UC-NRLF EPT, LEARN TO SPELL A HIGH-SCHOOL AND COLLEGE BOOK By L. W. PAYNE. Jr. RAND McNALLY & COMPANY CHICAGO NEW YORK Copyright, 1916 By L. W. Payne, Jr. EDUO -v ... -11 THE CONTENTS PAGE 5 7 8 18 19 22 The Introduction Seven Major Rules for English Spelling The Rules Applied and Exemplified . Seven Minor Rules for English Spelling Some Hints for Learners A List of Words Frequently Misspelled Practice Exercises Illustrating Rules for Spelling 30 Practice Lists of Words Often Misspelled (by Sub- jects) : Arts and Sciences: Agriculture 50 Biology and Zoology .......... 52 Botany 53 Chemistry 54 Domestic Science : Cooking 55 Household Arts . 56 Sewing 57 Economics 59 Geography (Descriptive) . . . ... . . . .60 Physical Geography 62 Geology 63 Government (Civics) 64 History : American History . 66 Ancient History 67 Medieval History 69 Modern European History 70 General History Terms '. . . .71 54l 3 !>47 4 THE CONTENTS Mathematics : page Algebra 73 Arithmetic 74 Geometry 75 Music 76 Physics 78 Physiology .79 Language and Literature: American Literature 81 English Literature 83 General Literary and Critical Terms 85 Grammar and Rhetoric 87 Professional and Special: Aeroplane, Motorboat, and Automobile .... 88 Biblical 89 Business 90 Education 92 Engineering : Architectural Engineering 93 Civil Engineering . . . .93 Electrical Engineering 94 Mechanical Engineering 94 General Engineering Terms 95 Law 96 Manual Arts 98 Military Tactics 100 Mythology 102 Special Lists for Other Subjects 104 A General List of Words Often Misspelled . . . 105 Suggestions to Teachers . • .142 THE INTRODUCTION Superintendents and principals are beginning to realize that spelling must be part of the high-school curriculum. Every teacher knows that many pupils who have finished the course in spelling required in the grammar school and have, as they suppose, put the subject definitely away, are wofully deficient in spelling when they take up their work in the high school. This deficiency is revealed in written work when the pupil is uncon- scious that his ability to spell is under test. When these pupils finish the high-school course with only the desultory and inade- quate methods of training in spelling usually in practice there, they enter college or take up everyday business and social life with little ability to spell correctly. Since every person who pretends to be moderately well edu- cated should be able to spell his native language with a fair degree of accuracy and consistency, it is evident that spelling must be continued as a practical study in the high school. The diffi- culties of English spelling are so great that good results cannot be obtained through incidental instruction in connection with other studies. The solution of the problem is a reestablishment of the daily spelling exercise. In the high school, however, there should be more intense study of word formation, word history, and word analysis, and more scrutiny by each student of the words misspelled by him in his daily written exercises. Learn to Spell has been prepared for use as a textbook for regular class work in the high school, and also as a handbook for the individual use of each high-school pupil. By applying the rules given in it, by recording his own errors on its pages, and by checking up his own working vocabulary day by day, the stu- dent may become the conscious master of the intricacies and vagaries of English spelling, whether of words in the average working vocabulary of everyday life or in any special vocabulary of trade or profession. One of the most troublesome factors in the spelling problem is the repetition of common errors. What so appals us when we contemplate the bad spelling in our schools is not so much the number of words misspelled, as the number of times certain familiar words are repeatedly misspelled. Such words as led, lose, their, there, coming, truly, across, disappear, disappoint, sepa- rate, preparation are misspelled so frequently that the teacher is surprised if one or more of them is not repeatedly misspelled in 6 THE INTRODUCTION the average theme. A method of study which concentrates the pupil's attention on these common errors will, we believe, more than half solve the spelling problem. But it is not enough to advise a pupil to buy a spelling book, and to study individually to improve his spelling. It is clear to practical and experienced superintendents that to make work in spelling effective, a class spelling book must be adopted, regular periods set apart for recitations in spelling, and certain teachers chosen who are to be responsible for the spelling exercises. The teachers of English are naturally more directly interested in the spelling problem than any other members of the high- school faculty, and usually are chosen to handle the spelling classes. But the English teachers alone should not be held responsible for the spelling ability of high-school pupils. Unless the super- intendent or principal works for the united and cooperative effort of the entire faculty, the spelling problem in the high school will still remain to a great degree unsolved. The teacher of mathe- matics, the teacher of history, of languages, of sciences, of tech- nical arts, all should be held responsible, both for the special vocabularies in their subjects and for the general vocabulary used by the pupils in all their work. English spelling is so inconsistent and so illogical that it is extremely difficult to arrange the subject on any systematic or scientific basis. Any rules that may be formulated are so loaded down with exceptions that they practically fall of their own weight. But in spite of this serious difficulty every reasonable effort must be made to give high-school pupils a thorough training in spelling. Moreover, we must deal with the problem of our spelling as it is, and not on the theoretical basis of what it ought to be. We must treat it logically as far as we can, and make it an exercise of the thinking powers by requiring our students to apply such rules as can be formulated now, keeping always in mind the ideal of a gradual reform or simplification of our present system of notation. L. W. Payne, Jr. Austin, Texas April, 1916 LEARN TO SPELL PART ONE SEVEN MAJOR RULES FOR ENGLISH SPELLING Rule I. In general, when two or more spellings are in use, choose the simpler or more accurately phonetic form. Rule II. Monosyllables and words accented on the final syllable, ending in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel. Rule III. Words ending in silent e usually drop the e before a suffix beginning with a vowel, but not usually before a suffix beginning with a consonant. Rule IV. Words ending in y preceded by a consonant usually change the y to i before a suffix beginning with a consonant, and before all suffixes beginning with vowels except those in i; but words ending in y preceded by a vowel do not usually change the y to i. Rule V. Words spelled with the diphthongs ei and ie must be carefully distinguished, the rule being that ei follows c, and ie follows I and most of the other consonants. Rule VI. Words ending in -ede and -eed, from the Latin cedere, must be carefully distinguished, the words exceed, proceed, succeed being spelled -eed, and all others -ede. Rule VII. Words that are derived from the Latin and the French frequently retain the forms shown in the original language. 7 8 LEARN TO SPELL The Rules Applied and Exemplified il V ' .* ■ ' ' - Rule 1 . I ft general, when two or more spellings are in use, choose the simpler or more accurately phonetic form. i . In words ending in -er or -re, like fiber, fibre; meter, metre; theater, theatre, etc., prefer the forms in -er. 2. In words ending in -or or -our, like honor, honour; neighbor, neighbour; parlor, parlour; Savior, Saviour; valor, valour, etc., prefer the forms in -or. Also in other words spelled -o- or -ou-, as mold, mould; molt, moult; smolder, smoulder, etc., prefer the forms in -o-. 3. In words ending in silent e where the final e does not assist in determining the quantity or quality of the vowel sound in the preceding syllable, as adz, adze; ax, axe; composit, composite; develop, develope; envelop, envelope; preterit, preterite; wo, woe, etc., prefer the forms without the e. 4. Similarly in words ending in -id or -ide, -in or -ine, as anti- toxin, antitoxine; bromid, bromide; glycerin, glycerine; oxid, oxide, etc., prefer the shorter forms. 5. In words ending in -g or -gue, -m or -mme, -t or -tte, as catalog, catalogue; decalog, decalogue; pedagog, pedagogue; gram, gramme; program, programme; cigar et, cigarette; coquet, coquette; etiquet, etiquette; quartet, quartette; sextet, sextette,. etc., prefer the shorter and simpler forms. 6. In words ending in -ze or -se which are pronounced with the sonant or s-sound of s, as apprize, apprise; catechize, catechise; civilization, civilisation; criticize, criticise; gloze, glose; raze, rase, etc., prefer the forms in ze. 7. In words spelled with 5 or c which have the surd or sibilant sound of 5 (as in hiss), like defense, defence; license, licence; prac- tise, practice; pretense, pretence; offense, offence, etc., prefer the forms in s. 8. In words spelled with the simple vowel e or the digraphs ce and 03 (now usually printed ae, oe), like esthetic, aesthetic; ency- clopedia, encyclopaedia; maneuver, manoeuvre; medieval, mediaeval, etc., prefer the forms in e. 9. In words beginning with in- or en-, as inclose, enclose; indorse, endorse; intrench, entrench, prefer the forms in in-. LEARN TO SPELL 9 io. In words spelled with / or ph (usually from the Greek), like fantasy, phantasy; sulfur, sulphur, etc., prefer the forms in/. Note. — The advocates of simplified spelling write/ for ph in many additional words of this class, as alfabet, dijtheria, dijthong, telefone, telegraf, etc. ii. In words spelled -aft or -aught, like draft, draught, prefer the forms in -aft. 12. In words spelled -ow or -ough, like plow, plough, prefer the forms in -ow. 13. Of preterits in -t or -ed, like blest, blessed; drest, dressed; stopt, stopped, etc., the forms in -t are in use, especially among the poets, and may be preferred to the forms in -ed, though the latter are in more general use. 14. In words ending in a double consonant or a silent e followed by a suffix beginning with a consonant and spelled in two ways, like acknowledgment, acknowledgement; dulness, dullness; fulfilment, fulfillment; fulness, fullness; judgment, judgement; skilful, skillful; thraldom, thralldom; woful, woeful, etc., prefer the shorter forms. 15. In many words which have two spellings, like bans, banns; bur, burr; distil, distill; fulfil, fulfill; instil, instill; pur, purr; whisky, whiskey, etc., prefer the shorter and simpler forms. Note. — Many writers now prefer the forms tho, thoro, thoroly, thru, to though, thorough, thoroughly, through. The Simplified Spelling Board has long recognized these forms, but they have not as yet been accepted by the general public. The Simplified Spelling Board also recommends the dropping of silent letters in such words as hearken, harken; heart, hart; head, hed; spread, spred; meant, ment, etc.; doubt, dout; debt, det; debtor, detter; indebted, indetted, etc.; crumb, crum; dumb, dum; lamb, lam; limb, Urn, etc.; autumn, autum; column, colum; solemn, solem, etc. ; aisle, aile; island, Hand; isle, He, etc. ; aimed, aimd; burned, burnd; hanged, hangd, etc.; active, activ; adjective, adjectiv; native, nativ, etc.; examine, examin; imagine, imagin, etc. ; agile, agil; fragile, fragil; sterile, steril, etc.; have, hav; give, giv; live, liv; are, ar; gone, gon; shall, shal; will, wil, etc. 10 LEARN TO SPELL In words ending in -ice, pronounced -is, the Board recommends the changing of ce to s, as in artifice, artifis; edifice, edifis; justice, justis; practice, practis, etc. But the majority of these changes are as yet accepted only by professed spelling reformers. Those who desire to adopt all the reforms recommended by the Simplified Spelling Board should apply to the Secretary of the Board at i Madison Avenue, New York City, for a copy of the full list of suggested changes. Rule II. Monosyllables and words accented on the final syllable, ending in a single consonant pre- ceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel. Thus red is a monosyllable and ends with the single consonant d preceded by the single vowel e; hence before the suffixes -er, -est, -ish the final consonant is doubled, as in redder, reddest, reddish. In read, however, the d is preceded by the diphthong ea; hence before the suffixes -er, -ing the final consonant is not doubled, as in reader, reading; and in words like fast, talk, tall, the two consonants would be retained but not doubled, as in fasting, talked, taller. In begin the accent is on the final syllable, and the final syllable ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel; hence before the suffixes -er and -ing the n is doubled, as in beginner, beginning, two very commonly misspelled words. In benefit the accent does not fall on the final syllable, but on the first syllable; hence we spell benefited, benefiting, two words which are also very frequently misspelled. In fitted, fitting, the t is doubled because the monosyllable fit meets all the conditions of the rule. In deter, occur, prefer, refer, etc., all the conditions of the rule are met, and we spell deterred, occurred, preferring, referring, etc. But in preference, reference, preferable, referable, the accent shifts to the first syllable, and hence the final consonant is not doubled. In deterrent, occurrence, however, the original accent is retained and hence the r is doubled. In differ, offer, proffer, etc., words having the same root syllable as those in the preceding paragraph, the accent falls on the first LEARN TO SPELL 11 syllable ; hence we spell different, difference, offered, offering, proffer- ing, etc., the final r being not doubled. In interfere the accent falls on the final syllable, but the word does not end in a consonant; so we have interfered, interfering, interference. In chagrin, from the French, all the conditions of the rule are met, but the final consonant is not doubled in chagrined, chagrin- ing. Compare with this the English form, shagreen, which shows a double vowel preceding the final consonant. Compare also the English form grin, an entirely different root, which conforms to the rule in grinned, grinning. Similarly the words excellence, excellent, etc., from excel, are exceptions to the rule, but the violation of the rule in this series of words is due largely to the influence of the French and Latin forms, which uniformly show two Vs. Several exceptions to the rule occur in words made up of two distinct or partially repeated elements, as in flimflammed, hum- bugged, wigwagging, zigzagged, etc. In combatant, combated, diagramed, kidnaped, kidnaper, etc., the primary accent properly falls on the first syllable, and hence the final consonants should not be doubled. Kidnaped is also spelled kidnapped, especially in England. Cf. Stevenson's Kidnapped. The word gas has only one 5 in the singular, though by analogy with many other words, like glass, mass, pass, etc., it is frequently misspelled with two. The plural gases is also an exception to Rule II in that the s is not doubled before the suffix -es. Compare also gaseous, gasify; but gassy, gassing, etc., conform to the rule. In applying the rule, observe that x is in reality a double con- sonant, being equivalent to ks; hence words ending in x never double the final consonant, as in boxes, boxing, etc. Observe also that u following q is not a vowel but a consonant, qu being equivalent to kw; hence in such words as quiz, quit, the rule applies, and we have quizzes, quizzed, quitter, quitting, etc. But in queer, quiet, etc., two vowels immediately precede the final consonant in the first, and the accent does not fall on the final syllable in the other, and we have queerest, quieting, etc. Observe also that w (originally double v or w) is sometimes a vowel and sometimes a consonant. Final w is uniformly a 12 LEARN TO SPELL vowel, and hence would never be doubled in such words as allowed, allowing, lowing, thawing. In derivatives from words ending in / and p, two spellings are frequently found, as jeweler, jeweller; kidnaped, kidnapped; traveler, traveller; traveling, travelling; woolen, woollen; worshiped, worshipped, etc. In such cases it is better to follow the rule and use the simpler forms consistently. Rule III. Words ending in a silent "e" usually drop the "e" before a suffix beginning with a vowel, but not usually before a suffix beginning with a consonant. . Examples showing the omission of the final e: come, coming; ensue, ensuing; love, loving, lovable; move, moving, movable; pursue, pursuing; quibble, quibbling, quibbler; rise, rising; state, stating; unmistakably, etc. Examples showing the retention of the final e: careless; dovelike; lonely; lovely, loveless; movement; pureness; stately, statement, etc. Exceptions : i. In words from the French ending in soft -ce (the sibilant sound of s) and soft -ge (the sound of dj), the final e is retained before suffixes beginning with a, o, u, but not before suffixes beginning with e, i, y; as in changeable, manageable, noticeable, serviceable, advantageous, courageous, outrageous, etc.; but changing, managing, manager, noticing, etc. Note. — The reason for this is that c and g before the vowels a, o, u usually have the hard sounds of k and g respectively, as in the words cat and go, and hence the final e is retained to preserve the soft sounds; in suffixes beginning with e, i, y, the soft sounds of c and g are naturally retained, and hence the final e may be dropped. In words like singeing from singe, swingeing from swinge, tingeing from tinge, twingeing from twinge, etc., the e is retained in order to distinguish these words from singing from sing, swinging from swing, etc. Similarly in words ending in oe, like hoeing, shoeing, toeing, the e is retained in order to preserve the identity of the words and also in order to indicate the quality of the preceding vowel sounds. LEARN TO SPELL 13 2. The following words drop the silent e before a suffix beginning with a consonant: duly, truly, wholly, argument, awful, nursling, wisdom, abridgment, acknowledgment, judgment, lodgment. The last four may also be spelled with the e, though the simpler forms are preferable. Rule IV. Words ending in "y" preceded by a consonant usually change the "y" to "i" before a suffix begin- ning with a consonant, and before all suffixes beginning with vowels except those in u i" ; but words ending in "y" preceded by a vowel do not usually change the "y M to "i. M Plurals of common nouns : fancy, fancies; lily, lilies, etc. But plurals of proper nouns generally retain the y unchanged, as "the three Marys" \ "the two Henrys." Third person singular of the present and the past tense of verbs : cry, cries, cried; reply, replies, replied; try, tries, tried, etc. Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs: busy, busier, busiest; early, earlier, earliest, etc. Derivatives in -age, -al, -fid, -hood, -less, -ly, -ment, -ness, etc.: carriage, marriage; burial, trial; beautiful, pitiful; hardihood, likeli- hood; fanciless, pitiless; merrily, sleepily; accompaniment, merriment; business, stinginess, etc. Derivatives in -ing retain the y to prevent two $-s coming together, as in burying, marrying, trying, etc. Words ending in y preceded by a vowel do not usually change the y to i, as in chimneys, delays, delayed, decoys, employs, monkeys, monkeying, says, etc. But laid, paid, said, are exceptions. Stay shows both forms, stayed and staid. In words like colloquy, soliloquy, the u is not really a vowel, but a consonant, the qu being equivalent to kw. Hence the plurals are colloquies, soliloquies. In compound words made up of two substantives, the y is usually retained before the second component, as in babyhood, clergyman, copyright, etc. Before the ending -ous many words change the y to e, as in beauteous, duteous, piteous, etc. 14 LEARN TO SPELL Rule V. Words spelled with the diphthongs "ei" and "ie" must be carefully distinguished, the rule being that %i ei" follows "cf and u ie" follows "Z" and most of the other consonants. The most common source of error in these words is the confusion of those spelled -ceive and -lieve and their derivatives. The key word lice has been used from time immemorial to indicate that i follows I and e follows c in words of this kind. Glacier is sometimes noted as an exception, but in reality the i and e are separate vowel sounds and not a true diphthong in this and simi- larly formed words, such as fancier, financier, species, etc. The only familiar exception where e precedes the i after I is in leisure. Another well-known mnemonic device to cover a large number of ei and ie words is the following rime: "I before e Except after c, Or when sounded as a, As in neighbor and weigh." Some words which fall under this rule are besiege, bier, chief, field, fiend, fierce, friend, grief, pier, pierce, siege, sieve, thief, tier, wield, yield. But there are many exceptions to this rimed rule, the most familiar of which are either, neither; foreign, sovereign; height, sleight; heir, leisure, seize, sheik, weird. Rule VI. Words in "-ede" and "-eed" from the Latin "cedere," must be carefully distinguished, the words \ \ exceed, " ' ' proceed, M " succeed ' ' being spelled "-eed" and all others "-ede." A good mnemonic device for grouping the three words spelled -eed is the following rimed motto : "If you wish to succeed in learning to spell, Proceed to exceed even those who do well." The verbal derivatives of these three words are spelled -eed also; but strangely enough the derivative noun procedure has only one e. In the nouns excess, process, success, and their derivatives, the LEARN TO SPELL 15 vowel is short, and hence the double vowel of the original is not retained. Some familiar words in -ede are accede, ante cede, cede, concede, intercede, precede, recede, retrocede, secede. Note particularly that supersede is from a different root (Latin super, above, and sedere, to sit), and hence is spelled with an s instead of a c. Rule VII. Words that are derived from the Latin and the French frequently retain the forms shown in the original language. i. Derivatives in -able and -ible, -ant and -ent, -ance and -ence, from the Latin, usually show the -a- forms in words derived from verbs of the first or -are conjugation, and the -i- and -e- forms from verbs of the other three conjugations. Thus abundance, abundant, are derived directly from the Latin abundantia, abundans (-ntis), from abundare, to overflow; laudable, from the Latin laudabilis, from laudare, to praise, etc. Credible is derived from Latin credibilis, from credere, to believe; coherence, coherent, cohesible, from Latin cohaerere, to stick, etc.; dependence, dependent from Latin dependentia, de pendens. {-ntis), from dependere, to hang from. Numerous exceptions to this rule occur, many of them due to the intermediate forms in the French, and many others to the fact that the derivatives are made directly from the English words and not from the original Latin. Most of the derivatives formed directly from English words show the -a- forms. The forms confidant (noun masculine) and confidante (noun feminine) are taken directly from the French; but the English forms confident, confidence, conform to the rule, being regularly de- rived from the Latin confidens, confidentia, from confidere, to confide. 2. Latin prefixes demand careful attention. Avoid confusion of prefixes which sound alike, as for instance: ac- (for ad, to) ante- (before) dis- (apart) per- (through) ex- (from, away) anti- (against) de- (from, about) pre- (before) The following are examples illustrating this warning : accept antedate discover, divide perform, perhaps except antidote describe, devise preserve, pretend 16 LEARN TO SPELL Words having prefixes (Latin or English) ending in the same consonant as that with which the stem or primitive begins, usually show double consonants; and frequently the final consonants of Latin prefixes change under the influence of the initial consonant of the stem so as to show a double consonant ; as in accede (Latin ad + cedere) accommodate (Latin ad + commodore) adduce (Latin ad + ducere) collect (Latin con {cum) + legere) (Latin con {cum) + nectere) (Latin di{s) + lapidare: note that dis some- times becomes di before stems beginning with b, d, g, j, I, m, *, r, v) (Latin dis + satis + facer e) (Latin dis + secare) (Latin ex + ad -f- gerere) (Latin in + legalis) (Latin in + natus) (Latin inter + rogare) (Latin inter + rumpere) (English mis -j- sent) (English mis -f- spell) (English over + ride) (Latin sub + cedere) (English under + rate) Similarly, words having suffixes (English or Latin) beginning with the same consonant as that with which the stem or primitive ends, usually show a doubled consonant; as in drunkenness comically formally soulless thinness finally really tailless Note that it is rarely advisable to run three identical consonants together. Compare dull, dully; full, fully. On the other hand, Latin stems beginning with a vowel never show a double consonant when a prefix is attached; as disappear inundate disappoint misapplied inoculate misinformed connect dilapidate dissatisfy dissect exaggerate illegal innate interrogate interrupt missent misspell override succeed underrate LEARN TO SPELL 17 Note also that Latin prefixes ending in a vowel never show a double consonant immediately following. Occasionally a double vowel will occur in such words as coordinate, reenter, coeducational. These and similar words are sometimes hyphenated or written with a diaeresis over the second vowel, as co-ordinate, reenter; but the simpler form is preferable in most cases. 3. Words like annually (Latin annus), belligerent (Latin bellum -\- gerens), definite (Latin de + finis), dissipate (Latin dissipare), preparation, separate (Latin par are), etc., would rarely be mis- spelled if the student could recall the original Latin forms. 4. Many words from the French retain the original spelling and pronunciation. The following is a partial list: attache elite naive beau, pi. beaux encore nee cafe entree papier-mache clientele expose questionnaire confrere facade regime creche fete resume debris habitue role debut jardiniere soiree decollete litterateur tete-d-tete denouement matinee vers de societe 18 LEARN TO SPELL SEVEN MINOR RULES FOR ENGLISH SPELLING i. In words ending in c, insert a k before suffixes beginning in e, i, or y, in order to preserve the hard or k sound of c; as in bivouac, bivouacked; colic, colicky; panic, panicky; picnic, picnickers, picnicking; traffic, trafficked; but in words where the c in the derivatives becomes soft, the k is not inserted, as in music, musician; physic, physician, physicist; public, publicist, ptiblicity. 2. Verbs ending in ie usually drop the e and change the i to y before a suffix beginning with i, as in die, dying; lie, lying; tie, tying, etc. 3. Words in -ea- and -ee- should be carefully distinguished. Note the following: bleach beach beech beseech peach leak leek bleed preach read reed breed squeal speak speech seek weal steal steel sleeve 4. Conventional signs, like the hyphen (-); the apostrophe ('); the acute ('), grave ( v ), and circumflex ( A ) accents; the tilde ("); the cedilla(J, the diaeresis( "), etc., should be carefully preserved in spelling. • The most common errors of this type occur in the use or misuse of the apostrophe and the hyphen. Reference to some good dic- tionary or work on language should be made by those who are not familiar with the rules for the use of these signs. 5. All words ending in o preceded by a vowel, and all musical terms and most other words ending in o preceded by a consonant, form their plurals by adding s; but the following familiar words add es: buffaloes, calicoes, cargoes, desperadoes, dominoes, echoes, heroes, manifestoes, mosquitoes, mottoes, mulattoes, negroes, noes, potatoes, tomatoes, torpedoes, volcanoes. Some words ending in o show two plurals, as peccadilloes, pecca- dillos. In such cases the better rule is to adopt the form in -os. l 6. Some words ending in/ or fe form their plurals and some of their derivatives by changing the f to v. The most familiar of 1 Some dictionaries record two plurals for buffalo, calico, cargo, desperado, domino, volcano; but the forms in -oes are in more general use. The plural dominos is used for masked costume; the game is always spelled dominoes. LEARN TO SPELL 19 these are beef, beeves; calf, calves; elf, elves; half, halves; knife, knives; leaf, leaves; life, lives; loaf, loaves; self, selves; sheaf, sheaves; staff, staves (or staffs); thief, thieves; wife, wives; wharf, wharves (or wharfs); wolf, wolves. Compare also twelve and twelfth, five and fifth, etc. 7. Note carefully all obscure vowels. Perhaps the most insidi- ous of all spelling errors is the substitution of obscure i and e for obscure a, and vice versa. Examples are classicism (not class a- cism) , separate (not seperate) , furniture (not furnature) , accusative (not accusitive), extravagant (not extravigant) , sacrifice (not sacra- fice), etc. Especial care should be taken to discriminate in pronouncing the -ar, -er, -or, -ir (-yr), -ur, and -eur endings; as in grammar, cylinder, conqueror, elixir, martyr, murmur, grandeur. SOME HINTS FOR LEARNERS 1. Look long and closely at the word you wish to learn; then pronounce it correctly and distinctly, giving full and clear enun- ciation to every syllable. 2. Repeat the letters while looking directly at the printed or written form. 3 . Repeat the letters with your eyes closed or turned away from the printed or written form. 4. Write the word five times and compare your copy carefully with the printed form. 5. Write one or two sentences, using the word in several differ- ent positions if possible and using as many of its inflected forms as you can. 6. Apply whatever rule you may know that is applicable to the spelling of this particular word. 7. Keep a list of words that you misspell, revising and reviewing this list frequently. 8. Consult a good dictionary and study the etymology of any particular word if this will help you in any way to remember its form. 9. In a series of words on one stem, use the stem, or determine upon a key word, and spell the derivatives accordingly; as in 20 LEARN TO SPELL repetition (frequently misspelled repetition) the stem repeat or the form petition will give the key; in preparation (frequently mis- spelled preperation) the key word is prepare. 10. Do not trust to analogous or homonymous forms, unless you have carefully verified the words considered. 1 1 . In the present state of our spelling it is not always safe to depend upon pronunciation, though the student should strive to pronounce every word fully and correctly. There are more anomalous spellings in English than in any other modern language ; hence great care should be taken to memorize the forms showing silent letters or variations in vowel sounds and consonantal com- binations. 12. In all oral or written spelling exercises, capitals, accents, and essential symbols, especially in words from a foreign language, should be clearly indicated. 13. Be especially careful to insert apostrophes in their correct positions. Much care and study will be required to attain accu- racy and logical conformity in the use of this symbol. Form the possessives of proper names ending in 5 or another sibilant, if monosyllabic, by adding an apostrophe and s; if polysyllabic, an apostrophe only. If the name ends in a silent sibilant, add an apostrophe and s: James's; Demosthenes' ; Illinois 's, Charlevoix's. 14. Distinguish carefully between consolidated words, hyphen- ated words, and words written separately. For example, inasmuch, notwithstanding, outdoor, sometimes, something, etc., are written without a break; son-in-law, out-of-doors (adjective), never-to-be- forgotten (adjective), good-looking, etc., are hyphenated; all right, high school (unless adjectival), bass viol are written as separate words ; subject-matter is usually and preferably hyphenated, though some authorities still write it as two separate words. No one can be dogmatic in forms of this kind, however, for nothing in our language is in a more chaotic and unsettled state than the use or omission of hyphens. 15. Be particularly careful to capitalize adjectives formed from proper nouns, such as Christian, Indian, Mexican, Latin, American. 16. Whenever you are in doubt about a word, consult the dictionary at once. Do not write the word and plan to revise LEARN TO SPELL 21 it later. One is almost sure to overlook or forget. "Do it now" is the only safe motto in regard to consulting a dictionary. 17. Be sure to spell correctly every word which you consciously add to your working vocabulary. Occasionally it is well to make a conscious effort in your composition work to use new or hard words, or words which you have previously misused or misspelled. 18. Be careful to note the differences between English and American usage, and in general prefer the American where there seem to be both reason and authority for these forms. 19. The study of Latin is a valuable aid in acquiring an accu- rate command of English spelling. One who has a knowledge of Latin, the source of about one half of our English words, is rarely at a loss as to the spelling of Latin derivatives. One might almost say that the quickest and surest way to acquire confidence and accuracy in English spelling is to learn Latin. 20. Some persons have allowed themselves to be convinced that they can never learn to spell, either because they have no special aptitude for spelling or because they believe they have an inherited weakness which cannot be overcome. This idea should be combated, for any person with average intelligence can learn to spell reasonably well if he determines definitely and positively to do so, and then conscientiously and persistently directs all his powers to the accomplishment of this task. 22 LEARN TO SPELL A LIST OF WORDS FREQUENTLY MISSPELLED abbreviation. Note the double b; pronounce each syllable care- fully. accidentally. Two c's and two Z's; do not insert an i after the t. accommodate. Be careful not to omit either of the c'sor the m's. account. Note the two c's. acquaintance. Note the -ance ending; do not omit the c in ac-. across. Do not double the c by analogy with account, etc. affect. Not to be confused with effect. Affect is used only as a verb; effect is both noun and verb. all right. Two separate words; sometimes wrongly written as one word, but more frequently misspelled alright by analogy with altho, altogether, always, etc. allusion. Sometimes wrongly spelled with one /, but more fre- quently confused with illusion. analogous. Keep in mind analogy and do not put an a in place of the first o. analyze. Note the y. In England analyse is widely used. Com- pare analysis, analytical. annually. Note the double n from Latin annus; for the double I, compare finally. apparatus. Note the two p's and no e; not to be used as a plural. appearance. Note the two p's and the -ance ending; see Rule VII. arrive. Note the double r, and compare arise, around, etc. assassinate. Double the 5 at both points, and note the i. Com- pare assassin, assassination. athletics. Do not mispronounce or misspell by inserting a vowel (a or e) before the /; compare also athlete. balance. Note the single /; compare ballast, balloon, etc., which have two /'s. beautiful. Note the single /. Adjectives similarly formed never double the final / as in the word full. Compare disdainful, hateful, useful, etc. Similarly formed nouns also usually show the single consonant, as in cupful, spoonful. Note. — A variety of oral and written exercises can be easily devised from this list. (See exercises 29 and 30.) The teacher cannot recur too frequently to it. If these words are thoroly mastered by every student, the percentage of misspelled words in the classwork of the entire schoof will be materially reduced. LEARN TO SPELL 23 beginning. Apply Rule II for doubling the final consonant. believe. Apply Rule V for words in ei and ie. Compare belief. benefited, benefiting. From Latin bene, well; hence do not spell beni-. Also do not double the final t, because the accent falls on the first syllable. See Rule II, and compare fitted, fitting. born. Do not confuse with borne. There is no such form as borned. Burns's. The name is Burns; hence the possessive case would be Burns' s or Burns', but never Burn's. See Hint 13. busy, business. Be careful not to place an i before the 5 or omit the i after the 5 in the derivative forms. Apply Rule IV. chapel. Do not confuse with words in -le. climactic. Adjective formed from climax. Compare climatic from climate. college. Do not insert a d. Compare knowledge. coming. Do not retain the final silent e before -ing. See Rule III. Also do not double the m. comparative. Do not spell with an i by analogy with comparison. comparison. Note the i. conscientious. Pronounce every syllable carefully. Compare conscience, and note the change of the final c to t in -tious. Coverley, Sir Roger de. Do not spell Roger with a d, and do not omit the e before the y in Coverley. current. Note the double r from Latin currere, to run. Compare currant, the berry. definite. Do not confuse with words in -ate. Compare finite. De Quincey. Two separate words, both capitalized; note the e before the y. description. Do not confuse with words in dis-. Compare describe. despair. From Latin de, from, + spes, hope. Not to be confused with words in dis-. Dickens'. The correct form is Dickens' and not Dicken's or Dickens's. See Hint 13. difference. Note the double / and the -ence ending. Do not omit the first e. Compare differ, different. disappear. Note the single 5 and double p. Study the prefixes carefully, and see Rule VII. 24 LEARN TO SPELL disappoint. Do not double the s or omit one of the p's. dissipate. From Latin dissipare; hence do not spell with one s or with an a before the p. divine. Do not confuse with words in de-. See Rule VII. does n't. Note the position of the e, and do not omit the apos- trophe. Compare don't, is n't, wont, etc. ecstasy. The older spelling extasy is now practically out of use. Note carefully the -sy, not -cy, ending. eligible. Do not double the /. Distinguish between -ible and -able endings. See Rule VII. Eliot, George. One / and one t, the simplest possible spelling. embarrass. Two r's and two s's. emigration. Distinguish from immigration. eminent. Not to be confused with imminent. Encyclopaedia Britannica. One t and two ns. Do not double the t. Compare Britain, British, Britannia, etc. The com- mon noun is spelled preferably encyclopedia, but in reporting the title of a book the original spelling is to be followed. enemies. Do not spell eni-. Apply Rule IV. etc. An abbreviation for Latin et cetera, "and others " ; hence the form ect. is absurd, and the. combination and etc. is ridiculous. exaggeration. Note the double g and single r. Study the pre- fixes carefully; see Rule VII. exceed. See proceed. existence. Apply Rule VII for -ence and -ance endings. extension. Do not confuse with words in ~tion. farthest. Do not insert -er before -est. Compare also further, furthest. fiery. Note the word fire; in fiery the e is shifted before the r. finally. Two /'s in this and similar adverbs formed from adjec- tives in -al. Compare formally, occasionally, personally, etc. forceful. Do not substitute an i for the e. forcible. Do not substitute ea for i. Compare- also forcibly. forth. Do not confuse with fourth. government. Do not omit the r or the n. Compare govern, and note also the -or ending in governor. grammar. Note the double m, and do not confuse with words in -er. Compare grammarian, grammatical, diagrammatical, etc. LEARN TO SPELL 25 grandeur. Do not spell -uer by analogy with words in -er. height. Note the position of the h's. Do not add a final h. horrible. Note the double r and the -ible ending. Compare horrid. humor. Not to be spelled -er. Compare also humorous. hypocrisy. Note carefully the ending -isy. Compare hypocrit(e). image. One m; do not confuse with words having the prefix im-, like immortal, etc. Similarly imagination, imagine, etc. infinite. Not to be confused with words in -ate. Compare finite. interfering. The r is not doubled before the suffix, but the final e is dropped. See Rules II and III. Compare also interfered, interference. its. The pronoun never takes an apostrophe; it 's means it is. laboratory. Be careful to preserve every syllable. Compare labor. Latin. Note the capital L. led. One of the commonest of all errors in spelling and one of the worst, because the word is spelled exactly as it is pro- nounced. The past tense of the verb lead is led. The noun lead, sl metal, is pronounced led also, and this naturally causes confusion. Also the verb read is spelled r-e-a-d in the past tense, but is pronounced red, and by analogy this also would tend to lead one astray in spelling led, the past tense of lead. Compare also misled from mislead. library. Do not insert an e before the first r, as if pronounced in four syllables; and do not pronounce or spell the word libery. lightning. Spell as two syllables, and do not confuse with the word lightening (pronounced in three syllables), meaning a becoming light, or a reducing of weight. lilies. There are two /'s in lily, but not three. Apply Rule IV. lose. This is perhaps the most frequently misspelled word in freshman English. It is almost always confused with loose, meaning to set free, untie, etc. If one will distinguish between the sonant or 2-sound of 5 in lose, and the surd or hissing sound of 5 in loose, the spelling of the two words will become perfectly simple and easy. Compare also losing and loosing. Macaulay. Note the three a's and no e. Many absurd spellings of this name occur in high-school and college freshman themes, such as McCauly, McAulay, Macatdey, Maccauly. 