questions. iSmo. is. (Science Primers.} 
 LESSONS IN ELEMENTARY PHYSICS. With numerous 
 
 Illustrations and Chromolitho of the Spectra of the Sun, Stars, 
 
 and Nebulae. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 4*. 6d. 
 QUESTIONS ON BALFOUR STEWART'S ELEMENTARY 
 
 LESSONS IN PHYSICS. By Prof. THOMAS H. CORE, Owens 
 
 College, Manchester. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 
 
SCIENCE. 39 
 
 Stewart and Gee. ELEMENTARY PRACTICAL PHY- 
 SICS, LESSONS IN. By Professor BALFOUR STEWART, F.R.S., 
 and W. HALDANE GEE, B. Sc. Crown 8vo. 
 Part I. GENERAL PHYSICAL PROCESSES. 6s. 
 Part II. ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM. [In the press. 
 Part III. OPTICS, HEAT, AND SOUND. {In preparation. 
 
 A SCHOOL COURSE OF PRACTICAL PHYSICS. By the 
 same Authors. [In preparation. 
 
 Stokes. ON LIGHT. Being the Burnett Lectures, delivered in 
 Aberdeen in 1883-1884. By GEORGE GABRIEL STOKES, M. A., 
 P.R.S., &c., Fellow of Pembroke College, and Lucasian Professor 
 of Mathematics in the University of Cambridge. First Course. 
 ON THE NATURE OF LIGHT. Second Course. ON LIGHT AS 
 A MEANS OF INVESTIGATION. Crown 8vo. 2*. 6d. each. 
 
 {Third Course in the press. 
 Stone. AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON SOUND. By 
 
 W. H. STONE, M.D. With Illustrations. i8mo. y. 6d. 
 Tait. HEAT. By P. G. TAIT, M.A., Sec. R.S.E., formerly 
 Fellow of St. Peter's College, Cambridge, Professor of Natural 
 Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Thompson. ELEMENTARY LESSONS IN ELECTRICITY 
 
 AND MAGNETISM. By SILVANUS P. THOMPSON, Principal 
 and Professor of Physics in the Technical College, Finsbury. With 
 Illustrations. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 45-. 6d. 
 
 Thomson. ELECTROSTATICS AND MAGNETISM, RE- 
 PRINTS OF PAPERS ON. By Sir WILLIAM THOMSON, 
 D.C.L., LL.D,, F.R.S., F.R.S.E., Fellow of St. Peter's College, 
 Cambridge, and Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University 
 of Glasgow. Second Edition. Medium 8vo. i8j. 
 THE MOTION OF VORTEX RINGS, A TREATISE ON. 
 An Essay to which the Adams Prize was adjudged in 1882 in 
 the University of Cambridge. By J. J. THOMSON, Fellow of 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, and Professor of Experimental Physics 
 in the University. With Diagrams. 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Todhunter. NATURAL PHILOSOPHY FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 By I. TODHUNTER, M.A., F.R.S., D.Sc. 
 
 Part I. The Properties of Solid and Fluid Bodies. iSrno. 3?. 6d. 
 Part II. Sound, Light, and Heat. iSmo. $s. 6d. 
 
 Turner. HEAT AND ELECTRICITY, A COLLECTION OF 
 EXAMPLES ON. By H. H. TURNER, B.A., Fellow of Trinity 
 College, Cambridge. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Wright (Lewis). LIGHT ; A COURSE OF EXPERI- 
 MENTAL OPTICS, CHIEFLY WITH THE LANTERN. 
 By LEWIS WRIGHT. With nearly 200 Engravings and Coloured 
 Plates. Crown 8vo. fs. 6d. 
 
40 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 ASTRONOMY. 
 
 Airy. POPULAR ASTRONOMY. With Illustrations by Sir 
 G. B. AIRY, K.C.B., formerly Astronomer-Royal. New Edition. 
 i8mo. 4^. 6d. 
 
 Forbes. TRANSIT OF VENUS. By G. FORBES, M.A., 
 
 Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Andersonian University, 
 Glasgow. Illustrated. Crown 8vo. y. 6d. (Nature Series.) 
 Godfray. Woiks by HUGH GODFRAY, M.A., Mathematical 
 
 Lecturer at Pembroke College, Cambridge. 
 A TREATISE ON ASTRONOMY, for the Use of Colleges and 
 
 Schools. Fourth Edition. 8vo. 12s. 6d. 
 
 AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE ON THE LUNAR THEORY, 
 with a Brief Sketch of the Problem up to the time of Newton. 
 Second Edition, revised. Crown Svo. $s. 6d. 
 Lockyer. Works by J. NORMAN LOCKYER, F.R.S. 
 
 PRIMER OF ASTRONOMY. With numerous Illustrations. 
 
 New Edition. i8mo. is. (Science Primers.) 
 ELEMENTARY LESSONS IN ASTRONOMY. With Coloured 
 Diagram of the Spectra of the Sun, Stars, and Nebulae, and 
 numerous Illustrations. New Edition. Fcap. Svo. $s. 6d. 
 QUESTIONS ON LOCKYER'S ELEMENTARY LESSONS IN 
 ASTRONOMY. For the Use of Schools. By JOHN FORBES- 
 ROBERTSON. i8mo, cloth limp is. 6d. 
 
 Newcomb. POPULAR ASTRONOMY. By S. NEWCOMB, 
 LL.D., Professor U.S. Naval Observatory. With 112 Illustrations 
 and 5 Maps of the Stars. Second Edition, revised. Svo. i8s. 
 "It is unlike anything else of its kind, and will be of more use in circulating a 
 knowledge of Astronomy than nine-tenths of the books which have appeared on the 
 subject of late years." SATURDAY REVIEW. 
 
 CHEMISTRY. 
 
 Cooke. ELEMENTS OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS. By JOSIAH 
 P. COOKE, Junr., Erving Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy 
 in Harvard University. Fourth Edition. Royal Svo. 2is. 
 
 Fleischer. A SYSTEM OF VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS. 
 Translated, with Notes and Additions, from the Second German 
 Edition by M. M. PATTISON MUIR, F.R.S.E. With Illustrations. 
 Crown 8vo. 'js. 6d. 
 
 Jones. Works by FRANCIS JONES, F.R.S.E., F.C.S., Chemical 
 
 Master in the Grammar School, Manchester. 
 
 THE OWENS COLLEGE JUNIOR COURSE OF PRAC- 
 TICAL CHEMISTRY. With Preface by Sir HENRY ROSCOE, 
 F.R.S. , and Illustrations. New Edition. i8mo. 2s. 6d. 
 QUESTIONS ON CHEMISTRY. A Series of Problems and 
 Exercises in Inorganic and Organic Chemistry. Fcap. Svo. 3^. 
 
SCIENCE. 41 
 
 Landauer. BLOWPIPE ANALYSIS. By J. LANDAUEK. 
 Authorised English Edition by J. TAYLOR and W. E. KAY, of 
 Owens College, Manchester. Extra fcap. 8vo. 4*. 6d. 
 
 Lupton. ELEMENTARY CHEMICAL ARITHMETIC. With 
 1,200 Problems. By SYDNEY LUFTON, M.A., F.C.S., F.I.C., 
 formerly Assistant-Master at Harrow. Second Edition, Revised 
 and Abridged. Fcap. 8vo. 4^. 6d. 
 
 Muir. PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY FOR MEDICAL STU- 
 DENTS. Specially arranged for the first M.B. Course. By 
 M. M. PATTISON MUIR, F.R.S.E. Fcap. Svo. is. 6d. 
 
 Muir and Wilson. THE ELEMENTS OF THERMAL 
 
 CHEMISTRY. By M. M. PATTISON MUIR, M.A., F.R.S.E., 
 Fellow and Prselector of Chemistry in Gonville and Caius College, 
 Cambridge; Assisted by DAVID MUIR WILSON. Svo. I2j 6d. 
 Remsen. Works by IRA REMSEN, Professor of Chemistry in the 
 Johns Hopkins University. 
 
 COMPOUNDS OF CARBON ; or, Organic Chemistry, an Intro- 
 duction to the Study of. Crown Svo. 6s. 6d. 
 
 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF CHEMISTRY 
 
 (INORGANIC CHEMISTRY). Crown Svo. 6s. 6d. 
 ROSCOC. Works by Sir HENRY E. ROSCOE, F.R.S., Professor of 
 Chemistry in the Victoria University the Owens College, Manchester. 
 
 PRIMER OF CHEMISTRY. With numerous Illustrations. New 
 Edition. With Questions. iSnio. is. (Science Primers.) 
 
 LESSONS IN ELEMENTARY CHEMISTRY, INORGANIC 
 AND ORGANIC. With numerous Illustrations and Chromolitho 
 of the Solar Spectrum, and of the Alkalies and Alkaline Earths. 
 New Edition. Fcap. Svo. 4^. 6d. 
 
 A SERIES OF CHEMICAL PROBLEMS, prepared with Special 
 Reference to the foregoing, by T. E. THORPE, Ph.D., Professor 
 of Chemistry in the Yorkshire College of Science, Leeds, Adapted 
 for the Preparation of Students for the Government, Science, and 
 Society of Arts Examinations. With a Preface by Sir HENRY E. 
 ROSCOE, F.R.S. New Edition, with Key. iSmo. 2s. 
 
 Roscoe and Schorlemmer. INORGANIC AND OR- 
 GANIC CHEMISTRY. A Complete Treatise on Inorganic and 
 Organic Chemistry. By Sir HENRY E. ROSCOE, F.R.S. f< and 
 Professor C. SCHORLEMMER, F.R.S. With numerous Illustrations. 
 Medium Svo. 
 
 Vols. I. and II. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 
 
 Vol. I. The Non-Metallic Elements. 2is. Vol. II. Part I. 
 Metals. i8j. Vol. II. Part II. Metals. iSs. 
 
 Vol. III. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 
 
 THE CHEMISTRY OF THE HYDROCARBONS and their 
 Derivatives, or ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, With numerous 
 Illustrations. Medium Svo. Two Parts. 2is. each. 
 
42 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Roscoe and Schorlemmer continued. 
 
 Vol. III. Part III. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, continued. 
 
 [Immediately. 
 
 Schorlemmer. A MANUAL OF THE CHEMISTRY OF 
 
 THE CARBON COMPOUNDS, OR ORGANIC CHE- 
 MISTRY. By C. SCHORLEMMER, F.R.S., Professor of Che- 
 mistry in the Victoria University the Owens College, Manchester. 
 With Illustrations. 8vo. 14^. 
 
 Thorpe. A SERIES OF CHEMICAL PROBLEMS, prepared 
 with Special Reference to Sir II. E. Roscoe's Lessons in Elemen- 
 tary Chemistry, by T. E. THORPE, Ph.D., F.R.S., Professor of 
 Chemistry in the Normal School of Science, South Kensington, 
 adapted for the Preparation of Students for the Government, 
 Science, and Society of Arts Examinations. With a Preface by Sir 
 HENRY E. ROSCOE, F.R.S. New Edition, with Key. i8mo. 2 S . 
 
 Thorpe and Riicker. A TREATISE ON CHEMICAL 
 PHYSICS. By T. E. THORPE, Ph.D., F.R.S. Professor o. 
 Chemistry in the Normal School of Science, and Professor A. W. 
 RiicKER. Illustrated. 8vo. {In preparation 
 
 Wright. METALS AND THEIR CHIEF INDUSTRIAL 
 APPLICATIONS. BY C. ALDER WRIGHT, D.Sc., &c., 
 Lecturer on Chemistry in St. Mary's Hospital Medical School. 
 Extra fcap. 8vo. $s. 6d. 
 
 BIOLOGY. 
 
 Allen. ON THE COLOUR OF FLOWERS, as Illustrated in 
 the British Flora. By GRANT ALLEN. With Illustrations. 
 Crown 8 vo. ^s.6d. (Nature Series.) 
 
 Balfour. A TREATISE ON COMPARATIVE EMBRY. 
 
 OLOGY. By F. M. BALFOUR, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow and 
 Lecturer of Trinity College, Cambridge. With Illustrations. 
 Second Edition, reprinted without alteration from the First 
 Edition. In 2 vols. 8vo. Vol. I. iSs. Vol. II. 2is. 
 
 Bettany. FIRST LESSONS IN PRACTICAL BOTANY. 
 By G. T. BETTANY, M.A., F.L.S., formerly Lecturer in Botany 
 at Guy's Hospital Medical School. i8mo. is. 
 
 Bower Vines. A COURSE OF PRACTICAL INSTRUC- 
 TION IN BOTANY. By F. O. BOWER, M.A., F.L.S., 
 Professor of Botany in the University of Glasgow, and SYDNEY 
 II. VINES, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., Fellow and Lecturer, Christ's 
 College, Cambridge. With a Preface by W. T. THISELTON 
 DYER, M.A., C.M.G., F.R.S., F.L.S., Director of the Royal 
 Gardens, Kew. 
 
 Part I. PHANEROGAMS PTERIDOPHYTA. Crown 
 8vo. 6s. 
 
SCIENCE. 43 
 
 Darwin (Charles). MEMORIAL NOTICES OF CHARLES 
 DARWIN, F.R.S., &c. By THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY, F.R.S., 
 G. J. ROMANES, F.R.S., ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, F.R.S., and 
 W. T. THISELTON DYER, F.R.S. Reprinted from Natiire. 
 With a Portrait, engraved by C. H. JEENS. Crown 8vo. 
 2s. 6d. (Nature Series.) 
 
 Flower and Gadow. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE 
 OSTEOLOGY OF THE MAMMALIA. By WILLIAM HENRY 
 FLOWER, LL.D., F.R.S., Director of the Natural History De- 
 partments of the British Museum, late Hunterian Professor of 
 Comparative Anatomy and Physiology in the Royal College of 
 Surgeons of England. With numerous Illustrations. Third 
 Edition. Revised with the assistance of HANS GADOW, Ph.D., 
 M.A., Lecturer on the Advanced Morphology of Vertebrates and 
 Strickland Curator in the University of Cambridge. Crown 8vo. 
 io.y. 6d. 
 
 Foster. Works by MICHAEL FOSTER, M.D., Sec. R.S., Professor 
 
 of Physiology in the University of Cambridge. 
 PRIMER OF PHYSIOLOGY. With numerous Illustrations. 
 
 New Edition. i8mo. is. 
 
 A TEXT-BOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY. With Illustrations. Fourth 
 Edition, revised. 8vo. 2U. 
 
 Foster and Balfour. THE ELEMENTS OF EMBRY- 
 OLOGY. By MICHAEL FOSTER, M.A., M.D., LL.D., Sec. R.S., 
 Professor of Physiology in the University of Cambridge, Fellow 
 of Trinity College, Cambridge, and the late FRANCIS M. BALFOUR, 
 M.A., LL.D., F.R.S. , Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 and Professor of Animal Morphology in the University. Second 
 Edition, revised. Edited by ADAM SEDGWICK, M.A., Fellow 
 and Assistant Lecturer of Trinity College, Cambridge, and WALTER 
 HEAPE, Demonstrator in the Morphological Laboratory of the 
 University of Cambridge. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. los. 6d. 
 
 Foster and Langley. A COURSE OF ELEMENTARY 
 PRACTICAL PHYSIOLOGY. By Prof. MICHAEL FOSTER, 
 M.D., Sec. R.S., &c., and J. N. LANGLEY, M.A., F.R.S., Fellow 
 of Trinity College, Cambridge. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo. 7-y. 6d. 
 
 Gamgee. A TEXT-BOOK OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL 
 CHEMISTRY OF THE ANIMAL BODY. Including an 
 Account of the Chemical Changes occurring in Disease. By A. 
 GAMGEE, M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Physiology in the Victoria 
 University the Owens College, Manchester. 2 Vols. Svo. 
 With Illustrations. Vol.1. iSs. [Vol. II. in the press. 
 
 Gegenbaur. -ELEMENTS OF COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. 
 By Professor CARL GEGENBAUR. A Translation by F. JEFFREY 
 BELL, B.A. Revised with Preface by Professor E. RAY LAN- 
 KESTER, F.R.S. With numerous Illustrations. Svo. 21 s. 
 
44 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Gray. STRUCTURAL BOTANY, OR ORGANOGRAPHY 
 ON THE BASIS OF MORPHOLOGY. To which are added 
 the principles of Taxonomy and Phytography, and a Glossary of 
 Botanical Terms. By Professor ASA GRAY, LL.D. 8vo. los. 6d. 
 
 Hooker. Works by Sir J. D. HOOKER, K. C.S.I., C.B., M.D., 
 
 F.R.S., D.C.L. 
 PRIMER OF BOTANY. With numerous Illustrations. New 
 
 Edition. iSmo. is. (Science Primers.} 
 THE STUDENT'S FLORA OF THE BRITISH ISLANDS. 
 
 Third Edition, revised. Globe Svo. los. 6d. 
 
 Howes. AN ATLAS OF PRACTICAL ELEMENTARY 
 BIOLOGY. By G. B. HOWES, Assistant Professor of Zoology, 
 Normal School of Science and Royal School of Mines. With a 
 Preface by THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY, F.R.S. Royal 4to. 14^. 
 Huxley. Works by THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY, F.R.S. 
 INTRODUCTORY PRIMER OF SCIENCE. i8mo. is. 
 
 (Science Primers.) 
 LESSONS IN ELEMENTARY PHYSIOLOGY. With numerous 
 
 Illustrations. New Edition Revised. Fcap. Svo. 4^. 6d. 
 QUESTIONS ON HUXLEY'S PHYSIOLOGY FOR SCHOOLS. 
 
 By T. ALCOCK, M.D. New Edition. iSmo. is. 6d. 
 Huxley and Martin. A COURSE OF PRACTICAL IN 
 STRUCTION IN ELEMENTARY BIOLOGY. By THOMAS 
 HENRY HUXLEY, F.R.S., assisted by H. N. MARTIN, M.B., 
 D.Sc. New Edition, revised. Crown Svo. 6s. 
 
 Kane. EUROPEAN BUTTERFLIES, A HANDBOOK OF 
 By W. F. DE VISMES KANE, M.A., M.R.I.A., Member of the 
 Entomological Society of London, &c. With Copper Plate Illustra- 
 tions. Crown Svo. los. 6d. 
 
 A LIST OF EUROPEAN RHOPALOCERA WITH THEIR 
 VARIETIES AND PRINCIPAL SYNONYMS. Reprinted 
 from the Handbook of European Butterflies. Crown Svo. is. 
 Lankester. Works by Professor E. RAY LANKESTER, F.R.S. 
 A TEXT BOOK OF ZOOLOGY. Crown Svo. [In preparation. 
 DEGENERATION : A CHAPTER IN DARWINISM. Illus- 
 trated. Crown Svo. 2s. 6d. (Nature Series.) 
 
 Lubbock. Works by SIR JOHN LUBBOCK, M.P., F.R.S., D.C.L. 
 THE ORIGIN AND METAMORPHOSES OF INSECTS. 
 With numerous Illustrations. New Edition. Crown Svo. 3*. 6d. 
 (Nature Series.) 
 
 ON BRITISH WILD FLOWERS CONSIDERED IN RE- 
 LATION TO INSECTS. With numerous Illustrations. New 
 Edition. Crown Svo. 4*. 6d. (Nature Series). 
 FLOWERS, FRUITS, AND LEAVES. With Illustrations 
 Crown Svo. 4^. 6d. (Nahue Series.) 
 
SCIENCE. 
 
 45 
 
 M'Kendrick. OUTLINES OF PHYSIOLOGY IN ITS RE- 
 LATIONS TO MAN. By J. G. M'KENDRICK, M.D., F.R.S.E. 
 With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. I2s. 6d. 
 
 Martin and Moale. ON THE DISSECTION OF VERTE- 
 BRATE ANIMALS. By Professor H. N. MARTIN and W. A. 
 MOALE. Crown 8vo. [In preparation. 
 
 Mivart. Works by ST. GEORGE MIVART, F.R.S., Lecturer in 
 
 Comparative Anatomy at St. Mary's Hospital. 
 LESSONS IN ELEMENTARY ANATOMY. With upwards of 
 
 400 Illustrations. Fcap. 8vo. 6s. 6d. 
 THE COMMON FROG. With numerous Illustrations. Crown 
 
 8vo. 3.?. 6d. (Nature Series.) 
 
 Muller. THE FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS. By Pro- 
 fessor HERMANN MULLER. Translated and Edited by D'ARCY 
 W. THOMPSON, B.A., Professor of Biology in University College, 
 Dundee. With a Preface by CHARLES DARWIN, F.R.S. With 
 numerous Illustrations. Medium 8vo. 2is. 
 
 Oliver. Works by DANIEL OLIVER, F.R.S., &c., Professor of 
 Botany in University College, London, &c. 
 
 FIRST BOOK OF INDIAN BOTANY. With numerous Illus- 
 trations. Extra fear. 8vo. s. 6d. 
 
 LESSONS IN ELEMENTARY BOTANY. With nearly 200 
 Illustrations. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 4^. 6d. 
 
 Parker. A COURSE OF INSTRUCTION IN ZOOTOMY 
 (VERTEBRATA). By T. JEFFREY PARKER, B.Sc. London, 
 Professor of Biology in the University of Otago, New Zealand. 
 With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 8s. 6d. 
 
 Parker and Bettany. THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE 
 
 SKULL. By Professor W. K. PARKER, F.R.S., and G. T. 
 BETTANY. Illustrated. Crown 8vo. los. 6d. 
 
 Smith. Works by JOHN SMITH, A.L.S., &c. 
 
 A DICTIONARY OF ECONOMIC PLANTS. Their History, 
 
 Products, and Uses. 8vo. 14^. 
 
 DOMESTIC BOTANY : An Exposition of the Structure and 
 Classification of Plants, and their Uses for Food, Clothing, 
 Medicine, and Manufacturing Purposes. With Illustrations. New 
 Issue. Crown 8vo. I2s. 6d. 
 
 Smitti (W. G.) DISEASES OF FIELD AND GARDEN 
 CROPS, CHIEFLY SUCH AS ARE CAUSED BY FUNGI. 
 By WORTHINGTON G. SMITH, F.L.S., M.A.I., Member of the 
 Scientific Committee R.H.S. With 143 New Illustrations drawn 
 and engraved from Nature by the Author. Fcap. 8vo. 45. 6d. 
 
46 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Wiedersheim (Prof.). ELEMENTS OF THE COM- 
 PARATIVE ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. Adapted 
 from the German of ROBERT WIEDERSIJEIM, Professor of Ana- 
 tomy, and Director of the Institute of Human and Comparative 
 Anatomy in the University of Freiburg-in-Baden, by W. 
 NEWTON PARKER, Professor of Biology in the University College 
 of South Wales and Monmouthshire With Additions by the 
 Author and Translator. With Two Hundred and Seventy Wood- 
 cuts. Medium 8vo. I2s. 6d. 
 
 MEDICINE. 
 
 Brunton. Works by T. LAUDER BRUNTON, M.D., D.Sc., 
 F.R.C.P., F.R.S., Assistant Physician and Lecturer on Materia 
 Medica at St. Bartholomew's Hospital ; Examiner in Materia 
 Medica in the University of London, in the Victoria University, 
 and in the Royal College of Physicians, London ; late Examiner 
 in the University of Edinburgh. 
 
 A TEXT-BOOK OF PHARMACOLOGY, THERAPEUTICS, 
 AND MATERIA MEDICA. Adapted to the United States 
 Pharmacopoeia, by FRANCIS H. WILLIAMS, M.D., Boston, 
 Mass. Second Edition. Adapted to the New British Pharmaco- 
 poeia, 1885. Medium 8vo. 21*. 
 
 TABLES OF MATERIA MEDICA: A Companion to the 
 Materia Medica Museum. With Illustrations. New Edition 
 Enlarged. Svo. los. 6d. 
 
 Hamilton. A TEXT-BOOK OF PATHOLOGY. By D. J. 
 HAMILTON, Professor of Pathological Anatomy (Sir Erasmus 
 Wilson Chair), University of Aberdeen. Svo. [In preparation. 
 
 Klein. MICRO-ORGANISMS AND DISEASE. An Intro- 
 duction into the Study of Specific Micro-Organisms. By E. 
 KLEIN, M.D., F.R.S., Lecturer on General Anatomy and Physio- 
 logy in the Medical School of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London. 
 With 121 Illustrations. Third Edition, Revised. Crown Svo 6s. 
 
 Ziegler-Macalister. TEXT-BOOK OF PATHOLOGICAL 
 
 ANATOMY AND PATHOGENESIS. By Professor ERNST 
 
 ZIEGLER of Tubingen. Translated and Edited for English 
 
 Students by DONALD MACALISTER, M.A.,M.D., B.Sc.,F.R.C.F., 
 
 Fellow and Medical Lecturer of St. John's College, Cambridge, 
 
 Physician to Addenbrooke's Hospital, and Teacher of Medicine in 
 
 the University. With numerous Illustrations. Medium Svo. 
 
 Part I. GENERAL PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY. I2s. 6d. 
 
 Part II. SPECIAL PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY. Sections 
 
 I. VIII. I2s. 6d. Sections IX. XVII. in the press. 
 
SCIENCE. 47 
 
 ANTHROPOLOGY. 
 