26 LEARN TO SPELL Macbeth. Such spellings as McBeth, Mac Beth, are abominable. maintenance. Though this comes from maintain, be careful not to write it maintainance. manual. Not to be confused with words in -el. meant. The silent a is a snare to the unwary speller. mischievous. Pronounce in three syllables, accenting the first; there is no i following the v. misspell. Two s's, because composed of mis- and spell. See Rule VII. mountainous. Do not drop the i in the second syllable, or insert one in the third. murmur. The two syllables are exactly alike. Do not confuse with words in -er, such as summer. narrative. Note the two r's, from Latin narrare, to tell. Com- pare narration. necessary. One c and two s's. negroes. See the list of words having plurals in -oes, p. 18. ninety. Do not omit the e. Compare nine, nineteenth; but ninth. noticeable. Do not drop the e before the suffix beginning with a. See Rule III. occasion. Two c's, but only one s. Compare also occasionally. occurred. Apply Rule II for doubling final consonants. Com- pare also occurring, occurrence. o'clock. Note the apostrophe, and do not capitalize the first o. off. Distinguish between the adverb off and the preposition of. opportunity. From Latin ob and portus; hence it is wrong to spell the word with an e by analogy with words in per-. optimistic. From Latin optimus, best; hence do not change the first i to a or o. Compare also optimism, optimist. original. Do not insert an o before the n. Compare origin, originality. perhaps. Do not confuse with words in pre-. permissible. Apply Rule VII. pessimistic. From Latin pessimus, worst; see optimistic. Philip. Note the single /. Philippines also has only one /, but the p is doubled. pilgrim. Do not confuse with words in -gram, like program, etc. Compare pilgrimage. LEARN TO SPELL 27 pity. Do not double the t by analogy with pretty, putty, jetty, etc. plane. Not to be confused with plain. "We study plane geometry; our teacher makes it plain to us." poison. Note the -on, not -en, ending. Compare also poisonous. possess. Twice two s's. Compare possessions. precede. Compare recede, secede, intercede, etc. See Rule VI. preparation. Note the a. Compare prepare, separate, etc. primitive. Three t's, but no a. principal. The adjective form ends in -al. Sometimes the noun is omitted, and this adjective in -al becomes a noun, as "the principal teacher of the high school" becomes "the principal of the high school." Do not confuse this word with principle. principle. A noun and never used as an adjective. See principal. privilege. Two i s and two e's, but no a and no d. probably. Pronounce in three syllables, and note the two b's. proceed. Compare exceed and succeed, and see Rule VI for a mnemonic device for grouping these words in -eed. Procedure has only one e in the second syllable. professor. One / and two s's, but never two fs and one s. The abbreviation prof is therefore not only vulgar but absurd. pursue. Not to be confused with words in per-. Compare also pursuit. quizzes. Apply Rule II for doubling final consonants. Also quizzed, quizzing. The simple form is quiz. really. See finally. receive. Apply Rule V for ei and ie words. recommendation. One c and two ra's. Study the prefixes closely. referred, referring. Apply Rule II. repetition. Do not substitute an i for the second e. Compare repeat, petition, etc. representative. Be careful to spell out each syllable; note the a as in representation. rhythm. Note particularly the first h. Compare rhythmic. ridiculous. From Latin ridiculus from ridere, to laugh; do not confuse with words in re-. Compare ridicule. roll. Not to be confused with role. Compare also roll-call. sacrifice. Do not substitute an a for the first i, or an 5 for the second c. Compare sacrament. 28 LEARN TO SPELL schedule. Note the h. seize. Note the e before the i. A difficult word because an exception to Rule V. sensitive. Do not spell with an a. Compare sensibility. separate, separation. From Latin se- and parare. Do not sub- stitute an e for the first a. Compare prepare, preparation, etc. shepherd. There is no a in this word. Compare sheep and herd, herdsman, etc. similar. Do not insert an i before the a by analogy with familiar, peculiar, etc. smooth. Do not add an e by analogy with soothe, loathe, etc. sophomore. Three syllables and three o's. specimen. Do not add a t by analogy with words in -ment. speech. Do not confuse with words in -ea-, such as speak, preach. stature. Not to be confused with statue or statute. Compare statuary and statutory. studying. Do not double the d or omit the * or the y. summary. Note the double m, from Latin summa; do not confuse with words in -ery. superintendent. Note every syllable carefully. Apply Rule VII for the -ent ending. sure. Do not insert an h. surprise. Do not confuse with words in sup-, such as support, suppose. temperament. Be careful to spell out each syllable. Thackeray. Note particularly the ck and the ay, and do not omit either the c or the a. their, theirs. Do not put the * before the e, and do not confuse with there and there's. together. Do not spell with an a by analogy with gather, nor with ea by analogy with weather. Also do not insert a hyphen. too. Do not confuse the adverb too with the preposition to or the numeral two. "The two (numeral) men drove to (preposition) town too (adverb) fast." tremendous. Three syllables; do not insert an i or u after the d, as if pronounced in four syllables. Compare stupendous. truly. Do not retain the e before the ending -ly in this word. This is an exception to Rule III. Compare duly. LEARN TO SPELL 29 undoubtedly. Distinguish the syllables carefully. Avoid the spurious form undoubtably. unmistakable. Do not retain the silent e before the suffix -able. See Rule III. Compare also unmistakably. until. This word has only one /, while the contraction till has two. using. Do not retain the e before -ing. Apply Rule III. vigor. Do not spell -er. Compare vigorous, rigor, rigorous, etc. village. Frequently misspelled with an i before the a, as if pro- nounced in three syllables. villain. Frequently misspelled -ian by analogy with words like guardian; but note that villain is pronounced in two syllables, not three. Note also villainy or villany; villainous or villanous. The form villein is now used only of a serf. virtue. Do not insert an r before the u by analogy with words like stature, vulture, etc. weird. Widely misspelled because an exception to Rule V. write. Not to be confused with rite, right, wright. The past tense wrote should not be confused with rote. writer, writing. Do not double the t by analogy with written. Note the difference in the vowel sounds. Before the suffixes -er and -ing the final e in write is dropped according to Rule III ; but in written the t is doubled to indicate the short vowel as contrasted with the long vowel in write. A PRACTISE LIST FIFTY OF THE WORST OFFENDERS accommodate dissatisfied manual principle similar all right exaggerate noticeable professor speech balance finally occasion quizzes sure beginning forcible occurred really theirs believe grammar off received too benefited hypocrisy opportunity repetition truly business its original rhythm until definite laboratory plane seized village difference led preparation sensitive villain disappointed lose principal separate weird 30 LEARN TO SPELL PRACTISE EXERCISES ILLUSTRATING RULES FOR SPELLING i. WRITTEN WORK Study Rule I, p. 8. Write two spellings for the following words; under- score the form which you prefer, and indicate the reason for your choice: acknowledgment counselor fulfil oxid adz criticize gelatin paraffin anapestic decalog glycerin picaninny antitoxin defense . honor plow apprize diarrhea hypocrit practise ax disk hypotenuse preterit blest distil judgment raveled bromid draft license riveted calisthenics dropt liquorice savior cancelation dulness maneuver theater catalog enrolment marvelous traveler chaperon envelop medieval traveling cigaret esthetic meter wagon civilization etiquet millionaire whisky coquet fantasy neighbor woolen councilor fantom oneself worshiped 2. WRITTEN WORK Study Rule I, p. 8. Make a list of twenty additional words with two accepted spellings, underscoring the form to be preferred in each case. 3. ORAL WORK Study Rule II, p. io. Spell the past tense in -ed, and the present participle in -ing for the following words: abhor combat detach forfeit abut commit diagram grin acquit compel differ handicap allow conceal dispel impel benefit concur enter infer boot control equip intermit brag defer excel kidnap cancel desert follow limit LEARN TO SPELL 31 marvel prefer refit rivet offer proffer regret simper panel profit reject submit pencil quiet relax transfer perform quit remit travel permit quiz retract worship 4. ORAL OR WRITTEN WORK Study Rule II, p. 10, and consult the general list, pp. 106-141. Form nouns in -er, -or, or -ar, from the following stems, explaining the reason for the correct or preferred spelling in each case: abhor desert profess swim abstain eject propel transmit beg hum retain travel begin invent rob visit bisect job shop win conquer kidnap shred worship control perform stop wrap 5. WRITTEN WORK Study Rule II, p. 10. Explain why the root words of the following derivatives do or do not double the final consonants, and underscore words which are in any way exceptions to Rule II: acquittal forgotten rebellious braggart gaseous rebuttal chagrined gases regrettable choppy gassy repellent concurrence goddess riddance concurrent humbugged robbery conference intermittent shrubbery deference manned soften deterrent marvelous sunny difference metallic sweeten druggist occurrence tranquillity excellence planned transferable excellent preference unforgetable flimflammed propellant (n.) wigwagging forbidden propellent (adj.) zigzagged 32 LEARN TO SPELL 6. WRITTEN WORK Study Rule II, p. 10. From the following adjectives write out the com- parative degree in -er, and the superlative in -est, explaining the reason for the doubled or single final consonant in each case: awful hard quiet steep big , hot red still cold lax sad straight cool loud small sweet deep mad soft warm glad queer sour weak 7. ORAL WORK Study Rule III, p. 12. Spell the present participle in -ing for the following words, explaining why the final e is or is not dropped in each case: advise face notice shoe arise freeze pursue smile arrange hoe quibble state believe hope race strive change interfere rise tinge come loose save toe dine lose serve twinge ensue move shine use Study Rule III, p. 12. the following derivatives: abridgment acknowledgment advantageous arrangement careless changeable courageous dovelike duly imaginable 8. .ORAL WORK Explain why the final e is or is not dropped in inflatable interference judgment likable lovable manageable marriageable movable noticeable peaceable salable sensible stately statement stony traceable truly unmistakably wholly wisdom LEARN TO SPELL 33 9- ORAL WORK Study Rule IV, p. 13. Spell the plurals of the following nouns why the y is or is not changed to i in each case: abbey covey galley monkey alley cry Henry parley ally decoy jersey penny attorney dowry jockey pulley beauty ecstasy jury sky bully effigy levy soliloquy century elegy library taffy chimney fairy lily trolley cockney family Mary turkey colloquy fancy medley volley country fantasy money whisky 10. ORAL WORK Study Rule IV, p. 13. Explain why the final y does or does not change to i in the following derivatives, noting particularly exceptions to the general rule: babyhood dizziness marrying beautiful drearily merriment burial dutiful pitiless busier earliest •replied business fancier studying carriage happiness trying clergyman hardiness uglier copyright likelihood weariness delayed marriage wearying 11. WRITTEN WORK Study Rule V, p. 14. Fill in the correct letters iei or ie) in the following words, stating the rule or pointing out the exception in each case: ach — ve chandel — r f — Id bel - - f cone - -t f - - nd bel — ve cone — ve f — rce bes — ge counterf — t handkerch — f brigad — r dec — ve h — r 3 34 LEARN TO SPELL h--ght 1 — sure n — ghbor n — ce ob — sance perc — ve p — rce rec — pt rec — ve r--gn rel - - f rel — ve retr — ve s — ze s--ge sh--k 12. Study Rule VI, p. 14. shr k sover — gn t--r th--f v — w w — Id w — rd y--ld WRITTEN WORK Arrange the following words in two groups, those ending in -eed and those in -ede, and then write as many inflected and derivative forms in each case as you can, noting particularly any literal changes in the stem: accede exceed proceed secede antecede intercede recede succeed cede precede retrocede supersede concede 13. ORAL OR WRITTEN WORK 1 Study Rule VII, p. 15. Explain why each of the following words is spelled -ance, -ence; -ant, -ent; -able, -ible; if you find exceptions to the general principle of Rule VII, try to give a reason for the exception in each case: abhorrence abhorrent abhorrible abundance abundant acceptance acceptable acceptant accessible acquaintance adherence adherent adjustable admittance admissible adolescence adolescent arrogance arrogant audible coherence coherent cohesible complacence complacent combustible confidence confident constituency constituent 1 This exercise may be divided into several lessons, consult an unabridged dictionary for etymologies. corruptible credence credent credible decadence decadent digestible eminence eminent excellence excellent exceptionable existence existent „ fallible The students should be trained to LEARN TO SPELL 35 imminence imminent incorrigible incorruptible indelible indulgence indulgent ineligible inexhaustible intelligence intelligent intelligible irresistible irritable laudable laughable measurable noticeable obtainable performance prominence prominent reasonable recurrence recurrent reminiscence reminiscent residence resident resistance resistant resistible responsible separable superintendence superintendent susceptible variance visible 14. ORAL WORK 1 Study Rule VII, p. 15. The following list comprises practically all of the familiar words which are spelled -ible; most other words of this formation are spelled -able. Adverbs in -ibly and nouns in -ibility may be formed from such words in the list as are in more common use; as accessibly, accessibility admissibly, admissibility, intelligibly, intelligibility, etc.: (in) accessible conductible adducible (or -eable) contemptible (in) admissible contractible (in) apprehensible (in) controvertible (in) audible (in) convertible (in) coercible (in) convincible cohesible (in) corrigible (in) cognoscible (in) corrodible collapsible (or -able) corrosible collectible (or -able) (in) corruptible (in) combustible (in) credible committible (or -able) deducible (in) compatible deductible (in) comprehensible (in) defeasible (in) compressible (in) delible (also deleble) (in) condensible (or -able) depressible conducible descendible (or -able) 1 This exercise may be divided into several lessons. 36 LEARN TO SPELL (in) destructible diffusible (in) digestible dirigible (in) discernible dissectible distensible distractible divertible divestible (in) divisible (in) edible educible (in) effervescible (in) eligible (in) eludible evadible (or -able) (in) evasible evincible (in) exhaustible exigible existible (in) expansible (in) expressible extendible (in) extensible (in) fallible (in) feasible (in) flexible fluxible forcible (in) frangible (in) fusible gullible horrible ignitible (or -able) immersible (or -able) (un) impressible inducible inscriptible instructive (un) intelligible interconvertible intervisible inventible invertible invincible irascible (il) legible mandible (n.) negligible omissible ostensible passible (capable of feeling or suffering; cf. passable, capable of being passed) (im) perceptible (im) perfectible (im) permissible (im) persuasible pervertible (im) plausible (im) possible prehensible (im) prescriptible (un) producible redressible (ir) reducible refer'rible (cf. referable) reflectible (ir) refrangible (ir) remissible rendible (not to be confused with renderable) LEARN TO SPELL 37 (ir) reprehensible (ir) repressible (ir) resistible (ir) responsible reversible revertible risible seducible (or ~eable) (in) sensible subdivisible (in) submergible subvertible suspensible (in) tangible tensible terrible traducible transfusible (in) transgressible (in) transmissible (in) vendible (in) vincible (in) visible 15. WRITTEN WORK Study Rule VII, p. 15. Make a list of twenty-five familiar words in -able. Try to collect these words from your general reading, giving references, as follows: insuperable, Irving, Rip Van Winkle, p. 43. 