 Flower. FASHION IN DEFORMITY, as illustrated in the 
 
 Customs of Barbarous and Civilised Races. By Professor 
 FLOWER, F.R.S., F.R.C.S. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo, 
 2s. 6d. (Nature Serins.) 
 
 TylOF. ANTHROPOLOGY. An Introduction to the Study of 
 Man and Civilisation. ByE. B. TYLOR, D.C.L., F.R.S. With 
 numerous Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 7-r. 6d. 
 
 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY. 
 
 Blanford. THE RUDIMENTS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRA- 
 PHY FOR THE USE OF INDIAN SCHOOLS ; with a 
 Glossary of Technical Terms employed. By H. F. BLANFORD, 
 F.R.S. New Edition, with Illustrations. Globe 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Geikie. Works by ARCHIBALD GEIKIE, LL.D., F.R.S., Director- 
 General of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland, and 
 Director of the Museum of Practical Geology, London, formerly 
 Murchison Professor of Geology and Mineralogy in the University 
 of Edinburgh, &c. 
 
 PRIMER OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. With numerous 
 Illustrations. New Edition. With Questions. i8mo. is. 
 (Science Primers.) 
 
 ELEMENTARY LESSONS IN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 
 With numerous Illustrations. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 4*. 6d. 
 QUESTIONS ON THE SAME. is. 6d. 
 
 PRIMER OF GEOLOGY. With numerous Illustrations. New 
 Edition. i8mo. is. (Science Primers.) 
 
 CLASS BOOK OF GEOLOGY. With upwards of 200 New 
 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. los. 6d. 
 
 TEXT-BOOK OF GEOLOGY. With numerous Illustrations. 
 Second Edition, Fifth Thousand, Revised and Enlarged. 8vo. 2$s. 
 
 OUTLINES OF FIELD GEOLOGY. With Illustrations. New 
 Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo. y. 6d. 
 
 Huxley. PHYSIOGRAPHY. An Introduction to the Study 
 
 of Nature. By THOMAS HENRY HUXLEY, F.R.S. With 
 
 numerous Illustrations, and Coloured Plates. New and Cheaper 
 Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Phillips. A TREATISE ON ORE DEPOSITS. By J. ARTHUR 
 PHILLIPS, F.R.S., V.P.G.S., F.C.S., M.Inst.C.E., Ancien Eleve 
 de 1'Ecole des Mines, Paris ; Author of " A Manual of Metallurgy, " 
 "The Mining and Metallurgy of Gold and Silver," &c. With 
 numerous Illustrations. 8vo. 2$s. 
 
48 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 Frankland. AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, 
 A Handbook of. By PERCY FARADAY FRANKLAND, Ph.D., 
 B.Sc., F.C.S., Associate of the Royal School of Mine?, and 
 Demonstrator of Practical and Agricultural Chemistry in the 
 Normal School of Science and Royal School of Mine?, South 
 Kensington Museum. Founded upon Leitfaden fiir die Agriculture 
 Chemiche Analyse, von Dr. F. KROCKER. Crown 8vo. JS. 6d. 
 Smith (Worthington G.). DISEASES OF FIELD AND 
 GARDEN CROPS, CHIEFLY SUCH AS ARE CAUSED BY 
 FUNGI. By WORTHINGTON G. SMITH, F.L.S., M.A.I., 
 Member of the Scientific Committee of the R.H.S. With 143 
 Illustrations, drawn and engraved from Nature by the Author. 
 Fcap. 8vo. 4J. 6d. 
 
 Tanner. Works by HENRY TANNER, F.C.S., M.R.A.C., 
 Examiner in the Principles of Agriculture under the Government 
 Department of Science ; Director of Education in the Institute of 
 Agriculture, South Kensington, London ; sometime Professor of 
 Agricultural Science, University College, Aberystwith. 
 ELEMENTARY LESSONS IN THE SCIENCE OF AGRI- 
 CULTURAL PRACTICE. Fcap. 8vo. 3*. 6d. 
 FIRST PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE. i8mo. is. 
 THE PRINCIPLES OF AGRICULTURE. A Series of Reading 
 Books for use in Elementary Schools. Prepared by HENRY 
 TANNER, F.C.S., M.R.A.C. Extra fcap. 8vo. 
 
 I. The Alphabet of the Principles of Agriculture. 6d. 
 II. Further Steps in the Principles of Agriculture, is. 
 III. Elementary School Readings on the Principles of Agriculture 
 for the third stage, u. 
 
 POLITICAL ECONOMY. 
 
 Cossa. GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF POLITICAL 
 ECONOMY. By Dr. LUIGI COSSA, Professor in the University 
 of Pavia. Translated from the Second Italian Edition. With a 
 Preface by W. STANLEY JEVONS, F.R.S. Crown' 8vo. 4*. 6d. 
 Fawcett (Mrs.) Works by MILLICENT GARRETT FAWCETT: 
 POLITICAL ECONOMY FOR BEGINNERS, WITH QUES- 
 TIONS. Fourth Edition. i8mo. 2s. 6d. 
 TALES IN POLITICAL ECONOMY. Crown 8vo. 3*. 
 
 Fawcett. A MANUAL OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. By 
 
 Right Hon. HENRY FAWCETT, F.R.S. Sixth Edition, revised, 
 with a chapter on " State Socialism and the Nationalisation 
 of the Land," and an Index. Crown 8vo. I2s. 
 
SCIENCE. 49 
 
 Jevons. PRIMER OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. By W. 
 STANLEY JEVONS, LL.D., M.A., F.R.S. New Edition. i8mo. 
 is. (Science Primers.') 
 
 Marshall. THE ECONOMICS OF INDUSTRY. By A. 
 MARSHALL, M.A., Professor of Political Economy in the Uni- 
 versity of Cambridge, and MARY P. MARSHALL, late Lecturer at 
 Newnharn Hall, Cambridge. Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Sidgwick. THE PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. 
 By Professor HENRY SIDGWICK, M.A., LL.D., Knightbridge 
 Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of Cambridge, 
 &c., Author of "The Methods of Ethics." 8vo. i6s. 
 
 Walker. Works by FRANCIS A. WALKER, M.A., Ph.D., Author 
 
 of "Money," "Money in its Relation to Trade," &c. 
 POLITICAL ECONOMY. 8vo. los. 6d. 
 A BRIEF TEXT-BOOK OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. Crown 
 
 8vo. 6s. 6d. 
 THE WAGES QUESTION. 8vo. 14*. 
 
 MENTAL & MORAL PHILOSOPHY. 
 Calderwood, HANDBOOK OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY. 
 
 By the Rev. HENRY CALDERWOOD, LL.D., Professor of Moral 
 Philosophy, University of Edinburgh. New Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Clifford. SEEING AND THINKING. By the late Professor 
 W. K. CLIFFORD, F.R.S. With Diagrams. Crown 8vo. y. 6d. 
 (Nature Series.) 
 
 Jardine. THE ELEMENTS OF THE PSYCHOLOGY OF 
 COGNITION. By the Rev. ROBERT JARDINE, B.D., D.Sc. 
 (Edin.), Ex-Principal of the General Assembly's College, Calcutta. 
 Second Edition, revised and improved. Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d. 
 
 Jevons. Works by the late W. STANLEY JEVONS, LL.D., M.A., 
 
 F.R.S. 
 
 PRIMER OF LOGIC. New Edition. i8mo. is. (Science Primers.) 
 ELEMENTARY LESSONS IN LOGIC ; Deductive and Induc- 
 tive, with copious Questions and Examples, and a Vocabulary of 
 Logical Terms. New Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 3*. 6d, 
 THE PRINCIPLES OF SCIENCE/ A Treatise on Logic and 
 Scientific Method. New and Revised Edition. Crown Svo. I2s.6d. 
 STUDIES IN DEDUCTIVE LOGIC. Second Edition. Crown 
 Svo. 6s. 
 
 KeyneS. FORMAL LOGIC, Studies and Exercises in. Including 
 a Generalisation of Logical Processes in their application to 
 Complex Inferences. By JOHN NEVILLE KEYNES, M.A., late 
 Fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge. Crown Svo. icxr. 6d. 
 
50 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Kant Max Miiller. CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON. 
 
 By IMMANUEL KANT. In commemoration of the Centenary of 
 its first Publication. Translated into English by F. MAX MiiLLER. 
 With an Historical Introduction by LUDWIG NOIRE. 2 vols. 
 Demy Svo, i6s. each. 
 Volume I. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION, by LUDWIG 
 
 NOIRE ; &c., &c. 
 
 Volume II. CRITIQUE OF PURE REASON, translated by 
 F. MAX MULLER. 
 
 For the convenience of students these volumes are now sold separately. 
 
 McCosh. PSYCHOLOGY. THE COGNITIVE POWERS. 
 By JAMES McCosn, D.D., LL.D., Litt.D., President of Princeton 
 College, Author of " Intuitions of the Mind," " Laws of Discursive 
 Thought," &c. Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d. 
 
 Ray. A TEXT-BOOK OF DEDUCTIVE LOGIC FOR THE 
 USE OF STUDENTS. By P. K. RAY, D.Sc. (Lon. and Edin.), 
 Professor of Logic and Philosophy, Dacca College. Second 
 Edition Globe 8vo. 4^. 6d. 
 
 Sidgwick. Works by HENRY SIDGWICK, M.A., LL.D., Knight- 
 bridge Professor of Moral Philosophy in the University of 
 Cambridge. 
 
 THE METHODS OF ETHICS. Third Edition. Svo. 145. A 
 
 Supplement to the Second Edition, containing all the important 
 
 Additions and Alterations in the Third Edition. Demy 8vo. 6s. 
 
 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF ETHICS, for English 
 
 Readers. Grown Svo. %s. 6d. 
 
 HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 Arnold (T.). THE SECOND PUNIC WAR. Being Chapters 
 from THE HISTORY OF ROM?:. By THOMAS ARNOLD, 
 D.D. Edited, with Notes, by W. T. ARNOLD, M.A. With 8 
 Maps. Crown Svo. 8s. 6d. 
 
 Arnold (W. T.). THE ROMAN SYSTEM OF PROVINCIAL 
 
 ADMINISTRATION TO THE ACCESSION OF CONST AN- 
 
 TINE THE GREAT. By W.T. ARNOLD, M.A. Crown Svo. 6s. 
 
 "Ought to prove a valuable handbook to the student of Roman history.' 
 
 GUARDIAN. 
 
 Beesly. STORIES FROM THE HISTORY OF ROME. 
 
 By Mrs. BEESLY. Fcap. Svo. zs. 6d. 
 
 Bryce. THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE. By JAMES BRYCE, 
 
 D.C.L., Fellow of Oriel College, and Regius Professor of Civil Law 
 in the University of Oxford. Eighth Edition. Crown Svo. TS. 6d. 
 Buckland. OUR NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. A Short 
 Sketch for Schools. By ANNA BUCKLAND. i8mo. is. 
 
HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY. 51 
 
 Buckley. A HISTORY OF ENGLAND FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 By ARABELLA BUCKLEY. With Maps. Globe 8vo. {In the press, 
 Clarke. CLASS-BOOK OF GEOGRAPHY. By C. B. CLARKE, 
 
 M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.R.S. New Edition, with Eighteen 
 
 Coloured Maps. Fcap. 8vo. 3^. 
 Dicey. LECTURES INTRODUCTORY TO THE STUDY 
 
 OF THE LAW OF THE CONSTITUTION. By A. V. DICEY, 
 
 B.C.L., of the Inner Temple, Barrister-at-Law ; Vinerian Professor 
 
 of English Law ; Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford ; Hon. LL.D. 
 
 Glasgow. Second Edition. Demy 8vo. 12s. 6d. 
 
 Dickens's DICTIONARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF 
 OXFORD, 1886-7. i8mo, sewed, u. 
 
 Dickens's DICTIONARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, 1886-7. i8mo, sewed, is. 
 
 Both books (Oxford and Cambridge) bound together in one volume. 
 
 Cloth. 2.s. 6d. 
 Freeman. Works by EDWARD A. FREEMAN, D.C.L., LL.D., 
 
 Regius Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford, &c. 
 OLD ENGLISH HISTORY. With Five Coloured Maps. New 
 
 Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo. 6s. 
 A SCHOOL HISTORY OF ROME. By the same Author. Crown 
 
 8vo. {In preparation. 
 
 METHODS OF HISTORICAL STUDY. A Course of Lectures. 
 
 By the Same Author. 8vo. IGJ. 6d. 
 HISTORICAL ESSAYS. First Series. Fourth Edition. 8vo. 
 
 i or. 6d. 
 
 Contents : The Mythical and Romantic Elements in Early English History 
 The Continuity of English History The Relations between the Crown of 
 England and Scotland St. Thomas of Canterbury and his Biographers, &c. 
 HISTORICAL ESSAYS. Second Series. Second Edition, with 
 additional Essays. 8vo. icw. 6d. 
 
 Contents: Ancient Greece and Mediaeval Italy Mr. Gadstone's Homer and 
 the Homeric Ages The Historians of Athens The Athenian Democracy- 
 Alexander the Great Greece during the Macedonian Period Mommsen's 
 History of Rome Lucius Cornelius Sulla The Flavian Cassars, &c., &c. 
 
 HISTORICAL ESSAYS. Third Series. 8vo. 12s. 
 
 Contents : First Impressions of Rome The Illyrian Emperors and their Land 
 Augusta Treverorum The Goths at Ravenna Race and Language The 
 Byzantine Empire First Impressions of Athens Mediaeval and Modern 
 Greece The Southern Slaves Sicilian Cycles The Normans at Palermo. 
 THE GROWTH OF THE ENGLISH CONSTITUTION FROM 
 THE EARLIEST TIMES. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. 5*. 
 GENERAL SKETCH OF EUROPEAN HISTORY. New 
 Edition. Enlarged, with Maps, &c. i8mo. 3-r. 6d. (Vol. I. of 
 Historical Course for Schools.) 
 EUROPE. i8mo. is. (History Primers.} 
 
 CHIEF PERIODS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY. A Course 
 of Lectures. 8vo. [In the press. 
 
52 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Green. Works by JOHN RICHARD GREEN, M.A., LL.D., 
 
 late Honorary Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford. 
 SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE. With 
 Coloured Maps, Genealogical Tables, and Chronological Annals. 
 Crown 8vo. 8s. 6d. I2ist Thousand. 
 
 " Stands alone as the one general history of the country, for the sake of which 
 all others, if young and old are wise, will be speedily and surely set aside." 
 ACADEMY. 
 
 ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY, based on Green's "Short 
 History of the English People." By C. W. A. TAIT, M.A., 
 Assistant-Master, Clifton College. Crown 8vo. y. 6d. 
 READINGS FROM ENGLISH HISTORY. Selected and 
 Edited by JOHN RICHARD GREEN. Three Parts. Globe 8vo. 
 is. 6d. each. I. Hengist to Cressy. II. Cressy to Cromwell. 
 III. Cromwell to Balaklava. 
 
 Green. A SHORT GEOGRAPHY OF THE BRITISH 
 ISLANDS. By JOHN RICHARD GREEN and ALICE STOPFORD 
 GREEN. With Maps. Fcap. 8vo. 3^. 6d. 
 
 Grove. A PRIMER OF GEOGRAPHY. By sir GEORGE 
 
 GROVE, D.C.L. With Illustrations. i8ino. u. (Science 
 Primers. ) 
 
 Guest. LECTURES ON THE HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 
 By M. J. GUEST. With Maps. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Historical Course for Schools Edited by EDWARD A. 
 
 FREEMAN, D.C.L., LL.D., late Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, 
 
 Regius Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford. 
 I. GENERAL SKETCH OF EUROPEAN HISTORY. By 
 
 EDWARD A. FREEMAN, D.C.L. New Edition, revised and 
 
 enlarged, with Chronological Table, Maps, and Index. i8mo. y. 6d. 
 II. HISTORY OF ENGLAND. By EDITH THOMPSON. New 
 
 Ed., revised and enlarged, with Coloured Maps. i8mo. 2s. 6d. 
 III. HISTORY OF SCOTLAND. By MARGARET MACARTHUR. 
 
 New Edition. i8mo. 2s. 
 IV. HISTORY OF ITALY. By the Rev. W. HUNT, M.A. 
 
 New Edition, with Coloured Maps. i8mo. $s. 6d. 
 V. HISTORY OF GERMANY. By J. SIME, M.A. New 
 
 Edition Revised. i8mo. y. 
 VI. HISTORY OF AMERICA. By JOHN A. DOYLE. With 
 
 Maps. i8mo. 4J. 6d. 
 VII. EUROPEAN COLONIES. By E. J. PAYNE, M.A. With 
 
 Maps. i8mo. 4^. 6d. 
 VIII. FRANCE. By CHARLOTTE M. YONGE. With Maps. 
 
 i8mo. 3-r. 6d. 
 
 GREECE. By EDWARD A. FREEMAN, D.C.L. [In preparation. 
 ROME. By EDWARD A. FREEMAN, D.C.L. \Inpreparation. 
 
HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY. 53 
 
 History Primers Edited by JOHN RICHARD GREEN, M.A., 
 
 LL.D., Author of "A Short History of the English People." 
 ROME. By the Rev. M. CREIGHTON, M.A., Dixie Professor of 
 
 Ecclesiastical History in the University of Cambridge. With 
 
 Eleven Maps. i8mo. is. 
 GREECE. By C. A. FYFFE, M.A., Fellow and late Tutor of 
 
 University College, Oxford. With Five Maps. i8mo. is. 
 EUROPEAN HISTORY. By E. A. FREEMAN, D.C.L., LL.D. 
 
 With Maps. i8mo. is. 
 GREEK ANTIQUITIES. By the Rev. J. P. MAHAFFY, M.A. 
 
 Illustrated. i8mo. is. 
 
 CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY. By H. F. TOZER, M.A. i8mo. is. 
 GEOGRAPHY. By Sir G. GROVE, D.C.L. Maps. i8mo. I*. 
 ROMAN ANTIQUITIES. By Professor WILKINS. Illus- 
 trated. i8mo. is. 
 
 FRANCE. By CHARLOTTE M. YONGE. i8mo. is. 
 Hole. A GENEALOGICAL STEMMA OF THE KINGS OF 
 
 ENGLAND AND FRANCE. By the Rev. C. HOLE. On 
 
 Sheet, is. 
 Jennings CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. Compiled by Rev. 
 
 A. C. JENNINGS. [In the press. 
 
 Kiepert. A MANUAL OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY. From 
 
 the German of Dr. H. KIEPERT. Crown Svo. 5*. 
 Labberton. AN HISTORICAL ATLAS. Comprising 141 
 Maps, to which is added, besides an Explanatory Text on the 
 period delineated in each Map, a carefully selected Bibliography 
 of the English Books and Magazine Articles bearing on that 
 Period. By R. H. LABBERTON, Litt.Hum.D. 4to. 12s. 6d. 
 
 Lethbridge. A SHORT MANUAL OF THE HISTORY OF 
 
 INDIA. With an Account of INDIA AS IT is. The Soil, 
 Climate, and Productions ; the People, their Races, Religions, 
 Public Works, and Industries ; the Civil Services, and System of 
 Administration. By Sir ROPER LETHBRIDGE, M.A., C.I.E., late 
 Scholar of Exeter College, Oxford, formerly Principal of Kish inghur 
 College, Bengal, Fellow and sometime Examiner of the Calcutta 
 University. With Maps. Crown Svo. 5*. 
 
 Michelet. A SUMMARY OF MODERN HISTORY. Trans- 
 lated from the French of M. MICHELET, and continued to the 
 Present Time, by M. C. M. SIMPSON. Globe Svo. 4*. 6d. 
 
 Otte\ SCANDINAVIAN HISTORY. By E. C. OTTE. With 
 Maps. Globe Svo. 6s. 
 
 Ramsay. A SCHOOL HISTORY OF ROME. By G. G. 
 RAMSAY, M.A., Professor of Humanity in the University of 
 Glasgow. With Maps. Crown Svo. [Tn preparation. 
 
54 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Tait. ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH HISTORY, based on Green's ' 
 "Short History of the English People." By C. W. A. TAIT, 
 M.A., Assistant- Master, Clifton College. Crown 8vo. 3.?. 6d. 
 
 Wheeler A SHORT HISTORY OF INDIA AND OF THE 
 
 FRONTIER STATES OF AFGHANISTAN, NEPAUL, 
 AND BURMA. By J. TALBOYS WHEELER. With Maps. 
 Crown 8vo. izs. 
 
 Yonge (Charlotte M.). CAMEOS FROM ENGLISH 
 HISTORY. By CHARLOTTE M. YONGE, Author of " The Heir 
 of Redclyffe," Extra fcap. 8vo. New Edition. 5*. each, (i) 
 FROM ROLLO TO EDWARD II. (2) THE WARS IN 
 FRANCE. (3) THE WARS OF THE ROSES. (4) REFOR- 
 MATION TIMES. (5) ENGLAND AND SPAIN. 
 EUROPEAN HISTORY. Narrated in a Series of Historical 
 Selections from the Best Authorities. Edited and arranged by 
 E. M. SEWELL and C. M. YONGE. First Series, 10031154. 
 New Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s. Second Series, 10881228. 
 New Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 MODERN LANGUAGES AND 
 LITERATURE. 
 
 (i) English, (2) French, (3) German, (4) Modern 
 Greek, (5) Italian. 
 
 ENGLISH. 
 
 Abbott. A SHAKESPEARIAN GRAMMAR. An attempt to 
 illustrate some of the Differences between Elizabethan and Modern 
 English. By the Rev. E. A. ABBOTT, D.D., Head Master of the 
 City of London School. New Edition. Extra fcap. Svo. 6s. 
 
 Brooke. PRIMER OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. By the 
 
 Rev. STOPFORD A. BROOKE, M.A. i8mo. is. (Literature 
 Primers.') 
 
 Butler. HUDIBRAS. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by 
 ALFRED MILNES, M.A. Lon., late Student of Lincoln College, 
 Oxford. Extra fcap 8vo. Part I. 3^. 6d. Parts II. and III. 4?. 6d. 
 
 Cowper's TASK: AN EPISTLE TO JOSEPH HILL, ESQ.; 
 TIROCINIUM, or a Review of the Schools ; and THE HIS- 
 TORY OF JOHN GILPIN. Edited, with Notes, by WILLIAM 
 BENHAM, B.D. Globe Svo. is. (Globe Readings from Standard 
 Authors.) 
 
 Dowden. SHAKESPEARE. By Professor DOWDEN. i8mo. 
 I s. (Literature Primers. ) 
 
 Dry den. SELECT PROSE WORKS. Edited, with Introduction 
 and Notes, by Professor C. D. YONGE. Fcap. Svo. 2s. 6d. 
 
MODERN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE. 55 
 
 Gladstone. SPELLING REFORM FROM AN EDUCA- 
 TIONAL POINT OF VIEW. By J. H. GLADSTONE, Ph.D., 
 F.R.S., Member of the School Board for London. New Edition. 
 Crown 8vo. is. 6d. 
 
 Globe Readers. For Standards I. VI. Edited by A. F. 
 MURISON. Sometime English Master at the Aberdeen Grammar 
 School. With Illustrations. Globe 8vo. 
 
 Primer 1. (48 pp.) 
 Primer II. (48pp.) 
 Book I. (96pp.) 6d. 
 Book II. (136 pp.) gd. 
 
 Book III. (232 pp.) is. $d. 
 Book IV. (328 pp. ) is. gd. 
 Book V. (416 pp.) zs. 
 Book VI. (448 pp.) zs. 6d. 
 
 "Among the numerous sets of readers before the public the present series is 
 honourably distinguished by the marked superiority of its materials and the 
 careful ability with which they have been adapted to the growing capacity of the 
 pupils. The plan of the two primers is excellent for facilitating the child's first 
 attempts to read. In the first three following books there is abundance of enter- 
 taining reading Better food for young minds could hardly be found." 
 
 THE ATHENJEUM. 
 
 *The Shorter Globe Readers. with Illustrations. Globe 
 
 8vo. 
 
 Primer I. (48 PP-) 
 
 Primer II. (48 pp.) 
 
 Standard I. (92 pp.) 
 
 Standard II. (124 pp.) 
 
 Standard III. (178 Pp.) I*. 
 Standard IV. (182 pp.) is. 
 Standard V. (216 PP-) IJ. 
 Standard VI. (228 pp.) it. 6d. 
 
 * This Series has been abridged from "The Globe Readers" to meet the demand 
 or smaller reading books. 
 
 GLOBE READINGS FROM STANDARD AUTHORS. 
 
 Cowper'STASK: AN EPISTLE TO JOSEPH HILL, ESQ.; 
 TIROCINIUM, or a Review of the Schools ; and THE HIS- 
 TORY OF JOHN GILPIN. Edited, with Notes, by WILLIAM 
 BENHAM, B.D. Globe 8vo. is. 
 
 Goldsmith's VICAR OF WAKEFIELD. With a Memoir of 
 Goldsmith by Professor MASSON. Globe 8vo. is. 
 
 Lamb's (Charles) TALES FROM SHAKESPEARE- 
 Edited, with Preface, by ALFRED AINGER, M.A. Globe 
 8vo. 2s. 
 