16. WRITTEN WORK Study Rule VII, p. 15. Explain the Latin derivation of the following words, noting particularly the literal changes in the forms of the prefixes. Use the dictionary for this work. accumulate assimilate attendance cereal chronology concentrate connotate corroborate description disappear disappointed dissection dissever dissociate dissuade eccentricity educate emigrate exaggerate illegible illegitimate illimitable illiterate immaterial immigrate immortal immovable immutable impatient inadequate intellect interest interfere interrupt interrogation interurban irrational irreverent postpone postscript preparation prescription proscription separate subscribe subterranean tolerable transference 38 LEARN TO SPELL Study Rule VII, p. name the accents and 17. ORAL WORK 1 15. Spell the following French words, taking care to other signs (see Rule 4, p. 18). attache entree papier-mache blanc-mange facade porte-cochere bouillon fricassee protege cache garage questionnaire charge d'affaires hangar regime chauffeur jardiniere rendezvous consomme matinee resume coup d'etat mayonnaise role cortege melee soiree debris naif (masc.) tete-a-tete debut naive (fern.) trousseau decollete naivete vis-a-vis dishabille or desha- nee bille ] [8. WRITTEN WORK Study Rule 1, p. 18 . Explain the insertion or omission of the following words: bivouac music public bivouacked musical publican bivouacking musician* publicist colic panic publicity colicky panicky shellac frolic frolicked physic physical shellacked shellacking frolicking physician traffic frolicsome physicist trafficked mimic mimicked mimicking picnic picnicked picnicking trafficking trafficker trafficless mimicry picnickers 1 The teacher should give the pupil the correct pronunciations of these fami words. LEARN TO SPELL 39 19. ORAL WORK Study Rule 3, p. 18. Spell the f ollowing words: beat leap read speak beet leech reed speech beach meat reap steal beech meet real steel bleat neat reel steam bleed need seam steep bleach peach seem team crease peep seat teem creep peak seek weave dear peek sleave weevil deer preach sleeve weaver grease preen scream weak green reach screech week leak reek squeal wean leek squeeze weep 20. WRITTEN WORK Study Rule 5, , p. 18. Copy the following words and form the preferred plurals, indicating all musical terms by the sign (M) and scoring all plurals ! in -oes: alto desperado lasso solo banjo domino memento soprano basso (costume) mosquito tallyho broncho domino motto tobacco buffalo (game) mulatto tomato burro duo negro torpedo calico dynamo peccadillo tremolo cameo echo piano trio cargo Eskimo piccolo violoncello cello hero portfolio volcano cuckoo hobo potato zero 40 LEARN TO SPELL Study Rule 6, p. 18. 21. ORAL WORK Spell the plurals of the following words: belief bluff calf chief cuff dwarf elf half handkerchief hoof knife leaf life loaf proof reef relief roof safe scarf self serf sheaf sheriff staff stuff tariff thief waif wharf wife wolf Study Rule 7, obscure vowels in accusative anticipate apparatus circumference classicism dissipation divide extravagant frivolous fundamental 22. WRITTEN WORK Write the following words, underscoring the P- 19. each: furniture genitive gravity Hannibal indefinite opportunity optimist pessimist preparation privilege x repetition ridiculous romanticism sacrament sacrifice sensitive separate stimulant unanimous ventilation 23. WRITTEN WORK See Rule 7, p. 19. Complete the following words by adding -ar, -er, -or, -ir (-yr), -ur, -eur accelerat — adventur — advis — aggress — agitat — alt — (in church) alt — (to change) amat — ambassad — ancest — anch — argu-- arrest — assess — audit — aug — (soothsayer) aug — (boring tool) auth — aviat — bachel — begg - - benefact — besieg — bisect — blasphem - - Caes — calend-- (table of dates) carburet — caterpill — 1 This exercise may be divided into two or more lessons. LEARN TO SPELL 41 ced — generat — refrigerat — cell-- Gibralt - - regulat — cellul — govern — report — cens — (critic) gramm — revolv — cens — (vessel for hum — rig-- incense) imitat — rum — chauff — impost — sail — (seaman) coll - - instruct — sail — (sailing vessel) collect — interpret — sat — col — invest — schol — conduct — jugul - - sculpt — connoiss — ledg - - separat — conquer — H-- simil — conspirat — lubricat — solicit — contract — maj - - speedomet — controll — marin — splend — coron — mart — squal — corrid — metaph — squander — credit — millin - ■* sulph — cultivat — mirr — supervis — cylind — mot — survey — debt - - murm — trait — defend — navigat — transgress — demean — numerat — translat — demurr — ad— transmitt — denominat — operat — travel — develop — orat — treasur — direct - - organiz — trumpet — dissent — originat — tubercul — edit — oscillat — turn — educat — oyst — vaccinat — elevat — percolat — vict — elix — pill — vig-- emper — prison — vineg — equat — proct - - visit — extinguish — profess — vulg - - fact — propell — warri — garden — reflect — worship — 42 LEARN TO SPELL 24. WRITTEN OR ORAL WORK Read Hint 9, p. 19. Write or spell the following words and give the key word which will help you to determine the correct spelling in each case, as frivolous (key word frivolity) : analogous (p. — ) approximate (p. — ) bicycle (p. — ) bilious (p. — ) definite (p. — ) definition (p. — ) effeminate (p. — ) fanaticism (p. — ) frivolous (p. — ) horrible (p. — ) indefinite (p. — ) infinite (p. — ) inseparable (p. — ) mariner (p. — ) maritime p. — ) narrative (p. — ) original (p. — ) preparation (p. — ) repetition (p. — ) ridiculous (p. — ) romanticism (p. — ) separation (p. — ) synonymous (p. — ) zealous (p. — ) 25. ORAL WORK Read Hint 14, p. 20. space where necessary: Anglo-Saxon ante-bellum basket-ball bas-relief board,ing-house by-law cross-reference cross-section folk-dance good-looking guinea-pig high-school {adj.) man-of-war near-by {adj.) object-lesson reading-room self-starter subject-matter twenty-one vice-president Spell the following words, indicating hyphens and antiprohibition anybody anyway (adv.) baseball bedroom commonplace everyday (adj.) everything foolscap football handwriting intercollegiate interscholastic masterpiece motorboat notebook outdoor semicolon steamboat textbook all right any one any time any where bass violin boy scout by and by each other every day every one every side high school (n.) in fact one another near by (adv.) per cent some day steam car team play parcel post LEARN TO SPELL 43 26. WRITTEN OR ORAL WORK 1 Spell and define the following homophones: air break feint kernel heir brake faint colonel aisle cane flour knew isle Cain flower new arc cannon fort knight ark canon forte night ascent canvas forth know assent canvass fourth no bass ceiling guilt lead («.) base sealing gilt led beach cent grease liar beech scent sent Greece lyre beat hail mail beet cereal serial hale male berry hart main bury cession session heart mane berth Chile chilli . hoard mantel birth horde mantle boar cite site hole marshal bore whole martial boll sight holy muscle bole coarse wholly mussel bowl course indict need bow dying indite knead beau dyeing instance ours bow earnest instant's hours bough Ernest its peace bread eight it's piece bred ate 1 If desirable, the teacher may make several lessons of this exercise. 44 LEARN TO SPELL peak rain suite wait peek reign sweet weight pique rein tail . wave peal road tale waive peel rode their way pear roll there weigh pare r61e theirs weak peer scene there 's week pier seen throne weakly plain serf thrown weekly plane surf to wear plum serge too ware plumb surge two weather poll slight vain wether pole sleight vein vane whose pray steak who's prey stake vale veil write presence steal rite presents steel vice right vise wright read straight reed strait waist wrote waste rote 27. ORAL WORK 1 The following words are often confused. Spell and define each word, distinguishing carefully the differences in pronunciation: accept advice allusion annunciation except advise illusion elusion enunciation access alley arrange excess ally altar alter arraign addition allude arrangement edition illude angle arraignment elude angel iThis exercise may be divided into several lessons if desirable. LEARN TO SPELL 45 auger climactic effect lead (n.) augur climatic affect lead (v.) bath cloths emigrate latter bathe clothes immigrate later beach comma eminent lightning beech coma imminent immanent lightening born compliment loath borne complement exercise exorcise loathe bow (an orna- contemptible • lose mental knot) contemptuous expect loose bow (to bend suspect forward) corps minute (adj.) corpse father minute («.) breath farther breathe council missal counsel formally missile cache formerly missive cash councilor counselor gamble odious cashmere gambol odorous cassimere current currant grease (n.) off Calvary grease (v.) of cavalry decent descent humorous ordinance canon dissent humerous ordnance canyon desert (v.) idol passable capital desert (n.) idle passible capitol dessert idyl peasant cellar deference ingenious pheasant seller difference ingenuous pillar censer diary insight pillow censor dairy incite personal choral duel lack personnel coral dual like corral 46 LEARN TO SPELL petition profit rout there partition prophet route they 're their pistil radical (adj. or n .) sense pistol radicle (n.) since tortuous torturous pomace radish stationary track tract pumice reddish stationery potion read (pres.) statue veracity voracity portion read (past) stature statute precedent (n.) rendible weather precedent (adj.) renderable tear (n.) whether tear (v.) principal respectfully won't principle respectively wont (n.) 28. ORAL WORK Review the Seven Major Rules, pp. 8-17. Spell the following words, stating the rule or exception which applies in each case: abusing drearily proffered abutment encyclopedia profited abutting enemies quizzical acceded equipage rallying acceptance exceedingly readiness accompanied excellency received acquittal fallacies reference admissible fiend referred affidavit infallible replies annually interfering restating appetite judgment seizure baggage maneuver siege benefited medieval singeing business movable sovereignty combating moving soliloquies changeable niece succeeded chimneys noticeable superseded courageous outrageous tonnage debatable piteous traveling disappoint preceding truly LEARN TO SPELL 47 29. ORAL OR WRITTEN WORK Study the list on pp. 22-29. Spell or write the following familiar words: accommodation its really across led receipt arrive library recommendation assassin lilies referring athletics lose repetition balance Macaulay rhythm beginning Macbeth ridiculous believe meant sacrament benefiting mischievous sacrifice Burns's misspell schedule chapel mountainous sensitive climactic narrative separation college negroes shepherd comparison ninety similar conscientious noticeable smooth definite occurrence speech describe optimistic studying despair originality superintendent difference pilgrimage sure disappoint pity theirs divine possess too embarrassed preparation truly Encyclopaedia principal until Britannica principle village exaggerated privilege villain extension proceed virtue finally professor weird forcible pursuit writer grammar quizzes writing 30. WRITTEN WORK 1 Write a one-page theme in which you use correctly at least fifteen words found in the list on pp. 22-29. Underscore the words you consciously introduce. 1 This exercise may be repeated sereral times, using other words from the list on pp. 22-29 48 LEARN TO SPELL 31. ORAL OR WRITTEN WORK 1 1. Spell or write the fol- Consult the general alphabetic list, pp. 106-14 lowing more or less difficult words: cereal acreage adolescence affidavit aggravating agreeable alligator almanac altogether ammunition anonymous Apocrypha Apollo appendicitis artillery auxiliary baccalaureate Baptist barbarous battalion beefsteak bicycle calcimine calendar Calvinism cannibal caricature cataclysm catarrh catechism caterpillar Catiline celery cellar chaparral chauffeur Chautauqua chloroform cinnamon colonnade column connoisseur corroborate curriculum cylinder daguerreotype dahlia derrick diarrhea digestible dilapidated dilemma diphtheria disappearance duchess eleemosynary eligible elixir ellipse emperor epigrammatic epochs erroneous erysipelas exhilarating explanation extraordinary extravagance fallacy fanaticism fascinating feminine fictitious flannel fuchsia habiliment hemorrhage hippopotamus hypocrisy incendiary initiation innocuous inseparable isosceles liniment maritime millinery miscellaneous mucilage narcissus neuralgia niche Nineveh orifice oscillation ostracize paraphernalia paroxysm penitentiary 1 This exercise may be divided into several lessons, or the teacher may extend it ad lib. by reference to the general alphabetic list. LEARN TO SPELL 49 pennants scarcity stimulating pinnacle scarlatina strychnin pneumonia schism succinct Presbyterian scissors supercilious primitive scrimmage supersede procedure scrupulous terrapin promiscuous scuppernong theorem pusillanimous secretary tragedy radish semicolon tranquillity raisins sherbet trousseau rarefy shrubbery venomous Renaissance sibylline vicissitude rhapsody Sicily volume romanticism silhouette Wednesday salary skepticism yacht salmon sophomore zinc Saturday spectacles zinnia PART TWO PRACTISE LISTS OF WORDS OFTEN MISSPELLED 1 Space is allowed in each subject for additional words to be recorded by the pupils from the actual errors found in their exer- cises and notebooks. The teacher may require certain common errors to be added as experience demands, but in any case he should examine the notebooks frequently to see that the pupils are properly recording their daily errors in spelling. Arts and Sciences AGRICULTURE acreage actinomycosis agricultural alluvial ammonia apiary arid Berkshire boll-weevil Bordeaux mixture bulletin cabbage cantaloup or canta- loupe (I) capillary caterpillar cereals iThe Roman numerals in cheese Cheviot cholera cocklebur cultivator dairying drought droughty Duroc-Jersey escutcheon ensilage experiment fertility flocculation fungous (adj.) fungus (n.) guano parentheses refer to the 50 Guernsey Hereford Holstein-Friesian humic (cf . humid) hygroscopic inoculate insecticide Kafir (or Kaffir) corn larva larvae (pi.) Leghorn maize melon mesquite mosquitoes Minorca mulch rules on p. 7. LEARN TO SPELL 51 AGRICULTURE — Continued nitrification pumpkin stallion nitrogenous separator steril or sterile (I) Orpington shredder surcingle parasitic shrubbery tillage pasteurize silos tuberculosis phylloxera skim milk vegetable protein spinach vineyard ADDITIONAL WORDS 52 LEARN TO SPELL BIOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY abdo'men dissection pituitary amylopsin encyst pituitous antenna enzyme ptyalin antennae {pi.) fertil or fertile (I) respiratory bacillus hemoglobin secrete bacilli (pi.) heredity sensory bacteriology inheritance sexual carapace interstitial species chitin irritable spontaneous chromatin larva steril or sterile (I) chylous larvae (pi.) stomach cilium ligament symmetrical cilia (pi.) male trypsin coccyx mucous (adj.) vacuole coccyges (pi.) mucus (n.) venomous cocoon nervous ventricles corpuscles nomenclature vesicle crystalline paraffin viscera diagrammatically phylogeny vitreous ADDITIONAL WORDS • i LEARN TO SPELL 53 BOTANY annual flaccid protein aqueous fungous {adj.) raceme bois-d'arc fungus {n.) radicle calyx fungi {pi.) receptacle calyxes {pi.) gamete rhizoid carpel herbaceous rhizome cell hydrodictyon saprophyte cellulose hydrophyte serrate chlorophyl or chloro- - lenticel shrubbery phyll lily specimen chromatin mesophyte stamens chromosome narcissus succulent cilium nucellus sumac or sumach (I) cilia {pi.) nucleus symbiont coalesce orchid symbiotic collenchyma panacle thallus corolla parasite tracheid cotyledon parenchyma trichome cryptogamous perennial trillium cytoplasm phloem vacuole deciduous pistil vegetation dicotyledonous poisonous xylem % dioecious pollen zoospore filament pollination zygote ADDITIONAL WORDS f ■ • • • ...................... ...m 54 LEARN TO SPELL absorption acetylene acidity alcohol alkaline aluminum or alumin- ium (I) ammonia analysis analyses (pi.) apparatus aqueous carbohydrate celluloid chlorin or chlorine chloroform colorimetric combustible crystalline crystallize cyanid or cyanide (I) desiccator dissolve distillation CHEMISTRY dyeing dynamite effervesce electrolysis equivalence experiment gas gaseous gases gelatin or gelatine (I) glycerin or glycerine (i) gravimetric hydrogen inflammable laboratory liquefaction liquefy metallic methyl naphtha nickel odor odorous oxidize oxygen paraffin petroleum poison porcelain potassium precipitate precipitation protein qualitative quantitative receptacle scientific sensitive soluble test-tube vacuum valency viscosity volatil or volatile volatilization volume volumetric ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 55 DOMESTIC SCIENCE COOKING absorption crystallized palatable accessory or accessary dessert pancreatic acetic dietary parasite adulteration dietetics paring albumen digestible pasteurize alcohol edible pate de foie gras alimentary emulsify peel alkaline flavor percolator aluminum or alumin- fluids pimento ium (I) gastric poached ammonia giblets potatoes anchovies gizzard poultry antiseptic gluten pour appearance glycogen protein appetite griddle ptomain or -ine (I) asparagus ingredients recipe « assimilate kernel rennet banana laboratory rinse beverage lactic salad biscuit leaven salicylic cafTein or caffeine (I) lentil saliva calorie macaroni sandwich caramel marmalade saute carbohydrate mayonnaise scald casserole menu scalloped or scolloped cauliflower meringue (i) caviar or caviare muscle sherbet cellulose muscular sieve cereal nitrogenous sirloin chocolate nutriment souffle coconut or cocoanut nutritive spinach (i) odor steak consistency oleomargarin or -ine steep croquette (i) stewed croutons omelet tannic 56 LEARN TO SPELL COOKING— Continued tapioca vegetable waitress tartar vinegar waste temperature viscera wring vanilla waffle-irons yolk ADDITIONAL WORDS HOUSEHOLD ARTS adjustable chandelier drain alkali Chippendale economics ammonia chloroform extension analogous cholera fermentation anopheles Circassian fomentation antidote cockroach furnace architecture complementary furniture atomizer connections or germicide balance connexions glycerin or glycerine baluster contagion a) bedstead contaminate hearth beetle convenience hemorrhage birch counterpane Heppelwhite bluing decoration hypodermic buffet deodorant illuminating bureau deterioration infection cabinet dining ingredients capillary dining room insecticide cellar dinner labor-saving cement distillation larvae LEARN TO SPELL 57 HOUSEHOLD ARTS — Continued laudanum mucus (n.) sedimentation laundering pasteurize sewage lavatory peppermint Sheraton lead (a metal) piano siphonage linoleum pillow site machine plenum stupes mahogany plumbing suite • malaria pneumatic sulfur or sulphur (I) malarial poison susceptibility mantel porch tenement mantelpiece poultice trichina mattress pupae trichinosis mirror receipt typhoid miscellaneous receptacle utensils molding or moulding refrigerator vacuum (i) respiration veranda or verandah mucous {adj.) sanitation weathered ADDITIONAL WORDS SEWING alpaca bodice chally or challis (I) applique boll chambray appropriateness brilliantine chemise baling burlap, burlaps chenille basting buttons chiffon batiste calendering cocoons bias calico colonial biased or biassed (I) cambric complimentary bleaching carding conductivity 58 LEARN TO SPELL corduroy crape crepe de chine cretonne crinoline decollete delaine denim drapery economical eider-down embroidery feather-stitch fiber or fibre (I) fichu filament flannel foulard gabardine or gaber dine (I) gingham ginning gore hackling hanks harnessing heddles herring-bone honiton huckaback 1 The form pleat is used SEWING — Continued hygienic initial insertion ironing-board jabot Jacquard jute khaki kimono laundering laundry lingerie long cloth madras measurements mending mercerization messaline • mitering or mitre- ing (I) moire nainsook organdies ornamentation passementerie pattern peplum percale petticoat pique colloquially, but is not found plaited 1 (I) pongee reeling retting ripping ruffle sateen scissors scutching seam selvage or selvedge (I) shearing shoddy simplicity spinning suede taffeta textiles varieties voile waist warp waste weighting woof woolen or woollen (I) worsted yarn yoke zephyr n literary usage. ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 59 abstinence deficit Malthusian altruism depreciation marketing amortize diminishing mercantile artificer . dissolve monetary assessment employee monopoly bankruptcy entrepreneur mortgage bimetalism exchangeability necessaries bourgeois exorbitant panicky boycott fiat pecuniary budget franc reciprocity bullion franchise salable capital gild satiety census gross seigniorage competition higgling specie collateral increment statistics cooperation laissez fatre syndicate corporation lien tariff debtor luxury utilities ADDITIONAL WORDS 60 LEARN TO SPELL GEOGRAPHY (DESCRIPTIVE) Abyssinia agriculture Aleutian Islands Alleghany Mountains Allegheny City (Pa.) alluvial Antarctic Apennines Appalachian archipelago Arctic bananas Bangkok (Siam) bayou Berkeley (Cal.) Bermuda Islands Bismarck (N.D.) Bordeaux (France) British Isles Buenos Aires (Argen- tina) Buffalo (N.Y.) buoys Cairo (Egypt) Calais (France) Calcutta (India) capital (cf. capitol) Caribbean Sea Chesapeake Chile Cincinnati (Ohio) cinnamon coffee commerce Connecticut Constantinople continents copper coral crystals Delaware desert Des Moines (Iowa) Ecuador Edinburgh (Scotland) Eskimos European Everest (Mount) fauna Fujiyama (mountain) geography geysers Gibraltar giraffe glaciers government granite Great Britain Grecian Greece Guatemala Guiana Haiti harbor Hatteras Hawaiian Islands Himalaya Hongkong (China) icebergs Illinois Indianapolis (Ind.) isthmus Johannesburg (South Africa) Labrador latitude Leipzig or Leipsic llamas longitude Louisiana Louisville (Ky.) mackerel Madagascar Madeira Manila manufactures maritime Marseilles (France) Massachusetts Mediterranean Melbourne (Victoria) Michigan Minneapolis Mississippi Missouri Morocco mountainous Munich (Germany) Narragansett negroes Niagara Nueces occupations Oklahoma Ottawa (Canada) Paraguay Peking (China) peninsula LEARN TO SPELL 61 GEOGRAPHY (DESCRIPTIVE) — Continued Schenectady {NY.) Schuylkill Shanghai {China) Sicily Sierra Nevada steppe strait Philippines Pikes Peak Pittsburgh {Pa.) plains plateaus Pontchartrain Popocatepetl (vol cano in Mexico) sugar Portuguese Susquehanna Poughkeepsie {N. Y.) Sweden promontories Tallahassee Pyrenees temperate Quito {Ecuador) Tennessee Rio de Janeiro {Brazil) territories Rio Grande Tientsin {China) Savannah {Ga.) tobacco Tokio or Tokyo {Japan) trade winds Transvaal Trieste {Austria- Hungary) Uruguay valleys Valparaiso {Chile) vegetation Venezuela Venice (Italy) Vienna {Austria- Hungary) Yangtze-kiang Yokohama {Japan) ADDITIONAL WORDS 62 LEARN TO SPELL PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY abysmal esker piedmont abyss geyser playas aggraded igneous polyp alkali isobar prairies anticline joint plane precipitation arroyo kame pseudo atoll laccolith reefs avalanche lacustrine rejuvenated boulder or bowlder littoral residual caldera llanos sedimentary campos loess spectrum chasm mesa sphagnum circumpolar metamorphic steppe cordillera monadnocks stratification cumulus monocline stratum debris moraine strata {pi.) denudation neve stratus diathermanous ooze superimposed dike pelagic syncline epicenter peneplain talus erosion perennials tributaries ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 63 GEOLOGY acidic drumlins pumice Aleutian Islands Eocene quaternary alluvial fissure rhamphorhynchus ammonite forest receding annelid glacier reindeer antarctic granite Sacramento arctic ichthyosaur schist auriferous jaguar sediment bare knolls seepage bitumen labyrinthodont seismic bituminous mammal sigillaria bvsmalith moccasin stratified cinder mollusk stratum coral Neocene strata (pi.) cordillera orifice stria correlation pelecypod striae (pi.) cretaceous Permian Triassic crystalline plain . tubercle crystalloids prairie valleys deer {sing, and pi.) pterodactyl wearing - ADDITIONAL WORDS • , 64 LEARN TO SPELL GOVERNMENT (CIVICS) ambassador cession (cf. session) dependencies amendments collector domicile annexation commission electors appellate committee eligible apportionment community emancipation assessor concurrence embassy attorneys congressional eminent domain authoritative constitutional enactment authorities copyright extraordinarv ballot corporation federal bankruptcy council forfeiture booths councilor or government cabinet councillor (I) governor canvass counsel habeas corpus capital counselor or homicide capitol counsellor (I) immunity carriers currency impeachment certificates delegate independence ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 65 GOVERNMENT (CIVICS) - -Continued indictment municipalities respectively inheritance naturalization secretarial insurrection nominee secretary interstate nullification session (cf. cession) intestate penitentiary sheriff issue plenipotentiary sovereignty jeopardy politics (sing.) suffrage judicial polls superintendent judiciary poll-tax tariff jurisdiction precinct tax-assessor legality privilege tax-collector legislatures procedure territorial lobby proceedings unanimous lobbyist proclamation usurpation militia . qualifications utilities monopolies ratification voting municipal representative warring ADDITIONAL WORDS 66 LEARN TO SPELL Allegheny (Mts.) Amerigo Vespucci Antietam Appomattox Aztecs Beauregard Braddock British Buena Vista Burgoyne centennial Chesapeake Chicago Chickamauga committees of corre- spondence Connecticut continental Delaware De Soto electoral college emancipation Faneuil Filipino Harvard HISTORY AMERICAN HISTORY Hawaii inauguration Johnston Ku-Klux Klan Lafayette La Salle Louisiana Magellan Manila Massachusetts Massasoit Merrimac Michigan Mississippi Missouri Monitor Montcalm New Hampshire nullification Oglethorpe Oklahoma Opechancanough Philadelphia Philippines Pizarro Portuguese Powhatan representatives Roanoke Roosevelt salary secede secession Sioux sovereignty Spanish specie Sumter Swedish tariff Tarleton Tecumseh Tennessee Ticonderoga Tippecanoe Vincennes Wesley Whitefield Wolfe Yemassee ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 67 ANCIENT HISTORY Achilles Bosporus . cynics Acropolis Buddha decemvirs Aegean Bvzantine Demosthenes Aegospotami Caesar Dionysius Aeneid Catiline Dionysus (Bacchus) Aeschylus Catullus Epaminondas Alcibiades Cheops Euboea Alexander Christianity Euphrates Alexandria Cicero Gracchus amphictyonic Cincinnatus Hannibal Apennines Coliseum or Hellenes Apollo Colosseum Herodotus aqueduct colonnades hieroglyphics Areopagus column Iliad Aristotle Constantinople Israel Assyria • consul Jerusalem Attica Crassus Jupiter Babvlonia Croesus martyr Boeotia cuneiform Mesopotamia ADDITIONAL WORDS 68 LEARN TO SPELL ANCIENT HISTORY— Continued Mycenae Philip Tacitus Nebuchadnezzar or Philippic Tarpeian Nebuchadrezzar Phoenicians Themistocles Nicaea plebeian Thermopylae Nineveh Pompeii Theseus Odyssey pretor or praetor (I) Thucydides oligarchy Ptolemy Tigris Olympic pyramids triumvirate ostracism Pyrrhus tyranny Ostrogoths Scipio tyrant Palatine Scythians Vergil Pantheon Seleucidae Visigoths papyrus Sennacherib Volscians Parthenon sibylline Xenophon Peloponnesian Sicily Xerxes Perioeci Solomon Zeus pharaohs Syracuse ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 69 MEDIEVAL HISTORY Aachen fief Plantagenet Agincourt Ghibelline Poitiers Alaric Guelph Portuguese allodial Hegira primogeniture Anjou Heptarchy Raflael or Raphael (I) Aquitania Jerusalem Renaissance Arianism Jesuits Rienzi Artois Languedoc Runnymede ascetic Leonardo da Vinci Saladin Attila Leyden Salerno Avignon liege Saracens Barbarossa Lollards Savonarola benefice Loyola schism Boccaccio Machiavelli schismatic caliph martyr Seljuks Capetians medieval or serfs Catholicism mediaeval (I) simony celibacy Merovingians Soissons Charlemagne Michelangelo subinfeudation chivalry Mohammed Tamerlane Crecy Mohammedanism Tatars or Tartars Danelaw monasteries Teutons Diocletian monasticism Titian ecumenical or Nibelungenlied troubadours oecumenical (I) Ommiad trouveurs excommunicate papacy Valois Ferdinand parliament Vasco da Gama feudalism pilgrimage vassals ADDITIONAL WORDS 70 LEARN TO SPELL MODERN EUROPEAN HISTORY Alsace Hospitalers Raleigh Anne Boleyn Huguenots Reichstag Aragon La Rochelle Richelieu Armada Lorraine x Robespierre Baptists Louis Philippe Rousseau Bastille Magdeburg Salisbury Bismarck Magna Charta Schleswig-Holstein Blenheim Magyars Sebastopol Bliicher Marlborough Sedan borough Marie Antoinette Sepoys bourgeoisie Marseillaise Smalkaldic League Britain Maximilian Soudan Briton Mazarin Stein Brittany Mazzini Stuart Calais Medici Sweden Cavaliers Metternich Talleyrand Crecy Mirabeau Trafalgar Czechs Moliere Transvaal Disraeli Napoleon Bonaparte Tudor Dreyfus Naseby Tuileries duchess Nicholas Utrecht Edinburgh (pro- parlement (Fr.) Versailles nounce boro) parliament (Eng.) Victor Emmanuel European Plantagenet Vienna Gibraltar Plassey Voltaire girondists Pomerania Wallenstein guillotine Presbyterians Wolsey Hague proprietary Worcester Hampden Protestantism Wyclif or Wycliffe Hapsburgs Puritanism Ypres Hohenstaufen Pyrenees Zurich ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 71 GENERAL HISTORY TERMS adviser cannonade dependent allegiance Catholicism diocese allies chief diplomacy ambassador chronological dying anachronism civilization ecclesiastic anarchy colonies elected annexation colonization embassy annihilate commander emperor annul commercial enemies armies communication epochs artillery compelled error assassination conqueror evacuate attacked conspiracy financial authority controlled foreign authorize controversy fortifying beginning cooperation forty belligerent council fugitive blockade courageous government boundaries damaged governor campaigns democracy guards ADDITIONAL WORDS • 72 LEARN TO SPELL GENERAL HISTORY TERMS— Continued habeas corpus opponents seize heresy opposite separation hostility orthodox siege independence partition soldiers interregnum patrimony sovereign lieutenant petition strategic loyalty pilgrim surrender maneuver predecessor sympathy manufacturing prestige territorial maritime privilege territories massacre procedure Teutonic massacred proclamation throne Mediterranean recruits treachery mercenary reinforcements tyranny militia regime vandalism neutral reign village ninety religious vicinity obliged sanguinary volunteer occurred scheme ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 73 MATHEMATICS # ALGEBRA algebraic graphical proportion binomial homogeneous prove coefficient hypothetical quadratics eliminate .incommensurable radical elimination indeterminate similar equally index simultaneous equation indices (pi.) solvable exponent logarithm substitution factoring parenthesis theorem functions parentheses (pi.) theory graph polynomial unity ADDITIONAL WORDS 74 LEARN TO SPELL ARITHMETIC accuracy divide numeration addition divisible numerator aliquot divisor partial amount eighth pence annuities factors pennyweight approximate figure perch Arabic forty principal arithmetic fourth principles avoirdupois fraction promissory balance gallon proportion barrel gill quantities brokerage integer quotient cancelation or interest ratio cancellation (I) linear standard cipher mathematics sterling column mensuration straight commission minuend subtrahend common multiple svmbols cord multiplicand twelfth cylinder multiplication twenty-fourth decimal naught unit denominate nineteenth volume denominator ninety-nine weights difference ninth zeros ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 75 GEOMETRY acute frustum principal adjacent homologous principle angle hypothesis prism arc hypothetical pyramid bisector imaginary radius chord intersect rhomboid circumference isosceles rhombus coincide magnitude scalene coincidence opposite secant complementary original similar corollary parallel spherical diagonal parallelepiped or stationary diagonally parallelepipedon straight ellipse parallelogram supplementary elliptical perimeter symmetrical equally perpendicular tangent equilateral plane theorem equivalent polygon volume ADDITIONAL WORDS 76 LEARN TO SPELL MUSIC accelerando (ak sel'er an'do) accompaniment Eolian or ^olian (I) allegro (al la/gro) allegretto (al la'gret'to) andante (an dan'ta) anthem arpeggio (ar ped'jo) barytone or baritone (I) bass bass drum bassos {pi. of basso) Beethoven (Ba'to ven) cadence cantabile (kan ta'be la) cantata (kan ta'td) carol castanets cello or 'cello (cheTo) 1 choir or quire choral {adj.) chord chorister chorus Chopin (sh6 paN') chromatic clarinet clef concertos (k6n cher'toz) contralto contrapuntal cor'net crescendo (kre shen'do) cymbals diapason diatonic diminuendo dissonance divided dolce (d61'cha) eighth encore (aN'k6r') exercises fifth . finale (fe nala) forte (for'ta) fortissimo fugue Gounod (goo'n6') guitar harmonious harmony Haydn (ha'd'n) hymn II Trovatore (troVa to're) interval largo legato Liszt (list) lyre maestoso (ma'es to'so) major mandolin or mandoline (I) mazurka melodies melodious Mendelssohn (men'del son) metronome mezzo minor 1 An abbreviation for violoncello. LEARN TO SPELL 11 MUSIC— Continued Mozart (M6'zart) musical (adj.) musicale (n.) nocturne opus, pi. opera operas operetta oratorios orchestration pianissimo (pe'd nis'i m6) pianos piccolo piece polonaise polyphonic prima donna quartet or quartette (I) reed retard rhapsody rhythm rhythmically ritardando (re'tar dan'do) 1 scale scherzo (sker'tso) 1 Often abbreviated riL and ritard. schottische or schottish Schubert (shoc/bert) Schumann (shoo'man) semitone serenade sextet or sextette (I) snare-drum solos sonatas sotto voce (sot'to vo'cha) staff stave (Eng.) staffs staves (Eng.) symphonies syncopation tambourines tenor . tuning-fork viola (ve o'ld) violoncello (ve'6 Ion cheTo) Wagner (vag'ner) waltz xylophone zither ADDITIONAL WORDS 78 LEARN TO SPELL PHYSICS aberration disk or disc (I) liquefy acceleration • dissolve metallic achromatic dynamo oscillation ammeter elasticity physics analysis electrolysis plasticity aperture equilibrium polarization apparatus expansion porous aqueous experiment potential armature Fahrenheit pulleys arrester gas rarefied buoyancy gases (pi.) reversible calibration gravitation Roentgen calories gravity sensibility capacity hydraulic sensitive capillary hydrostatic siphon Centigrade hysteresis solenoid centrifugal incandescent stationary centripetal incidence temperature circuit inductance tension commutator inertia torque complementary intensity transparency conductor ionization vacuum crystallization laboratory velocity cylinder lens viscosity dielectric Ley den jar viscous ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 79 PHYSIOLOGY adenoid clavicle esophageal or oesoph- alimentary coccyx ageal (I) antidote contagious esophagus or oesoph- antiseptic corpuscles agus (I) appendicitis crystal Eustachian arteries cuticle flagellum auricle diaphragm flagella {pi.) bacillus diarrhea or diarrhoea , gelatin or gelatine (I) bacilli {pi.) (i) glvcerin or glycerine beneficial digestible (i) biceps diphtheria hemorrhage buccal disease (cf . decease) hereditary caffein dissection humerus capillary dissipation hygiene carapace dysentery ileum (part of intes- cartilage dyspepsia tine) catarrh eczema ilium (a bone) cilium epiglottis inflammation cilia {pi.) erysipelas interstitial ADDITIONAL WORDS 80 LEARN TO SPELL PHYSIOLOGY- —Continued irritable periosteum sexual lacrimal or lachrymal pharynx species •a)- physiology stimulant larynx pleurisy stomach ligament pneumonia symptom malaria poison syringe male poisonous tissue membranous ptomain tongue meningitis pyorrhea or pyor- torsus mucous (adj.) rhoea (I) trachea mucus (n.) retina tuberculosis muscles rheumatism vaccinate pancreas saliVa veins paraffin sal'ivary venous paralysis sanitary vigorous parasite secrete virus ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 81 Language and Literature AMERICAN LITERATURE Aldrich Alhambra antislavery autocrat Audubon Biglow Bowdoin Bryant Bumpo or Bumppo Bunner Burnett Burroughs Carman Carryl, Guy Wetmore Cary Cawein Chattahoochee Clemens, Samuel Langhorne commemoration Cooke Cooper Craddock, Charles Egbert Emerson, Ralph Waldo Esten (John Esten Cooke) Evangeline Fanshawe Fauntleroy Fenimore Freneau Gettysburg Guiney Harte, Francis Bret Harvard Hawthorne, Nathaniel Hayne, Paul Hamilton Hiawatha ADDITIONAL WORDS 82 LEARN TO SPELL AMERICAN LITERATURE— Continued Holmes, Oliver Wendell Howells Ichabod Irving Israfel Knickerbocker Lanier, Sidney Launfal Leatherstocking Ligeia Lincoln Longfellow, Henry Wads worth Lowell, James Russell Marco Bozzaris Miller, Joaquin Murfree, Mary Noailles Ossoli, Margaret Fuller Outre Mer Pocahontas Poe, Edgar Allan Riley, James Whitcomb Salmagundi Saracinesca Simms, William Gilmore Snow-Bound Thanatopsis Thoreau, Henry David Ticknor, Francis Orray Timrod, Henry transcendentalism Ulalume Whittier, John Greenleaf Whitman, Walt Yemassee ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 83 ENGLISH LITERATURE Adonais Amoretti Anglo-Saxon Areopagitica Arnold, Matthew Arthurian Atalanta Austen, Jane Bannockburn Beowulf bestiary Boccaccio Britain Britannia Brobdingnagian Bunyan Burns's Bysshe Caedmon Caliban Calydon Canterbury Carlyle Catholicism Chaucer Chillon Coleridge Copperfield Coverley Cymbeline Cynewulf Desdemona Disraeli Edinburgh Eliot, George Elizabethan Epithalamion Faerie Queene (original) Faery Queen (modernized) Fitz Gerald Galahad Gawayne or Gawain Geoffrey Giaour Gorboduc Gray, Thomas Guinevere Gulliver Houyhnhum Iago Idylls (of the King) II Penseroso Ivanhoe Jekyll Johnson, Samuel Jonson, Ben Julius Caesar Khayyam Keats' s Lalla Rookh L'Allegro ADDITIONAL WORDS 84 LEARN TO SPELL ENGLISH LITERATURE — Continued Lilliputians Lycidas Macaulay Macbeth MacFlecknoe Manfred Marlowe Moore, Thomas More, Sir Thomas Morte d' Arthur Othello Petrarchism pilgrimage Pompeii Prothalamion Rasselas Renaissance Rossetti Rubaiyat Rustum Sartor Resartus Scott, Sir Walter Scottish Shakespeare or Shakspere Shelley Shepheardes Calen- dar (original) Shepherd's Calendar (modernized) Sidney, Sir Philip Sohrab Spencer, Herbert Spenser, Edmund Spenserian stanza Stevenson Swinburne Tamburlaine or Tamerlane Tarn o'Shanter Tennyson Teufelsdrockh Thackeray, William Makepeace Thomson, James Ulysses vicar village Waverley Westminster Abbey Wordsworth Wyatt, Sir Thomas Wyclif or Wycliffe ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 85 GENERAL LITERARY AND CRITICAL TERMS Aeneid chronicle fictitious allegorical classicism forceful allegory climactic forcible alliteration comedies genius analogous comical grandeur analogues commonplace humorous analytical criticism iambic anonymous crucifixion idyl or idyll (I) appreciation dactylic Iliad author drama images autobiographical dramatically imaginary balanced ecclesiastic imaginative ballads elegiac imitative caricature elegies incidentally Cavalier ephemeral legendary cesura or caesura (I) epic library characteristics farcical literary Christianity fascinating literature ADDITIONAL WORDS 86 LEARN TO SPELL GENERAL LITERARY AND CRITICAL TERMS— Continued lyric origin role martyrs original sacrilegious masterpiece originality satire medieval pageant satirical metaphor parallelism satyr miracle philosophical simile miscellaneous 'postage sincerity miscellanies pilgrimage smooth mysteries posthumous soliloquy narrative precocious sonnet nineteenth century precocity style nightingale pseudonym summary novel religious superficial Odyssey repetition tragedy onomatopeia or resurrection trochaic onomatopoeia (I) rhythm versatile onomatopoetic rime or rhyme (I) versatility ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 87 ablative accusative adverbially affirmative agreement ambiguous analysis antecedent appositive article attributive auxiliary balance caricature Catiline chronological coherence coherent colloquialism comparative comparison complement conjugation correlative declarative declension definite GRAMMAR AND (including foreign dependent description ellipsis elliptical exaggeration exclamatory factitive feminine figurative genitive grammar grammatical hyperbole imperative indefinite independent infinitive inflections interrogative intransitive irony irregular Latin metaphor narration narrative negative RHETORIC languages) neuter nominative novel parallel participial participle particle positive possessive predicate repetition rhythms satirize semicolon sentence separation simile Spanish substantive summary syllabication syllable synecdoche synonym transitive ungrammatical writing ADDITIONAL WORDS 88 LEARN TO SPELL Professional and Special AEROPLANE, MOTORBOAT, AND AUTOMOBILE accumulators condenser monoplane adjustment controller motor aerodrome coupe motorboat aerometer cylinder motorcycle aeronaut dir'igible muffler aeronautics electromagnet multiplane aeroplane emergence parachute alternator exhaust piston armature flange propeller ascension fly-wheel puncture automobiling friction-clutch radiator aviation gage or gauge (I) roadster aviator garage runabout balloon gas rudder batteries gasoline or gasolene seaplane biplane (i) shock-absorber blow-out gears short-circuited brake glider spark-plug breakdown hangar speedometer brougham hydroplane steering-wheel Cadillac hydro-aeroplane taxicab carbureter ignition tonneau cells injector tractor chassis inner tubing valve chauffeur limousine vibrator circuit lubricator wrench clutch magneto Zeppelin ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 89 Aaron Exodus Nineveh Adonijah frankincense Obadiah Agrippa Galilee patriarch Ahasuerus Gamaliel Pharisee Amminadab Genesis Philemon Apollos Gennesaret Phillippians Apollyon Gethsemane Rachel Baal Habakkuk Rimmon Balaam Hosanna Sabbath Baptist Hoshea Sennacherib Barabbas Isaac sepulcher or Barnabas Isaiah sepulchre (I) Bathsheba Ishmael shibboleth Bethlehem Issachar Solomon Bethsaida Jericho Succoth Canaan Jerusalem Tertullus Chittim Joshua Theophilus Cyprus (cf. cypress) Leviticus Thessalonica Cyrene Mesopotamia Thyatira Deuteronomy Mizpah Tiglath-Pileser Didymus Moloch Uzziah Eleazar Mordecai Zachariah or Elijah myrrh Zechariah Elisha Napthali Zebedee Enoch Nathanael Zebulun Ephraim Nebuchadnezzar Zedekiah Eunuch Nicodemus Zerubbabel ADDITIONAL WORDS 90 LEARN TO SPELL BUSINESS acceptance commission filing accommodation commodities financial account comparatively freight accrued comptroller or guarantee acknowledge controller guarantor acknowledgment or confidential income acknowledgement consignee incorporate (i) contract indorse or ad valorem copies endorse (I) advances copy insolvent advertisement corporation instalment affidavit correspondence insurance allowance correspondents inventory anniversary coupon invoice annual creditor itemized answering currency jobber approximately current journal assets damaged judgment or attorney deficit judgement (I) audited demurrage lading auditor depreciation lease auxiliary dictation ledger balance difference lessor bookkeeper director letterpress business disbursement liabilities bonus discount lien cancel dishonor liquidate canceled dividend litigation capital double entry maintenance certificate draft maturity certified exchangeable memorandum check expenditure mercantile claimant expense merchandise collateral explain mimeograph commerce explanation mortgaging commercial extension necessary LEARN TO SPELL 91 BUSINESS— Continued negotiable remitted telephone net replies tonnage notary public replying traffic obligations representative transaction oblige resources transcribe options respectfully transcription original revenue transferred outstanding salesman transferring partnership schedule transmission percentage security transmitted policy seller trial balance preferred shipping clerk truly preparation solvency trustee principal solvent typewriter principle stationery validity property stencil value proprietor stenographer voucher prorate sue waive quotations summarize warehouse quoting sundries warranted receipt surety warrantee receivable surplus warranty received syndicate waybill recommend tare wholesale reimburse tariff wiring remittance telegraph yours ADDITIONAL WORDS 92 LEARN TO SPELL adolescence apperception assimilation behavior coefficient complementary compulsory convergence correlation curriculum development didactics differentiation discipline embryo emulation ephebos epheboi {pi.) exhaustion experimentation frivolous Froebel fundamental EDUCATION group Hellenic imagination imitative inherent initiative intelligence kindergarten kinesthetic Locke manual Montessori nascent nervous neurology nutritious ontogeny palaestra paranoia pedagogy Pestalozzi phenomenon phenomena {pi.) phylogeny plasticity principal principle professionally professor psychic questionnaire Quintilian Rabelais Rousseau schedule sensibility stimulating stimulus summaries supplementary synapsis temperament temperature uniformity ventilation vestigial ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 93 ENGINEERING ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING abutment corridor housing Renaissance altar epistyle medallion sheathing balustrade fagade mezzanine trellis bois d'arc fascia nosing vermilion buttress fleche pavilion voussoir ceiling frieze plancher wainscoted colonnade furring , purlin coping gunite quom cornice halving remodeling ADDITIONAL WORDS CIVIL ENGINEERING abscissa coplanar orifice topographical ajutage corollary parallax vernier azimuth descriptive pier vertical calibration hydraulics reservoir veir calipers irrigation resilience collimation meridian spherical cantilever offset surveyor ADDITIONAL WORDS 94 LEARN TO SPELL ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING aging equivalent oscillograph asbestos Foucault peripheral attenuation frequency rectifier axial hysteresis rectifying balance impedance synchronizer ballistic inductance transmitter . bus-bars magnetizing variation commutator measuring wattmeter condenser mil dielectric multiphase ADDITIONAL WORDS MECHANICAL ENGINEERING adiabatic economizer liquefying calorimeter ejector lubricator carburetor exhaust piezometer clearance flexure reversible compressor helical torsion condenser humidity turbine Corliss hypocycloid vane eccentric irreversible vaporization ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 95 GENERAL ENGINEERING TERMS acceleration equilibrium planning alinement or flexible proportion alignment (I) fundamental quantity auxiliary gaseous reinforced ballast homogeneous resilience centrifugal isosceles riveted centripetal kinematic sanitary column laboratories seepage concurrent lateral specifications crystallize leakage tenacity curvilinear maintenance tensile cycle mattock tension ' cycloid metallurgy theorem datum millimeter tracing data {pi.) oscillation turbine depreciation phenomenon vacuum dimension phenomena {pi.) vapor elasticity pillar vertex ellipse planing vertices {pi.) epicycloid ADDITIONAL WORDS 96 LEARN TO SPELL LAW abetting accomplice adjudicate affidavit agistment alienate allegata allegator amercement annuities appellant appellee apprentice appurtenance arraigned attachment authoritative avoidance bailiffs capias certiorari cestui que trust codicil committee constitutional coparcenary corporeal corroborate counselor coverture curtesy (tenant by; cf . courtesy) deceased decedent defeasance defendant demurrer descent differentiate dilatory discernible disseizin dissent eleemosynary embezzlement employees estoppel extraterritorial feoffment feud fiduciary forfeiture fraudulent genuineness habeas corpus hereditaments hereditary holograph incapacities inchoate incorporeal indefinite indict inherent inseparable instrument intervener intestate invalidate irrevocable jeopardy judgment legitimacy lessee liable libel license lien maritime messuage minor miscegenation misfeasance misprision mortgage mortmain municipal negligence nuisance peremptory petit jury or petty jury plaintiff precedent (n.) prece'dent (adj.) precinct prerogative principal and agent procedure promissory proximate quizmaster quizzes rebuttable rescission recognizance respondent responsible reversionary scire facias seizin or seisin separate socage sovereignty LEARN TO SPELL LAW — Continued subpoena or subpena unappropriated (I) usurious supersedeas venire facias support villein (cf. villain) sureties tortious ADDITIONAL WORDS 97 98 LEARN TO SPELL MANUAL ARTS adjustment cutting giving angle cylinder gouge anneal cypress groove annular design heartwood auger detail height beveled or bevelled diagonal jointer (I) diameter kiln bit dividers knob board dowel knurl boring doweled or dowelled lacquer brace (i) lathe brazing eccentric laths calipers or callipers elevation length (i) emery manual center or centre (I) exercise measurement chestnut ferrule medullary chisel filing metallic cold chisel filling miter or mitre (I) chiseling or chiselling gage or gauge (I) miter-box (i) gear miter-joint ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO* SPELL >,>/•%?, ,H^ MANUAL ARTS— Continued mortise rabbet solder orthographic radius square panel raising steel paneling or panelling ratchet structural (i) reamer T-square or tee-square pattern rhythm tenon perspective rivet tracing piece riveted or rivetted try-square or tri- pincers © square plain scale tuyere plane screwdriver vertical planing sharpening vise planning shellac walnut poplar shellacked width practise or practice (I) skew wrench projection smooth ADDITIONAL WORDS mo LEARN TO SPELL MILITARY TACTICS abattis billeted detachment accouterments or ac- bivouac disciplinary coutrements (I) bivouacked discipline adjutant blockade dispensary aerial bore dress parade aeronautics breech echelon aeroplane brevet enemy aide brigade extractor aide-de-camp brigadier firing aides-de-camp bulletin-board furlough alinement or align- caisson fusillade ment (I) caliber or calibre (I) garrison ambulance cannon guard ammunition cannonading impregnable annihilate canteen insignia aperture captaincy inspector appearance carriage insubordination appointment cartridge interned armament casualties intrenchment or en- armies cavalry trenchment (I) armistice chaplain irresistible armory civilian lieutenant arrest colonel major arsenal column manual artillery combatants marshal assault commandant martial attache commissary military attack companies militia attacked competitive morale auxiliary contour non-commissioned barracks corporal officer battalion corps official batteries counter-attack ordnance bayonet courts-martial outguards belligerents deployment outposts besiege deploys parallel LEARN TO SPELL 101 MILITARY TACTICS — Continued parole patrol personnel platoons provost-marshal reconnaissance recoil reconnoiter or re- connoitre (I) reinforcement or re- enforcement (I) reenlistment rendezvous respectfully reveille ricochet routine sanitary or sanitory (i) sanitation sentinel sergeant shrapnel siege simulate skirmishers strategy subsistence surrender tattoo uniform vanguard visor volleys wigwagging ADDITIONAL WORDS 102 LEARN TO SPELL MYTHOLOGY Achilles (d kil'ez) Actaeon (ak te'on) Amphitrite (am'fi tri'te) Aphrodite (af'r6 dr'te) Apollo (d pol'o) Arion (cf. Orion) (d rl'on) Atalanta (at'd lan'td) Cronus or Kronos (kro'nws or kron'fts) Demeter (de me'ter) Deucalion (du ka/li on) Diana (di an'd) Dionysus (di'6 ni'sws) Elysium (e lizh'i wm) Athena or Athene (dthe'nd),(-ne)Endymion (en dim'i on) Bacchanalian (bak'd na'li an) Erebus (er'e bits) Bacchus (bak'ws) Bellerophon (be ler'6 f6n) Calliope (kd ll'6 pe) Cassiopeia (kas'i 6 pe'yd) Centaurs (sen'tdrz) Cerberus (sur'ber its) Ceres (se'rez) Charon (ka'r$n) Charybdis (kd rib'dis) Cimmerian (si me'ri dn) Circe (sur'se) Euphrosyne (u fros'i ne) Eurydice (u rfd'i se) Euterpe (u tur'pe) Ganymede (gan'i med) goddess (god'es) Hector (hek'ter) Hephaestus (he feVtws) Hyacinthus (hi'd sin'tMs) Hymen (hi'men) Iliad (iYi fid) Ilium (il'i wm) 1 The diacritical markings in this book agree with the latest edition of Webster's New International Dictionary. ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 103 MYTHOLOGY— Continued Ithaca (ith'd kd) Ixion (ik si'on) Jupiter (joo'pi ter) labyrinth (lab'i rinth) Laocoon (la 6k'6 on) Medea (me de'd) Mnemosyne (ne mos'i ne) Myrrha (mir'd) Naiads (na/yadz) Odyssey (od'i si) Oenone (e no'n§) Orion (6 rl'an) Orpheus (6r ; fus) Ossa (os'd) Palladium (pa la/di urn) Pallas (pal'ds) Parnassus (par nas'ws) Pegasus (peg' a sws) Poseidon (p6 si'dan) Psyche (si'k£) Pygmalion (pig ma'li on) Pyrrha (pir'd) satyr (sat'er) Scylla (sil'd) Sicily (s&l li) Sisyphus (sis'i fus) Stygian (stij'i an) Tantalus (tan'td lus) Terpsichore (ttirp sik'6 re) Zephyrus (zef '1 rus) Zeus (zus) ADDITIONAL WORDS 104 LEARN TO SPELL SPECIAL LISTS FOR OTHER SUBJECTS (To be dictated by the teacher) PART THREE A GENERAL LIST OF WORDS OFTEN MISSPELLED This list is intended for reference and practise. Regular lesson assignments of from one to two pages may be made by the teacher, but in giving out the words for either written or oral tests the teacher should avoid the strict alphabetic order. Particularly in cases where several words on a single stem are given, one or perhaps two words from the sequence should be selected, inas- much as the correct spelling of one of the words will suggest the spelling of other words in the series. After each oral lesson or written exercise the student should be required to underscore or check in the list the words he has misspelled. The blank spaces at the bottom of the pages are for any additional words the student finds misspelled in his compositions, written exercises, and notebooks. The correct forms of these words should be recorded in alphabetic order. Some teachers may prefer to have students write correctly in the blank spaces the words misspelled in the regular lessons, the purpose being to impress immediately the correct forms upon the memories of the students. In any case, frequent reviews of the checked or underscored words, and of any additional words recorded, should be required, and severer penalties imposed for the second misspelling of a word. The vocabulary has been carefully selected from words actually misspelled in ordinary usage, hence the material should prove of practical value not only to high-school students, but to more advanced students and to clerks, stenographers, bookkeepers, and all those whose business requires records and correspondence. The words in the list will also be found to afford excellent material for school and community spelling matches. The Roman numerals in parentheses refer to the rules given on p. 7. Where two forms of a word are given, the first form is to be preferred. 105 106 LEARN TO SPELL A GENERAL LIST OF WORDS OFTEN MISSPELLED abbeys (IV) abbreviate (VII) abbreviation aberration abetter or abettor (I) abeyance abhorred (II) abhorrence abhorrent abhorrer abhorring ability ablative abolish abreast abrogate abscess absence absorbent absorption abstainer abundance abundant abusing (III) abut abutment abutting (II) abyss abysmal accede (VI) accelerate acceleration accelerator accept (cf. except) acceptable acceptance access (cf. excess) accessible accessibility accessory or acces- sary (I) accidentally acclamation (cf. acclaim) accli'mated accommodate accommodating accommodation accompany accompanies (IV) accompaniment accordance account accountable accountant accumulate accurate accuracy accusative accustomed ache aching (III) achieve achievement acknowledge acknowledgment or acknowledgement acoustics acquaintance acquiesce acquiescence acquiescing (III) ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 107 acquittal (II) acquitted acquitting acreage across actually addition (cf. edition) address adducible adhere adherence adherent adjacent adjoining adjustable admissible admitted (II) admittance admitting adolescence adolescent adopt (cf. adapt) advantageous (III) adventurer advertisement advice adviser or advisor (I) advising (III) Aegean Aeneid aeronaut (four syl- lables) aeroplane (four syl- lables) affability affect (cf. effect) affidavit affiliate affiliation against aggravate aggravating aggressor aggrieve aging (III) agitate agitator agreeable agricultural aide-de-camp or aid- de-camp (I) aisle (cf . isle) alacrity Aladdin alcohol alibi alinement or alignment (I) Allan (in Edgar Allan Poe) Allegany County (MdandN.Y.) alleged Alleghany Mountains Allegheny City (Pa.) allegiance allegory allegorically allegories (IV) alley (cf. ally) alleys (IV) alliance alligator alliteration allowance all right (two words) allusion (cf. illusion) ally' (n. and v.) allies (IV) almanac almond almost (do not con- tract to 'most) alpaca ADDITIONAL WORDS 108 LEARN TO SPELL already altar (cf. alter) altogether aluminum or alumin- ium alumna alumnae (pi.) (fern.) alumnus alumni (pi.) (masc.) amateur ambassador ambiguity ambiguous ambitious ammonia ammunition among amount anachronism anaesthetic or anesthetic (I) analogy analogies (IV) analyze analysis analytical anapaestic or anapestic (I) ancestor ancestry anchor anecdote angle (cf. angel) Anglo-Saxon animal animation animosity ankles or ancles (I) annexation annihilate annihilation anniversary announce announcement annual annually annunciate or annuntiate annunciation (cf. enunciation) anonymous answer antecedent antediluvian anticipate anticipation anticlimax antidote antiquated antiseptic antithesis anxiety anxious Apennines aperture Apocrypha Apollo apology apologies (IV) apologize appal or appall (I) appalled (II) Appalachian apparatus apparel appareled or apparelled (I) apparent apparition appearance appendicitis appendix appendixes or appendices ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 109 appetite applause appoint apposition appositive appreciate appreciation approximate (cf. proximity) apropos arc (cf . ark) archangel archipelago- architecture arctic are n't argue arguer ; arguing (III) argumentative arising (III) arithmetic armadillos armament armies (IV) arrange (cf. arraign) arrangement arranging arrester or arrest or (I) arrive arrival arriving (III) arrogance arrogant artery arterial arteries (IV) artificial artificiality artillery artistically asafetida or as a- foetida (I) asbestos ascendency ascendent or ascendant (I) ascent (cf. assent) assassin assassinate assassination assessor assets assiduous assimilate assimilation assistance assistant association assurance assuring (III) asylum athlete athletics atlases attach attack attacked attendance attendant attention Attila attorney attract attractive audible audibly audience