 Scott's (Sir Walter) LAY OF THE LAST MINSTREL; 
 
 and THE LADY OF THE LAKE. Edited, with Introductions 
 and Notes, by FRANCIS TURNER PALGRAVE. Globe Svo. is. 
 MARMION ; and the LORD OF THE ISLES. By the same 
 Editor. Globe Svo. is. 
 
 The Children's Garland from the Best Poets. 
 
 Selected and arranged by COVENTRY PATMORE. Globe Svo. 2s. 
 Yonge (Charlotte M.). A BOOK OF GOLDEN DEEDS 
 OF ALL TIMES AND ALL COUNTRIES. Gathered and 
 narrated anew by CHARLOTTE M. YONGE, the Author of "The 
 Heir of Redclyffe." Globe Svo. 2s. 
 
56 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Goldsmith. THE TRAVELLER, or a Prospect of Society ; 
 
 and THE DESERTED VILLAGE. By OLIVER GOLDSMITH. 
 
 With Notes, Philological and Explanatory, by J. W. HALES, M.A. 
 
 Crown 8vo. 6d. 
 THE VICAR OF WAKEFIELD. With a Memoir of Goldsmith 
 
 by Professor MASSON. Globe 8vo. is. (Globe Readings from 
 
 Sta ndard A uthors. ) 
 SELECT ESSAYS. Edited, with Introduction and Notes, by 
 
 Professor C. D. YONGE. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6ct. 
 Hales. LONGER ENGLISH POEMS, with Notes, Philological 
 
 and Explanatory, and an Introduction on the Teaching of English, 
 
 Chiefly for Use in Schools. Edited by J. W. HALES, M.A., 
 
 Professor of English Literature at King's College, London. New 
 
 Edition. - Extra fcap. Svo. 4^. 6d. 
 Johnson's LIVES OF THE POETS. The Six Chief Lives 
 
 (Milton, Dryden, Swift, Addison, Pope, Gray), with Macaulay's 
 
 " Life of Johnson." Edited with Preface and Notes by MATTHUW 
 
 ARNOLD. New and cheaper edition. Crown Svo. 4^. 6a'. 
 
 Lamb (Charles). TALES FROM SHAKESPEARE. Edited, 
 
 with Preface, by ALFRED AINGER, M.A. Globe Svo. 2s 
 (Globe Readings from Standard Authors,) 
 
 Literature Primers Edited by JOHN RICHARD GREEN, 
 M. A., LL.D., Author of " A Short History of the English People." 
 
 ENGLISH COMPOSITION. By Professor NICHOL. iSmo. is. 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. By the Rev. R. MORRIS, LL.D., some- 
 time President of the Philological Society. iSmo. is. 
 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR EXERCISES. By R. MORRIS, LL.D., 
 and H. C. BOWEN, M.A. iSmo. is. 
 
 EXERCISES ON MORRIS'S PRIMER OF ENGLISH 
 GRAMMAR. By JOHN WETHERELL, of the Middle School, 
 Liverpool College. iSrno. is. 
 
 ENGLISH LITERATURE. By STOPFORD BROOKE, M.A. New 
 Edition. iSmo. is. 
 
 SHAKSPERE. By Professor DOWDEN. iSmo. i >-. 
 
 THE CHILDREN'S TREASURY OF LYRICAL POETRY. 
 Selected and arranged with Notes by FRANCIS TURNER PAL- 
 GRAVE. In Two Parts. iSmo. is. each. 
 
 PHILOLOGY. By J. PEILE, M.A. iSmo. is. 
 Macmillan's Reading Books. Adapted to the English aivl 
 
 Scotch Codes. Bound in Cloth. 
 PRIMER. iSmo. (48 pp.) zd. BOOK III. for Standard III. 
 
 HOOK I. for Standard I. i8mo. 
 
 (96 pp.) 4^. 
 BOOK II. for Standard II. iSmo. 
 
 iSino. (160 pp.) 6d. 
 BOOK IV. for Standard IV 
 
 (144 pp.) 5//. iSmo. (176 pp.) 8'/. 
 
MODERN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE. 57 
 
 Macmillan's Reading Books (continued} 
 
 BOOK V. for Standard V. i8mo. I BOOK VI. for Standard VI. Cr. 
 
 (380 pp.) is. 8vo. (430 pp.) 2s. 
 
 Book VI. is fitted for higher Classes, and as an Introduction to 
 English Literature. 
 
 Macmillan's Copy-Books 
 
 Published in two sizes, viz. : 
 
 1. Large Post 4to. Price ^d. each. 
 
 2. Post Oblong. Price zd. each. 
 
 1. INITIATORY EXERCISES AND SHORT LETTERS. 
 
 2. WORDS CONSISTING OF SHORT LETTERS. 
 
 *3. LONG LETTERS. With Words containing Long Letters Figures. 
 
 * 4 . WORDS CONTAINING LONG LETTERS. 
 
 4 a. PRACTISING AND REVISING COPY-BOOK. For Nos. i to 4. 
 
 *5- CAPITALS AND SHORT HALF-TEXT. Words beginning with a Capital. 
 
 *6. HALF-TEXT WORDS beginning with Capitals Figures. 
 
 * 7 . SMALL-HAND AND HALF-TEXT. With Capitals and Figures. 
 
 *8. SMALL-HAND AND HALF-TEXT. With Capitals and Figures. 
 
 8a. PRACTISING AND REVISING COPY-BOOK. For Nos. 5 to 8. 
 
 *9- SMALL-HAND SINGLE HEADLINES Figures. 
 
 10. SMALL-HAND SINGLE HEADLINES -Figures. 
 
 11. SMALL-HAND DOUBLE HEADLINES Figures. 
 
 12. COMMERCIAL AND ARITHMETICAL EXAMPLES, &c. 
 
 i2a. PRACTISING AND REVISING COPY-BOOK. For Nos. 8 to 12. 
 * These numbers may be had with Goodman's Patent Sliding 
 Copies. Large Post 4to. Price 6d. each. 
 
 Martin. THE POET'S HOUR: Poetry selected and arranged 
 for Children. By FRANCES MARTIN. New Edition. iSrao. 
 
 2S. 6d. 
 
 SPRING-TIME WITH THE POETS : Poetry selected by 
 FRANCES MARTIN. New Edition. i8mo. 3^ 6d. 
 
 Milton. By STOPFORD BROOKE, M.A. Fcap. 8vo. is. 6d. 
 (Classical Writers Series.) 
 
 Morris. Works by the Rev. R. MORRIS, LL.D. 
 HISTORICAL OUTLINES OF ENGLISH ACCIDENCE, 
 
 comprising Chapters on the History and Development of the 
 
 Language, and on Word-formation. New Edition. Extra fcap. 
 
 8vo. 6s. 
 ELEMENTARY LESSONS IN HISTORICAL ENGLISH 
 
 GRAMMAR, containing Accidence and Word-formation. New 
 
 Edition. i8mo. 2s. 6d. 
 PRIMER OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR. i8mo. is. (See also 
 
 Literature Primers.} 
 Oliphant. THE OLD AND MIDDLE ENGLISH. A New 
 
 Edition of "THE SOURCES OF STANDARD ENGLISH," 
 
 revised and greatly enlarged. By T. L. KINGTON OLIPHANT. 
 
 Extra fcap. 8vo. 9_r. 
 
58 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Oliphant Works by T. L. KINGTON OLIPHANT, (continued) 
 THE NEW ENGLISH. By the same Author. 2vols. Crown 8vo. 
 
 21S. 
 
 Palgrave. THE CHILDREN'S TREASURY OF LYRICAL 
 
 POETRY. Selected and arranged, with Notes, by FRANCIS 
 
 TURNER PALGRAVE. i8mo. 2s. 6d. Also in Two Parts. 
 
 l8mo. is. each. 
 Patmore. THE CHILDREN'S GARLAND FROM THE 
 
 BEST POETS. Selected and arranged by COVENTRY PATMORE. 
 
 Globe 8vo. 2s. (Globe Readings from Standard Authors.} 
 Plutarch. Being a Selection from the Lives which Illustrate 
 
 Shakespeare. North's Translation. Edited, with Introductions, 
 
 Notes, Index of Names, and Glossarial Index, by the Rev. W. 
 
 W. SKEAT, M.A. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Scott's (Sir Walter) LAY OF THE LAST MINSTREL, 
 
 and THE LADY OF THE LAKE. Edited, with Introduction 
 and Notes, by FRANCIS TURNER PALGRAVE. Globe 8vo. is. 
 (Globe Readings from Standard Authors?) 
 
 MARMION ; and THE LORD OF THE ISLES. By the same 
 Editor. Globe 8 vo. is. (Globe Readings from Standard Authors.) 
 
 Shakespeare. A SHAKESPERIAN GRAMMAR. By Rev. 
 
 E A. ABBOTT, D.D., Head Master of the City of London School. 
 
 Globe 8vo. 6s. 
 A SHAKESPEARE MANUAL. By F. G. FLEAY, M.A., late 
 
 Head Master of Skipton Grammar School. Second Edition. 
 
 Extra fcap. 8vo. 4^. 6d. 
 PRIMER OF SHAKESPEARE. By Professor DOWDEN. i8mo. 
 
 I s. (Literature Pi imers. ) 
 
 Sonnenschein and Meiklejohn. THE ENGLISH 
 METHOD OF TEACHING TO READ. By A. SONNEN- 
 SCHEIN and J. M. D. MEIKLEJOHN, M.A. Fcap. 8vo. 
 
 COMPRISING : 
 
 THE NURSERY BOOK, containing all the Two-Letter Words 
 in the Language, id. (Also in Large Type on Sheets for 
 School Walls. 5-r.) 
 THE FIRST COURSE, consisting of Short Vowels with Single 
 
 Consonants. 6d. 
 THE SECOND COURSE, with Combinations and Bridges, 
 
 consisting of Short Vowels with Double Consonants. 6d. 
 THE THIRD AND FOURTH COURSES, consisting of Long 
 
 Vowels, and all the Double Vowels in the Language. 6d. 
 '* These are admirable books, because they are constructed on a principle, and 
 that the simplest principle on which it is possible to learn to read English." 
 SPECTATOR. 
 
MODERN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE. 59 
 
 Taylor. WORDS AND PLACES; or, Etymological Illustra- 
 tions of History, Ethnology, and Geography. By the Rev. 
 ISAAC TAYLOR, M.A., Litt. D., Hon. LL.D., Canon of York. 
 Third and Cheaper Edition, revised and compressed. With Maps. 
 Globe 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Tennyson. The COLLECTED WORKS of LORD TENNY- 
 SON, Poet Laureate. An Edition for Schools. In Four Parts. 
 Crown 8vo. zs. 6d. each. 
 
 Thring. THE ELEMENTS OF GRAMMAR TAUGHT IN 
 ENGLISH. By EDWARD THRING, M.A., Head Master oi 
 Uppingham. With Questions. Fourth Edition. i8mo. 2s. 
 
 Vaughan (C.M.). WORDS FROM THE POETS. By 
 C. M. VAUGHAN. New Edition. i8mo, cloth, is. 
 
 Ward. THE ENGLISH POETS. Selections, with Critical 
 Introductions by various Writers and a General Introduction by 
 MATTHEW ARNOLD. Edited by T. H. WARD, M.A. 4 Vols. 
 Vol. I. CHAUCER TO DONNE. Vol. II. BEN JONSON 
 TO DRYDEN. Vol. III. ADDISON TO BLAKE. Vol. IV. 
 WORDSWORTH TO ROSSETTI. Crown Svo. Each 7*. 6d. 
 
 Wetherell. EXERCISES ON MORRIS'S PRIMER OF 
 ENGLISH GRAMMAR. By JOHN WETHERELL, M.A. 
 l8mo.- is. (Literature Primers.) 
 
 Woods. A FIRST SCHOOL POETRY BOOK. Compiled 
 by M. A. WOODS, Head Mistress of the Clifton High School for 
 Girls. Fcap. Svo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Yonge (Charlotte M.). THE ABRIDGED BOOK OF 
 
 GOLDEN DEEDS. A Reading Book for Schools and general 
 readers. By the Author of "The Heir of Redclyffe." i8mo, 
 cloth, is. 
 
 GLOBE READINGS EDITION. Complete Edition. Globe 
 Svo. 2s. (See p. 54.) 
 
 FRENCH. 
 
 Beaumarchais. LE BARBIER DE SEVILLE. Edited, 
 
 with Introduction and Notes, by L. P. BLOUET, Assistant Master 
 in St. Paul's School. Fcap. Svo. 31. 6d. 
 
 Bowen. FIRST LESSONS IN FRENCH. By H. COUR- 
 T-HOPE BOWEN, M.A., Principal of the Finsbury Training College 
 for Higher and Middle Schools. Extra fcap. Svo. is. 
 Breymann. Works by HERMANN BREYMANN, Ph.D., Pro- 
 fessor of Philology in the University of Munich. 
 
 A FRENCH GRAMMAR BASED ON PHILOLOGICAL 
 PRINCIPLES. Second Edition. Extra fcap. Svo. 4*. 6d. 
 
 FIRST FRENCH EXERCISE BOOK. Extra fcap. Svo. 4*. 6d. 
 
 SECOND FRENCH EXERCISE BOOK. Extra fcap. Svo, 2s. 6d 
 
6o MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Fasnacht. Works by G. EUGENE FASNACHT, Author of " Mac- 
 millan's Progressive French Course," Editor of "Macmillan's 
 Foreign School Classics," &c. 
 
 THE ORGANIC METHOD OF STUDYING LANGUAGES. 
 Extra fcap. 8vo. I. French. %s. 6d. 
 
 A SYNTHETIC FRENCH GRAMMAR FOR SCHOOLS. 
 Crown 8vo. %s. 6d. 
 
 GRAMMAR AND GLOSSARY OF THE FRENCH LAN- 
 GUAGE OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. Crown 
 8vo. [In preparation. 
 
 Macmillan's Primary Series of French and 
 German Reading Books. Edited by G. EUGENE 
 FASNACHT, Assistant-Master in Westminster School. With 
 Illustrations. Globe 8vo. 
 
 DE MAISTRE T LA JEUNE SIBERIENNE ET LE LE"PREUX 
 DE LA CITE D'AOSTE. Edited, with Introduction, Notes, 
 and Vocabulary. By STEPHANE BARLET, B.Sc. Univ. Gall, and 
 London ; Assistant-Master at the Mercers' School, Examiner to 
 the College of Preceptors, the Royal Naval College, &c. ir. 6d. 
 
 GRIMM KINDER UND HAUSMARCHEN. Selected and 
 Edited, with Notes, and Vocabulary, by G. E. FASNACHT. 2s. 
 
 HAUFF. DIE KARAVANE. Edited, with Notes and Vocabu- 
 lary, by HERMAN HAGER, Ph.D. Lecturer in the Owens College, 
 Manchester. 2s. 6d. 
 
 LA FONTAINE A SELECTION OF FABLES. Edited, with 
 Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary, by L. M. MORIARTY, B.A., 
 Professor of French in King's College, London. 2s. 
 
 PERRAULT CONTES DE F&ES. Edited, with Introduction, 
 Notes, and Vocabulary, by G. E. FASNACHT. u. 
 
 G. SCHWAB ODYSSEUS. With Introduction, Notes, and 
 Vocabulary, by the same Editor. \In preparation. 
 
 Macmillan's Progressive French Course. By G. 
 
 EUGENE FASNACHT, Assistant-Master in Westminster School. 
 I. FIRST YEAR, containing Easy Lessons on the Regular 
 
 Accidence. Extra fcap. 8vo. is. 
 II. SECOND YEAR, containing an Elementary Grammar with 
 
 copious Exercises, Notes, and Vocabularies. A new Edition, 
 
 enlarged and thoroughly revised. Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. 
 III. THIRD YEAR, containing a Systematic Syntax, and Lessons 
 
 in Composition. Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 THE TEACHER'S COMPANION TO MACMILLAN'S 
 PROGRESSIVE FRENCH COURSE. With Copious Notes, 
 Hints for Different Renderings, Synonyms, Philological Remarks, 
 &c. By G. E. FASNACHT. Globe 8vo. Second Yeir 4 . f . 6,7. 
 Third Year 45. 6d. 
 
MODERN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE. 61 
 
 Macmillan's Progressive French Readers, By 
 
 G. EUGENE FASNACHT. 
 I. FIRST YEAR, containing Fables, Historical Extracts, Letters, 
 
 Dialogues, Ballads, Nursery Songs, &c. , with Two Vocabularies : 
 
 (i) in the order of subjects ; (2) in alphabetical order. Extra 
 
 fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 II. SECOND YEAR, containing Fiction in Prose and Verse, 
 
 Historical and Descriptive Extracts, Essays, Letters, Dialogues, 
 
 &c. Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Macmillan's Foreign School Classics. Edited by G. 
 EUGENE FASNACHT. iSino. 
 
 FRENCH. 
 
 CORNEILLE LE CID. Edited by G. E. FASNACHT. is. 
 
 DUMAS LES DEMOISELLES DE ST, CYR. Edited bv 
 
 VICTOR OGER, Lecturer in University College, Liverpool, is. 6d. 
 
 LA FONTAINE'S FABLES. Books I. VI. Edited by L. M. 
 
 MORIARTY, B.A., Professor of French in King's College, London. 
 
 [In preparation. 
 
 MOLIERE L'AVA RE. By the same Editor, is. 
 MOLIERE LE BOURGEOIS GENTILHOMME. By the same 
 Editor, is. 6d. 
 
 MOLIERE LES FEMMES SAVANTES. By G. E. FASNACHT. 
 
 is. 
 MOLIERE LE MISANTHROPE. By the same Editor, is. 
 
 MOLIERE- -LE MEDECIN MALGRE LUI. By the same 
 
 Editor, is. 
 RACINE BRITANNICUS. Edited by EUGENE PELLISSIER, 
 
 Assistant- Master in Clifton College, and Lecturer in University 
 
 College, Bristol. 2s. 
 FRENCH READINGS FROM ROMAN HISTORY. Selected 
 
 from Various Authors and Edited by C. COLBECK, M.A., late 
 
 Fellow of Trinity College. Cambridge ; Assistant -Master at 
 
 Harrow. 4*. 6d. 
 SAND, GEORGE LA MARE AU DIABLE. Edited by W. E. 
 
 RUSSELL, M.A., Assistant Master in Haileybury College, is. 
 SANDEAU, JULES MADEMOISELLE DE LA SEIGLIERE. 
 
 Edited by H. C. STEEL, Assistant Master in Winchester College. 
 
 is. 6d. 
 THIERS'S HISTORY OF THE EGYPTIAN EXPEDITION. 
 
 Edited by Rev. H. A. BULL, M.A. Assistant- Master in 
 
 Wellington College. [In preparation. 
 
 VOLTAIRE CHARLES XII. Edited by G. E. FASNACHT. y.6d. 
 
 * # * Other volumes to follow. 
 (See also German Authors, page 63.) 
 
62 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Masson (Gustave). A COMPENDIOUS DICTIONARY 
 
 OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE (French-English and English - 
 French). Adapted from the Dictionaries of Professor ALFRED 
 ELWALL. Followed by a List of the Principal Diverging 
 Derivation?, and preceded by Chronological and Historical Tables. 
 By GUSTAVE MASSON, Assistant Master and Librarian, Harrow 
 School. New Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Moliere. LE MALADE IMAGINAIRE. Edited, with intro- 
 duction and Notes, by FRANCIS TARVER, M.A., Assistant Master 
 at Eton. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 (See also Ma c mil Ian' s Foreign School Classics.} 
 
 Pellissier. FRENCH ROOTS AND THEIR FAMILIES. A 
 Synthetic Vocabulary, based upon Derivations, for Schools and 
 Candidates for Public Examinations. By EUGENE PELLISSIER, 
 M. A., B.Sc., LL.B., Assistant Master at Clifton College, Lecturer 
 at University College, Bristol. Globe 8vo. 6s. 
 
 GERMAN. 
 
 HUSS. A SYSTEM OF ORAL INSTRUCTION IN GERMAN, 
 by means of Progressive Illustrations and Applications of the 
 leading Rules of Grammar. By HERMANN C. O. Huss, Ph.D. 
 Crown 8vo. 55. 
 
 Macmillan's Progressive German Course. By G 
 
 EUGENE FASNACHT. 
 
 PART I. FIRST YEAR. Easy Lessons and Rules on the Regular 
 Accidence. Extra fcap. 8vo. is. 6d. 
 
 Part II. SECOND YEAR. Conversational Lessons in Systematic 
 Accidence and Elementary Syntax. With Philological Illustrations 
 and Etymological Vocabulary. New Edition, enlarged and 
 thoroughly recast. Extra fcap. 8vo. $s. 6d. 
 
 Part III. THIRD YEAR. [In preparation. 
 
 TEACHER'S COMPANION TO MACMILLAN'S PROGRES- 
 SIVE GERMAN COURSE. With copious Notes, Hints for 
 Different Renderings, Synonyms, Philological Remarks, &c. By 
 G. E. FASNACHT. Extra Fcap. 8vo. FIRST YEAR. 4^. 6d. 
 
 SECOND YEAR. 4*. 6d. 
 
 Macmillan's Progressive German Readers. By 
 G. E. FASNACHT. 
 
 I. FIRST YEAR, containing an Introduction to the German order 
 of Words, with Copious Examples, extracts from German Authors 
 in Prose and Poetry ; Notes, and Vocabularies. Extra Fcap. 8vo. , 
 2s. 6d. 
 
 Macmillan's Primary German Reading Books. 
 
 (See page 60.) 
 
MODERN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE, 63 
 
 Macmillan's Foreign School Classics. Edited by 
 G. EUGENE FASNACHT, i8mo. 
 
 GERMAN. 
 
 FREYTAG (G.). DOKTOR LUTHER. Edited by FRANCIS 
 STORR, M.A., Head Master of the Modern Side, Merchant Tay- 
 lors' School. [In preparation. 
 
 GOETHE GOTZ VON BERLICHINGEN. Edited by H. A. 
 BULL, M.A., Assistant Master at Wellington College. 2s. 
 
 GOETHE FAUST. PART L, followed "by an Appendix on PART 
 II. Edited by JANE LEE, Lecturer in German Literature at 
 Newnham College, Cambridge. 4^. 6d. 
 
 HEINE SELECTIONS FROM THE REISEBILDER AND 
 OTHER PROSE WORKS. Edited by C. COLBECK, M.A., 
 Assistant-Master at Harrow, late Fellow of Trinity College, 
 Cambridge. 2s. Gd. 
 
 LESSING. MINNA VON BARNHELM. Edited by JAMES 
 SlME. [In preparation. 
 
 SCHILLER SELECTIONS FROM SCHILLER'S LYRICAL 
 POEMS. Edited, with Notes and a Memoir of Schiller, by E. J. 
 TURNER, B. A., and E. D. A. MORSHEAD, M.A. Assistant- 
 Masters in Winchester College. 2s. 6d. 
 
 SCHILLER DIE JUNGFRAU VON ORLEANS. Edited by 
 JOSEPH GOSTWICK. zs. 6d. 
 
 SCHILLER MARIA STUART. Edited by C. SHELDON, M.A., 
 D.Lit., of the Royal Academical Institution, Belfast. 2s. 6d. 
 
 SCHILLER WILHELM TELL. Edited by G. E. FASNACHT. 
 
 [In the press. 
 
 SCHILLER. WALLENSTEIN'S LAGER. Edited by H. B. 
 COTTER ILL, M.A. [In preparation . 
 
 UHLAND SELECT BALLADS. Adapted as a First Easy Read- 
 ing Book for Beginners. With Vocabulary. Edited by G. E. 
 FASNACHT. u. 
 
 *** Other Volumes to follow. 
 (See also French Authors, page 61.) 
 
 Pylodet. NEW GUIDE TO GERMAN CONVERSATION; 
 
 containing an Alphabetical List of nearly 800 Familiar Words ; 
 
 followed by Exercises ; Vocabulary of Words in frequent use ; 
 
 Familiar Phrases and Dialogues ; a Sketch of German Literature, 
 
 Idiomatic Expressions, &c. By L. PYLODET. i8mo, cloth limp. 
 
 2s. 6d. 
 Whitney. Works by W. D. WHITNEY, Professor of Sanskrit 
 
 and Instructor in Modern Languages in Yale College. 
 A COMPENDIOUS GERMAN GRAMMAR. Crown 8vo. 4*. 6d. 
 A GERMAN READER IN PROSE AND VERSE. With Notes 
 
 and Vocabulary. Crown 8vo. $s. 
 
64 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Whitney and Edgren. A COMPENDIOUS GERMAN 
 
 AND ENGLISH DICTIONARY, with Notation of Correspon- 
 dences and Brief Etymologies. By Professor W. D. WHITNEY, 
 assisted by A. H. EDGREN. Crown 8vo. 7*. 6d. 
 
 THE GERMAN-ENGLISH PART, separately, 5*. 
 
 MODERN GREEK. 
 Vincent and Dickson. HANDBOOK TO MODERN 
 
 GREEK. By EDGAR VINCENT and T. G. DICKSON, M.A. 
 Second Edition, revised and enlarged, with Appendix on the 
 relation of Modern and Classical Greek by Professor JEBB. 
 Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 ITALIAN. 
 Dante. THE PURGATORY OF DANTE. Edited, with 
 
 Translation and Notes, by A. J. BUTLER, M.A., late Fellow of 
 Trinity College, Cambridge. Crown 8vo. 12s. 6d. 
 THE PARADISO OF DANTE. Edited, with Translation and 
 Notes, by the same Author. Crown 8vo. 12s. 6d. 
 