auditor auger (cf . augur) aught (cf . ought and naught) Austen, Jane author ADDITIONAL WORDS 110 LEARN TO SPELL authority baptize benefactor authoritative Barabas (in Jew of beneficence automatically Malta) beneficent automobile Barabbas (in the benefit autumn Bible) benefited (II) auxiliary barbarous benefiting (II) avenue barbecue or barbacue berth (cf . birth) aviator bare (cf . bear) besiege (V) avoirdupois bargain besieger awful baritone or barytone besieging (III) awkward (i) beverage axillary barrack bibliography azalea barricade bicycle (cf. cycle) bas-relief bilious (cf. bile) baccalaureate bass violin billiards bacchanalian battalion (cf. battle) biscuit Bacchus bazaar bisector bachelor beauteous Bismarck bacillus beautiful bivouac bacilli (pi.) beefsteak bivouacked baggage beggar bizarre balance beginner (II) blasphemy ballads beginning (II) blasphemer ballast belief (V) blasphemous balloon believe blizzard ballot believing (III) bluing banana belligerent boarder (cf. border) Baptist benediction Boccaccio ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 111 bois-d'arc brilliant busy boisterous Britain business (IV) boll (cf. bole and British busying bowl) Britannia buying boll-weevil Britannica bologna sausage Buddha cabbage Bonaparte or Buona- Buddhism cache parte (I) buffaloes or buffalos Caesar bookkeeping (I) • caffein or caffeine (I) boring (III) build caisson born (never add d building calamity or ed) built calcimine borne bulletin calendar bouillon (Fr.) bullion calibration boundaries buoyant calicoes bouquet buoyancy calipers or callipers boutonnaire (Fr.) bureau (i) boycott bureaucracy calisthenics or callis- braggadocio burglar thenics (I) braggart (II) burglary calla-lily bragged burial (IV) Calvary (cf . cavalry) bragging Bums's or Burns' Calvinism brand-new burst (never add ed; calyx break (cf. brake) "bust" is a vul- calyxes or calyces breakfast garism) cancelation or cancel- breath bury (cf. berry) lation (I) breathe buried (IV) canceled or cancelled brief burying (i) ADDITIONAL WORDS 112 LEARN TO SPELL cancer carol cavalier cancerous caroling or carol- cavalry (cf. Calvary) candidate ling (I) cavities candidacy carriage Cayenne pepper cane (cf. Cain) carrot cease cannibal carry ceasing (III) cannon (cf. canon) carries cedar cannonade carrying ceiling (cf. sealing) canoeing cartilage celebrate canon or canyon cartilaginous celebrating (III) Canterbury cashmere (a woolen celebrity cantos dress fabric) celery canvas (a coarse cassimere (a woolen celibacy cloth) cloth for men's cellar (cf. seller) canvass (to solicit, clpthes) cellular (cf. cell) count, etc.) casually celluloid capable casualty cement capability cataclysm cemetery capacity catalog or catalogue censer (a vessel for capillary (i) incense; cf. censor) capital (cf. capitol) catarrh censor (a critic) capitalist catastrophe censure captain catechism census carburetor category centennial Caribbean caterpillar century caricature Catholicism (cf. centuries (IV) Carlyle, Thomas (cf. catholic) centurion John G. Carlisle) Catiline cereal (cf. serial) ADDITIONAL WORDS . LEARN TO SPELL 113 ceremony ceremonial ceremonies (IV) certain certainly certainty cession (cf. session) cesura or caesura (I) chagrin chagrined (II) challenge chamois champagne (a wine) champaign (an open field) chancelor or chancel- lor (I) chandelier changeable changing (III) channel chaparral chapel chaperon or chap- • erone (I) Charlemagne charlotte russe chauffeur Chautauqua cheese Chesapeake chestnut cheviot chief chiefs chieftain chiffonier Chile chilli or chile (pepper) chimneys (IV) chinkapin or chin- quapin (I) chisel chiseled or chis- elled (I) chivalrous chivalry chloroform choir or quire cholera choose chose {past) chosen {past part.) choppy (II) choral (cf. coral, corral) chord Christian Christianity Christmas {Xmas is not in good taste) chronological chronology cigaret or cigarette (I) cigars Cimmerian Cincinnati cinnamon circuit circuitous circumference cistern cite (to indicate; cf. site, sight) civil civilization or civilisation (I) classicism cleave cleavage clemency climactic (cf. climatic) climb (cf. clime) close (never "dost") ADDITIONAL WORDS 114 LEARN TO SPELL cloth college commit cloths collegiate committed (II) clothe collision committee clothes colloquies committing coalesce colloquial commodore coalescing (III) cologne commonplace coarse (cf. course) colon communication coco or cocoa (i) colonel community coconut or cocoa- colonnade comparative nut (I) colony comparison cocoon colonial compass codicil colonies (IV) compatible coefficient colossal compelled (II) coerce column compelling coercion combated (II) competence coherence combatant competent coherent combating competition coincide combustible competitive coincidence comedy complement Coleridge comedies (IV) complementary Coliseum or Colos- coming (III) complete seum comma (cf. coma) completely collar commandant completion collateral commemorate compliment colleague commence complimentary collectible or collect- commencement composition able commerce comprehensible collector commercial comprehensibly ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 115 comptroller (pro- conqueror coquet or coquette (I) nounced and pref- conscience coquettish (II) erably spelled conscientious coral (cf. corral, controller) consensus choral) concede (VI) considerable cornice concession consistency corolla conceit consistent corollary conceive consomme coroner conceiving (V) conspicuous corps (a body of concurred (II) conspiracy persons) concurrence consummate corpse (a dead body) concurrent consumption corral concurring contagious corralled (II) conductor contemptible correlation conferred (II) contemptuous correlative conference continually correspondence conferring controlled (II) correspondent confidant (masc.) controller corridor confidante (Jem.) controlling corroborate confidence convalescent corrugated confident (adj.) convenience corruptible condenser convenient corruption conduit convertible cough conical cooperation could have (never connection or con- cooperative "could of") nexion (I) copy council (cf . counsel) connive copies (IV) councilor or coun- connoisseur copying cillor (I) ADDITIONAL WORDS 116 LEARN TO SPELL counselor or coun sellor (I) countries (IV) courageous (III) course (cf. coarse) courteous courtesy (cf . the leg term curtesy) courtesies (IV) Coverley, Sir Roger covetous coyote or cayote creator credible (cf. credit) creditor crescent cries crisis crises {pi.) criticize or criticise (i) criticism crocodile crowd crucible crucifixion crucifying crucified (IV) cruelly crystal crystallize or crys- tallise (I) crystallization or crystallisation (I) al crystalline cultivator current (cf . currant) de curriculum curvature curvilinear cylinder cynicism czar or tsar daddy daffodil daguerreotype dahlia dairy (cf. diary) dealt debonair debtor deceased deceive (V) deceit decent (cf . descent) decide deciding decimal declarative decollete decorator defender deference (II) deferred (II) deferring deficit definite (cf . define) definition (cf. define) deity delegate deleterious (cf. delete) delicacies delicious delirious delirium demeanor demesne (pronounced "demean") demon demoni'acal demurrage demurrer ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 117 denominator department (do not confuse with apart- ment) dependant or depend- ent (n.) dependent (adj.) dependence De Quincey derrick derringer descendant or de- scendent (n.) descendent ' (adj.) descent (cf. dissent and decent) describe description . Desdemona desert ' t (a.) (cf . dessert) des'ert (n.) desecrate desecration despair despicable despis'able destroy destroyed detached deterred (II) deterrent deterring develop or develope (i) developer development device («.) devise (v.) diagramed (II) diagraming diamond diaphragm diarrhea or diarrhoea (i) diary (cf. dairy) Dickens's or Dickens' (never Dicken's) dictionary didactic differed (II) difference difficult difficulties (IV) digestible Egging (II) dilapidated dilettante din dinning (II) dined (cf. dinned) diner dining (III) dining room dinner diocese diphtheria (pro- nounced dif-) diphthong (pro- nounced dif-) diplomacy director disagreeable disappear disappearance disappoint disappointing disappointment disapprove disastrous disc or disk (I) discernible disciples disciplinarian discipline ADDITIONAL WORDS 118 LEARN TO SPELL discomfited (cf. dis- comforted) discreet dishabille or desha- bille dispatch or despatch (i) disobey disobedience disobedient dispel dispelled (II) dissatisfaction dissatisfied dissectible dissection dissension dissent dissenter dissentious dissertation dissimulation dissipate dissipation dissolute dissolution dissyllable distillation distillery divide dividing divisible divisor divine doctor does n't doggerel don't dormitory dormitories (IV) draft or draught (I) dragged ("drug" is a vulgarism) dragging (II) drama dramatic dramatist dream dreamt dreariness (IV) dropped (II) dropping drought or drouth droughty or drouthy drowned ( ' ' drownded 1 is a vulgarism) drugged (II) druggist drunkenness duchess duel (cf . dual) duelist or duellist (I) duly dumb-bell dying (cf . dyeing) dynamite dynamo dysentery dyspepsia earnest (cf . Ernest) easily ecclesiastic ecclesiasticism economically ecstasy ecstatically eczema edgewise edible Edinburgh (pro- nounced boro) 1 editor educator ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 119 e'er (contraction of ever; cf. ere, before) effect (cf. affect) effeminate (cf. feminine) effervesce effervescence efficient efficiency eighty-eighth ejector elaborate elasticity eleemosynary elegies (IV) elementary elevator elicit (cf . illicit) eligible eliminate elimination Eliot, George elixir Elizabethan ellipse ellipsis elliptical elysian emaciated emanate emanating embarrass embarrassed embarrassment embassy embellish embossed embroidery embryology emigrant emigrate (cf. immigrate) eminence eminent (cf. imminent) emissary emitting (II) emperor emphatically employe or emplovee CD employs employment encouraging encouragement Encyclopaedia Britannica encyclopedia or encyclopaedia (I) endeavor enemies (IV) enjoys enormous enrolment or enroll- ment (I) ensuing (III) enthusiasm enthusiastically enticing entirely entirety enunciate (cf. annunciate) enunciation eolian or aeolian (I) epigrammatic episode epithet epochs equal equable equally equation equator equilateral ADDITIONAL WORDS 120 LEARN TO SPELL equilibrium equipment equipped equipping (II) equivalent eradicate Ernest erratic erroneous erysipelas especially essence etc. (abbreviation Latin et cetera) ethereal etiquet or etiquette euchre eulogies (IV) European every everybody everyday (adj.) exaggerate exaggeration exalted exaltation exceed (VI) exceedingly excel excelled (II) excelling excellence excellences (pi.) excellency excellencies (pi.) excellent (II) except (cf. accept) exceptionable exceptional exclamatory of exclamation excommunication exhaust (I) exhaustible exhaustion exhaustive exhibit exhibition experiment explanation ex'quisite extendible extensible extension extinguisher extraordinary extravagance extravagant extreme extremely facade (note the cedilla) factor Faerie Queene (origi- nal) Faery Queen (mod- ernized) exhilarate (cf. hilarity) fallacy exhilarating fallacious exhilaration existence existent expect (cf. suspect) expedition experience fallible familiar familiarity families fanaticism (cf . fanatic) farcical (cf . farce) ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 121 farthest fascinating fascination fatally father (cf . farther) fatigue fatiguing faulty feasible feather February feint (cf . faint) feminine festivities fetish or fetich (I) fetishism or fetich- ism (I) feudal feudalism fiance (masc.) fiancee (fern.) fictitious fiend fiery (three syllables ; cf . fire) figurative filament finally firmament fissure fitting (II) FitzGerald, Edward flannel flexible flippant (II) flippancy follies forbidden forceful forcible forciblv Francis (masc.) frantically freight fricassee friend frivolous (cf. frivolity) frolicking fuchsia fugitive fulfil or fulfill (I) fulfilled (II) fulfilment or fulfill- ment (I) forecast (pres. and past)iu.migaXe foreign foreigner foresight forest forfeiture forgetting forgotten formally formerly forth (cf. fourth) forty-fourth forward fossil Frances (Jem.) fundamental fungous (adj.) fungus (n.) fungi (pi) furniture furthest fusible fusillade gage or gauge (I) gallant gallery gambling (cf. gambol- ing) ADDITIONAL WORDS 122 LEARN TO SPELL gambol (cf . gamble) glycerin or glycerine gardener (cf. proper (I) name Gardner) goddess garrison good-humored garrulous good-natured gas gorgeous gaseous gossamer gases gossiper gassy government gasoline or gasolene (I) governor gazetteer grammar gelatin or gelatine (I) grammarian generally grammatical generator grandeur genie, correct forms granit or granite (I) jtnnt, pnnee genitive genius grateful gravitation gravity geniuses (pi.), men Gray, Thomas of genius grease (n. and v.) genii (pi.), spirits genuine gesture geyser Gibraltar gingham gladiator gladiolus greasy Great Britain Greece Grecian grievous grinned (II) grinning gritty guarantee guardian guillotine guilt (cf. gilt) guinea gullible guttural gymnasium gymnastics gypsies or gipsies (I) habeas corpus habiliments hail-storm hair-splitting halcyon hallo or halloo (I) hallowed hallucination hammock handkerchiefs handwriting Hannibal happy happiness harangue har'ass harassing ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 123 harelip or hairlip have n't having Hawthorne heard (cf. herd) heathen heathenish heaviness hegira or hejira height or hight (I) heinous Hellenic Hellenism hemorrhage Henry here (cf . hear) heredity hereditary heroes heterogeneous hiccup or hiccough hickory hideous hieroglyphics hilarious hilarity Himalaya hindrance hippopotamus hoeing holiday hollow holy (cf. wholly) holiness (IV) homogeneous hoping (III) hopping horde (cf . hoard) horror horrible horrid Huguenots humbugged hummed (II) hummer humming humor or humour (I) humorous (cf. (I) humerus, a bone) hungrily hurricane hurried hurriedly hyacinth hygiene hypocrisy hypocrit or hypo- crite (I) hypocritically hypotenuse or hy- pothenuse (I) hypothesis hypotheses (pi.) hypothetically hysterics hysterical Ichabod icicle ideally identically idol (cf. idle, idyll) idolater idolatrous idolize idyl or idyll (I) idyllic igneous Iliad illegitimate illicit (cf. elicit) illusion (cf. allusion) image imagery ADDITIONAL WORDS 124 LEARN TO SPELL imagine imagining imaginary imagination imitation imitative imitator immediately immense immensity immerse immersion immigrate (cf. emigrate) immigration imminent (impend- ing; cf. eminent, great) impel impelled (II) impelling (II) imperative imperceptible imperialism imperil imperiled or im- perilled (I) impertinence impetus implement importance impossible impostor impressible imprison imprisoned inaccessible inaccuracies (IV) inanimate inasmuch (not three words) incarcerate incendiary in'cense (n.) incensed' (v.) incest incestuous incident incidentally incite (to stir up ; cf . insight) inclement inclose or enclose (I) incoherence incoherent incompatible incomprehensible incongruous (cf. incongruity) incorrigible (cf. correct) incorruptible incredible (cf. credit) incurred (II) incurring indefinite (cf. define) indelible independence independent indescribable Indian Indiana Indianapolis indict (cf . indite) indictment indifference indifferent indigestible indispensable indivisible indorse or endorse (first preferred in business, second in literary usage) ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 125 indorsement or en- dorsement (I) indorser or indor- sor (I) inductance indulgence ineffable ineligible inexhaustible inexpressible infallible inference inferred (II) inferring infinite (cf. finite) infinitive inflammable inflammation (note exception to II) inflexible ingenious ingenuous ingredients inheritance initials initiate initiation initiative innate innocence innocent innocuous inoculate inoculation inopportune inquisitive insensible inseparable (cf. separate) insidious insight (cf. incite) insinuation insist insistence insistent instance instances (pi.) instant instants {pi.) instead instructor insurrection intangible integer intellect intellectually intelligence intelligent intelligible intercede (VI) intercession interest. interesting interfere interfered interference interfering (III) intermitted intermittent intermitting interpreter interred (cf . entered) interrogation (VII) interrogative interrupt (VII) interruption interstitial interurban intolerable intransitive intrigue intriguing (III) inveighing inveigle ADDITIONAL WORDS 126 LEARN TO SPELL mventer or inventor (i) investor invincible irascible irrelevant irrepressible irresistible irresponsible irreverence irreverent irrigate irrigable irrigating (III) irrigation irritate irritable irritating (III) irritation island isle (cf . aisle) isosceles issue issuing (III) isthmus Italian italic italicize Italy judgment or judge- Ithaca ment (I) its (pron. ; cf . it r s, it is) jugular itself (never written juice as two words) juicy (III) juiciness (IV) jardiniere justice jasmine or jessamine javelina (the peccary; Kafir or Kaffir (I) ; pronounced as h) kaiser jealous kerosene jealousy kidnaped or kid- jeopardize napped (I) Jerusalem kidnaper or kid- jeweler or jeweller (I) napper (I) jewelry or jewellery (I) kiln jinni or jinnee (cf. Knights Templar genius) jobbed (II) jobber jobbing jocular jocund John knapsack knew (cf. new) knight (cf. night) knot (cf. not) knotted (II) knotty know (cf. no) Johnny or Johnnie knowledge (II) knuckle Johnson, Samuel kodak Jonson, Ben kodaking ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 127 Kohinoor or Kohinur legally linen (I) legend liniment Korean or Corean (I) legendary linoleum legible linotype laboratory (cf. labor) legislator liquefy laboratories legitimate liquor labyrinth leisure literary lack (cf. like) leopard loath {adj.) laid (never layed) lesson loathe (v.) larva (cf. lava) lettuce loneliness larynx liar (cf. lyre) loose lascivious libelous loosing (III) Latin library lose (cf. loose) latter (cf . later) license or licence (the j losing (III) lattice first is used in Louisiana laudanum America,the second lovable lavaliere or lavalliere in England) lovely (I) licentious loyalty laxative lichen lubricator lay (past of lie, to licorice or liquorice (I) ludicrous recline; tie, lay, lieutenant lullaby lain) lightning (cf. lighten- - lullabies (pi.) (Ill) lay (to place; lay, ing, from lighten, to luscious laid, laid) make light) lying (from lie; cf. led (past of lead; not Lilliputian laying, from lay) to be confused lily lyre with the metal lead) lilies (III) lyric ledger lineament lyrist ADDITIONAL WORDS 128 LEARN TO SPELL macadamize macaroni Macaulay Macbeth machinery mackerel mackintosh Madonna magnanimous magnificent maintain maintenance major male (cf. mail) malice malicious mammoth manage manageable mane (cf. main) maneuver or man- oeuvre (I) manicure manifest manikin Manila mantel (shelf above a fireplace) mantilla mantle (a cloak) manual manufacture mariner (cf. marine) maritime (cf . mariner) marry marriage (III) marriageable married marshal (an officer) martial (warlike) martyr martyrdom marvelous or marvel- lous (I) Massachusetts massacre massacred masterpiece matador mathematics matrix matrices {pi.) Matthew mattress mausoleum mavonnaise measles medal (cf. meddle) medallion medieval or mediaeval (i) Mediterranean meerschaum melon memoir memorandum memorandums or memoranda {pi.) meningitis mercerized