 DOMESTIC ECONOMY. 
 
 Barker FIRST LESSONS IN THE PRINCIPLES OF 
 COOKING. By LADY BARKER. New Edition. i8mo. is. 
 
 Berners. FIRST LESSONS ON HEALTH. By j. BERNERS. 
 
 New Edition. i8mo. is. 
 
 Fawcett. TALES IN POLITICAL ECONOMY. By MILLI- 
 
 CENT GARRETT FAWCETT. Globe 8vo. 3^. 
 
 Frederick. HINTS TO HOUSEWIVES ON SEVERAL 
 
 POINTS, PARTICULARLY ON THE PREPARATION OF 
 ECONOMICAL AND TASTEFUL DISHES. By Mrs. 
 FREDERICK. Crown 8vo. is. 
 
 "This unpretending and useful little volume distinctly supplies a desideratum 
 .... The author steadily keeps in view the simple aim of ' making every-day 
 meals at home, particularly the dinner, attractive,' without adding to the ordinary 
 household expenses." SATURDAY REVIEW. 
 
 Grand'homme. CUTTING-OUT AND DRESSMAKING. 
 From the French of Mdlle. E. GRAND'HOMME. With Diagrams. 
 i8mo. is. 
 
 Jex- Blake. THE CARE OF INFANTS. A Manual for 
 
 Mothers and Nurses. By SOPHIA JEX-BLAKE, M.D., Member 
 of the Irish College of Physicians ; Lecturer on Hygiene at 
 the London School of Medicine for Women. i8mo. is. 
 
ART AND TEACHING. 65 
 
 Tegetmeier. HOUSEHOLD MANAGEMENT AND 
 
 COOKERY. With an Appendix of Recipes used by the 
 Teachers of the National School of Cookery. By \V. B. 
 TEGETMEIER. Compiled at the request of the School Board for 
 London. iSrao. is. 
 
 Thornton. FIRST LESSONS IN BOOK-KEEPING. By 
 J. THORNTON. New Edition. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 The object of this volume is to make the theory of Book-keeping sufficiently 
 plain for even children to understand it. 
 
 Wright. THE SCHOOL COOKERY-BOOK. Compiled and 
 Edited by C. E. GUTHRIE WRIGHT, Hon Sec. to the Edinburgh 
 School of Cookery. iSino. is. 
 
 ART AND KINDRED SUBJECTS. 
 
 Anderson. LINEAR PERSPECTIVE, AND MODEL 
 
 DRAWING. A School and Art Class Manual, with Questions 
 and Exercises for Examination, and Examples of Examination 
 Papers. By LAURENCE ANDERSON. With Illustrations. Royal 
 8vo. 2s. 
 
 Collier. A PRIMER OF ART. With Illustrations. By JOHN 
 COLLIER. i8mo. is. 
 
 Delamotte A BEGINNER'S DRAWING BOOK. By 
 
 P. H. DELAMOTTE, F.S.A. Progressively arranged. New 
 
 Edition improved. Crown 8vo. %s. 6d. 
 ElllS. SKETCHING FROM NATURE. A Handbook for 
 
 Students and Amateurs. By TRISTRAM J. ELLIS. With a 
 
 Frontispiece and Ten Illustrations, by H. STACY MARKS, 
 
 R.A., and Twenty-seven Sketches by the Author. Crown 8vo. 
 
 2s. 6d. (Art at Home Series.) 
 Hunt. TALKS ABOUT ART. By WILLIAM HUNT. With a 
 
 Letter from Sir J. E. MILLAIS, Bart., R.A. Crown 8vo. 35. 6d. 
 
 Taylor. A PRIMER OF PIANOFORTE PLAYING. By 
 
 FRANKLIN TAYLOR. Edited by Sir GEORGE GROVE. iSino. is. 
 WORKS ON TEACHING. 
 
 BlaklStOn THE TEACHER. Hints on School Management. 
 
 A Handbook for Managers, Teachers' Assistants, and Pupil 
 
 Teachers. By J. R. BLAKISTON, M.A. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 (Recommended by the London, Birmingham, and Leicester 
 
 School Boards.) 
 
 " Into a comparatively small book he has crowded a great deal of exceedingly 
 useful and sound advice. It is a plain, common-sense book, lull of hints to the 
 teacher on the management of his school and his children." SCHOOL BOARD 
 CHRONICLE. 
 
66 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 Calderwood ON TEACHING. By Professor HENRY CALDER- 
 WOOD. New Edition. Extra fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Carter. EYESIGHT IN SCHOOLS. A Paper read before the 
 Association of Medical Officers of Schools on April I5th, 1885. 
 By R. BRUDENELL CARTER, .F.R.C.S., Ophthalmic Surgeon to 
 St. George's Hospital. Crown 8vo. Sewed, is. 
 
 Fearon. SCHOOL INSPECTION. By D. R. FEARON, M.A., 
 Assistant Commissioner of Endowed Schools. New Edition. 
 Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Gladstone. OBJECT TEACHING. A Lecture delivered at 
 the Pupil-Teacher Centre, William Street Board School, Ham- 
 mersmith. By J. H. GLADSTONE, Ph.D., F.R.S., Member of 
 the London School Board. With an Appendix. Crown 
 8vo. 3</. 
 "It is a short but interesting and instructive publication, and our younger 
 
 teachers will do well to read it carefully and thoroughly. There is much in these 
 
 few pages which they can learn and profit by." THE SCHOOL GUARDIAN. 
 
 Hertel. OVERPRESSURE IN HIGH SCHOOLS IN DEN- 
 MARK. By Dr. HERTEL, Municipal Medical Officer, Copen- 
 hagen Translated from the Danish by C. GODFREY SORENSEN. 
 With Introduction by Sir J. CRICHTON-BROWNE, M.D., LL.D., 
 F.R.S. Crown 8vo. 3-r/6</. 
 
 DIVINITY. 
 
 %* For other Works by these Authors, see THEOLOGICAL 
 CATALOGUE. 
 
 Abbott (Rev. E. A.) BIBLE LESSONS. By the Rev. 
 
 E. A. ABBOTT, D.D., Head Master of the City of London 
 School. New Edition. Crown 8vo. 43. 6d. 
 
 "Wise, suggestive, and really profound initiation into religious thought." 
 GUARDIAN. 
 
 Abbott Rushbrooke. THE COMMON TRADITION OF 
 
 THE SYNOPTIC GOSPELS, in the Text of the Revised 
 Version. By EDWIN A. ABBOTT, D.D., formerly Fellow of St. 
 John's College, Cambridge, and W. G. RUSHBROOKE, M.L., 
 formerly Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. Crown 8vo. 
 3*. 6d. 
 
 The Acts of the Apostles. Being the Greek Text as 
 revised by Profes-ors WESTCOTT and HORT. With Explanatory 
 Notes for the Use of Schools, by T. E. PAGE, M.A., late Fellow 
 of St. John's College, Cambridge ; Assistant Master at the Charter- 
 house. Fcap. 8vo. 4-r. 6d. 
 
DIVINITY. 67 
 
 Arnold. A BIBLE-READING FOR SCHOOLS. THE 
 
 GREAT PROPHECY OF ISRAEL'S RESTORATION 
 (Isaiah, Chapters xl. Ixvi.). Arranged and Edited for Young 
 Learners. By MATTHEW ARNOLD, D.C.L., formerly Professor 
 of Poetry in the University of Oxford, and Fellow of Oriel. 
 New Edition. i8mo, cloth, is. 
 
 ISAIAH XL. LXVI. With the Shorter Prophecies allied to it. 
 Arranged and Edited, with Notes, by MATTHEW L ARNOLD. 
 Crown 8vo. $s. 
 
 ISAIAH OF JERUSALEM, IN THE AUTHORISED ENG- 
 LISH VERSION. With Introduction, Corrections, and Notes. 
 By MATTHEW ARNOLD. Crown 8vo. 4*. 6d. 
 
 Benham. A COMPANION TO THE LECTIONARY. Being 
 
 a Commentary on the Proper Lessons for Sundays and Holy Days. 
 By Rev. W. BENHAM, B.D., Rector of S. Edmund with S. 
 Nicholas Aeons, &c. New Edition. Crown 8vo. 4^. (xl. 
 
 Cassel. MANUAL OF JEWISH HISTORY AND LITERA- 
 TURE ; preceded by a BRIEF SUMMARY OF BIBLE HIS- 
 TORY. By DK. D. CASSEL. Translated by Mrs. HENRY LUCAS. 
 Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Cheetham. A CHURCH HISTORY OF THE FIRST SIX 
 CENTURIES. By the Yen. ARCHDEACON CHEETHAM, 
 Crown 8vo. [/ the press. 
 
 Cross. BIBLE READINGS SELECTED FROM THE 
 PENTATEUCH AND THE BOOK OF JOSHUA. By 
 the Rev. JOHN A. CROSS. Globe 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Curteis. MANUAL OF THE THIRTY-NINE ARTICLES. 
 By G. H. CURTEIS, M.A., Principal of the Lichfield Theo- 
 logical College. [In preparation. 
 
 Davies. THE EPISTLES OF ST. PAUL TO THE EPHE- 
 
 SIANS, THE COLOSSIA.NS, AND PHILEMON; with 
 Introductions and Notes, and an Es>ay on the Traces of Foreign 
 Elements in the The->l >gy of these Epistles. By the Rev. J. 
 LLEWELYN DAVIES, M.A., Rector of Christ Church, St. Mary- 
 lebone; late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Second 
 Edition. Demy 8vo. 7^. 6d. 
 
 Drummond. THE STUDY OF THEOLOGY, INTRO- 
 DUCTION TO. By JAMES DRUMMOND, LL.D., Professor of 
 Theology in Manchester New College, London. Crown 8vo. $s. 
 
 Gaskoin. THE CHILDREN'S TREASURY OF BIBLE 
 
 STORIES- By Mrs. HERMAN GASKOIN. Edited with Preface 
 by Rev. G. F. MACLEAR, D.D. PART L OLD TESTAMENT 
 HISTORY. i8mo. is. PART II. NEW TESTAMENT. i8mo. 
 is. PART III. THE APOSTLES: ST. JAMES THE GREAT, 
 ST. PAUL, AND ST JOHN THE DIVINE. i8mo. if. 
 
 J 2 
 
68 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 Golden Treasury Psalter. students' Edition. Being an 
 
 Edition of "The Psalms Chronologically arranged, by Four 
 Friends," with briefer Notes. i8mo. 3^. 6d. 
 
 Greek Testament. Edited, with Introduction and Appen- 
 dices, by CANON WESTCOTT and Dr. F. J. A. HORT. Two 
 Vols. Crown 8vo. lor. 6d. each. 
 
 Vol. I. The Text. 
 
 Vol. II. Introduction and Appendix. 
 
 Greek Testament. Edited by Canon WESTCOTT and Dr. 
 HORT. School Edition of Text. 121110. cloth. 45. 6d. iSnao. 
 roan, red edges. $s. 6d. 
 
 SCHOOL READINGS IN. A Course of Thirty-Six Lessons, mainly 
 following the Narrative of St. Mark. Edited and Arranged, with 
 Introduction, Notes, and Vocabulary, by Rev. A. CALVERT, 
 M. A., late Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge. Fcap. 8vo. 
 
 [In the pi-ess. 
 
 THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. Being the Greek Text as 
 revised by Drs. WESTCOTT and HORT. With Explanatory Notes 
 by T. E. PAGE, M.A., Assistant Master at the Charterhouse. 
 Fcap. 8vo. qs. 6d. 
 
 THE GOSPEL ACCORDING TO ST. MARK. Being the Greek 
 Text as revised by Drs. WESTCOTT and HORT. With Explanatory 
 Notes by Rev. J. O. F. MURRAY, M.A., Lecturer in Emmanuel 
 College, Cambridge. Fcap. 8vo. [In preparation. 
 
 The Greek Testament and the English Version, 
 
 a Companion to. By PHILIP SCHAFF, D.D., President 
 of the American Committee of Revision. With Facsimile 
 Illustrations of MSS.. and Standard Editions of the New Testa- 
 ment. Crown 8vo. 12s. 
 
 Hardwick. Works by Archdeacon HARDWICK : 
 A HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH. Middle 
 Age. From Gregory the Great to the Excommunication of 
 Lutber. Edited by WILLIAM STUBBS, M.A., Regius Professor 
 of Modern History in the University of Oxford. With Four 
 Maps. New Edition. Crown 8vo. IDS. 6d. 
 
 A HISTORY OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH DURING 
 THE REFORMATION. Eighth Edition. Edited by Professor 
 STUBBS. Crown Svo. los. 6d. 
 
 Jennings and Lowe. THE PSALMS, WITH INTRO- 
 DUCTIONS AND CRITICAL NOTES. By A. C. JENNINGS, 
 M.A. ; assisted in parts by W. H. LOWE, M.A. In 2 vols. 
 
 Second Edition "Revised. Crown Svo. lew. 6d. each. 
 
DIVINITY. 69 
 
 Lightfoot. Works by the Right Rev. J. B. LIGHTFOOT, D.D., 
 
 D.C.L., LL.D., Lord Bishop of Durham. 
 ST. PAUL'S EPISTLE TO THE GALATIANS. A Revised 
 
 Text, \\ith Introduction, Notes, and Dissertations. Eighth 
 
 Edition, revised. 8vo. I2s. 
 ST. PAUL'S EPISTLE TO THE PHILIPPIANS. A Revised 
 
 Text, with Introduction, Notes, and Dissertations. Eighth 
 
 Edition, revised. 8vo. 12s. 
 ST. CLEMENT OF ROME THE TWO EPISTLES TO 
 
 THE CORINTHIANS. A Revised Text, with Introduction and 
 
 Notes. 8vo. 8s. 6d. 
 ST. PAUL'S EPISTLES TO THE COLOSSIANS AND TO 
 
 PHILEMON. A Revised Text, with Introductions, Notes, 
 
 and Dissertations. Eighth Edition, revised. 8vo. I2s. 
 THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS. Part II. S. IGNATIUS 
 
 S. POLYCARP. Revised Texts, with Introductions, Notes, 
 
 Dissertations, and Translations. 2 volumes in 3. Demy 8vo. 48^. 
 
 Maclear. Works by the Rev. G. F. MACLEAR, D.D., Canon of 
 
 Canterbury, Warden of St. Augustine's College, Canterbury, and 
 
 late Head-Master of King's College School, London : 
 A CLASS-BOOK OF OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY. New 
 
 Edition, with Four Maps. i8mo. 4^. 6d. 
 A CLASS-BOOK OF NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY, 
 
 including the Connection of the Old and New Testaments. 
 
 With Four Maps. New Edition. iSmo. $s. 6d. 
 A SHILLING BOOK OF OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY, 
 
 for National and Elementary Schools. With Map. i8mo, cloth. 
 
 New Edition. 
 A SHILLING BOOK OF NEW TESTAMENT HISTORY, 
 
 for National and Elementary Schools. With Map. i8mo, cloth. 
 
 New Edition. 
 
 These works have been carefully abridged from the Author's 
 
 large manuals. 
 CLASS-BOOK OF THE CATECHISM OF THE CHURCH 
 
 OF-ENGLAND. New Edition. i8mo. is. 6d. 
 A FIRST CLASS-BOOK OF THE CATECHISM OF THE 
 
 CHURCH OF ENGLAND. With Scripture Proofs, for Junior 
 
 Classes and Schools. New Edition. i8mo. 6d. 
 A MANUAL OF INSTRUCTION FOR CONFIRMATION 
 
 AND FIRST COMMUNION. WITH PRAYERS AND 
 
 DEVOTIONS. 321110, cloth extra, red edges. 2s. 
 
 Maurice. THE LORD'S PRAYER, THE CREED, AND 
 
 THE COMMANDMENTS. A Manual for Parents and 
 Schoolmasters. To which is added the Order of the Scriptures. 
 By the Rev. F.DENISON MAURICE, M.A. i8mo, cloth, limp. is. 
 
70 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 Pentateuch and Book of Joshua : an Historico-Critical 
 
 Inquiry into the Origin and Composition of the Hexateuch. By 
 A. KUENEN, Professor of Theology at Leiden. Trans'ated from 
 the Dutch, with the assistance of the Author, by PHILIP H. 
 
 WlCKSTEED, M.A. 8vO. 14?. 
 
 Procter. 'A HISTORY OF THE BOOK OF COMMON 
 PRAYER, with a Rationale of its Offices. By Rev. F. PROCTER. 
 M.A. Seventeenth Edition, revised and enlarged. Crown 8vo. 
 ioj. 6d. 
 
 Procter and Maclean AN ELEMENTARY INTRO- 
 DUCTION TO THE BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER. Re- 
 arranged and supplemented by an Explanation of the Morning 
 and Evening Prayer and the Litany. By the Rev. F. PROCTER 
 and the Rev. Dr. MACLEAR. New and Enlarged Edition, 
 containing the Communion Service and the Confirmation and 
 Baptismal Offices. i8mo. 2s. 6J. 
 
 The Psalms, with Introductions and Critical 
 
 Notes. By A. C.JENNINGS, M.A.Jesus College, Cambridge, 
 Tyrwhitt Scholar, Cro.-se Scholar, Hebrew University Prizeman, 
 and Fry Scholar of St. John's College, Cants and Sch >lefield 
 Prizeman, Vicar of Whittlesford, Carabs. ; assisted in Parts by W. 
 H. LOWE, M.A., Hebrew Lecturer and late Scholar of Christ's 
 College, Cambridge, and Tyrwhitt Scholar. In 2 vols. Second 
 Edition Revised. Crown 8vo. IOJ. 6d. each. 
 
 Ramsay. THE CATECHISER'S MANUAL ; or, the Church 
 Catechism Illustrated and Explained, for the Use of Clergymen, 
 Schoolmasters, and Teachers. By the Rev. ARTHUR RAMSAY, 
 M.A. New Edition. iSrno. is. 6d. 
 
 Ryle. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE CANON OF THE 
 OLD TESTAMENT. By Rev. H. E. RYLE, M.A., Fellow 
 and Lecturer of King's College, Cambridge. Crown 8vo. 
 
 [/ preparation. 
 
 St. John's Epistles. The Greek Text with Notes and Essays, 
 by BROOKE Foss WESTCOTT, D.D., Regius Professor of Divinity 
 and Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, Canon of Westminster, 
 &c. Second Edition Revised. 8vo. 12s. 6d. 
 
 St. Paul's Epistles. Greek Text, with Introduction and 
 
 Notes. 
 THE EPISTLE TO THE GALATIANS. Edited by the Right 
 
 Rev. J. B. LIGHTFOOT, D.D., Bishop of Durham. Eighth 
 
 Edition. 8vo. 12s. 
 THE EPISTLE TO THE PHILIPPIANS. By the same Editor. 
 
 Eighth Edition. 8vo. 12s. 
 
DIVINITY. 71 
 
 St. Paul's Epistles (continued) 
 
 THE EPISTLE TO THE COLOSSIANS AND TO PHI- 
 LEMON. By the same Editor. Eigthth Edition. 8vo. 12*. 
 
 THE EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS. Edited by the Very Rev. 
 C. J. VAUGHAN, D.D., Dean of Llandaff, and Master of the 
 Temple. Fifth Edition. Crown 8vo. 'js. 6d. 
 
 THE EPISTLE TO THE PHILIPPIANS, with Translation, 
 Paraphrase, and Notes for English Readers. By the same Editor. 
 Crown 8vo. 5.?. 
 
 THE EPISTLE TO THE THESSALONIANS, COMMENT- 
 ARY ON THE GREEK TEXT. By JOHN EADIE, D.D., LL.D. 
 Edited by the Rev. W. YOUNG, M.A., with Preface by Professor 
 CAIRNS. 8vo. 12s. 
 
 THE EPISTLES TO THE EPHESIANS, THE COLOSSIANS, 
 AND PHILEMON; with Introductions and Notes, and an 
 Essay on the Traces of Foreign Elements in the Theology of these 
 Epistles. By the Rev. j. LLEWELYN DAVIES, M.A., Rector of 
 Christ Church, St. Marylebone ; late Fellow of Trinity College, 
 Cambridge. Second Edition, revised. Demy 8vo. 7-r. 6d. 
 
 The Epistle to the Hebrews. In Greek and English. 
 With Critical and Explanatory Notes. Edited by Rev. FREDERIC 
 KENDALL, M. A., formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 and Assistant-Master at Harrow School. Crown 8vo. 6s. 
 
 WestCOtt. Worl<sby BROOKE Foss WESTCOTT, D.D., Canon of 
 Westminster, Regins Professor of Divinity, and Fellow of King's 
 College, Cambridge. 
 
 A GENERAL SURVEY OF THE HISTORY OF THE 
 CANON OF THE NEW TESTAMENT DURING THE 
 FIRST FOUR CENTURIES. Sixth Edition. With Preface on 
 " Supernatural Religion." Crown 8vo. los. 6d. 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE FOUR 
 GOSPELS. Sixth Edition. Crown 8vo. 10*. 6d. 
 
 THE BIBLE IN THE CHURCH. A Popular Account of the 
 Collection and Reception of the Holy Scriptures in the Christian 
 Churches. New Edition. l8mo, cloth. 45-. 6d. 
 
 THE EPISTLES OF ST. JOHN. The Greek Text, with Notes 
 and Essays. Second Edition Revised. 8vo. 12s. 6d. 
 
 THE EPISTLE TO THE HEBREWS. The Greek Text 
 Revised, with Notes and Essays. 8vo. [/ preparation. 
 
 SOME THOUGHTS FROM THE ORDINAL. Cr. 8vo. u. 6d. 
 
72 MACMILLAN'S EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE. 
 
 WestCOtt and Hort. THE NEW TESTAMENT IN 
 THE ORIGINAL GREEK. The Text Revised by B. F. 
 WESTCOTT, D.D., Regius Professor of Divinity, Canon of 
 Westminster, and F. J. A. HORT, D.D., Hulsean Professor of 
 Divinity ; Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge : late Fellows 
 of Trinity College, Cambridge. 2 vols. Crown 8vo. los. 6d. each. 
 Vol. I. Text. 
 
 Vol. II. Introduction and Appendix. 
 
 THE NEW TESTAMENT IN THE ORIGINAL GREEK, 
 FOR SCHOOLS. The Text Revised by BROOKE Foss WEST- 
 COTT, D.D., and FENTON JOHN ANTHONY HORT, D.D. 12010. 
 cloth. 4J. 6d. i8mo. roan, red edges. $s. 6d. 
 
 Wilson. THE BIBLE STUDENT'S GUIDE to the mor-? 
 Correct Understanding of the English Translation of the Old 
 Testament, by reference to the original Hebrew. By WILLIAM 
 WILSON, D.D., Canon of Winchester, late Fellow of Queen's 
 College, Oxford. Second Edition, carefully revised. 4to. 
 cloth. 25.?. 
 
 Wright. THE BIBLE WORD-BOOK : A Glossary of Archaic 
 Words and Phrases in the Authorised Version of the Bible and the 
 Book of Common Prayer. By W. ALDIS WRIGHT, M.A., Fellow 
 and Bursar of Trinity College, Cambridge. Second Edition, Revised 
 and Enlarged. Crown 8vo. 'js. 6d. 
 
 Yonge (Charlotte M.). SCRIPTURE READINGS FOR 
 
 SCHOOLS AND FAMILIES. By CHARLOTTE M. YONGE. 
 
 Author of " The Heir of Redclyffe." In Five Vols. 
 FIRST SERIES. GENESIS TO DEUTERONOMY. Extra fcap. 8vo. 
 
 is. 6d. With Comments, 3^. 6d. 
 SECOND SERIES. From JOSHUA to SOLOMON. Extra fcap. 
 
 8vo. ij, 6d. With Comments, 3*. 6J. 
 THIRD SERIES. The KINGS and the PROPHETS. Extra fcap. 
 
 8vo. is. 6d. With Comments, 3*. 6d. 
 FOURTH SERIES. The GOSPEL TIMES, is. 6d. With Comments. 
 
 Extra fcap. 8vo, 3*. 6d. 
 FIFTH SERIES. APOSTOLIC TIMES. Extra fcap. 8vo. is. 6d. 
 
 With Comments, 3.?. 6d. 
 
 Zechariah Lowe. THE HEBREW STUDENT'S COM- 
 MENTARY ON ZECHARIAH, HEBREW AND LXX. 
 With Excursus on Syllable-dividing, Metheg, Initial Dagesh, and 
 Siman Rapheh. By W. H. LOWE, M.A., Hebrew Lecturer at 
 Christ's College, Cambridge. Demy 8vo. IO.T. 6d. 
 
 Richard Clay &> Sons, London and Bungay. 
 
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY 
 
 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DAT] 
 STAMPED BELOW 
 
 
 MAY 8 1C26 
 
 REC'D Lu 
 
 JN 41962 
 
 REC'D LD. 
 
 JAN 7 1957 
 
YB 00203 
 
 U.C.BERKELEY LIBRARIES