merchantable merely mesquite metallic (II) metallurgy metaphor metaphorically Methodist milage or mileage (I) millennium milliner millinery millionaire or million- naire (I) ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 129 mimicking miniature minimize minnow minor (cf. miner) minute' (adj.) min'ute (n.) miracle mirage mirror miscellaneous mischief mischievous misled (past tense of mislead) missal (a mass-book) missile (something thrown) missionary Mississippi missive Missouri misspell misstep misunderstand misuse moccasin Mohammedanism molasses (not to be used as a plural) moneys or monies (both plurals are in use) monitor monosyllable monstrous Montesquieu moping (III) morocco mortally mortgage mosquitoes or mus- quitoes (I) motor motorboat motorist motorman mountain mountainous movable moving (III) mucilage mucous (adj.) mucus (n.) municipal murmur muscle (fibrous tissue of the body) mussel (a shell fish) mustache or mous- tache (I) mystery mysteries (IV) mysterious mystify mysticism mythical mythology myths naphtha narcissus narrate narration narrative nasturtiums naturally naught or nought navigate navigation navigator necessary necessaries (IV) necessarily ADDITIONAL WORDS 130 LEARN TO SPELL necessity necessities (IV) need (cf. knead) negligee negligible negroes neighborly nervous neuralgia neuter Niagara Nibelungenlied niche nickel niece nightingale ninety-ninth Nineveh nonpareil nonsense nonsensical notice noticeable noticing novel nuisance nullify nullification numerator nutritious nymphs obedience obeisance oblige obliged obliging obloquy obstacle obstinacy occasion occasionally occurred (II) occurrence occurring o'clock octopus oculist odious odor or odour (I) odorous Odyssey off (cf. of) offal (cf. awful) offered (II) offering officer official often (pronounced off-en) oleomargarin or oleomargarine (I) omitted (II) omissible omission omitting omnibus omnibuses (pi.) onerous oneself or one's self (i) operator opinion opossum (often abbre- viated to possum) opponent opportunity opposite opposition optimism optimist orator ordinance ordnance ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 131 organizer paraffin or paraffine pastoral orifice (i) peace (cf. piece) origin parallel peaceable original paralleled (II) peal (cf. peel) originality paralleling peccadillos or pecca- originate (cf. parallelogram dilloes (I) origin) paralysis pedal (cf. peddle) originator paralyze peddler oscillate paralyzing pellagra oscillation paraphernalia Peloponnesian oscillator parasite pencil osnaburg parasitic penciling or pen- ostensible parenthesis cilling (I) ostracize parentheses {pi.) peninsula (n.) ours (cf. hours) parliament peninsular {adj.) outdoor parliamentary penitentiary out-of-door {adj.) paroxysm pennants (cf . penance) outrageous parsimony pennon (cf . pinion) oxygen parsimonious peppermint oyster partial perceive (V) participate perceptible pageant participation percolator paid participle peremptory palliate participial peremptorily pane (cf. pain) partition (cf . petition perennial panegyric passed or past (I) perform paneling or panelling passenger performance (i) pastime performer ADDITIONAL WORDS 132 LEARN TO SPELL per 'fume (n.) physician plane (cf. plain) permanence physiology planed permanent picaninny or picca- planing (III) permitted (II) ninny (I) plane geometry permission picayune planned (II) permissible picayunish planning permitting Pickwickian Plato (cf. Pluto) persistence picnic plausible persistent picnickers pleurisy personally picnicking pneumatic personnel piece (cf. peace) pneumonia perspire . piercing poison perspiration pigeon poisonous persuaded pilgrim politician pertaining pilgrimage poll (cf . pole) pessimism pillar (cf. pillow) polysyllable pessimist pinnacle pomace (cf. pumice) Petrarch pistil pomegranate phase (cf. phrase) pistol ponderous phenomenon piteous poppy phenomena (pi.) pity poppies (III) Philip . pitiable porcelain Philippic pitiful porous Philippi pittance portable (cf. potable) Philippines (cf. plagiarism portentous Filipino) plagiarist portiere phosphorus plains Portuguese phosphoric plait positive ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 133 possess possesses possession possible possibly potatoes potion (cf. portion) practise or practice prairie prairies (pi.) precede (VI) preceding precedent (n.) precedent (adj.) precipitate precipitation preferred (II) preference preferring prejudice prejudiced prejudicial prejudicing preliminary preparation (cf. prepare) Presbyterian Presbyterianism presence preserve pretentious prevalent preventive previously prey (cf. pray) (I) primitive principal (adj.) principle (n.) privilege probable probably proceed (VI) procedure proceeding proctor profess profession professor proffered (II) proffering profit (cf. prophet) profited (II) profiting prominence prominent promiscuous propagate propagation propelled (II) propeller propelling propellant (n.) propellent (adj.) prophecy or prophesy (n.) prophesy (v.) prophesied prophesying propitious proportion propose (cf. purpose) proposition protein (three syl- lables) Protestantism prove proximity prudential ptomain or ptomaine (three syllables) pumice (cf . pomace) punctilious punctuate punctuation ADDITIONAL WORDS 134 LEARN TO SPELL pursue rabbit (cf. rabbet) recruit pursuing (III) radical (n. and adj.) recurred (II) pursuit radicle (n.) recurrence pusillanimous radish (cf. reddish) recurrent pyre radius redressible Pyrenees ragamuffin referable raillery referred (II) quadrilateral raisins reference qualitative rapturous refer'rible quality rarefy refitted (II) quantitative raspberry refitting quantity realization reflector quarreling really refrigerator quarries (III) rebellion region querulous rebellious registration (cf. query rebut register) queries (III) rebuttal (II) regretted (II) questionary recede (VI) regrettable questionnaire (Fr.) receding regretting quibbling receive (V) regulator quiet receipt reign (cf. rain) quite receptacle reins (cf. rains) quitting (II) recollect rejoicing quiz recommend relief (V) quizmaster recommendation relieve quizzes (II) reconnaissance religious quizzical reconnoiter or recon- ■ remedies (IV) quizzing noitre (I) remembrance ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 135 reminiscence remitted (II) remittance remitting Renaissance renascence rendezvous repelled (II) repellent repelling repetition (cf . peti- tion) reporter representative residence resident resistance resistant resistible respectably respectively responsibly restaurant resume resurrect resuscitate Reuben reversible revertible rhapsody rheumatism rhinoceros rhythm rhythmically riddance (II) ridding (II) ridiculous (cf. ridicule) riding (III) rigor or rigour (I) rigorous rime or rhyme (I) rinse riotous road (cf . rode) robbery robin role (cf. roll) roll-call romanticism (cf. romantic) Rossetti Rousseau route (cf . root) ruffian ruinous saccharin or saccharine (I) sacrament sacrifice sacrificing sacrilege sacrilegious safety sailer (a sailing vessel) sailor (a seaman) salable or saleable (I) salary salaries (IV) Salisbury sanatarium or sana- torium (Latin sanare, to heal) sanative sanatory sandwiches ' sanitarium (Latin sanitas, health; cf. sanatorium, etc.) sanitary sanitation sapphire sarcophagus satellite ADDITIONAL WORDS 136 LEARN TO SPELL satire (cf. satyr) sculptor serial (cf . cereal) satirically scurrilous series Saturday (cf . Saturn) secede (VI) serrate satyr seceding serviceable Savonarola secession serving (III) scandalous secrecy session (cf . cession) scarcity secretary severely scarlatina sedentary severity scene (cf . seen) seepage or seapage sexual scenery (i) Shelley schedule seize shepherd scheme seizure sherbet scheming (III) semicolon shining (III) schism sense (cf . since) shoeing schismatic sensible shopper scholar sensitive shown (cf. shone) scholasticism sensory shredder science sentence shrewdness scientifically separate (cf. apart) shrubbery (II) scintilla separation sibylline scintillate separatist Sicily scissors separator Sicilian Scot (native of sepulcher or siege Scotland) sepulchre (I) sieve Scott, Sir Walter sepulchral sight (cf. cite, site) Scottish (II) serf (cf. surf) silhouette scrimmage serge (cf. surge) similar scrupulous sergeant simile ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 137 since (cf. sense) specimen stirred (II) sincerely spectacles stirring sincerity spectator stomach sinews speculator stopped sirloin speech stopper site (cf. sight, cite) speedometer stopping (II) skeleton Spencer, Herbert story (in England skepticism or scepti- Spenser, Edmund storey is used for a cism (I) Spenserian stanza floor of a building) skilful or skillful (I) spigot stories (IV) skyey spinach straight slippery spiritual strait smiling (III) splendor or straitened soldier splendour (I) stratagem solicitor squeeze strategist soliloquy squirrel strategy soliloquies (IV) stationary (standing) strenuous solitaire stationery (writing strictly soluble material) striped (III) sometimes statue striping sonnet stature stripped sophomore statute stripping (II) sorcery steak (cf. stake) stroll sorcerer Stevenson, Robert strychnin or sorghum Louis strychnine (I) sovereign stimulant study sovereignty stimulating studies (IV) spacial or spatial (I) stimulus studious ADDITIONAL WORDS * 138 LEARN TO SPELL submitted (II) supervisor sycamore submission suppose syllable submitting supposing syllabication substantiate suppressed syllogism subterfuge supremacy symbol (cf . cymbal) subterranean supremely symmetry suburban surcingle symmetrical succeed (VI) sure sympathies (IV) succession surely synchronous successor surety synonymous succinct surf (cf . serf) systematically succumb surname suffocating surprise tailor suffrage surprising tale (cf. tail) sugar surrender tangible suggest surroundings tariff suitable surveillance tearing suite (cf. sweet) surveyor technicalities sulfur or sulphur (I) susceptible temperament summary susceptibility temperance summaries (IV) suspect (cf . expect) temperate summoned suspicion (never used temperature supercilious as verb) temporary superintend suspicious tenancy superintendency Sweden tenant superintendent Swedes tenantry supersede swimmer (II) tendency superstition swimming Tennessee ADDITIONAL WORDS LEARN TO SPELL 139 Tennyson tension terrace terrapin terrible terrify terrific terrified territories (IV) testament testimony Teutons Texan Thackeray theater or theatre (I) their (cf. there) theirs (cf. there's) theorem Thomson, James throne (cf. thrown) thru or through (I) till (cf. until) tincture tingeing tissue tobacco to-day (Hint 14) to-morrow (Hint 14) to-night (Hint 14) toeing together tolerable tolerably tolerance tolerant tomatoes tonnage (II) too (cf. to, two) torrents tortuous (cf . torturous) torture torturous tournament traceable tract (cf. track) traffic trafficker trafficking tragedy tragedies (IV) traitor tranquillity transferable or trans- ferable (II) transference or trans- ference (II) transferred (II) transferring transitive transmitted (II) transmissible transmitter transmitting transparent trapeze traveled or travelled (I) traveler or traveller (I) treachery treacherous treasure treasurer tremendous tremolo tremulous trestle tries (IV) triple troublesome troublous trousseau truly tubercular ADDITIONAL WORDS 140 LEARN TO SPELL tuberculosis unscrupulous verbiage Tuesday using (III) vermin Tuileries usually vertical tumultuous usurper vessel turpentine unwieldy vestibule twenty-one vestige twingeing vacancies (IV) veterinary tying vaccinated vice (cf. vise) typical vaccination vicinity tyranny vaccinator vicissitude tyrannical vacillate victim tyrannize vacillation victimize vain {adj.) (cf. vein, victor Ulysses vane, n.) victory umbrella valedictory victuals unanimity > valedictorian vigilance unanimous valleys (IV) vigilant unaccommodating vaselin or vaseline (I) vigor or vigour (I) uncontrollable . vaudeville vigorous undeniable vegetable village undoubtedly vegetation villain ungrammatical vehicle villanous or unintelligible vein (a blood vessel) villainous (I) Unitarian venous villein (used only of unmistakable vengeance a serf) unmistakably venomous (cf . venom) vinegar unnecessary ventilate violoncello until (cf. till) ventilation virtually ADDITIONAL WORDS • LEARN TO SPELL 141 virtue whole (cf. hole) writ virtuous wholly (cf. holy) write (cf. right, rite t vise (cf. vice) whooping-cough wright) visible whose (cf . who J s) writer visitor wield writing vitreous wigwagged (II) written volcanoes wigwagging writhe volumes wintry writhing (III) voluminous wiry wrote (cf. rote) volunteered wistaria or wisteria (I) Wyrd (Anglo-Saxon vulgar witty goddess) witticism warrior women yacht waste (cf. waist) won't (cf. wont, yeast wave (cf. waive) custom) yeoman Waverley woolen or woollen (I) yesterday wears (cf. wares) worse yield weather worst your (cf . yore) Wednesday worshiped yours week (cf. weak) worshiper or wor- weevil shipper (I) zealous (cf. zeal) weird wrapped (cf. rapped zigzagged (II) Westminster and rapt) zigzagging where wrapper (cf . rapper) zinc whether wreak (cf. reek) zinnia which wreck (cf . reck) zoology (four syl- whippoorwill or whip - wrenches lables) powill wrist ADDITIONAL WORDS • SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS The Rules and How to Use Them. The seven major rules for spelling should be mastered early in the course. Some teachers do not believe in teaching spelling by rules. Rules for English spelling are difficult to formulate and seem made only to be broken by numerous exceptions. But the seven major rules given here are certainly practical and helpful if one learns how to apply them. A rule that is merely memorized and not fully understood in its applications and exceptions may prove a handicap rather than a help in learning to spell. But if a rule is once clearly understood and its application frequently practiced, so that the application becomes " second nature," it is of vast service in securing accuracy in spelling. So it is exceedingly important that the pupils know the rules perfectly. It is a good plan to take up these rules in daily lessons, one at a time, explaining and applying each rule in all its phases, using the illustrative words given below the rule as text words in the recitation. When the pupils have mastered the seven rules, the practice exercises illustrating the rules should be taken up. To save time in the spelling exercises, which come later, the rules may be referred to by numbers. The minor rules may all be taken in one lesson, though more time should be spent on the exercises illustrating these rules. The Exercises on the Rules. The first thirty exercises are arranged to illustrate the seven major and the seven minor rules. To give variety some of these exercises are oral, some written, and some both oral and written. In some instances the pupil is sent to the dictionaries or other books to search for certain types of words or to study word formation, but all that is aimed at in most cases is the simple oral spelling exercise with thoughtful comment on the application of the rules. Frequent return to "such of the exercises as seem to be most needed by any particular grade will be found profitable. A List of Words Frequently Misspelled. The words in this list have been chosen from many years of experience in reading high-school, normal-school, and college themes. The words have 142 SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS 143 also been checked and verified by a number of practical teachers of English and of other subjects. Altho this list has been com- pared with other lists, the selection of the words has been made entirely on the basis of experience. This list should be divided into five or six lessons followed by many review tests. Complete mastery of all the words should be expected of every pupil. It may be desirable to require pupils to memorize the warnings in connec- tion with certain of the words most frequently misspelled. The Special Lists. The material in these lists has been fur- nished largely by special teachers in high schools, normal schools, military schools, and colleges. In such lists there will naturally occur some technical words which the pupils will not ordinarily meet except in the study of these special branches. If there is time for them, these lists afford good practise tests, but ordinarily they should not be assigned until the subjects have been studied in the high-school course. For example, the lists in botany and geology may be omitted in schools where these subjects are not taught. Other lists more general in application, such as those for business, Bible, mythology, music, and the like, should be used as practise lists even tho the subjects are not a part of the high- school course. The General List. The general list is arranged alphabetically for ready reference and may be divided into lessons, the length of the assignment being determined by the individual teacher. This list consists of words actually (and in most cases frequently) misspelled in English themes, history papers, and written exer- cises in the various high-school courses. Not many technical words are included in the general list, since they appear in the special lists which precede. Regular lessons should be assigned to cover the entire vocabulary of this list. The teacher should see that each pupil records in the blank spaces provided for that purpose every word he misspells, a valuable means of impressing the correct forms on the child's mind. From time to time, the students should be drilled on these words as collected in their notebooks. In addition to recording misspelled words in this way, the pupils should be penalized by being required to copy each word ten or twenty or any given number of times, on a separate sheet. It is only by such heroic measures that some 144 SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS students can be compelled to learn spelling, and even with this treatment much will remain to be desired in some of the worst cases. English spelling is a difficult subject; we might as well admit this as a proved proposition and go to work to teach it thoroughly and systematically throughout the high-school course. Grading. There should be cooperative and uniform practice among the teachers in the matter of grading and marking for errors in spelling found in the pupils' written exercises. In mark- ing written quizzes or examinations, in giving credit for reports, notebooks, or any other written work, the teacher should take into account the spelling and the general quality of the English used. Each faculty will need to work out its own plan. One plan which has been used successfully is given here for suggestion. Each teacher marks every error in spelling, counting off two points for each misspelled word. If the same word is misspelled several times, one additional point is counted off each time the repetition occurs. The pupils are required in every case to correct their own errors in spelling. In some schools two or three points are counted off for each error in spelling, but the pupils are given a chance to raise their grades one or two points for each error by writing each misspelled word correctly twenty times. 7 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED EDUCATION - PSYCHOLOGY LIBRARY This publication is due on the LAST DATE stamped below. MAY 2 A 1962 m ■''' FEB 1 4 1964 FFR14.RH*! ■ HP •"» ^ JUN 5 2003 RB 17-60m-8/61 (Cl641sl0)4188 General Library University of California Berkeley id JfcOD4 W 54!!»47 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY I